Irish people in Great Britain or British Irish are immigrants from the island of Ireland living in Great Britain as well as their British-born descendants.

Irish migration to Great Britain has occurred from the earliest recorded history to the present. There has been a continuous movement of people between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain due to their proximity. This tide has ebbed and flowed in response to politics, economics and social conditions of both places.

Today, millions of residents of Great Britain are either from Ireland or are entitled to an Irish passport due to having a parent or grandparent who was born in Ireland. The modern era of Irish migration has also seen non-indigenous black and Asian Irish people move to Britain. It is estimated that as many as six million people living in the UK have at least one Irish grandparent (around 10% of the UK population).

The Irish diaspora () refers to Irish people and their descendants who live outside Ireland. This article refers to those who reside in Great Britain, the largest island and principal territory of the United Kingdom.

Migration eras

Medieval

After the End of Roman rule in Britain, significant Irish settlement of western Britain took place.

The Déisi recorded as having founded the Gwynedd (Anglesea) and Dyfed (Pembrokeshire) colonies, with contemporary Ogham inscriptions identifying the genealogies of the colonists, and later echoed in the 8th century, Old Irish work, The Expulsion of the Déisi.

Similarly, the 'traditional' view is that Gaelic language and culture was brought to Scotland, probably in the 4th century, by settlers from Ireland,  who founded the Gaelic kingdom of Dál Riata on Scotland's west coast. This is based mostly on medieval writings from the 9th and 10th centuries. However, recently some archeologists have argued against this view, saying that there is no archeological or placename evidence for a migration or a takeover by a small group of elites. Due to the growth of Dál Riata, in both size and influence, Scotland became almost wholly Gaelic-speaking. However, in the  Lowlands – which had been  the northernmost part of the Kingdom of Northumbria, the Northumbrian language remained dominant, and formed the basis of the Scots language. While Scots gradually became more and more widespread, Gaelic remained the dominant language of the Highlands into the 19th century.

Before and during the Gregorian mission of 596 AD, Irish Christians such as Columba (521–97), Buriana, Diuma, Ceollach, Saint Machar, Saint Cathan, Saint Blane, Jaruman, Wyllow, Kessog, St Govan, Donnán of Eigg, Foillan and Saint Fursey began the conversion of the English and Pictish peoples. Modwenna and others were significant in the following century.

Some English monarchs, such as Oswiu of Northumbria (c. 612 – 15 February 670), Aldfrith (died 704 or 705) and Harold Godwinson (died 1066) were either raised in or sought refuge in Ireland, as did Welsh rulers such as Gruffudd ap Cynan. Alfred the Great may have spent some of his childhood in Ireland.

In the year 902 Norsemen who had been forced out of Ireland were given permission by the English to settle in Wirral, in the north west of England. An Irish historical record known as "The Three Fragments" refers to a distinct group of settlers living among these Vikings as "Irishmen". Further evidence of this Irish migration to Wirral comes from the name of the village of Irby in Wirral, which means "settlement of the Irish", and St Bridget's church, which is known to have been founded by "Vikings from Ireland". The Irish of the 10th century may have settled as far afield as Northumbria and Lincolnshire, as place names such as Irby upon Humber, Ireleth and Irton mention the Irish as an ethnic group, while Goidelic personal names appear in some northern English place-names, including Duggleby, Fixby and Melmerby, and in a Viking-age Runic inscription from County Durham.

The island of Ireland was itself claimed as an Ecclesiastical fief, via the forged, mid 8th century, Donation of Constantine, with the feudal Lordship of Ireland later leased to Henry II of England and his heirs, by Pope Alexander III's, 1171 grant, resulting in the presence and settlement of Irish traders and seamen in English and Welsh ports, as well as the establishment of The Pale, on the island, the Irish settlers being subject to a poll tax, from 1440; in 1542, Henry VIII, following his excommunication, would have the Irish Parliament create the Kingdom, with himself elected as King. Subsequently through offering English titles, and ecclesiastical lands, in a surrender and regrant process, would offer Irish clan chiefs, property and political power, in England, as well as Ireland. In 1555, Pope Paul IV, would confirm the existence of the Irish Kingdom, and that it was to be held in personal union with the Kingdom of England, via a Papal bull. A personal Union that would later include the Kingdom of Scotland, and between 1707 and 1800, the politically united Kingdom of Great Britain. The Irish Parliament and Kingdom would be politically united with Great Britain as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, between 1801 and 1922, through the Acts of Union 1800. Today, Ireland is divided between the independent Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland, a constituent of the United Kingdom.

Irish people who made Britain their home in the later medieval era included Aoife MacMurrough, Princess of Leinster (1145–88), the poet Muireadhach Albanach (fl. 1213), the lawyer William of Drogheada (died 1245), Máel Muire Ó Lachtáin (died 1249), Malachias Hibernicus (fl. 1279–1300), Gilbert Ó Tigernaig (died 1323), Diarmait MacCairbre (executed 1490) and Germyn Lynch (fl. 1441–1483), all of whom made successful lives in the various kingdoms of Britain.

16th to 18th centuries
Historically, Irish immigrants to the United Kingdom in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries were considered over-represented amongst those appearing in court. However, research suggests that policing strategy may have put immigrants at a disadvantage by targeting only the most public forms of crime, while locals were more likely able to engage in the types of crimes that could be conducted behind locked doors. An analysis of historical courtroom records suggests that despite higher rates of arrest, immigrants were not systematically disadvantaged by the British court system in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.

Some notable people born in Ireland who settled in Great Britain between the 16th and 19th centuries:

 Richard Burke, 4th Earl of Clanricarde, died 1635.
 Robert Boyle, FRS, died 1691.
 Laetitia Pilkington, died 1750.
 Richard Brinsley Sheridan
 George Monro (British Army officer), 1700–57.
 Patrick Brontë, 1777–1861.
 Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington
 Thomas Moore, died 1852.
 Bram Stoker, author of Dracula
 Oliver Goldsmith, author of The Deserted Village
 Edmund Burke, politician, reformer, writer
 Mary Burns
 Robert Tressell, author of The Ragged Trousered Philanthropists

19th century
The most significant exodus followed the worst of a series of potato crop failures in the 1840s – the Great Irish Famine. It is estimated that more than one million people died and almost the same again emigrated. A further wave of emigration to England also took place between the 1930s, and 1960s by Irish escaping poor economic conditions following the establishment of the Irish Free State. This was furthered by the severe labour shortage in Britain during the mid-20th century, which depended largely on Irish immigrants to work in the areas of construction and domestic labour. The extent of the Irish contribution to Britain's construction industry in the 20th century may be gauged from Sir William MacAlpine's 1998 assertion that the contribution of the Irish to the success of his industry had been 'immeasurable'. This statement by a member of the British upper class illustrates how Irish migrant labour was regularly employed to discipline and weaken organised English labour unions at the same time as disparaging the contribution of the latter to the development of their own nation. Of this process the German-born philosopher Karl Marx wrote in 1870:

"Ireland constantly sends her own surplus to the English labour market, and thus forces down wages and lowers the material and moral position of the English working class... This antagonism is the secret of the impotence of the English working class, despite its organisation. It is the secret by which the capitalist class maintains its power. And the latter is quite aware of this."

Ireland's population fell from more than 8 million to just 6.5 million between 1841 and 1851. A century later it had dropped to 4.3 million. By the late 19th century, emigration was heaviest from Ireland's most rural southern and western counties. Cork, Kerry, Galway, Mayo, Sligo, Tipperary and Limerick alone provided nearly half of Ireland's emigrants. Some of this movement was temporary, made up of seasonal harvest labourers working in Britain and returning home for winter and spring.

Some notable people born in Ireland who settled in Great Britain in the 19th century:

 Oscar Wilde (1854–1900)

20th to 21st centuries
By the mid-1930s, Great Britain was the choice of many who had to leave Ireland. Britain's wartime economy (1939–45) and post-war boom attracted many Irish people to expanding cities and towns such as London, Liverpool, Manchester, Birmingham, Glasgow and Luton. Prior to the 2000s financial crisis, ongoing sectarian violence and its economic aftermath was another major factor for immigration.

According to the UK 2001 Census, white Irish-born residents make up 1.2% of those living in England and Wales. In 1997, the Irish Government in its White Paper on Foreign Policy claimed that there were around two million Irish citizens living in Britain. The 2001 Census also showed that Irish people are more likely to be employed in managerial or professional occupations than those classed as "White British".

As a result of the Irish financial crisis, emigration from Ireland rose significantly. Data published in June 2011 showed that Irish emigration to Britain had risen by 25 per cent to 13,920 in 2010.

Some notable people born in Ireland who settled in Great Britain between the 20th and 21st centuries include:

Irish broadcasters
BBC broadcaster Sir Terry Wogan moved to Buckinghamshire, England in 1969, acquiring British citizenship and a knighthood in 2005, and remained resident in the UK until his death in 2016. Comedians Ed Byrne and Dara Ó Briain have relocated to Britain from Ireland, and regularly feature on British television.

Black and Asian communities
Since the 1970s some UK organisations, sections of media, and government departments have defined Black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) in anti-racist efforts and general demography. There are several notable Irish migrants to Great Britain who are people of colour, or who might otherwise be considered part of BAME communities. This includes emigrants from Ireland from the black Irish community, as well as Asian Irish people.

Irish musician and singer Phil Lynott settled in Surrey, England after the commercial success of his Dublin-formed band Thin Lizzy. Lynott, who died in 1986, was mixed raced and had British Guianan ancestry. Irish actor Christopher Simpson was moved to London, England as child in 1981. Simpson is of Irish and Rwandan descent.

Irish footballer Darren Randolph, who has spoken of his experiences growing up black in Ireland, moved to Britain permanently after joining London team Charlton Athletic F.C. in 2003, and has since remained in English football. Model and actress Layla Flaherty relocated to Liverpool, England in 2006. Flaherty, who has Irish and African American heritage, has appeared in UK-based E4 productions, such as Desperate Scousewives. Also relocating to England in 2006, Ethiopian-Irish actress Ruth Negga has appeared in films, as well as RTÉ and BBC series. In 2018, Negga, who has been Academy Award-nominated,  was featured in the Evening Standard's Progress 1000 list, which claims to chart the careers of London's most influential people. Irish presenter Liz Bonnin has also relocated to London. Bonnin, who has Indian, Portuguese, and French-Martiniquan heritage moved to Britain after establishing a science-based broadcasting career with the BBC since 2009.

In 2020, Irish women's football player Rianna Jarrett relocated to Brighton, England. Jarrett, whose father is Jamaican, made the move to Britain after joining Brighton & Hove Albion W.F.C.

Irish footballers
Notable Irish footballers, who were born or raised in Ireland, began moving as young adults to teams based in Great Britain since the post- World War II period. As the sport became more commercially successful, wealthy English clubs in particular pursued Irish talent, which was often seen as detrimental to the game's development in Ireland.

Moving from Northern Ireland between 1949 and 1963, players such as Danny Blanchflower, Jimmy McIlroy, Billy Bingham, Terry Neill, George Best, Pat Jennings and later, migrating between 1971 and 1981;  Sammy McIlroy, Mal Donaghy, Norman Whiteside, David McCreery, Nigel Worthington, Jimmy Nicholl and Martin O'Neill won titles as players, or managers, in England and Scotland's top competitions.

Moving to Britain from the Republic of Ireland during the 1950s and 60s, Tony Dunne, Noel Cantwell, Johnny Giles, and later, in the 1970s and 80s, Liam Brady, Packie Bonner, Ronnie Whelan, Frank Stapleton, David O'Leary and Steve Staunton all won major honours in the Scottish or English top-flights.

In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, players also from the Republic, such as John O'Shea, Stephen Carr, Steve Finnan, Denis Irwin, Niall Quinn, Roy Keane, Shay Given, Robbie Keane and Damien Duff, moved to enjoy decades-long careers in English and Scottish football, each winning at least one top-flight competition. In the same era, players who moved from Northern Ireland to Britain, winning competitions in the Scottish and English top-tiers, included Steven Davis, David Healy, Jonny Evans, Keith Gillespie, Roy Carroll, Gerry Taggart, Kyle Lafferty and Neil Lennon.

Types of migration

Seasonal workers
Prior to the 19th century, much of Irish migration of the modern period had been large-scale movement of temporary labourers to Britain. These seasonal workers or labourers, known as Spalpeens and Tatie Hookers, were often based on extended family ties, and would involve up to half a year working on farms or in agricultural industry. Up until as late as the 1970s, earnings from this type of employment helped sustain communities in Western Ireland.

Great Famine refugees
The Great Famine in 1845 triggered a mass exodus from Ireland, with significant numbers of Irish migrants fleeing to Britain to escape severe poverty and starvation.

Regional migration histories

Irish in England

In 2001, there were 674,786 people in England (1.4 per cent of the population) who had been born in Ireland. This is the greatest concentration of Irish-born—as distinct from persons of Irish ancestry—abroad anywhere in the world and was equivalent to 12.1% of the population of the island of Ireland (5.6 million) in 2001.

Barrow-in-Furness
During the Great Famine of the 19th century, Barrow-in-Furness was seen as a desirable location that many Irish (along with Scottish and Cornish) fled to. This was in part due to ease of access to reach the town's port from Ireland (particularly from Ulster), and secondly because it was a booming town as a result of the Industrial Revolution with guaranteed work, particularly in the emerging steelworks and shipbuilding industries in the town. At its peak, it was estimated that somewhere between 7-11% of Barrow's population were Irish or Scottish. As a result of this, to this day a huge number of Barrow's population are of Irish descent.

Birmingham
Birmingham has a large Irish community, dating back to the Industrial Revolution, it is estimated that Birmingham has the largest Irish population per capita in Britain. Digbeth is the traditional Irish area in Birmingham. During the 1950s Sparkhill, Sparkbrook, Aston, and Nechells were the main Irish areas. Today many Irish people live in areas such as Hall Green and Erdington. Birmingham has the UK's largest St Patricks Day's Parade (and the world's third biggest) and Britain's only 'Irish Quarter', with many traditional Irish pubs and the Birmingham Irish centre. Irish people have always moved to Birmingham for work especially for the construction, factory and industrial work which the city had to offer. Many Irish people moved to Birmingham to build canals, roads and railways in the city's industrial past. It is estimated a significant percentage of people from Birmingham have Irish ancestry. St Chad's Cathedral is one of only two of the minor Basilicas in the UK. It is very important as the first Catholic church built in Britain after the English Reformation, and was designed by the architect Augustus Pugin.

Community relations for the Irish in Birmingham were complicated by the pub bombings of November 1974. At inquests into the deaths of the 21 victims, "Witness O" named the men responsible as Seamus McLoughlin, Mick Murray, Michael Hayes and James Gavin. He said he had been given permission to reveal the names by the current head of the IRA in Dublin. There were very limited physical attacks on Irish people in the aftermath of the bombings.  In November 2018, Birmingham's Irish Association revealed a memorial to those killed outside Birmingham New Street Station.

Bolton
A large number settled here in the 1950s as work was scarce at home, especially in the South. Many found work in the mills and factories and encouraged other family members to come over as there were jobs waiting for them.

Bradford
Bradford largely expanded into the city it is today during the 19th century, due to jobs in the newly built textile mills attracting many immigrants in dire need of work. The population increase, in fact, saw Bradford go from a small town of 6000 in 1801, to 103,000 by 1851 according to records taken. Many of these newly arriving people were Irish escaping the Great Famine, and could easily take advantage of all the work Bradford had on offer due to the ease to reach there from Ireland. J B Hammond once commented on this, saying of the distance from Ireland to Yorkshire, "It was easier to reach Yorkshire from Ireland than from Norfolk or Dorset... Labourers who were sent to Lancashire were taken to London, put on a boat of Pickfords...carried to Manchester in four or five days at a cost of fourteen shillings. But an Irishman could cross to Liverpool in fourteen hours for two shillings and sixpence". In 1851, records showed that Bradford had the highest proportion of Irish-born people in Yorkshire at the time. In Donald M. MacRaid's book "Irish Migration in Modern Britain", he comments on research showing that a large number of Bradford's Irish originally came from County Mayo, County Sligo, County Dublin, and County Laois, with records also suggesting that there was a common migration trail at the time from County Roscommon to Bradford. Many of the Irish from Mayo and Sligo originated from a rural background, and at first struggled to adapt to urban life in Bradford. To this day, many residents of Bradford and the surrounding area are of Irish descent.

There was an Irish Diaspora Research Unit at the University of Bradford in the early 21st Century under Dr. Patrick O'Sullivan, but the Unit did not continue after he moved to New York University.

Braintree, Essex
In the 1950s many thousands of Irish migrated to Braintree in Essex to meet the demands of the labour shortage primarily in the Courtauld's textile mills, both in Braintree and nearby Halstead. They also helped meet the need for labour both in Critall's main Braintree factory.

Coventry
Coventry had a large influx of Irish from around the middle of the 20th century, when the city's motor industry was booming. To this day, Coventry remains one of the cities in the UK with a higher Irish population, and retains strong Irish links. The city council put the town's Irish population at 2.3% in 2009, higher than the UK national average of 1%, and additionally the Coventry Irish Society estimated that around 10% of the city's population are of Irish descent.

Gateshead
During the 19th century, many of the towns in County Durham (the county Gateshead historically belonged to), which before that point had mostly been a rural county, began to take advantage of emerging new technology and discovered resources in the wake of the Industrial Revolution. This not only changed the face of the county, urbanizing much of it, but also led to expansion on a massive scale. People from all over the United Kingdom, ranging from the south of England to Ireland, moved to the area to take advantage of the large amount of work that these industries brought in roles such as coal mining and shipbuilding. As in many other instances around this time, it was the Great Famine which caused many from Ireland in particular to be drawn to jobs in the County Durham area, and make the move. A further advantage was that the county was quite straightforward to reach from Ireland, due to easy access by rail to there from the western port of Whitehaven, itself easily accessible by ferry from Ireland itself (in particular, Ulster). Gateshead in particular was one of the towns that changed most significantly due to the events of Industrial Revolution, but moreover took in one of the largest numbers of Irish of all the County Durham towns. In 1871, the town was recorded as having the densest number of Irish-born in County Durham, at 6.7%, and a year later it was recorded that 1 in 4 people in the town were Irish. The town also went through a huge population increase, rising by approximately 100,000 people over the course of the 19th century which the Irish undeniably contributed to. To this day, many people in the town are of Irish descent.

Halifax
Similarly to Bradford, Halifax was a desirable location for Irish escaping the Great Famine due to ease of access to reach, and the fact that its growth into an industrial boomtown over the 19th century coincided with the time of the famine. Many of the jobs on offer in Halifax were in newly opened cotton spinning mills, opened as a result of taking advantage of technological innovation in the then emerging textile industry. There were said to be as many as 24 mills in the town by 1850. The Irish contributed to its population growth from around 9,000 in 1800, to 25,000 by the middle of the century. In 1872, records showed that the Irish numbered "from a sixth to an eighth of the population" in Halifax, with it also being noted that "the political strength of the Irish people in Halifax is considerable". Irish heritage still lives on in Halifax through the likes of the town's football team, Halifax Irish F.C.

Heywood
As Heywood developed into a mill town during the Industrial Revolution, this brought a large number of new residents to the town, including many Irish escaping the Great Famine. Additionally, many Irish migrants took up jobs in the area working as 'navvies' on the local railway, a fact that still lives on in the town's legacy as some say that these navvies may have been the influence behind Heywood's nickname, 'Monkey Town'.

Jarrow
Also situated in County Durham, the story behind why many Irish moved to Jarrow is similar to that of Gateshead. Shipbuilding, in particular, drew many of them to Jarrow. The town to this day is still sometimes nicknamed 'Little Ireland', and has a large Catholic community, as a result of the sheer number of Irish who moved there.

Keighley
During the Industrial Revolution, Keighley flourished in the textile and weaving industries, which encouraged many Irish fleeing the Great Famine and looking for work to move there. This resulted in a significant Irish community, and to this day the town still has a large number of inhabitants of Irish descent. The Irish redefined aspects of Keighley as a town significantly. It was once commented that the (then fairly new) Irish community in Keighley "contributed more to the Home-Rule than [in] either of the populous towns of Glasgow or Liverpool". The influence of the Irish also led to there being a large Catholic community in Keighley, which has lived on in both Catholic churches and schools that exist in the town today.

Leeds
There is an Irish community in Leeds, although it is generally smaller than in other large cities in Britain.  The Leeds Irish Centre is on York Road on the east side of the city.  The nearby area of East End Park is the area most associated with Leeds's Irish community.  In the years after the Famine, 3.3% of Leeds's population was Irish-born.  There was a particular concentration of migrants from the Irish county of Mayo.  A book on the subject of migration from Ireland to Leeds in the 20th century was published in 2010: Taking The Boat: The Irish in Leeds, 1931-81

Liverpool
Liverpool is widely known for having the strongest Irish heritage of any UK city - perhaps alongside Glasgow. This originates from the city's port being close to Ireland, which made it easy to reach for all those escaping the Great Famine between 1845 and 1849. More than 20% of Liverpool's population was Irish by 1851. Up to 2 million Irish people travelled to Liverpool within 10 years during this time, though many subsequently departed for the United States.

It is also twinned with Dublin. Three of Liverpool's most famous natives, the Beatles, had some Irish ancestry: John Lennon's great-grandparents on his father's side were Irish immigrants from County Down, Paul McCartney had an Irish grandfather and great-grandfather, and George Harrison had Irish blood through his mother.

Liverpool's Irish heritage is further highlighted by it being the only English city to have a significant Orange Order membership, as well as having a large Irish Catholic majority and being the most Catholic city in the UK. It remains the only UK city to elect—and continuously re-elect—an Irish nationalist politician (T. P. O'Connor) and hosts one of the UK's largest St Patrick's Day parades. The city has been at odds with right-wing politicians since the 1970s, with a city council that was previously dominated by the right-wing Conservative Party becoming more left-wing, a relationship that was exacerbated further during the days of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, whose Conservative government planned to starve the area of resources. It has also been regarded as a notably European city, and often identifies more with Ireland and the European Union than the UK; this intensified in the 1980s during the UK media's mishandling of the Hillsborough disaster, which saw lies being spread about dead Liverpudlians by tabloids such as The Sun, and it is not uncommon to hear a Liverpudlian refer to themselves as "Scouse, not English". Pro-EU sentiment increased again in 2008, when the EU designated Liverpool as a "Capital of Culture" and helped it to regenerate by pouring over €1 billion into the economy while the Conservative UK government continued to cut its funding. The Irish have also come to be a staple of Liverpool's surrounding areas; places such as Birkenhead, Bootle, Crosby, Halewood, Huyton, Kirkby, Litherland, Runcorn, St Helens and Wallasey have many ethnically Irish residents and have also inherited the Liverpool accent.

Between Liverpool FC and Everton FC, the city's two biggest football teams, Everton FC is often cited as the more Irish of the two; some Liverpool FC fans have rejected this view.

London Irish

The term 'London Irish' relates to people born in London of Irish descent. London has Great Britain's biggest Irish population and there was a particularly big community in the (affectionately known) 'County Kilburn' area of northwest London.  With urban gentrification and higher housing costs, many of London's working-class Irish-Catholic community have moved further out from Kilburn to Cricklewood.

Another large Irish community was in the Archway area, where many Irish "navvies" came to work in building railways and roads from the 1830s onwards.  The community grew larger throughout the Famine years and then again after the Second World War when the Whittington Hospital in Archway recruited nurses from Ireland. This area became associated with Irish political activism with the election of Michael O'Halloran as MP for Islington North in 1969. O'Halloran referred to his supporters as "the Irish mafia".  In 2017, a new public space outside Archway underground station was named "Navigator Square" after the Irish "navvies".

The Camden Town area of London, as well as Shepherd's Bush, were also known for their large Irish communities. The Irish Cultural Centre is located in Hammersmith, West London. Greenford in the London Borough of Ealing is home to a large Irish community and contains Tir Chonaill Park, home to the Tír Chonaill Gaels Gaelic Football club.

Manchester
Manchester has strong and long established Irish connections. The earliest large influx of migrants arrived sometime around 1798 according to Peter Ewart, a Manchester cotton manufacturer  It has been estimated that around 35% of Manchester's current population has Irish ancestry, although no reliable data exists to evidence this. In November 2012 whilst addressing an audience at the University of Manchester, Michael D. Higgins suggested "the Irish connection in Manchester is no less evident than in Liverpool. And where Liverpool was a gateway for so many Irish people, Manchester tended to be for many the end of the journey, a home".

When Manchester's population grew in the early 1800s due to it becoming the World's first industrial city the Irish born in Manchester were said to represent over 15% of the population. The Irish were said to have lived in terrible conditions and were described by Friedrich Engels in his 1845 book The Condition of the Working Class in England. Areas concentrated with high levels of Irish were known as Little Ireland around Oxford Road and later Ancoats and Hulme. Manchester was a breeding ground for Irish Republicanism, supporters known as Fenians, and when three Irish men were hanged accused of murder they became figureheads for Irish nationalism in Britain, Ireland and America and were known as the Manchester Martyrs. The reports of these terrible conditions sparked pioneering social changes in Manchester in the 1840s with the city often at the forefront of social reform in Britain.

Manchester was targeted by the IRA in the 1996 Manchester bombing in what was described as the biggest bomb on British soil since World War 2. Manchester was targeted in part because security in London was so rigid due to parades in London for the Queen's Trooping of the Colour. However it was telling that the terrorists warned of the exact location beforehand to save human lives in a city with a rich history of Irish migration, balancing a fine line of shocking Britain and alienating supporters back home. On 20 June 1996, the IRA claimed responsibility for the bombing, and stated that it "sincerely regretted" causing injury to civilians. This stood in sharp contrast to their earlier 1993 bombing of nearby Warrington which killed two English children aged 3 and 12, which the IRA blamed on "the British authorities" for not being able to respond to its imprecise warning that did not even specify Warrington as the target.

The city's residents of Irish heritage have been influential in the music industry. All four members of the Smiths had Irish roots, as do the Gallagher brothers of the band Oasis. Gary Mounfield (Mani), bass player of the Stone Roses had an Irish mother. Manchester holds an annual Irish Festival each March, including one of the UK's largest St Patrick's Day parades.  Cheetham  is home to the Irish World Heritage Centre.

Due to its connections with the local Irish Catholic population Manchester United was almost named Manchester Celtic in 1902 and is the most supported football club in Ireland.

Middlesbrough
Middlesbrough during the latter half of the 19th century had the second highest percentage of Irish born migrants in England after Liverpool.  In terms of the overall population, 15.6% of Middlesbrough's inhabitants were Irish born in 1861 and 1 in 5 adults (9.2%) were Irish born in the 1871 census. During the late 19th century, Middlesbrough became a world leader in the Steel and Iron industry and with the rapid growth of the town, the expanse of newly opened blast furnaces attracted many workers and their families to the Middlesbrough area.  Unlike many other towns in England at the time, Middlesbrough showed no signs of sectarianism or segregation within the various communities that lived alongside each other, there were no "Irish quarters" and the many Irish that settled in Middlesbrough integrated into their adopted home. This was most likely as a result of the town's infancy, it was essentially a migrant town. Although the number of Irish born currently residing in Middlesbrough may not be as substantial as it once was, Middlesbrough retains a strong Irish connection and heritage through the ancestry of many residents.

Sunderland
Sunderland was another place in County Durham that many Irish escaping the famine saw as desirable. Once dubbed "the largest shipbuilding town in the world", the city largely expanded into what it is today as a result of the number of people this work, and the demand for manual labour in other local jobs such as coal mining and chemical works, encouraged to move there. The Irish were one of the most significant groups who took advantage of the demand for labour and moved there, and consequently many people in Sunderland today have Irish heritage.

Peter O'Toole's father was a labourer in Sunderland for many years, which is why Peter O'Toole supported Sunderland A.F.C.

The city also celebrates St. Patrick's Day.

Whitehaven
Due to its port and close proximity to Ireland, similarly to Liverpool, Whitehaven was an easy way of accessing England for the Irish, especially when escaping the Great Famine of the 19th century. Thousands passed through the town to move on to work for themselves elsewhere in England, such as the aforementioned County Durham, however many also stayed in the area and many people in the town still have Irish heritage today.

Widnes
Widnes became a boom town during the Industrial Revolution, having a successful chemical industry brought on by a factory opened in the town in 1847, which led to many Irish workers (among others from Wales, Poland and Lithuania) moving there for work. Further making Widnes advantageous for the Irish to move to was its close proximity to Liverpool. Since then, a large number of overspill from the neighbouring city of Liverpool have brought many more people of Irish descent to Widnes too, particularly in areas at the west end of the town such as Ditton and Hough Green, where overspill are still moved.

Wolverhampton
Wolverhampton prospered during the Industrial Revolution, particularly having successful iron and locomotive industries, which attracted many Irish escaping the Great Famine. As well as this, Wolverhampton had a longstanding Roman Catholic community from as early as the 18th century, leading to the city sometimes being nicknamed 'Little Rome', which began to attract Irish to the city from an early stage.

Irish in Scotland
There are long standing migration links between Scotland and the Province of Ulster, especially between County Donegal, County Antrim and County Down with the west coast of Scotland. Considering the Dal Riada kingdoms and the gaelicisation of Scotland in the early Middle Ages, it is difficult to determine how many Scots have genetic ancestry from Ireland historically or how many were Picts who adopted Irish lifestyles, although the general consensus is that both happened as Pictish culture vanished by the 11th century. In 2001, around 55,000 people in Scotland (1.1 per cent of the Scottish population) had been born in Ireland, while people of Irish (either Protestant or Catholic) ancestry make up 20% of the Scottish population. Scotland has a greater number of persons born in Northern Ireland and County Donegal (0.66 per cent) than people who were born in the rest of Ireland (0.43%). Despite having lower than average numbers of Irish people resident, the Lanarkshire town of Coatbridge is more than 50% Catholic. The town is populated by the second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth generation children of Irish immigrants, especially immigrants from County Donegal. In 2006 more than 28% of adults in Coatbridge had surnames with Irish origins. Coatbridge holds the largest St. Patrick's Day Festival in Scotland.

Famous Scots of Irish-Catholic ancestry include actors Sir Sean Connery, Brian Cox and Gerard Butler; comedians Sir Billy Connolly and Frankie Boyle; singers Susan Boyle, Gerry Rafferty, Fran Healy and David Byrne; historians Prof. Sir Tom Devine and Prof. Michael Lynch; footballers like Jimmy McGrory and Ray Houghton; politicians like James Connolly (the trade unionist and Easter Rising leader), Jim Murphy (former British Shadow Defence Secretary), and socialist political figure Tommy Sheridan; television presenter Lorraine Kelly; businessmen like Sir Thomas Lipton; and writers Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Dr. A. J. Cronin, John Byrne and Andrew O'Hagan.

Support for particular football teams often reflects Catholic or Protestant heritage. Celtic are overwhelmingly, though not exclusively, supported by people from a Catholic background. Hibernian and Dundee United were formed as clubs representing Irish Catholics, however there is little vestige of these founding values today. Teams such as Dundee (though founded before Dundee United on entirely secular grounds), Heart of Midlothian and Lanarkshire teams such as Motherwell and Airdrie are contentiously perceived by some as Protestant clubs. Rangers are seen as having retained a Protestant identity, despite signing a number of Catholic players since the 1980s.

Today a very small minority of the Irish Catholic community in Scotland take part in Irish republican marches (mainly in Strathclyde), though these marches do not have exclusively Catholics in attendance, with many Protestants and others of various faiths or none involved, and the Orange Order has a large membership in Scotland, predominantly in Glasgow, Lanarkshire and Ayrshire. As well as Scotland's own parades, many Scottish bands parade in Ulster (chiefly in Northern Ireland and County Donegal) on or around 12 July.

Irish in Wales
Starting in the 4th century AD, Irish raiders settled Wales extensively, their impact being so great that many Irish words were introduced into the Welsh language. Many Irish emigrants came to Wales as a result of the famine of 1845–52. They were often very poor, and seen as carrying "famine fever" (typhus), but over time they acquired a notable presence—in the thousands, particularly in the Welsh coal mining towns in and around Swansea and Newport.

One of the most famous Welsh nationals of Irish-Catholic ancestry is screen actress Catherine Zeta-Jones.

Cultural impact

Catholic Church
The large-scale migration of Irish people to Britain in the 19th century contributed to the reemergence of the Catholic Church in England, which ultimately accelerated tolerance for freedom of religion in the United Kingdom. Observed by the Catholic Church, Saint Patrick's Day is widely celebrated throughout Great Britain, owing to many British people's ancestral links with Ireland as well as the general popularity of the event. Birmingham, Liverpool, and Manchester have particularly large parades.

Irish language
The Irish language has a long history in Britain. Gaels came to Britain between the 4th to 5th centuries and established Irish speaking communities in the west coast of Scotland that remain to this day. The waves of immigrants from Ireland that settled in British communities in the 19th century included speakers of Irish but English became the norm. However, there are regular gatherings of Irish speakers in London, Glasgow and Manchester and lessons available all over Britain including Glasgow, Milton Keynes, Manchester, Brighton, Lewisham, Hammersmith, Camden, Birmingham, Liverpool, Leeds, Newcastle and Cardiff.

Access to services in the language
The lack of provision for legal and citizenship services in the Irish language, including for the Life in the United Kingdom test, has been met with criticism from the Committee of Experts of the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, of which the UK has ratified for the Cornish language, the Irish language, Manx Gaelic, the Scots & Ulster Scots dialects, Scottish Gaelic and the Welsh language. In a 2014 report detailing the application of the charter in the UK, the Committee were given no justification for the inequality in the treatment of Irish speakers in contrast to that of English, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh speakers, and said that efforts to rectify the inequality were non-existent.

Sport
Sports teams with links to the Irish community exist in England, although this is not as marked as in Scotland.

Football
In football, Aston Villa,   Arsenal, Liverpool, Everton, Manchester United have a tradition of representing the Irish communities in their area although unlike many clubs in Scotland they were not formed on the basis of representing the Irish community. For example, Arsenal has featured ethnically Irish players such as Liam Brady, Terry Neill, Pat Rice, Niall Quinn, David O'Leary and Graham Barrett. Aston Villa has featured many Irish players such as Steve Staunton, Paul McGrath, Richard Dunne and former managers David O'Leary and Martin O'Neill. Aston Villa has a large Irish following in the West Midlands which has the highest proportion of Irish people in England. Both Everton and Liverpool have roots in a Methodist church but Everton F.C. was often described as Liverpool's Irish Catholic team, probably because Everton had a number of Irish internationals in the 1950s. Liverpool F.C. was formed by a prominent Orangeman but this fact did not deter Liverpool people from a Catholic background supporting the team. Everton has notably produced Wayne Rooney who is of Irish descent and have recently featured promising Irish international Séamus Coleman; as were prominent Liverpool players who were Everton fans in their youth such as Jamie Carragher and Steve McManaman. Recently Jonjo Shelvey has become the latest in a line of Liverpool players with Irish heritage, going back to the days of Mark Lawrenson, Ronnie Whelan and Ray Houghton. Neither Liverpool nor Everton have a sectarian affiliation and many families are split in support of the clubs.

Under the management of Sir Matt Busby, Manchester United also emerged as a club with a considerable Irish following both in Great Britain and in Ireland itself, as well as having notable Irish stars like George Best, Norman Whiteside, Mal Donaghy, Denis Irwin, Roy Keane, and recently John O'Shea.

Rugby
In rugby league, Dewsbury Celtic represented the large Irish community in Dewsbury, and St. Helens represent communities on Merseyside. The rugby union club London Irish represents the community in London.

Gaelic Games
The British GAA is responsible for Gaelic games in Britain. There are seven GAA counties within Britain and a number of hurling, football and camogie clubs operate within each county.

Brexit
Ever since the Brexit vote in 2016, over 400,000 British persons with ties to Ireland – mainly that of Irish diaspora – applied for an Irish passport as of 2021. This phenomena further adds on to the growing demand for Irish identity, but is also attributed to rising popularity in European Union citizenship.

Perceptions of Irish immigration

Effect on the British trade union movement
In 1870, Karl Marx examined how the migration of Irish labour into the British labour market caused significant problems for the nascent English trade union movement since an over-supply of workers enabled employers to lower wages and threaten organised British workers with replacement by Irish migrants. Marx wrote in a letter that "the ordinary English worker hates the Irish worker as a competitor who lowers his standard of life", in addition to noting that "every industrial and commercial centre in England now possesses a working class divided into two hostile camps", consisting of the English and Irish working class.

Criminality
Perceptions of Irish immigration in Victorian Britain led to negative stereotypes. Settling in large numbers, at a time of unprecedented economic development, Irish people, and especially those living in poverty, were seen as innately criminal by elements of British society. It was even a widespread belief that Irish migrants formed the core of what were described as the "dangerous classes", and represented a threat to law and order. The Vagrancy Act 1824 was, in part, a reaction to significant levels of perceived vagrancy from Irish people "searching for generous local welfare in England".

Disease and poverty
The results of Irish migration during the 19th century were also perceived as bringing disease and poverty into urban centres, in particular cities such as Manchester, Liverpool and Glasgow.

Census

2001 Census
The 2001 UK census was the first which allowed British citizens to identify an Irish ethnicity. In all previous British censuses, figures for the Irish community were based on Irish birthplace. The percentage claiming White Irish descent in England and Wales was 1.2 per cent, with the highest concentration found in the London Borough of Brent, where they made up 6.9 per cent of the population, while the figure for Scotland was 0.98 per cent. The Irish have been the largest source of immigrants to Britain for over 200 years and as many as six million people in the UK are estimated to have at least one Irish grandparent.

2011 census
As of 2011, the highest concentration was in the London Borough of Brent where they made up 4.0 per cent of the population. This was followed by the Inner London boroughs of Islington, Hammersmith and Fulham and Camden, and the Outer London boroughs of Ealing and Harrow (all above 3.0 per cent). The highest concentration outside London was the city of Manchester, at 2.4 per cent.

Britons of Irish ancestry
See: British people of Irish descent

See also

 Anglo-Irish
 Glorious Revolution
 Ireland–United Kingdom relations
 Irish in Britain (charity)
 Irish military diaspora#Britain
 James II of England
 Lilliburlero
 St Giles in the Fields

Explanatory notes
 The article "More Britons applying for Irish passports" states that 6 million British nationals have either an Irish grandfather or grandmother and are thus able to apply for Irish citizenship.

Citations

General and cited references

 Gannon, Darragh. (2014) "The Rise of the Rainbow Chasers: Advanced Irish Political Nationalism in Britain, 1916–22." Éire-Ireland 49.3 (2014): 112-142. online

 McBride, Terence. "Ribbonmen and radicals: the cultivation of Irishness and the promotion of active citizenship in mid-Victorian Glasgow." Irish Studies Review 23.1 (2015): 15-32.
 MacRaild, Donald. (2013) "'No Irish Need Apply': The Origins and Persistence of a Prejudice." Labour History Review 78.3 (2013): 269-299.

 Reid, Colin W. (2016) "Citizens of Nowhere: longing, belonging and exile among Irish Protestant writers in Britain, c. 1830–1970." Irish Studies Review 24.3 (2016): 255-274.

External links
 Irish in Britain
 Conradh na Gaeilge i Londain
 British Association for Irish Studies
 Irishlinks.co.uk
 The Archive of the Irish in Britain at London Metropolitan University
 BBC News article 16 March, 2003: "City celebrates Irish influence"
 One in four Britons claim Irish roots
 One in four Britons claim Irish roots
 Photo Gallery: Liverpool's streets broad and narrow
 Statistics Online
 Liverpool University's Institute of Irish Studies
Reassessing what we collect website – Irish London History of Irish London with objects and images
Communities - Irish London - Central Criminal Court
Victorian London - Publications - Social Investigation/Journalism - The Rookeries of London, by Thomas Beames, 1852 - Chapter 4
The Slum of All Fears: Dickens's Concern with Urban Poverty and Sanitation

History of immigration to the United Kingdom
Immigration to the United Kingdom by country of origin
Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations
Ireland–United Kingdom relations

Irish people in Great Britain


Basit indigesyon,indigestio simplex veya hazımsızlık ön midelerdeki mikroflora ve faunanın mikrobiyal dengesinin ve biyokimyasal verimliliğinin bozulması sonucu anoreksi ve süt veriminde düşme ile karekterize bir indigesyondur. Ön midelerde anormal bir fermentasyon olmaksızın birçok biyokimyasal faaliyet aksar, hatta tamamen durur, yani ön midelerdeki total biyolojik aktivite düşer.

Boynuzlugiller hastalıkları

Basit indigesyon


الرنين الأرضي و المعروف بالإنجليزية ب Ground resonance هي ظاهرة فزيائية تتمظهر في المروحيات خاصة تلك التي المتكونة من أكثر من ريشتين أو نصلين. تؤدي هذه الظاهرة إلى تلف المروحية أو فقدان السيطرة عليها و عدم إمكانية التحكم فيها. تنتج هذه الظاهرة بسبب تغير شكل الريشة بسبب القوى التي ترزح تحتها. هذ التغير في الشكل يؤدي إلى تغير في موقع مركز الكتلة الذي موقعه عادة في عمود الدوار. خروج مركز الكتلة عن محور عمود الدوار يؤدي إلى اهتزازات عنيفة جدا يمكن أن تؤدي إلى تلف المروحية أو فقدان السيطرة عليها. تنشئ هذه الظاهرة عادة حين ملامسة المروحية للأرض. و تتمثل إشكالية في هذه الحالة الفزيائية في أنها غير مستقرة أي أنه إذا بدأت فإنها لن تخمد من تلقائيا بل يجب العمل على إخمادها. هناك عدة طرق لتلافي أو الحد من هذه الظاهرة عن طريق بناء تخميد (زنبرك) بين الأنصال أو بين النصل و العمود الدوار أو تركيب جنيحات في الريشة تستخدم للحد من هذه الظاهرة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

الديناميكا الهوائية للمروحيات
مخاطر الطيران
مصطلحات الطيران
موجات

رنين أرضي


Djursholm () is one of four suburban districts in, and the seat of Danderyd Municipality, Stockholm County, Sweden. Djursholm is included in the multi-municipal Stockholm urban area. Djursholm is divided into a number of different areas: Djursholms Ekeby (northwest), Svalnäs (northeast), Ösby (central), Berga (southwest) and Gamla Djursholm ('Old Djursholm', southeast). It is also partly located in Täby Municipality.

History
Djursholm was one of the first suburban communities in Sweden, its history as such beginning in 1889 with the founding of Djursholm AB (Djursholm Inc.) by Henrik Palme and the subsequent 1890 inauguration of the railway line connecting Djursholm to Stockholm, Djursholmsbanan. Since 1895 it has been served by electric suburban trains but the original branch was closed in 1975.

Djursholm is the wealthiest community in Sweden, with the most expensive property prices in the country. It was built as a garden city with large villas, most from the turn of the century, along winding roads. From the start, the elegant seaside quarters attracted many well known academics, cultural personalities and industrialists.

Djursholm was separated from Danderyd as a municipality of its own in 1901, becoming a city (Djursholms stad) in 1914. In 1971 it was reunited with Danderyd when the present municipality was created. Statistically Djursholm lies within the Stockholm urban area.

Sights
 Djursholm Castle. The original stone building was likely erected by Nils Eskilsson Banér in the 15th century. Svante Gustavsson Banér commissioned a refurbishment of the castle to its current form in the 16th century
 Djursholm Chapel. Completed in 1902 on the initiative of Fredrik Lilljekvist, who was also the architect. The ornate altar paintings are by Natanael Beskow, who was the resident vicar at the time.
 Villa Pauli. Large villa on Strandvägen in central Djursholm, designed by Ragnar Östberg and completed in 1907. Since 1986, Villa Pauli has been a private club with a gourmet restaurant, banquet room and hotel.
 Germania beach. Sandy beach that has become a popular destination for people from Djursholm and surrounding areas. Situated at the end of Strandvägen and Germaniavägen, two of the central roads of Djursholm.

Gallery

Notable inhabitants

Alice Tegnér, artist
Annika Falkengren, industrialist
Annika Linde, state epidemiologist
Bertil Hult, industrialist
Björn Ulvaeus, musician (ABBA)
Charlotte Perrelli, singer
Elizabeth Hesselblad, saint
Elsa Beskow, artist and author
Prince Erik, Duke of Västmanland
Fredrik Lundberg, industrialist
Gösta Mittag-Leffler, mathematician
Hannes Alfvén, nobel laureate in physics
Ingvar Kjellson, actor
Jacob Wallenberg, industrialist
Jakob Lindberg, musician
Jan Carlzon, industrialist
Jenny Syquia, model and designer
Johan Banér, fieldmarshall
Magnus Uggla, singer and songwriter
Marie Fredriksson, musician (Roxette)
Natanael Beskow, preacher, author, artist
Robert Thegerström, artist
Robin Söderling, former professional tennis player
Stefan Persson, industrialist
Tove Lo, singer and songwriter
Verner von Heidenstam, author
Viktor Rydberg, author

References

External links
History of Djursholm (in Swedish) – at Stockholm University

Metropolitan Stockholm
Stockholm urban area

Djursholm


Geissolepis, monotipski rod glavočika smješten u vlastiti podtribus Geissolepinae, dio tribusa Astereae.. Jedina vrsta je G. suaedifolia iz sjeveroistočnog Meksika.

Sinonimi

Izvori

Astereae
Endemska flora Meksika
Flora Guanajuata
Flora Queretara
Flora San Luis Potosija
Flora Tamaulipasa

Geissolepis


cp هو أمر يقوم بنسخ ملف من موضع لآخر على أنظمة تشغيل يونكس والشبيهة بيونكس. الملف الأصلي يبقي بدون تغيير، لكن الملف الجديد من الممكن أن يكون له نفس الاسم أو اسم مختلف.

هذا الأمر موجود في قشرة واجهة البرنامج الثابت الممتد.

تاريخ
ظهر cp لأول مرة في الإصدار الأول من يونكس. نسخة cp المدمجة في أدوات جنو الأساسية طوربيورن جرانلند، وديفيد ماكينزي، وجيم ميرينج.

أمثلة
كمثال، لنسخ ملف file1 باسم file2:

 cp file1 file2

ولنسخ ملف file1 إلى المجلد foo/:

 cp file1 /foo

المراجع

برامج يونكس القياسية
خدمات مواصفات يونكس المنفردة

سي بي (يونكس)


Le Boeing décolle à seize heures () est un giallo hispano-franco-italien réalisé par Silvio Amadio et sorti en 1965.

Synopsis

Fiche technique
 Titre français : Le Boeing décolle à seize heures
 Titre espagnol :
 Titre original italien :  ou
 Réalisateur : Silvio Amadio
 Scénario : Silvio Amadio,
 Photographie : Mario Pacheco
 Montage : Marcello Malvestito
 Musique : Armando Trovajoli
 Décors : Enrique Alarcón
 Maquillage : Vittorio Biseo, Emilio Ruiz
 Production : Aldo Pomilia
 Société de production : Apo Film (Rome), Dicifrance (Paris), Midega Film (Madrid)
 Pays de production :  -  -
 Langue originale : italien
 Format : Couleur par Eastmancolor - 2,35:1 - Son mono - 35 mm
 Durée : 104 minutes ()
 Genre : Giallo
 Date de sortie :
 Espagne :

Distribution
Hugh O'Brian : Dick Sherman
Cyd Charisse : Shelley North
Eleonora Rossi Drago : Erika Tiller
Alberto Closas : Inspecteur Baudi
Memmo Carotenuto
Alberto Dalbés
Juliette Mayniel : Lorena Borelli
Franco Giacobini
Manuel Alexandre
Antonio Casas
Carlos Casaravilla
Gina Rovere
Philippe Lemaire
Mario Feliciani
José María Seoane

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film espagnol sorti en 1965
Film italien sorti en 1965
Film français sorti en 1965
Film policier italien
Film policier espagnol
Film policier français
Giallo
Film en italien
Film français tourné en italien
Film espagnol tourné en italien
Film réalisé par Silvio Amadio
Film avec une musique composée par Armando Trovajoli
Film tourné à Madrid
Film tourné à Rome
Film se déroulant à Rome

Le Boeing décolle à seize heures


An Vanda arcuata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Johannes Jacobus Smith. An Vanda arcuata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vanda, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sulawesi. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vanda

Vanda arcuata


معامل جيني (نسبة للعالم كورادو جيني) من المقاييس الهامة والأكثر شيوعا في قياس عدالة توزيع الدخل القومي، تعتمد فكرته على منحنى لورنز، يمتاز معامل جيني بأنه يعطي قياسا رقميا لعدالة التوزيع، وتتلخص فكرته بحساب المساحة المحصورة بين منحنى لورنز وبين خط المساواة (الخط القطري الواصل بين نقطة الأصل والنقطة (1,1) في الرسم البياني) وضرب هذه المساحة بـ 2، وذلك لأن مساحة المثلث المحصورة بين خط التساوي والإحداثيين الأفقي والعمودي تساوي 0.5، لذا فإن معامل جيني ينحصر بين الصفر والواحد، حيث يكون صفرا عندما ينطبق منحنى لورنز على خط التساوي وتكون المساحة مساوية للصفر ويكون عندها توزيع الدخل متساويا لجميع أفراد المجتمع (التوزيع الأمثل للدخل)، بينما يكون معامل جيني مساويا للواحد عندما ينطبق منحنى لورنز على الخط الأفقي والخط العمودي وتكون المساحة بين خط التساوي ومنحنى لورنز تساوي 0.5 وتكون عندها قيمة معامل جيني مساوية للواحد الصحيح وفي هذه الحالة يكون توزيع الدخل في أسوأ أحواله، أي أنه كلما كانت قيمة معامل جيني صغيرة كانت عدالة توزيع الدخل أفضل.

مراجع

اختراعات إيطالية
استحداثات 1912
اقتصاد الرفاه
اقتصاد ديمغرافي
الاقتصاد في 1912
عدم تكافؤ الدخل

معامل جيني


José Echegaray y Eizaguirre (19. apríl 1832 – 4. september 1916) var spænskt leikskáld og stjórnmálamaður sem hlaut Nóbelsverðlaunin í bókmenntum árið 1904.

Líf og störf
Echegaray fæddist í Madríd sonur háskólaprófessors í grísku. Hann fékk hámenningarlegt uppeldi og þegar á barnsaldri drakk hann í sig verk helstu meistara bókmenntasögunnar, auk þess að sýna mikla stærðfræðihæfileika. Aðeins tvítugur að aldri lauk hann verkfræðiprófi frá háskóla og hóf störf sem slíkur.

Árið 1854 sneri hann sér að kennslustörfum og fór á næstu árum að sinna þjóðfélagsmálum í vaxandi mæli. Lýðræðissinnar gerðu stjórnarbyltingu á Spáni árið 1868 og tók Echegaray sæti í byltingarstjórninni. Hann gegndi ráðherraembættum á næstu árum en sneri baki við stjórnmálum árið 1874, en eftir það má segja að rithöfundaferill hans hafi byrjað fyrir alvöru.

Hann var afkastamikill leikritahöfundur allt til æviloka, auk þess að skrifa mikið um stærðfræði og eðlisfræði. Verk hans voru þunglamaleg í takt við spænska leikhúshefð nítjándu aldar og eru sjaldan sett upp í seinni tíð. Árið 1904 hlaut hann Nóbelsverðlaunin ásamt franska skáldinu Frédéric Mistral.

Echegaray, José
Spænskir stjórnmálamenn
Handhafar bókmenntaverðlauna Nóbels

José Echegaray


An Dendrobium roseonervatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Dendrobium roseonervatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sumatera. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium roseonervatum


Beyazdeniz ya da Beyaz Deniz (Rusça: Бе́лое мо́ре), Rusya'nın kuzeybatısında, Barents Denizi'nin kıta içine doğru oluşmuş bir uzantısıdır. Batıda Karelya ile, kuzayde Kola Yarımadası ile, kuzeydoğuda da Kanin Yarımadası ile çevrelenmiştir.

Arhangelsk kentinin önemli limanı Beyaz Deniz'de kurulmuştur. Rusya'nın tarihine de bakıldığında, bu alan Rusya'nın uluslararası anlamda ana deniz ticaret merkezi olmuştur. Modern çağlarda deniz, Sovyet Rusya'nın önemli bir donanma ve denizaltı üssü olmuştur. Beyaz Deniz - Baltık Kanalı bu iki denizi birbirine bağlar.

Beyaz Deniz'in tümü Rusya'nın yönetimindedir ve Rusya'nın dahilî denizidir. Denizin kıyısı boyunca 4 ana körfez vardır: Kandalakşa Körfezi, Onega Körfezi, Dvina Körfezi ve Mezen Körfezi'dir. Deniziin en önemli adalar grubu ise Solovetsky Adaları'dır. Onega Körfezi'ndeki Kiy Adası içinde bulunan tarihî manastır nedeniyle önemlidir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Ayrık deniz
 İç deniz

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Beyazdeniz


Edward Gabriel Risi OMI (Joanesburgo, 6 de janeiro de 1949) é Bispo de Keimoes-Upington.

Edward Gabriel Risi entrou na Congregação dos Oblatos (OMI) e foi ordenado sacerdote pelo Bispo Auxiliar de Joanesburgo, Peter Fanyana John Butelezi OMI, em 12 de julho de 1974.

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Keimoes-Upington em 5 de julho de 2000. O Arcebispo de Bloemfontein, Buti Joseph Tlhagale OMI, consagrou-o bispo em 14 de outubro do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram Zithulele Patrick Mvemve, Bispo de Klerksdorp, e Anthony Chiminello OSFS, Bispo de Keetmanshoop.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da África do Sul

Edward Gabriel Risi


Pecado peut désigner :
 Pecado, un genre d'araignées ;
 Pecado, une mini-série portugaise, diffusée par la chaîne TVI, à partir du 25 septembre 2021.

Voir aussi
 Pecado impudicus, une espèce d'araignées

Pecado (homonymie)


الشحنة هي بلدية تابعة إقليميا إلى دائرة الطاهير ولاية جيجل الجزائر.

أعلام
 فرحات عباس

المصادر

الشحنة

الشحنة (جيجل)


An Eriocaulon devendranii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Vijaya Sankar, K.Ravik. ngan Ganesh Babu. An Eriocaulon devendranii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon devendranii


An Tillandsia wilinskii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eric J. Gouda. An Tillandsia wilinskii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Venezuela. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia wilinskii


North Country Community College is a public community college in Saranac Lake, New York. It is part of the State University of New York system. Founded in 1967, the college's main campus is located in Saranac Lake, New York, and it has additional locations in Malone and Ticonderoga. The college is sponsored by Franklin and Essex counties.

The college's enrollment is 751 full-time students and 1,142 part-time students. It employs 70 full-time faculty and another 70 adjunct faculty. The college offers 25 degree and certificate programs, a 15:1 student-teacher ratio, six athletic programs and two national honor societies. The college awarded $8.6 million in financial aid in 2018–19 and provides $400,000 in institutional scholarships each year.

North Country is the only public college located within the Adirondack Park.

Academics
The college provides 25 degree and certificate programs, including the Associate of Arts, Associate of Science, and Associate of Applied Science degrees.

Transfer paths
The college has numerous transfer paths within the State University of New York, as well as articulation agreements and transfer options to other four-year colleges and universities. In 2020, the college announced six new transfer pathways to allow NCCC graduates to earn bachelor's degrees from SUNY Empire in as little as one year after completing an associate degree.

Athletics
College athletics are offered on the Saranac Lake campus and include men's and women's basketball, men's and women's soccer, women's lacrosse and women's volleyball. These sports are based at the Sparks Athletic Complex, which includes a gymnasium, pool, fitness center and team locker rooms.

North Country athletics has won over 10 NJCAA National Championships in a variety of sports. In 2019 and 2020, the college's women's basketball team won the NJCAA Region III championship and advanced to the national tournament both years.

Residence Life, Dining and Bookstores
The North Country Community College Association provides on-campus housing for up to 96 students at its Saranac Lake campus.

The Association also provides dining services and operates bookstores on the Saranac Lake and Malone campuses.

Student life
North Country offers a wide array of student activities on all three campuses: student group activities, student government, volunteer opportunities, career exploration, transfer planning, leadership development and health lifestyles. Many of the college's activities are centered around its location in the Adirondack Park. Hundreds of miles of hiking trails, lakes, and streams provide excellent opportunity for outdoor recreation nearby. The college's main campus is located near Lake Placid, Whiteface Mountain, located in Wilmington and the Olympic Center and Ski Jumps and Bobsled Track.

References

External links
Official website

SUNY community colleges
Education in Essex County, New York
Education in Franklin County, New York
NJCAA athletics
Saranac Lake, New York

North Country Community College


جامعة كاليفورنيا (بالإنجليزية: University of California أو (UC)) هي منظومة جامعية حكومية عامة تقع في ولاية كاليفورنيا الأمريكية، عدد طلاب الجامعة 191,000 طلبة، واجمالي الخريجين الذين ما زالوا قيد الحياة هو 1,340,000 خريج. الجامعة تتبع نظام المدمج نظام الحكومي ونظام الحرم الجامعي، تبلغ ميزانية الجامعة 10 مليارات دولار.

الجامعة تضم عدد من الجامعات الفرعية كل فرع يقع بحرم جامعي متكامل، وكل فرع يضم عدد من التخصصات، أشهر أفرعها هي جامعة كاليفورينا بيركلي UC Berkeley وقد أنشئت عام 1868 وأحدث فروع الجامعة هو مريسد UC Merced التي أنشئت عام 2005.

تعتبر الجامعة أحد أكبر الجامعات عالمياً، وتضم عددًا كبيرًا من أعضاء هيئة التدريس ويكاد يقال أنه تحوي على أعضاء هيئة تدريس في كافة التخصصات.

الجامعة أحد أفضل عشر جامعات في معظم التصنيفات الجامعة تقع في الترتيب الثامن لأفضل حرم جامعي للطلبة البكالوريس، والثالثة ضمن تصنيف US news للجامعات الأمريكية الشهير.

فروع منظومة جامعة كاليفورنيا
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، بركلي (تأسست 1868)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، سان فرانسيسكو (تأسست 1873)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، دافيس (تأسست 1908)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، سانتا باربرا (تأسست 1909)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، لوس أنجلوس (تأسست 1919)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، ريفرسايد (تأسست 1954)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، سان دييغو (تأسست 1960)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، إرفاين (تأسست 1965)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، سانتا كروز (تأسست 1965)
 جامعة كاليفورنيا، ميرسد (تأسست 2005)

مراجع

جامعات وكليات أسست في 1868
الثقافة في كاليفورنيا
تأسيسات سنة 1868 في كاليفورنيا
منظومات جامعات حكومية في الولايات المتحدة
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1868

جامعة كاليفورنيا


Vladimir Gueorguievich Migoulia (en russe : Владимир Георгиевич Мигуля), né le  à Stalingrad et mort le  à Moscou, est un chanteur, musicien et compositeur soviétique et russe.

Notes et références

Liens externes

  Site officiel

Compositeur soviétique
Chanteur soviétique
Élève du Conservatoire Rimski-Korsakov de Saint-Pétersbourg
Naissance en août 1945
Naissance à Stalingrad
Décès à Moscou
Décès en février 1996
Mort de la sclérose latérale amyotrophique
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière Vagankovo
Décès à 50 ans

Vladimir Migoulia


İnternet Ülke Alan Kodu, (İngilizce ccTLD: country-code Top Level Domain) İnternet adreslerinde ülkeyi belirten iki harflik en son uzantı. Örnegin www.istanbul.com.tr adresinde ".tr" Türkiye için İnternet Ülke Alan Kodunu gösterir. Örneğin bu kod Rusya için ".ru", İtalya için ".it"dir. Her internet adresinde ülke alan kodu bulunmaz.

Ülke Alan Kodu, Genel Alan Kodu (gTLD) ve Altyapı Alan Kodu (iTLD) ile birlikte kullanılan 3 çeşit en üst düzey alan uzantılarından biridir. Bu uzantılar ABD denetiminde bir kuruluş olan "IANA" tarafından belirlenmiştir.

İnternet üst seviye alan adları listesi

iTLD

.arpa Adres ve Alanın Yönlendirme Parametresi İnternet altyapı tldsi.
.root bilinmeyen Bu bilinmeyen bir amaç için kökdedir(root), sadece bir giriş vardır (TXT kaydı).

gTLD

.aero hava ulaşımı endüstri
.biz iş Bu açık bir tld'dir. İsteyen kişi veya kurum kayıt olabilir.
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.coop kooperatifler
.edu eğitimsel .edu alan adı eğitim ile ilgili kurumlar içindir. Mesela 2 veya 4 yıllık üniversiteler veya kolejler için.
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.travel seyahat ve seyahat acentesi ile ilgili siteler

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 İnternet üst seviye alan adları listesi

İnternet ülke üst seviye alan adı


Haus Gronau  ist eine ehemalige Wasserburg in Straß im Kreis Düren (Nordrhein-Westfalen), die seit dem 4. Juli 1983 unter Denkmalschutz steht. Haus Gronau liegt südlich des Naturschutzgebiets Wollebachsystem, zwischen den Orten Straß und Gey.

Burg
Das von einem Burggraben umgebene Haus Gronau bei Straß war im Ursprung eine Turmhügelburg. Der Teich um Haus Gronau, speist sich aus dem südwestlich von Haus Gronau liegenden Quellgebiet des Wollebachs, der, vorbei an Haus Hocherbach, hinter der Motte Binnesburg in den Beybach fließt. Wie aus der Vogelperspektive erkennbar, war der hölzerne Wehrturm ursprünglich so ausgerichtet, dass jede Ecke des Turms in eine der vier Himmelsrichtungen zeigte. Die gleiche Ausrichtung zeigt sich auch an der Motte Binnesburg bei Horm und an der Motte bei Haus Hocherbach, an der Industriestraße zwischen Horm und Gey.

Geschichte
Die Entstehung solcher Turmhügelburgen ist auf die Wikingerüberfälle gegen Ende des 9. Jahrhunderts im Rheinland zurückzuführen. Mittels ihrer flachen Schiffe, konnten die Wikinger damals über die Flüsse weit ins Landesinnere vordringen. Insbesondere Städte und Dörfer an Flüssen, aber auch abgelegene Klöster, waren von den unerwartet auftretenden Überfällen gefährdet. Der Wehrturm, der ihn umgebende Wehrgraben und die ihn umzäunende Palisade diente Mensch und Vieh als Fluchtburg vor weiteren Wikingerüberfällen.

Erstmals urkundlich erwähnt wurde das Haus Gronau am 3. Januar 1414. Die Räthe des Herzogs Reinhard von Jülich (1402–1423) entscheiden unter der Zuziehung des Besitzers der Burg Kreuzau Jordan von Morick (Morken-Harff) in der Streitsache zwischen Mathias von Gronau (Mathys van Groynauwen) und Katharina von Ortwyck betr. einer Forderung von 250 rheinischen Gulden zu Lasten des Hofes von Hoven (Düren), das die Beklagte jährlich am St. Andreastage 25 Gulden bis zur Abtragung der ganzen Schuld zahlen soll.

In einer Einigung der Ritterschaft zum Erhalt des Jülicher Landrechts, v. 6. Dezember 1464, ist neben vielen anderen Rittern, ein Heinrich von Hocherbach (Hinrich van Hoegerbach), Hermann von Gey (Herm. van Geyen), auch ein Johann von Gronau (Joh. van Groenaue) aufgeführt.

Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts befand sich Haus Gronau in Privatbesitz und wechselte in der Folge wiederholt den Eigentümer. Der annähernd quadratische und von Gräben umgebene Bruchsteinbau entstammt dem 17. bzw. 18. Jahrhundert. Zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts erfuhr die Anlage größere Veränderungen.

Der angrenzende dazugehörige Hof beinhaltet unter anderem einen großen Kuhstall, einen Schweinestall, einen Entenstall und einige Unterstellmöglichkeiten. Der Hof ist in offener quadratischer Hufeisenform angelegt und öffnet sich gegenüber dem Eingangsportal der Burganlage. Über einen mittlerweile asphaltierten Zuweg erreicht man die Hofeinfahrt, die zur Bauzeit mit einem Rundbogentor versehen war. An der Auffahrt zum Grundstück befindet sich noch ein restauriertes Kriegerdenkmal mit Verweilmöglichkeit und einer Informationstafel des Wander- und Verkehrsvereins Gey/Straß.

Johann Wilhelm Joseph Braun ein  Geisteswissenschaftler wurde am 27. April 1801 in Haus Gronau geboren.

Literatur
 Paul Hartmann, Edmund Renard: Die Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Düren (=Die Kunstdenkmäler der Rheinprovinz, 9. Band, I.), Verlag L. Schwann, Düsseldorf 1910. Nachdruck 1981, ISBN 3-590-32114-8, S. 153.

Einzelnachweise und Anmerkungen

Baudenkmal in Hürtgenwald
Gronau (Hurtgenwald)

Haus Gronau (Hürtgenwald)


A participação dos bielorrussos na Guerra Civil Angolana foi limitada a conselheiros militares e especialistas militares da URSS no exército do governo do MPLA.

De acordo com a pesquisadora do Instituto de história da Bielorrússia e a candidata de ciências históricas Alexandra Kuznetsova-Timonova, para 2020 foram estabelecidos os nomes de 167 participantes de eventos angolanos relevantes para o país: nativos, bielorrussos por nacionalidade, cidadãos da República da Bielorrússia desde 1991, combatentes do Distrito Militar da Bielorrússia. De acordo com informações obtidas dos comissariados militares regionais e distritais e dos próprios veteranos de guerra, as pessoas 145 viviam no próprio estado. Entre os soldados soviéticos mortos representantes da Bielorrússia foram identificados 6.

Em 1976-1977.o tenente-general Ilya Ponomarenko (natural de Minsk) estava no cargo de conselheiro militar principal. Em 1977-1980 este cargo foi ocupado pelo tenente-general, veterano da Grande Guerra Patriótica Vasily Shakhnovich (nativo da aldeia de Syaragi, distrito de Slutsky). Shakhnovich lançou as bases do exército do governo, estrutura e armamento foram formados, um Estado-Maior Geral de pleno direito, distritos militares e sedes distritais foram criados, brigadas de infantaria e mecanizadas foram formadas, os tipos de forças armadas foram finalmente formados.

Os bielorrussos na zona de combate trabalharam como conselheiros militares, especialistas militares, pilotos, tradutores militares e civis. Havia também bielorrussos nas fileiras da Marinha da URSS em Angola. Pelo menos um Bielorrusso esteve em Angola durante o serviço militar obrigatório — Victor Romanyuk (nascido no distrito de Ivanovo; serviu na província de Huíla por volta de 1985-1987).

Após o colapso da URSS, na década de 1990, o Bielorrusso Igor Zhdarkin voltou a Angola como tradutor russo das forças de paz da ONU.

Ver também
 Participação dos bielorrussos na Guerra Civil Líbia
 Mercenários na Guerra Civil Angolana

Bibliografia
 Кузнецова-Тимонова, А. В. Воины-интернационалисты из Беларуси в гражданской войне в Анголе : 1975–1992] / А. В. Кузнецова-Тимонова ; науч. ред. А. М. Литвин. – Минск : Беларус. навука, 2017. – 354 с.
 Кузнецова-Тимонова, А. В. Белорусские воины-интернационалисты: на примере ветеранов войны в Анголе (1975 – 1992) / А. В. Кузнецова-Тимонова // Вестник Полоцкого государственного университета. Серия A, Гуманитарные науки. - 2020. - № 9. - С. 85-87.

Ligações externas
 Сайт рэгіянальнага грамадскага аб'яднання «Саюз ветэранаў Анголы»
 Евгений Лебедь. «Направляем вас в одну из развивающихся стран…» Что гродненские офицеры делали на засекреченной войне в Африке // Вечерний Гродно : газета. — 16 ноября 2019.Guerra Civil Angolana

Participação dos bielorrussos na Guerra Civil Angolana


is a Japanese film director. His film First Love was the 3rd Best Film at the 22nd Yokohama Film Festival.

Filmography
 Running High (1989)
 Work on the Grass (1993)
 One More Time, One More Chance (1996)
 Aku no hana (1997)
 Sentakuki wa ore ni makasero (1999)
 Kimi no tame ni dekiru koto (1999)
 First Love (2000)
 Stake Out (2001)
 Inochi (2002)
 High School Girl's Friend (2002)
 Mokuyo kumikyoku (2002)
 Jam Films "Kendama" (2002)
 Karaoke Terror (2004)
 Heaven's Bookstore (2004)
 Breathe In, Breathe Out (2004)
 Female (2005)
 Yokubō (2005)
 Metro ni Notte (2006)
 Clearless (2007)
 Manatsu no Orion (2009)
 Ogawa no Hotori (2011)
 Sweet Heart Chocolate (2013)
 Tanemaku tabibito: Kuni umi no sato (2015)
 Kishūteneki Terminal (2015)
 Flower and Sword (2017)
 Shadowfall (2019)
 Iyashi no Kokoromi (2020)
 Inubu: The Dog Club (2021)
 Happiness (2024)

References

External links

1962 births
Living people
Japanese film directors
Film people from Tokyo

Tetsuo Shinohara


Esbach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Feuchtwangen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Der Weiler liegt etwa zwei Kilometer westlich der Stadtmitte von Feuchtwangen am Fuß des rechten Talhangs der Sulzachrandhöhen, die Teil der Frankenhöhe sind. Siedlungsachse ist eine nordwärts laufende Straße. Am Südrand entspringt der Schleifbach, der zur Sulzach läuft, zwischen den zwei Häusergruppen des Weilers der Zulauf Schergraben zu deren Zufluss Dettenbach. Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Sommerau zur Staatsstraße 1066 (0,6 km nördlich) bzw. zum Gewerbegebiet Feuchtwangen-West (1,1 km östlich).

Geschichte
Der Ort war ursprünglich ein Rittersitz (Burg Esbach). Am 13. Juli 1444 kaufte das Feuchtwanger Stift für 190 Gulden in dem Ort einen Burgstall und zwei Höfe. Dieser Burgstall einer Wasserburg war noch im Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts im Wiesengrund bei Esbach zu sehen, ist aber seitdem abgetragen worden.

Esbach lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Im Jahr 1603 raffte die Pest innerhalb eines halben Jahres in Sommerau und Esbach 30 Personen dahin. Im Jahr 1732 gab es 6 Anwesen mit 7 Mannschaften (1 Hof, 1 Halbhof, 2 Güter, 1 Gütlein, 1 Gütlein mit doppelter Mannschaft). Die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft und die Grundherrschaft über alle Anwesen stand dem Stiftsverwalteramt Feuchtwangen zu. An diesen Verhältnissen änderte sich bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches nichts. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Esbach dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Aichenzell zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde Esbach am 1. Januar 1972 nach Feuchtwangen eingemeindet.

Baudenkmal
 Haus Nr. 1: Austragshaus, Wohnstallhaus, zweigeschossiger giebelständiger Satteldachbau, mit Fachwerkteilen in Obergeschoss und Giebel, bezeichnet 1853

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Johannis (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Ulrich und Afra (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Feuchtwangen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Weiler in Mittelfranken

Esbach (Feuchtwangen)


Heimsmetabók Guinness (e. Guinness World Records) er uppsláttarrit um heimsmet sem er gefið út árlega. Í því má finna met sem eru sett af afrekum fólks og af umhverfinu. Bókin var stofnuð af bræðrunum Norris og Ross McWhirter í London árið 1955. Hún var upphaflega gefin út í Bretlandi, svo alþjóðlega árið eftir. Síðan þá hefur hún verið seld í 100 löndum og þýdd á yfir 35 tungumál. Gagnagrunnurinn fyrir bókina inniheldur yfir 50.000 met. Hún var fyrst gefin út á íslensku árið 1977 og var ritstýrð af Örnólfi Thorlacius.

Tilvísanir

Tenglar
 Opinber vefsíða

Heimsmetabók Guinness


Farul vechi din Sulina de pe malul drept este un far situat în aval de orașul Sulina, pe malul drept al Dunării (digul de sud al Canalului Sulina), aproape de vărsarea fluviului în Marea Neagră. În romanul Europolis de Jean Bart este denumit și "Farul Verde". Farul a fost scos din funcțiune în urma lucrărilor de prelungire în mare a digurilor gurii Canalului Sulina, începute în anul 1922.

Caracteristici
Farul a fost construit în formă de turn circular din metal ușor și are o înălțime de 11,6 metri (38 de picioare). Pe uscat, accesul la far din se realizează printr-un lung dig de piatră care îl conectează cu orașul Sulina.

Pe malul stâng al Dunării (digul de sud al Canalului Sulina), situat chiar față în față cu farul de pe malul drept, se găsește alt far vechi, scos și el din uz după prelungirea digurilor gurii Canalului Sulina.

Istoric
Un document otoman vechi atestă că primul far din Sulina a fost construit pe malul stâng al Dunării, în jurul anului 1745, la inițiativa lui Beshir Agha, personalitate a Imperiului Otoman. Documentul mai amintește că localnicii trebuiau să se ocupe de îngrijirea farului și să furnizeze ceara necesară pentru iluminat.

Actualul far a fost construit pe malul drept, în 1887 de catre Comisia Europeană a Dunării. El a funcționat până în anul 1922, când a fost dizlocat de pe postamentul său ca urmare a începerii lucrărilor de prelungire în mare a digurilor de protecție a gurii Canalului Sulina. În anul 1960, farul a fost reinstalat pe soclul său pentru a conferi autenticitate peisajului.

Note

Faruri din Sulina

Farul vechi din Sulina (malul drept)


Sigurður Sigurjónsson, (født 6. juli 1955), er en islandsk skuespiller og manuskriptforfatter.

Filmografi udvalg
 Mælkekrigen (2019)
 Blandt mænd og får (2015)
 Movie Days (1994)
  Atomic Station (1984)
 Den anden dans (1983)
 Land og sønner (1980)

Eksterne links

Skuespillere fra Island

Sigurður Sigurjónsson


Marina Livițchi, cunoscută și ca Maricica Livițchi (), este o juristă și politiciană din Republica Moldova, doctor habilitat în științe juridice. A fost deputată în Parlamentul Republicii Moldova în Legislatura 1994–1998. A candidat la funcția de președinte al Republicii Moldova la alegerile din 1996.

Biografie
Marina Levițchi s-a născut în orașul Cahul, RSSM. A absolvit Universitatea de Stat în 1981. În 1994 devine  Doctor Habilitat în științe juridice.

În 1989 preia președinția Asociației Republicane a Invalizilor din Moldova. Este membră din 1991 a Asociației Mondiale a Voluntarilor. Este președintă a Fondului pentru Ocrotirea Copiilor Invalizi și Orfani din Republica Moldova.

Activitatea politică
În 1994 devine deputată în Parlamentul Republicii Moldova pe listele Partidului Democrat Agrar. A activat în calitate de vicepreședintă a Comisiei pentru Protecție Socială, Ocrotirea Sănătății și Ecologie a Parlamentului. În 1996 participă în calitate de candidat independent la alegerile prezidențiale, clasându-se cu 2,13% pe poziția a 6-a după numărul de voturi exprimate. Nu a trecut în al doilea tur de scrutin.

Cărți publicate
Eugenia Fonari și Maricica Livițchi - Cultura morală și caritatea, 1991, Chișinău, ed. Concordia, ISBN  5-86968-014-H

Distincții
 Medalia Meritul Civic (1993)
 Medalia Fondului Internațional de Caritate - Одолевшая Судьбу (1993)

Referințe

Politicieni moldoveni
Juriști moldoveni
Femei din Republica Moldova
Nașteri în 1956
Nașteri pe 7 aprilie
Oameni în viață

Marina Livițchi


Gibbs ist ein Einschlagkrater am östlichen Rand der Mondvorderseite, nordöstlich des Kraters Humboldt und südöstlich von Ansgarius.
Der Kraterrand ist mäßig erodiert, das Innere uneben.
Durch einen Einschlag am nordöstlichen Kraterrand ist ein kleines Strahlensystem mit einem Zentrum hoher Albedo entstanden.

Der Krater wurde 1964 von der IAU nach dem US-amerikanischen Physiker Josiah Willard Gibbs offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Gibbs auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)
Josiah Willard Gibbs als Namensgeber

Gibbs (Mondkrater)


الجواثم أو العصفوريات ،  رتبة ضخمة من الطيور حيث ينتمي إليها أكثر من نصف أنواع الطيور، وهي أحد أكثر رتب الفقاريات تنوعا مع 5400 نوع أي ضعف عدد أكثر رتب الثدييات تنوعا القوارض تقريبا.

يقصد بالطيور الجاثمة، أي ما تتلبّد بالأرض، وتلزم مكانها، وتنتمي لهذه الصفة أغلب أنواع الطيور، حيث تضمّ الطيور الجواثم 5.425 طيراً في العالم من أصل 9.200 طيراً، منتشرة في جميع أصقاع الأرض، وتعرف بطيور الحدائق، حيث تعيش أغلبها في المروج الخضراء، والغابات التي تفضلّها، حيث البيئة الواسعة، ومنها ما تعيش في أراضٍ عشبيّة تفضلّها مموهّةً، حتى تستطيع الاختفاء فيها .

التصنيف

 رتيبة العصافير (الاسم العلمي:Passeres)
 رتيبة عصافير الملك (الاسم العلمي:Tyranni)
 رتيبة عصافير الرامي (الاسم العلمي:Acanthisitti)

التشريح
تحتوي قدم الجواثم على ثلاثة أصابع موجهة للأمام وإصبع واحد موجه للخلف، يسمى ترتيب أنيزوداكتيل، وينضم إصبع القدم الخلفي (إبهام القدم) إلى الساق عند نفس مستوى أصابع القدم الأمامية تقريبًا. يتيح هذا الترتيب للطيور الجوازية أن تجلس بسهولة على الفروع. أصابع القدم ليس لها حزام.

تحتوي ساق طيور الجواثم على تكيف خاص إضافي للجلوس. الوتر الموجود في الجزء الخلفي من الساق الممتد من الجانب السفلي من أصابع القدم إلى العضلات خلف عظم الظنبوب سيتم سحبه وشدّه تلقائيًا عندما تنحني الساق، مما يتسبب في تجعد القدم وتصبح قاسية عندما يهبط الطائر على فرع. يتيح ذلك للجواثم النوم أثناء الجلوس دون السقوط.

تحتوي معظم طيور الجواثم على 12 ريشًا ذيلًا، لكن طائر القيثارة الرائع له 16 ريشًا. الأنواع التي تكيفت مع تسلق جذوع الأشجار مثل متسلق الخشب لها ريش ذيل صلب يستخدم كدعامات أثناء التسلق. يتم عرض ذيول طويلة للغاية المستخدمة كزينة جنسية من قبل الأنواع في مختلف العائلات. ومن الأمثلة المعروفة طائر الأرملة طويل الذيل.

البيض والأعشاش
فراخ الجواثم مملوءة بالحيوية: عمياء، بلا ريش، وعاجزة عندما تفقس من بيضها. وبالتالي، تتطلب الكتاكيت رعاية أبوية واسعة النطاق. تضع معظم الجسور بيضًا ملونًا، على عكس غير الجوازات، معظم بيضها أبيض باستثناء بعض مجموعات التعشيش الأرضية مثل الإفجيجيات أو الزقزاقيات و نايلي، حيث يكون التمويه ضروريًا، وفي بعض الوقواق الطفيلية، التي تتطابق مع بيض مضيف الجسر. و الببغاء خمري-الحنجرة اثنين من الألوان البيض والأبيض والأزرق، لردع الحضنة الطفيلية الوقواق شيوعا.

تختلف القوابض اختلافًا كبيرًا في الحجم: بعض الجوازات الكبيرة في أستراليا مثل الطيور القيثارية والطيور القذرة تضع بيضة واحدة فقط، وتقع معظم الجوازات الأصغر في المناخات الأكثر دفئًا بين اثنين وخمسة، بينما في خطوط العرض الأعلى من نصف الكرة الشمالي، توجد أنواع تعشيش الحفرة مثل الثدي، يمكن أن تصل إلى عشرة أنواع وأنواع أخرى حوالي خمسة أو ستة. لا تبني عائلة أيميات أعشاشها الخاصة، بل تضع البيض في أعشاش الطيور الأخرى.

الأصل والتطور
ظل التاريخ التطوري للعائلات العابرة والعلاقات فيما بينها غامضة إلى حد ما حتى أواخر القرن العشرين. في كثير من الحالات، تم تجميع عائلات الجواثم معًا على أساس أوجه التشابه المورفولوجية التي يعتقد الآن أنها نتيجة للتطور المتقارب، وليس علاقة وراثية وثيقة. على سبيل المثال، والنمنمة في الأمريكتين وأوراسيا، تلك أستراليا، وتلك من نيوزيلندا، مشابها بشكل سطحي وتتصرف بطرق مشابهة، ولكن تنتمي إلى ثلاثة فروع بعيدة من شجرة العائلة الجاثمة. هم غير مرتبطين بقدر ما يمكن أن يكونوا أثناء بقائهم في Passeriformes.

يكشف التقدم في البيولوجيا الجزيئية وتحسين البيانات البيوجغرافية القديمة تدريجيًا عن صورة أوضح لأصول وتطور الجواهريين التي توفق بين الصلات الجزيئية وقيود التشكل وخصائص السجل الأحفوري. يُعتقد الآن أن الممرات الأولى قد تطورت في جندوانا (في نصف الكرة الجنوبي) في أواخر العصر الباليوسيني أو أوائل عصر الأيوسين، منذ حوالي 50 مليون سنة.

الحفريات الأمريكية
في الأمريكتين، كان السجل الأحفوري أكثر ندرة قبل العصر البليستوسيني، والذي تم من خلاله توثيق العديد من العائلات الفرعية الموجودة. وبصرف النظر عن متعذر تحديده MACN -sc-1411 (شركة Pinturas المبكر / الشرق الميوسين مقاطعة سانتا كروز، الأرجنتين)، وقد وصفت والنسب منقرضة من الطيور التي تجلس من أواخر العصر الميوسيني كاليفورنيا، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية: في Palaeoscinidae مع أحد جنس Palaeoscinis. من المحتمل أن ينتمي "Palaeostruthus" eurius (Pliocene of Florida) إلى عائلة موجودة، على الأرجح الجواثم.

من الأنواع

 سنونو الجرف الداكن
 سنونو الجرف الأوراسي
 سنونو الصخر

انظر أيضاً

 خازنات البندق
 ببغاء
 ببغاء مزركش
 ببغاء اللوري واللوريكيت
 الطائر عريض المنقار
 طيور التعريشة

مراجع

أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
الظهور الأول في عصر الإيوسين
عصفوريات

جواثم


Onthophagus malangensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus da família Scarabaeidae da ordem Coleoptera.

História
Foi descrita cientificamente pela primeira vez no ano de 1914 por Boucomont.

Referências

Ligações externas

malangensis
Coleópteros descritos em 1914

Onthophagus malangensis


بوشقوف مدينة وبلدية تابعة إقليميا إلى دائرة بوشقوف ولاية قالمة الجزائرية، مدينة بوشقوف حاليا أو Duvivier في عهد الاستعمار الفرنسي في العهد قبل الاستعمار وهي مدينة تبعد عن مقر الولاية ب 35 كلم، وهي تتوسط إلى جانب قالمة كل من ولاية سوق أهراس وعنابة ، حيث تبعد عن الأولى بحوالي 42 كلم وعن الثانية ب 52 كلم كما انها تبعد عن مدينة تونس العاصمة بحوالي 300 كلم وعن عاصمة الشرق الجزائري قسنطينة بحوالي 150 كلم وتبعد عن مدينة الجزائر العاصمة بحوالي 600 كلم يبلغ سكان هذه البلدية حوالي 35 ألف نسمة.
تضم مدينة بوشقوف أربعة بلديات إلى جانب بلدية بوشقوف فتوجد هناك بلدية مجاز الصفاء وبلدية وادي فراغة وبلدية عين بن بيضاء
أصبحت بلدية بوشقوف دائرة بعد التقسيم الإداري لسنة 1974 حيث تعتبر دائرة قديمة ويبلغ عمرها حوالي 35 سنة.

تاريخ

تاريخ منطقة بوشقوف مبهما إلى حد ما ، وعدم وجود الدراسات والبحوث ، على الرغم من دراسة الفترات القديمة الفرنسية قدمت في وقت مبكر من القرن 19ميلادي التي لا تزال غير مكتملة الدراسة المنهجية واتخاذ مراقبة جميع الموجودات والتي لا تزال موجودة على اثار لتقديم قراءة جديدة الهدف.

بلغ متوسط ارتفاع حوالي 500متر ،وهو مظهر من التكوينات الجيولوجية التي تشكل فيها. وتمثل مساحة 10/9 من المساحة المخصصة التي تتشكل من الطين والحجر الرملي النوميدي ، وكانو هم الأولين الذين مددوا مساحات واسعة من الغابات بجبال بني صالح وغيرها على الطرف الغربي ، من خلال وادي سيبوس في هذه التشكيلات النوميدية. ارتفاع الأسفل من وادي يتراوح بين 29 و107متر المنبع من التقاء وادي المالح. توجد هناك سلسلة من المرتفعات يصل ارتفاعها حوالي 150متر. أشهر منجم شرق الناظور التي كانت تستغل من قبل الرومان في إطلاق النار والرصاص والزنك. كما الارتوازية والينابيع وأهميتها فقد كانت تعمل نذكر مثالا على ذلك ، al'extrême جنوب شرق بوشقوف بدلا N'bail قال همام ، منتجع صحي ، اليوم 150 مترا في شكل جديد إيداع كربونات الجير. العلوي مصدر اعتقلت الرومان على طول الطريق الرومانية جميلة الاستحمام إنشاء أنقاض. سهل Seybouse عروض من أخصب الأراضي والمحاصيل ذات النوعية الجيدة هي أكثر تنوعا وثراء والحبوب والتبغ والعنب والخضروات وأشجار الفاكهة وأشجار الزيتون ، ما هو شهادة المزارع ، والنفط والثابت من العصور القديمة.
البحث الأثري في منطقة بوشقوف هي قديمة. ويلاحظ أن هذه الدراسات التي يعود تاريخها إلى القرن التاسع عشر ، وضباط من الجيش الفرنسي الذين كانوا وسيلة لاستكشاف الأراضي الجزائرية ، بالتعاون مع المدنيين من القطاعات الأكاديمية والإدارية.
أنواع المواقع الأثرية في المنطقة ويختلف بوشقوف ترجع قبل التاريخ مقابر، ومزارع ، وزيت ، المرتبطة المقابر والمزارع وآثار رومانية والطرق والجسور وما زال.
أزمنة ما قبل التاريخ لديها قصور في وثائق ودراسات.
فإن الفترة التي كانت قبل التاريخ لها آثار قليلة ، من بينها مقبرة الناظور ، والتي تغطي مساحة واسعة من جبل يتعرض إلى الشرق ومجموعة أخرى مؤلفة من dolmen وsteles إلى libyque نهاية جبل القرين قرب مشتة الفج عبد الله. في المنطقة سجرمة التي توجد بها خزائن المنحوتة في الصخر.. صخرة قفازة النقش على الصخور ويظهر اثنين أسود.

تعتبر المدينة مدينة فلاحية حيث تعتمد على زراعة القمح والخضر والفواكه
تضم مدينة بوشقوف أربعة بلديات إلى جانب بلدية بوشقوف فتوجد هناك بلدية مجاز الصفاء وبلدية وادي فراغة وبلدية عين بن بيضاء
أصبحت بلدية بوشقوف دائرة بعد التقسيم الإداري لسنة(3) 1974 حيث تعتبر دائرة قديمة ويبلغ عمرها حوالي 35 سنة.

المصادر

3- خيزوري سمير، باحث في التاريخ الجزائري 1830-1962

بلديات ولاية قالمة

بوشقوف


Vicente Caruso (São Carlos, 1912 — São Paulo, 1986) foi um pintor brasileiro. É famoso por ter adaptado o estilo pin-up norte-americano para a realidade brasileira (em especial à realidade paulista). Também é o autor de um famoso quadro de Cristo, o qual pode ser encontrado na casa de muitos brasileiros.

Ligações externas
 www.pintorescaruso.com.br

Pintores do Brasil do século XX
Pintores do estado de São Paulo
Brasileiros de ascendência italiana

Vicente Caruso


El Laboratorio Municipal de Zamora (denominación popular es antiguo laboratorio municipal) es un edificio de planta rectangular que se encuentra el Parque del Castillo en la ciudad de Zamora. Hacía las funciones de Laboratorio Municipal. Es obra diseñada en el año 1909 por el arquitecto catalán Francesc Ferriol i Carreras. Fue Escuela Taller y posteriormente sufrió un estado de abandono. A comienzos del  sólo se conservan las fachadas del edificio. El Ayuntamiento de Zamora lo adquirió, y lo dedica a Espacio Cultural. En 2001 se empleó como parte del espacio expositivo de las Edades del Hombre.

Características
El diseño del edificio es modernista. Las dependencias del laboratorio se reparten en dos edificios de planta rectangular de 390 metros cuadrados. En el edificio de menor tamaño se alojaban las viviendas del guarda, los establos de terneras. Las salas de análisis en el edificio que posee la entrada principal, que se encontraban las salas de microscopía y de esterilización.

Referencias

Véase también
 Catedral de Zamora
 Museo Baltasar Lobo
 Palacio Episcopal de Zamora

Arquitectura civil de Zamora
Arquitectura modernista en Zamora
Museos de Zamora
Centros culturales de Castilla y León
Centros culturales de España de los años 2000
Arquitectura de España de 1909

Laboratorio Municipal de Zamora


Lanka /ˈləŋkɑː/ este numele dat de către mitologia hindusă unei insule fortărețe, capitala legendarului rege demon Ravana din Ramayana și Mahābhārata.

Insule mitologice

Lanka


Togba-Nah Tipoteh né en 1941 à Monrovia, est un économiste, éducateur et homme politique libérien.

Président du Mouvement pour la Justice en Afrique (MOJA) ; a été président fondateur des partis politiques collaborateurs (CPP), une alliance de partis politiques libériens et a été candidat à la présidence lors de trois élections.

Fondateur et directeur général de Susukuu Incorporated (1971- ), la plus ancienne organisation non gouvernementale de développement du Libéria, reconnue par la Force de maintien de la paix en Afrique de l'Ouest ( ECOMOG ) pour avoir aidé à désarmer plus de 10 000 combattants et enfants soldats au Libéria lors du désarmement de 1997 programme par le biais d'un programme d'école pour les armes à feu.

Ancien président des groupes d'intérêt du Libéria, un consortium de 32 organisations nationales avec une adhésion collective de plus d'un million de personnes.

Biographie
Togba-Nah Tipoteh né à Monrovia en 1941 du révérend et de Samuel Togba Roberts du comté de Grand Kru. Il a fait ses études au collège de l'Afrique de l'Ouest  et à l'Université du Libéria. Il a obtenu un bachelor de l'Université de l'Ohio (Athènes) en juin 1963 et d'une maîtrise en économie à l'Université d'État de l'Ohio à Columbus, aux États-Unis en 1964.

En 1969, il a obtenu un doctorat en économie tout en étudiant en tant que boursier de l'Université de Harvard par le Fonds spécial des Nations unies en développement économique à l'Université du Nebraska. Au début des années 1970, Tipoteh était professeur agrégé d'économie, président du département d'économie et directeur de l'Institut de recherche en gestion à l'Université du Libéria entre 1971 et 1974.

Sport
Togba-Nah Tipotech a été champion national de tennis du Libéria pendant 30 années ininterrompues de 1964 en 1994.

Parcours professionnel

national
En 1973, Tipoteh a fondé le Mouvement pour la justice en Afrique (MOJA), une organisation politique panafricaine de gauche qui a joué un rôle central dans la lutte pour la justice sociale et la démocratie au Libéria dans les années 1970. Il a été conseiller budgétaire du président libérien William R. Tolbert, poste dans lequel il a exprimé ses préoccupations concernant le gaspillage du gouvernement et a préconisé des réformes de la gestion publique.

Il a été le premier ministre de la Planification et des Affaires économiques entre 1980 et 1981, sous le régime de Samuel K. Doe qui a renversé le président Tolbert, mais a démissionné après 15 mois de mandat, invoquant les violations des droits de l'homme par le gouvernement comme raison de sa décision en quittant.

En 1983, le Parti du peuple libérien (LPP) a été formé en tant qu'aile électorale du MOJA. Aux élections libériennes de 1997, Tipoteh s'est présentée comme candidate présidentielle du LPP, remportant 1,61% des voix. Lors des élections de 2005 au Libéria, Tipoteh était le candidat de l' Alliance pour la paix et la démocratie, une alliance du LPP et d'un autre mouvement d'opposition vétéran, le United People's Party (UPP), remportant 2,3 %.

Aux élections libériennes de 2011, il était le candidat du Parti de l'alliance de la liberté du Libéria (FAPL). Après avoir été éliminé au premier tour, il a approuvé Ellen Johnson Sirleaf pour le second tour, affirmant dans un communiqué que la décision de son parti faisait suite à l'observation et à l'évaluation des deux partis lors du second tour, sur la base de la question de la transparence sociétale.

Tipoteh est également un homme d'affaires et président du conseil d'administration et directeur général de Kukatornon Reconstruction Corporation. Grâce à son programme de bourses, il encadre et envoie des centaines d'étudiants (principalement des enfants) de tous les comtés du Libéria dans des écoles et des collèges du Libéria.

international
Il a travaillé dans le développement international aux États-Unis, aux Pays- Bas, au Mozambique, au Ghana, en Afrique du Sud et dans d'autres pays, ainsi que pour le système des Nations Unies : Organisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture (FAO), Conférence des Nations Unies sur le commerce et le développement (CNUCED ), le Fonds monétaire international (FMI), la Communauté économique africaine (CEA) et la Banque internationale pour la reconstruction et le développement (BIRD), entre autres.

Vie privé
Togba-Nah Tipotech a épousé l'ancienne Mme Fatu Kanneh du comté de Lofa et ils ont un fils adoptif, un ancien enfant soldat du NPFL Charles Taylor.

Ouvrages

 Démocratie: l'appel du peuple libérien (1981)
 Plus de 600 articles sur la croissance économique et le développement
 Mordre et souffler
 Pepperbird en route pour la liberté

Récompenses

 Prix du courage décerné par la National Internally Displaced People Association (NIDPA),

 Prix pour la justice par une organisation de la société civile libérienne avec des membres de neuf camps de déplacés,
 Démocratie et paix : le Golden Image Award du Libéria,
 Membre d' Omicron Delta Epsilon, Economics Honor Society des États-Unis d'Amérique,
 Conférencier inaugural de la série de conférences de l'Académie africaine des sciences,
 Intronisé dans l'Ordre de la Rédemption Africaine avec le rang de Grand Band,
 Homme de l'année, sélectionné par les médias,
 Politicien de l'année, sélectionné par les médias,
 Honoré en tant que champion de tennis à la retraite invaincu du Libéria pendant trente années consécutives (1964-1994)

Références

Étudiant de l'université du Liberia
Naissance en 1941
Naissance au Liberia
Pages avec des traductions non relues

Togba-Nah Tipoteh


The Lost Boys er en amerikansk film fra 1987 instrueret af af Joel Schumacher.

Medvirkende
 Jason Patric som Michael Emerson
 Corey Haim som Sam Emerson
 Dianne Wiest som Lucy Emerson
 Barnard Hughes som Grandpa
 Edward Herrmann som Max
 Kiefer Sutherland som David
 Jami Gertz som Star
 Corey Feldman som Edgar Frog
 Jamison Newlander som Alan Frog
 Brooke McCarter som Paul

Eksterne henvisninger

Gyserkomediefilm fra USA
Gyserfilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 1987
Vampyrfilm

The Lost Boys


الشبيكة قرية تقع شمال غربي ولاية توزر من الجنوب الغربي التونسي، جنوب شرقي مدينة تمغزة وجنوب غربي مدينة الرديف وشمال غربي مدينة توزر. وهي قريبة من الحدود التونسية الجزائرية.

معرض صور

مراجع

انظر أيضا

مواضيع ذات علاقة
 ولاية توزر.

أماكن مأهولة في ولاية توزر
بلديات تونس
قرى تونس
واحات تونس

الشبيكة (توزر)