Canna (; ) is the westernmost of the Small Isles archipelago, in the Scottish Inner Hebrides. It is linked to the neighbouring island of Sanday by a road and sandbanks at low tide. The island is  long and  wide. The isolated skerries of Hyskeir and Humla lie  south-west of the island.

The islands were left to the National Trust for Scotland by their previous owners, the Gaelic folklorists and scholars John Lorne Campbell and Margaret Fay Shaw, in 1981, and are run as a farm and conservation area. Canna House, one of two big houses on the island (the other being Tighard), contains John Campbell's important archives of Gaelic materials that were donated with the islands to the nation. Since then the National Trust has engaged in new initiatives to attract new residents and visitors to Canna. However, these initiatives have enjoyed only limited success, and in December 2017 it was announced that the trust would be devolving to the island community the responsibility for attracting and retaining new residents.

Facilities
There are some 20 buildings on Canna and Sanday, including three churches, one of which has been deconsecrated (see below). There is also a post office which was converted from a garden shed. The Canna tea room, which closed in 2008, reopened in 2010 as the Gille Brighde Cafe and Restaurant. This restaurant closed in 2013 but has since re-opened again as Cafe Canna. A new resident manager for the island was appointed in 2010. The island is isolated and in the past inhabitants have had to buy all their provisions from the mainland, but it now has a small unstaffed shop operated on an 'honesty' basis. There is a telephone link, a red telephone box and broadband internet access, although there is no mobile phone coverage. Electricity is provided by a diesel generator, at mainland voltage and frequency, and there is a private water supply. In 2010 a proposal to establish a fish farm off Canna was defeated in a residents' ballot, even though it would have created a number of new jobs.

The island has a very low crime rate, but a mainland-based police officer visits the island twice a year, mainly to inspect gun licences. A doctor based on the neighbouring island of Skye is available for house calls once a month. The roads on Canna are not metalled and are privately owned; local vehicles therefore do not require road tax. The previous footbridge to Sanday was destroyed by storms during 2005, and has recently been replaced by a road bridge. This allows vehicular access at all tide levels for the first time, although the road on Sanday is still covered by high tides. However, in 2017 an appeal was launched to raise funds for the reconstruction of the road on Sanday so that it is also available at high tide.

Geology
In contrast to neighbouring Rùm, the geology of Canna is very much a layered sequence of basalt lava flows of Palaeocene age, all ascribed to the Canna Lava Formation. Many are of hawaiitic composition. Within the lower half of the succession there are also coarse conglomerates deposited by rivers
The island is traversed by numerous normal faults most of which run broadly north–south.  Basalt dykes ascribed to the North Britain Palaeogene Dyke Suite are seen in the east of the island.
Quaternary deposits include glacial till of limited extent around Tarbert and screes which are found beneath various of the small basalt cliffs. Pleistocene and Holocene raised beach deposits are frequent around Canna's coastline, some being late glacial and others post-glacial in age.

Wildlife
Canna is renowned for its wildlife, including sea eagles, golden eagles and puffins. Recently, peregrine falcons and merlins have also been sighted. The island is also inhabited by a number of rare butterfly species. In the nearby waters one can spot dolphins and smaller whales.

Canna is noted for its tiers of basalt pillars that rise over the eastern half of the island and the sea cliffs that dominate its northern shore. The highest point on the island is Càrn a' Ghaill (Scottish Gaelic for "rocky hill of the storm") at . Another point of interest is Compass Hill. Its peak is at  and sits on the eastern edge of the island. It is made of volcanic rock called tuff, and it has such a high iron content that the compass of nearby ships are distorted, pointing to the hill rather than north.

History

Prehistory

Canna is littered with numerous pottery sherds evidencing the island's occupation in the Neolithic era, along with a small number of mysterious cellars dug into the ground. A distinctively shaped standing stone is found at Keill, around which a local legend has grown: according to the legend, when people on Canna were badly behaved, they would be punished by having their thumb jammed into a particular hole in the stone, at about 6'4" above ground level (hence the stone's name - the "punishment stone").

Bronze Age remains are some of the most extensive in the North-Western Highlands, particularly at the western end of the island; these include fragments of huts arranged in circles, and ancient field walls, as well as pottery artefacts from the Beaker Culture. In the Iron Age a hillfort - Dun Channa - was constructed at the far western edge of Canna; another was probably constructed at the eastern edge, at Coroghon, in the same period.

Early Christian period

In the 6th century, when the Irish missionary Columba first sailed to Iona, he first arrived at the island of Hinba, which he later treated to as a place of contemplative retreat. The extensive early Christian sculptures and structures on Canna, and its traditional association with Iona, have made many consider it to be the otherwise unidentified Hinba. However, Adomnán (the chronicler of the life of Columba) noted that Brendan the Navigator stopped at Hinba while travelling from Ireland to Iona; Canna is a most unlikely landfall on such a journey as it is well beyond the destination.

At Keill are two large richly decorated Celtic crosses, dating from the 8th to 9th centuries, which are thought to attest to the presence of a monastery. A cursing stone, was located at the site; a device normally associated with Ireland, this only the second cursing stone ever to be found in Scotland.

On the south coast of the island are the remains of a small, isolated, cashel-like building, which would have been difficult to supply with provisions, except by sea. In Gaelic the site is known as Sgorr nam Ban-naomha, meaning "grassy slope of the holy women"; in the 19th century, local people believed it had once been a nunnery, but it is now thought to have been a hermitage, associated with the monastery at Keill. The enclosure contains three carved stones, bearing crosses, and was once believed to have had a healing spring.

Norse rule

Following raids by the Vikings in the 9th century, the Hebrides became part of the Kingdom of the Isles, a Norwegian crown dependency also known as Suðreyjar ("Southern Isles"). Written records are few, but the Viking occupation of Canna is evident from place names such as the element sgor, gearaid (enclosure), tota (homestead) and Sanday ("sand island") (though the name "Canna" itself may pre-date the Norse period).

A number of large oblong arrangements of kerb-stones throughout the island are thought to possibly indicate Viking ship burials, based on the evidence of similar structures on the Isle of Arran (which was also part of Suðreyjar). The largest is located at Rubha Langan-innis on the north coast, and known in Gaelic as Uaigh Righ Lochlainn (meaning "the grave of the King of Norway"); this is a narrow rectangular structure approximately  long by  wide on a grassy promontory below the cliffs.

Later accounts imply that the monastery at Keill had been a centre of the Culdees while under Norwegian dominion. In the late 12th century, practical authority in Suðreyjar became split between a number of closely related magnates. In 1203, Ranald, the magnate ruling the portion that contained Iona, invited the Benedictines to establish a new Abbey at Iona; that same year, a papal bull was issued, listing the Island of Canna among the new Abbey's possessions. It is likely that the previous Abbey of Iona had had some authority over Canna, perhaps even stretching before the Viking era, but the fact that Norse rulers had not always been Christian may have disrupted Iona's authority, and Iona itself may have been deserted by the time Ranald requested a new Abbey.

Church rule under the Scottish king

In 1266, the Treaty of Perth transferred Suðreyjar to the Scottish king, as a set of crown dependencies - rather than merging it into Scotland itself. Geographically, Canna lay within the portion of the former Suðreyjar which had become the MacRory realm of Garmoran (stretching from Uist to the Rough Bounds), but documents relating to Garmoran do treat Canna as part of it, suggesting the island was still under the Abbot's control. The Abbot of Iona thus ruled Canna with considerable power. Nevertheless, at the turn of the century, William I had created the position of Sheriff of Inverness, to be responsible for the Scottish highlands, which theoretically now extended to Canna.

During the 1420s, feuding within other fragments of Suðreyjar appears to have spilled onto Canna. The Abbot, Dominicus, obtained papal authority to ban all nobility from setting foot on the island, but this wasn't respected, and Canna had to be temporarily abandoned. In 1428, the Abbot wrote to the Pope requesting that he pronounce a general excommunication against anyone who harmed one of Canna's inhabitants, or damaged their property, claiming:
"by reason of wars and other calamities in the past divers homicides, depredations and other ills were perpetrated, so that some strong men of the familiars of the Abbot and convent were slain by pirates and sea rovers, and divers farmers and inhabitants of the island were afraid to reside there".

The Reformation was rapidly encroaching, however, and after 1498 Iona was transferred to Commendators, rather than Abbots. Canna became a possession of the Bishop of the Isles (also known as the "Bishop of Sodor"; "Sodor" is the traditional anglicisation of Suðreyjar). In 1548, the Dean of the Isles, Donald Monro, conducted a survey of the Bishop's lands and churches, reporting that the island was a: "faire maine land, foure myle lange, inhabit and manurit, with paroche kirke in it, guid for corne, fishing and grassing, with a falcon nest in it, pertines to the Abbot of Colmkill",

In 1561, the Bishop agreed to rent the island to the leader of Clan Ranald, a branch of the MacDonalds. In 1588, some of the remains of the Spanish Armada found refuge with the MacLeans of Duart, who had a longstanding feud with the MacDonalds (concerning the Rhinns of Islay). Lachlan - the MacLean leader - demanded that the Spanish supply him with 100 soldiers, as the price of their refuge, which he used to launch an attack against the Small Isles, in pursuance of the feud; Canna was "burned with fire". Lachlan was imprisoned in Edinburgh by the king for this, but he escaped, and faced no further punishment.

Argyll

By the early 17th century, the Bishopric of the Isles was held by Presbyterians, for whom the office of Bishop had a questionable status. In 1626, Thomas Knox, the Bishop, appears to have replaced Clan Ranald (who relunctantly accepted the reformation) as his tenants, with the MacLeods of Raasay (active supporters of the reformation). At the end of his life, in 1627, Thomas Knox sold Canna to the Earl of Argyll, one of the most powerful Covenanters. Under pressure from the Earl, shrieval authority transferred from Inverness to the sheriff of Argyll, which was under the control of the Earl's family.

In 1641, following the outbreak of civil war, king Charles I promised to give Canna to the Baronet of Sleat, since the Earl of Argyll's treason (as one of the king's main opponents) would make Canna forfeit; the king's subsequent defeat made this promise moot. In 1654, the war having ended, the Earl of Argyll leased Canna back to Clan Ranald. In the following year, Donald MacDonald, the son of the Clan Ranald leader, married the Baronet's daughter, Janet, quelling any potential dispute over the island.

In 1666, following Janet's death, Donald married Marion MacLeod of Harris, but by 1680 he was seeking a divorce, accusing her of adultery. At some point in the late 17th century, a small prison (now called "Coroghon Castle") was constructed on the side of an isolated stack at Coroghon; it was described by Thomas Pennant in 1772 as "a lofty slender rock, that juts into the sea: on one side is a little tower, at a vast height above us, accessible by a narrow and horrible path: it seems so small as scarce to be able to contain half a dozen people. Tradition says, that it was built by some jealous regulus, to confine a handsome wife in".

Donald had succeeded to the leadership of Clan Ranald in 1670, and in 1672 was give a new charter of Lairdship for Canna by the new Earl of Argyll. A decade later, Argyll's Rising caused the Earl's feudal authority to be forfeit, making Clan Ranald direct vassals of the king. In 1686, Donald died, and was buried on Canna.

The Bard

Clan Ranald tenants on Canna joined the Jacobite rebellions of 1715 and of 1745, and as a consequence were not looked upon favourably by the king's forces.

According to the Clan Ranald Bard, on 3 April 1746, the Royal Navy ship Baltimore arrived, and demanded (under threat of force) to be given the meat from the best cattle on the Island; 4 days later, complaining that the meat was rotten, the sailors threw it away, and slaughtered 60 cattle themselves. The Bard goes on to say that 12 days later, the Royal Navy ship Commodore arrived, and after receiving warning (from one of the sailors) about the lecherous intentions of the sailors, the women of Canna fled into the countryside and caves, until they were certain that the ship had departed; one pregnant woman miscarried from spending so long in the cold, and died.

The Bard himself served as the laird's representative in Canna (the bailie) between 1749 and 1751, at which point he published the first ever book of Scottish Gaelic poetry. He reports of his predecessor that Major General John Campbell, grandson of the former Earl of Argyll, arrived at Canna after returning from chasing Bonnie Prince Charlie; Campbell seized the Bailie of Canna, and took him prisoner to Kerrera, but returned with him to Canna, slaughtered 40 cows, then took him to London. In London, the Bailie was held prisoner, for having taken part in the rebellion, until the Indemnity Act was passed in 1747; for his troubles, Campbell was made a Lieutenant General.

Dispersion

At the end of the 18th century, kelp harvesting became a major industry on Canna, as a result of the Napoleonic Wars limiting foreign supplies of certain minerals. However, when the wars ended, foreign supplies became available again, and the kelp price duly collapsed, causing a recession; in 1821, several of the inhabitants of Canna chose to escape their poverty by emigrating to Canada. Most of the remaining inhabitants moved to Sanday.

The Clan Ranald leader was not exactly a spendthrift, meaning that the lack of income from his tenants drove him into debt; in 1827, he sold Canna to Donald MacNeil. Donald MacNeil and his son were no better at fixing the economic pressures, and when the crops failed in 1847, the son resorted to evicting the population of Keill (which had been the main settlement), and replacing them with sheep. in 1861, Canna House was built as the MacNeil home.

Later years

In 1881, the post-clearance population was recorded as 119 (62 of whom were on Sanday); that year, MacNeil sold the island to Robert Thom, a Glaswegian shipbuilder. Thom carried out a programme of investment, including an oak pier, a footbridge to Sanday, and a Presbyterian Church, St Columba's (though the population remained mostly Roman Catholic). In 1889, counties were formally created in Scotland, on shrieval boundaries, by a dedicated Local Government Act; Canna therefore became part of the new county of Argyll. However, the Act established a boundary review, which decided, in 1891, to move Canna to the county of Inverness, where Eigg already sat.

In 1938, Thom's family sought a sympathetic buyer, selling Canna to John Lorne Campbell, who organised the island as a farm and nature reserve, while transforming Canna House into a private archive of Scottish Gaelic literature, history, and folklore. Campbell lived on Canna until his death in 1996, but donated the island to the National Trust in 1981. In the 1970s, local government reforms abolished the County of Inverness, and moved Canna into Highland.

Campbell's American-born wife and fellow folksong collector Margaret Fay Shaw, remained at Canna House until her own death in 2004, at the age of 101. In the following year a cull against brown rats was ordered, for they had hitherto been allowed to expand to enormous numbers, and now threatened rare Manx shearwaters and human health; Canna is now rat-free.

Some film footage that was recorded by Margaret Fay Shaw in the 1930s and 1940s became part of Solas, a film by Canna House archivist, Fiona J Mackenzie, based on Shaw's life.  It was first exhibited in spring 2019.

Stamps
A single local stamp was issued for Canna in 1958 by then-laird John Lorne Campbell. The stamp shows Compass Hill and two Manx shearwaters, a seabird found in profusion on the island. Their use is optional and all proceeds from the sale – at the island farm and post office — go to the Shipwrecked Mariners Society.

Overview of population trends
There are population records going back to the 16th century, the earliest of which combine Canna and Sanday. Following the clearances, population numbers remained fairly stable at around 20 to 30 during the second half of the 20th century, but by the time of the 2001 census had dwindled to 6 (or including Sanday, 12). Since then new residents have settled on the island, bringing the 2009 population of Canna and Sanday to around 20 (see below).

In 2015, it was reported that the population of Canna and Sanday had fallen to 19.

Transport

A large natural harbour is formed between Canna and Sanday. The pier on Canna and those of the other Small Isles, was rebuilt and enlarged in 2005. This is used by the Caledonian MacBrayne ferry, MV Lochnevis, which links Canna, and the neighbouring Small Isles of Rùm, Eigg and Muck, to the mainland port of Mallaig ( hours away). Lochnevis is capable of carrying motor vehicles, although National Trust permission is required to land them. The harbour is sheltered. It is the only deep harbour in the Small Isles, and is very popular with west coast yachting traffic out of Oban and Arisaig.

Recent developments

Invasive species

Rat problem
In September 2005, it was reported that the population of brown rats on the island had grown to 10,000 and was causing such problems to both the human population and the birdlife, particularly the rare Manx shearwaters, that a complete cull would take place. Because the mice on the island are believed to be a rare and distinct subspecies of woodmouse, a breeding population of mice was removed beforehand by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (RZSS) so that the cull could use rodenticide. By the end of 2006 it was believed that Canna was rat-free and during that summer there was also an encouraging increase in the number of breeding puffins and razorbills; Manx shearwaters were nesting for the first time since 1997.

Rabbit overpopulation
Within four years of the eradication of rats, a rabbit overpopulation problem was reported. The pests caused damage to archaeological monuments, such as an Iron Age mound and stone remains from the Clearances, as well as the islanders' vegetable gardens. The island's only restaurant started serving rabbit meat in pies and with cranberry and pistachio. By 2013 rabbit numbers were estimated to have risen to 16,000 and the following year a team of six men engaged in a three-month cull of them, using traps, dogs, ferrets and guns to kill 9,000 rabbits.

Call for families for Canna
In October 2006, the National Trust decided to invite two families to rent properties on the island, in an effort to attract new skills and spirit to the island community. The invitation was mainly aimed at people with "skills in building, plumbing and gardening". The call was global and over 400 responses were received, from places as varied as Germany, Sweden, India and Dubai. From these, Sheila Gunn and John Clare were chosen to move to Canna during summer 2007. They were joined in early 2008 by two more incomers, Neil and Deborah Baker, from Llannon in the Gwendraeth Valley in South Wales. As a gardener, Neil Baker's job was to restore the fine but overgrown gardens of Canna House. Since then, a further cottage was restored and was expected to be occupied by newcomers in 2011. However, in June 2011 it was announced that 12 people were planning to leave the island: Clare and Gunn, the Bakers and their two children, and schoolteacher Eilidh Soe-Paing, her husband and four children.   The school would close, temporarily at least, as there would no longer be any school-age children on the island.

Gaelic Study Centre
The church, which is also owned by the National Trust for Scotland, was restored and converted into a hostel and study centre by the Hebridean Trust. This project was undertaken at the invitation of the owners. The centre is linked to the archive of Scottish Gaelic language, literature, and culture that was collected by literary scholar and former owner of Canna and Sanday, John Lorne Campbell. It was successfully completed and opened in 2001 by Princess Anne. Subsequently, there was water ingress, which caused damage to the interior. This challenge is in the hands of the National Trust for Scotland.

Crime
The island enjoys a near-zero crime rate, with only a handful of crimes recorded in the last several decades.

Restoration of Canna House
In May 2020, the National Trust US Foundation reported that major renovations were underway at Canna House and its gardens; the facility was originally expected to reopen in 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, however, the restoration was delayed and it was unlikely to reopen until 2022.

Gallery

See also

 List of islands of Scotland
 Religion of the Yellow Stick
 List of lighthouses in Scotland
 List of Northern Lighthouse Board lighthouses

Notes

References

Bibliography
Banks, Noel, (1977) Six Inner Hebrides. Newton Abbott: David & Charles.
Campell, John Lorne (1984) Canna, the Story of a Hebridean Island. Edinburgh: Canongate.

Perman, Ray (2010) "The Man Who Gave Away His Island." Edinburgh: Birlinn.
 Rixson, Dennis (2001) The Small Isles: Canna, Rum, Eigg and Muck. Edinburgh: Birlinn.
Shaw, Margaret Fay (1999) From the Alleghenies to the Hebrides Edinburgh: Canongate.

External links

 National Trust for Scotland – Property Details For Canna
 Birlinn
 The Canna Story
 The Isle of Canna Rabbit Cull

Islands of Highland (council area)
Islands of the Inner Hebrides
National Trust for Scotland properties
Populated places in Lochaber
Island restoration
Small Isles, Lochaber

Canna, Scotland


Hotness may refer to:
 High temperature
 A slang term for sexual attractiveness
 Pungency, the spiciness or piquancy of food, such as of hot peppers
 The Scoville scale, a numerical scale for expressing the degree of pungency
 Audio mixed with a bias toward louder sound

See also
 Hot (disambiguation)

Hotness


Hubble ist ein Einschlagkrater am nordöstlichen Rand Mondvorderseite, er ist daher wenn überhaupt, dann nur stark verzerrt sichtbar. Er befindet sich südwestlich von Joliot und östlich von Plutarch.
Der Kraterrand ist erodiert, der Wall weist Terrassierungen auf. Das Innere ist weitgehend eben.

Der Krater wurde 1964 von der IAU nach dem US-amerikanischen Astronomen Edwin Hubble offiziell benannt. Zuvor wurde der Krater als Plutarch A bezeichnet.

Weblinks

 Hubble auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)
Edwin Hubble als Namensgeber

Hubble (Mondkrater)


Druuna este un personaj erotic science-fiction și de fantezie de benzi desenate creat de desenatorul italian Paolo Eleuteri Serpieri. Cele mai multe dintre aventurile sale  au loc într-un viitor post-apocaliptic, iar intriga este adesea presărată cu scene care variază de la pornografie hardcore la imagini sexuale softcore. Druuna este frecvent descrisă ca fiind dezbrăcată sau nud.

Druuna a apărut în opt volume Morbus Gravis (cu sensul de boală severă), serie care a apărut în perioada 1985 - 2003. Aceste povestiri au apărut în revistele Metal Hurlant și Heavy Metal. Scrierile cu acest personaj au apărut în 12 limbi. Autorul lor, Serpieri . apare în povestirile cu Druuna ca personajul Doc.

În 2001, un joc video, Druuna: Morbus Gravis, a fost dezvoltat pentru Microsoft Windows de către Artematica și publicat de Microïds.

Povestea

Pe parcursul celor treisprezece ani de publicare a aventurilor Druunei în Morbus Gravis, povestea a trecut prin mai multe etape, diferențiate cu numeroase salturi în linia poveștii, însoțite de unele neconcordanțe.

În primele volume ale seriei, acțiunea se desfășoară într-un loc numit Orașul, un mediu urban futurist dar degradat. Oamenii trăiesc într-o societate înghesuită, ostilă și decadentă, controlată de o oligarhie religioasă bazată pe cunoașterea "Adevărului". În această societate, cărțile sunt interzise și puterea este exercitată de o birocrație militarizată coruptă și despotică.

Cu toate că nu este precizat în mod clar, această eră actuală, cunoscută sub numele de "Epoca Omului", se presupune a avea loc după un anumit fel de război. Așa cum afirmă preoții, Răul a adus populației o boală incurabilă, infecțioasă, care transformă oamenii foarte rapid în mutanți amorfi, cu tentacule. Ca o măsură de precauție, toți locuitorii Orașului sunt injectați forțat cu un ser distribuit periodic de instituțiile de sănătate supra-aglomerate. Mulți cred că cei care dovedesc că sunt "sănătoși" vor fi trimiși către nivelele superioare ale orașului, un loc inaccesibil majorității, dar unde cei selectați se bucură de o viață mai bună fără greutăți. În mod similar, persoanele infectate cu "Răul" sunt trimise la nivelele inferioare. Druuna și iubitul ei Shastar trăiesc în acest mediu.

După o serie de aventuri, Druuna descoperă că orașul este de fapt o uriașă navă spațială care a părăsit Pământul după un cataclism nespecificat și a plutit în derivă prin spațiul cosmic timp de secole. La un moment dat, Lewis, comandantul navei, predă controlul navei  calculatorului Delta, cel care este responsabil pentru starea actuală a lucrurilor. (Preoții sunt, de fapt, androizi operați de Delta.) Delta l-a transformat pe Lewis într-o ființă nemuritoare, folosind diverse organe de la oamenii sănătoși care au fost admiși la nivelele superioare ale orașului în acest scop. În prezent, Lewis, obosit de atâta nemurire, vrea să moară, ceea ce ar atrage eliminarea calculatorului Delta și ar distruge orașul. Acest conflict este parțial responsabil pentru degradarea treptată a vieții pe navă/planetoid.

Druuna este recrutată de Lewis ca să-l ajute în misiunea sa de a distruge calculatorul Delta. Neștiind faptul că aceasta ar însemna distrugerea Orașului și a tuturor locuitorilor săi, Druuna găsește Delta și îndeplinește planul lui Lewis. La sfârșit, Lewis îi dezvăluie adevăratul său plan de a distruge orașul, dar, de asemenea, mărturisește că s-a îndrăgostit de ea și își schimbă intențiile sale privind  distrugerea Orașului. În schimbul faptelor sale, Lewis o pune pe Druuna într-o stare similară cu hibernarea timp de secole, așteptând o oportunitate de a îmbunătăți Orașul. Ceva se întâmplă atunci când o navă nouă apare, navă despre care s-a crezut inițial că este un asteroid. Comandată de un personaj numit Will, noua navă este similară cu Orașul, care a devenit, datorită evoluției Răului, un super-organism. În acest moment, cititorul descoperă că, în afară de Oraș, omenirea nu a dispărut în întregime deoarece alte grupuri de oameni au supraviețuit, utilizând tehnici de inginerie genetică pentru a-și îmbunătăți abilitățile.

Îmbarcată pe nava spațială a Comandantului Will, Druuna descoperă că mințile lui Shastar și Lewis au fost comasate și transferate pe noul calculator al navei. Boala numita Răul apare și în rândul echipajului  navei noi, așa că Will și Doc (alter ego-ul autorului Serpieri) o introduc telepatic pe Druuna în mintea lui Lewis-Shastar, pentru a descoperi elementele care alcătuiesc serul antidot. Când Druuna devine prizoniera minții computerului, Will intră să o salveze. Descoperind că nu există de fapt niciun mijloc de a dezvolta un tratament pentru boală, ei decid să distrugă nava și echipajul (precum și computerul care găzduiește mintea comasată a lui Shastar și a lui Lewis). Druuna, Will și alte câteva persoane scapă cu ajutorul unei capsule, unde cu toții sunt puși într-o stare de animație suspendată.

După ce capsula de salvare cade pe o planetă necunoscută, Druuna se trezește singură. Ea este prinsă într-un război între două specii exotice, una formată din ființe parazite care au nevoie de specimene organice ca gazde, iar cealaltă formată din roboți inteligenți care au ca obiectiv crearea vieții organice. Aparent, planeta este Pământul la mii de ani după dispariția omului. Mașinile doresc să-și recreeze creatorii lor (a căror dispariție a fost cauzată de un război între oameni și mașini) pentru a încerca să înțeleagă umanitatea. Will apare din nou pentru scurt timp dar este răpit. Shastar, de asemenea, apare din nou, dar acum lucrează alături de mașini pentru a recupera specia umană. În acest scop, ei decid s-o cloneze pe Druuna.

Stil și conținut
Seria Morbus Gravis conține atât sex explicit cât și violență grafică. Volumul 3, Creatura, prezintă în totalitate penetrare sexuală explicită, iar următoarele trei cărți prezintă acte de penetrare total necenzurate. Retipăririle Heavy Metal au cenzurat actele sexuale hardcore. În volumul 5, Mandragora, mai multe pagini au fost pur și simplu scoase. Seria a revenit la o reprezentare non-explicită a penetrării începând cu volumul 7, Planeta uitată.

Personaj
În majoritatea cazurilor, rolul Druunei este acela al unui obiect sexual. Ea este supusă la avansuri sexuale de orice tip cu puțină rezistență din partea sa sau deloc, fără o mimică tristă, deși ea a fost violată de mai multe ori. Serpieri susține că atracția personajului către plăceri sexuale este o provocare pentru moravurile iudeo-creștine privind sexualitatea.

În albumul Druuna X, Serpieri afirmă că  a stilizat-o pe Druuna fiind influențat de rolul actriței Valérie Kaprisky în filmul Femeia publică, dar deoarece Serpieri se ocupa în aceea perioadă cu multe benzi desenate despre Vestul Sălbatic, în primele câteva pagini ale seriei Morbus Gravis o zugrăvește pe Druuna cu caracteristici faciale nativ-americane înainte de a ajunge la aspectul ei actual.

Influențe
În anul 1989 fotograful Paulo Vainer, inspirat de personajul Druuna, a fotografiat viitorul Playboy Playmate brazilian Ana Lima în diferite ipostaze asemănătoare cu cele observate în poveștile cu Druuna. Imaginile au apărut în numărul brazilian 165 al revistei Playboy.  De atunci, Ana Lima a fost considerată de mulți ca fiind singura persoană din viața reală cu cea mai mare asemănare cu  Druuna. Cu toate acestea, alte femei au fost de asemenea caracterizate ca având o asemănare fizică puternică cu Druuna, inclusiv Valeria Marini și chiar și Sofía Vergara, printre multe altele.

Benzi desenate
 Morbus Gravis
 Morbus Gravis (Dargaud, 1985) ISBN 3-933187-69-9 - retipărit în Heavy Metal Magazine Vol. 10, #2 vara 1986
 Druuna (Dargaud, 1987) ISBN 2-908406-63-2 -  retipărit în Heavy Metal Magazine Vol. 12, #1 Spring 1988
 Creatura (Bagheera, 1990) ISBN 3-933187-71-0 -   retipărit în Heavy Metal Magazine Vol. 16, #4 (magazine lists it as Vol. 17, #4) Nov. 1992
 Carnivora (Bagheera, 1992) ISBN 3-933187-72-9 -  retipărit în Heavy Metal: Software Special Edition Vol. 7, #2, 1993.
 Mandragora (Bagheera, 1995) ISBN 2-908406-32-2 -  retipărit în Heavy Metal Magazine Vol. 19, #4 Sept. 1995
 Aphrodisia (Bagheera, 1997) ISBN 2-908406-69-1 -  retipărit în Heavy Metal Magazine Vol. 21, #4 Sept. 1997
 La Planète oubliée (The Forgotten Planet) (Bagheera, 2000) ISBN 2-908406-60-8 -  retipărit în Heavy Metal Magazine Vol. 25, #2 May 2001
 Clone (Bagheera, 2003) ISBN 2-908406-72-1 -   retipărit în Heavy Metal Magazine Vol. 27, #5 Nov. 2003
 Anima: Les Origines  (Glénat BD, 2016) ISBN 2344013539
 Serpieri sketchbooks
 Serpieri Obsession: In Search of Druuna (Heavy Metal Magazine, 1993) ISBN 978-1-882931-23-1
 Druuna X (Heavy Metal Magazine, Dec. 1993) ISBN 978-1-882931-03-3
 Druuna X 2 (Heavy Metal Magazine, 1998) ISBN 1-882931-41-6
 Serpieri: The Sweet Smell of Woman (Heavy Metal Magazine, 2000) ISBN 1-882931-60-2
 Croquis (Bagheera, 2001) ISBN 2-908406-36-5
 Serpieri Sketchbook  (Heavy Metal Magazine, 2001) ISBN 1-882931-14-9
 Serpieri Sketchbook 2 (Heavy Metal Magazine, 2002) ISBN 1-882931-90-4

Referințe și note

Legături externe

 Ecofeminist Themes in Serpieri's Morbus Gravis article at Interdisciplinary Comics Studies

Vezi și
 Științifico-fantastic erotic

Personaje fictive
Benzi desenate
Științifico-fantastic erotic

Druuna


Misemono (în ), "spectacole" sau "expoziții", au fost o parte importantă a culturii urbane japoneze în timpul perioadei Edo. Multe dintre spectacole au fost realizate în grabă și au fost caracterizate ca fiind crude. Termenul misemono datează din perioada Edo, deși precursorii plauzibili ai unor spectacole au apărut mai devreme. Printre spectacolele probabile care se jucau în perioada Edo unele erau fost realizate pentru a strânge fonduri pentru altare sau temple. Spectacolele se desfășurau nestingherite de încercările de a se respecta o anumită tradiție artistică și, astfel, de a oferi un valoros indice de evoluție a gustului popular.

Bibliografie

Cultura Japoniei

Misemono


Survivance () est un slasher américain réalisé par Jeff Lieberman et sorti en 1981.

Synopsis

Fiche technique

 Titre français : Survivance ou La Nuit de la peur ou Dans les griffes des ténèbres
 Titre original américain :
 Réalisation : Jeff Lieberman
 Scénario : Jeff Lieberman, Mark Arywitz, Jonas Middleton
 Photographie : Dean King, Joel King
 Montage :
 Musique : Brad Fiedel
 Production : Jonas Middleton • Doro-Vlado Hreljanovic • David Sheldon
 Sociétés de production : Oakland Productions • Juniper Films • Picturemedia
 Pays de production :  •
 Langues originales : anglais américain
 Format : Couleur - 1,85:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Genre : Film d'épouvante, slasher
 Durée : 90 minutes ()
 Dates de sortie :
France :
États-Unis :

Distribution
 Gregg Henry : Warren
 Deborah Benson : Constance
 Chris Lemmon : Jonathan
 Jamie Rose : Megan
 Ralph Seymore : Daniel
 George Kennedy : Roy McLean
 Mike Kellin : Ty
 Katie Powell : Merry Cat Logan
 John Hunsaker : Les jumeaux Luther et Lucas

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film américain sorti en 1981
Film britannique sorti en 1981
Film d'horreur américain
Film d'horreur britannique
Slasher
Film mettant en scène un tueur en série
Film sur l'inceste
Film en anglais américain
Film tourné en Oregon
Film se déroulant en Oregon

Survivance (film, 1981)


Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3 රෙඩ් ඇලර්ට් 3 යනු යුද්ධෝපක්‍රම වීඩියෝ ක්‍රීඩාවකි.  මෙය EA Los Angeles විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කර   Electronic Arts මගින් ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කරන ලදී.

මූලාශ්‍ර

පරිගණක ක්‍රීඩා

Command & Conquer: Red Alert 3


L'hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungstène() est un complexe de coordination homoleptique de butylate de tungstène() de formule chimique . Il se présente sous la forme d'un solide rouge sensible à l'air dont l'intérêt académique provient de ce qu'il peut être précurseur de plusieurs dérivés organométalliques du tungstène. Il présente une triple liaison . Il est notable pour ses réactions de métathèse avec les alcynes.

On peut l'obtenir par métathèse à partir du complexe de tétrahydrofurane et d'heptachlorure de tungstène :
 + 6 tert-butylate de sodium ⟶  + 7 NaCl + 5 THF.

Il a été obtenu à l'origine par alcoolyse de l'amidure .

Ce complexe adopte une configuration semblable à celle de l'éthane . La longueur de la liaison  est de . Le composé est une base de Lewis faible, qui forme par exemple des adduits avec deux ligands pyridine.

Notes et références

Alcoolate
Complexe

Hexa(tert-butoxy)ditungstène(III)


Faaborg og Omegn er en film med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
Bølger i opblæst hav mod klippegrund. (Kullen). Meget smukke Fåborg gadebilleder. Torvet. Den gamle byport. Gamle huse. Gårdsplads med hestevogne. Mølle. Havnen. Fra omegnen. Natur. Landevej med hestekøretøj, gård og mølle i baggrunden. Havnen, skibe i vandet. Vandmølle i funktion. Kunstmaler maler motiv fra vandløb. Både i vandet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1919
Dokumentariske optagelser
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Faaborg
Danmark i 1910'erne

Faaborg og Omegn


Unfederated Malay States var en fælles benævnelse på fem britiske protektorater på Malakkahalvøen: Johor, Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, og Terengganu, i 1900-tallets første halvdel frem til 1946, da de sammen med andre dele i Britisk Malaya: Straits Settlements (samt Singapore) og Federated Malay States dannede den Malajiske union. To år senere blev unionen til den Malajiske føderation og endelig Malaysia i 1963 med indlemmelsen af Sabah (da Britisk Nordborneo), Sarawak og Singapore.

Sammenlignet med Federated Malay States nød Unfederated Malay States en kvasiselvstændighed og større uafhængighed. Den økonomiske udnyttelse fra briternes side var´langt mindre efter som vægten mere lå på at holde disse stater i skack. En anden forskel var, at de fem Unfederated Malay States ikke havde fælles institutioner og ikke udgjorde en fælles stat i international ret. Det officielle sprog i Unfederated Malay States var de facto malajisk (skrevet med Jawi-alfabetet).

Befolkning

Unfederated Malay States havde i 1931 disse indbyggertal:
Johor: 505.589
Kedah: 429.691
Kelantan: 362.517
Perlis: 49.296
Terengganu: 180.074

Historie

Johor accepterede i 1885 en traktat om at blive et britisk protektorat, og gav til sidst efter for britisk pres for at acceptere en resident "rådgiver" i 1904. Johor, som tidligere var blevet tvunget til at afstå Singapore til briterne, blev dermed den sidste selvstændige malajiske stat, som mistede sin suverænitet. Til forskel fra de øvrige Malajstater under britisk beskyttelse, blev Johor aldrig en del af Federated Malay States (som var blevet dannet i 1895).

Ifølge Den Anglo-siamesiske traktat 1909 overlod Siam sin overhøjhed over nogle af de nordlige Malajstater (Kelantan, Terengganu, Kedah og Perlis) til Storbritannien. Disse stater blev senere britisk protektorat. Med japansk hjælp kom de atter midlertidigt under thailandsk jurisdiktion i anden halvdel af 2. verdenskrig.

Unfederated Malay States var under pres fra briterne om at slutte sig til Federated Malay States. Herskerne så imidlertid udviklingen i de fire Federated Malay States og hvordan, institutionerne og herskerne der blev svækkede. De formåede at modstå presset fra briterne og bevarede deres institutioner. Unfederated Malay States blev dermed ikke samordnet i samme grad som Federated Malay States og heller ikke i samme grad underlagt britiske interesser.

Herskerne og statsrådene havde mere at sige over for briterne, som var repræsenterede ved rådgivere. Indslaget af malayer i forvaltningen var stærkere i Unfederated Malay States end i de fødererede. Kedah indgik en aftale med briterne om malayiske som officielt sprog.

Udviklingen var imidlertid ikke den samme i alle de ufødererede stater. Johor, som grænset både til Singapore og føderationen, blev stærkt præget af økonomisk integration og indvandring af kinesere og indere. I 1931 var malayerne i Johor kommet i mindretal; kineserne og inderne udgjorde 52,3% af befolkningen. Johor var den eneste af de ikke-fødererede stater, hvor malayerne kom i mindretal.

2. verdenskrig og senere
Under 2. verdenskrig blev de ikke-fødererede malaystater okkuperede af Japan. De fire nordligste stater blev i oktober 1943 afståede til Thailand.  Under thailandsk overhøjhed blev thai indført som officielt sprog. Johor i syd forblev under japansk okkupation. Britisk kontrol over de ikke-fødererede stater blev genvundet i 1945.

De ikke-fødererede malaystater var efter 2. verdenskrig fra 1946 med i den planlagte Malayiske union, som i 1948 blev til Malaya-føderationen.

Noter

Litteratur
Andaya, Barbara Watson og Leonard Y. Andaya: History of Malaysia, Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001
Dodge, Nicholas N.: «Population Estimates for the Malay Peninsula in the Nineteenth Century, with Special Reference to the East Coast States», Population Studies, bd. 34, nr. 3, 1980, s. 437-475
Martin Vahl, Gudmund Hatt: Jorden og Menneskelivet. Geografisk Haandbog; Tredje Bind; København 1925; s. 285-291

Malaysia
Forhenværende britiske kolonier
Britisk Malaya

Unfederated Malay States


Regulation 17 () was a regulation of the Government of Ontario, Canada, designed to limit instruction in French-language Catholic separate schools. The regulation was written by the Ministry of Education and was issued in July 1912 by the Conservative government of premier Sir James P. Whitney. It forbade teaching French beyond grade two in all separate schools.

In 1913, the Jesuits opened Collège Sacré-Coeur in Sudbury.  It was bilingual up until 1914, at which time the Government of Ontario granted it a Charter and made no mention of language or religion.  The College did not come under authority of the Department of Education for its programs or any subsidies.  In 1916, the College became a free institution that was exclusively French.

Regulation 17 was amended in 1913, and it is that version that was applied throughout Ontario. As a result, French Canadians distanced themselves from the subsequent World War I effort, as its young men refused to enlist. The regulation was later repealed in 1927.

French reaction

French Canadians reacted with outrage. Quebec journalist Henri Bourassa in November 1914 denounced the "Prussians of Ontario."  With the World War raging, this was a stinging insult.   The policy was strongly opposed by Franco-Ontarians, particularly in the national capital of Ottawa where the École Guigues was at the centre of the Battle of the Hatpins. The newspaper Le Droit, which is still published today as the province's only francophone daily newspaper, was established by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate in 1913 to oppose the ban. Faced with separate school boards' resistance and defiance of the new regulation, the Ministry of Education issued Regulation 18 in August 1913 to coerce the school boards' employees into compliance.

Ontario's Catholics were led by the Irish Bishop Fallon, who united with the Protestants in opposing French schools.

In 1915, the provincial government of Sir William Hearst replaced Ottawa's elected separate school board with a government-appointed commission. After years of litigation from ACFÉO, however, the directive was never fully implemented.

Repeal and legacy
The regulation was eventually repealed in 1927 by the government of Howard Ferguson following the recommendations of the Merchant-Scott-Côté report. Ferguson was an opponent of bilingualism, but repealed the law because he needed to form a political alliance with Quebec premier Louis-Alexandre Taschereau against the federal government. The Conservative government reluctantly recognized bilingual schools, but the directive worsened relations between Ontario and Quebec for many years and is still keenly remembered by the French-speaking minority of Ontario.

Despite the repeal of Regulation 17, however, French-language schools in Ontario were not officially recognized under the provincial Education Act until 1969, with the first French-language high schools in the province officially opening in late 1969 and 1970.  Students were allowed to be taught in French, while still under the English school board system. Francophones were finally allowed to have their own school boards by the province under Act 121 and Act 122, which allowed them to elect trustees to these public (non-denominational) school boards; Catholic French-language school boards would follow a few years after.

The Ontario Heritage Trust erected a plaque for L'École Guigues and Regulation 17 in front of the former school building, 159 Murray Street, Ottawa. "L'École Guigues became the centre of minority-rights agitation in Ontario when in 1912 the provincial government issued a directive, commonly called Regulation 17, restricting French-language education. Mounting protests forced the government to moderate its policy and in 1927 bilingual schools were officially recognized."

Further reading
 Barber, Marilyn. "The Ontario Bilingual Schools Issue: Sources of Conflict," Canadian Historical Review, (1966) 47$3 pp 227–248
 Cecillon, Jack D. Prayers, Petitions, and Protests: The Catholic Church and the Ontario Schools Crisis in the Windsor Border Region, 1910-1928 (MQUP, 2013)
 Croteau, Jean-Philippe. "History of Education in French-Speaking Ontario: A Historiographic Review." Canadian Issues (2014): 23-30 online
 Gaffield, Chad. Language, Schooling, and Cultural Conflict: The Origins of the French Language Controversy in Ontario (1987)

References

1912 in Ontario
French-language education in Ontario
Political history of Ontario
Linguistic discrimination
Medium of instruction
1912 in Canadian law
1912 in education
Language policy in Canada
Majority–minority relations
Cultural assimilation
Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)
Franco-Ontarian history

Regulation 17


التابع الثابت في الرياضيات هو تابع رياضي لا تتغير قيمته مهما كانت قيمة وسيط الدخل.
مثلاً: التابع f(x) = 4 هو تابع ثابت لأن قيمة f تكون 4 من أجل أي قيمة لـ x و صيغتها العامة هي :.

خصائص التابع الثابت
 مشتق التابع الثابت دائماً يساوي الصفر (لأن المشتق هو من حيث المبدأ يعبر عن تغير قيمة التابع، وباعتبار أن التابع الثابت لا يغير قيمته فيكون مشتقه معدوماً (مشتق تغيره معدوم).
 يمثل التابع الثابت في نظام الإحداثيات الديكارتية بخط مستقيم يوازي محور السينات ويقطع محور العينات عند القيمة الثابتة للتابع.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الدوال: الدالة الثابتة.

دوال ابتدائية خاصة
رياضيات ابتدائية

دالة ثابتة


Eduardo Cavaliere (Rio de Janeiro, 29 de setembro de 1994) é um advogado e político brasileiro filiado ao PSD. Foi Secretário de Meio Ambiente do município do Rio de Janeiro entre 2021 e 2023, na gestão do prefeito Eduardo Paes, e desde 2023 é Secretário da Casa Civil do município.

Em outubro de 2021, foi delegado do Brasil na Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Mudanças Climáticas de 2021, a COP26, e em junho de 2022, na Estocolmo+50, organizada pelo Governo da Suécia e convocada pela Assembleia Geral das Nações Unidas.

Em 2022, Cavaliere foi eleito deputado estadual pelo Rio de Janeiro, com 33.688 votos.

Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Advogados do Rio de Janeiro (estado)
Membros do Partido Social Democrático (2011) do Rio de Janeiro
Secretários municipais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Deputados estaduais do Rio de Janeiro

Eduardo Cavaliere


Der weiße Schrecken (en français La Terreur blanche) est un film allemand réalisé par Harry Piel sorti en 1917.

Synopsis
La jeune Ingrid s'est fait un nom en tant que danseuse de serpent. Un jour, elle tombe amoureuse de l'explorateur Hjalmar. Mais son imprésario John n'aime pas ça du tout. Il est furieusement jaloux et n'hésite à aucun mauvais tour pour séparer à nouveau les deux amants. Au théâtre de vaudeville, où Ingrid se produit avec ses animaux dangereux, il provoque un incident risqué qui n'a pas lieu de justesse.

Hjalmar doit partir pour un congrès de la société géographique. Il est chargé d'une expédition dans la mer polaire. Pendant que l'explorateur fait les derniers préparatifs, John s'arrange pour que l'un des serpents venimeux d'Ingrid s'introduise en douce chez Hjalmar. Lorsque Hjalmar revient du Congrès, Ingrid, qui a remarqué la perte d'un de ses serpents, l'avertit au dernier moment d'une éventuelle attaque. Lorsque John découvre furieusement que sa tentative sournoise a échoué, il se jette dans un accès de colère contre Hjalmar. Cependant, il est mordu par le serpent qui était censé tuer Hjalmar et meurt.

Ingrid veut prendre ses distances avec les événements de ces derniers jours et demande à Hjalmar de l'emmener avec lui lors de sa prochaine expédition. Mais lors de l'expédition polaire, il y a un incident dramatique, Hjalmar et Ingrid sont les seuls survivants dans une grotte au milieu du monde de glace. Les provisions menacent bientôt de s'épuiser, les deux amants ne peuvent plus qu'espérer le message dans une bouteille qu'ils ont lancée. Bientôt, ils sont à moitié gelés et émaciés lorsqu'une équipe de secours part à leur recherche.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Harry Piel
 Scénario : Rudolf Kurtz, Harry Piel
 Direction artistique : Kurt Richter
 Producteur :
 Société de production :
 Société de distribution : Nordische Films Co. GmbH
 Pays d'origine :
 Langue : allemand
 Format : Noir et blanc - 1,33:1 -
 Genre : Aventure, drame
 Durée :
 Dates de sortie :
  : .

Distribution
 Tilly Bébé : Ingrid, la danseuse au serpent
 Bruno Eichgrün : Hjalmar, l'explorateur
  : John, l'imprésario d'Ingrid

Production
Der weiße Schrecken est réalisé en  dans le studio Union à Berlin-Tempelhof et à Berlin et ses environs (plans extérieurs). D'autres enregistrements sont réalisés au Tierpark Hagenbeck à Hambourg.

Source de traduction

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Film allemand sorti en 1917
Film en allemand
Film allemand en noir et blanc
Film muet allemand
Film d'aventure allemand
Film dramatique allemand

Der weiße Schrecken


Achterwehr Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı belediye. 15,65 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 966 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 62 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Anne Katrin Kittmann tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.achterwehr.de

Kaynakça

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Achterwehr


Primeira Dama de Moçambique é o título oficial dado a esposa do presidente da República de Moçambique. Houve um total de quatro primeiras-damas desde a independência de Moçambique em 1975. A actual primeira-dama do país é Isaura Nyusi, esposa do Presidente Filipe Nyusi, que ocupa o cargo desde 2015.

Gabinete da Primeira-Dama
O Gabinete da Primeira Dama foi estabelecido pelo artigo 17 do Decreto do Regimento Interno. A primeira-dama apoia e desenvolve iniciativas culturais e sociais com a assistência oficial do gabinete da primeira-dama. O escritório é chefiado por um membro do gabinete presidencial.

Histórico
A ex-primeira-dama moçambicana Graça Machel é a única pessoa que serviu como primeira-dama de duas repúblicas diferentes. Ela se tornou a primeira-dama da África do Sul em 18 de julho de 1998 após seu casamento com Nelson Mandela.

Lista de primeiras-damas de Moçambique

Ver também

 Lista de presidentes de Moçambique

Referências
Listas de Moçambique
Política de Moçambique
Primeiras-damas de Moçambique

Lista da primeiras-damas de Moçambique


Une université ouverte est une université dont la politique académique est ouverte, avec des conditions d'entrée minimales ou inexistantes. Les universités ouvertes peuvent utiliser des méthodes d'enseignement spécifiques, telles que l'apprentissage ouvert et assisté ou l'enseignement à distance. Cependant, toutes les universités ouvertes ne se concentrent pas sur l'enseignement à distance, et les universités d'enseignement à distance n'ont pas nécessairement des politiques d'admission ouvertes.

Références

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Pratiques éducatives ouvertes
 Éducation ouverte

Galerie

Liens externes

Université ouverte (type d'université)


Przewłoka (deutsch Strickershagen) ist ein Dorf der Gemeinde Ustka (Stolpmünde) im Powiat Słupski der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern.

Geographische Lage
Przewłoka liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa 16  Kilometer nordwestlich der Stadt Słupsk (Stolp) und vier Kilometer östlich der Hafenstadt Ustka an der Ostsee.

Geschichte
Die Ortschaft  wurde als kleines  Gassendorf angelegt. Es gehörte zu den sogenannten Hagendörfern im Stolper Land, die herbeigerufene deutsche Siedler gegründet hatten. Im Jahr 1426 verkaufte Ulrich Drosedow dem Heiligen-Geist-Hospital zu Stolp, das dem Magistrat der Stadt Stolp unterstand, das Dorf Strickershagen. Lehensherren waren die Äbte des Klosters Belbuck, die seit 1486 der Stadt Stolp in Lehensbriefen mehrfach den Besitz von Strickershagen als Lehen bestätigten. Über den Verlauf der Grenze zwischen Strickershagen und dem Nachbardorf Weitenhagen wurde 1526 ein Einigungsvertrag  zwischen dem Magistrat der Stadt Stolp und den Gebrüdern Jürgen und Jakob Ramel abgeschlossen. Im 16. Jahrhundert gab es in Strickerhagen elf Bauern; das Dorf war damals also verhältnismäßig groß. Später wurden die Ackerflächen des Dorfs zum Teil durch Verwehungen von Dünensand in Mitleidenschaft gezogen. Von den Verwehungen betroffen war auch der Worochow, der spätere Freichow-Bach, der verstopte. Es entstand vorübergehend ein See, dem der Name Grasbruch gegeben wurde. In Strickershagen gab es ein Gut, dem gegenüber die Bauern des Dorfs Hand- und Spanndienste zu leisten verpflichtet waren. Für die Bewirtschaftung der eigenen Betriebsflächen der Bauern, die diese gepachtet hatten, wirkte sich dies nachteilig aus. Besonders schlechte Zeiten brachen für die Bauern von Strickershagen während des Siebenjährigen Kriegs an. Um das Jahr 1784 gab es in Strickershagen  ein Vorwerk, fünf Bauern, zwei Kossäten, drei Büdner, einen Schulmeister, einen Holzwärter, einen Schmied und insgesamt 15 Haushaltungen. Vor 1823 hatte Strickershagen 166 Einwohner.

Im Jahr 1925 standen in Strickershagen 37 Wohngebäude. Im Jahr 1939 wurden in Strickershagen 378 Einwohner gezählt, die in 95 Haushaltungen lebten. Es gab in der Gemeinde Strickershagen 35 landwirtschaftliche Betriebe.

Vor Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs gehörte das Dorf Strickershagen zum Landkreis Stolp im Regierungsbezirk Köslin der Provinz Pommern. Die Gemeindefläche war 934  Hektar groß. In der Gemeinde Strickershagen gab es insgesamt vier Wohnorte:
 Grasbruch
 Karlshof
 Silberberg
 Strickershagen

Gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde Strickershagen am 8. März 1945 von der Roten Armee besetzt. Es kam zu zahlreichen Übergriffen der sowjetischen  Soldaten gegenüber den Dorfbewohnern und den im Dorf anwesenden Flüchtlingen aus Ost- und Westpreußen. Nach den sowjetischen Truppen kamen Polen in das Dorf und übernahmen die Häuser und Gehöfte. Die Dorfbewohner wurden von den Polen vertrieben. Strickershagen  wurde in Przewłoka umbenannt.

Später wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 182 und in der DDR 93 aus Strickershagen vertriebene Dorfbewohner ermittelt.

Das Dorf hat heute etwa 180 Einwohner.

Kirche
Die vor 1945 in Strickershagen anwesenden Dorfbewohner waren evangelisch.  Strickershagen hatte bis 1909 zum  Kirchspiel Wintershagen im Kirchenkreis  Stolp-Stadt gehört und war dann innerhalb desselben Kirchenkreises in das Kirchspiel Stolpmünde umgepfarrt worden.

Im Jahr 2004 wurde an der Stadtgrenze zu Stolpmünde eine Kirche auf einem sechszackigen Grundriss errichtet, die Maria geweiht wurde und als Maria-Seestern-Kirche (Stella maris) benannt wurde.

Schule
Vor 1945 hatte Strickershagen eine eigene Volksschule. Im Jahr 1932 war diese Schule einstufig; zu diesem Zeitpunkt unterrichtete hier ein einzelner Lehrer 58 Schulkinder.

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 971–973 (Ortsbeschreibung Strickershagen, PDF; 626 kB).
 Ludwig Wilhelm Brüggemann: Ausführliche Beschreibung des gegenwärtigen Zustandes des Königl. Preußischen Herzogtums Vor- und Hinterpommern. Teil II, Band 2, Stettin 1784, S. 930, Nr. 12.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Gmina Ustka

Przewłoka (Ustka)


Okültizm veya gizlicilik, genel anlamıyla, din ve bilimin kapsamı dışında kalan doğaüstü inançlar ve uygulamalar bütünüdür. Daha dar anlamıyla; geçmiş çağlarda doğa, evren, tesirler, insan ve evren ilişkileri ve gelecek hakkında gerek medyumnik yollarla gerekse aktarılagelen ezoterik gelenekler yoluyla edinilmiş derin bilgiler bütünü olarak tanımlanabilir. Okült, bilimsel yöntem dışındaki yollar ile "gizli" bilginin araştırılması demektir.

Terim, Latince "gizlemek", "saklamak", "üstünü örtmek" anlamına gelen "occulere"den türemiştir. Eski Yunan'daki karşılığı ezoteriktir.

Eski Yunan zamanlarındaki Pitagorasçılıktan, Platonculuktan, muhtelif gnostik inançlardan İslam'daki Sufi inanca ve psikoloji kaynaklı pek çok yeni fikre kadar oldukça geniş bir bağlamı içine alır. Modern zamanlardaki duyum ötesi algı, hipnoz, telepati ve pirokinezi gibi parapsikoloji alanına giren ve bilimsel çevreler tarafından kuşku ile yaklaşılan araştırma alanları okültün (gizliciğin) kapsamı içindedir.

16. yüzyılda "okült bilimler" olarak anılan astroloji, simya ve doğa büyücülüğü günümüzde sözdebilim olarak kabul edilir.

Terimin etimolojik kökeni
Terim Latincede "gizlemek, saklamak" anlamına gelen "occulere" sözcüğünden gelen, "gizli, saklı" anlamındaki occultus sözcüğünden türetilmiş olup "gizli ve saklı olanın bilgisi" anlamına gelir. Buradaki "gizli ve saklı olan" ifadesi hem görünmeyen âleme, hem doğaüstü denilen fenomenlere ilişkindir. Okült sözcüğü okültizm adının sıfatı olup günümüzde "okültizm ile ilgili" anlamında kullanılır.

Kapsamı
Okültizmin kapsadığı alanlar arasında maji, simya, astroloji, nümeroloji, sembolizm, teürji, psişürji, kâhinlik veya falcılık türleri sayılabilir. Kimileri terimi yalnızca Avrupa okültizmi ile sınırlarsa da, kimi yazarlar diğer kıtalardaki okült çalışmaları da bu terimin kapsamında değerlendirirler.

Ünlü okültistler

Bakınız: Okültistler Listesi

Okültistler içinde en tanınmış kişiler arasında Eliphas Lévi (1810-1875), Paracelsus (1493-1541), Papus (1856-1916) ve ünlü kâhin Nostradamus (1501-1566) sayılabilir.

Terimler ve kavramlar

 Abrakadabra
 Abraksas
 Akışkanlar
 Anima mundi
 Arkan
 Astral seyahat, astral plan, astral beden
 Astroloji
 Cadılık
 Demiurgos
 Demon
 Düşünce formu
 Egrigor
 Egzorsizm
 Esîr (ether)
 Evolüsyon-envolüsyon ilkesi

 Fal (-mansi)
 Fasinatör
 Felsefe taşı
 Gematria
 Geri dönüş şoku
 Golem
 Görünmeyen alem
 6 Köşeli Yıldız
 5 Köşeli Yıldız
 İlk madde
 İstihare
 Kadüse
 Kahinlik
 Makro alem-mikro alem
 Maji
 Mantika

 Manteuma
 Prodigia
 Nümeroloji
 Omen
 Omina
 Panase
 Psişürji
 Rabdomansi
 Rebis
 Saba ayinleri
 Sol El Yolu
 Sağ El Yolu
 Sembolizm
 Ses majisi
 Signa

 Simulakra
 Simulakrum
 Simya
 Sefirotlar
 Şeytan
 Tılsım
 Tılsımlı taşlar
 Tarot
 Telürik enerji
 Tezahür
 Tesirler
 Teürji
 Vitriol

Kaynakça
 Okültizm, Ege Meta Yayınları
 Encyclopedia of The Unexplained, Richard Cavendish
 Metapsişik Terimler Sözlüğü, Ergün Arıkdal

Dış bağlantılar
 Okült Ansiklopedisi
 Okült Temalı Wiki

Okültizm


Vicente Ballester Martínez (Castelló de la Plana, Espanha, 20 de junho de 1980) é um ex-ciclista espanhol. A sua residência habitual é a localidade de Onda (Castellón).

Biografia
Estreiou como profissional no ano 2004 com a equipa Comunidade Valenciana. Durante os três anos de participação nesta equipa teve actuações irregulares devido a vários problemas. O seu primeiro ano de profissional esteve praticamente sem competir profissionalmente devido a problemas com a obtenção da licença UCI. No segundo ano nesta equipa passou-o em branco devido a uma intervenção cirúrgica da hernia discal que lhe manteve afastado da atividade desportiva.

A princípios do ano 2006 esteve implicado na Operação Puerto junto com o resto de corredores a equipa Comunidade Valenciana. Eufemiano Fuentes, numa entrevista ao programa radiofónico no larguero, afirmou que não conhecia de nada aos ciclistas Alberto Contador e Vicente Ballester e que não sabia porque figuravam na Operação Puerto. Mais adiante, foi absolvido judicialmente junto com o resto de corredores da equipa Comunidade Valenciana.

No ano 2007, devido ao desaparecimento do Comunidade Valenciana (antiga equipa ciclista Kelme), foi-se à equipa ciclista Fuerteventura-Canarias Team, onde competiu até desaparecimento de dito equipa de forma profissional no final desse mesmo ano.

Palmarés
 2007
Criterium Internacional de Corralejo, celebrado a 7 de dezembro de 2007.
Terceira posição na Clássica de Almeria de 2007.
Sprints especiais na Clássica de Almeria.

Equipas
 Comunidade Valenciana (2004-2006)
 Fuerteventura-Canarias Team (2007)

Referências

Ligações externas
 Ficha técnica de Vicente Ballester na página site da equipa ciclista Comunidade Valenciana
 Ficha técnica de Vicente Ballester na página site da equipa Fuerteventura-Canárias Team
 Imagens da Clássica de Almeria de 2007 da página site www.diegoweb.net na que se vê a Vicente Ballester no podium

Ciclistas da Espanha
Naturais de Castelló de la Plana

Vicente Ballester Martínez


Căldărari este un subgrup al poporului rom. Ei erau în mod tradițional fierari și lucrători în metal care vorbesc o serie de dialecte rome grupate împreună sub termenul romani căldărară, un subgrup al Romani Vlax.

Bibliografie
 Ronald Lee, Romani Dictionary: Kalderash-English, Magoria Books, 2010.

Romi din România

Căldărari


Gebhard IV von Gosham (mort le ) est le dix-huitième évêque de Ratisbonne de 1089 à sa mort.

Biographie
Gebhard IV apparaît dans la documentation avec comme nom von Gosham, von Gotzenheim (en tant que fils de Gottfried  von , seigneur de Gosham) et von Hohenlohe-Gotzesheim.

Selon l'historien , il est nommé évêque par l'empereur lors de la querelle des investitures en tant que fils d'un des conseillers excommuniés d'Henri IV. Malgré son long épiscopat, il n'a jamais reçu la consécration épiscopale, ni été confirmé par un archevêque ou un pape.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Évêque de Ratisbonne
Évêque catholique du XIe siècle
Évêque catholique du XIIe siècle
Date de naissance non renseignée (XIe siècle)
Décès en 1105

Gebhard IV de Gosham


Mayara da Fonseca Bordin (nascida em 4 de setembro de 1987), comumente conhecida como Mayara ou May, é uma ex-meio de campo de futebol brasileira que jogou por clubes profissionais no Brasil, na Suécia e na Espanha, e pela Seleção Brasileira de Futebol Feminino .

Carreira em  clubes

Mayara foi transferida do Centro Olímpico para Tyresö em janeiro de 2014, como uma das quatro brasileiras a ingressar no clube sueco.

Mayara ficou no banco na derrota do Tyresö por 4 a 3 para o Wolfsburg na final da Liga dos Campeões Feminina da UEFA de 2014. Tyresö tornou-se insolvente em 2014 e foi expulso da temporada Damallsvenskan de 2014, eliminando todos os seus resultados e tornando todos os seus jogadores agentes livres. O Conselho Administrativo do Condado de Estocolmo publicou os salários dos jogadores, mostrando que Mayara ganhava 30.980 coroas suecas por mês.

Ela voltou ao Centro Olímpico para a campanha do clube no Campeonato Brasileiro de Futebol Feminino de 2014.

Após duas temporadas em que jogou na Espanha, por Zaragoza e Málaga, respectivamente, Mayara decidiu se aposentar em 2019 para assumir uma função administrativa no Club Athletico Paranaense.

Carreira internacional
Mayara fez sua estreia sênior pelo Brasil em março de 2013, em um empate de 1 a 1 no amistoso com a França, em Rouen. Em julho de 2013, representou o Brasil na Universiade de Verão de 2013, em Kazan, na Rússia.

Referências

Jogadoras de futebol feminino do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista
Desportistas de Santa Catarina
Jogadoras da Seleção Brasileira de Futebol Feminino
!Wikiconcurso Mulheres Brasileiras no Esporte (artigos)

Mayara Bordin