The Salton Sea is a shallow, landlocked, highly saline body of water in Riverside and Imperial counties at the southern end of the U.S. state of California. It lies on the San Andreas Fault within the Salton Trough, which stretches to the Gulf of California in Mexico.

Over millions of years, the Colorado River had flowed into the Imperial Valley and deposited alluvium (soil), creating fertile farmland, building up the terrain, and constantly moving its main course and river delta. For thousands of years, the river alternately flowed into the valley or diverted around it, creating either a salt lake called Lake Cahuilla or a dry desert basin, respectively. When the Colorado River flowed into the valley, the lake level depended on river flows and the balance between inflow and evaporative loss. When the river diverted around the valley, the lake dried completely, as it did around 1580. Hundreds of archaeological sites have been found in this region, indicating possibly long-term Native American villages and temporary camps.

The current lake was formed from an inflow of water from the Colorado River in 1905. Beginning in 1900, an irrigation canal was dug from the Colorado River to the old Alamo River channel to provide water to the Imperial Valley for farming. The headgates and canals sustained a buildup of silt, so a series of cuts were made in the bank of the Colorado River to further increase the water flow. Water from spring floods broke through a canal head-gate diverting a portion of the river flow into the Salton Basin for two years before repairs were completed. The water in the formerly dry lake bed created the modern lake, which is about  at its widest and longest. A 2023 report puts the surface area at 318 square miles (823.6 km2).

During the early 20th century the lake would have dried up, except that farmers used generous amounts of Colorado River water for irrigation and let the excess flow into the lake. In the 1950s and into the 1960s, the area became a resort destination, and communities grew with hotels and vacation homes. Birdwatching was also popular as the wetlands were a major resting stop on the Pacific Flyway. In the 1970s, scientists issued warnings that the lake would continue to shrink and become more inhospitable to wildlife. In the 1980s, contamination from farm runoff promoted the outbreak and spread of wildlife diseases. Massive die-offs of the avian populations have occurred, especially after the loss of several species of fish on which they depend. Salinity rose so high that large fish kills occurred, often blighting the beaches of the sea with their carcasses. Tourism was drastically reduced.

After 1999, the lake began to shrink as local agriculture used the water more efficiently, so less runoff flowed into the lake. As the lake bed became exposed, the winds sent clouds of toxic dust into nearby communities. Smaller amounts of dust reached into the Los Angeles area, and people there could sometimes smell an odor coming from the lake. The state is mainly responsible for fixing the problems. California lawmakers pledged to fund air-quality management projects in conjunction with the signing of the 2003 agreement to send more water to coastal cities. Local, state and federal bodies all had found minimal success dealing with the dust, dying wildlife, and other problems for which warnings had been issued decades before. At the beginning of 2018, local agencies declared an emergency and, along with the state, funded and developed the Salton Sea Management Program. In 2020, Palm Springs Life magazine summarized the ecological situation as "Salton Sea derives its fame as the biggest environmental disaster in California history".

History

Before the modern era
The Gulf of California would extend as far north as the city of Indio, some  northwest of its current limits, were it not for the delta created by the Colorado River. Over three million years, through all of the Pleistocene, the river's delta expanded until it cut off the northern part of the gulf. Since then, the Colorado River has alternated between emptying into the basin, creating a freshwater lake, and emptying into the gulf, leaving the lake to dry and turn to desert. Wave-cut shorelines at various elevations record a repeated cycle of filling and drying over hundreds of thousands of years. The most recent freshwater lake was Lake Cahuilla, also known as the Blake Sea after American professor and geologist William Phipps Blake. It covered over , six times the area of the Salton Sea.

Archaeological sites and radiocarbon dates indicate that the lake was filled three or four times over the last 1,300 years. When full, the lake would attract Native Americans to its shores. Hundreds of sites have been found, some possibly long-term villages and others temporary camps. The occupants ate at least four species of fish (two of which were razorback sucker and bonytail chub), birds (particularly the coot), black-tailed jackrabbit, black-tailed cottontail rabbit, and sometimes deer and bighorn sheep. Among the plants they used were bulrush, cattail, mesquite, and saltbush. The Cahuilla people have an oral memory of the last lake, which existed in the 17th century and dried up soon after 1700.

Throughout the Spanish period of California's history, the area was referred to as the "Colorado Desert" after the Colorado River. In a railroad survey completed in 1855, it was called "the Valley of the Ancient Lake". On several old maps from the Library of Congress, it has been found labeled "Cahuilla Valley" (after the local Indian tribe) and "Cabazon Valley" (after a local Indian chief – Chief Cabazon). "Salt Creek" first appeared on a map in 1867, and "Salton Station" is on a railroad map from 1900, although this place had existed as a rail stop since the late 1870s. Until the advent of the modern sea, the Salton Sink was the site of a major salt-mining operation.

Modern formation

In 1900, under Governor James Budd, the California Development Company began construction of irrigation canals to divert water from the Colorado River into the Salton Sink, a dry lake bed. After construction of these irrigation canals, the Salton Sink became fertile for a time, allowing farmers to plant crops.

Within two years, the Alamo Canal became filled with silt from the Colorado River. Engineers tried to alleviate the blockages to no avail. Imperial Valley farmers, under considerable financial stress, pressured the California Development Company to resolve the problem. Engineer Charles Rockwood, faced with bankruptcy and "after mature deliberation", directed the construction of a breach in the bank of the Colorado River approximately  south of the existing wooden headgates (the Chaffey Gate).

The breach, known as the Lower Mexican Intake and constructed without headgates and without the permission of the Mexican authorities, allowed the Colorado River to flow unimpeded into the canal and then to Imperial Valley farms. Rockwood's action in ordering the breach was later described as a "blunder so serious as to be practically criminal."

In 1905, heavy rainfall and snowmelt caused the Colorado River to swell, overrunning the third intake cut into the bank of the river and sending the flood into the Alamo Canal. The resulting flood poured down the canal and down two formerly dry arroyos, the New River in the west and the Alamo River in the east, each about  long. Over about two years, these two newly created rivers carried the entire volume of the Colorado River into the Salton Sink.

The Southern Pacific Railroad tried to stop the flooding by dumping earth into the canal's headgates area, but the effort was not fast enough, and the river eroded deeper and deeper into the dry desert sand of the Imperial Valley. A large waterfall formed as a result and began cutting rapidly upstream along the path of the Alamo Canal that now was occupied by the Colorado. This waterfall was initially  high but grew to  high before the flow through the breach was stopped. Originally, the waterfall was feared to recede upstream to the true main path of the Colorado, becoming up to  high, when it would be practically impossible to stop the flow.

As the basin filled, the town of Salton, a Southern Pacific Railroad siding, the New Liverpool Salt Company facility and miniature railroad, and Torres-Martinez Native American land were submerged. The tribe's reservation now straddles the northern end of the lake. The sudden influx of water and the lack of any drainage from the basin resulted in the formation of the Salton Sea. On February 11, 1907, the breach was finally closed after substantial intervention by the Southern Pacific Transportation Company.

Agriculture, tourism and wildlife proliferate
In the 1920s, agriculture had boomed in the valley as the Imperial Irrigation District delivered large quantities of Colorado River water to irrigate the crops. The lake would have dried up naturally, but with flood irrigation being commonly used, plenty of water ran off the farms into the lake and kept it full. The district holds senior rights to water from the Colorado River according to Doctrine of Prior Appropriation, which is based on whoever first put the water to beneficial use could continue to claim it. In 1930, a wildlife refuge was established on some wetlands along the edge of the lake that had attracted many birds. The fish flourished in the lake and provided a source of food for massive populations of migratory birds. Birdwatchers flocked to this new refuge in the middle of a desert.

The continuing intermittent flooding of the Imperial Valley from the Colorado River ended with the construction of Hoover Dam. Imperial Dam, built in 1938, serves as a desilting dam for water entering the irrigation canals.

In the 1950s and into the 1960s, the communities expanded as the area's reputation as a resort destination and sport fishery grew. Hotels and yacht clubs were built on the shore along with homes and schools. Resorts in communities like Bombay Beach hosted entertainers such as Frank Sinatra, The Beach Boys and Bing Crosby. Yacht clubs held parties at night and golf courses provided recreation. Many people came for boating activities such as water skiing and fishing as stocked fish proliferated. Lakeshore communities grew as vacation homes were built. More than 1.5 million visitors visited annually at the peak.

Catastrophic decline
In the 1970s, scientists issued warnings about the changes coming to this lake with no outlet. Studies that started in the 1960s found a complex problem for which any remediation would be expensive. The Imperial Valley has about  of farmland for which flood irrigation is typical. Water from the Colorado River is diverted near Yuma, Arizona, into the  All-American Canal. The canal runs west along the Mexican border and then north into  of irrigation channels that crisscross the farms.

Gravity carries the agricultural runoff downhill through the New and Alamo rivers to the lake. The water is full of salts, selenium, and fertilizers (mainly nitrates). As it drains through the soil, the water leaches out ancient salt deposits that also raise the salinity. Evaporation in the desert heat further concentrates the salt. The transformation of the lake made it increasingly inhospitable to wildlife. By the late 1970s, fish started dying off and bird populations declined.

In the late 1970s, a series of heavy tropical storms caused the water level to rapidly rise and flood its banks. The surrounding towns and businesses were severely damaged, many beyond repair. In 1976, Hurricane Kathleen inundated the lakeshore communities and put Bombay Beach completely underwater. Tourism was drastically reduced, and many of the resorts and associated infrastructure were abandoned. The state began to issue odor advisories as the lake began to stink.

In the 1990s, the shores were littered with dead fish as the lake had gotten so salty that large die-offs occurred. Fertilizers in the runoff caused massive blooms of algae. When storms churned the lake, botulism spread among the dying tilapia, which were eaten by the birds. During a four-month long period in 1996, 14,000 birds died from eating the fish, nearly 10,000 of which were pelicans. The carcasses were burned in an incinerator 24 hours per day for weeks. The resulting news coverage conveyed a simplified story that implied the lake was a toxic catastrophe filled with water that could be deadly.

In 1995 Congressman Sonny Bono advocated for attention to the problems. His wife and some politicians took up the cause as a form of tribute to Bono after his death in a 1998 skiing accident. Congress passed and President Bill Clinton signed into law the Salton Sea Reclamation Act of 1998 (Public Law 105-372). In 1999, the lake began to recede dramatically. The dropping water level stranded many of the remaining boat docks, residences, and businesses. Water-management priorities were changing including diverting water from agricultural areas to cities. The U.S. Department of the Interior prepared a draft Environmental Impact Report in compliance with the Reclamation Act and working in partnership with the Salton Sea Authority. A Strategic Science Plan and the Bureau of Reclamation's Alternatives Appraisal Report were also added to the voluminous studies of the lake. Before the legislative and scientific recommendations were implemented, priorities shifted away from activities at the lake after the September 11 attacks in 2001.

In 2003, the Imperial Irrigation District signed the largest agriculture-to-urban water transfer agreement in US history. Much of its water allocation would go to communities along the California coast at a profit. With a 45-year term, the Quantification Settlement Agreement was a means for the San Diego County Water Authority and other districts to obtain additional water for the growing communities they serve. Local agriculture became more efficient at using water which resulted in the shoreline retreating as less run-off flowed into the lake. Farmers installed sprinklers to replace flood irrigation and used soil measurement devices that tell them when to water. As the Salton Sea shrank, it became saltier than ocean water. The California State Legislature, by legislation enacted in 2003 and 2004, directed the secretary of the California Resources Agency to prepare a restoration plan for the Salton Sea ecosystem, and an Environmental Impact Report. The Salton Sea Authority had a consultant study the alternatives and in 2004 issued their preferred alternative. After receiving comments from other agencies, they approved a new report in 2006. They hoped the reports would influence the state as it prepared the proposal mandated by the legislature.

The state released an $8.9-billion proposal in 2007 that involved building a horseshoe-shaped outer lake, a berm crossing the center of the lake and an extensive system of dikes, channels and pumps. Due to their concerns about the impact on the lake, the district only approved the water transfer agreement after Governor Gray Davis had signed the 2003 legislation known as the Salton Sea Restoration Act. It stated that it was the "intent of the Legislature that the State of California undertake the restoration of the Salton Sea ecosystem and the permanent protection of the wildlife dependent on that ecosystem". The restoration plan was not implemented as state lawmakers found it too expensive and the Great Recession hit the economy. Repeated delays and dwindling public interest precluded any real change.

Exposed lakebed impacts air quality
The lake continued to dry up, exposing more lake bed known as playa, and sending nearby communities clouds of toxic dust. A haze incorporating pesticide plumes, exhaust fumes, factory emissions, and the vaporized dust from the lake regularly hangs over the communities in the valley. With a dense blend of ozone and particulate matter, Imperial County became known for some of the worst air quality in the country. Eastern Coachella communities have disproportionately higher rates of asthma and respiratory complications because of high concentrations of contaminants in the air. Over 20% of the children in the region have asthma (with the national rate being less than 10%). Scientists are studying how much of this is caused by the Salton Sea dust and what is actually in the windblown particles. Ten schools in the Imperial Valley use green, yellow, and red flags signaling air quality for the many children who have asthma. Green means they join their friends on the playground, whereas red means they stay inside all day. Parents can also receive emailed alerts from the Imperial County Air Pollution Control District. Local activists ask if this is an issue of environmental justice, since the area most impacted is 85% Latinos. Some 650,000 people, many who are farmworkers, live where there are significant exposure to the dust. The public health impacts of continuing not to meet federal air quality standards include the treatment of child and adult asthma, cardiac disease, lung cancer, and increased mortality rates. Lower concentrations of the wind-borne dust travel all the way into Southern California and Arizona. Residents in the Los Angeles Basin, some  away, complained about the odor that drifted their way in 2012, after the biomass on the sea bottom was churned by a storm.

During the first 15 years after the sale of the Imperial water to San Diego County, the Imperial Irrigation District has been required to put water into the Salton Sea to compensate for the loss of agricultural runoff needed to replenish the sea. As the 2017 deadline for ending the additional mitigation water approached, the district, along with Imperial County, petitioned the California State Water Resources Control Board in 2014 with a demand for state action to fulfill its obligation after years of delays and unfulfilled plans. Pacific Institute, an environmental think tank, was warning that the lack of replenishment water was leading to a "period of very rapid deterioration." The rapidly shrinking sea was a "looming environmental and public health crisis". With the increased shrinkage, dust storms would increase and the rotten-egg smell would reach the coastal cities more frequently.

About , or about 10%, of Imperial Valley's arable farmland was temporarily fallowed to meet the reductions in the water transfer agreement. Since the most recent creation of the lake, local farms in the Imperial Valley have produced alfalfa, wheat, and vegetables such as carrots and Brussels sprouts. , the most widely planted crop was alfalfa, followed by bermuda grass and sudan grass. A third of the hay produced here was exported to China, the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, and Japan. Most of exported hay feeds dairy cows, while Japan uses it for Kobe beef production.

On January 1, 2018, 40% less water began flowing into the sea as the 15-year mitigation period ended per the 2003 water transfer agreement. A court decision also forced the Imperial Irrigation District to end a program that had allowed it to equally distribute and cap the amount of water its members receive. Although it had been shrinking for years, this began to lower the water level significantly. As the shore recedes, at least  of playa will be exposed by 2045, with additional dust becoming wind blown as the exposed playa dries out. A vertical drop of one foot in the water level can expose thousands of feet of horizontal playa. The state is mainly responsible, as California lawmakers pledged to fund air-quality management projects to mitigate impacts from the 2003 water transfer agreement. Over the years, local, state and federal bodies have found minimal success dealing with the dust from the exposed playa. To reduce wind-borne dust, the district has a program known as vegetation enhancement and surface roughening, which includes plowing furrows on newly exposed playa within property owned by the district.

Fugitive dust, consisting of very small particles suspended in air, is being studied to distinguish between playa dust and desert emissions that are primarily made up of mineral dust from soil. The Imperial County Air Quality Management District, the South Coast Air Quality Management District, and the University of California at Riverside School of Medicine along with the environmental justice group Comite Civico Del Valle are using mobile and stationary air quality monitoring units in the effort to protect the health of the nearby residents.

Management programs
The Salton Sea Task Force was formed by the state in 2015 by Governor Jerry Brown's administration. The Natural Resources Agency released the Salton Sea Management Program (SSMP) in March 2017. The SSMP proposes constructing  of habitat restoration and dust suppression projects on lakebed areas that have been, or will be, exposed at the Salton Sea by the year 2028. This will improve conditions for residents and wildlife. The initial 10-year plan will cover less than half of the dry lakebed that researchers say will be exposed during that time. The state initially budgeted $80.5 million to begin designing the wetlands without a commitment that the program will ever be fully funded. The projected cost to design and construct the improvements is $383 million. The focus was no longer on restoring the lake but presenting a feasible plan with a budget that legislators would gradually fund over the ten-year period. The 10-year plan will not fix everything so state and local officials continue to seek ways to deal with the problems. Salton Sea Management Program Monitoring and Adaptive Management Implementation Plan is being developed that will prioritize and phase-in implementation of the 2013 USGS Salton Sea Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Plan.

The first state-funded project was the Torres-Martinez Wetland Project, in which the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians partnered with the state to restore shallow wetlands along the northern edge of the sea that was destroyed by a massive storm in 2012. This prototype project was completed in April 2018.

In November 2019, an emergency was declared because of the "heavily polluted New River, which empties into the Salton Sea". The Imperial County Board of Supervisors were hoping that this would accelerate the restoration projects by enabling the state to obtain federal funding. Nearly all the state's funding comes from bond measures for the Salton Sea projects. Since 2000, California voters have approved five bond measures .

In February 2020, the California Natural Resources Agency finished the "Bruchard Road Dust Suppression Project" which, although only , was the first dust suppression project to be completed under the Salton Sea Management Program: Phase 1: 10 Year Plan (August 2018). Construction began on the ambitious  Species Conservation Habitat Project in January 2021 on the small delta of the New River. The project is building ponds and wetlands on both sides of the mouth of this highly polluted river on the southern bank of the sea. Water from the Salton Sea will be combined with the river water to control salinity and naturally occurring selenium. Federal government said in November 2022,  it will spend $250 million over four years for the project.

Water importation review

Many concepts have been proposed on how to deal with the problems. The idea of importing seawater from the Pacific Ocean or the Sea of Cortez in Mexico has been around for a long time. The area's plentiful geothermal power could be used to desalinate the water. Around 2004, Aqua Genesis Ltd proposed such a project that would sell the nonsaline water. Their proposal involved the construction of over  of pipes and tunneling that would have provided  of water to Southern California coastal cities each year. Berkshire Hathaway Energy has a subsidiary that already operates 10 geothermal plants in the area, and  was developing a seawater desalination proposal.

In 2018, the California Natural Resources Agency requested proposals to increase waterflow to the sea to reduce dust and dust-borne toxins. The 11 proposals ranged in cost from $300 million to several billion dollars.

A June 9, 2020, research report stated that the cost of "transferring water from agricultural users to the Salton Sea" would be lower and achievable using existing infrastructure. The aqueduct proposal, and others, hung on the outcome of a feasibility study. The state-appointed panel of experts rejected the idea in 2022 after a yearlong review.

Ecology

Salinity

The water of the Salton Sea has a salinity of 44 grams of salt per liter, greater than that of the Pacific Ocean (35 g/L). The lack of an outflow means the Salton Sea does not have a natural stabilization system; it is very dynamic. Fluctuations in the water level caused by variations in agricultural runoff, the ancient salt deposits in the lake bed, and the relatively high salinity of the inflow feeding the sea are all causing increasing salinity. The concentration has been increasing at a rate of about 3% per year. About 3.6 million tonnes of salt are deposited in the valley each year. An undated report on the University of California: Imperial County website provides these specifics: "Salton Sea salinity is about 44,000 mg/L, that is about 4.4% salt. The amount of salts that is deposited in the Imperial Valley agricultural land with irrigation water is about 4 million tons of salts annually. To maintain crop productivities, equal amount of salts must be leached from the root zone".

Fertilizer runoffs have resulted in eutrophication, with large algal blooms and elevated bacterial levels. By the 1970s, the runoff which was full of salty chemicals led to a warning that the salinity of the lake would no longer sustain wildlife. Both the hypersalinity and presence of contaminants in the Salton Sea triggered massive die-offs in the fish and avian populations; salt water carries less oxygen than fresh water, which was further depleted by algal blooms and by extreme temperatures during the summer.

Fish population

The desert pupfish is the only native fish species in the sea and is a federally listed endangered species. The desert pupfish, notable for its ability to withstand the rising salinity of the Salton Sea, can survive salinities ranging from freshwater to twice as salty as seawater.

The body was initially a freshwater lake and was stocked with tilapia, gulf croaker, orangemouth corvina, and sargo, which sustained an important sport fishery and provided food for birds. By the 1960s, its rising salinity had begun to jeopardize some of these species. A September 2019 report stated that 20 years earlier, "there were some 100 million fish in the Sea. Now, more than 97% of those fish are gone". It is now too saline for most species of fish. Massive fish kills involve the oxygen-depleting combination of summer sun and salt. The fish suffocate as salt water carries less oxygen than fresh water. The dead fish wash up in mass quantities on the beaches.

Introduced tilapia (hybrid Mozambique × Wami) can tolerate the high salinity levels and pollution. As of 2014, other fresh and brackish water fish species lived in the rivers and canals that fed the Salton Sea, including redbelly tilapia, threadfin shad, carp, red shiner, channel catfish, white catfish, largemouth bass, mosquitofish, and sailfin molly.

Tilapia populations have reached such low volumes such that the fish-eating birds in the area cannot be sustained anymore. Scientists have approximated that if the sea's salinity reaches levels of 70 ppt (more likely to occur than not due to the end of mitigation flows at the start of 2018), there will not be any species of fish left that will be able to survive in the sea's main body. As the decline of tilapia populations continues, there has been an immense proliferation of the water boatman population which do serve as feed for "a limited number of aquatic and shorebird species". A direct concern of the potential eradication of fish species from the sea include mosquito production, which is usually abundant in high salinity salt marshes but have been low because of the presence of fish. There have been worries about this potential outcome as mosquitoes in warm regions have been known to "act as vectors of West Nile virus, Western equine encephalitis and St. Louis encephalitis".

The California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment developed a safe eating advisory for fish caught in the Salton Sea based on levels of mercury or PCBs found in local species. As of 2018, all species were considered acceptable for all populations.

Avian population
The Salton Sea has been termed a "crown jewel of avian biodiversity" by Milt Friend of the Salton Sea Science Office. It hosts "the most diverse and probably most significant populations of bird life in the continental United States, rivaled only by Big Bend, Texas;" over 400 species have been documented. The Salton Sea is also a major resting stop on the Pacific Flyway. A December 2018 report by the National Geographic Society stated: "Nearly all of California's population of eared grebes, for example, stop over at the lake, and at least a third of all the white pelicans living in North America ..." The report expressed concern about the reducing input of water into the Sea and the increasing salinity. "Without that extra water, the lake's shrinking will start to accelerate—making it saltier, smaller, less welcoming to the birds that rely on it during migration".

Both the hypersalinity and presence of contaminants in the Salton Sea triggered massive die-offs in the fish and avian populations and the contamination promoted the outbreak and spread of diseases such as avian cholera. In turn, the loss of several species of fish that the avian population depended on for food increased their risk of starvation, exacerbating their decline. Birdwatchers in 2017 reported that most of the American white pelicans, double-crested cormorants, and eared grebes have disappeared.

Vegetation

According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, the area roughly within  of the sandy shoreline of the Salton Sea would have a saltbush/greasewood (40) vegetation type and a Great Basin shrubland (7) vegetation form.

Geography

This saline, endorheic rift lake on the San Andreas Fault at the southern end of the U.S. state of California lies between and within the Imperial and Coachella valleys, all of which lie within the larger Salton Trough, a pull-apart basin that stretches to the Gulf of California in Mexico. The lake occupies the lowest elevations of the trough, known as the Salton Sink, where the lake surface is  below sea level as of January 2018. The deepest point of the lake is only  higher than the lowest point of Death Valley.

The Salton Sea is about  at its widest and longest, though it varies in dimensions and area with fluctuations in agricultural runoff and rainfall. A 2023 report puts surface area at 318 square miles. The New, Whitewater, and Alamo rivers, combined with agricultural runoff, are the primary sources that feed the lake. The Salton Sea is the largest lake in California by surface area. The average annual inflow is less than , which is enough to maintain a maximum depth of  and a total volume of about . However, due to changes in water apportionments agreed upon for the Colorado River under the Quantification Settlement Agreement of 2003, the surface area of the sea is expected to decrease by 60% between 2013 and 2021.

Ownership
The land under the lake is a patchwork of ownership spread across three primary entities: the federal government (mostly the Bureau of Reclamation and the Bureau of Land Management), the Imperial Irrigation District, and the Torres Martinez Desert Cahuilla Indians.

Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification system, the Salton Sea has a hot desert climate (BWh). According to the United States Department of Agriculture, the Plant Hardiness zone is 9b with an average annual extreme minimum temperature of 28.5 °F (−1.9 °C). The temperature of the surface water changes with the seasonally varying air temperature. Winter surface water can reach temperatures as low as  and summer surface water highs can reach .

Geology

Earthquakes and tectonic setting

The Salton Sea and surrounding basin sits over the San Andreas Fault, San Jacinto Fault, Imperial Fault Zone, and a "stepover fault" shear zone system. Geologists have determined that previous flooding episodes from the Colorado River have been linked to earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault. Sonar and other instruments were used to map the Salton Sea's underwater faults during the study. During the period when the basin was filled by Lake Cahuilla, a much larger inland sea, earthquakes higher than magnitude 7 occurred roughly every 180 years, the last one occurring within decades of 1700. Computer models suggest the normal faults in the area are most vulnerable to deviatoric stress loading by filling in of water. Currently, a risk still exists for an earthquake of magnitude 7 to 8. Simulations also showed, in the Los Angeles area, shaking and thus damage would be more severe for a San Andreas earthquake that propagated along the fault from the south, rather than from the north. Such an earthquake also raises the risk for soil liquefaction in the Imperial Valley region.

The effective drainage divide that separates the Salton Sea from the Gulf of California is about  in elevation and is located near Delta, northeastern Baja California State, Mexico, south-southeast of Mexicali. Past sea level rise may partially be responsible for the salinity of the lake, while potential future changes in sea levels could occur. However, other factors such as hydrothermal vents, diffusion of salt from minerals and sediment, including concentrated brine, and evaporites are another contributor to salinity, as is the recent lowering of lake levels raising the salinity, though sedimentary records show the lake surface elevation reached levels  above world sea level in the 1500s.

Satellite Calibration

The Salton Sea is used to calibrate sensors on imaging satellites such as Landsat.

Volcanism

Evidence of geothermal activity is visible. The Salton Buttes are volcanoes in the geothermal field of the same name. Mudpots and mud volcanoes are found on the eastern side of the Salton Sea, including the mobile Niland Geyser. The area is used for geothermal electricity generation, with plants located along the southeastern shore of the Salton Sea in Imperial County.

Lithium production

The geothermal activity below the Salton Sea loosens up lithium that can be mined. Due to increased demand for lithium, which is crucial for electric-vehicle battery production, the Salton Sea area is attracting attention, and the extraction of lithium is expected to boost the local economy. The brine contains lithium, calcium, sodium and other minerals that are very complex to separate. The California Energy Commission estimates the sea might produce 600k metric tons of lithium carbonate per year.

In July 2021, General Motors announced that it was partnering with Controlled Thermal Resources to develop a combined lithium extraction and power generation facility in the Hell's Kitchen geothermal field in the Salton Sea, employing a closed-loop process. Brine will be extracted from the ground, with geothermal steam being used to drive a turbine generating electricity, and reacting with the brine to separate the lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate used for battery production.

Berkshire Hathaway Energy has a subsidiary that operates 10 geothermal plants in the area. Berkshire's BHE Renewables division plans to open a lithium carbonate pilot plant in the spring of 2023.

Communities

The U.S. Navy conducted a preliminary inspection of the Salton Sea in January 1940, and the Salton Sea Test Base (SSTB, run by Sandia Labs) was initially commissioned as the Naval Auxiliary Air Station Salton Sea, in October 1942. The SSTB, just to the southeast of Salton City, originally functioned as an operational and training base for seaplanes. Additional activities at the base included experimental testing of solid-fuel plane-launched rockets, jet-assist take-off testing, aeroballistic testing of inert atomic weapon test units at land and marine target areas, training bombing at marine targets, testing of the effects of long-term storage on atomic weapons, testing of the Project Mercury space capsule parachute landing systems, parachute training and testing, and military training exercises. The base was abandoned in 1978.

The Salton Sea had some success as a resort area, with Salton City, Salton Sea Beach, and Desert Shores, on the western shore and Desert Beach, North Shore, and Bombay Beach, built on the eastern shore in the 1950s. Due to the increasing salinity and pollution of the lake over the years from agricultural runoff and other sources, the communities substantially shrank in size, or have been abandoned. The smell of the lake, combined with the stench of the decaying fish, also contributed to the decline of the tourist industry around the Salton Sea. The US Geological Survey describes the smell as "objectionable", "noxious", "unique", and "pervasive".

Arts and culture
A 2020 article provided this comment about the settlements around the Salton Sea: Since 2011, Bombay Beach and its surrounds have been reinvented as a destination for desert art.  It's not alone in that distinction – south of the city lie the towns of Niland and Slab City, other areas that have attracted artists and led to creations like East Jesus and Salvation Mountain.

Some people are visiting the Salton Sea and the surrounding settlements to explore the abandoned structures and see the squatter settlement of Slab City. The town of Niland is  southeast of the sea, with a population of 1,006. In late June 2020, a fire in Niland caused a great deal of damage, displacing 112 people; by that time, the estimated population had diminished to 500.

The population of Bombay Beach declined for years and the buildings were rotting away, but some people had moved into the settlement. A news item in April 2018 stated that it was "enjoying a rebirth of sorts with an influx of artists, intellectuals and hipsters who have turned it into a bohemian playground".

Recreation
The Salton Sea State Recreation Area offers hunting, fishing, swimming, and camping to visitors on the northeastern side of the sea.

Powerboat racing
"Low barometric pressure and greater water density make the Salton Sea the fastest body of water in the world for speedboat racing," according to an article in the January–February 1950 issue of National Motorist magazine. (This statement, however, erroneously conflates low barometric pressure with low altitude, when in fact the opposite is true, and the extremely low altitude of the region provides higher barometric pressure, beneficial for internal combustion engines) "The low altitude was thought to be ideal for carburetion and there was talk that this was the 'fastest body of water in the world.'" Beginning in the late 1920s, these properties have made the Salton Sea attractive as a venue for such races.

Although these natural advantages were at first attacked as unfair by other courses, by the mid 1930s the Salton Sea racing organization was backed by the National Power Boat Association and attracting some of the best boats and drivers in the US. Races were held at Desert Beach annually between 1941 and 1951 and subsequently at other beaches, ultimately on the west side of the Sea.

From 1961 through 1965, the Sea hosted the Salton City 500, a marathon endurance race which attracted drivers as notable as Mickey Thompson and astronaut Gordon Cooper.

After a lengthy hiatus, in 2008 racing returned when new world records were set by a sprint boat at the Salton Sea Speed Week.

In popular culture

 A visit to the Salton Sea inspired filmmaker Curtis Harrington to make his dreamlike short film On the Edge (1949), which extensively uses the bubbling mudpots on the edge of the sea. In a 1971 interview, Harrington stated, "The location I used is entirely covered by water now; the sea has risen to cover it."
 The Salton Sea (2002), by Tony Gayton, directed by D. J. Caruso and starring Val Kilmer, Vincent D'Onofrio and Peter Sarsgaard.
 Plagues & Pleasures on the Salton Sea (2006), by filmmakers Chris Metzler and Jeff Springer is narrated by John Waters. Melding high camp with stark realism the film covers the first 100 years of the history of the Salton Sea featuring rare archival photos and footage, plus interviews with the residents who call the Salton Sea home.
 The short documentary, The Useless Sea (2016), is a film focusing on the environmental challenges and the beauty surrounding the Salton Sea.

 Miracle in the Desert: The Rise and Fall of the Salton Sea (2020) is a documentary by filmmaker Greg Bassenian that tells the full origin of the creation of the sea, as well as the real estate boom and bust from 1950 to 1970 while examining the exodus of people from the sea and the current environmental crisis it faces.

 In the film The Monster That Challenged the World (1957), gigantic prehistoric mollusks are discovered to be residing at the bottom of the Salton Sea.

 The History Channel's 2006 episode "Engineering Disasters 18" (#13-04), from the television documentary series Modern Marvels, describes the combined manmade and natural events leading to the creation of the Salton Sea in the early 20th century, its brief popularity as a resort destination midcentury, and its subsequent decline due to high salinity and farm runoff. Impacts to Salton Sea fish and bird populations are addressed and future plans to rescue the sea are described.

See also

 List of drying lakes
 List of lakes in California
 List of lakes of the Colorado Desert

Notes

References

Further reading
 deBuys, William and Myers, Joan (1999), "Salt Dreams: Land and Water in Low-down California", University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque,

 Setmire, James G., et al. (1993). Detailed study of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1988–90 [Water-Resources Investigations Report 93-4014]. Sacramento, Calif.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.
 Setmire, James G., Wolfe, John C., and Stroud, Richard K. (1990). Reconnaissance investigation of water quality, bottom sediment, and biota associated with irrigation drainage in the Salton Sea area, California, 1986–87 [Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4102]. Sacramento, Calif.: U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey.

 Stevens, Joseph E. Hoover Dam. University of Oklahoma Press, 1988. details on the Salton Sea
 Stringfellow, Kim Greetings from the Salton Sea: Folly and Intervention in the Southern California Landscape, 1905–2005. Columbia College Chicago Press, 2005.
 Trover, Ellen Lloyd (2018). "The Imperial Valley and the Salton Sink". Birth of the Inland Sea: How the Colorado River Created the Salton Sea. Lloyd Trover Partnership.
 Watkins, John R. "A Common Crystal"  Strand Magazine, vol. 98 (London 1899); Holder, Charles F.  "A Remarkable Salt Deposit" National Geographic Magazine, vol. XII, no.11 (Washington, 1901)

External links

 , California Natural Resources Agency
 Salton Sea Management Efforts, California Department of Fish and Wildlife
 Salton Sea Unit: California Department of Water Resources, supports the Salton Sea Management Program (SSMP)
 The Salton Sea Authority, a joint powers agreement: counties of Riverside and Imperial, Coachella Valley Water District and Imperial Irrigation District
 Salton Sea Community Outreach, Education & Engagement Program, partnership between Comite Civico del Valle, Inc. (CCV) & the California Department of Water Resources (DWR)
 Salton Sea Management Program (SSMP), US Army Corps of Engineers, Los Angeles District
 Salton Sea, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
 Salton Sea Photo Gallery, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation

 Salton Basin overview, College of Sciences, San Diego State University
 Salton Sea Ecosystem Monitoring and Assessment Plan, Open-File Report 2013–1133, United States Geological Survey
 Salton Sea Project KESQ
 National Geographic photos of the Salton Sea
  2011 (7 mins)
 . KQED, 2014 (61 mins)

Coachella Valley
Disasters in California
Endorheic lakes of California
Engineering failures
Environment of California
Environmental disasters in the United States
Geography of the Colorado Desert
Imperial Valley
Important Bird Areas of California
Lakes of California
Lakes of Imperial County, California
Lakes of Riverside County, California
Lakes of Southern California
Lakes of the Great Basin
Natural history of Imperial County, California
Saline lakes of the United States
Salton Trough
Shrunken lakes
Tourist attractions in Imperial County, California
Watersheds of California
Eutrophication

Salton Sea


An Neottia flabellata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni William Wright Smith, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Neottia flabellata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neottia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Neottia

Neottia flabellata


Amerika
 Maya
 Copán
 Herrscher: Waxaklajuun Ub'aah K'awiil (695–738)
 Palenque
 Herrscher: K'inich Ahkal Mo' Nahb III. (721–738)
Tikal
 Herrscher: Jasaw Chan K'awiil I. (682–734)

Asien
 Bagan
 König: Myinkywe (716–726)

 China
 Kaiser: Tang Xuanzong (712–756)

 Iberien (Kartlien)
 König: Guaram III. (692–748)

 Indien
 Chalukya
 König: Vijayaditya (696–733)
 Östliche Chalukya
 König: Vishnuvardhana III. (719–755)
 Pallava
 König: Nandi Varman II. (710–775)
 Pandya
 König: Kochadaiyan Ranadhiran (710–735)

 Japan
 Kaiserin: Genshō (715–724)

 Kaschmir
 König: Tarapida (719–723)
 König: Lalitaditya (723–760)

 Reich der Kök-Türken
 Herrscher: Bilge Khan (716–734)

 Korea
 Balhae
 König: Kwangjong Mu (719–738)
 Silla
 König: Seongdeok (702–737)

 Kalifat der Muslime
 Kalif: Yazid II. (720–724)

 Tibet
 König: Thride Tsugten (704–755)

Europa
 Bulgarien
 Khan: Kormesij (721–738)

 Byzantinisches Reich
 Kaiser: Leo III. (717–741)

 England (Heptarchie)
 East Anglia
 König: Ælfwald (713–749)
 Essex
 König: Swæfberht (709–738)
 Kent
 König: Wihtred (691–725)
 Mercia
 König: Æthelbald (716–757)
 Northumbria
 König: Osric (718–729)
 Wessex
 König: Ine (688–726)

 Fränkisches Reich
 König: Theuderich IV. (721–737)
 Hausmeier: Karl Martell (717–741)

 Italien
 Langobardenreich
 König: Liutprand (712–744)
 Autonome langobardische Herzogtümer:
 Herzog von Benevent: Romuald II. (706–731)
 Herzog des Friaul: Pemmo (706–739)
 Herzog von Spoleto: Transamund II. (720–739)
 Venedig
 Magister militum: Marcello Tegalliano (717–726)

 Schottland
 Dalriada
 König: Selbach (700–723)
 König: Dungal (723–726)
 Strathclyde
 König: Teudebur (722–752)
 Pikten
 König: Nechtan mac Derile (706–724)

 Spanien
 Asturien
 König: Pelagius (718–737)
 Al-Andalus
 Statthalter des Umayyaden-Kalifs: Anbasa ibn Suhaym al-Kalbi (721–726)

 Wales
 Gwynedd
 König: Rhodri Molwynog ap Idwal (720–754)

Religiöse Führer
 Papst: Gregor II. (715–731)
 Patriarch von Konstantinopel: Germanos I. (715–730)

Liste der Staatsoberhäupter 723


Acer sempervirens, es una especie de árbol perteneciente a la familia de las sapindáceas. Se encuentra en el sudoeste de Europa y sudoeste de Asia, en el sur de Grecia y sur de Turquía.

Descripción
Es un árbol de hoja perenne o semiperenne, arbusto o pequeño árbol que alcanza un tamaño de 10 m de altura con un tronco con un diámetro de 50 cm. La corteza es de color gris oscuro, lisa en los árboles jóvenes, formando escamas y fisuras superficialmente en los árboles maduros. Los brotes son de color verde en un primer momento, convirtiéndose en marrón opaco en el segundo año. Las hojas son opuestas, duras y coriáceas en la textura, de 1 a 4 cm de largo y 1 a 3 de ancho, de color verde oscuro brillante, simples o con tres lóbulos. Los lóbulos tienen el margen entero. La flores son de color amarillo-verdoso, producidas en pequeños corimbos colgantes. El fruto es una doble sámara con dos redondas semillas aladas, las alas de 1,5-3 cm de largo, se extienden en un ángulo agudo.

Es una de las especies en el género más tolerantes a la sequía y al calor, y se producen en las laderas secas y en soleadas elevaciones moderadas. Está estrechamente relacionada con Acer monspessulanum de más al norte y oeste de Europa, con la diferencia de ser más pequeña, sus hojas perennes son más pequeñas hojas y a menudo tiene forma de arbusto.

Cultivo y usos

Acer sempervirens es de vez en cuando cultivada como árbol ornamental en el oeste de Europa, fue introducida en Gran Bretaña en 1752

Taxonomía
Acer sempervirens fue descrita por Carlos Linneo y publicado en Mantissa Plantarum. Generum Editionis vi et Specierum Editionis ii., en el año 1767
Etimología
Acer: nombre genérico que procede del latín ǎcěr, -ĕris = (afilado), referido a las puntas características de las hojas o a la dureza de la madera que, supuestamente, se utilizaría para fabricar lanzas. Ya citado en, entre otros, Plinio el Viejo, 16, XXVI/XXVII, refiriéndose a unas cuantas especies de Arce.

sempervirens: epíteto latíno que significa "siempreviva".
Sinonimia

 Acer creticum var. cuneifolium Spach
 Acer creticum var. rotundifolium Spach
 Acer heterophyllum Willd.
 Acer humile Salisb.
 Acer orientale L.
 Acer orientale var. cuneifolium (Spach) Pax
 Acer orientale f. cuneifolium (Spach) Schwer.
 Acer orientale var. ovale Pax
 Acer orientale f. ovale (Pax) Schwer.
 Acer orientale var. rotundifolium (Spach) Pax
 Acer orientale f. rotundifolium (Spach) Schwer.
 ''Acer willkommii Wettst.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

sempervirens
Plantas descritas en 1767

Acer sempervirens


ظهير الدين الفاريابي (اسمه الكامل: ظهير الدين طاهر بن محمد الفاريابي) شاعر فارسي.

حياته
ولد ظهيرالدين في فارياب في الشمال الشرقي من إيران. كان ظهيرالدين الفاريابي تلميذاً للشاعر رشيدي السمرقندي، وإنه ترك خراسان وهاجر إلي العراق وأذربيجان في أثناء حكم الأتابك أرسلان بن ايلدگز(581-587 هجرية) وإنه كان قبل ذلك في خدمة طغان حاكم نيسابور وإن بعض الأكابر يعتبرون أشعاره أرق وأدق من أشعار الأنوري.

و جاء في تاريخ طبرستان أن ظهير الدين كان قبل ذلك ملتحقاً بخدمة اسپهبد مازندران المسمي حسام الدولة اردشير بن الحسن الذي قتل في 607 هجرية.

و قد زار ظهير الدين مدينة أصفهان ولكن قاضي قضاتها المسمي بصدر الدين عبد اللطيف الخجندي لم يحسن استقباله فبقي بها فترة قصيرة، وكان من بين أعدائه مجير الدين البيلقاني شاعر الهجاء والتهكم في إصفهان، وهو نفس الشاعر الذي صادفناه من قبل بين خصوم الخاقاني، وقد أشار إليه ظهير الدين في ديوانه وفيه يتهكم به وبملابسه الفاخرة التي كان ينالها من قزن أرسلان.

و قد اعتزل ظهير الدين قبيل انتهاء حياته عيشة الملوك والقصور وقنع كما فعل الكثيرون غيره من شعراء المديح بعيشة الاعتكاف والتعبد في تبريز حتي أدركته الوفاة في نهاية سنة 598 هجرية وقد دفن هنالك، في مقبرة سرخاب بجانب الشاعرين المعروفين خاقاني وشاهفور الأشهري.

مراجع

إيرانيون في القرن 12
إيرانيون في القرن 13
شعراء فرس
شعراء فرس في القرن 12
أشخاص من ولاية فارياب
كتاب إيرانيون في القرن 13

ظهير الدين فاريابي


Markesan est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Green Lake, au Wisconsin. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Ville au Wisconsin
Comté de Green Lake

Markesan (Wisconsin)


Nipani (en canarés: ನಿಪ್ಪಾಣಿ ) es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Belgaum, estado de Karnataka. Según el censo de 2011, tiene una población de 62 865 habitantes.

Geografía
Está ubicada a una altitud de 585 , a 575 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Nipani


Eine First-Class-Funktion (,  etwa "Funktion erster Klasse") bezeichnet in der Programmierung eine Funktion, die
 einer anderen Funktion als Argument übergeben,
 von einer anderen Funktion als Wert zurückgegeben,
 einer Variablen zugewiesen,
 in einer Datenstruktur gespeichert und
 zur Laufzeit erzeugt
werden kann.
Teilweise gilt auch die Möglichkeit, anonyme Funktionen zu definieren, als Kriterium für eine first-class-Funktion.

Erst damit wird es möglich, Closures zu erzeugen, anonyme Funktionen zu definieren oder Currying durchzuführen.

Der Begriff wurde von Christopher Strachey im Kontext functions as first-class citizens Mitte der 1960er Jahre geprägt.

In vielen modernen Programmiersprachen (wie Haskell, JavaScript, Smalltalk und insbesondere verschiedenen Lisp-Dialekten wie Scheme) sind alle Funktionen first-class.
Einen für Anfänger sehr leicht verständlichen Zugang zu diesem Konzept bietet die bildungsorientierte visuelle Programmiersprache Snap! (BYOB).

Siehe auch
 First-Class-Objekt
 Funktionale Programmierung

Quellen

Programmierkonzept

First-Class-Funktion


Reusch es una compañía alemana de artículos deportivos de fútbol —principalmente guantes de portero— y deportes de invierno. Fue fundada en 1934 por Karl Reusch.

Historia
En 1934, Karl Reusch fabricó su primer par de guantes en el ático de su casa. Los dos primeros pares se cosieron a mano de forma manual. Sus guantes fueron desarrollados y mejorados a lo largo del tiempo.

Gebhard Reusch se une a la compañía y Reusch entra en la industria con una colección de guantes especialmente diseñados para deportes de invierno y se inicia la expansión de actividades en el mercado.

Un año más tarde en una estrecha cooperación con el portero leyenda alemán Sepp Maier, Gebhard Reusch desarrolla el guante de portero. En 1984, en el 50 aniversario de Reusch, es un de los líderes mundiales del mercado en el segmento de guantes deportivos.

La búsqueda de nuevos segmentos de mercado lleva a la marca a presentar en 1989 su ropa de esquí primero, y tres años más tarde, la colección deportiva de equipo. A principios de 2000, Reusch expande su portafolio de productos con cascos y gafas.

Junto a la sede de la compañía en Reutlingen, Alemania, Reusch tiene otro lugar de residencia en Bolzano, Tirol del Sur desde junio de 2009. Cada año la marca saca al mercado una colección de fútbol (guantes de portero, ropa, protecciones, balones y accesorios) y una colección de invierno (Racing, esquí, esquí nórdico, de ocio) disponible en las tiendas de todo el mundo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial

Empresas textiles de Alemania
Empresas multinacionales
Empresas fundadas en 1934
Marcas de indumentaria deportiva
Fabricantes de indumentaria deportiva de Alemania

Reusch


Yem su etnička skupina koja živi u jugozapadnoj Etiopiji. Njihov materinji jezik je Yemsa, jedan od omotskih jezika, iako mnogi govore i oromo ili amharski. Susjedi Yema su Gurage, Hadya i Kembata na istoku preko rijeke Omo, te Jimma Oromci na jugu, sjeveru i zapadu.

Povijest
Prva spomen Yema kao političke jedinice nalazi se pod imenom Jangero u pobjedničkoj pjesmi kralja Yesaqa (1412. – 1427.) Kršćanskog kraljevstva Etiopije, kao odavanje počasti kralju konjIma. Prvi europski putnik koji je spomenuo Yeme bio je europski putnik otac Fernandez, koji je putovao njihovom domovinom 1614. godine.

Stanovništvo
Njihov broj donedavno nije bio definitivno poznat. Aklilu Yilma navodi "Bender daje procjenu od '1000' (Bender 1976: 4), dok Ethnologue navodi brojku od "1000 – 4000 govornika jezika Yemsa" (Grimes 1992: 257 ). Izvještaj Središnjeg zavoda za statistiku navodi podatke o stanovništvu s popisa iz 1984. godine i daje 34.951 Yema (Središnji zavod za statistiku 1991: 61), ali čini se da ovaj popis obuhvaća samo područje Fofe." Na nacionalnom popisu stanovništva 1994.  se 60.811 ljudi identificiralo kao Yem u Regija Južnih naroda, narodnosti i etničkih grupa (RJNNEG), od kojih je 59.581 živjelo u okolici Fofe, a 52.292 govornika jezika Yemsa u RJNNEG-u, od kojih je 51.264 živjelo na istom području. Noviji nacionalni popis stanovništva iz 2007. daje 160.447 Yema, od kojih je 84.607 živjelo u regiji Oromia, a 74.906 u RJNNEG-u.

Poveznice
 Posebna woreda Yem
 Kraljevstvo Janjero

Izvori

Etničke grupe Etiopije

Yem


Chemometria este o ramură a chimiei, mai exact a chimiei analitice, cu caracter interdisciplinar, care aplică metode matematice și statistice asupra datelor chimice, biochimice și medicale. Denumirea științei este dată în mod analog cu psihometria și econometria.

Istoric
Termenul de chemometrie () a fost introdus de către chimistul suedez Svante Wold în anul 1971. La scurt timp după, acesta a fondat împreuna cu chimistul american Bruce Kowalsky Societatea Internațională de Chemometrie ().

Tehnici
În chemometrie sunt utilizate unele metode moderne de statistică, precum sunt: calibrarea, design-ul experimental, analiza semnalelor și recunoașterea formelor, în special pentru acele date obținute ca parte a chimiei analitice și a analizei instrumentale. Alte metode includ: analiza de regresie, analiza în componente principale și algoritmii de grupare (clustering).

Calibrarea
Multe probleme și aplicații de chemometrie necesită metodele de calibrare. Scopul acestora este de a dezvolta metode și modele care pot fi utilizate pentru a prezice anumite proprietăți de interes, pe baza unor proprietăți determinate în sistemele chimice (de exemplu, presiune, curgere, temperatură, spectre în infraroșu, spectre Raman, spectre RMN, spectre de masă, etc). Tehnicile utilizate în calibrarea multi-variabilă pot fi metode clasice sau metode inverse. Diferența dintre cele două constă în faptul că în calibrarea clasică modelele sunt rezolvate astfel încât ele să să fie capabile să descrie răspunsul analitic măsurat (de exemplu, spectre), în timp ce metodele inverse sunt rezolvate astfel încât ele să să fie capabile să prezică proprietatea de interes (de exemplu, concentrația). Pentru metodele inverse este adesea necesar să se cunoască mai puține detalii legate de sistemul chimic, și cel puțin teoretic (din punctul de vedere al erorii pătratice medii) ar oferi predicții superioare, astfel că tendința actuală este de a utiliza mai frecvent metodele inverse în calibrarea multi-variabilă.

Note

Vezi și
 Chimie analitică
 Chimie computațională
 Chemoinformatică

Chimie analitică
Chimie computațională
Statistică aplicată

Chemometrie


Katrina Lehis (Haapsalu, 19 de dezembro de 1994) é uma esgrimista estoniana, campeã olímpica.

Carreira

Lehis conquistou a medalha de ouro nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio ao lado de Julia Beljajeva, Irina Embrich e Erika Kirpu, após derrotas as sul-coreanas Choi In-jeong, Kang Young-mi, Lee Hye-in e Song Se-ra na disputa de espada por equipes.

Esgrimistas olímpicos da Estônia
Campeões olímpicos da Estônia
Esgrimistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020

Katrina Lehis


Căile ferate din Albania sunt administrate de compania națională de cale ferată Hekurudha Shqiptare (HSH) (care înseamnă căile ferate albaneze). Ecartamentul de lucru este de 1,435 de mm (ecartamentul standard în Albania). Toate trenurile sunt tractate de locomotive Diesel-electrice ČKD  (Českomoravská Kolben-Daněk) construite în Cehia.

Istorie
Prima linie de cale ferată albaneză cu ecartament standard  a fost construită abia în 1947, deși unele linii mai înguste au fost construite mai devreme în timpul primului război mondial. Există o legătură internațională cu Muntenegru, calea ferată Podgorica-Shkodër, care a fost folosită doar pentru traficul de mărfuri și a cărei ultimă stație în Albania este Gara Bajzë.

Sistemul feroviar a fost promovat în mare măsură de către guvernul Enver Hoxha, perioadă în care utilizarea transportului auto particular a fost efectiv interzisă. După 1947, a început dezvoltarea infrastructurii naționale prin construirea rețelei feroviare a țării, deoarece Albania a fost considerată singurul stat din Europa care nu avea servicii feroviare standard. Până în 1987, 677 de km de cale ferată au fost construiți pentru a conecta în totalitate principalele centre urbane și industriale pentru prima dată de la sfârșitul celui de-al doilea război mondial. Transportul feroviar a reprezentat principala modalitate de transport până în 1990. După căderea comunismului, rețeaua s-a prăbușit.

De la prăbușirea fostului stat albanez socialist, a existat o creștere considerabilă a proprietarilor de automobile și a utilizării autobuzului. În timp ce unele dintre drumurile secundare ale țării sunt încă într-o stare foarte proastă, s-au înregistrat și alte evoluții (cum ar fi construirea unei autostrăzi între Tirana, Durrës și alte orașe) care au preluat foarte mult din fostul trafic de pe căile ferate.

Începând cu anul 2015, unele stații și elemente de material rulant de-a lungul liniei Durrës-Tirana au fost renovate și colorate cu roșu și alb.

Cronologie

 Noiembrie 1947 - Deschiderea primei linii de cale ferată standard (Durrës- Peqin).
 Iunie 1957 - Introducerea locomotivelor diesel-electrice.
 Iulie 1973 - Finalizarea liniei de cale ferată de la Elbasan la Prrenjas, prima linie albaneză prin munți.
 Septembrie 1986 - Primul transport feroviar internațional (către și dinspre Muntenegru, atunci parte a Iugoslaviei).
 2000 - HSH încetează să mai fie o întreprindere de stat, devenind o societate pe acțiuni (deși deținută de stat).
 2005 - Altor operatori feroviari li s-a permis accesul pe calea ferată.

Rețeaua actuală
Sistemul de pasageri HSH se compune în prezent din următoarele linii:

 (Cale ferată Shkodër-Vorë) - Durrës - Rrogozhina - Fier - Vlorë (Rrogozhina-Vlorë doar vara, din 2012)
 Linia Kashar - Tirana nu mai este operațională începând din septembrie 2013. Stația Tirana a fost demolată pentru a face loc unui nou proiect de drum rutier. Un serviciu de autobuz de schimb de cale ferată este disponibil în afara a ceea ce a rămas din stația Tirana spre Kashar pentru a prinde conexiunile feroviare. Serviciul de autobuze operează între cele două localități, ca parte a căii ferate (Durrës -Tirana).
 Rrogozhina - Elbasan - Librazhd

Șinele de pe linia Milot - Rubik - Rrëshen au fost parțial înlăturate pentru a repara linia către Muntenegru. Linia ar fi trebuit să ajungă la Centrala Nucleară din Klos, dar nu a fost niciodată terminată.

Linia Librazhd - Pogradec, cea mai frumoasă parte a rețelei feroviare albaneze, a fost închisă pentru traficul de călători în 2012. Locomotivele și vagoanele din triajul Përrenjas au fost mutate în Elbasan. Ca urmare, calea ferată va fi probabil dezmembrată, deoarece nu mai face legătura între orașe mari.

Există mai multe linii de ramificație pentru mărfuri. Trenurile de marfă circulă regulat între Podgorica și Shkodër în fiecare zi de lucru (cu o locomotivă alternativă albaneză sau muntenegreană) și între Durrës și rafinăria de petrol de la Ballsh o dată pe săptămână. Liniile Tirana-Shkodër și Durrës-Elbasan sunt în mod normal deservite de trenuri mixte.

Codul UIC (Uniunea Internațională a Căilor Ferate) pentru sistemul feroviar albanez este 41.

Viitor
S-a anunțat că linia Tirana-Durres va fi reabilitată cu un împrumut de 35,9 milioane de euro de la Banca Europeană pentru Reconstrucție și Dezvoltare și cu o finanțare de 35,5 milioane de euro din partea Fondului de Investiții pentru Balcanii de Vest. Subvențiile ar finanța, de asemenea, construcția liniei Tirana-Rinas. Linile vor fi completate cu treceri de nivel și semnale pentru a îmbunătăți siguranța și fiabilitatea. Nu a fost oferită o dată exactă pentru când va începe construcția.

La 9 octombrie 2018 a fost prezentat Studiul de fezabilitate pentru reabilitarea liniei de cale ferată Durres-Rrogozhine-Elbasan-Pogradec, finanțat din fonduri ale Comisiei Europene, puse la dispoziție prin Fondul de investiții pentru Balcanii de Vest. A fost finalizată o evaluare de pre-fezabilitate pentru linia de  de la Durres la Pogradec. Accentul era pus pe linia de  între Durres, Rrogozhines și Elbasan. Restul căii ferate de  de la Elbasan la Pogradec este nefuncțională datorită stării precare a liniei, a podurilor și a tunelurilor de-a lungul acesteia. Segmentul Durres Segreg-Rrogozhine a fost evaluat ca având cea mai mare prioritate pentru reabilitare, cu accentul pe cei  de la Durres la Rrogozhine. Costul de reabilitare este estimat la 52 de milioane de euro, se vor respecta standardele europene de proiectare a rețelei la viteze de  și o sarcină pe osie de 22,5 tone. Timpul de călătorie va fi redus de la 60 de minute la 32 de minute. Debitul de-a lungul acestui segment este de așteptat să atingă 330.000 de pasageri și 1.100.000 de tone de bunuri de marfă până în 2047. Valoarea estimată în economia de timp pentru utilizatorii sistemului de transport albanez va fi de 0,65 milioane de euro pentru călători și de 15,3 milioane de euro pentru transportul de mărfuri. Economiile suplimentare de la reducerea costului de operare a vehiculelor în transportul rutier sunt estimate la 0,5 milioane de euro pentru călători și 8,7 milioane de euro pentru transportul de mărfuri.

Statistici
Utilizarea rețelei feroviare a Albaniei este în declin odată cu trecerea anilor.

Linii feroviare către țările adiacente
Căile ferate vecine au același ecartament.

  - numai transport de marfă
  - TrainOSE - fără legătură
  - MŽ - fără legătură
 [ - fără legătură

Vezi și

 Hekurudha Shqiptare
 Transportul în Albania

Referințe

Legături externe

 Site-ul oficial HSH
 Site-ul trenurilor albaneze
 Mersul trenurilor albaneze
 — un sit întreținut de pasageri feroviari interesați de căile ferate albaneze.
 Căile ferate albaneze în fotografii
 Galerie foto dedicată  HSH în lumea căilor ferate.
 Căile ferate lungi ale Albaniei, The Economist, 2010.

Vezi și
 Transportul feroviar după țară

Transportul feroviar în Albania

Transportul feroviar în Albania


{{Üniversite bilgi kutusu
| ad                = Cambridge Üniversitesi
| gerçek_ad         = University of Cambridge
|
| resim_adı         = University of Cambridge coat of arms.svg
| resim_boyutu      = 125px
| açıklama          =
| latin_ad          =
| slogan            = Buradan ışık ve kutsallık doğar. (Hinc lucem et pocula sacra)
| kuruluş           = 1209
| kapanış           =
| vizyon            =
| tür               = Devlet Üniversitesi
| dil               =
| eski_ad           =
| bağlılık          =
| takvim            =
| gelir             =
| borç              =
| rektör            =
| rektör yardımcısı =
| başkan            =
| fakülte üyeleri   = 5,999
| personel          = 3,142
| öğrenciler        = 18,448
| kayıtlı           =
| lisans            = 12,077
| lisans üstü       = 6,371
| doktora           =
| diğer             =
| yayın             =
| akademik_birimler =
| mezun             =
| şehir             = Cambridge
| ülke              = Birleşik Krallık
| koor              =
| adres             =
| kampus            =
| spor              =
| atletizm          =
| renk              =
| takma ad          =
| maskot            =
| marş              =
| organizasyonlar   =
| website           = http://www.cam.ac.uk
| logo              =
| dipnotlar         =
}}

Cambridge Üniversitesi ( veya resmî adıyla The Chancellor, Masters, and Scholars of the University of Cambridge), Birleşik Krallık'a bağlı Cambridge kentinde bulunan, devlete bağlı bir araştırma üniversitesi. 1209'da kurulan üniversite İngilizce konuşulan ülkelerde mevcudiyetini sürdüren ikinci, tüm dünyanın dördüncü en eski üniversitesidir. yerel halk ile aralarındaki anlaşmazlık sonucunda Oxford Üniversitesi'nden ayrılan akademisyenler tarafından kurulan üniversitenin Oxford ile arasında büyük benzerlikler bulunur ve her ikisini birden kastetmek için zaman zaman Oxbridge'' tabiri kullanılır.

Cambridge 31 bağlı kolej ve 100'ü aşkın akademik departmanın altı okulda organize olmasıyla oluşturulmuştur. Üniversitenin binaları kentin birçok yerine dağılmıştır ve bunlardan birçoğu tarihi öneme sahiptir. Bünyesindeki kolejler kendi kendilerini yönetir ve üniversite bünyesinin ayrılmaz birer parçasıdır. 31 Temmuz 2015 rakamlarına göre üniversitenin toplam geliri 1.638 milyar £ olup bunun 397 milyon £'lik kısmı araştırma bağışları ve sözleşmelerdir. Merkezi üniversite ve bünyesindeki kolejlerin toplam geliri 5.89 milyar £'i bulur ve bu rakam Amerika Birleşik Devletleri dışında bulunan üniversiteler içinde en yüksek bağış anlamına gelmektedir. Altın üçgen olarak adlandırılan Britanya'nın en iyi üniversitelerinden olan Cambridge "Silicon Fen" adı verilen yüksek teknoloji alanının gelişmesine oldukça katkı sağlamıştır.

Üniversite Fitzwilliam Müzesi ve botanik bahçesinin de aralarında olduğu sekiz sanat, kültür ve bilim müzesine sahiptir. Cambridge Üniversitesi kütüphaneleri 8 milyonu bir legal depozit kütüphanesi olan Cambridge Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi'nde olmak üzere yaklaşık 15 milyon kitaba sahiptir. Üniversiteye bağlı Cambridge University Press dünyanın en eski yayınevi ve en eski ikinci üniversite basımhanesidir. Cambridge dünyanın çoğunlukla en iyi ve en saygın üniversiteleri arasında sayılır. Akademik hayatın yanında öğrenci hayatının merkezi kolejler ve bunların sanatsal aktiviteleri, öğrenci toplulukları ve kulüpleridir.

Cambridge seçkin matematikçiler, bilim insanları, ekonomistler, yazarlar, felsefeciler, oyuncular ve politikacıların da arasında olduğu birçok önemli mezuna sahiptir ve bünyesinde barındırdığı 92 kişi Nobel Ödülüne layık görülmüştür.

Tanınmışlık
Cambridge Üniversitesi, 2006 yılında uluslararası derecelendirmelerden The Times Higher Education Supplement (THES) ve 'Şanghay Jiao Tong University' listelerinde Dünya sıralamasında en iyi 2. üniversite olarak değerlendirildi.

Organizasyon ve yönetim

Kolejler
Cambridge Üniversitesi'nin şu an 31 tane koleji bulunmaktadır. Bunlardan 3 tanesi (New Hall, Newnham,  Lucy Cavendish) sadece kız öğrenci kabul etmektedir. Kalan 28 tanesinde karma eğitim verilmektedir. En son Magdalene, 1988 yılında sadece erkek öğrenci eğitiminden, karma eğitime geçmiştir. Bu kolejlerden ikisi ise (Clare Hall ve Darwin) yalnızca lisansüstü öğrenci kabul eder. Şu an eğitim vermeyen kolejleri de bulunmaktadır. Üniversitenin kolejleri şunlardır:

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Cambridge kuralları

Notlar

Kaynakça

Oxbridge
İngiltere'deki üniversiteler
Coimbra Grubu
Russel Grubu
1209'da kurulan eğitim kurumları
13. yüzyılda kurulan üniversiteler

Cambridge Üniversitesi


Mac OS X 10.0 (code named Cheetah) is the first major release of Mac OS X, Apple's desktop and server operating system. It was released on March 24, 2001, for a price of $129 after a public beta.

Mac OS X was Apple's successor to the classic Mac OS. It was derived from NeXTSTEP and FreeBSD, and featured a new user interface called Aqua, as well as improved stability and security due to its new Unix foundations. It introduced the Quartz graphics rendering engine for hardware-accelerated animations. Many technologies were ported from the classic Mac OS, including Sherlock and the QuickTime framework. The core components of Mac OS X were open sourced as Darwin.

Boxed releases of Mac OS X 10.0 also included a copy of Mac OS 9.1, which can be installed alongside Mac OS X 10.0, through the means of dual booting (which meant that reboots are required for switching between the two OSes). This was important for compatibility reasons; while many Mac OS 9 applications could be run under Mac OS X in the Classic environment, some, such as applications that directly accessed hardware, could only run under Mac OS 9.

Six months after its release, Mac OS X 10.0 was succeeded by Mac OS X 10.1, code named Puma.

Development
The development of Mac OS X 10.0 began in 1998, after Apple acquired NeXT Computer, which was founded by Steve Jobs after he left Apple in the mid-1980s.

The initial development of Mac OS X was led by Avie Tevanian, who had previously worked at NeXT and had played a key role in the development of NeXTSTEP. The development team faced significant challenges in merging the classic Mac OS with the new Unix-based architecture, as well as in creating a modern user interface that would be familiar to Mac users.

Mac OS X 10.0 was released to the public on March 24, 2001, after several months of beta testing. The release was met with mixed reviews, with some users praising the new features and stability, while others criticized the lack of compatibility with older Mac applications.

Some of the key features of Mac OS X 10.0 included the Aqua user interface, which introduced translucent menus, drop shadows, and other visual effects; the Dock, a new way of launching and switching between applications; and a new file system called HFS+. The operating system also included built-in support for networking protocols such as TCP/IP and PPP, as well as for USB and FireWire devices.

In the years following the release of Mac OS X 10.0, Apple continued to refine and improve the operating system, releasing updates and new versions that added new features and improved performance and compatibility. Mac OS X was renamed OS X in 2011, and to macOS in 2016; , the latest version is macOS Sonoma, which was released in September 2023.

New and updated features
The features of the release include the Dock which was a new way of organizing one's Mac OS X applications on a user interface, and a change from the classic method of Application launching in previous Mac OS systems. It included the Terminal, it was a feature that allowed access to Mac OS X's underpinnings, namely the Unix core; Mac OS had previously had the distinction of being one of the few operating systems with no command line interface at all. Also, it included the Mail email client, its features included the ability to configure the software to receive all of a user's email accounts in the one list, ability to file emails into folders, ability to search for emails, and ability to automatically append signatures to outgoing emails. The Address Book was a new application which had features including exporting and importing cards to and from vCard format, API to interface with other applications, change of address notifications, contact groups, auto-merge when importing vCards, customizable fields and categories, the automatic formatting of phone numbers. TextEdit replaced the SimpleText application with new features. PDF support was added, it allows the user to create PDFs from any application. The OS introduced the new Aqua UI. Several features of Mac OS 9 were ported to Mac OS X, including the Sherlock desktop and web search engine.

Removed features
File-sharing client — The system can only use TCP/IP, not AppleTalk, to connect to servers sharing the Apple Filing Protocol. It cannot use SMB to connect to Windows or Samba servers.
File-sharing server — As a server, the system can share files using only the Apple Filing Protocol (over TCP/IP), HTTP, SSH, and FTP.
Optical media — DVD playback is not supported, and CDs cannot be burned to. However, audio CD burning was added in the Mac OS X 10.0.2 update, roughly 2 months after initial release.

Architecture

Mac OS X is built on Darwin, a Unix-like operating system derived from FreeBSD. Darwin includes a new kernel, XNU, derived from Mach and BSD, as a replacement for the Mac OS nanokernel used in classic Mac OS.

Unlike Mac OS 9, Mac OS X has protected memory and preemptive multitasking. This means that if an application's memory becomes corrupted due to a bug, the application will crash without the entire system crashing and needing to be rebooted.

Mac OS X also had support for OpenGL, AppleScript, and the Carbon and Cocoa APIs.

Language support
Mac OS X 10.0 began a short era (that ended with Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar's release) where Apple offered two types of installation CDs: 1Z and 2Z CDs. The difference in the two lay in the extent of multilingual support.

Input method editors of Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, and Korean were only included with the 2Z CDs. They also came with more languages (the full set of 15 languages), whereas the 1Z CDs came only with about eight languages and could not actually display simplified Chinese, traditional Chinese and/or Korean (except for the Chinese characters present in Japanese Kanji). A variant of 2Z CDs were introduced when Mac OS X v10.0.3 was released to the Asian market (this variant could not be upgraded to version 10.0.4). The brief period of multilingual confusion ended with the release of v10.2. Currently, all Mac OS X installer CDs and preinstallations include the full set of 15 languages and full multilingual compatibility.

Marketing

Mac OS X 10.0 was not externally marketed with its codename, a practice which began with Mac OS X Jaguar.

On March 23, 2001, the night before the launch day, Apple hosted a launch party in a Micro Anvika store located at  Tottenham Court Road, London. Attendees were provided with live music, along with food and alcoholic beverages. The first 50 Mac OS X 10.0 customers of the participating stores in the UK, including the store hosting the launch party, would receive a free Apple Pro Mouse, while the next 100 customers would be given a commemorative Mac OS X T-shirt. These participating stores also provided demonstrations and offers for Mac products.
Similarly, an Apple Authorized Service Provider (known back then as Apple Specialist), in Cupertino, California, held a launch party at midnight. The first 100 Mac OS X 10.0 customers would receive a free commemorative Mac OS X T-shirt. On the day, the store was completely packed with customers and fans of Apple products. Steve Wozniak, one of the co-founders of Apple, also attended the launch party.

In the US, multiple Apple authorized resellers also held events on the 24 and 25 of March 2001, to coincide with Mac OS X's launch.

A store located in Minneapolis reported that over 60% of their available Mac OS X stock were sold on launch day.

On April 3, 2001, Apple launched an bi-weekly email newsletter service named Mac OS X Product News that showcases the latest software for Mac OS X.

Reception

The release of Mac OS X 10.0 saw mixed reviews. ZDNet called the new OS "underdone" due to poor performance, kernel panics, with main applications such as Finder causing system freezes. CNET rated Mac OS X 10.0, a 6 out of 10, calling it "more stable than previous Mac OSs", along with compliments on its UI, memory management and speed, but isn't "ready for the masses", due to issues such as the lack of native third-party applications for the platform, missing DVD playback and hard to use user interfaces. David Pogue stated in a New York Times tech column, that while he felt Mac OS X was better looking and easier to use than Mac OS 9 with superior features and menus, it is not yet ready for the average user, as it's not as polished, with missing features such as CD burning (at launch), automated shutdown scheduling, Labels menu.

Release history

System requirements
Supported Computers: Power Macintosh G3 Beige, G3 B&W, G4, G4 Cube, iMac G3, PowerBook G3, PowerBook G4, iBook
RAM:
128 MB (unofficially 64 MB minimum)
Hard Drive Space:
1,500 MB (800 MB for the minimal install)

Timeline

References

External links
Mac OS X v10.0 review at Ars Technica
 from apple.com

0
2001 software
PowerPC operating systems

Mac OS X 10.0


U sezoni 1990./91. NK Osijek posljednji se put natjecao u jugoslavenskim natjecanjima: Prvoj saveznoj ligi i Kupu maršala Tita.

Natjecanja

Utakmice

Prva savezna liga

U 8. kolu slobodan.

U 27. kolu slobodan.

Kup maršala Tita

Statistika igrača

Strijelci

Vratari po broju utakmica bez primljenog pogotka

Kartoni

Nastupi i pogodci

Izvori i bilješke

1990-91

NK Osijek 1990./91.


Genesis Wayne Potini (5 de setembro de 1963 – Gisborne, 15 de agosto de 2011) foi um enxadrista neozelandês especializado em xadrez blitz que foi tema de um longa-metragem, The Dark Horse, que estreou nos cinemas em 2014.

Posteridade
A história de Genesis Potini foi a base para o filme neozelandês de 2014 The Dark Horse escrito e dirigido por James Napier Robertson. O filme recebeu muitos prêmios, tornou-se um sucesso nas bilheterias neozelandesas, e foi declarado "um dos maiores filmes da Nova Zelândia já feitos".

Notas

Naturais da Nova Zelândia
Jogadores de xadrez da Nova Zelândia

Genesis Potini


An Platanthera neottianthoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Tang ngan Fa Tsuan Wang, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Richard M. Bateman och Phillip James Cribb. An Platanthera neottianthoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Platanthera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nadudultan. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Platanthera

Platanthera neottianthoides


İncirköy, Muğla ilinin Fethiye ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Muğla iline 163 km, Fethiye ilçesine 23 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Fethiye'nin mahalleleri

İncirköy, Fethiye


Claude Neuschwander (1933-2023), entrepreneur français ;
 Florian Neuschwander (1981-), coureur de fond et d'ultra-fond allemand ;
 Isabelle Neuschwander (1958-), archiviste française.

Neuschwander


فستريتشنيي  هي مدينة في مقاطعة أوكروغ تشوكوتكا الذاتية في روسيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 12 نسمة.

المناخ
يظهر الجدول التالي التغييرات المناخية على مدار السنة لفستريتشنيي:

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في القطب الشمالي بروسيا
مدن أوكروغ تشوكوتكا الذاتية

فستريتشنيي (كوكوتكا)


Iuri José Picanço Medeiros (Horta, 10 de julho de 1994) é um futebolista profissional português que atua como extremo. Atualmente joga pelo Al-Nasr, clube dos Emirados Árabes Unidos.

Já marcou 40 golos em mais de 140 jogos na Primeira Liga, representando tanto o Sporting CP como o Braga, e também, por empréstimo: Arouca, Moreirense e Boavista. Além disso, teve breves passagens por Itália, Polónia e Alemanha. Conquistou a Taça de Portugal de 2020–21 com o Braga.

Medeiros somou 6 golos em 56 internacionalizações pelas seleções juvenis de Portugal.

Carreira

Sporting CP
Natural da Horta, Açores, Medeiros juntou-se à formação do Sporting CP em 2005, com 11 anos. Representou o Sporting B na Segunda Liga por três épocas completas, fazendo o seu primeiro jogo a 11 de agosto de 2012, substituindo Filipe Chaby aos 62 minutos de uma derrota por 1−0 em casa do Oliveirense.

Em janeiro de 2015, Medeiros foi emprestado ao Arouca, da Primeira Liga. A 18 de janeiro, fez a sua estreia na competição, numa derrota fora por 1−0 frente ao Moreirense.

Na temporada 2015−16, Iuri foi emprestado ao Moreirense, da Primeira Liga. A 25 de setembro de 2015, marcou o seu primeiro golo na competição, num empate caseiro por 2−2 frente ao FC Porto.

Na temporada 2016−17, Medeiros foi emprestado ao Boavista, da Primeira Liga. A 12 de março de 2017, bisou numa vitória por 3−0 sobre o Marítimo.

Na temporada 2017−18, Medeiros regressou a Alvalade. A 15 de agosto de 2017, fez a sua estreia pela equipa principal do Sporting, entrando nos minutos finais de um empate em casa por 0−0 frente ao Steaua București, nos play-offs da Liga dos Campeões. No entanto, não convenceu o treinador Jorge Jesus.

A 25 de janeiro de 2018, Medeiros transferiu-se para o Genoa por empréstimo até junho de 2019, com opção de compra de 10 milhões de euros para o clube italiano. A 5 de fevereiro, fez a sua estreia na Serie A, jogando 25 minutos numa vitória por 2−1 em casa da Lazio. A 3 de abril, no seu primeiro jogo a titular, marcou o seu primeiro golo pelo Genoa, no último minuto de uma vitória caseira por 2−1 sobre o Cagliari.

A 3 de fevereiro de 2019, Medeiros foi emprestado ao Légia Varsóvia, da Polónia.

A 19 de julho de 2019, Iuri transferiu-se do Sporting para o Nürnberg, da 2. Bundesliga, por cerca de 2 milhões de euros; assinando um contrato de 4 anos pelo clube alemão.

Braga
A 28 de julho de 2020, Medeiros regressou a Portugal, assinando pelo SC Braga por empréstimo de uma época com opção de compra. Na sua primeira temporada com os Minhotos, conquistou a Taça de Portugal, marcando na 4ª ronda da competição, numa vitória por 7–0 sobre o Olímpico do Montijo, a 14 de dezembro de 2020.

A 29 de janeiro de 2021, Medeiros sofreu uma entorse grave no joelho esquerdo, num jogo da Taça da Liga frente ao Santa Clara, que o afastou dos relvados por 6 meses. Mesmo assim, em abril, os 6 golos e 5 assistências que somara durante a época levaram o Braga a acionar a opção de compra de 800 mil euros. Iuri assinou um contrato de 5 anos pelos Arsenalistas, com uma cláusula de rescisão de 30 milhões de euros.

A 24 de fevereiro de 2022, Medeiros marcou e assistiu Ricardo Horta numa vitória por 2–0 sobre o Sheriff Tiraspol, nos oitavos-de-final da Liga Europa. A 14 de abril, durante o prolongamento da 2ª mão dos quartos-de-final frente ao Rangers, Iuri foi expulso por reclamar com o árbitro François Letexier, que lhe havia mostrado cartão amarelo por uma falta sobre Leon Balogun; consequentemente, Medeiros não foi convocado pelo treinador Carlos Carvalhal para a jornada seguinte do campeonato, para poder "refletir sobre as suas ações".

Al-Nasr
A 23 de junho de 2023, Medeiros assinou pelo Al-Nasr, clube localizado no Dubai, Emirados Árabes Unidos, num negócio avaliado em 3 milhões de euros.

Carreira Internacional
Medeiros participou em 2 edições do Euro Sub-21 com Portugal. Na edição de 2015, entrou como suplente em 4 jogos, sagrando-se vice-campeão.

Medeiros foi convocado pelo selecionador Rui Jorge para a Seleção Olímpica portuguesa, para um amigável frente ao México, jogado a 28 de março de 2016 na Angra do Heroísmo, arquipélago natal do extremo; Portugal venceu por 4–0. Meses depois, Iuriu não foi incluído na convocatória final para os Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, organizados pelo Brasil.

Estatísticas de Carreira

Títulos
Sporting CP

 Taça da Liga: 2017–18

Braga

 Taça de Portugal: 2020–21

Portugal

 Vice-Campeão do Euro Sub-21: 2015

Referências

Futebolistas do 1. FC Nürnberg
Futebolistas do Legia Warszawa
Futebolistas do Genoa Cricket and Football Club
Futebolistas do Sporting Clube de Braga
Futebolistas do Boavista Futebol Clube
Futebolistas do Moreirense Futebol Clube
Futebolistas do Futebol Clube de Arouca
Futebolistas do Sporting Clube de Portugal
Futebolistas de Portugal
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1994
!CS1 italiano-fontes em língua (it)

Iuri Medeiros


Die blutigen Spiele der Reichen (Originaltitel: Roma: l'altra faccia della violenza) ist ein 1976 erschienener Kriminalfilm, den Marino Girolami unter Pseudonym mit Marcel Bozzuffi in der Hauptrolle inszenierte. Die italienisch-französische Koproduktion kam am 8. Juli 1977 erstmals im deutschsprachigen Raum in die Kinos.

Handlung
Während eines Überfalls auf eine gutbürgerliche Wohnung töten die vier vermummten Einbrecher Carol Alessi, die 18-jährige Tochter eines Ingenieurs. Dieser wird tief getroffen vom Tod seiner Tochter, hat er doch mit seinem Sohn schon lange Probleme. Die Polizei konzentriert ihre Ermittlungen auf ein Gangsterquartett aus den Armenvierteln der Stadt, während Alessi auf eigene Faust in der Oberschicht Roms ermittelt, nachdem ein Zeuge mit Geld überzeugt wurde, nichts gesehen zu haben. Er kann die wirklichen Täter, gelangweilte Söhne reicher Eltern, stellen und tötet zwei von ihnen; ein dritter wird von der endlich überzeugten Polizei erschossen. Der vierte Täter ist sein eigener Sohn.

Kritik
Der katholische Filmdienst schrieb: "Eine weitere Variante der Spekulation mit den Vorurteilen und Ängsten einer beunruhigten Bevölkerung, deren gesellschaftskritische Attitüde reine Heuchelei ist." Das aus diesem hervorgegangene Lexikon des internationalen Films: "Produkt der Selbstjustizfilm-Welle, spekulativ und brutal." Die italienische Kritik sah Girolami "auf den Spuren Sam Peckinpahs, dessen Zeitlupen er aber als reine Dekoration benutze und Platz lasse für eine Art neorealistische Chronik der Missstände des Bürgertums und der verwöhnten, verschwendeten Jugend der Hauptstadt, alles garniert mit einem allgegenwärtigen Rächer, dem bemerkenswert effektiven Anthony Steffen".

Bemerkungen
Die Nachsynchronisation wurde von Ferruccio Amendola geleitet.

Weblinks

 Der Film bei comingsoon
 Pollanet.squad zum Film

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1976
Italienischer Film
Französischer Film
Kriminalfilm

Die blutigen Spiele der Reichen


සුවිශේෂී ලාභදායී වෙළද පොළවල තවමත් භාවිතා වන පැරණි මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධති අතරට IBM හි OS/2; Mac OS, ඇපල්ගේ Mac OS X හි UNIX නොවන පුරෝගාමියා : BeOS; XTS – 300 ඇතුළත් වේ. ඇතැම් ඒවා විශේෂයෙන් Amiga OS  හා RISC OS, ඒ සදහා උනන්දුවක් ඇති ප්‍රජාව හා  විශේෂ මෘදුකාංග පද්ධති සඳහා සංවර්ධනය වේ. DEC හි Open VMS තවමත් (HP) හැව්ලට් - පැකාර්ඩ් (Hewlett-packard) හි ක්‍රියාකාරී සංවර්ධනය යටතේ පවතී.

නව පරිගණක පද්ධති පිළිබද පරියේෂණ හා ඒවා නිපදවීම තවමත් සිදුවේ. GNU Hurd , Unix,  සමග පසු ගැළපුම් වන පරිදි සැලසුම් කර ඇති නමුත් වැඩි දියුණු කළ ක්‍රියාකාරිත්වයකින් හා ක්ෂුද්‍ර කර්නල සැකැස්මකින් යුක්ත වේ. සින්ගියුලරටි (Singularity) යන Microsoft පරියේෂණවල, Dot Net මගින් කළමණාකරණයවන කේත ආකෘතිය මත පදනම්ව වඩා හොද මතක ආකර්ෂණයකින් සෑදුණු මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතියක් නිර්මාණය කිරීමේ ව්‍යාපෘතියකි.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operating_systems#Other

මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධති - අනෙකුත් මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධති