Brodersby Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı bölge. 10,36 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Haziran 2005 itibarıyla yaklaşık 520 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Bernd Blohm tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-suedangeln.de

Schleswig-Flensburg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Brodersby (Angeln)


Leucania es un género de polillas de la familia Noctuidae.

Especies

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Polinizadores

Leucania


Kira Gorlaci () a fost o cântăreață de operă moldoveancă de origine rusă (mezzo-soprană).

A făcut canto la Școala de Muzică cu Elena Gh. Arhanghelskaia (până în 1937), apoi a studiat la Școala Medie de Muzică a Conservatorului "P.I. Ceaikovski" (1947–1950) și a practicat iar canto la  (1950–1955) la profesorii Elizaveta F. Petrenko (până în 1952) și E. Deboss-Soboleva (din 1953).

A fost solistă la  din Saratov, RSFSR (1955–1956) și la Opera Națională din Chișinău (1956–1985). Repertoriul său lirico-dramatic include operele:
 Dama de pică de Piotr Ilici Ceaikovski
 Aida, Rigoletto, Trubadurul de Giuseppe Verdi
 Faust de Charles Gounod
 Madame Butterfly de Giacomo Puccini
 Vrăjitoarea
 Carmen de Georges Bizet
 Cavalleria rusticana de Pietro Mascagni
 Aurelia de D. Hersehfeld
 Eroica baladă de Alexei Stîrcea
 Glira de Gheorghe Neaga

Kira Gorlaci a colaborat cu dirijorii Leonid Hudolei, , , ,  și cu soliștii I. Kogan, Leonid Boxan, Teodor Cuzminov, Nikolai Bașkatov, Parascovia Botezat, Mihai Munteanu, Constantin Cramarciuc și alții.

În 1974, a fost distinsă cu titlul "Artistă Emerită a RSSM".

Bibliografie

Soprane din Republica Moldova
Cântărețe ruse
Nașteri pe 20 iulie
Nașteri în 1929

Kira Gorlaci


Les ligaments sacro-coccygiens latéraux sont deux ligaments de l'articulation sacrococcygienne.

Ils sont constitués de trois faisceaux : un faisceau médial, un faisceau moyen et un faisceau latéral.

Le faisceau médial relie la corne sacrale à la petite corne coccygienne.

Le faisceau moyen relie la corne sacrale à la grande corne de la première vertèbre coccygienne.

Le faisceau latéral unit l'angle latéral du sacrum à la grande corne du coccyx. Ce faisceau est l'équivalent des ligaments inter-transversaires des autres articulations vertébrales.

Les ligaments sacro-coccygiens latéraux complètent le dernier foramen intervertébral.

Notes et références

Liens externes

sacro-coccygien latéral

Ligament sacro-coccygien latéral


Anton Diederich (* 16. November 1939 in Eveshausen) ist ein deutscher Historiker und Archivar. Er gilt als führender deutscher Forscher im Bereich der Siegelkunde.

Leben
Anton Diederich studierte an den Universitäten Bonn und Köln Geschichte, Latein, Historische Hilfswissenschaften und Philosophie. Seit 1959 ist er Mitglied der katholischen Studentenverbindung K.D.St.V. Alania Bonn. Im Jahre 1965 wurde er promoviert in Bonn mit einer später bei den Studien zur Germania sacra veröffentlichten Arbeit über das Koblenzer Stift St. Florin. Er absolvierte anschließend die Ausbildung zum Höheren Archivdienst. Als Archivar war Diederich zunächst am Historischen Archiv der Stadt Köln beschäftigt, ab 1974 als Stadtarchivdirektor unter Leitung Hugo Stehkämpers.

Von 1979 bis zu seiner Pensionierung 2004 hatte Diederich dann, als erster Nichtgeistlicher in dieser Position, die Leitung des Historischen Archivs des Erzbistums Köln inne. In dieser Zeit wuchs der Archivbestand von zuvor 1150 Regalmetern auf weit über fünf Regalkilometer an.

Bereits ab 1975 hatte Diederich bis 2004 zudem an der Universität Köln einen Lehrauftrag für Geschichte mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Historischen Hilfswissenschaften. 1985 wurde er von der Universität Köln zum Honorarprofessor ernannt. Seine Frau ist die Enkelin des Bonner Architekten Wilhelm Weinreis (1872–1906), nach dessen Plänen auch das heute als Kapelle des Bad Godesberger Burgfriedhofs genutzte Mausoleum Guier gebaut wurde.

Forschungen
Diederichs wissenschaftliches Werk umfasst Aspekte der Rechts-, Kirchen- und Landesgeschichte (insbesondere der Rheinlande) sowie die Kölner Stadtgeschichte und deren Quellenkunde. 1980 gab er zusammen mit dem Kölner Dombaumeister Arnold Wolff die Festschrift zum einhundertsten Jubiläum der Vollendung des Kölner Doms heraus.

In zahlreichen seiner Veröffentlichungen widmet sich Diederich exemplarisch, aber auch epochenübergreifend und programmatisch der Sphragistik, also dem historischen und kunsthistorischen Quellenwert mittelalterlicher und frühneuzeitlicher Siegel und deren archivgerechter Aufbewahrung und Erschließung, und somit einer von der deutschsprachigen Forschung zuletzt eher stiefmütterlich behandelten Disziplin der Historischen Hilfswissenschaften; Diederich gilt als derzeit führender deutscher Sphragistiker. In Diederichs Zeit als Leiter des Historischen Archivs des Erzbistums Köln konnte 1984 die dortige Siegelsammlung durch den Ankauf von rund 30.000 Stücken aus der Sammlung Stephan Beissels auf nun über 46.000 Siegelabdrücke erweitert werden. 2005 gab Diederich zusammen mit Joachim Oepen einen Sammelband zu Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung in den Historischen Hilfswissenschaften heraus, in dem er selbst die Sphragistik als deren Teildisziplin vorstellte. Im Jahr 2012 veröffentlichte er eine Darstellung zur Sphragistik, die den Fokus auf weiterführende und vertiefende Beiträge dazu legt.

Schriften (Auswahl)

Quelleneditionen und Monographien
 [als Anton Diederich]: Das Stift St. Florin zu Koblenz (= Studien zur Germania Sacra, Band 6 = Veröffentlichungen des Max-Planck-Instituts für Geschichte. Band 16). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1967.
 Das ehemalige Kanonikerstift St. Florin in Koblenz. Grundzüge seiner Geschichte und seiner Verfassung (= Mittelrheinische Hefte. Band 2). Görres, Koblenz 1978
 Die alten Siegel der Stadt Köln (= Aus der Kölner Stadtgeschichte.). Greven, Köln 1980 ISBN 3-7743-0176-X.
 Von den Anfängen in der Römerzeit bis zum Ende des Hohen Mittelalters Echo, Kehl 1994, ISBN 3-927095-17-6.
 Rheinische Städtesiegel (= Rheinischer Verein für Denkmalpflege und Heimatschutz. Jahrbuch 1984/85). Neusser Druckerei & Verlag, Neuss 1984, ISBN 3-88094-481-4.
 Regesten zu den Urkunden des Amtleutearchivs St. Columba in Köln (= Publikationen der Gesellschaft für Rheinische Geschichtskunde. Band 78). Droste, Düsseldorf 2009, ISBN 978-3-7700-7633-8.
 Siegelkunde. Beiträge zu ihrer Vertiefung und Weiterführung. Böhlau, Wien u. a. 2012, ISBN 978-3-412-20956-8.

Aufsätze
 Geschäftssiegel. Untersuchungen zur Verbreitung, Funktion und Bedeutung des Sigillum ad causas im Rheinland. In: Archiv für Diplomatik, Band 21, 1975, S. 459–498.
 Zum Quellenwert und Bedeutungsinhalt mittelalterlicher Städtesiegel. In: Archiv für Diplomatik, Band 23, 1977, S. 269–285.
 Prolegomena zu einer neuen Siegel-Typologie. In: Archiv für Diplomatik, Band 29, 1983, S. 242–284.
 Stift – Kloster – Pfarrei. Zur Bedeutung der kirchlichen Gemeinschaften im Heiligen Köln. In: Hiltrud Kier, Ulrich Krings (Hrsg.): Köln: Die Romanischen Kirchen von den Anfängen bis zum Zweiten Weltkrieg. Bachem, Köln 1984, ISBN 3-7616-0761-X, S. 17–78.
 Stadtpatrone an Rhein und Mosel. In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter, Band 58, 1994, S. 25–86.
 Sphragistik. In: Ders., Joachim Oepen (Hrsg.): Historische Hilfswissenschaften. Stand und Perspektiven der Forschung. Böhlau,  Köln u. a. 2005, ISBN 978-3-412-12205-8. (Rezension)
 Siegelurkunde – Notariatsinstrument – Schreinseintrag. Zur Rechtssicherung von Liegenschaften und Erbzinsen im spätmittelalterlichen Köln. In: Archiv für Diplomatik. Bd. 53 (2007) S. 353–366.
 Sancta Colonia – Sancta Coloniensis Religio. Zur "Botschaft" der Bleibullen Erzbischof Pilgrims von Köln (1021–1036). In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter, Band 75, 2011, S. 1–49.

Herausgeberschaften
 (mit Arnold Wolff): Das Kölner-Dom-Jubiläumsbuch 1980. Offizielle Festschrift der Hohen Domkirche Köln. Aus Anlaß der Hundertjahrfeier der Vollendung des Kölner Domes nach Sechshundertzweiunddreißigjähriger Bauzeit am 15. Oktober 1880. 2. Auflage, Köln 1980, ISBN 3-922442-02-1.
 (mit Ulrich Helbach): Das Historische Archiv des Erzbistums Köln. Übersicht über seine Geschichte, Aufgaben und Bestände (= Studien zur Kölner Kirchengeschichte. Band 31). Schmitt, Siegburg 1998, ISBN 3-87710-187-9.

Literatur
 Matthias Pesch: Die älteste Urkunde stammt von 942. Toni Diederich wird nach 25 Jahren als Archivleiter verabschiedet. In: Kölner Stadtanzeiger vom 16. November 2004. (abgerufen am 1. November 2020)

Weblinks

 Veröffentlichungen von Toni Diederich im Opac der Regesta Imperii

Anmerkungen

Landeshistoriker
Mittelalterhistoriker
Sphragistiker
Archivar (Köln)
Hochschullehrer (Universität zu Köln)
Korporierter im CV
Deutscher
Geboren 1939
Mann
Person (Erzbistum Köln)

Toni Diederich


Ronda Jean Rousey (* 1. Februar 1987 in Riverside, Kalifornien) ist eine US-amerikanische Wrestlerin, Judoka, Schauspielerin und Mixed-Martial-Arts-Kämpferin, die bei der WWE unter Vertrag steht und die in deren Shows auftritt. Gegenwärtig steht sie seit 2012 bei der UFC unter Vertrag.

Rousey wurde als erste Frau von der Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) unter Vertrag genommen und war die erste Titelträgerin der Organisation. Ihre größten Erfolge waren der Erhalt der UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship, Raw Women's Championship sowie der zweifache SmackDown Women's Championship.

Olympische Judokarriere
Mit 17 Jahren qualifizierte sich Rousey für die Olympischen Spiele 2004 in Athen und war dort die jüngste Judoka. Ebenfalls 2004 gewann sie eine Goldmedaille bei den Judo-Juniorenweltmeisterschaften in Budapest.

Im April 2006 gewann sie Gold beim Birmingham World Cup in Großbritannien. Später im selben Jahr gewann sie die Bronzemedaille bei den Junioren-Weltmeisterschaften. Sie errang die Silbermedaille bei den Judo-Weltmeisterschaften 2007 in der Mittelgewichts-Klasse und die Bronzemedaille bei den Panamerikanischen Spielen 2007.

Im August 2008 nahm Rousey an den Olympischen Spielen 2008 in Peking teil. Sie verlor im Viertelfinale gegen die niederländische Ex-Weltmeisterin Edith Bosch, aber qualifizierte sich für ein Match um die Bronzemedaille, in dem sie Annett Böhm aus Deutschland bezwang.

MMA-Karriere

Anfänge
Rousey hatte ihr MMA-Debüt als Amateurin am 6. August 2010. Sie besiegte Hayden Munoz durch Armhebel. Am 12. November 2010 gewann sie gegen Autumn Richardson durch Aufgabe (Armhebel). Am 7. Januar 2011 gewann sie gegen Taylor Stratford.

Strikeforce (2011–2012)

Ihr Profidebüt hatte sie am 27. März 2011 gegen Ediane Gomes. Nach weiteren Erstrundensiegen gegen Charmaine Tweet, Sarah D'Alello und Julia Budd trat Rousey am 3. März 2012 im Strikeforce-Hauptkampf gegen Titelträgerin Miesha Tate an. Auch diesen Kampf konnte Rousey für sich entscheiden und Tate per Aufgabe (Armhebel) besiegen, wodurch sie den Strikeforce-Titel im Bantamgewicht der Frauen gewann. Diesen Titel verteidigte sie erfolgreich am 18. August 2012 gegen Sarah Kaufman. Auch hier gewann sie durch einen Armhebel in der ersten Runde.

Ultimate Fighting Championship (2012–2016)
Seit Ende 2012 steht sie bei der UFC unter Vertrag. Sie wurde am 6. Dezember 2012 die erste Titelträgerin der Organisation und hielt ihren Bantamgewicht-Titel bis zur UFC 193 am 15. November 2015, bei der sie den Titel an Holly Holm durch K. o. in der zweiten Runde verlor. Sie verlor am 30. Dezember 2016 auch den nächsten Kampf gegen Amanda Nunes und hat seitdem keinen weiteren MMA-Fight mehr bestritten.

Alle ihre neun Aufgabe-Siege erzielte sie mit einem Armhebel ("armbar"), der im Judo als Juji Gatame bezeichnet wird, und mit dem sie bereits in ihrer Judo-Karriere sehr erfolgreich war. Auch zum vorbereitenden Drehen des Partners auf den Rücken und zum Lösen vor dem Strecken des Arms des Partners benutzt sie dabei aus dem Judo bekannte Techniken. Um ihre Gegner zuvor in die Bodenlage zu zwingen, benutzt sie oft Wurftechniken wie Harai Goshi, Uchi Mata oder Ko Uchi Gari.

Wrestling-Karriere

World Wrestling Entertainment (seit 2014)

Vereinzelte Auftritte (2014–2018)
Zwischen 2014 und 2017 hatte Rousey einige sporadische Auftritte bei World Wrestling Entertainment, dem weltweiten Marktführer im Wrestling. Erstmals war sie beim SummerSlam 2014 zu sehen, als die sogenannten Four Horsewomen der UFC (Rousey, Jessamyn Duke, Marina Shafir und Shayna Baszler) in der ersten Reihe im Publikum standen. Nach der Veranstaltung gab Rousey auf der Webseite der WWE ein Interview. Ihren zweiten Auftritt hatte sie bei WrestleMania 31, wo sie sich ebenfalls mit den anderen drei UFC-Horsewomen im Publikum befand. Während der Veranstaltung nahm sie an der Seite von The Rock an einem Promo-Segment mit Triple H und Stephanie McMahon teil. Im Verlauf des Mae Young Classic saß Rousey wiederum mehrmals mit den zwei UFC-Horsewomen Duke und Shafir im Publikum, um ihre ehemalige Gefährtin Baszler zu unterstützen, die an dem Turnier teilnahm und im Anschluss einen WWE-Vertrag unterschrieb. Dabei kam es zu einer Konfrontation mit den WWE-Horsewomen (Bayley, Becky Lynch, Charlotte Flair und Sasha Banks), was Gerüchte auslöste, die beiden Gruppierungen würden bald ein Fehdeprogramm in der WWE starten.

Raw und Raw Women's Champion (2018–2019)

Am 28. Januar 2018 hatte Rousey einen Überraschungsauftritt beim Royal Rumble, als sie nach dem Frauen-Royal Rumble-Match Asuka, die Siegerin des ersten Royal Rumble der Frauen, die WWE RAW Women's Championesse Alexa Bliss und die WWE SmackDown Women's Championesse Charlotte Flair konfrontierte. Während des Segments wurde bekanntgegeben, dass Rousey einen Vollzeitvertrag bei World Wrestling Entertainment unterschrieben habe.

Am 25. Februar 2018 hatte Rousey einen Auftritt bei Elimination Chamber, wo sie laut Storyline einen Raw-Vertrag unterschrieb, womit sie ein Teil des RAW-Rosters wurde.

Ihr Debüt gab Rousey bei Wrestlemania 34; an der Seite von Kurt Angle trat sie in einem Mixed Tag Team-Match gegen Triple H und Stephanie McMahon an. Ihr Auftritt hatte eine breite positive Resonanz; Dave Meltzer beschrieb ihn in seinem Wrestling Observer als eines der besseren Debüts, die er jemals gesehen hat.

Beim Summerslam am 19. August 2018 durfte sie Alexa Bliss besiegen und so die RAW Women's Championship erhalten. Am 7. April 2019 bei Wrestlemania 35 verlor sie den Titel gegen Becky Lynch.

Rückkehr zur WWE (seit 2022)
Am 29. Januar 2022 kehrte sie beim Royal Rumble 2022 in den WWE Ring zurück. Sie nahm mit der Startnummer 28 am Royal-Rumble Match der Frauen teil. Das Match gewann sie, indem sie zuletzt Charlotte Flair eliminierte. Sie forderte Flair bei WrestleMania 38 um die SmackDown Women's Championship heraus, das Match konnte sie jedoch nicht gewinnen. Am 8. Mai 2022 gewann sie bei WrestleMania Backlash (2022) die SmackDown Women's Championship in einem I Quit-Match von Charlotte Flair. Die Regentschaft hielt 55 Tage und verlor den Titel, schlussendlich am 2. Juli 2022 bei Money in the Bank 2022 an Liv Morgan, nachdem sie ihren Money in the Bank Contract einlöste. Am 8. Oktober 2022 gewann sie bei Extreme Rules (2022) erneut die SmackDown Women's Championship, hierfür besiegte sie Liv Morgan in einem Extreme-Rules-Match. Am 29. Mai 2023 gewann sie zusammen mit Shayna Bazler die WWE Women's Tag Team Championship. Hierfür besiegten sie Raquel Rodriguez & Shotzi, Bayley & Iyo Sky und Sonya Deville & Chelsea Green um die vakanten Titel zu gewinnen. Die Regentschaft hielt 33 Tage und verloren die Titel, schlussendlich am 1. Juli 2023 an Raquel Rodriguez und Liv Morgan.

Außerhalb des Sports
Rousey war auch als Schauspielerin und Autorin erfolgreich, sie erschien in den Filmen The Expendables 3, Furious 7 und Mile 22 und veröffentlichte ihre Autobiographie My Fight/Your Fight im Jahr 2015. 2019 erschien der Dokumentarfilm The Ronda Rousey Story: Through My Father's Eyes, der ihre Anfänge und den Weg zum UFC-Champion beschreibt. Der Film endet mit dem Verlust des UFC-Titels.

MMA-Erfolge
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 UFC Women's Bantamweight Championship (1×)

 Strikeforce
 Strikeforce Women's Bantamweight Championship  (1×)

Wrestling-Erfolge
 World Wrestling Entertainment
 Raw Women's Championship (1×)
 SmackDown Women's Championship (2×)
 WWE Women's Tag Team Championship (1×) mit Shayna Baszler
 Royal Rumble (2022)

MMA-Kampfstatistik

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 2009: American Judoka
 2014: The Expendables 3
 2014: WWE SummerSlam
 2015: Fast & Furious 7 (Furious 7)
 2015: Entourage
 2015: Open Slather (Fernsehserie, Folge 1x14)
 2016: Drunk History (Fernsehserie, Folge 4x05)
 2017: Blindspot (Fernsehserie, Folge 2x20 In Words, Drown I)
 2018: WrestleMania 34 (Fernsehspezial)
 2018: Mile 22
 2018: WWE SummerSlam
 2018: WWE NXT (Fernsehserie, Folge 12x34)
 2018: WWE Tribute to the Troops (Fernsehserie, Folge 16x01)
 2019: WWE Royal Rumble (Fernsehspezial)
 2019: WrestleMania 35 (Fernsespezial)
 2019: Tables (Kurzfilm)
 2019: A Toast to 15 Years (Kurzfilm)
 2019: 9-1-1: Notruf L.A. (Fernsehserie, 5 Folgen)
 2019: 3 Engel für Charlie (Charlie's Angels)
 2020: UHC: Ultimate Home Championship
 2020: WWE Superstar Gaming Series (Fernsehserie, Folge 1x01)
 2018–2022: WWE Raw (Fernsehserie, 52 Folgen)
 2022: WrestleMania 38 (Fernsehspezial)
 2019–2023: WWE SmackDown (Fernsehserie, 44 Folgen)

Videospiele
 2014: EA Sports UFC (Ronda Rousey Synchronisation)
 2016: EA Sports UFC 2 (Ronda Rousey Synchronisation)
 2018: WWE 2K19 (Ronda Rousey Synchronisation)
 2019: Mortal Kombat 11 (Sonya Blade Synchronisation)
 2019: WWE 2K20 (Ronda Rousey Synchronisation)
 2020: EA Sports UFC 4 (Ronda Rousey Synchronisation)
 2020: WWE 2K Battlegrounds (Ronda Rousey Synchronisation)
 2023: WWE 2K23 (Ronda Rousey Synchronisation)

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Ronda Rousey Profil auf wwe.com
 Ronda Rousey Profil auf ufc.com

Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2004
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Olympiateilnehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
Judoka (Vereinigte Staaten)
Mixed-Martial-Arts-Kämpfer (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1987
Frau
WWE Raw Women's Champion
WWE SmackDown Women's Champion
WWE Women's Tag Team Champion
Royal-Rumble-Sieger

Ronda Rousey


Punsch (or punssi in Finnish) is a type of liqueur popular in Sweden and Finland. It is most frequently called Swedish Punsch, and while historical variations have also been called , , and , punsch should not be confused with the English term "punch". It is made by the mixing of spirits (arrack, brandy or rum) with arrak tea (lemon and spices), sugar, and water, and was first brought to Sweden from Java in 1733. The spirit arrack is the base ingredient in most punsches, also imported into Europe by the Dutch from their colony in Batavia, Dutch East Indies. Punsch usually has 25% alcohol by volume (ABV) and 30% sugar.

While still made in Sweden by combining ingredients, since the later part of the 19th century it is frequently purchased as a bottled liqueur under various brand names. It is drunk both warmed and chilled.

Etymology
Originally, Swedish/Finnish punsch was a variant of punch, which became a popular drink all over Europe in the 18th century, having been introduced in Britain from India in the late 17th century. Some believe the word punch/punsch came from a loanword from Persian panj, meaning "five", as punch was originally made with five ingredients: alcohol, sugar, lemon, water, and tea or spices. Others believe the word originates from the English puncheon, which was a volumetric description for certain sized barrels used to transport alcohol on ships. The English spelling of the word was in Sweden and Germany adapted to local spelling rules, thus becoming punsch. In Sweden, regular punch is also served, but is instead known as bål (bowl). Punsch became such a tradition in Sweden that it influenced the language: there are some 80 words in the Swedish dictionary derived from punsch.

History of punsch

The Swedish East India Company started to import arrack with the arrival of their ship Fredricus Rex Sueciae to Gothenburg in 1733. It quickly became popular, especially among the wealthy, who could afford the price of imported spirits and teas to make punsch. Later it spread through all levels of society, including students, the military, and fraternal orders, becoming a truly national drink.

An early recipe for punsch was written by Pehr Osbeck, Olof Torén, and Carl Gustaf Ekeberg in their 1771 book, A Voyage to China and the East Indies:

A testament to the widespread popularity of punsch or rack (arrack) are the songs of Swedish eighteenth century poet and composer Carl Michael Bellman. It is often mentioned in his three works Bacchi Tempel (1783), Fredmans epistlar (1790) and Fredmans sånger (1791) about a group of fictional characters, drunkards, bohemians and prostitutes in contemporary Stockholm (see for example song no. 48 or epistle no. 41). Many drinking songs from that period are about the consumption of punsch. Swedish entertainer Povel Ramel sang about punsch in the song "Varför är där ingen is till punschen?"

The high point of punsch consumption was during the late nineteenth century, when the Swedes started frequenting restaurants and loved to end their dinner with coffee and half a bottle of punsch on the table, placed in an ice bucket. The drinking of punsch was also popular at home, and outdoor porches were sometimes referred to as punschverandas, where the men drank punsch, told stories, and smoked cigars.

Use in food and drink

Until the 1840s, punsch was typically served warm and created just before consumption: a sugarloaf was placed upright in a large bowl, hot water was poured over it to make the sugar dissolve, and arrack, unflavoured spirits and German Rhine wine were added. Still warm, the drink was then served in cups. Punsch is also used as a flavoring agent or to increase the alcohol content for glögg, the warmed Scandinavian mulled wine frequently associated with Christmas. On Thursdays, punsch is traditionally served warm as an accompaniment to Swedish yellow pea and pork soup (ärtsoppa) and pancakes. It may also be served warm at winter festivals and at student sittning dinners.

In 1845 the wine importing company J. Cederlunds Söner started selling premixed punsch in bottles. This was quickly followed by several other manufacturers, including in northern Germany, and the habit of also drinking punsch as a chilled liqueur began to take hold.

Apart from being drunk neat, punsch is mixed into cocktails. Among the more prevalent are the Doctor cocktail (with rum & lime), the Diki-Diki (with apple brandy & grapefruit juice), and the Guldkant (or "gold rim", made with equal parts punsch & cognac). Trader Vic's 1947 Bartender's Guide includes the Turret Cocktail and its version of the Corpse Reviver No.2 with Swedish punsch. Other alcoholic drinks include the Boomerang cocktail, Greta Garbo, Malecon, and the Modernista.

Mixed also for wine cocktails, pre-prohibition era bartender Charles Mahoney mixed equal parts Rhine wine and punsch to make a Prefeldt Highball. Punsch is also added to sparkling wine to make a punsch royale.

Used as a flavoring syrup in desserts, it is a vital ingredient in the popular Swedish chocolate praline, known as punschpralin. It is also used in the pastry called punschrulle, and is associated with the Runeberg torte. Punsch ice cream is an available flavor in Sweden.

Common brands

Carlshamns Flaggpunsch (originally Sweden, but , manufactured in Finland)
Cederlunds Caloric (originally Sweden, but , manufactured in Finland)
Facile Punsch (Sweden)
Trosa Punsch (Sweden)
Helmi Arrakkipunssi (Finland)
Kronan Swedish Punsch (Sweden)
Roslags Punsch (Sweden)
Bellmanpunsch (Sweden)
Grönstedts Blå (Sweden, reintroduced in 2020)

Defunct brands

Bil-Punsch (Automobile Punsch)
Cirkus-Punsch
Elevator-Punsch
Hushålls-Punsch (Household Punsch)
Kavalleri-Punsch (Cavalry Punsch)
Par Bricole-Punsch
Platins
Skridsko-Punsch (''Ice skate punsch'')
Student-Punsch
Sport-Punsch
Telefon-Punsch
Velociped-Punsch (''Bicycle punsch'')
Victoria-Punsch
Lunda-punsch

References

Further reading

Liqueurs
Swedish distilled drinks
Cultural history of Sweden
Swedish East India Company

Punsch


Pali je drevni indoarijski liturgijski jezik, srodan sanskrtu. To je jezik ranog budizma na kojem je zapisan palijski kanon (tipitaka) i liturgijski jezik theravada budističke škole. Nema materinjih govornika, već se koristi isključivo u književne i liturgijske svrhe. Koriste se u mnogim državama na Indijskom potkontinentu.

Riječ pali jednostavno znači "red teksta", a s vremenom je postala naziv za jezik kojim je zapisan kanon theravade. Geneza pali jezika nije sasvim jasna, ali svakako je sjevernoindijskog porijekla. Po vremenu nastanka, pali je srednjoindijski jezik, dakle mlađi od sanskrta.

Neki suvremeni filolozi misle, da je pali zapravo jezik zapadne i središnje Indije, dok drugi tvrde da se radi isključivo o jeziku tekstova, zasnovanom na jednom od inačica drevnog indijskog jezika magadhi. Tradicionalni budisti vjeruju, da je Buda govorio pali, iako je to danas uglavnom osporeno.

Abeceda pali jezika sastoji se od 41 slova – 8 samoglasnika i 33 suglasnika. Ovaj jezik nema posebno pismo, već se koriste pisma raznih zemalja za zapisivanje pali tekstova: u Indiji nagari, na Šri Lanki sinhaleško, u Mijanmaru mijanmarsko i u Tajlandu kambodžansko pismo. U današnje vrijeme je latinično pismo postalo međunarodni standard.

Izvori

Indoarijski jezici
Jezici Indije
Jezici Kambodže
Jezici Bangladeša
Jezici Laosa
Jezici Nepala
Jezici Šri Lanke
Jezici Tajlanda
Jezici Vijetnama
Jezici Burme
Jezici po abecedi:P

Pali jezik


Stephan Siegenthaler (* 1957 in Biel/Bienne) ist ein Schweizer Unternehmer, Klarinettist und Hochschulrektor.

Leben

Stephan Siegenthaler studierte Klarinette am Konservatorium Bern bei Kurt Weber und bei Thomas Friedli am Conservatoire de musique de Genève sowie bei Jost Michaels und Hans Klaus an der Nordwestdeutschen Musikhochschule Detmold.

Danach arbeitete er als Musikschullehrer. 1989 wurde er Solo-Klarinettist beim Sinfonie Orchester Biel. Er nahm an Musikfestivals wie dem Lucerne Festival und den Wittener Tagen für neue Kammermusik teil. Siegenthaler arbeitet mit Musikern wie Hiroko Sakagami, Thomas Demenga, Hansheinz Schneeberger, Jürg Wyttenbach, Olivier Darbellay, Heinz Holliger, Kaspar Zehnder, Kolja Lessing, Konstantin Lifschitz, dem Stamic Quartett Prag, dem Leipziger Streichquartett u. v. a. zusammen und spielte Uraufführungen von Werken zahlreicher Komponisten u. a. Jean-Luc Darbellay, Franz Furrer-Münch, Heinz Holliger, Klaus Huber, Kolja Lessing, Albert Moeschinger und Alfred Schweizer.

Stephan Siegenthaler spielte Erstaufnahmen von klassischen, romantischen und zeitgenössischen Werken (Klarinettenkonzerte und Kammermusik) auf CD ein: Kompositionen von Ferdinand Thieriot, Joseph Purebl, Bernhard Molique, Heinrich Kaminski, Hermann David Koppel, Donald Francis Tovey, Daniel Gregory Mason, Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Carlo Pässler, Ewald Strässer, Heinz Holliger, Hans Huber u. a. m. Stephan Siegenthaler adaptierte zahlreiche Werke für Klarinette und spielte sie auf CD ein, z. B. von W.A. Mozart, J.S. Bach, Antonio Vivaldi, Vincenzo Bellini u. a. m. Er gründete die Konzertreihe klangartconcerts im Museum Franz Gertsch in Burgdorf. Von 2008 bis 2010 war er Rektor der Musikhochschule Luzern.

Stephan Siegenthaler war Mitbegründer des medizintechnischen Unternehmens Obtech Medical AG. Er ist CEO der Implantica Medical Group.

Stipendien und Preise
 1980: Preisträger des Kammermusik-Wettbewerbs des Migros-Kulturprozent
 1982: Stipendium des Migros-Kulturprozent
 1985: Preisträger des Internationalen Wettbewerbs für Blasinstrumente in Martigny/Schweiz

Weblinks
 Stephan Siegenthaler wird neuer Rektor der Hochschule Luzern – Musik (PDF; 37 kB)
 Stephan Siegenthaler bei klassik.com

Klassischer Klarinettist
Interpret (Neue Musik)
Musiker (Schweiz)
Hochschullehrer (Hochschule Luzern)
Unternehmer (Schweiz)
Unternehmer (20. Jahrhundert)
Schweizer
Geboren 1957
Mann

Stephan Siegenthaler


The Royal Alexandra Interprovincial Bridge, also known as the Alexandra Bridge or Interprovincial Bridge, is a steel truss cantilever bridge spanning the Ottawa River between Ottawa, Ontario and Gatineau, Quebec. In addition to carrying vehicle traffic, a shared use pathway on the bridge for pedestrians and cyclists is maintained by the National Capital Commission.

The bridge was designated by the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering a National Historic Civil Engineering Site in June 1995. It was owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway until it was taken over by the National Capital Commission in 1970. It is now (2018) owned by the Government of Canada and maintained by Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC).

History

The bridge was constructed by the Canadian Pacific Railway between 1898 and 1900. Four barges were built to move steel beams into position. During the winter (1899–1900) workmen toiled day and night chopping channels to keep the ice clear for the barges to pass so that work could continue on the superstructure. Considerable construction delays were caused by the severe winter conditions. By September 1900 the four fixed support spans were complete. The Canadian Society of Civil Engineers held its annual meeting in Ottawa in order that its members might tour the bridge works and see the preparations being made for placing the centre span. The bridge's main cantilever centre span was, at the time of construction, the longest in Canada and the fourth-longest in the world. Both records are now held by the Quebec Bridge. The centre span was successfully put in place on October 7, and a locomotive made a trial run on December 12, 1900. On February 18, 1901, the bridge was officially inaugurated as the Interprovincial Bridge as it had been built by the Ottawa Interprovincial Bridge Company. The name was changed in September 1901 to the "Royal Alexandra Bridge" in honour of the new Queen during the visit of her son, the Duke of Cornwall and York, later George V.

The Royal Alexandra Interprovincial Bridge crosses the Ottawa River just east of Parliament Hill at Nepean Point in Ottawa. The bridge was designed primarily to carry CPR trains but also had a track for local electric trolley service between Ottawa and Hull, as well as a lane for carriage traffic. A large fire severely damaged the bridge in 1946, permanently terminating trolley traffic.

During the late 1950s the bridge was upgraded to carry vehicular and pedestrian traffic.  The closure of Ottawa Union Station in 1966 saw the last passenger trains use the Royal Alexandra Bridge and the railway tracks were removed as the bridge became exclusively a vehicular-pedestrian bridge.

On August 21, 1989, the bridge was the site of a noted murder. Alain Brosseau, a waiter at the Château Laurier, was walking home to his apartment in Hull after finishing his shift at 11:30 pm. On his way he passed through Major's Hill Park. The park was known as a popular gay cruising area, and six youths were also in the park searching for homosexuals to rob and attack. They saw Brosseau and followed him when he walked to the bridge, believing incorrectly that he was gay. A short way across Brosseau was first hit with a stick and then robbed. Gang member Jeffrey Lalonde then lifted Brosseau and threw him off the bridge. Brosseau was killed instantly when he hit the rocks below. Lalonde was given a life sentence, and died in jail in 2008.

The bridge is designated by the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering a National Historic Civil Engineering Site in June 1995. It was owned by the Canadian Pacific Railway until it was taken over by the National Capital Commission in 1970. It is now (2018) owned by the Government of Canada and maintained by Public Services and Procurement Canada (PSPC).

Current use

The bridge now provides an important commuter link between Ottawa and Gatineau. The roadways for vehicles are located on the centre and east decks. Centre deck road surface is paved while the east deck is a metal steel grating.

The west deck provides a panorama of the Ottawa-Gatineau skyline, the Ottawa River and Parliament Buildings. That deck is used by rollerbladers, cyclists, and pedestrians, and is on the official route of the Trans Canada Trail. The bike lane of the bridge links to two major cross-town bike paths. In Gatineau, there is the Voyageur Pathway that links the Aylmer and Gatineau sectors, while in Ottawa there is the Ottawa River Pathway's western section that links downtown to Carling Avenue. A third pathway, De l'Île, travels through the Old Hull section beside Boulevard des Allumettières (formerly called Boulevard Saint-Laurent), the road that continues after the bridge on the Gatineau side making a single stretch of road from Eardley Road to the former CFB Rockcliffe.

At both ends of the bridge are two major museums. In the Gatineau side of the river is the Canadian Museum of History while on the Ottawa side is the National Art Gallery while the Canadian Mint Museum and the former Canadian War Museum was located beside the Gallery. Also, on each end of the bridge are two major parks: Major's Hill Park (Ottawa) and Jacques Cartier Park (Gatineau) two major venues of the Canadian Tulip Festival and the Canada Day festivities.

Each day the bridge carries roughly 15,000 vehicles, 2000 pedestrians and 1300 cyclists, as of 2009. A two-year rehabilitation project which began in 2009, included various structural improvements and replacements of the centre concrete deck, the wood boardwalk and guardrails.

Nepean Point overlooks the bridge from the Ottawa side. The Rideau Canal meets the Ottawa River immediately upriver of the bridge's Ottawa abutment.

On July 16, 2011, the bridge was closed to public traffic so that an episode of the television series Michael: Tuesdays and Thursdays could be filmed.

Specifications
Type: truss bridge with five spans
Length: 563.27 m (1,848 ft)
Width: 18.89 m (62 ft)
Height of tower posts: 28.95 m (95 ft)
Length of main cantilever span: 172.21 m (556 ft)

See also
 List of bridges in Ottawa
 List of bridges in Canada
 List of crossings of the Ottawa River
 Royal eponyms in Canada

References

External links

Canadian Pacific Railway bridges in Ontario
Rail transport in Ottawa
Railway bridges in Quebec
Bridges completed in 1900
Bridges in Ottawa
Bridges in Gatineau
Cantilever bridges in Canada
Bridges over the Ottawa River
Road bridges in Ontario
Road bridges in Quebec
Steel bridges in Canada
1900 establishments in Ontario
1900 establishments in Quebec

Alexandra Bridge


رانو راراكو هي فوهة بركانية واقعة في المنحدرات السفلى  في جزيرة القيامة، وتتكون الحفر من الرماد البركاني والأحجار البركانية.

معرض صور

المصادر

آثار صخرية
بحيرات فوهية
براكين جزيرة القيامة
فن صخري في أوقيانوسيا
مواقع أثرية في جزيرة القيامة

رانو راراكو


Die Cristóbal Colón war ein Panzerkreuzer der spanischen Marine. Der Bau des nach dem Seefahrer und Entdecker Christoph Kolumbus benannten Schiffs war bereits im Juli 1889 in Italien unter dem Namen Giuseppe Garibaldi II bewilligt worden; die Kiellegung auf der Ansaldo-Werft (Cantieri Navali Ansaldo di Sestri Ponente) in Sestri Ponente (einem Stadtteil von Genua, Italien) verzögerte sich allerdings infolge von Problemen bei der Finanzierung und fand letztlich erst am 25. September 1895 statt. Bereits während des Baus kaufte die spanische Marine das Schiff. Der Panzerkreuzer gehörte der aus insgesamt zehn Einheiten bestehenden italienischen Giuseppe-Garibaldi-Klasse an. Nach dem Stapellauf am 16. September 1896 erfolgte am 16. Mai 1897 die Indienststellung und die Übergabe des Schiffes an die spanische Marine. Kommandant der Cristóbal Colón war Capitán de Navío Don Emilio Díaz Moreu.

Technische Daten und Besonderheiten
Die Cristóbal Colón war 108,91 m lang und 18,25 m breit. Der durchschnittliche Tiefgang lag bei etwa 7,20 m; mit voller Ausrüstung und maximaler Kohlenbeladung konnte er allerdings auf bis zu 7,85 m anwachsen. Obwohl der Kreuzer entsprechend dem Bauschema der Giuseppe-Garibaldi-Klasse zugeordnet wird, war er etwas kleiner als seine Schwesterschiffe: die Cristóbal Colón war knapp drei Meter kürzer und hatte eine rund 800 tn.l. geringere Standardverdrängung. Dies ergab, bei weitgehend gleicher Maschinenleistung, eine geringfügig höhere Geschwindigkeit. Eine weitere Abweichung vom Ausrüstungs- und Bauschema der Klasse fand sich bei der Hauptartillerie. Normalerweise führten die Kreuzer der Giuseppe-Garibaldi-Klasse ein schweres 25,4-cm-Geschütz in einem Einzelturm vorne und zwei 20,3-cm-Geschütze in einem Zwillingsturm achtern. Die Cristóbal Colón indessen hätte von Anfang an mit zwei 25,4-cm-Geschützen ausgerüstet werden sollen (je ein Einzelturm vorne und achtern).

Maschinenanlage
Die Cristóbal Colón wurde von 24 kohlenbefeuerten Niclausse-Wasserrohrkesseln und zwei vertikal eingebauten Verbunddampfmaschinen mit dreifacher Dampfdehnung über zwei Wellen mit je einer Schraube angetrieben. Die Maschinenleistung lag bei 13.655 PSi, was eine Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 20,25 kn (ca. 37,5 km/h) ermöglichte. Damit übertraf die Bauwerft die geforderte Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 19,5 kn leicht. Dieser bei Testfahrten im Mai 1897 erzielte Wert entsprach allerdings nicht den später im Einsatz erreichten Leistungen; vor allem die schlechte Wartung von Rumpf und Maschine führten dazu, dass während des Spanisch-Amerikanischen Krieges und während der Seeschlacht vor Santiago de Cuba kaum mehr als 18 kn erreicht wurden. Normalerweise befand sich ein Kohlenvorrat von etwa 650 Tonnen an Bord. Maximal konnten aber bis zu 1.200 Tonnen gebunkert werden. Mit voller Kohlenbeladung und einer Marschgeschwindigkeit von 10 kn hatte der Kreuzer eine Reichweite von etwa 8.300 Seemeilen. Ein Vorteil des Schiffes während der Seeschlacht bei Santiago de Cuba war, dass es noch einen Restbestand von etwa 30 Tonnen sehr hochwertiger Kohlen aus Cardiff in den Bunkern hatte. Dies ermöglichte es dem Kreuzer, zunächst einen Vorsprung herauszufahren und sich von den US-Schiffen abzusetzen. Erst nachdem dieser Kohlenbestand verbraucht war und stattdessen minderwertigere kubanische und karibische Kohlen verfeuert wurden, sank die Geschwindigkeit des Schiffes auf nur noch etwa 15 kn ab, was letztlich sein Schicksal besiegelte.

Bewaffnung
Auch die Bewaffnung stammte beinahe vollständig aus dem Ausland. Hauptlieferant war die Elswick Ordnance Company (EOC) im englischen Elswick, einem Bezirk von Newcastle upon Tyne. Die Hauptbewaffnung sollte ursprünglich aus zwei 25,4-cm-Geschützen L/40 Modell 1898 in jeweils einem Einzelturm vor und achtern der Hauptaufbauten bestehen. Als die EOC ab 1897 unter dem neuen Namen Sir W. G. Armstrong-Whitworth & Company firmierte, führte dies bei der spanischen Admiralität zu Befürchtungen, von dem umbenannten Konzern mit möglicherweise veralteten Geschützen oder Restbeständen beliefert zu werden. Daher bestand die spanische Flottenführung auf dem neuesten damals verfügbaren Modell des 25,4-cm-Geschützes (Modell 1898). Dies verzögerte jedoch die Fertigstellung des Schiffes, da diese Geschütze gerade erst in die Produktionslinie gekommen waren. Die Folge war, dass die Cristóbal Colón bei ihrer Indienststellung im Mai 1897 noch über keine schwere Artillerie verfügte und in den beiden Hauptartillerietürmen nur hölzerne Rohrattrappen führte, um zumindest die Silhouette des Kreuzers zu wahren. Der Einbau der neuen Geschützrohre, deren Lieferung für April 1898 vorgesehen war, konnte jedoch infolge des Ausbruchs des Spanisch-Amerikanischen Krieges Ende April 1898 und der Entsendung des Schiffs in die Karibik nicht mehr realisiert werden. So wurde der Panzerkreuzer nur mit einer aus Holzattrappen bestehenden Hauptartillerie in die Seeschlacht vor Santiago de Cuba verwickelt Die Kanonen hätten eine 227 Kilogramm schwere, panzerbrechende Granate über eine damals beachtliche Distanz von maximal etwa 18.000 m feuern können. Allerdings bestanden zu jener Zeit noch keine Möglichkeiten, Geschütze über eine solche Entfernung auszurichten; gewöhnlich wurde auf eine Distanz von maximal etwa 6 bis 7 km gekämpft.

Die Mittelartillerie war hingegen vergleichsweise stark und bestand aus zehn 15,2-cm-Geschützen L/40 Modell 1892, von der Elswick Ordnance Company geliefert, und sechs 12-cm-Geschützen L/40 Modell 1891 des Modells Hontoria. Während die 15,2-cm-Kanonen in je fünf einzelnen Kasematten zu beiden Schiffsseiten auf dem Batteriedeck untergebracht waren, befanden sich die mit Panzerschilden geschützten und einzeln aufgestellten 12-cm-Kanonen auf dem etwas schwächer gepanzerten Oberdeck über den Kasematten, wobei jeweils drei Geschütze nach Steuerbord und nach Backbord feuern konnten. Die Reichweite der 15,2-cm-Geschütze lag bei knapp 9.200 m, wobei das Granatengewicht 45,3 Kilogramm betrug. Die 12-cm-Kanonen verfeuerten eine 20,4 Kilogramm schwere Granate über eine maximale Distanz von 9.050 m.

Die leichte Bewaffnung der Cristóbal Colón bestand aus zehn einzeln aufgestellten 5,7-cm-Hotchkiss-Kanonen und zehn 3,7-cm-Revolverkanonen sowie zwei 2,54-cm-Nordenfelt-Mitrailleusen auf dem Mars des Gefechtsmastes. Die Torpedobewaffnung bestand aus fünf 45,7-cm-Torpedorohren des Typs Whitehead.

Einsatzzeit
Noch während die Frage der Hauptbewaffnung ungelöst war, verschärfte sich der spanisch-amerikanische Gegensatz nach dem sogenannten Maine-Zwischenfall in Havanna ab Februar 1898 drastisch. Die Cristóbal Colón wurde daraufhin, gemeinsam mit dem Panzerkreuzer Infanta Maria Teresa, Anfang April nach dem portugiesischen São Vicente verlegt, wo beide Schiffe am 15. April 1898 eintrafen. Im Lauf der folgenden Tage erreichten auch die Panzerkreuzer Vizcaya und Almirante Oquendo sowie zwei Torpedoboote den Stützpunkt. Gemeinsam bildeten die Schiffe das neu aufgestellte 1. Geschwader unter dem Kommando von Admiral Pascual Cervera.

Die Cristóbal Colón war von allen spanischen Schiffen das modernste, ihre Kampfkraft litt jedoch unter dem Fehlen schwerer Artillerie und der schlechten Qualität eines Großteils ihrer Kohlen. Obwohl die Maschinenanlage noch in einem besseren Zustand war als die Maschinen der älteren Schiffe, konnte die Cristóbal Colón diesen Vorteil wegen der geringen Kohlenqualität nicht ausnutzen.

Nach dem Ausbruch des Spanisch-Amerikanischen Krieges Ende April 1898 forderte das neutrale Portugal, dass die spanischen Schiffe den Hafen von São Vicente innerhalb von 24 Stunden nach der Kriegserklärung zu verlassen hätten. Admiral Cerveras verlegte sein Geschwader daher im Mai über Fort-de-France (Martinique), wo eine Kohlenübernahme wegen der Neutralität Frankreichs verwehrt wurde, in das niederländische Willemstad auf Curaçao. Dort konnte in geringem Umfang eine Kohlenergänzung durchgeführt werden. Nachdem Admiral Cervera im Mai von der Seeblockade von San Juan durch die United States Navy erfahren hatte, änderte er seinen Plan, diesen Hafen anzulaufen, und führte sein Geschwader stattdessen nach Santiago de Cuba, nicht wissend, dass die US-Blockadeflotte vor San Juan nur aus zwei Kreuzern bestand, die seinem Verband nicht gewachsen gewesen wären.

Am 19. Mai 1898 erreichten die spanischen Schiffe Santiago de Cuba. Ende Mai bezog ein starkes amerikanisches Blockadegeschwader, bestehend aus sieben Schiffen, darunter die Panzerkreuzer Brooklyn und New York sowie die Linienschiffe Texas, Massachusetts, Iowa und Oregon, Stellung vor Santiago de Cuba und schloss das spanische im Hafen ein. In den folgenden Wochen kam es nur gelegentlich zu kleineren Artillerieduellen, die auf große Distanz geführt wurden und bei denen keine nennenswerten Schäden entstanden. Als jedoch ab Ende Juni 1898 amerikanische und kubanische Truppen Santiago de Cuba auch von der Landseite her bedrohten, erkannte Admiral Cervera, dass er mit seinen Schiffen zwangsläufig einen Ausbruchsversuch unternehmen musste, um nicht in einer Falle festzusitzen. Am 3. Juli, ab 9.00 Uhr morgens, brachen die spanischen Schiffe, obwohl nur bedingt gefechtsbereit, aus dem Hafen aus.

Die Seeschlacht vor Santiago de Cuba

Die Cristóbal Colón fuhr dabei an vierter und letzter Stelle. Während die beiden spanischen Spitzenschiffe, darunter das Flaggschiff Infanta Maria Teresa, schon in der ersten Stunde der Schlacht schwer getroffen wurden und sich brennend auf Grund setzen mussten, konnten die Cristóbal Colón und die Vizcaya sich zeitweilig vom Gegner absetzen. Nach einem erbitterten Kampf mit dem amerikanischen Panzerkreuzer Brooklyn musste sich schließlich auch die Vizcaya um 11.06 Uhr auf Grund setzen und strich die Flagge.

Als einziges verbliebenes Schiff des spanischen Geschwaders lief die Cristóbal Colón, von den Panzerkreuzern Brooklyn und New York und dem Linienschiff Oregon verfolgt, mit rund 18 kn auf Westkurs, wobei ihr ein kleiner Vorrat an hochwertigen Kohlen aus Cardiff diese relativ hohe Geschwindigkeit ermöglichte. Als dieser geringe Vorrat, etwa 30 Tonnen, gegen 12.30 Uhr verbraucht war und stattdessen minderwertigere Kohlen verfeuert wurden, sank die Geschwindigkeit drastisch auf nur noch etwa 14 bis 15 kn ab. Dies ermöglichte es den verfolgenden US-Schiffen, zur Cristóbal Colón aufzuschließen und sie unter Beschuss zu nehmen. Dabei erhielt das Schiff bis etwa 13.00 Uhr mindestens sechs Treffer von den beiden US-Panzerkreuzern; einen 20,3-cm-Treffer auf der Backbordseite auf Höhe des hintersten 12-cm-Geschützes, sowie drei 12,7-cm-Granaten und zwei leichtere Geschosse.

Die dadurch entstandenen Schäden waren eher gering und beeinträchtigten die Seetauglichkeit des Schiffes nicht. Als jedoch das inzwischen herangekommene Linienschiff Oregon den Panzerkreuzer ab 13.00 Uhr mit seinen 33-cm-Geschützen unter Feuer nahm und zwei Granaten dicht neben dem Schiff einschlugen, erkannte Kapitän Díaz Moreu, dass ein Entkommen nicht mehr möglich war. Um seine Besatzung nicht in einem sinnlosen Kampf zu opfern, befahl er, die Cristóbal Colón am Ufer aufzusetzen und die Flagge zu streichen.

Um 13.54 Uhr lief das Schiff rund 48 Seemeilen westlich von Santiago de Cuba, vor der Mündung des Río Turqino, auf einen Unterwasserfelsen. Die verfolgenden US-Schiffe stellten daraufhin ihr Feuer ein und begannen, Boote zur Rettung von Schiffbrüchigen auszusetzen.

Opfer unter der Besatzung
In den folgenden Stunden konnten die New York, die Brooklyn und die Oregon fast die gesamte Besatzung der Cristóbal Colón aufnehmen. Insgesamt hatten von 543 Besatzungsangehörigen 21 den Tod gefunden, davon zwei beim Verlassen des Schiffes und 19 durch unmittelbare Feindeinwirkung. Weitere 23 Seeleute hatten Verletzungen erlitten. Um zu verhindern, dass an den Strand gelangte spanische Seeleute dort von kubanischen Rebellen gelyncht wurden, schickten die Amerikaner zudem ein Landungsteam an die Küste.

Bergeversuche und Verbleib des Wracks
Nach dem Abschluss der Rettungsmaßnahmen ging ein amerikanisches Bergungsteam in den Abendstunden des 3. Juli an Bord des Kreuzers und untersuchte, ob ein Abbergen des als modern geltenden Schiffes möglich sei. Ohne dass die Schäden entlang und unterhalb der Wasserlinie ausreichend untersucht oder abgedichtet worden wären, zog der herangekommene und als Bergungsschiff eingesetzte amerikanische Dampfer Vulcan die Cristóbal Colón schließlich in der Dämmerung vom Riff herunter, woraufhin der Kreuzer jedoch schnell nach Steuerbord kenterte. Das Schiff versank fast vollständig; nur die Geschütze der Mittelartillerie auf der Backbordseite und eine der beiden Schrauben ragten noch aus dem Wasser. Eine Zeitlang versuchten die Amerikaner, das Schiff doch noch zu heben. Da sich ein neuerlicher Versuch aber als zu riskant und zu aufwändig erwies, verzichtete man letztlich darauf.

Das Wrack der Cristóbal Colón liegt noch heute auf seiner Steuerbordseite vor der kubanischen Küste (). Bis etwa Mitte der 1980er Jahre konnten bei Ebbe noch Teile des Wracks über dem Wasser gesehen werden. Mittlerweile ist das Schiff aber infolge von Korrosion stark in sich zusammengebrochen. Auch haben Metalldiebe aus den umliegenden Dörfern im Laufe der Jahrzehnte viele Teile entwendet. Das in Richtung der Küste zeigende Heck befindet sich in etwa 13 m Tiefe, der auf das offene Meer hin ausgerichtete Bug liegt in etwa 32 m Tiefe. Tauchgänge zur Cristóbal Colón sind möglich, und wegen der teils eingebrochenen Decks kann in das Innere des Schiffes vorgedrungen werden. Angesichts des fortschreitenden Verfalls und der Instabilität des Wracks sollte dies aber unter großer Vorsicht geschehen.

Literatur
 Chesneau, Roger / Kolesnik, Eugene M. (Hrsg.): Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860 – 1905. New York 1979.
 Trask, David F.: The war with Spain in 1898. New York/London 1981.
 Tucker, Spencer C. (Hrsg.): The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and the Philippine-American Wars. A political, social and military history. 3. Auflage. Santa Barbara 2009.

Weblinks
 Allgemeine Daten und Bilder zur Cristóbal Colón. (spanisch)
 Zum Ablauf der Seeschlacht bei Santiago de Cuba. (spanisch)
 Die Cristobal Colon auf wrecksite.eu

Fußnoten

Militärschiff (Spanien)
Panzerkreuzer
Schiff im Spanisch-Amerikanischen Krieg
Schiffsverlust durch Strandung
Schiffsverlust infolge kriegerischer Handlungen
Schiffsverlust 1898
Schiffswrack
Dampfmaschinenschiff
Spanische Marinegeschichte

Cristóbal Colón (Schiff, 1897)


Stéphane N'Guéma (nacido el 20 de noviembre de 1984 en Libreville, Gabón) es un exfutbolista gabonés que jugaba como delantero en el FC 105 Libreville de la Primera División de Gabón.

Carrera
N'Guema hizo un puñado de apariciones en el primer equipo del Stade Rennais. En la temporada 2005/06, fue cedido al FC Lorient, que entonces militaba en la Ligue 2. Sus contribuciones en la temporada ayudaron al Lorient a conseguir el ansiado retorno a la máxima categoría del fútbol francés después de un larguísimo período en las ligas inferiores.

En 2007 fichó por el FC Istres, jugó 33 partidos y marcó 8 goles en la temporada 2007/08. Después de un año dejó el club y pasó a formar parte la plantilla del Paris FC, equipo del cual fue despedido en 2009 tras jugar 13 encuentros y marcar un gol. Así estuvo seis meses sin club hasta unirse al FC Olimpia Bălţi moldavo. En Moldavia juega 10 partidos donde marca 3 goles. En febrero de 2010, después de jugar la CAN 2010, firma un contrato con el AS Beauvais.

Ese mismo verano de 2010, tras marcar un gol en 13 partidos con el Beauvais, fue fichado por el Paris Saint-Germain para un contrato profesional por una temporada.

Finalmente, en el verano de 2011, se unió al US Bitam de su país natal.

Referencias

Nacidos en Libreville
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Gabón
Futbolistas del AS Beauvais
Futbolistas del Football Club Istres Ouest Provence
Futbolistas del Football Club Lorient
Futbolistas del Paris FC
Futbolistas del Paris Saint-Germain Football Club
Futbolistas del Athletic Club Bongoville

Stéphane N'Guéma


Palau (sardisk: Lu Palàu) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Sassari i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 5 meters højde og har 4.209 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 44,44 km² og grænser til kommunerne Arzachena, Santa Teresa Gallura og Tempio Pausania.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Sassari

Palau (Italien)


كينورييون (Καινούργιον) هي مدينة في أيتوليا كي أكارنانيا في مقاطعة كينتريكي إلادا في اليونان. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2828 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

كينورييون (أيتوليا كي أكارنانيا)


Științifico-fantasticul în Cehia  are o istorie lungă și variată. Din 1918, când Cehoslovacia a devenit independentă, până în 1939, când Germania nazistă a invadat-o, literatura cehă a avut unul dintre momentele sale de înaltă creativitate.

Cel mai cunoscut și mai important scriitor SF a fost Karel Čapek, a cărui piesă de teatru RUR (Rossumovi Univerzalul Roboti) (tipărită în 1920, prima dată jucată în ianuarie 1921) a introdus și a făcut popular cuvântul robot care este folosit frecvent la nivel internațional.

Istorie
Judah Loew ben Bezalel (sau Maharal din Praga), un rabin din Praga sfârșitului de secol al XVI-lea a scris cea mai faimoasă narațiune despre golem, care poate fi considerată proto-științifico-fantastic (Golemul din Praga).

Istoria științifico-fantasticului în Cehia începe în secolul al XIX-lea, cu prima (probabil) lucrare cu adevărat SF Zivot na Měsíci (Viața pe Lună, 1881) de Karel Pleskač. Scriitorul mainstream Svatopluk Čech a scris o lucrare SF, Hanuman, în 1884 despre un război civil între două facțiuni de maimuțe și Pravý výlet pana Broučka do Měsíce (Adevărata călătorie a d-lui Brouček către Lună, 1888). Jakub Arbes a scris câteva romane scurte cu teme fantastice, printre care Newtonuv mozek (Creierul lui Newton, 1877), care prefigurează tema călătoriei în timp.

Primul autor care a scris sistematic SF a fost Karel Hloucha, autor a șapte romane și colecții de povestiri, printre care se numără Zakletá země (Țara feremcată, 1910) și Slunečční vůz (Carul sola, 1921). Extratereștri care își schimba forma în oameni joacă un rol important în romanul lui Metod Suchdolský, Rusové na Martu  (Rușii pe Marte, 1907).

În 1920, Karel Čapek a creat piesa științifico-fantastică R.U.R. (Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti, Roboții universali ai lui Rossum). Čapek este primul care dă denumirea de robot unei mașini care poate efectua activități umane (și nu numai). Cuvântul robot este de origine slavă și se poate traduce prin: muncă, clacă sau muncă silnică. Karel Čapek a descris în piesa sa R.U.R. muncitori cu asemănare umană, care sunt crescuți în rezervoare. Čapek folosește în lucrarea sa motivele clasice de golem. Denumirea de astăzi a creaturilor lui Čapek este de android.

În perioada lui Čapek, au mai apărut opere SF ale unor scriitori ca Tomáš Hrubý, Jiří Haussmann, Marie Grubhofferová, J. M. Troska (pseudonimul lui Jan Matzal Troska).

Jozef Nesvadba, care a scris de la sfârșitul anilor 1950, a devenit rapid cel mai faimos autor ceh al generației de după război, ale cărui lucrări au fost traduse în limba engleză și germană. În epoca socialistă, Nesvadba împreună cu Ludvík Souček, erau cei mai importanți reprezentanți cehi ai genului științifico-fantastic.

În 1956, František Běhounek a publicat romanul Akce L (Přiběhy z atomověho věku), tradus în limba română în 1962 de Rodica Ciocan și Corvin Gruia ca Acțiunea L (Aventuri dintr-un secol atomic) și publicat la Editura Tineretului.

Ludvík Souček este considerat un Däniken al Cehiei, datorită cărților sale Tušení souvislosti, 1974, Tušení stínu, 1978, asemănătoare cu Amintiri despre viitor. Souček a scris o trilogie SF, Cesta slepých ptáků (Călătoria păsărilor oarbe) formată din volumele Cesta slepých ptáků 1964 (bazat pe O călătorie spre centrul Pământului), Runa rider 1967, Sluneční jezero 1968. Întreaga trilogie a apărut într-o singură carte în 1999. Alte lucrări SF: romanul Případ Jantarové komnaty din 1970; romanul din 1972, Případ baskervillského psa; colecția de povestiri Zájem Galaxie din 1973, romanul Blázni z Hepteridy din 1980; romanul Bohové Atlantidy (Zeii Atlantidei) din 1983.

Ondřej Neff a scris numeroase povestiri și peste 25 de cărți și romane SF. În 1984 a publicat romanul Jádro pudla care are loc pe Marte în viitorul îndepărtat și a avut mai multe continuări. Anul viitor a publicat Vejce naruby, o colecție de povestiri printre care: Bílá hůl ráže 7,62 (o povestire SF de groază  care descrie o invazie extraterestră prin deturnarea unui semnal vizual care transformă omul într-o copie a atacatorului extraterestru), Zelená je barva Nadeje (Verde este culoarea speranței, povestirea descrie o invenție a unui aparat care permite citirea minții animalelor și le prezintă omului sub formă de imagini. Inventatorul testează dispozitivul pe acvariul prietenilor săi, provocând multă primejdie și furie, deoarece aparatul prezintă peștii din acvariu care visează să ucidă și să mănânce oamenii și să domine lumea; ca o consecință, toți oamenii care au văzut experimentul simt că nu vor putea niciodată să mai aibă încredere în nici un animal de companie), Strom (Arborele, ultimii locuitori ai unui mic sat, se luptă fără nicio speranță pentru casele lor împotriva unei păduri în creștere, deoarece legile îi împiedică să facă vreun rău copacilor).

În 1987 Ondřej Neff a publicat colecția de povestiri Čtvrtý den až navěky (Ziua a patra pentru totdeauna). Au urmat romanul Měsíc mého života (Luna vieții mele) în 1988, romanul fantastic Pole šťastných náhod (Câmpul bunelor șanse) în 1989. În același an a scris o continuare a romanului Jádro pudla, denumită  Čarodějův učeň (Ucenicul vrăjitorului). În 1990 a apărut Zepelín na Měsíci, în 1991 Vesmír je dost nekonečný și Šídlo v pytli (o altă continuare a romanului Jádro pudla). Între 1992 – 1995 a publicat trilogia Milénium formată din Země ohrožená (Pământul pe cale de dispariție), Země bojující (Pământul luptă) și Země vítězná (Pământul victorios). Urmează romanul Reparátor, în 1997 colecția Bůh s. r. o. (Dumnezeu, Ltd.). În 1988 Ondřej Neff a publicat Tma (Întunericul) care a primit premiul pentru cel mai bun SF ceh și a fost revizuită în 2003 ca Tma 2.0. Este un roman de supraviețuire: după 17 aprilie 1998 toate dispozitivele electrice au încetat să funcționeze pe Pământ, lăsând totul în haos, ca în filmul australian  Mad Max. În 2003, scriitorul a publicat și colecția de povestiri Pravda o pekle (Adevărul despre Iad), în 2004 colecția de povestiri Dvorana zvrhlosti ( Sala Aberațiilor) În 2006 Ondřej Neff a publicat romanul Rock mého života (The Rock of My Life) și în 2007 romanul Tušení podrazu (Privire la truc murdar).

Pán modrého meče (Stăpânul sabiei albastre, 1984-1991) este o tetralogie a scriitorului Ondřej Neff care are loc pe planeta Marte și-l prezintă pe sălbaticul erou Rad Haager. Tetralogia este formată din romanele Jádro pudla (1984), Pán modrého meče (1988), Čarodějův učeň (1989) și Šídlo v pytli (1991).

Scriitori

 František Běhounek
 Karel Čapek
 Josef Čapek
 Jiří Dědeček
 Vilma Kadlečková
 Jiří Karásek ze Lvovic
 Štěpán Kopřiva
 Jiří Kulhánek
 Lucie Lukačovičová
 Jana Moravcová
 Jaroslav Mostecký
 Ondřej Neff
 Petra Neomillnerová
 Josef Nesvadba
 Jiří Walker Procházka
 Ludvík Souček
 Jan Matzal Troska
 Ludmila Vaňková
 Jaroslav Veis
 Čestmír Vejdělek
 Jaroslav Velinský
 Miroslav Žamboch

Filme
Peste 50 de filme SF au apărut în Cehoslovacia, primul dintre ele în anii 1920. În 1937 a apărut filmul Bílá nemoc, o adaptare după Karel Čapek în regia Hugo Haas.

În 1948 a apărut filmul SF de mister Krakatit regizat de Otakar Vávra, cu Karel Höger, despre un chimist care delirează și regretă inventarea unui exploziv foarte puternic. Filmul este bazat pe un roman omonim de Karel Čapek din 1922. Filmul a fost refăcut în 1980 de Otakar Vávra ca Temné slunce.

Cesta do pravěku (Călătorie în preistorie, 1955) este considerat de web-site-ul Kinobox cel mai bun film ceh SF din toate timpurile. A fost regizat de Karel Zeman și prezintă o călătorie în timp în cuaternar, terțiar, mezozoic și paleozoic.

În 1958 a apărut filmul Lumea fabuloasă a lui Jules Vernes (cehă: Vynález zkázy) regizat de Karel Zeman. Distribuit în 72 de țări imediat după premieră, este considerat a fi cel mai de succes film din istoria cinematografiei cehe.

Odată cu Noul val cehoslovac au început să apară filme al căror obiectiv a fost "să facă poporul ceh să devină conștient în mod colectiv de faptul că participă la un sistem opresiv și incompetent care îl brutalizează".

Kybernetická babička (Bunica cibernetică) este un film cehoslovac din 1962 de animație stop motion cu păpuși care a fost creat în genul SF de groază. Filmul regizat de Jiří Trnka prezintă o situație distopică în care mașinile obligă oamenii să aleagă un stil de viață cibernetic.

În 1963, a apărut filmul Ikarie XB-1 , regizat de Jindrich Polák și vag bazat pe romanul Obłok Magellana (Norul lui Magellan) de Stanisław Lem. Povestea are loc în anul 2163 când o navă spațială terestră călătorește spre o planetă cu proprietăți asemănătoare celei terestre, care se află la o distanță de 4,3 ani lumină de sistemul stelar Alpha Centauri.

În 1966 apare un film postapocaliptic, Konec srpna v hotelu Ozón (Sfârșit de august la hotelul Ozon) regizat de Jan Schmidt. În același an a apărut filmul Cine a vrut s-o ucidă pe Jessie? (Kdo chce zabít Jessii?) regizat de Václav Vorlíček. Povestea se concentrează pe un cuplu care folosește o mașină care poate aduce obiecte și oameni din vise în lumea reală. Principalul scenariu include lansarea accidentală a personajului de benzi desenate Jessie în lumea reală, iar filmul prezintă multe gaguri despre conflictul dintre lumea reală și imaginile de benzi desenate, cum ar fi baloane de cuvinte și efecte sonore.

În 1967 a avut premiera filmul Ukradenà vzducholod (Dirijabilul furat) regizat de Karel Zeman. Este o adaptare liberă a romanelor lui Jules Verne, Doi ani de vacanță și Insula misterioasă și combină elemente de animație cu scene live.

În 1969, a apărut filmul Zabil jsem Einsteina, pánové (L-am ucis pe Einstein, domnilor) regizat de Oldřich Lipský. Scenariul prezintă o călătorie în trecut pentru a schimba viitorul. În rolurile principale joacă actorii Jiří Sovák, Jana Brejchová, Lubomír Lipský, Iva Janžurová, Petr Čepek. În Zabil jsem Einsteina, pánové un personaj folosește un dispozitiv care este asemănător cu un  selfie stick, cu câteva decenii înainte de inventarea sa.

Pane, vy jste vdova! (Domnule, sunteți... văduvă!) este un film din 1971 regizat de Václav Vorlíček, cu actorii Iva Janžurová și Olga Schoberová. Prezintă un schimb de corpuri (sau schimb de creiere), ceea ce duce la situații comice.

Což takhle dát si špenát (Cum rămâne cu spanacul?) este un film de comedie SF din 1977 scris și regizat de Václav Vorlíček. După ce ies din închisoare, doi hoți folosesc greșit un dispozitiv de regenerare și devin copii.

În 1981 a apărut o coproducție SF iugoslavo-cehoslovacă, Vizitatorii din galaxia Arkana. Filmul din același an, Tajemství hradu v Karpatech, regizat de Oldřich Lipský este bazat pe Castelul din Carpați de Jules Verne.

În 1982/1983, a apărut o parodie a filmelor SF, Srdečný pozdrav ze zeměkoule regizat de Oldřich Lipský, despre doi extratereștri (Milan Lasica și Julius Satinski ), care sunt marcați doar cu majuscule A și B, explorează Pământul, ei călătoresc pe Pământ deghizați ca oameni obișnuiți...

Babičky dobíjejte přesně! (Încărcați bunica cum trebuie) este un film de comedie SF de groază din 1984 regizat de Ladislav Rychman. O companie misterioasă vinde roboți care înlocuiesc bunicile, deși inițial se comportă ca niște bunicuțe adevărate, ele devin agresive.

Akumulátor 1 este un film SF din 1994 regizat de Jan Svěrák despre vampiri energetici.

Listă de filme SF

 1937 Skeleton on Horseback (Bílá nemoc), regia Hugo Haas - adaptare după Karel Čapek
 1948 Krakatit, regia Otakar Vávra
 1955 Journey to the Beginning of Time (Cesta do pravěku)
 1958 Invenție diabolică (Vynález Zkázy)
 1961 Man in Outer Space (Muž z prvního století)
 1961 Baronul de Münchhausen (Baron Pràšil), regia Karel Zeman
 1962 The Cybernetic Grandma (Kybernetická babička)
 1963 Icarie XB-1
 1966 Cine a vrut s-o ucidă pe Jessie? (Kdo chce zabít Jessii?), regia Václav Vorlíček
 1966 Konec srpna v hotelu Ozón 1967 Dirijabilul furat (Ukradená vzducholod)
 1969 L-am ucis pe Einstein, domnilor (Zabil jsem Einsteina, pánové), regia Oldřich Lipský
 1970 Na koměte (Na koměte), regia Karel Zeman
 1971 Pane, vy jste vdova! 1971 Dívka na koštěti 1972 Akce Bororo 1973 Planeta sălbatică, (La Planète sauvage / Divoká planeta), animație, coproducție francezo-cehoslovacă
 1974 Odysseus a hvězdy 1977 Což takhle dát si špenát 1977 Adéla ještě nevečeřelá 1977 Zítra vstanu a opařím se čajem (1977)
 1977 Talíře nad Velkým Malíkovem (1977)
 1980 Temné slunce (Soarele întunecat, 1980)
 1981 Visitors from the Galaxy (1981)
 1981 Tajemství hradu v Karpatech (1981)
 1981 - 1983 Vizitatorii (Návštěvníci), serial TV
 1983 Srdečný pozdrav ze zeměkoule 1987 Wolf's Hole 1989 Pojemelie vedm (Peștera vrăjitoarelor), coproducție sovietico-cehoslovacă în limba rusă.
 2005 Vânătoare fatală 2013 Snowpiercer 2017 Lajka''

Note

Legături externe
 Czech and Slovak SF, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
 Jan Vanek - Czech SF (LONG!), groups.google.com

Vezi și
Listă de filme științifico-fantastice est-europene

Filme cehe
Literatură cehă

Științifico-fantasticul în Cehia


Vildskud er en kortfilm instrueret af Carl van Webber efter manuskript af Carl van Webber.

Handling
Fabel om to bumser. Den ene opdager en blomst vokse ud af sin navle - så bliver den anden bitter. Om de rige og de fattige, og hvad der kan ske, når man ikke vil dele med andre: Om udnyttelse, oprør, ydmygelse og krig.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1973

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Vildskud


Ian Page (born 19 June 1960) is a British musician, gamebook author, and vocalist in the band Secret Affair.

Career
Teaming up with guitarist David Cairns while at school, Ian Page formed power pop/punk band New Hearts and signed to CBS Records in 1977, releasing two singles and touring with the Jam before the demise of the New Hearts in 1978.

Continuing to work with Cairns and forming Secret Affair, the two songwriters spent the second half of 1978 writing songs that would form the basis of the first two Secret Affair albums. Page sang lead vocals in the group and is also credited as the band's trumpeter and keyboardist on the sleeve of their first album, Glory Boys. In a period of a little over two years, the band posted five releases in the UK Singles Chart, and released three albums. The debut single "Time for Action" sold 198,000 copies and reached number 13 in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, giving them their highest chart position. Lesser chart success followed with "Let Your Heart Dance", "My World" and "Sound of Confusion".

Secret Affair regularly appeared on UK television show Top of the Pops and were cover stars of many UK magazines, including New Musical Express, Sounds and Smash Hits. Likened to Jimmy Pursey, Ian Page was often asked to appear on UK television programmes, although his opinionated views sometimes alienated as many potential fans as they won over.

After the split of Secret Affair in 1982, Page released two solo singles – "Too Young" and "Unity Street" – under the name of Ian Page and Bop before leaving music. In his lyrics he had often railed against the music industry and his decision to quit the business was borne out of the same frustration.

By the mid-1980s, he turned fantasy author, and wrote a series of spin-off books in the Lone Wolf universe titled The World of Lone Wolf.

In 1999, he returned to the live stage, touring with his band Ian Page and The Affair (Bob Clarke – drums, Jerry Lee – guitar, Ian Jones – bass), performing a mixture of his own hits, soul covers and new material. Starting off with a show at Colchester Arts Centre, followed by a performance at Londons Forum as part of the Mods May day 99 gig, 20 years on from the original Mods May day gig, introduced on to stage that day by Tony Clark who went on to be The Affairs manager. With this band he released a series of singles, including "Prove It". He parted company with this band in 2007, having recorded the largest part of an as yet unreleased album.

In 2002, he once again teamed up with Dave Cairns to reform Secret Affair, initially for three gigs in the UK, including a performance at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire. They returned in June the following year, playing at The Scala in London to promote the release of Time For Action: The Anthology (Sanctuary), a major CD retrospective of hits, rarities and previously unreleased tracks. The concert was filmed and released on DVD. In 2005, Page and Cairns attempted to mend their sometimes fractious relationship and started work on a fourth Secret Affair album, recording five new songs. The album eventually came to fruition in 2012, entitled Soho Dreams, entirely financed by the band without any record company involvement. In 2017, they continued to tour and record as Secret Affair and celebrate their 40th anniversary in 2019 with a 14 date UK April/May spring tour.

Personal life
Page lives in Essex and is a Tottenham Hotspur F.C. supporter.

Bibliography
The World of Lone Wolf:
 Grey Star the Wizard (1985)
 The Forbidden City (1986)
 Beyond the Nightmare Gate (1986)
 War of the Wizards (1986)

References

 Guinness Book of British Hit Singles – 16th Edition –
 Guinness Book of British Hit Albums – 7th Edition –
 Sleevenotes to the CD reissues of Glory Boys, Behind Closed Door and Business As Usual, by Chris Hunt
The Mod Revival The story of the Mod Revival, by Chris Hunt, published in the New Musical Express Mod special edition, April 2005

External links
Secret Affair Official band site

1960 births
Living people
British male singers
British gamebook writers
Lone Wolf (gamebooks)
Mod revival musicians

Ian Page (singer)


الشاقل هي عملة كنعانية كان يتعامل بها في أرض كنعان في عصر النبي إبراهيم الخليل. ذكرت بعض الروايات التوراتية أن إبراهيم اشترى مغارة المكفلية التي دفن بها زوجته سارة بـ 400 شاقل فضي من حاكم المدينة الكنعاني عفرون.

مواضيع أخرى
 شيكل
 فلسطين

تاريخ فلسطين

شاقل


Indoor cricket is a variant of and shares many basic concepts with cricket. The game is most often played between two teams each consisting of six or eight players.

Several versions of the game have been in existence since the late 1960s, whilst the game in its present form began to take shape in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

The codified sport of indoor cricket is not to be confused with conventional cricket played indoors, or with other modified versions of cricket played indoors (see other forms of indoor cricket below).

The game of cricket
In terms of the concept of the game indoor cricket is similar to cricket. Like its outdoor cousin, indoor cricket involves two batsmen, a bowler and a team of fielders. The bowler bowls the ball to the batsmen who must score runs. The team with the highest score at the end of the match wins. Despite these basic similarities, the game itself differs significantly from its traditional counterpart in several ways, most notably on the field of play and the means by which runs are obtained.

International rules overview

Safety gear
As a minimum, every male player, including the fielders have to wear an abdominal guard (box), with the person bowling the ball as an exception.
The batsman are required to use batting gloves, primarily for preventing the bat from slipping out of the hands. Indoor batting gloves are readily available at cricket stores, however some indoor cricket facilities also provide basic non-slip gloves that can be shared during the game. Some players prefer to use hard ball batting gloves to prevent their hands from serious injury, as the indoor cricket ball can cause serious damage.

One optional security gadget is safety goggles to prevent any serious injury to the eyes. As the game speed is usually very fast and the play rigorous, it is a demanding cardiovascular activity. It is recommended to have a doctor checkup before taking up indoor cricket, especially in advance age and/or with any medical conditions. It's fielders right of way when a shot is played, so the batsman/fielder has to be watchful to avoid collisions. Indoor cricket causes more sporting injuries than casual outdoor cricket, due to the proximity of the ball and fielders. Therefore, a sports/team insurance is important. Some indoor sports facilities provide these insurances as part of the indoor tournaments.

Playing arena

The length of an indoor cricket pitch is the same as a conventional cricket pitch, and has 3 stumps at each end, but there the similarities end. The arena is completely enclosed by tight netting, a few metres from each side and end of the pitch. The playing surface is normally artificial grass matting. Whilst the pitch is the same length, however, the batsmen do not have to run the entire length. The striker's crease is in the regulation place in front of the stumps, but the non-striker's crease is only halfway down the pitch.

Players
Indoor cricket is played between 2 teams of 8 players. Each player must bowl 2 eight ball overs, and bat in a partnership for 4 overs. A faster version of the game exists, where each side is reduced to 6 players and each innings lasts 12 overs instead of 16.

Equipment
The stumps used in indoor cricket are not, for obvious reasons, stuck in the ground. Instead, they are collapsible spring-loaded stumps that immediately spring back to the standing position when knocked over. The ball used in indoor cricket is a modified cricket ball, with a softer centre. The ball also differs in that it is yellow to make it more obvious to see indoors against varied backgrounds. Both traditional outdoor cricket bats or more specialised lighter-weight indoor cricket bats may be used.  The gloves are typically lightweight cotton with no protective padding on the outside.  The palm-side of the gloves usually have embedded rubber dots to aid grip.

Scoring
Scoring in indoor cricket is divided into 4 types: physical runs, bonus runs, the usual extras/sundries, and penalty-minus runs. Physical runs are scored by both batsmen completing a run from one crease to the other. Bonus runs are scored when the ball hits a net. Bonus scores for particular parts of the nets follow:
Zone A (front net – behind the keeper): 0 runs
Zone B (side nets between the striker's end and halfway down the pitch): 1 run
Zone C (side nets between halfway and the bowler's end): 2 runs
Zone D (back net – behind the bowler): 4 or 6 runs depending on how the ball hit the back net.
On the bounce: 4 runs
On the full: 6 runs
Zone B or C onto Zone D: 3 runs
NB: For bonus runs to be scored, at least one physical run must be scored. The bonus runs are then added to the physical runs. For example, a batsman strikes the ball, hits the back net on the full (6), and he/she makes one physical run, for a total of 7 runs.
Extras/sundries are the same as those in formal cricket and consist of wides, no-balls etcetera.
Penalty-minus runs are the set number of runs deducted from a team's score for each dismissal.

Dismissals
A batsman can be dismissed in the same ways they can be in conventional cricket – with variations in the case of LBW and mankad (see below) – and with the exception of timed out. When a batsman gets dismissed, however, five runs are deducted from their total and they continue to bat. Batsmen bat in pairs for 4 overs at a time, irrespective of whether they are dismissed. A player can also be "caught" by a ball rebounding off a net, except off a "six", as long as it has not previously touched the ground. This negates any physical or bonus runs that might have been awarded.

A method of dismissal in indoor cricket that is far more prevalent than its outdoor counterpart is the mankad. A mankad is given out if the bowler completes their bowling action without releasing the ball, breaks the stumps at their end without letting go of the ball and the non-striker is out of their ground.

Whilst lbw is a valid form of dismissal in indoor cricket, it is a far rarer occurrence in indoor than it is in outdoor cricket. A batsman can only be dismissed lbw if he does not offer a shot and the umpire is satisfied that the ball would then have hit the stumps.

Officials
Indoor cricket is officiated by one umpire who is situated outside of the playing area at the strike batsmen's end of the court. The umpire sits or stands on a raised platform that is usually 3 metres above ground level. Secondary officials (such as scorers or video umpires) have sometimes been utilised in national or international competition.

Result
The team with the higher score at the conclusion of each innings is declared the winner of the match. The second innings continues for a full 16 overs even if the batting side passes the first innings total due to the possibility of a side finishing behind a total even after they have surpassed it (see dismissals above).

In most cases indoor cricket is played according to a skins system, where the batting partnerships from each innings are compared against one another and the higher of the two is deemed to have won the skin. For example, the second batting partnership in the first innings might score 5 runs whilst the second partnership in the second innings scores 10 – the latter would be deemed to have won the skin. The team that has won the greater of the four skins available is often awarded the win if the totals are tied.

3 Dot balls Rule
Most indoor cricket centres employ a dot ball rule, where the scoreboard has to change at least every third ball. This means if the batsmen play 2 consecutive balls without a change in the scorecard (applies on multiple batsmen over multiple overs), the scorecard has to change on the 3rd ball. It can be changed by batsman scoring a run, extra runs or in the case where a run is not scored on the 3rd consecutive ball, the batsman is declared out and 5 runs deducted off the score, hence changing the scorecard.

Jackpot ball Rule
Some indoor leagues have the first or last ball of a 'Skin' declared a jackpot ball. This means any runs scored on the jackpot ball will be doubled. e.g. if a '7' is hit, it will counted as 14 runs and if a wicket is lost, it will be counted as minus 10 runs.

Types of match and competition

Indoor cricket is typically played either as a six- or eight-a-side match, and with six- or eight-ball overs respectively. The game can be played in men's, women's and mixed competitions.  Permutations of the game include bonus overs (where the bonus score is double, dismissals result in seven (7) runs (cf. five (5) runs) being deducted from the team score and fielding restrictions removed.)

Test Match
Test indoor cricket is the highest standard of indoor cricket and is played between members of the World Indoor Cricket Federation.

The first international Test matches were played between Australia and New Zealand in 1985. Those sides have since been joined on the international stage by England (1990), South Africa (1991), Zimbabwe (1998), Namibia (1998), India (2000), Pakistan (2000), Sri Lanka (2002), United Arab Emirates (2004), Wales (2007), France (2007), Guernsey (2007), Singapore (2013), Malaysia (2017).

Test matches are usually played in a group of matches called a "series" featuring two to four nations. These series can consist of three to five matches and where more than two nations are involved, may also include a finals series. Matches played at World Cup events are also considered Test matches.

International competition is also organised for juniors and masters age groups. The matches are considered Test matches within their respective divisions.

Since 1985, most Test series between Australia and New Zealand have played for the Trans Tasman trophy. Similarly, since 1990, Test series between Australia and England have been played for a trophy known as The Ashes, a name borrowed from the trophy contested by the same nations in outdoor cricket.

National championships
Each member nation of the WICF usually holds its own national titles. In Australia, states and territories compete in the Australian Indoor Cricket Championships (as well as the now defunct National League).

The national competition in New Zealand is referred to as the Tri Series and is contested by three provinces – Northern, Central and Southern.

National championships contested elsewhere in the world include South Africa's National Championship and England's National League.

Minor Competition
In addition to social competition played throughout the world there are several state leagues and competitions within each nation. Various states, provinces or geographical areas organise their own state championships (referred to in Australia as "Superleague" – not to be confused with the ill-fated Rugby League competition). Various districts, centres or arenas take part in these competitions including the Rec Club Miranda which is one of Sydney's oldest indoor cricket centres.

World Cup

The Indoor Cricket World cup was first held in Birmingham, England in 1995 and has run every two or three years since. The event usually also features age-group, masters' and women's competitions. The last World Cup was held in Wellington (NZ) in October 2014. Australia came first in the boys', girls', women's and men's competitions. Australia has won all 9 Open Men World Cup titles (since 1995) and all 8 Open World Cup titles (since 1998).

Origin and development of indoor cricket
The first significant example of organised indoor cricket took place, somewhat unusually, in Germany. A tournament was held under the auspices of the Husum Cricket Club in a hall in Flensburg in the winter of 1968–69.

It was not until the 1970s that the game began to take shape as a codified sport. Conceived as a way of keeping cricketers involved during the winter months, various six-a-side leagues were formed throughout England in the first half of the decade, eventually leading to the first national competition held in March 1976 at the Sobell Center in Islington. This distinct form of indoor cricket is still played today.

Despite the early popularity of the sport in England, a different version of indoor cricket developed by two different parties in Perth, Western Australia in the late 1970s evolved into the sport known as indoor cricket today. Against the backdrop of the upheaval in the conventional game caused by World Series Cricket, torrential rain and a desire to keep their charges active led cricket school administrators Dennis Lillee and Graeme Monaghan to set up netted arenas indoors. Concurrently, entrepreneurs Paul Hanna and Michael Jones began creating an eight-a-side game that eventually led to the nationwide franchise known as Indoor Cricket Arenas (ICA). It was not long before hundreds of ICA-branded stadiums were set up throughout Australia, leading to the first national championships held in 1984 at a time where over 200,000 people were estimated to be participating in the sport.

The sport underwent several organisational changes, most notably in Australia and in South Africa (where competing organisations fought for control of the sport), but the game has changed little since that time and has risen in popularity in several nations. Under the auspices of the World Indoor Cricket Federation the sport has reached a point where is played according to the same standard rules in major competitions throughout the world.

International structure of indoor cricket
The World Indoor Cricket Federation is the international governing body of cricket. It was founded prior to the 1995 World Cup by representatives from Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and England.

Nations may either be full members or associate members of the WICF. Each member nation has its own national body which regulates matches played in its country. The national bodies are responsible for selecting representatives for its national side and organising home and away internationals for the side.

Other forms of indoor cricket

Conventional cricket indoors

Conventional cricket matches have taken place at covered venues (usually featuring a retractable roof) and can thus be regarded as cricket being played indoors, such as Docklands Stadium in Melbourne, Australia. Such matches are relatively infrequent and come with added complications in the event that the ball makes contact with the roof while in play.

UK variant

A version of indoor cricket (bearing greater resemblance to conventional cricket) is played exclusively in the United Kingdom. This variant sees the six players on each team utilise the same playing and protective equipment that can be found in outdoor cricket, and is played in indoor facilities that differ greatly from the international form of indoor cricket.

Despite lacking international competition, this form of indoor cricket enjoys a strong following in the UK, and, like its international counterpart, enjoys the support of the ECB

See also

Arena Football
Indoor Soccer
Box Lacrosse

References

External links
 World Indoor Cricket Federation
National Bodies
 Cricket Australia – Indoor
 New Zealand Indoor Sports
 Indoor Cricket New Zealand
 Indoor Cricket England
Action Indoor Cricket England
 Indoor Cricket South Africa
 Indoor Cricket USA

Australian State Bodies
 Cricket ACT
 Cricket Queensland
 Indoor Sports New South Wales
 Indoor Sports Victoria
 Indoor Sports Western Australia

New Zealand Provincial Bodies
 Northern Indoor Cricket
 Central Indoor Cricket
 Southern Indoor Cricket

Other Links
 The Rules of Indoor Cricket – Indoor Cricket World
 Rec Club Indoor Cricket – The Re Club Indoor Cricket
 Indoor Cricket Australian Championships Match Rules and Regulations, April 2015
 Indoor Leagues UK

Short form cricket
Cricket
Sports originating in Australia

Indoor cricket


Zgrada Biskupije u gradiću Hvaru. Nalazi se do hvarske katedrale, lijevo od zvonika. U zgradi se danas nalazi Biskupijski arhiv. Dio je kulturno-povijesne cjeline grada Hvara

Izvori

Građevine u Hvaru

Zgrada Biskupije u Hvaru


දකුණු පලාත සතු ප්‍රධාන දිස්ත්‍රික්ක වන්නේ ගාල්ල, මාතර සහ හම්බන්තොටයි. එයින් ද පලාත සතු අගනගරය වන්නේ ගාල්ල නගරයයි.

අතීතයේ සිටම ශ්‍රී ලාංකේය දේශපාලනයේ වැදගත් භූමි ප‍්‍රදේශයක් ලෙස දකුණු පළාත හැඳ?න්විය හැකිය. මන්දයත් හෙළ රජ පරපුරේ ආරම්භකයා ලෙස සැලකෙන මනු මාතර ප‍්‍රදේශයේ ගොවික් කළ අයෙකු බව ඓතිහාසික ජනප‍්‍රවාදවල සඳහන් වන බැවිනි. දකුණු පළාත පුරාණයේදී අයත් වී ඇත්තේ රුහුණටයි. රුහුණු රටෙන් වැඩිම භූමි ප‍්‍රමානයක් අයත් වන්නේද දකුණටයි.

දකුණු පලාත


Komet Jupiterove obitelji (eng. Jupiter family comet, JFC) ili obitelj jovijanskih kometa, vrsta periodičnih kometa. Klasično su definirani s (P < 20 godina), a po novome službeno su definirani po Levisonu i Duncanu (2 < TJupiter < 3). Većina ih iz ove skupine ophodnog je vremena od 5,93 do 11,86 godina, što je vrijednost unutar razdoblja između ophodnog vremena planeta Jupitera i pola toga i zato za komet koji spada u ovu obitelj kaže se da spada u Jupiterovu obitelj.

Većina kometa s periodima od 20 do 200 godina (20 < P < 200 godina), što ih čini kometima Halleyeve vrste po klasičnoj definiciji, zapravo su službeno svrstane ili kao kometi Jupiterove obitelji (eng. Jupiter-family comets, JFCs) ili kometi Hironove vrste (eng. Chiron-type comets, CTCs), zasnovano na njihovu Jupiterovu Tisserandovu parametru odnosno Tisserandovoj invarijaciji (TJupiter).

Vidi
Popis kometa Jupiterove obitelji

Izvori

Komet Jupiterove obitelji


Una aventura cómica de..., más conocida por su subtítulo de Magos de la risa, fue una colección de tebeos lanzada por Editorial Bruguera en 1950 y dedicada a los personajes más populares de su revista Pulgarcito.

Trayectoria editorial
Magos de la risa partía de una idea similar a Magos del lápiz, ya que estaba compuesta por cuadernos monográficos de los personajes de la casa, pero presentaba formato apaisado, y aventuras inéditas de mayor extensión de lo habitual. En sus 42 entregas incluyó:

Referencias

Bibliografía

Bruguera

Magos de la risa


An Stipa obtusa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck ngan Franz Julius Ferdinand Meyen, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Albert Spear Hitchcock. An Stipa obtusa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa obtusa


New Life  é um filme de drama romântico estadunidense de 2016, dirigido por Drew Waters e estrelado por Jonathan Patrick Moore, Erin Bethea, James Marsters, Bill Cobbs, Irma P. Hall e Terry O'Quinn. É a estreia de Waters na direção.

Elenco

Lançamento
O filme foi lançado nos cinemas em 28 de outubro de 2016. Em seguida, foi lançado em DVD e plataformas digitais em março de 2017.

Recepção
O filme tem uma classificação de 29% no Rotten Tomatoes. S. Jhoanna Robledo da Common Sense Media concedeu ao filme duas estrelas em cinco.

Filmes com estreia na direção
Filmes de drama romântico dos Estados Unidos
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2016
Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes de drama romântico da década de 2010
Filmes ambientados em Indiana

New Life (filme)


රුස්ලාන් නබියෙව් (සම්පූර්ණ නම: රුස්ලාන් මුහුමා ඔග්ලු නබියෙව්; 1996 ජූලි 16; ඩනාචි, සාගටලා, අසර්බයිජානය - 2020 දෙසැම්බර් 8; සුගෝවුෂාන්, ටාටාර්, අසර්බයිජානය) - අසර්බයිජානියානු සන්නද්ධ හමුදාවේ සොල්දාදුවෙක්, දෙවන කරබාක්හිදී මිය ගියේය.

ජීවිත හා හමුදා සේවය
රුස්ලාන් නබියෙව් 1996 ජූලි 16 වන දින සාගටාලා ප්‍රදේශයේ ඩනාචි ගම්මානයේ උපත ලැබීය. ඔහු සිය ප්‍රාථමික අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබුවේ අංක 1 ඩැනාචි ගම්මානයේ ද්විතීයික පාසලෙනි.

දෙවන කරබාක් යුද්ධය සහ ඔහුගේ මරණය
රුස්ලාන් නබියෙව් 2020 සැප්තැම්බර් 21 වන දින හමුදා පුහුණුව සඳහා කැඳවනු ලැබූ අතර, සැප්තැම්බර් 27 වන දින ඔහු යුද්ධයට ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් ඉදිරිපත් විය. ඔහු සුගෝවුෂාන්, ෆිසුලි සහ අනෙකුත් කලාපවල සටන් වලට ක්‍රියාකාරී ලෙස සහභාගී විය. දේශප්‍රේමී යුද්ධය අවසන් වීමෙන් පසු ඔහු සුගෝවුෂාන් හි ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් ඉදිරිපත් විය. අස්ගාර් නබියෙව් රුස්ලාන් මුහුමා ඔග්ලු 2020 දෙසැම්බර් 8 වන දින ටාටාර් කලාපයේ සුගෝවුෂාන් ගම්මානය දෙසට වීරෝදාර විය.
අසර්බයිජානයේ ජනාධිපති ඉල්හැම් අලියෙව්ගේ නියෝගයට අනුව, 2011.12.15 දිනැති අසර්බයිජාන් ජනරජයේ භෞමික අඛණ්ඩතාව සහතික කිරීම සඳහා හමුදා මෙහෙයුම් සඳහා සහභාගී වීම වෙනුවෙන් රුස්ලාන් මුහුමා ඔග්ලුගේ අභාවයෙන් පසු අස්ගර් නබියෙව්ට "මාතෘ භූමිය සඳහා" පදක්කම පිරිනමන ලදී. සමඟ ප්‍රදානය කරන ලදි.

ත්යාග
(15.12.2020) - පදක්කම "මාතෘ භූමිය සඳහා" (මරණින් පසු)

යොමුව
https://mod.gov.az//images/pdf/5082d8a9b46b498271fb2acaf4b72bec.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSB0WnB0oAs

රුස්ලාන් නබියෙව්


Keisuke Oyama (født 7. maj 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Omiya Ardija.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Keisuke Oyama


«Keep Fishin'» es una canción de la banda de rock alternativo estadounidense Weezer. Es el segundo sencillo del cuarto álbum de la banda, Maladroit (2002). Alcanzó el puesto número 15 en el chart Alternative Songs.

Video musical
El videoclip, dirigido por Marcos Siega, muestra a Weezer como invitados en El Show de los Muppets (el baterista Patrick Wilson es capturado por Miss Piggy al comienzo). Como se comenta en el Video Capture Device DVD, este es el debut de los miembros de la banda como actores en un videoclip. Durante un tiempo, Kevin Smith iba a dirigir el video, pero sin los Muppets.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Canciones de Weezer
Canciones de 2002
Sencillos de Weezer
Sencillos de 2002
Canciones en inglés
Videos musicales con títeres
Canciones de rock

Keep Fishin'


Komsomolsk-on-Amur () is a city in Khabarovsk Krai, Russia, located on the west bank of the Amur River in the Russian Far East. It is located on the Baikal-Amur Mainline,  northeast of Khabarovsk. Population:

Geography
The city and its suburbs stretch for over  along the left bank of the Amur River. The river at this point is up to  wide. Lake Khummi is located southeast of the city.

The distance to Khabarovsk—the administrative center of the krai—is ; to the Pacific Ocean—about . The nearest other major town is Amursk, about  south.

It is about  east of Moscow, and lies at the eastern end of the BAM Railway.

History

The future site of Komsomolsk-on-Amur was conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century, becoming part of the Mongol Empire under the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. It was later held by the Manchus until the area was ceded to the Russian Empire in the treaty of Aigun in 1858. The village of Permskoye () was established on the later site of Komsomolsk in 1860 by migrant peasants from what is now the Perm Krai.

The government of the Russian SFSR announced in 1931 plans to construct a shipyard on the Amur at the present site of Komsomolsk, with construction beginning in 1932. The town was largely built using volunteer labor from the Communist youth organization Komsomol (and after 1991, the Russian Communist Youth League), thus receiving the name Komsomolsk. However, the construction of the town was aided with the use of penal labour from the prison camps situated in the area.  The suffix on Amur was added to differentiate from other towns with the same name. It was granted town status in 1933.

By the end of the 1940s, the shipyards along with facilities for other heavy industry had been completed. The city developed into a regional center for industries such as aircraft manufacturing, metallurgy, machinery, oil refining, and shipbuilding. At present, Komsomolsk-on-Amur is the main center for the manufacture of Sukhoi military aircraft and the Sukhoi Superjet airliner. The MiG-15bis  and the Lisunov Li-2 were both manufactured in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Komsomolsk-on-Amur serves as the administrative center of Komsomolsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the city of krai significance of Komsomolsk-na-Amure—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the city of krai significance of Komsomolsk-na-Amure is incorporated as Komsomolsk-na-Amure Urban Okrug. The city is administratively divided into 2 okrugs (previously raion), coinciding with the historical parts: Leninsky (Dzemgi) and Central.

In the Soviet period, the administrative-territorial division of the city was different from the present. In accordance with the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of 19 October 1943 were formed Lenin, Stalin and Central areas. Stalinsky district included the territory of Railway Amurstali and residential community.

Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR "On the Abolition of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk Krai" on August 7, 1957 in the district division was abolished, but the decree of March 31, 1972 the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the newly divided the city into two districts - Central and Leninsky.

Layout

Komsomolsk-on-Amur consists of two historical parts: the center, or "city", where the main enterprise - Shipyard, and the  Dzemgi - an area that has formed during the construction of an aircraft factory (future KnAAPO). In fact, each of the parts is a separate town, itself a single center in the city.

Areas of the city are very different architectural appearance: Center Stalinist buildings dominated the 40-50s (exception - the residential area near the railway station), Dzemgi is built up mainly typical panel apartment blocks. The "sleeping" area Dzemgi is not, as the majority of their residents work in enterprises located here.

Climate
Komsomolsk-on-Amur has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb). Temperatures in the area of the city typically change by over  over the course of the year, with a daily average of  in January, compared to  in July.

Economy and infrastructure
Komsomolsk-on-Amur is an important industrial center of Khabarovsk Krai and of the Russian Far East. It has a diversified economy where machine building, metallurgy and timber enterprises dominate.

The city's most notable company is Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association, Russia's largest aircraft-manufacturing enterprise. It is among Khabarovsk Krai's most successful enterprises, and for years has been the largest taxpayer of the territory. It has manufactured hundreds of civil aircraft and thousands of various-role military aircraft from the first recon aircraft to modern Su- series fighters and light amphibian aeroplanes. The company is hugely important to the city's economy, contributing 45% of all payments into the local budget.

Also based in the city is Amur Shipbuilding Plant, an important producer of ships and submarines.

The easternmost GLONASS telemetry and tracking station is located in Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

Two air bases are located near the city, Khurba to the south and Dzemgi to the north.

Komsomolsk-on-Amur railway station is an important rail junction of Baikal-Amur Mainline and Komsomolsk-Dezhnyovka railway line.

The city is served by the Komsomolsk-on-Amur Airport

Public transport includes 5 tram routes, bus and fixed-taxi (marshrutka). However, since January 10, 2018 the tram has not been operated, due to 'poor road condition' on Mira Prospect. It has yet to reopen and it was speculated that the suspension of tram traffic might become permanent.

The first sortie of the Sukhoi Su-57 prototype occurred at the Gagarin Factory.

Twin towns – sister cities

Komsomolsk-on-Amur is twinned with:
 Jiamusi, China (1994)
 Kamo, Japan (1991)
 Weinan, China (2016)

Notable residents

Alex Chubrevich, Israeli-Russian professional basketball player for Maccabi Haifa of the Israeli Super League.
Yuliya Chepalova, cross-country skier.
Anatoly Dyatlov, deputy chief-engineer of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant
Yury Gazinsky, footballer, scorer of the first goal at the 2018 FIFA World Cup, was born in the city
Alexandra Ivanovskaya, "Miss Russia 2005"
Valentina Khetagurova (1914–1992), founder of the Khetagurovite Campaign
Pasha Kovalev, professional dancer
Sergei Plotnikov, ice hockey player with Pittsburgh Penguins, NHL
Ivan Shtyl, sprint canoer

See also
Komsomolsk-on-Amur road-rail bridge

References

Notes

Sources

External links

Sports in Komsomolsk-on-Amur
FC Smena (Komsomolsk-on-Amur)

Cities and towns in Khabarovsk Krai
Cities and towns built in the Soviet Union
1860 establishments in the Russian Empire

Komsomolsk-on-Amur


Aasivik betyder "sommersted" eller "sommerlejr" på grønlandsk og betegner i traditionel grønlandsk kultur de bopladser hvor Inuit mødtes og boede om sommeren. I 1970erne og 80'erne opstod i Grønland en ny Aasivik tradition hvor grønlandske unge mødtes til en årlig sommerlejr hvor de diskuterede politiske emner af betydning for grønland og grønlandsk identitet. Det første af disse stævner afholdtes i Narsaq i 1976. I 1979 afholdtes Aasivik i den nedagte mineby Qullissat. Her var ofte musik, og mange kendte grønlandske bands optrådte på Aasivik og opnåede større popularitet og gennemslagskraft her, det gælder for eksempel Sumé og Juaaka Lyberth som spillede med Aasivik band. Den nye Aasivik tradition holdt ved indtil 1996, og der var derefter 15års pause før traditionen startede igen i 2012. I 2016, 40 års jubilæet for det første Aasivik i 1976, blev Aasivik igen afholdt i Narsaq.

Noter

Kultur i Grønland

Aasivik


Landssjúkrahúsið (Landssygehuset) er centralsygehuset på Færøerne. Det ligger i Tórshavn og har ca. 850 ansatte, hvilket gør sygehuset til Færøernes største arbejdsplads. Landssjúkrahúsið har 6 afdelinger, specialister på 20 medicinske discipliner, 200 sengepladser og rundt regnet 9 000 årlige indlæggelser.

Færø Amts Hospital blev bygget i 1829. I begyndelsen af 1920'erne blev det besluttet at bygge et større og mere tidsvarende hospital, og Dronning Alexandrines Hospital kunne indvies  23. februar 1924. Mellem 1968–1970 blev afdelingerne på det nuværende Landssjúkrahúsið taget i brug, efterhånden som de stod færdige. I 1971 blev det psykiatriske sygehus taget i brug, og i 2004 færdiggjordes endnu et større udbygningsprojekt.

Ansvaret for driften af Landssjúkrahúsið ligger hos det færøske sundhedsministerium.

Referencer

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg på Færøerne
Tórshavn
Etableret i 1924
Hospitaler

Landssjúkrahúsið