Griffith Park is a large municipal park at the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains, in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The park includes popular attractions such as the Los Angeles Zoo, the Autry Museum of the American West, the Griffith Observatory, and the Hollywood Sign. Due to its appearance in many films, the park is among the most famous municipal parks in North America.

It has been compared to Central Park in New York City and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, but it is much larger, less tamed, and more rugged than either of those parks. The Los Angeles Recreation and Parks Commission adopted the characterization of the park as an "urban wilderness" on January 8, 2014. The park covers  of land, making it one of the largest urban parks in North America. It is the second-largest city park in California, after Mission Trails Preserve in San Diego, and the 11th-largest municipally-owned park in the United States.

History

Griffith donation

After successfully investing in mining, Griffith J. Griffith purchased Rancho Los Feliz (near the Los Angeles River) in 1882 and started an ostrich farm there. Although ostrich feathers were commonly used in making women's hats in the late 19th century, Griffith's purpose was primarily to lure residents of Los Angeles to his nearby property developments, which supposedly were haunted by the ghost of Antonio Feliz (a previous owner of the property). After the property rush peaked, Griffith donated  to the city of Los Angeles on December 16, 1896.

Griffith was tried and convicted of shooting and severely wounding his wife in a 1903 incident. When released from prison, he attempted to fund the construction of an amphitheater, observatory, planetarium, and a girls' camp and boys' camp in the park. As his reputation in the city was tainted by his crime, the city refused his money.

Griffith Park Aerodrome
In 1912, Griffith designated  of the park, at its northeast corner along the Los Angeles River, to be used to "do something to further aviation". The Griffith Park Aerodrome was the result. Aviation pioneers such as Glenn L. Martin and Silas Christofferson used it; afterwards the aerodrome was passed to the National Guard Air Service. Air operations continued on a -long runway until 1939, when it was closed, partly due to danger from interference with the approaches to Grand Central Airport across the river in Glendale, and because the City Planning commission complained that a military airport violated the terms of Griffith's deed. The National Guard squadron moved to Van Nuys, and the aerodrome was demolished, though the rotating beacon and its tower remained for many years. From 1946 until the mid-1950s, Rodger Young Village occupied the area which had formerly been the Aerodrome. Today that site is occupied by the Los Angeles Zoo parking lot, the Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum, soccer fields, and the interchange between the Golden State Freeway and the Ventura Freeway.

Expansion

Griffith set up a trust fund for the improvements he envisioned, and after his death in 1919 the city began to build what Griffith had wanted. The amphitheater, called the Greek Theatre, was completed in 1930, and Griffith Observatory was finished in 1935. Subsequent to Griffith's original gift, further donations of land, city purchases, and the reversion of land from private to public have expanded the park to its present size.

In December, 1944 the Sherman Company donated  of Hollywoodland open space to Griffith Park. This large, passive, eco-sensitive property borders the Lake Hollywood reservoir (west), the former Hollywoodland sign (north), and Bronson Canyon (east) where it connects into the original Griffith donation. The Hollywoodland residential community is surrounded by this land.

World War II
After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Civilian Conservation Corps camp contained within Griffith Park was converted to a holding center for Japanese Americans arrested as "enemy aliens" before they were transferred to more permanent internment camps. The Griffith Park Detention Camp opened almost immediately after the Pearl Harbor attack, taking in 35 Japanese immigrants suspected of fifth column activity because they lived and worked near military installations. These men, mostly fishermen from nearby Terminal Island, were transferred to an Immigration and Naturalization Service detention station after a brief stay, but Issei internees arrested in the days and weeks following the outbreak of the war arrived soon after to take their place. Up to 550 Japanese Americans were confined in Griffith Park from 1941 to 1942, all subsequently transferred to Fort Lincoln, Fort Missoula and other DOJ camps.

On July 14, 1942, the detention camp became a POW Processing Center for German, Italian and Japanese prisoners-of-war, operating until August 3, 1943, when the prisoners were transferred elsewhere. The camp was changed to the Army Western Corps Photographic Center and Camouflage Experimental Laboratory until the end of the war.

Protest
On 17 March 1968, in Los Angeles, to protest entrapment and harassment by the Los Angeles Police Department, two drag queens known as "The Princess" and "The Duchess" held a St. Patrick's Day party at Griffith Park, a popular cruising spot and a frequent target of police activity. More than 200 gay men socialized through the day.

Fires

Hired as part of a welfare project, 3,780 men were in the park clearing brush on October 3, 1933, when a fire broke out in the Mineral Wells area in the northern part of the current park. Many of the workers volunteered or were ordered to fight the fire. In all, 29 men were killed and 150 were injured. Professional firefighters arrived and limited the blaze to .

On May 12, 1961, a wildfire on the south side of the park burned . It also destroyed eight homes and damaged nine more, chiefly in the Beachwood Canyon area.

Another fire occurred  1971 in the Toyon Canyon area. Repelled by the ugliness of the devastated area, Amir Dialameh replanted a portion of it himself by hand. Over the course of more than 30 years he tended the garden he built there, with the help of occasional volunteers. Amir's Garden is featured in Visiting... with Huell Howser episode 1306.

On May 8, 2007, a major wildfire burned more than , destroying the bird sanctuary, Dante's View, and Captain's Roost, and forcing the evacuation of hundreds of people. The fire came right up to one of the largest playgrounds in Los Angeles, Shane's Inspiration, and the Los Angeles Zoo, and threatened the Griffith Observatory, but left such areas intact. Several local organizations, including SaveGriffithPark.org, have been working since then with local officials to restore the park in a way that would benefit all. It was the third fire of the year. The city announced a $50 million plan to stabilize the burned slopes. The trees along Canyon Drive were allowed to grow back naturally, having been re-seeded by bird droppings.

Addition of Cahuenga Peak
 around Cahuenga Peak were purchased with funds from a broad spectrum of donors, in addition to $1.7 million from the city, and added to the park in July 2010 bringing the park's total acreage to .

Attractions

Autry Museum of the American West
Bronson Canyon
Greek Theatre (Los Angeles)
Griffith Observatory
La Kretz Bridge
Griffith Park & Southern Railroad
Griffith Park Merry-Go-Round
Griffith Park Zoo - closed in 1966 and now used as a hiking and picnicking area
Heritage tree: a pine tree in memory of Beatle George Harrison was planted in 2004 near the observatory. It died after a beetle infestation, and as of 2014, plans have been made to replace it.
The site of the Hollywood Sign on the southern side of Mount Lee is located on rough, steep terrain, and is encompassed by barriers to prevent unauthorized access. Local groups have campaigned to make tourist access to the sign difficult on grounds of safety, as the curving hillside roads in the area were not designed for so many cars and pedestrians. The Hollywood Sign Trust convinced Google and other mapping services to stop providing directions to the location of the sign, instead directing visitors to two viewing platforms, Griffith Observatory and the Hollywood and Highland Center. Another, less remote area from which the sign can be viewed is Lake Hollywood Park on Canyon Lake Drive.
Los Angeles Live Steamers Railroad Museum
Los Angeles Zoo
Travel Town Museum

A statue of a standing bear, created in 1976 by Noack Foundry based on the design of German sculptor Renée Sintenis originally created in 1932, is located in the park. Its plaque reads "To the people of the United States of America in gratitude for their aid, friendship and protection. Presented to our sister city, Los Angeles by the people of free Berlin". This is the same bear as that used to create the Golden Bear awards for the Berlin International Film Festival each year.

Other activities

Much of the park comprises wild, rugged natural areas with hiking and equestrian trails, and this terrain separates the park into many areas or "pockets" of activities. Within the various areas are concessions, golf courses, picnic grounds, train rides, and tennis courts. In 2014, two baseball fields were proposed on the east side of Griffith Park that would remove 44 trees and replace  of picnic area, the largest picnic area in the park that is often used for large family gatherings, cultural fairs and festivals, reunions, and other special occasions. The plan may be altered to spare a sycamore that has been designated by the city as a "heritage tree", a living artifact of Los Angeles history.

After its closure in 1966, the grounds of the Griffith Park Zoo were transformed into a recreation area. Some of the former animal enclosures were left in place, and picnic tables were installed.

The annual Bell-Jeff Invitational cross country race has been held in the park on the last Saturday in September since 1973.

After 74 years in operation, the Griffith Park Pony Rides closed on December 21, 2022.

Hiking

Griffith Park is a popular hiking area. Orientation maps are located at the entrance to the parking lot near Griffith Observatory. A service road leads from the observatory to numerous hiking routs on and around Mount Lee; however, the immediate area where the Hollywood Sign is located is closed to the public since the area is home to the main communication tower for the City of Los Angeles. Hiking up to Wisdom tree on Cahuenga Peak from the South-western slopes of Mount Lee is accessible. Visitors are expected to comply with safety requirements, and must be prepared and equipped adequately.

Trails leading to the Hollywood Sign can be accessed from several official Griffith Park entrances.  These include the Mt. Hollywood Trail, which can be accessed from the Griffith Observatory parking lot off Vermont Canyon Road or from Vermont Canyon Road just past the Greek Theater, the Bronson Canyon / Brush Canyon Trail (3200 Canyon Drive, Los Angeles, CA), and a number of trailheads that begin near the Griffith Park Visitors Center off Crystal Springs Drive in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles (free trail maps are available at the Visitors Center).  A once-popular trailhead originating at the top of Beachwood Drive was closed by court order in April 2017.

Mount Lee
Mount Lee's hiking trails and fire roads are part of Griffith Park; as such it's easy to get lost and be redirected. Maps of the trails and the land around the hills should be studied before attempting to hike the area for the first time.

Wildlife
An adult mountain lion, named P-22, inhabited the park from 2012 to 2022. An image of the cougar was captured on an automatic camera. P-22 is likely not the first mountain lion to have taken up residence in Griffith Park, although the duration of his stay was remarkably long. A mountain lion's body was found in Griffith Park sometime in 1996 or 1997, after being hit by a vehicle. Another mountain lion was sighted several times in Griffith Park in 2004 and rangers found evidence (including deer remains) to support its presence there.

An urban ecologist monitors wildlife within the park. The ecologist has also been conducting a raptor study in the communities surrounding the park through volunteers since 2017. Permanent signs on the Griffith Park Observatory deck warn of rattlesnakes in the surrounding area.

Coyotes abound in Griffith Park and are generally active at night. Park visitors report frequent sightings during the day and have had their dogs attacked by coyotes. Visitors are strongly discouraged from feeding Griffith Park coyotes including near "the base of Fern Canyon, where up to eight coyotes per day are present more or less continuously."

The newly created habitat of a Miyawaki forest near the Bette Davis Picnic Area has attracted Western toads from the Los Angeles River.

Geology
Much of the exposed rock in Griffith Park is marine or non-marine sedimentary rock of Neogene and Quaternary formations, including the Lower, Middle and Upper Topanga, as well as the Monterey and Fernando formations. Both inclined bedding and fossil-bearing strata are common. Also present is late Miocene intrusive rock, generally strongly weathered and easily cleaved, as well as some dikes and purple and gray andesitic extrusive rock bodies. Faulting as well as clear contacts between rock bodies are also common.

Climate

In popular culture
With its wide variety of scenes and close proximity to Hollywood and Burbank, various locations in the park have been used extensively in movies and television shows. Griffith Park was the busiest destination in Los Angeles for on-location filming in 2011, with 346 production days, according to a FilmL.A. survey. Projects included the TV series Criminal Minds and The Closer.

Some sites within the park that have appeared in media include:
Bronson Canyon, also called Bronson Caves, is a popular location for motion picture and television filming, especially of western and science fiction low-budget films, including Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956). The site was also used as the location for the climactic scene in John Ford's classic western, The Searchers (1956). The scene includes Ethan Edwards (John Wayne) cornering his niece Debbie (Natalie Wood) in one of the caves with the apparent intent of killing her. The craggy site of an old quarry, a tunnel in this canyon was also used as the entrance to the Batcave in the 1960s Batman television series, and in numerous other shows. The natural "cave" walls are preserved by the many layers of paint used to make them look like rock.
 The Griffith Observatory, which sits atop the southern slope of Mount Hollywood, was featured prominently in the classic Rebel Without a Cause (1955). A bronze bust of the film's star James Dean is on the grounds just outside the dome. Other movies filmed here include The Terminator (1984), Disney's The Rocketeer (1991), Stephen Sommer's film Van Helsing (2004), Yes Man (2008), and La La Land (2016). The area of the park around the Observatory also appears as a location in the role-playing video game Vampire: The Masquerade Bloodlines (2004), which is set in Los Angeles. Griffith Park and Griffith Observatory are significant in the Star Trek: Voyager episode "Future's End" (originally aired November 6, 1996). The crew are thrown into the past and Griffith Observatory discovers Voyager. The tunnel was also used in the 1960s spy television series Mission: Impossible.
The Griffith Park Carousel, opened in 1929 was the carousel that inspired Disneyland. Walt sat on one of the benches around the Carousel, and while watching his kids dreamed up Disneyland. The Carousel is still open, and enriched with history.
 Films:
 D.W. Griffith (no relation to the eponym of Griffith Park) filmed the battle scenes for his epic The Birth of a Nation in the park in 1915, as Lillian Gish detailed in her memoirs, The Movies, Mr. Griffith, and Me.
It was used for the road scenes in Sunset Boulevard (1950).
The climactic scenes of War of the Colossal Beast (1958) were shot at Griffith Observatory.
 Flareup (1969), starring Raquel Welch.
 The Travel Town Museum's Griffith Park & Southern Railroad appears in the miniature train scene in The Parallax View (1974).
The tunnel was used as the entrance to the NORAD complex in WarGames (1983).
It was used as a location in the first two Back to the Future movies. In the first movie (released in 1985) it was used for Marty McFly's starting point when accelerating to  in the film's climax, and in the second movie (released in 1989) it was used for the "River Road Tunnel" scene when Marty was trying to get the almanac back from Biff Tannen.
The tunnel was also featured in a scene in Throw Momma from the Train (1987).
The same tunnel was used as the entrance to Toontown in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988).
The park was also featured in the Robert Altman movie Short Cuts (1993).
Roads within the park were used to stand in for Pacific coastal roads in The Majestic (2001).
The area around the observatory is used extensively in La La Land (2016).
Music:
 The park was the location for Adam Lambert's music video for his single, "If I Had You".
 Griffith Park was the location used in Ellie Goulding's music video "Guns and Horses".
The silver Trans Am in the Simple Plan music video for Untitled (How Could This Happen to Me?) is seen driving out of the tunnel just before the head-on crash.
Television: Remington Steele, Salute Your Shorts, Full House

Gallery

See also

 Hollywood Cricket Club
 Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments in Hollywood, Los Feliz and Griffith Park
 List of parks in Los Angeles

Similar large municipal parks elsewhere
 Daan Forest Park, Taipei, Taiwan (Republic of China)
 Royal National City Park, Stockholm, Sweden
 Stanley Park, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada

Notes

References

External links

 Los Angeles Department of Recreation & Parks: Griffith Park
 Griffith Park History
 Los Angeles Fire Department Historical Archive The Griffith Park Fire
 Griffith Park Aerodrome
 Griffith Observatory
 Photograph of the Griffith Park Fire of May 2007
 Updated crime report from Griffith Park
Unveiling of original statue "Spirit of the C. C. C" by John Palo-Kangas in Griffith Park on the day President Roosevelt, Los Angeles, 1935, Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.
Image of Zoly Cubias and friend along Fern Dell stream in Griffith Park, Los Angeles, 1988. Los Angeles Times Photographic Archive (Collection 1429). UCLA Library Special Collections, Charles E. Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles.

Parks in Los Angeles
Hollywood Hills
Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monuments
Los Feliz, Los Angeles
Cross country running courses in California
Miniature railroads in the United States
Santa Monica Mountains
Central Los Angeles
Northwest Los Angeles

Griffith Park


Antropologia ecologică este o ramură a antropologiei. Complexitatea problemelor de interrelații dintre om și natură a contribuit la apariția unei discipline separate, cu denumirea de antropoecologie, care prezintă știința despre crearea și sistematizarea  teoretică a cunoștințelor obiective privind realitatea. Exinstența unor astfel de probleme complexe în relațiile dintre om și natură stau la baza creării rețelei științifice în domeniu.

Antropologie
Ecologie

Antropologie ecologică


Alycia Debnam-Carey er en australsk skuespiller. Hun medvirker i øjeblikket i den amerikanske serie Fear the walking dead som Alicia Clark. Hun spillede rollen som Lexa i The 100.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Australien
Personer fra Sydney

Alycia Debnam-Carey


Episodes is the quarterly journal of the International Union of Geological Sciences, published in Seoul, Korea. In circulation since 1978, Episodes is an international and interdisciplinary open access and free, both to submit and download, publication journal that covers all geoscience disciplines. Episodes includes authoritative articles that reflect global research advances, evolving trends in geoscience disciplines and concise reports on the results of international meetings, conferences, and symposia. It is a high visibility journal, and is indexed in Science Citation Index (SCI), Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE; Web of Science), and Journal Citation Reports (JCR)/Science Edition, along with many other databases such as SCOPUS. Submitted manuscripts are peer-reviewed, and a first decision is provided to authors approximately within 30 days after submission.

See also
 List of scientific journals
 List of scientific journals in earth and atmospheric sciences

References

External links

IUGS publications program, incorporating Episodes journal

Geology journals
Quarterly journals
Academic journals established in 1978

Episodes (journal)


Prirodoslovni muzej "Hasan bej Zardabi  (azerski: Həsən bəy Zərdabi adına Təbiət Tarixi Muzeyi, ruski: Музей естественной истории имени Хасан бей Зардаби) je prirodoslovni muzej u Bakuu osnovan 1930. godine. Muzej je nazvan u čast Hasan bej Zardabiju, azerbajdžanskome novinaru, intelektualcu, prosvjetitelju, publicistu, pedagogu, autoru mnogih znanstvenih radova o problemima darvinizma, nastanku života na Zemlji i okolišu.

Muzej djeluje pod pokroviteljstvom Instituta za geologiju i geofiziku Azerbajdžana.

Ravnatelj muzeja je Tarielj Ejbatov (ruski: Тариэль Эйбатов), doktor filozofije i biologije.

Povijest
U početku, 1920. godine, muzej je funkcionirao kao zavičajni pedagoški krug. Sam prirodoslovni muzej osnovan je 1930. godine. Temelj muzeja bio je odjel za biologiju Državnoga muzeja Azerbajdžanske SSR.

Godine 1945. muzej je uključen u sastav Instituta za geologiju Akademije znanosti Azerbajdžanske SSR. Od 1944. godine institucija nosi ime "Hasan bej Zardabi".

Tijekom godina postojanja Azerbajdžanske Sovjetske Socijalističke Republike razvio se administrativno-upravni sustav muzeja u zemlji.

Zime 1980. godine donesena je odluka o stvaranju Uprave muzeja i Znanstveno-metodološki odjel za rad muzeja pri Ministarstvu kulture SSSR-a. Provedena je kontrola muzejske mreže širem zemlje.

Kasnije je osnovan Znanstveno-restauratorski centar za obnovu i restauraciju muzeja republike. Te institucije postoje i danas.

U siječnju 2014. godine odobrene su Odredbe Nacionalnoga prirodoslovnoga muzeja Republike Azerbajdžan. Prema odredbi planira se osnovati Nacionalni muzej pri Azerbajdžanskoj nacionalnoj akademiji znanosti.

Odjeli
Muzej ima dva odjela: geološki i zoološki odjel.

Geološki odjel pruža informacije o geološkoj i tektonskoj strukturi Azerbajdžana, karte i dijagrame, minerale (kobalt, gips, soli, kvarc, pirit, barit, molibden, kalcij), uzorke sedimentnih stijena.

Zoološki odjel sadrži brojne kosture, preparirane životinje, tijela suvremenih i drevnih beskralježnjaka (spužve, mješinci, bodljikaši, mekušci, člankonošci, itd.) i kralježnjaka (vodozemci, gmazovi, ribe, ptice, sisavci), slike koje sadrže informacije o flori Azerbajdžana. Najstariji izloženi predmet je zub Ichthyosaurusa iz krede star 120 milijun godina.

Izlošci

Znanstvena istraživanja prirodoslovnoga muzeja razvila su se u nekoliko smjerova, uglavnom na paleontološka nalazišta. Muzej predstavlja bingadinsku, perekeškjuljsku, mingečaursku zbirku i druge kvartarske zbirke.

Znanstvena istraživanja provedena u instituciji pokrivaju područja poput sistematike, morfologije, evolucije i ekologije endemskih životinja. Od velike važnosti je komparativna analiza suvremenih kralježnjaka s fosilima.

Glavna istraživanja usredotočena su na proučavanje kvartarskoga Bingadinskoga asfaltnoga jezera i eljdarsku kasnosarmatsku hipparionsku faunu brojnih mjesta primitivnih ljudi, kao npr. Aziska pećina. U zbirci kvartarne faune Bingadinskoga asfatnoga jezera nalaze se 41 vrste sisavaca, 110 vrsta ptica, 1 vrste mekušca, 2 gmaza, 1 vodozemac, 107 insekata i 22 vrste biljki.

Među njima su gotovo čitavi fosilizirani kosturi konja, jelena, gazela i sajgi koje više ne žive na području Azerbajdžana.

U razdoblju od 1975. do 1986. godine provedena su arheološka, geomorfološka, paleontološka i kronostatigrafijska istraživanja Aziske pećine. U pećini su pronađeni ostatci sisavaca, poput kukcojeda, zečeva, šišmiša, zvijeri, parnoprstaša i glodavaca.

Većina izloženih predmeta u muzeju donio je Rahimbek Džafar oglji Džafarov, prvi predsjednik ustanove.

Eljdarska fauna sastoji se od 23 predstavnika različitih vrsta kralježnjaka. Osim toga, u muzeju se nalaze dvije vrste hippariona, sarmatski kit i donja čeljust mastodonta.

Više od 20 prepariranih životinja koje se nalaze na IUCN-ov crvenome popisu nalaze se u Zlatnome fondu muzeja.

Institucija još uvijek čuva rukopise, kao i osobne predmete Hasana beja Zardabija i članova njegove obitelji. Posebno je zanimljiv sačuvani dio Zardabijeve prepiske s ruskim piscem Lavom Tolstojem.

U muzeju se nalaze i gornja vilica, zubi i kljove južnoga mamuta koji je živio na području Azerbajdžana prije 600.000 godina, a otkriveni su u Mingečauru 2001. godine. Ova otkrića dodana su u zbirku muzeja 2008. godine.

U razdoblju od 2006. do 2007. godine azerbajdžanski istraživači su na inicijativu Prirodoslovnoga muzeja "Hasan bej Zardabi" zabilježili broj kaspijskoga tuljana.

Izvori

Literatura
 Эфендиев Р. Художественные ремесла Азербайджана в музеях мира. Баку, 1980.
 Бахшиева А. Из истории музейного дела в Азербайджане. Баку, 2005.

Vanjske poveznice

Građevine u Bakuu
Prirodoslovni muzeji
Azerbajdžanska kultura

Prirodoslovni muzej Hasan bej Zardabi


Die Indische Badmintonmeisterschaft der Saison 1998/1999 fand Anfang Februar 1999 in Neu-Delhi statt. Es war die 63. Austragung der nationalen Titelkämpfe im Badminton in Indien.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
badmintonindia.org
tribuneindia.com

1999
Badminton 1999
Badmintonwettbewerb in Delhi

Indische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1998/99


Brim er íslensk kvikmynd frá 2010 í leikstjórn Árna Ólafs Ásgeirssonar.

Leikarar
 Ingvar E. Sigurðsson
 Nína Dögg Filippusdóttir
 Gísli Örn Garðarsson
 Ólafur Egilsson
 Björn Hlynur Haraldsson
 Ólafur Darri Ólafsson
 Víkingur Kristjánsson
 Nanna Kristín Magnúsdóttir
 Davíð Örn Einarsson
 Sverrir Árnason
 Hrafnhildur Söebech
 Þórhildur Söebech
 Haraldur B. Haraldsson
 Erla Grétarsdóttir
 Soffía Rúna Jensdóttir
 Guðni Gunnarsson
 Daney Haraldsdóttir
 Hera Hilmarsdóttir
 Einar Örn Einarsson
 Sólveig Guðmundsdóttir
 Inga Laila Arnarsdóttir
 Íris Friðmey Sturludóttir
 Sigurður Hrannar Hjaltason
 Berglind Bjarnadóttir

Tenglar

Íslenskar kvikmyndir
Kvikmyndir frumsýndar 2010

Brim (kvikmynd)


An Aristida tricornis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Hildemar Wolfgang Scholz ngan P.König. An Aristida tricornis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aristida, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aristida

Aristida tricornis


Çile, Antalya ilinin Gazipaşa ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 207 km, Gazipaşa ilçesine 27 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Gazipaşa'nın mahalleleri

Çile, Gazipaşa


جمهورية أرتساخ  أو جمهورية ناغورني قره باغ (بالأذرية:Qondarma Dağlıq Qarabağ Respublikası) ؛ هي دولة انفصالية في جنوب القوقاز، تدعمها أرمينيا التي يُعترف بأراضيها دوليًا على أنها جزء من أذربيجان. تسيطر أرتساخ على جزء من إقليم ناغورنو-قره باغ المستقل سابقًا، بما في ذلك عاصمته خانكندي. تشكل أرتساخ حبيسةً داخل أذربيجان. طريقها البري الوحيد للوصول إلى أرمينيا هو عبر ممر لاتشين العريض البالغ طوله 5 كم (3.1 ميل)، والذي يخضع لسيطرة قوات الحفظ السلام الروسية.

طالبت كل من جمهورية أذربيجان الديمقراطية وجمهورية أرمينيا الأولى بمنطقة ناغورنو قره باغ ذات الأغلبية الأرمنية، عندما نال كلا البلدين استقلالهما في عام 1918 بعد سقوط الإمبراطورية الروسية، واندلعت حرب قصيرة على المنطقة في عام 1920. تأجل النزاع بعد أن بسط الاتحاد السوفييتي سيطرته على المنطقة، وأسس إقليم ناغورنو قره باغ المستقل (نكاو) داخل جمهورية أذربيجان الاشتراكية السوفياتية في عام 1923. عادت المنطقة إلى الظهور كمصدر للخلاف بين أرمينيا وأذربيجان في الفترة التي سبقت سقوط الاتحاد السوفييتي. أدى استفتاء أُجري عام 1991، في إقليم ناغورنو قره باغ المستقل وفي إقليم شاهوميان المجاور، إلى إعلان الاستقلال. أدى النزاع العرقي إلى حرب ناغورنو-قره باغ بين عامي 1991-1994. اندلع النزاع بشكل متقطع منذ ذلك الحين، وبشكل أبرز في حرب ناغورنو-قره باغ لعام 2020.

أرتساخ هي ديمقراطية رئاسية ذات مجلس تشريعي واحد. تعتمد البلاد على أرمينيا وتتكامل معها بشكل وثيق، وتعتبر من عدة نواحٍ جزءًا من أرمينيا.

تعد دولة جبلية للغاية، بمتوسط ارتفاع يبلغ 1100 متر (3600 قدم) فوق مستوى سطح البحر. تبلغ نسبة السكان من العرق الأرمني 99.7%، واللغة الرئيسية المحكية هي اللغة الأرمنية. غالبية السكان من المسيحيين، ومعظمهم ينتمون إلى الكنيسة الرسولية الأرمنية. تشتهر العديد من الأديرة التاريخية بتوافد السياح إليها، ومعظمهم من الشتات الأرمني، حيث تتم معظم الرحلات بين أرمينيا وأرتساخ فقط.

أصل كلمة أرتساخ
ذكرت النصوص المنقوشة التي تعود إلى العصر الأورارتي وفقًا لعلماء الآثار أسماء مختلفة مثل أرداخ وأورديخ وأتاخوني، وأشار المؤرخ الكلاسيكي سترابو في كتابه (الجغرافيا) أن المنطقة التي يسميها الأوركيستين هي الاسم القديم لـ أرتساخ.

افترض ديفيد لانغ أن الاسم القديم لأرتساخ مشتق من اسم الملك أرتاكسياس الأول ملك أرمينيا في (190-159 قبل الميلاد) الذي يعتبر مؤسس سلالة أرتشياد ومملكة أرمينيا الكبرى. بينما تعتقد مجموعة أخرى أن اسم أرتساخ مشتق من (أر) بمعنى آران و (تساخ) بمعنى الغابة ليصبح الأسن غابات آران سيساكين وهو أحد النبلاء الأمرينيون من شمال شرق أرمينيا.

أما بالنسبة لكلمة ناغورني قره باغ ف الجزء الأول ناغورني مشتق من اللغة الروسية بمعنى جبال أما الجزء الثاني قره باغ فهي كلمة تركية تعني الحديقة السوداء.

يطلق الإنكليز عادةً اسم جبال قره باغ على المنطقة لتجاوز الطاقة السلبية المرتبطة باسم ناغورني قره باغ بسبب الحرب.

الجيش
يخضع الجيش للقيادة المدنية للحكومة وفقًا لدستور جمهورية أرتساخ، تأسس جيش الدفاع في أرتساخ رسميًا في 9 مايو 1992 للدفاع ضد أذربيجان، عندما بدأ الجيش الأذربيجاني بإطلاق النار في 12 مايو 1994.

يتكون جيش الدفاع في أرتساخ حاليًا من حوالي 18.000 - 20.000 ضابط وجندي، 8.500 منهم مواطنون من أرتساخ وما تبقى أي حوالي 10,000 من أرمينيا، يمتلك الجيش أيضًا 177-316 دبابة و 256-324 سيارات قتال إضافية و291-322 بندقية وقذيفة. تزود أرمينيا أرتساخ بالأسلحة والاحتياجات العسكرية الأخرى كما تنتشر عدة كتائب من الجيش الأرميني مباشرة في منطقة أرتساخ في الأراضي الأذربيجانية المحتلة.

حارب جيش أرتساخ الدفاعي في شوشا عام 1992 وافتتح ممر لاتشين بين أرمينيا وناغورني قره باغ (1992) ودافع عن جبهة مارتاكيرت من 1992 إلى 1994.

اقتصاد جمهورية أرتساخ
تأثر الوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي لجمهورية أرتساخ بشكل كبير بالحرب التي امتدت من 1991- 1994، ظهر مع ذلك العديد من الاستثمارات الأجنبية، ويأتي معظم رأس المال الاستثماري من أرمينيا وروسيا والولايات المتحدة وفرنسا وأستراليا وإيران والشرق الأوسط.

تطور قطاع الاتصالات بشكل خاص مع Karabakh Telecom باستثمار ملايين الدولارات في الهاتف المحمول بإدارة شركة لبنانية، كما تقدم تعدين النحاس والذهب منذ عام 2002 مع تطوير وإطلاق ودائع درمبون. يُنتج ما يقرب 27-28 ألف طن منهم بمتوسط محتوى نحاسي من 19 إلى 21٪ ومحتوى ذهب من 32 إلى 34 جم / طن.

تعتبر أذربيجان كل عمليات التعدين في ناغورني قره باغ غير قانونية وتعهدت بالتعاقد مع شركة تدقيق دولية لتحديد الأضرار التي لحقت بشركة إدارة الخام الحكومية الأذربيجانية نتيجة لذلك. ، أعلنت حكومة أذربيجان في عام 2018 أنها تخطط لمنع صادرات قره باغ في المحكمة الدولية ووحدات تنفيذ القانون في البلدان التي تسجل شركات التعدين المتورطة فيها.

يُدار النظام المصرفي من قبل بنك أرتساخ (بنك أرميني مقره في يريفان يقوم بوظائف بنك ولاية ناغورني كاراباخ) وعدد من البنوك الأرمينية الأخرى.

تعد الزراعة ومعالجة المنتجات الزراعية، وخاصة النبيذ (مثل تخزين النبيذ وكحول الكونياك) أحد الاتجاهات ذات الأولوية للتنمية الاقتصادية الأرتساخية.

الجغرافيا

الموقع
تقع جمهورية مرتفعات قرة باغ في الجزء الجنوبي الشرقي من منطقة القوقاز الصغرى. يغلب على الجمهورية الطابع الجبلي، تحتضن الجزء الشرقي من هضبة قرة باغ من الغرب ويذهب إلى الجنوب والشرق، ثم الانضمام مع وادي أرتساخ الذي يُشكل جزءاً كبيراً من الأراضي المنخفضة.

التاريخ

الأكثرية في هذه المنطقة من الأرمن، وجعلت هذه الأكثرية منطقة قرة باغ معرضة للصراع بين أرمينيا وأذربيجان، وهما أيضاً جمهوريات سوفيتية، وبعد الاستقلال في كلتا الجمهوريتين، بدأت حرباً في المنطقة وهي المعروفة باسم حرب مرتفعات قرة باغ، والتي أستمرت من 1988 إلى 1994.

الاستقلال
في 10 ديسمبر 1991، عقب انهيار الاتحاد السوفيتي، بدأت المنطقة تطلب الاستقلال من أذربيجان، والانضمام إلى أرمينيا ولكن هذا لم يتحقق؛ ولكن تحقق الاستقلال فقط كجمهورية مرتفعات قرة باغ، والتي لم تعترف بها أي دولة أو منظمة، بما فيها أرمينيا.

أصل التسمية
كلمة ناغورني كلمة روسية تعني مرتفعات وفي الوقت نفسه تعني جبال، أما كلمة قره باغ فتعني الحديقة السوداء، مما يعني أن ناغورني قره باغ هي ترجمة لمرتفعات الحديقة السوداء. سكان الجمهورية ذو الأغلبية الأرمنية يطلقون على المنطقة اسم «آرتساخ», أصل الكلمة أرمني وهي مألفة من مقطعين الأول «آر» نسبة إلى «آرا» إله الشمس عند الأرمن القدماء، و«تساخ» وتعني كرمة أو غابة. وبذلك تعني كلمة «آرتساخ» غابة أو كرمة الإله «آرا». أما الأذر فيعرفونها باسم «يوخاري قره باغ»، أو «قره باغ العليا» بالمعنى الحرفي.

السياسة

النظام السياسي
تتبع جمهورية مرتفعات قرة باغ النظام الرئاسي. أي أن السلطة التنفيذية تقع أساساً على عاتق الرئيس، فالسلطة التنفيذية مستقلة تماماً عن السلطة التشريعية ولا تقع تحت محاسبتها ولا يمكن أن تقوم بحلها. والرئيس ينتخب لمدة 5 سنوات من قبل الشعب. تتسم الجمهورية بوجود نظام متعدد الأحزاب، والجمعية الوطنية (البرلمان) به 33 عضواً، و 16 عضواً آخرين ينتخبون لمدة خمس سنوات في دوائر انتخابية بمقعد واحد و 17 آخرين عن طريق التمثيل النسبي.

الأوضاع

في الوقت الحاضر لم تتلق جمهورية مرتفعات قرة باغ الاعتراف من جانب الدول الأعضاء في الأمم المتحدة، ولكن اعترف بالجمهورية جمهوريات أخرى غير معترف بها أو معترف بها جزئياً:
 دول غير معترف بها: جمهورية ترانسنيستريا.
 دول معترف بها جزئياً: أبخازيا وأوسيتيا الجنوبية.

القوات المسلحة ناجورني قرة باغ
تأسست رسمياً في مرتفعات قرة باغ وزارة الدفاع والجيش في 9 مايو 1992 م، وهي قوة الدفاع الرسمي للجمهورية، وكانت هناك من قبل وحدات دفاعية غير منظمة تشكلت عام 1990 من أجل الدفاع عن السكان الأرمن القاطنين في قرة باغ.
جيش الدفاع يتألف حالياً من 15000 - 20000 مقاتل سواء كان من الضباط المدربين تدريباً جيداً أو من الجنود المجهزين. والجيش يتألف من المشاة والدبابات والمدفعية وأنظمة مضادة للطائرات.
وقد اتخذ الجيش دوراً حاسماً في تأسيس الجمهورية في معارك حاسمة مثل معركة شوشة (شوشي) عام 1992، وفتح ممر لاتشين بين جمهورية أرمينيا والجمهورية الوليدة في نفس السنة، وأيضاً كان يدافع عن الجبهة في مارتاكيرت في الفترة بين 1992 وحتى عام 1994 م.

التقسيمات الإدارية
جمهورية مرتفعات قرة باغ تنقسم إلى 7 أقسام إدارية، بجانب العاصمة سيتباناكيرت التي لها وضعاً إدارياً خاصاً.

الاقتصاد
تأثر الوضع الاجتماعي والاقتصادي لجمهورية مرتفعات قرة باغ بسبب النزاع. ومع ذلك، الاستثمارات الأجنبية هي المحرّك الجديد لاقتصاد الجمهورية. فإن أصل رأس المال الاستثماري يأتي من معظم الأرمن في أرمينيا وروسيا والولايات المتحدة وفرنسا وأستراليا وإيران وبعض دول الشرق الأوسط.

الأتصالات
يمسك زمام الأمور في قطاع الاتصالات السلكية واللاسلكية شركة قرة باغ للاتصالات التي تستثمر ملايين الدولارات في الهواتف النقالة، وتقود الشركة شركة أخرى لبنانية.

العملة
النظام المصرفي في ازدهار أيضاً والبنك المركزي يسمى «بنك الدولة»، ويتم استعمال الدرام الأرميني كعملة في التعامل اليومي.

السكان

الدين

معظم السكان الأرمن في جمهورية مرتفعات قرة باغ يدينون بالمسيحية المنتمية إلى الكنيسة الرسولية الأرمنية التي تتبع الأرثوذكسية المشرقية.
هناك أيضاً بعض الطوائف الأرثوذكسية الشرقية والإنجيلية، وهناك أقليات دينية أخرى من المسلمين واليهود.

انظر أيضًا
 حرب مرتفعات قرة باغ
 ناغورني قره باغ (أرتساخ)
 أذربيجان
 أرمينيا
 ممر لاتشين

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لجمهورية مرتفعات قرة باغ. (بالأرمينية، والروسية، والإنكليزية).

انحلالات سنة 2023 في أذربيجان
آسيا في 1992
أقاليم متنازع عليها في آسيا
الانفصالية في أذربيجان
التقسيمات الإدارية الفرعية في أذربيجان
بلدان أوروبية شرقية
تأسيسات سنة 1992 في آسيا
تأسيسات سنة 1992 في أذربيجان
تأسيسات سنة 1992 في أوروبا
تاريخ جمهورية آرتساخ
جمهورية آرتساخ
جنوب القوقاز
حرب ناغورنو قرة باغ
دول الاتحاد السوفيتي السابق
دول غرب آسيا
دول غير ساحلية
دول غير معترف بها أو ذات اعتراف محدود
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1992
دول ومقاطعات ناطقة بالروسية
مرتفعات قرة باغ
نزاع مرتفعات قره باغ
نزاعات إقليمية في أوروبا

جمهورية أرتساخ


أياني (Αιανή) هي مدينة في كوزاني في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2102   نسمة.

توأمة
لأياني اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 ألكسيناتش

مراجع

مدن اليونان

بلديات سابقة في مقدونيا الغربية

أماكن مأهولة في كوزاني (مقاطعة)

أياني


Robert J. Bach (nascido em 31 de dezembro de 1961), conhecido apenas como Robbie Bach, é um executivo estadunidense que foi presidente da divisão de entretenimento e dispositivos da Microsoft. Ele liderou a divisão responsável pelo Xbox, Xbox 360, Zune, Games for Windows, Windows Phone e pela plataforma de TV Microsoft. É autor do livro Xbox Revisited: A Game Plan for Corporate and Civic Reneral (Xbox Revistado: Um Plano de Jogo para a Renovação Corporativa e Cívica). Bach se juntou à Microsoft em 1988 e, ao longo dos vinte e dois anos, trabalhou em várias funções de marketing, gerenciamento geral e funções de liderança.

Empregados da Microsoft
Naturais de Peoria (Illinois)

Robert J. Bach


Den anden sæson af tv-serien Bedrag havde premiere på DR1 den 25. september 2016. Den består af 10 afsnit og i denne sæson er blikket vendt imod bankverdenen, hvor storbanken Nova Bank, forsøger at opkøbe den mindre mere kontroversielle bank, Absalon Bank.

Anden sæsons 10 afsnit blev udsendt søndage kl. 20:00 i Danmark. Den 2. februar 2017 udgav Midget Entertainment "Bedrag - Sæson 2" på dvd. Den 10. april 2017 udgav Arrow Films "Follow The Money (Bedrag): Season 2" på dvd.

Afsnit

Referencer

Krimiserier fra Danmark
Afsnit af tv-serier
Sæsoner af tv-serier

Bedrag (sæson 2)


Borebi es un municipio brasileño del estado de São Paulo. Se localiza a una latitud 22º34'10" sur y a una longitud 48º58'16" oeste, estando a una altitud de 590 metros. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 2.205 habitantes.

Posee un área de 348,116 km².

Geografía

Demografía
Datos del Censo - 2000

Población Total: 1.933
 Urbana: 1.478
 Rural: 455
 Hombres: 1.001
 Mujeres: 932
Densidad demográfica (hab./km²): 5,55

Mortalidad infantil hasta 1 año (por mil): 16,67

Expectativa de vida (años): 70,79

Tasa de fertilidad (hijos por mujer): 2,31

Tasa de Alfabetización: 84,58%

Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH-M): 0,746

 IDH-M Salario: 0,664
 IDH-M Longevidad: 0,763
 IDH-M Educación: 0,812
(Fuente: IPEADATA)

Hidrografía
 Río Lençóis
 Río Turvinho
 Río Claro
 Río Palmital
 Arroyo Son Mateus
 Río del Jacu
 Río de las Antas
 Río Vinte-e-oito
 Río Coronel Leche
 Río São José
 Río Tapera
 Río del Caboclo
 Río del Pulador

Carreteras
 Carretera Marechal Rondon (SP-300)

Administración
 Prefecto: Luiz Antonio Finoti Daniel (2005/2008)
 Viceprefecto: Luiz Carlos Pescinelli
 Presidente de la Cámara: Juán Lima de Souza (2007/2008)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de São Paulo

Borebi


Sibila Jeruzalemska (lat. Sibylla) (Jeruzalem, o. 1159. - Akra, 25. srpnja 1190.), jeruzalemska princeza, grofica Jafe i Aškelona (1176.-1186.) te jeruzalemska kraljica (1186.-1190.) iz francuske dinastije Anjou-Châteaudun.

Bila je kći jeruzalemskog kralja Almarika I. i Agneze od Courtenayja. Imala je brata, jeruzalemskog kralja Balduina IV. i polusestru, jeruzalemsku kraljicu Izabelu I.

Godine 1176. udala se za Vilima od Montferrata, grofa Jafe s kojim je imala sina, kasnijeg jeruzalemskog kralja Balduina V. Poslije suprugove smrti 1179. godine, preudala se za francuskog plemića Gvida Lizinjanskog koji je imenovan za regenta u ime Balduina IV. koji je bolovao od lepre. Poslije kraljeve smrti, Gvido je, preko braka sa Sibilom, postao novi jeruzalemski kralj, jer je u međuvremenu umro Balduinov nasljednik i nećak, Balduin V.

Poslije katastrofalnog poraza Gvidove vojske u bitci kod Hattina 1187. godine, prilikom čega je Saladin zarobio njenog supruga, kraljica Sibila je predala grad Jeruzalem u muslimanske ruke. Sljedeće godine uspjela je privoliti Saladina da oslobodi njenog supruga uz plaćenu otkupninu. Gvido se nastavio boriti protiv Saladina u vrijeme Trećeg križarskog rata pod zapovjedništvom engleskog kralja Rikarda I. Lavljeg Srca te se Sibila nadala kako će joj biti vraćen Jeruzalem i nasljedno pravo na krunu. Međutim, umrla je iznenada tijekom epidemije 1190. godine, zajedno sa svoje dvije kćeri iz braka s Gvidom Lizinjanskim.

Bilješke

Vanjske poveznice

 Sibila, jeruzalemska kraljica - Britannica Online
 Sibila (1186.-1190.) - encyclopedia.com

Vladari
Križarski ratovi
Jeruzalemski kraljevi

Sibila Jeruzalemska


Wikipedia în aromână (în aromână: Wikipedia pri Armâneaști) este versiunea în limba aromână a Wikipediei, și se află în prezent pe locul 244 în topul Wikipediilor, după numărul de articole.  În prezent are aproximativ 1.200 de articole.

Note

Vezi și
 Wikipedia în română

Legături externe
 Wikipedia în aromână

Enciclopedii online

Wikipedia în aromână


Ring Nord  er en to sporet ringvej der går nord om Ølstykke. Vejen er med til at lede trafikken nord om Gammel Ølstykke så byen ikke bliver belastet af for meget gennemkørende trafik.

Vejen forbinder Frederikssundvej i syd med Sperrestrupvej i nord, og har forbindelse til Kærgårdsvej, Ny Toftegårdsvej og Hampelandvej.

Kilder

Ølstykke-Stenløse
Ringveje i Danmark

Ring Nord (Ølstykke)


Der Wardrobe Tower war ein Turm in der Festungsanlage des Tower of London. Der vermutlich in den 1190er Jahren gebaute Turm gehörte zu den Anlagen, die den innersten Festungsring abgrenzten. Er markiert dessen nordöstliche Ecke und ist heute nur noch als Ruine erhalten. Benannt ist er nach dem Wardrobe, dem persönlichen Haushalt eines englischen Königs, dessen Gegenstände und Utensilien, darunter auch die Kronjuwelen, zeitweise im Tower gelagert wurden. Die heute noch vorhandenen Reste sind etwas über 2 Meter hoch und bestehen aus Naturstein und Backstein.

Der Wardrobe Tower entstand, als der Tower of London begann, sich zu einer komplexeren Festungsanlage zu wandeln. War er vorher ein großer Keep mit einer umgebenden Mauer gewesen, war der unter Richard Löwenherz errichtete Wardrobe Tower Teil von Festungsanlagen, die den Tower of London in einen inneren und einen äußeren Festungsring unterteilten. Der Wardrobe Tower stand an der nordöstlichen Grenze des inneren zum äußeren Rings.

Ursprünglich verband eine Mauer den White Tower im Zentrum der Festung mit dem Wardrobe Tower. Diese wurde 1879 niedergerissen. Der Wardrobe Tower befand sich an der Stelle, wo im 12. Jahrhundert auch noch die alte römische Stadtmauer Londiniums stand. Seine halbkreisförmige Form beruht darauf, dass der Turm auf einer der typischen römischen Bastionen der Stadtmauer aufgebaut wurde. Im späten 17. Jahrhundert wurde ein Türmchen mit Uhr ergänzt, das aber bereits 1715 wegen statischer Unsicherheit wieder abgerissen wurde.

In den Jahrhunderten der Entwicklung des Towers wurde der Wardrobe Tower vollkommen in andere Gebäude eingebaut. Erst als im späten 19. Jahrhundert der Architekt John Taylor das Projekt von Anthony Salvin fortsetzte, dem Tower wieder ein stärker mittelalterliches Aussehen zu geben, tauchten die Reste des Wardrobe Towers wieder auf. Taylor ließ die Horse Armoury abreißen, die direkt an den White Tower angrenzte, um diesen wieder als Solitär zu präsentieren. Bei den Anbauten am südöstlichen Ende des White Towers tauchten zur Überraschung des Baumeisters Reste des Wardrobe Towers wieder auf, die bei den Abrissarbeiten beschädigt wurden. Nur unter öffentlichem Protest konnte Taylor davon abgebracht werden, auch diese Gebäudereste mit abzureißen. Nur knapp entging eines der ältesten Gebäude des Tower der re-mittelalterlichen Gestaltung des Towers.

Der Turm diente als Büro und Lager für den nahegelegenen White Tower. In den Zeiten von Heinrich III. befand sich im Wardrobe Tower die Finanzverwaltung des Konstabler des Tower. Walter Raleigh verbrachte den Anfang seiner Haftzeit im Tower of London im Wardrobe Tower, bevor er in den Bloody Tower verlegt wurde.

In der Nähe des Turms ist der alte Verlauf der Festungsmauer an dieser Stelle auf dem Boden markiert. Bei Ausgrabungen fanden sich Mauerreste aus Sandstein, die zu einer 3,5 Meter langen und 4,5 Meter hohen Mauer gehörten.

Anmerkungen

Literatur
 Simon Bradley, Nikolaus Pevsner: London 1, The city of London. Penguin, London 1997. ISBN 0-14-071092-2, S. 367
 Geoffrey Parnell: The Tower of London. B.T. Batsford/English Heritage ISBN 0-7134-6864-5

Weblinks

Tower of London
Turm in England
Bauwerk im London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Erbaut in den 1190er Jahren
Ruine in London
Turm in Europa

Wardrobe Tower


Abdurrahman Kızılay (1 Temmuz 1938, Kerkük - 12 Aralık 2010, Ankara), Türk Klasik Türk müziği sanatçısı ve bestekâr.

Iraklı Türkmeni olan Abdurrahman Kızılay, ilk ve orta öğrenimini Kerkük'te tamamlamıştır. Müzik eğitimi için Ankara'ya gelmiş ve Ankara Devlet Konservatuvarı Kontrbas Bölümü'nden mezun olmuştur. 1974'te Türk vatandaşlığına kabul edilmiştir. Ses sanatçısı, ut virtüözü ve söz yazarıdır. Türkiye'de "Altın Hızma Mülayim" adlı türküsü ile tanınmaktadır. Kerkük türkülerini tanıtırken aynı zamanda Kerkük bölgesinin ve Kerkük'teki Türk varlığının yaşadığı sıkıntıların da Türkiye'de duyulmasını sağlamıştır. Kerkük'te yaşananları Dünya çapında da duyurmaya çalışmıştır. Asıl adı Abdurrahman Ömer İbrahim olan Kızılay'a uzun yıllar Kerkük Kızılayı'nda gönüllü olarak çalıştığı için Kızılay soyadı önerilmiş ve kendisi de bu soyadı kabul etmiştir. Hayatı boyunca Avrupa'daki birçok ülkede ve ABD'de konserler veren sanatçı son olarak da Türkmeneli Televizyonu'nda "Dost Bağının Bülbülleri" adıyla bir program hazırlamaktaydı. Sanatçı, 2002 yılında Mehmet Özbek ile 'Mum Kimin Yanan/ Kerkük Türküleri' adlı bir albüm yapmıştır. Abdurrahman Kızılay 12 Aralık 2010 tarihinde Ankara'da Özel 29 Mayıs Hastanesi'nde solunum yetmezliği nedeniyle tedavi görürken 72 yaşında ölmüştür.

Eserleri

 Altın Hızma Mülayim
 Evlerinin Önü Boyalı Direk (Derleme)
 Dağlar Başın Alaydım
 Baba Bugün Dağlar Yeşil Boyandı
 Aynaya Baktım Saç Beyaz Olmuş
 Esmerim Güzel Esmerim
 Güler Oynarım
 Yazmalı Gelin Yazmalı
 Her Gün Akşam Olur
 Altın Tabakta Bal Var

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102204/http://www.turkiyegazetesi.com.tr/haberdetay.aspx?NewsID=746830

Türk halk müziği sanatçıları
Irak Türkmenleri
1938 doğumlular
Kerkük doğumlular
2010 yılında ölenler
Ankara'da ölenler
Cebeci Asri Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Resim aranan müzisyenler
Türkiye'deki Iraklı göçmenler

Abdurrahman Kızılay


درجة حرارة لونية : هي مفهوم فيزيائي للجسم الأسود المشع المثالي يمكن استخدامها لوصف هيئة المنبع الضوئي. ومن الصعب جداً الحصول على هذا المشع المثالي، ولكن توزع القدرة النظري في المنطقة المرئية من الطيف ولونيته (Chromaticity) يمكن حسابها من أجل درجة حرارة محددة باستخدام قانون بلانك للإشعاع. وتعرف درجة الحرارة اللونية بدرجة الحرارة لجسم أسود مشع مثالي له نفس لونية المنبع الضوئي.

إن مفهوم درجة الحرارة اللونية يجب أن يطبق فقط على المنابع الضوئية التي يكون توزيع القدرة الطيفية لها مشابهًا لتوزيع الجسم الأسود المشع المثالي، وهو شرط غير موجود إلا في حالة المصابيح المتوهجة كمنابع ضوئية. ضوء النهار والضوء الصادر من المنابع الضوئية الفلورية ليس لها لونية تقارب الجسم الأسود المشع عند أي درجة حرارة، ولذلك تعرف بدرجة الحرارة اللونية المترابطة، وهي درجة الجسم الأسود المشع المثالي عندما يكون لونه قريب من لون المنبع.

تقاس درجة الحرارة اللونية عادة بالكلفن. تكون درجات الحرارة اللونية الأعلى (5000 كلفن وما فوق) ألوانا باردة (أزرق مخضر)، في حين تكون الألوان حارة عند درجات الحرارة اللونية الأخفض (2700-3000 كلفن).

اقرأ أيضا

 توزيع القدرة الطيفية
 منبع ضوئي
 مضياء معياري

وصلات خارجية

 Charity, Mitchell. ماهو لون الجسم الأسود؟ قيم الفضاء اللوني أحمر أخضر أزرق المتعلقة بالأجسام السوداء بدرجات حرارة مختلفة.
 Lindbloom, Bruce. تطبيق لطريقة روبرتسون في حساب درجة الحرارة اللونية المترابطة للون في الفضاء اللوني س ع ص.

المراجع

إضاءة
لون

درجة حرارة لونية


François Auguste Marie Mignet (8 de maio de 1796 - 24 de março de 1884) foi um jornalista e historiador francês da Revolução Francesa.

Biografia

Ele nasceu em Aix-en-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône), França. Seu pai era um serralheiro da Vendée, que aceitou com entusiasmo os princípios da Revolução Francesa e incentivou as ideias liberais em seu filho. François teve um sucesso brilhante em Avignon no liceu onde se tornou professor em 1815. Voltou a Aix para estudar direito, e em 1818 foi chamado para a Ordem dos Advogados, onde sua eloquência teria assegurado seu sucesso se ele não estivesse mais interessado no estudo da história. Suas habilidades foram mostradas em um Éloge de Charles VII, que foi homenageado pela Académie de Nîmes em 1820, e uma memória sobreLes Institutions de Saint Louis, que em 1821 foi homenageado pela Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres.
Histoire de la Révolution française depuis 1789 jusqu'en 1814, tradução italiana, 1825.
Ele então foi para Paris, onde logo se juntou seu amigo e compatriota Adolphe Thiers, o futuro presidente da República Francesa. Ele foi apresentado por Jacques-Antoine Manuel, ex-membro da Convenção, ao jornal liberal, Le Courrier français, onde se tornou um membro da equipe que realizou uma feroz guerra de caneta e tinta contra a Restauração. Ele adquiriu seu conhecimento dos homens e intrigas da época napoleônica de Talleyrand.

A Histoire de la révolution française (1824), de Mignet, em apoio à causa liberal, era um esboço ampliado, preparado em quatro meses, no qual se dava mais ênfase às teorias fundamentais do que aos fatos. Em 1830, fundou o Le National com Thiers e Armand Carrel, e assinou o protesto dos jornalistas contra as Ordenações de Julho, mas recusou-se a lucrar com a vitória de seu partido. Ele estava satisfeito com o modesto cargo de Diretor dos Arquivos do Ministério das Relações Exteriores, onde permaneceu até a revolução de 1848, quando foi demitido, e retirou-se definitivamente para a vida privada. Ele havia sido eleito membro da Académie des sciences morales et politiques, que foi restabelecido em 1832, e, em 1837, foi nomeado secretário permanente. Ele foi eleito membro da Académie française em 1836 e não buscou mais honras.

Mignet era bem conhecido nos círculos da moda, onde sua conversa espirituosa e maneiras agradáveis o tornavam um favorito. A maior parte do seu tempo era dedicada aos estudos e às suas funções académicas. Elogios a seus companheiros falecidos, relatórios da Academia sobre seu trabalho e sobre os prêmios por ela concedidos, que era parte do dever de Mignet como secretário redigir, foram amplamente apreciados pelos conhecedores e foram coletados em Notices et portraits de Mignet.

Ele trabalhou devagar e se deteve na pesquisa. Com exceção de sua descrição da Revolução Francesa, que foi principalmente um manifesto político, todos os seus primeiros trabalhos se referem à Idade Média. Ele e o historiador François Guizot inventaram o conceito de revolução burguesa. Estes incluem, De la féodalité, des instituições de Saint Louis et de l'influence de la législation de ce prince (1822); La Germanie au VIIIe et au IXe siècle, sa conversão au Christianisme, et son introdução dans la société civilisée de l'Europe occidentale (1834); Essai sur la formação territoriale et politique de la France depuis la fin du XIe siècle jusqu'à la fin du XVe(1836); todos os quais são esboços que descrevem principalmente os assuntos.

As obras mais famosas de Mignet são dedicadas à história moderna. Por muitos anos, ele mergulhou na história da Reforma, mas apenas uma parte de seus escritos, tratando da Reforma em Genebra, foi publicada. Sua Histoire de Marie Stuart (2 vols., 1851) fez uso de documentos inéditos dos arquivos de Simancas. Ele dedicou vários volumes a uma história da Espanha, que teve um sucesso bem merecido, incluindo Charles Quint, son abdication, son séjour et sa mort au monastère de Yuste (1845); Antonio Perez e Philippe II. (1845); e Histoire de la rivalité de François Ier et de Charles Quint (1875).

Ao mesmo tempo, foi contratado para publicar os atos diplomáticos relativos à Guerra da Sucessão Espanhola para a Coleção de documentos inédits. Apenas quatro volumes dessas negociações foram publicados (1835-1842), e não vão além da Paz de Nijmwegen; no entanto, a introdução é celebrada, e Mignet a reimprimiu em seus Mélanges historiques.

Mignet foi eleito Membro Honorário Estrangeiro da American Academy of Arts and Sciences em 1876. Ele morreu em Paris em 1884 aos 88 anos.

Bibliografia

Referências

Fontes

Ligações externas

Historiadores da França

François Mignet


Engines of Creation, Amerikalı gitar ustası ve besteci Joe Satriani'nin yedinci özgün stüdyo albümüdür.

Parçalar

Kaynakça
 İngilizce Wikipedia'daki Engines of Creation (Joe Satriani album) maddesinin 24 Nisan 2006 sürümü

Joe Satriani albümleri
2000 albümleri
Enstrümantal rock albümleri
Hard rock albümleri

Engines of Creation (albüm)


Friedrich-Fröbel-Museum ist seit 1982 in Bad Blankenburg in jenem Gebäude untergebracht, in dem der "Stifter" des Kindergartens, Friedrich Fröbel, 1839/40 seine erste "Spiel- und Beschäftigungsanstalt", seinen späteren Kindergarten eröffnete.

Geschichte
Im August 1910 wurde in dem am 6. August 1908 in Blankenburg eingeweihten Fröbelhaus, in dem ein Kindergarten und eine Erholungsstätte für Kindergärtnerinnen untergebracht waren, ein Fröbel-Memorialraum eingerichtet. Die damaligen Sammlungsstücke von Eleonore Heerwart sowie Möbel, Schriften und Bücher aus dem Nachlass von Fröbels Witwe sind noch heute der Grundstock des Museums. 1945 wurde das Museum aus dem Fröbelhaus ausgegliedert und im Gebäude des Vereins Silentarium, Goetheweg 15, in drei Räumen untergebracht sowie der Erziehungswissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Universität Jena angegliedert. Die Räume wurden  wie folgt genutzt:

 Wohnzimmer mit Möbeln und Bildern aus dem Besitz der Familie Fröbel
 Ausstellungsraum mit Zeugnissen zum Leben Friedrich Fröbels
 Spielzimmer mit Spielgaben und Beschäftigungsmitteln Fröbels
)

Seit 1982, anlässlich des 200. Geburtstages Friedrich Fröbels, befindet sich das Friedrich-Fröbel-Museum im sogenannten Haus über dem Keller:

Der handschriftliche Nachlass des Museums umfasst:
 etwa 235 Briefe von Fröbel, über 40 von ihm verfasste Briefentwürfe und ca. 370 Notizzettel,
 etwa 1000 Briefe an Fröbel.
Das Museum verfügt über eine Bibliothek. Sie umfasst über 3000 Bände nationaler und internationaler Fröbel-Sekundärliteratur. Die Bibliothek beinhaltet beispielsweise die vollständigen Jahrgänge der Fachzeitschrift Kindergarten:

Zwei weitere besonders hervorzuhebende Raritäten des Museums sind die ausgeführte dritte Gabe und der sogenannte Körperkasten.

Zum Angebot der Einrichtung gehören Führungen sowie die Demonstration (für Kinder und Erwachsene) der Fröbelschen Spiel- und Beschäftigungsgaben im Kindergartenzimmer des Museums. Ferner ist das Museum eine Forschungsstätte für Wissenschaftler, die über Friedrich Fröbel, seine Epigonen/Epigoninnen und den Kindergarten arbeiten. Diesbezüglich wurden auch Symposien, Tagungen und Vorträge durchgeführt. Die erste gesamtdeutsche Veranstaltung erfolgte im Juni 1990 anlässlich des 150. Geburtstages des Allgemeinen Deutschen Kindergartens. Des Weiteren publiziert das Museum kleinere Faltblätter (z. B. Faltanleitung für den Fröbelstern), sowie seit 1999 eigene Schriften:
 Anfänge des Kindergartens. Band 1, 1999.
 Anfänge des Kindergartens. Band 2, 2000.
 Sind Kinder kleine Majestäten?, 2001.
 Bildungsort Kindergarten, 2002.
 Der authentische Fröbel, 2004.
 Fröbels Erbe. "Kommt, lasst uns unsern Kindern leben!", 2009.
 Kindergarten, 2004, 2. Aufl. 2013.
 Fröbels Kindergarten. Ein Zukunftsmodell aus der Vergangenheit, 2015.

Zu kritisieren ist, dass das Museum die Zeit der DDR kaum dokumentiert, bzw. Relikte aus dieser Zeitepoche entfernt hat.

Literatur
 Joachim Peege: Fröbel-Museum vorher und nachher. Erkenntnisse aus einigen Besuchen in Bad Blankenburg "vor und nach der Wende". Mainz 1993.
 Margitta Rockstein: Das Friedrich-Fröbel-Museum Bad Blankenburg/Thüringen. In: Helmut Heiland/Karl Neumann (Hrsg.): Friedrich Fröbel in internationaler Perspektive. Fröbelforschung in Japan und Deutschland. Weinheim 1998, S. 187–189.
 Margitta Rockstein: Zur Geschichte des Blankenburger Fröbelnachlasses. In: Friedrich-Fröbel-Museum (Hrsg.): Anfänge des Kindergartens. Bad Blankenburg 1999, S. 109–112.
 Helmut Heiland: Fröbels Erbe. Fröbel-Museum und Fröbels Bild vom Kinde. In: Thüringer Landesmuseum Heidecksburg Rudolstadt (Hrsg.): Fröbels Erbe. Bad Blankenburg 2009, S. 9–25.
 Margitta Rockstein/Horst Fleischer: Vom Memorial zur weltoffenen Begegnungsstätte: Das Friedrich-Fröbel-Museum in Bad Blankenburg wird 100 Jahre alt. In: Thüringer Landesmuseum Heidecksburg (Hrsg.): Fröbels Erbe. Bad Blankenburg 2009, S. 27–45.
 Margitta Rockstein: Das Friedrich-Fröbel-Museum. In: Kindergarten, Bad Blankenburg 2013, S. 7–10.

Galerie

Weblinks

 Friedrich Fröbel Museum Bad Blankenburg – offizielle Website
 http://www.religio.de/froebel/orte/haus.html
 https://www.heidecksburg.de/cms/pages/de/ausstellungen-museen/weitere-museen/froebel-museum-bad-blankenburg.php

Einzelnachweise

Museum im Landkreis Saalfeld-Rudolstadt
Kulturdenkmal in Bad Blankenburg
Museum
Organisation (Bildung)
Gegründet 1910
Deutsche Bildungsgeschichte
Organisation (Bad Blankenburg)

Friedrich-Fröbel-Museum


Die Lithuanian International 1999 im Badminton fanden Mitte September 1999 statt.

Sieger und Platzierte

Weblinks
 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=8289FE32-4C4F-4BDE-BFA7-EC905AC79082

1999
Badminton 1999

Lithuanian International 1999


Eveything Louder Forever (The Very Best of Motörhead) est une compilation du groupe de rock anglais, Motörhead. Elle est sortie le 29 octobre 2021 sur le label BMG.

Présentation
Sortie sous forme de double album, cette compilation regroupe quarante deux titres enregistrés avec les différentes formations du groupe à l'exception de la toute première avec Lucas Fox et Larry Wallis. Tous les albums studios, hors l'album de reprises Under Cöver (2017), y sont représentés par au moins un titre.

Cette compilation se classa à la  des charts britanniques et dans différents pays européens dont la France (une semaines à la ).

Liste des titres

Disc 1

Disc 2

Musiciens

Lemmy Kilmister: basse et chant sur tous les titres avec:
 CD 1, titres 1, 8, 15 et 19
 CD 2, titres 1, 3, 7, 9, 12, 14 et 22
"Fast" Eddie Clarke: guitare, chœurs
Philthy Animal Taylor: batterie, percussions

CD 1, titre 4
CD 2, titre 15
Brian Robertson: guitare
Philthy Animal Taylor: batterie, percussions

CD 1, titres 3, 5, 12
Phil Campbell: guitare
Würzel: guitare
Pete Gill: batterie, percussions

CD 1, titres 13 et 18
CD 2, titres 5, 18 et 20
 Phil Campbell: guitare
 Würzel: guitare
Philthy Animal Taylor: batterie, percussions

CD 1, titre 9
CD 2, titres 2, 4, 8, 17
 Phil Campbell: guitare
 Würzel: guitare
Mikkey Dee: batterie, percussions

CD 1, titres 2, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14, 16, 17 et 20
CD 2, titres 6, 10, 11, 13, 16, 19 et 21
 Phil Campbell: guitare
 Mikkey Dee: batterie, percussions

 Invités sur "Ain't No Nice Guy"
Peter Solley : claviers et arrangements (violoncelle)
Slash : guitare solo
Ozzy Osbourne : chant en duo avec Lemmy

Charts

Références

Album de Motörhead
Compilation musicale sortie en 2021

Everything Louder Forever


Rostocker Straßenbahn steht für:
 Rostocker Straßenbahn AG, das Verkehrsunternehmen der Stadt Rostock
 Straßenbahn Rostock, das Straßenbahnsystem in der Stadt Rostock

Rostocker Straßenbahn


NGC 7614 je četverostruka zvijezda u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7614
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7614 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7614 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7600 - 7649

7614

NGC 7614


Eugene "Gene" Grazia (* 29. Juli 1934 in West Springfield, Massachusetts; † 9. November 2014 in Pompano Beach, Florida) war ein italo-amerikanischer Eishockeyspieler. Bei den Olympischen Winterspielen 1960 gewann er als Mitglied der US-amerikanischen Nationalmannschaft die Goldmedaille.

Karriere
Gene Grazia begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler beim HC Milano Inter, für den er in der Saison 1952/53 in der italienischen Serie A1 aktiv war. Von 1954 bis 1958 besuchte er die Michigan State University, für deren Eishockeymannschaft er parallel in der National Collegiate Athletic Association spielte. Die Saison 1957/58 beendete der Angreifer bei den Toledo Mercurys, für die er in zwei Spielen in der International Hockey League auflief. Von 1958 bis 1960 nahm er zudem mit dem Team USA an dessen Olympiavorbereitung teil. Anschließend beendete er seine Karriere bereits im Alter von 26 Jahren.

International
Für die USA nahm Grazia an den Olympischen Winterspielen 1960 in Squaw Valley teil, bei denen er mit seiner Mannschaft die Goldmedaille gewann. Zudem stand er im Aufgebot seines Landes bei der Weltmeisterschaft 1959. Zuvor hatte Grazia bereits bei der B-WM 1953 für Italien gespielt und in fünf Partien vier Tore und drei Torvorlagen erzielt.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 1960 Goldmedaille bei den Olympischen Winterspielen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeynationalspieler (Vereinigte Staaten)
Eishockeynationalspieler (Italien)
Eishockeyspieler (Michigan State Spartans)
Eishockeyspieler (Toledo Mercurys)
Olympiasieger (Eishockey)
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Winterspiele 1960
US-Amerikaner
Italiener
Geboren 1934
Gestorben 2014
Mann

Gene Grazia


فريج مشبر حي (فريج بالمحلية) قديم مجاور لسوق المنامة في مدينة المنامة عاصمة مملكة البحرين حيث كانت المنطقة جزء من الجوهر الأصلي للمنامة القديمة قبل توسعها في القرن 20.

تأسس الفريج في أوائل القرن 19 من قبل الإيرانيين الذين يعيشون في هذا البلد.

قناة مشبر
منطقة معروفة بفضل قناة مشبر وهي إحدى القنوات المائية تحت شمال البحرين التي كانت تمدد العاصمة بالمياه. أغلب سكان القناة من الشيعة وتشير المصادر التاريخية أن فريج مشبر وفريج الحمام تشكلا حول هذه القناة. كما أدى هذا الأمر أيضا إلى إنشاء أقدم مكانين دينيين شيعيين في المنامة وهما جامع المؤمن (الذي ذكر لأول مرة في 1738) ومأتم بن أمان حيث يتم تنظيم مواكب عاشوراء.

أثناء غزو آل خليفة للبحرين في عام 1783 فإنهم استخدموا قناة مشبر لاحتلال قلعة ديوان الفارسية التي صارت بعد ذلك المقر الإداري للبحرين.

هجران القناة
تراجع استخدام القناة كما القنوات الأخرى القديمة في البلاد خلال القرن 19 و20. ومع ذلك واصلت النباتات النمو حول القنوات. في ما بين 1904 و1905 ضرب البحرين وباء الكوليرا والطاعون مما أسفر عن مقتل المئات. كان يعتقد أن القنوات تؤوي الجراثيم القاتلة وانتقلت من خلال غسيل الملابس في القنوات. وصف المؤرخ محمد علي التاجر المنامة في ذلك الوقت بأنها: «أرض المنامة تتكون من الأهوار والمستنقعات التي تلوث الهواء مع تزايد انتشار الأوبئة».

مصادر

أحياء المنامة

فريج مشبر


Vuelta a la Comunidad de Madrid er et spansk etapeløb i landevejscykling som arrangeres hvert år i juli. Løbet er blevet arrangeret siden 1983. Løbet er af UCI klassificeret med 2.1 og er en del af UCI Europe Tour.

Vindere

Eksterne henvisninger

Etableret i 1983

Vuelta a la Comunidad de Madrid


Europæiske atletikforbund (EAF, , EAA) er det europæiske atletikforbund. Forbundet blev stiftet 1969 i Bukarest. Generalsekretariatet er beliggende i Lausanne, Schweiz.

Medlemmer
Det europæiske atletikforbund har på det nuværende dispunkt 51 medlemmer, Kosovo tilsluttede sig i 2015.Hvert medlem får en stemme ved den årlige Kongres.

Siiden 2005, har atletikforbundet haft deres egen temasang, komponeret af den armenske kompoist Gevorg Manasyan.

Mesterskaber
Alle mesterskaber kan inddeles i fire kategorierd:
 Senior: Atleterne er over 23 år;
 U/23: Atleterne er mellem 20 og 22 år. Alderen gælder fra den 31. december, samme år som turneringen tager sted;
 Junior; Atleterne er mellem 18 og 19 år. Alderen gælder fra den 31. december, samme år som turneringen tager sted;
 Ungdom: Atleterne er under 18 år.

EAF afholder (eller har afholdt) følgende mesterskaber:

Formænd
Siden oprettelsen af EAF har forbundet haft fem formænd:

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Atletikorganisationer

Europæiske atletikforbund


Harlan Carey Brewster (November 10, 1870 – March 1, 1918) was a politician in British Columbia, Canada. Brewster arrived in British Columbia in 1893 and had various careers working on a ship and then in a cannery. He eventually became owner of his own canning company. He was elected to the provincial legislature in the 1907 election and was one of only two Liberals elected to the legislature in the 1909 election.

Brewster became leader of the opposition, and was elected party leader in March 1912. He lost his seat a few weeks later in the 1912 election, which returned no Liberals at all. In 1916, he won election to the legislature again through a by-election, and led his party to victory in a general election later that year by campaigning on a reform platform. Brewster promised to end patronage in the civil service, end political machines, improve workmen's compensation and labour laws, bring in votes for women, and other progressive reforms.

In government, Carey brought in women's suffrage, instituted prohibition, and combatted political corruption before his unexpected death in 1918. He is interred in the Ross Bay Cemetery in Victoria, British Columbia.

External links

Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1870 births
1918 deaths
Premiers of British Columbia
Canadian Baptists
Leaders of BC United
BC United MLAs
19th-century Baptists

Harlan Carey Brewster


التومان كانت العملة الرسمية في إيران حتى العام 1932 وينقسم التومان إلى 10,000 دينار، وأصل كلمة تومان يرجع إلى كلمة التركية تومين والتي تعني 10,000. على الرغم من أن الريال هو العملة الرسمية، إلا أن الإيرانيين يستخدمون التومان في الحياة اليومية.

في الأصل، كان التومان يتألف من 10000 دينار. بين عامي 1798 و1825، تم تقسيم التومان أيضًا إلى ثمانية ريالات، كل منها 1250 دينارًا. في عام 1825 تم إدخال القران بقيمة 1000 دينار أو عُشر التومان.

في 1932 أستبدل التومان بالريال على صرف 10 ريال لكل تومان، وبالرغم من ذلك فإن التومان ظل يعبر في إيران لكمية مساوية لـ 10 ريالات في التعاملات المالية.

في 7 ديسمبر 2016، وافقت الحكومة الإيرانية على دعوة من البنك المركزي الإيراني لاستبدال الريال الإيراني بالتومان. في أوائل عام 2019، بعد التضخم المفرط للريال، قدّم البنك المركزي اقتراحًا جديدًا، يقترح إعادة تقييم العملة عن طريق إدخال تومان جديد بقيمة 10000 ريال.

في يوليو 2019، وافقت الحكومة الإيرانية على مشروع قانون لتغيير العملة الوطنية من الريال إلى التومان بتومان واحد يساوي 10000 ريال ، وهي عملية قيل إنها ستتكلف 160 مليون دولار. تمت الموافقة على هذا الاقتراح من قبل البرلمان الإيراني في مايو 2020. ومن المرجح أن يتم التغيير على مراحل على مدى فترة تصل إلى عامين.

العملات المعدنية

أُعيد تقييم العملات الذهبية الإيرانية بالتومان، مع عملات نحاسية وفضية بالدينار أو الريال أو القران. خلال فترة العملات المعدنية المطروقة، تم ضرب عملات التومان الذهبية بفئات  و و 1 و 2 و 10 تومان، وفيما بعد فئات  و 3 و 6 تومان. مع إدخال العملات المعدنية المطحونة في عام 1295 هجرية، تضمّنت فئات  و و 1 و 2 و 5 و 10 و 25 تومان. صدر آخر تومان ذهبي في عام 1965، بعد فترة طويلة من توقف التومان عن كونه عملة إيرانية رسمية.

الأوراق النقدية

في عام 1890، قدّم البنك الإمبراطوري لبلاد فارس أوراق نقدية من فئات 1 و 2 و 3 و 5 و 10 و 20 و 25 و 50 و 100 و 500 و 1000 تومان.  صدرت هذه الأوراق النقدية حتى عام 1923. وفي عام 1924، تم تقديم سلسلة ثانية تتكون من فئات 1 و 2 و 5 و 10 و 20 و 50 و 100 تومان، والتي صدرت حتى طرح الريال في عام 1932. كانت الأوراق النقدية ذات التصنيف الأعلى عرضة للتزوير المتكرر. حاليًا، نظرًا لانخفاض قيمة التومان، أصبحت الأوراق النقدية القياسية هي 1000 و 2000 و 5000 و 10000 و 50000 و 100،000 ريال.

مراجع

مصادر

تاريخ إيران
عملات إيران

تومان


The Tupolev Tu-4 (; NATO reporting name: Bull) is a piston-engined Soviet strategic bomber that served the Soviet Air Force from the late 1940s to mid-1960s. The aircraft was a reverse-engineered copy of the American Boeing B-29 Superfortress.

Design and development
Toward the end of World War II, the Soviet Union saw the need for a strategic bombing capability similar to that of the United States Army Air Forces. The Soviet VVS air arm had the locally designed Petlyakov Pe-8 four-engined "heavy" in service at the start of the war, but only 93 had been built by the end of the war and the type had become obsolete. The U.S. regularly conducted bombing raids on Japan, from distant Pacific forward bases using B-29 Superfortresses. Joseph Stalin ordered the development of a comparable bomber.

The U.S. twice refused to supply the Soviet Union with B-29s under Lend Lease. However, on four occasions during 1944, individual B-29s made emergency landings in Soviet territory and one crashed after the crew bailed out. In accordance with the Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact, the Soviets were neutral in the Pacific War and so the bombers were interned and kept by the Soviets. Despite Soviet neutrality, the U.S. demanded the return of the bombers, but were refused. Three repairable B-29s were flown to Moscow and delivered to the Tupolev OKB. One B-29 was dismantled, the second was used for flight tests and training, and the third was left as a standard for cross-reference. The aircraft included one Boeing-Wichita −5-BW, two Boeing-Wichita −15-BWs and the wreckage of one Boeing-Renton −1-BN, comprising three different models from two different production lines, at Wichita and Renton. Only one of the four had deicing boots, as would be used on the Tu-4. The fourth B-29 was returned to the US along with its crew with the end of the Soviet-Japanese peace. The Soviets declared war on Japan two days after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, in accordance with the Yalta Agreement.

Stalin told Tupolev to duplicate the Superfortress in as short a time as possible instead of continuing with his own comparable ANT-64/Tu-10. The reverse-engineering effort involved 900 factories and research institutes, which finished the design work during the first year, and 105,000 drawings were made. By the end of the second year, the Soviet industry was to produce twenty copies of the aircraft, ready for state acceptance trials.

The Soviet Union used the metric system and so sheet aluminium in thicknesses matching the B-29's imperial measurements was unavailable. The corresponding metric-gauge metal was of different thicknesses. Alloys and other materials new to the Soviet Union had to be brought into production. Extensive re-engineering had to take place to compensate for the differences, and Soviet official strength margins had to be decreased to avoid further redesign. However despite those challenges, the prototype Tu-4 weighed only  more than the B-29, a difference of less than 1%.

The engineers and suppliers of components were under pressure from Tupolev, Stalin, and the government to create an exact clone of the original B-29 to facilitate production. Tupolev had to overcome substantial resistance to use equipment that was not only already in production but also sometimes better than the American version. Each alteration and every component made was scrutinized and was subject to a lengthy bureaucratic decision process. Kerber, then Tupolev's deputy, recalled in his memoirs that engineers needed authorization from a high-ranking general to use Soviet-made parachutes. Differences were limited to the engines, the defensive weapons, the radio (a later model used in lend-lease B-25s was used in place of the radio in the interned B-29s) and the identification friend or foe (IFF) system since the American IFF was unsuitable. The Soviet Shvetsov ASh-73 engine was a development of the Wright R-1820 but was not otherwise related to the B-29's Wright R-3350. The ASh-73 also powered some of Aeroflot's remaining obsolescent Petlyakov Pe-8 airframes, a much-earlier Soviet four-engined heavy bomber, whose production was curtailed by higher-priority programs. The B-29's remote-controlled gun turrets were redesigned to accommodate the Soviet Nudelman NS-23, a harder hitting and longer ranged  cannon. Additional changes were made as a result of problems encountered during testing related to engine and propeller failures, and equipment changes were made throughout the aircraft's service life.

The Tu-4 first flew on 19 May 1947 and was flown by test pilot Nikolai Rybko. Serial production started immediately, and the type entered large-scale service in 1949. Entry into service of the Tu-4 threw the USAF into a panic since the Tu-4 possessed sufficient range to attack Chicago or Los Angeles on a one-way mission, and that may have informed the maneuvers and air combat practice conducted by US and British air forces in 1948 involving fleets of B-29s. The tests were conducted by the RAF Central Fighter Establishment and co-operative US B-29 groups and involved demonstration of recommended methods of attack against B-29/Tu 4-type bombers using RAF Gloster Meteor and de Havilland Vampire jet fighters. The Soviets  developed four different midair refueling systems to extend the bomber's range, but these were fitted to only a few aircraft, and only a small number of the final design were installed on operational aircraft before the Tu-4 was superseded by the Tu-16.

First public appearance
The aircraft was first displayed during a flyover on 3 August 1947 at the Tushino Aviation Day parade. At first three aircraft flew over and the Western observers assumed that they were merely the three B-29 bombers which they knew had been diverted to the Soviet Union during World War II. Minutes later a fourth aircraft appeared. Western analysts realized that the Soviets must have reverse-engineered the B-29.

Operational history
A total of 847 Tu-4s had been built when production ended in the Soviet Union in 1952, some of which went to China during the later 1950s. Many experimental variants were built and the experience launched the Soviet strategic bomber program. Tu-4s were withdrawn from Soviet service in the 1960s, being replaced by more advanced aircraft including the Tupolev Tu-16 jet bomber (starting in 1954) and the Tupolev Tu-95 turboprop bomber (starting in 1956). By the beginning of the 1960s, the only Tu-4s still operated by the Soviets were used for transport or airborne laboratory purposes. A Tu-4A was the first Soviet aircraft to drop a nuclear weapon, the RDS-3.

Variants

Tu-4 main production version, originally designated B-4

Tu-4 Variants without special designations:
Tu-4 ELINT and ECM
Tu-4 mothership for the DFS 346A.(Note:other DFS346 prototypes were carried by one of the Boeing B-29s interned during the war).
Tu-4 escort fighter mothership (Project Burlaki)
Tu-4 remotely controlled target drone converted from time expired bombers.
Tu-4 fuel carrier
Tu-4 in-flight refuelling testbeds (four different systems were trialled)
Tu-4 radiation reconnaissance aircraft
Tu-4 communications relay aircraft

Tu-4A Nuclear capable bomber used to test Soviet RDS-1, RDS-3 and RDS-5 nuclear bombs. The standard Tu-4 was not capable of carrying these weapons.
Tu-4D Troop transport (300 conversions). Also known as Tu-76.
Tu-4K/KS Anti-shipping version, armed with KS-1 Komet missiles carried between the engines under the wings.
Tu-4LL Engine testbed for the Mikulin AM-3 jet engine, the Ivchenko AI-20, Kuznetsov NK-4 and Kuznetsov 2TV-2F turboprop engines, the Dobrynin VD-3K radial engine and AV-28 contra-rotating propellers.
Tu-4NM Drone launcher aircraft with Lavochkin La-17 unmanned aerial vehicles carried underwing
Tu-4R Long-range reconnaissance.
Tu-4T Paratroop transport (one example only)
Tu-4TRZhK Liquid oxygen tanker aircraft.
Tu-4UShS Navigational trainer.

ShR-1 Testbed for Myasishchev M-4 to develop a bicycle-type landing gear.
UR-1/-2 Testbed for Myasishchev M-4 powered controls.

Tu-4 AWACS Chinese prototype with KJ-1 AEWC, airborne early warning and control radar and powered by Ivchenko AI-20K turboprop engines. Two converted to allow the Chinese to monitor US nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific.
Tu-70 Airliner, never reached mass production.
Tu-75 Cargo derivative, never reached mass production.
Tu-79 Tu-4 powered by M-49TK engines.
Tu-80 Long-range bomber development, never reached mass production.
Tu-85 Long-range bomber development, never reached mass production.
Tu-94 Tu-4 powered by Kuznetsov TV-2 turboprop engines.

Operators

 Soviet Air Force
The Soviet Air Force operated 847 Tupolev Tu-4 bombers between 1948 and early 1960, initially as long-range bombers. The first regiment to be re-equipped on the Tu-4 was the 185th Guards Aviation Regiment of the 13th Guards Bomber Aviation Division, stationed at Poltava Air Base in Ukraine. The training of personnel was carried out in Kazan, at the 890th long-range bomber regiment, turned into a training unit. The pilots of the 890th Regiment had extensive experience flying American Boeing B-17 Flying Fortresses and Consolidated B-24 Liberator aircraft. A list of the Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiments, many of which operated Tu-4s, can be seen here. In March 1949 the  received Tu-4s; the 121st Guards received Tu-4Rs in 1953.

In 1954 the Soviets began phasing out the Tu-4 as Tupolev Tu-16 bombers entered service and, beginning in 1956, to Tupolev Tu-95 bombers. Tu-4s withdrawn from front line units were used for transport duties.

 People's Liberation Army Air Force
On 28 February 1953, Joseph Stalin gave China ten Tu-4 heavy bombers, and in 1960 two additional aircraft configured as navigational trainers arrived in Beijing. 11 Tu-4s were refitted with AI-20K turboprop engines between 1970 and 1973. The last PLAAF Tu-4 was retired in 1988.

In 1969, China developed its first airborne early warning aircraft based on the Tu-4 airframe. The project was named KJ-1 and mounted a Type 843 rotodome above the fuselage of the aircraft. However, due to clutter noise the KJ-1 failed to meet the PLAAF's requirements. The project was canceled in 1979 although further projects were proposed based on Tu-4 platform. The airframe was already obsolete however and the Tu-4 was ruled out for future developments. The single prototype is displayed at the PLAAF museum north of Beijing.

Survivors

Tu-4 4114 (c/n 2805601), ex-KJ-1 AEWC, "4114"
Stored at Datangshan, China
Tu-4 4134 (c/n 2205008), "4134"
Stored at Datangshan, China
Tu-4 unknown (c/n 2805103), "01"
Stored at the Central Air Force Museum, Monino, Russia

Specifications (Tu-4)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

Tu-0004
1940s Soviet bomber aircraft
Four-engined tractor aircraft
Soviet Union–United States relations
Tu-04
Mid-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1947
Four-engined piston aircraft

Tupolev Tu-4


Edina Pličanić (zagreb, 17. veljače 1977. je hrvatska  balerina.

U Zagrebu je završila gimnaziju i Srednju školu za klasični balet u klasi profesorice Silve Muradori. Od 1994. godine članica je Baleta Hrvatskoga narodnog kazališta u Zagrebu. Prvakinja Baleta postala je 2003. godine, a od 2014. nacionalna je baletna prvakinja.

Izvori

Hrvatske balerine
Životopisi, Zagreb

Edina Pličanić


Lantan, La sembolü ile bilinen, atom no: 57 ve atom ağırlığı: 138.92 olan kimyasal element.

Periyodik cetvelde III B grubu bir element olan ve 1839 tarihinde Cari Gustav Mosander tarafından serbest oksitten ayrılan Lantan, oksit halinde keşfedilmiştir. Genel görünüm açısından gri renge sahip olan Lantan, dövülebilen, yumuşak bir yapıya sahip olan metal olarak bilinir.

Kısaca La sembolüne sahip olan atom numarası 57 ve atom ağırlığı 138,9055 olan Lantan, katı halde bulunmakta ve lantanit grubu elementler arasında yer almaktadır. Yanıcı olması yanı sıra seyreltik asitten etkilenmektedir.

Özellikleri ve Kullanım Alanları

Lantan, parlak bir alev nedeniyle yanabilmekte ve seyreltilmiş asitten etkilenmektedir. Nemsiz ortamda bulunması durumunda kararmaya başlayan element sıcak su ile oldukça hızlı bir şekilde tepkimeye girebilmektedir. Lantan, azot, bor, selenyum, fosfor, kükürt ve halojenler ile doğrudan tepkimeye girebilmektedir.

Üç çekirdekli olan elementin tuzları renksiz olup oksitleri lantan oksit, lantan hidroksit şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Lantanın elde edildiği kaynaklara bakıldığında oransal olarak %38 ile bastnasit ve %25 ile monantitit ilk sırada yer alır.

Bugün, çakmak taşı üretiminde kullanılmakta olan misch metalinde %25'lik bir orana sahip olan lantan, doğada katı halde bulunmaktadır. Kullanım alanlarına bakıldığında özellikle fotoğrafçılık ile özel cam üretiminde, katkı maddesi olarak demir döküm işlerinde, lamba üretiminde gömlek yapımında ve aydınlatma ile sinema endüstrisinde kullanılmaktadır. Lantan ve bileşikleri toksik etki bakımından orta sınıfta yer alması sebebiyle kullanım sırasında dikkatli olunmalıdır.

Elementler
Lantanitler
İndirgeyici maddeler

Lantan


Augustus Guido Maria Meyer-Eigen (* 28. März 1897 in Graz, Österreich; † 18. August 1941 in Frohnleiten, Österreich) war ein österreichischer Pianist, Sänger und Komponist im Bereich der Unterhaltungsmusik und Schauspieler. Ab 1931 war er auch als Sänger unter dem Pseudonym Heinz Egon tätig.

Leben
Augustus Meyer-Eigen wuchs als Sohn des in Ratingen bei Düsseldorf geborenen Schauspielers August Meyer-Eigen (1863–1932) und der Grazer Opernsängerin Marie Rochelle (1862–1939) zunächst in Österreich auf. Ersten Musikunterricht erhielt er bei seiner Mutter. 1911 wanderte die Familie in die USA aus. 1921 erhielt Augustus aufgrund von Falschangaben die US-amerikanische Staatsbürgerschaft. In seinen Reisepass wurde der Name Austin Monroe Eigen mit Geburtsort Milwaukee eingetragen. Nach eigenen, inzwischen umstrittenen Angaben, wollte er jedoch zunächst Diplomat werden und habe am Dartmouth College studiert. Sein Geld verdiente er als Eisenbahner. Die Grundlage zu seinem späteren Beruf legte er in den Kriegsjahren, in denen er – ohne Musik studiert zu haben – in einem Lager der Armee eigene Lieder sang und zu komponieren begann.

Ab 1921 nutzte er den Künstlernamen Austin Egen. Im Mai 1922 kehrte er mit der Mutter, die bereits 1921 ein Haus in Frohnleiten in der Steiermark erworben hatte, nach Österreich zurück.

Am 17. März 1923 erschien der von ihm geschriebene Shimmy Shanghai Bay in einer Aufnahme der Orchester Dajos Béla bei Odeon in Berlin. Im gleichen Jahr zog er mit seiner Mutter nach Berlin. Dort trat er als Sänger und Pianist in zahlreichen Kabaretts und Kneipen wie Mutter Krause in Halensee auf.

Im Juli 1923 beteiligte er sich als Aktionär an der Gründung der Acme Schallplatten AG und veröffentlichte 1924 in dem Plattenverlag seinen Ragtime Monday Morning Blues. 1925 spielte er als Pianist mit dem Musikverleger Curt Roehr, der Aufsichtsratsmitglied der Acme AG war, am Saxophon in einer Amateur-Jazzband, ein Jahr später heiratete er Florence Herzog, eine Nichte Roehrs.

In der Zeit wirkte er als Pianist auch bei einigen Aufnahmen der Eric Borchard Jazz Band mit und schrieb eine Zwischenmusik zur Berliner Fassung des Musicals No, No, Nanette. 1926 komponierte er den Charlie-Charleston für den Stummfilm Die Königin des Weltbades unter der Regie von Victor Janson.

Ab 1927 erfolgten zahlreiche Schallplattenaufnahmen als Bariton-Sänger bei der Gramophone Company und der Electrola, vor allem mit deutschen Versionen US-amerikanischer Jazztitel und Eigenkompositionen. Dabei arbeitete er mit den Orchestern von Marek Weber, Stefan Weintraub, Arthur Young, Jack Hylton, Emil Roósz und Oskar Joost, Komponisten wie Hermann Leopoldi, Walter Jurmann, Jim Cowler und Franz Grothe sowie dem Schlagertexter Fritz Rotter zusammen. Ab 1931 begleitete er mit seinem Gesang unter dem Pseudonym Heinz Egon ein paar Aufnahmen des Orchesters Bernard Etté sowie das Lied Eine Nacht in Monte Carlo mit dem Orchester Billy Bartholomew.

Als Schauspieler wirkte er in den Filmen Liebeswalzer, Boykott, Tingel-Tangel, Kyritz-Pyritz, Die Liebesfiliale und So'n Windhund mit.

Während der Bankenkrise 1931 mussten die Unternehmen seines Schwiegervaters Roehr Konkurs anmelden, sodass auch Egen seine Anteile verlor.

Im Januar 1928 hatte Egen die Standard Edition Musikverlag GmbH (1928-1935) gegründet,  die er ab März gemeinsam mit Curt Roehr leitete. Die Rechte an seinen Werken wurden durch den Bosworth Musikverlag übernommen, der sie bis heute hält.

Im Oktober 1932 zog Egen mit seiner Familie wieder nach Österreich und wohnte meistens in Frohnleiten. In Wien trat er im Rundfunk auf und machte Plattenaufnahmen mit dem Orchester Heinz Sandauer bei der Columbia. Er wurde Mitglied der Gesellschaft der Autoren und Komponisten AKM in Wien, der er nach dem Anschluss Österreichs 1938 auch einen Ariernachweis vorlegte. In seiner Freizeit beschäftigte er sich auch als Zeichner und Bildhauer. Ab 1939 betrieb Egen auch eine Kaffeeschenke in Graz.

1941 starb er in Frohnleiten im Alter von 44 Jahren an Leberzirrhose.

Kompositionen

Lieder
 Bei Fräulein Lisbeth im Parterre (mit Rolf Marbot)
 Der Bobby Cohn ist kein Verkehr für dich (aus der Revue Küsse um Mitternacht von Karl Farkas u. Robert Katscher)
 Die Frauen sind meine schwache Seite
 Donnerwetter – 1000 Frauen, Berlin 1928
 Du bist der Traum der Liebe (Dreamland Girl)
 Du bist ein Veilchen, das im Verborgenen blüht (My Little June Rose)
 Du und ich, Berlin 1927
 Eine tolle Nacht (mit Charles Amberg und Fred Raymond aus der Revue Die Welt um Mitternacht)
 Einmal kommt die Liebe (mit Franz Doelle)
 Erinnern Sie sich (My Raggedy Rose)
 Erst sagen sie "Ja" und dann sagen sie "Nein"
 Es sprach der weise Marabu (mit Fritz German)
 Heut' habe ich sie gesehen, Berlin 1929
 Herr Chef, ich möchte einen Vorschuss (mit Karl Michael May)
 Ich brauch nicht Zucker
 Ich hab mich am Rhein in ein Mädel verliebt (mit Franz Doelle und Fritz Rotter)
 Ich hör so gern Musik (aus der Revue Der Zug nach dem Westen)
 Ich kenn zwei süße Schwestern (mit Edgar Allan)
 Ich warte auf die Antwort deines Herzens (mit Hans May)
 Ich will von der Lilly nichts wissen
 Ich wünsch mir einen Mann wie du (mit Bert Reisfeld aus dem Tonfilm Liebesfiliale)
 Jawohl! Jawohl! Jawohl!, Einlage zur deutschen Fassung von No, No, Nanette, Berlin 1925
 Ja, ja die Frau'n sind meine schwache Seite
 Jeder hat einen Schatz, nur ich hab keinen
 Die Königin des Weltbades
 Komm gut nach Hause! aus der Revue Der Zug nach dem Westen, Berlin 1926
 Komm um fünf zur Normaluhr (mit Rolf Marbot)
 Komm wir trinken Bruderschaft (Wir lieben, wir küssen)
 Komm zur Mondscheinserenade (mit Hermann Leopoldi)
 Liebling fahr doch an die Nordsee mit mir (mit Will Rollins und Fritz Rotter)
 Lieber alter Plato (mit Kurt Beddo, T.: Emil Maas) Wien 1939
 Ich hab heut' Nacht vom Rhein geträumt (alternativ Die Lorelei, aus dem großen Film Die Lorelei)
 Mach mir nicht das Herz so schwer
 Man schenkt sich Rosen, wenn man verliebt ist (mit Franz Doelle)
 Monday Morning Blues  (Das ist der Blues), aus der Ronacherrevue Alles per Radio
 Ohne Shimmy gibt es keine Liebe
 Die rhythmische Bewegung (mit Hermann Leopoldi)
 Sag nicht "du" zu mir, wenn meine Frau dabei ist (mit Franz Doelle und Fritz Rotter)
 Schönste der Frauen (mit Franz Doelle)
 Süß ist die kleine Lisa (mit Barney Zeemann)
 Tausend schönen, süßen Frau'n möcht ich tief ins Auge schau'n (mit Franz Doelle)
 Veilchenblaue Augen und ein kirschroter Mund (mit Franz Doelle)
 Verzeih mir und sei wieder gut
 Von A bis Z, Berlin 1925
 Warum hat das Krokodil (mit Kurt Beddo), Wien 1939
 Was der Onkel Doktor sagt, das soll man immer tun (mit Fritz Rotter)
 Was ist mit deiner Nase los, süßer Emil? (mit Franz Doelle)
 Weißt du was, du kannst mich am Nachmittag besuchen (mit Walter Jurmann und Fritz Rotter)
 Wenn man ein Mädel küssen will
 Wieso ist der Walter so klug für sein Alter (mit Will Rollins und Fritz Rotter)
 Wir leben, wir lieben, wer weiß wie lange (mit Will Rollins und Fritz Rotter)
 Wozu erschuf der liebe Gott die Liebe (mit Hermann Leopoldi)
 Zu Füßen einer süßen Frau (mit Willy Rosen)

Klavierwerke
 Shanghai Bay, Berlin 1923
 Monday Morning Blues, Berlin 1924

Diskographie (Auswahl)
 Moday Morning Blues (Austin Egen) ACME Matr. No. R 65, Berlin 1924
 Ich hab' ein Zimmer, goldige Frau (Jim Cowler, Austin Egen), HMV E.G. 797, Matr. BL 3810-II, Berlin 1928
 Ich schau in deine Augen (Austin Egen), HMV E.G.936, Matr. BL 4262-1, Berlin 1927
 Heut' war ich bei der Frieda (Jim Cowler) Electrola E.G. 640, Matr. BW 1072-II, Berlin 1927
 Ich kenn' zwei süße Schwestern … (Austin Egen, Edgar Allan, Fritz Rotter, Willi Kollo), Electrola E.G. 464, Matr. Bw 820-1, Berlin 1927
 Wenn ich Liebe brauch', dann geh ich zu Pauline, (M.: Jim Cowler, T.: Fritz Rotter), Electrola, Berlin 1928
 Ich weiß ein kleines Café, (Kaper-Egen-Rotter), mit dem Odeon-Tango-Orchester, ODEON 11-439, Matr.Nr.Be 9409.
 Es sprach der weise Marabu, (A. Egen und F. Germann) Electrola E.G. 1942, Matr. BL 6480-I., Berlin 1930
 Du bist das süßeste Mädel der Welt, (Werner Richard Heymann), Original von Willy Fritsch, Berlin 1930.
 Es zieht das Glück vorbei – The Man I Love, (G. Gershwin) A. Egen und sein Intimes Orchester, Gramola AM 1855 Mx.-No.: BL 5139-2, Berlin, September 1929
 Noch 'ne Lage Kognak her (Egen, May, Rotter), Electrola E.G. 938 (8-42126), Berlin
 Ob du glücklich bist, wenn mein Mund dich küsst – Sweet Sue, Just You, (Will J. Harris, Victor Young) mit den Weintraubs-Syncopators, Electrola, Berlin 1929
 Sag' was du träumst (Robert Stolz), mit dem Orchester Heinz Sandauer, COLUMBIA DV 1198, Mx.-Nr: CHA 766, Österreich 1936

Filmographie

Als Filmkomponist
 1926: Die Königin des Weltbades
 1930: Tingel-Tangel
 1931: Die Liebesfiliale
 1931: So'n Windhund
 1931: Kyritz – Pyritz

Als Sänger oder Schauspieler
 Tingel-Tangel (Österreich 1930)
 Va Banque (1930)
 Liebeswalzer (1930)
 Boykott (Primanerehre) (1930)
 Kopfüber ins Glück (1931)
 1932: Acht Mädels im Boot

Literatur
 Berthold Leimbach: Tondokumente der Kleinkunst und ihre Interpreten 1898–1945, Göttingen 1991.

 Wolfgang Stanicek: Austin Egen – Schlager-Komponist, Sänger und Musikverleger, Dissertation, Wien 2010 (online)

Weblinks
 Lotz-Verlag, abgerufen am 2. Juni 2012

Einzelnachweise

Filmkomponist
Schlagersänger
Komponist (Schlager)
Jazz-Pianist
Filmschauspieler
Person (Stummfilm)
Österreichischer Emigrant in den Vereinigten Staaten
Person (Cisleithanien)
Österreicher
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1897
Gestorben 1941
Mann

Austin Egen


Šandal este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Stropkov din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 325 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Šandal este atestată documentar din 1391.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Šandal, Stropkov


An Bulbinella triquetra in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné d.y., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Bulbinella triquetra in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bulbinella, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bulbinella

Bulbinella triquetra


Caii de dimineață este un film românesc din 1986 regizat de Nicolae Cabel.

Prezentare

Documentar despre crescătorii de cai din comuna Rușețu, Buzău.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1986 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1986

Caii de dimineață


Robert Green, Jr. (născut pe 2 iulie 1970), cunoscut sub numele de Spice 1, este un rapper american din Hayward, California.[2] El scotea piese noi înca din 1992. Spice 1 a fost numărul 56 în lista de Top 115 al Hip Hop-ului în revista The Source Magazine din 1988–2003.

Nașteri pe 2 iulie
Nașteri în 1970
Rapperi americani
Oameni în viață

Spice 1


Articles with hCards

සමාධි අරුණාචය මොරගොල්ල (පෙර අබේගුණරත්න උපත:1990 නොවැම්බර් 25) මාලී ටෙලි නාට්‍යයේ සාර්ථකත්වයෙන් පසුව මාලී  ලෙස වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිත, ශ්‍රී ලංකා රූපවාහිනී සංස්ථාව විසින් පවත්වන ලද 2010 අවුරුදු කුමාරි තරඟයෙන් කිරුළු පැළඳීමෙන් පසු ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත් වූ ශ්‍රී ලාංකික නිළියකි. ඇය සිය වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ දෙරණ රූපවාහිනියේ විකාශය වූ සිය මංගල ටෙලිනාට්‍යය වන සවීනා සමඟින්, නමුත් ඇය වඩාත් ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්ව ඇත්තේ පසුව නිමල් රත්නායක විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කරන ලද සහ දෙරණ රූපවාහිනියේ ද විකාශය වූ ජනක සිරිවර්ධන විසින් නිෂ්පාදනය කරන ලද මාලී ටෙලි නාට්‍ය සඳහාය.

ළමා අවධිය
සමාධි 1990 නොවැම්බර් 25 වැනි දින ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගිනිකොන දෙසින් පිහිටි තිස්සමහාරාමයේ වැඩිමහල් සහෝදරයන් දෙදෙනෙකු සමඟ දරුවන් තිදෙනෙකුගෙන් යුත් පවුලේ බාලයා ලෙස උපත ලැබූ අතර ඇය අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ තංගල්ල බාලිකා විද්‍යාලයේය. ඇය 2014 වසරේදී සංජය මොරගොල්ල නමැති ව්‍යාපාරිකයෙකු සමඟ විවාහ වී දරුවන් තිදෙනෙකු බිහිකර තිබෙනවා.

යොමු කිරීම්

1993 උපත්
ජීවමාන ජනයා

සමාධි අරුණාචය


Alles Schwindel steht für:

 Alles Schwindel (1926), US-amerikanischer Abenteuerfilm von William A. Seiter
 Alles Schwindel (1931), Revue (Musical) von Marcellus Schiffer (Text) und Mischa Spoliansky (Musik)
 Alles Schwindel (1940), deutsche Kriminalkomödie von Bernd Hofmann
 Alles Schwindel (1995), italienische Komödie von Felice Farina
 Alles Schwindel (2013), österreichisch-deutsche Komödie von Wolfgang Murnberger
 Alles Schwindel!, US-amerikanisches Drama von David Butler (1934)

Alles Schwindel


Real Mallorca İspanya'nın Mayorka Adaları'nda bulunan futbol takımıdır. Maçlarını 23.000 kişilik Ono Estadi'de oynayan Real Mallorca 1916 yılında kurulmuştur. Şu anda La Liga'da mücadele etmektedir. Katalanca'nın konuşulduğu Mayorka adalarının temsilcisi kırmızı-siyah renklere sahiptir.

Oyuncular

Takım kadrosu

Başarıları
 Copa del Rey:Şampiyon: 1
 2003
 Copa del Rey:Finalist: 2
 1991 ve 1998
 UEFA Kupa Galipleri Kupası:Finalist:1
 1999
 La Liga 2:Şampiyon:
 1959-60 and 1964-65.
 La Liga da en iyi derecesi:
 3. 1998-99.

 19 sezon  La Liga
 32 sezon  La Liga 2
 2 sezon  Segunda División B
 12 sezon  Tercera División

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmî site

İspanya'daki futbol kulüpleri
1916'da kurulan futbol kulüpleri
Copa del Rey şampiyonları

RCD Mallorca


Vienna Calling je singl austrijskog pjevača, repera i tekstopisca Falca koji je izdan u rujnu 1985. a nalazi se na njegovom trećem studijskom albumu Falco 3.

Sam umjetnik je surađivao s glazbenim producentom Robertom Pongerom s nakon razlaza s njime, kao nove tekstopisce angažira nizozemsku braću Roba i Ferdija Bollanda (Bolland & Bolland) koji su mu i napisali, skladali i producirali tu pjesmu. Riječ je o lokalpatriotskom hitu koji je naslijedio uspješnicu Rock Me Amadeus.

Sama pjesma je najveći uspjeh doživjela na njemačkom govornom području (Austrija, Njemačka, Švicarska) dok je na britanskim i američkim top ljestvicama UK Singles tj. Billboard Hot 100 zauzela deseto odnosno osamnaesto mjesto.

Top-ljestvice

Izvori

Singlovi 1980-ih
Falco

Vienna Calling


Friedrich Gornik (* 15. Januar 1877 in Prävali (Slowenien); † 26. März 1943 in Wien) war ein österreichischer Bildhauer und Kunsthandwerker.

Leben
Gornik besuchte eine Fachschule in Villach, ehe er ein Jahr bei Theodor Charlemont in Wien lernte und arbeitete. Von 1897 bis 1905 studierte er an der Wiener Kunstgewerbeschule, die er mit einem Reisestipendium absolvierte. Auf einer Ausstellung in Villach präsentierte er im Jahre 1903 seine Arbeiten, darunter keramische Tierdarstellungen, teilweise für Beleuchtungskörper, sowie Entwürfe für Vasen und Schalen. In weiterer Folge schuf Gornik große Tierfiguren in Gips, die von anderen Künstlern gegossen wurden und auf seine eigenen zoologischen Studien im Tiergarten Schönbrunn zurückgehen. Eine naturalistische Pferdegruppe, die Troika, wurde von Kaiser Franz Joseph I. angekauft und befindet sich heute in der Kaiservilla in Bad Ischl.

Am 4. Jänner 1916 wurde Gornik in die Kunstgruppe des k.u.k. Kriegspressequartiers aufgenommen, wo er bei seinem Eintritt fälschlicherweise als Kriegsmaler bezeichnet wurde. In den Werken, die er dort während des Ersten Weltkriegs in erster Linie am italienischen Kriegsschauplatz anfertigte, zeigt sich neben Menschendarstellung auch die Vorliebe für das Tiermotiv. Gemeinsam mit anderen namhaften Künstlern des Kriegspressequartiers stellte er auf den jeweiligen Kriegsausstellungen sowie im Wiener Künstlerhaus in den Jahren 1916, 1917 und 1918 seine Werke aus. Gornik wirkte weiter teils in Wien, teils in Kärnten, ehe er am 26. März 1943 an einem Schlaganfall starb. Seine entomologische Sammlung vermachte er dem Kärntner Landesmuseum.

Gorniks Arbeiten sind von hoher handwerklicher Qualität, die mit dem Erfassen des Psychischen und Physischen gepaart ist. Friedrich Gornik war Mitbegründer des Kärntner Kunstvereins, seine Werke sind heute in mehreren Museen vertreten, darunter in der Österreichischen Galerie Belvedere und im Heeresgeschichtlichen Museum.

Werke (Auszug)

 Figurengruppe Bosnische Tragtierkolonne, Bronze, signiert und datiert "F.Gornik 1916", 13 × 52,5 × 26,5 cm; Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Wien
 Reiterstatuette Attackierender Dragoner zu Pferd, Bronze, signiert "Fried.Gornik", 52 × 14,5 × 41,5 cm; Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Wien
 Reiterstatuette Vedette, Bronze, signiert "Fried.Gornik", 40 × 14 × 47 cm; Heeresgeschichtliches Museum, Wien
 Großplastik eines in stillem Gedenken versunkenen Lesachtalers, Grabmal für den Viktringer Liederfürsten Thomas Koschat (1845–1914); Annabichler Friedhof der LH Klagenfurt/Kärnten.

Literatur

 Ilse Krumpöck: Die Bildwerke im Heeresgeschichtlichen Museum. Wien 2004, S. 56 f.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Bildhauer (Österreich)
Person (Österreich-Ungarn)
Österreicher
Geboren 1877
Gestorben 1943
Mann

Friedrich Gornik


Don't Fight It is the debut album by Canadian rock band Red Rider, released in 1979 in Canada. Don't Fight It sold more than 100,000 copies in Canada and earned Cochrane and Red Rider their first gold album certification award and was later certified platinum. A United States version with a modified track list, dropping "Talkin' to Myself" and reordering the other tracks, was released in 1980.

The album was re-issued on CD July 29, 1994. The CD release restored the track "Talkin' to Myself" which was dropped on the initial vinyl release in the United States. Another newly remastered version was released in the UK in 2010 by Lemon Records.

The album reached number 146 on Billboard's Pop Albums chart while "White Hot" reached number 20 on the Canadian charts and number 48 on the Pop Singles chart in 1980 and "Don't Fight It" reached number 75.

The song "White Hot" is about poet Arthur Rimbaud and his travels through Africa. It also has a cult following on YouTube.

Track listing

Personnel
 Tom Cochrane - guitars, lead vocals (1-4, 6, 8, 10)
 Ken Greer - guitars
 Peter Boynton - keyboards, lead vocals (5, 7, 9)
 Jeff Jones - bass
 Rob Baker - drums

References

Red Rider albums
1979 debut albums
Capitol Records albums

Don't Fight It (album)