María de León Bello y Delgado, Ordensname María de Jesús, (* 23. März 1643 in El Sauzal, Teneriffa, Spanien; † 15. Februar 1731 in San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Teneriffa) war eine Dominikanerin und Mystikerin. Sie ist auf den Kanarischen Inseln besser bekannt als La Siervita.

Leben
María de León wuchs in einer armen Familie auf. Ihre Mutter ließ sie von einer wohlhabenden spanischen Familie vom Festland adoptieren, damit sie ein besseres Leben habe. Als aber die Adoptivfamilie beabsichtigte, mit ihr nach Amerika auszuwandern, gab die leibliche Mutter das Kind in die Obhut des Onkels. Die erste mystische Erfahrung hatte sie in ihrer Jugend, als eine Statue des Jesuskindes in der Sankt Peterskirche in El Sauzal ihr die Kirchentür öffnete, um sie zu empfangen.

Maria trat im Jahr 1668 im Kloster der hl. Katharina von Siena in der Stadt San Cristóbal de La Laguna bei den Dominikanerinnen ein, wo sie den Ordensnamen María de Jesús annahm. Hier lebte sie ein Leben des Gebetes, der Enthaltsamkeit und der Buße.

María de León Bello y Delgado starb am 15. Februar 1731 im Kloster. Es wird berichtet, vor ihrem Tod sei sie in Ekstase gefallen, ihre Pupillen seien klar geblieben und der Puls sei noch 24 Stunden fühlbar gewesen. Unter ihrem Herzen war das Stigma der Seitenwunde Christi zu sehen. Drei Jahre nach ihrem Tod wurde ihr Leichnam exhumiert, weil der Reeder Amaro Pargo einen Holzsarg spenden wollte. Ihr Körper wurde nahezu unversehrt gefunden und strömte nach den zeitgenössischen Berichten einen Duft von Jasmin aus. Seitdem werden jedes Jahr am 15. Februar (dem Jahrestag ihres Todes) ihre Reliquien in einem gläsernen Ganzkörperreliquar gezeigt. Tausende Gläubige aus verschiedenen Teilen Spaniens kommen zu dieser Feier. Der Seligsprechungsprozess Marías de León Bello y Delgado wurde eröffnet.

Weblinks

 Una casa museo para La Siervita. EL DIA
 El convento de Santa Catalina expone hoy el cuerpo de la Siervita. El Día.

Einzelnachweise

Anmerkungen

Mystiker
Geschichte (Teneriffa)
Dominikanerin
Eröffneter Seligsprechungsprozess
Person (Teneriffa)
Geboren 1643
Gestorben 1731
Frau
Bistum San Cristóbal de La Laguna o Tenerife

María de León Bello y Delgado


Pablo Puente Buces (* 16. Juni 1931 in Colindres, Spanien; † 4. Dezember 2022 in Madrid) war ein spanischer Geistlicher, römisch-katholischer Erzbischof und Diplomat des Heiligen Stuhls.

Leben
Pablo Puente Buces erwarb 1952 sein Lizentiat in Philosophie und 1956 in Theologie an der Universidad Pontificia Comillas in Madrid. Er empfing am 2. April 1956 die Priesterweihe. Anschließend besuchte er die Päpstliche Kirchliche Akademie und promovierte im Kanonischen Recht an der Päpstlichen Universität Gregoriana. Puente trat 1962 in den diplomatischen Dienst des Heiligen Stuhls ein. Seine ersten Stationen waren Paraguay, die Dominikanische Republik, Puerto Rico, Kenia und Tansania. 1970 wurde er zum Leiter der spanischen Sprachabteilung des Staatssekretariats des Heiligen Stuhls ernannt. Ab 1973 war er im Libanon und in Jugoslawien tätig. Er war Mitglied der Delegation des Heiligen Stuhls bei der Konferenz über Sicherheit und Zusammenarbeit in Europa in Helsinki und leitete 1978 die vatikanische Delegation bei der Minespol-II-Conference der Unesco.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 18. März 1980 zum Titularerzbischof von Macri und zum Apostolischen Pro-Nuntius in Indonesien. Der Kardinalpräfekt der Kongregation für die Evangelisierung der Völker, Agnelo Rossi, spendete ihm am 25. Mai desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Juan Antonio del Val Gallo, Bischof von Santander, und Gabino Díaz Merchán, Erzbischof von Oviedo. Angesichts der seit der indonesischen Invasion in Osttimor 1975 von der indonesischen Armee verübten Kriegsverbrechen und Gräueltaten, gegen die Martinho da Costa Lopes, der Apostolische Administrator des Bistums Dili, leidenschaftlich protestierte, stellte Puente sich auf die Seite der indonesischen Regierung. Die Priester des Bistums Dili machten Puente dafür verantwortlich, dass die von Lopes erbetene Audienz bei Papst Johannes Paul II. nicht zustande kam, sondern als "nicht opportun und nicht nötig" verweigert wurde und "dass der Papst zwar für Polen und die islamischen Länder betete, aber Timor vergaß". 1981 bewirkte Puente die Ablösung von Lopes.

Am 15. März 1986 wurde Puente zum Apostolischen Pro-Nuntius auf den Kap Verden und im Senegal und Apostolischen Delegaten in Guinea-Bissau und Mauretanien ernannt, zusätzlich am 12. Mai 1986 zum Apostolischen Pro-Nuntius in Mali und am 29. Mai 1987 zum Apostolischen Pro-Nuntius in Guinea-Bissau.

Am 31. Juli 1989 wurde er zum Apostolischen Nuntius in Libanon ernannt. Im Libanon bemühte er sich bei den verschiedenen Milizen und Führern islamischer politischer Parteien um eine Beendigung des seit 1975 andauernden libanesischen Bürgerkriegs. Zusätzlich wurde er am 25. Mai 1993 zum  Apostolischen Nuntius in Kuwait und zum Apostolischen Delegaten auf der Arabischen Halbinsel ernannt.

Am 31. Juli 1997 wurde er zum Apostolischen Nuntius im Vereinigten Königreich ernannt. 2001 wirkte er als Krisenmanager in der Erzdiözese Cardiff, um sich mit Ordensleuten und Laien zu treffen, nachdem der Erzbischof vorübergehend ersetzt und zwei Priester wegen sexuellen Missbrauchs von Minderjährigen abgesetzt worden waren.

Papst Johannes Paul II. gab seinem Rücktrittsgesuch am 11. Dezember 2004 statt.

Am 25. August 2019 rief Puente zur Ordination von Frauen zu katholischen Priesterinnen auf. Puente war bis zuletzt Kanoniker der Kathedrale von Santander.

Pablo Puente Buces starb am 4. Dezember 2022 im Alter von 91 Jahren in Madrid. Seine sterblichen Überreste werden in seinem Heimatort in Colindres auf dem Pfarrfriedhof von San Juan beigesetzt werden.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Titularerzbischof
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Apostolischer Nuntius in Großbritannien
Apostolischer Nuntius in Indonesien
Apostolischer Nuntius in Kuwait
Apostolischer Nuntius im Libanon
Apostolischer Nuntius in Mali
Apostolischer Nuntius in Senegal
Spanier
Geboren 1931
Gestorben 2022
Mann

Pablo Puente Buces


Taştir, bir gazelde her beytin iki mısrasının arasına iki veya üç mısra ekleyerek manzume meydana getirmektir. Divan edebiyatı nazım şeklidir.

Kelime, Arapça "bir şeyin yarısı, iki cüzünden bir cüzü" anlamındaki şatr kökünden gelir. Taştirde, aynı vezin ve kafiyede, araya iki mısra girerse terb-i mutarraf, üç mısra girerse tahmis-i mutarraf olur.

Edebiyatımızda XVIII. yüzyıldan sonra örnekleri görülen taştir çok az kullanılan bir şekildir. En çok Halveti şeyhlerinden Aydi Baba yazmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış kaynaklar

 Pala, İskender (1999 27.bas. 2016), Ansiklopedik Divan Şiiri Sözlüğü, İstanbul:Kapı Yayınları, ISBN 9758950218, Sayfa:390-391
 İpekten, Haluk (1994, 14.bas.2011), Eski Türk Edebiyatı Nazım şekilleri ve Arûz, İstanbul:Dergah Yayınları, ISBN 9759953539
 Dilçin, Cem (1983) Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi, Ankara:Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları ISBN 9789751604897
 Muallim Nâci, (haz. M. A. Yekta Saraç), (2004) Edebiyat Terimleri: Istılahât-ı Edebiyye, İstanbul:
 Tural, Sadık Kemal (ed.) (2001, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006), Türk Dünyası Edebiyat Terimleri ve Kavramları Ansiklopedik Sözlüğü 5 Cilt, Atatürk Kültür Merkezi Yayınları,  ISBN 3990000025722

Bentlerle kurulan Divan nazımı

Taştir


Óxido de potasio es un compuesto químico iónico formado por potasio y oxígeno. Es un sólido amarillo a temperatura ambiente. Es un compuesto raro ya que es altamente reactivo. Algunos productos comerciales, como fertilizantes y cementos, tienen un pequeño porcentaje que también se escribe como K2O.

Producción
El óxido de potasio se produce por la reacción del oxígeno y el potasio. Esta reacción genera peróxido de potasio: K2O2. Tratando el peróxido con potasio se produce el óxido:
 K2O2  +  2 K  →  2 K2O
Alternativamente y de forma más conveniente, K2O es sintetizado por calor a partir del nitrato potásico con potasio metálico.:
2 KNO3  +  10 K  →   6 K2O + N2
El hidróxido de potasio no puede deshidratarse para producir el óxido.

Reacciones y propiedades
K2O es un óxido básico que reacciona violentamente con agua para formar el hidróxido de potasio. Es muy delicuescente y es capaz de absorber el agua del aire atmosférico, iniciando una reacción violenta.

Fertilizantes
Aunque se usa en las etiquetas de los fertilizantes, en realidad no hay óxido de potasio propiamente dicho en los fertilizantes, recordemos que si fuera así estallarían las bolsas. El potasio se encuentra en las formas de cloruro de potasio, sulfato de potasio y carbonato de potasio. Las bolsas se etiquetan por el equivalente en peso de óxido de potasio que sería igual al potasio de la bolsa.

Referencias

Compuestos de potasio
Óxidos

Óxido de potasio


الكونت ألكسي فاسيلييف 8 سبتمبر 1802—15 أغسطس 1807
 فيودور غولبتسوف 26 أغسطس 1807—1 يناير 1810
 الكونت ديمتري غورييف 1 يناير 1810—22 أبريل 1823
 الكونت إغور كانكرين 22 أبريل 1823—1 مايو 1844
 فيودور فرونشينكو 1 مايو 1844—6 أبريل 1852
 بيوتر بروك 9 أبريل 1852—23 مارس 1858
 ألكسندر كنايزيفتتش 23 مارس 1858—23 يناير 1862
 ميخائيل ريترن 23 يناير 1862—7 يوليو 1878
 سأمويل غريغ 7 يوليو 1878—27 أكتوبر 1880
 ألكسندر أباظة 27 أكتوبر 1880—6 مايو 1881
 نيكولاي بانج 6 مايو 1881—31 ديسمبر 1886
 إيفان فيشنيغرادسكي 1 يناير 1887—30 أغسطس 1892
 الكونت سيرغي ويت 30 أغسطس 1892—16 أغسطس 1903
 ادوارد بليسك 16 أغسطس 1903—4 فبراير 1904
 الكونتفلاديمير كوكفتسوف 5 فبراير 1904—24 أكتوبر 1905
 إيفان شيبوف 28 أكتوبر 1905—24 أبريل 1906
 الكونت فلاديمير كوكوفتسوف 26 أبريل 1906—30 يناير 1914
 بيوتر بارك 30 يناير 1914—28 فبراير 1917

انظر أيضاً

 وزير المالية
 وزارة المالية في الإمبراطورية الروسية

وصلات خارجية

  وزراء روسيا الإمبريالية

قوائم وزراء الإمبراطورية الروسية
وزراء روسيا
وزراء مالية روسيا

قائمة وزراء المالية في الإمبراطورية الروسية


In commutative algebra, a regular sequence is a sequence of elements of a commutative ring which are as independent as possible, in a precise sense. This is the algebraic analogue of the geometric notion of a complete intersection.

Definitions
For a commutative ring R and an R-module M,  an element r in R is called a non-zero-divisor on M  if r m = 0 implies m = 0 for m in M. An  M-regular sequence is a sequence

r1, ..., rd in R

such that ri is a not a zero-divisor on M/(r1, ..., ri-1)M for i = 1, ..., d.  Some authors also require that M/(r1, ..., rd)M is not zero. Intuitively, to say that
r1, ..., rd is an M-regular sequence means that these elements "cut M down" as much as possible, when we pass successively from M to M/(r1)M, to M/(r1, r2)M, and so on.

An R-regular sequence is called simply a regular sequence. That is, r1, ..., rd is a regular sequence if r1 is a non-zero-divisor in R, r2 is a non-zero-divisor in the ring R/(r1), and so on. In geometric language, if X is an affine scheme and r1, ..., rd is a regular sequence in the ring of regular functions on X, then we say that the closed subscheme {r1=0, ..., rd=0} ⊂ X is a complete intersection subscheme of X.

Being a regular sequence may depend on the order of the elements. For example, x, y(1-x), z(1-x) is a regular sequence in the polynomial ring C[x, y, z], while y(1-x), z(1-x), x is not a regular sequence. But if R is a Noetherian local ring and the elements ri are in the maximal ideal, or if R is a graded ring and the ri are homogeneous of positive degree, then any permutation of a regular sequence is a regular sequence.

Let R be a Noetherian ring, I an ideal in R, and M a finitely generated R-module. The depth of I on M, written depthR(I, M) or just depth(I, M), is the supremum of the lengths of all M-regular sequences of elements of I. When R is a Noetherian local ring and M is a finitely generated R-module, the depth of M, written depthR(M) or just depth(M), means depthR(m, M); that is, it is the supremum of the lengths of all M-regular sequences in the maximal ideal m of R. In particular, the depth of a Noetherian local ring R means the depth of R as a R-module. That is, the depth of R is the maximum length of a regular sequence in the maximal ideal.

For a Noetherian local ring R, the depth of the zero module is ∞, whereas the depth of a nonzero finitely generated R-module M is at most the Krull dimension of M (also called the dimension of the support of M).

Examples

Given an integral domain  any nonzero  gives a regular sequence.
For a prime number p, the local ring Z(p) is the subring of the rational numbers consisting of fractions whose denominator is not a multiple of p. The element p is a non-zero-divisor in Z(p), and the quotient ring of Z(p) by the ideal generated by p is the field Z/(p). Therefore p cannot be extended to a longer regular sequence in the maximal ideal (p), and in fact the local ring Z(p) has depth 1.
For any field k, the elements x1, ..., xn in the polynomial ring A = k[x1, ..., xn] form a regular sequence. It follows that the localization R of A at the maximal ideal m =  (x1, ..., xn) has depth at least n. In fact, R has depth equal to n; that is, there is no regular sequence in the maximal ideal of length greater than n.
More generally, let R be a regular local ring with maximal ideal m. Then any elements r1, ..., rd of m which map to a basis for m/m2 as an R/m-vector space form a regular sequence.

An important case is when the depth of a local ring R is equal to its Krull dimension: R is then said to be Cohen-Macaulay. The three examples shown are all Cohen-Macaulay rings. Similarly, a finitely generated R-module M is said to be Cohen-Macaulay if its depth equals its dimension.

Non-Examples
A simple non-example of a regular sequence is given by the sequence  of elements in  since

has a non-trivial kernel given by the ideal  . Similar examples can be found by looking at minimal generators for the ideals generated from reducible schemes with multiple components and taking the subscheme of a component, but fattened.

Applications

If r1, ..., rd is a regular sequence in a ring R, then the Koszul complex is an explicit free resolution of R/(r1, ..., rd) as an R-module, of the form:

In the special case where R is the polynomial ring k[r1, ..., rd], this gives a resolution of k as an R-module.

If I is an ideal generated by a regular sequence in a ring R, then the associated graded ring

is isomorphic to the polynomial ring (R/I)[x1, ..., xd]. In geometric terms, it follows that a local complete intersection subscheme Y of any scheme X has a normal bundle which is a vector bundle, even though Y may be singular.

See also
Complete intersection ring
Koszul complex
Depth (ring theory)
Cohen-Macaulay ring

Notes

References

 Winfried Bruns; Jürgen Herzog, Cohen-Macaulay rings. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics, 39. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1993. xii+403 pp.
 David Eisenbud, Commutative Algebra with a View Toward Algebraic Geometry. Springer Graduate Texts in Mathematics, no. 150.

Commutative algebra
Dimension

Regular sequence


Le k queue croisée, aussi appelé kjell dans l'émission , est une lettre additionnelle de l'alphabet latin dans les systèmes de transcription phonétique Dania utilisé en linguistique danoise et Norvegia utilisé en linguistique norvégienne. Elle a la forme d'un k avec une queue croisée, c'est-à-dire hampe descendante bouclée. Il n'est pas à confondre avec le k crochet palatal .

Utilisation
Le k queue croisée représente une consonne fricative palatale sourde, transcrite  avec l'alphabet phonétique international et est utilisé par  dans la transcription phonétique Norvegia.

Représentations informatiques
Le k queue croisée n'est pas inclus dans un codage informatique standard.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Voir aussi
 Lettres supplémentaires de l'alphabet latin

K
Lettre latine additionnelle

K queue croisée


Yunanistan'ın işgâli (Yunanca: η κατοχή - "i katohi"), II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Nazi Almanyası'nın Yunanistan Savaşı'nda ülkeye saldırması ile Nisan 1941'de başlamış ve Ekim 1944'te Almanya'nın ana topraklardan geri çekilmesi ile son bulmuştur. Geri çekilmenin ardından yine de Girit ve bazı önemli adalar 1945 Haziran'ına dek Alman askerî birliklerinin denetimi altında kalmıştır.

Yunanistan'ı ilk olarak işgâl etmeye kalkışan devlet İtalya'dır. Ekim 1940'ta ülkeye saldıran İtalya'nın Yunanistan'ı almada yaşadığı başarısızlığın ardından İtalyan lider Benito Mussolini'nin Alman lider Adolf Hitler'e Yunanistan'ı işgâl planından haberdar etmemesine rağmen Hitler  Balkanlar'ı kontrol altına alabilmek ve İtalyanları desteklemek için ordusunu doğruca Yunanistan'a yönlendirmiştir. Hızlı bir "Yıldırım savaşı" taktiği ile 1941 Nisan'ında ülkeye girilmiş ve Mayıs ayının ortalarına doğru Yunanistan, Almanya, İtalya ve Bulgaristan olmak üzere üç farklı devletin işgâli altında kalmıştır.

İşgâl altında olunan süre boyunca sivil Yunanistan halkı birçok zorluk ile karşı karşıya kalmış ve 300,000 sivil açlık ve salgın hastalıklardan dolayı yaşamını yitirmiştir. Ülkenin ekonomisi tamamı ile çökmüştür. Tüm bu olumsuzluklara rağmen Avrupa'da görülen en etkili direniş hareketleri yine de Yunanistan'dan çıkmıştır. Bu güçler ülkeyi denetim altında bulunduran gruplara karşı gerilla atakları ile saldırmışlar ve büyük casusluk eylemlerinde bulunmuşlardır. 1943 yılına gelindiğinde bu direnişçi gruplar birbirleriyle çatışmalara girmişler ve tam bağımsızlığın alındığı 1944 yılında krizde olan ülkede iç savaşın çıkmasına neden olmuşlardır.

Yunanistan'ın düşüşü

28 Ekim 1940 tarihinde, sabahın erken saatlerinde İtalya Büyükelçisi Emmanuel Grazzi, Yunan başbakan Yannis Metaksas'a resmî bir ültimatom verdi. Yunanistan'ın uyarıyı tanımamasını bildirmesi üzerine İtalya 3 saat içinde işgâl altında bulundurduğu Arnavutluk topraklarından Yunanistan'a kaydırma yaptı. Mussolini'nin Yunanistan'ı işgâlindeki bir başka amaç da İtalya'nın da Alman orduları ile aynı oranda güçlü olduğunu kanıtlama çabasıydı. Yunanistan'ın da işgâli üzerine Mussolini Güneydoğu Avrupa'yı İtalya'nın avuçlarında olduğu düşüncesine inanmıştır.

İşgâl üzerine karşı harekete geçen Yunan ordusu Mussolini'nin ve generallerinin bu görüşünü bir nebze yıkmıştır. İtalyan saldırılarına misilleme yapan Yunanistan Aralık ortalarına gelindiğinde İtalya'nın işgâli altında bulunan Arnavutluk'un çeyreği kadarını ele geçirmiştir. Yunan ordusunun bu başarılarını, 1941 yılının Mart ayında İtalyan'ların Balkanlar'ın hâkimiyetini ele geçirdikleri yönündeki tüm savlarını yıkan bir yenilgi alması izlemiştir. Yunanistan'ın bu başarısı II. Dünya Savaşı'nda çoklu kuvvetlerce işgâl edilmiş topraklarda kazanılmış ilk zaferdir.

6 Nisan 1941 tarihinde İtalya'nın aldığı bu yenilginin üzerine hiç hesapta olmamasına karşın Almanya İtalya'nın yardımına koşmak zorunda kalmış ve Bulgaristan üzerinden ülkeye girerek Yunanistan Savaşı'nı başlattı. Yunan orduları Alman askerleri ile giriştikleri mücadelede başarısız olmuş ve 27 Nisan'da başkent Atina düşmüştür.

Üçlü işgâl süreci

Yunanistan toprakları işgâl süresince Almanya, İtalya ve Bulgaristan olmak üzere üç ayrı devletin kontrolünde kalmıştır. Almanya, başkent Atina, Selanik, Orta Makedonya ve Girit gibi bazı adaların da arasında olduğu stratejik öneme sahip noktaları işgâl ederken, Bulgaristan Evros ili hariç, Batı Trakya ve Doğu Makedonya'ya girerek ve topraklarına kattığını açıklamıştır. Savaştan sonra uzun süre bu topraklar üzerinde hak iddia eden Bulgaristan istediğini elde edememiştir. Bulgaristan ve Almanya'nın işgâl ettiği yerler dışında kalan diğer tüm yerler de İtalyan kuvvetlerince işgâl edilmiştir.  Eylül 1943'te İtalya'nın silah bıraktığını açıklaması ile bu bölgelere Alman askerî birlikleri kaymıştır. Bu dönemde İngiliz ordusu İtalya'nın çekildiği bölgelere konuşlanarak Ege Denizi'ne inmeye teşebbüs etmişse de Leros Savaşı'nda Alman ordularına yenilmiş ve geri çekilmiştir.

İşgâl sürecinin ardından

İşgalin ardından siyasi kaosa sürüklenen ülkede kısa süre içinde Yunan İç Savaşı olarak bilinen iç savaş çıkar.

Yunanistan, II. Dünya Savaşı'ndan toprak kazancıyla çıkan birkaç Avrupa ülkesinden biridir. Savaşın sonunda, I. Dünya Savaşı'nda İtalya'ya verilmiş olan Oniki Ada Yunanistan'ın eline geçmiştir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Wehrmacht Griechenlands Almanya'nın Yunanistan'ı işgâli hakkında bir site

Ayrıca bakınız
 Yunan Direnişi
 Sürgündeki Yunanistan Hükûmeti

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Yunanistan


Los rollos del Tío Sam / El guarapo y la melcocha es un sencillo de la banda cubana Grupo Manguaré, lanzado en 1972 bajo el sello discográfico DICAP, y perteneciente a su álbum Manguaré, lanzado el mismo año por el mismo sello.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1972
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular


Agave jaliscana ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung der Agaven (Agave) in der Unterfamilie der Agavengewächse (Agavoideae). Das Artepitheton jaliscana stammt aus dem Lateinischen und verweist auf das Vorkommen der Art im mexikanischen Bundesstaat Jalisco.

Beschreibung
Agave jaliscana wächst einzeln oder vielköpfig mit halbfleischigen Wurzeln. Speicherrhizome sind länglich und messen 1,3 bis 2,2 Zentimeter im Durchmesser, ausgebreitete Rhizome sind zylindrisch. Die fünf bis zehn ausgebreiteten, linealischen, krautigen Laubblätter sind rinnig. Ihre Spitze ist spitz und trägt ein kurzes Spitzchen. Die winzig zerstreut papillate, grüne, nicht gefleckte Blattspreite ist 49 bis 78 (selten bis 93) Zentimeter lang und 0,6 bis 1,4 (selten bis 2,8) Zentimeter breit. Die  Blattränder weisen sehr schmale, hyaline Bänder auf und sind gelegentlich winzig papillat. Die Reste der Blattbasis zerfallen in 4 bis 7 Zentimeter lange steife Fasern.

Der "ährige" Blütenstand erreicht eine Höhe von 100 bis 155 Zentimeter. Der verlängerte, halbdichte blütentragende Teil ist 11 bis 38 (selten bis 42) Zentimeter lang und trägt elf bis 40 sitzende oder manchmal kurz gestielte Blüten. Ausgewachsene Blüten sind nahezu aufrecht. Der schmal ellipsoide Fruchtknoten ist 8 bis 13 (selten 6 bis 16) Millimeter lang und hat einen Hals. Die schmal trichterförmige, gerade Perigonröhre ist über dem Fruchtknoten leicht eingeschnürt. Sie weist eine Länge von 4 bis 10 Millimeter auf. Die länglichen, schmalen und zurückgebogenen Zipfel sind 9 bis 17 Millimeter lang. Der Griffel überragt die Blütenröhre um 62 bis 84 (selten 56 bis 98) Millimeter. Die keulenförmigen Narben sind dreikantig und tief gefurcht. Die Blütezeit reicht vom frühen November bis in den frühen April.

Die kugelförmigen bis länglichen Früchte sind 1,1 bis 2,7 Zentimeter lang und 1,2 bis 1,7 Zentimeter breit. Sie enthalten Samen von 3 bis 4 Millimeter Länge und 4 bis 5 Millimeter Breite.

Systematik und Verbreitung
Agave jaliscana ist in den  mexikanischen Bundesstaaten Sonora, Jalisco und Michoacán auf lockerem, schwarzem Lehm oder Felsen, in Kiefern-Eichenwälder und an grasigen Hängen verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung als Manfreda jaliscana durch Joseph Nelson Rose wurde 1903 veröffentlicht. Alwin Berger stellte die Art 1915 in die Gattung Agave. Ein nomenklatorisches Synonym ist Polianthes jaliscana  (1966).

Die Art gehört in die Untergattung Manfreda und wird dort der Manfreda-Gruppe zugeordnet.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Herbarbelege von Manfreda jaliscana

Agaven
Jaliscana

Agave jaliscana


الوليد عبدالكريم احمد العواضي

الوليد العواضي (25 ابريل)، مخرج ومنتج سينمائي يمني.

أفلام
 سدره بطولة: سعد الفرج.
 تورا بورا بطولة: سعد الفرج.

المراجع

صانعو أفلام كويتيون
مخرجون كويتيون

وليد العوضي


تيكنوبوليس: هي مدينة تكنولوجية، دشّنها العاهل المغربي محمد السادس عام 2005.

مشروع مخصص للتقنيات الجديدة. ستبنى على مساحة 300 هكتار ستحدث 12 ألف منصب عمل بحلول 2016. ويتوخى المشروع إحداث مراكز بحث وجامعات وبنيات تحتية ومقاولات تجارية. المرحلة من المشروع التي ستبدأ في النصف الثاني من العام القادم تقدر كلفتها بحوالي 1.5 مليار درهم. ويتوخى أيضاً إحداث منتزه إعلامي يخصص للإنتاج السينمائي والسمعي البصري.

تضم هده المدينة التكنولوجية حرم الجامعي مخصصة للتدريب في مجالات التفوق، والبحث والتطوير، واحتضان المشاريع التكنولوجية المبتكرة.
وحدة لتطوير البرمجيات
وحدة مخصصة لعمليات الأعمال إلى الخارج (التعاقد الخارجي بشأن العمليات التجارية)
وحدة مخصصة لالسمعية والبصرية والوسائط المتعددة

تتمتع مدينة تكنولوجيا مبتكرة والتهوية كما حرم، والبنية التحتية والإدارة وفقا لأفضل المعايير الدولية لجعلها الوجهة المفضلة للاستثمارات والمشاريع المتصلة مجالات التكنولوجيات الجديدة. أحدثت هذه المدينة التكنولوجية في إطار شراكة بين صندوق الإيداع والتدبير ووزارة الصناعة والتجارة والتكنولوجات الحديثة وولاية جهة الرباط.

سيوفر هذا القطب إطارا ملائما من الخدمات للمستثمرين، تتمثل في شباك واحد للاستثمار، ومركز للأعمال، وخزانة متعددة الوسائط، ومركز للندوات، ومكتب للتوظيف، وخدمات في مجال المحاسبة والاتصال، إضافة إلى خدمات بنكية وتأمينية وفندقية، ووكالات للأسفار، ومركب رياضي وترفيهي، وخدمات صحية، وقطب سكني.

يشكل هذا القطب، الذي سيساهم في خلق 30 ألف منصب شغل جديد في أفق 2013، جزءاً من شبكة حظيرة أقطاب التكنولوجيا بالمغرب، التي تشرف على تهيئتها شركة «ميد زيد» والرامية إلى تطوير المؤهلات الاقتصادية للمغرب ودعم نموه.

سيستفيد هذا القطب من الشبكة الواسعة من مؤسسات المعرفة، التي تتوفر عليها الرباط، وخاصة المعاهد الجامعية والمدارس العليا، كما أنه يوجد على بعد خمسة كيلومترات من مطار الرباط سلا، ولا تفصله سوى 60 دقيقة عن العاصمة الاقتصادية للمملكة، مما يسهل عملية التواصل اليومي بالشركاء الدوليين للمغرب من خلال 300 عملية ربط يومية نحو أوروبا والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية والشرق الأوسط.

بالإضافة إلى موقعه الجغرافي المتميز، فإن هذا القطب يوجد بملتقى ثلاثة من أهم محاور الطرق السيارة بالمغرب، ولا يبعد سوى بساعتين عن مدينة طنجة، بوابة المغرب نحو أوروبا، وهي مؤهلات ستسهل من عملية استقطاب الموارد البشرية المؤهلة.

يعد هذا القطب فضاء مركبا يعتمد على التنسيق بين ثلاثة مجالات متداخلة هي التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي وعالم المقاولة، في إطار شراكة مع شبكة من المؤسسات ذات الصلة كما سيستقطبها هذا الفضاء المقاولات ومؤسسات البحث. يعتبر هذا القطب التكنولوجي الجديد أول «قرية ذكية» بالمملكة، تهدف إلى خلق طاقات إنتاجية في العديد من القطاعات التكنولوجية، وكذا إلى خلق مجال لإنماء المشاريع الواعدة، التي توفر الشروط المناسبة لبروز قطاعات ذات محتوى تكنولوجي قوي تولد قيمة مضافة عليا.

سيمكن «تيكنوبوليس» من ظهور وتطوير قطاعات تكنولوجية مهمة، وخاصة مشروع «سوفت سانتر»، الذي سيكون علامة بارزة في مغرب الغد، والذي يعتبر الدعامة الأساسية والطبيعية للاستثمار في صيانة البرمجيات المعلوماتية، وهندسة تدبير الشركات، وتكوين الموارد البشرية المؤهلة تأهيلا جيداً في مجال تطوير البرمجيات.

هناك أيضاً مشروع «الأوفشورينغ»، أو السوق اللامركزية لإعادة توطين المهن والخدمات عن بعد، مما سيسمح بتطوير المعارف عن طريق التركيز على المواهب والمهارات وتحفيز واستقطاب المستثمرين وتخليص القطاعات من الجانب الإداري «باك أوفيس»، وتحويله إلى قاعدة مجهزة على أعلى مستوى بأطر وكفاءات عليا مؤهلة.

مراجع

بلدات مخطط لها في المغرب
تأسيسات سنة 2005 في المغرب
سلا

تكنوبوليس الرباط


"Satellite" é uma canção do cantor britânico Harry Styles, gravada para seu terceiro álbum de estúdio, Harry's House (2022). Foi escrita por Styles com os produtores Kid Harpoon e Tyler Johnson. A canção foi lançada como o quarto single do álbum em 3 de maio de 2023.

Antecedentes e produção
Em 23 de março de 2022, Harry Styles anunciou seu terceiro álbum de estúdio, Harry's House, revelando sua capa, um trailer de 40 segundos e a data de lançamento do álbum para 20 de maio de 2022. Em 29 de abril de 2022, Styles divulgou a lista de faixas do álbum nas redes sociais, revelando "Satellite" como a décima primeira faixa. A canção foi escrita por Styles com os produtores Kid Harpoon e Tyler Johnson. Foi gravada em três estúdios: Angelic Studios e The Cave Studios localizados em Londres, Inglaterra e Henson Studios em Hollywood, LA, Estados Unidos. Foi mixada por Spike Stent com assistência de Matt Wolach, e masterizada por Randy Merrill. Jeremy Hatcher e Nick Lobel cuidaram da engenharia com assistência de Luke Gibbs, Adele Phillips, Josh Caulder e Joe Dougherty.

Lançamento e promoção
"Satellite" foi lançada através da Columbia Records e Erskine em 20 de maio de 2022, como a décima primeira faixa do terceiro álbum de Styles, Harry's House. Em 30 de abril de 2023, Styles anunciou que "Satellite" seria o quarto single do álbum, com lançamento para 3 de maio de 2023. A Sony Music enviou a canção para estações de rádios italianas em 5 de maio de 2023.

Vídeo musical
O vídeo de "Satellite" foi dirigido por Aube Perrie e lançado em 3 de maio de 2023.

Desempenho nas paradas musicais

Paradas semanais

Certificações

Histórico de lançamento

Canções de 2022
Singles de 2023
Canções gravadas por Harry Styles
Singles lançados pela Columbia Records

Satellite (canção de Harry Styles)


Svijet

Natjecanja
 24. lipnja do 16. srpnja – Svjetsko prvenstvo u nogometu u Brazilu: prvak Urugvaj
 22. srpnja – Odmah poslije nogometno SP u Brazilu, na kongresu FIFA-e, potvrđeno je da prvo poslijeratno svjetsko nogometno prvenstvo u Europi dobije neutralna Švicarska. Odluka o domaćinstvu donesena je i zbog proslave pedesete godišnjice osnutka FIFA-e koja je od 1923. godine imala sjedište u Zürichu.
 22. listopada. do 3. studenoga – Svjetsko prvenstvo u košarci u Argentini: prvak Argentina

Svjetska natjecanja

Kontinentska natjecanja

Europska natjecanja
 Od 20. do 27. kolovoza – Europsko prvenstvo u vaterpolu u Beču u Austriji: prvak Nizozemska

Osnivanja
 Stade Brestois 29, francuski nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Natjecanja

Timski športovi

Pojedinačni športovi

Osnivanja
 HŠK Posušje, bosanskohercegovački nogometni klub

Rekordi

Nagrade

Ostali događaji

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Šport u 1950.


As a result of the Syrian Civil War since 2011, there are at least two flags used to represent Syria, used by different factions in the war. The incumbent government of the Syrian Arab Republic led by the Ba'ath Party uses the red-white-black tricolour originally used by the United Arab Republic, while Syrian opposition factions such as the Syrian National Coalition use the green-white-black tricolour known as the ''Independence flag'', first used by Mandatory Syria.

Flag of the Syrian Government

The current flag was first adopted in 1958 to represent Syria as part of the United Arab Republic, and was used until 1961. It was readopted in 1980. Since its first adoption, variations of the red-white-black flag have been used in various Arab Unions of Syria with Egypt, Libya, Sudan, Yemen, and Iraq. Although Syria is not part of any Arab state union, the flag of the United Arab Republic was readopted to show Syria's commitment to Arab unity. The usage of the flag has become disputed because it is often associated with the Ba'ath Party and has come to represent parties loyal to Bashar al-Assad's government in the Syrian civil war.

The Syrian flag is described in Article 6 of the Syrian Constitution. The first paragraph of the Article states:

The flag is based on the Arab Liberation Flag, which had four colours – black, green, white and red – representing four major dynasties of Arab history: Abbasids, Faṭimids, Umayyads, and Hashimites.

Interpretation of the colors

Color approximations
Valid for:

Valid for:

Flag of the Syrian Opposition

During the ongoing civil war, the Syrian opposition, represented by the Syrian National Council, then by the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces (commonly named the Syrian National Coalition) used a modified version of the independence flag first used in 1932 with a 2:3 aspect ratio. The modified independence flag began to be used as a universal display of the protesting opposition in late 2011. The opposition wanted to distinguish themselves from the current Syrian government and favoured the use of the flag used when Syria gained its independence from France. Khaled Kamal, an official from the Syrian National Council, now believes this flag to also represent independence and the end of Bashar al-Assad's government. Today the flag is mainly used in areas controlled by the Syrian National Coalition. The use of the modified independence flag is similar to the Libyan rebels' use of the pre-Gaddafi red-black-green-white Libyan flag from the era of the Kingdom of Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi's green flag. The original 1:2 aspect ratio flag has been used by the opposition unofficially on several occasions.

Historic flags of Syria

Kingdom of Syria (1920)

The Ottoman flag had been used in Syria until Ottomans left the country on 18 September 1918. In 1918, the official flag of Syria was the Faysal flag, or Flag of the Arab Revolt, the flag of the 1916–1918 Arab Revolt against the Ottomans. It was officially adopted by the Hashemite family on 30 September 1918 and remained in use until 8 March 1920. This was the first flag to use the green/red/white/black combination seen in most subsequent Syrian flags. The colours' symbolism has been described as follows: white for the Damascene Umayyad period, green for the Caliph Ali, red for the Khawarij radical Islamic movement, and black for the Islamic prophet Muhammad, showing the "political use of religion" in opposition to the increasingly secularized Turkish colonial rule. Alternately, it has been argued that the horizontal colors stand for the Abbasid (black), Umayyad (white) and Fatimid (green) Caliphates and the red triangle to the Hashemite dynasty.

Under the Arab Kingdom of Syria, the Faysal flag was redesigned with a 7-pointed white star imposed on the red triangle, and was in use until 24 July 1920. This flag was, however, adopted by Jordan somewhat later. The kingdom lasted for just over 4 months in 1920 before being occupied by France and formally incorporated into the French colonial empire for some 12 years.

French Mandate flags (1920–32)

The Faysal flag was abandoned with the arrival of French colonials to Syria. The French High Commissioner for Syria, General Henri Gouraud adopted the new flag of the French Mandate of Syria (blue with a white crescent, see below) on 24 July 1920. Gouraud's flag was in use until 1 September 1920, after which Syria was split into separate territories, each eventually given its own flag (see below). On 22 June 1922 Gouraud established the Federation of Syria, which used a green-white-green flag with a French flag canton. When this federation was consolidated into the State of Syria in 1925 the same flag continued to be used until the establishment of the republic on 14 May 1930.

Independence flag

French Mandate and independence (1930–58, 1961–63)

The flag of the newly established Syrian Republic, under the French mandate was determined by the 1930 constitution. The constitution was drafted by a parliamentary committee led by nationalist leader Ibrahim Hananu. At first, French authorities refused to allow the constituent assembly to ratify the constitution, and Henri Ponsot, the High Commissioner of the Levant, dissolved the assembly on 5 February 1929. After a public uproar, French authorities rescinded their decision and decided to approve the draft with some changes. On 14 May 1930, Ponsot issued decree number 3111, which approved the Syrian-drafted "Constitution of the Syrian Republic", and which in Article IV of Part I states:

The flag's green colour stood for the Rashidun, white represented the Umayyads and black symbolised the Abbasids. Originally, the three red stars represented the three districts of Syria: the "states" of Aleppo, Damascus, and Deir ez-Zor. In 1936, the Sanjak of Latakia and Jebel Druze were added to Syria, and the representation of the three stars was changed, with the first representing the districts of Aleppo, Damascus and Deir ez-Zor, the second Jebel Druze, and the final star representing Sanjak of Latakia. The flag was used as a symbol for the desire for autonomy, for Syrians to rally around when France reneged on its agreement to leave the country, due to the outbreak of World War II. The symbolism was as follows: black for the dark oppressed past, white for a promising future and red for the blood to be sacrificed to move from the former to the latter. The flag was adopted when Syria gained its independence on 17 April 1946. The standard was used until the creation of the United Arab Republic, a state union of Syria and Egypt, in 1958. After the collapse of the United Arab Republic, Syria continued to use the UAR's flag until 28 September 1961, when the independence flag was restored to disassociate Syria from the former failed union.

Ba'athist flags

The current two-star flag of Syria was first adopted by Gamal Abd al-Nasser, president of Egypt and president of the United Arab Republic. The flag was changed from the former independence flag in April 1958 along with associated laws designed to create a greater Arab identity. The new flag took the coloured red-white-black bands from the Egyptian revolutionary flag, and the stars on the flag were changed from red to green to indicate the pan-Arab colours. The two stars represented Egypt and Syria.

After Syria left the UAR on 28 September 1961, the previous independence flag was readopted to disassociate Syria from the failed union.

Following the 1963 Ba'athist coup d'état, a new flag was adopted by its Revolutionary Command Council on 8 March 1963, and was used until 1 January 1972. In 1963, the Ba'athist regime came to power in Iraq as well, and the two Ba'athist governments began negotiations in Cairo in order to once again form a union between Egypt, Syria and Iraq. The process failed after the Iraqi Ba'athist government was overthrown in November 1963 but both Syria and Iraq did adopt a new flag to represent the union. This flag was not much different from the flag of the UAR, with only a change from two stars to three, in order to represent the addition of Iraq to the Federation. The three stars represented the unity of Egypt, Syria and Iraq, as well as three pillars of Ba'athism: unity, freedom, and socialism.

President Hafez al-Assad adopted a new flag on 1 January 1972, as Syria joined Egypt and Libya in the Federation of Arab Republics. The green stars were replaced by the Hawk of Quraish (the symbol of the tribe of the Prophet Muhammad). The eagle held the ribbon with the name of the Federation, but unlike Egypt and Libya, Syria did not include its name on the coat of arms. This flag was an official flag during the October War in 1973. The Federation was dissolved in 1977, but Syria continued to use the flag for the next three years. The flag was abrogated on 29 March 1980, and replaced by the current two-star flag in order to show Syria's commitment to Arab unity.

List of flags of Syria

Flags of heads of state

Military flags

See also
 Coat of arms of Syria
 Pan-Arab colors
 Flag of the Arab Revolt
 Flag of Egypt
 Flag of Iraq
 Flag of Jordan
 Flag of Kuwait
 Flag of Palestine
 Flag of Sudan
 Flag of the United Arab Emirates
 Flag of Yemen

References

Bibliography

Further reading
 Mohammad Dibo Debate: The New Syria between Flags and Languages, SyriaUntold 14 June 2016.

Syria
National symbols of Syria
Syria

Flag of Syria


Symphonia, biljni rod iz porodice kluzijevki kojemu pripadaju 16 vrsta srednjeg i velikog drveća, rjeđe grmova u tropskoj Americi, tropskoj Africi i Madagaskaru.

Rod je opisan 1781./1782.

Vrste
 Symphonia clusioides Baker
 Symphonia eugenioides Baker
 Symphonia fasciculata (Thouars) Baill.
 Symphonia globulifera L.f.
 Symphonia gymnoclada (Planch. & Triana) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Vesque
 Symphonia lepidocarpa Baker
 Symphonia linearis H.Perrier
 Symphonia louvelii Jum.
 Symphonia microphylla (Hils. & Bojer ex Cambess.) Benth. & Hook.f. ex Vesque
 Symphonia nectarifera Jum. & H.Perrier
 Symphonia oligantha Baker f.
 Symphonia pauciflora Baker
 Symphonia sessiliflora H.Perrier
 Symphonia tanalensis Jum.
 Symphonia urophylla (Decne. ex Planch. & Triana) Vesque
 Symphonia verrucosa (Hils. & Bojer ex Planch. & Triana) Vesque

Sinonimi
 Actinostigma Welw.
 Aneuriscus C.Presl
 Chrysopia Noronha ex Thouars

Izvori

Symphonieae

Symphonia (Plantae)


Luddesdown es una parroquia civil del distrito de Gravesham, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Luddesdown tiene una superficie de 8,1 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Luddesdown tenía 198 habitantes (54,04% varones, 45,96% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 24,44 hab/km². El 16,67% eran menores de 16 años, el 76,77% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 6,57% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 44,2 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 25,45% estaban solteros, el 63,64% casados y el 10,91% divorciados o viudos.

El 95,9% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido y el 4,1% de cualquier otro lugar salvo del resto de países europeos. Según su grupo étnico, todos eran blancos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 77% y el islam por el 1,5%, mientras que el 12% no eran religiosos y el 9,5% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

108 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 102 de ellos (94,44%) empleados y 6 (5,56%) desempleados. Había 80 hogares con residentes y 3 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Parroquias civiles de Kent

Luddesdown


Viscount Hanworth, of Hanworth in the County of Middlesex, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom.

The title was created on 17 January 1936 for the judge turned Conservative Member of Parliament who achieved the judicial position of Master of the Rolls, Ernest Pollock, 1st Baron Hanworth. He had already been created a Baronet, of Hanworth in the County of Middlesex, on 27 November 1922, in the Baronetage of the United Kingdom, and Baron Hanworth, of the same territorial designation, on 28 January 1926.  the titles are held by his great-grandson, the third Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1996.

Baron Hanworth (1926)
Ernest Murray Pollock, 1st Baron Hanworth (1861–1936) (created Viscount Hanworth in 1936)

Viscount Hanworth (1936)
Ernest Murray Pollock, 1st Viscount Hanworth (1861–1936)
David Bertram Pollock, 2nd Viscount Hanworth (1916–1996)
David Stephen Geoffrey Pollock, 3rd Viscount Hanworth (born 1946)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's nephew, Harold William Charles Pollock (born 1988).

Male-line family tree

Arms

Territorial designation

In a poor state of repair the large two-storey brick house was built following a fire in 1797 by the Duke of St Albans. What remained of it was later bought with a few acres of attached lawns and fields by the first Viscount however quickly converted into the London Air Park.  The Viscount also transferred his Hanworth Park estate to public benefit in the suburb of Hanworth, London.  Its later shape is now a mixture of public grassland and recreational amenities such as sports pitches funded by two local charitable clubs and a leisure centre, built by the London borough.

See also
Pollock Baronets, of Hatton, and Pollock Baronets, of The Khyber Pass

References

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

External links

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1936
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Viscount Hanworth


Jaume Almirall i Sardà () este un elenist și neoelenist catalan, profesor și doctor în filologie clasică al Universității din Barcelona.

El este membru și, în prezent, vicepreședinte al Societății Catalane de Studii Clasice din cadrul Institutului de Studii Catalane. În calitate de colaborator al Fundației Bernat Metge, a tradus pentru colecția operelor clasice grecești și latine operele lui Aratos (Fenòmens), Antoninus Liberalis (Recull de metamorfosis) și Euripide (Medea și Els fills d'Hèracles), urmând să publice cele două tragedii ale acestui ultim autor. Activitatea sa de elenist s-a evidențiat prin participări constante la congrese și publicări în reviste de specialitate, prin elaborarea unei versiuni a lucrării Història de Lluci, l'home que es va convertir en ruc de Lucian din Samosata și prin redactarea Dicționarului greco-catalan (2015), coeditat de Enciclopèdia Catalana și Fundació Cambó.

Almirall este interesat nu numai de greaca veche, ci și de greaca modernă, fiind membru fondator și în prezent vicepreședinte al Asociației Catalane a Neoeleniștilor. A revizuit traducerea romanului Alexis Zorbàs de Nikos Kazantzakis, realizată de Jaime Berenguer Amenós, pentru noua sa ediție (1995) și este traducătorul povestirii "Cine era ucigașul fratelui meu?", de Geòrgios Viziïnós, în volumul Povestiri (2006). A publicat o selecție de poezii de Nikos Kavadias în revista Reduccions (2008) și a participat la elaborarea în 2010 a unei scurte antologii a poemelor lui Kavadias (în colaborare cu Joan-Carles Blanco Pérez, Jesús Cabezas Tanco, Joan F. Calabuig Calvo și Rubén Montañés Gómez), rezultatul unui ciclu monografic dedicat acestui autor de Associació Catalana de Neohel·lenistes. A mai realizat traduceri ale povestirilor lui Kavadias: Li i altres relats (2013).

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1959
Filologi catalani
Filologi spanioli
Traducători catalani
Traducători spanioli
Eleniști

Jaume Almirall i Sardà


The Achaean League (Greek: , Koinon ton Akhaion "League of Achaeans") was a Hellenistic-era confederation of Greek city states on the northern and central Peloponnese.  The league was named after the region of Achaea in the northwestern Peloponnese, which formed its original core. The first league was formed in the fifth century BC.  The second Achaean League was established in 280 BC.  As a rival of Antigonid Macedon and an ally of Rome, the league played a major role in the expansion of the Roman Republic into Greece. This process eventually led to the League's conquest and dissolution by the Romans in 146 BC.

The League represents the most successful attempt by the Greek city states to develop a form of federalism, which balanced the need for collective action with the desire for local autonomy. Through the writings of the Achaean statesman Polybius, this structure has had an influence on the constitution of the United States and other modern federal states.

History

Classical league
The first Achaean League became active in the fifth century in the northwestern Peloponnese. After the catastrophic destruction of the ancient capital Helike by an earthquake and tsunami in 373 BC, it appears to have lapsed. Xenophon's Hellenica reports that Achaea underwent a democratic revolution in 367 and the previous ruling class was exiled.

Hellenistic league
The regional Achaean League was reformed in 281/0 BC by the communities of Dyme, Patrae, Pharae and Tritaea, joined in 275 by Aegium, which controlled the important sanctuary of Zeus Homarios. The league grew quickly to include the entire Achaean heartland, and after a decade it had ten or eleven members. The key moment for the League's transformation into a major power came in 251, when Aratus, the exiled son of a former magistrate of Sicyon, overthrew the tyranny in his native city and brought it into the Achaean League. Since the Sicyonians were of Dorian and Ionian origin, their inclusion opened the League for other national elements. Aratus, then only twenty years old, rapidly became the leading politician of the League. In the thirty two years between 245 and his death in 213, Aratus would hold the office of general a total of sixteen times.

At this time, Central Greece and the Peloponnese were dominated by the Macedonian Kingdom of Antigonus II Gonatas who maintained garrisons at key strategic points such as Chalcis, Piraeus and Acrocorinth, the so-called "fetters of Greece". In other cities of the Peloponnese, namely Argos, Orchomenus, and Megalopolis, Antigonus had installed friendly rulers who were perceived as tyrants by the Achaeans. Aratus, whose father had been killed by one, called for the liberation of these cities and secured financial support for the League from Ptolemy II of Egypt, an enemy of the Antigonids. He then used the money to challenge the Macedonian hold on the Peloponnese.

Aratus' greatest success came when he captured Corinth and the fortress of Acrocorinth in 243 BC in a daring night attack. This effectively blocked Macedonian access to the Peloponnese by land, isolating their allies at Megalopolis and Argos. In light of this success, a number of Greek communities, including Epidaurus and Megara joined the League and Ptolemy III increased Egypt's support for the Achaeans, being elected as the League's hegemon (leader) in return. Antigonus Gonatas finally made peace with the Achaean League in a treaty of 240 BC, ceding the territories that he had lost in Greece.

The increased size of the league meant a bigger citizen army and more wealth, which was used to hire mercenaries, but it also led to hostility from the remaining independent Greek states, especially Elis, the Aetolian League and Sparta, which perceived the Achaeans as a threat. Corinth was followed by Megalopolis in 235 BC and Argos in 229 BC. However the league soon ran into difficulties with the revived Sparta of Cleomenes III. Aratus was forced to call in the aid of the Macedonian King, Antigonus III Doson, who defeated Cleomenes in Sellasia. Antigonus Doson re-established Macedonian control over much of the region. In 229 BC, the Achaean League participated in a naval battle off the island of Paxos in a coalition with Korkyra and the Aetolian League, and were defeated by a coalition of Illyrians  and Acarnanians; as a result, the Korkyreans were forced to accept an Illyrian garrison in their city, which was put under the command of Demetrius of Pharos.

In 220 BC, the Achaean League entered into a war against the Aetolian League, which was called the "Social War". The young king Philip V of Macedon sided with the Achaeans and called for a Panhellenic conference in Corinth, where the Aetolian aggression was condemned. After Aratus's death, however, the League joined Rome in the Second Macedonian War (200–196 BC), which broke Macedonian power in mainland Greece. The Achaean League was one of the main beneficiaries. Under the leadership of Philopoemen, the League was able to finally defeat a heavily weakened Sparta and take control of the entire Peloponnese.

The League's dominance was not to last long, however. During the Third Macedonian War (171–168 BC), the League flirted with the idea of an alliance with Perseus of Macedon, and the Romans punished it by taking several hostages to ensure good behavior, including Polybius, the Hellenistic historian who subsequently wrote about the rise of the Roman Republic. In 146 BC, the league's relations with Rome completely collapsed, leading to the Achaean War. The Romans under Lucius Mummius defeated the Achaeans at the Battle of Corinth, razed Corinth and dissolved the League, finally putting an end to the independence of Ancient Greece from external rule and ushering in the Roman era. G.T. Griffith has written that Achaean War was "a hopeless enterprise for the Achaeans, badly led and backed by no adequate reserves of money or men." Lucius Mummius received the agnomen Achaicus ("conqueror of Achaea") for his role.

Roman era
The original name Koinon of Achaeans (Achaean League) continues to exist in epigraphy, denoting either the previous Peloponnesian members (see koinon of Free Laconians) or  the whole of Roman Achaea. In c. 120 BC Achaeans of cities in the Peloponnese dedicated an honorary inscription to Olympian Zeus, after a military expedition with Gnaeus Domitius against the Galatians in Gallia Transalpina. In Athens, in AD 221–222, the koinon of Achaeans, when the  was Egnatius Brachyllus, decided to send an embassy to the emperor Caracalla

Government
The government of the league consisted of an assembly of citizens, a smaller council, and a  (general).

The  (general) controlled the league's military forces. Originally, two  held office simultaneously, but from 251, there was only one, who was elected annually by the assembly. Until 217 the  entered office in May; afterwards he assumed power at the beginning of winter. Individuals could hold the office more than once (and frequently did so), but not in consecutive years. The general was assisted in his duties by a board of ten demiourgoi, a secretary, a  (cavalry commander), a  (admiral), and  (sub-generals commanding in military districts). The office of Hegemon (leader) was given to various Antigonid and Ptolemaic kings at various points in Achaean history. Ostensibly, the hegemon had ultimate command on land and sea, but in fact the office seems to have been an honorary position which obliged the holder to contribute money to the League and support the League's military ventures.

Ultimate decision-making power rested with the assembly (), which was held at Aegium four times a year. All male citizens of communities belonging to the League were entitled to attend. Alongside the assembly there was a council (boule), which was open to citizen men over thirty years old. Special meetings () had to be called in order for the league to declare war, form an alliance, or receive official communications from the Macedonian king or (later) the Roman Republic.

The league was ostensibly a democracy, but control seems to have consistently rested with a small elite group who monopolised the generalship and other official positions. Given the difficulty of travelling to Aegium, assemblies were probably dominated by the wealthy.

Army
The Achaean army was an army of the traditional hoplite type. From the 270s onwards however, much like the rest of Greece, the emergence of the shield known as the thyreos was incorporated into Greek warfare and a new type of troop was developed. Reforming their troops into thyreophoroi, the Achaean army was now composed of light troops. The  were a mixture of evolved  and light hoplites, carrying the  shield, a thrusting spear and javelins. Plutarch says that they could be effective at a distance, but in close combat the narrow  shield disadvantaged them. He also says that their formation was ineffective, because it lacked inter-locked shields or a 'leveled line of spears'. Aratus, one of the major Achaean  (generals) and statesmen was known for his use of light forces for irregular operations, a type of warfare suited to the thyreophoroi but not suited to operations in the open field.

The League in 217 decided to maintain a standing force of 8,000 mercenary foot and 500 mercenary cavalry, added to a picked citizen force of 3,000 infantry and 300 cavalry, of which 500 foot and 50 horse would come from Argos and the same amount from Megalopolis. Aratus also obtained 500 foot and 50 horse each from Taurion and the Messenians for defence of parts of the League open to attack via Laconia. The citizen infantry would have been armed as , apart from the citizen light troops who would have been archers and slingers etc. This picked citizen force may well have existed before these so-called reforms, at least on an official basis, as we know of a similar elite force of the same size at the Battle of Sellasia in 222.

However, it was the Achaean general Philopoemen in 208 who changed the Achaean fighting style and weaponry to the Macedonian fashion. According to Plutarch, Philopoemen 'persuaded them to adopt long pike and heavy shield instead of spear and buckler, to protect their bodies with helmets and breastplates and greaves, and to practice stationary and steadfast fighting instead of the nimble movements of light-armed troops'. These 'reforms' were not necessarily new to some of the constituent cities of the League, as the city of Megalopolis had been given bronze shields and armed in the Macedonian fashion by Antigonus Doson for the Sellasia campaign many years before. Philopoemen then trained the new army how to fight with the new weapons and tactics and how to co-ordinate them with a new mercenary corps that was hired. He spent nearly 8 months of his term as strategos visiting, training and advising cities in this capacity. At the Battle of Mantinea in 207 BC the Achaean phalanx was positioned with intervals between the companies with lighter troops. This was a major attempt by Philopoemen to increase the flexibility of his phalanx. He may have picked up this tactic too from his experience at the Battle of Sellasia, where the phalanx of Antigonus Doson was also divided up with light/medium troops in between them. As well as reforming and re-organizing the infantry, Philopoemen also reformed the citizen cavalry. The cavalry was recruited, much like in other Greek states, from the rich and noble classes. Philopoemen organized the cavalry in lochoi, which usually in ancient military treatises means 'files', most probably of 8 men, grouped into dilochiai, a formation of double-files of 16 and so forth.

However, by the time of the Achaean War in 146 BC, the League's army had decreased in strength and efficiency. The League was even reduced to freeing and arming 12,000 slaves. This was probably due to the 2nd century BC decline in population. This may well account for the increased hiring of mercenaries, especially Cretans and Thracians.

Members

The below are the original Peloponnesian members, except the ancient regions of Sparta, Elis and Messenia. Later Hypana in Elis, Corone, Messene, Sparta and Pagae in Attica were joined by conquest. In 223 BC, Megara in Attica deserted the Achaean League and joined the Boeotian Confederacy.

Besides many city-states on the Mainland joining the Achaean Federation, certain Mediterranean island city-states also became part of the federation.  For example, Kydonia on Crete joined at some time after 219 BC.

The city of Helike had been an important member of the first Achaean League, but sank into the sea following a disastrous earthquake in 373 BC. The town of Olenus, also one of the twelve members of the first Achaean League, had been abandoned before 280 BC, but was sometimes counted as though still extant.

The dates in brackets indicate the year of first adhesion. Some cities had periods of separation or foreign occupation and later joined again.

From Achaea
Dyme (281 BC)
Patras (281 BC)
Pharae (280 BC)
Tritaia (280 BC)
Aegium (275 BC)
Boura (~ 270 BC)
Keryneia (~ 270 BC)
Leontion (~ 265 BC)
Aegira (~ 265 BC)
Pellene (~ 265 BC)
Olenus (after 272 BC)
Helike (before 373 BC)

From Corinthia
Sicyon (251 BC)
Corinth (243–224 BC, again 197 BC)
Stymphalus
Tenea

From Argolis
Troezen (243 BC)
Epidaurus (243 BC)
Cleonae (235 BC)
Argos (229 BC)
Phlius (229 BC)
Hermione (229 BC)
Alea
Asine

From Arcadia
From the ancient political geography of Arcadia, not totally compatible with modern Arcadia
Megalopolis (235 BC)
Mantineia (235/227 BC)
Orchomenus (235 BC)
Heraea (captured 236 BC)
Caphyae (captured 228 BC)
Tegea (223 BC)
Psophis (218 BC)
Lasion (218 BC)
Alipheira
Asea
Callista
Cleitor
Dipaea
 Elisphasi
Gortys
Lusi
Methydrium
Pallantium
Pheneus
Phigaleia
Teuthis
Theisoa
Thelpusa

From other regions
Megara (243–223 BC / after 197 BC again)
Aegina (228–211 BC)
Kydonia (after 219 BC)
Sparta (192 BC)
Elis (191 BC)
Messene (191/182 BC)
Pleuron (167 BC)

List of Strategoi (Generals)
Margos of Keryneia 256–255 BC
Aratus of Sicyon I 245–244 BC
Aratus of Sicyon II 243–242 BC
Aegialeas 242–241 BC (?)
Aratus of Sicyon III 241–240 BC
Aratus of Sicyon IV 239–238 BC
Aratus of Sicyon V 237–236 BC
Dioedas 236–235 BC (or 244–243 BC)
Aratus of Sicyon VI 235–234 BC
Lydiadas of Megalopolis I 234–233 BC
Aratus of Sicyon VII 233–232 BC
Lydiadas of Megalopolis II 232–231 BC
Aratus of Sicyon VIII 231–230 BC
Lydiadas of Megalopolis III 230–229 BC (Margos of Keryneia was Navarch)
Aratus of Sicyon IX 229–228 BC
Aristomachos of Argos 228–227 BC
Aratus of Sicyon X 227–226 BC (Lydiadas of Megalopolis was Hipparch)
Hyperbatas 226–225 BC
Timoxenos 225–224 BC (Aratus of Sicyon held the exceptional office of strategos autokrator)
Aratus of Sicyon XI 224–223 BC
Timoxenos 223–222 BC (?)
Aratus of Sicyon XII 222–221 BC
Timoxenos 221–220 BC
Aratus of Sicyon XIII 220–219 BC
Aratus the Younger of Sicyon 219–218 BC (Mikkos of Dyme was Hypostrategos)
Epiratos of Pharae 218–217 BC
Aratus of Sicyon XIV 217–216 BC (Demodokos was Hipparch, Lykos of Pharae was Hypostrategos)
Timoxenos 216–215 BC
Aratus of Sicyon XV 215–214 BC
Aratus of Sicyon XVI 213 BC (Aratus died before the end of the year)
Euryleon of Aegium 211–210 BC
Kykliadas of Pharae 210–209 BC (Philopoemen of Megalopolis was Hipparch)
Philopoemen of Megalopolis I 209–208 BC
Nikias 208–207 BC (Aristaenos of Dyme was Hipparch)
Philopoemen of Megalopolis II 207–206 BC
Lysippos 202–201 BC (?)
Philopoemen of Megalopolis III 201–200 BC
Kykliadas of Pharae 200–199 BC
Aristainos of Megalopolis 199–198 BC
Nikostratos of Achaia 198–197 BC
Theoxenos 197–196 BC (?)
Aristainos of Megalopolis 195–194 BC
Philopoemen of Megalopolis IV 193–192 BC (Teison of Patras was Navarch)
Diophanes of Megalopolis 192–191 BC
Philopoemen of Megalopolis V 191–190 BC
Philopoemen of Megalopolis VI 189–188 BC
Philopoemen of Megalopolis VII 187–186 BC
Aristainos of Megalopolis 186–185 BC
Lycortas of Megalopolis 185–184 BC
Archon of Aegeira 184–183 BC
Philopoemen of Megalopolis VIII 183–182 BC (Lycortas of Megalopolis was Hipparch)
Lycortas of Megalopolis 182–181 BC
Hyperbatos 181–180 BC
Kallikrates of Leontion 180–179 BC
Apollonidas of Sicyon ~ 178 BC
Aenetidas ~ 176 BC
Xenarchos 175–174 BC
Archon of Aegeira 172–171 BC
Archon of Aegeira 170–169 BC (Polybius was Hipparch)
Menalkidas of Sparta 151–150 BC
Diaeos of Megalopolis 150–149 BC
Damokritos 149–148 BC
Diaeos of Megalopolis 148–147 BC
Kritolaos of Megalopolis 147–146 BC (replaced by his predecessor)
Diaeos of Megalopolis 146 BC (Sosikrates was Hipparch)

See also
Koinon
Achaea (disambiguation)
Peloponnese

Notes

References

 Anderson, J.K (1967), "Philopoemen's Reform of the Achaean Army", CP, Vol.62, No.2, p. 104–106
 Benner, Steve M. (2008), "Achaian League Coinage of the 3rd through 1st Centuries B.C.E.", Classical Studies no. 7, CNG Inc.
 Errington, R.M (1969), Philopoemen

 Griffith, G.T (1935), The Mercenaries of the Hellenistic World
 Hansen, M. H. and Nielsen, T. H. (2004), An Inventory of Archaic and Classical Poleis, Københavns universitet Polis centret, Danish National Research Foundation, Oxford University Press,
 Head, Duncan (1982), Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359–146 BC
 Hogan, C. M. (2008), Cydonia, The Modern Antiquarian,
 Larsen, J. A. O. (1968), Greek Federal States, Clarendon Press, Oxford, pp. 215–240
 Morgan, J.D. (1981), "Sellasia Revisited", AJA, Vol.85, No.3, p. 328–330
 Rhodes, P.J. (1997), The Greek City States: A Source Book, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press,
 Sabin; Van Wees; Whitby (eds.) (2007), The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, Volume I
 Sage, Michael M. (1996), Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook
 Walbank, F.W (1933), Aratos of Sicyon
 Walbank, F.W (1967), A Historical Commentary on Polybius, Volume III
 Walbank; Astin; Frederiksen; Ogilvie (1984), The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume VII, Part I"

External links

Encyclopædia Britannica, 1911]

Former confederations
Military history of ancient Greece
Greek city-state federations
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
280 BC
280s BC establishments
States and territories disestablished in the 2nd century BC
Ancient Achaea
Ancient Arcadia
Ancient Corinthia
Ancient Argolis

Achaean League


كريس هاليويل  هو شخصية في مسلسل المسحورات قام بآدائها الممثل درو فولر.

مصادر

شخصيات خيالية تستخدم السحر
شخصيات خيالية ظهرت في 2003
قوائم شخصيات المسلسلات التلفزيونية الأمريكية

كريس هاليويل


رامون ماريا كالديري  ، من مواليد 16 يناير 1959، لاعب كرة قدم إسباني سابق. لعب مع منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

المنشطات في كرة القدم
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في بلجيكا
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو برشلونة
لاعبو برشلونة أتلتيك
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1988
لاعبو ريال بلد الوليد
لاعبو ريال بيتيس
لاعبو كأس العالم 1986
كالديري
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم كتلونيون
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة طراغونة
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي سان أندرو
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثالثة
مدربو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
مدربو رييوس ديبورتيو
مدربو كرة قدم إسبان
مدربو نادي بادالونا
مدربو نادي بورغوس
مدربو نادي سبتة
مدربو نادي كاستييون
كالديري
مواليد في طركونة

رامون ماريا كالديري


Big N' Tasty je hamburger koji proizvodi restoran brze hrane McDonald's. U SAD-u se zove Big N' Tasty, no u puno zemalja naziva se Big Tasty. Big Tasty, bez slova N, prvo je izašao u Saudijskoj Arabiji, a zatim u dijelovima Europe, Južne Amerike, Bliskoga istoka te u Južnoj Africi i Tajvanu.

Hranjiva vrijednost

1 Postotak dnevnih potreba prosječne odrasle osobe

Nutritivne vrijednosti

Izvori

Brza hrana
McDonald's

Big Tasty


Udvaranje ili snubljenje izraz je kojim se opisuje nečije nastojanje, da se s potencijalnim partnerom započne intimna veza dugoročne i stabilnije prirode, u pravilu brak.

Prilikom udvaranja udvarač potencijalnoga partnera nastoji uvjeriti da je "dobra prilika", a takva nastojanja mogu biti neformalne i privatne prirode, odnosno javni događaji uz sudjelovanje i pristanak obitelji osobe kojoj se udvara. U većini kultura u svijetu smatra se, da udvaranje započinje muškarac. Razdoblje udvaranja ponekad se vidi kao preteča zarukama.

Udvaranje sadrži niz aktivnosti kojima je cilj bilo upoznati potencijalnoga partnera, bilo ostaviti najbolji mogući dojam; ona se mogu kretati od privatnih razgovora (preko telefona) ili prepiske (preko mobitela) do zajedničkih izlazaka, koji uključuju posjete restoranima, sportskim manifestacijama, kulturnim priredbama, plesovima i sl. Načini i prakse upoznavanja značajno variraju od zemlje do zemlje i tijekom vremena. Dvije vrste udvaranja su univerzalne: osmijeh i kontakt očima indikatori su udvaranja skoro svuda na svijetu i vrijede za oba spola. Hodanje je oblik udvaranja.

Udvaranje je relativno nedavna pojava, koja se uglavnom pojavila u posljednjih nekoliko stoljeća. Sa stanovišta antropologije i sociologije, udvaranje se povezuje s drugim institucijama, kao što su brak i obitelj, koje se također mijenjaju i koje su bile podložne mnogim silama, uključujući napredak tehnologije i medicine. Povijesno, brakove su u mnogim društvima ugovarali roditelji i stariji srodnici pri čemu ljubav nije bila cilj već potomstvo i "ekonomska stabilnost i političko savezništvo", po tvrdnjama antropologa. Shodno tome, bilo je malo potrebe za privremenim probnim razdobljem, poput izlaska prije nego što je između muškarca i žene uspostavljena trajna unija koja je priznata u zajednici. Društvo često zahtijeva, da se ljudi vjenčaju prije nego imaju spolni odnos, a mnoga su društva otkrila da je neka formalno priznata veza između muškarca i žene najbolji način odgoja i obrazovanja djece, kao i pomoć u izbjegavanju sukoba i nesporazuma u vezi s konkurencijom za partnere.

Od pojma udvaranja širi je pojam zavođenje.

Izraz udvaranje također se koristi i za opisivanje sličnih fenomena u životinjskom svijetu.

Izvori

Ljubav
Sociologija
Rituali

Udvaranje


فتحية العسال (26 ديسمبر 1933  ـ 15 يونيو 2014)، كاتبة مصرية. وهي عضو مجلس إدارة اتحاد الكتاب ورئيس جمعية الكاتبات المصريات وأمين عام اتحاد النساء التقدمي. قامت بكتابة 57 مسلسلاً  منهم مسلسل رمانة الميزان وسيناريو مسلسل شمس منتصف الليل ، وحبال من حرير، وبدر البدور، وهي والمستحيل، وحتى لا يختنق الحب، وحبّنا الكبير، ولحظة اختيار، ولحظة صدق الحاصل على جائزة أفضل مسلسل مصري لعام 1975. كما كتبت عشر مسرحيات  وهي المرجيحة والبسبور والبين بين ونساء بلا أقنعة وسجن النسا وليلة الحنة ومن غير كلام. ولدت عام 1935 وتزوجت من الكاتب عبد الله الطوخي والذي انفصلت عنه في فترة من حياتها. وإبنتها هي الفنانة صفاء الطوخي

تأثّرت بالكثير من الأحداث في نشأتها ساهمت في تكوين شخصيتها كختانها ورؤيتها لخيانة أبيها لأمها وحرمانها من التعليم. بدأت الكتابة الأدبية في عام 1957 واهتمت بالقضايا الاجتماعية وقضايا المرأة بشكل خاص  تم اعتقالها ثلاث مرات بسبب كتاباتها عن قضايا المرأة.

أعمالها المسرحية
  المرجيحة عام 1969
  الباسبور عام 1972

في الثمانينيات
  نساء بلا أقنعة نُشرت عام 1999
  البين بين

الأعمال التلفزيونية
كتبت فتيحة العسال 57 مسلسلاً تلفزيونياً
 رمانة الميزان
 شمس منتصف الليل
 حبال من حرير
 بدر البدور
 هي والمستحيل
 حتى لا يختنق الحب
 حضن العمر، مذاكراتها وحازت جائزة الدولة للتفوق في الآداب عام 2004.

جوائز وتكريم
 حصل مسلسلها لحظة صدق على جائزة أفضل مسلسل للعام 1975
 تم تكريمها في مهرجان المخرجة المسرحية سنة 2009
 كرمها المركز الوطني للعيون في صيدا وأقيم على شرفها حفل غداء تكريمي.

المراجع

كاتبات مصريات
كاتبات مصريات في القرن 20
كاتبات مصريات في القرن 21
كتاب مسرحيون مصريون
مصريون حائزون على جائزة الدولة للتفوق
مواليد 1351 هـ
مواليد 1933
نشطاء مصريون في مجال حقوق المرأة
وفيات 1435 هـ
وفيات 2014
كاتبات دراما ومسرح مصريات

فتحية العسال


Razarač klase Zumwalt klasa je od tri razarača Ratne mornarice Sjedinjenih Američkih Država s navođenim projektilima. Osmišljeni su kao nevidljivi brodovi s fokusom na kopneni napad s primarnom ulogom pomorske vatrene potpore i sekundarnom ulogom površinskog i protuzračnog ratovanja. Dizajn klase proizašao je iz programa DD-21 razarača za kopnene napade  i trebao je preuzeti ulogu bojnih brodova u ispunjavanju misije Kongresa SAD-a za pomorsku vatrenu potporu. Brod je dizajniran oko svoja dva napredna topovska sustava (AGS), kupolama sa spremnicima od 920 metaka i jedinstvenim streljivom za projektile dugog dometa. Nabava streljiva je otkazana, što je oružje učinilo neupotrebljivim, pa je mornarica prenamijenila brodove za površinsko ratovanje. Počevši od 2023. mornarica će ukloniti AGS s brodova i zamijeniti ih hipersoničnim projektilima.

Iako su klasificirani kao razarači, puno su veći od bilo kojih drugih aktivnih razarača ili krstarica u američkoj mornarici. Prepoznatljiv izgled plovila proizlazi iz zahtjeva dizajna za niskim radarskim udarnim presjekom (RCS). Klasa Zumwalt ima oblik trupa koji probija valove, čije se stranice naginju prema unutra iznad vodene linije, dramatično smanjujući RCS vraćanjem mnogo manje energije od konvencionalnog oblika trupa. Izgled se uspoređuje s izgledom povijesnog USS Monitora i njegovog poznatog antagonista CSS Virginia.

Glavni brod nazvan je Zumwalt po admiralu Elmou Zumwaltu i nosi broj trupa DDG-1000. Izvorno su bila planirana 32 broda, s 9,6 milijardi dolara troškova istraživanja i razvoja za klasu. Kako su troškovi premašili procjene, količina je smanjena na 24, zatim na 7 i na kraju na 3. Ovo je značajno povećalo trošak po brodu na 4,24 milijarde dolara (7,5 milijardi dolara uključujući troškove istraživanja i razvoja). U srpnju 2008. mornarica je zatražila od Kongresa da prestane s nabavom Zumwalta i vrati se na izgradnju više razarača Arleigh Burke. U travnju 2016. ukupni trošak programa iznosio je 22,5 milijarde dolara.

Dizajn

Stealth
Unatoč tome što je 40 % veći od razarača klase Arleigh Burke, radarski presjek (RCS) sličniji je onom ribarskog broda. Trup i kompozitna palubna kućica smanjuju odziv radara, a fasetirana građa čini ga "50 puta težim za uočavanje na radaru od običnog razarača". Akustični potpis usporediv je s onim podmornica u klasi iz Los Angeles.

Kompozitna palubna kućica obuhvaća mnoge senzore i elektroniku. Godine 2008. Defense News izvijestio je da je bilo problema s brtvljenjem kompozitnih građevinskih ploča na ovom području, Northrop Grumman je to negirao.

Periferni sustav vertikalnog lansiranja
Periferni sustav vertikalnog lansiranja Mk 57  (PVLS, Peripheral Vertical Launch System) pokušaj je izbjegavanja upada u središnji prostor trupa čime se smanjuje rizik od gubitka cijele raketne baterije ili broda u eksploziji spremnika. Sustav se sastoji od skupina ćelija vertikalnog lansirnog sustava raspoređenih oko vanjske oplate broda, s tankom čeličnom vanjskom oplatom i debelom unutarnjom oplatom. Dizajn usmjerava snagu svake eksplozije prema van, a ne u brod.

Radar
Primarni radar u X-pojasu, AN/SPY-3, radar je s aktivnim elektroničkim skeniranjem i spojen je s Lockheed Martinovim S-pojasnim radarom za volumensko pretraživanje AN/SPY-4. Raytheonov višenamjenski radar SPY-3 u X-pojasu (MFR) nudi vrhunske performanse na srednjim i velikim nadmorskim visinama, a njegove uske zrake daju izvrsnu sposobnost fokusiranja na ciljeve. SPY-3 će biti primarni radar koji će se koristiti za raketne napade.

Sonar
Za otkrivanje mina i podmornica koristi se dvopojasni sonar kojim upravlja visokoautomatiziran računalni sustav. Tvrdi se da je bolji od sonara klase Arleigh Burke u priobalnom području, ali manje učinkovit u područjima plave vode/dubokog mora.

Pogonski i energetski sustav
Brodovi koriste integrirani sustav napajanja (IPS), modernu verziju turboelektričnog pogonskog sustava. IPS je dvostruki sustav, pri čemu se svaka polovica sastoji od plinske turbine izravno spojene na električni generator, koji daje snagu za električni motor koji pokreće propelersko vratilo. Sustav je "integriran" jer turbogeneratori daju električnu energiju svim brodskim sustavima, a ne samo pogonskim motorima. Sustav daje više raspoložive električne energije nego što je dostupno na drugim vrstama brodova.

DDX je predložio korištenje motora s trajnim magnetima (PMM, permanent magnet motor) unutar trupa, što je napušteno u korist konvencionalnijeg indukcijskog motora.  PMM se smatrao još jednim tehnološkim skokom i bio je, uz radarski sustav, razlog zabrinutosti Kongresa.  Kao dio faze projektiranja Northrop Grumman je dizajnirao i proizveo s DRS Technologies najveći motor s permanentnim magnetom na svijetu. Ovaj prijedlog je odbačen kada PMM motor nije na vrijeme bio spreman za ugradnju.

Električnu energiju osiguravaju dvije plinske turbine Rolls-Royce MT30 (svaka snage 35,4 MW) koje pokreću električne generatore Curtiss-Wright.

Automatizacija i protupožarna zaštita
Automatizacija je smanjila veličinu posade na ovim brodovima, pa je posada razarača klase Zumwalt 130 manje od polovine posade sličnih ratnih brodova.  Manje posade smanjuje značajnu komponentu operativnih troškova. Streljivo, hrana i ostale zalihe nalaze se u spremnicima koji se mogu pospremiti pomoću automatiziranog sustava za rukovanje teretom.

Sustavi s raspršivanjem vode ili vodene maglice za protupožarnu zaštitu predloženi su za postavljanje u razarače klase Zumwalt, ali elektronički prostori ostaju problematični dizajnerima. Sustavi s halonom/dušikom poželjni su, ali ne rade kada je prostor ugrožen probojem trupa.

Računalna mreža
Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI) temelji se na računalima PPC7A i PPC7D s jednom pločom od General Electric Fanuc Embedded Systems  koja pokreću LynuxWorksov LynxOS RTOS. Oni su sadržani u 16 elektroničkih modularnih kućišta zaštićenih od udara, vibracija i elektromagnetskog zračenja. Zumwalt nosi 16 unaprijed sastavljenih IBM-ovih blade poslužitelja. Mreža omogućuje besprijekornu integraciju svih sustava na brodu, npr. spajanje senzora i olakšavanje operacija i planiranje misije.

Kapacitet projektila
Prvobitni dizajn DD-21 trebao je primiti između 117 i 128 ćelija vertikalnog lansirnog sustava. Konačni dizajn DDG-1000 ima samo 80 ćelija. Zumwalt koristi ćelije Mk 57 Peripheral Vertical Launching System (PVLS) koje su veće od ćelija Mk 41 koje se nalaze na većini američkih razarača.

Pojedina ćelija VLS-a može biti četverostruko opremljena s RIM-162 Evolved Sea Sparrow raketama (ESSM). To daje maksimalno teoretsko opterećenje od 320 ESSM projektila. ESSM se smatra lokalnim obrambenim oružjem koje se općenito ne koristi za obranu područja za flotu.

Razarač klase Zumwalt nema borbeni sustav Aegis. Umjesto toga koristi integrirani sustav misije zvan Total Ship Computing Environment Infrastructure (TSCEI) koji je jedinstven u klasi.

Izvori

Klase razarača
Ratna mornarica SAD-a
Američki ratni brodovi

Razarač klase Zumwalt


روبيرتو خيمينيز غاغو  (مواليد 10 فبراير 1986 في مدريد - إسبانيا) لاعب كرة قدم إسباني يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى أتلتيكو مدريد الإسباني منذ 2009 في مركز حارس مرمى .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في البرتغال
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
حراس مرمى كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في البرتغال
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في اليونان
رياضيون إسبان مغتربون في إنجلترا
رياضيون من مدريد
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني الدرجة الثانية ب
لاعبو الدوري الإنجليزي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري البرتغالي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري اليوناني
لاعبو أتلتيكو مدريد
لاعبو أتلتيكو مدريد ب
لاعبو أولمبياكوس
لاعبو إسبانيول
لاعبو بنفيكا
لاعبو خيمناستيك طركونة
لاعبو ديبورتيفو ألافيس
لاعبو ريال بلد الوليد
لاعبو ريال سرقسطة
لاعبو ريكرياتيفو
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم إسبان مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إسبان
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في البرتغال
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مدريد
لاعبو كرة قدم من منطقة مدريد
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 20 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إسبانيا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي مالقا
لاعبو وست هام يونايتد
مواليد 1986
مواليد في مدريد

روبرتو خيمينيز غاغو


El músculo elevador de la glándula tiroides (Musculus levator glandulae thyroideae), más que un músculo, son haces de fibras presentes en la tráquea, que tienen como función elevar el istmo de la tiroides en dirección hacia el hioides; aunque esto no tenga un propósito aun conocido.

Enlaces externos

 "Terapia craneosacra II: Más allá de la duramadre"; John E. Upledger; (editorial Paidotribo); pág. 168.

Músculos del cuello

Músculo elevador de la glándula tiroides


Thomas McLaughlin McAvoy, Baron McAvoy,  (born 14 December 1943) is a British Labour and Co-operative politician serving as a life peer in the House of Lords since 2010. He served as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Glasgow Rutherglen from 1987 to 2005, and Rutherglen and Hamilton West from 2005 to 2010.

McAvoy held several positions in the Government Whips' Office under the Blair and Brown governments, serving as Comptroller of the Household from 1997 to 2008 and Treasurer of the Household from 2008 to 2010. He entered the Lords after choosing not to seek re-election to the Commons, where he served as an Opposition Spokesperson for Scotland and Northern Ireland, as well as a Senior Whip. McAvoy held the position of Lords Opposition Chief Whip from 2018 to 2021 after serving as Deputy Chief Whip from 2015 to 2018.

Early life and career
McAvoy was born in Rutherglen, Lanarkshire on 14 December 1943. He worked in a pawnbrokers, as a storeman at the Hoover factory in Cambuslang, and was a shop steward for the Amalgamated Engineering Union; following the succession of trade union mergers, he is now a member of Unite the Union (Amicus Section).

In 1982, McAvoy was elected to Strathclyde Regional Council, and served until 1987.

Parliamentary career
McAvoy was elected to Parliament in 1987 as the Scottish Labour and Co-operative Member for Glasgow Rutherglen. Along with Robert Brown of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, he successfully campaigned for his hometown (an independent royal burgh from the 1100s to the 1970s) to be removed from the district of Glasgow and allocated to South Lanarkshire ahead of local authority re-organisation in 1994, via a local referendum. From 2005 to 2010, he sat as the member for Rutherglen and Hamilton West.

He was an opposition whip from 1990 to 1993 and again from 1996 to 1997.

When the Labour Party came into government in 1997, McAvoy was appointed as Comptroller of HM Household, the third highest position in the Government Whips' office. He retained the same job until 2008, becoming one of the longest serving Comptrollers in history. He was appointed to the Privy Council in 2003. In October 2008, he was promoted to Treasurer of the Household and Deputy Chief Whip.

McAvoy has achieved the rare feat among whips of remaining popular with Labour MPs. An early day motion in July 2006 noted "the difficult task he has of securing government business whilst accommodating the parliamentary, political and personal requirements of 352 Labour colleagues" and congratulated him for "the respect he has earned from all sides of the House for his ability to perform these duties"; it was signed by 135 MPs.

On 20 February 2010, McAvoy announced that he would stand down at the next general election. The seat was retained by Labour with the election of Tom Greatrex. On 22 June 2010, McAvoy was created a life peer as Baron McAvoy, of Rutherglen in Lanarkshire, and was introduced in the House of Lords that day.

He remains to this day the longest serving Government Whip in the history of parliament with 13 years and 10 days service in the Government Whips Office. According to The Guardian: "...[his] personal crusades have been for peace in Northern Ireland and against abortion" (Andrew Roth, The Guardian).

Since his introduction to the Lords, he has served as a Senior Whip. In 2012, he took on the role of Opposition Spokesman for Scotland and Northern Ireland. In May 2015, after the election of Angela Smith as Leader of the Opposition in the Lords, he took over as Opposition Deputy Chief Whip in House of Lords, serving with Denis Tunnicliffe.

On 24 January 2018, he was elected Labour Chief Whip in the House of Lords and therefore Opposition Chief Whip, taking over from Steve Bassam.

McAvoy was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) in the 2022 New Year Honours for political and public service.

Personal life
McAvoy and his wife Eleanor were married in 1968 in , Rutherglen, and had four sons. He was a school friend of Bobby Murdoch, later a successful footballer with Celtic and Scotland.

His brother Eddie is a retired local politician who also worked at Hoover and subsequently served as the leader of South Lanarkshire Council from 1999 to 2017.

References

External links
Official Website

Guardian Unlimited Politics – Ask Aristotle: Tommy McAvoy MP
TheyWorkForYou.com – Tommy McAvoy MP
BBC News Profile

1943 births
Living people
Labour Co-operative life peers
Life peers created by Elizabeth II
People from Rutherglen
Labour Co-operative MPs for Scottish constituencies
Treasurers of the Household
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for Glasgow constituencies
UK MPs 1987–1992
UK MPs 1992–1997
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Scottish Labour councillors
Cambuslang
Politicians from South Lanarkshire
Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire
Councillors in Glasgow

Tommy McAvoy


Birutė Vėsaitė (* 19. August 1951 in Kaunas) ist eine litauische Politikerin. Die ehemalige Wirtschaftsministerin (2012–2013) ist Abgeordnete des Seimas.

Leben
Nach dem Abitur 1967 an der Jonas-Jablonskis-Mittelschule Kaunas absolvierte Vėsaitė 1974 ein Diplomstudium der Chemietechnologie am Kauno politechnikos institutas und ab 1980 ein Studium der Anglistik an der Vilniaus universitetas. 1982 promovierte sie am Textilinstitut Leningrad. Von 1974 bis 1984 war sie Ingenieurin, von 1984 bis 1990 Assistentin an der Lietuvos veterinarijos akademija, von 1990 bis 2000 Dozentin am Lehrstuhl für Chemie sowie Dozentin an der Kauno technologijos universitetas.

Von 1997 bis 2000 war sie im Stadtrat von Kaunas.
Seit 2000 ist sie Abgeordnete im Seimas. 2004 war sie kurzzeitig Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments. Von Dezember 2012 bis Juni 2013 war sie Wirtschaftsministerin Litauens im Kabinett Butkevičius.

Ab 1990 war Birutė Vėsaitė Mitglied der litauischen Sozialdemokraten. Bis 2015 war sie stellvertretende Parteivorsitzende der LSDP, Stellvertreterin von Algirdas Butkevičius.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Chemieingenieur
Mitglied des Europaausschusses (Litauen)
Mitglied des Wirtschaftsausschusses (Litauen)
Wirtschaftsminister (Litauen)
Politiker (Kaunas)
Hochschullehrer (Technische Universität Kaunas)
Hochschullehrer (Universität für Gesundheitswissenschaften Litauens)
Mitglied des Europäischen Parlaments für Litauen
Absolvent der Technischen Universität Kaunas
Absolvent der Universität Vilnius
Person (Litauische Veterinärakademie)
Stellvertretender Parteivorsitzender der LSDP
Litauer
Frau
Geboren 1951

Birutė Vėsaitė


التجدُّد  في علم الأحياء، هو قدرة جميع الكائنات الحية على تصليح نفسها بعد الأذية، سواء على المستوى الخلوي أو النسجي، وفي بعض الأحيان تعويض أعضاء مفقودة بالكامل.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Spallanzani's mouse: a model of restoration and regeneration
 Mice that regrow hearts in the news
 DARPA Grant Supports Research Toward Realizing Tissue Regeneration
 The Geniuses Of Regeneration in بلومبيرغ بيزنس ويك, May 24, 2004
 UCI Limb Regeneration Lab

التئام
علم الأحياء النمائي
هرم (فيزيولوجيا)

تجدد


Le col du Bois-Clair est un col routier situé en France. Il est situé au nord-est du Massif central, en Saône-et-Loire dans les monts du Mâconnais, à une altitude de .

Histoire
Le , les  Allemands de Mâcon reçoivent l'ordre de détruire le foyer de Résistance autour de Cluny. L'affrontement a lieu au col : les Résistants réussissent à barrer l'accès à la ville par les tunnels de chemins de fer. La ville est alors bombardée deux fois ce jour-là, sans succès. Partiellement détruite, Cluny devient alors la première ville libérée en Saône-et-Loire.

Tunnel
Le tunnel du Bois-Clair passe sous le col. Ancien tunnel ferroviaire, il est aujourd'hui emprunté par une voie verte.

Activités

Cyclisme
Le col, classé en  (2,7 km à 3,7 %), est emprunté au km 138,2 par la  du Critérium du Dauphiné 2022 entre Thizy-les-Bourgs et Chaintré.

Références

Col du Massif central
Col en Saône-et-Loire
Ascension cycliste du Critérium du Dauphiné

Col du Bois-Clair