A gender gap, a relative disparity between people of different genders, is reflected in a variety of sectors in many societies. There exist differences between men and women as reflected in social, political, intellectual, cultural, scientific or economic attainments or attitudes.

Examples of a gender gap include:

 Gender pay gap, the average difference between the remuneration for men and women who are working, with women often paid less than men
 Gender pay gap in Australia, a persistent and sometimes rising gender pay gap in Australia
 Gender pay gap in India, difference in earnings between women and men in the paid employment and labor market in India
 Gender pay gap in New Zealand, the difference in the median hourly wages of men and women in New Zealand
 Gender pay gap in Russia, occupational segregation by gender and labor market discrimination in Russia, especially since 1991

 Gender pay gap in the United States, ratio of female-to-male median or average earnings among full-time workers in the US
 Gender pay gap in the United States tech industry, divergence in pay between men and women who work in areas such as software engineering
 Gender pay gap in sports, unequal pay in sports, particularly for female athletes who do not receive equal revenue, depending on the sport
 Gender gap in Pakistan, relative disparity between male & female citizens in Pakistan in terms of legal discrimination, economic inequality, and cultural attitudes
 Gender gap in education, sex discrimination in the education system affecting both men and women during and after their educational experiences
 Gender gaps in mathematics and reading, the finding that on average boys and men exceed in mathematics, while girls and women exceed in reading skills
 Gender differences in suicide, different rates of completed suicides and suicidal behavior; women more often have suicidal thoughts, but men commit suicide more frequently
 Wikipedia gender gap, the fact that Wikipedia contributors are mostly male, relatively few biographies are about women, and topics of interest to women are less well-covered
 Voting gender gap in the United States, the difference in the percentage of men and women voting for a particular candidate in US elections
 Orgasm gap, a social phenomenon referring to the general disparity between heterosexual men and women in terms of sexual satisfaction
 Digital Gender Gaps

Other uses
 Gender gap (linguistics), a typological convention used to promote gender-neutrality in German

See also
 BBC gender pay gap controversy, a series of incidents in 2017 and 2018 revealing a gender pay gap at the British Broadcasting Corporation
 Gender binary, the classification of gender into two distinct forms, whether by social system or cultural belief
 Gender inequality, the social process by which men and women are not treated as equals
 Gender pension gap, the cumulative impact of the gender pay gap.
 Global Gender Gap Report, an index, published by the World Economic Forum, designed to measure gender equality

References

Gender and education
Gender and employment
Gender equality

Gender gap


Tomohiro Wanami (født 27. april 1980) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Shonan Bellmare og Consadole Sapporo.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Tomohiro Wanami


Margaret Floy Washburn (July 25, 1871 – October 29, 1939), was a leading American psychologist in the early 20th century, was best known for her experimental work in animal behavior and motor theory development. She was the first woman to be granted a PhD in psychology (1894); the second woman, after Mary Whiton Calkins, to serve as president of the American Psychological Association (1921); and the first woman elected to the Society of Experimental Psychologists. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Washburn as the 88th most cited psychologist of the 20th century, tied with John Garcia, James J. Gibson, David Rumelhart, Louis Leon Thurstone, and Robert S. Woodworth.

Biography
Born on July 25, 1871, in New York City, she was raised in Harlem by her father Francis, an Episcopal priest, and her mother, Elizabeth Floy, who came from a prosperous New York family. Her ancestors were of Dutch and English descent and were all in America before 1720. Washburn was an only child; she did not appear to have childhood companions her age and spent much of her time with adults or reading. She learned to read long before she started school; this caused her to advance quickly when she started school at age 7. In school, she learned French and German. When she was eleven years old, she started at public school for the first time. In 1886, she graduated from high school at the age of fifteen, and that fall, she entered Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, as a preparatory student. This preparatory status was due to her lack of Latin and French. During her undergraduate years at Vassar, Washburn developed a strong interest in philosophy through poetry and other literary works. She also became a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority, and was first introduced to the field of psychology. After she graduated from Vassar in 1891, Washburn became determined to study under James McKeen Cattell in the newly established psychological laboratory at Columbia University. As Columbia had not yet admitted a woman graduate student, she was admitted only as an auditor. Despite the derogatory feelings toward women gaining education at the time, Cattell treated her as a normal student and became her first mentor. She attended his seminary, lectures, and worked in the laboratory alongside men. At the end of her first year of admission at Columbia, Cattell encouraged her to enter the newly organized Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell University to obtain her Ph.D because this would not have been possible at Columbia as an auditor student. She was accepted in 1891 with a scholarship.

At Cornell, she studied under E. B. Titchener, his first and only major graduate student at that time. Her major was psychology. As a graduate student, she conducted an experimental study of the methods of equivalences in tactual perception, as was suggested by Titchener. After two semesters of experimental study, she subsequently earned her Master's degree in absentia from Vassar College in the late spring of 1893 for that work. During her work on the method of equivalents, Washburn had simultaneously developed the topic for her master's thesis, which was done on the influence of visual imagery on judgments of tactual distance and direction. In June 1894, she gave her oral presentation, and became the first woman to receive a PhD in psychology (as Mary Calkins had previously been denied her PhD because she was a woman). She was also elected to the newly established American Psychological Association (APA). Her master's dissertation was also sent by Titchener to Wilhelm Wundt, who translated it and published it in his Philosophische Studien in 1895.

Following her graduation, Washburn was offered the chair of psychology, philosophy, and ethics at Wells College, in Aurora, New York. She accepted the offer and delighted in spending the next six years there. While she was there, she made sure to visit Cornell often to catch up with her friends and work in the laboratories. However, she then grew tired of the place, and sought a change. In the spring of 1900, Washburn received a telegram proposing her the warden's position at the Sage College of Cornell University. She accepted the offer and spent the next two years there. Washburn was then offered an assistant professorship of psychology at the University of Cincinnati in Cincinnati, Ohio. This position also gave her full charge of the psychology department. She took the job, but only remained there for one school year before becoming homesick. While at Cincinnati, she was the only woman on the faculty.

In the spring of 1903, she gladly returned to Vassar College as Associate Professor of Philosophy, where she remained the rest of her life. When she started working there, she became the head of the newly founded psychology department. She treated her students well and in turn they appreciated her as a professor. A large number of her students continued to advance in the field of psychology after graduation. Washburn published many of her students' studies during her career. The students would collect and work with the data while she wrote up and published the experiments. Between 1905 and 1938, she published 68 studies from the Vassar Undergraduate Laboratory. These studies were the largest series of studies from any American university at the time. At one point, her students gifted her with a large sum of money and they wanted her to use the money for leisure. Instead, she used the money as scholarship aids for students in the psychology department.

She owned two cats, the first of which was named Hiram.  When students would visit , Washburn would show off Hiram's tricks, such as jumping over a pencil. When Hiram died, Washburn purchased a cat in a New York City pet shop.  That cat was angry and territorial, so much so that Washburn closed off more than one room in her house for the cat's sole use.

In 1921, Washburn gave her APA presidential address in which she discussed the importance of introspection as a legitimate method of inquisition. She believed that the rising of behaviorism in psychology was overshadowing the legitimacy of mental processes like consciousness and introspection.

In 1937, a stroke necessitated her retirement (as Emeritus Professor of Psychology). She never fully recovered and died at her home in Poughkeepsie, New York on October 29, 1939. She never married, choosing instead to devote herself to her career and the care of her parents.

Professional career
Washburn was a major figure in psychology in the United States in the first decades of the 20th century, substantially adding to the development of psychology as a science and a scholarly profession. She translated Wilhelm Wundt's Ethical Systems into English. Washburn used her experimental studies in animal behavior and cognition to present her idea that mental (not just behavioral) events are legitimate and important psychological areas for study in her book, The Animal Mind (1908). This, of course, went against the established doctrine in academic psychology that the mental was not observable and therefore not appropriate for serious scientific investigation.

Besides her experimental work, she read widely and drew on French and German experiments of higher mental processes stating they were intertwined with tentative physical movements (period). She viewed consciousness as an epiphenomenon of excitation and inhibition of motor discharge. She presented a complete motor theory in Movement and Mental Imagery (1916). During the 1920s she continued to amass experimental data from around the world to buttress her argument. She remained anchored in behaviorist tenets but continued to argue for the mind in this process. She took ideas from all major schools of thought in psychology, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism, and Gestalt psychology, but rejected the more speculative theories of psychodynamics as being too ephemeral. In current psychology research, echoes of Washburn's insistence that behavior is part of thinking can be seen in dynamic systems approach that Thelen and Smith (1994) use to explain the development of cognition in humans.

Washburn's published writings span thirty-five years and include some 127 articles on many topics including spatial perception, memory, experimental aesthetics, individual differences, animal psychology, emotion and affective consciousness. At various times in her career, she was an editor for the American Journal of Psychology, Psychological Bulletin, Journal of Animal Behavior, Psychological Review, and Journal of Comparative Psychology. From 1909 to 1910 and later from 1925 to 1928 she served as the Representative of Psychology in the Division of Psychology and Anthropology of National Research. She became the 30th president of the APA in 1921, an honorific title at that time. Being president of the APA was one of her dreams growing up. In 1927, she was elected vice president and chairman of Section 1 (Psychology) of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In 1929, she was elected to the International Committee of Psychology. Washburn was the first woman psychologist and the second woman scientist to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1931. The same year, she served as a United States Delegate to the International Congress of Psychology in Copenhagen.

Contributions to psychology

The Animal Mind
Washburn's best-known work and, arguably, her most significant contribution to psychology was her influential textbook, The Animal Mind: A Textbook of Comparative Psychology. Originally published in 1908, this book compiled research on experimental work in animal psychology. Her range of literature was considerable, resulting in a bibliography of 476 titles in the 1st edition, which eventually grew to 1683 titles by the 4th edition. The Animal Mind covered a range of mental activities, beginning with the senses and perception, including hearing, vision, kinesthetic, and tactual sensation. The books' later chapter focused upon consciousness and higher mental processes. However, the dominant focus of the book is animal behavior. She focused on "the animal mind as deduced from experimental evidence". She also considered this phrase as being a more accurate title for her book.

A noteworthy feature is the diversity of animal species considered. In an era when animal research was dominated by rats, Washburn references, "not fewer than 100 species, including ants, bees, caterpillars, cats, chickens, chubs, clams, cockroaches, cows, crabs, crayfish, dogs, dragonflies, earthworms, elephants, flies, frogs, goldfish, grasshoppers, guinea pigs, horseshoe crabs, jellyfish, lancelets, leeches, mice, minnows, monkeys, pigeons, pike, planarians, potato beetles, raccoons, salamanders, sea anemones, sea-urchins, shrimps, silkworms, snails, spiders, tortoises, wasps, water beetles, and (yes) rats." Indeed, she devotes an entire chapter to the mind of the simplest animal, the amoeba.

Also noteworthy is her introductory chapters, which detailed methods of interpreting the results of animal research. Although she was cautious about attributing anthropomorphic meanings to animal behavior and realized that animal consciousness could never be directly measured, she opposed strict behaviorism's dismissal of consciousness and sought to comprehend as much as possible about animal mental phenomena. She suggested that animal psyches contained mental structures similar to that of humans and therefore suggested animal consciousness is not qualitatively different from human mental life. The greater the similarity in neuroanatomical structure and behavior between animals and humans, the more consciousness could be inferred.  In her words:

"Our acquaintance with the mind of animals rests upon the same basis as our acquaintance with the mind of our fellow man: both are derived by inference from observed behavior. The actions of our fellow man resemble our own, and we therefore infer in them like subjective states to ours: the actions of animals resemble ours less completely, but the difference is one of degree, not of kind... We know not where consciousness begins in the animal world. We know where it surely resides—in ourselves; we know where it exists beyond a reasonable doubt—in those animals of structure resembling ours which rapidly adapt themselves to the lessons of experience. Beyond this point, for all we know, it may exist in simpler and simpler forms until we reach the very lowest of living beings."

The Animal Mind went through several additions, in 1917, 1926, and 1936 and remained the standard textbook of comparative psychology for nearly 25 years, although about 80% of the material from the first edition was retained in subsequent editions. Compared to later editions, earlier editions extensively covered anecdotal evidence. A chapter on emotions was added to the 4th edition.

Motor theory
Washburn's motor theory attempted to find common ground between the structuralist tradition of her mentor, Titchener, which focused exclusively on consciousness and the rising view of behaviorism, which dismissed consciousness in favor of visible actions. Washburn's motor theory argued that all thought can be traced back to bodily movements. According to her theory, consciousness arises when a motion or a tendency towards movement is partially inhibited by a tendency towards another movement. In the presence of an object, the senses create an impression of it, including vision, sight, feel etc. This is accompanied by an incipient sense of movement, either towards or from the object. Different objects evoke different senses of motor readiness. When the object is not present, memory re-evokes those sensations. Learning consists of an association of movements into a set of regular series and combinations. When two movements become closely linked in quick succession, the sense of movement from the first primes the next, beginning a series. Ideas are organized the same way. Thinking becomes a derivative of movements of the hands, eyes, vocal cords, and trunk muscles (remember the thinker's pose). In summary:

"While consciousness exists and is not a form of movement, it has as its indispensable basis certain motor processes, and… the only sense in which we can explain conscious processes is by studying the laws governing these underlying motor phenomena".

Washburn presented this theory in several of her major works, including her early papers and in chapters she contributed to several collections, including Feelings and Emotions: The Wittenberg Symposium and Psychologies of 1930. However, it was most clearly outlined in what she considered her greatest work, Movement and Mental Imagery: Outlines of a Motor Theory of the Complexer Mental Processes.

Notes
 Margaret Floy Washburn is not a partner in the famed Cannon-Washburn experiment (where a balloon is swallowed and then inflated to determine the effect of stomach size on the hunger drive). This was erroneously indicated in . The correct personage, A. L. Washburn, was a graduate student of W. B. Cannon. They published , reprinted in  This error was uncovered by

References

Further reading

Furumoto, L., & Scarborough E. (1987). Placing women in the history of comparative psychology: Margaret Floy Washburn and Margaret Morse Nice. In E. Tobach (Ed.) Historical perspectives and the international status of comparative psychology (pp. 103–117). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Goodman, E.S. (1980). Margaret F. Washburn (1871-1939): First woman Ph.D. in psychology. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 69-80.
O'Connell, A. G., & Russo, N. F. (Eds.). (1990). Women in psychology: A bio-bibliographic source book. West Port, CN: Greenwood Press, Inc.

Russo, N. F., & O'Connell, A. N. (1980). Models from our past: Psychology's foremothers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5, 11-54
Scarborough, E. & Furumoto, L. (1987). Untold lives: The first generation of American women psychologists. New York: Columbia University Press.
Thelen, E., & Smith, L. B. (1994). A dynamic systems approach to the development of cognition and action. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books/MIT Press
Washburn, M. F. (1932). Some recollections. In C. Murchison (Ed.), ''History of psychology in autobiography (Vol. 2, pp. 333–358). Worcester, MA: Clark University Press.

External links

 Encyclopedia of Psychology
 Understanding the Animal Mind
  APA: Biography of Margaret Washburn
 Emotion and Thought: A Motor Theory of Their Relations
 Mental Imagery-Theories and Experiments
 Autobiography of Margaret Floy Washburn
 People in Psychology
 Psyography: Biographies on Psychologists
 Women in Psychology
 ENotes: Encyclopedia of Psychology
 University of Cincinnati Psychology History Connections
 A Documentary Chronicle of Vassar College
 Introspection As a Method of Psychology

1871 births
1939 deaths
American women academics
American women psychologists
Animal cognition writers
Cornell University alumni
Cornell University faculty
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
Presidents of the American Psychological Association
University of Cincinnati faculty
Vassar College alumni
Vassar College faculty
Wells College faculty

Margaret Floy Washburn


Sindeok (신덕), née le 12 juillet 1356 et morte le 15 septembre 1396, du clan Goksan, est le nom posthume de la seconde femme du roi Taejo, premier monarque de la période Joseon en Corée. Elle était honorée sous le nom de Hyeon (현) de 1392 à sa mort.

Mère d'une fille et de deux garçons, elle a manœuvré sans succès pour essayer de faire couronner son fils aîné au détriment des fils de Shinui, la première femme du roi.

Notes et références

Naissance en 1356
Décès en 1396
Reine consort de Corée
Personnalité de la période Joseon

Sindeok


රයිගම් ටෙලීස් හොඳම ටෙලිනාට්‍ය සංස්කාරක සම්මානය යනු රයිගම් වසරේ හොඳම ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ටෙලිනාට්‍යය සංස්කාරකවරයා වෙනුවෙන් රයිගම් සමාගම විසින් වාර්ෂිකව ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිරිනමන සම්මානයකි.

මෙම සම්මානය ප්‍රථම වරට ලබා දුන්නේ 2005 වසරේදීය.

සෑම වසරකම සම්මාන ලැයිස්තුව

යොමු කිරීම්


Goa ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Camarines Sur, in der Verwaltungsregion V, Bicol. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 34 Barangays lebten. Sie wird als Gemeinde der  zweiten Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen eingestuft. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Tinambac im Nordwesten, Calabanga im Westen, Lagonoy im Nordosten, San Jose im Osten, Ocampo und Tigaon im Süden. Teile des Mount-Isarog-Nationalparks liegen auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde.

Baranggays

Weblinks

Ort auf den Philippinen

Goa (Camarines Sur)


Sindgi es una ciudad de la India en el distrito de Bijapur, estado de Karnataka.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 508  a 585 km de la capital estatal, Bangalore, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 48 336 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth.

Localidades de Karnataka

Sindgi


دخل الدستور الإيطالي حيز التنفيذ في إيطاليا في 1 يناير 1948 وقد كان الدستور حصاد سنتين من العمل بالمجلس التأسيسي الذي تم تعين أعضائه بالاقتراع في 2 يونيو 1946 وفي نفس الوقت تم إجراء استفتاء نظامي عليه.

وهذا الدستور يشمل في عناصره الرئيسية قيم الحكومة الديموقراطية: الحرية – العدالة – السلام.

المواد الأساسية
 المادة 1: إيطاليا جمهورية ديموقراطية مبنية على العمل وأن الحكم للشعب يمارسه من خلال مواد الدستور.
 المادة 2: تعترف الجمهورية وتقر بحقوق المواطن سواء كفرد أو كجماعات التي من خلالها ويتطلب ذلك منه القيام كشخص بواجباته السياسية أو الاقتصادية أو الاجتماعية.
 المادة 3: كل المواطنون لديهم نفس الحقوق ويتساوون أمام القانون من دون تفريق بين جنس أو نوع أو لغة أو دين أو رأي سياسي أو حالة اجتماعية، ويتوجب على الجمهورية إزالة العقبات والصعوبات الاقتصادية والاجتماعية لأن هذه العقبات تعوق التساوي بين المواطنين ولأنها تقف حائل ضد الإنسان وأيضًا يمكن لكل العمال الاشتراك في المنظمات السياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية للبلد.
 المادة 11: ترفض إيطاليا الحروب كأداة لإهانة حرية الشعوب الأخرى أو كطريقة لحل الخلافات الدولية.
 المادة 139: النظام الجمهوري غير قابل للتغير مطلقا.

مراجع

إيطاليا في 1948
أحداث يناير 1948
أحداث يناير 1948 في أوروبا
حكومة إيطاليا
السياسة في 1948
قانون إيطاليا
القانون في 1948
وثائق في 1948

دستور إيطاليا


Rafael Morais (* 25. Juni 1989 in Coimbra) ist ein portugiesischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Er spielte seit seinem 14. Lebensjahr Theater und besuchte die Theaterschule in Cascais, wo er auch Unterricht in Ausdruckstanz und Gesang nahm. Eine erste Nebenrolle spielte er in der frei angelegten Literaturverfilmung des Camilo-Castelo-Branco-Klassikers Um Amor de Perdição. Der Film lief auf verschiedenen internationalen Festivals (Filmfestival Locarno, Buenos Aires, São Paulo, Las Palmas). In Marco Martins' How to Draw a Perfect Circle über das Inzest-Tabu hatte er 2009 die Hauptrolle. Der Film war der portugiesische Kandidat für den Auslandsoscar und lief auf verschiedenen internationalen Filmfestivals. Für seine Rolle im vielprämierten Sangue do Meu Sangue von João Canijo erhielt er Aufmerksamkeit der internationalen Kritik. In der US-amerikanischen Produktion Chasing Eagle Rock spielte er zuletzt zusammen mit seinem Zwillingsbruder Edgar Morais.

2011 drehte er mit dem Kurzfilm You are the Blood sein Regie-Debüt, zu dem er auch das Drehbuch schrieb. Nach verschiedenen Aufenthalten in den USA (Nature Theater of Oklahoma, Stella Adler Studio of Acting School in Los Angeles) lebt er heute in Los Angeles.

Filmografie
 2008: Um Amor de Perdição; R: Mário Barroso
 2009: Gone; R: David Brooks
 2009: L'arc-en-ciel (Fernsehfilm, Kurzfilm); R: David Bonneville
 2009: How to Draw a Perfect Circle ("Como Desenhar um Círculo Perfeito"); R: Marco Martins
 2011: Sangue do Meu Sangue; R: João Canijo
 2011: You Are the Blood (Kurzfilm, auch Regie und Drehbuch)
 2012: Der junge James Dean: Joshua Tree, 1951 (Joshua Tree, 1951: A Portrait of James Dean); R: Matthew Mishory
 2015: Chasing Eagle Rock; R: Erick Avari
 2019: Silence (Kurzfilm); R: Francisco Froes
 2020: White Lines (Fernsehserie)
 2022: Një filxhan kafe dhe këpucë të reja veshur
 2023: Mal Viver
 2023: Viver Mal
 2023: Rabo de Peixe (Fernsehserie)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmschauspieler
Person (Coimbra)
Portugiese
Geboren 1989
Mann

Rafael Morais


Kika van Es (født 11. oktober 1991) er en hollandsk fodboldspiller, der spiller som forsvarsspiller for Achilles '29 i Eredivisie og .

Hæder

Landshold
Holland
 EM i fodbold for kvinder: Vinder af EM 2017.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Profil på onsonranje.nl

Kvindelige fodboldspillere fra Holland
Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Holland

Kika van Es


Svipdag (nórdico antiguo: Svipdagr, que significa Día repentino; inglés antiguo: Svæfdæg) es un héroe vikingo legendario con fama de berserker que aparece en los relatos de Hrólfr Kraki en la saga Hrólfs saga kraka, y como personaje principal en Grógaldr y Fjölsvinnsmál, ambos incluidos en Svipdagsmál.

Hrólfs saga kraka
El perfil de Svipdag como guerrero al servicio del rey Hrólfr Kraki, aparece como un personaje con características similares al dios Odín, también posee un solo ojo y controla el destino de un grupo de guerreros.

Grógaldr y Fjölsvinnsmál
La madrastra de Svipdagr le asigna la tarea de reunirse con Menglöð, quien es su «novia por destino». Para conseguir ese aparentemente imposible encargo, él usa la nigromancia para convocar la sombra de su madre muerta, Gróa, una völva quién también aparece en el Edda prosaica, para ayudarle con nueve hechizos y el primer poema repentinamente termina.

Al principio del segundo poema, Svipdagr llega al castillo del monte Lyfjaberg, donde es interrogado en un juego de adivinanzas por un vigilante, a quien oculta su nombre verdadero. El vigilante es Fjölsviðr, un nombre para Odín en Grímnismál (47), le acompañan sus lobos Geri y Gifr. Tras 18 preguntas y respuestas sobre el castillo, habitantes y alrededores, se da cuenta de que las puertas del castillo solo las puede abrir una persona: el mismo Svipdagr. Al revelarse su identidad, las puertas se abren y Menglöð se alza para recibir al esperado amante, dándole la bienvenida y vuelta a casa.

Otras fuentes contemporáneas
Un campeón-héroe del mismo nombre, posiblemente el mismo personaje, aparece en el prólogo de Edda prosaica, así como Heimskringla y Gesta Danorum.

En la crónica anglosajona también aparece un Swæbdæg como antecesor de Aella de Deira, monarca del reino de Deira.

En la obra Gesta Danorum de Saxo Grammaticus, aparece como rey de Noruega un Svipdag que luchó contra el legendario rey danés Gram.

Desde el siglo XIX, siguiendo al lingüista y mitólogo alemán Jacob Grimm, Menglöð se identificó con la diosa Freyja para muchos historiadores. En el libro infantil  Our Fathers' Godsaga, el sueco Viktor Rydberg identifica a Svipdagr con el marido de Freyja, Óðr (Óttar) Otros estudiosos que han profundizado en el poema son Hjalmar Falk (1893), B. Sijmons y Hugo Gering (1903), Olive Bray (1908), Henry Bellows (1923), Otto Höffler (1952), Lee M. Hollander (1962), Lotte Motz (1975), Einar Ólafur Sveinsson (1975), Carolyne Larrington (1999), y John McKinnell (2005).

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Héroes de la mitología y las leyendas nórdicas
Guerreros vikingos
Vikingos de Dinamarca

Svipdag


පාර්ලිමේන්තු පටිපාටිය යනු,  සමාජයයන්, සංවිධාන, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මණ්ඩල සහ, අනෙකුත් විමර්ශනාත්මක මණ්ඩල සම්බන්ධ රැස්වීම් සහ අනෙකුත් කාර්යයන් පාලනය කරන නීති, ආචාර ධර්ම සහ, චාරිත්‍ර  සමූහය වෙයි. පොදු නීතියෙහි  කොටසක් වන එය, ප්‍රාථමික වශයෙන්, එක්සත් රාජධානියේ පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි  මහජන මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලයෙහි ක්‍රියාමාර්ගයන් තුලින් ජනිත වීම නිසා, එහි නම ව්‍යුත්පන්න වී ඇත.

එක්සත් ජනපදය තුලදී, පාර්ලිමේන්තු නීතිය, පාර්ලිමේන්තු ව්‍යවහාරය, ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක පටිපාටිය හෝ, විධාන නීති  යන නම් වලින්ද  පාර්ලිමේන්තු පටිපාටිය  හැඳින්වෙයි. එක්සත් රාජධානියෙහි, අයර්ලන්තයෙහි, ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ, නවසීලන්තයේ, දකුණු අප්‍රිකාවේ සහ, අනෙකුත්  ඉංග්‍රීසි-කථා කරන රටවල, මූලාසනය හැසිරවීම, මුලාසනය දැරීම, රැස්වීම් නීතිය, රැස්වීම් සම්බන්ධ පටිපාටිය හෝ, රැස්වීම් පවත්වා ගෙන යෑම ලෙසින්ද එය සමහරවිට හැඳින්වෙයි.

පාර්ලිමේන්තු පටිපාටිය


Neil Richard Ardley (Wallington, Surrey, 26 de mayo de 1937- Londres, 23 de febrero de 2004) fue un pianista y compositor inglés de jazz, además de un escritor de numerosos libros de ciencia, tecnología y música.

Historial como músico

Trasladado a Londres, Ardley estudió arreglos y composición con Raymond Premru, desde 1960 a 1961. Ese año se unió a la big band de John Williams como pianista, escribiendo además temas nuevos y arreglos para él. Entre 1964 y 1970 fue director de la New Jazz Orchestra, que incluía a algunos de los mejores músicos jóvenes de jazz británicos, como Ian Carr, Jon Hiseman, Barbara Thompson, Dave Gelly, Mike Gibbs, Don Rendell, o Trevor Tomkins.

A finales de los años 1970, animado por el productor Denis Preston, Ardley comenzó a componer combinando estilos jazzísticos y de música clásica. Colaboró y compuso temas para Zyklus, un grupo de jazz electrónico formado junto con John L. Walters, Warren Greveson y Ian Carr.

A finales de los años 1990, y tras un periodo colaborando como cantante con diversos coros, comenzó a componer música coral, género que le ocupó ya hasta su fallecimiento.

Discografía
1965: Western Reunion (New Jazz Orchestra)
1968: Le Déjeuner sur l'Herbe (New Jazz Orchestra)
1970: Greek Variations (con Ian Carr y Don Rendell)
1971: A Symphony of Amaranths
1973: Mike Taylor Remembered (con Jon Hiseman, Barbara Thompson, Ian Carr, Henry Lowther, Dave Gelly, y Norma Winstone)
1976: Kaleidoscope of Rainbows (con Ian Carr y Nucleus, producido por Paul Buckmaster)
1978: Harmony of the Spheres
1991: Virtual Realities (Zyklus, con Ian Carr, John L. Walters y Warren Greveson.
2001: Creation Mass (con letras de Patrick Huddie)

Historial como escritor
Ardley comenzó trabajando dentro del staff de la World Book Encyclopedia, en 1962, cuando la filial londinense de la editorial americana estaba preparando su edición. Después de un breve periodo trabajando para la editorial Hamlyn, se convirtió en un escritor free-lance, en 1968, y en los años 1970 comenzó a escribir libros introductorios para lectores jóvenes, incluso para niños, en Historia natural (especialmente en el campo de la ornitología), ciencia, tecnología y música, del estilo de What Is It?.

En 1984, Ardley publicó de forma predominante, con Dorling Kindersley, produciendo una serie de libros que obtuvieron grandes ventas (alrededor de tres millones de copias en todo el mundo), incluyendo el premiado The Way Things Work (Cómo funcionan las cosas), ilustrado por David Macaulay.

Cuando falleció, había publicado unos cien títulos, con ventas totales superiores a los diez millones de copias.

Bibliografía
Carr, Ian, Digby Fairweather, & Brian Priestley. Jazz: The Rough Guide. London: Rough Guides. ISBN 1-85828-528-3
Ardley, Neil, David Lambert and Mark Lambert. What Is It? Question and Answer Encyclopedia. London: Kingfisher Books. ISBN 0-671-68467-1
Shipton, Alyn: Out of the Long Dark: The Life of Ian Carr,  Equinox Publishing, 2006. ISBN  (Paperback) 1845532228 ISBN  (Paperback) 9781845532222

Enlaces externos
Neil Ardley Official Website incluye la lista de sus libros y composiciones.

Find-a-Grave profile for Neil Ardley
Obituario por John L. Walters, The Guardian, 4 de marzo de 2004.

Pianistas de jazz
Músicos de jazz moderno
Músicos de jazz del Reino Unido
Escritores del Reino Unido del siglo XX

Neil Ardley


İnönü, Eskişehir'in bir ilçesi. İstanbul-Eskişehir demiryolu ve Bozüyük-Kütahya kara yolu üzerindedir. Ford Otosan kamyon fabrikası bu ilçede bulunur.

Tarihçe
Kasabanın kuzeyinde, şimdiki adı Eserönü olan mevkideki kalıntılardan toplanan sütun başlıklarının incelenmesinden varılan sonuca göre, kasabanın kurucuları Frigler'dir.

Romalıların Anadolu'ya yerleşmesinden sonra MS 395'te Bizans İmparatorluğu toprakları arasına katılmıştır. Hâlen İnönü kalesi denilen Bizans yapısı inlerden ve Kandilli köyünden çıkan tarihi eserlerden anlaşılmıştır. Bizanslar zamanında kasabanın şimdiki yerine yani kayaların önüne çekildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Kasabanın Bizanslılar zamanında adının Basilika olduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Osmanlı döneminde önce Anadolu eyaletine, sonra Hüdavendigar vilayetine bağlı; merkezi Bilecik olan Ertuğrul sancağına bağlı Söğüt kazasına bağlı bir köy olan İnönü, Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda I.  ve II. İnönü Muhabereleri'nin geçtiği yerdir. 1920 yılında Yunan işgaline uğrayan ve 4 Eylül 1922'de işgalden kurtulan İnönü köyü, 1923'te il yapılan Bilecik'in Söğüt ilçesine bağlı köy oldu. 1926 yılında Söğüt'ten ayrılan Bozüyük ilçesine bağlı bucak merkezi olan İnönü, 1963'te Eskişehir'in merkez ilçesine bağlandı. İnönü, 1987 yılında ilçe oldu.

Sosyal ve kültürel yapı
Türk Hava Kurumu'na bağlı Türkkuşu Genel Müdürlüğü'nün İnönü Eğitim Merkezi, Türk Hava Kurumunun İnönü Eğitim Merkezi burada bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca İnönü ilçe sınırları içerisinde, Ford Otosan, Yurtbay Seramik, Seranit Seramik, Deniz Porselen gibi tanınmış sanayi tesisleri de bulunmaktadır.

İlçede bir tane Ana Okulu, bir tane İlkokul, bir tane Ortaokul, bir tane Düz Lise, bir tane Meslek Lisesi bulunmaktadır. Gerek ilçe içindeki öğrenciler gerekse ilçenin köylerinden taşımalı olarak gelen öğrenciler bu eğitim kurumlarında eğitim görmektedirler.

İlçe İstanbul-Antalya kara yolu üzerinde yer almakta olup Kütahya'ya 63 Bursa'ya 120 km mesafededir.

Eskişehir'e 36 km olduğundan banka, sağlık merkezi, okul gibi devlet dairelerinde çalışanların çoğu Eskişehir'de ikamet etmekte günübirlik gidip gelmektedir.

Eğitim
İnönü ilçe merkezinde bir Halk Eğitim Merkezi, iki İlköğretim Okulu, bir Genel Lise, bir Anadolu Teknik ve Endüstri Meslek Lisesi bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Aşağıkuzfındık, Dereyalak ve Oklubal köylerinde birer İlköğretim Okulu bulunmaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İnönü Kaymakamlığı
 İnönü Belediyesi
 YerelNET

İnönü, Eskişehir


Mister Iks (în , cu sensul de Domnul X) este un film de comedie muzicală sovietic regizat de Iuli Hmelniţki. Se bazează pe opereta cu același nume din 1956 de la Teatrul de Comedie Muzicală din Leningrad. Opereta în sine a fost o adaptare rusească a operetei Die Zirkusprinzessin (Prințesa circului) compusă de Emmerich Kálmán.

Filmările au început în 1957, cu mulți dintre actorii și artiștii de la Teatrul din Leningrad distribuiți în acest film. A avut premiera în Uniunea Sovietică și în alte țări la 2 mai 1958.

Prezentare

Un om misterios, sub numele de Mister Iks, interpretează la circ, cântând la vioară, pe un scaun suspendat în aer prin frânghii. Melodiile sale sunt triste, reflectând tumultul său intern - dragostea sa pentru o doamnă nobilă și faptul că relația sa nu este văzută bine de societate. O poveste frumoasă despre prietenie, dragoste și circ este însoțită de vocile cântând ale actorilor.

Cu toate că muzica este din opereta lui Kálmán, atmosfera a fost schimbată de la Rusia țaristă la Franța.

La un moment dat, Marie Latouche efectuează dansul de 20 de minute pe tambur, care a fost realizat ca o referință al celebrului dans al actriței Liubov Orlova în filmul Circul din 1936.

Distribuție

 Georg Ots ca domnul X
  ca Theodora Verdier (Prințesa Fedora Palinska în operetei, voce de Tamara Bogdanova)
 Glikeriia Bogdanova-Cesnokova - Karolina (Carla Schlumberger în operetă)
  ca Pelican (Samuel Pressburger în operetă)
  ca Marie Latouche (Miss Mabel Gibson în operetă)
  ca Toni (Toni Schlumberger în operetă)
  ca Baron de Kreveliyak (Prinz Sergius Wladimir în operetă)
   (sau Lintz) ca Poisson (Contele Sakusin în operetă)
  ca director al circului (regizorul Stanislawski în operetă)
 Iefim Kopelian ca adorator al Teodorei (nemenționat)
 Gheorgi Kuhlbuș ca adorator al Teodorei (nemenționat)
  ca slujitor (nemenționat)

Modificări față de operetă
Chiar dacă filmul se bazează pe Prințesa circului, operetă creată de către compozitorul maghiar Emmerich Kálmán, care a avut premiera la Teatrul an der Wien la Viena la 26 martie 1926, s-au făcut schimbări semnificative deoarece opereta a fost stabilită în Rusia țaristă și conținea mai multe tematici care erau inacceptabile din punctul de vedere al cenzorilor. Filmul a fost mutat de la Sankt Petersburg la Paris, personajele au devenit franceze, iar Aria of Mister X  a Husarilor  a fost înlocuită de Aria marină. Actorul Grigorie Iaron care a jucat rolul lui Pelican a scris:

 "Nici o operetă a lui Kalman nu a avut atât de multe variante diferite în URSS ca Prințesa Circului; și chiar atunci când ea a avut premiera în Uniunea Sovietică, opereta a avut o punere în scenă la Moscova și una diferită la Leningrad. Astfel, primul comic al trupei teatrale de la Moscova l-a portretizat pe Marele Duce Nicolai Nicolaevici al Rusiei în timpul exilului său la Paris. În locul trupei, un american bogat a apărut în teatrul din Leningrad, unde Pelican a fost portretizat ca un chelner care lucra la un restaurant în același timp cu un general rus alb; iar emigrații au dispărut din variantele ulterioare ale acestei operete."

Referințe

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de filme sovietice din 1958

Filme din 1958
Filme despre circ
Filme în limba rusă
Filme sovietice
Filme alb-negru
Filme bazate pe operete

Mister Iks


In Canada, a separate school is a type of school that has constitutional status in three provinces (Ontario, Alberta and Saskatchewan) and statutory status in the three territories (Northwest Territories, Yukon and Nunavut).  In these Canadian jurisdictions, a separate school is one operated by a civil authority—a separate school board—with a mandate enshrined in the Canadian Constitution (for the three provinces) or in federal statutes (for the three territories).  In these six jurisdictions a civil electorate, composed of the members of the minority faith, elects separate school trustees according to the province's or territory's local authorities election legislation.  These trustees are legally accountable to their electorate and to the provincial or territorial government.  No church has a constitutional, legal, or proprietary interest in a separate school.

The constitutionally provided mandate of a separate school jurisdiction and of a separate school is to provide education in a school setting that the separate school board considers reflective of Roman Catholic (or, rarely, Protestant) theology, doctrine, and practices.  This mandate can manifest itself in the Program of Studies and the curriculum, exercises and practices, and staffing.  The limits of this mandate are determined by the application of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and judicial decisions.

The different experience in Ontario as compared to Alberta and Saskatchewan is principally the result of the same constitutional provisions having effect on settlement at different stages in Canadian history.

The Constitution of Canada does not establish separate school education as a natural or unconditional right available to all. Only Protestants or Roman Catholics, whichever is the minority faith population compared to the other in a community, can consider the establishment of separate school education.  The separate school establishment right is not available to citizens of any other faith (such as Orthodox Christians, Jews, Mormons, Hindus, Muslims, or Sikhs).  In addition, the minority faith must establish that they wish to leave the public school system and create a separate school system.

Historical background
When France's colonies in North America were conquered by Britain during the 18th century, British authorities were faced with the dilemma of ruling over a large Roman Catholic community.  This was significant, as Catholic-Protestant violence in England and Ireland had been nearly constant since the beginning of the English Reformation.  Since the Glorious Revolution of 1688, however, Protestantism had been the official religion of the British state as evidenced by the Act of Settlement 1701 which forbade Catholics to become monarch.  This was the beginning of a long period of anti-Catholic laws and policies in the British Empire, most famously expressed through the Irish "Penal" Laws.  In the case of the New World French there was also the fear that the new population was potentially more loyal to a foreign king, that of France, than to Britain.

The first French colony to fall to the British was Acadia on the Atlantic coast in 1713 (invaded in 1710).  Here the problem of dealing with a French Catholic community was solved through the simple but brutal method of expulsion.  The Expulsion of the Acadians of 1755 saw some 12,000 Acadians killed and/or forcibly resettled to the Thirteen Colonies, Louisiana, France, England, etc.  Some later returned, but their land and villages had been given away to Anglo-Protestant settlers. However, the trigger for expulsion was about the fear that Acadians would side with France during the "French and Indian War" (1754–1760/1763).

When the much larger colony of Canada fell in 1763 (Quebec City invaded in 1759, Montreal in 1760), deportation was seen as less practical.  Instead British officials promised to allow French Canadians to keep their religion and customs:

This guarantee was later threatened on several occasions by assimilationist legislation such as the Royal Proclamation of 1763, but this was largely reversed by the Quebec Act of 1774.

After the American Revolution, the new colony was flooded with Anglo-Protestant refugees.  The colony was then divided by Constitutional Act of 1791, with the Anglican Church becoming the established religion in Upper Canada (now Ontario) while Lower Canada remained legally secular but dominated by the Catholic church.  Inevitably, some people ended up on the "wrong" side of this division, with a French Catholic minority in Upper Canada and an Anglo-Protestant minority in Lower Canada.  Schools of the era were almost entirely parochial schools controlled by the various churches. Only when government mandated standardization and public funding for education were introduced did this then become a political issue. By the time of Confederation in 1867, the majority of Catholics in Upper Canada were of Irish extraction as well as English speaking.

In the 1840s Methodist minister and Reformist politician Egerton Ryerson championed "common schools" that would educate the children of all faiths under one system. He became Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada in 1844. However, Ryerson was not able to convince the Catholic minority and grudgingly agreed to clauses in his education reforms that allowed for minority-faith schools within the publicly funded system. The Catholic case was strengthened by the fact that the Protestant minority in Lower Canada had already won the right to a separate system.

The institutionalization of separate schools in Canada West (Upper Canada before 1840) was secured by the Scott Act of 1863, but with the caveat that rural Catholic schools could only serve an area with a radius of .

In the Maritime provinces, similar issues were at play.

In New Brunswick under the Parish Schools Act of 1858, there was only loose supervision from the central board of education, and in practice each school was run independently by its board of trustees, and most schools boards were dominated by partisans from one religion or another. Textbooks were not standardized; Protestant-majority regions used the textbooks of the Irish National Schools while the English-speaking Catholic areas used the books of the Irish Christian Brothers. The few Acadian schools used French-language textbooks from Canada East (Lower Canada).

The 1867 Constitution
These pre-existing rights for tax-funded minority faith schools were then part of the constitutional negotiations surrounding Canadian Confederation in the 1860s.  At the Confederation conferences, Roman Catholic Archbishop Connolly of Halifax argued for separate Catholic and Protestant school systems across the entire federation, administered by the central government.  This was forcefully rejected by French Canadian delegates from Canada East, who demanded provincial control over education.  The compromise was section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 which allows the federal government to intervene only to protect minority schools which are established after Confederation.  Apart from that caveat, section 93 provides that education is a matter of exclusive provincial jurisdiction.

Continuing application of Constitutional settlement
The relevant provision for Ontario is s. 93(1) of the Constitution Act, 1867 as originally enacted.  For Alberta and Saskatchewan, the relevant provision is s. 93(1), as amended by the Alberta Act and the Saskatchewan Act, respectively.

As held by the Supreme Court of Canada in Adler v. Ontario, the provincial education power under section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 is plenary, and is not subject to Charter attack. As Iacobucci J. noted, it is the product of a historical compromise crucial to Confederation and forms a comprehensive code with respect to denominational school rights which cannot be enlarged through the operation of s. 2(a) of the Charter. It does not represent a guarantee of fundamental freedoms.

Section 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867 only applies to provinces, not territories.  Instead, the right to separate schools is protected in the three territories by the federal Acts of Parliament which establish those three territories.  The Northwest Territories Act, the Yukon Act and the Nunavut Act all provide that the territorial legislatures can legislate with respect to education, provided they respect the right of religious minorities (whether Protestant or Roman Catholic) to establish separate schools.

Ontario
School boards funded by the province consist of 29 English Catholic and 8 French Catholic boards, as well as 35 non-denominational public school boards (31 English public, 4 French public).  There is one Protestant separate school jurisdiction in Ontario, the Burkevale Protestant Separate School, operated by the Penetanguishene Protestant Separate School Board. In Ontario, this determination was largely made throughout the province by the time of Confederation.

The public school system in the province was historically Protestant but was gradually transformed into a secular public system.  Prayer in public schools was banned in the late 1980s by a decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal.

Since the 19th century, funding for the Roman Catholic separate school system was provided up to Grade 10 under the British North America (BNA) Act. In 1984, the government of Premier William Davis extended full funding to include the last three (Grades 11–13 (OAC)) years of Roman Catholic secondary schools after having rejected that proposal fifteen years earlier. The first funded academic year occurred in 1985–86, as grade 11, and one grade was added in each of the next two years.

The right to have a publicly funded separate denominational school system continues to be guaranteed to Roman Catholics in Ontario by s. 93 of the Constitution Act, 1867.

The issue of extending public funding to other religious schools was raised by the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario in the 2007 Ontario general election; however they lost the election and the issue was not raised again in the subsequent election.

Alberta and Saskatchewan

In Alberta and Saskatchewan, the extent of separate school education is more limited, and Protestant separate schools are slightly more present. For example, in Alberta, about 40% of the land area of the province is included in separate school jurisdictions and there are two Protestant Separate School Districts, in the City of St. Albert (St. Albert Protestant Separate School District) and in the Town of St. Paul (Glen Avon Protestant Separate School District).  One anomaly of the system is that the Town of Morinville has only a public Catholic high school (part of the Greater St. Albert Catholic Regional Division), and no secular or Protestant high schools of any kind.

In Alberta and Saskatchewan, there continues to be large areas of the province where separate school education has never been established. In these two provinces, there is a clear and well-known process for determining the wishes of the members of the minority faith.

In Alberta, for example, the geographic basis for separate school establishment is the underlying public school district.  At any time, three or more residents, either Protestant or Roman Catholic, who believe that they are members of the minority faith locally, can initiate the process.  A census must be conducted to confirm that they are, in fact, the minority faith locally. When the census confirms minority status, a meeting must be widely advertised.  The purpose of meeting is to provide a venue at which all of the local members of the minority faith can debate the pros and cons of leaving the public school jurisdiction and creating a separate school district.  At the end of the meeting, a vote may be held on the question of establishment.

If the majority of the minority vote in favour of establishment, the establishment becomes a fact. If the majority of the minority vote against establishment, it does not proceed. The process is civil, democratic, and binding on the minority of the minority. A decision at the meeting against establishment precludes a number of the minority faith who may have favoured establishment from continuing for themselves. (At the same time, any decision against establishment has no term: proponents can begin almost immediately to organize a subsequent effort.)

In Alberta, wherever a separate school system exists, individuals who are of the minority faith that established the separate school system must be residents, electors, and ratepayers of the separate school system (the Schmidt decision).  There is no way by which they could opt to be supporters of the public school system except by leaving the minority faith.  In Saskatchewan and Ontario, members of the minority faith may choose to be supporters of the public school system, notwithstanding their faith.

Other provinces

Retention of separate school boards with public funding was a major issue of contention in the negotiations that led to Canadian confederation, chiefly as a result of ethnic and religious tension between the (largely French-speaking) Roman Catholic population in Canada and the Protestant majority. The issue was a subject of debate at the 1864 Quebec Conference and was finally resolved at the London Conference of 1866 with a proposal to preserve the separate school systems in Quebec and Ontario.  The way in which this agreement was written into the British North America Act, 1867 was to the effect that the condition of education in each colony (or territory) at the time it entered Confederation would be continued thereafter.

Consequently, the provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island have never had an education system that included "separate schools".

Up until 1997 the Quebec education system was also separated, with Protestant and Catholic school boards. The system was replaced by a linguistically based secular school system, after the passage of a constitutional amendment

The province of Newfoundland and Labrador had a separate school system until 1997.  At the time that the Dominion of Newfoundland joined Canada on March 31, 1949, the schools of that Dominion were all organized on a confessional basis with separate denominational schools for Roman Catholics, Seventh-day Adventists, Salvationists, Pentecostals, and an integrated stream which oversaw the schooling for children of many members of so-called "mainstream" Protestant denominations. All of these schools received grants from the provincial government for their operation.  Ownership of the schools ranged from parochial (owned and operated directly by a Church) to ownership and operation by a separate not-for-profit society.  The constitutional obligation on the Province to maintain this system of confessional schools was eliminated by the Constitution Amendment, 1998 (Newfoundland Act),  following a provincial referendum in 1997.  The Province then established a single non-denominational public school system.

Controversy

The question of separate schools has been most controversial in Ontario and Manitoba. In the former, the issue of separate schools aggravated tensions between anglophones and francophones, both Protestant and Catholic. The ending of public support for separate schools in the latter province in the 1890s prompted a national crisis known as the Manitoba Schools Question, and led to Pope Leo XIII's papal encyclical Affari Vos.

Separate school rights have often been criticized as contrary to the spirit of official multiculturalism, primarily, but not exclusively, because only adherents of the Protestant or Roman Catholic faith have these constitutional rights and only in some provinces and territories.  In addition, where separate school systems exist, employees or prospective employees who are of the minority faith have more employment opportunities.  (All other things being equal, a member of the minority faith can be employed by either the public board or by the separate board, while anyone else can be excluded from employment by the separate system.)  On November 5, 1999, the United Nations Human Rights Committee condemned Canada and Ontario for having violated the equality provisions (Article 26) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.  The Committee restated its concerns on November 2, 2005, when it published its Concluding Observations regarding Canada's fifth periodic report under the Covenant.  The Committee observed that Canada had failed to "adopt steps in order to eliminate discrimination on the basis of religion in the funding of schools in Ontario."

Opposition to publicly funded separate schools continues in all three provinces where it remains, but most notably in Ontario, where court cases (see Reva Landau) and long-standing, organized opposition groups (OneSchoolSystem.org and Civil Rights in Public Education) continue to actively seek to end or limit public funding for Catholic sectarian schools.

See also

Education in Canada
Education in Quebec
Education in Ontario

References

External links
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
OneSchoolSystem.org
Significant Events in the History of Catholic Education (in Ontario)
Canada's Human Rights History

Education in Manitoba
Education in Newfoundland and Labrador
Education in Ontario
Education in Quebec
Education in Saskatchewan
School types
Education in Alberta
Minority rights
Constitution of Canada

Segregated schools

Separate school


La Lao Premier League () es la principal competencia del fútbol profesional en Laos, se disputa desde 1990 y es organizada por la Federación de Fútbol de Laos.

Formato
La liga la componen 7 equipos, donde en un formato de todos contra todos a 2 vueltas, quien consiga más puntos será el campeón.

Los equipos de Laos no participan (excepto en la Recopa de la AFC de 1996/97) en la Copa Presidente de la AFC, la Copa AFC ni la Liga de Campeones de la AFC.

Equipos 2016

 La totalidad de los clubes de la ciudad de Vientián utilizan los dos estadios disponibles, el Estadio Nacional de Laos y el Nuevo Estadio Nacional de Laos.

Ediciones Anteriores

1990: Lao Army FC (Vientián)
1991: Lao Army FC (Vientián)
1992: Lao Army FC (Vientián)
1993: Savannakhet FC (Savannakhet) / Lao Army FC (Vientián)
1994: Lao Army FC (Vientián)
1995: Pakse FC (Pakse) / Education Team (Vientián)
1996: Lao Army FC (Vientián)
1997: Sayaboury FC (Sayaboury) / Lao Army FC (Vientián)
1998: Khammouan Province Team (?)
1999: Desconocido
2000: Vientiane Municipality (Juegos Nacionales)
2001: Lao Bank FC
2002: Yotha FC
2003: Yotha FC

2004: Yotha FC
2005: Vientiane FC
2006: Vientiane FC
2007: Lao-American College FC
2008: Lao Army FC (Vientián)
2009: No se jugó
2010: Lao Bank FC
2011: Yotha FC
2012: Lao Police Club
2013: Champasak FC
2014: Hoang Anh Attapeu FC
2015: Lao Toyota FC
2016: Lanexang United FC
2017: Lao Toyota FC
2018: Lao Toyota FC
2019: Lao Toyota FC
2020: Lao Toyota FC
2021: Cancelado
2022: Young Elephant FC
2023: Young Elephant FC

Títulos por club

Véase también
 Copa del Primer Ministro
 Copa de Laos
 Selección de fútbol de Laos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 rsssf: Laos - List of Champions
 Yotha FC

Laos
Fútbol en Laos
Eventos deportivos en Laos

Liga Premier de Laos


Die Copa del Rey 1912 war die zehnte Austragung des spanischen Fußballpokalwettbewerbes.

Der Wettbewerb startete am 31. März und endete mit dem Finale am 7. April 1912. Alle Spiele fanden im Camp del Carrer Indústria, dem Stadion des FC Barcelona, statt. Damit fand die Copa del Rey erstmals weder in der Hauptstadt Madrid noch im Stadion des Titelverteidigers statt.

Am Turnier sollten sechs Mannschaften teilnehmen, jedoch gingen letztlich nur vier an den Start, da sich Titelverteidiger Athletic Bilbao und die Mannschaft der Infanterieakademie von Toledo kurz vor Turnierbeginn zurückgezogen hatten. Im Finale besiegte der FC Barcelona den Madrider Verein Sociedad Gimnástica Española mit 2:0 und gewann damit zum zweiten Mal den Pokal.

Halbfinale

|}

Finale
Das Finale war ursprünglich auf den 3. April angesetzt, wurde jedoch auf Anordnung des Gouverneurs von Barcelona auf den 7. April verschoben, um nicht mit den religiösen Feiern des Karmittwochs zusammenzufallen.

Durch den 2:0-Triumph wurde der FC Barcelona nach 1910 nun zum zweiten Mal spanischer Pokalsieger.

Siegermannschaft

Weblinks
 Spielplan und Ergebnisse. rsssf.com (englisch)
 Spielplan und Ergebnisse. linguasport.com (spanisch)

1912
Fußballsaison 1912

Copa del Rey 1912


Worksop Manor est une maison de campagne du  classée Grade I à Bassetlaw, dans le Nottinghamshire. Il se trouve dans l'un des quatre domaines contigus de la région de Duchés dans le Nottinghamshire. Traditionnellement, le seigneur du manoir de Worksop peut assister un monarque britannique à son couronnement en fournissant un gant et en le mettant sur la main droite du monarque et en soutenant son bras droit. Worksop Manor est le siège des anciens seigneurs de Worksop.

La maison est une importante maison de campagne anglaise des familles Talbot et Howard entre les années 1580 et sa destruction par un incendie en 1761 ; une reconstruction encore plus grande n'est que partiellement achevée, et après 1777, elle est négligée et largement démantelée dans les années 1830.

Le bâtiment tel qu'il est aujourd'hui, fortement réduit et reconstruit mais toujours très grand, est pour la plupart des  et . Il a 2 et 3 étages de pierre de taille avec des toits en croupe d'ardoise, formant un quadrilatère d'environ 25 travées de large sur 14 travées de profondeur .

Histoire

La famille Talbot possède Worksop Manor depuis le . Son manoir est pendant quelque temps en 1568 la prison de Marie Stuart .

Dans les années 1580, une nouvelle maison est construite sur le site du très riche George Talbot (6e comte de Shrewsbury), probablement conçue par Robert Smythson. C'est un exemple de premier plan de la maison prodige élisabéthaine . Dans le même temps, Smythson conçoit également le Worksop Manor Lodge qui existe encore sous sa forme essentiellement originale jusqu'en 2007, date à laquelle il est incendié et est actuellement en cours de restauration. La loge, occupée par Roger Portington, gardien des parcs Worksop, est comparée à la villa des Médicis à Pratolino .

Le roi Jacques séjourne à la maison principale en 1603 sur son chemin vers le sud pour prendre le trône d'Angleterre. Anne de Danemark séjourne en juin 1603, tenant sa cour le jour de l'anniversaire du roi, le 19 juin. Elle donne à William Cecil, le jeune fils de Sir Robert Cecil, un bijou et l'attache à son oreille, et il danse avec la princesse Elizabeth, 7 ans .

La maison est très admirée, notamment pour sa longue galerie au dernier étage, dont une cheminée porte la date "1585" . En 1607, ides rumeurs circulent sur la grandeur d'un manoir que George Home (1er comte de Dunbar) construit dans les ruines du Château de Berwick. George Chaworth écrit à Gilbert Talbot (7e comte de Shrewsbury) disant qu'il a entendu que la longue galerie de Berwick ferait ressembler celle construite par son père à Worksop à un grenier .

A la fin du , la maison passe par mariage au duc de Norfolk, dans la famille duquel elle reste jusqu'en 1840. En 1701, le  duc de Norfolk double la taille de la maison, construit des écuries et aménage de grands jardins. Le  duc améliore également les jardins. Mary Howard, duchesse de Norfolk fait rénover la maison mais elle brûle en 1761 .

Plus tard cette année-là, James Paine est chargé de construire un bâtiment pour remplacer le manoir élisabéthain incendié. Il prévoit un manoir à peu près carré avec un vaste hall dans la cour centrale qui aurait été l'une des plus grandes maisons jamais construites en Angleterre, si elle avait été achevée. Une seule aile est terminée lorsque les travaux s'arrêtent sur la maison en 1767, mais même cela est d'une ampleur grandiose. À la mort du  duc en 1777, le domaine passe à un cousin éloigné, âgé de 57 ans et vivant dans le Surrey. Ni lui ni ses successeurs immédiats ne vivent à Worksop et le domaine est négligé. Le  duc le donne à son fils, le comte de Surrey, en 1815.

En 1838, le comte de Surrey vend le domaine au duc de Newcastle de  à proximité pour 375 000 £, qui dépouille la maison. Il démolit l'aile principale de la maison avec de la poudre à canon, après avoir vendu le plomb du toit et quelques accessoires, car il n'est intéressé que par l'ajout du terrain à son propre domaine. Malgré l'argent reçu du sauvetage et du bois, il fait une perte énorme sur l'achat qui semble avoir été animé par un sentiment anti-catholique, le duc de Norfolk ayant été un aristocrate catholique de premier plan. Après un certain nombre d'années, les parties survivantes de la maison, c'est-à-dire l'écurie, l'aile de service et une partie de l'extrémité est du bâtiment principal, ont été réformées en un nouveau manoir, qui est loué pendant plusieurs années par Lord Foley et ensuite par William Isaac Cookson, un fabricant de plomb. En 1890, une grande partie du domaine est vendue aux enchères ; la maison et le parc attenant sont achetés par Sir John Robinson, un homme d'affaires de Nottingham, qui abat de nombreux arbres matures pour les vendre.

Références

Liens externes

Bassetlaw
Histoire du Nottinghamshire
Bâtiment dans le Nottinghamshire
Monument classé de Grade I dans le Nottinghamshire

Worksop Manor


John Knox foi o primeiro relator especial das Nações Unidas sobre direitos humanos e questões ambientais servindo de 2012 a 2018.

Educação
Knox formou-se com honras pela Stanford Law School em 1987 e obteve um B.A. em Economia e Inglês pela Rice University em 1984.

Prémios
Em 2003 a Sociedade Americana de Direito Internacional concedeu a Knox o Prémio Francis Deák, homenageando-o como um jovem autor que fez uma "contribuição meritória à erudição jurídica internacional".

Alunos da Universidade Rice
Pessoas vivas
Oficiais do Alto Comissário das Nações Unidas para os Direitos Humanos
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Wikiconcurso de edição)

John H. Knox


L'hôtel de la Caisse d'épargne est un bâtiment de la fin du  situé à Louviers, en France. Il est recensé à l'inventaire général du patrimoine culturel.

Situation et accès
L'édifice est situé au  de la place Ernest-Thorel à Louviers.

Histoire

Fondation
L'édifice est élevé grâce à la générosité d'Édouard Lanon, en 1891, selon les plans de Fernand Billerey, architecte à Louviers.

Inauguration
Le  a lieu dans la ville la grande fête pour le concours de gymnastique de l'Association des sociétés de Normandie, présidée par le ministre de l'Agriculture, Jules Develle, qui s'y rend ce jour-là. Ainsi couplée à ces festivités, la cérémonie d'inauguration de l'hôtel de la Caisse d'épargne a lieu le lendemain, le , en présence du sénateur, Charles d'Osmoy ; du préfet, Jules Léon Pointu-Norès ; du député et maire de la ville, Jules Thorel ; du sous-préfet de Louviers, Jean Baptiste Albert Tillol ; du conseiller général et maire de Gaillon, Jacques Riberpray ; de Labiche, vice-président de la Caisse d'épargne ; des directeurs des trois succursales de Gaillon, du Neubourg et de Pont-de-l'Arche ; du receveur des finances, Poli ; ainsi que d'autres notabilités.

Le cortège est escorté par les sapeurs-pompiers et précédé par la Musique municipale. Après la visite officielle, un banquet de  est servi dans la salle du petit théâtre et, à cette occasion, on lève son verre en l'honneur des notabilités et administrateurs présents ainsi que de l'architecte. À , l'Harmonie municipale, dirigée par Dubreuil, donne un concert sur la place de ce nouvel édifice, la place de Rouen — de nos jours, place Ernest-Thorel. Enfin, à , un ballon, monté par Chéreau et ses deux élèves, est envoyé dans les airs avec succès ; après une remarquable ascension, il retombe sur le territoire de Farceaux, à quelque  du lieu de lancer.

Structure

Statut patrimonial et juridique
Le bâtiment est mentionné à l'inventaire général du patrimoine culturel. L'enquête ou le dernier récolement est effectué en 1969. L'agence est en fonctionnement.

Notes

Références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Musée de Louviers (sur la même place)
 Église Notre-Dame de Louviers

Liens externes

Louviers
Louviers
Architecture du XIXe siècle en France

Hôtel de la Caisse d'épargne de Louviers


Puka ilçesi (), Arnavutluk'un ilçelerinden biriydi. İlçe, ülkenin kuzeyinde yer almaktaydı. 1992-2000 yılları arasında Görice ilinin bir parçası olup 2000 yılında yapılan idari düzenleme sonucunda idari olarak lağvedilmiştir. Yüzölçümü 1,034 km² olan ilçenin nüfusu 2010 yılı itibarı ile 24,323'tür. İlçenin merkezi kendisi ile aynı adı taşıyan Puka idi.

Puka ilçesi, Blerim, Iballe, Fierza, Fushë-Arrëz, Gjegjan, Qafë-Mali, Qelëz, Qerret, Puka ve Rrapa belediyelerine ayrılmaktaydı.

Kaynakça

İşkodra ili'nin ilçeleri
Arnavutluk'un ilçeleri

Puka (ilçe)


Maria Golescu (n. 1897, București – d. noiembrie 1987, Eastbourne, Regatul Unit) a fost o medievalistă, feministă și deținut politic din România.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe
 Lada de zestre a Mariei Golescu , revistacultura.ro, articol de Silvia Marin-Barutcieff și Cristina Bogdan
 Maria Golescu's correspondence (1946-1979)

Nașteri în 1897
Decese în 1987
Medievaliști români
Feministe române

Maria Golescu


Nemiri u Užicu, građanski nemiri u Užicu koji su se dogodili 25. kolovoza 1862. godine.

Još dok je u tijeku bila konferencija velikih sila u Kanlidži, povod koje su bili nemiri u Beogradu, dogodili su se nemiri u Užicu. Kako se ustanovilo poslije, u organizaciju srpske vlasti poduzete su mjere za izvršiti pritisak na konferenciju i na muslimane da ih se prisili na iseljenje. Nisu srpske vlasti htjele čekati da se vidi koje mjere i odluke će donijeti Konferencija u Kanlidži i izložiti se riziku nepovoljna ishoda konferencije. Muslimanske mahale u Užicu bile su zapaljene. Grad (utvrda) nije zapaljen, jer su u njemu bili osmanski vojnici. Krivnja za požar bačena je na muslimane. Posljedično je su se strahovito zategnuli odnosi Srba i Muslimana. Poslije se otkrilo da su to neki ljudi napravili u organizaciji srpske vlasti.

Konferencija je završila 10 dana poslije, 4. rujna, s vrlo povoljnim odlukama za Srbiju.

Izvori

Kneževina Srbija
Osmansko Carstvo

Nemiri u Užicu 25. kolovoza 1862.


Goodnight Mommy  é um filme americano de terror psicológico dirigido por Matt Sobel e escrito por Kyle Warren, é um remake do filme austríaco de 2014 de mesmo nome. As estrelas do filme são Naomi Watts, Cameron e Nicholas Crovetti, Crystal Lucas-Perry, Jeremy Bobb, e Peter Hermann. O filme conta a história de dois irmãos gêmeos que suspeitam que sua mãe foi trocada por uma impostora, após uma cirurgia recente ter deixado seu rosto enfaixado.

Um remake para o filme de 2014 foi anunciado no início de 2021, com Sobel dirigindo a partir de um roteiro escrito por Warren, enquanto Watts era o protagonista. O restante do elenco foi anunciado mais tarde e a filmagem ocorreu de junho a agosto do mesmo ano.

Goodnight Mommy foi lançado no Prime Video pela Amazon Studios em 16 de setembro de 2022. O filme foi muito revisado pelos críticos, que elogiaram o desempenho de Watts, mas criticaram o seu roteiro e o consideraram "inferior" e "desnecessário" em comparação com o filme original.

Trama

Os irmãos gêmeos Elias e Lukas voltam para casa para morar com a sua mãe, uma ex-atriz, depois de ficarem com o pai desde o divórcio. Ao vê-la novamente, eles ficam perturbados ao encontrá-la usando uma bandagem completa sobre toda a cabeça, lembrando uma balaclava branca. A mãe (a que nunca foi dado um nome) explica que fez uma cirurgia estética. Ela dá aos meninos algumas regras da casa, que incluem não entrar em seu quarto ou no celeiro do lado de fora.

Os meninos logo percebem que algo estranho está acontecendo com sua mãe, que não parece interessada em se reconectar com eles; ela bebe muito, parece zangada e não canta a canção de ninar que costumava cantar para eles quando mais novos. Elias também descobre que a mãe jogou fora um desenho que ele havia feito dos três, o que o deixa chateado. Durante a noite, Elias ouve a mãe falando ao telefone dizendo que não pode continuar fingindo e quer que ele vá embora.

Depois de ver um antigo retrato da mãe com olhos verdes, que agora tem olhos azuis, os meninos começam a questionar se a mulher com quem moram é mesmo a mãe deles. Quando eles tentam entrar em contato com o pai, a mãe quebra o celular que eles compartilhavam. Uma noite, enquanto ela toma banho, Elias tenta remover a máscara facial que ela está usando; uma discussão começa e, depois que Elias diz que ela não é a mãe deles, ela lhe dá um tapa e borrifa nele água gelada do chuveiro até ele admitir que está errado.

Apavorados, os meninos saem no meio da noite e tentam buscar ajuda em uma casa próxima, que descobrem estar abandonada. Eles invadem para passar a noite, mas são encontrados por dois policiais locais que os levam de volta para a casa da mãe. A mãe, que já tirou a bandagem, insiste que eles estão imaginando coisas e diz à polícia que Elias machucou o lábio ao cair perto da piscina.

Na manhã seguinte, a mãe acorda e encontra seus braços e pernas amarrados à cama com fita adesiva. Ela exige ser libertada, afirmando que é a mãe deles. Ela explica que usava lentes de contato verdes como atriz, alegando que estão lá embaixo em sua bolsa. Lukas conta para Elias que revistou a bolsa e não as encontrou. Elias de repente se sente desconfortável por deixar a mãe amarrada sentindo dor, mas Lukas o convence a ir, chamando-a de mentirosa. Enquanto espera um táxi próximo à casa, Elias volta para dentro, alegando que esqueceu de levar a escova de dentes. Ele procura na bolsa da mãe e encontra as lentes de contato. Lukas aparece e implora a Elias que o deixe explicar. Elias corre para o quarto para libertar a mãe enquanto Lukas desaparece.

A mãe leva Elias ao celeiro para mostrar um buraco de bala em uma das paredes, coberto de sangue. Ao vê-lo, Elias desmaia; é revelado que Elias acidentalmente atirou e matou Lukas, o que significa que Lukas foi uma alucinação o tempo todo. A morte dele deixou a mãe em uma depressão profunda, resultando em seu divórcio e afastamento de Elias. A mãe tenta consolá-lo, mas em uma raiva confusa, ele ataca e empurra a mãe para fora do celeiro; sua lanterna se quebra no processo, resultando em um incêndio. Elias foge e, em lágrimas, assiste o celeiro queimar por completo. Elias tem uma alucinação da mãe (agora parecendo mais jovem, como em seu antigo retrato) e Lukas que aparece ao seu lado. Com um sorriso, a mãe diz que ele não fez nada de errado e eles se abraçam.

Elenco

Produção
Em abril de 2021, a Variety anunciou que a Playtime havia comprado os direitos para um remake do filme austríaco de 2014, Goodnight Mommy, que estava sendo desenvolvido pela Amazon Studios e Animal Kingdom, com direção de Matt Sobel, roteiro de Kyle Warren e Naomi Watts definida como estrela e produtora executiva (ao lado dos roteiristas/diretores originais Veronika Franz e Severin Fiala ). Em junho do mesmo ano, Cameron e Nicholas Crovetti foram adicionados ao elenco, incluindo Jeremy Bobb, Crystal Lucas-Perry e Peter Hermann .

Em agosto de 2022, foi anunciado que Alex Weston havia composto a trilha sonora do filme.

Lançamento
Goodnight Mommy foi lançado nos Estados Unidos em 16 de setembro de 2022, no Prime Video da Amazon Studios .

Recepção da critica
No site de análises Rotten Tomatoes, 40% das 64 críticas foram positivas, com uma taxa média de 5.1/10. O consenso do site diz o seguinte, "Naomi Watts permanece talentosa como sempre, mas esse remake de Goodnight Mommy não tem uma razão verdadeira para existir." Metacritic, que usa uma ponderação média, classificou o filme pela nota 45 de 100, com base em 17 críticas, indicando "uma mistura de várias análises nessa média".

Benjamin Lee, do The Guardian, deu ao filme 2/5 estrelas, escrevendo: "Sem a direção excelente e assustadora da dupla tia-sobrinho Veronika Fran e Severin Fiala, ficamos com muito pouco, um pequeno filme liso, mas sem alma, que não deve apaziguar nem fãs do original nem novatos." Peter Sobczynski, do RogerEbert.com, deu ao filme 1/4 estrelas, dizendo que "replica as batidas básicas da história do original, mas deixa de fora toda a tensão, ambiguidade e invenção desagradável que tornou aquele esforço anterior tão eficaz em primeiro lugar. ." Murtada Elfadi, do The AV Club, escreveu: "O filme austríaco original teve valor de choque e horror genuíno e horrível. Esta nova versão americanizada lixa as arestas da narrativa a cada chance que tem ", e deu a ela uma nota C−.

Christian Zilko, do IndieWire, deu ao filme uma nota B−, escrevendo que "nunca tenta reinventar a roda, mas embora não tenha a potência do filme original, consegue manter os amantes do terror entretidos sem nunca se envergonhar". Paul Byrnes, do The Sydney Morning Herald, deu ao filme 3/5 estrelas, escrevendo: "Não posso dizer que é melhor ou pior que o original. É efetivamente arrepiante, ao invés de aterrorizante. Por que Sobel precisou refazê-lo é um mistério." Noel Murray, do Los Angeles Times, elogiou o desempenho de Watts, mas acrescentou que o filme "recua muito da violência e da tortura que fizeram do original uma provação tão sublime".

Veja também

 transtorno dissociativo
 Estado de fuga
 Auto-decepção

Ligações externas
 Goodnight Mommy no Amazon Prime Video

Filmes sobre irmãos gêmeos
Filmes sobre amnésia
Filmes da Amazon Studios
Filmes originais do Prime Video
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2022
Filmes de terror dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de terror da década de 2020
Filmes de suspense dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de suspense da década de 2020
Filmes de terror psicológico

Goodnight Mommy (2022)


No Brasil, o Poder Executivo Federal, também chamado de Governo Federal, é o Poder Executivo no âmbito da União, a esfera federal do Estado brasileiro. A Administração Federal é a estrutura de administração pública correspondente no Governo do Brasil.

De acordo com o que determina o artigo 78 da Constituição do Brasil de 1988, o Poder Executivo Federal é desempenhado pelo Presidente do Brasil, assessorado pelos Ministros de Estado.
A organização do Poder Executivo Federal abrange também o Gabinete de Segurança Institucional, a Casa Civil e diversos órgãos de auxílio.

Os ministérios são órgãos de realização da política do governo, operando cada um deles, num ramo administrativo. Os órgãos de ajuda assessoram o chefe do Executivo como órgãos de pesquisa, estudo, planeamento e controle.

Presidente da República

Os requisitos para o cargo de presidente da República são: ser brasileiro nato, indivíduo com mais de 35 anos, encontrar-se no desempenho dos direitos políticos e, de maneira evidente, eleger-se por intermédio de partido político.

As normas, para a escolha do presidente da República, estão determinadas na Constituição de 1988. As mais importantes são:

<poem>Art. 77. A eleição do Presidente e do Vice-presidente da República realizar-se-á, simultaneamente, no primeiro domingo de outubro, em primeiro turno, e no último… em segundo… se houver, do ano anterior ao do término do mandato presidencial vigente.
§ 1.º — A eleição do Presidente da República importará a do Vice - Presidente com ele registrado.
§ 2.º — Será considerado eleito Presidente o candidato que, registrado por partido político, obtiver a maioria absoluta de votos, não computados os em branco e os nulos.
§ 3.º — Se nenhum candidato alcançar maioria absoluta na primeira votação, far-se-á nova eleição em até vinte dias após a proclamação do resultado, concorrendo os dois candidatos mais votados e considerando-se eleito aquele que obtiver a maioria dos votos válidos.
§ 4.º — Se, antes de realizado o segundo turno, ocorrer morte, desistência ou impedimento legal de candidato, convocar-se-á, dentre os remanescentes, o de maior votação.§ 5º - Se, na hipótese dos parágrafos anteriores, remanescer, em segundo lugar, mais de um candidato com a mesma votação, qualificar-se-á o mais idoso.</poem>

Segundo o artigo 78 da Constituição, o presidente e o vice serão empossados em sessão do Congresso Nacional, cumprindo a promessa de cumprir, defender e respeitar a Constituição, obedecer às leis, realizar o bem geral do povo, defender a união, a integridade e a independência do Brasil.

Conforme o artigo 82 da Constituição, o Presidente da República tem um mandato de quatro anos, podendo ser reeleito somente uma vez, e se iniciará em 1 de janeiro do ano posterior ao da sua eleição.

 Competência
O Presidente da República possui grande poder individual, merecendo destaque o chefe do executivo dentre as suas competências:

 administração superior do governo federal;
 presença no processo legislativo, com a decisão das leis, reprovação a projetos de lei, aprovação, ratificação, assinatura e determinação das leis;
 indicação e demissão de ministros de Estado e Governadores de Territórios, além de outros servidores;
 oficializar tratados, travar a guerra e fazer a paz, ad referendum do Congresso.
 comando supremo do Exército, da Marinha e da Aeronáutica;
 proclamação de estado de defesa e estado de sítio;
 determinação e realização da intervenção federal (artigo 84).

 Crimes de responsabilidade
Se tiver descumprido a promessa de suas obrigações, ou cometido certo delito, o presidente do Brasil é conduzido a sentença diante do STF nos crimes comuns, ou do Senado, nos de responsabilidade.

Art. 85. São crimes de responsabilidade os atos do presidente da República que atentem contra a Constituição Federal e, especialmente, contra:
I — a existência da União;
II — o livre exercício do Poder Legislativo, do Poder Judiciário, do Ministério Público e dos Poderes constitucionais das Unidades da Federação;
III — o exercício dos direitos políticos, individuais e sociais;
IV — a segurança interna do País;
V — a probidade na administração;
VI — a lei orçamentária;
VII — O cumprimento das leis e das decisões judiciais.

 Vice-presidente

Escolhido como colega de chapa do presidente, compete ao vice suceder o titular nos seus impedimentos ou substiuir-lhe na vacância do cargo. As exigências para o cargo são iguais ao posto de presidente.

Art. 79. O Vice-presidente da República, além de outras atribuições que lhe forem conferidas por lei complementar, auxiliará o Presidente, sempre que por ele convocado para missões especiais.

Em caso de impedimento ou vacância do presidente e do vice, serão nomeados para tomar posse da Presidência, o da Câmara dos Deputados, o do Senado Federal e o do Supremo Tribunal, nessa ordem.

O presidente da República e seu vice apenas deixarão o país por período maior que 15 dias se forem licenciados pelo Congresso, sob ameaça de suspensão do cargo. (artigo 83).

 Ministros de Estado

Principais assessores do presidente da República, os ministros de Estado são por ele indicados livremente, dentre brasileiros natos, pessoas com mais de vinte e um anos, no exercício de direitos políticos..

Art. 87. Compete ao ministro de Estado, além de outras atribuições estabelecidas nesta Constituição e na lei:
I — exercer a orientação, coordenação e supervisão dos órgãos e entidades da administração federal na área de sua competência e referendar os atos e decretos assinados pelo presidente da República;
II — expedir instruções para a execução das leis, decretos e regulamentos;
III — apresentar ao presidente da República um relatório anual de seu governo no Ministério;
IV — praticar os atos pertinentes às atribuições que lhe forem outorgadas ou delegadas pelo presidente da República.

Hoje há 31 ministérios, 4 secretarias da presidência e 3 órgãos. A fundação, alteração de estruturas e ocasional dissolução dum ministério são realizadas por intermédio de lei especial, cuja decisão compete ao presidente da República. Além dos titulares dos ministérios, são igualmente ministros de Estado os chefes dos órgãos de auxílio, a saber: Secretaria de Comunicação Social, Secretaria-Geral, Advocacia-Geral, Casa Civil, Controladoria-Geral e Gabinete de Segurança Institucional.

 Administração indireta

No comando dos negócios do Estado, o Executivo opera diretamente por meio dos ministérios e órgãos pertencentes à Presidência, e indiretamente, por meio das entidades da administração indireta, que são:

 Autarquias: entidades fundadas por legislação especial, para conseguir mais eficiência em alguns setores, por meio da descentralização governamental e econômica. São serviços independentes, dotados de personalidade jurídica, patrimônio e receita exclusivas. Podem estar ligados diretamente à Presidência ou a algum ministério. Exemplos: o Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas (CNPq), a Biblioteca Nacional (BN), o Instituto de Estudos Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP) e a Universidade de Brasília (Unb).
 Empresas públicas: entidades formadas com personalidade jurídica, patrimônio exclusivo e capital próprio da União; ocupam-se de algumas atividades econômicas, cujo aproveitamento interessa ao governo. São exemplos a Caixa Econômica Federal, os Correios e o Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social.
 Sociedades de economia mista: fundadas para o aproveitamento de algumas atividades econômicas, sob a forma de anônimas, em que ações majoritárias com direito eleitoral cabem à União ou de uma instituição da administração indireta. Por exemplo: Banco do Brasil e Petrobrás.

 Forças Armadas

Para satisfazer às questões relativas à manutenção da ordem interna e à soberania externa, que compõem a base da segurança nacional, o Estado brasileiro dispõe de órgãos especiais, os quais são as Forças Armadas.

Art. 142. Constituídas pela Marinha, pelo Exército e pela Aeronáutica, são instituições nacionais permanentes e regulares, organizadas com base na hierarquia e na disciplina, sob a autoridade suprema do presidente da República, e destinam-se à defesa da Pátria, à garantia dos poderes constitucionais e, por iniciativa de qualquer destes, da lei e da ordem.

 Segurança pública
Dentre as várias funções que devem ser exercidas pelo Poder Executivo para promover o bem comum, merece destaque a precaução com a segurança pública.

Art. 144. A segurança pública, dever do Estado, direito e responsabilidade de todos, é exercida para a preservação da ordem… e da incolumidade das pessoas e do patrimônio, através dos seguintes órgãos:
I — polícia federal;
II — polícia rodoviária federal;
III — polícia ferroviária federal;
IV — polícias civis;
V — polícias militares e corpos de bombeiros…

Compete à polícia federal, dentre outras funções:

 investigar as infrações penais contra a ordem política e social ou em prejuízo de bens, serviços e interesses da União;
 acautelar e proibir o roubo e o trânsito ilegal de entorpecentes e drogas em todo o território nacional;
 desempenhar a polícia marítima, aérea e de fronteiras.

A polícia rodoviária federal, órgão contínuo, organizado em carreira, possui por finalidade, na forma da lei, a patrulha das rodovias federais.

As polícias civis têm por objetivo a investigação de crimes e o cumprimento das responsabilidades de polícia judiciária, respeitada a incumbência federal.

Às polícias militares competem a polícia ostensiva e a manutenção da ordem pública.

Aos corpos de bombeiros militares, além das competências estabelecidas em lei, cabe a realização de atividades de defesa civil.

Os municípios poderão formar guardas municipais reservadas à defesa de seus bens, serviços e instalações, segundo a lei determinar. (art. 144, par. 89)

Estrutura

Presidência da República
Presidência da República
Vice-Presidência da República
Casa Civil da Presidência da República
Gabinete de Segurança Institucional
Secretaria-Geral da Presidência da República
Secretaria de Comunicação Social
Secretaria de Assuntos Estratégicos
Advocacia-Geral da União
Controladoria-Geral da União

Conselhos
Conselho da República
Conselho de Aviação Civil
Conselho de Defesa Nacional
Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social
Conselho de Governo
Conselho Nacional de Integração de Políticas de Transporte
Conselho Nacional de Política Energética

Ministérios
Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária
Ministério das Cidades
Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação
Ministério das Comunicações
Ministério da Cultura
Ministério da Defesa
Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário e Agricultura Familiar
Ministério do Desenvolvimento, Indústria, Comércio e Serviços
Ministério do Desenvolvimento e Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome
Ministério dos Direitos Humanos e da Cidadania
Ministério da Educação
Ministério do Empreendedorismo, da Microempresa e da Empresa de Pequeno Porte
Ministério do Esporte
Ministério da Fazenda
Ministério da Gestão e da Inovação em Serviços Públicos
Ministério da Igualdade Racial
Ministério da Integração e do Desenvolvimento Regional
Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública
Ministério do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima
Ministério de Minas e Energia
Ministério das Mulheres
Ministério da Pesca e Aquicultura
Ministério do Planejamento e Orçamento
Ministério dos Portos e Aeroportos
Ministério dos Povos Indígenas
Ministério da Previdência Social
Ministério das Relações Exteriores
Ministério da Saúde
Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego
Ministério dos Transportes
Ministério do Turismo

Ver também
gov.br

 Bibliografia

 Brasil. Ministério da Economia. Manual de Estruturas Organizacionais do Poder Executivo Federal'' / Ministério da Economia, Secretaria de Gestão. – 2. ed. -- Brasília: Ministério da Economia, 2019. 100 p.: il.

Ligações externas

Poder Executivo Federal do Brasil


كدي1 هي السلسلة الافتتاحي لبيئة سطح المكتب كدي. كان هناك إصداران؛ الإصدار 1 والإصدار 1.1 والذي كان أسرع وأكثر استقرارا كما احتوى على مجموعة جديدة من الأيقونات والخلفيات.

جدول الإصدارات

مراجع

برمجيات 1998
بيئات سطح المكتب
كدي

كدي 1


النظام الجديد  إصلاحات عسكرية أدخلها السلطان العثماني سليم الثالث لتحديث الجيش العثماني عن طريق إعادة تنظيم الوحدات العسكرية العثمانية وتطوير أسلحتها، وتدريبها على نمط الجيوش الأوروبية الحديثة، إلا أن قوات الانكشارية عارضت النظم الحديثة الأمر الذي أدى لثورتهم ضد السلطان فخلع وقتل، ونصب مكانه على تخت السلطنة السلطان مصطفى الرابع.

مهدت هذه الإصلاحات إلى إصلاحات أوسع قام بها السلطان محمود الثاني في العسكرية العثمانية إذ ألغى قوات الانكشارية سنة 1826م من صفوف الجيش العثماني ليحل محلها نظام جديد أسماه "العساكر المحمدية المنصورة".

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1842
تاريخ الدولة العثمانية العسكري
سياسة الدولة العثمانية
الإصلاح في الدولة العثمانية

النظام الجديد (الدولة العثمانية)


An Festuca simensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Hochstetter ngan Achille Richard. An Festuca simensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca simensis


Malësi e Madhe ilçesi (), Arnavutluk'un ilçelerinden biriydi. İlçe, ülkenin kuzeyindeki Malisya bölgesinde yer almaktaydı. 1992-2000 yılları arasında İşkodra ilinin bir parçası olup 2000 yılında yapılan idari düzenleme sonucunda idari olarak lağvedilmiştir. Yüzölçümü 555 km² olan ilçenin nüfusu 2010 yılı itibarı ile 36,091'dir. İlçenin merkezi Koplik idi.

Malësi e Madhe ilçesi, Gruemira, Kastrat, Kelmend, Koplik, Qendër ve Şkrel belediyelerine ayrılmaktaydı.

Kaynakça

İşkodra ili'nin ilçeleri
Arnavutluk'un ilçeleri

Malësi e Madhe (ilçe)


Mario Roberto Cassari (Ghilarza, Italija, 27. kolovoza 1943.  ) bio je talijanski katolički biskup, pravnik i vatikanski diplomat. Od 2008. do 2012. godine bio je apostolski nuncij u Hrvatskoj.

Životopis
Rođen je u Ghilarzi na Sardiniji. Za svećenika je zaređen 27. prosinca 1969., a za biskupa 16. listopada 1999. godine. U diplomatsku službu Svete Stolice stupio je 1977. godine i službovao je u apostolskim nuncijaturama u Pakistanu, Ekvadoru, Sudanu, Južnoj Africi, Japanu, Austriji, Litvi, Jugoslaviji te u Bosni i Hercegovini.

Godine 1999. imenovan je apostolskim nuncijem u Kongu i Gabonu, a od 2004. godine je nuncije u Obali Bjelokosti, Burkini Faso i Nigeru. Od 2008. do 2012. godine bio je apostolski nuncij u Republici Hrvatskoj. Nakon Hrvatske bio je nuncij u Južnoafričkoj Republici, Bocvani, Namibiji, Svazilandu, Lesotu i Malti. Umro je 2017. godine.

Odličja, nagrade i priznanja
 2012.: Red kneza Trpimira s ogrlicom i Danicom, za razvijanje dobrih odnosa između Republike Hrvatske i Svete Stolice

Bibliografija
 Govori i pozdravi na svečanom otvaranju 49. Teološko-pastoralnoga tjedna 27. siječnja 2009., Bogoslovska smotra 3/2009.
 Govori i pozdravi na svečanom otvaranju 50. Teološko-pastoralnog tjedna 26. siječnja 2010., Bogoslovska smotra 3/2010.
 Govori i pozdravi na svečanom otvaranju 52.Teološko-pastoralnog tjedna 24. siječnja 2012., Bogoslovska smotra 3/2010.

Izvori

 Archbishop Mario Roberto Cassari †, www.catholic-hierarchy.org, pristupljeno 20. prosinca 2021.
 Novi apostolski nuncij u Republici Hrvatskoj, www.vojni-ordinarijat.hr, objavljeno 30. travnja 2008., arhivirano 27. prosinca 2020., pristupljeno 20. prosinca 2021.

Vanjske poveznice
Mrežna mjesta
 Archbishop Mario Roberto Cassari, catholic-hierarchy.org

Talijanski biskupi
Apostolski nunciji u Hrvatskoj

Mario Roberto Cassari


National Women's Soccer League 2015 var den tredje sæson af National Women's Soccer League, topdivisionen i fodbold i USA.

Hold og stadion

To hold, Dash og Reign, har ikke gjort alle tilskuerpladserne tilgængelige for tilskuere til deres hjemmekampe, i stedet sælger de færre biletter. Den fulde kapacitet i deres stadions kan ses med kursiv i parentes.

Statistik

Topscorere

 Opdateret indtil kampe spillet den 6. september 2015 (slutningen af sæsonen)

Kilde:

Top-assists

 Opdateret indtil kampe spillet den 6. september 2015 (slutningen af sæsonen)

Kilde:

|}

Referencer

National Women's Soccer League

National Women's Soccer League 2015