Boris Kidrič (Beč, 10. travnja 1912. — Beograd, 11. travnja 1953.) je bio jugoslavenski i slovenski političar, jedan od najistaknutijih vođa jugoslavenskog revolucionarnog pokreta, sudionik Narodnooslobodilačke borbe, junak socijalističkog rada i narodni heroj Jugoslavije.

Nakon rata je bio predsjednik Privrednog vijeća vlade FNRJ i član Sekretarijata Izvršnog komiteta CK SKJ, sa činom general-potpukovnika JNA u rezervi.

Životopis
Rođen je 10. travnja 1912. godine u Beču. Podrijetlom iz ugledne obitelji, njegov otac Franc Kidrič, bio je poznati slovenski kulturni i književni povjesničar, budući profesor na Ljubljanskom sveučilištu i predsjednik Slovenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti. Boris je gimnaziju završio u Ljubljani, a zatim je studirao kemiju u Ljubljani i Pragu.

Partijski rad
Još u ranoj mladosti pristupio je radničkom pokretu. Već 1928. godine, s 16 godina, postao je član Saveza komunističke omladine Jugoslavije (SKOJ), a nešto kasnije, iste godine, i član Komunističke partije Jugoslavije (KPJ). Studenog 1929. godine, tijekom Šestojanuarske diktature, kao đak osmog razreda gimnazije, bio je uhićen i zbog komunističkog djelovanja te ga je Državni sud za zaštitu države osudio na godinu dana zatvora, koje je odslužio u zatvoru u Mariboru.

Poslije izlaska iz zatvora, 1931. godine, upisao je studij kemije i zajedno s Edvardom Kardeljem i drugim istaknutim slovenskim komunistima obnovio rad Pokrajinskog komiteta KPJ za Sloveniju i radio na obnovi partijskih i skojevskih organizacija, koje su bile razbijene u prvim godinama Šestojanuarske diktature. Već naredne godine oni su uspjeli obnoviti partijske organizacije u većini gradova i industrijskih mjesta u Sloveniji. Pored partijskog rada, sudjelovao je i u pokretanju niza ilegalnih partijskih listova poput "Rdečeg prapora" i "Rdečih signala", kao i ilegalnih i poluilegalnih časopisa. Za politički razvoj Borisa Kidriča bio je vrlo značajan susret sa Josipom Brozom Titom, članom Politbiroa CK KPJ, koji je početkom rujna 1934. godine došao u Sloveniju, da bi pomogao oko priprema i sudjelovao u radu Četvrte pokrajinske konferencije KPJ za Sloveniju. Na toj konferenciji, održanoj u Medvodama kod Ljubljane, sredinom rujna 1934. godine, Kidrič je održao dva referata "O stanju sindikalnog pokreta u Sloveniji" i "O radu komunista u sindikatima".

Sekretar CK SKOJ-a

Pošto je bio pod stalnom policijskim nadzorom, zbog čestih uhićivanja, nije bio izabran u novi Pokrajinski komitet KPJ za Sloveniju, ali je, zbog svojih organizacijskih veza i aktivnosti, nastavio pomagati u radu novoizabranog Pokrajinskog komiteta. Bio je i jedan od organizatora tehničkih priprema za održavanje Četvrte zemaljske konferencije KPJ, održane krajem prosinca 1934. godine u Ljubljani. Na toj konferenciji on je bio delegat iz Slovenije i kandidat za članstvo Centralnog komiteta KPJ. Iako je još, početkom 1935. godine, na inicijativu Josipa Broza Tita, bio predložen za sekretara Privremenog rukovodstva Saveza komunističke omladine Jugoslavije. On je zbog ponovnog uhićenja ovu dužnost preuzeo tek sredinom svibnja iste godine. Tada je prešao iz Ljubljane u Zagreb i postao član Zemljaskog biroa KPJ. Sudjelovao je na Plenarnom zasjedanju Centralnog komiteta KPJ u Splitu, koje je bilo održano 9. i 10. lipnja 1935. godine. Na tom zasjedanju govorio je o problemima SKOJ-a, kritizirao dotadašnju sektašku politiku i zalagao se za preobražaj SKOJ-a u masovnu revolucionarnu organizaciju mladih. Sredinom srpnja 1935. godine sudjelovao je u Zagrebu na proširenom savjetovanju predstavnika skojevskih organizacija iz cijele zemlje, a tijekom rujna  je pripremao Četvrtu zemaljsku konferenciju SKOJ-a, na kojoj je bio izabran za sekretara Centralnog komiteta SKOJ-a.

Kao sekretar CK SKOJ-a predvodio je jugoslavensku delegaciju na Šestom kongresu Komunističke omladinske internacionale, održanom krajem rujna i tijekom listopada 1935. godine u Moskvi. Iz Moskve je, po nalogu CK KPJ, studenog 1935. godine otišao u Beč, gde je sudjelovao u radu Centralnog komiteta, a naročito na razradi odluka Šestog kongresa Komunističke omladinske internacionale. U Beču je zajedno sa Stjepanom Cvijićem, jednim od dotadašnjih sekretara Komunističke omladinske internacionale, radio na izradi teza i niza drugih dokumenata u kojima je izložio nove ideje o reorganizaciji Saveza komunističke omladine Jugoslavije. Sudjelovao je i na Travanjskom plenumu CK KPJ, 1936. godine, koji je bio održan u Beču. Sredinom lipnja 1936. godine bio je uhićen, zajedno sa skupinom istaknutih jugoslavenskih komunista, u Beču. Godinu dana je proveo u istražnom zatvoru, a zatim je protjeran u Čehoslovačku. Izvjesno vreme je živio u Pragu, zajedno sa Srđanom Pricom, a na jesen 1937. godine je prešao u Pariz, gdje je tada bilo središte CK KPJ.

Peta zemaljska konferencija KPJ

Poslije početka Drugog svjetskog rata, na jesen 1939. godine, vratio se u Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju. Odmah nakon dolaska bio je uhićen i četiri mjeseca je proveo u istražnom zatvoru, a zatim je pušten. Zajedno s Edvardom Karedeljem, radio na jačanju Komunističke partije Slovenije, a 1940. godine bio je jedan od organizatora "Društva prijateljstva Sovjetskog Saveza", koji je bio masovna organizacija, koja je obuhvaćala antifašistički nastrojene građane. U listopadu 1940. godine sudjelovao je u radu Pete zemaljske konferencije KPJ u Zagrebu, na kojoj je održao referat "O agitaciji i propagandi" i bio izabran za člana Centralnog komiteta Komunističke partije Jugoslavije.

U to vrijeme intenzivno se bavio i publicističkim radom, pisao je niz tekstova koji su objavljivani u časopisima "Knjižnjvnost", "Sobodnost", "Slovenskom poročevalcu" i drugim. Bavio se i nizom tada aktualnih tema o slovenskom i jugoslavenskom revolucionarnom pokretu.

Drugi svjetski rat

Odmah poslije okupacije Kraljevine Jugoslavije, Kidrič je bio jedan od glavnih inicijatora i organizatora Osnivačke skupštine Oslobodilačke fronte Slovenije, održane 27. travnja 1941. godine, na kojoj je bio izabran za političkog sekretara Izvršnog odbora Oslobodilačke fronte. Jedan je i od organizatora Narodnooslobodilačke borbe u Sloveniji, a 22. lipnja 1941. godine bio je izabran za prvog političkog komesara Glavnog štaba NOP odreda Slovenije. Na ovoj dužnosti ostao je do rujna 1941. godine, da bi od jeseni 1944. do oslobođenja zemlje, svibnja 1945. godine, ponovo vršio dužnost političkog komesara Glavnog štaba NOV i PO Slovenije.

Na Kočevskom zboru delegata slovenskog naroda, koji je bio održan od 1. do 3. listopada 1943. godine Kidrič je imao jedan od glavnih referata i bio izabran za vođu slovenske delegacije na Drugo zasjedanje Antifašističkog vijeća narodnog oslobođenja Jugoslavije, održanog 29. studenog u Jajcu.

Poslijeratni period

U svibnju 1945. godine postao je prvi predsjednik vlade NR Slovenije, a lipnja 1946. ministar za industriju u Vladi FNRJ. Zatim je bio predsjednik Planske komisije, odnosno Privrednog vijeća pri Vladi FNRJ. Biran je za narodnog poslanika skupštine NR Slovenije i skupštine FNRJ. Bio je član Predsjedništva Saveznog odbora Socijalističkog saveza radnog naroda Jugoslavije.

Na Petom kongresu KPJ, održanom lipnja 1948. godine u Beogradu, izabran je za člana Politbiroa Centralnog komiteta KPJ, a na Šestom kongresu Saveza komunista Jugoslavije, održanom studenog 1952. godine u Zagrebu, za člana Izvršnog biroa CK KPJ i člana Sekreterijata Izvršnog biroa CK KPJ.

Bio je zadužen za izradu prvog Petogodišnjeg plana, usvojenog 1945. godine. U razdoblju od 1945. do svoje smrti, 1953. godine, bio je jedan od glavnih stratega izgradnje jugoslavenske socijalističke ekonomije. Pogotovo poslije Rezolucije Informbiroa, 1948. godine, kada se Jugoslavija našla u gotovo bezizlaznoj ekonomskoj situaciji, jer se dotada u najvećoj mjeri oslanjala na Sovjetski Savez. Bio je jedan od tvoraca koncepcije radničkog saomupravljanja.

Boris Kidrič umro je od leukemije, 11. travnja 1953. godine u Beogradu, u svojoj 41. godini. Sahranjen je u Grobnici narodnih heroja, koja se nalazi u parku iza zgrade Narodne skupštine Slovenije u centru Ljubljane. Njegova supruga bila je Zdenka Kidrič.

Odličja i priznanja

Bio je nositelj mnogih visokih inozemnih i jugoslavenskih odličja, među kojima su: Orden narodnog heroja (kojim je odlikovan 15. srpnja 1952.), Orden junaka socijalističkog rada, Orden narodnog oslobođenja i Partizanska spomenica 1941, kao i sovjetski Orden Kutuzova, mađarski Orden Republike, bugarski Orden narodne slobode i poljski Partizanski križ. Imao je čin rezervnog general-pukovnika JNA.

Njegovi radovi, počevši od tekstova i rasprava u predratnom periodu, od onih pisanih tijekom Narodnooslobodilačkog rata, predavanja, studija i referata objavljeni su sedam knjiga njegovih sabranih djela. Prosinca 1949. godine postao je redovni član [Slovenske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti.

Grad Kidričevo u Sloveniji, nosi ime po njemu. Njegovo ime nosio je Institut za nuklearna istraživanja u Vinči, kao i mnoge ulice i trgovi širom Jugoslavije. Jedna od središnjih beogradskih ulica nosila je također njegovo ime, ali je 1997. godine preimenovana u Beogradsku. Njegov spomenik, rad kipara Nikole Jankovića, dugi niz godina se nalazio ispred zgrade Izvršnog vijeća Socijalističke Republike Srbije, ali je početkom 1990-ih godina premješten u park ispred Muzeja suvremene umjetnosti u Novom Beogradu. Njegovi spomenici još uvijek se nalaze u Ljubljani (ispred zgrade Vlade Slovenije) i Mariboru (na Trgu Borisa Kidriča). U njegovu čast u Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji dodeljivana je Nagrada "Boris Kidrič", za osobite zasluge u širenju tehničke kulture.

Izvori

Literatura
 Vojna enciklopedija (knjiga četvrta). Beograd 1972. godina.
 Narodni heroji Jugoslavije. "Mladost", Beograd 1975. godina
 Janko Prunk, "Kidrič, Boris - Peter" u Enciklopediji Slovenije (Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1987-2002), svezak 5, 62-63. str.

Vanjske poveznice

 Djela Borisa Kidriča

Životopisi, Beč
Životopisi, Ljubljana
Slovenski komunisti
Jugoslavenski komunisti
Partizani
Narodni heroji Jugoslavije
Jugoslavenski političari
Slovenski političari

Boris Kidrič


මිශ්‍ර සටන් ශිල්ප (mixed martial arts හෝ MMA) දෙමුහුන් සටන් කලා වර්ගයකි. එයට සටන් ක්ෂේත්‍ර ඕනෑම මිශ්‍රණයක් හෝ සටන් කලාවන් දෙකක් හෝ ඊට වැඩි ඕනෑම ගණනක සම්මිශ්‍රණයක් ඇතුළත් වේ. Bellator, WSOF, ONE Championship හා UFC මිශ්‍ර සටන් ශිල්ප ක්‍රීඩාව ප්‍රවර්ධනය කරන සමාගම් ය.

නීති රීති
MMA සටනක් සංවිධානය කරන අය හට එම තරගයේ නීති තීරණය කළ හැක.

සටන් කලා වර්ග
වර්තමාන මිශ්‍ර සටන් ශිල්ප වර්ග 2ක් පවතී.
Vale Tudo (බ්‍රසීල)
Japanese Shootfighting.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැදි
 ලෝක නිදහස් සටන් සංවිධානය
 ලෝක ආධුනික ක්‍රීඩා කික් බොක්සිං සංවිධානය (World amateur sport Kickboxing Organization - W.A.S.K.O. )

උතුරු ඇමරිකාව

එක්සත් ජනපදය
 Ultimate Fighting Championship
 King Of The Cage
 International Fighting League

කැනඩාව
 MMA CANADA

දකුණු ඇමරිකාව

බ්‍රසීලය
 Meca FC
 Storm Samurai
 Jungle Fight
 International Vale Tudo Championship

යුරෝපය

එක්සත් රාජධානිය
 Cage Rage
 Cage Warriors

ඩෙන්මාර්කය සහ ස්වීඩනය
 European Vale Tudo (Denmark, Sweden)

ස්පාඤ්ඤය
 KO Arena

පෝලන්තය
 Konfrontacja Sztuk Walki (The Martial Arts Confrontation)

ආසියාව

ජපානය
 Pride Fighting Championship
 Pancrase
 Shooto
 K-1 Hero's

මිශ්‍ර සටන් ශිල්ප


Rohtak (en hindi: रोहतक ) es una ciudad de la India, centro administrativo del distrito de Rohtak, en el estado de Haryana.

Geografía
Se encuentra a una altitud de 223  a 241 km de la capital estatal, Chandigarh, en la zona horaria UTC +5:30.

Demografía
Según estimación 2011 contaba con una población de 357 058 habitantes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Haryana

Rohtak


Below is an alphabetical list of notable Hungarian writers.
Abbreviations: children's (ch), comedy (co), drama (d), fiction (f), non-fiction (nf), poetry (p)

A–B

C–F

G-J

K

L–O

P–S

T-Z

References

Hungarian
Writers

List of Hungarian writers


Predsjednička palača u Varšavi (polj. Pałac Prezydencki w Warszawie) službeno je sjedište Predsjednika Republike Poljske zajedno s Palačom Belweder, također u Varšavi. Izvorno izgrađena 1643. za krunidbu hetmana Stanisława Koniecpolskog prema nacrtima Constantina Tencalle, a današnji neoklasicistički izgled poprima 1818. kada postaje sjedištem namjesnika Poljskog kraljevstva. U Palači se odvio niz događaja važnih za poljsku, europsku, ali i svjetsku povijest, od proglašenja Trećesvibanjskog Ustava Poljsko-Litavske Unije 1791. do potpisivanja Varšavskog ugovora 1955. Završetkom Prvog svjetskog rata bilo je sjedištem Vijeća ministara Druge Poljske Republike, da bi tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata bila sjedištem nacionalsocijalističkih snaga (»Njemačka kuća«, Deutsches Haus), a od 1994. sjedištem poljskog predsjednika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Građevine u Varšavi
Građevine u Poljskoj
Palače

Predsjednička palača u Varšavi


La Commission canadienne des grains (CCG; anglais : Canadian Grain Commission) est l'agence du Gouvernement du Canada responsable de la réglementation de l'industrie céréalière. Il réglemente le transport, la manutention, les échanges et la qualité des grains canadiens vendus au pays et à l'étranger.

En 1971, la Commission canadienne des grains a remplacé le Conseil des commissaires aux grains du Canada, qui avait été créé en 1912 par le gouvernement conservateur de Robert Borden La législation de 1912 prévoyait des licences pour chacune des parties de la chaine de distribution des grains. Il créait aussi le système d'injection et d'évaluation des céréales.

Aperçu
Le ministre de l'Agriculture et de l'Agroalimentaire est responsable de la Commission canadienne des grains. La Commission est régie par la Loi sur les grains du Canada (LRC 1985, ch. G-10).

La commission est dirigée par trois commissaires nommés par le cabinet fédéral. Un des commissaires est nommé commissaire en chef. Les affaires de l'agence sont supervisées par un Chef des opérations, qui relève du commissaire en chef.

Son siège social est situé à Winnipeg, au Manitoba. Depuis 2013, la commission compte deux bureaux régionaux à Montréal et Vancouver. Ces derniers offrent une gamme complète de services d'inspection, de pesage, d'analyse et d'entomologie.

La fonction de la CGC est, entre autres,  Pour ce faire, la CGC

Édifice

Architecture
Ernest J. Smith était l'architecte principal du siège actuel de la Commission des grains, surnommé le « bâtiment champignon ». Cette structure est un exemple notable d'un gratte-ciel canadien affichant des éléments brutalistes. Le « chapeau prolongé » du bâtiment a été conçu parce qu'un espace entre les étages supérieur et inférieur était nécessaire pour y placer l'équipement mécanique spécialisé utilisé pour transporter le grain vers le moulin à farine et brasserie d'essai aux niveaux supérieurs.

Sculpture sur le parvis
En 1976, la grande sculpture No. 1 Northern de l'artiste John Cullen Nugent a été placée sur le parvis devant l'édifice. C'était une grande sculpture abstraite en acier représentant des champs de blé.

L'œuvre dégoutait certains fonctionnaires et des employés de la Commission. Elle fut critiquée dans la presse et par certains membres du public. Malgré l'objection de l'artiste et des tentatives de litige, la sculpture a été retirée en 1978 En 1997, après une deuxième installation et retrait d'un autre édifice fédéral à Winnipeg, la sculpture de Nugent a finalement été réinstallée devant l'édifice de la Commission des grains.

Voir aussi
 Commission canadienne du blé

Références

Liens externes

 Site Web officiel de la Commission canadienne des grains
 liste des classes de blé canadien
 Ordonnances de la Commission canadienne des grains, comprend les listes de désignation des variétés
 Page des notes et spécifications
 Regardez La manutention des grains au Canada, un court métrage documentaire de l'Office national du film du Canada de 1955 sur l'Office des commissaires aux grains du Canada.

Orge
Entreprise ayant son siège à Winnipeg
Agriculture au Canada
Ministère et organisme du gouvernement du Canada
Organisme lié aux céréales

Commission canadienne des grains


NKVD (Narodnıy komissariyat vnutrennnih del) (Rusça: НКВД, Народный комиссариат внутренних дел) veya İçişleri Halk Komiserliği, Sovyetler Birliği'nin çeşitli meselelerini idare eden devlet birimi. NKVD 1917'de kurulan ve başlangıçta düzenli polis çalışması yürütmek ve ülkenin hapishanelerini ve çalışma kamplarını denetlemekle görevli bir Sovyet kolluk kuvvetiydi. 1930'da dağıtıldı, ancak 1934'te tüm sendikaları kapsayan bir komiserlik olarak yeniden kuruldu. Bu süre zarfında NKVD, OGPU'nun (gizli bir polis örgütü) işlevlerini üstlendi ve hem düzenli polislik faaliyetlerinden hem de gizli polis faaliyetlerinden sorumlu oldu. Özellikle Joseph Stalin yönetimindeki Büyük Temizlik sırasında siyasi baskıdaki rolü ve yargısız infazlara, Gulag zorunlu çalışma kampları sistemine ve daha zengin köylülere yönelik baskıya dahil olmasıyla bilinir. Ayrıca Sovyet sınırlarının korunması, casusluk (siyasi suikastlar dahil) ve Polonya'daki baskı ve katliamlar da dahil olmak üzere diğer ülkelerde Sovyet politikasının uygulanmasını denetledi. 1946'da tüm Halk Komiserliklerinin adı Bakanlık olarak değiştirildi ve NKVD İçişleri Bakanlığı (MVD) oldu.

Sovyetler Birliği'nin gizli polis teşkilatları OGPU ve Çeka'nın yerini alan Devlet Güvenlik Baş Müdürlüğü (GUGB), NKVD'nin en çok bilinen bölümüdür.

Sovyetler Birliği döneminde NKVD devlet düşmanı olarak algılanan kişilere karşı iç politikalar yürütmüş ve bu politikalar genellikle sayısız kişinin hapsedilmesi ve idam edilmesiyle sonuçlanmıştır. Bu "düşmanlar" genellikle düşük kanıt standartları ve isimsiz ihbarlarla belirleniyor ve bilgi almak için genellikle işkence kullanılıyordu. Politbüro'nun kararlarına göre genellikle dalgalar halinde gerçekleştirilen bu operasyonlar sonucunda ülke genelinde toplu mezarlar bulundu. NKVD ayrıca belirli etnik grupları, Sovyetler Birliği'nde yaşayan yabancıları ve dini örgütleri de hedef aldı. Bu eylemler  çeşitli azınlık gruplarının zulme uğraması ve yok edilmesiyle sonuçlandı.

Ayrıca bakınız
 NKVD tarama kampı

Kaynakça

NKVD


An Macroclinium dalstroemii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Dodson. An Macroclinium dalstroemii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Macroclinium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Macroclinium

Macroclinium dalstroemii


Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus was a Roman general and statesman, who served as consul of the Roman Republic in 256 and 250 BC. He is remembered for his military successes; his military achievements, especially the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, significantly contributed to the victory of the Romans in the First Punic War.

Career
During Lucius' mature life, he ran for the consulate several times, succeeding twice. On both occasions he ended up leading military expeditions. The term for being consul was one year. Two consuls ruled at a time and one could serve up to two terms. It was the consuls' job to govern provinces, lead armies in major wars, and run the Senate and assemblies.

He ran in 259 BC, but lost to Lucius Cornelius Scipio. After this, he successfully ran in 256 and 250 BC. In 256, he ruled with Marcus Atilius Regulus and in 250 with Gaius Atilius Regulus. In 256, Lucius and Marcus Atilius Regulus sailed to Africa during the First Punic War to fight Carthage—see Battle of Cape Ecnomus. Rome had prepared a large fleet of 330 ships and 140,000 men (100,000 crew and 40,000 soldiers), Carthage had a slightly larger fleet of 350 ships and 150,000 men. The Romans sailed in battle formation with three squadrons. Two of the squadrons, commanded by the consuls Marcus Atilius Regulus and Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus, led the way. The other squadron was in the back protecting the horse-transport ships that were between them. They sailed in a triangular shape because of the strong base that was easy to support during battle and also difficult to break up.

The Carthaginians were positioned in a long horizontal line with Hamilcar in the center and two slightly advanced sides. The two Carthaginian flanks advanced, which left the main line alone. This line was immediately targeted because of its vulnerability. The first two squadrons were the main ships to fight the center of the Carthaginian fleet. Since the soldiers were fighting under both consuls, who were taking part in the battle in person, they felt even more encouraged to fight with their entire strength and defeated the Carthaginians after an extensive fight. After, the squadrons went to relieve the back of the fleet. Vulso's squadron went after the Carthaginian left wing that was attacking the transport ships, while Regulus attacked Hanno. Saving these transport ships was essential to the Romans' later victories at Aspis because these ships contained horses for the cavalry and extra food and supplies which were necessary for fighting on land. After the battle, about half of Carthage's fleet had been captured or sunk. Both consuls then landed in Africa to quickly regroup and then sailed to Cape Bon, where they landed near Aspis. Here, they surrounded the city and set up a garrison. Then the consuls sent the troops to plunder the area, which was very plentiful. They herded cattle, burned houses of the rich, captured slaves, and destroyed the city's defenses. In the meantime, the Senate instructed one consul to come back to Rome with the navy and the other to stay with the army in Africa. Manlius ended up returning with most of the fleet and prisoners.

During his second term in 250 BC, with Gaius Atilius Regulus, Lucius faced some tough times. In the previous years, Rome had many unsuccessful military ventures. After losing 150 ships during a storm in open sea, they had almost entirely withdrawn from naval warfare. Now, limited to combat by foot, the Romans received news of losing over half of their troops in Africa after an elephant stampede. This created a great fear of elephants and the Romans would not come within 3/4 of a mile of them. After these events, the army had a general lack of spirit, which Lucius' second term would help to raise. With Gaius Atilius, he built 50 ships, and had a huge campaign to collect sailors and organize a fleet. In the meantime, Hasdrubal, the Carthaginian, brought his troops from Lilybaeum and set up camp near Panormus in June 250 BC, where Caecilius' army got the Carthaginians' elephants to stampede their own army, leading to improved morale and confidence among the army. With this, the consuls were encouraged to finish the war. They sailed to Sicily with about 120 ships in the fleet. They stopped and anchored off Lilybaeum, and besieged the city. The Romans thought that if they controlled this port it would be easy to manipulate the war. The Carthaginians also understood the obvious importance of this port and put their whole force together to save the city. The Carthaginians had a force of about 10,000 mercenaries (Celts and Greeks) to protect the people from the Romans.

The Romans lost to the Carthaginians' unexpected attacks. The Carthaginians sailed 50 ships from Africa under the command of Hannibal to try to save the city by charging towards the center of the harbor. The Romans did not attempt to stop the entry of the fleet because of their sudden appearance and unfavorable winds in a foreign port. Soon after, battles between the armies broke out and eventually the Carthaginians retreated and the Romans maintained their blockade. Later, the Carthaginians defeated the Romans for good when they set fire to the locations where the Romans had taken over. Even after the great losses that the Romans suffered at Lilybaeum, back in Rome, Lucius Manlius was quickly able to recruit about 10,000 sailors and sent them to Sicily, where they planned to attack Drepana, which was a port town about 24 miles north of Lilybaeum. The Roman attempt during the second consulship of Lucius Manlius Vulso ultimately failed, but it shows his leadership abilities through his capacity to keep recruiting sailors, even after a serious loss. With these abilities, he was able to help Rome stay on the path to winning the First Punic War.

Death
Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus died in 216 BC. Nothing is known about how he died. Since he died in 216 BC, this means that he lived for around 83 years, since one had to be around 40 years old to run for consul and the first time he ran was in 259 BC. It is probable that he died from natural causes, since he was around 83 years old, which was very old for someone living in Ancient Rome. Assuming this is correct, his birth would be somewhere around 300 BC.

Analysis of contributions
Throughout the years, Lucius Manlius has generally been accepted as yet another consul who helped in military victories. In the Battle of Cape Ecnomus, his command skills were essential in saving the transport ships, which allowed the Romans to pursue a follow-up attack at Aspis. In his second term, he brought the army into an improved and positive state of mind through building a new fleet and recruiting many sailors, even after the losses at Lilybaeum.

Bibliography
 Broughton, Robert S. "Candidates Defeated in Roman Elections." Transactions of the American Philosophical Society 81 (1991).
 Dupuy, Trevor N. Harper Encyclopedia of Military Biography. Chicago: Book Sales, Incorporated, 1995.
 Frank, Tenney. "Notes on Plautus." The American Journal of Philology 58 (1937).
 Goldsworthy, Adrian. The Punic Wars. London: Cassell, 2000.
 Salowey, Christina A. Great Lives from History the Ancient World. Pasadena, CA: Salem, 2004.
 Walbank, F. W. The Rise of the Roman Empire. Trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert. New York: Penguin Classics, 1979.

References

3rd-century BC Roman consuls
Vulso Longus, Lucius
Roman commanders of the First Punic War
Ancient Roman generals
Year of birth uncertain

Lucius Manlius Vulso Longus


මරදාන දුම්රිය ස්ථානය ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොළඹ පිහිටි ප්‍රධාන දුම්රිය ස්ථාන අතුරින් එකක් වේ. මෙම දුම්රිය ස්ථානය ශ්‍රී ලංකා දුම්රිය දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව යටතේ නඩත්තු වේ.

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන

මරදාන දුම්රිය ස්ථානය


The A59 is a major road in England which is around  long and runs from Wallasey, Merseyside to York, North Yorkshire. The alignment formed part of the Trunk Roads Act 1936, being then designated as the A59. It is a key route connecting Merseyside at the M53 motorway to Yorkshire, passing through three counties and connecting to various major motorways. The road is a combination of historical routes combined with contemporary roads and a mixture of dual and single carriageway. Some sections of the A59 in Yorkshire closely follow the routes of Roman roads, some dating back to the Middle Ages as salt roads, whilst much of the A59 in Merseyside follows Victorian routes which are largely unchanged to the present day.

Numerous bypasses have been constructed throughout the 20th century, one of the earliest being the Maghull bypass in the early 1930s, particularly where traffic through towns was congested. Portions of the route through Lancashire were proposed to be upgraded to motorway standard during the mid-20th century, latterly being downgraded to significant improvements then ultimately withdrawn from consideration. Sections of the road have previously been noted as being amongst the most dangerous in the country, particularly in Yorkshire, despite continued efforts to improve road safety.

Route

Merseyside
The A59 starts in Wallasey at the northern end of the M53 motorway and heading through the Kingsway Tunnel. In the centre of Liverpool, a separate  spur heads north from the roundabout junction at the entrance of the Queensway Tunnel, joining the main route at Scotland Road in Vauxhall. It continues north through Kirkdale and Walton, passing Aintree Racecourse and Ormskirk Road (forming the boundary between Aintree and Netherton), before reaching Switch Island junction where it meets the A5036, M57 motorway and the M58 motorway. From Switch Island, the A59 travels through Maghull and Lydiate, into Lancashire through Aughton and thence to Ormskirk, roughly parallel to the Merseyrail Northern Line path.

Lancashire
At Ormskirk, it reverts from a dual to single carriageway on an old bypass. The road follows through Burscough and Rufford, despite a bypass being considered for this section in the early 1980s, before reaching the A565 at Tarleton. The road continues over the Leeds and Liverpool Canal and River Douglas through to Longton (and Hutton) bypass, where it returns to dual carriageway. Passing Lancashire Police HQ, the road bypasses Penwortham and continues across the River Ribble into Preston, by-passing the city centre via Ring Way, where the A583 from Blackpool converges. It briefly merges with the A6 before heading East and meeting the M6 at junction 31, after which the road splits into two separate carriageways until it meets the A677 for Blackburn.

The A59 continues through Myerscough Smithy then runs around the perimeter of Samlesbury Aerodrome (a British Aerospace installation). At Longsight Road, it passes through Salesbury until meeting A666, at which point it bypasses Billington, Whalley then Clitheroe, Chatburn and the village of Sawley before reaching Gisburn.

Yorkshire

From Horton it enters North Yorkshire and goes through West and East Marton before meeting the A56, after which the road passes Broughton. Past Broughton, the road meets the Skipton bypass at its western end, where it overlaps the A65 on its route between Kendal and Leeds, de-merging with the A65 further to the east. The road continues over the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway through a roundabout junction with the B6160 before rising up Beamsley hill. At the top of the hill, the road crosses into the Harrogate district, at which points there is a long narrow, twisting descent, known as Kex Gill, that leads to Blubberhouses village.

The A59 then runs along the head of Fewston Reservoir and follows the route of a Roman road past the 'golf balls' at Menwith Hill, an RAF station. As Skipton Road, the A59 then declines towards Harrogate passing Kettlesing. Reaching Harrogate as Skipton Road, it meets the A61 Ripon Road for Ripon, Harrogate town centre and Leeds, before continuing through the suburbs of the town as Skipton Road. This section of the A59 is widely considered to be one of the busiest roads in North Yorkshire. Part of this section travels across the Stray, an act-protected tract of grassy land which horseshoes around the town centre. The A59 then turns left at the Empress Roundabout, which is itself on the Stray, towards the suburb of Starbeck, although traffic travelling towards York is directed onto the A661 Wetherby Road to utilise the A658 Harrogate and Knaresborough Southern Bypass. The A59, however, continues to travel through Starbeck as Knaresborough Road and later High Street, then heads east to Knaresborough, passing through the town centre before heading towards York as York Road.

The remainder of the route is comparatively flat. From Knaresborough, the A59 meets up with York-directed traffic from Harrogate on the A658, and skirts to the north of Goldsborough towards the A1(M). The A59 heads towards York, travelling close to such places as Nun Monkton, Moor Monkton and Upper Poppleton before finally ending just to the south of the city walls at a zebra crossing at the junction of Tadcaster Road and Nunnery Lane, the A1036.

History

Early history
The A59 in Yorkshire from Green Hammerton to York follows the path of an old Roman road known locally as Watling Street and may in Medieval times have been used as a salt road. Archaeological digging in 2008 showed the Roman road crossing the River Nidd on an old county bridge prior to diverging north-east of Green Hammerton, contrary to previous understanding of the route. Evidence of ditches earlier than the Roman conquest of Britain were also uncovered during the archaeological dig in 2008, suggesting a road network present in the area dating back to the Iron Age.

19th century
Much of the present-day Merseyside alignment is unchanged over the last century, with the route through Liverpool to Switch Island junction in Aintree utilising existing road infrastructure from the Victorian era, such as Scotland Road. The present day alignment between Switch Island junction and Aughton, Lancashire via Maghull was non-existent prior to the 20th century, with the connecting roads being typically smaller lanes which still exist today. The A59's Ormskirk junction with the B5195 Turnpike Road is where the A59's continues along its Victorian alignment, known as Hollborn Hill before continuing through Ormskirk and West Lancashire.
In Clitheroe district prior to the opening of the new Chatburn road in 1827 the main Liverpool / Skipton route ran through Clitheroe town via Whalley road and Pimlico over the limestone ridge of Chatburn Old road. The original route in Sawley village skirted the River Ribble from Smithies bridge and may have used the relatively steep & narrow brow from near the Spread Eagle pub, alongside the River Ribble, prior to today's route the A59 ran up from Southport House.

20th century
The route from Liverpool to Leeds via Preston was one of many roads across the country to be designated a trunk road in the Trunk Roads Act 1936, being given the designation A59 and encompassing the alignment from Liverpool to Skipton. The route fell within the first schedule of the act, which also included around  of road to be trunked and designated.

This century saw the vast majority of the A59's bypasses constructed, some of which were built before trunking, including a bypass of Ormskirk town centre in Lancashire, which appeared on maps from 1929 onwards as "Byepass Road" and subsequently forming the A59. Numerous additional bypasses were built after the road was trunked, to realign the A59 away from routes where it may have previously travelled through busy towns and cities. One of the earliest examples is in Lancashire with the Longton Bypass, which was constructed during 1956–57 at an estimated cost of £491,000 (). Prior to the bypass, the A59 travelled through the villages of Walmer Bridge, Longton and Hutton before being realigned to their east.

In Yorkshire at Beamsley Hill, there are two lanes east-bound (on an incline) and a single lane west-bound, some of which was improved at various points during the late 20th century, such as in Hazlewood, where the A59 was rerouted to become a largely straight road, bypassing the now older winding route which exists to its north-west. The A59 was also rerouted just to the east of the Embsay and Bolton Abbey Steam Railway during the same period, requiring construction of a new Bolton Bridge over the River Wharfe, with the former alignment now forming a bridleway.

Up until the early 1970s, the start of the A59 was in the centre of Liverpool; this now forms a small spur connecting to the present day A59, which runs through the Kingsway Tunnel from its start point in Wallasey. The Birkenhead alignment of the A59 utilises a disused railway cutting to link the road up to the M53 motorway. In Lancashire, the A59 was realigned during the same period in the early 1970s, to bypass the towns of Clitheroe / Whalley plus the villages of Chatburn & Sawley. The Chatburn section includes a deep limestone cutting with the Downham road bridge overhead. Most of it was constructed as a single-carriageway despite parliamentary concerns that it would be less safe than a dual-carriageway. The Sawley brow section was 3 lanes with overtaking both ways, but following several serious accidents, is now only overtaking allowed on the uphill east-bound side. The bypass had been confirmed the year before at an estimated cost of £3.4 million ().

The A59 stretch of the Skipton Bypass was opened in 1981 at an estimated cost of £16.4 million (), crossing the B6265 north of the town and providing relief to traffic congestion.
The A59 was upgraded to primary status during the 1990s due to its increased perceived importance as an east–west route. This stretch of the route was claimed in 2004 to be one of the busiest roads in North Yorkshire.

Whilst now skirting to the north of Goldsborough towards the A1(M), originally the route went through the village of Flaxby and onto Allerton, but the route now travels a restricted east–west route and meets the A1(M) at its junction 47. The road originally ended to the south of Green Hammerton, with the A66 routed down from Boroughbridge and going into York.

Bypass improvements
The A59 in Yorkshire was part of North Yorkshire's 30-year transport plan in 2016, including maintenance of potholes and resurfacing works, as well as the potential construction of new routes.

Numerous sections of the route have been realigned at various stages, particularly where the previous alignment had travelled through busy villages or towns. Most have been constructed since the route was trunked and designated the A59, however some parts, such as the Maghull bypass, had been constructed prior to the Trunk Roads Act 1936.

List of A59 Bypasses

Kex Gill Bypass proposal

A bypass has been proposed for the Kex Gill section of road that spans from Blubberhouses to the top of Beamsley Hill. The road has been closed on many occasions since 2010 (particularly in 2016 when it was closed for 8 weeks for emergency repair work). It was closed again due to a landslip in May 2018 and local planners have stated that a new section of road should be built to the north of the current route on the other side of a very small and narrow valley. North Yorkshire County Council have stated that they will start to construct the £30 million bypass in spring 2020. At the same time, they revealed that the closure and repairs bill for the section of the A59 at Kex gill was over £3 million for the period of 2009–2018. Plans for a  bypass were submitted in December 2019, with the cost expected to be around £43.7 million.

Motorway proposals

A bypass road for Ormskirk and Burscough respectively was first proposed as part of James Drake's 1949 Road Plan for Lancashire, described as an all-purpose road but later considered to be a potential motorway by 1958 and given the designation of A59(M). By 1963, Lancashire County Council had dropped the plans for a motorway of this nature, instead deciding to focus later efforts during the mid-1970s on proposing a scheme to improve the A59 link between Liverpool and Preston. This proposal was at the time considered to potentially become the M59 motorway, with investigations into all practical options being considered, however the motorway was ultimately never constructed. A map published by Lancashire County Council and dated 1974 shows the suggested route of the motorway, starting at the missing M58 motorway junction 2 and continuing north-bound towards Blackpool along the alignment of the A59. However, the road could still happen after the completion of the Preston Western Distributor Road (A582) in July 2023.

Road safety
The A59 has persistently featured in the top 10 most dangerous roads in Britain. A report by The Sunday Times in 2004 branded a section of road between the towns of Skipton and Harrogate as being "the most hazardous primary route in the nation", suggesting that the cost to implement safety measures to reduce the number of incidents could be in the region of £3 million. North Yorkshire County Council claimed they were taking steps to reduce fatalities on the road and that accidents on the stretch in question was still too high, despite the number of accidents in 2003 being at its lowest in six years. The newspaper had also reported on the lives of those who have lost loved ones on the road.

In 2008 European Road Assessment Programme reported the risk of being involved in a death or disabling injury accident as being between Low-medium and Medium-high depending on the section of road travelled. There were renewed calls in 2017 to improve the A59 in Ribble Valley, Lancashire, with MP Nigel Evans describing the A59 as a "dangerous road" whilst requesting the police carry out a full audit of accidents in an effort to tackle the problem. A proposal to improve safety of the road between Skipton and Harrogate, which is the only direct route between the towns, was discussed by councillors in March 2017. Numerous possible re-alignments are being considered in an effort to minimize or eradicate the impact of road closures, which has cost the council almost £1 million.

Junctions and landmarks
There are numerous junctions along the route of the A59, including motorway and other A-road junctions. Major junctions and landmarks are listed below.

References

External links

Sabre page on the A59

Roads in Yorkshire
Roads in Lancashire
Roads in Merseyside
Transport in North Yorkshire
Borough of Harrogate
Transport in York

A59 road


La chapelle Strozzi de Mantoue est la chapelle à la tête du transept gauche de la basilique Santa Maria Novella à Florence, en Italie. La chapelle est surélevée et placée symétriquement par rapport à la chapelle Rucellai. Elle a été décorée de fresques par Nardo di Cione avec Le Jugement dernier, L'Enfer, Le Purgatoire et Le Paradis, réalisées de 1351 à 1357.

Histoire
La chapelle appartenait à la famille Strozzi, plus précisément à la branche de Rosso di Geri Strozzi, dont les descendants en 1382, furent exilés à Mantoue, avec parmi eux Tommaso Strozzi. C'est pour cette raison que la chapelle porte désormais ce nom (la branche de la famille s'appela « di Mantova » un siècle après la fondation de la chapelle, très exactement après l'exil de Palla Strozzi en 1434).

La chapelle est achevée vers 1335, par Rosso di Geri Strozzi ou par son fils Jacopo di Rosso Strozzi. Ce n'est que plus tard, en 1350-1357, qu'elle est recouverte de fresques de Nardo di Cione (frère d'Andrea Orcagna), avec la participation plus marginale de Niccolò di Tommaso et Giovanni del Biondo. Elle est dédiée, depuis sa fondation, à saint Thomas d'Aquin. La position de la chapelle est excentrée par rapport à la tête du transept, en raison de la présence du campanile derrière la partie gauche du mur de fond de ce même transept.

Description
Les fresques de Nardo di Cione sont parmi les meilleures œuvres de cet artiste et ont été commandées par Tommaso di Rossello Strozzi en expiation du péché d'Usure. Niccolò di Tommaso y a également participé. Les fresques ont été détachées et déplacées à la suite de restaurations. Elles représentent les royaumes des cieux structurés selon la Divine Comédie de Dante Alighieri. Le mur de gauche présente le Paradis (détaché en deux parties), où les portraits de saints se succèdent en rangées parallèles continues, comme suspendus les uns sur les autres. Bien que chaque personnage ait sa propre physionomie individuelle, la représentation se résout en un « tapis » multicolore aplati, avec une répétition mécanique des poses qui génère un effet rythmiquement hypnotique. Le mur du fond présente le Jugement dernier, où se trouve également un portrait de Dante, tandis que dans les vitraux, également réalisés sur un dessin de Nardo, sont représentées la Vierge à l'Enfant et Saint Thomas d'Aquin. Les têtes aux fenêtres sont le résultat d'une réintégration moderne. Le mur de droite présente L'Enfer, d'une violence visuelle notable, du fait de la dramatique crue des scènes de damnés. Elle était détachée d'un seul tenant, mesurant 110 mètres carrés.

Quatre Docteurs de l'Église sont peints dans l'intrados de l'arc d'entrée, à savoir Jérôme, Augustin (à gauche), Grégoire et Ambroise (à droite), tandis que dans les médaillons de la croisée d'ogives figure Saint Thomas d'Aquin et les Vertus, des fresques attribuées à Giovanni del Biondo.

Polyptyque d'Orcagna
Le polyptyque sur l'autel de la chapelle représente le Rédempteur présentant les clefs à saint Pierre et un livre à saint Thomas d'Aquin, avec la Vierge, saint Jean-Baptiste et d'autres saints. À gauche, figure saint Georges avec le dragon et sainte Catherine d'Alexandrie avec la roue dentée de son martyre, à droite, saint Paul avec l'épée et saint Laurent avec le gril. Il s'agit d'un tableau à cinq compartiments avec une prédelle peinte de trois scènes (), signée et datée par Andrea Orcagna en 1357. Le panneau est centré sur la figure impassible du Christ en gloire dans une « mandorle » angélique, rappelant une iconographie du . C'est un exemple frappant de la façon dont, dans la seconde moitié du , la peinture s'est orientée vers des sujets plus dogmatiques, archaïques et statiques, en contraste avec les objectifs de réalisme et de narration d'une cinquantaine d'années avant Giotto di Bondone et ses écoles. Le panneau est également connu pour être le premier exemple de polyptyque dans lequel les frontières entre les compartiments sont complètement supprimées, pour donner une continuité spatiale à l'ensemble de la représentation.

Ouvrages à l'extérieur de la chapelle
Sur le mur extérieur de la chapelle se trouve une horloge décorée de fresques, où l'on peut également lire un distique d'Ange Politien.

Sous l'escalier d'accès se trouve un ancien sacellum dans lequel sont enterrés les corps de différents membres de la branche de Mantoue de la famille Strozzi. Y repose également le corps du bienheureux Alessio, dominicain et prieur de la basilique, fils du susmentionné Jacopo di Rosso Strozzi, décédé en 1383. Le corps du bienheureux Alessio a reposé à l'intérieur de la chapelle jusqu'au siècle dernier. À la suite d'une reconnaissance en 1942, il a été retrouvé intact, puis transféré au cimetière sous l'escalier, à l'intérieur d'une urne funéraire en cristal.

À l'intérieur du cimetière se trouve une fresque de la seconde moitié du , réalisée par un artiste non identifié qui représente la Déposition et les Saints. L'arc du cimetière est orné de deux prophètes sculptés par un sculpteur florentin anonyme, datant d'environ 1335-1340.

Références

Bibliographie
 Guida d'Italia, Firenze e provincia ("Guida Rossa"), Italian Touring Club Editions, Milan, 2007.
 Santa Maria Novella e i suoi Chiostri Monumentali, Becocci Editore, Florence, 2004.

Articles connexes
 Basilique Santa Maria Novella
 Chapelle Bardi (Santa Maria Novella)
 Chapelle Brancacci
 Chapelle Gaddi
 Chapelle Gondi
 Chapelle de Filippo Strozzi
 Chapelle Rucellai
 Chapelle Tornabuoni

Renaissance italienne
Chapelle en Toscane
Basilique Santa Maria Novella
Famille Strozzi
Cycle de fresques à Florence
Page utilisant P708
Page géolocalisée par Wikidata

Chapelle Strozzi de Mantoue


Stereoskop je optički uređaj koji dvije ravne slike (fotografije) istoga predmeta kombinira tako da gledatelj dobiva dojam trodimenzionalnosti kakav ima kada s oba oka gleda stvarni predmet u prostoru. U stereoskopu se dojam trodimenzionalnosti postiže tako što svako oko vidi po jednu sliku istoga predmeta, koje se dobivaju na primjer stereofotografijom, istodobnim snimanjem istoga predmeta dvjema kamerama kojima su objektivi među sobom udaljeni koliko i oči u čovjeka, to jest pod nešto različitim vidnim kutom, a centar za vid u mozgu ta dva vizualna doživljaja kombinira u jedinstvenu trodimenzijsku sliku. Prvi je stereoskop izumio Charles Wheatstone 1838.

Ako neki predmet koji je dosta blizu promatramo jedanput lijevim, a drugi put desnim okom, slike su nešto različite. Baš zbog te nejednakosti, predmete vidimo prostorno ili plastično, to jest u sve tri dimenzije. Da bismo i fotografije mogli vidjeti plastično, snimamo neki predmet s dva fotografska aparata ili s jednim aparatom s dva objektiva, koji su toliko razmaknuti koliki je razmak očiju. Tako dobijemo dvije fotografije koje možemo promatrati pomoću stereoskopa s dvije optičke leće. Lijevo oko gleda kroz leću lijevu fotografiju, a desno oko desnu. Obje se slike spajaju u cjelinu i dobijemo osjećaj prostornosti.

Izvori

Poveznice
 Stereoskopija

Vanjske poveznice

Optički uređaji

Stereoskop


Den gamle te-handelsrute eller chamadao (forenklet kinesisk: 茶 马 道; traditionel kinesisk: 茶 馬 道), der nu generelt kaldes "den gamle te-hesterute" eller chamagudao (forenklet kinesisk: 茶 马 古道; traditionel kinesisk: 茶 馬 古道) var et netværk af karavanestier, der snoede sig gennem bjergene i Sichuan, Yunnan og Guizhou i det sydvestlige Kina. Den kaldes også undertiden for "den sydlige silkevej". Ruten forlængedes til Bengalen i Sydasien.

Historie
Omkring år 1.000 e.Kr. var den gamle te-rute en handelsforbindelse fra Yunnan, der var en af de første teproducerende regioner: til Bengalen via Burma, til Tibet og til det centrale Kina via Sichuan-provinsen. Ud over te fragtede muldyrkaravanerne salt. Både mennesker og heste bragte store ladninger, og tebærerne bar nogle gange over 60-90 kg, hvilket ofte var mere end deres egen kropsvægt i te. Transportørerne brugte metalstivere ved pakningen af tepakkerne, både for at holde balancen, mens de gik, og for at hjælpe med at understøtte lasten, mens de hvilede, så de ikke behøvede at lægge ballerne direkte på jorden.

Det antages, at det var gennem dette handelsnet, at te (typisk te-pakker) først spredte sig over Kina og Asien fra sin oprindelse i Pu'er-området, nær Simao-præfekturet i Yunnan.

Ruten fik navnet te-hesteruten på grund af den fælles handel med tibetanske ponyer for kinesisk te, en praksis, der dateres mindst tilbage til Song-dynastiet, da de robuste heste var vigtige for Kina at bekæmpe krigende nomader i nord.

Fremtid

I det 21. århundrede er arven efter Den gamle te-handelsrute blevet brugt til at fremme en jernbane, der forbinder Chengdu med Lhasa. Denne planlagte jernbane, en del af Folkerepublikken Kinas 13. 5-årsplan, kaldes Sichuan-Tibet Railway (川藏 铁路); Den vil forbinde byer på tværs af ruten, herunder Kangding. Myndigheder hævder, at den vil bringe stor fremgang for de berørte folks velfærd.

Noter

Kinas historie

Den gamle te-handelsrute


Divan-ı Hikmet, Hoca Ahmed Yesevî'nin (1093, Sayram - 1166, Türkistan) söylediği "hikmet" adlı şiirleri bir araya getiren Türk tasavvuf edebiyatının bilinen en eski örneklerini içeren kitaptır.

Türkistan'ın Ahmet Yesevi'nin (ölümü:1166) dile getirdiği "hikmet" adı verilen şiirlerini bir araya getiren şiir antolojisine verilen özel isimdir. Türk edebiyatı tarihinde Divan-ı Hikmetin önemi İslamiyetten sonraki Türk edebiyatının daha önce yazılan Kutadgu Bilig'den sonraki bilinen en eski örneklerinden biri ve tasavvufi Türk edebiyatının ilk eseri oluşundan daha fazla Türk Dünyası'nda meydana getirdiği tesirlere dayanır.

Genel özellikler
Genel olarak dervişlik hakkında övgülerden, bu dünyadan şikâyetten, cennet ve cehennem tasvirlerinden, İslâm peygamberi Muhammed'in hayatından ve mucizelerinden bahsedilir. Dinî ve ahlâki öğütler veren şiirlere de yer vermiştir. Hece ölçüsü olarak 4+3 ve 4+4+4 kullanılmıştır. Bu yapıtın ortaya çıkmasından bir süre sonra; İslamiyet göçebe Türk toplulukları arasında yayılmaya başlamıştır. Ahmed Yesevi'nin görüşleri Anadolu gizemciliğinin (tasavvuf) temelini oluşturur. Tasavvuf kültürünün temeli bu yapıttadır. Yunus Emre'nin, Hacı Bektaş Veli, Hacı Bayram Veli gibi mutasavvıfların düşüncelerinin kaynağı bu yapıttır.

Eserde Ahmed Yesevi'nin kurucusu olduğu Yesevilik tarikatına ait bilgiler, dervişlik üzerine övgüler, Cennet-Cehennem tasvirleri, İslam peygamberinin hayatı ve mucizeleri anlatılır.

 Kitapta Allah aşkı Peygamber sevgisi işlenmiştir.
 Hikmet: Hoş, hayırlı anlamlarına gelir.
 Dini-Tasavvufi Özlü Söz anlamına gelmektedir.
 Sade ve yalın bir dil kullanılmıştır.
 Aruz ve hece ölçüsü bir arada kullanılmıştır.
 Dörtlük ve beyitle yazılmıştır.
 144 hikmet ve 1 münacaattan oluşur. (2009 yılında bulunan yeni hikmetlerle bilinen hikmet sayısı 217 olmuştur. Dr. Hayatı Bice tarafından hazırlanan 5. baskıda yeni hikmetler günümüz Türkçesi ile de yayınlanmıştır.)
 Eser Karahanlı Türkçesinin Hakaniye lehçesiyle yazılmıştır.
 İstifham (soru sorma) ve Tecahül-i Arif (bilip de bilmezlikten gelme) sanatları kullanılmıştır.
 Ahmed Yesevi hikmetlerinin birleşmesiyle olmuştur ve Karahanlı Türkçesiyle söylemiştir.
 Hikmetler dini tasavvufi şiirlerdir.
 Peygamber Muhammed'in vefât yaşı olan 63 (Hicrî) yaşından sonra toprağın altında yaşamayı seçmiştir.
 Allah'a yakın olma isteği vardır.
 Şiirlerde ulusal ögeler (ölçü, nazım biçimi, yarım uyak) ile İslamlıktan gelme yabancı ögeler (din ve tasavvuf konuları, yabancı sözcükler) bir arada kullanılmıştır.
 Eserin uyaklanışı abcd dddb eeeb şeklindedir. Dördüncü dizelerin birbiriyle uyaklı oluşu hatta zaman zaman aynen tekrarlanışı bu şiirlerin musiki ile okunmak için söylendiğini gösterir.
 Divan-ı Hikmet'i Ahmed Yesevi yazmamıştır. Ahmet Yesevi'nin kurduğu tarikattaki Şaban Durmuş, Ahmed Yesevi'nin görüşlerini ve düşüncelerini kitap haline getirmiştir.
 Eser 12. yy'a aittir ve manzum bir eserdir.
 Ahmed Yesevî 63 (Hicrî) yaşından sonra çukur kazdırarak kendini toprağın altına kapatmış, inzivaya çekilmiş ve İslam peygamberi Muhammed gibi 63 (Hicrî) yaşında ölmek istemiştir ama 76 (Hicrî) - 73 (Miladî) yaşında hayata veda etmiştir.
 Türk edebiyatı tarihinde "Divan-ı Hikmet"in önemi İslamiyet'ten sonraki Türk edebiyatının daha önce yazılan Kutadgu Bilig'den sonraki bilinen en eski örneklerinden biri ve tasavvuf Türk edebiyatının ilk eseri oluşudur.
 Lirik ve didaktik özellik gösterir.

Hakkındaki yayınlar
İlk kez 12. yüzyılda kitap hâline getirildiği düşünülen Divan-ı Hikmet önceleri yazma nüshalar şeklinde, daha sonraları ise taş basması tekniği ile çoğaltılmıştır. Bilindiği kadarıyla son iki yüz yıl içinde on yedi kez Taşkent'te, dokuz kez İstanbul'da, beş kez Kazan'da ve birer kere de Buhara ve Kazan'da matbu olarak yayınlanmıştır. Yakın tarihlerde Türkiye'de "Divan-ı Hikmet'ten Seçmeler" adı ile yetmiş adet hikmetten müteşekkil ve Prof. Dr. Kemal Eraslan tarafından hazırlanan bir eser T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı tarafından iki kez basılmıştır.Dr. Hayati Bice tarafından hazırlanan ve Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı tarafından ilk kez 1993 yılında yayınlanan Divan-ı Hikmet'te ise yüz kırk dört adet hikmet yer almaktadır. Bu Divan-ı Hikmet nüshası Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı yayın evlerinden temin edilebilir.

Divan-ı Hikmet ve Türk Dünyası
Sovyetler Birliği'nin dağılmasından sonra ortaya çıkan yeni imkânlar Divan-ı Hikmet'in Türk cumhuriyetlerinde yeniden gün ışığına çıkmasını sağlamış ve Özbekistan'da Divan-ı Hikmet'in Kiril harfli iki yeni baskısı yapılmıştır. Kazan baskısı esas alınarak Resul Muhammed Aşurbay-oğlu tarafından hazırlanan ve 1992'de Taşkent'te Kiril harfleri ile neşredilen Divan-ı Hikmet kitabının baskı adedi tam beş yüz bin adettir. Divan-ı Hikmet yine 1992 yılında Türkmenistan'da "Medine'de Muhammed Türkistan'da Hoca Ahmed" adı ile elli bin adet olarak basılmıştır. Son olarak hikmetlerden bir kısmını içeren ve "Akıl Kitabı" adı ile basılan bir yayın da Kazakistan'da 1994 yılında yayınlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Günümüz Türkçesi ile Divan-ı Hikmet'in tam metni

Divanlar
Tasavvuf eserleri
Seçkiler
Şiir kitapları

Divan-ı Hikmet


Roy Kerr, also known as the Freelance Hellraiser, is an English DJ, producer, remixer and one of the creators of the UK bootleg (mashup) scene.

Career
Under the Freelance Hellraiser name, Kerr gained fame with a mashup in 2001 called "A Stroke of Genius", which combined an instrumental edit of the Strokes' track "Hard to Explain" with Christina Aguilera's pop hit "Genie in a Bottle". Although originally greeted by a cease and desist order by RCA (the label which both Aguilera and the Strokes are signed to), he went on to remix Aguilera's single "Fighter", as well as tracks for Placebo and ex-Verve frontman Richard Ashcroft.  "A Stroke of Genius" was later dubbed as "the song that defines the decade" by The Guardian.

In 2006, he released his album Waiting for Clearance, featuring such artists as Jan Hammer, Iain Archer and Snow Patrol frontman Gary Lightbody. The following year, he formed Kid Gloves with Anu Pillai, writing and producing two songs for Ladyhawke's gold-selling eponymous debut album, including the single "Paris Is Burning".

Collaborations
In 2004, he was commissioned by Paul McCartney to remix some lesser-known McCartney tracks as preshow entertainment for his tour of that year. Those tracks, and several more, were released under the name Twin Freaks. In 2009, Kid Gloves contributed to Little Boots' gold-selling debut album, Hands, writing and producing her duet, "Symmetry", with the Human League's Phil Oakey.

Discography

Albums (as The Freelance Hellraiser)
 Waiting for Clearance

Singles (as The Freelance Hellraiser)
 "Want You to Know"
 "We Don't Belong"
 "Weightlessness"
 "You Can Cry All You Want"

Remixes (as The Freelance Hellraiser)
 Richard Ashcroft - "Check the Meaning"
 Christina Aguilera - "Fighter"
 Arthur Baker - "Glow"
 Placebo - "English Summer Rain"
 The Reindeer Section - "Your Are My Joy"
 Ian Brown -  "Northern Lights"
 Editors - "Blood"
 Just Jack - "Triple Tone Eyes"
 The Darkness - "Girlfriend"
 Snow Patrol - "Hands Open"
 Iain Archer - "When It Kicks In"
 Siouxsie Sioux - "Here Comes That Day"
 My Robot Friend - "Rapture"
 Cuban Friends - "My Love Is Alive"
 Shakira - "Objection"
 The Verve - "Love Is Noise"
 Sophie Ellis-Bextor - Wanderlust (remixed the whole album)

DJ mixes
 Mixmag 50 Big Tunes 2003 Cover CD
 45 Special 2001 Bootleg Mix

Singles (as Kid Gloves)
 "Music Power" (2011)
 "Bare Knuckle" (2010)

Production (as Kid Gloves)
 Cheryl Cole and Lana Del Rey - "Ghetto Baby"
 Ladyhawke - "Paris Is Burning"
 Ladyhawke - "Paris Is Burning (Remix)"
 Ladyhawke - "Manipulating Woman"
 Little Boots - "Symmetry" (featuring Phil Oakley)
 Little Boots - "Not Now"
 VV Brown - "Game Over"
 Arsenal - "Lokemo"

Remixes (as Kid Gloves)
 Black Kids - "Look at Me"
 Santigold - "Lights Out"
 Arsenal - "Estupendo"

Albums (as Twin Freaks)
 Twin Freaks (2005)

Singles (as Twin Freaks)
 "Really Love You"
 "What's That You're Doing"

References

External links
Freelance Hellraiser's Myspace
Review of "A Stroke of Genius" in the Village Voice

Interviews
 Radio Feature The Some Assembly Required Interview with The Freelance Hellraiser (2006)
Q&A with Freelance Hellraiser on Music Towers

British mashup artists
English DJs
English record producers
Remixers
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)

The Freelance Hellraiser


Ömer Töprak () este un fotbalist turc. Joacă pe postul de fundaș central la Werder Bremen din 2. Bundesliga.

Referințe

Nașteri în 1989
Fotbaliști germani
Germani de origine turcă
Fotbaliști ai BVB Borussia Dortmund

Ömer Toprak


Karve (eller Karvi) var en lille type langskib med et bredt skrog, der til en vis grad minder om transportskibet knarr. Karve-både blev brugt både i krig og til almindelig transport til mennesker, varer eller husdyr. De var i stand til at navigere på meget lavt vand, hvilket var en fordel både til plyndringstogter og til handel. Man kunne således sejle helt op på stranden. Karver havde et bredt skrog, der var 5 til 21 m langt, og havde plads til op til 16 årer.

Tuneskibet fra Norge er et eksempel på et historisk karve-skib.

Referencer

Skibstyper
Vikingeskibe

Karve (skib)


Enciklopedija međunarodnog filma (njemački:  Lexikon des Internationalen Films) njemačka je enciklopedija u više izdanja s filmskim kritikama, recenzijama i člancima o filmovima i televizijskim serijama viđenima u Njemačkoj od 1945. nadalje. Mrežno izdanje redovito se nadopunjuje novim filmovima i djeluje kao filmska baza podataka, po uzoru na IMDb.

Tiskovno izdanje enciklopedije temelji se na filmskim recenzijama časopisa Filmdienst (hrv. Filmska služba) te je objavljeno 1947. godine. Izdavačka kuća Rowohlt Verlag izdaje enciklopediju u 10 svezaka, s ponovljenim i dopunjenim izdanjem 1995. Različite izdavačke kuće objavile su početkom 2000-ih nekoliko sličnih izdanja, koja su uvelike poslužila u pisanju druge enciklopedijske građe.

Mrežna izdanja enciklopedija dostupna su na stranicama kabeleins.de, kabeleins.at, zeitausendeins.de i bs-net.de te se redovito nadopunjuju novim podatcima.

Tiskovno izdanje iz 2001. godine sadržavalo je recenzije i zapise o 52.000 filmova i 130 eseja.

Izdanja
 Katolički institut za informacije i medije i Katoličo filmsko povjerenstvo za Njemačku, Enciklopedija međunarodnog filma. Kino, televizija, video, DVD,  Zweitausendeins, Frankfurt 2002 , urednici Horst Peter, Koll Stefan Lux i Hans Mesija
 Enciklopedija međunarodnog filma 2001. 48.000 filmova s kratkim osvrtima, Systhema (CD-ROM-a za Windows 95/98 / NT 4.0 / MacOS 8.1)
 Časopis Filmdienst i Katoličko filmsko povjerenstvo za Njemačku, Enciklopedija međunarodnog filma: Kino, televizija, DVD, godine izdavanja 2001. – 2007., izdavačka kuća Stoke,  , urednici Horst Peter Koll i Hans Mesija

Pogledajte još:
 Filmski časopis
 Filmski leksikon

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Enciklopedija međunarodnog filma na stranicama Njemačke nacionalne knjižnice

Enciklopedije

Enciklopedija međunarodnog filma


رودريغو فارغاس  ، من مواليد 20 أكتوبر 1978 في سانتياغو في تشيلي ، لاعب كرة قدم تشيلي.<ref></ref.

يلعب مع نادي ملبورن فيكتوري.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أستراليون من أصل تشيلي
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من أصل تشيلي
لاعبو الدوري الأسترالي الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الأسترالي الممتاز
لاعبو كرة قدم أستراليون
لاعبو كرة قدم تشيليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أستراليون
لاعبو كرة قدم من ملبورن
لاعبو منتخب أستراليا لكرة القدم
لاعبو ميلبورن فيكتوري
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1978
مواليد في ملبورن

رودريغو فارغاس


An Paspalum wrightii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Albert Spear Hitchcock ngan Mary Agnes Chase. An Paspalum wrightii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Paspalum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Paspalum

Paspalum wrightii


Jitterbug is a generalized term used to describe swing dancing. It is often synonymous with the lindy hop dance but might include elements of the jive, east coast swing, collegiate shag, charleston, balboa and other swing dances.

Swing dancing originated in the African-American communities of New York City in the early 20th century. Many nightclubs had a whites-only or blacks-only policy due to racial segregation, however the Savoy Ballroom in Harlem had a no-discrimination policy which allowed whites and blacks to dance together and it was there that the lindy hop dance flourished, started by dancers such as George Snowden and Frank Manning. The term jitterbug was originally a ridicule used by black patrons to describe whites who started to dance the lindy hop, as they were dancing faster and jumpier than was intended, like "jittering bugs", although it quickly lost its negative connotation as the more erratic version caught on. Both the lindy hop and the "jitterbug" became popular outside Harlem when the dance was featured in Hollywood films and Broadway theatre, starring the performance group Whitey's Lindy Hoppers.

Etymology

According to the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) the word "jitterbug" is a combination of the words "jitter" and "bug"; both words are of unknown origin.

The first use of the word "jitters" quoted by the OED is from 1929, Act II of the play Strictly Dishonorable by Preston Sturges where the character Isabelle says: "Willie's got the jitters" is answered by a judge "Jitters?" to which Isabelle answers "You know, he makes faces all the time." The second quote in the OED is from the N.Y. Press from 2 April 1930: "The game is played only after the mugs and wenches have taken on too much gin and they arrive at the state of jitters, a disease known among the common herd as heebie jeebies."

The first quote containing the term "jitter bug" recorded by the OED is from the 1934 Cab Calloway song "Jitter Bug". The magazine Song Hits, in the 19 November 1939 issue, published the lyrics, including: "They're four little jitter bugs. He has the jitters ev'ry morn; that's why jitter sauce was born."

According to H. W. Fry in his review of Dictionary of Word Origins by Joseph Twadell Shipley in 1945 the word "jitters" "is from a spoonerism ['bin and jitters' for 'gin and bitters']...and originally referred to one under the influence of gin and bitters".

Wentworth and Flexner explains "jitterbug" as "[o]ne who, though not a musician, enthusiastically likes or understands swing music; a swing fan" or "[o]ne who dances frequently to swing music" or "[a] devotee of jitterbug music and dancing; one who follows the fashions and fads of the jitterbug devotee... To dance, esp[ecially] to jazz or swing music and usu[ally] in an extremely vigorous and athletic manner".

Early history

Jitterbugging developed from dances performed by African-Americans at juke joints and dance halls. The Carolina shag and single Lindy Hop dances formed the basis of the jitterbug, which gave way to the double Lindy Hop when rock and roll became popular.

White dancers picked up the energetic jitterbug from dancers at black venues. Venues in the Hill District of Pittsburgh were popular places for whites to learn the jitterbug. The Savoy Ballroom, a dance hall in Harlem, was a famous cross-cultural venue, frequented by both black locals and white tourists. Norma Miller, a former Lindy Hop dancer who regularly performed at the Savoy, noted that the dances performed there were choreographed in advance, which was not always understood by the tourists, who sometimes believed the performers were just dancing socially.

A musical number called "The Jitterbug" was written for the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. The "jitterbug" was a bug sent by the Wicked Witch of the West to waylay the heroes by forcing them to do a jitterbug-style dance. Although the sequence was not included in the final version of the film, the Witch is later heard to tell the flying monkey leader, "I've sent a little insect on ahead to take the fight out of them." The song as sung by Judy Garland as Dorothy and some of the establishing dialogue survived from the soundtrack as the B-side of the disc release of "Over the Rainbow".

Popularity

In 1944, with the United States' continuing involvement in World War II, a 30% federal excise tax was levied against night clubs that featured dancing. Although the tax was later reduced to 20%, "No Dancing Allowed" signs went up all over the country. It has been argued that this tax had a significant role in the decline of public dancing as a recreational activity in the United States.

World War II facilitated the spread of jitterbug across the Pacific and the Atlantic Oceans. Across the Atlantic in preparation for D-Day, there were nearly 1,6  million American troops stationed throughout Britain in May 1944. Numbers dwindled thereafter, but as late as April 30, 1945  there were still over 224,000 airmen, 109,000 communications zone troops, and 100,000 in hospitals or preparing to serve as individual replacements.

Dancing was not a popular pastime in Britain before the war, and many ballrooms had been closed for lack of business. In the wake of the arrival of American troops, many of these re-opened, installing jukeboxes rather than hiring live bands. Working class women who had never danced recreationally before made up a large part of the attendees, along with American soldiers and sailors. British Samoans were doing a "Seabee version" of the jitterbug by January 1944.  By November 1945 after the departure of the American troops following D-Day, English couples were being warned not to continue doing energetic "rude American dancing," as it was disapproved of by the upper classes. Time reported that American troops stationed in France in 1945 jitterbugged, and by 1946, jitterbug had become a craze in England. It was already a competition dance in Australia.

A United Press item datelined Hollywood on 9 June 1945 stated that dancer Florida Edwards was awarded a $7,870 judgement by the district court of appeals for injuries she sustained while jitterbugging at the Hollywood Canteen the previous year.

In 1957, the Philadelphia-based television show American Bandstand was picked up by the American Broadcasting Company and shown across the United States. American Bandstand featured popular songs of the day, live appearances by musicians, and dancing in the studio. At this time, the most popular fast dance was jitterbug, which was described as "a frenetic leftover of the swing era ballroom days that was only slightly less acrobatic than Lindy".

In a 1962 article in the Memphis Commercial Appeal, bassist Bill Black, who had backed Elvis Presley from 1954 to 1957, listed "jitterbug" along with the twist and cha-cha as "the only dance numbers you can play".

See also
 Balboa
 Lindy Hop
 Shag
 Big Apple
 Charleston (dance)

References

Swing dances
Articles containing video clips

Jitterbug


Der Wasserturm Großmaischeid ist das Wahrzeichen und neben der katholischen Pfarrkirche St. Bonifatius eine der historischen Sehenswürdigkeiten in der Westerwälder Ortsgemeinde Großmaischeid im Landkreis Neuwied in Rheinland-Pfalz.

Lage und Beschreibung
Der Wasserturm steht erhöht am südlichen Ortsrand an der Kausener Straße (der in den Ortsteil Kausen führenden Kreisstraße 117). Aufgrund seiner exponierten Lage überragt er die anderen Gebäude des Ortes, prägt die Silhouette und bildet eine Landmarke.

Die unteren beiden Etagen des Turmes mit seinem quadratischen Grundriss wurden in Mauerbauweise errichtet. Die verputzten und mit jeweils einem Fenster je Seite und Etage versehenen Wände sind beige gestrichen, während die Eckpilaster weiß gehalten sind. Das dritte Stockwerk, in dem sich früher der Hochbehälter befand, ragt leicht über den Turmschaft hervor. Es besitzt ebenfalls einen annähernd quadratischen Grundriss, wobei jedoch die Ecken abgeschrägt sind und ist in Fachwerkbauweise erstellt. Das Pyramidendach ist verschiefert und besitzt eine Dachlaterne.

Historie und heutige Nutzung
Der Turm wurde 1922/23 errichtet und diente von etwa 1924 bis 1968 seiner ursprünglichen Bestimmung. In den letzten Jahren wurde er entkernt und saniert. Das mittlerweile unter Denkmalschutz stehende Gebäude wird heute für kulturelle Veranstaltungen genutzt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Grossmaischeid
Bauwerk im Landkreis Neuwied
Kulturdenkmal in Großmaischeid
Umgenutztes Bauwerk in Rheinland-Pfalz
Turm in Europa
Erbaut in den 1920er Jahren

Wasserturm Großmaischeid


Rıdvan Yenişen (d. Ekim 1942, Kocaeli - ö. 17 Eylül 2010, Ankara), Türk bürokrat.

Arifiye'de İlköğretim okulunu; Kocaeli'de liseyi bitirmiştir. Türkiye'nin çeşitli yerlerinden İlköğretim öğretmenliği yapmıştır. 1968 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi'nden mezun olmuş, 51. Dönem Kaymakamlık Kursunu birincilikle bitirerek Artvin'in Borçka, Konya'nın Cihanbeyli ve Şırnak'ın Silopi ilçelerinde kaymakamlık yapmıştır.

TRT Genel Sekreter Yardımcılığı, SEKA Genel Müdür Yardımcılığı ve Yönetim Kurulu Üyeliği görevlerinde bulunmuş, daha sonra Diyarbakır'ın Kulp ve Ordu'nun Aybastı kaymakamlıkları ve İçişleri Bakanlığı Mahalli İdareler Genel Müdür Yardımcılığı görevlerinden sonra 1985 yılında İstanbul Vali Yardımcılığına atanmıştır. Aksaray Valisi iken Kayseri Valiliği'ne, ardından Valiler Kararnamesi ile Bursa Valiliğine atanmıştır.

1 Kasım 1995 tarihinde İstanbul Vali Vekilliğine, 8 Nisan 1996'da Valiler Kararnamesi ile İstanbul Valiliğine atanmıştır. 24 Temmuz 1997 tarihine kadar bu görevde kalmıştır.

Kalp krizi sebebiyle 17 Eylül 2010 tarihinde Ankara'da öldü. 19 Eylül 2010 tarihinde Kocaeli, Kartepe, Uzuntarla'da defnedildi.

Kaynakça
 http://www.istanbul.gov.tr

1942 doğumlular
2010 yılında ölenler
Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Kocaeli doğumlular
İstanbul valileri

Rıdvan Yenişen


පිදුරුතලාගල කන්ද ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උසම කඳු මුදුන වෙයි. උස මීටර් 2524 (අඩි 8281)කි. මධ්‍යම කඳුකරයේ නුවරඑළිය දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටා ඇත.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ උසම කඳු මුදුනට අමතරව මෙහි ඇති විශේෂත්වය නම් ලංකාව බෙදා වෙන්කරන සිතියම් 92 න් සිතියම් හතරක් යාවන ස්ථානයක් ලෙසද මෙකී ස්ථානය වැදගත් වේ .ඒවා ,

 බදුල්ල සිතියම
 නුවරඑළිය සිතියම
 ගම්පොල සිතියම
 හඟුරන්කෙත සිතියම

එසේම ග්‍රිනිච් රේඛා 0" . 0" ස්ථනයද මේම කඳු මුදුනයි.

යුධ ,ගුවන් ,නාවික හමුදා කඳවුරු පිහිටා ඇති අතර ශ්‍රී ලංකා රූපවාහිනී සංස්ථාවේ හා ටෙලිකොම් ආයතනයේ ප්‍රධාන සම්ප්‍රේෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථානද පිහිටා ඇත.

මෙහි නැරබීම සඳහා ඇතුල් වීම සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම නොමිලේ වන අතර යුධ හමුදාව මගින් පාලනය වේ.

මෙම කදු වලල්ල දිවියන් බහුල ප්‍රදේශයකි.

කඳු - ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

පිදුරුතලාගල


Brother Rat é um filme de comédia dramática estadunidense de 1938 dirigido por William Keighley e estrelado por Ronald Reagan, Priscilla Lane, Eddie Albert, Jane Wyman e Wayne Morris. O filme é uma adaptação da peça de mesmo nome escrita por John Monks Jr. e Fred Finklehofe.

Após a produção do filme, Reagan se casou com Wyman em 1940.

Elenco
 Ronald Reagan ...Dan Crawford
 Priscilla Lane ...Joyce Winfree
 Eddie Albert ...Bing Edwards
 Jane Wyman ...Claire Adams
 Wayne Morris ...Billy Randolph
 Johnnie Davis ...A. Furman Towsend, Jr.
 Jane Bryan ...Kate Rice
 Henry O'Neill ...Coronel Ramm
 Gordon Oliver ...Capt. 'Lacedrawers' Rogers
 Larry Williams ...Harley Harrington
 William Tracy ...Misto Bottome
 Jessie Busley ...Sra. Brooks
 Olin Howland ...Slim
 Louise Beavers ...Jenny

Recepção
Frank S. Nugent, do The New York Times, chamou o filme de "uma excelente transcrição da peça, fiel a todo o material que pode ser exibido e combinando com os humores vivos dos dramaturgos nas cenas adicionadas". "Nenhum dos fatores que tornaram a peça um sucesso foi perdido ... Albert tem uma atuação esplêndida", relatou a Variety.

Refilmagem
Em 1940, a Warner Bros. fez uma sequência do filme, Brother Rat and a Baby, que manteve a maioria dos membros do elenco do filme original.

Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 1938
Filmes em preto e branco
Filmes da Warner Bros.
Filmes com trilha sonora de Heinz Roemheld
Filmes gravados na Virgínia
Filmes dirigidos por William Keighley

Brother Rat


Caio Júnior (8. marts 1965 - 28. november 2016) var en brasiliansk fodboldspiller og træner.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Fodboldtrænere fra Brasilien

Caio Júnior


Valentinus (født ca. 100 antagelig i Ægypten; død ca. 160 eller lidt senere) var en gnostiker i 2. århundrede.

Den græske dannelse fik han i Alexandria, og under Hadrian (†138) kom han til Rom og fremsatte en vranglære, som vandt en del tilslutning, men også megen modstand fra kirkelig side, således blandt andet fra Justinus Martyr. Hans ophold i Rom varede fra ca. 135 til ca. 160-165, men i øvrigt vides intet med sikkerhed om hans liv. Heller ikke hans lære er klart bevaret.

Gnosticisme
Valentinus har skrevet både homilier, breve og salmer, men kun fragmenter er bevarede, og af hans disciples skrifter er der også bevaret lidt, men gennem den sparsomme litteratur fra valentinianernes egen side og gennem de fyldigere beretninger hos kirkefædrene lader det sig dog fastslå, at valentinianismen har været en af de betydeligste gnostiske retninger.

Æonlære
Som særlig karakteristisk for denne retning nævnes dens æonlære. Gud er det uudgrundelige dyb, men ud fra "dybet" strømmer parvis æoner, "tanken" eller "den enbårne" og "sandheden", "mennesket" og "menigheden" osv., og disse æoner skildres snart som egenskaber hos Gud, snart som selvstændige personlige væsner. En af æonerne, "visdommen", forstyrrede harmonien og blev derfor fjernet fra guddomsfylden; fra denne æon udgik demiurgen, og denne skabte atter verden.

Opdeling af menneskene i grupper
Menneskene deles i tre grupper: der er mange hylikere, hos hvem det materielle råder, nogle færre psykikere, som står højere i åndelig henseende, og som kan frelses ved tro, og endelig nogle ganske få pneumatikere, der er rent åndelige og frelses ved gnosis. I læren om Kristus er valentinianerne doketer, det vil sige Jesus blev kun tilsyneladende et menneske.

Bibelen
Valentinianerne søger at stå på skriftens grund. Det Gamle Testamente benyttes og anerkendes, og af Det Ny Testamente benyttes især Paulus' og Johannes' skrifter. Til de betydeligste valentinianere hørte Ptolemæus og Herakleon. Også den syrisk-aramæiske Bardesanes (†222) var påvirket af Valentinus.

I det hele bredte Valentinus' discipelkreds sig, og valentinianerne fik tidligt egne templer, prædikanter og salmedigtere. Sædvanligvis benyttede de kirkelige udtryk og skikke for derved lettere at vinde proselytter. Nogle havde en dobbelt dåb, en for katekumener og en for pneumatikere. Kirkens mænd kæmpede ivrigt mod denne blandingsform af hedenskab og kristendom, og efterhånden forsvandt den.

Litteratur
 Frederik Torm: Valentinianismens Historie og Lære, 1901 - Disputats online hos Archive.org
 Fredrik Nielsen: Haandbog i Kirkens Historie I, 1893

Kilder

Fodnoter

Kristne
Religionsstiftere
Gnosticisme

Valentinus (gnostiker)


William Downie Stewart, dit Downie Stewart, né le  à Dunedin et mort le  dans cette même ville, est un avocat et homme politique néo-zélandais. Invalide de guerre à l'issue de la Première Guerre mondiale, il exerce une succession de portefeuilles ministériels presque sans discontinuer entre 1921 et 1933 : intérieur, justice puis finances.

Biographie

Débuts
Il est le plus jeune d'une fratrie de cinq enfants, et sa mère meurt peu après sa naissance. Son père, avocat et député indépendant au Parlement de Nouvelle-Zélande, se remarie et les enfants sont « élevés par une succession de nourrices dans une atmosphère de presbytérianisme calviniste austère ». Le garçon est toutefois aussi imprégné des réunions politiques organisées au domicile familial par son père, qui s'intéresse aux idées progressistes de réformes sociales. Downie Stewart étudie le droit à l'université de l'Otago, où il est trésorier d'une association étudiante puis directeur d'un journal étudiant. À l'issue de ses études, il intègre le cabinet d'avocat de son père récemment décédé.

Au regard de ses idées plutôt marquées à gauche, il surprend ses amis en étant candidat du groupe conservateur informel aux élections législatives de 1905 ; il explique s'opposer notamment à ce qu'il considère comme l'autoritarisme du Premier ministre libéral Richard Seddon, même s'il est en accord avec bon nombre des idées des libéraux. Il échoue à entrer au Parlement, mais est élu conseiller municipal de Dunedin en 1907, puis maire en 1913.

En 1910, il coécrit l'ouvrage State Socialism in New Zealand (« le socialisme d'État en Nouvelle-Zélande ») avec le professeur d'économie américain James Le Rossignol. Le livre, analyse critique sérieuse et plutôt sympathique des politiques menées par le gouvernement libéral, est bien reçu. En 1914, Downie Stewart écrit la préface de l'édition en anglais de l'ouvrage d'André Siegfried La Démocratie en Nouvelle-Zélande.

Entrée au Parlement et Première Guerre mondiale
Choisi comme candidat du  (conservateur) dans la circonscription de Dunedin-ouest aux élections législatives de 1914, il est élu à la Chambre des représentants et se porte immédiatement soldat volontaire pour la Première Guerre mondiale. Le jeune député libéral Tom Seddon fait de même, et les deux hommes s'engagent ensemble comme simples soldats. Fait sous-lieutenant dans le régiment d'infanterie de l'Otago à l'issue de sa formation militaire, Downie Stewart est déployé en Égypte en janvier 1916. Il y est atteint de rhumatisme, mais s'en remet et est envoyé sur le front de l'Ouest. Il y souffre d'une crise de polyarthrite rhumatoïde, et doit être rapatrié en Nouvelle-Zélande en décembre. Cette maladie contractée durant la guerre le handicape durant le restant de sa vie.

Il est chaudement accueilli au Parlement lorsqu'il y revient en juin 1917, en béquilles et accompagné de deux assistants médicaux. Sa sœur Mary, infirmière faite officier de l'ordre de l'Empire britannique en 1918 pour son engagement en faveur du bien-être des soldats et des anciens combattants, se dévoue entièrement à lui durant le restant de sa carrière politique et de sa vie, s'assurant que son frère puisse mener une vie normale malgré son handicap. Sa désapprobation des grèves ouvrières au début des années 1910 a fait de lui un membre du Parti de la réforme, mais il se sent plus proche de députés travaillistes, représentants du mouvement syndical et ouvrier, que de bon nombre des membres de son parti. Il se lie notamment d'amitié avec John A. Lee et Harry Holland. Plutôt qu'un engagement partisan, il conçoit le Parlement comme « une rencontre des esprits où les décisions sont prises pour le bien commun et où les débats devraient être intellectuels plutôt qu'un exercice politique ». Réélu aux élections de 1919, il refuse initialement un poste au gouvernement en raison de son état de santé, puis accepte finalement d'être nommé en 1921 ministre de l'Intérieur et des douanes, dans le gouvernement de William Massey. À ce poste, il négocie avec succès des accords commerciaux avec l'Australie, le Japon et la Belgique. En 1923 il est fait ministre des Industries et du Commerce.

Ministre
En 1925, son handicap s'est aggravé et il ne peut se déplacer qu'en fauteuil roulant. Il est un député et ministre populaire, et une partie de l'opinion publique regrette qu'il ne soit pas fait Premier ministre à la mort de William Massey cette même année. En 1926 le nouveau chef du gouvernement, Gordon Coates, le nomme Procureur général, et Downie Stewart exerce brièvement la direction du gouvernement par intérim lorsque le Premier ministre est à l'étranger. Il demande à quitter sa fonction de Procureur général après quelques mois, estimant qu'il ne peut pas l'exercer au mieux en fauteuil roulant, et Gordon Coates le fait alors ministre des Finances.

Le gouvernement Coates perd les élections de 1928, et Downie Stewart siège sur les bancs de l'opposition durant la législature 1928-1931. Avec le retour au pouvoir des conservateurs en 1931, il redevient ministre des Finances, cette fois du Premier ministre George Forbes, aux débuts de la Grande Dépression. À ce poste, il prend part à la conférence impériale de 1932 à Ottawa, qui rassemble les gouvernements du Royaume-Uni et des dominions du Commonwealth (Afrique du Sud, Australie, Canada, Irlande, Nouvelle-Zélande, et Terre-Neuve) pour adopter une réponse commune à la crise économique. Downie Stewart est l'une des figures marquantes de ce sommet, « consulté par les autres délégués » et les recevant parfois en pyjamas pour des discussions avant les sessions formelles. Les Dominions obtiennent la signature des Accords d'Ottawa par lesquels le Royaume-Uni renonce au libre-échange et restaure une politique commerciale de préférence impériale, très favorable aux produits importés de Nouvelle-Zélande. Ces accords garantissent ainsi un accès préférentiel au marché britannique pour les fermiers et autres producteurs néo-zélandais durant la crise. Cette même année, Donnie Stewart fait adopter par le Parlement néo-zélandais la création de la Banque de réserve de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Il démissionne en janvier 1933 car il s'oppose à la décision du gouvernement d'appliquer une dévaluation de la livre néo-zélandaise, arguant que celle-ci serait en violation des Accords d'Ottawa. Refusant de porter une mesure qu'il ne soutient pas, il quitte le gouvernement et redevient député d'arrière-ban. Il est battu dans sa circonscription aux élections de 1935, remportées par les travaillistes.

Après la politique
Considérant le socialisme comme « la voie de l'avenir », il se retire de la vie politique et ne s'oppose pas au gouvernement travailliste de Michael Joseph Savage qui met en place un État-providence en Nouvelle-Zélande. Downie Stewart se consacre à l'écriture comme historien amateur ; il écrit entre autres une histoire du Parti travailliste, une biographie de son père et de son grand-père, une histoire de la , et des biographies de Sir Francis Bell,  et Sir . Il participe par ailleurs à des conférences internationales du mouvement Table ronde, groupe de réflexion sur l'avenir de l'Empire britannique qui promeut les relations entre les Dominions et le Royaume-Uni. Il soutient aussi financièrement la Société Plunket, association caritative pour la santé et le bien-être des enfants, et pour laquelle sa sœur Mary est infirmière.

Atteint d'un accident vasculaire cérébral en 1947 qui le paralyse partiellement, il bénéficie de l'aide constante de ses sœurs Mary (jamais mariée car elle a consacré sa vie à lui) et Rachel (veuve), et continue à écrire, s'apprenant à le faire de la main gauche. Il meurt à son domicile deux ans plus tard.

Voir aussi
 Liste de parlementaires néo-zélandais aux deux guerres mondiales

Références

Membre de la Chambre des représentants de Nouvelle-Zélande
Ministre néo-zélandais de l'Intérieur
Ministre néo-zélandais des Finances
Militaire néo-zélandais de la Première Guerre mondiale
Étudiant de l'université d'Otago
Mutilé de guerre
Naissance en juillet 1978
Décès en septembre 1949
Personnalité néo-zélandaise handicapée
Personnalité politique handicapée

William Downie Stewart


උද්භිද විද්‍යාවෙහි, කැකුළක් යනු  අපරණිත හෝ  කලලමය හෝ තත්ත්වයෙහි පවතින  ප්‍රරෝහයක් වන අතර එය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් හට ගන්නේ පත්‍රයක කක්ෂයෙහි හෝ  දණ්ඩක මුදුනෙහි හෝ වෙයි. කැකුළක් සැදුණු විටෙක, එය ටික කලක් සුප්ත තත්ත්වයෙහි පැවතීම හෝ, විගසින් ප්‍රරෝහයක් තැනීම හෝ සිදු විය හැක.

කැකුළ


بلغمان يطلق هذا الاسم على وجبة مغربية وصحراوية تعد من طحين الشعير، أو مايعرف محليا "دگيگ المگلي"، تتم عملية طهو الشعير في رمال ساخنة في إناء دائري (غالبا الجزء السفلي من برميل) يعرف محليا باسم "الحوض"، تتم بعد ذلك الغربلة لإزالة الشوائب وحبيبات الرمل الملتصقة بحبات الشعير وبعد ذلك طحنه ليصبح جاهزا للإستعمال.
 عملية تحضير الوجبة بسيطة وسريعة مما يجعلها وجبة عملية محببة خاصة في مدن الصحراء المغربية

المكونات: دقيق الشعير، سكر، ماء مغلي.

طريقة التحضير
ضع كمية من دقيق الشعير في إناء معدني أضف الكمية المناسبة من السكر
تم أفرغ الماء المغلي مع عصد الخليط بقوة وبطء ليتمازج ويتحول إلى الشكل النهائي المتجانس لوجبة بلغمان

يمكن تناول بلغمان مع الحليب أو اللبن الرائب كما يمكن أن يؤدم بزيت الزيتون وفي شمال موريتانيا قد يضيفون إليه مرق اللحم. الأداة المستخدمة في مزج الدقيق بالماء وباقي المكونات هي عصا خشبية قصيرة تكون عادة قطعة من سعف النخل وتسمى المصعاد وهي نفسها المستخدمة في تحضير وجبة العيش.

مطبخ موريتاني

بلغمان


Fjöldamorðin í Rock Springs áttu sér stað 2. september 1885 í þorpinu Rock Springs í Sweetwater héraði í Wyoming í Bandaríkjunum. Hópur hvítra innflytjenda  réðst á kínverska innflytjendur og myrtu að minnsta kosti 28 kínverska kolanámumenn og særðu 15 og brenndu 78 heimili kínverskra innflytjenda.
Upptök fjöldamorðanna má rekja til þess að kolanámufélag járnbrautarfélagsins The Union Pacific Coal Department réð kínverska verkamenn fyrir lægra kaup en hvítir verkamenn vildu starfa fyrir og réð kínverska verkamenn sem verkfallsbrjóta þegar verkamenn fóru í verkfall til að krefjast hærra kaups.

Í Leiftri, fréttablaði Vestur-Íslendinga, er atburðinum svona lýst í september 1885:
"WYOMING TERRITORY. Hinn 2. p. m. gjörðu hvítir menn Kínverjum  áhlaup í þorpi því er Rock Springs heitir, myrtu þeir þar og brenndu nálægt 20 Kínv. og eyðilögðu með eldi öll hús þeirra. Orsökin var hin sama og ætíð hefir átt sjer stað hjer i landi, nefnil. sú; að Kínv. bjóðast til að vinna fyrir lítið, svo hvítir menn eru reknir burt í hópum, í þorpi þessu voru upphaflega 600 Kínv., sem allir bjuggu í þorpi sjer, en nú er þar ekkert nema svartar rústir og enginn Kínv. í bænum."

Tilvísanir

Fjöldamorð í Bandaríkjunum
Óeirðir í Bandaríkjunum

Fjöldamorðin í Rock Springs


Jesper Strömblad (d. 28 Kasım 1972), İsveçli In Flames grubunun kurucularındandır. Grubun solo gitaristidir. Ayrıca grubun ilk albümde davul, ilk 3 albümünde ise gitarla beraber klavyeleri çalmıştır. Bugüne kadar In Flames'in seslendirdiği tüm şarkıların gitarlarını yazmıştır. Björn Gelotte'nin gruba katılımı ile şarkıları ortaklaşa yazmaya başlamışlardır.

Anders Friden'la birlikte Cermonial Oath grubunda beraber çalmıştır. In Flames hayranlarının en sevdiği grup elemanı olduğu söylenmektedir. Sinergy grubunun kuruculuğunu yapan Strömblad, bu grupla 1 albüm çıkardıktan sonra gruptan ayrılmıştır. Aynı zamanda Hammerfall grubunun kurucusudur ve ilk albümünde davulları çalmıştır. Hala Dimension Zero isimli grupta bass çalmaktadır.
12 Şubat 2010 itibarıyla In Flames grubundan ayrıldığını açıklamıştır. Bu durumun ardında yatan sebep kendisinin uzun süredir devam eden alkol rehabilitasyonundan sonuç alamamış olmasıdır. Ancak grubun yaptığı açıklamada kapıların Jesper için daima açık olduğu belirtilmiştir. Ardından Sonic Syndicate'in eski kurucu elemanıyla bir proje yaptıklarını duyurmuştur.

ESP ve Gibson marka gitar kullanır, büyük bir Star Wars hayranıdır. Aynı zamanda bir World of Warcraft oyuncusudur.The Resistance adında yeni grup kurmuştur.Grubun diğer üyeleri ise şöyledir;
Marco Aro : Vokal (The Haunted Eski Vokalisti),
Jesper Strömblad : Gitar,
Glenn ljungström : Gitar,
Alex Losbäck Holstad : Bas,
Chris Barkensjö : Davul

1972 doğumlular
İsveçli heavy metal gitaristleri
In Flames
Yaşayan insanlar
Göteborg doğumlular

Jesper Strömblad


Die ivorische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft ist die Herren-Tennisnationalmannschaft der Elfenbeinküste.

Geschichte
Erstmals nahm die Elfenbeinküste 1986 am Davis Cup teil, dabei kam die Mannschaft nie über die Europa/Afrika-Gruppenzone II hinaus. Erfolgreichster Spieler ist Claude N'Goran mit 31 Siegen bei 33 Teilnahmen. Er ist damit gleichzeitig Rekordspieler seines Landes.

Aktuelles Team
Folgende Spieler traten im Davis Cup 2011 für ihr Land an:
 Lavry Sylvain N'Yaba
 Valentin Sanon
 Terence Nugent
 Aboubacar Sigue

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Mannschaft
Daviscup
Davis Cup

Ivorische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft


Tranzitul lui Venus din 1882 a fost al doilea tranzit al planetei din secolul al XIX-lea, la opt ani după primul tranzit, care s-a produs în 1874. Ca și tranziturile produse în 1761 și 1769,  în secolul precedent, aceste două tranzituri au dat loc unor numeroase observații în jurul globului, cu scopul măsurării precise a valorii unității astronomice, distanța dintre Terra și Soare.

De la tranzitul din 1882 au trecut

Caracteristici

Tranzitul a avut loc la data de 6 decembrie 1882. A fost vizibil în estul Americii de Nord, în întrega Americă Centrală și din America de Sud. A fost observabil la răsăritul Soarelui în vestul Americii de Nord și în cea mai mare parte din Oceanul Pacific. La apusul Soarelui a fost observabil în Africa și în vestul Europei.

Orarele tranzitului au fost următoarele (în UTC) :
 primul contact: 13:57
 al doilea contact: 14:17
 separația minimală: 17:06
 al treilea contact: 19:55
 al patrulea contact: 20:15
 Durata totală: 6 ore și 18 min.

Istoric

Lucrările lui James Gregory în 1663 și Edmond Halley în 1691 și 1716 au arătat că este posibilă măsurarea distanței dintre Pământ și Soare mulțumită numeroaselor observații ale unui tranzit în puncte suficient de distanțate de pe suprafața globului, prin măsurarea paralaxei solare. Tranziturile lui Venus din 1761 și 1769 au dat loc unei multitudini de observații și au permis obținerea unei valori a unității astronomice relativ precise.

Tranziturile din 1874 și 1882 au oferit ocazia să se precizese această valoare. Numeroase expediții, din mai multe țări (dintre care 10 expediții franceze și 8 expediții britanice), au fost trimise în toate zonele posibile de observație.

Cu ocazia tranzitului, compozitorul american John Philip Sousa a compus marșul Transit of Venus.

În 1890, astronomul american Simon Newcomb a verificat datele celor patru ultime tranzituri și a calculat pentru paralaxa solară o valoare de 8,79 secunde de arc, conducând la o valoare a unității astronomice de .

Tranzitul din 1882 a fost ultimul care a avut un interes științific substanțial: tehnicile moderne care utilizează sonde spațiale și telemetrie radar permit calcularea valorii unității astronomice cu o precizie de  și fac învechită / depășită metoda paralaxelor în acest cadru.

Note

Legături externe

  Observații după țări, nume de observatori, locuri, instrumente

Vezi și
 Tranzitul lui Venus

1882
1882 în astronomie
1882 în știință

Tranzitul lui Venus din 1882


An Anthurium intermedium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Anthurium intermedium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium intermedium


An Panicum eligulatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nicholas Edward Brown. An Panicum eligulatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Panicum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Panicum

Panicum eligulatum