كيل سويتش إنجاج  هي فرقة لحنية ميتالوريك أمريكية من ويستفيلد، ماساتشوستس، تشكلت عام 1999. تأسست أعقاب انفصال فرق أوفركاست وافترشوك. تتكون تشكيلة فرقة Killswitch Engage من المنشد هوارد جونز، وعازف القيثارة مايك دي انطونيو وعازفي الجيتار جويل ستروتزيل وادم دتكويزك، والطبال جاستن فولي، اصدرت الفرقة خمسة البومات استديو وواحد دي في دي.

تصاعدت شهرة Killswitch Engage مع إصداره البوم «نهاية وجع القلب» عام 2004، والذي حصل على المرتبة 21 في سباق بيلبورد 200، واعتمدت بالذهب في ديسمبر 2007 لأكثر من 500000 شحنة في الولايات المتحدة. رشح عنوان المسار، «نهاية وجع القلب» لجائزة غرامي في عام 2005، وتم إطلاق دي في دي لايف بعنوان (سيت زس) (العالم مشتعل عام 2005. حضرت Killswitch Engage مهرجانات مثل واكين اوبن اير، ومهرجانات القراءة والنساء، وأوزفست، ومهرجان التحميل، وروك اون ذا راينج، ومهرجان مايهيم، ومهرجان ساوند ويف الأسترالي.

قامت الفرقة بالإفراج عن ألبوم الاستديو الخاص بها، في 30 يونيو 2009، وفي نفس اليوم الذي اطلقوا في البومهم، كان البومهم السابق «كما يموت شعاع النهار» يصدق بالذهب في الولايات المتحدة. ويعني هذا، أنه إلى جانب تصديق البومهم  نهاية وجع القلب بالذهب، باع البومهم الخامس رسميا أكثر من مليون نسخة في . اشارت قناة ام تي في إلى Killswitch Engage
على أنها «واحدة من مؤسسي الميتالكور».

نبذة تاريخية

السنوات الأولى- من 1998 إلى 2000
تعاون لاعب الباس السابق مايك دانتونيو في أعقاب تفكك فرقته، أوفركاست، عام 1998، مع لاعب جيتار فرقة افترشوك ادم دتكويزك. وحيث أن كلا من فرقتيهم قد انحلت، قام دتكويزك بتعيين لاعب الجيتار جويل ستروتزيل من افترشوك، وجيسي ليش من «لاشيء يبقى ذهبا» كمطربة.
وكان المنشد السابق في اوفركاست بريان فير من المقرر له أن يقوم بهذا الدور، ولكنه كان غير قادر على الالتحاق بالفرقة بسبب التزامات مع فرقته «سقوط الظل». قال دي انطونيو الفرقة كانت ستكون في البداية للمتعة، وشيء «نقوم به على الجانب».

جاء اسم الفرقة من تفكك اوفركاست وآفتر شوك، وذلك باستخدام الجوانب التي ساعدت على صعود وارتفاع الفرقة ووضع المزيج في فئة جديدة. علق دي انطونيو قائلا "في الاساس سوف نغلق كل شيء عرفناه ونبدأ من جديد. حيث أن كلمة Killswitch، تشبه اغلاق أي شيء.
مثل إذا كانت يد أحدهم تطبق على شيء في ورشة للمعادن فسيقوم الشخص المسؤل بالضغط على زر واحد والذي سيغلق الآلات. A killswitch بعد ذلك تأتي كلمة engage وهي بمثابة تشغيلها مرة أخرى فقط أو شيء من هذا القبيل. اقتبست الفرقة اسمها من حلقة من المسلسل التليفزيوني اكس فايلز بعنوان كيل سويتش، كتب بواسطة ويليام جبسون. سمى جيبسون بالفعل هذه الحلقة بهذا الاسم من أجل أيقونة الفرقة الصناعية كيل سويتش....

التوقيع لـ لابل، سيلف تيتلد وأليف أو مجرد تنفس (2000- 2002)
عندما كان يقوم بعروض العزف وبيع النسخ التجريبية، كان مايك دي يقوم بعمل اعلانات موسيقى فيريت واستدعى كارل من فيريت وأخبره عن كيلسويتش أنها مشروعه الحالى وبعد ذلك وقع الاتفاق. أطلقت الفرقة ألبومها سلف-تايتلد لأول مرة، وعلى الرغم أن الألبوم لم يلاق نجاحا تمويليا في البداية ولو يدخل أي سباقات، الا انه حاز على انتباه مؤسس شركة فيريت ميوزك كارل سيفرسون. وساعد سفرسون، الذي عمل في رودرنر للتسجيلات، كيل سويتش للوصول عدة مرات للأداء امام رودرنر. اتصل، مايك جيتار "A&R الشركة، بدي انطونيو وحضر العديد من عروض الفرقة، وقاده اهتمامه إلى ان يعرض على الفرقة توقيع عقد مع رودرنر.
ومع انخفاض العروض من العديد من الأسامي الصغيرة، وافقت الفرقة على عقد رودرنر حيث انهم اعتقدوا أن الشركة لديها مصادر لتوزيع ونشر اصدارتهم.

بدأت كيل سويتش انجيدج في كتابة مواد جديدة لألبومهم الثاني في نوفمبر 2001. ودخلت الفرقة استيديوهات زينج في يستفيلد بولاية ماساتشوستس، بميزانية تسجيلات كبيرة في نوفمبر، وكانت قادرة على قضاء وقت أكثر «الحصول على الأمور في نصابها الصحيح». مختلطا في يناير على استديوهات باكستيدج من قبل المنتج اندي سنيب،  جاء الألبوم تحت عنوان «الحياة أو النفس فقط» من أجل الكلمات في أغنية «لمجرد التنفس». زاد الفيديو كليب لأغنية «ماي لاست سيريناد» من ظهور الفرقة، وحصل الألبوم على المركز 37 في سباق توب هيتسيكرز. قررت الفرقة أن تتوسع وتصبح خمسة أعضاء، بعد انطلاق ألبومها، والذي تمت كتابته وتسجيله من قبل اثنين من لاعبي الجيتار، حيث عينوا بيت كورتيز، وانتقل دتكويزك للعب الجيتار من أجل تبديل الأماكن معه، وشغل طبال فرقة افتر شوك السابق توم جومز موقع الطبال الخالي. وصف كيفن بويس من CMJ نيو ميوزك ريبورت، التسجيل على أنه «أكثر إدمانا من الكوكايين الذي تم اغماسه في الكافيين والنيكوتين ومنقوع في الشيكولاته»،  وقال جايسون تايلور من ألوميزك أن الإصدار «ألبوم من معدن صافي وعلى مايبدو انه تجهل أي اتجاه موضة وبدلا من ذلك اعتمد فقط على المهارة والخبرة من أجل نحت بعض المعادن الثقيلة منذ أيام المجد للميتاليكا والسلاير».

المغني الجديد والطبال (2002-2004)
بدأ ليتش با الإصابة بالاكتئاب، بعد زواجه في 20 أبريل، 2002 وبدأه جولة مرة أخرى. وبدأ يؤثر ذلك على صراخه حيث أنه سيظهر عاطفة أكثر بالصراخ ولكن التقنية غير كافية. وفي اسوأ حالات ليتش يقوم بأداء العرض ثم يرجع لينام في الحافلة.
وغادر ليتش الفرقة قبل أيام قليلة من تقديم الفرقة لعرض وأرسل لأعضاء الفرقة ايميل إلكتروني يخبرهم فيه انه استقال. رأي أنطونيو «أنه بعد ثلاثة سنسن من التسكع مع المتأنق، واعتباره أخ، فان موضوع انه يرسل ايميل فقط كان قاسي قليلا.»

بدأت الفرقة على الفور في البحث عن بديل للمنشد ووجدت هوارد جونز من الدم الذي سال. ولم ينال صوت الفرقة على اعجاب جونز في أول مرة سمعها. وعلق قائلا "لقد كنت مثل' مه '. لقد جئت من بين المتشددين وأقذر المعادن، وصوت كيل سويتش نقي للغاية.

ولكن كلما استمعت اليه أكثر، ادركت انه بالفعل هناك أغاني جيدة". وبعد سماعه عن مشاكل ليتش الصوتية، اتصل جونز بالفرقة ووافق كنوع من الاستبدال.

وكان على جون أن يحفظ سبعة أغاني من أجل ظهوره الأول في 2002 هيلفست، قبل أن يستمع لألبومي «سيلف تيتليد» أو «أليف أور جاست بريسنج» كاملين.

تم عزف تشكيلة جديدة في جولة رود ريج في المملكة المتحدة وهولندا في عام 2002 مع 36 Crazyfists وخمسة بوانت أو. واستمر التجوال خلال يوم رأس السنة، وفي 2003 ظهرت أغنية جونز الأولى «عندما ياتي الظلام» في أغاني فيلم الرعب فريدي ضد جايسون.  وبعد مهرجان أوزفست 2003، ترك الطبال جومز الفرقة لأنه أراد أن يقضي وقت أكثر مع زوجته، ومن أجل متابعة فرقته كشيء من الصورة الظلية، ولانه كان قد تعب من التجوال.
وتم استبداله بجاستن فولي من الدم الذي سال والمد الأحمر، وكانت جولة فولي الأولى مع الفرقة MTV2 Headbangers الكرة في عام 2003.

«نهاية وجع القلب» (2004-2006)
تم إطلاق البوم نهاية وجع القلب في 11 مايو، 2004، وحصل على المرتبة 21 في سباق بيلبورد 200 حيث باع 38000 نسخة في اسبوعه الأول،  كما حصل أيضا على المرتبة 39 في سباق الألبوم الأسترالي بعد جولتهم في أستراليا مع انثراكس. واستمر الألبوم في بيع أكثر من 500,000 نسخة في الولايات المتحدة، وتم تصديقه بالذهب في 7 ديسمبر، 2007. تلقى الألبوم تعليقات جيدة وايجابية، حيث قال عنه جون كارامانيكا للرولينج ستون أن الألبوم "مجموعة مذهلة" مع الإبقاء على توقيعهم الموسيقى الوحشي".

وعلق اد ريفيرا من أولميوزك قائلا «الضجيج على الضجيج جعل السماء مكدسة عالية في كل رقم يتبعها، ان هذا هو استخدام الإيقاع الغير متوقع المستخدم في بناء وتخفيف الضغوط الداخلية التي تغذي مصدر طاقة كيل سويتش».

في أواخر عام 2004، دعمت الفرقة سلايور على تواريخ Jagermusic الولايات المتحدة، وعنونت العروض بـ من الخريف إلى التراب، و18 رؤية، و36 كريزيفستس.
أصبحت «نهاية وجع القلب» هي الأغنية الرئيسية للفيلم ريزدنت إيفل: آبوكاليبس، وفي 2005 تم ترشيح الأغنية في فئة أفضل أداء ميتال في جوائز الجرامي السنوية رقم 47.

منحت الجائزة لMotörhead ل«الإصابة». في أواخر عام 2004، أعيد إطلاق نهاية وجع القلب في ألبوم طبعة خاص، مع القرص الثاني الذي يضم مختلف العروض الحية، والأغاني اليابانية، وإعادة تسجيل نسخة من "Irreversal". خلال صيف عام 2005، عادت الفرقة لOzzfest، وفي 1 نوفمبر 2005، أعيد إصدار على قيد الحياة أو مجرد التنفس كجزء من الاحتفال السنوي رقم 25 لشركة رودرنر للتسجيلات. في 22 نوفمبر 2005، أطلق ذا لايف دي في دي (Set This) العالم مشتعل، الذي تضمن الحفل على الهواء مباشرة على البلاديوم في ورسيستر بولاية ماساتشوستس، وثائقي طويل لمدة ساعة، وكل فيديو كليبات الفرقة. ذهب الدي في دي إلى الذهب في الولايات المتحدة في 8 أبريل، 2006 بسبب بيع500000 نسخة.

كما يموت ضوء النهار (2006-2008)
قامت كيل سويتش بالعزف في مهرجان القراءة والليدز في آب / أغسطس 2006، بعد أن عزفت بالفعل في المواعيد الأسترالية بدون دتكويزكي، والذي كان يعاني من مشاكل في الظهر وكان يحتاج إلى جراحة تصحيحية. في 23 مايو، 2006، تم إطلاق أغنية «هذه النار تحرق» على ووي شورانكيز انتنت ألبوم. وكان من المقرر أن تكون الأغنية هي الموضوع الجديد WWE للسوبر ستار راندي أورتن؛ ومع ذلك، ألغيت وأصبحت في وقت لاحق موضوع أغنية WWE يوم الحكم 2006 الدفع لكل عرض.

وحالياً فان أغنية «هذه النار تحرق» تستخدم كموضوع مدخل لووي سماكدوون سوبر ستار، وسي ام بانكواعيد إصدارها بعد ذلك بعنوان «هذه النار» في الطبعة الخاصة لألبوم «كما يموت ضوء النهار».

بعد تسجيل «كما يموت ضوء النهار» في ثلاثة أشهر، أطلق في 21 نوفمبر 2006 واحتل المرتبة 32 على سباق بيلبورد توب 200 حيث باعت 60000 نسخة في الأسبوع الأول." وأثبت ألبومهم «كما يموت ضوء النهار» أنه واحد من أكبر ألبوماتهم على الإطلاق. كما أنه حصل على المرتبة 29 في سباق أستراليا البوم. وبالاختلاط مع دتكويزك، تلقى الالبوم اراء ايجابية - واطلق ثوم جوريك من أول ميوزك عليه "من أفضل خمسة ميتال مرشحين عام 2006 بالتأكيد".

وقال مساهم في مجلة ديسيبل نيك تيري "ان نقول على كما يموت ضوء النهار انه إدمان سوف نبخس حقه.
أنه يتفوق على ما لديه بالفعل ما يكفي من اعجاب سلفه تقريبا ويمكن أن يذهب دون أن يقول ". علق كوزمو لي من مجلة ستايلوس "الألبوم بالغ التسلسل بشكل مثير للدهشة"، حتى ولو كان قد شارك في كون الألبوم "أقل عاطفية شديدة الوطأة، والكثير أكثر من المرح".

وبحلول نوفمبر 27، 2007، تم بيع أكثر من 300,000 وحدة في الولايات المتحدة منكمايموت ضوء النهار.

احتلت أغنية الالبوم الأولى «لعنتي» على المركز رقم 21 على قائمة هوت ماينستريم روك، وأدرج في فيديو لعبة جيتار هيرو 3 ومحتوى قابل للتنزيل للعبة فيديو الموسيقى الروك.

وحصلت "أسلحة من الحزن" على مركز 31 على نفس القائمة. تم تسجيل غلاف الفرقة «هولي ديفر» أساسا لكيرانج!

 حصل الالبوم التكميلي «فولت عالي»،  على رقم 12 على جدول ماينستريم روك.

في أوائل عام 2007، اضطرت الفرقة إلى إلغاء ثلاثة من تواريخ جولة أوروبا مع المطارد بسبب عودة مشاكل دتكويزكي في الظهر. وتطلب جراحة عاجلة واستبدل خلال الجولة بلاعب الجيتار Soilwork بيتر ويشرز.

عنونت كيل ويتش جولة «لاخوف» في بداية عام 2007 مع دراجون فوري، وكيميارا، وهو أسطورة.
ووفقا لمشاكل ظهر دتكويزكي، تم استبداله بداماجيبلن ورجل "عيادة الرحمة" باتريك لاشمان، والذي كان لاعب الجيتار السابق في ديزل ماشين وهالفورد. تماثل دتكويزكي للشفاء وكان قادر على العودة من أجل انهاء جولة «لاخوف»، وبدأت الفرقة في تصوير فيديو كليب الأغنية الثانية من «كما يموت ضوء النهار» وأسلحة من الحزن ".

عزفت الفرقة في مهرجان داونلود 2007 مع ارون مايدن، ايفنسينس، ولمبة الإله، ولينكن بارك، وسلاير، وميرلين مانسن.

تجولت الفرقة أيضا إلى بامبوزل عام 2007 وجولة Warped في 6 أغسطس، 2007، اضطر Dutkiewicz إلى مغادرة جولة Warped من أجل ان يتماثل للشفاء كليا ويستكمل علاجه الطبيعي اليومي.

وتم استبداله بلاعب الجيتار الفني الخاص بكيل سويتش جوش مهلك من أجل الأغاني المختارة، وحتي عودته في 14 أغسطس 2007.

قضت الفرقة 28 نوفمبر من خلال 17 ديسمبر 2007 في جولة مع الولايات المتحدة شاركت في العنونة الفرقة كحمل الله، ودعم أعمال DevilDriver وSoilwork.

شاركت الفرقة في مهرجان ساوند ويف في أستراليا أثناء شباط / فبراير وآذار / مارس 2008، متصدرة مسارح الميتال وعازفة مع فرق امثال اني احتضر، وسقوط الظل، وبليدنج ثرو.

استمرت جولة الفرقة حتى أيار / مايو 2008 منتهية بالجولة الكندية «كما يموت ضوء النهار» في فانكوفر، كولومبيا البريطانية يوم 29 مايو.

قامت الفرقة بالعزف أيضا في مهرجان 2008 واكين اوبن اير في ألمانيا، والذي يعد أكبر مهرجان المعادن الثقيلة في العالم.

وقاموا بالعزف مع فرق امثال ايرون مايدن، تشيلدرن اوف بودوم، كاركاس، وات ذا جايتس، واكسودوس، وكريتور، وابث، وانايرث، واز أي لاي داينج.

البوم سيلف تيتلد الثاني (2008 للامام)
جالت الفرقة مع ديستيربد كجزء من الموسيقى باعتبارها جولة الأسلحة، وسوف تقوم بالعزف في مهرجان مايهم لروك ستار مع سلاير، مارلين مانسون، ورصاصة من أجل عيد الحب.

قامت الفرقة أيضا بالعزف في عام 2009 في مهرجان الداونلود مع فرق أمثال فيث نو مور، وليمب بيزكيت، وديف لابرد وكورن.
دخلت الفرقة في الاستوديو في أكتوبر 2008 لبدء تسجيل الألبوم المقبل مع Dutkiewicz وبرندان اوبراين المشارك في إنتاجه (للمرة الأولى في الفرقة)،  وفي منتصف شباط / فبراير، أكد عازف القيثارة مايك دي انطونيو في مقابلة مع المعادن هامر أنه تم الانتهاء من «الطبل»، وانه «انتهى من الإصلاحات القليلة الماضية للباس». وذكر أيضا أن هوارد [جونز] في اتلانتا للانتهاء من الغناء، وأنه «لا ينبغي أن تكون أطول بكثير الآن.»  في 14 أبريل، أعلنت الفرقة اسم الألبوم الخاص بهم
«كيل سويتش انجيج»، وهي ثاني مرة تسمي فيها الفرقة اسم الألبوم على اسمها.
تم إصداره في 30 يونيو

يوم 6 يونيو، كشفت Killswitch عن الفيديو الجديد "البدء من جديد"، على ام تي Headbanger بول.

يوم 9 يونيو، أصبحت أغنية «ستارتنج أوفر» متاحة على موقع أي تيونز كما أنها أصبحت متاحة لمرحلة ما قبل النظام.

يوم 22 يونيو، أصبح الألبوم الجديد متاحا للتيار على صفحة الفرقة على ماي سبيس.

بعد الإطلاق، حصلت الفرقة لأول مرة على المركز 7 في قائمة بيلبورد 200، مسجلة أعلى رقم قياسي للفرقة.

سوف تكون الفرقة على جولة ذا تيست تشوز في أوروبا.

الأعضاء

الحاليين

 هوارد جونز—يؤدي غناء (منذ 2002)
 آدم Dutkiewicz -- جيتار، غناء دعم، غناء نظيفة (منذ 2001)؛ الطبول (1999-2001)
 جويل Stroetzel -- الغيتار (منذ 1999)؛
 مايك دي انطونيو -- باص جيتار (منذ 1999)
 جوستين فولي—الطبول (منذ 2003)

الأعضاء السابقون

 جيسي ليتش—غناء (1999-2002)
 بيت كورتيز—الإيتار (2000-2001)
 توم غوميز—الطبول (2002-2003)

قائمة الألبومات
 Killswitch إشراك (2000)
 حيا أو مجرد التنفس (2002)
 نهاية وجع القلب (2004)
 كما الصيفي وفاة (2006)
 Killswitch إشراك (2009)

المراجع

الروابط الخارجية

 الموقع الرسمي

تأسيسات سنة 1998 في ماساتشوستس
تأسيسات سنة 1999 في ماساتشوستس
فرق موسيقية أمريكية
فرق موسيقية أسست في 1994
فرق موسيقية أسست في 1998
فرق موسيقية خماسية
فرق موسيقى هيفي ميتال من ماساتشوستس

كيل سويتش إنجاج


De første år er det tredje opsamlingsalbum af den danske rockgruppe Sort Sol. Det blev udgivet i 2005 på EMI.

Spor
 "Ruby Don´t Take Your Love To Town"
 "Television Sect"
 "Copenhagen"
 "Abyss"
 "Boy - Girl"
 "Ice-Age For A While"
 "Ode To Billie Joe"
 "A Knife For The Ladies"
 "White Shirt"
 "Love Is All Around"

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 De første år  på discogs

Sort Sol-album
Opsamlingsalbum fra 2005

De første år


Katrine Foged Thomsen (født 29. september 1977 i Viborg) er en dansk konditor, medejer af konditorikæden Grannys House, og siden 2017 dommer i tv-programmet Den store bagedyst.

Historie
Hun er opvokset mellem Dollerup og Skelhøje ved Dollerup Bakker. Barndommen blev blandt andet brugt hos bedsteforældrene der drev den nærtliggende Niels Bugges Kro. Hun gik i folkeskole i Hald Ege på Hald Ege Skole, og hun blev student fra Viborg Katedralskole.

Foged Thomsen gik på Kunsthåndværkerskolen i Kolding, da ambitionen var at blive kunsthåndværker. Den ambition blev byttet ud med en uddannelse som konditor i Silkeborg. Ét år inde i uddannelsen skulle familien rykke til København, på grund sin ægtefælles arbejde som tv-fotograf for TV 2. Foged Thomsen tog derfor sine sidste tre års læretid ved chefkonditor Jørgen Søgaard hos Kransekagehuset i Ny Østergade.

I 2008 åbnede ægteparret konditoriet og caféen Grannys House på Søborg Hovedgade i Søborg. Det er i dag blevet en kæde med fem lokaliteter i Storkøbenhavn. Kæden har altid givet overskud.

Fra 2017-sæsonen blev Katrine Foged Thomsen og Markus Grigo de nye dommere i tv-programmet Den store bagedyst, hvor de afløste Jan Friis-Mikkelsen og Mette Blomsterberg.

Bibliografi
 Konditorkager alle kan bage (2019)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Katrine Foged Thomsens profil hos DR

 Grannys Houses websted

Personer fra Viborg Kommune
Konditorer fra Danmark
Erhvervskvinder
Restauratører fra Danmark
Studenter fra Viborg Katedralskole

Katrine Foged Thomsen


Kalafat Mehmet Paşa (ö. 1792, Gelibolu), I. Abdülhamid saltanatında, 1 Eylül 1778 - 21 Ağustos 1779 tarihleri arasında on bir ay yirmi gün sadrazamlik yapmış Osmanlı devlet adamıdır.

Hayatı

Gençliği ve askerlik kariyeri
Sofya taraflarında doğmuş Bulgar asıllı olduğu belirtilir. Rusçuk ayanından Çelebi Mehmet Ağa'nın çiftlik çorbacısı, yani amele başı, olarak çalışmaya başlamıştır. Bu sırada İslamiyet'i kabul etmiş ve sonra da İstanbul'a gelip yeniçeri ocağına yazılmıştır.

Ocakta önce ocak çorbacılarından Kilerci Mustafa Ağa'ya intisap etmiştir. Şubat 1748'de Kilerci Mustafa Ağa ilk defa yeniçeri ağası olunca Mehmet Ağa'yı silahdarı yapmıştır. Fakat 1749'da, Kilerci Mustafa Ağa bir sene sonra azledilmiş ve yerine kul kethüdası Hasan Ağa yeniçeri ağalığına getirilmiştir. Bunun üzerine Kalafat Mehmet Ağa îdam edileceğinden korkarak firar etmiştir. 1750'de Kilerci Mustafa Ağa'nın ikinci defa yeniçeri ağası tayini üzerine Mehmet Ağa yeniden hizmete girip ocak hiyerarşisi içinde yükselerek, sırasıyla çavuş, başçavuş olmuştur. 1768 Osmanlı-Rus seferinde Edirne ağası olmuş ve sonra İstanbul'a davet edilerek sekban başılığı görevine tayin edilmiş ve daha sonra kul kethüdası olmuştur.

Yeniçeri ağası Kapıkıran Mehmet Ağa ocak erkanının memnun olmamalarından dolayı azledilmiş, 13 Ağustos 1770'te Kalafat Mehmet Ağa yeniçeri ağalığına getirilmiştir. Ama işinde ağır hareketi ve o makama ehil olmadığı söylenerek üç buçuk ay sonra, yani 27 Kasım'da azledilmiş ve Tekfurdağı (Tekirdağı)'nda sürgüne gönderilmiştir. Sonra da hanesinde oturması şartıyla İstanbul'a dönmesine izin verilmiştir.

Yeniçeri ocaklıları İstanbul'a cepheden döndükten sonra Mehmet Ağa, ikinci defa sekbanbaşı ve Şubat 1777 ta da ikinci defa yeniçeri ağalığına tayin edilmiştir.

Sadrazamlığı
Rus Çarlığı'nın Kırım'ı Rusya'ya tamamıyla bağlamak için uyguladığı yaptırım ve baskıların incelemesi için 2 Ocak 1778'de Babıali'de toplanan bir devlet ricali heyeti Osmanlı Devleti'nin bunları önlemek için gerekli yaptırımlar uygulaması kararı almıştı.

Kalafat Mehmet Paşa'ya sekban başılıkta ve ağalıkta hizmeti görüldüğünden dolayı bir iş başarır diye Eylül 1778 de Darendeli Cebecizade Mehmed Paşa'nın yerine sadrazamlık verildi.

Ekim 1778'de yapılan bir Divan toplantısında uygulanan yaptırımların Rusya'nın Kırım'a yaptığı baskıları önleyemediği görülüp Rusya'ya karşı savaş açma kararının alındı.

Bu kararı uygulamak için 9 Ağustos 1778 Cezayirli Gazi Hasan Paşa serdarlığı altında Osmanlı donanması Samsun'dan harekete geçti. Osmanlı Devleti İstanbul'da oturan Selim Giray'ı Kırım Hani olarak tanıması ve Rusların desteği ile fiilen Kırım Hani olan Şahin Giray'a karşı isyanını destekledi. Fakat Kırım'a çıkan Selim Giray, Şahin Giray tarafından yenildi ve İstanbul'a geri dönmek zorunda kaldı.

Bu Osmanlı-Rus gerginliğine karşı Fransa ve İngiltere silahlı ama tarafsız olarak arabuluculuk teklif ettiler. Özellikle Fransız elçisinin arabulucuğu neticesinde 21 Mart 1779'da Aynalıkavak Antlaşması imzalandı. Bu genellikle Küçük Kaynarca Antlaşması'nın yeniden elden geçirilerek bazı maddelerinin Osmanlı Devleti aleyhinde değiştirilmesi şeklindeydi. Osmanlı Sultanı'nın bütün Müslümanların halifesi olduğu burada tekrar kabul edilmekle beraber Rusların Ortodoks Hristiyanların koruyucu niteliği daha da açıklığa çıkarıldı. Bunun bir sonucu Katolik olan Ermenilerin bir Katolik Ermeni İstanbul Patriği seçmeleri yasaklandı.

Diğer taraftan Basra'da isyancı olan Kerim Han Mart 1779'da oldu ve böylece Osmanlıların Basra'daki harekâtına son verilmiş oldu.

Fakat Kalafat Mehmed Paşa da selefleri gibi padişahın baş danışmanı olan Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Paşa'nın her devlet işine karışması nedeniyle fazla bir iş başarmaya muvaffak olamadı. Kalafat Mehmet Paşa okur yazar olmadığı için devlet sırlarını ihtiva eden evrak ve hatta hatt-ı hümayunlar bile bu sırlara sahip olmaması gerekenlerin ellerinde gezmekte olduğu şikayetleri yayıldı.

Kalafat Mehmet Paşa bir sene bir gün sadrazam kaldıktan sonra 22 Ağustos 1779'da azledilip yerine Silahdar Karavezir Seyyid Mehmed Paşa sadrazam oldu.

Sadrazamlıktan sonraki yaşamı
Azledildikten sonra müddetsiz olarak Bozcaada'ya sürgüne gönderildi. Fakat az sonra affolundu ve Hanya muhafızlığına tayin olundu. Fakat emekliliğini istemesi üzerine Kasım 1779'da emeklilikle Gelibolu'da oturmasına müsaade edildi.

Aralık 1782'de Halil Hamid Paşa'nın sadrâzam olmasından sonra Kalafat Mehmet Paşa'ya vezirlik geri verilerek Belgrad muhafızı tayin edildi. Burada iken gözlerini kaybedip kör olduğu için emekli yapıldı.

Gelibolu'da yaklaşık on sene daha yaşadı ve 1792'de hayatını kaybetti.

Değerlendirme
Sicill-i Osmani onu şöyle değerlendirilmektedir:
Siyasi işlerde acemi, gayretli, sakin ve uysaldı.

Buna karşılık "Hâdikatü'l-Vüzera zeyli"'nde
Müslüman olarak ölmesinden başka bir hayırlı işi olmadığı, sakin, uysal ve insan suretinde bir müsekkel hayvan, sükuti ve postunu doldurmuş nümayişli bir vezir
olarak tavsif edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Mehmed Süreyya (haz. Nuri Akbayar) (1996), Sicill-i Osmani, İstanbul:Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları ISBN 975-333-0383 C.IV s.268
 Danışmend, İsmail Hâmi, (1961) Osmanlı Devlet Erkâni, İstanbul:Türkiye Yayınevi.
 Buz, Ayhan, (2009) Osmanlı Sadrazamları, İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN 978-975-254-278-5,
 Tektaş, Nazim (2002), Sadrâzamlar Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı, İstanbul:Çatı Yayınevi (Google books:

Osmanlı sadrazamları
1792 yılında ölenler
Çanakkale'de ölenler
Doğum tarihi bilinmeyenler

Kalafat Mehmed Paşa


La bataille d'Avdiivka est un engagement militaire continu, en cours, entre les Forces armées russes et Forces séparatistes du Donbass d'un côté et les Forces armées ukrainiennes d'autre part.

Elles se disputent la ville de Avdiivka, située dans la région du Donbass.

Les combats ont de nouveau éclaté lorsque le 21 février, le président russe Vladimir Poutine a reconnu la république populaire de Donetsk.

Les séparatistes ont alors recommencé à se battre avec l'Ukraine aux mêmes lieux que la bataille d'Avdiivka qui s'est déroulée en 2017 et qui a été détruite, mais qui était toujours détenue par les forces ukrainiennes.  Quelques jours plus tard, lors de l'invasion de l'Ukraine par la Russie, Avdiivka a été l'un des premiers endroits à être attaqué.

Préambule
Cette ville qui était sur la ligne de front de la guerre du Donbass pendant près de . Les défenses Ukrainiennes dans ce secteur sont extrêmement solide et pratiquement impossible de percer par une attaque frontale. De plus la position de la ville en fait un objectif assez stratégique, la ville est en périphérie de Donetsk la capitales des forces séparatistes de l'oblast de Donetsk ce qui donne une très bonne position pour bombarder la cité avec l'artillerie.

Bataille

Premiers combats (21 février – 17 avril 2022)
Les combats éclatent le 20 février 2022, dans le cadre de l'offensive de l'Est de l'Ukraine, lorsque les forces pro-russes ont recommencé à se battre à Avdiivka. Les forces de Donetsk sont entrées dans la ville, mais ont été repoussées. Le 21 février, les troupes russes aidaient les séparatistes à Avdiïvka, mais la Russie l'a démenti, accusant l'Ukraine d'un sabotage.

Lorsque la Russie a commencé son invasion de l'Ukraine, Avdiïvka était l'une de ses principales cibles.

Le 13 mars, les forces russes bombardent la cokerie d'Avdiïvka et il a été rapporté le 25 mars qu'un commandant du bataillon Azov avait été tué à Avdiïvka.

La bataille se livre surtout via des duels d'artillerie interposé, aucune offensive sérieuse n'est lancée par les deux camps pendant plusieurs mois.

Escalade (18 avril – 27 juillet 2022)
Le 18 avril, la Russie bombarde lourdement Avdiivka, si bien qu'environ  habitants d'Avdiivka sont contraints de se protéger sous terre.

Au cours de cet engagement, l'utilisation de munitions au phosphore blanc par les forces russes a été signalée à plusieurs reprises. Le gouverneur de l'oblast de Donetsk, Pavlo Kyrylenko, a signalé une attaque au phosphore sur la zone industrielle de la ville le 26 mars, puis sur la zone de la cokerie d'Avdiïvka le 26 avril ainsi que sur le centre-ville, provoquant plusieurs incendies, le lendemain.

Le 18 mai, l'école  d'Avdiivka est détruite par une attaque russe avec des munitions au phosphore.

Le 29 avril, des vidéos de l'armée russe bombardant les forces ukrainiennes avec une arme thermobarique sont publiées.

Le 26 mai, l'état-major général ukrainien signale que les forces russes avancent à travers Avdiivka, capturant de nombreuses zones de la ville.

Le  juin, les Russes font une légère avancée au nord de la ville et réussissent à couper la ligne de communication entre Kostiantynivka  et Avdiïvka.

Le 6 juin, les russes prennent un territoire près de .

Le 12 juin, l'artillerie russe bombarde à nouveau la cokerie d'Avdiïvka.

Le 21 juin, l'école  est détruite. C'est la troisième école détruite à Avdiivka.

Le 24 juin, l'artillerie russe bombarde Avdiivka.

Le 4 juillet, les forces russes parviennent a capturer  située à  au nord-est d'Avdiivka, dans une tentative d'encercler la ville.

Le 7 juillet, les forces russes bombardent Avdiivka pendant . Ils touchent des infrastructures, un hôpital, des bâtiments résidentiels, un dépôt de bus et la cokerie d'Avdiïvka.

Le 18 juillet, la Russie affirme qu'elle a « à moitié encerclé » Avdiivka, après avoir bloqué deux des routes menant à la ville. L'Institut pour l'étude de la guerre déclare que les combats au nord d'Avdiivka se sont intensifiés le 18 juillet. Cependant Igor Girkin, ministre de La défense de la république de Donetsk déclaré que les forces russes ne sont pas en mesure de faire des gains considérables dans la zone en raison des tirs d'artillerie ukrainienne.

Reprises des combats (juillet 2022-mars 2023)
Le 28 juillet, les troupes de la RPD et les forces russes lancent une offensive pour encercler Avdiivka : c'est la bataille pour Pisky. Les forces russes et séparatistes attaquent les villes de , Pisky ainsi que d'autres villes situées au nord d'Avdiivka.

Le 31 juillet, l'état-major ukrainien rapporte que les forces russes qui avaient tenté d'avancer autour de Kamyanka et Pisky avaient eu un « succès partiel » autour d'Avdiivka. Le vice-ministre de l'Information de la République populaire de Donetsk (RPD), Daniil Bezsonov, a affirmé que les forces russes et de la RPD avaient sécurisé des positions dans la banlieue sud-est de Pisky, ce qui concorde avec les rapports ukrainiens. Le chef de l'administration militaire de la ville d'Avdiivka, Vitalii Barabach, a déclaré que seulement 10 % de la population d'avant-guerre d'Avdiivka restait, soit environ  personnes.

Le 5 août, l'Ukraine déclare qu'elle avait perdu la mine de charbon de Butivka au profit de la Russie et a affirmé qu'elle avait été repoussée à la périphérie d'Avdiivka. La RPD revendique que ses forces et celles de la Russie ont pris Pisky, l'Ukraine rejetant cette revendication.

Le 7 août, des images de combat montrent que les forces russes ont atteint le centre de Pisky.

Le 12 août, l'Institut pour l'étude de la guerre rapporte que, sur la base d'images de combat et d'images satellites, une grande partie de Pisky avait été rasée par les Russes, en raison de bombardements intensifs utilisant des systèmes d'artillerie thermobarique.

Le 14 août, le ministère russe de la Défense affirme avoir complètement capturé Pisky mais l'armée ukrainienne nie cette affirmation, indiquant que des combats sont toujours en cours.

Le 24 août, les forces russes et de la RPD capturent Pisky.

Début septembre, plusieurs unités séparatistes, dont le bataillon Sparta et le bataillon Somalie, ont lancé une attaque plus large autour d'Avdiivka, et surtout près de Pisky.

Fin septembre, le Wall Street journal rapporte que les forces ukrainiennes sont restées sur la défensive à Avdiivka.

Le 10 octobre 2022, l'Ukraine déclare que la Russie poursuit son offensive à Avdiivka et tente d'encercler la ville.

À la mi-janvier 2023, les forces russes et les miliciens de Donetsk tentent de capturer le village de Vodyane.

Au 10 avril 2023, la ville risque d'un encerclement, avec au nord la revendication de la coupure de l'autoroute H20 par la Russie.

Tentatives d'encerclement échouées (mars 2023 - octobre 2023)

En mars 2023, le commandement ukrainien à Avdiïvka déclare que les forces russes essaient d'encercler complètement la ville.

Le 24 avril, les Ukrainiens affirment avoir repoussé une attaque russe, avoir tué ou blessé 200 soldats russes et détruit 20 pièces d'équipement.

Le 21 mai, les ukrainiens affirment avoir repouss un assaut russe mécanisé près d'Avdiïvka. Au cours de l'engagement, ils affirment avoir tué 40 soldats russes et avoir détruit 5 véhicules blindés, dont au moins deux chars.

Les combats se sont intensifiés au début de la Contre-offensive ukrainienne de 2023, les forces russes exerçant une pression sur la périphérie de la ville.

Le 10 septembre 2023, le chef de l'administration militaire d'Avdiïvka, Vitaliy Barabach, rapporte que les forces ukrainiennes ont pris pied dans la partie urbaine du village d'Opytne à 3 km au sud-ouest d'Avdiivka et à 2 km au nord de l'aéroport international de Donetsk.

Offensive russe (depuis octobre 2023)
Le 10 octobre 2023, la Russie tente de reprendre l'initiative en Ukraine en lançant une offensive sur la ville d'Avdiïvka. Les forces russes subissent cependant de lourdes pertes et leurs premières attaques sont repoussées. Le 20 octobre, l'état-major de l'armée ukrainienne déclare que l'armée russe a perdu environ 900 hommes et 150 blindés en 24 heures.

Notes et références

Avdiïvka
2022 en Ukraine
Février 2022
Mars 2022

Bataille d'Avdiïvka (2022-2023)


Brøndby IF sæson 2016-17 er Brøndby IF's 36. sæson i træk i den bedste danske fodboldrække, den 27. i træk i Superligaen, og den 51. som fodboldklub. Udover Superligaen, deltog klubben i DBU Pokalen og UEFA Europa League. Det var den første sæson med cheftræner Alexander Zorniger.

Klub

Førsteholdets trænerstab

Klubadministration

Spillere

Førstehold

Transferer

Ind

Sidst opdateret: 12. september 2016.

Kilde: brondby.com

Ud

Turneringer

Overblik
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Turnering
!colspan=8|Statistik
|-
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
!
|-
| Superligaen

|-
| DBU Pokalen

|-
| Europa League

|-
! Total

Superligaen

Grundspillet

Resultatoverblik

Resultater efter hver runder

Kampe

Mesterslutspil

DBU Pokalen

UEFA Europa League

Første kvalifikationsrunde

Anden kvalifikationsrunde

Tredje kvalifikationsrunde

Playoff-runde

Opsummering

Statistik

Optrædner

Topscorere
The list is sorted by shirt number when total goals are equal.

Referencer

Brøndby IF sæsoner

Brøndby IF sæson 2016-17


VM i badminton 1989 var det sjette VM i badminton afholdt af International Badminton Federation. Mesterskabet blev afviklet i Istora Senayan i Jakarta, Indonesien i perioden 29. maj - 4. juni 1989. Indonesien var VM-værtsland for anden gang, og det var også anden gang, at mesterskabet blev spillet i Jakarta.

Medaljevindere

Medaljetabel

Se også
 Sudirman Cup 1989

Kilder
 Tournament Software - World Championships 1989 (I)

Noter

Sport i 1989
1989

VM i badminton 1989


Steffen Addington, (født 26. oktober 1966), er en dansk tonemester og filminstruktør.

Filmografi

Den utrolige historie om den kæmpestore pære (2017)
Far til fire - på toppen (2017)
Klassefesten 3 - Dåben (2016)
Forældre (2016)
Sameblod (2016)
Albert (2015)
Encounters (2014)
Jul i Bakkekøbing (2013)
Hokus Pokus Alfons Åberg (2013)
Skytten (2013)
Nordvest (2013)
Olsen Banden på dybt vand (2013)
Otto er et næsehorn (2012)
Lille spejl på væggen der, eventyret om Snehvide (2012)
Marie Krøyer (2012)
Gummi T (2012)
Thor - Legenden fra Valhalla (2011)
Orla Frøsnapper (2011)
Pas på pelsdyrene (2010)
Olsen-banden på de bonede gulve (2010)
Store Drømme (2009)
Rejsen til Saturn (2008)
2900 Happiness (2007)
Teenage mutant ninja turtles (2007)
Den grimme ælling og mig (2006)
H.C. Andersens eventyr (2004)
Terkel i knibe (2004)
Stuart Little 2 (2002)
Tsatsiki - Venner for altid (2001)
Anna (2000)
Den blinde maler (2000)
Den gale professor (1999)
Tsatsiki, moren og politimanden (1999)

Eksterne henvisninger

Filminstruktører fra Danmark
Filmfolk fra Danmark

Steffen Addington


Captain Atom is the name of several superheroes appearing in American comic books, initially owned by Charlton Comics before being acquired in the 1980s by DC Comics. All possess some form of energy-manipulating abilities.

Publication history
Captain Atom was created by writer Joe Gill and artist/co-writer Steve Ditko, and first appeared in Space Adventures #33 (March 1960). Captain Atom was initially created for Charlton Comics, but was later acquired by DC Comics and revised for DC's Post-Crisis continuity. In 2011, DC Comics relaunched its superhero comics and rewrote the histories of some characters from scratch, including Captain Atom, giving him a new origin, appearance and slightly altered powers. Captain Atom was the character inspiration for Doctor Manhattan, who was featured in the miniseries (and later live-action film adaptation) Watchmen, which would be connected to the DC Universe in the miniseries Doomsday Clock.

Throughout the years, the character has been featured in several moderate-to-short-lived eponymous series, and has been a member of several different versions of DC's flagship superhero team, the Justice League. In all incarnations, the character initially served for the military. In the Charlton Comics continuity, he was a scientist named Allen Adam and gained his abilities by accident when he was seemingly "atomized" and then his body reformed, now existing as an atomic-powered being. In both DC Comics incarnations, he is an Air Force pilot named Nathaniel Adam, who was a test subject in a scientific experiment who seemingly disintegrated in the process, only to reappear later as the super-powered Captain Atom. Over the years, DC has attempted to reinvent the character several times. For a period, the character assumed the mantle of the supervillain Monarch, and in 2005 DC attempted to retell the Captain Atom story with an entirely new character, Breach, who was subsequently discarded. In the new continuity following DC's 2011 relaunch, Captain Atom has never been a member of the Justice League and the team views him with distrust; his character origin and abilities were also revised.

Captain Atom has appeared in several animated television and film adaptations of Justice League and other DC storylines since the mid-2000s, where he is depicted as a powerful member of the Justice League whose abilities place him roughly on par with the franchise's flagship character Superman. In several animated depictions, he has served the role as a government stooge when the government has brought itself into conflict with the Justice League.

Fictional character biography

Charlton Comics (Silver Age)

The Charlton Comics version of Captain Atom was Allen Adam. The character's origin had Adam working as a technician in a special experimental rocket when it accidentally launched with him trapped inside. Adam was atomized when the rocket exploded while entering the upper atmosphere. However, he somehow gained superpowers that included the ability to reform his body safely on the ground. He was outfitted in a red and yellow costume that was designed to shield people from the radiation of his nuclear powers. When he powered up, his hair changed to a silvery-white.

Later, in his own title, he replaced his original red and gold costume with a liquid-metal outfit that was under his skin and which transformed when he powered up. Captain Atom's powers were similar to such other nuclear-powered superheroes as Gold Key's Doctor Solar and Dell Comics' Nukla. Captain Atom was first published in a series of short stories in the anthology series Space Adventures #33–40 (March 1960 – June 1961) and #42 (October 1961). Charlton began reprinting his short adventures in the anthology Strange Suspense Stories beginning with issue #75 (June 1965), renaming the title Captain Atom with issue #78 (December 1965) and giving the hero full-length stories and supervillain antagonists such as Dr. Spectro (previous stories involved Cold War anti-Communist missions or dealing with aliens). Captain Atom later teamed with the superhero Nightshade, with whom he shared a mutual attraction. The superhero the Blue Beetle starred in the initial back-up feature, later replaced by a Nightshade back-up series.

Captain Atom was cancelled with issue #89 (December 1967). In 1975, the unfinished Ditko art for issue #90 was inked by John Byrne and published in the first two issues of the official Charlton fanzine, Charlton Bullseye, as the 10-page "Showdown in Sunuria" (writer: Jon G. Michels) and the 11-page "Two Against Sunuria" (writer: Roger Stern). Captain Atom next appeared in issue #7 (May 1982) of the new-talent showcase comic also called Charlton Bullseye, in a story by writer Benjamin Smith and artist/co-writer Dan Reed, which for some reason returned him to his original red and yellow outfit. The character's last pre-DC appearance was in AC Comics' one-shot issue Americomics Special #1 (August 1983), in a story teaming the Charlton "Action Heroes" the Blue Beetle, Captain Atom, Nightshade and the Question as the Sentinels of Justice. This last story had originally been done for Charlton before the company folded.

The actual Charlton characters made their first reappearance in DC's Crisis on Infinite Earths, which introduced Earth-Four as the native reality of Captain Atom and the world where all the Charlton Comics adventures had taken place. By story's end, Earth-Four (and the Charlton characters) had been incorporated into the Post-Crisis DC Universe, its history merging with that of the mainstream reality. The last appearance of this Charlton-era Captain Atom was in DC Comics Presents #90 (February 1986).

DC Comics (Post-Crisis)

A new Post-Crisis version of the character was introduced in March 1987 with the launch of a monthly comic written by Cary Bates (long-time writer of The Flash and Superman), co-written by Greg Weisman and drawn by Pat Broderick.

This modern captain's name is established as Nathaniel Christopher Adam, a United States Air Force officer and Vietnam War veteran. Adam had been framed for a crime and was, under military justice, condemned to death; this taking place under the purview of Col. Wade Eiling in the year 1968. As an alternative to execution, Adam was "asked" to participate in 'Project: Captain Atom', a military experiment with a slim chance of survival. He agreed to this in exchange for an unconditional presidential pardon. The experiment involved testing the hull of a crashed alien ship's durability by placing a human being (Adam) within the metal craft and then exploding an atomic weapon under it. The weapon went off and Adam was seemingly disintegrated. Eighteen years later, Adam suddenly reappeared. The alien metal, now bonded around his body, afforded him incredible abilities far beyond that of a mere mortal. Bonded with the metal, Nathaniel Adam now had powers that resulted from the metal's ability to tap into the "Quantum Field". It was revealed that the alien metal could absorb energy but only past a certain threshold, any excess absorption would force it to jump forward in time based on the amount of energy obtained.

Flung into the year 1986, Adam becomes literally a "man out of time". Wade Eiling is now a military general and the second husband of Adam's now-deceased wife Angela. Everyone had assumed that Nathaniel Adam died the day of the experiment, so his presidential pardon was never issued and the current government refused to acknowledge the previous pardon. Seizing the opportunity at hand, Eiling uses the outstanding murder/treason charges against Adam to blackmail him into acting as a military-controlled, government-sanctioned superhero codenamed Captain Atom. The events of the Charlton stories are used cleverly by Bates as a readymade, fabricated past to convince the world that Adam had secretly been a superhero for years enabling him to quickly gain the trust and reputation as an unsung patriot and hero. For his non-superhero activities, Nathaniel uses the alias Cameron Scott, an Air Force intelligence operative. During this time he meets the superpowered terrorist, Plastique, a recurring part of Nathaniel's life. Early conflicts involve him coming to terms with the lost time he missed with his now grown children, the death of his wife, her marriage to Eiling, and the overall ramifications of his newly acquired powers. Later, he learns that Project Atom, a secret government funded group that used new experimental machines to harness powerful energies had repeated the same process and created the supervillain Major Force, a bloodthirsty madman lacking Captain Atom's morality and classic military/A.F. discipline.

Atom/Adam serves under Eiling reluctantly while befriending research scientist Doctor Heinrich Megala of Project Atom, who had previously helped to create an elaborate cover story for Atom/Adam. Doctor Megala is responsible for creating the X-Ionizer technology capable of cutting the skin of most invulnerable metahumans. In spite of his disabilities and poor health, he helped Atom/Adam learn about the Quantum Field as well as about his powers. Captain Atom later succeeds in clearing his name of the original treason charge and eventually rebels against Eiling, resigning from the Air Force and becoming an actual superhero. By Captain Atom #39, Megala's health would deteriorate to a point where he asked Captain Atom for help and attempted to use his atomic energy to neutralize the life threatening disease he is suffering from, but becomes blinded as a side effect. Fearing that Eiling would eventually turn on him, Megala claims that he intends to set up a contingency plan which would make public all of Project Atom's classified secrets once his heart ceased to function. Megala's plan proved to be a mere bluff when he is killed in a confrontation with the Ghost a.k.a. Alec Rois, but Captain Atom decides to become the actual whistleblower and discloses the truth on national television.

Captain Atom joins the Justice League at the request of the U.S. government, eventually serving as leader of Justice League Europe. During his career, he has a brief romance with Catherine Cobert, develops a friendly rivalry with Firestorm, becomes involved with and eventually marries Plastique, learns basic heroics from Batman after briefly losing access to the Quantum Field, and commands the metahuman forces during the "Invasion" storyline where Earth was under attack by an alliance of alien forces. Captain Atom was canceled as of issue #57 in 1991 because Atom was slated to become the hero-turned-villain Monarch in DC's Armageddon 2001 crossover event; however, when word of this leaked out, DC changed the ending at the last minute. Atom and the Monarch character continue battling through time in Armageddon: The Alien Agenda limited series, until he is returned to his own time at the conclusion. Captain Atom then returns to the League, involved in the Zero Hour Crisis in 1994, founding an offshoot team, Extreme Justice in 1995. While leading Extreme Justice, Captain Atom comes across another version of Monarch, this one claiming to be the real Nathaniel Adam. Later in 1999, he is a member of the poorly received team known as the Living Assault Weapons or L.A.W., the members of whom are all previously Charlton Comics characters. In 2003, he again teams up with several former members of the Justice League as the "Super Buddies" in the humorous limited series Formerly Known as the Justice League. Around this time, various stories reintroduce Atom's conflict between his role in the superhero community and his responsibilities as a government agent.

At some point, Atom's marriage to Plastique ends in divorce. Apart from a brief mention of her at the beginning of L.A.W., the marriage appears to be forgotten. Plastique has reappeared in 2006 as a villainess again, undoing her reformation into a heroine. A later confirmation is brought in by the Captain Atom: Armageddon miniseries in which, after falling in love with Angela Spica of the Authority, Captain Atom reminisces about his short marriage with Plastique, and attributes their divorce to their irreconcilable views about world and politics, since Nathaniel, even in his spousal life, could not stop being a loyal soldier of the U.S., and Plastique could not simply put aside her life as a terrorist.

Later in 2003, writer Jeph Loeb returns Captain Atom to his roots as he went back to work for the government, this time for President Lex Luthor in the first story arc of the Superman/Batman series. Atom seemingly sacrifices his life to save Superman and Earth by piloting a starship to destroy a kryptonite meteor, but as it had previously been established that this type of accident could not kill him, he soon returns to life and to the background of the DC Universe. In a 2005 issue of Superman/Batman, it is made clear that Captain Atom survived the collision with the kryptonite meteor, but has absorbed massive amounts of radiation and become a super villain described as a "Kryptonite Man". The radiation is siphoned out of Captain Atom using a device made by Hiro Okamura, the new Toyman, which returns Captain Atom to his usual self (if somewhat confused).

"Armageddon" and WorldStorm
In 2005/2006, Captain Atom appears in a nine-part limited series entitled Captain Atom: Armageddon under DC's Wildstorm imprint. Captain Atom's sacrifice in Superman/Batman sends him to the WildStorm universe for the duration of the series. In this title, he wears a yellow/red outfit that was first seen in the 1996 Kingdom Come limited series.

At the moment of his apparent death, Captain Atom experiences a time-shift coinciding with his 2005 appearance in Superman/Batman, resulting in his arrival in the Wildstorm Universe. He quickly gets into a fight with an overzealous Mister Majestic and the fight ends with Majestic soundly defeated. Seeing the frightened reactions of onlookers, and puzzling over his own altered appearance, he realizes that he has somehow become trapped on an alternate Earth, one where superheroes are feared by the general populace. Mistaken by the local superheroes as the force destined to destroy their universe, he is in fact an instrument used ultimately by Nikola Hanssen, new host for half the essence of the Void, to reclaim her whole power (partially lodged in his own body, and cause of his altered appearance) and use it to trigger the reboot of the WildStorm universe, in the WorldStorm event.

Monarch

Captain Atom returns to the DC Universe in Infinite Crisis #7 when Superboy-Prime punctured
Breach, who wields similar energy-manipulating abilities. The end of Armageddon has him reappear in the devastated Blüdhaven. A year later, Captain Atom is revealed to be contained inside Blüdhaven and used to administer radiation treatments to metahumans. Apparently Void, able to finally let him go home, is unable to ensure his safety, and multiple damages to his radiation-shielding skin had left him comatose and unable to keep down his body radiation to safe levels; this forces the Atomic Knights to keep him constantly contained. In 2008's Countdown #8, it is learned that these ruptures were caused as part of a greater plan by Solomon the Monitor, in his plans to "recreate the Monarch" as part of a larger scheme to force the assimilation of the other Monitors.

After being fitted with an updated version of the Monarch armor (Armageddon 2001) to contain his radiation, the Captain awakens. Seeming to be mentally unstable, he breaks free, apparently kills the rampaging Major Force, and then releases a vast amount of energy, obliterating what was left of Blüdhaven. He remains missing until Kyle Rayner, then known as Ion, discovers him in The Bleed, a place between dimensions. The Captain indicates that he is traveling through The Bleed to operate outside the gaze of the Monitors. He discusses his time in the Wildstorm Universe, and his desire to visit other alternate worlds.

Countdown

In the last panel of Countdown #45, Monarch is shown observing Forerunner. The following issue, Countdown #44, bears a cover by Ed Benes with the Monarch armor and features Monarch swaying Forerunner to his side, turning her against the Monitors. Monarch argues that the Monitors are genocidal overlords who must be defeated; however, the Monitors assert that Monarch is a supervillain whose plan is to cause a Multiversal war that will leave him the ruler of the unified Earth remaining in its wake. Monarch creates an army of foot soldiers, including the Extremists of Earth-8, the JL-Axis of Earth-10, and the Crime Society of Earth-3, and disposes of Forerunner when he reveals his plans for a multiversal arena tournament.

The four-issue miniseries Countdown: Arena features Monarch battling alternate versions of characters throughout the Multiverse to compile the strike team for his new Multiverse army, specifically one Superman, one Batman, a Wonder Woman, a Green Lantern, a Flash, a Blue Beetle, a Nightshade, a Starman, and a Ray. Monarch's behavior becomes increasingly violent, notably in the form of his killing all residents of the Eve of Shadows' country in retribution for her attempt to violate the Monarch's rule of "no escaping". Monarch is now paranoid, and unwilling to share details of his past to his "subordinates", but the Red Son Superman and Liberty Files Batman discern that under the Monarch armor lies another Captain Atom, and so they employ his other counterparts—Breach (Tim Zanetti) and Quantum-Storm (Ronnie Raymond)—to assemble an army of Captain Atoms from the different dimensions to fight back. In Arenas conclusion, Monarch reveals that Breach is his brainwashed accomplice and that he has lured his 51 counterparts to murder them and absorb their power. With his team of Eve of Shadows (Earth-13), Vampire Batman (Earth-43), Ray "the Ray" Palmer (Earth-6), the monstrous Scarab (Earth-26), Hal Jordan Jr. (Earth-12), Starwoman (Earth-7), Johnny Quick (Earth-3), Wonder Woman (Earth-34), Red Son Superman (Earth-30), and himself—the sum power of 52 Captain Atoms—Monarch believes he is ready to confront the Monitors, and does so, finally launching his war on Earth-51 against the exposed Monitors.

In a protracted fight against Superman-Prime, his suit is damaged, releasing a chain reaction that apparently destroys the entire universe of Earth-51 aside from its Monitor. It was later learned that the Monitor Solomon had attacked Captain Atom in Blüdhaven, rupturing his skin and setting into motion his transformation into Monarch.

Project 7734
During Jimmy Olsen's investigation about Project 7734, the secret black-op commanded by Sam Lane to fight extraterrestrial menaces on Earth (including Kryptonians), it is discovered that an amnesiac and brainwashed Captain Atom is now one of the prized possessions of Sam Lane. Project Breach refers to his capture and brainwashing into a weapon (with Lane wanting to stress the similarities between Adam and Tim Zanetti) or Planet Breaker. Captain Atom refers to his name and rank as "Codename: Captain Atom".

Captain Atom returns in a co-feature in Action Comics #879 and appears in his normal costume instead of the Monarch armor he was last seen wearing. He is shown to reside in a mystical, medieval-reminiscent realm, attacking a highly fortified castle for unknown reasons other than, as he states, "his mission". After obliterating the castle's defenses, he has a brief flashback to a moment with the Justice League, then falls to the ground disoriented. No explanation is given for his return to his original appearance, his whereabouts since Countdown to Final Crisis, or why he has reverted to his heroic persona rather than that of the conquest-seeking Monarch. In Action Comics #880 it is revealed that Captain Atom has little or no memory of who he is other than his name. It is revealed that this mysterious realm is connected to Project 7734 and is part of his conditioning. Later, he is attacked by Major Force, an enemy believed to have been destroyed by Captain Atom himself when he first became Monarch. Mon-El appears and helps Captain Atom escape, taking him to the Justice League's satellite, where the League members declare that they are going to bring him to justice for his actions as Monarch. After a struggle with the League, Captain Atom tells them what he can remember. The League reminds him he was a hero who once saved the planet. He feels he has changed from the man he once was, and that he needs to go back to the magic world to make right what he has done. The Shadowpact are called on to join him on his quest and provide a way for him to reach Sorcerers' World.

Generation Lost
Captain Atom appears as one of the central characters in Justice League: Generation Lost, a maxi-series that takes place during the wider Brightest Day event. At the start of the series, Captain Atom is recruited as part of a massive group of superheroes tasked with hunting down the JLI's founder and Ted Kord's murderer, Maxwell Lord. During an encounter with Max at the Justice League's former New York headquarters, Captain Atom is rendered unconscious alongside Fire, Ice, and Booster Gold. The former Justice League members awake to discover that Lord has used his mental abilities to erase his existence from the minds of every single human on the planet, save for those present at the embassy. and the others. Afterwards, Captain Atom discovers that Max has mentally influenced the US army into believing that he had betrayed them.

Captain Atom shares with the group that when he absorbed a nuclear bomb Max had set off, he found himself thrown through time to the future of 24th century, an Earth that had fallen into chaos through metahuman wars and backward in technology. Atom found a woman elderly and grotesque, who turned out to be an aged Power Girl, telling him it was Maxwell Lord who was responsible for all of this. Atom is then pulled back into the present, and tells the rest of the team that the world needs them to stop the instigated Max.

After discovering that the OMACs had dismembered a droid, Captain Atom was struck by Magog who simply scoffs at the notion and states that he has come to kill Captain Atom at the behest of Max. In their battle, Captain Atom manages to convince Magog he is being manipulated by Max. Magog stops the attacks as he remembers Max's existence and Captain Atom is prepared to help him. However, Max is on hand and forces Magog to kill himself with his spear. Max uses his powers to manipulate everyone into believing that Captain Atom has killed Magog before leaving. Captain Atom realizes Magog's spear is about to explode with energy. Captain Atom tries to absorb as much as he can, thrusting him into the time stream again as a crater is left behind.

Captain Atom is propelled through time again to 112 years in the future, where a metahuman war against the OMACs had devastated the planet. Captain Atom battled for survival alongside the future versions of the Justice League, but they all are eventually contaminated by a new nanovirus version of the OMACs and one by one become OMACs themselves. As a dying Power Girl tells him that the catalyst for all this was the death of Wonder Woman by Max's hands, Captain Atom is returned into the present but not before Batman orders him to terminate the OMAC project to stop Max's plan.

During the final battle against the new OMAC known as OMAC Prime, Captain Atom allows OMAC Prime to absorb his energy, before reabsorbing the energy and overloading his powers, resulting in him being thrown into the time stream once again. Just before this occurred, Captain Atom grabbed Max and threatened to pull him into the time stream as well, unless Max undid the global mindwipe of his existence. Max complied and everyone on the planet had their memories of him restored before Captain Atom was pulled away to a time and space unknown. Max later released a statement onto the internet exonerating Captain Atom of the deaths in Chicago, saying far worse would have happened if he had not intervened.

The New 52
In The New 52 reboot of  DC's continuity, Captain Atom is reintroduced with altered powers, appearance and origin. He is still USAF pilot Nathaniel Adam. In the new reality, Adam volunteers to participate in an experiment conducted by a research facility called the Continuum. At this facility, Dr. Megala's research is focused on the quantum field and on "dimensional transfer through M Theory". Adam is asked to pilot the dimensional-transfer vessel by Dr. Megala, who is now presented as a particle physicist working out of Colorado, but is seemingly atomized during the experiment. Soon afterwards, he reappears, now an energy-based life form. According to Dr. Megala, Captain Atom's abilities are largely nuclear in nature and involve tapping into the strong nuclear force, the energy that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Adam's physical atoms are constantly splitting apart, giving him incredible power. His body maintains integrity by instantly re-merging these atoms, but extreme use of his powers can interfere with this process and cause Captain Atom's form to become unstable. This leads to a fear that at some point Captain Atom's brain might lose its molecular stability and he will not be able to fix it before it impairs his consciousness or causes him to suffer some form of brain death.

In the new reality, Nathaniel Adam has been only Captain Atom for a few months and is still exploring his abilities, constantly learning new facets to them such as his ability to perceive wireless transmissions from cell phones and computers. He frequently returns to the Continuum so that Dr. Megala and the staff can help him further understand his abilities and occasionally so they can stabilize his body when he seems to be having problems. The world at large looks on Captain Atom with suspicion due to uncertainty about his agenda and the nature of his abilities. Some fear that he is leaking radiation and potentially poisoning those he comes into contact with. Several have remarked that the Justice League may have rejected Captain Atom for membership due to suspicion of how dangerous he is. Despite this, Nathaniel chooses to try and use his powers to help others on Earth, clandestinely if need be. During a fight with Megala, who had taken control of Firestorm's body, Atom is forced to absorb a massive amount of energy released which splits his molecules apart into the timestream. One of these pieces is found in the 31st Century, where he names himself Nathaniel Adym. Adym had become an agent of Echo, a covert branch of the Science Police assigned to monitor the timestream. As part of his duties, he had interacted with members of the Legion of Super-Heroes stranded in the past, in Legion Lost, along with his subordinates Agent Jocelyn Lure and Agent Yera Allon. Adym is last seen escaping the threat of his own singularity bomb, launching himself into the past.

DC Rebirth: The Fall and Rise of Captain Atom

Captain Atom (Nathaniel Adam) lost control of his powers and caused a devastating accident in this six-issue series set in 2012. Needing to contain his unstable abilities, he went into Dr. Megala's Subterranean Suppression Dome but seemingly exploded. The world believed Nathaniel Adam was killed in a blast; However, Adam took a subatomic trip through time and ended up without powers, 20 years in the past. It is revealed that the quantum blowback sent him back in time to 1994 as a normal man.  Adam's wound distorted after being shot during an attempted car robbery, and his body was encased in liquid metal. As a result of the time stream correcting itself, he was thrown back to 2017.

Powers and abilities
Powers
In the Post-Crisis DC Comics Universe, Captain Atom's Dilustel skin is tied into the Quantum Field, which enables him to absorb and manipulate theoretically infinite amounts of energy, limited by only his willpower and imagination. This energy can be used for flight (which is generally faster than the speed of sound in Earth's atmosphere and up to half-light speed in the vacuum of space), super strength (shown at times to be on par with Martian Manhunter, though another sourcethe DC Heroes Roleplaying Gamedefines his level of strength second only to Superman's among the heroes of the DC Universe, though as Monarch he was capable of effortlessly overwhelming three versions of Superman), durability (he has survived exploding nuclear weapons, and even energy sufficient to wipe out all life within the Universe of Earth 51although this was his own energy), self-sustenance and life support (allowing him to live and even speak in space), and controlling energy of any form. In addition to high speed flight he has been shown to possess enhanced reflexes. Atom's abilities stem from his link to the Quantum Field, which provides a virtually infinite source of Quantum Energy, which can be used for a vast number of effects. He commonly manipulates his energy into force field bubbles, or explosive "bombs", but the most common form is a simple energy blast. Atom has been shown to be capable of manipulating even exotic energies such as magic, and has a high degree of resistance to such attacks.

Over the years, Captain Atom has become an expert at energy manipulation and he can fire energy blasts from any point on his body, although he usually uses his hands for better aim. He can fire in multiple directions at once or from every point of his body at once. Several times he has "detonated", releasing a massive amount of energy at once, destroying objects within a certain radius, as demonstrated by his destruction of Bludhaven. On more than one occasion, he has used his ability to manipulate all forms of energy to prevent a foe using their own powers, such as the Ray and Firestorm.

If Atom absorbs too much energy at once, the energy transports him uncontrollably through time. Depending on the type of energy absorbed, he either goes forward or backward in time, though he also possesses the ability to voluntarily move forward in the time-stream. Captain Atom states that through concentration, he can briefly travel ahead in time ("about a week or so"). The process is exhausting and the period he can interact in the future appears to be limited to a few minutes before he returns to the present. In the case of involuntary quantum jumping, he is typically shown as being stuck in the time-stream for as long as it takes his body to process any absorbed energy.

Captain Atom can also convert energy to matter in the same manner he manipulates energy. Originally, he needed a pair of gloves invented by the Blue Beetle to do so, but he has since learned to do so without them. He is capable of manipulating matter on an atomic or sub-atomic level at a limited scale. He has used his atomic transmutation powers to turn both Maul and the Engineer back to their human forms. This power can be used instinctively or through concentration, though Atom has conceded he is not very good at it. In the same way, he learned to access weak force energy. As a consequence of his energy manipulation abilities, he is able to telepathically interface with computer networks. He has on occasion used this to repel telepathic intrusions by downloading information directly into other telepaths. With focus and effort, Captain Atom can increase any of his abilities to match his current willpower, up to an unknown level. As Monarch prior to absorbing the Captain Atom Brigade his powers and abilities were increased to such a level that he was capable of effortlessly containing several versions of powerful heroes such as Superman, Wonder Woman and several Green Lanterns.

Atom has shown the capacity to absorb matter, as well as energytypified by his absorption of the Captain Atom Brigade. As Monarch he possessed all of his inherent abilitiesat much higher levelsas well as teleportation, and awareness of and access to different realities. He was capable of storing enough energy, that upon its release, was capable of wiping all life from the alternate Earth 51except for its Monitor and a single plant.

Later writers and editors have introduced a radioactive aspect of Captain Atom's physical makeup. This seems to contradict the quantum nature of Atom's powers as originally introduced, as he previously did not emit radiation when his skin was cut open. Towards the end of his series' run, it was speculated that Captain Atom is an Elemental (Quantum Elemental) along with the Swamp Thing (Earth), the Red Tornado (Air), Firestorm (Fire), and Naiad (Water).

In addition to his superhuman abilities, Nathaniel Adam is also an experienced United States Air Force pilot. It is notable that he is one of the few superheroes with a "Captain" appellation that corresponds to a military rank he has actually held. He is especially skilled in combat piloting, is trained in military weaponry, strategy, and hand-to-hand combat and speaks multiple languages, including Russian. Adam also has strong survival instincts derived from his experiences during the Vietnam War.

Dilustel
Captain Atom's metallic shell, or "skin", is composed of a portion of the alien being known as Silver Shield, and is called Dilustel. Pieces of the alien's metal body were used in Project Atom, and on later subjects like Major Force and Bombshell. Nathaniel is able to coat himself with the metal, either partially or totally. Atom's symbiosis with the metal is such that even partially armored he is able to access the Quantum Field. The metal is almost indestructible, resistant to various degrees of damage from energy, heat, lasers, etc. Only X-Ionizer technology can cut the metal, as established when the Captain Atom Project uses it to remove the Silver Shield's skin. The katana wielded by the "Cambodian" that once sliced through Atom's side was also X-Ionized. The magical guns of the Crimson Avenger were able to crack his skin. Breaking through it causes Captain Atom to Quantum Jump as if he has absorbed too much energy.

X-Ionizer
The X-Ionizer is a hardening technology invented by the specialists of Project Atom, introduced in the Cary Bates run of the DC Comics published Captain Atom. Because of the nearly invulnerable nature of the alien metal discovered, the scientists needed some way to cut it to perform experiments. Doctor Heinrich Megala, one of the lead researchers of the Project, developed a device that would make the molecular lattices of an object by knitting together positive & negative ion particles in such a way that it became superdense and compact. This, in effect, makes the object nearly indestructible. Also, any edge on an X-Ionized object would attain the sharpness of a monofilament, enabling both it and its user to cut finer and cleaner than the most advanced blade or laser. Once transformed, the object would then be able to cut through virtually any material, including the Dilustel (quantum metal) skin of the Silver Shield which was used to empower Captain Atom, Major Force, and Bombshell. A mercenary known as the Cambodian wore a suit of X-Ionized armor, and uses an X-ionized katana to cut through Captain Atom's skin in Captain Atom #7. A famous physicist and former C.I.A operative, turned dangerous cult leader and quantum powered supervillain called 'The Ghost' theorized that properties hardened and honed by such a device undergo a form of mantling taking on properties very similar to the extra-dimensional biometal belonging to the Silver Shield entity.

DC Rebirth
After DC Rebirth, Captain Atom is restored to his Post-Crisis powers. His New 52 powers have seemingly disappeared.

Former powers
His former drastically altered New 52 powers are a being whose atoms are constantly splitting and then reforming just as quickly, releasing massive amounts of energy. This surplus of power can be manipulated in a number of ways such as flight and the ability to transmute physical matter. Captain Atom has been seen to transform lava into snow by willing it and has been able to remove cancer from a human being. He can also absorb massive amounts of energy.

Captain Atom's abilities are largely nuclear in nature and involve tapping into the strong nuclear force, the energy that binds protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Excessive or intense use of his abilities has resulted in Captain Atom temporarily losing his own molecular stability. It is not yet known if he will be able to conquer this weakness with practice.

As an energy-based life form, Captain Atom's senses now operate on different levels than a normal person. He is able to sense and perceive radio signals, cell phone signals and other similar transmissions. He can also see the energy of certain molecules, such as when he notes the energy signature of the Flash and remarks that his molecules seem to be sparking with fire or lightning. He also does not need air, food or water to survive.

Rogues gallery
Captain Atom has his own enemies:
 Bolt (Larry Bolatinsky): An assassin and mercenary sporting an electrokinetic suit hired by General Eiling for a number of militia hero sales schemes. Often came in conflict with Captain Atom over the course of his military career while under contract in another of many government staged publicity stunts.
 Doctor Spectro (Tom Emery): A scientist driven mad by his emotion-altering prisms, Dr. Spectro gained the ability to affect emotions directly. Post-Crisis, Spectro was a small-time crook General Wade Eiling used to create a cover story for Captain Atom. Very bright costumes were a characteristic of Dr. Spectro.Green Arrow #46 Doctor Spectro first appeared in Captain Atom #79 as the first supervillain antagonist of the titular hero, and was created by Steve Ditko and Joe Gill. The character first appeared in Charlton Comics, later in DC Comics. James Sandy counted Doctor Spectro among the many comic characters that were introduced in the Silver Age of Comic Books and disappeared again after a short run, but authors of The Superhero Book found him a unique supervillain.
 Fiery-Icer: A mercenary with a suit that unleashes intense fire from his right gauntlet and frigid cold from the left, the mysterious Fiery-Icer fought Captain Atom on several occasions.
 General Wade Eiling: Once his commanding officer in the military who even in his new identity Nathaniel Adam often butted heads with due to his unscrupulous means of promoting America's new military assets. Unknown to the Captain for the longest time, it was the corrupt general who had Adam framed for killing a senior officer which, in turn, subjected him to the Atom Project years ago.
 The Ghost (Alec Rois): A physicist who developed a teleportation device that he used to become a millionaire, Alec Rois took on the persona of the Ghost and became Captain Atom and his partner Nightshade's Pre-Crisis nemesis. Post-Crisis, he was a cult leader nicknamed the Faceless One, a disgruntled weapons developer and a former CIA operative who sought revenge against an unscrupulous employer. Having been trapped in the Quantum Field by his own Stealthray tech, he is released as an energy being who controls teletranslocation through it and has connections to Atom's past conviction while enlisted five years ago.
 Iron Arms: A mercenary that employs a backpack that powers powerful cybernetic arms.
 The Cambodian (Rako): An arms dealer and personal enforcer of the Post-Crisis Ghost. A survivor of a U.S. bombing raid during the Vietnam War, this Cambodian refugee was taken into Rois' services while he was a government agent. Acting as the Green Elite's hitman, Rako framed Nathaniel Adam for treason under Rois' orders, resulting in his drafting into Project: Atom. As the Cambodian, he would clad himself in armor and weaponry tempered by the X-Ionizer, wielding a skein sharp enough to pierce Captain Atom's Dilustel armor.
 Major Force (Clifford Zmeck): A rapist/murderer exposed to the same experiment that created Captain Atom, he would regularly betray the U.S. government or go back to work for their more clandestine, i.e., crooked, organizations, becoming a regular as Captain Atom's Post-Crisis nemesis.
 Monarch (Hank Hall): In an alternate future, Hank Hall goes mad and kills Earth's heroes to conquer the world. When the hero Waverider comes back in time to prevent this, he instead creates the paradox that made his future possible. When Monarch goes back in time to retrieve his past self, it was Captain Atom that failed to stop him. Captain Atom battled the villain through time to quell the guilt of his failure to stop him earlier.
 Plastique (Bette Sans Souci): A French-Canadian terrorist with explosive-based powers and intense separatist designs, first came in contact with Captain Atom during an assassination attempt at a Canadian/American peace delegation. The two frequently clash with one another, eventually falling in love and entering into a whirlwind marriage, albeit a short-lived one.
 Punch and Jewelee: A husband and wife team of villains who work as thieves and mercenaries. Post-Crisis, they instead fought King Faraday and Nightshade.
 Thirteen: In reality a federal agent from Earth's future, Thirteen travels back in time with his partner Faustus, a talking cat, to prevent the Ghost from stealing an experimental missile and end up facing Captain Atom. He appears to be a sorcerer but it is unknown if he employs true magic or just sufficiently advanced science.
 Ultramax''': Former assassin turned death row inmate in the early 2000s, when Atom had his meltdown and was catapulted into the Q-Field. Max Thrane, as he was facing the electric chair at the time, was bathed in the fallout during his execution. About a decade later, Captain Atom would return and undo his predicament, only for him to awake finding he had gained similar Quantum Powers due to the hero's blowback years ago, to which, now going by the name Ultramax, Thrane set out on a path of revenge against the one who slated him for his death sentence.

Other versions
Armageddon 2001

An alternate future Captain Atom is featured prominently in the 1991 series Armageddon 2001. A tragedy drives him insane and he uses his powers in vengeance. This also triggers a chain of events which brings Monarch to the present 'time'.

Kingdom Come

Captain Atom appears briefly in flashback sequences of Alex Ross and Mark Waid's 1996 miniseries Kingdom Come, printed under DC Comics' Elseworlds imprint. His death at the hands of the villain the Parasite, and the irradiation of Kansas this caused, results in Superman's return to action and sets the events of the story into motion. His outfit in this comic is a combination of his original Charlton uniform and his later DC costume. The Kingdom Come universe established and created by Waid and Ross would later be introduced to DC canon in the form of Earth-22. The Silver Age Captain Atom appears in the sequel The Kingdom: Planet Krypton #1 as one of the "ghosts" in the empty "Planet Krypton" restaurant.

Breach

In 2004, DC launched an ongoing series called Breach. The series was originally planned as a revamp of the Captain Atom concept, but Breach was subsequently re-conceived as a completely new character. The 2005 mini-series Infinite Crisis revealed that Breach would have been a native of Earth-Eight if the Multiverse had continued to exist after Crisis on Infinite Earths as his world's counterpart to Captain Atom. The 2007 series Countdown: Arena at first suggests that a new Breach was created on the Earth-8 of the new Multiverse, although whether this indeed happened is called into question when the Breach featured in the miniseries is revealed to be the same mainstream Breach featured in the eponymous limited series. Breach is killed when absorbed into Monarch in the last issue of Countdown: Arena.

52 Multiverse

In the final issue of 52, a new Multiverse is revealed, originally consisting of 52 identical realities. Among the parallel realities shown is one designated "Earth-4". As a result of Mister Mind "eating" aspects of this reality, it takes on visual aspects similar to the pre-Crisis Earth-4, including Captain Atom and the other Charlton characters. The names of the characters are not mentioned in the panel in which they appear, but the Captain Atom is visually similar to Charlton's original version of the character. According to comments by Grant Morrison, this alternate universe is not the pre-Crisis Earth-4.

2007's Countdown: Arena features Captains Atom from alternate universes. The combatants of the series are introduced as a new Breach of Earth-8, a Ronnie Raymond/Nathaniel Adam fusion called "Quantum-Storm" from Earth-37, and another from Earth-38 who rules over his Atomic Knights. Additionally, issue #1 introduces a "Brigadier Atom" from Earth-13 married to Nightshade, and in Countdown: Arena #3, Breach gathers together a group of alternate Captains Atom, including Earth-13's Brigadier, the Captain Atom as depicted in the graphic novel Kingdom Come (Earth-22), and a Captain in a red/silver variant of the Monarch's costume, one similar to the Charlton Comics Atom (Earth-4), and a Hulked-out variant named Attum from an unknown Earth. Several more variants are shown in Countdown: Arena #4, including a President Atom, a robot called Quantum Mechanix, Kid Quantum of the Legion of Super-Heroes, Captain Adamma, Quantum Boy, an anthropomorphic wolf version, a Soviet Atom from Earth-30, a Doctor Manhattan-lookalike, an energy based-Atom who makes calculations during his attacks, and a giant-sized actual atom. Grant Morrison's Final Crisis: Superman Beyond 3D (2008) depicts a Captain Allen Adam from Earth-4, a cross between the original Charlton version, Superman, Reed Richards and Doctor Manhattan. The DC Multiverse is refreshed following Flashpoint, but this last Grant Morrison-created Captain Atom is a main character in the 2016 comic The Multiversity – Pax Americana (2015).

Flashpoint

In the alternate timeline of the Flashpoint storyline, Nathaniel Adam is a general who never went through with the  experiment, and is consequently much older than in the original timeline. General Adam controls the body and physical actions of Project Six's body, using it to attack Booster Gold, believing him to be an Atlantean threat. During the battle, General Adam's control link is destroyed by metahuman interference, causing Project Six's true personality to surface. General Adam loses control of Project Six, but Booster fixes the control link. General Adam then attempts to use the link to kill Booster Gold. Fortunately, General Adam takes Booster Gold back to the base for interrogation, allowing Booster Gold to escape when the sight of "Project Superman" causes Project Six's true personality to resurface again with the damage caused by the attack, causing the ceiling to collapse on General Adam, who is knocked unconscious.

Final Crisis

In Earth-4 of the DC Multiverse, Captain Atom's counterpart, Captain Adam, known as the Quantum Superman, is shown to exist. He is seemingly similar to Doctor Manhattan in many ways, having the iconic hydrogen atom symbol on his forehead and having bright blue skin which emits Cherenkov radiation, just like Doctor Manhattan's skin. However, he constantly needs to use drugs to keep his humanity, otherwise he risks turning uncontrollably powerful and emotionless just like Doctor Manhattan (although the latter can feel emotions), but he is still unable to become stronger than Doctor Manhattan even without his drugs.

Dr. Manhattan

The rights to Captain Atom and most other Charlton characters were purchased by DC Comics in the early 1980s. Originally, these Charlton characters were to be reintroduced in writer Alan Moore's limited series Watchmen, but this would render the characters unusable for future stories. Thus new characters, inspired by the Charlton originals, were used instead."Watchmen – Introduction"  —  An overview of the plot and characters in Watchmen. Retrieved 12 March 2006. Watchmens Doctor Manhattan is based on Captain Atom, and like Captain Atom, gained similar powers through a similar scientific mishap.

In other media
Television
 Captain Atom appears in Justice League Unlimited, voiced by George Eads in "Initiation" and by Chris Cox in all subsequent episodes. This version is a member of the Justice League, speaks with a slight Texan accent, and is a disembodied mass of energy contained in a special suit with a limit to how much energy he can absorb, which will cause him to explode like a nuclear bomb if exceeded. In his most notable appearance in the episode "Question Authority", General Wade Eiling reactivates his Air Force commission and orders him to keep the Question in Project Cadmus' custody. Captain Atom fights Superman, but is defeated and brought back to the Watchtower.
 Captain Atom appears in Young Justice, voiced by Michael T. Weiss. This version is a member of the Justice League. In the second season, he becomes the leader of the League before handing over leadership to Black Canary by the season finale.
 Captain Atom appears in the Batman: The Brave and the Bold episode "Powerless!", voiced by Brian Bloom. This version, also known as Allen Adams and Cameron Scott, is an arrogant and egocentric hero and member of Justice League International who is fond of making public service announcements and looks down on heroes without superpowers.

Film
 Captain Atom appears in Superman/Batman: Public Enemies, voiced by Xander Berkeley. This version works for the U.S. government under President Lex Luthor and leads a group of government-sanctioned heroes.
 Captain Atom makes a cameo appearance in Justice League: The Flashpoint Paradox, voiced by Lex Lang. This version is a member of the Justice League. Additionally, the Flashpoint incarnation of Captain Atom makes an appearance, during which he was captured by the Atlanteans and forced to power Aquaman's doomsday device.
 Captain Atom appears in Injustice, voiced by Fred Tatasciore.
 The Allen Adam incarnation of Captain Atom appears in DC Showcase: Blue Beetle, voiced by Jeff Bennett.

Miscellaneous
Captain Atom appears in the Injustice: Gods Among us prequel comic. He joins Batman's Insurgency to combat Superman's growing Regime. While on a mission to retrieve an enhancement pill from the Fortress of Solitude, Captain Atom fights Superman, admitting that he was chosen by the government to kill the latter should he go rogue. Before the former can decide whether to follow his orders, Wonder Woman intervenes, slashing Captain Atom's containment suit. He drags Superman to the atmosphere in the hopes of taking the latter with him, with Wonder Woman in pursuit. The subsequent explosion leaves Captain Atom dead and Wonder Woman in a coma, though Superman survives.

Collected editions

References

External links
 DCU Guide

Captain Atom (1960) and Captain Atom (1986) at Don Markstein's Toonopedia. *Archived (1960) and Archived (1986) from the originals on April 9, 2012.
 Captain Atom (DC Comics)'' at the Big Comic Book DataBase
 International Catalogue of Superheroes entry for Captain Atom
 Captain Atom historical sales figures at The Comics Chronicles

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Captain Atom


Minnie Rutherford Fuller (1868–1946) est une réformatrice sociale et suffragiste américaine. Elle est présidente de la Woman's Christian Temperance Union de 1913 à 1925. Elle est engagée en faveur de la protection des mineurs et du droit de vote des femmes aux États-Unis.

Biographie
Minnie Ursula Oliver naît le  à Ozark, dans l'Arkansas. Elle est la fille de James M. Oliver, planteur, et de son épouse, Mattie A. Hale. Elle obtient son diplôme au , à Bristol en Virginie et poursuit ses études de droit à Chicago, Leipzig, Harvard, en Californie, en France et en Italie. Elle est reçue au barreau mais ne semble pas avoir exercé comme avocate. Son premier mari, Omer Scott, meurt en 1887, la laissant veuve avec une petite fille. Elle se remarie avec un avocat, William B. Rutherford, en 1889 et divorce en 1909, elle épouse en troisièmes noces en 1915 Seabron Jennings Fuller, médecin à Magazine.

Elle est méthodiste et favorable à titre personnel à la prohibition, et elle milite au sein de la Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU). Cependant, son activité au sein de cette organisation n'a rien à voir avec la question de la consommation d'alcool. Elle est directrice nationale du département de la WCTU dédié aux tribunaux pour mineurs et s'investit pour que le travail des enfants soit encadré sur le plan juridique. Elle est conférencière et organisatrice pour la WCTU de l'Arkansas. Elle participe à plusieurs congrès consacrés aux droits des enfants, à Buffalo en 1909, à Little Rock en 1910. Elle obtient, grâce au soutien de la WCTU et de la fédération des clubs de femmes de l'Arkansas, une loi sur les tribunaux pour mineurs, en 1911. Elle est nommée vice-présidente de l'Arkansas Conference of Charities and Correction  en 1912, puis elle en est la présidente en 1913, 1914, 1922 et 1923. Elle préside le comité interracial de l'Arkansas. Elle fait plusieurs voyages d'études en Hongrie, Italie, Suisse, Allemagne et Angleterre pour se renseigner sur le fonctionnement des services sociaux de ces pays.

Elle s'engage également en faveur du droit de vote des femmes. En , elle s'adresse au comité des amendements constitutionnels de l'Arkansas. Minnie Fuller fait notamment référence à la situation du Colorado qui a accordé le droit de vote aux femmes dès 1893. Elle participe également à la fondation du la Woman's Political Equality League  à Little Rock. En 1914, l'association devient nationale, après un congrès à Little Rock, et elle en devient la vice-présidente. L'Arkansas adopte en , un amendement qui « affranchit » les femmes, et l'État de l'Arkansas adopte le Dix-neuvième amendement en 1919. Elle s'engage en faveur de la création d'une école technique pour les filles qui voit le jour en 1917. Elle publie un certain nombre d'articles sur les questions des droits des femmes, notamment le droit de propriété, la protection des enfants, ou encore la prohibition. Elle est présidente de la WCTU de l'Arkansas de 1913 à 1925, et rédactrice en chef de l'organe officiel de l'organisation, lArkansas White Ribboner. Elle est également trésorière de l'association des femmes juristes du Sud-Ouest des États-Unis.

Elle meurt au domicile de sa fille, à Brookline, dans le Massachusetts, le , à .

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 .
 « Fuller, Minnie Rutherford (1868–1946) », in Anne Commire and Deborah Klezmer (dir.) Dictionary of Women Worldwide, , Yorkin Publications, 2007, , consulté en ligne le 11 décembre 2021.

Liens externes

Personnalité féminine américaine
Naissance en janvier 1868
Naissance dans le comté de Franklin (Arkansas)
Décès en octobre 1946
Décès à Brookline (Massachusetts)
Décès à 78 ans

Minnie Rutherford Fuller


හරිත විප්ලවයේ ඉතිහාසය

මෙක්සිකානු ආරම්භය

මෙක්සිකෝවේ ජනාධිපති මැනුවල් ඇවිලා කැමර්චෝ පාලනය සහ රොක්ෆෙලර් පදනම අතර ඇති වු සහයෝගිතාවය මත විශේෂ අධ්‍යයනයන් සදහා වු ආයතනය පිහිටු වීමත් සමග 1943 වසරේදී හරිත විප්ලවය ආරම්භ විය. කැමර්චෝට ප්‍රථම ජනාධිපති ධුරය දැරු කාඩිනාස් යැපුම් ගොවිතැන් කටයුතු වලට සහයෝගය දැක්වුවෙකු වු අතර ඒ සදහා ඔහු භූමි ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ ප්‍රතිපත්තීන් හදුන්වාදෙන ලදී. කෙසේ නමුත් කැමර්චෝගේ අරමුණ වුයේ කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය හරහා තම දේශයෙන් කාර්මික දියුණුව සහ ආර්ථික වර්ධනයට සහයෝගය ලාබාදීමයි. රොක්ෆෙලර් පදනමට මැක්සිකානු රජය සමග කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය සම්බන්ධයෙන් සහයෝගයෙන් ක්‍රියාකිරීමට උනන්දුකරවීම සදහා එවකට එක්සත් ජනපදයේ උප ජනාධිපතිව සිටි හෙන්රි වොලස් විශාල කාර්යය භාර්යයක් ඉටු කරන ලදී. ඔහුගේ මතය වුයේ මෙක්සිකෝව තුළ සාගතයක් ඇති වීම වැළැක්වීම ඇමරිකානු ආර්ථිකය කෙරෙහි වාසිදායක වන බවයි.

පසු කාලීනව රොක්ෆෙලර් පදනමෙහි සභාපතිත්වයට පත් වු J. ජෝර්ජ් හැරර් විශේෂ අධ්‍යයන සදහා වු ආයතනයේ ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළේය. එහි සේවය කළ ප්‍රධාන පෙළේ විද්‍යාඥයින් අතරට නෝර්මන් බෝලැග්, එඩ්වින් වෙල්හුසන් සහ විලියම් කොල්වේ යන අය අයත් වෙති. මෙම වැඩ සටහනට එක්සත් ජනපද මෙන්ම මෙක්සිකානු පර්යේෂකයන් ද සම්බන්ධ විය. 1962 වසරේ මෙම වැඩ සටහන අවසන් කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව පරේෂණාත්මක කටයුතු සදහා රැදී සිටින ලෙස මෙක්සිකානු රජය මගින් කුඩා විද්‍යාඥයන් කණ්ඩායමකට ආරාධනා කරන ලදී. ඒ අනුව බෝලැග් ආචාර්යය ඩෙල්බට්. T. මයිරන් (සන්නිවේදන විශේෂඥ), ජෝන් S. නයිඩර්හුසර් (අර්ථාපල් පිළිබද විශේෂඥ), එඩ්වින් J. වෙල්හුසන් (තිරිඟු ප්‍රජනන ශිල්පි), එල්මර් ජොන්සන් (තිරිඟු ප්‍රජනන ශිල්පීන්) සහ රෙජි ලේයාර්ඩ් (කෘෂි විශේෂඥ) යන අයයි. තවදුරටත් මෙක්සිකෝවේ රැදි සිටිමින් cimmyt ආයතනයේ කාර්යය මණ්ඩලයේ හරය බවට පත්විය. මෙම ආයතනය ප්‍රසිද්ධියට පත්ව ඇත්තේ මිටි, ශක්තිමත්, පොහොර වලට වඩාත් හොදින් ප්‍රතිචාර දක්වන ලෙඩ රෝග වලට ප්‍රතිරෝධි තිරිඟු විශේෂ නිර්මාණය කිරීම සම්බන්ධයෙනි. මෙම නිර්මාණය මෙක්සිකෝව, ඉන්දියාව, පකිස්ථානය, තුර්කිය සහ ලෝකයේ අනෙකුත් ප්‍රදේශ රාශියක තිරිඟු අස්වැන්න ඉහළ නැංවීම සදහා හේතු විය. මෙම ව්‍යාපෘතියේ සාර්ථකත්වය හේතුවෙන් 1970 වසරේදී බෝලැග් හට නොබෙල් සාම ත්‍යාගය හිමිවිය. එම වසරේදීම යුනෙස්කෝ විද්‍යා සම්මානය CIMMYT සහ IRRI යන ආයතන වලට පොදුවේ පිරිනමන ලදී. නොර්මන් බොලැග් මිලියනයකට අධික ජනතාවක් සාගතයෙන් බේරා ගන්නා ලදැයි සැකකෙයි.

මෙක්සිකානු රජය ග්‍රාමීය යටිතල පහසුකම් වැඩි දියුණු කිරීම සදහා විශාල වශයෙන් මුදල් යෙදවු අතර නව බීජ විශේෂ භාවිතයෙන් ක්‍රමයෙන් වඩාත් ප්‍රචලිත විය. 1951 වසරේදී මෙක්සිකෝව තිරිඟු නිෂ්පාදනය සම්බන්ධයෙන් ස්වයං පෝෂිත තත්ත්වයට පත් වු අතර ඉන්පසු අතිරික්ත නිෂ්පාදන අපනයන කරන තත්ත්වය දක්වා දියුණු විය. 1901 වසර වන විට මෙක්සිකානු ජනගහනය මිලියන 13.6 ක් වු අතර 2005 වන විට එය මිලියන 103.3 ක් දක්වා ඉහළ ගොස් තිබුණි.

ඉන්දියානු සාර්ථකත්වය
රොක්ෆෙලර් පදනම කෘෂිකාර්මික සංවර්ධනය සාර්ථක ක්‍රියාවලියක් බව තේරුම් ගැනීමත් සමග තම හරිත විප්ලවය අනෙකුත් රටවල් දක්වා පතුරුවා හැරීමට උනන්දු විය. මෙක්සිකෝවේ පිහිටි විශේෂ අධ්‍යයන ආයතනය 1959 වසරේදී නිළ නොවන අන්තර් ජාතික පර්යේෂණ මධ්‍යස්ථානයක් බවට පත්වු අතර 1963 වසරේදි එය නිළ වශයෙන් CIMMYT හෙවත් අන්තර් ජාතික තිරිඟු සහ බඩ ඉරිඟු සංවර්ධන මධ්‍යස්ථානය බවට පත්විය.

1961 වසර වන විට ඉන්දියාව සාගතයකට ඉතා ආසන්න තත්ත්වයක පැවතියේය. මේ අතරතුර ඉන්දියානු කෘෂිකර්ම අමාත්‍ය අංශයේ උපදේශකයෙකු ලෙස ක්‍රියා කළ m.s. ස්වාමීනාදන් විසින් නෝර්මන් බෝලැග් හට ඉන්දියාවට පැමිණෙන ලෙස ආරාධනා කරන ලදී. ඉන්දියානු පාලන යාන්ත්‍රණය තුළ ඉන්දියානු බීජ ඒකාධිකාරය හේතුවෙන් පැවති බාධක මග හරවා ගනිමින් CIMMYT ආයතනයෙන් තිරිඟු බීජ ගෙන්වීම සදහා ෆෝඩ් පදනම සහ ඉන්දියානු රජය එකතුව ක්‍රියා කළේය.

කෘෂිකාර්මික නිෂ්පාදනය හා ආහාර ආරක්ෂණය

තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම

හරිත විප්ලවය තුළ වු ව්‍යාපෘති එවකට පැවති තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම විසුරුවා හැරි නමුත් කාර්මික කරණයට ලක්වු ජාතීන්ගෙන් බාහිරව බහුලව භාවිතා නොවීය. මෙම තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම අතරට පලිබෝධ නාශක, වාරිමාර්ග ව්‍යාපෘති හා කෘතිම නයිට්‍රජන් පොහොර ඇතුළත් වෙයි.

හරිත විප්ලවයේ නව තාක්ෂණික දියුණු වීමක් වුයේ විශ්මිත බීජ ලෙස හදුන්වන දේයහි නිෂ්පාදනයයි.

කෘෂිකාර්මික යන් විසින් විවිධ මාදිලි වල ඉරිඟු, තිරිඟු හා සහල් නිෂ්පාදනය කළ අතර ඒවා HYV හෝ අධි ඵල ප්‍රභේද ලෙස හැදින්විණි. අනෙකුත් ප්‍රභේද හා සසදන කළ HYV වලට වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලද නයිට්‍රජන් අවශෝෂණය කිරීමේ විභවයක් පවතියි. වැඩිපුර නයිට්‍රජන් අවහෝෂණය කර ගන්නා ධාන්‍ය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ඵලදාව නෙලීමට පෙර ඇද වැටෙන නිසා ඔවුන්ගේ ජේනෝම තුළට අර්ධ කුරු කිරීමේ ජාන ඇතුළත් කරන ලදී. ඔරිවිල් වොගෙල් විසින් ජපාන කුලු තිරිගු ප්‍රබවයකින් නිපද වන ලද නොරීන් 10 තිරිඟු ප්‍රභේදය හරිත විප්ලවයේ තිරිගු වගා සංවර්ධනය කිරීමට අතිශයින් වැදගත් විය. IRRI මගින් දියුණු කර බහුලව ව්‍යාප්ත වු ප්‍රථම HYV සහල් විශේෂය වු IR8 නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ පෙටා ලෙස හැදින්වු ඉන්දුනිසියානු ප්‍රභේදයක් හා ඩී ජියෝ වු ජෙන් නම් වු චීන ප්‍රභේදයක් එකිනෙක එකතු කිරීමෙනි.

අනුක ජාන විද්‍යාවේ දියුණූ වීම් සමග සහල් වල අඩුඋස (rht), ජිබර්ලින් අචේතන (gibberellin insensitive, gail) හා සිහින් සහල් (slrl) වලට හේතු වන විකෘති ජාන ජිබර්ලික් අම්ලයේ (සෛල විභේදනය මත එහි බලපෑම මගින් කද වැඩීම පාලනය කරන ශාක හෝමෝනයක්) සෛලික සංඥා කිරීමේ සංරචක ලෙස හදුනාගත් අතර ඉන්පසු එය ක්ලෝනිකරණයට භාජනය කරනු ලැබේ. විකෘති වටපිටාවක් තුළ කද වැඩීම සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩුවු අතර එමගින් කුරු ශාක වර්ග බිහිවිය. කුරු ශාක යාන්ත්‍රිකව වඩාත් ස්ථායි වු නිසා කදෙහි ප්‍රභා සංස්ලේෂණ ආයෝජනය සැලකිය යුතු ලෙස අඩුවිය. උරාගැනීම, ධාන්‍ය ඵලදාව සදහා යොමු කළ අතර එමගින් වානිජ්‍ය ඵලදාව මත රසායනික පෙහොර වල බලපෑම වැඩි දියුණු විය.

අවශ්‍යතරම් ජල පහසුකම්, පලිබෝධ නාශක හා පෙහොර වල පැවතීමත් සමග HYV මගින් සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රභේද අබිභවා යන අතර ඉහත සදහන් කරන ලද ඒවා නොමැති විට සාම්ප්‍රදායික ප්‍රභේද මගින් සමහරක් විය HYV ප්‍රබේද අභිබවා යෑම සිදු විය හැක.

නිෂ්පාදනය ඉහළ යයි

1961 හා 1985 වසර අතරතුරදි දියුණු වන ජාතීන්ගේ ධාන්‍ය නිෂ්පාදනය දෙගුණයකට වඩා වැඩිවිය. සහල්, ඉරිඟු හා තිරිඟු ඵලදාව මෙම කාලය තුලදී අතිශයින් වැඩිවිය. නිෂ්පාදනය ඉහළයාම දළ වශයෙන් සමානව වාරිමාර්ග, පෙහොර හා බීජ වැඩි දියුණූ වීම් වල ආරෝපණය කල හැක. (අවම තරමින් ආසියානු සහල් වලදී වත්)

හරිත විප්ලවයේ ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස කෘෂිකාර්මික ප්‍රතිදාන ඉහළ නැංවෙන අතර ක්‍රියාවලිය සදහා ශක්ති ආදානය (බෝගයන් නිෂ්පාදනය සදහා වැය කළ යුතු ශක්තිය) ආදානය ද වැඩි ශීඝ්‍රතාවයකින් ඉහළ නැංවුණි. එමනිසා බෝග නිෂ්පාදනයට ශක්ති ආදානයේ අනුපාතය කාලයත් සමග අඩුවිය. හරිත විප්ලවයේ තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම රසායනික පොහොර හා පලිබෝධනාශක මත අතිශයින් රදා පැවතුන අතර ඉන් සමහරක් පොසිල ඉන්ධන මගින් නිෂ්පාදනය කළ යුතු වේ. එනිසා කෘෂීකර්මාන්තය ක්‍රමක්‍රමයෙන් පෙට්‍රෝලියම් නිෂ්පාදනමත පදනම් වීම සිදු වෙයි. පීක් ඔයිල් සිද්ධාන්තයේ යෝජකයන් බිය ඵලකර සිටින්නේ තෙල් හා වායු නිෂ්පාදනයේ අනාගත මන්දනය වීම් ආහාර නිෂ්පාදනය අඩුවීම හෝ මැල්තුසියානු වසංගතයක් ඇතිවීම සිදු විය හැකිබවයි.

ආහාර ආරක්ෂණය මත බලපෑම

ගෝලීය ආහාර ආරක්ෂණය මත හරිත විප්ලවයේ බලපෑම, ආහාර පද්ධති තුළ අන්තර්ගත සංකිර්ණතා නිසා හදුනා ගැනීමට අතපසු වෙයි.

හරිත විප්ලවයේ ආරම්භයේ සිට මේ දක්වා ලෝක ජනගහනය බිලියන 4 කින් පමණ වැඩි වී ඇති අතර බොහෝමයක් දෙනා විශ්වාස කරන්නේ විප්ලවය නොතිබිණි නම් ලෝකයේ අදික ආහාර අර්බුදයක් ඇතිවනු ඇති බවයි. 1960 දශකයේ ටොන් මිලියන 10 ක් වු ඉන්දියාවේ වාර්සික තිරිගු පිටි නිෂ්පාදනය ටොන් මිලියන 73 දක්වා ඉහළ නගින ලදී. දියුණු වන ලෝකයේ සාමාන්‍ය මිනිසෙක් හරිත විප්ලවයට පෙර සිටි මිනිසෙකුට වඩා දිනකට 25% ක පමණ කැලරි පරිභෝජනය කරයි. 1950 – 1984 අතරතුරදි හරිත විප්ලවය විසින් ලෝකය වටා කෘෂිකර්මාන්තය පරිවර්තනයට ලක්කළ අතර ලෝකයේ ධාන්‍ය නිෂ්පාදනය 250% කින් ඉහළ නැංවෙන ලදී.

හරිත විප්ලවය මගින් සිදුවු නිෂ්පාදනයේ වැඩිවීම නිසා ලොවපුරා සාගතයක් පැතිරීම වැළැක්වු අතර මනුෂ්‍යයන් බිලියන ගණනකට අවශ්‍ය ආහාර පාන ලැබුණි.

විප්ලව

හරිත විප්ලවය


In der Liste der Baudenkmale in Penzin sind alle denkmalgeschützten Bauten der Gemeinde Penzin (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) und ihrer Ortsteile aufgelistet (Stand 10. Februar 2021).

Baudenkmale nach Ortsteilen

Penzin

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Quelle

Penzin
!Baudenkmale

Liste der Baudenkmale in Penzin


An Brachiaria ramosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl von Linné, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Brachiaria ramosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Brachiaria, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Brachiaria

Brachiaria ramosa


La ligne S5 du métro de Nankin (chinois traditionnel : 寧揚城際軌道交通 ; chinois simplifié : 宁扬城际轨道交通) est une ligne qui est en construction du métro de Nankin. C'est une ligne sud-nord qui relie le district de Qixia avec la ville de Yangzhou au nord. De Lac Xianlin à Gare de Yangzhou Ouest, la ligne comporte 16 stations et  en longueur.

Histoire

Caractéristiques

Liste des stations

Exploitation

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Nankin

Liens externes

S5
S5

Ligne S5 du métro de Nankin


Clyde Jackson Browne (født 9. oktober 1948 i Heidelberg, Tyskland) er en amerikansk singer-songwriter, som siden 1960'erne har sat sit præg på amerikansk musik med mere end 18 millioner solgte albums.

Han begyndte som sangskriver for andre kunstnere i 1960'erne. Det var dog først i 1972, at det første album, "Jackson Browne" (eller "Saturate Before Using"), kom på gaden. Dette blev efterfulgt af henholdsvis "For Everyman" og "Late for the Sky", der fuldførte Brownes trilogi af følelsesladede folk-rock udgivelser.

Brownes navn blev for alvor kendt med "Running on Empty" fra 1977. Det var et live konceptalbum udelukkende med sange fremført ved koncerter, backstage, på hotelværelser eller i tourbussen.

I 1980'erne gik Browne væk fra den folk-rock stil, han indtil videre havde fremført, og valgte i stedet at fokusere på politisk prægede tekster. Med det seneste album "Standing in the Breach" har han dog kombineret de to ting, og man kan igen se tegn på den klassiske Browne stil med såkaldt laid-back rock fra det sydlige Californien.

Browne har spillet sammen med adskillige andre kendte kunstnere og desuden skrevet og produceret musik for andre. Hans mest nævneværdige samarbejdspartnere gennem årene har været David Lindley, Glenn Frey (Eagles), Warren Zevon, Linda Ronstadt, Bruce Springsteen og David Crosby. I 2014 udgav hans venner og bekendte indenfor musikverdenen albummet "Looking Into You - A Tribute to Jackson Browne", som indeholder covers af hans mest kendte sange.

Diskografi

 Jackson Browne (1972)
 For Everyman (1973)
 Late for the Sky (1974)
 The Pretender (1976)
 Running on Empty (1977)
 Hold Out (1980)
 Lawyers in Love (1983)
 Lives in the Balance (1986)
 World in Motion (1989)
 I'm Alive (1993)
 Looking East (1996)
 The Naked Ride Home (2002)
 Time the Conqueror (2008)
 Standing in the Breach (2014)

Eksterne henvisninger

Singer-songwritere fra USA

Jackson Browne


Acer lobelii er lauftré af ættkvísl hlyna (Acer) sem er frá suður Evrópu (Ítalíu og Balkanskaga). Hann getur orðið allt að 25 m hár.

Tilvísanir

Hlynir

Acer lobelii


København paa Kryds og Tværs er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1934.

Handling
Byen vågner: den første sporvogn kører, aviser og mælk bringes ud, skraldebøtter tømmes, fortove spules, børn køres til vuggestuen, arbejderne sejles ud til værfterne fra Nordre Toldbod, fisketorvet på Gl. Strand, morgenkaffen indtages på gaden. Kødbyen, Halmtorvet, Grønttorvet. Cykelbyen København. Kong Chr. X. på morgentur. Børn og unge strømmer til skole. Aarhusbåden ankommer. Gefionspringvandet, Den engelske Kirke, Kastellet og Langelinie. Kongeskibet og Amalienborg. Vagtparaden trækker op. Botanisk Have. Kgs. Nytorv. Børsen og Christiansborg. Byens kanaler. Politigården. Langebro. Christianshavn – og byens myldrende trafik. Højbro Plads. Rådhuspladsen bl.a. med det berømte trafiklys "Stoppenålen". Vesterport st. Hovedbanegården. Søerne. Nørrebrogade. De gamles by. Koncert i Fælledparken. Fodboldkamp i Idrætsparken. Lyngbyvej. Galopløb i Klampenborg. Strandliv. Skelstenen på Strandvejen. Trianglen. Amerikabåden ankommer. Ørstedsparken. Købmagergade og Strøget. Vesterbrogade. Sydhavn. Zoologisk Have. Haveselskabets Have og Frederiksberg Alle. Motorløb. Kastrup Lufthavn – et tysk Lufthansa-fly af typen Junkers G.38 lander. Rådhuspladsen aften. Tivoli by Night.

Medvirkende

 Kong Christian X

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1934
Danske film omhandlende København i 1900-tallet

København paa Kryds og Tværs (dokumentarfilm)