Ostatci novovjekovnog brodoloma nalaze se kod otočića Štambedra, najjužnijeg otoka u skupini Paklenih otoka, kod grada Hvara.

Opis dobra
Na sjevernoj strani otočića Štambedra, na pješčanom dnu, nalaze se ostaci novovjekovnog brodoloma. Na pijesku su vidljiva dva željezna sidra i tri željezna topa. Dio opreme broda je još pod pijeskom, a tu su i drveni ostaci brodske konstrukcije. Brodolom se datira u 17-18. stoljeće.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-230 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - arheologija, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "podvodna arheološka zona/nalazište".

Izvori

KRONIKA NESRETNE PLOVIDBE U VODAMA OTOKA HVARA

Zaštićene podvodne arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Pakleni otoci
Ostatci novovjekih brodoloma u Hrvatskoj

Novovjekovni brodolom kod Stambedra


Institut for Mennesker og Teknologi (IMT) er et af fire institutter på Roskilde Universitet. På instituttet findes fagene:

 Arbejdslivsstudier
 Datalogi
 Geografi
 Informatik
 Plan, By og Proces
 Psykologi
 Pædagogik og uddannelsesstudier
 Spatial Designs and Society
 Sociale Interventionsstudier
 Social Entrepreneurship and Management
 Sundhedsfremme og sundhedsstrategier
 TekSam - Miljøplanlægning

Desuden har Institut for Mennesker og Teknologi (IMT) det overordnede ansvar for Humanistisk-Teknologisk Bacheloruddannelse (HumTek Bach).

Roskilde Universitet

Institut for Mennesker og Teknologi


Piyanist, piyano çalan kişiye verilen ad. Klasik müzik, caz ve blues gibi geleneksel türlerin yanında popüler müzik ve rock müzik de piyanistler tarafından çalınmaktadır. Birçok piyanist, aralarında synthesizer, organ ve klavyenin bulunduğu farklı müzik aletlerini çalma becerisine de sahiptir.

Müzik meslekleri

Piyanist


An Puya ramosissima in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ined.. An Puya ramosissima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya ramosissima


Nkol-Ndongo encore appelé Nkum Akag est un quartier de la ville de Yaoundé, capitale du Cameroun, situé dans l'arrondissement de Yaoundé IV,  subdivision de la Communauté Urbaine de Yaoundé.

Histoire
Nkol-Ndongo, en langue ewondo, est formé de deux termes «Nkol» signifiant colline ou ravin et «ndongo» fait reférence à un rite de sanation et purification réservé aux femmes. Selon l'Abbé Pierre Mviena Obama, prêtre catholique, ce rite était programmé lorsqu'un ou plusieurs membres de la communauté commettaient des souillures.

Géographie
Le Quartier Nkol-Ndongo est délimité par les quartiers Mvog-Ada, Anguissa, Mvog-Mbi, et Kondengui.

Éducation
Nkol-Ndongo comprend plusieurs établissements publics et privés destinés à l'éducation et la formation des membres de sa communauté.

- Lycée de Nkol-Ndongo

- Écoles publiques 1 et 2 de Nkolndongo

Santé
- Hôpital de la CASS Centre d'animation sociale et sanitaire

- Clinique Bon Pasteur

-Pharmacie Nkol-Ndongo

Lieux de culte
- Paroisse Saint Charles Lwanga de Nkol-Ndongo

- Paroisse EEC Église Evangelique du Cameroun

- Église Presbyterienne Reformée

Lieux populaires
- Marché de Nkol-Ndongo

- Carrefour Iptech

- Banque

- Le club de Football Canon Sportif de Yaoundé

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

 Jean-Emmanuel Pondi, Redécouvrir     Yaoundé ! Une fresque historique et diplomatique de la capitale camerounaise, Editions Afric'Eveil, 2013, 160P.

Liens externes
 Site officiel - Communes et villes unies du Cameroun

Quartier de Yaoundé

Nkol-Ndongo


La croix de Santenay est une croix monumentale située dans le cimetière du hameau Saint-Jean de la commune de Santenay, en France.

Localisation
La croix est située dans le cimetière du hameau Saint-Jean, à proximité de l'église Saint-Jean de Narosse au nord-ouest du village de Santenay, dans le département de la Côte-d'Or, en région Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, en France.

Historique

La croix date de la fin du , possiblement du début du .

La croix est classée au titre des monuments historiques par arrêté du 1er août 1902.

Description
Le monument repose sur un socle octogonal composé de trois marches surmonté d'une base également octogonale et non décorée. Au dessus, une moulure à gorges prolonge le socle et une tablette permettait à l'officiant de poser un ouvrage. La partie centrale du socle est également octogonale, moulurée et agrémentée de 8 pilastres. Le socle est terminé par une corniche décorée de feuilles de vigne, hommage certain au terroir de la région. Le fût est également octogonal mais en décalage avec l'octogone du socle créant des parties saillantes et un certain jeu de lumières. À la base du fût, quatre consoles se dégagent et qui devaient vraisemblablement accueillir les sculptures des symboles des Évangélistes (ange, aigle, lion, bœuf). Au sommet du fut, une moulure permet de délimiter le fût de la croix. La croix surmontant l'ensemble est nue et ne semble pas d'origine. Des fragments de crucifix permettent de dire qu'un Christ crucifié prenait place sur la croix.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Santenay
Monument historique dans la Côte-d'Or
Monument historique classé en 1902

Croix du cimetière de Santenay


كفرياشيت هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء زغرتا في محافظة الشمال. وأغلب سكانها هم من المسيحيين المارونيين

المراجع

أماكن مأهولة في محافظة لبنان الشمالي
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
قضاء زغرتا
مدن لبنان

كفرياشيت


Christoffer Peter Haagh født den 17. februar 1987 i Thisted, er en dansk futsalmålmand, som spiller for JB Futsal Gentofte.

Klub
Haagh spillede i en årrække på Frederikssund IK's bedste mandskab i fodbold, hvor de på det tidspunkt var oppe og vende i 2. division.

Futsal
Som futsalspiller spiller han i øjeblikket for den sjællandske klub Jægersborg Boldklub. Han har tideligere har haft en professionel futsal karriere i Sydeuropa, først i den spanske klub Xaloc Alacant og derefter i den italienske klub Catanzaro Calcio.

Landshold

Futsallandsholdet
Siden 2012 har Haagh spillet på Danmarks futsallandshold. hvor han gennem flere år har været fast inventar.

A-landsholdet
Den 4. september 2018 blev Haagh af DBU udtaget til Danmarks midlertidige herrelandshold op til en testkamp mod Slovakiet den 5. september. Landsholdet blev primært sammensat af spillere fra 2. division og Danmarksserien som følge af en igangværende konflikt mellem Spillerforeningen og DBU.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Danmark
Fodboldspillere fra Jægersborg Boldklub
Personer fra Thisted

Christoffer Haagh


A Pure Michigan Byway is the designation for a segment of the State Trunkline Highway System in the US state of Michigan that is a "scenic, recreational, or historic route that is representative of Michigan's natural and cultural heritage." The designation was created with the name Michigan Heritage Route by the state legislature on June 22, 1993, and since then six historic, seven recreational and seven scenic byways have been designated by the Michigan Department of Transportation (MDOT), and another two have been proposed. These byways have been designated in both the Upper and Lower peninsulas (UP, LP) of the state. The current name was adopted on December 30, 2014, and it references the Pure Michigan tourism marketing campaign.

To be listed as a Pure Michigan Byway, a road must be a state trunkline highway, and it must be nominated through a two-stage process. Candidates are evaluated based on a set of objective criteria by MDOT in a process that can take several years to complete. The criteria include a highway's relationship to sites or districts on the National Register of Historic Places, to recreational areas, or to scenic landscapes. Each candidate must be supported by local stakeholders, including the appropriate local units of government. Each byway has a local organization that produces a management plan for the roadway and the preservation of its surrounding environment.

Program
According to MDOT, the department's Pure Michigan Byway Program works with local communities, organizations, and government agencies to identify roads that access Michigan's "unique recreational, scenic and historic cultural treasures". The program also attempts to preserve the unique and irreplaceable qualities of selected corridors, improve distinct roads in a careful and considerate way, and promote a greater awareness of and appreciation for the state's scenic, recreational, historical and cultural resources, according to the  Federal Highway Administration. These actions provide economic benefits by stimulating tourism. Staffers for State Representative Peter Pettalia of Presque Isle said that the point of the program, in context of the 2014 change to the Pure Michigan Byway name, was to get people to drive the selected roads and spend money at local businesses.

Additions to the system are made when local organizations apply to MDOT through a two-stage process. First, a local organization proposes the addition, verifying that the suggested byway is a state trunkline highway and noting which local governments support the designation. MDOT reviews this pre-application to determine initial eligibility. If the proposed byway is determined to be eligible, the organization is asked to submit a full application to the department for approval. The full process can take up to seven years to complete. The MDOT director compiles a report annually that is submitted to the governor, members of the Michigan Legislature and members of the State Transportation Commission; this report details any new additions in the previous year and any changes or deletions affecting the system.

Types and requirements
The three types of byways are defined in Public Act 69 of 1993, the legislation that originally established the system. The Legislature defined these types to be:
Historic
significant to the history, archeology, architecture, engineering, or culture of this state.
Recreational
facilities normally associated with leisure-time activities, including, but not limited to, parks, public access sites, wildlife refuges, forest areas, marinas, swimming areas, hiking trails, and sightseeing areas.
Scenic
an area of outstanding natural beauty whose features include, but are not limited to, significant natural features such as vegetation, land form, water, and open areas with exceptional vistas and views, that singly or in combination make that area unique and distinct in character.

In his annual report to the State Legislature at the end of 2014, MDOT Director Kirk Steudle described an additional three categories of byway not listed in the legislation setting up the system.
Cultural
A state highway traversing an area with unique cultural and/or ethnic heritage amenities such as art galleries, theaters, opera houses, restaurants, markets, and music venues.
Archaeological
A state highway traversing a corridor with ruins, artifacts, and structural remains.
Natural
A state highway that traverses a corridor with natural features that are relatively undisturbed, unique geological landforms, vegetation, water bodies, or conservation areas.

In establishing specific objective criteria related to the selection of potential byways, MDOT has set up limitations on these classifications. Regardless of classification, all byways are supported with a management plan for the corridor designed to deal with protection, preservation, and enhancement of the roadway. All routes are given specific termini points with a reasonable length. They must also have the backing of local units of government, landowners and organizations. No specific criteria have been published for cultural, archaeological or natural byways.

Historic byways are assessed based on the numbers of sites listed, or eligible for listing, on the National Register of Historic Places. These sites need to be visible from the route of the byway, or, in the case of historic districts, a "substantial portion of the district must lie adjacent to the highway". Local organizations backing a proposed historic byway must also have promotional plans and demonstrate coordination with state agencies related to state history.

Recreational byways must be used mainly for recreational purposes, connecting to one or more recreation sites. They can also connect multiple sites together with a common theme, and they are assessed on their scenic qualities with lower inclusion standards than scenic byways.

Scenic byways must exclude commercial or industrial zones adjacent to the trunkline. These roads are also assessed on qualities such as the uniqueness, vividness, intactness, unity, and viewshed of the roadway and its surrounding environment as set up in department guidelines.

History

The Michigan Heritage Route System was created after Public Act 69 of 1993 was signed into law on June 22, 1993, going into effect immediately. The law required MDOT to set up specific criteria and procedures related to selecting and maintaining heritage routes, subject to approval of the Legislature. Since the program was put into operation in 1993, 16 heritage routes have been approved by the department. The first two were approved in 1995 at opposite ends of the state: a scenic route along US Highway 41 (US 41) in the Keweenaw Peninsula region of the northern UP and a historic route along M-125 in downtown Monroe in the southeastern corner of the LP. The first recreational route was approved in 1998 along M-15 in the southeastern LP.  Since 2008, local groups have proposed the creation of a heritage route along the former West Michigan Pike (US 31) on the western side of the LP and a loop around Ontonagon County in the western UP. In a department report dated December 22, 2014, the UP byway was no longer under active proposal, and the West Michigan Pike was dedicated on July 25, 2016.

The Legislature proposed another change to the system in 2013 to rename the Heritage Routes in the system to Pure Michigan Byways under a bill introduced in the state House of Representatives. The bill passed in the House in March 2014, and the state Senate during the lame duck session in December 2014. Sponsors of the bill said that including the highways in the Pure Michigan tourism advertising campaign would provide promotional benefits, and they stated that the change "allows the state to comply with federal changes, which require the word 'route' be changed to 'byway'." The bill received the governor's signature and was filed on December 30, 2014, taking effect as Public Act 445 that day. MDOT had one year from that effective date to obtain a trademark license from the Michigan Economic Development Corporation, owners of the Pure Michigan trademark, and to unveil the new signage bearing the updated program name. They unveiled the new signage as part of the dedication of the M-134 North Huron Byway in October 2015.

List
There are six historic, seven recreational and six scenic byways in Michigan, with one additional route proposed.

See also

Michigan has three National Forest Scenic Byways that run along county roads and a National Park Service-maintained scenic drive, which are ineligible to be Pure Michigan Byways:
Black River National Forest Scenic Byway
River Road National Forest Scenic Byway (also a National Scenic Byway)
Whitefish Bay National Forest Scenic Byway
Pierce Stocking Scenic Drive

References

External links

Pure Michigan Byways (Michigan Heritage Routes) at Michigan Highways

 01
Pure Michigan Byway

Pure Michigan Byway


USS Santa Fe was a  light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier s, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the Clevelands used the same hull as their predecessors, but were significantly heavier. The Clevelands carried a main battery of twelve  guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve  dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of .

Design

The Cleveland-class light cruisers traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser displacement was limited to  by the Second London Naval Treaty. Following the start of World War II in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the US Navy quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the Clevelands were a close development of the earlier s, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun  dual-purpose gun mount for one of the main battery  gun turrets.

Santa Fe was  long overall and had a beam of  and a draft of . Her standard displacement amounted to  and increased to  at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at , the turbines were intended to give a top speed of . Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47 caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve  /38 caliber dual-purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of twenty-four Bofors  guns in four quadruple and four double mounts and twenty-one Oerlikon  guns in single mounts.

The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from , with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was  thick. The main battery turrets were protected with  faces and  sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. Santa Fes conning tower had 5-inch sides.

Service history

Santa Fe was laid down at the New York Shipbuilding Co. at Camden, New Jersey, on 7 June 1941. She was launched of 10 June 1942, and after completing fitting out, she was commissioned on 24 November. Captain Russell S. Berkey served as the ship's first commanding officer. She thereafter conducted her shakedown cruise and initial training off the East Coast of the United States into early 1943, before sailing for the Pacific Ocean, where she joined the forces engaged in the Pacific Theater of World War II. She arrived in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on 22 March and proceeded from there to the Aleutian Islands. She arrived in Alaskan waters on 20 April, and six days later she took part in a bombardment of Japanese-held Attu Island. She participated in patrols off the Aleutians for the next four months during the Aleutian Islands campaign, and she shelled Kiska on 6 and 22 July before American forces landed on the island the following month. She provided gunfire support to the forces that went ashore there on 15 August. Ten days later, Santa Fe left the area and arrived back in Pearl Harbor on 1 September.

Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign

The ship next joined Cruiser Division 13, which was attached to support the Fast Carrier Task Force. She joined a raid by the fleet's aircraft carriers on Tarawa on 18–19 September and then an attack on Wake Island on 5–6 October. Santa Fe also bombarded Wake and disabled Japanese coastal artillery batteries. On 21 October, she got underway with the Fast Carrier Task Force, but while en route, Santa Fe was detached to cover troop ships sailing for Bougainville. They arrived there on 7 November; Santa Fe remained there to protect the transports as they unloaded their cargoes. She helped to defend the vessels during heavy Japanese air attacks over the next two days before departing for Espiritu Santo. On 14 November, she sortied as part of the escort for the invasion fleet for the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. Santa Fe shelled Tarawa from 20 to 22 November, during the Battle of Tarawa. She left on 26 November to rejoin the Fast Carrier Task Force, which began the next phase of the campaign with air strikes on Kwajalein on 4 December. The fleet returned to Pearl Harbor on 9 December.

In late 1943, Santa Fe arrived back in the United States to begin preparations to join the Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign. She took part in amphibious assault exercises off San Pedro, California, in January 1944, and on 13 January, she got underway with the invasion fleet. Santa Fe and several other vessels sailed ahead of the fleet to bombard Wotje Atoll on 30 January to prepare for the invasion of Kwajalein, which was to take place the following day. The ship then returned to the invasion fleet to support the marines as they went ashore on Kwajalein. The ship remained offshore through 1 February to bombard Japanese forces as the Americans fought their way across the island, before departing for Majuro, arriving there on 7 February.

On 12 February, Santa Fe sortied as part of the escort for the Fast Carrier Task Force, which raided Truk on 16–17 February and then Saipan on 22 February. The ships then passed back through Majuro for Espiritu Santo, where they replenished for the next major operation. She sortied again on 15 March, accompanying the carriers  and , to support the landing on Emirau, which took place unopposed five days later. On 30 March and 1 April, she covered the carriers while they struck Japanese positions on Palau, Yap, and Woleai. By 13 April, she had transferred to a task group centered on the carrier , which was sent to western New Guinea to support Allied ground operations there, including the Battle of Hollandia. The group raided Wakde and Sawar on 21 April, including a bombardment by Santa Fe and other elements of the carrier screen. On 28 April, the task group was sent north to raid Truk, Satawan, and Pohnpei from 29 April to 1 May. Three days later, they arrived back in Kwajalein.

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

Santa Fe next joined a task group led by the carrier , which sortied in June to begin the Mariana and Palau Islands campaign. These began with a series of air strikes on Saipan, Tinian, and Guam from 11 to 16 June during the initial operation, the invasion of Saipan. The American offensive prompted a major response by Japan's fleet, which led to the Battle of the Philippine Sea. Japanese carrier aircraft struck first, on the morning of 19 June, and Santa Fe contributed her anti-aircraft fire to driving off the attackers. American ships and aircraft inflicted serious losses on Japanese carrier aircraft, and the next day, American carrier planes struck the withdrawing Japanese fleet late in the day. To help guide the returning planes in the darkness, Santa Fe used her searchlights, despite the risk of illuminating herself to Japanese submarines that might be in the area. Bunker Hill joined air strikes on Pagan Island on 24 June, after which the task group returned to Eniwetok three days later to rearm and refuel.

On 30 June, Santa Fe got underway again, this time again accompanying Hornet. The carriers struck Iwo Jima, and Santa Fe and other warships bombarded the island on 4 July. The ships then turned back south to resume attacks in the Marianas, and from 6 to 21 July, they attacked Japanese airfields between Guam and Rota to prevent them from interfering with the planned invasion of Guam. The carriers then struck the islands of Yap and Ulithi before returning to Saipan, which had since been seized by American forces. Later that day, the task force sortied again for another attack on Iwo Jima. Two days later, Santa Fe and other vessels encountered a Japanese convoy escorted by the destroyer ; they sank Matsu and several transports of the convoy. The next day, the ships bombarded Iwo Jima again. They then sailed for Eniwetok, arriving there on 11 July. There, Santa Fe transferred to a task group centered on the carrier . They next sortied to carry out strikes on Peleliu from 6 to 8 September, in preparation for the invasion of Peleliu scheduled for the following week. The carriers then shifted to targets in Mindanao in the southern Philippines on 9 and 10 September to prevent them from interfering with the Peleliu operation. Santa Fe and other cruisers intercepted another Japanese convoy on 9 September and sank several vessels. The carriers raided Japanese positions in the area from 12 to 14 September and again from 21 to 24 September, before withdrawing to the Kossol Roads in the Palau islands to replenish.

Philippines campaign

As the American fleet began preparations for the Philippines campaign, the Fast Carrier Task Force carried out a series of strikes on Japanese airfields on Okinawa and Formosa from 10 to 13 October. During the Formosa Air Battle on 13 October, Santa Fe and her sister ships  and  were sent to cover the withdrawal of their sister  and the heavy cruiser , which had been badly damaged in Japanese air attacks. Four days later, Santa Fe arrived back with the carriers to cover them during the invasion of Leyte.

Santa Fes task group then moved on to launch air strikes on Japanese airfields in the Visayas on 21 October. The next day, they withdrew to refuel before searching for Japanese naval forces that were reportedly in the area over 23 and 24 October. Later on the 24th, Japanese aircraft launched a major attack on the fleet that was defeated, and that evening, the Japanese carriers of the Northern Force were detected. The American fleet turned north to intercept them, and early the next morning, a force of six fast battleships and seven cruisers—including Santa Fe—were detached to pursue the Japanese carriers to try to catch them in a surface action. The American carriers also launched air strikes against the Northern Force, but later that day, reports of the battleships and cruisers of the Center Force attacking the invasion fleet prompted the Americans to detach most of their surface forces to try to block the Japanese battleships. Santa Fe and three other cruisers remained with the Fast Carrier Task Force to sink damaged vessels of the Northern Force, which included the carrier  and the destroyer . The carrier task groups re-formed the next day and sailed for Ulithi, arriving there on 30 October.

Santa Fes task group sailed on 1 November, bound for Manus, where the ships were to undergo maintenance. The ships were quickly recalled after reports of Japanese warships off Leyte, though this proved to be false. The American fleet and forces ashore came under heavy air attack, however, so the task group was kept in the area to help defend American units. The task group's carriers launched retaliatory air strikes on Manila, the capital of the Philippines, on 5 and 6 November, followed by another round of strikes on other targets from 11 to 14 November. Three days later, the ships returned to Ulithi for replenishment. On 20 November, Japanese midget submarines entered the anchorage and sank the oiler . Santa Fe sent her floatplanes to pick up survivors from the sinking.

On 22 November, the task group sortied once again for attacks on Japanese positions in the Philippines, which began three days later. They remained in action off the Philippines until 1 December, when they departed for another period of rest and replenishment at Ulithi. By mid-month, they had joined the forces supporting the landing on Mindoro. On 18 and 19 December, Typhoon Cobra struck the fleet, sinking three destroyers. Santa Fe and other vessels searched for survivors before returning to Ulithi on 24 December. They remained there until 30 December, when the task group got underway to carry out a raid of Japanese airfields on Okinawa and Formosa on 3 and 4 January 1945. On 6 January, they turned south to strike targets on Luzon in the Philippines in preparation for the planned invasion of Lingayen Gulf. Attacks on Japanese airfields in the region continued through 9 January, after which the Fast Carrier Task Force sailed south to launch the South China Sea raid. On 21 January, strikes on Formosa resumed, followed by more attacks on Okinawa the following day. The fleet returned to Ulithi on 26 January to replenish.

Iwo Jima and Okinawa campaigns

Santa Fe sailed with  and other units on 10 February; and, on 16–17 February, her group launched strikes on air fields around Tokyo to destroy aircraft that might interfere with landings on Iwo Jima. Santa Fe was detached from the carriers on 18 February, and bombarded Iwo Jima between 19 and 21 February, silencing Japanese gun batteries on Mount Suribachi and firing illumination missions at night. She rejoined the carriers for another raid on Tokyo on 25 February and then retired to Ulithi on 1 March.

On 14 March, the cruiser joined the  group, which launched strikes on Kyūshū on 18 March and on Japanese fleet units at Kure and Kobe on 19 March. Just as the first strikes were being launched on 19 March, a single Japanese plane dropped two bombs into a cluster of planes on s deck, setting off immense explosions and fires. Santa Fe and her sister ships Mobile and Biloxi maneuvered alongside the carrier, and despite a hail of exploding ammunition, rescued survivors and fought fires. After the cruiser had been alongside for nearly three hours, 833 survivors had been rescued, the major fires were under control, and cruiser  was ready to tow the carrier. Santa Fe escorted the carrier to Ulithi; and, needing repairs herself, left Ulithi on 27 March for a trip back to the United States, escorting Franklin as far as Pearl Harbor. She received a Navy Unit Commendation for her part in the salvage of Franklin, her commander Captain Harold C. Fitz was awarded the Navy Cross and three of her sailors were awarded Silver Stars for risking their own lives to rescue Franklin crewmen from the water.

Overhaul at San Pedro lasted from 10 April to 14 July. The cruiser returned to Pearl Harbor on 1 August and sailed from there on 12 August with carrier  and cruiser Birmingham to attack Wake Island. The raid was canceled when Japan capitulated on 15 August, and the ships were diverted, first to Eniwetok and then to Okinawa, anchoring in Buckner Bay on 26 August, Santa Fe arrived in Sasebo on 20 September and, from 17 October to 10 November, assisted in the occupation of northern Honshū and Hokkaidō. She reported for "Magic Carpet" duty on 10 November and made two trips bringing troops home from Saipan, Guam, and Truk before arriving on 25 January 1946 at Bremerton, Washington.

Santa Fe received 13 battle stars for her World War II service.

Santa Fe was decommissioned on 29 October 1946 and attached to the Bremerton Group, US Pacific Reserve Fleet. She was struck from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959 and sold on 9 November to Zidell Explorations, Inc., for scrapping.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

External links

Cleveland-class cruisers
World War II cruisers of the United States
Ships built by New York Shipbuilding Corporation
1942 ships
Ships of the Aleutian Islands campaign
Pacific Reserve Fleet, Bremerton Group

USS Santa Fe (CL-60)


An Carex aboriginum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Marcus Eugene Jones. An Carex aboriginum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Idaho. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex aboriginum


Robert Cox Merton (født 31. juli 1944 i New York City) er en amerikansk økonom og professor ved MIT Sloan School of Management. I 1997 modtog han Nobelprisen i økonomi sammen med Myron Scholes "for en ny metode til at bestemme værdien af finansielle derivater". Merton og Scholes er også kendt for at have grundlagt hedgefonden Long-Term Capital Management, der fik et dramatisk sammenbrud i 1998.

Baggrund

Merton blev født i New York City og voksede op i den lille forstad Hastings-on-Hudson. Hans far var Robert K. Merton, selv en kendt forsker (sociolog) og professor ved Columbia University. Robert K. Merton regnes for en vigtig skikkelse indenfor moderne sociologi. Han grundlagde videnskabssociologien og er bl.a. ophavsmand til begreber som rollemodel og "selvopfyldende profeti".

Robert Cox blev bachelor i matematisk ingeniørvidenskab fra Columbia University, tog en kandidatgrad fra California Institute of Technology og en Ph.D.-grad i økonomi fra Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) i 1970 under vejledning af Paul Samuelson. Han blev derefter ansat ved MIT (ved Sloan School of Management), hvor han underviste indtil 1988. Derefter var han George Fisher Baker Professor of Business Administration ved Harvard University fra 1988 til 1998 og John and Natty McArthur University Professor sammesteds fra 1998 til 2010, hvor han vendte tilbage til MIT Sloan School of Management.

Han har bl.a. været formand for American Finance Association og medlem af det amerikanske videnskabsakademi.

Forskning

Mertons forskning ligger indenfor området finansieringsteori. Han har også skrevet om finansielle institutioners virkemåde og regulering. Især er han kendt for sit arbejde på MIT i nogle år omkring 1970 sammen med Myron Scholes og økonomen Fischer Black, der på det tidspunkt var ansat i konsulentvirksomheden Arthur D. Little. I disse år samarbejdede de tre om vigtige resultater indenfor prissætning af finansielle aktiver (som f.eks. aktier), ikke mindst udarbejdelsen af en berømt model for at værdisætte optioner, der i dag er kendt som Black-Scholes- eller Black-Scholes-Merton-modellen. Fra denne model kan man udlede Black-Scholes-formlen (først navngivet af Merton), der giver et teoretisk estimat af prisen på (en bestemt form for) optioner. Formlen er, med forskellige justeringer, vidt anvendt i dag af aktører på de finansielle markeder. En række empiriske test har vist, at formlens resultater ligger ret tæt på observerede priser, selvom der er flere velkendte systematiske afvigelser.

I 1997 modtog Merton sammen med Scholes Nobelprisen i økonomi for deres arbejde indenfor finansiering. Fischer Black, der regnes for at have været selvskrevet til at dele prisen sammen med de to andre, hvis han stadig havde været i live, var død i 1995. I præsentationstalen ved overrækkelsen af prisen blev Black nævnt på linje med de to tilstedeværende modtagere.

Virke på de finansielle markeder

Merton har også arbejdet som praktiker på de finansielle markeder. Allerede i 1968 blev han tilknyttet hedgefonden Arbitrage Management Company (AMC). I 1993 var Merton sammen med Scholes med til at grundlægge hedgefonden Long-Term Capital Management. Fonden, der lagde ud med 1 mia. dollars i investeret kapital, var i det første år meget succesrig og fik årlige afkast på over 40 %. I kølvandet på den finansielle krise i Asien i 1997 og den tilsvarende russiske finansielle krise i 1998 kom den stærkt gearede fond ud i store vanskeligheder, tabte 4,6 mia. dollar på mindre end fire måneder og gik fallit. Fonden er siden blevet herostratisk berømt som eksempel på de risici, der tages i den finansielle sektor.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

 Materiale om Robert C. Merton på Nobelstiftelsens hjemmeside
 Robert C. Mertons personlige hjemmeside

Nobelprismodtagere i økonomi
Nobelprismodtagere fra USA
Økonomer fra USA

Robert C. Merton


البسطامي نسبة إلى بسطام في بلاد فارس و يطلق كذلك على نسل الشيخ أبي يزيد البسطامي أو تلاميذ طريقته، لكون الشيخ واحدا من شيوخ الصوفية الخمسة المبجلين في العالم بحسب الإرث العالمي لمنظمة اليونيسكو. ينتشر حاملو لقب بسطامي حاليا في إيران وكازاخستان وباكستان والهند وفلسطين والجزائر والسعودية ومصر والسودان وموريتانيا.

 أبو يزيد البسطامي (ت. 261 هـ)
 عمر بن محمد بن عبد الله أبو شجاع البسطامي البلخي (ت. 570 هـ)
 شمس الدين محمد بن أحمد بن محمد الحلبي البسطامي ابن الأطعاني (ت. 807 هـ)
 عبد الرحمن البسطامي (ت. 858 هـ)
 مصنفك البسطامي (ت. 875 هـ)
 فروغي البسطامي (ت. 1274 هـ)
 هداية الله بن عبد الله الأوريجي البسطامي (ت. 1281 هـ)
 علي بن محمد بن الحسن البسطامي (ت. 1306 هـ)
 بسطامي محمد سعيد: مفكر سوداني

مراجع

صفحات توضيح أشخاص

بسطامي (توضيح)


El Estado Libre de Lippe  fue un Estado alemán formado después de que el principado de Lippe fuera abolido tras la revolución alemana de 1918.

Después del final de la Segunda Guerra Mundial y el régimen nazi, Lippe fue restaurado. Esta autonomía finalizó en enero de 1947 cuando la administración británica incorporó Lippe en el nuevo estado federado alemán de Renania del Norte-Westfalia, que había sido creado unos tres meses antes. Los británicos establecieron un número de bases militares en Renania del Norte-Westfalia, una de las cuales estaba emplazada dentro de las fronteras del Estado Libre de Lippe.

Ministros-Presidentes

Véase también
 Organización territorial de la República de Weimar

Enlaces externos
 Estado Libre de Lippe (en alemán)
 Estados de Alemania desde 1918

Antiguos estados y territorios del estado de Renania del Norte-Westfalia
Estados de la República de Weimar
Lippe
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 1947

Estado Libre de Lippe


ازدواجية المعايير، المعايير المزدوجة أو الكيل بمكيالين هو مفهوم سياسي صيغ بهيئته الحديثة عام 1912، يشير إلى أي مجموعة من المبادئ التي تتضمن أحكاما مختلفة لمجموعة من الناس بالمقارنة مع مجموعة أخرى. والكيل بمكيالين مبادئ ينظر إليها على أنها مقبولة لاستخدامها من قبل مجموعة من الناس، ولكنها تعتبر غير مقبولة ومن المحرمات، عندما تستخدم من قبل مجموعة أخرى.
الكيل بمكيالين، يمكن وصفها بأنها نوع من التحيز وظالمة لأنها تنتهك مقولة أساسية في الفقه القانوني الحديث: ان جميع الأطراف يجب أن تقف على قدم المساواة أمام القانون. الكيل بمكيالين أيضا يُعدّ انتهاكا لمبدأ العدالة المعروفة باسم الحياد، والذي يقوم على أساس افتراض أن نفس المعايير ينبغي أن تطبق على جميع الناس، والتحيز ذاتي على أساس الطبقة الاجتماعية، أو رتبة أو العرق أو الجنس أو الدين أو الجنسية اتجاه أو آخر من أشكال التمييز. والكيل بمكيالين ينتهك هذا المبدأ من خلال عقد مختلف الناس للمساءلة وفقا لمعايير مختلفة. المثل القائل: «الحياة ليست عادلة» غالبا ما يحتج به من أجل ازدواجية المعايير.

ومن هذا المنطلق نشأت واقعة الكيل بمكيالين، أي ان الدولة تهرع لنصرة المظلوم حينما يتطابق هذا الفعل مع مصلحتها الخاصة، وتحجم عن ذلك أو حتى تقف مع الظالم عندما يكون الوقوف مع المظلوم متعارض مع مصلحتها الخاصة أو متقاطع مع استراتيجيتها العامة.
ومن الطبيعي ان يكون السلوك المبني على المصلحة الخاصة متعارض مع أسس العدالة واحقاق الحق ونصرة المظلوم.
وإذا ما تناولنا هذا المفهوم أخلاقيا لنقراءه بوضوح نصل إلى الاستنتاج الأخلاقي التالي: المفروض بكل فرد ان لا يلجأ إلى انتقاد شخص على تصرفاته المشينة، في وقت يكون تصرفاته اسوء من ذلك.
هناك يجب التمييز بين النفاق والكيل بمكيالين، وهو ما يعني وجود معيار واحد لشخص يدعي لنفسه مبدأ، ولكنه، في الممارسة، يتغاضى عنه.

ازداوجية معايير المجتمع الغربي
في 25 أبريل 2022، نشر المرصد الأورومتوسطي لحقوق الإنسان تقريرًا وثق فيه ازدواجية معايير المجتمع الغربي بالسياسات التمييزية التي تمارسها الدنمارك ضد اللاجئين غير البيض مثل السوريين والأفغان حيث قامت الحكومة الدنماركية بافتتاح عيادات طبية جديدة مخصصة لعلاج اللاجئين الأوكرانيين فقط دون غيرهم. رغم أن الدنمارك قامت بطرد اللاجئين السورين من قبل وألغت تصاريح الإقامة الخاصة بهم وأقرّت قانونًا لترحيل طالبي اللجوء إلى دول ثالثة غير معروفة في أفريقيا إلا إن المعاملة التفضيلية للاجئين الأوكرانيين مقابل السياسات التمييزية تجاه اللاجئين الغير بيض من أعراق أخرى.

انظر أيضًا
 تفكير مزدوج
 القاعدة الذهبية
 معيار مزدوج للأعمار

مراجع

انحياز
تفاوت اجتماعي
تمييز
تنافر معرفي
ظلم
عوائق التفكير النقدي
مصطلحات
نفاق

كيل بمكيالين


Pesceana este un toponimic românesc, care se poate referi la localități și râuri din arealul limbii române, din România și vecinii săi,

Localități

Localitate din România
 Pesceana, Vâlcea — satul de reședință al comunei omonime, Pesceana din județul Vâlcea, Oltenia, România și
satele aparținătoare,
 Roești, Pesceana
 Cermegești, Pesceana

Localitate din Ucraina
 Pesceana, Balta — Pesceana ori Pesceanca (în ) este o comună în raionul Balta, regiunea Odesa, Ucraina, formată numai din satul de reședință.

Note, referințe

Alte toponime asemăntoare
 Pesceana  (dezambiguizare)
 Peșteana (dezambiguizare)
 Râul Pesceana (dezambiguizare)
 Râul Peșteana (dezambiguizare)

Nume proprii
Toponime românești

Pesceana (dezambiguizare)


Çayırköy, Balıkesir ilinin Sındırgı ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı bundan 600 sene önce bu yöreden bir atlı geçer bu atlı şu anda bulunan çayır mahallenin den geçer ve ozan burada su bulunmaktadır ve buraya bir kavak diker bu kavak yıllar sonra büyür ve buraya insanlar yerleşmeye başlarlar ve bizan kıralı bu çayırlık alanda konaklar ve buranın adı da çayır mahallesi kalır

Coğrafya
Balıkesir il merkezine 124 km, Sındırgı ilçesine 65 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
CAYIRKOYU WEB SITESI
 www.Cayirkoyu.net

Sındırgı'nın mahalleleri

Çayırköy, Sındırgı


Die Moschee des Pascha Jakowali Hassan (ungarisch: Jakováli Hasszán dzsámija) ist eine Moschee in der Innenstadt von Pécs (deutsch Fünfkirchen) in Ungarn.

Geschichte
Jakowali Hassan Pascha ließ die Moschee in der zweiten Hälfte des 16. Jahrhunderts erbauen. Nach der Vertreibung der Türken wurde der Bau von 1702 bis 1732 als Kapelle des heiligen Johannes von Nepomuk und danach als Krankenhauskapelle genutzt. Bei der Restaurierung im 20. Jahrhundert wurde das spätere Beiwerk entfernt. Im Innern befindet sich ein Museum mit wechselnden Kunstausstellungen.
Anfang der 1970er Jahre bekam das Gebäude eine Inneneinrichtung von der damalige türkische Regierung geschenkt. Seitdem wird das Gebäude freitags nach Schließung des Museums als Gebetsraum von den örtlichen Muslimen genutzt.

Anlage
Die Kuppel der Moschee ruht über einem achteckigen Tambour auf einem massiven quadratischen Bau mit Kielbogenfenstern. Das fein gearbeitete, mit Stalaktiten verzierte Portal an der Nordwestseite und der Mihrab wurden wieder hergestellt. Bei der Restaurierung kamen kufische Koranzitate und üppige Pflanzenmuster wieder zum Vorschein. Das 23 m hohe Minarett wurde im 19. Jahrhundert teilweise ergänzt.

Literatur
 István Genthon: Kunstdenkmäler in Ungarn. Ein Bildhandbuch. 2. Aufl. Budapest: Corvina Kiadó, 1981, S. 423 mit Foto Nr. 230, ISBN 963 13 0622 4.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Osmanische Moschee in Ungarn
Erbaut im 16. Jahrhundert
Organisation (Pécs)
Umgewidmete Moschee
Moscheebau in Ungarn
Moscheebau in Europa
Kuppelbauwerk
Kunstmuseum in Ungarn
Johannes-Nepomuk-Kirche
Umgenutztes Bauwerk in Ungarn
Bauwerk in Pécs
Religion (Pécs)
Christentum in Pécs

Moschee des Pascha Jakowali Hassan


Dieter Thoma (skijaš skakač) (1969.), njemački skijaš skakač
Dieter Thoma (fizičar) (1881.−1942.), njemački fizičar
Dieter Thoma (voditelj) (1927.−2017.), njemački novinar i voditelj
Dieter Thomä (1959.), njemački filozof

Dieter Thoma


Die Sankt-Georg-Kirche ist eine evangelische Kirche in Frankfurt (Oder). Sie wurde als Ersatz für einen mittelalterlichen Vorgängerbau 1926–1928 errichtet und steht unter Denkmalschutz.

Der mittelalterliche Vorgängerbau

1312 wird ein Aussätzigenhaus () vor den Toren der Stadt Frankfurt (Oder) erwähnt, das Vorgänger des späteren Georgenhospitals war mit dem Heiligen Georg als Schutzpatron der Aussätzigen. Darum wird angenommen, dass die Sankt-Georg-Kirche im selben Zeitraum entstanden war. Die urkundliche Nennung steht im Zusammenhang mit einer Altarstiftung zu Ehren Maria Magdalenas. Diese wurde in der Forschung mit dem Kirchenpatrozinium gleichgesetzt. Wann sich das Georgenpatrozinium durchsetzte, ist unklar. Der ursprüngliche Standort der Kirche lag an der Mündung der Bergstraße in die heutige Berliner Straße.

1368 wurde die von Gewandschneidern gestiftete Kirche vom Bischof von Lebus bestätigt. Sie bildete jedoch keine eigenständige Pfarre, sondern war Teil des Hospitals, das von der Stadt bzw. Hospitalstiftungen betrieben wurde. Ein Kaplan der Marienkirche oder ein Mitglied der theologischen Fakultät der Universität übernahm die Seelsorge. Im 16. Jahrhundert wurde die Kirche mit der Kliestower Pfarre vereinigt. Um 1545 erfolgte ein Kirchenneubau aus einer Spende der Frankfurter Patrizierfamilie Wins/Winse. Während des Dreißigjährigen Kriegs wurde die Kirche 1631 und 1633 stark zerstört, unter anderem als der schwedische Feldmarschall Johan Banér versuchte, den Kirchturm zu sprengen. Dabei stürzte die Westhälfte des Kirchenschiffes ein. Erst 1653 wurde der Wiederaufbau in Angriff genommen, der bis 1656 abgeschlossen war. 1787 folgte die Erweiterung des einfachen Saalbaus durch breite Anbauten im Süden und Norden nach einem Entwurf Martin Friedrich Knoblauchs. 1816 wurde der Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts nördlich und südlich der Kirche angelegte Friedhof aufgelassen.

Am Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts war die Kirche für die Gemeinde zu klein und außerdem baufällig. Ein Baugutachten befürwortete 1899 einen Neubau. 1900 einigten sich der Gemeindekirchenrat und die baupflichtige Stadt auf einen Neubau in den nächsten zehn Jahren auf einem größeren Grundstück. Zunächst entstand 1908–1909 ein neues Gemeindehaus am heutigen Karl-Ritter-Platz 4 (ehemals Magazinplatz). 1912 beauftragte das Konsistorium den auf Kirchenbau und -restaurierung spezialisierten Architekten Georg Büttner mit einem Gutachten, das zwar einen Neubau an anderem Ort, jedoch die Erhaltung der bestehenden Kirche empfahl. Die Stadt verweigerte einen Neubau, so dass der zuständige Kirchenbaurat, Architekt Curt Steinberg 1913 zwei Erweiterungsvorschläge einreichte. Die Kirchengemeinde forderte eine finanzielle Ablösung des Patronats, um selbst bauen zu können. Der Beginn des 1. Weltkriegs und die nachfolgende Wirtschaftskrise unterbrachen jedoch alle bauplanerischen Aktivitäten.

Am 1. Mai 1922 wurde die alte Kirche baupolizeilich gesperrt. Am 30. März und 16. April 1924 wandte sich die Gemeinde über die Oder-Zeitung an die Öffentlichkeit und forderte den seit Jahrzehnten zugesagten Bauplatz. Daraufhin bot die Stadt ein Grundstück an der Goepelstraße, außerhalb des bewohnten Einzugsbereich der Gemeinde und ein bewohntes Grundstück zwischen Luisen-, Sophien- und Taubenstraße an, für das die Gemeinde neue Wohnungen schaffen sollte. Am 2. September 1924 wurde der Sanierung und Erweiterung des bestehenden Baus zugestimmt, was jedoch an den Kosten scheiterte. Die Stadt wies einen Bauplatz für den Kirchneubau am heutigen Standort an der Bergstraße aus und verpflichtete sich Ende 1925 den Großteil der Baukosten zu übernehmen. Im Gegenzug sollte sie das beräumte Grundstück der alten Georgenkirche erhalten. Am 6. März 1926 vereinbarten die Kirchengemeinde St. Georg und die Stadt Frankfurt (Oder) vertraglich den Tausch des Grundstücks Berliner Straße mit der alten Kirche gegen das Grundstück an der Kreuzung Lennéstraße/Bergstraße.

Nachdem der preußische Minister für Wissenschaft, Kunst und Volksbildung Carl Heinrich Becker am 15. Mai 1926 die staatliche Abbruchgenehmigung erteilt hatte, wurde am 7. Juni 1926 begonnen, den Altbau ebenerdig abzureißen.

Vom aufgehenden Mauerwerk blieb ein Teil der südlichen Außenwand des barocken Erweiterungsbaus an der Grundstückseinfriedung erhalten.

Der Neubau von 1928

Über einen Neubau wurde zwischen der evangelischen Kirchengemeinde und der Stadt Frankfurt (Oder) bis 1925 verhandelt. Die Stadt verpflichtete sich, den Großteil der Baukosten zu übernehmen. Am 5. September 1926 fand die Grundsteinlegung am neuen Standort an der Nordseite der Bergstraße statt. Die Lennéstraße begrenzt das nach Norden ansteigende Hanggrundstück im Westen. Die aus der Bauflucht zurückgesetzte, von Rasenflächen sowie Wacholder und Eiben umgebene Kirche steht höher als die umgebende Wohnhausbebauung.

Die Kirche wurde nach Entwürfen des Berliner Architekten Curt Steinberg erbaut. Die Ausführung des in Material und Firmenwahl sehr ambitionierten Baus übernahm das Frankfurter Unternehmen Friedrich Paulke. Als Verblendsteine wurden Klinker der Ilse-Bergbau A.G. gewählt. Die Eisenarmierarbeiten führte Karl Kühn und die Thyssen A.G., Berlin, aus. Die Mosaiken und Farbverglasungen übernahmen die renommierten Werkstätten Puhl & Wagner – Gottfried Heinersdorff aus Berlin. Die Kunstmalerarbeiten stammen von Robert Sandfort, Berlin, der zuvor an der Frankfurter Hindenburgschule tätig war.

Am 1. April 1928 erfolgte die Kirchweihe, noch im selben Jahr wurde die Orgel der Orgelbauwerkstatt Sauer eingebaut.

Vor der Sankt-Georg-Kirche erhebt sich auf einer Säule eine Skulptur des Drachentöters Georg. An diesem von Curt Steinberg und Paul Bronisch geschaffenen, am 28. Juni 1929 geweihten Gefallenen-Denkmal sind 168 Namen von im Ersten Weltkrieg gefallenen Mitglieder der Gemeinde eingraviert.

1990 erfolgte der Orgelneubau mit 27 Registern.

Mit ihren 600 bis 650 Besucherplätzen ist die Sankt-Georg-Kirche die größte Kirche der evangelischen Kirchengemeinde Frankfurt (Oder). Regelmäßig finden kirchliche wie auch eine Reihe bedeutender Konzerte statt.

Baubeschreibung
Die Kirche ist ein Zentralbau im expressionistischen Stil mit ausgeschiedenem Südturm. Im Gegensatz zu traditionellen Kirchen mit frontalem Gegenüber von Altar und Bankreihen, ist die Sankt-Georg-Kirche eine Rundkirche. Der Altar wird dabei von Bankreihen umschlossen. Die Kuppel misst 15 Meter im Durchmesser bei einer maximalen Innenhöhe von 18 Meter.

Der Stahlbetonbau der Kirche mit klarem Baukörper wirkt durch die Verblendung mit dunkelroten Klinkern in breiter Farbvarietät monumental. Trotzdem ist die Kirche nicht sehr groß. Das kuppelförmige, zum Wandanschluss ausschwingende Dach ist mit dunklen Biberschwanzziegeln gedeckt. Eine schlanke Spitze krönt die Kuppel. Der vorgestellte, schlanke Turm ist von einem offenen, als Wetterschutz dienenden Umgang auf schmalen Stützen umgeben. Der Turm mit seiner quadratischen Grundfläche selbst wird durch schmale Eckvorlagen gestützt. Drei schmale Fenster gliedern die Ost-, Süd- und Westseite des Turms. Große Schallöffnungen kennzeichnen das Glockengeschoss. Darüber liegt ein zylindrischer Abschnitt mit Uhren in alle vier Himmelsrichtungen. Den Abschluss bildet eine sich zunächst schwungvoll verjüngende spitzkeglige Turmspitze, die von einer Kugel und einem Kreuz gekrönt ist.

Den Innenraum mit rundem Grundriss umgibt eine äußere Wandschale. Dazwischen befinden sich vier Treppen als Zugänge zu den Emporen. An der Südseite ist die Empore zweigeschossig. An der Nordseite umgreift die Mauerschale die wie eine Apsis wirkende Sakristei. Diese ist bis zum Dachansatz geführt und wird durch drei Achsen mit einer Reihe rechteckiger und darüber zwei Reihen großer ovaler Öffnungen gegliedert. Die Ost- und die Westwand gliedern schmale, durch breite Stützen getrennte und durch flache Lisenen eingefasste Fenster mit halbkreisförmigem oberen Abschluss. Die Kuppel ruht auf acht paarig angeordneten, in der Art von Bündelpfeilern gestalteten, klinkerummantelten Stützen mit Eisenträgerkern. Das Kuppelgewölbe ist kassettiert, die Kassetten sind mittig mit variierenden vergoldeten Phantasieornamenten versehen. Im Zentrum der Kuppel befindet sich eine verglaste Lichtöffnung. Der Boden ist mit schwarzen und roten Fliesen belegt. Zwischen den Sitzreihen liegt Grätenparkett.

Ausstattung
In der gewölbten Turmvorhalle hängt ein sechsarmiger Bronzekronleuchter mit Löwenkopf und wildem Mann aus dem 17. Jahrhundert. Die verglaste Windfangtür ist in ihren Feldern mit in das mattierte Glas eingeschliffenen, teils vergoldeten christlichen Symbolen verziert. Über der Tür steht Psalm 84.12 "Gott der Herr ist Sonne und Schild". An der zweigeschossigen Empore an der Südseite befindet sich ein Fenster mit der Darstellung des auferstandenen Christus. Es wurde von der Familie des Kommerzienrates Fritz Steinbock zur Erinnerung an ihren verstorbenen Sohn Ulrich gestiftet. Der Kanzelaltar von 1927 wurde von Carl Schilling, Berlin aus Travertin gestaltet. Er ist von vier Säulen gestützt und mit Mosaiken geschmückt. Die Taufe von 1927 aus Klinker mit mosaikverziertem Taufbecken stammt von Meckelburger, Berlin. Die vier Glocken wurden 1926 bis 1928 in der Vereinigte Stahlwerke A.G., Bochumer Verein aus Gussstahl geschaffen.

Literatur

 Klaus-Martin Bresgott: St. Georg Frankfurt (Oder), in: Neue Sakrale Räume. 100 Kirchen der Klassischen Moderne. Zürich 2019. S. 60f.
 Paul Zalewski: Frankfurts expressionistisches Pantheon: Evangelische Kirche St. Georg. In: Die Gunst der Stunde. Architektur der Weimarer Republik in Frankfurt (Oder). edition q im be.bra verlag, Berlin 2018, ISBN 978-3-86124-719-7, S. 127–133.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Georg
Georg
Georgskirche
Rotunde
Kirchengebäude des Expressionismus
Bauwerk des Expressionismus in Brandenburg
Erbaut in den 1920er Jahren
Bauwerk von Curt Steinberg
Zentralbau in Deutschland
FrankfurtOder

St. Georg (Frankfurt (Oder))


Der Hirschberg-Test, benannt nach dem deutschen Augenarzt Julius Hirschberg, ist eine einfache und orientierende Untersuchungsmethode von Schielerkrankungen, welche sich die Position der Hornhautreflexbildchen (hier ist der Lichtreflex auf der Hornhaut gemeint; nicht zu verwechseln mit dem Kornealreflex) zunutze macht. Er wird vor allem bei Patienten angewendet, deren Mitarbeit für andere Verfahren nicht ausreichend ist (Säuglinge, Kleinkinder) oder die eine hochgradige Amblyopie unabhängig von der Fixation besitzen.

Die Untersuchung wird mit Hilfe einer kleinen Lichtquelle (Ophthalmoskop, Taschenlampe o. Ä.) durchgeführt. Dabei leuchtet der Untersucher dem Patienten in Höhe des Nasenrückens von vorn möglichst genau zwischen beide Augen. Liegt kein Schielen vor, so ist die Lage der Lichtreflexe an beiden Augen seitengleich. Dabei müssen diese nicht zwangsläufig zentral sein, sondern können auch nasal oder temporal verschoben sein. Entscheidend ist die Gleichheit der Dezentrierung, die abhängig ist vom sogenannten Winkel Kappa, dem Winkel zwischen Gesichtslinie und Pupillenachse. Liegt jedoch ein manifester Strabismus vor, so befinden sich die Hornhautreflexe beider Augen nicht exakt an der jeweils gleichen Stelle, sondern der Reflex des betroffenen Auges ist je nach Schielabweichung verschoben. Dies bedeutet zugleich, dass rotatorische Schielwinkel (Zyklodeviationen) mit dem Hirschberg-Test nicht erfasst werden können.

Prinzipiell ist der Hirschberg-Test ein qualifizierendes Verfahren. Man kann mit einiger Erfahrung den Schielwinkel auch schätzen. Dabei entspricht eine Dezentrierung des Reflexes um einen Millimeter von der Pupillenmitte einer Abweichung von etwa 8°. Um die Größe einer Schielabweichung messen zu können, ist es auch möglich, mit Hilfe einer Prismenleiste das Hornhautreflexbild des schielenden Auges so weit zu verschieben, bis seine Position kongruent zu der des anderen Auges ist. Der Wert des Prismas entspricht dann in der Regel dem objektiven Schielwinkel. Im Allgemeinen ist dieses Verfahren der Schielwinkelmessung mit einem Fehlerbereich von etwa 3° jedoch eher ungenau. Zudem muss ein gegebenenfalls vorhandener Winkel Kappa berücksichtigt werden.

Wird der Hirschberg-Test zur quantifizierenden Messung von Schielwinkeln eingesetzt, ist er auch unter der Bezeichnung Krimsky-Test bekannt.

Siehe auch
 Brückner-Test

Literatur
 Herbert Kaufmann (Hrsg.): Strabismus. 3., grundlegend überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Georg Thieme, Stuttgart u. a. 2003, ISBN 3-13-129723-9.
 Albert J. Augustin, James F. Collins: Augenheilkunde. 2., komplett überarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage. Springer, Berlin u. a. 2001, ISBN 3-540-65947-1.

Strabologie
Diagnostisches Verfahren in der Augenheilkunde

Hirschberg-Test


The lyceum is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies among countries; usually it is a type of secondary school. Basic science and some introduction to specific professions are generally taught.

History
Lyceum is a Latin rendering of the Ancient Greek  (), the name of a gymnasium in Classical Athens dedicated to Apollo Lyceus. This original lyceum is remembered as the location of the peripatetic school of Aristotle. Some countries derive the name for their modern schools from the Latin but use the Greek name for the ancient school: for example, Dutch has  (ancient) and  (modern), both rendered lyceum in English (note that in classical Latin the C in  was always pronounced as a K, not a soft C, as in modern English).

The name lycée was retrieved and utilized by Napoleon in 1802 to name the main secondary education establishments. From France the name spread in many countries influenced by French culture.

By country

Asia

India
The Goa Lyceum () in Panaji, Goa – established in 1854, following the Portuguese model – was the first public secondary school in the state, then a Portuguese territory. Later, the Goa Lyceum received the official title of  (Afonso de Albuquerque National Lyceum).

Philippines
The Philippines follows its version of the K-12 system, where the term junior high school might be used instead of lyceum. However, there are schools that appropriate the word lyceum in their name. The Lyceum of the Philippines University (LPU) is a university in Manila established by former wartime president José P. Laurel. Among its notable alumni are former president Rodrigo Duterte, popular author Rene Villanueva, and actor Cesar Montano. LPU has campuses in Makati, Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, and Davao.

The Filipino word for lyceum is  from Spanish  which can be found in some names of various universities and educational institutions which are unaffiliated with LPU.

Uzbekistan and Tajikistan
Lyceums also emerged in the former Soviet Union countries after they became independent. One typical example is Uzbekistan, where all high schools were replaced with lyceums ( is the Russian term, derived from French ), offering a three-year educational program with a certain major in a certain direction. Unlike Turkey, Uzbek lyceums do not hold university entrance examinations, which gives students the right to enter a university, but they hold a kind of mock examination which is designed to test their eligibility for a certain university.

Europe

Albania
The Albanian National Lyceum was a high school in the city of Korçë, Albania, that emphasized French culture and European values. The school fully functioned with a French cultural emphasis from 1917 to 1939. The school was continued post World War II as the Raqi Qirinxhi High School.

Belarus
The Belarusian Humanities Lyceum is a private secondary school founded shortly after Belarus' independence from the USSR by intellectuals, such as Vincuk Viacorka and Uladzimir Kolas, with the stated aims of preserving and promoting native Belarusian culture, and raising a new Belarusian elite. It was shut down in 2003 by the Ministry of Education of Belarus allegedly for promoting enmity within Belarusian society and using the classroom as a political soapbox, indoctrinating students with biased views on history, ideology, politics, morality and values. The lyceum eventually switched to homeschooling with a limited number of underground homeschoolers.

Czech Republic
The term lyceum refers to a type of secondary education consisting of anywhere from four years ended by graduation. It is a type of schooling between grammar school and a technical high school. For example, the famous scientist Gerty Cori went to a lyceum school.

Finland

The concept and name  (in Swedish,  in Finnish) entered Finland through Sweden.  Traditionally,  were schools to prepare students to enter universities, as opposed to the typical, more general education.  Some old schools continue to use the name lyceum, though their operations today vary.  For example, Helsinki Normal Lyceum educates students in grades 7–12, while Oulu Lyceum enrolls students only in grades 10–12.  The more commonly used term for upper secondary school in Finland is  in Finnish and  in Swedish.

France
The French word for an upper secondary school, , derives from Lyceum. (see Secondary education in France.)

Germany

The lyceum in Germany was known as an old term for a Gymnasium for girls. In Bavaria it was also a Hochschule to study theology and philosophy.

Greece

In Greece, Λύκειο refers to a type of upper secondary education school for students aged 15 to 18 or 20. The lyceum school first grade admitted students can have a maximum age up to 20 years old. Evening lyceum () is both for adult and underage working students, and lasts three years as of the 2020–2021 academic year, per Law 4547/2018. The lyceum awards the Απολυτήριο,  or , which is the upper secondary education leaving certificate.

Upper secondary school (lyceum)
  (; special lyceum)
  (; model lyceum; 2015–present)
  (; musical lyceum; 3 years, 1998–present)
  (; art lyceum; 3 years, 2003–present)
  (; experimental lyceum; 3 years, 2015–present)
  (; ; general lyceum; 3 years, 1976–1996, 2006–present)
  ( ; i.e. comprehensive lyceum; , general lyceum of cross-cultural education; 3 years, 2018–present)
  (; ; vocational lyceum; EPAL; 3 years, 2006–present)
  (; evening general lyceum; 3 years, 1976–present)
  (; evening vocational lyceum; 3 years)
  (integrated special vocational gymnasium-lyceum; )
  (ΓΕΕΛ; ; ecclesiastical general lyceum; 3 years, 2006–present)

Defunct upper secondary school (lyceum)
  (; athletic lyceum; 3 years)
  (; integrated lyceum; 3 years, 1997–2006)
  (; technical lyceum; 3 years, 1977–1985)
  (; vocational lyceum; 3 years; Law 576/1977; 1977–1985)
  (gymnasium; integrated 3-year lower and 3-year upper secondary school)
  (; ; integrated multifarious lyceum; 3 years, 1985–1997)
  (; ; technical vocational lyceum; 3 years, 1985–1998)
  (; ; technical vocational training centre; 3 years, 1998–2006)

Hungary
Before World War I, secondary education institutes with a primary goal of preparing for higher studies were often referred to by the word .

In contemporary Hungarian, the most ubiquitous word for these institutions is , but  lives on as an archaizing word referring to schools of high prestige and revered traditions, most notably Calvinist boarding schools.

Italy
The lyceum is considered by most the hardest and most prestigious kind of secondary school in Italy.

The term liceo refers to a number of upper secondary school, which last five years (from 14 to 19 years of age) and are specialized in teaching philosophy, ancient Greek (in the sole ) and Latin, but also maths, physics, trigonometry, biology and chemistry. It gives preparation for university.
It is divided into five different branches, each one specialized in certain subjects:
 Liceo classico (classical lyceum) is the most various between them but is known for focusing on history, ancient Greek and Latin.
 Liceo scientifico (scientific lyceum) focuses on maths, physics, biology and chemistry.
  (linguistic lyceum) focuses almost entirely on a certain number of languages. Each school can decide which language to teach, but Italian and English are always present.
  (arts lyceum) focuses on arts history and practical arts (varying from drawing to painting to sculpturing)
  (lyceum of human sciences) focuses on human sciences such as psychology, anthropology, sociology and pedagogy.
Maths and natural sciences are also present.
  (music lyceum) focuses on musical performance.

Latvia
The first Lyceum in Riga was founded in 1675 by the king Charles XI of Sweden (in Latin, ), and was renamed to the Imperial Lyceum of Riga (in German, ) in 1733. In September 1921, the Riga French Lycée, an upper secondary school supported by the Government of France was founded in Riga.
In 1989, during the Latvian National Awakening, the Pushkin Lyceum of Riga () with education programs in Russian was established.
In 2002, another Russian lyceum was established in Daugavpils (), renamed to Daugavpils High School of Technologies () in 2020.

Lithuania
Some gymnasiums are called , e.g. Vilnius Lyceum.

Malta
Junior lyceums refer to secondary education state owned schools.

Republic of Moldova
Until recently, in the Republic of Moldova the lyceum – called  – was an educational institution where students studied from the first to the twelfth grade and would obtain the baccalaureate degree upon completion. In most cases, the lyceums were specialized in a particular domain (fine art, theatre, language) that was relevant to the personality whose name the institution bore. In other respects, it was little different from any regular school, with the exception of slightly higher education standards and supposedly being more prestigious.
After 2010, regular schools were all formally reformed into lyceums, although their quality remained of the same level as before and most did not get any particular specialization, thereby being dubbed 'theory lyceums' (). One reason for the 2010 reform was to reduce the influence of the Soviet/Russian educational system and/or mentality in Moldova.

Netherlands
In the Netherlands, a lyceum is a selective secondary school for children aged 12–18 that offers "voorbereidend wetenschappelijk onderwijs" (vwo) and "hoger algemeen voortgezet onderwijs" (havo), the top and high levels of secondary education available in that country. Successful completion allows vwo students admission to university and havo students to hogeschool, comparable to vocational university. The term lyceum is also sometimes used for other vocational schools such as the Grafisch Lyceum, or Muzieklyceum Amsterdam, which grew into the Conservatorium van Amsterdam.

Poland

The  is the Polish secondary-education school. Polish liceums are attended by students aged 15 to 19–20 (see list below). Before graduating, pupils are subject to a final examination, the matura.

Polish liceums are of several types:
general lyceum (15–19)
specialised lyceum (15–19)
 complementary lyceum (17-20)

Portugal
From 1836 until 1978, in the Portuguese educational system, the lyceum (), or national lyceum (), was a high school that prepared students to enter universities or more general education. On the other hand, the technical school () was a technical-oriented school.

After several education reforms, all these schools merged into a single system of "3rd cycle basic" and secondary schools (), offering grades 7 to 12.

Romania
The Romanian word for lyceum is . It represents a post-secondary form of education. In order for a student to graduate the lyceum and obtain a baccalaureate diploma, they must pass the bac. The lyceum consists of four school years (ages 15–19). Although the lyceum is a pre-university educational institution, it can be enough for the graduates to find a job, mainly in office work.

Russia
In Imperial Russia, a lyceum was one of the following higher educational facilities: Demidov Lyceum of Law in Yaroslavl (1803), Alexander Lyceum in Tsarskoye Selo (1810), Richelieu Lyceum in Odessa (1817), and Imperial Katkov Lyceum in Moscow (1867).

The Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum was opened on October 19, 1811, in the neoclassical building designed by Vasily Stasov and situated next to the Catherine Palace. The first graduates included Aleksandr Pushkin and Alexander Gorchakov. The opening date was celebrated each year with carousals and revels, and Pushkin composed new verses for each of those occasions. In January 1844 the Lyceum was moved to Saint Petersburg.

During 33 years of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum's existence, there were 286 graduates. The most famous of these were Anton Delwig, Wilhelm Küchelbecher, Nicholas de Giers, Dmitry Tolstoy, Yakov Karlovich Grot, Nikolay Yakovlevich Danilevsky, Alexei Lobanov-Rostovsky and Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin.

Since the 1990s there are lyceums (special secondary schools) with in-depth study of humanitarian or natural science disciplines. As a rule, university professors teach in lyceums, and the educational system resembles that of a university. Later, the lyceums were renamed special general secondary schools.

Serbia
The Lyceum of the Principality of Serbia was the first higher education school in Serbia in which education was taught in Serbian. It was founded in 1838 on the initiative of Prince Miloš Obrenović in 1838 in Kragujevac, then the capital of Serbia. When Belgrade became the Serbian capital in 1841, the Serbian Lyceum opened there. In 1863 it became known as the Grandes écoles until 1905 when it officially changed its name to the University of Belgrade.

Turkey
The Turkish word for the latest part of pre-university education is  which is derived from the French word  and corresponds to high school in English. It lasts four to five years with respect to the type of the high school. At the end of their  education, students take the TYT/AYT test, i.e. university entrance examination, to get the right to enroll in a public university or a private university.

Ukraine
According to the Law of Ukraine "On Education", the lyceum is a level III secondary institution of education (or a structural unit of another institution of education) that provides field-specific secondary education. As it is planned, since 2017 a three-year senior school will be a lyceum of academic or vocational training. In vocational school, a student will master his/her first profession, whereas in an academic lyceum he/she will deepen personal knowledge of specific subjects that will be studied further at a higher education establishment. Graduates of academic lyceums will be able to obtain a bachelor's degree in three years (in most specialties) instead of four.

Other types of lyceums in Ukraine include military lyceums and lyceums with intensive military and physical training.

North America

United States
See lyceum movement and comparison of US and UK secondary school years (except Scotland).

South America

Chile
It is not uncommon in Chile to use the word  when referring to a high school. Another term is  (secondary education); however,  is the most common term due to Chile's extensive European influence.

Uruguay
 is commonly used to refer to secondary education. It was adopted from the French immigrants of the 19th century.

See also
Comparison of US and UK Education
Educational stage
Gymnasium (school)
Lyceum (classical)

Notes

References

External links
Polish System of Education
 Lyceum college of medicine international students www.lyceumnorthwesternuniversity.com

School types

Education in Europe by country
Education by continent

es:Liceo

Lyceum


Les crêtes sacrales latérales sont les crêtes osseuses verticales de la face postérieure du sacrum situées latéralement aux foramens sacrés postérieurs.

Elle résulte de la fusion des processus transverses des vertèbres sacrées. Elle présente trois ou quatre tubercules séparés par des dépressions : les tubercules sacrés postéro-externes ou tubercules conjugués.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Colonne vertébrale

Crête sacrale latérale


عبد النور خراقي مفكر ومترجم مغربي، وباحث في مجال العلوم الإنسانية والقضايا اللغوية الاجتماعية، ولد في مدينة أحفير في المغرب، ويقيم بمدينة وجدة. ترجم العديد من المؤلفات من اللغة الإنجليزية من بينها كتاب (مدخل إلى التنقيب في بيانات العلوم الاجتماعية) الذي حصل به على جائزة الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز العالمية للترجمة عام 2022.

التعليم
حاصل على شهادة الدكتوراه في العلوم الإنسانية من جامعة نيوكاسل البريطانية عام 2003, وحصل قبلها على شهادة الدكتوراه في علم اللغة الاجتماعي و علم التداول الاجتماعي (Socio-Pragmatics) من جامعة محمد الأول عام 2000.

العمل

 رئيس قسم اللغة الإنجليزية وآدابها في جامعة محمد الأول ويعمل أستاذاً زائراً في جامعة عجمان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا.
 محكم دولي للأعمال المترجمة من اللغتين الإنجليزية والفرنسية إلى العربية بالأمانة العامة لدولة الكويت.
 محكم دولي في مجلة .

الإصدارات

الترجمات

الجوائز

 حصل على جائزة المغرب للكتاب في الترجمة عام 2015.
 حصل على جائزة الملك عبد الله بن عبد العزيز العالمية للترجمة في دورتها العاشرة عام 2022.

المصادر
 اللغة والهوية: قومية-إثنية-دينية: عالم المعرفة, 2007.

أشخاص من الجهة الشرقية
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة (أشخاص أحياء)
لغويون مغاربة
مترجمون مغاربة
مواليد القرن 20
مترجمون من الإنجليزية إلى العربية
خريجو جامعة نيوكاسل
خريجو جامعة محمد الأول
لغويون عرب في القرن 20
مترجمون عرب

عبد النور خراقي


الكمون الكهربائي أوالجهد الكهربائي يقصد به مقدار الطاقة الكهربائية الكامنة لدى 1 كولوم من الشحنة . حيث الكولوم هو وحدة قياس الشحنة الكهربية، ومقدار الشحنة التي يحملها الإلكترون مساوية في القيمة تماما لشحنة البروتون وهي بالتقريب 1.602 × 10−19 كولوم.

حيث وحدة قياس الجهد الكهربي هي فولت ويعرف فرق الجهد الكهربي بين نقطتين مختلفتين بالجهد الكهربي، ودائما تسري حاملات الشحنة السالبة -وهي الإلكترونات - من القطب السالب إلى القطب الموجب. ولكن قبل اكتشاف الإلكترون ومعرفة حقيقة أنه هو بذاته الذي يشكل سريان التيار، كان تعريف سير التيار الكهربائي قد وقع، وهو كما تعودنا أن نقول أن التيار ينتقل من القطب الموجب إلى القطب السالب.

شدة المجال الكهربي

تسبب وجود شحنة في جسم في نشأة مجال كهربائي حوله. ويضعف هذا المجال الكهربي بالابتعاد عن الجسم المشحون .

يمكن حساب شدة المجال الكهربي حول شحنة باستخدام قانون كولوم . فإن شحنة قدرها q تنتج حولها مجالا كهربيا يمكن حسابه بالقانون التالي:

حيث E هي شدة المجال الكهربي، ووحدة قياس شدة المجال الكهربي هي نيوتن/كولوم أو فولت/متر.

وتقول هذه المعادلة أن شدة المجال الكهربي تتناسب تناسبا عكسياً مع مربع المسافة بين الشحنة الكهربية ونقطة المشاهدة. وفي نفس الوقت تتناسب شدة المجال تناسبا طرديا مع كمية الشحنة . أما
 فهي مقدار ثابت يختص بخواص الفراغ وتسمى سماحية الفراغ.

قانون جاوس
ينص قانون غاوس على أن «الفيض الكلي لمساحة مغلقة حول مجال كهربائي تتناسب طرديا مع كمية الشحنة الكهربائية الموجودة داخل السطح المغلق.» ويكتب قانون غاوس في صيغته الرياضية كمعادلة تكامل، كالآتي:

حيث :
 S هي المساحة الكلية المحيطة بالشحنة Q و dA عنصر صغير من المساحة التي نجري عليها التكامل.

وإذا كانت الشحنة موزعة في جسم كري مثلا وكانت كثافة الشحنة فيها  فنجري التكامل على حجم الكرة V :

حيث  هو عنصر صغير للحجم.

وإذا كانت الشحنة موزعة على سطح أو على خط، ففي تلك الحالات نستبدل  بالعنصر  للمساحة أو  عنصر من الخط (أو السلك) .

و بإجراء عملية تكامل مغلق على مجال كهربي بالنسبة لطول سلك، يمكن حساب الجهد الكهربي  الناشيء عنه.

و الإشارة السالبة تظهر هنا لإن الإلكترون يحمل شحنة كهربية سالبة فيسري دائما عكس اتجاه المجال الكهربي بينما البروتون حامل الشحنة الموجبة دائما يجري في نفس اتجاه المجال الكهربي وهذا التكامل هو الصورة التكاملية من معادلة ماكسويل الثالثة.

هذا الجهد الكهربائي يؤثر على شحنة أخرى q ويعمل عليها بقوة قدرها F ، إما بقوة تجاذب أو قوة تنافر حسب نوع الشحنة .

مراجع

جهد كهربائي
كميات فيزيائية
كهرباء ساكنة
كهرباء
كهرومغناطيسية

كمون كهربائي


Jean-Pierre Jacques Jarier (Charenton-le-Pont, Francuska, 10. srpnja 1946.) je bivši francuski vozač automobilističkih utrka.

Godine 1970. osvojio je treće mjesto u Francuskoj Formuli 3. U Europskoj Formuli 2 je nastupao od 1971. do 1973. kao regularni vozač, a 1976. i 1978. povremeno kao gostujući vozač koji nije mogao osvajati bodove. U prvoj sezoni je osvojio dva postolja na Albi i Vallelungi, da bi sljedeće 1972. odvezao samo dvije utrke koje nije završio. U sezoni 1973. dolazi do naslova prvaka s pobjedama na Mallory Parku, Hockenheimringu, Nivelles-Baulersu, Rouenu, Mantorp Parku, Karlskogi i Pergusi.

U Formuli 1 je debitirao na Velikoj nagradi Italije 1971. za momčad Shell Arnold Team, ali utrku nije završio. Nakon što 1972. nije vozio, Formuli 1 se vratio 1973. gdje je vozio za March. Sljedeće 1974. prelazi u momčad Shadow Racing, gdje ostaje do 1976. Na Velikoj nagradi Monaka 1974. dolazi do prvog postolja.  Nakon što je 1978. zamijenio poginulog Ronnieja Petersona u Lotusu na posljednje dvije utrke, Jarier je sljedeće 1979. osvojio posljednja dva postolja u Tyrrellu na Velikoj nagradi Južne Afrike  i Velikoj nagradi Velike Britanije.  Posljednje bodove osvojio je u Oselli na Velikoj nagradi San Marina 1982., utrci na kojoj je zbog sukoba FISA-e i FOCA-e, vozilo samo 12 vozača.

Na utrci 24 sata Le Mansa je upisao 15 nastupa od 1972. do 1999. Najbolji rezultat je ostvario 1977. kada je u bolidu Mirage GR8-Renault, zajedno sa suvozačem Vernom Schuppanom, osvojio drugo mjesto.

Godine 1974. pobijedio je na utrci 1000 km Spa-Francorchampsa zajedno s Jackyjem Ickxom u Matri MS670C, te 1000 km Nürburgringa. 6 sati Watkins Glena, 1000 km Le Castelleta i 1000 km Brands Hatcha, gdje mu je suvozač na sve četiri utrke bio Jean-Pierre Beltoise. Pobjeđivao je i na utrkama 500 km Dijona, 500 km Monze, 6 sati Dakra, 24 sata Spa-Francorchampsa, 4 sata Jarame, 1000 km Suzuke i 500 km Valencije. Godine 1998.  i 1999.  osvojio je naslov prvaka u Francuskom GT prvenstvu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Jean-Pierre Jarier - Driver Database
Jean-Pierre Jarier - Stats F1
All Results of Jean-Pierre Jarier - Racing Sports Cars

Francuski vozači Formule 1

Jean-Pierre Jarier


O Golpe de Estado na Bolívia em 1936, também conhecido como Revolução Socialista de 1936, foi um golpe civil-militar na Bolívia que depôs o presidente José Luis Tejada Sorzano, pondo fim à ordem política tradicional e antecipando o período do Socialismo Militar no país. Em 17 de maio de 1936, após o maior movimento grevista conhecido até então na Bolívia, os militares comandados pelo jovem tenente-coronel Germán Busch derrubaram o governo de Tejada. Busch manteve as rédeas do governo até 22 de maio, quando o coronel David Toro chegou do Chaco e assumiu a presidência sob uma junta militar apoiada pelas forças armadas, trabalhadores organizados e o Partido Socialista Unificado.

Contexto político
A Guerra do Chaco (1932–1935) terminou em 14 de junho de 1935. A conclusão do conflito foi supervisionada pelo presidente José Luis Tejada Sorzano. Ele havia sido o vice-presidente de Daniel Salamanca, que em novembro de 1934 foi deposto pelos militares depois de ter estado em conflito frequente com o alto comando desde o início da guerra. Desejando manter as aparências democráticas, o exército permitiu que o vice-presidente Tejada Sorzano assumisse a presidência.

A desastrosa derrota da Bolívia na Guerra do Chaco teve o efeito imediato de mergulhar a nação em um tumulto. A tradicional classe política que governou o país por meio século, e da qual Tejada Sorzano fazia parte, viu seu apoio evaporar com o retorno de veteranos à vida civil em busca de uma mudança no status quo. Tejada Sorzano enfrentou o descontentamento tanto dos militares quanto da população civil, bem como o rápido aumento da inflação como resultado da Guerra do Chaco e da Grande Depressão.

Impasse no governo
A incapacidade dos partidos tradicionais de lidar com as crescentes tensões políticas foi atribuída ao seu fracasso em aglutinar-se diante dos movimentos sociais que se unificam rapidamente. O principal ponto de discórdia que bloqueava uma coalizão eram as disputas pela liderança. O presidente Salamanca havia sido membro do Partido Republicano Genuíno (PRG), mas seu vice-presidente, José Luis Tejada Sorzano, era membro do Partido Liberal (PL). As eleições haviam sido realizadas em 1934 e o candidato do PRG, Franz Tamayo, venceu, mas, devido ao golpe ocorrido no mesmo mês, os resultados foram anulados. Por causa disso, o PRG continuou pressionando para que Tamayo fosse aceito, enquanto os liberais desejavam manter Tejada Sorzano como presidente. A terceira facção, o Partido Republicano Socialista (PRS), jogava o PRG e o PL um contra o outro, mantendo o impasse político.

Revolta nas forças armadas
Os militares viram-se lidando com seus próprios conflitos internos. A classe dos oficiais superiores, desacreditada pelas táticas fracassadas durante a Guerra do Chaco, foi forçada a renunciar em favor dos jovens oficiais liderados pelo imensamente popular tenente-coronel Germán Busch. Embora Busch fosse um militar competente, sua falta de habilidade política levou ele e os jovens oficiais ao seu redor a aceitar o coronel David Toro, mais politicamente diplomático, como líder de seu movimento. O resultado de tudo isso foi uma mudança para a esquerda no comando militar, que era muito mais simpático ao movimento social emergente no país.

Greve dos sindicatos de trabalhadores
Entre as maiores preocupações do governo estava o retorno dos trabalhadores sindicalizada. O movimento trabalhista foi fortalecido pelo descontentamento com a economia em espiral e o retorno dos sindicalistas, logo superando seu pico de influência em 1932. A partir de 1935, foram organizadas greves de trabalhadores, lideradas pelos dois principais sindicatos, a Federación Obrera del Trabajo (FOT) e a Federación Obrera Local (FOL). Em resposta ao aumento dos preços em novembro, a FOT fez um apelo por aumentos salariais de 100% para os trabalhadores e uma redução nos preços de aluguel e bens de consumo. Isso desencadeou uma série de greves em todo o país, levando-o à crise.

Crise e golpe
As medidas governamentais equivaleram ao "decreto de câmbio único" que desvalorizou o boliviano e serviu apenas para agravar a situação. Por fim, a FOT, liderada pelo militante trabalhista Waldo Álvarez, enviou um ultimato ao governo exigindo a importação gratuita de produtos de primeira necessidade, aumento de 100% dos salários, redução do aluguel, proibição do trabalho noturno, suspensão do estado de sítio, garantias de liberdade de reunião, associação, imprensa e organização sindical, lar para os mutilados e os inválidos da guerra e trabalho para os ex-combatentes.

Em 15 de abril de 1936, o jornal La República noticiou que "a FOT estava preparando um grande comício". No entanto, estes entraram em colapso em 25 de abril. Como resultado, as greves pioraram a ponto de, em 10 de maio, os próprios jornais fecharem com a adesão de jornalistas à greve. A essa altura, os protestos evoluíram para o maior movimento grevista que o país já havia visto até então.

As greves, apoiadas pela FOT e pela FOL, também receberam o aval do recém-criado Partido Socialista Unificado (PSU), trazendo para elas um elemento de esquerda mais radical. Uma aliança formal foi estabelecida entre o PSU e a FOT em 15 de maio com as assinaturas de Carlos Montenegro e Waldo Álvarez, entre outros. As tentativas de último recurso do governo de formar um gabinete de unidade nacional com a oposição fracassaram. Na verdade, os liberais haviam perdido um componente de sua coalizão quando, em 4 de fevereiro, os socialistas republicanos, observando que os prognósticos eram desfavoráveis, retiraram-se, assinando um "pacto" com o PSU contra o governo.

Diante do perigo de uma revolta, o governo convocou os militares para intervir. La Calle relatou que o exército havia recebido ordens de "disparar contra o povo que fosse a favor da greve". No entanto, não haveria repressão por parte dos militares, pois Álvarez havia conseguido se encontrar com David Toro e Germán Busch e havia assegurado compromissos de não intervenção.

O ponto culminante dessas greves ocorreu na noite de 16 de maio de 1936. Um "Comitê Revolucionário" formado por Enrique Baldivieso, Carlos Montenegro e Augusto Céspedes, entre muitos outros, iniciou uma série de movimentos abertamente revolucionários em La Paz.  O Club de la Unión "um lugar da aristocracia" foi ocupado e uma bandeira vermelha hasteada no local. Seguiu-se a Prefeitura que se viu totalmente cercada por militantes de esquerda.

Finalmente, na manhã de 17 de maio, os militares intervieram e emitiram um pedido oficial de renúncia do presidente José Luis Tejada Sorzano. O presidente afirmaria mais tarde que na época do golpe estava "dormindo tranquilamente em minha residência particular, quando por volta das 7:30 da manhã fui acordado pela cuidadora dos meus filhos que me disse que na porta da frente havia alguns civis e soldados que disseram para me procurar. Há muito tempo familiarizado com os alvoroços revolucionários, entendi que meu mandato havia terminado. Eu indiquei que ela deveria dizer aos comissários que eu estava de cama e que poderia recebê-los às 9:00."  O pedido de espera foi negado e Tejada Sorzano posteriormente emitiu uma breve proclamação à nação renunciando à presidência. Ele é citado como tendo dito a um dos soldados "Diga ao Coronel Busch, sem deturpar minhas palavras, que não deixei de elogiar seu cavalheirismo e destreza militar e que lamento por ele que tenha sido colocado nesta situação." O ex-presidente logo depois deixou o país para se exilar em Arica, no Chile.

Consequências e legado
O golpe transcorreu sem derramamento de sangue e teve amplo apoio social. Foi instituída uma junta civil-militar que nomeou Germán Busch como presidente provisório até que o coronel David Toro pudesse retornar da inspeção do desarmamento das tropas no Chaco. Na tarde de 17 de maio, o novo regime e os sindicatos sob Álvarez iniciaram negociações com Busch, que concordou com todas as demandas listadas. No dia seguinte, os sindicatos ordenaram que "todos os empregados, trabalhadores do comércio, indústria, bancos, ferrovias e transportes, retornem imediatamente aos seus respectivos postos de trabalho". Toro chegou em 20 de maio e assumiu a presidência em 22 de maio. No mesmo dia, foi emitido um decreto concedendo ampla anistia a todos os processados, confinados e exilados por crimes políticos, enquanto o estado de sítio e as restrições à imprensa foram suspensos.

O sucesso da revolta foi um choque para a oligarquia liberal e pôs fim ao seu forte controle do poder. Começou uma curta era de uma ideia experimental conhecida como Socialismo Militar, que seria defendida por Toro e Busch até a morte prematura deste último em 1939. O primeiro aniversário da "Revolução Socialista de 1936" foi declarado feriado nacional em 1937.

Nota

Golpes de Estado na Bolívia
Conflitos em 1936
1936 na Bolívia

Golpe de Estado na Bolívia em 1936


Amanda Leigh "Mandy" Moore (d. 10 Nisan 1984, Nashua, New Hampshire), Amerikalı şarkıcı ve sinema oyuncusudur.

Orlando'da büyüdü. İlk albümü 15 yaşında çıkardığı 'Candy' albümüdür.

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Dış bağlantılar
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Mandy Moore Fansite

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Mandy Moore


පුරාණ රෝමය සංවර්ධනය වූ කේන්ද්‍ර ස්ථාන වුයේ රෝම ප්‍රසිද්ධ වෙළද වු අතර එය දෛනික රෝම ජීවිතයේ චක්‍රනාභියක් විය.

පුරාණ රෝම සමාජය, කදු හතක් මත පිහිටා තිබු රෝම නගරය සමග සම්බන්ධව තිබිණි. එහි ක්ලෝසියම්, ට්‍රාජන් වෙළද පොළ සහ පැන්තියනය වැනි ස්මරණීය ගොඩනැගිලි විශාල ගණනක් තිබිණි. සිය ගණන් වාරි මාර්ග පද්ධති හරහා ශාලා, ක්‍රීඩා මණ්ඩප, පුස්තකාල සහ සාප්පු සහිත සනිපාරක්ෂක සංකිර්ණ, වෙළද පෙළ වල් වලට නැවුම් පානීය ජලය බෙදා හැරුණු අතර ක්‍රමවත්ව සෑදු කාණු පද්ධති මගින් ඒවා ඉවතට ගෙනයාම සිදු විණි. පුරාණ රෝම පාලනය යටතේ ගෘහ නිර්මාණ ශිල්පය නවීන නිවෙස් වල සිට අති විශාල තනි නිවෙස් දක්වා ව්‍යාප්ත විය. රෝමයේ අග නගරයේ අධිරාජ්‍ය වරුන් ගෘහ ඉදිවුණේ පැලටයින් කන්ද මතය. පැලස් නම් වචනය බිදී ආවේද පැලටයින් නම් වචනයෙනි. පහත් සහ මධ්‍යම පන්ති වල ජනයා වාසය කළේ නගරයේ මධ්‍යයේය. ඒ යුදෙවුවන් වසන ගෙවල් වැනි කුඩා වෙන්වු කාමර වලය.

මිලියනයක පමණ ජනගහනයක් සහිතව විශාලම නාගරික මධ්‍යස්ථානය වුයේ රෝම අධිරාජ්‍යයි. (19 වන ශතවර්ෂයේදී ලෝකයේ විශාලම නගරය වු ලන්ඩනයේ භූමි ප්‍රමාණයට සමාන ලෙස) එය උපරිම ලෙස මිලියන 14 ක් ද අවම ලෙස 450 000 ක් ද විය. කැර ගැටෙන හඩින් සහ රථ වල රෝද වල හඩින් රෝම නගරය ඝෝෂාකාරී වන්නට වු අතර එය ඉසිලිය නොහැකි වු ජුලියස් සීසර් වරක් රථ ගමනාගමනය (දවල් කාලයේ) අත් හිටුවීමට යෝජනා කර ඇත. ඓතිහාසික ඇස්තමේන්තු ප්‍රකාශ කර සිටින්නේ පුරාණ රෝම වල ප්‍රදේශය යටතේ වු ජනගහණයෙන් 20% ක් නාගරික මධ්‍යස්ථාන වල දිවි ගෙවු බවයි. ඊට හමුදා භටයන් 10000 හෝ ඊට වැඩි ජනකායක් ද පන්සල් හා වෙනත් ගොඩනැගිලි විය. ඒවා රෝමයේ මෙන් කුඩා පරිමාණයේ ඒවා විය.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome#Society

පුරාණ රෝමය සමාජය


Huntington Place (anteriormente conocida como Cobo Center) es una estación del Detroit People Mover, administrada por el Departamento de Transporte de Detroit. La estación se encuentra localizada dentro del Huntington Place en la 3ª planta cerca de las calles Cass y Congress en Detroit, Míchigan (Estados Unidos). La estación Huntington Place fue inaugurada en 1987.

Descripción
La estación Cobo Center cuenta con 1 plataforma lateral.

Véase también

 Anexo:Estaciones del Detroit People Mover

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Cobo CenterEstaciones del Detroit People Mover
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1987

Huntington Place (Detroit People Mover)


Zazou var en moderetning i Frankrig i 1940'erne. Den opstod hos unge mennesker, der gik klædt i engelsk eller amerikansk tøj og udstillede deres kærlighed til jazz.

Navnets oprindelse
Begrebet zazou blev brugt første gang i Frankrig i 1938 i sangen "Je suis swing" af Johnny Hess, (hvor omkvædet lyder : "je suis swing, je suis swing, zazou, zazou, zazou zazou dé"), som er en oversættelse af sangen "Zah Zuh Zaz" fra 1933 af Cab Calloway.

Attitude under krigen
Under tyskernes besættelse af Frankrig, viste zazouerne deres opposition mod regimet, ved at organisere dansekonkurrencer, som i særlig grad provokerede de tyske soldater. Da racelovene blev indført under Pétain og nazisterne gjorde det obligatorisk for jøder at bære den
gule stjerne, gjorde flere zazouer fælles front med jøderne og begyndte at bære en gul stjerne, der var mærket med Zazou, Swing eller
Goy. De blev arresteret og ført til camp de Drancy inden de blev løsladt.

I trods bar de tøj, der var for langt i en periode hvor stof var rationeret, insisterede på at gå med langt hår, selvom et dekret havde gjort det obligatorisk at lade sig klippe kort, så håret kunne bruges til tøfler, derudover bar de altid på en paraply, som de aldrig åbnede.

Se også
 Swingpjatte
 Swing-Jugend
 Zoot suit

Bibliografi

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Sartre à Saint-Germain des Prés
 1940-1945: The Zazous
 Etes-vous zazou ?

Mode
1940'erne
Jazz
Dresscode

Zazou


Aslanian ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Emanuel Melik-Aslanian (1915–2003), iranischer Komponist und Pianist
 Sebouh David Aslanian, US-amerikanischer Historiker

Aslanian


محرك جنيف أو دولاب جنيف  ويطلق عليه أحيانًا الصليب المالطي، هي دائرة ميكانيكية آلية تقوم بنقل الحركة الدائرية المستمرة إلى حركة دوران متقطع. يستخدم فيها عجلة مثبت بها إبرة غليظة تتحرك داخل تجويف بترس آخر على شكل رباعي أو سداسي حسب نوعه.

خلفية تاريخية
يرجع تسميه الجهاز بجينيف إلى نموذج لساعة مكانيكية قديمة كانت موجودة بجينيف، سويسرا والتي كانت تشهد تطورًا في صناعة الساعات. جهاز جينيف يعرف أيضا بالصليب المالطي الميكانيكي بسبب التشابه البصري معه (حيث أن الصليب المالطي يعتبر صغير الحجم) وهو ما يتكون في محرك جينيف الذي يتكون من عجلة صغيرة ذات أربعة أطراف غير قادرة على تحمل الضغوط الميكانيكية الكبيرة، ولذلك تستخدم كثيرًا في صناعة الساعات.

الاستخدام
تستخدم بكثرة في السينما حيث يجب غطاء حركة الصورة مع العارض، كما تستخدم أيضا في الساعات وتستخدم أيضا في العدادات الميكانيكية وعدادات المسافات المقطوعة كالسيارات، عدادات المياه والغاز وغيرها.

مراجع

 . Drawings and designs of various drives.

روابط خارجية

 .
 .
 .
  – Quickermittent. Modified starwheel for fast pulldown.

آلات تدويرية
آليات (الهندسة)
ساعات

محرك جنيف


Gara Victoria, cunoscută și sub numele de Londra Victoria, este o gară din centrul Londrei și stație a Metroului din Londra în Victoria, City of Westminster, administrată de Network Rail. Gara este punctul terminus al Magistralelor Brighton spre Aeroportul Gatwick și Brighton și Chatham spre Ramsgate și Dover via Chatham. De pe aceste două magistrale se desprind ramuri de cale ferată către Bucla Catford, Bucla Dartford și linia Oxted spre East Grinstead și Uckfield. Southern operează cele mai multe trenuri de navetiști și regionale la sud de Londra, Sussex și în părți din estul Surrey, în timp ce Southeastern operează trenurile spre sud-estul Londrei și Kent. Trenurile Gatwick Express operează direct spre Gatwick. Stația de metrou este deservită de liniile Circle și District, între stațiile Sloane Square și St. James's Park, și linia Victoria între Pimlico și Green Park. Zona din jurul stației este un important punct intermodal de transport: o stație de autobuz se află în fața gării, iar autogara Victoria Coach Station este în apropiere.

Victoria a fost construită pentru a servi magistralele Brighton și Chatham. Gara Brighton a fost inaugurată în 1860, iar gara Chatham doi ani mai târziu. Gara a înlocuit temporar punctul terminus de la Pimlico și construcția sa a implicat și construirea podului Grosvenor peste Râul Tamisa. A devenit imediat populară în Londra, provocând întârzieri și necesitând repetatlucrări de extindere și de refacere. A fost bine cunoscută pentru trenurile de lux Pullman și transferul pe continent cu vaporul și a devenit un punct important pentru soldați în timpul primului Război Mondial.

Ca și în alte gări terminus din Londra, trenurile cu aburi au fost eliminate din Victoria în anii 1960, pentru a fi înlocuite de locomotive electrice și diesel. În ciuda eliminării trenurilor internaționale după deschiderea Tunelului Canalul Mânecii, Victoria rămâne în continuare o gară importantă din Londra și suferă de supraaglomerare, în special în subteran. Trenul Gatwick Express oferă acces ușor între centrul Londrei și Aeroportul Gatwick pentru călătorii internaționale.

Istoria
În 1850, căile ferate care deserveau destinații la sud de Londra aveau trei puncte terminus disponibile – London Bridge, Bricklayers' Arms și Waterloo. Toate trei gările erau amplasate la sud de Tamisa, fiind astfel incomode pentru majoritatea populației, mediul de afaceri și guvern, aflate în centrul Londrei, în West End și în Westminster.

Servicii

Cu peste 81 de milioane de pasageri intrați și ieșiți din gară în 2015/16, Victoria este a doua cea mai aglomerată gară din Londra (și Marea Britanie), după Waterloo.
Combinat cu stația de metrou și transferuri în gară, Londra Victoria a servit aproximativ 170 de milioane de pasageri în 2015.

Referințele culturale
Gara Victoria este menționată în romanul "Ce înseamnă să fii onest" al lui Oscar Wilde ca locul în care Jack Worthing a fost găsit de către Thomas Cardew.

Gara este menționată în povestirea "Ultima Problemă" cu Sherlock Holmes, atunci când Dr. Watson prinde un tren Continental Express din Victoria pentru a-i evita pe Moriarty și acoliții săi.

Harold Pinter folosește această gara în scurta piesă "Gara Victoria" ca gara de destinație în care șoferul nu mai ajunge.

Referințe și note

Victoria
Fondări în 1860
Monumente protejate de gradul II

Gara Londra Victoria


Der Jurist Johann Adam Kurrer (* 14. Juli 1641 in Reutlingen; † 3. April 1692 in Tübingen) war Professor der Rechte an der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Advokat und von 1672 bis 1678 Universitätssekretär.

Sein Porträt hängt in der Tübinger Professorengalerie.

Familie

Er heiratete am 3. November 1663 Maria Veronica Kleber (* 12. Oktober 1639; † 16. Oktober 1694 in Tübingen) und hatte mit ihr einen Sohn, Johann Jakob Kurrer III. (* 6. September 1680 in Tübingen; † 1762). Nach Kurrers Tod heiratete seine Witwe am 21. August 1694 den Doktor der Theologie und Stadtpfarrer zu Tübingen Michael Müller.

Werke

 Diss. iur. de testamento coacto

 Diss. inaug. de obligatione alternativa

 Disp. inaug. de tacito pignore

Quellen

Rektor (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen)
Hochschullehrer (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen)
Tübinger Professorengalerie

Person (Württemberg bis 1803)
Deutscher
Geboren 1641
Gestorben 1692
Mann

Johann Adam Kurrer (Jurist)


Ahmed Raza Khan, communément appelé Aala Hazrat, Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi ou Ahmed Rida Khan en arabe, (Bareli,  - ), est un muhaddith, traducteur, poète, et écrivain indien.

Biographie
Il a écrit sur le droit, la religion, la philosophie et les sciences.

Il est devenu le chef de file du mouvement Barelvi en Asie du Sud.

Références

Naissance en juin 1856
Décès en octobre 1951
Poète indien du XIXe siècle
Poète indien du XXe siècle
Pédagogue indien
Intellectuel lié à l'islam libéral
Personnalité sunnite du XIXe siècle
Personnalité sunnite du XXe siècle
Traducteur du Coran
Barelvis
Ouléma hanafite
Maturidites
Décès à 95 ans
Ouléma du XIXe siècle
Ouléma du XXe siècle

Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi


An Eria gibbsiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Allen Rolfe. An Eria gibbsiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eria

Eria gibbsiae