Das Posaunenwerk der Evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche Hannovers wurde 1898 gegründet. Von 1956 bis 2002 war das  Posaunenwerk ein Arbeitsbereich im heutigen Haus kirchlicher Dienste Hannover. Seit 2004 ist es ein Arbeitsbereich im Evangelischen Zentrum für Gottesdienst und Kirchenmusik im Michaeliskloster an der St. Michael-Kirche zu Hildesheim. Im Posaunenwerk sind 13.000 ehrenamtliche Bläser in 670 Chören organisiert.

Geschichte
Das Posaunenwerk wurde 1898 als Verband gegründet und widmete sich neben dem CVJM der Jugendarbeit, die zugleich auch Männerarbeit war. 1933/34 trennte sich das Posaunenwerk von den Landeskirchlichen Gemeindediensten und wurde durch Eingliederung in den Verband ev. Posaunenchöre gleichgeschaltet. Der Verband wurde Mitglied des Reichsverbandes für Ev. Kirchenmusik und unterstand der Reichskulturkammer. Die hannoverschen Kirchenchöre bestanden als Landesverband fort. Im Jahr 1948 fand der Landesverband unter dem Namen Posaunenwerk der Evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche Hannovers seinen Weg zur Kirche zurück. Nachdem das Posaunenwerk in das Lutherhaus, Hauptsitz des Amtes für Gemeindedienst, gezogen war, stellte es 1956 den Antrag auf Eingliederung in das Amt für Gemeindedienst. Zunächst wurde das Posaunenwerk nur Verwaltungstechnisch an das AfG angeschlossen, das mit der Geschäftsführung betraut wurde. Später wurde es ein Arbeitsbereich im AfG. Ab 1981 war es ein Arbeitsbereich im Haus für Gottesdienst und Kirchenmusik (Hanns-Lilje-Haus) im Amt für Gemeindedienst, später Posaunenwerk im Hanns-Lilje-Haus im Arbeitsgebiet Männerarbeit im AfG. Aufgrund von Umstrukturierungen im Haus kirchlicher Dienste (früher Amt für Gemeindedienst) wurde das Posaunenwerk abgegeben. Seit 2004 ist das Posaunenwerk ein Arbeitsbereich im Evangelischen Zentrum für Gottesdienst und Kirchenmusik im Michaeliskloster in Hildesheim.

Aufgaben
Zu den Aufgaben des Werkes zählen die Aus-, Fort- und Weiterbildung von Chorleitern, die Abnahme von Prüfungen als D- oder C-Posaunenchorleiter und das Organisieren von Freizeiten. Das Werk stellt Arbeitsmaterialien zur Verfügung und fördert die Arbeit der Posaunisten und Chöre in der Landeskirche. Die Chöre spielen zu verschiedensten Anlässen Konzerte. Das Werk hilft mit Leihinstrumenten, Zuschüssen und Beihilfen den ehrenamtlichen Musikern, ihre Musik auszuüben.

Struktur
Der Verein ist in sieben Bezirke gegliedert, jedem Bezirk steht ein Landesposaunenwart vor. Im Zentrum für Gottesdienst und Kirchenmusik an der Kirche St. Michael Hildesheim ist die Geschäftsstelle untergebracht, die von dem Landesobmann oder dem Landespastor für die Posaunenchorarbeit geleitet wird. Seit 2014 hat Pastorin Marianne Gorka dieses Amt inne.

Der Landesposaunenrat und der Förderverein Posaunenwerk Hannover e.V. begleiten die Arbeit. Die Evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers ist Mitglied des Ev. Posaunendienstes Deutschland e.V. (EPiD), die sich aus der Mitgliedschaft ergebenden Rechte nimmt das Posaunenwerk für die Landeskirche wahr.

Weblinks
 michaeliskloster.de
 Landesposaunenfest 2014 in Lüneburg
 Evangelischer Posaunendienst in Deutschland e.V.

Literatur
 Dirk Riesener: Volksmission-zwischen Volkskirche und Republik. 75 Jahre Haus kirchlicher Dienste - früher Amt für Gemeindedienst - der Evangelisch-lutherischen Landeskirche Hannovers. Lutherisches Verlagshaus GMBH, Hannover 2012, ISBN 978-3-7859-1080-1, 4.4 Das Posaunenwerk: S. 189–191.

Einzelnachweise

Kirchenmusikalische Organisation (Deutschland)
Posaunenchor
Dachverband (Deutschland)
Evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers
Verein (Hannover)
Gegründet 1898


An Fimbristylis naikii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Wad.Khan ngan Pakshirajan Lakshminarasimhan. An Fimbristylis naikii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis naikii


O Fórum Católico-Muçulmano é um fórum de diálogo entre católicos e muçulmanos. A primeira cúpula ocorreu de 4 a 6 de novembro de 2008 no Vaticano com quase cinquenta delegados. O tema escolhido foi "Amor a Deus, Amor ao Próximo".

Ligações externas
Vatican Launches Catholic-Islamic Dialogue
Catholic-Muslim Forum to Further Dialogue
Pope approves permanent Catholic-Muslim forum
Pope Addresses Catholic - Muslim Forum in Rome
Catholic-Muslim Forum ends on upbeat note
Final Statement of Catholic-Muslim Forum

Catolicismo
Islão

Fórum Católico-Muçulmano


Evadarea este un film românesc din 1975 regizat de Ștefan Traian Roman. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Gheorghe Dinică, Jean Constantin și Emmerich Schäffer.

Prezentare

Doi militari români dintr-o unitate de cercetare-diversiune, acționând în Cehoslovacia, în Munții Tatra, cad prizonieri la nemți. Ei reușesc să evadeze împreună cu alți prizonieri și să-i lichideze pe dușmani.

Distribuție

 Gheorghe Dinică — căpitanul Stoian
 Jean Constantin — sergentul transmisionist Ion Ion ("nea Jean")
 Emmerich Schäffer — medicul militar englez, prizonier de război
 Ion Bog — farmacistul danez Larsen, prizonier de război
 Emanoil Petruț — colonelul von Stock, comandantul taberei germane
 Silviu Stănculescu — ofițerul SS Helmuth din tabăra germană
 Ion Marinescu — partizanul ceh Janek, călăuza grupului
 Constantin Codrescu — colonelul Vlăsceanu
 Constantin Guriță — ofițerul SS care-i transportă pe prizonieri în tabără
 Mihai Pălădescu — generalul român
 Petrică Popa
 Ion Punea
 Iulian Necșulescu — general român, șeful Marelui Stat Major
 Constantin Florescu
 Nicolae Ivănescu
 Andrei Prajovschi
 Mircea Moldovan
 Tudor Stavru
 Alexandru Manea
 Fabian Gavriluțiu

Producție
Filmările au avut loc în perioada . Cheltuielile de producție s-au ridicat la ___ lei.

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 5.207.211 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1975 în film
 Listă de filme românești despre cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial

Filme din 1975
Filme regizate de Ștefan Traian Roman
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial

Evadarea (film din 1975)


බණ්ඩාරවත්ත පරාක්‍රම මහා විද්‍යාලය, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගම්පහ නගරයට ආසන්න බණ්ඩාරවත්ත ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටි ජනප්‍රිය මිශ්‍ර පාසලකි. එය 1869 වර්ෂයේදී ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දකි.

ක්‍රීඩා හා විෂය බාහිර කටයුතු

නිවාස

දැනට විදුහලේ පවතින ක්‍රීඩා ඉසව්වන්.

  මළල ක්‍රීඩා
  බැඩ්මින්ටන්
 චෙස්

  ක්‍රිකට්
  පාපන්දු
  වොලිබෝල්

කැපී පෙනෙන ආදිශිෂ්‍යයන්
 ඩබ්. එල්. සිරිවර්ධන - ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික වොලිබෝල් කණ්ඩායමේ නායක
සචිත්‍ර සේනානායක - ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජාතික ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායම

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අධ්‍යාපන ආයතන
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පාසල්

බණ්ඩාරවත්ත පරාක්‍රම මහා විද්‍යාලය


Walton est une petite localité de la région de Waikato dans l'Île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
Elle est localisée à la jonction de la route «Walton Road» et de « Morrinsville Walton Road», dans le centre de la région de Waikato.

Activités
La zone est essentiellement consacrée à l'élevage laitier, avec quelques champs de maïs et des zones d'élevage de poulets.
Un élevage important de chevaux pur-sang est aussi basé dans la ville.
L'Industrie y est limitée, consistant principalement en une industrie de service, mais il y a un important silo pour le séchage du grain situé prés de la ligne de chemin de fer.

Éducation
L'école primaire de «Walton primary» a fonctionné sur le site depuis plus de  et emplois encore .
Elle a un taux de décile de 9, et un effectif de plus de .

Loisirs
Le Club de Golf de Walton est situé à  du centre du village.

Voir aussi

Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Waikato

Walton (Nouvelle-Zélande)


Ralph Records was an independent record label active between 1972 and 1989, best known for being initially run by avant-garde art collective, The Residents. The name arose from the slang phrase for vomiting, "calling Ralph on the porcelain telephone".

Ralph was founded in 1972, shortly after the Residents had moved to San Francisco, when they realized that it was the only entity that would be willing to publish their work. They "unincorporated" themselves as the Residents Uninc. and managed the new company under that name. One of the group's members could draw, so they gave the company a graphic design wing called Porno Graphics, a.k.a. Pore-Know Graphics, a.k.a. Poor No Graphics, a.k.a. Porneaugraphics, etc., and the whole operation was run out of their new two-story building at 18 Sycamore St. in the Mission District. The band named its studio El Ralpho, spoofing Sun Ra who had named his El Saturn.

Ralph's first release was December 1972's Santa Dog (RR-1272), a two-disc single that was mailed out free to about three hundred people—friends, radio stations, and even Richard Nixon and Frank Zappa were sent copies (though Zappa's was returned—he had moved). This was followed by the band's first album, Meet the Residents (RR-0274), which was recorded in 1973 and released in 1974. The band had trouble with distribution and made up 4,000 seven-minute flexi-disks based on the album with which to promote it. The flexi was included in the February 1974 issue of File, a Canadian art magazine.

Over the years Ralph moved to other artists besides the Residents. The first was Schwump, a friend from Portland, Oregon, who in 1976 released a single called "Aphids in the Hall" (RRX-0776). The Residents' best friend and guitarist, Snakefinger, released a single called "The Spot" (RR-7802) in 1978 and went on to release four albums.

Ralph's slogan Buy Or Die! was used as the title of its semiannual mail order catalogs, as well as its sampler 7-inch EPs. Four of the "Buy or Die!" EPs had cover art by Gary Panter.

In 1976, the Cryptic Corporation took over control of Ralph Records and maintained it until 1985, when it handed it over to sales manager Tom Timony. The Residents left the label in 1987, after which Timony ran it under license and folded it into his own label, TEC Tones, until reverting control to Ralph in 1992. Ralph Records has not really operated since 1987. Since 1992, it has operated as EuroRalphAmerica, the Residents' mail-order company.

In August 2010 Ralph Records announced its closing "due to the general state of the music business and the expanding cost of creating physical products. It's been a great ride. Thanks for all your support over the past 11 years". Notices were sent on Twitter saying that it would sell out their stock of various limited Residents releases and have a sale on all the other items offered online.

Artists who released records on Ralph
 Art Bears (2 releases)
 Big City Orchestra (1)
 Eugene Chadbourne (1)
 Chrome (only 3 tracks on Subterranean Modern compilation)
 Club Foot Orchestra (2)
 Freshly Wrapped Candies (1)
 Fred Frith (4)
 Frank Harris and Maria Marquez (1)
 King Kurt (1)
 MX-80 Sound (5)
 Nash the Slash (1)
 Michael Perilstein (1)
 Renaldo and the Loaf (4)
 The Residents (31)
 Rhythm & Noise (2)
 Schwump (1)
 Snakefinger (11)
 Bill Spooner (1)
 Suckdog (1)
 Hajime Tachibana (1)
 Tuxedomoon (7)
 Voice Farm (2)
 Yello (2)

Notable Releases

 Santa Dog EP (1972)
 Meet The Residents (1974)
 The Residents – The Third Reich N Roll (1976)
 The Residents – Satisfaction 7-inch (1976)
 The Residents – Fingerprince (1977)
 The Beatles Play The Residents and The Residents Play The Beatles 7-inch (1977)
 The Residents – Duck Stab! EP (1978)
 The Residents – Not Available (1978)
 The Residents – Duck Stab/Buster & Glen (1978)
 The Residents – Santa Dog '78 (1978)
 The Residents – Eskimo (1979)
 The Residents – Babyfingers EP (1979)
 Snakefinger – Chewing Hides The Sound (1979)
 Tuxedomoon – Half-Mute (1980)
 The Residents – Commercial Album (1980)
 Fred Frith – Gravity (1980)
 Snakefinger – Greener Postures (1980)
 MX-80 Sound – Out of the Tunnel (1980)
 The Residents – Diskomo/Goosebump EP (1980)
 Yello – Solid Pleasure (1980)
 Yello – Claro Que Si (1981)
 Tuxedomoon – Desire (1981)
 Fred Frith – Speechless (1981)
 The Residents – Mark of the Mole (1981)
 The Residents – The Tunes of Two Cities (1982)
 The Residents – Intermission EP (1982)
 The Residents – Mole Show (1983)
 Fred Frith – Cheap at Half the Price (1983)
 The Residents and Renaldo & The Loaf – Title In Limbo (1983)
 Residue of the Residents (1983)
 The Residents – George & James (1984)
 The Residents – Assorted Secrets (1984)
 Rhythm & Noise – Contents Under Notice (1984)
 The Residents – Whatever Happened To Vileness Fats? (1984)
 Rhythm & Noise – Chasms Accord (1985)
 The Residents – The Big Bubble (1985)
 The Residents & Snakefinger – 13th Anniversary Show – Live In Japan (1985)
 The Residents & Snakefinger – The 13th Anniversary Show Live in the U.S.A.(1986)
 The Residents – Stars & Hank Forever (1986)

Compilations
Subterranean Modern, 1979
Frank Johnson's Favorites, 1981
Best of Ralph, 1982

See also
 List of record labels

References

External links
 Penn Jillette spends 6 days reviewing

Record labels established in 1972
Record labels disestablished in 1987
Experimental music record labels
Alternative rock record labels
American independent record labels
Mission District, San Francisco
Music of the San Francisco Bay Area
Companies based in San Francisco
The Residents

Ralph Records


El apagón puede referirse a:
 El apagón (álbum), álbum de Dante Spinetta;
 El apagón (canción) (1991), canción de la cantante mexicana Yuri;
 El apagón (novela) (2010), novela de Connie Willis, ganadora del Premio Hugo;
 El apagón (obra de teatro) (1965), comedia de Peter Shaffer.
 «El apagón», canción del cantante puertorriqueño Bad Bunny en el álbum Un verano sin ti.

El apagón


Die ehemalige Abteikirche St-Pierre d'Airvault steht im Zentrum des kleinen Städtchens Airvault im Département Deux-Sèvres (Region Nouvelle-Aquitaine) im Südwesten Frankreichs. Die Kirche mitsamt den Überresten der ehemaligen Abteigebäude wurde im Jahre 1914 als Monument historique eingestuft.

Baugeschichte
Trotz mancher Unklarheiten bezüglich Datierung und Bauabfolge wird angenommen, dass die heutige Kirche im 12. Jahrhundert in zwei Bauphasen errichtet wurde. Zuerst wurde östlich des Vorgängerbaus der neue Chor errichtet und mit einer provisorischen Fassade geschlossen; nach Fertigstellung des Chors diente dieser als Sakralraum und man begann mit der Überbauung und dem Abriss der alten Kirche. Zunächst hatte die Kirche romanische Tonnengewölbe, die im Chorumgang und den Seitenschiffen des Langhauses erhalten sind. In einer weiteren Bauphase erhielten Binnenchor und Mittelschiff angevinische Gewölbe, allerdings nicht in der Form achtrippiger Domikalgewölbe, sondern in einer frühen Form von Netzgewölben. Zuletzt oder auch gleichzeitig wurden Narthex und Fassade angefügt.

Architektur

Fassade
Trotz mancherlei Überarbeitungen des 19. Jahrhunderts ist der poitevinische Charakter der – in Teilen leicht asymmetrischen – Westfassade noch zu erkennen. Hervorzuheben sind der zweigeschossige – durch hochgezogene Dienste vertikal gegliederte – Aufriss, das ungegliederte Giebelfeld mit seitlichen Türmchen und einem einfachen Glockengiebel, das – im Poitou übliche – Fehlen von Tympana, die Darstellung der 24 Ältesten der Apokalypse in den Archivolten des Mittelportals sowie der klägliche Überrest eines Reiters in der linken oberen Blendarkade. Ähnliche mittelalterliche Reiterdarstellungen – zumeist in ebenso desolatem Zustand – finden sich an Kirchen in der Umgebung: St-Hilaire de Melle, St-Pierre d'Aulnay, St-Pierre in Parthenay-le-Vieux und St-Nicolas in Civray.

Narthex
Nach dem Durchschreiten des Hauptportals und einigen herabführenden Treppenstufen befindet man sich in einem – für das Poitou ungewöhnlichen – Narthex mit einem reich dekorierten romanischen Portal. Das Fehlen des Tympanons wird durch den reichen abstrakten Schmuck der Archivoltenbögen ausgeglichen; die Säulen des Portalgewändes haben schöne Kapitelle mit vegetabilischen und figürlichen Motiven. Der in sechs Joche unterteilte Vorraum ist nur etwa 4 m hoch; sein Grund- und Aufriss wiederholen sich im darüberliegenden Emporengeschoss.

Kirche
Das Innere von Saint-Pierre ist eine dreischiffige Basilika mit Querhaus und erhöhtem Mittelschiff. Während sich in den Seitenschiffen die romanischen Tonnengewölbe mit Gurtrippen erhalten haben, wurden im 13. Jahrhundert Mittelschiffs- und Chorgewölbe in gotischem Stil erneuert. Das – im Poitou ungewöhnliche – erhöhte Mittelschiff und sein neues Rippengewölbe führten zum Auseinanderdriften der beiden Seiten des Obergadens, weshalb eiserne Zuganker eingezogen werden mussten. Hervorzuheben und nahezu einzigartig sind die Konsolfiguren am oberen Abschluss der Halbsäulenvorlagen im Mittelschiff. Neben vegetabilischen und Flechtbandmotiven gibt es eine bedeutende Anzahl von Kapitellen mit figürlichen Motiven im Chor (Sündenfall, Monatsarbeiten etc.) sowie im Langhaus (Abendmahl, Reiterzug, kämpfende Ritter etc.). Auch die für gotische Bildhauerarbeiten eher primitiv anmutenden Schlusssteine des Gewölbes verdienen Beachtung.

Ausstattung
Außerdem sehenswert ist der von knienden Atlanten auf den Schultern getragene steinerne Sarkophag des ersten Abtes von Airvault, Pierre de Saine-Fontaine († 1110), in einer Wandnische des nördlichen Querhausarms; seine Vorderseite zeigt neun stehende und mit Heiligenschein versehene Figuren – ihre Deutung (Apostel, Heilige, Mönche oder gar Pilger) ist unklar.

Eine im Jahr 1888 gefundene steinerne Platte aus dem 11. oder 12. Jahrhundert, die sehr wahrscheinlich als Altar-Antependium gedient hat, ist ebenfalls im nördlichen Querhausarm ausgestellt; sie zeigt Christus als Pantokrator in einer nahezu rautenförmigen Mandorla umgeben von den Evangelistensymbolen und vier Aposteln.

Chorhaupt
Von außen präsentiert sich das Chorhaupt mit seinen drei Radialkapellen und zwei Querhauskapellen sehr elegant und einheitlich. Bemerkenswert ist die geschwungene – beinahe barock anmutende – Verbindung der drei Radialkapellen; hierdurch ergeben sich große und hohe Außennischen. Diese werden von Spitzbögen überbrückt, während die Fenster romanisch rundbogig sind. Dies kann Ausdruck der im Innenraum erkennbaren unterschiedlichen Bauphasen sein. Alle Kapellen sind durch Dienste vertikal gegliedert; die Fenstereinfassungen sind überwiegend schmucklos.

Siehe auch
 Romanische und frühgotische Chorumgänge
 Angevinische Gotik

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Thorsten Droste: Das Poitou. Westfrankreich zwischen Poitiers und Angoulême – die Atlantikküste von der Loire bis zur Gironde. DuMont, Köln 1999, S. 104f, ISBN 3-7701-4456-2

Weblinks

  (franz.)
  (franz.)
 St-Pierre – Fotos + Infos (franz.)
 St-Pierre – Foto + Infos (franz.)
 St-Pierre – Fotos

Airvault
Airvault
Airvault
Airvault
Airvault
Airvault
Monument historique seit 1914
Stpierre
Stpierre

St-Pierre (Airvault)


Pagari (deutsch Paggar) ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) in der Landgemeinde Alutaguse (bis 2017 Mäetaguse). Es liegt im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands.

Beschreibung und Geschichte
Das Dorf hat 164 Einwohner (Stand 1. Januar 2011). Es wurde erstmals 1241 im Liber Census Daniæ als Paccari urkundlich erwähnt. Die Sehenswürdigkeit des Dorfes ist neben dem Herrenhaus des Guts ein Kreuz aus Kalkstein aus dem 18. Jahrhundert.

Gut Pagari
Seit der zweiten Hälfte des 17. Jahrhunderts ist das Gut von Pagari belegt. Damals gehörte es dem Rittmeister Otto von Delwig. Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts war das Gut mit 20.000 Desjatin eines der größten in Estland. Von 1748 bis zur Umsiedlung der Deutschbalten 1939 gehörte es der Familie von Stackelberg.

Das Herrenhaus aus Holz stammt aus der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts. Das eingeschossige Gebäude aus dem Jahr 1877 ist eines der bedeutendsten Zeugnisse des späten Klassizismus in der estnischen Herrenhausarchitektur. Es stand inmitten eines sieben Hektar großen Parks, der im englischen Stil angelegt worden war. Zwei Alleen führten auf das Herrenhaus zu.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)
 Gut Pagari (estnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Alutaguse
Ersterwähnung 1241

Pagari


علم هندوراس تبني في 9 يناير عام 1866 ,مأخوذ من علم جمهورية أمريكا الوسطى الفيدرالية السابقة المستوحى من علم الأرجنتين، مكون من 3 شرائط أفقية (أزرق-أبيض-أزرق) يتوسط الشريط الأبيض 5 نجوم زرقاء تمثل مناطق أميركا الوسطى الخمس، طول العلم يساوي ضعفي عرضه.
 الشريطين الزرقاوين يمثلان المحيط الهادي والبحر الكاريبي.
 الشريط الأبيض يمثل أرض البلاد الواقعة بين المحيط والبحر وللسلام الذي يعم البلاد.
 النجوم موضوعة بشكل X وتمثل مناطق المكونة للاتحاد السابق للدول : السلفادور، كوستاريكا، نيكاراغوا، غواتيمالا وهندوراس, على أمل أن يتم توحيد البلاد من جديد.

مراجع

أعلام استحدثت في 1866
أعلام استحدثت في 1949
هندوراس
تأسيسات سنة 1866
تأسيسات سنة 1866 في هندوراس
ثقافة هندورية
رموز هندوراس الوطنية
أعلام استحدثت في 2022

علم هندوراس


Júlio Artur da Silva Pomar (* 10. Januar 1926 in Lissabon, Portugal; † 22. Mai 2018 ebendort) war ein portugiesischer Maler. Er war auch als Illustrator, Autor, Keramikkünstler, Bildhauer, Bühnenbildner und Zeichner tätig. Pomar gilt als einer der großen Maler Portugals in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts.

Leben
Júlio Pomar wurde in Lissabon geboren. Schon mit acht Jahren erkannte ein Freund der Familie, der selbst Bildhauer war, das Talent des Jungen und ermöglichte ihm erste Malkurse an der renommierten Escola de Artes Decorativas António Arroio in Lissabon. Er wechselte bereits im Alter von 16 Jahren 1942 zunächst an die Escola de Belas Artes in Lissabon, wo er bis 1944 verblieb, um im selben Jahr an die Escola Superior de Belas Artes do Porto zu wechseln. Als Student war er im Widerstand gegen das Salazar-Regime tätig, sympathisierte mit der Kommunistischen Partei Portugals (PCP), war an Studentenkämpfen beteiligt und wurde Mitglied des Movimento União Democratica (MUD) sowie der Studentengruppe "Os Independentes" (Die Unabhängigen), was ihm vier Monate Gefängnis einbrachte sowie den Verlust seines Studienplatzes in Porto. Dies ist auch der Grund, warum Pomar keinen offiziellen Abschluss an einer Kunsthochschule erreichen konnte. Auch begann er für diverse, meist linke, Kunst- und Literaturzeitschriften zu schreiben: A Tarde, Seara Nova, Vertice, Mundo Literario, Horizonte. Von dem Maler Jose Sobral de Almada-Negreiros wurde er eingeladen, an der 7. Ausstellung für Moderne Kunst des Nationalen Propagandaministeriums in Lissabon teilzunehmen. 1950 ging er für ein Jahr nach Spanien, um sich dort den intensiven Studien des Werkes von Francisco Goya zu widmen, dessen Werk ihn nachhaltig beeinflusste.

Ab 1963 lebte er in Paris und hatte sein Atelier in Auteuil. Sein Bild Les Courses wurde dort in der Galerie Locloche gezeigt. Die Studentenproteste im Jahr 1968 in Paris, an denen er als einfacher Aktivist beteiligt war, übten einen nachhaltigen Eindruck auf seine Person und sein Werk aus.

In den Jahren 1953, 1975 und 1985 nahm er an der Kunstbiennale von São Paulo teil. Eine erste Retrospektive seines Werkes fand durch die Gulbenkian-Stiftung im Jahre 1978 statt.

2004 wurde in Lissabon zunächst die Júlio Pomar Fundação (Stiftung) gegründet, die später in das Museum and Workshop Júlio Pomar (also einem Museum mit seinen Bildern sowie dem Atelier des Künstlers, dem man beim Arbeiten manchmal zusehen konnte) umgewandelt wurde. Hier hatte der frühere Lissaboner Bürgermeister und Sohn von Ex-Präsident Mário Soares, João Soares, entscheidend mitgewirkt. Das Gebäude des Museums wurde durch den weltbekannten Architekten und Pritzker-Preisträger Álvaro Siza Vieira entworfen.

Pomar war mehrfach verheiratet und hatte mehrere Kinder. Er lebte abwechselnd in Paris und Lissabon. Er starb am 22. Mai 2018 im Alter von 92 Jahren im Hospital da Luz in Lissabon.

Zu seinen Ehren benannte die portugiesische Airline TAP Air Portugal ein Flugzeug nach ihm.

Der Maler und das Werk

Neben Goya inspirierten ihn auch noch andere Künstler: aus dem Bereich der Literatur waren dies vor allem Alves Redol und Soeiro Pereira Gomes, deren Figuren ihn oftmals zu Gemälden inspirierten. Dann waren es Lateinamerikaner wie der brasilianische Maler Candido Portinari und die mexikanischen Maler Diego Rivera, David Alfaro Siqueiros und der Maler José Clemente Orozco. Von europäischen Malern waren es vor allem Henri Matisse und Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, deren Werke einen großen Einfluss auf sein Werk hatten. Seine Malerei der 50er und 60er Jahre war also hauptsächlich vom Neo-Goyanismus geprägt, die folgenden Jahrzehnte vom Realismus. Seine erste Teilnahme an einer Gruppenausstellung hatte er 1942, seine erste Einzelausstellung 1947 in Porto. Für den Lissaboner U-Bahnhof Alto dos Moinhos gestaltete er 1983 und 1984 diverse Azulejos mit den Porträts von vier berühmten Dichtern Portugals: Camões, Bocage, Pessoa und Almada Negreiros. Ebenso gestaltete er 1992 die Brüsseler Metrostation "Jardin Botanique", und auch Auftragsarbeiten für Porträts bekannter Portugiesen wurden von ihm angenommen: so malte er Maria Lamas oder den Schriftsteller Mario Dionisio (1916–1993). Eine bekannte Einzelausstellung hatte er 1997 in Charleroi, Belgien, mit dem Titel "Pomar et la Litterature" (Pomar und die Literatur). Auch als Essayist konnte er sich profilieren: Im Jahr 2000 erschien das Essaybändchen "Entao e a Pintura?" (Also auch die Malerei?).

In folgenden Städten war sein Werk in Einzelausstellungen, Gruppenausstellungen und Themenausstellungen (z. B. über portugiesische Malerei) zu sehen: Porto, Paris, Tokyo, Pittsburgh, Athen, Bagdad, Leeds, Lissabon, Madrid, Funchal, Salamanca, Nanterre, Bobigny, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Rom, Mailand, Estoril, London, Caracas, Brüssel, Mexiko-Stadt, Peking, Biarritz, New York City, Istanbul, Macau, Charleroi.

In Deutschland ist sein Werk bisher kaum bekannt.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Portugal)
Maler des Realismus
Porträtmaler
Maler (Paris)
Bildhauer (Portugal)
Illustrator (Portugal)
Bühnenbildner (Portugal)
Keramiker
Sachbuchautor (Kunst)
Essay
Teilnehmer einer Biennale von São Paulo
Person (Lissabon)
Portugiese
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2018
Mann

Júlio Pomar


Demetrio Ángelo Ducas (;  1220-después de 1246), fue gobernante de Tesalónica con el título de déspota como vasallo del Imperio de Nicea desde 1244 hasta su deposición en 1246.

Orígenes

Nacido hacia 1220, Demetrio era el hijo menor de Teodoro Comneno Ducas y María Petralifas. Como tal, fue bisnieto del emperador bizantino Alejo I Comneno y la emperatriz Irene Ducas, y primo hermano de los emperadores Isaac II Ángelo y Alejo III Ángelo, que comparten descendencia de Constantino Ángelo, el fundador del linaje Angelo. A diferencia de su padre y la mayoría de sus parientes, quienes evitaron el apellido de «Ángelo» debido a los desastrosos reinados de los emperadores Ángelo, y prefirieron usar los apellidos más prestigiosos de «Ducas» o «Comneno», Demetrio usó el nombre «Ángelo Ducas» () en un manuscrito fechado el 25 de septiembre de 1244.

Antecedentes

Su padre Teodoro gobernó el Estado sucesor bizantino de Epiro desde 1215, y después de la conquista del Reino latino de Tesalónica en 1224, había fundado el Imperio de Tesalónica, en rivalidad con el otro Estado sucesor bizantino importante, el Imperio de Nicea en el oeste de Asia Menor. Hacia 1230, parecía dispuesto a recuperar Constantinopla del Imperio latino y así restaurar el Imperio bizantino, pero en ese año fue derrotado y capturado en la batalla de Klokotnitsa por el zar Iván Asen II de Bulgaria, y fue cegado después de estar implicado en un complot contra el zar. A raíz de Klokotnitsa, el Imperio de Teodoro se desmoronó: en unos pocos meses, la mayor parte de Tracia, Macedonia y Albania cayó bajo el dominio búlgaro. El hermano de Teodoro, Manuel, que logró escapar de Klokotnitsa, ahora asumió el trono en Tesalónica y gobernó un dominio muy reducido como vasallo del gobernante búlgaro. Cuando su hermana Irene se casó con Iván Asen II en 1237, Teodoro fue liberado del cautiverio. Regresó a Tesalónica y derrocó a Manuel, pero como estaba ciego, instaló a su hijo mayor, Juan, como emperador. En 1244, sin embargo, el emperador de Nicea Juan III Ducas Vatatzés hizo campaña contra Tesalónica y obligó a Juan a reconocer su soberanía y renunciar a su título imperial, recibiendo en su lugar el título de déspota.

Gobernante de Tesalónica
El propio Teodoro se retiró a Vodena, desde donde supervisó los asuntos de Estado. A la muerte de Juan en 1244, Demetrio sucedió a su hermano como gobernante de Tesalónica (en algún momento antes del 25 de septiembre de 1244). Una embajada fue a Nicea para anunciar la sucesión, como correspondía a los términos de vasallaje acordados en 1242, y Vatatzés confirmó la sucesión y otorgó el título de déspota a Demetrio.

Joven y disoluto, Demetrio inspiró poca lealtad entre las principales familias de Tesalónica, quienes comenzaron a conspirar en su contra y vieron una toma de poder por Nicea como una alternativa preferible, particularmente porque en ese momento Nicea había emergido claramente como la más poderosa y creíble de todos los Estados sucesores bizantinos.

La posición de Nicea mejoró todavía más en 1246, cuando Vatatzés volvió a hacer campaña en Europa. En una campaña de tres meses, arrebató gran parte de Tracia y la mayor parte de Macedonia de Bulgaria, que ahora se convirtió en su vasallo. En Mélnik, Vatatzés se reunió con un enviado de los conspiradores tesalonicenses, quien prometió derrocar a Demetrio y entregarle la ciudad, a cambio de una garantía de sus privilegios, condiciones que Vatatzés fácilmente despotricó. Vatatzés luego pidió a Demetrio que se presentara ante su persona y demostrara su lealtad y sumisión, pero este último se negó; Demetrio había comenzado a sospechar de algunos de los conspiradores, pero lograron disipar sus preocupaciones.

Cuando Vatatzés apareció ante la ciudad, Demetrio nuevamente se negó a salir y rendir homenaje a su soberano, pero pocos días después los partidarios de Nicea dentro de la ciudad abrieron una puerta y dejaron entrar a su ejército. Aterrorizado, Demetrio huyó a la ciudadela, pero fue persuadido por su hermana Irene, que se había presentado ante Vatatzés y había obtenido el indulto para su hermano. Tesalónica se incorporó al Estado de Nicea, con Andrónico Paleólogo como su gobernador. Demetrio fue enviado al exilio a la fortaleza de Lentiana en Bitinia, donde probablemente murió en una fecha desconocida. Su padre Teodoro, aislado y sin poder en su refugio en Vodena, aparentemente no se involucró en estos hechos.

Referencias

Bibliografía

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Gobernantes bizantinos de Tesalónica

Demetrio Comneno Ducas


De tidligere gudinder er en dansk oplysningsfilm fra 2007, der er instrueret af Sara Louise Zankel og Sigrid Kristiansen.

Handling
Rasmila og Amita på hhv. 24 og 17 år har ikke haft en helt almindelig barndom. Som 3-årige blev de fjernet fra deres familier og bragt til et tempel midt i Kathmandu. Her skulle de leve som gudinder i de næste mange år, indtil de nåede puberteten. I filmen fortæller Rasmila og Amita om deres tid som levende gudinder - og ikke mindst om den bratte overgang fra gudinde til almindelig dødelig.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007
Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

De tidligere gudinder


Tzvelevopyrethrum, biljni rod iz porodice Asteraceae, dio tribusa Anthemideae. Pripada mu najmanje jedna vrsta T. walteri (C.Winkl.) Kamelin, iz Irana i Turkmenistana.

Od ostalih vrsta nepoznatog statusa navode se i:
 Tzvelevopyrethrum khorassanicum (Krasch.) Kamelin; možda sinonim za Tanacetum khorassanicum (Krasch.) Parsa
 Tzvelevopyrethrum turcomanicum (Krasch.) Kamelin  možda sinonim za  Tanacetum turcomanicum (Krasch.) Tzvelev

Izvori

Anthemideae

Tzvelevopyrethrum


داماسي (Δαμάσι) هي مدينة في لاريسا في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1348   نسمة.

المراجع

تيرنافوس
مدن اليونان
أماكن مأهولة في لاريسا (مقاطعة إقليمية)

داماسي (لاريسا)


An Andropogon aridus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Clayton. An Andropogon aridus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Andropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Somalia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Andropogon

Andropogon aridus


Hugh Town (en córnico, Tre Huw) es una villa situada en las islas Sorlingas, un archipiélago del condado inglés de Cornualles. Según el censo de 2011, tiene una población de 1097 habitantes.

Está ubicado en la isla de Saint Mary's. Desde 1949 Hugh Town es la única parte de la isla que es propiedad de sus habitantes. El puerto, sin embargo, continúa siendo propiedad del Ducado, que también lo administra.

Referencias

Localidades de las islas Sorlingas

Hugh Town


Group 5 is a group of elements in the periodic table. Group 5 contains vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta) and dubnium (Db). This group lies in the d-block of the periodic table. This group is sometimes called the vanadium group or vanadium family after its lightest member; however, the group itself has not acquired a trivial name because it belongs to the broader grouping of the transition metals.

As is typical for early transition metals, niobium and tantalum have only the group oxidation state of +5 as a major one, and are quite electropositive (it is easy to donate electrons) and have a less rich coordination chemistry (the chemistry of metallic ions bound with molecules). Due to the effects of the lanthanide contraction, the decrease in ionic radii in the lanthanides, they are very similar in properties. Vanadium is somewhat distinct due to its smaller size: it has well-defined +2, +3 and +4 states as well (although +5 is more stable).

The lighter three Group 5 elements occur naturally and share similar properties; all three are hard refractory metals under standard conditions. The fourth element, dubnium, has been synthesized in laboratories, but it has not been found occurring in nature, with half-life of the most stable isotope, dubnium-268, being only 16 hours, and other isotopes even more radioactive.

History

"Group 5" is the new IUPAC name for this group; the old style name was "group VB" in the old US system (CAS) or "group VA" in the European system (old IUPAC). Group 5 must not be confused with the group with the old-style group crossed names of either VA (US system, CAS) or VB (European system, old IUPAC). That group is now called the pnictogens or group 15.

Vanadium

Vanadium was discovered in 1801 by the Spanish mineralogist Andrés Manuel del Río. Del Río extracted the element from a sample of Mexican "brown lead" ore, later named vanadinite. He found that its salts exhibit a wide variety of colors, and as a result he named the element panchromium (Greek: παγχρώμιο "all colors"). Later, Del Río renamed the element erythronium (Greek: ερυθρός "red") because most of the salts turned red upon heating. In 1805, French chemist Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils, backed by del Río's friend Baron Alexander von Humboldt, incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was an impure sample of chromium. Del Río accepted Collet-Descotils' statement and retracted his claim.

In 1831 Swedish chemist Nils Gabriel Sefström rediscovered the element in a new oxide he found while working with iron ores. Later that year, Friedrich Wöhler confirmed del Río's earlier work. Sefström chose a name beginning with V, which had not yet been assigned to any element. He called the element vanadium after Old Norse Vanadís (another name for the Norse Vanir goddess Freyja, whose attributes include beauty and fertility), because of the many beautifully colored chemical compounds it produces. In 1831, the geologist George William Featherstonhaugh suggested that vanadium should be renamed "rionium" after del Río, but this suggestion was not followed.

Niobium and tantalum

Niobium was identified by English chemist Charles Hatchett in 1801. He found a new element in a mineral sample that had been sent to England from Connecticut, United States in 1734 by John Winthrop F.R.S. (grandson of John Winthrop the Younger) and named the mineral columbite and the new element columbium after Columbia, the poetic name for the United States. However, after the 15th Conference of the Union of Chemistry in Amsterdam in 1949, the name niobium was chosen for element 41. The columbium discovered by Hatchett was probably a mixture of the new element with tantalum, which was first discovered in 1802 by Anders Gustav Ekeberg.

Subsequently, there was considerable confusion over the difference between columbium (niobium) and the closely related tantalum. In 1809, English chemist William Hyde Wollaston compared the oxides derived from both columbium—columbite, with a density 5.918 g/cm, and tantalum—tantalite, with a density over 8 g/cm, and concluded that the two oxides, despite the significant difference in density, were identical; thus he kept the name tantalum. This conclusion was disputed in 1846 by German chemist Heinrich Rose, who argued that there were two different elements in the tantalite sample, and named them after children of Tantalus: niobium (from Niobe) and pelopium (from Pelops). This confusion arose from the minimal observed differences between tantalum and niobium. The claimed new elements pelopium, ilmenium, and dianium were in fact identical to niobium or mixtures of niobium and tantalum. Pure tantalum was not produced until 1903.

Dubnium

The last element of the group, dubnium, does not occur naturally and had to be made by synthesis. The first reported detection was by a team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), which in 1968 had produced the new element by bombarding an americium-243 target with a beam of neon-22 ions, and reported 9.4 MeV (with a half-life of 0.1–3 seconds) and 9.7 MeV (t1/2 > 0.05 s) alpha activities followed by alpha activities similar to those of either 256103 or 257103. Based on prior theoretical predictions, the two activity lines were assigned to 261105 and 260105, respectively.

After observing the alpha decays of element 105, the researchers aimed to observe the spontaneous fission (SF) of the element and study the resulting fission fragments. They published a paper in February 1970, reporting multiple examples of two such activities, with half-lives of 14 ms and . They assigned the former activity to 242mfAm and ascribed the latter activity to an isotope of element 105. They suggested that it was unlikely that this activity could come from a transfer reaction instead of element 105, because the yield ratio for this reaction was significantly lower than that of the 242mfAm-producing transfer reaction, in accordance with theoretical predictions. To establish that this activity was not from a (22Ne,xn) reaction, the researchers bombarded a 243Am target with 18O ions; reactions producing 256103 and 257103 showed very little SF activity (matching the established data), and the reaction producing heavier 258103 and 259103 produced no SF activity at all, in line with theoretical data. The researchers concluded that the activities observed came from SF of element 105.

JINR then attempted an experiment to create element 105, published in a report in May 1970. They claimed that they had synthesized more nuclei of element 105 and that the experiment confirmed their previous work. According to the paper, the isotope produced by JINR was probably 261105, or possibly 260105. This report included an initial chemical examination: the thermal gradient version of the gas-chromatography method was applied to demonstrate that the chloride of what had formed from the SF activity nearly matched that of niobium pentachloride, rather than hafnium tetrachloride. The team identified a 2.2-second SF activity in a volatile chloride portraying eka-tantalum properties, and inferred that the source of the SF activity must have been element 105.

In June 1970, JINR made improvements on their first experiment, using a purer target and reducing the intensity of transfer reactions by installing a collimator before the catcher. This time, they were able to find 9.1 MeV alpha activities with daughter isotopes identifiable as either 256103 or 257103, implying that the original isotope was either 260105 or 261105.

A controversy erupted on who had discovered the element, which each group suggesting its own name: the Dubna group named the element nielsbohrium after Niels Bohr, while the Berkeley group named it hahnium after Otto Hahn. Eventually a joint working party of IUPAC and IUPAP, the Transfermium Working Group, decided that credit for the discovery should be shared. After various compromises were attempted, where element 105 was called kurchatovium, joliotium and hahnium, in 1997 IUPAC officially named the element dubnium after Dubna, and nielsbohrium was eventually simplified and used for element 107.

Chemical properties

Like other groups, the members of this family show patterns in its electron configuration, especially the outermost shells. (The expected 4d3 5s2 configuration for niobium is a very low-lying excited state at about 0.14 eV.)

Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first three members of the group (the chemistry of dubnium is not very established, but what is known appears to match expectations for a heavier congener of tantalum). All the elements of the group are reactive metals with a high melting points (1910 °C, 2477 °C, 3017 °C). The reactivity is not always obvious due to the rapid formation of a stable oxide layer, which prevents further reactions, similarly to trends in Group 3 or Group 4. The metals form different oxides: vanadium forms vanadium(II) oxide, vanadium(III) oxide, vanadium(IV) oxide and vanadium(V) oxide, niobium forms niobium(II) oxide, niobium(IV) oxide and niobium(V) oxide, but out of tantalum oxides only tantalum(V) oxide is characterized. Metal(V) oxides are generally nonreactive and act like acids rather than bases, but the lower oxides are less stable. They, however, have some unusual properties for oxides, such as high electric conductivity.

All three elements form various inorganic compounds, generally in the oxidation state of +5. Lower oxidation states are also known, but they are less stable, decreasing in stability with atomic mass increase.

Compounds

Oxides
Vanadium forms oxides in the +2, +3, +4 and +5 oxidation states, forming vanadium(II) oxide (VO), vanadium(III) oxide (V2O3), vanadium(IV) oxide (VO2) and vanadium(V) oxide (V2O5). Vanadium(V) oxide or vanadium pentoxide is the most common, being precursor to most alloys and compounds of vanadium, and is also a widely used industrial catalyst.

Niobium forms oxides in the oxidation states +5 (), +4 (), and the rarer oxidation state, +2 (NbO). Most common is the pentoxide, also being precursor to almost all niobium compounds and alloys.

Tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) is the most important compound from the perspective of applications. Oxides of tantalum in lower oxidation states are numerous, including many defect structures, and are lightly studied or poorly characterized.

Oxyanions

In aqueous solution, vanadium(V) forms an extensive family of oxyanions as established by 51V NMR spectroscopy. The interrelationships in this family are described by the predominance diagram, which shows at least 11 species, depending on pH and concentration. The tetrahedral orthovanadate ion, , is the principal species present at pH 12–14. Similar in size and charge to phosphorus(V), vanadium(V) also parallels its chemistry and crystallography. Orthovanadate V is used in protein crystallography to study the biochemistry of phosphate. Beside that, this anion also has been shown to interact with activity of some specific enzymes. The tetrathiovanadate [VS4]3− is analogous to the orthovanadate ion.

At lower pH values, the monomer [HVO4]2− and dimer [V2O7]4− are formed, with the monomer predominant at vanadium concentration of less than c. 10−2M (pV > 2, where pV is equal to the minus value of the logarithm of the total vanadium concentration/M). The formation of the divanadate ion is analogous to the formation of the dichromate ion. As the pH is reduced, further protonation and condensation to polyvanadates occur: at pH 4–6 [H2VO4]− is predominant at pV greater than ca. 4, while at higher concentrations trimers and tetramers are formed. Between pH 2–4 decavanadate predominates, its formation from orthovanadate is represented by this condensation reaction:
10 [VO4]3− + 24 H+ → [V10O28]6− + 12 H2O

In decavanadate, each V(V) center is surrounded by six oxide ligands. Vanadic acid, H3VO4 exists only at very low concentrations because protonation of the tetrahedral species [H2VO4]− results in the preferential formation of the octahedral [VO2(H2O)4]+ species. In strongly acidic solutions, pH < 2, [VO2(H2O)4]+ is the predominant species, while the oxide V2O5 precipitates from solution at high concentrations. The oxide is formally the acid anhydride of vanadic acid. The structures of many vanadate compounds have been determined by X-ray crystallography.

Vanadium(V) forms various peroxo complexes, most notably in the active site of the vanadium-containing bromoperoxidase enzymes. The species VO(O)2(H2O)4+ is stable in acidic solutions. In alkaline solutions, species with 2, 3 and 4 peroxide groups are known; the last forms violet salts with the formula M3V(O2)4 nH2O (M= Li, Na, etc.), in which the vanadium has an 8-coordinate dodecahedral structure.

Niobates are generated by dissolving the pentoxide in basic hydroxide solutions or by melting it in alkali metal oxides. Examples are lithium niobate () and lanthanum niobate (). In the lithium niobate is a trigonally distorted perovskite-like structure, whereas the lanthanum niobate contains lone  ions.

Tantalates, compounds containing [TaO4]3− or [TaO3]− are numerous. Lithium tantalate (LiTaO3) adopts a perovskite structure. Lanthanum tantalate (LaTaO4) contains isolated  tetrahedra.

Halides and their derivatives

Twelve binary halides, compounds with the formula VXn (n=2...5), are known. VI4, VCl5, VBr5, and VI5 do not exist or are extremely unstable. In combination with other reagents, VCl4 is used as a catalyst for polymerization of dienes. Like all binary halides, those of vanadium are Lewis acidic, especially those of V(IV) and V(V). Many of the halides form octahedral complexes with the formula VXnL6−n (X= halide; L= other ligand).

Many vanadium oxyhalides (formula VOmXn) are known. The oxytrichloride and oxytrifluoride (VOCl3 and VOF3) are the most widely studied. Akin to POCl3, they are volatile, adopt tetrahedral structures in the gas phase, and are Lewis acidic.

Niobium forms halides in the oxidation states of +5 and +4 as well as diverse substoichiometric compounds. The pentahalides () feature octahedral Nb centres. Niobium pentafluoride () is a white solid with a melting point of 79.0 °C and niobium pentachloride () is yellow (see image at left) with a melting point of 203.4 °C. Both are hydrolyzed to give oxides and oxyhalides, such as . The pentachloride is a versatile reagent used to generate the organometallic compounds, such as niobocene dichloride (). The tetrahalides () are dark-coloured polymers with Nb-Nb bonds; for example, the black hygroscopic niobium tetrafluoride () and brown niobium tetrachloride ().

Anionic halide compounds of niobium are well known, owing in part to the Lewis acidity of the pentahalides. The most important is [NbF7]2−, an intermediate in the separation of Nb and Ta from the ores. This heptafluoride tends to form the oxopentafluoride more readily than does the tantalum compound. Other halide complexes include octahedral []:
 + 2 Cl → 2 []

As with other metals with low atomic numbers, a variety of reduced halide cluster ions is known, the prime example being [].

Tantalum halides span the oxidation states of +5, +4, and +3. Tantalum pentafluoride (TaF5) is a white solid with a melting point of 97.0 °C. The anion [TaF7]2- is used for its separation from niobium. The chloride , which exists as a dimer, is the main reagent in synthesis of new Ta compounds. It hydrolyzes readily to an oxychloride. The lower halides  and , feature Ta-Ta bonds.

Physical properties

The trends in group 5 follow those of the other early d-block groups and reflect the addition of a filled f-shell into the core in passing from the fifth to the sixth period. All the stable members of the group are silvery-blue refractory metals, though impurities of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen make them brittle. They all crystallize in the body-centered cubic structure at room temperature, and dubnium is expected to do the same.

The table below is a summary of the key physical properties of the group 5 elements. The question-marked value is predicted.

Vanadium

Vanadium is an average-hard, ductile, steel-blue metal. It is electrically conductive and thermally insulating. Some sources describe vanadium as "soft", perhaps because it is ductile, malleable, and not brittle. Vanadium is harder than most metals and steels (see Hardnesses of the elements (data page) and iron). It has good resistance to corrosion and it is stable against alkalis and sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. It is oxidized in air at about 933 K (660 °C, 1220 °F), although an oxide passivation layer forms even at room temperature.

Niobium

Niobium is a lustrous, grey, ductile, paramagnetic metal in group 5 of the periodic table (see table), with an electron configuration in the outermost shells atypical for group 5. Similarly atypical configurations occur in the neighborhood of ruthenium (44), rhodium (45), and palladium (46).

Although it is thought to have a body-centered cubic crystal structure from absolute zero to its melting point, high-resolution measurements of the thermal expansion along the three crystallographic axes reveal anisotropies which are inconsistent with a cubic structure. Therefore, further research and discovery in this area is expected.

Niobium becomes a superconductor at cryogenic temperatures. At atmospheric pressure, it has the highest critical temperature of the elemental superconductors at 9.2 K. Niobium has the greatest magnetic penetration depth of any element. In addition, it is one of the three elemental Type II superconductors, along with vanadium and technetium. The superconductive properties are strongly dependent on the purity of the niobium metal.

When very pure, it is comparatively soft and ductile, but impurities make it harder.

The metal has a low capture cross-section for thermal neutrons; thus it is used in the nuclear industries where neutron transparent structures are desired.

Tantalum

Tantalum is dark (blue-gray), dense, ductile, very hard, easily fabricated, and highly conductive of heat and electricity. The metal is renowned for its resistance to corrosion by acids; in fact, at temperatures below 150 °C tantalum is almost completely immune to attack by the normally aggressive aqua regia. It can be dissolved with hydrofluoric acid or acidic solutions containing the fluoride ion and sulfur trioxide, as well as with a solution of potassium hydroxide. Tantalum's high melting point of 3017 °C (boiling point 5458 °C) is exceeded among the elements only by tungsten, rhenium and osmium for metals, and carbon.

Tantalum exists in two crystalline phases, alpha and beta. The alpha phase is relatively ductile and soft; it has body-centered cubic structure (space group Im3m, lattice constant a = 0.33058 nm), Knoop hardness 200–400 HN and electrical resistivity 15–60 µΩ⋅cm. The beta phase is hard and brittle; its crystal symmetry is tetragonal (space group P42/mnm, a = 1.0194 nm, c = 0.5313 nm), Knoop hardness is 1000–1300 HN and electrical resistivity is relatively high at 170–210 µΩ⋅cm. The beta phase is metastable and converts to the alpha phase upon heating to 750–775 °C. Bulk tantalum is almost entirely alpha phase, and the beta phase usually exists as thin films obtained by magnetron
sputtering, chemical vapor deposition or electrochemical deposition from a eutectic molten salt solution.

Dubnium

A direct relativistic effect is that as the atomic numbers of elements increase, the innermost electrons begin to revolve faster around the nucleus as a result of an increase of electromagnetic attraction between an electron and a nucleus. Similar effects have been found for the outermost s orbitals (and p1/2 ones, though in dubnium they are not occupied): for example, the 7s orbital contracts by 25% in size and is stabilized by 2.6 eV.

A more indirect effect is that the contracted s and p1/2 orbitals shield the charge of the nucleus more effectively, leaving less for the outer d and f electrons, which therefore move in larger orbitals. Dubnium is greatly affected by this: unlike the previous group 5 members, its 7s electrons are slightly more difficult to extract than its 6d electrons.

Another effect is the spin–orbit interaction, particularly spin–orbit splitting, which splits the 6d subshell—the azimuthal quantum number ℓ of a d shell is 2—into two subshells, with four of the ten orbitals having their ℓ lowered to 3/2 and six raised to 5/2. All ten energy levels are raised; four of them are lower than the other six. (The three 6d electrons normally occupy the lowest energy levels, 6d3/2.)

A single ionized atom of dubnium (Db+) should lose a 6d electron compared to a neutral atom; the doubly (Db2+) or triply (Db3+) ionized atoms of dubnium should eliminate 7s electrons, unlike its lighter homologs. Despite the changes, dubnium is still expected to have five valence electrons; 7p energy levels have not been shown to influence dubnium and its properties. As the 6d orbitals of dubnium are more destabilized than the 5d ones of tantalum, and Db3+ is expected to have two 6d, rather than 7s, electrons remaining, the resulting +3 oxidation state is expected to be unstable and even rarer than that of tantalum. The ionization potential of dubnium in its maximum +5 oxidation state should be slightly lower than that of tantalum and the ionic radius of dubnium should increase compared to tantalum; this has a significant effect on dubnium's chemistry.

Atoms of dubnium in the solid state should arrange themselves in a body-centered cubic configuration, like the previous group 5 elements. The predicted density of dubnium is 21.6 g/cm3.

Occurrence

There are 160 parts per million of vanadium in the Earth's crust, making it the 19th most abundant element there. Soil contains on average 100 parts per million of vanadium, and seawater contains 1.5 parts per billion of vanadium. A typical human contains 285 parts per billion of vanadium. Over 60 vanadium ores are known, including vanadinite, patronite, and carnotite. There are 20 parts per million of niobium in the Earth's crust, making it the 33rd most abundant element there. Soil contains on average 24 parts per million of niobium, and seawater contains 900 parts per quadrillion of niobium. A typical human contains 21 parts per billion of niobium. Niobium is in the minerals columbite and pyrochlore. There are 2 parts per million of tantalum in the Earth's crust, making it the 51st most abundant element there. Soil contains on average 1 to 2 parts per billion of tantalum, and seawater contains 2 parts per trillion of tantalum. A typical human contains 2.9 parts per billion of tantalum. Tantalum is found in the minerals tantalite and pyrochlore. Dubnium does not occur naturally in the Earth's crust.

Production

Vanadium

Vanadium metal is obtained by a multistep process that begins with roasting crushed ore with NaCl or Na2CO3 at about 850 °C to give sodium metavanadate (NaVO3). An aqueous extract of this solid is acidified to produce "red cake", a polyvanadate salt, which is reduced with calcium metal. As an alternative for small-scale production, vanadium pentoxide is reduced with hydrogen or magnesium. Many other methods are also used, in all of which vanadium is produced as a byproduct of other processes. Purification of vanadium is possible by the crystal bar process developed by Anton Eduard van Arkel and Jan Hendrik de Boer in 1925. It involves the formation of the metal iodide, in this example vanadium(III) iodide, and the subsequent decomposition to yield pure metal:
2 V + 3 I2  2 VI3

Most vanadium is used as a component of a steel alloy called ferrovanadium. Ferrovanadium is produced directly by reducing a mixture of vanadium oxide, iron oxides and iron in an electric furnace. The vanadium ends up in pig iron produced from vanadium-bearing magnetite. Depending on the ore used, the slag contains up to 25% of vanadium.

Approximately 70000 tonnes of vanadium ore are produced yearly, with 25000 t of vanadium ore being produced in Russia, 24000 in South Africa, 19000 in China, and 1000 in Kazakhstan. 7000 t of vanadium metal are produced each year. It is impossible to obtain vanadium by heating its ore with carbon. Instead, vanadium is produced by heating vanadium oxide with calcium in a pressure vessel. Very high-purity vanadium is produced from a reaction of vanadium trichloride with magnesium.

Niobium and tantalum

After the separation from the other minerals, the mixed oxides of tantalum  and niobium  are obtained. To produce niobium, the first step in the processing is the reaction of the oxides with hydrofluoric acid:

The first industrial scale separation, developed by Swiss chemist de Marignac, exploits the differing solubilities of the complex niobium and tantalum fluorides, dipotassium oxypentafluoroniobate monohydrate () and dipotassium heptafluorotantalate () in water. Newer processes use the liquid extraction of the fluorides from aqueous solution by organic solvents like cyclohexanone. The complex niobium and tantalum fluorides are extracted separately from the organic solvent with water and either precipitated by the addition of potassium fluoride to produce a potassium fluoride complex, or precipitated with ammonia as the pentoxide:

Followed by:

Several methods are used for the reduction to metallic niobium. The electrolysis of a molten mixture of [] and sodium chloride is one; the other is the reduction of the fluoride with sodium. With this method, a relatively high purity niobium can be obtained. In large scale production,  is reduced with hydrogen or carbon. In the aluminothermic reaction, a mixture of iron oxide and niobium oxide is reacted with aluminium:

Small amounts of oxidizers like sodium nitrate are added to enhance the reaction. The result is aluminium oxide and ferroniobium, an alloy of iron and niobium used in steel production. Ferroniobium contains between 60 and 70% niobium. Without iron oxide, the aluminothermic process is used to produce niobium. Further purification is necessary to reach the grade for superconductive alloys. Electron beam melting under vacuum is the method used by the two major distributors of niobium.

, CBMM from Brazil controlled 85 percent of the world's niobium production. The United States Geological Survey estimates that the production increased from 38,700 tonnes in 2005 to 44,500 tonnes in 2006. Worldwide resources are estimated to be 4.4 million tonnes. During the ten-year period between 1995 and 2005, the production more than doubled, starting from 17,800 tonnes in 1995. Between 2009 and 2011, production was stable at 63,000 tonnes per year, with a slight decrease in 2012 to only 50,000 tonnes per year.

Lesser amounts are found in Malawi's Kanyika Deposit (Kanyika mine).

70000 t of tantalum ore are produced yearly. Brazil produces 90% of tantalum ore, with Canada, Australia, China, and Rwanda also producing the element. The demand for tantalum is around 1200 t per year.

Dubnium and beyond
Dubnium is produced synthetically by bombarding actinides with lighter elements. To date, no experiments in a supercollider have been conducted to synthesize the next member of the group, either unpentseptium (Ups) or unpentennium (Upe). As unpentseptium and unpentennium are both late period 8 elements, it is unlikely that these elements will be synthesized in the near future.

Applications

Vanadium's main application is in alloys, such as vanadium steel. Vanadium alloys are used in springs, tools, jet engines, armor plating, and nuclear reactors. Vanadium oxide gives ceramics a golden color, and other vanadium compounds are used as catalysts to produce polymers.

Small amounts of niobium are added to stainless steel to improve its quality. Niobium alloys are also used in rocket nozzles because of niobium's high corrosion resistance.

Tantalum has four main types of applications. Tantalum is added into objects exposed to high temperatures, in electronic devices, in surgical implants, and for handling corrosive substances.

Dubnium has no applications due to its radioactivity, making it highly dangerous to be around.

Biological occurrences

Out of the group 5 elements, only vanadium has been identified as playing a role in the biological chemistry of living systems, but even it plays a very limited role in biology, and is more important in ocean environments than on land.

Vanadium, essential to ascidians and tunicates as vanabins, has been known in the blood cells of Ascidiacea (sea squirts) since 1911, in concentrations of vanadium in their blood more than 100 times higher than the concentration of vanadium in the seawater around them. Several species of macrofungi accumulate vanadium (up to 500 mg/kg in dry weight). Vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase generates organobromine compounds in a number of species of marine algae.

Rats and chickens are also known to require vanadium in very small amounts and deficiencies result in reduced growth and impaired reproduction. Vanadium is a relatively controversial dietary supplement, primarily for increasing insulin sensitivity and body-building. Vanadyl sulfate may improve glucose control in people with type 2 diabetes. In addition, decavanadate and oxovanadates are species that potentially have many biological activities and that have been successfully used as tools in the comprehension of several biochemical processes.

Toxicity and precautions

Pure vanadium is not known to be toxic. However, vanadium pentoxide causes severe irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat. Tetravalent VOSO4 has been reported to be at least 5 times more toxic than trivalent V2O3. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has set an exposure limit of 0.05 mg/m3 for vanadium pentoxide dust and 0.1 mg/m3 for vanadium pentoxide fumes in workplace air for an 8-hour workday, 40-hour work week. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has recommended that 35 mg/m3 of vanadium be considered immediately dangerous to life and health, that is, likely to cause permanent health problems or death. Vanadium compounds are poorly absorbed through the gastrointestinal system. Inhalation of vanadium and vanadium compounds results primarily in adverse effects on the respiratory system. Quantitative data are, however, insufficient to derive a subchronic or chronic inhalation reference dose. Other effects have been reported after oral or inhalation exposures on blood parameters, liver, neurological development, and other organs in rats.

There is little evidence that vanadium or vanadium compounds are reproductive toxins or teratogens. Vanadium pentoxide was reported to be carcinogenic in male rats and in male and female mice by inhalation in an NTP study, although the interpretation of the results has recently been disputed. The carcinogenicity of vanadium has not been determined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Vanadium traces in diesel fuels are the main fuel component in high temperature corrosion. During combustion, vanadium oxidizes and reacts with sodium and sulfur, yielding vanadate compounds with melting points as low as 530 °C, which attack the passivation layer on steel and render it susceptible to corrosion. The solid vanadium compounds also abrade engine components.

Niobium has no known biological role. While niobium dust is an eye and skin irritant and a potential fire hazard, elemental niobium on a larger scale is physiologically inert (and thus hypoallergenic) and harmless. It is often used in jewelry and has been tested for use in some medical implants. Niobium and its compounds thought to be slightly toxic. Short- and long-term exposure to niobates and niobium chloride, two water-soluble chemicals, have been tested in rats. Rats treated with a single injection of niobium pentachloride or niobates show a median lethal dose (LD) between 10 and 100 mg/kg. For oral administration the toxicity is lower; a study with rats yielded a LD after seven days of 940 mg/kg.

Compounds containing tantalum are rarely encountered in the laboratory, and it and its compounds rarely cause injury, and when they do, the injuries are normally rashes. The metal is highly biocompatible and is used for body implants and coatings, therefore attention may be focused on other elements or the physical nature of the chemical compound. People can be exposed to tantalum in the workplace by breathing it in, skin contact, or eye contact. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit (permissible exposure limit) for tantalum exposure in the workplace as 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit of 5 mg/m3 over an 8-hour workday and a short-term limit of 10 mg/m3. At levels of 2500 mg/m3, tantalum is immediately dangerous to life and health.

Notes

References

Further reading

Groups (periodic table)

Group 5 element


An Habenaria aviculoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Oakes Ames ngan Charles Schweinfurth. An Habenaria aviculoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria aviculoides


El circuito de Román es un filme chileno-argentino, protagonizada por los actores Cristián Carvajal y Paola Giannini, entre otros.

Sinopsis
El neuropsicólogo Roberto Román (Cristián Carvajal) probó de joven que los recuerdos migran físicamente en el cerebro al hacerse conscientes. Diez años después vuelve a Chile como profesor invitado a su antigua escuela. Según Javier, su ayudante, lo que él llama migración es la fusión de dos recuerdos durante los chispazos creativos. Roberto se somete al experimento de Javier. Mientras lo hace recuerda su reciente regreso, el reencuentro con Silvia, (Paola Giannini) su exnovia, y con José Luis, el amigo que se la quitó, y la nueva oportunidad que tiene con ella. Recuerda que, tras un brillante inicio, su carrera se ha estancado y ve que ni siquiera puede enorgullecerse de la migración, su único chispazo creativo. Roberto intenta salir del circuito pero su ambición es más fuerte.

Elenco
 Cristián Carvajal - Roberto Román
 Paola Giannini - Silvia Valenzuela
 Schlomit Baytelman – Carmen Vidal
 Alexis Moreno - José Luis Gallardo
 Julia Martínez Rubio – Inés Bauer
 Pablo Krögh – Osvaldo Gatica
 Camilo Carmona – Javier Torres

Premios

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 El circuito de Román

 El circuito de Román en Cine Chile

El circuito de Román


Louis Joseph Berberet (November 20, 1929 – April 6, 2004) was an American catcher in Major League Baseball who played for the New York Yankees, Washington Senators, Boston Red Sox and Detroit Tigers between 1954 and 1960. He was born in Long Beach, California.

A stocky player of , , Berberet was a very solid defensive catcher and a decent left-handed hitter. He retired after the 1960 season having a career batting average of .230, with 31 home runs, 153 runs batted in, and a fielding percentage of .992.

Berberet died on April 6, 2004.

References

External links

1929 births
2004 deaths
Baseball players from Long Beach, California
Binghamton Triplets players
Birmingham Barons players
Boston Red Sox players
Detroit Tigers players
Kansas City Blues (baseball) players
Major League Baseball catchers
New York Yankees players
Santa Clara University alumni
Toronto Maple Leafs (International League) players
Washington Senators (1901–1960) players

Lou Berberet


Die in Türen und Fenstern verarbeiteten Holzgitter sind ein für die traditionelle chinesische Architektur bestimmendes Element, dem in China eine besondere handwerklich-ästhetische Aufmerksamkeit gilt.

Kultureller Hintergrund

Wesentlich stärker als in der "westlichen" Architektur war die chinesische Architektur bis in neuere Zeit von der Verwendung des Baumaterials Holz und dabei der Gestaltung der Türen und Fenster bestimmt. Ein Ende dieser Ära fällt etwa mit dem Ende der Qing-Herrschaft zusammen (Xinhai-Revolution). Über Jahrtausende war eine auf handwerklicher Kunstfertigkeit beruhende und in der Kultur und Religion Chinas tief verwurzelte Tradition entwickelt und fortgeschrieben worden, die ihren praktischen und ästhetischen Akzent auf die Fertigung von Türen und Fenstern legte. Diese dienten nicht nur dem Betreten und Belüften eines Hauses, sondern die Fenster waren das Gebäude mittragende Elemente und – wie das ganze Gebäude – ebenfalls aus Holz. Die Türen und Fenster repräsentierten in ihrer handwerklich-künstlerischen Gestaltung aber auch den hierarchischen Anspruch des Hausherrn. Zunächst konnte sich nur der Kaiser und sein Hofstaat dies leisten; erst mit fortschreitender handwerklicher Perfektion auf der einen und steigendem Wohlstand weiter Bevölkerungskreise auf der anderen Seite beschränkte sich der Einbau von reich geschmückten Türen und Fenstern nicht mehr nur auf den Palastbau (Musterbeispiel: Verbotene Stadt), sondern erfasste auch den Bau gewöhnlicher Häuser in breitem Umfang. Ihren Höhepunkt hat diese Entwicklung in der Ming- und Qing-Dynastie erreicht.

Regional am weitesten verbreitet sind die heute noch erhaltenen Zeugen dieser Handwerkskunst im Süden Chinas, etwa südlich des Flusses Jangtsekiang. Wegen der unterschiedlichen, raueren klimatischen Verhältnisse sind im Norden Chinas die Konstruktionsmerkmale andere als im Süden; bevorzugt werden dort beispielsweise nicht die durchbrochenen, sondern geschlossene Holztüren.

Chinesische Fenster waren nicht verglast; die Öffnungen wurden, wo nötig – je nach Klimaverhältnissen – mit Papier geschlossen. Das verwendete Papier war wiederum je nach finanzieller Situation der Hausbesitzer einfach bis hochwertig, zusätzlich oft bemalt.

Aufbau und handwerkliche Techniken

Eine chinesische Holztür oder ein chinesisches Holzfenster besteht aus unterschiedlich ausgeführten Teilen, von oben nach unten meist zuerst aus einer bandförmigen Holzplatte (chin.: yaoban), darunter dem eigentlichen langgestreckten Gitter (chin.: geyan), darunter wiederum einer Platte, oft gefolgt von einer "Schürze" (chin.: qunban), ebenfalls aus Holz, und abschließend ganz unten wiederum einer Holzplatte.
Hölzerne Bauelemente, die geöffnet werden konnten, nannte man auch "Trenntür" (chin.: geshan, engl.: partition door).
Die chinesischen Bezeichnungen der Konstruktionsdetails wurden vielfach im Laufe der Zeit – von Dynastie zu Dynastie – gewandelt, womit auch den stilistischen Wandlungen und wechselnden Gewichtungen Rechnung getragen worden ist.

Es gibt verschiedene Techniken der Bearbeitung solcher Holzelemente:
Verbinden gerader Holzteile und Montieren zu Bögen über Nut und Zapfen, jeweils an den Enden der Holzteile;
Verbinden und Einsetzen der Holzteile, nicht nur über deren Enden, sondern auch an anderer Stelle;
Verbinden nur von geraden Holzstreifen (eher seltene Technik, da auch eintönig);
Schnitzen aus der ganzen Holzplatte heraus, für die künstlerische Gestaltung die vielfältigste Technik.

Bei der Schnitzarbeit für Türen und Fenster gibt es noch weitere Unterscheidungen:
Relief-Schnitzen (meist gebräuchlich);
Offenes Schnitzen (engl.: open-work carving): der Untergrund wird vollständig entfernt, es bleibt das eigentliche Schnitzmuster erhalten, entweder einseitig oder beidseitig zu betrachten;
Intarsien-Schnitzerei: Möglichkeit der unterschiedlichen Farbgebung durch eingelegte andersfarbige Holzplättchen;
Klebetechnik: die andersfarbigen Holzplättchen werden aufgeklebt;
Linien-Schnitzerei: Einritzen eines Musters in das Holz

Muster und Motive

Man findet geometrische und florale Muster unterschiedlichster Art. Einen breiten Gestaltungsrahmen nehmen Landschaften ein, wie generell in der chinesischen Malerei.
Historische Persönlichkeiten (so Laotse oder Konfuzius) und vor allem die sogenannten Acht Unsterblichen aus dem Daoismus wurden wie in anderen Objekten auch auf den Holztüren und Fenstern abgebildet. Oder es waren die vier bevorzugten Tätigkeiten Fischen, Holzschneiden, Pflügen und Lesen, welche im alten China für gesunden Lebensstil standen.

Oft beziehen sich die in Holz geschnitzten Darstellungen auf Episoden aus Märchen und Geschichten, wie sie von Theaterstücken bekannt waren. So lässt sich aus der Fülle der geschnitzten Abbildungen an den Türen und Fenstern ihrer Häuser das kulturelle Leben der Chinesen über die Jahrhunderte ablesen. In diesen Zusammenhang gehört die sehr beliebte Wiedergabe von im Sinne der chinesischen Tradition "antiken" Motiven wie Lotus-Blüte, Bambus-, Jade-, Elfenbein-, Email- und anderen Objekten. Auch die Sieben Schätze, Acht Kostbarkeiten oder Neun Besonderen Schmuckmuster und weitere typische kulturelle Bezüge, wie sie im Volk lebendig waren, werden als Motive auf den chinesischen Türen und Fenstern verwendet.

An Stelle der floralen oder figürlichen Darstellungen finden sich auch Schriftzeichen in der Mitte der chinesischen Holzgitter, in erster Linie auf gute Wünsche für Gesundheit und langes Leben zielend.

Bildquelle

Die abgebildeten Objekte stammen aus der Sammlung von Professor Dr. Johannes Greten, Heidelberg. Herkunft: Region um Chengdu.

Literatur

Einen profunden Einblick in das Thema gibt das Buch von Ma Weidu Classical Chinese Doors and Windows, China Architecture & Building Press, Beijing, 2001. ISBN 7-112-04279-8, neuere Auflage: 2006/2011 ISBN 978-7-112-08745-7

Weblinks

 http://www.china-abp.com.cn/

Bildende Kunst (China)
Ornament (Bauteil)
Kunsttischlerei
Chinesische Architektur
Fenster
Türbestandteil

Chinesische Holzgitter


Exempli gratia, tam olarak çevirildiğinde "örnek uğruna" veya "örnek için" gibi anlamlara gelen, çoğunlukla "örnek olarak/misalen" diye tercüme edilen bir Latince deyiştir. Batı dillerinde, özellikle İngilizcede, bahsedilen bir konu, tanım veya değer hakkında örnek vermek istendiğinde bu deyiş, çoğunlukla kısaltılarak, kullanılır. Kısaltması e.g. şeklindedir. Sıklıkla id est yani i.e. ile karıştırılır.

Latince deyişler

Exempli gratia


Regionalna nogometna liga Zagreb - Jug u sezoni 1988./89. je predstavljala ligu petog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Sudjelovalo je 18 klubova, a prvak je bilo "Špansko" iz Zagreba.

Ljestvica

 U slučaju neriješenog rezultata se izvodilo raspucavanje jedanaesterca te bi pobjednik dobio 1 bod, a poraženi u raspucavanju bi ostao bez bodova

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutarnje poveznice
 II. Hrvatska liga - Sjever 1988./89.
 Regionalna liga Zagreb - Sjever 1988./89.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Stjepan Balog: HNŠK "Moslavina", Kutina : 85 [godina], Kutina, 2004., , str. 56-59
 Branko Piljek: Monografija zagorskog sporta , Zabok, 2011., , str. 45
 Krešimir Perušić i dr.: 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji : 1903. – 2003., Karlovac, 2004., , str. 317
 Ico Kerhin, Miroslav Rede: Platinasti jubilej Zagrebačkog nogometnog saveza : 1919 - 1994 , Zagreb, 1995., str. 206
 Branko Mesarić, Josip Ljubić: 70 godina nogometa u Jarunu, Gajevu i Staglišću : 1921. – 1991., Zagreb, 1991., str. 87
 Zdenko Vuković: NK "Jaska" : (1925. – 1995.), Jastrebarsko, 1997., , str. 243-244
 nk-vrapce.hr, NK Vrapče Zagreb - arhiva rezultata , pristupljeno 15. travnja 2018.

1988-89 Jug
Zagreb regija Jug
1988-89 Zagreb

Regionalna nogometna liga Zagreb – Jug 1988./89.


!Artigos novos
Fabiano Mixo (Nova Iguaçu, Rio de Janeiro) é um cineasta e artista visual brasileiro que atua no campo da Realidade virtual e Realidade aumentada.

Mixo estudou Comunicação Social na Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Novas Mídias no EAV Parque Lage e formou-se em cinema na FilmArche, em Berlim. Em 2016, lançou o curta experimental "Woman Without Mandolin", sobre a atriz , pelo qual ganhou o prêmio  de pública e o prêmio EMAF-Medienkunst, da Associação de Crítica de Cinema Alemã (Verband der Deutschen Filmkritik) . Em 2017, lançou a obra híbrida "Cartas a Lumière: a chegada do trem à estação", parte videoinstalação, montada e exibida no Oi Futuro do Rio de Janeiro, parte documentário em Realidade Virtual, filmado na Central do Brasil, que promove uma releitura do início do cinema sob a ótica das novas mídias. Em 2019, em parceria com a empresa de Realidade Virtual Oculus, lançou o documentário em VR "Children do not play war", sobre crianças de Uganda forçadas a ingressarem no Exército de Resistência do Senhor de Joseph Kony. Mixo participou de importantes laboratórios e festivais nacionais e internacionais como a Mostra Internacional de Cinema de São Paulo, o Festival de Cinema de Tribeca, o Festival de Gramado e o . Em 2021, foi contemplado com uma bolsa do Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT).

Em 2019, fundou a produtora VILD Studio.

Filmografia

 Woman Without Mandolin (2016)
 Cartas a Lumière: a chegada do trem à estação (2017)
 Children do not play war (2019)

Referências

Ligações externas

 Site oficial
 VILD Studio
 IMDb

Fabiano Mixo


Minoru Hirai (平井 稔 ; ožujak 1903. – 16. listopada 1998.), japanski majstor borilačkih vještina. Izravni je učenik Moriheija Ueshibe. Osnivač je škole Korindo aikido.

Životopis
Minoru Hirai je u mladosti je vježbao mnoge škole borilačkih vještina, uključujući Togin-ryu, Okumura Nito-ryu, Takenouchi-ryu, Kito-ryu i Suburi-ryu. Do 1938. godine postao je majstor u iaidu i džiju-džicu, te je osnovao svoj dođo, Kogado dođo u Okayami.

Godine 1938. u Okayami upoznaje Moriheija Ueshibu, koji mu je tom prilikom ispričao o svojoj novoj borilačkoj vještini Aiki-Budo (prethodni naziv za aikido). Pozvao ga u svoj dođo u Tokio, što je Hirai poslušao te započeo vježbati u Kobukan dođou (današnji Hombu dođo). Hirai je u Aiki-Budovim kružnim pokretima pronašao sličnosti sa svojom školom džiju-džicu, koju je još uvijek razvijao.

Za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata, Hirai je bio šef odjela za džiju-džicu u Vojnoj policijskoj školi japanske vojske, te je imao je značajnu ulogu u razvoju novih tehnika uhićenja koju danas koristi vojna policija.

Godine 1942. Morihei Ueshiba imenuje ga za direktora općih poslova Kobukan Dođoa. Imao je značajnu ulogu u stvaranju izraza "aikido".

U listopadu 1945. Hirai je osnovao Korindo dođo u Shizuoki, a u rujnu 1953. godine otvoren je Korindo dođo u Tokiju.

Umro je 1998. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Intervju s Minoru Hirai

Japanske aikidoke
Džiju-džicuke
Iaidoke

Minoru Hirai


Jiddisch musik er en film instrueret af Marian Hirschorn.

Handling
I tiden før 2. Verdenskrig levede Østeuropas jøder i små byer, "shtetlekh", og talte næsten udelukkende jiddisch – en slags tysk blandet med hebraisk og lokalt sprog. Musik spillede en væsentlig rolle i deres liv. Nu eksisterer disse byer ikke mere, og med den ældre generation forsvinder også jiddisch som levende sprog. Gennem sang og musik beskrives miljøet dengang.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1987

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Jiddisch musik


Hillsborough kan henvise til:

Stednavne

Canada
 Hillsborough (New Brunswick)

New Zealand
 Hillsborough (New Zealand)

Storbritannien
 Hillsborough (Nordirland)

USA
 Hillsborough (Californien)
 Hillsborough (Maryland)
 Hillsborough (New Hampshire)
 Hillsborough (North Carolina)

Se også
 Hillsborough Stadium
 Hillsborough-tragedien

Hillsborough


طيبان أو تيبيان  بلدية بولاية بجاية بالجزائر

مواضيع ذات صلة
 بلديات ولاية بجاية
 دوائر ولاية بجاية

مراجع

بلديات ولاية بجاية

طيبان


Tham Lot es un tambon, pueblo y un sistema de cuevas cerca de Soppong, distrito de Pang Mapha , provincia de Mae Hong Son, al norte de Tailandia. El río Nam Lang  fluye a través de la cueva que está llena de estalactitas y estalagmitas. La cueva es también el hogar de un gran número de murciélagos y vencejos. En el sitio hay otras cuevas cercanas con ataúdes de madera de teca que se cree fueron talladas por miembros de la tribu Lawa miles de años atrás.

Otra cueva en la zona, la segunda cueva más larga conocida en Tailandia, es Tham Mae Lana, que tiene de 12 kilómetros de largo.

Véase también
Cueva del Espíritu
Tham Hua Kalok

Referencias

Thailand The National Geographic Traveler, 2001, pgs. 236 & 237
Karst and Caves of the Nam Lang - Nam Khong Region, North Thailand John R. Dunkley (1985) Helictite Vol. 23 No. 1 pp3-22
Expédition Thaï-Maros 85 Louis Deharveng (ed.) (1986) Association Pyrénéenne de Spéléologie, Toulouse ISBN 2-906273-00-7

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Cuevas de Tailandia

Tham Lot


مقياس هاونزفيلد (Hounsfield scale) هو عبارة عن مقياس كمي يستخدم لوصف الكثافة الإشعاعية.

التعريف
إن وحدة مقياس هاونسفيلد (HU) تؤخذ على بإجراء تحويل خطي لمعامل النفاذ الخطي الأساسي الذي يعتبر كثافة الماء المقطر الإشعاعية عند ظروف ضغط وحرارة قياسية ومعادلاً لقيمة صفر هاونسفيلد(HU)، بينما تعرف قيمة الكثافة الإشعاعية للهواء عند ظروف ضغط وحرارة قياسية بالقيمة -1000 وحدة هاونسفيلد(HU). ومن أجل مادة ما X ذات معادل خطي مكافئ  فتعطى قيمة هاونسفيلد المكافئة بالعلاقة التالية:

حيث  و هما معاملا النفاذ الخطي للماء والهواء على الترتيب عند ظروف ضغط وحرارة قياسية. ولذلك فإن تغير واحدة هاونسفيلد (HU) واحدة، تعبر عن تغير بمقدار 0.1% لمعامل النفاذ بين الماء والهواء، أو بشكل تقريبي تغير بمقدار 0.1% لمعامل النفاذ عن الماء وذلك باعتبار معامل النفاذ للهواء يساوي الصفر تقريباً.

الأسباب
تم اعتبار القيم الأساسية المذكورة أعلاه باعتبارها مواد متوافرة في أي مكان، وملائمة للتطبيقات الأساسية التي من أجلها تم تطوير نظام التصوير بالأشعة المقطعية المبرمج: تصوير الأعضاء الداخلية للأحياء المكونة بشكل أساسي من مركبات مائية وتعيش في الهواء. مثلاً : الإنسان.

قيم هاونسفيلد (HU) للمواد الأساسية

التاريخ
تم إنشاء هذا المقياس من قبل السير غودفيري نيوبولد هاونسفيلد الذي هو واحد من المهندسين الأساسيين والمطورين لنظام الأشعة المقطعية المبرمج (التصوير الإشعاي المبرمج).
لقد كانت أجهزة التصوير المقطعي المبرمجة هي أول أجهزة تصوير للحصول على صور ثلاثية الأبعاد لتشريح الأعضاء الداخلية للكائنات الحية، بدءاً من إنشاء صورة لشريحة أو مقطع. ومنذ مطلع التسعينات ومع تطور تقنيات الكمبيوتر والماسحات باستخدام نظام التصوير بالأشعة المقطعية، فإنه أصبح بالإمكان الحصول على صور ثلاثية الأبعاد من زوايا مختلفة للأعضاء الداخلية باستخدام برامج تتعامل مع مثل هذه الصور ومشاهدتها على شاشة الكمبيوتر.

مراجع

علم الأشعة

مقياس هاونزفيلد