Den 1. Store Syrte-episode udspillede sig den 19. august 1981 og kulminerede med to amerikanske F-14 Tomcats skød to libyske Sukhoj Su-17 Fitter ned.

Baggrund

I 1973 erklærede Libyen Store Syrte for at være en del af landets suveræne territorium. Denne erklæring fik USA til at udføre militære operationer i det omstridte område for at demonstrere at man ikke accepterede Libyens krav til området, da der ikke hjemmel under international lovgivning. Libyen konfronterede flere gange amerikanske styrker i og nær bugten, og libyske kampfly åbnede i to tilfælde ild mod amerikanske rekognosceringsfly nær den libyske kyst, første gang i 1973 og igen i efteråret i 1980. Disse sejlader i området blev intensiveret da Ronald Reagan tiltrådte som amerikansk præsident. I august 1981 autoriserede han udsendelsen af en stor flådestyrke til det omstridte område. I styrken var blandt andet to hangarskibe: USS Forrestal (CV-59) og USS Nimitz (CVN-68). De to hangarskibe havde i alt fire kampfly-eskadriller hvor to fløj F-4 Phantom II fra Forrestal og F-14 Tomcats fra Nimitz. Det libyske luftvåben svarede igen ved at udstationere et stort antal jagerfly og jagerbombere i kystregionen. Tidligt om morgenen den 18. august da den amerikanske styrke nærmede sig det omstridte farvand forsøgte mindst tre libyske MiG-25 Foxbats at nærme sig de amerikanske hangarskibe, men de blev eskorteret væk af amerikanske jagerfly. Libyerne forsøgte at få en præcis position på de amerikanske skibe. Femogtredive par af forskellige MiG-23 (Flogger), MiG-25, Su-20 (Fitter-C), Su-22M (Fitter-J) og Mirage F1'ere fløj ind i området, de blev blev hurtigt fundet og afskærmet af syv par F-14 og F-4. Den amerikanske flådes efterretningstjeneste anslog senere at en MiG-25 muligvis havde affyret et missil fra 18 sømil afstand mod et amerikansk fly den dag.

Episoden
Om morgenen den 19. august efter at kampgruppen havde "overlevet" et antal libyske skinangreb dagen før, var to Tomcats i luften:<ref name="Brown">Brown, Craig. (2007). Debrief: A Complete History of U.S. Aerial Engagements 1981 to the Present"'. Schiffer Military History. s. 13–14. .</ref> Fast Eagle 102Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. s. 52. . Hawkeye-flyet dirigerede de to Tomcats frem mod de libyske fly imens Thompson dykkede til en højde på 150 meter og fløj nord for at undgå de libyske fly, en stressende oplevelse da hans S-3A Viking ikke var udstyret med et missilvarslingssytem eller -vildledningssystem - hvilket dog blev rettet på den næste udgave af flyet benævnt S-3B.

Hawkeye-flyet dirigerede de to F-14-fly direkte mod de to libyske fly der begge fløj en nordlig kurs.Martin, David C. and John Walcott. (1988). Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America's War Against Terrorism. Harper and Row, Publishers Inc. s. 69 . Et par sekunder før de to fly passerede hinanden, formodentlig omkring 300 meters afstand, affyrede et libysk fly et AA-2 Atoll missil mod den ene Tomcat. Da flyene passerede hinanden fløj de to Sukhoj-fly hver sin vej rundt tilbage mod den libyske kyst, lederen mod nordvest og følgeflyet drejede mod sydøst. De amerikanske fly undveg missilet og var nu i stand til at gengælde ilden jævnfør deres instrukser for våbenbrug som sagde at man kun måtte skyde i selvforsvar. De to Tomcats drejede hård til bagbord og var nu bag de libyske fly. Amerikanerne affyrede to AIM-9L Sidewinder missiler; den første nedskydning blev tilskrevet Fast Eagle 102 og den anden til Fast Eagle 107''. Det lykkedes begge libyske piloter at skyde sig ud med deres katapultsæder.

Før udskydningerne optog et amerikansk SIGINT-fly radiokommunikationen mellem det ene libyske fly og den libyske flykontrol hvor flyet meddelte at man skudt et missil mod det ene amerikanske fly, men man gav ingen indikation om hvorvidt skuddet var med vilje eller ej. I den officielle United States Navy krigsdagbog står der at det lykkedes begge piloter at skyde sig ud i deres katapultsæder og efterfølgende blive reddet, men i optagelserne fra de amerikanske piloters interne kommunikation siger en pilot at han så en libysk pilot skyde sig ud af flyet, men at hans faldskærm ikke åbnede sig.

Mindre end en time senere, imens Libyen udførte en SAR-operation for de nedskudte piloter, lettede to fuldt bevæbnede MiG-25'ere fra Libyen og fløj ud i Store Syrte med mach 1,5 og udførte endnu et skinangreb mod det amerikanske hangarskib USS Nimitz. To Tomcats fløj ud for at møde de libyske fly som vendte om. De libyske fly vendt om og nærmede sig hangarskibet igen med samme flyveprofil og resultatet var det samme som før. Efter skinangrebet eskorterede de amerikanske Tomcats libyerne ud af området. Libyerne forsøgte sig med endnu et skinangreb senere samme dag.

Se også
 Store Syrte-episoden (1989), en lignende episode der hændte 8 år senere
 Hainan-episoden, en ligende episode der hændte mellem USA og Kina i 2001
 Operation El Dorado Canyon (1986)
 Jernørnen, en film inspireret af hændelsen

Referencer

Bibliografi
 St John, Ronald Bruce. (2002). Libya and the United States: Two Centuries of Strife. University of Pennsylvania Press. .
 Davis, Brian L. (1990). Qaddafi, Terrorism, and the Origins of the U.S. Attack on Libya. Praeger Publishers. .
 Lehman, John F. (2001) [1988]. Command of the Seas. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. .
 Stanik, Joseph T. (2003). El Dorado Canyon: Reagan's Undeclared War with Qaddafi. Naval Institute Press. .
 Martin, David C. and John Walcott. (1988). Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America's War Against Terrorism. Harper and Row, Publishers Inc. .
 Wilcox, Robert K. (1996). Wings of Fury: From Vietnam to the Gulf War – The Astonishing True Stories of America's Elite Fighter Pilots. Pocket Books. .
 Brown, Craig. (2007). Debrief: A Complete History of U.S. Aerial Engagements 1981 to the Present"'. Schiffer Military History. .
 Brown, David F. (1998). Tomcat Alley: A Photographic Roll Call of the Grumman F-14 Tomcat"'. Schiffer Military History. .
 Sanders, Thompson, Bait and switch, Air & Space magazine, Juni/Juli 2012
 Martin, David C. and John Walcott. (1988). Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America's War Against Terrorism. Harper and Row, Publishers Inc. .

Eksterne henvisninger
 Description of the incident
 Air Aces record
 VF-41 Libyan Encounter, 8/19/81 - USS Nimitz, Actual radio chatter recorded from the USS Biddle

Konflikter
Libyens historie
Amerikanske krige
Flyulykker og -hændelser
Begivenheder i 1981

Store Syrte-episoden (1981)


Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018 vil være den 16. udgave af Junior Eurovision Song Contest. Konkurrencen blev afholdt i Minsk i Hviderusland den 25. november 2018.

Deltagende lande
20 lande vil deltage i dette års konkurrence. Disse lande er:

Stemmer

Jury- og onlinestemmer

12 point

2018
Musik i 2018

Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2018


عدنان الحلاق (1 يناير 1980) منشد سوري من مواليد مدينة دمشق اشتهر بالإنشاد الديني وكان أحد المشاركين في مسابقة منشد الشارقة في موسمه الأول وحصد جوائز على أدائه المتميز.

عن حياته
ودلد في مدينة دمشق في 1 يناير 1980 ولقد حفظ القران الكريم وهو بعمر عمر 14 سنه عام 1994 في جامع منجك لدى الشيخ أحمد العسه ولقد كان مؤذنا بعد والده المؤذن عدنان محي الدين الحلاق كما تعلم الإنشاد عن والده محي الدين الحلاق وعن اخوه سعيد الحلاق وعن المنشد الكبير رضوان عريجه ولقد تخرج من كلية الشريعة بجامعة دمشق واسس فرقة الوهاب عام 2000 وشارك ببرنامج منشد الشارقه عام 2006 بالإضافة لمشاركته في حفلي ماجستر ولندن في بريطانيا عام 2008 وفي عام 2014 شارك بحفل في المغرب كما شارك بحفل بباريس بالمركز الثقافي 2012.

أعماله
 شارك في مسلسل باب الحارة بجميع أجزاءه.
 شارك في مسلسل الروح
 شارك في الفدائي (مسلسل)

المراجع

منشدون سوريون
مواليد 1980
مواليد في دمشق

عدنان الحلاق


This timeline of the telephone covers landline, radio, and cellular telephony technologies and provides many important dates in the history of the telephone.

1667 to 1875
 1667: Robert Hooke creates an acoustic string telephone that conveys sounds over a taut extended wire by mechanical vibrations.
 1844: Innocenzo Manzetti first suggests the idea of an electric "speaking telegraph", or telephone.
 1849: Antonio Meucci demonstrates a communicating device to individuals in Havana. It is disputed that this is an electromagnetic telephone, but it is said to involve direct transmission of electricity into the user's body.
 1854: Charles Bourseul publishes a description of a make-and-break telephone transmitter and receiver in L'Illustration, (Paris) but does not construct a working instrument.
 1854: Meucci demonstrates an electric voice-operated device in New York, but it is not clear what kind of device he demonstrated.
 1860: Johann Philipp Reis of Germany demonstrates a make-and-break transmitter after the design of Bourseul and a knitting-needle receiver.  Witnesses said they heard human voices being transmitted.
 1861: Johann Philipp Reis transfers voice electrically over a distance of 340 feet with his Reis telephone. To prove that speech can be recognized successfully at the receiving end, he uses the phrase "The horse does not eat cucumber salad" as an example because this phrase is hard to understand acoustically in German.
 1864: In an attempt to give his musical automaton a voice, Innocenzo Manzetti invents the 'speaking telegraph'. He shows no interest in patenting his device, but it is reported in newspapers.
 1865: Meucci reads of Manzetti's invention and writes to the editors of two newspapers claiming priority and quoting his first experiment in 1849. He writes "I do not wish to deny Mr. Manzetti his invention, I only wish to observe that two thoughts could be found to contain the same discovery, and that by uniting the two ideas one can more easily reach the certainty about a thing this important."
 1871: Meucci files a patent caveat (a statement of intention to file a patent application) for a Sound Telegraph, but it does not describe an electromagnetic telephone.
 1872: Elisha Gray founds the Western Electric Manufacturing Company.
 1872: Professor Vanderwyde demonstrates Reis's telephone in New York.
 July 1873: Thomas Edison notes varying resistance in carbon grains due to pressure, and builds a rheostat based on the principle but abandons it because of its sensitivity to vibration.
 May 1874: Gray invents an electromagnet device for transmitting musical tones. Some of his receivers use a metallic diaphragm.
 July 1874: Alexander Graham Bell conceives the theoretical concept for the telephone while vacationing at his parents' farm near Brantford, Canada. Alexander Melville Bell records notes of his son's conversation in his personal journal.
 29 December 1874: Gray demonstrates his musical tones device and transmits "familiar melodies through telegraph wire" at the Presbyterian Church in Highland Park, Illinois.
 4 May 1875: Bell conceives of using varying resistance in a wire conducting electric current to create a varying current amplitude.
 2 June 1875: Bell transmits the sound of a plucked steel reed using electromagnet instruments.
 1 July 1875: Bell uses a bi-directional "gallows" telephone that was able to transmit "indistinct but voice-like sounds" rather than clear speech. Both the transmitter and the receiver were identical membrane electromagnet instruments.
 1875: Thomas Edison experiments with acoustic telegraphy and, in November, builds an electro-dynamic receiver but does not exploit it.

1876 to 1878

 11 February 1876: Elisha Gray invents a liquid transmitter for use with a telephone, but he did not make one.
 14 February 1876, about 9:30am: Gray or his lawyer brings Gray's patent caveat for the telephone to the Washington, D.C. Patent Office (a caveat was a notice of intention to file a patent application. It was like a patent application, but without a request for examination, for the purpose of notifying the patent office of a possible invention in process).
 14 February 1876, about 11:30am: Bell's lawyer brings to the same patent office Bell's patent application for the telephone.  Bell's lawyer requests that it be registered immediately in the cash receipts blotter.
 14 February 1876, about 1:30pm: Approximately two hours later Elisha Gray's patent caveat is registered in the cash blotter. Although his caveat was not a full application, Gray could have converted it into a patent application and contested Bell's priority, but did not do so because of advice from his lawyer and his involvement with acoustic telegraphy.  The result was that the patent was awarded to Bell.
 7 March 1876: Bell's U.S. Patent, No. 174,465 for the telephone is granted.
 10 March 1876: Bell first successfully transmits speech, saying "Mr. Watson, come here! I want to see you!" using a liquid transmitter as described in Gray's caveat, and Bell's own electromagnetic receiver.
 16 May 1876: Thomas Edison files first patent application for acoustic telegraphy for which U.S. patent 182,996 was granted 10 October 1876.
 25 June 1876: Bell exhibits his telephone at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, where it draws enthusiastic reactions from Emperor Dom Pedro II of Brazil and Lord Kelvin, attracting the attention of the press and resulting in the first announcements of the invention to the general public. Lord Kelvin describes the telephone as "the greatest by far of all the marvels of the electric telegraph".
 10 August 1876: Alexander Graham Bell makes the world's first long-distance telephone call, one-way, not reciprocal, over a distance of about 6 miles, between Brantford and Paris, Ontario, Canada.
 1876: Hungarian Tivadar Puskás invents the telephone switchboard exchange (later working with Edison).
 9 October 1876: Bell makes the first two-way long-distance telephone call between Cambridge and Boston, Massachusetts.
 October 1876: Edison tests his first carbon microphone.
 1877: The first experimental Telephone Exchange in Boston.
 20 January 1877: Edison "first [succeeds] in transmitting over wires many articulated sentences" using carbon granules as a pressure-sensitive varying resistance under the pressure of a diaphragm.
 30 January 1877: Bell's U.S. Patent No. 186,787 is granted for an electromagnetic telephone using permanent magnets, iron diaphragms, and a call bell.
 4 March 1877: Emile Berliner invents a microphone based on "loose contact" between two metal electrodes, an improvement on Reis' Telephone, and in April 1877 files a caveat of an invention in process.
 April 1877: A telephone line connects the workshop of Charles Williams, Jr., located in Boston, to his house in Somerville, Massachusetts, at 109 Court Street in Boston, where Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Watson had previously experimented with their telephone. The telephones became No. 1 and 2 in the Bell Telephone Company.
 27 April 1877: Edison files telephone patent applications. U.S. patents (Nos. 474,230, 474,231 and 474,232) were awarded to Edison in 1892 over the competing claims of Alexander Graham Bell, Emile Berliner, Elisha Gray, Amos Dolbear, J.W. McDonagh, G.B. Richmond, W.L.W. Voeker, J.H. Irwin and Francis Blake Jr. Edison's carbon granules transmitter and Bell's electromagnetic receiver are used, with improvements, by the Bell system for many decades thereafter.
 4 June 1877: Emile Berliner files telephone patent application that includes a carbon microphone transmitter.
 9 July 1877: The Bell Telephone Company, a common law joint-stock company, is organized  by Alexander Graham Bell's future father-in-law Gardiner Greene Hubbard, a lawyer who becomes its first president.
 6 October 1877: the Scientific American publishes the invention from Bell – at that time still without a ringer.
 25 October 1877: the article in the Scientific American is discussed at the Telegraphenamt in Berlin
 November 1877: First permanent telephone connection in UK between two business in Manchester using imported Bell instruments.
 12 November 1877: The first commercial telephone company enters telephone business in Friedrichsberg close to Berlin using the Siemens pipe as ringer and telephone devices built by Siemens.
 1 December 1877: Western Union enters the telephone business using Edison's superior carbon microphone transmitter.
 14 January 1878: Bell demonstrates the device to Queen Victoria and gives her an opportunity to try it. Calls are made to Cowes, Southampton and London, the first long-distance calls in the UK. The queen asks to buy the equipment that was used, but Bell offers to make a model specifically for her.
 28 January 1878: The first commercial North American telephone exchange is opened in New Haven, Connecticut.
 4 February 1878: Edison demonstrates the telephone between Menlo Park, New Jersey and Philadelphia.
 14 June 1878: The Telephone Company (Bell's Patents) Ltd. is registered in London. Opened in London on 21 August 1879, it is Europe's first telephone exchange, followed a couple of weeks later by one in Manchester.
 12 September 1878: the Bell Telephone Company sues Western Union for infringing Bell's patents.
 1878: The first Australian telephone trials were made between Semaphore and Kapunda (and later Adelaide and Port Adelaide) in South Australia.

1879 to 1919
 Early months of 1879: The Bell Telephone Company is near bankruptcy and desperate to get a transmitter to equal Edison's carbon transmitter.
 17 February 1879: Bell Telephone merges with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company. Theodore Vail takes over operations.
 1879: Francis Blake invents a carbon transmitter similar to Edison's that saves the Bell company from extinction.
 2 August 1879: The Edison Telephone Company London Ltd, registered. Opened in London 6 September 1879.
 10 September 1879: Connolly and McTighe patent a "dial" telephone exchange (limited in the number of lines to the number of positions on the dial.).
 1879: The International Bell Telephone Company (IBTC) of Brussels, Belgium was founded by Bell Telephone Company president Gardiner Greene Hubbard, initially to sell imported telephones and switchboards in Continental Europe.  International Bell rapidly evolved into an important European telephone service provider and manufacturer, with major operations in several countries.
 19 February 1880: The photophone, also called a radiophone, is invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and Charles Sumner Tainter at Bell's Volta Laboratory. The device allowed for the transmission of sound on a beam of light.
 20 March 1880: National Bell Telephone merges with others to form the American Bell Telephone Company.
 1 April 1880: world's first wireless telephone call on Bell and Tainter's photophone (distant precursor to fiber-optic communications) from the Franklin School in Washington, D.C. to the window of Bell's laboratory, 213 meters away.
 1 July 1881: The world's first international telephone call is made between St. Stephen, New Brunswick, Canada, and Calais, Maine, United States.
 11 October 1881: The Sydney telephone exchange opened with 12 subscribers.
 1882: A telephone company—an American Bell Telephone Company affiliate—is set up in Mexico City.
 14 May 1883: The Adelaide exchange was opened, with 48 subscribers.
 7 September 1883: The Port Adelaide exchange was opened, with 21 subscribers.
 4 September 1884: Opening of telephone service between New York and Boston (235 miles).
 3 March 1885: The American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T) is incorporated as the long-distance division of American Bell Telephone Company. It will become the head of the Bell System on the last day of 1899.
 1886: Gilliland's Automatic circuit changer is put into service between Worcester and Leicester featuring the first operator dialing allowing one operator to run two exchanges.
 1887: Tivadar Puskás introduced the multiplex switchboard, that had an epochal significance in the further development of telephone exchange.
 13 January 1887: the Government of the United States moves to annul the master patent issued to Alexander Graham Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. The case, known as the 'Government Case', is later dropped after it was revealed that the U.S. Attorney General, Augustus Hill Garland had been given millions of dollars of stock in the company trying to unseat Bell's telephone patent.
 1888: Telephone patent court cases are confirmed by the Supreme Court, see The Telephone Cases
 1889: AT&T becomes the overall holding company for all the Bell companies.
 2 November 1889: A.G. Smith patents a telegraph switch which provides for trunks between groups of selectors allowing for the first time, fewer trunks than there are lines, and automatic selection of an idle trunk.
 10 March 1891: Almon Strowger patents the Strowger switch the first Automatic telephone exchange.
 30 October 1891: The independent Strowger Automatic Telephone Exchange Company is formed.
 3 May 1892: Thomas Edison awarded patents for the carbon microphone based on applications lodged in 1877.
 18 October 1892: Opening of telephone service between New York and Chicago (950 miles).
 3 November 1892: The first Strowger switch goes into operation in LaPorte, Indiana, with 75 subscribers and capacity for 99.
 30 January 1894: The second fundamental Bell patent for the telephone expires; Independent telephone companies established, and independent manufacturing companies (Stromberg-Carlson in 1894 and Kellogg Switchboard & Supply Company in 1897).
 30 December 1899: American Bell Telephone Company is purchased by its own long-distance subsidiary, American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T) to bypass state regulations limiting capitalization. AT&T assumes leadership role of the Bell System.
 25 December 1900: John W. Atkins, the manager at International Ocean Telegraph Company (IOTC), a subsidiary of Western Union Telegraph Company made the first international telephone call over telegraph cable at 09:55 from his office in Key West to Havana, Cuba. Atkins was reported in the Florida Times Union and Citizen as saying, "For a long time there was no sound, except the roar heard at night sometimes, caused by electric light current." He continued calling Cuba and finally came back the words, clear and distinct: "I don't understand you."
 27 February 1901: United States Court of Appeal declares void Emile Berliner's patent for a telephone transmitter used by the Bell telephone system
 1902: The first Australian interstate calls between Mount Gambier and Nelson.
 26 February 1914: Boston-Washington underground cable commenced commercial service.
 16 January 1915: The first automatic Panel exchange was installed at the Mulberry Central Office in Newark, New Jersey; but was a semi-automatic system using non-dial telephones.
 25 January 1915: First transcontinental telephone call (3600 miles), with Thomas Augustus Watson at 333 Grant Avenue in San Francisco receiving a call from Alexander Graham Bell at 15 Dey Street in New York City, facilitated by a newly invented vacuum tube amplifier.
 21 October 1915: First transmission of speech across the Atlantic Ocean by radiotelephone from Arlington, Virginia to Paris, France.
 1919: The first rotary dial telephones in the Bell System installed in Norfolk, Virginia. Telephones that lacked dials and touch-tone pads were no longer made by the Bell System after 1978.
 1919: AT&T conducts more than 4,000 measurements of people's heads to gauge the best dimensions of standard headsets so that callers' lips would be near the microphone when holding handsets up to their ears.

1920 to 1969
 16 July 1920: World's first radiotelephone service commences public service between Los Angeles and Santa Catalina Island.
 11 April 1921: Opening of deep sea cable from Key West, Florida, to Havana, Cuba (115 miles).
 22 December 1923: Opening of second transcontinental telephone line via a southern route.
 7 March 1926: First transatlantic telephone call, from London to New York.
 7 January 1927: Transatlantic telephone service inaugurated for commercial service (3500 miles).
 17 January 1927: Opening of third transcontinental telephone line via a northern route.
 7 April 1927: world's first videophone call via an electro-mechanical AT&T unit, from Washington, D.C. to New York City, by then-Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover.
8 December 1929: Opening of commercial ship-to-shore telephone service.
3 April 1930: Opening of transoceanic telephone service to Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay and subsequently to all other South American countries.
1931: The Ericsson DBH 1001 telephone was the first telephone without a separate ringer box.
25 April 1935: First telephone call around the world by wire and radio.
1937: The Western Electric type 302 telephone becomes available for service in the United States.
8 December 1937: Opening of fourth transcontinental telephone line.
1941: Multi-frequency dialing introduced for operators in Baltimore, Maryland
1942: Telephone production is halted at Western Electric until 1945 for civilian distribution due to the retooling of factories for military equipment during World War II.
1946: National Numbering Plan (area codes)
1946: first commercial mobile phone call
1946: Bell Labs develops the germanium point-contact transistor
1947: December, W. Rae Young and Douglas H. Ring, Bell Labs engineers, proposed hexagonal cells for provisioning of mobile telephone service.
1948: Phil Porter, a Bell Labs engineer, proposed that cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas pointing in 3 directions.
1950: The Western Electric Type 500 telephone becomes available in the United States after announcement in 1949.
30 June 1948: First public demonstration of the transistor by Bell Telephone Laboratories.
10 November 1951: direct distance dialing (DDD) first offered on trial basis at Englewood, New Jersey, to 11 selected major cities across the United States; this service grew rapidly across major cities during the 1950s
1955: the laying of trans-Atlantic cable TAT-1 began – 36 circuits, later increased to 48 by reducing the bandwidth from 4 kHz to 3 kHz
1958: Modems used for direct connection via voice phone lines
1959: The Princess telephone is introduced in the Bell System in the United States.
1959: UKs first public car radio-telephone service opens in Liverpool and Manchester
1959: Mohamed M. Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Telephone Laboratories invent the metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, or MOS transistor), which later enables the rapid development and wide adoption of pulse-code modulation (PCM) digital telephony.
1960: Bell Labs conducts extensive field trial of an electronic central office in Morris, Illinois, known at the Morris System.
1960s: Bell Labs developed the electronics for cellular phones
1961: Initiation of Touch-Tone service trials
1962: T-1 service in Skokie, Illinois
18 November 1963: AT&T commences the first subscriber Touch-Tone service in the towns of Carnegie and Greensburg, Pennsylvania, using push-button telephones that replaced rotary dial instruments.
31 May 1965: The world's first electronic switching system commences commercial service in Succasunna, New Jersey, in form of the 1ESS.
1965: first geosynchronous communications satellite – 240 circuits or one TV signal
1965: The Trimline telephone is introduced by Western Electric for use in the Bell System.

1970 to 1999

1970: ESS-2 electronic switch.
1970: modular telephone cords and jacks introduced.
1970: Amos E. Joel, Jr. of Bell Labs invented the "call handoff" system for "cellular mobile communication system" (patent granted 1972).
1970: British companies Pye TMC, Marconi-Elliott and GEC develop the digital push-button telephone, based on metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuit (IC) technology. It uses MOS memory chips to store phone numbers, which could then be used for speed dialing.
1971: AT&T submitted a proposal for cellular phone service to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
3 April 1973: Motorola employee Martin Cooper placed the first hand-held cell phone call to Joel Engel, head of research at AT&T's Bell Labs, while talking on the first Motorola DynaTAC prototype.
1973: packet switched voice connections over ARPANET with Network Voice Protocol (NVP).
1973: Bell Labs combined MOS technology with touch-tone technology to develop a push-button MOS touch-tone phone called the "Touch-O-Matic" telephone, which uses MOS integrated circuit chips and could store up to 32 phone numbers.
1974: David A. Hodges, Paul R. Gray and R.E. Suarez at UC Berkeley  develop MOS mixed-signal integrated circuit technology, in the form of the MOS switched capacitor (SC) circuit, which they use to develop the digital-to-analog converter (DAC) chip used in digital telephony.
1975: Paul R. Gray and J. McCreary develop the analog-to-digital converter (ADC) MOS chip, used in digital telephony.
1976: Kazuo Hashimoto invented Caller ID
1978: Bell Labs launched a trial of the first commercial cellular network in Chicago using Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS).
1978: World's first NMT phone call in Tampere, Finland.
1979: VoIP – NVP running on top of early versions of IP
1980: W.C. Black and David A. Hodges develop the silicon-gate CMOS (complementary MOS) pulse-code modulation (PCM) codec-filter chip, which has since been the industry standard for digital telephony, widely used in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) as well as cordless telephones and cell phones.
1981: The world's first fully automatic mobile phone system NMT is started in Sweden and Norway.
1981: BT introduces the British Telephone Sockets system.
1982: FCC approved AT&T proposal for AMPS and allocated frequencies in the 824-894 MHz band.
1982: Caller ID patented by Carolyn Doughty, Bell Labs
1983: last manual telephone switchboard in Maine is retired
1984: AT&T completes the divestiture of its local operating companies.  This forms a new AT&T (long-distance service and equipment sales) and the Baby Bells.
1987: ADSL introduced
1988: First transatlantic fiber optic cable TAT-8, carrying 40,000 circuits
1990: analog AMPS was superseded by Digital AMPS.
1991: the GSM mobile phone network is started in Finland, with the first phone call in Tampere.
1993: Telecom Relay Service available for the disabled
1994: The IBM Simon becomes the first smartphone on the market.
1995: Caller ID implemented nationally in USA
1999: creation of the Asterisk Private branch exchange

2000 to present

 11 June 2002: Antonio Meucci is recognized for "...his work in the invention of the telephone" (but not "...for inventing the telephone") by the United States House of Representatives, in United States HRes. 269.
 21 June 2002: The Parliament of Canada responds by passing a motion unanimously 10 days later recognizing Alexander Graham Bell as the inventor of the telephone.
 2005: Mink, Louisiana, finally receives traditional landline telephone service (one of the last in the United States).

See also

 Bell Telephone Memorial, a major monument dedicated to the invention of the telephone
 History of the telephone
 History of mobile phones
 Invention of the telephone
 Push-button telephone
 Telephone
 Elisha Gray and Alexander Bell telephone controversy

Notes

Bibliography

 Bourseul, Charles (1854), Transmission électrique de la parole, Paris: L'Illustration, 26 August 1854.
 Thompson, Sylvanus P. (1883), Philipp Reis, Inventor of the Telephone, London: E. & F. N. Spon, 1883.
 Coe, Lewis (1995), The Telephone and Its Several Inventors: A History, North Carolina: McFarland, 1995.
 Baker, Burton H. (2000), The Gray Matter: The Forgotten Story of the Telephone, Telepress, St. Joseph, Michigan, 2000.
 Josephson, Matthew (1992), Edison: A Biography, Wiley,
 Bruce, Robert V. (1990), Bell: Alexander Bell and the Conquest of Solitude, Cornell University Press, 1990.
 Farley, Tom (2007), "The Cell-Phone Revolution", Invention & Technology, Winter 2007, vol. 22:3, pages 8–19.

External links
Telephone Early Patents and Caveats

Library of Congress essay on first transatlantic telephone call.
American Treasures of the Library of Congress, Alexander Graham Bell - Lab notebook I, pages 40-41 (image 22)

Telephone
History of the telephone

Timeline of the telephone


An Neohouzeaua fimbriata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Dransfield. An Neohouzeaua fimbriata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neohouzeaua, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Neohouzeaua

Neohouzeaua fimbriata


Rue Fritz peut désigner :
 la rue Fritz à Strasbourg
 la rue Fritz-Kiener, également à Strasbourg
 la rue Fritz Toussaint à Ixelles en Belgique.

Rue Fritz


Cevapsız Çınlama (română: Apeluri fără răspuns) este single-ul de debut al cântăreței turce Aleyna Tilki, lansat în colaborare cu DJ-ul Emrah Karaduman. Versurile piesei sunt scrise de Gökhan Șahin, iar muzica este compusă de Emrah Karaduman. Piesa, însoțită de un videoclip, a fost lansată pe 19 august 2016 de casa de discuri Doğan Music Company. Piesa s-a viralizat rapid în social media și a ajuns până pe locul 2 în MusicTopTR.

Videoclip
Videoclipul piesei a fost lansat pe 19 august 2016 pe pagina de YouTube a netd, website deținut de Doğan Holding. Cu peste 412 milioane de vizionări, este cel mai accesat videoclip al unui artist turc pe platformă. Videoclipul filmat în Istanbul a fost regizat de Serdar Börcan.

În iunie 2017, videoclipul a fost șters de pe YouTube din cauza încălcării drepturilor de autor. Emrah Karaduman și Aleyna Tilki au clarificat ulterior că a fost vorba de o greșeală.

Topuri

Lansări

Note

Cântece din 2016
Cântece turcești

Cevapsız Çınlama


Madam C. J. Walker (born Sarah Breedlove; December 23, 1867 – May 25, 1919) was an African American entrepreneur, philanthropist, and political and social activist. She is recorded as the first female self-made millionaire in America in the Guinness Book of World Records. Multiple sources mention that although other women (like Mary Ellen Pleasant) might have been the first, their wealth is not as well-documented.

Walker made her fortune by developing and marketing a line of cosmetics and hair care products for black women through the business she founded, Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She became known also for her philanthropy and activism. She made financial donations to numerous organizations such as the NAACP, and became a patron of the arts. Villa Lewaro, Walker's lavish estate in Irvington, New York, served as a social gathering place for the African-American community. At the time of her death, she was considered the wealthiest African-American businesswoman and wealthiest self-made black woman in America. Her name was a version of "Mrs. Charles Joseph Walker", after her third husband.

Early life
Sarah Breedlove was born on  December 23, 1867, close to Delta, Louisiana. Her parents were Owen and Minerva (Anderson) Breedlove. She had five siblings, who included an older sister, Louvenia, and four brothers: Alexander, James, Solomon, and Owen Jr. Robert W. Burney, primarily of European ancestry, enslaved her older siblings on his Madison Parish plantation. Sarah was the first child in her family born into freedom after President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation. Her mother died in 1872, likely from cholera; an epidemic traveled with river passengers up the Mississippi, reaching Tennessee and related areas in 1873. Her father remarried but died a year later.

She was orphaned at the age of seven. Sarah moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi, at the age of 10, where she lived with Louvenia and her brother-in-law, Jesse Powell. She started working as a child as a domestic servant.
"I had little or no opportunity when I started out in life, having been left an orphan and being without mother or father since I was seven years of age," she often recounted. She also recounted that she had only three months of formal education, which she learned during Sunday school literacy lessons at the church she attended during her earlier years.

Personal life

Marriage and family
In 1882, at the age of 14, Sarah married Moses McWilliams, whose age was unknown, to escape abuse from her brother-in-law, Jesse Powell. Sarah and Moses had one daughter, A'Lelia , who was born on June 6, 1885. When Moses died in 1887, Sarah was twenty and Lelia was two. Sarah remarried in 1894, but left her second husband, John Davis, around 1903.

In January 1906, Sarah married Charles Joseph Walker, a newspaper advertising salesman she had known in St. Louis, Missouri. Through this marriage, she became known as Madam C. J. Walker. The couple divorced in 1912; Charles died in 1926. Lelia McWilliams adopted her stepfather's surname and became known as A'Lelia Walker.

Religion
Walker was a Christian. Her Christian faith had a big impact on her philanthropy.

Career

In 1888, she and her daughter moved to St. Louis, where three of her brothers lived. Sarah found work as a laundress, earning barely more than a dollar a day. She was determined to make enough money to provide her daughter with formal education. During the 1880's, she lived in a community where Ragtime music was developed; she sang at St. Paul African Methodist Episcopal Church and started to yearn for an educated life as she watched the community of women at her church.

Sarah suffered severe dandruff and other scalp ailments, including baldness, due to skin disorders and the application of harsh products to cleanse hair and wash clothes. Other contributing factors to her hair loss included poor diet, illnesses, and infrequent bathing and hair washing during a time when most Americans lacked indoor plumbing, central heating, and electricity.

Initially, Sarah learned about hair care from her brothers, who were barbers in St. Louis. Around the time of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition (World's Fair at St. Louis in 1904), she became a commission agent selling products for Annie Malone, an African-American hair-care entrepreneur, millionaire, and owner of the Poro Company. Sales at the exposition were a disappointment since the African-American community was largely ignored.

While working for Malone, who would later become Walker's largest rival in the hair-care industry, Sarah began to take her new knowledge and develop her own product line. In July 1905, when she was 37 years old, Sarah and her daughter moved to Denver, Colorado, where she continued to sell products for Malone and develop her own hair-care business. A controversy developed between Annie Malone and Sarah because Malone accused Sarah of stealing her formula, a mixture of petroleum jelly and sulfur that had been in use for a hundred years.

Following her marriage to Charles Walker in 1906, Sarah became known as Madam C. J. Walker. She marketed herself as an independent hairdresser and retailer of cosmetic creams. ("Madam" was adopted from women pioneers of the French beauty industry.) Her husband, who was also her business partner, provided advice on advertising and promotion; Sarah sold her products door to door, teaching other black women how to groom and style their hair.

In 1906, Walker put her daughter in charge of the mail-order operation in Denver while she and her husband traveled throughout the southern and eastern United States to expand the business. In 1908, Walker and her husband relocated to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where they opened a beauty parlor and established Lelia College to train "hair culturists". As an advocate of black women's economic independence, she opened training programs in the "Walker System" for her national network of licensed sales agents who earned healthy commissions (Michaels, PhD. 2015).

After Walker closed the business in Denver in 1907, A'Lelia joined her in Pittsburgh. In 1910, when Walker established a new base in Indianapolis, A'Lelia ran the day-to-day operations in Pittsburgh. A'Lelia also persuaded her mother to establish an office and beauty salon in New York City's growing Harlem neighborhood in 1913; it became a center of African-American culture.

In 1910, Walker relocated her businesses to Indianapolis, where she established the headquarters for the Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company. She initially purchased a house and factory at 640 North West Street. Walker later built a factory, hair salon, and beauty school to train her sales agents, and added a laboratory to help with research. She also assembled a staff that included Freeman Ransom, Robert Lee Brokenburr, Alice Kelly, and Marjorie Joyner, among others, to assist in managing the growing company. Many of her company's employees, including those in key management and staff positions, were women.

Walker's method of grooming was designed to promote hair growth and to condition the scalp through the use of her products. The system included a shampoo, a pomade stated to help hair grow, strenuous brushing, and applying iron combs to hair; the method claimed to make lackluster and brittle hair become soft and luxuriant. Walker's product line had several competitors. Similar products were produced in Europe and manufactured by other companies in the United States, which included her major rivals, Annie Turnbo Malone's Poro System from which she derived her original formula and later, Sarah Spencer Washington's Apex System.

Between 1911 and 1919, during the height of her career, Walker and her company employed several thousand women as sales agents for its products. By 1917, the company claimed to have trained nearly 20,000 women. While some sources have written that the women dressed in a characteristic uniform of white shirts and black skirts and carried black satchels, there is nothing in the Walker Beauty School manual that verifies that. Others have written the agents focused on door-to-door sales as they visited houses around the United States and in the Caribbean offering Walker's hair pomade and other products packaged in tin containers carrying her image, but the more common scenario is that the Walker beauty culturists demonstrated their products in their homes and beauty salons because they needed a source of water to be able to show how the products worked. Walker understood the power of advertising and brand awareness. Heavy advertising, primarily in African-American newspapers and magazines, in addition to Walker's frequent travels to promote her products, helped make Walker and her products well known in the United States.

In addition to training in sales and grooming, Walker showed other black women how to budget, build their own businesses, and encouraged them to become financially independent. In 1917, inspired by the model of the National Association of Colored Women, Walker began organizing her sales agents into state and local clubs. The result was the establishment of the National Beauty Culturists and Benevolent Association of Madam C. J. Walker Agents (predecessor to the Madam C. J. Walker Beauty Culturists Union of America).

Its first annual conference convened in Philadelphia during the summer of 1917 with 200 attendees. The conference is believed to have been among the first national gatherings of women entrepreneurs to discuss business and commerce. During the convention Walker gave prizes to women who had sold the most products and brought in the most new sales agents. She also rewarded those who made the largest contributions to charities in their communities.

Walker's name became even more widely known by the 1920s, after her death, as her company's business market expanded beyond the United States to Cuba, Jamaica, Haiti, Panama, and Costa Rica.

Activism and philanthropy

As Walker's wealth and notoriety increased, she became more vocal about her views. In 1912, Walker addressed an annual gathering of the National Negro Business League (NNBL) from the convention floor, where she declared: "I am a woman who came from the cotton fields of the South. From there, I was promoted to the washtub. From there, I was promoted to the cook kitchen. And from there, I promoted myself into the business of manufacturing hair goods and preparations. I have built my own factory on my own ground." The following year she addressed convention-goers from the podium as a keynote speaker.

She helped raise funds to establish a branch of YMCA in Indianapolis's black community, pledging $1,000 to the building fund for Senate Avenue YMCA. Walker also contributed scholarship funds to the Tuskegee Institute. Other beneficiaries included Indianapolis's Flanner House and Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church; Mary McLeod Bethune's Daytona Education and Industrial School for Negro Girls (which later became Bethune-Cookman University) in Daytona Beach, Florida; the Palmer Memorial Institute in North Carolina; and the Haines Normal and Industrial Institute in Georgia. Walker was also a patron of the arts.

About 1913, Walker's daughter, A'Lelia, moved to a new townhouse in Harlem, and in 1916, Walker joined her in New York, leaving the day-to-day operation of her company to her management team in Indianapolis. In 1917, Walker commissioned Vertner Tandy, the first licensed black architect in New York City and a founding member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity, to design her house in Irvington-on-Hudson, New York. Walker intended for Villa Lewaro, which cost $250,000 to build, to become a gathering place for community leaders and to inspire other African Americans to pursue their dreams. She moved into the house in May 1918 and hosted an opening event to honor Emmett Jay Scott, at that time the Assistant Secretary for Negro Affairs of the U.S. Department of War.

Walker became more involved in political matters after her move to New York. She delivered lectures on political, economic, and social issues at conventions sponsored by powerful black institutions. Her friends and associates included Booker T. Washington, Mary McLeod Bethune, and W. E. B. Du Bois. During World War I, Walker was a leader in the Circle For Negro War Relief and advocated for the establishment of a training camp for black army officers. In 1917, she joined the executive committee of New York chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), which organized the Silent Protest Parade on New York City's Fifth Avenue. The public demonstration drew more than 8,000 African Americans to protest a riot in East Saint Louis that killed 39 African-Americans. Also, from 1917 until her death she was a member of the Committee of Management of the Harlem YWCA, influencing development of training in beauty skills to young women by the organisation.

Profits from her business significantly impacted Walker's contributions to her political and philanthropic interests. In 1918, the National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC) honored Walker for making the largest individual contribution to help preserve Frederick Douglass's Anacostia house. Before her death in 1919, Walker pledged $5,000 (the equivalent of about $77,700 in 2019) to the NAACP's anti-lynching fund. At the time, it was the largest gift from an individual that the NAACP had ever received. Walker bequeathed nearly $100,000 to orphanages, institutions, and individuals; her will directed two-thirds of future net profits of her estate to charity.

Death and legacy

Walker died on May 25, 1919, from kidney failure and complications of hypertension at the age of 51. Walker's remains are interred in Woodlawn Cemetery in the Bronx, New York City.

At the time of her death, Walker was considered to be worth between a half million and a million dollars. She was the wealthiest African-American woman in America. According to Walker's obituary in The New York Times, "she said herself two years ago [in 1917] that she was not yet a millionaire, but hoped to be some time, not that she wanted the money for herself, but for the good she could do with it." The obituary also noted that same year, her $250,000 mansion was completed at the banks of the Hudson at Irvington. Her daughter, A'Lelia Walker, later became the president of the Madam C. J. Walker Manufacturing Company.

Walker's personal papers are preserved at the Indiana Historical Society in Indianapolis. Her legacy also continues through two properties listed on the National Register of Historic Places: Villa Lewaro in Irvington, New York, and the Madame Walker Theatre Center in Indianapolis. Villa Lewaro was sold following A'Lelia Walker's death to a fraternal organization called the Companions of the Forest in America in 1932. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. The National Trust for Historic Preservation has designated the privately owned property a National Treasure.

Indianapolis's Walker Manufacturing Company headquarters building, renamed the Madame Walker Theatre Center, opened in December 1927. It included the company's offices and factory as well as a theater, beauty school, hair salon and barbershop, restaurant, drugstore, and a ballroom for the community. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.

A museum in Atlanta is devoted to Walker, as well as historic radio station WERD.  Established in 2004, the museum is located at the site of a former Madam C. J. Walker Beauty Shoppe.

In 2006, playwright and director Regina Taylor wrote The Dreams of Sarah Breedlove, recounting the history of Walker's struggles and success. The play premiered at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. Actress L. Scott Caldwell played the role of Walker.

On January 31, 2022, Sundial Brands, a division of Unilever, launched a collection of eleven new products under the brand name MADAM by Madam C. J. Walker and sold exclusively at Walmart. These products replace the line that was launched on March 4, 2016, by Sundial Brands, a skincare and haircare company, in collaboration with Sephora in honor of Walker's legacy. The line, titled "Madam C. J. Walker Beauty Culture", comprised four collections and focused on the use of natural ingredients to care for different types of hair.

TV series
In 2020, actress Octavia Spencer committed to portray Walker in a TV series based on On Her Own Ground, the biography of Walker written by Walker's great-great-granddaughter, A'Lelia Bundles. The series is called Self Made: Inspired by the Life of Madam C. J. Walker. Reviews for the series were mixed, partly because of the inaccuracies of the storyline that created more of a fictional work than an authentic biography. The portrayal of Annie Malone as Addie Monroe, another black female self-made millionaire as a villain and the daughter of Walker as a lesbian were some of the complaints by audiences. Biographer A'Lelia Bundles wrote about the behind-the-scenes experience of producing Self Made in "Netflix's Self-Made Suffers from Self-Inflicted Wounds".

Documentary
Madam Walker is featured in Stanley Nelson's 1987 documentary, Two Dollars and a Dream, the first film treatment of Walker's life.  As the grandson of Freeman B. Ransom, Madam Walker's attorney and Walker Company general manager, Nelson had access to original Walker business records and former Walker Company employees whom he interviewed during the 1980s.

Tributes
Various scholarships and awards have been named in Walker's honor:
 The Madam C. J. Walker Business and Community Recognition Awards are sponsored by the National Coalition of 100 Black Women, Oakland / Bay Area chapter. An annual luncheon honors Walker and awards outstanding women in the community with scholarships.
 Spirit Awards have sponsored the Madame Walker Theatre Center in Indianapolis. Established as a tribute to Walker, the annual award has honored national leaders in entrepreneurship, philanthropy, civic engagement, and the arts since 2006. Awards presented to individuals include the Madame C. J. Walker Heritage Award as well as young entrepreneur and legacy prizes.

Walker was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1993. In 1998, the U.S. Postal Service issued a Madam Walker commemorative stamp as part of its Black Heritage Series. In 2022, Mattel issued a Madam C.J. Walker Barbie doll as part of their Inspiring Women doll collection.

References

Further reading

Adult nonfiction

Juvenile nonfiction

 Bundles, A'Lelia (2018). All About Madam C.J. Walker. Indianapolis, Indiana: Blue River Press.

Adult fiction

External links

  (Walker's political activism and philanthropy)
 On Her Own Ground: Madame C. J. Walker. C-SPAN. January 27, 2001. (Book discussion)

  (Part 1)
  (Indiana Bicentennial Minute, 2016)
  (Part 1 of 5) Villa Lewaro, Irvington-on-Hudson, New York
 Michals, Debra. "Madam C. J. Walker". National Women's History Museum. 2015.

1867 births
1919 deaths
African-American company founders
African-American history of Colorado
American women company founders
African-American women in business
Beauticians
Burials at Woodlawn Cemetery (Bronx, New York)
Businesspeople from Louisiana
Deaths from hypertension
Businesspeople from Denver
Businesspeople from Indianapolis
People from Irvington, New York
People from Madison Parish, Louisiana
Businesspeople from St. Louis
Philanthropists from New York (state)
Deaths from kidney failure
African-American history of Westchester County, New York

Madam C. J. Walker


Javier Sicilia Zardain (født 30. maj 1956 i Mexico City) er en mexicansk forfatter. Siden 2011 er han kendt for sin aktivisme efter mordet på sin søn og seks andre drenge i Temixco.
Hans litterære hobby kommer fra sin far, og han studerede filosofi på UNAM.

Præmie
 1990 - Premio Ariel
 1993 - Premio Nacional de Literatura José Fuentes Mares
 2009 - Premio Nacional de Poesía Aguascalientes
 2011 - Global Exchange People's Choice Award
 2011 - Presea Corazón de león
 2011 – Person of the year, Time magazine "
 2012 - XX Premio "Don Sergio Méndez Arceo"
 2012 - Premio Voz de los Sin Voz
 2017 -Premio Pakal de Oro
 2018 - Reconocimiento Juan Gelman

Bøger
Poesi
 Permanencia en los puertos (1982)
 La presencia desierta (1985)
 Oro (1990)
 Trinidad (1992)
 Vigilias (1994)
 Resurrección (1995)
 Pascua (2000)
 Lectio (2004)
 Tríptico del Desierto (2009)
 Vestigios (2013)
Prosa
 El bautista (1991)
 El reflejo de lo oscuro F.C.E (1998)
 Viajeros en la noche (1999)
 A través del silencio (2002)
 La confesión (2008)
 El fondo de la noche (2012)
 El deshabitado (2016)

Referencer

Forfattere fra Mexico

Javier Sicilia


Helmut Bätzner (* 2. Januar 1928 in Nagold; † 21. Januar 2010 in Karlsruhe) war ein deutscher Architekt und Designer, der in Karlsruhe lebte und wirkte.

Leben und Wirken

Helmut Bätzner machte zunächst eine Lehre als Tischler. Im Anschluss studierte an der Technischen Hochschule Stuttgart Architektur. Er war Schüler und Büromitarbeiter von Rolf Gutbrod, mit dem er Bauten in Berlin und Köln realisierte. 1962/1963 war Bätzner Stipendiat an der Villa Massimo in Rom. Seit 1964 war er als freier Architekt und Designer tätig; bis 1966 lehrte er als Dozent an der Werkkunstschule Krefeld.

1964 erhielt Bätzner nach einem Architekturwettbewerb den Auftrag für den Neubau des Badischen Staatstheaters in Karlsruhe. Der Bau begann jedoch erst 1970 und war 1975 vollendet. Ebenfalls aus den 1970er Jahren stammt sein Bau des Gemeindezentrums bei der Pfarrkirche St. Stephan. Gemeinsam mit Karl Heinz Götz errichtete er zwischen 1976 und 1980 Bürogebäude für den Badischen Gemeinde-Versicherungs-Verband und den Badischen Gemeinde-Unfallversicherungs-Verband in Karlsruhe. In Rastatt leitete er Anfang der 1990er-Jahre den Umbau der Fruchthalle zur Kunstgalerie.

Im Zusammenhang mit den Planungen für das Badische Staatstheater entwarf Bätzners Büro 1964–1966 den Bofinger-Stuhl, der als erster serienmäßig produzierter einteiliger Kunststoffstuhl gilt. Er wurde mit der Modellnummer BA 1171 bis 1984 von der Firma Bofinger hergestellt und diente als Vorbild für zahllose andere Plastikstühle. Mehrere internationale Kunstmuseen nahmen ihn in ihre Sammlungen auf.

Weblinks

 Helmut Bätzner im Stadtlexikon Karlsruhe

Einzelnachweise

Architekt (Karlsruhe)
Industriedesigner
Deutscher
Geboren 1928
Gestorben 2010
Mann

Helmut Bätzner


فاكروشيفو  هي مدينة في مقاطعة تشيليابينسك أوبلاست في روسيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 4065 نسمة.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة تشيليابنسك

فاكروشيفو


إنفا مولا (بالألبانية:Inva Mula) (مواليد 1963) مغنية سوبرانو أوبرالية ولدت في تيرانا، ألبانيا لأسرة فنية، حيث بدأت دراسة الموسيقى في سن مبكرة. والدها هو أفني مولا (مواليد 1928) الموسيقي والمغن الألباني المولود في دجياكوفا في كوسوفو وهي متزوجة من الموسيقي بيرو تشاكو.

المهنة

في العام 1982 ربحت جائزة مسابقة الكانتانتي ديالبانيا "Cantante d'Albania" في تيرانا، وفي 1988 فازت بمسابقة جورج اينيسكو في بوخارست. وفي 1992 فازت بمسابقة «الفراشة» في برشلونة. كما حصلت على جائزة أول دورة في المسابقة التي أسسها بالاثيدو دومينغو والتي تحمل اسم أوبراليا، مسابقة الأوبرا العالمية التي تأسست في العام 1993.

قدمت لاحقا العديد من الحفلات في أوبرا الباستيل في باريس، كذلك مع اليوروبيليا "Europalia" في بروكسل. في 1996 قدمت أوبرا ميديا "Médée" من ألحان لويدجي تشيروبيني.

ولعل أشهر غناء لمولا بث عبر السينما الغربية كان أداؤها في دور «ديفا» في فيلم العنصر الخامس "The Fifth Element" الذي عرض في 1997 من إخراج لوك بيسون حيث قدمت أداء موسيقي أوبرالي في الفيلم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي
 Operabase
 CAMI

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ألبان من أصل روسي
ألبان من أصل كوسوفي
خريجو جامعة الفنون في ألبانيا
سوبرانو
عائلة تشاكو
لادينيون
مغنو أوبرا ألبان في القرن 20
مغنو أوبرا ألبان في القرن 21
مغنو أوبرا في القرن 20
مغنو أوبرا في القرن 21
مغنيات ألبانيات
مغنيات أوبرا في القرن 20
مغنيات أوبرا في القرن 21
مواليد 1383 هـ
مواليد 1963
مواليد في تيرانا
موسيقيون من تيرانا
مغنيات أوبرا ألبانيات في القرن 20
مغنيات أوبرا ألبانيات في القرن 21

إنفا مولا


Patronyme

 Michel Carrega (1934-), tireur sportif français.
 Nicolas Carrega (1914-1993), artiste peintre, graveur, sculpteur, cartonnier de tapisseries, concepteur de vitraux et médailleur français.

Toponyme

 Carrega Ligure, commune italienne de la province d'Alexandrie.
 La Villa Ghersi-Carrega, édifice du quartier de Bolzaneto, dans la ville métropolitaine de Gênes (Italie).
 Aeroport Terminal de Càrrega, station du métro de Barcelone (Espagne).

Carrega


Sibirski galeb (lat. Larus fuscus heuglini), je morska ptica iz roda Larus. Ponekad se smatra zasebnom vrstom (Larus heuglini), ali se uglavnom smatra podvrstom tamnoleđeg galeba.

Ptice u istočnom dijelu rasprostranjenosti sibirskog galeba često su po leđima blijeđe sive, a ponekad se smatraju zasebnom podvrstom Larus fuscus taimyrensis. Moguće je da su rezultat hibridizacije između galebova tundre i istočnosibirskih galebova.

Sibirski galebovi se razmnožavaju u tundri sjeverne Rusije od poluotoka Kola na zapadu do poluotoka Tajmir na istoku. Redovito se prijavljuju opažanja ovih u Finskoj, gdje se ponekad i razmnožavaju. Zimi migriraju prema jugu, u jugozapadnu Aziju, indijski potkontinent, istočnu Aziju i istočnu Afriku. Mali je broj zabilježen u jugoistočnoj Aziji, viđen je u Južnoj Africi, a može se pojaviti kao skitnica u zapadnoj Europi.

Opis
Ovo su veliki galebovi zaobljene glave, snažnog kljuna, te dugih nogu i krila. Duljina im je od 53 to 70 cm, raspon krila od 138 to 158 cm, a tjelesna masa od 745 to 1360 grama. Leđa i krila tamno su sive boje, promjenjive sjene, ali često slične rasi graelsii nešto manjeg tamnoleđeg galeba. Zimi im je glava samo blago prošarana smeđom bojom, ali jače prošarana na stražnjem dijelu vrata. Noge su obično žute, ali mogu biti i ružičaste.

Do Dmitaenja dolazi kasnije nego kod većine srodnih vrsta, tako da ptice u rujnu i listopadu još uvijek imaju glave bez tamnih linija i istrošeno primarno perje. Letno perje možda neće u potpunosti izrasti do veljače ili ožujka, kada je glava još uvijek prošarana.

Hrane se uglavnom mekušcima, crvima i rakovima

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Heuglin's Gull, Gull Research Organization
 The "Herring Gull" Assemblage in South Korea, Birding Korea

Galeb

Sibirski galeb


Lake Minnetonka (Dakota: Mní iá Tháŋka) is a lake located about  west-southwest of Minneapolis, Minnesota. Lake Minnetonka has about 23 named bays and areas. The lake lies within Hennepin and Carver counties and is surrounded by 13 incorporated municipalities. At , it is Minnesota's ninth largest lake. It is a popular spot for local boaters, sailors, and fishermen.

History

Early history
The first people who inhabited the Lake Minnetonka area were indigenous natives who migrated to the region at the end of the last ice age circa 8000 BCE. Later peoples who inhabited the area between 3500 BCE and 1500 CE are commonly referred to collectively as the "Mound Builders" because they constructed large land features serving spiritual, ceremonial, burial, and elite residential functions. The Mound Builder culture reached its apex circa 1150 CE and ceased to exist circa 1500 CE.

By the 1700s Lake Minnetonka was inhabited by the Mdewakanton people, a subtribe of the Dakota Nation. Although their primary settlements lay within the Minnesota River Valley, the Mdewakanton frequented Lake Minnetonka to hunt, fish, and harvest wild rice and maple sap. Spirit Knob, a peninsula near present-day Wayzata, held spiritual significance for the Mdewakanton. Following the Dakota War of 1862, however, the Dakota were forced to leave the area.

The first White Americans known to have visited Lake Minnetonka were two teenage boys, Joe Brown and Will Snelling, who canoed up Minnehaha Creek from Fort Saint Anthony in 1822. However, few other Euro-Americans visited the lake or even knew of its existence for three subsequent decades.

Lake Minnetonka was officially named by Minnesota's territorial governor, Alexander Ramsey, in 1852. He had been informed that the Dakota used the phrase Mní iá Tháŋka ("the-water-they-speak-of-is-large" in the Dakota language) to refer to the lake. Excelsior, the lake's first white settlement, was established the following year. The first steamboat on Lake Minnetonka, a small side-wheel steamer named Governor Ramsey, was launched in 1861. Travel to Lake Minnetonka remained relatively difficult, however, until the Saint Paul and Pacific Railroad extended a line to Wayzata in 1867.

Peter Gideon, an early Minnesota horticulturist, moved to the Lake Minnetonka area in 1853. In 1868 he successfully bred a species of apple that could withstand Minnesota's harsh winters and named it the "Wealthy" in honor of his wife. This breakthrough made possible the later developments of the Haralson and Honeycrisp apples in 1913 and 1974, respectively.

Resort years

The construction of hotels and boarding houses near Lake Minnetonka boomed during the 1870s and early 1880s. The first large hotel on the lake, the Hotel Saint Louis in Deephaven, was built in 1879 and boasted 150 guest rooms with private verandas. The larger Lake Park Hotel was completed in Tonka Bay later that year. The largest hotel ever built on Lake Minnetonka, the Hotel Lafayette in Minnetonka Beach, opened in 1882. At nearly  long and five stories tall, the Hotel Lafayette could accommodate over 1,000 guests. Many guests hailed from the Deep South and spent entire summers on the lake to enjoy its scenery and cooler climate.

Large steamboats also proliferated on Lake Minnetonka during this time. The first inland steamboat ever to be equipped with electric lights, City of Saint Louis, was assembled in Wayzata in 1881 and began servicing lakeside communities and resorts later that year. The largest vessel ever to operate on Lake Minnetonka, Belle of Minnetonka, was launched and put into service in 1882. At  long, Belle of Minnetonka could purportedly accommodate up to 2,500 passengers.

The lake's first yacht club, the Minnetonka Yacht Club, was founded in 1882 in Deephaven. Hazen Burton, one of the club's original co-founders, is credited for commissioning the development of the racing scow. When he debuted the first racing scow, Onawa, in 1893, it was disqualified for winning nearly every regatta it entered. The rules were eventually modified, however, and racing scows became popular within the sailing community worldwide. Onawa is currently displayed at the Excelsior-Lake Minnetonka Historical Society Museum in Excelsior.

Many of Lake Minnetonka's visitors began finding new places to vacation as the railroads expanded westward in the 1890s, causing most of the lake's hotels and steamboats to suffer financially and cease operations. Some hotels burned during this time, but most were demolished or dismantled. By 1900, however, an increasing number of families had begun to construct private summer cottages around Lake Minnetonka. Permanent homes and grand country estates also began to appear around the lake as the Twin Cities metropolitan area grew. Some of these homes and cottages still exist, including the Thompson Summer House in Minnetonka Beach.

Golden years

In 1905 the Twin City Rapid Transit Company (TCRT) extended a streetcar line to the village of Excelsior on Lake Minnetonka's southern shore. The lake saw dramatic change in 1906 as TCRT also opened Big Island Park on Big Island and debuted its Express Boat service. The Express Boats, casually referred to as "streetcar boats," were essentially floating streetcars that served the lake's summer residents. Six (and later seven) of these steamboats connected 26 landings around the lake to Excelsior, where passengers could transfer onto streetcars bound for the Twin Cities. Many streetcar boat passengers were lakeside residents commuting to their jobs in Minneapolis and Saint Paul. Tourists, on the other hand, could board one of three large ferry boats bound for Big Island Park, where they could picnic, enjoy live music, and ride several attractions. However, TCRT closed Big Island Park in 1911 due to its excessive operating and maintenance costs.

Ridership on the streetcar boats began to plummet when roads were improved in the area in the early 1920s. Steamboat service on Lake Minnetonka grew evermore limited during this time, and by 1926 TCRT had suspended all steamboat service on the lake. To rid itself of the vessels, TCRT scuttled three of the seven streetcar boats in deep water north of Big Island that summer. Three of the other boats were scrapped shortly thereafter, and one was sold and used as an excursion boat until it, too, was scuttled in 1949. Streetcar service to Excelsior continued until 1932.

Crane Island, an island near the western shore of the lake, was organized as a summer cottage retreat in 1907. The Crane Island Association platted a number of lots around the perimeter of the island and dedicated a commons area at its center. Many of the island's original cottages remain, and today it is a historic district listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

Several of the area's most prestigious country clubs, including the Lafayette Club, Minnetonka Country Club, and Woodhill Country Club, were also founded during this period.

Late 20th century
Fred W. Pearce, a well-known amusement park operator, opened Excelsior Amusement Park in Excelsior in 1925. Attractions included a fun house, the Silver Streak, the Scrambler, a carousel, picnic accommodations, and a roller coaster called the Cyclone. The Rolling Stones performed live at the park's Danceland pavilion in 1964 for a crowd of approximately 300. Excelsior Amusement Park continued to be a tourist destination until it closed in 1973. Today the site is occupied by a condominium complex and Maynards Restaurant.

In 1926 architect Frank Lloyd Wright and his mistress Olga Hinzengberg were arrested for allegedly violating the Mann Act while vacationing at a cottage in Tonka Bay. The charges were soon dropped after allegations against them were found untrue.

Before gaining national fame in the early 1940s, LaVerne, Maxene, and Patty Andrews of The Andrews Sisters spent their summers with relatives in Mound, a town in an area known as Westonka. The trio often returned to the area later in life as well.

In 1946 Mound Metalcraft was established in Mound. The company changed its name to Tonka Toys in the 1950s, when it became known for manufacturing toy trucks. Tonka Toys was purchased by Hasbro in 1991 and is no longer based in Minnesota.

Two F4 tornadoes ravaged the Lake Minnetonka area during the tornado outbreak of 1965, causing much damage in the communities of Mound, Navarre, and Deephaven. Hundreds of homes and many local businesses were destroyed during the outbreak.

The steamboat Minnehaha, one of the streetcar boats scuttled in 1926, was raised from the bottom of Lake Minnetonka in 1980, restored, and returned to service by 1996. Now operated by the Museum of Lake Minnetonka, Minnehaha once again carries passengers between the communities of Excelsior and Wayzata as she did over a century ago.

National Historic Districts and Places
The Lake Minnetonka area is home to two National Historic Districts: the Crane Island Historic District and The Water Street Historic District in the community of Excelsior. It is also home to 6 National Register of Historic Places sites.

Natural history and limnology

Geography
Lake Minnetonka was formed approximately 10,000 years ago as the Laurentide Ice Sheet receded northward. The lake is a collection of kettle lakes connected by channels and marshlands which, along with 18 islands, form its irregular shape and  of shoreline. Lake Minnetonka is divided into two halves, the Upper Lake in the west and the Lower Lake in the east, which reflect the easterly flow of water in the lake's watershed. The deepest point of Lake Minnetonka is  in Crystal Bay. The average depth of the lake is approximately . With a surface area of , Lake Minnetonka is the ninth largest lake in Minnesota.

Lake Minnetonka bays and lakes

Black Lake
Brown's Bay
Carman's/Old Channel Bay
Carson's Bay
Cook's Bay
Crystal Bay
East Upper Lake
Emerald Lake
Excelsior Bay
Forest Lake
Gideon's Bay
Gray's Bay
Halsted's Bay
Harrison's Bay
Jenning's Bay
Lafayette Bay
Libb's Lake
Maxwell Bay
North Arm Bay
North Lower Lake
Peavy Lake
Phelp's Bay
Priest's Bay
Robinson's Bay
St. Alban's Bay
St. Louis Bay
Seton Lake
Smith's Bay
Smithtown Bay
South Lower Lake & Echo Bay
South Upper Lake
Spring Park Bay
Stubb's Bay
Tanager Lake
Wayzata Bay
West Arm Bay
West Upper Lake

Hydrology
Several streams flow into Lake Minnetonka, the largest of which is Six Mile Creek. The only outlet from the lake is Minnehaha Creek. At the headwaters of Minnehaha Creek near the lake's eastern end, the Grays Bay Dam helps maintain an average water level of  above sea level. The flow over the dam ranges from zero to  per second, or a daily rate of up to . Evaporation from Lake Minnetonka can reach as high as  per day. Annual evaporation from the lake is about , or . This is countered by an average rainfall rate of  per year and an average surface runoff rate of  per year. There have been a number of droughts throughout Lake Minnetonka's history, notably during the 1930s and late 1980s. Water levels reached a record low of  above sea level in 1937 and a record high of  above sea level in 2014.

Lake Minnetonka typically freezes over with  of ice during the winter months. The median "ice-out" date, which has been recorded on Lake Minnetonka since 1855, is April 14. The earliest recorded ice-out date was March 11, 1878, and the latest recorded ice-out date was May 8, 1856. Water surface temperatures typically peak at around 80°F (26.7°C) in early August.

Freshwater biology
Lake Minnetonka contains black bullhead, black crappie, bluegill, bowfin, common carp, green sunfish, hybrid sunfish, largemouth bass, muskellunge, northern pike, pumpkinseed, rock bass, smallmouth bass, walleye, white sucker, yellow bullhead, and yellow perch. Some fish consumption guidelines have been placed on the lake's bluegill, common carp, largemouth bass, northern pike, and walleye.

According to local legend, a sturgeon in excess of  in length has lurked beneath the surface of Lake Minnetonka for many years. Sightings of the sturgeon, which is often referred to as "Lou," have been persistent since the 1980s. In 2019 a large sturgeon was caught by two boys on Minnehaha Creek. The Minnesota DNR speculated that it could have originated from Lake Minnetonka.

Environmental issues
Lake Minnetonka's environmental issues became a concern after curly-leaf pondweed was discovered in its waters in 1900. Purple loosestrife was discovered in the lake in 1940, as was Eurasian water milfoil in 1987. Zebra mussels were discovered in the lake in 2010.

Lake Minnetonka suffered from significant sewage, fertilizer, and surface runoff pollution until the 1970s. Conditions have since improved, but pollution from fertilizer and surface runoff remains an ongoing issue. Water quality is now closely monitored.

It is not uncommon for some Lake Minnetonka beaches to be temporarily closed due to elevated levels of E. coli contamination. An outbreak of an unidentified waterborne pathogen sickened at least 116 swimmers at Cruiser's Cove, a popular party spot near Big Island, in 2019.

Lake Minnetonka's environment is currently overseen by three separate agencies. These include the Minnehaha Creek Watershed District, the Lake Minnetonka Conservation District, and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.

Attractions and activities
 Some of the most visited attractions on Lake Minnetonka are restaurants. Al & Alma's Supper Club and Charter Cruises was founded in Mound in 1956 and is Lake Minnetonka's oldest continually-operated restaurant and cruise line. Lord Fletcher's restaurant in Spring Park has been one of Lake Minnetonka's most popular establishments since opening in 1968. Maynards Restaurant, established in Excelsior in 1998, is another popular waterfront restaurant. Downtown Excelsior and Wayzata have since become Twin Cities culinary destinations as many new restaurants continue to appear there.

The Old Log Theater, located in Greenwood, first opened in 1940 and is now Minnesota's oldest professional theater organization. Alumni of the theater include actors Nick Nolte and Loni Anderson.

Lake Minnetonka is home to several regional parks owned by Three Rivers Park District. The largest among these are Lake Minnetonka Regional Park in Minnetrista and Noerenberg Gardens in Orono. Three Rivers Park District also maintains two regional bike trails near the lake. Two other large public parks on Lake Minnetonka include Big Island Nature Park and the Excelsior Commons.

Boating, sailing, and fishing are the most common activities on Lake Minnetonka. Boats of all sizes and horsepower may be legally launched on Lake Minnetonka, but speed and noise restrictions do apply. The lake has four active yacht clubs and an antique and classic boat society known as the Bob Speltz Land O' Lakes Chapter of the ACBS. Several cruise companies operate larger excursion vessels on the lake, the largest of which is Al & Alma's  Bella Vista. Lake Minnetonka's magnificent homes are a common highlight on these sightseeing, dinner, and brunch cruises.

Other activities on Lake Minnetonka include swimming, kayaking, and standup paddleboarding during the summer, and ice fishing, snowmobiling, and ice yachting during the winter.

Several community festivals are held around the lake each year. Some of the larger events include James J. Hill Days in Wayzata, Apple Day in Excelsior, and the Spirit of the Lakes Festival in Mound.

In popular culture
Thurlow Lieurance's song "By the Waters of Minnetonka" was published by the Theodore Presser Company in 1913 and has since been recorded by artists such as Glenn Miller and Desi Arnaz.

It is speculated that Jimmy Hutmaker, a resident of Excelsior, inspired Mick Jagger to write the 1969 Rolling Stones song "You Can't Always Get What You Want" after a chance encounter with the star at a local drugstore in 1964. However, this claim has long been disputed.

Singer-songwriter Bonnie Raitt's self-titled debut album was recorded at an abandoned summer camp on Lake Minnetonka's Enchanted Island in 1971.

Several scenes from the 1972 films The Heartbreak Kid and Slaughterhouse-Five were filmed at Lake Minnetonka.

Perhaps the best known association is that with local music icon Prince. His third album, Dirty Mind, was recorded at a home on Lake Minnetonka's North Arm in 1980. Prince rented and lived at the home between 1979 and early 1981. He ultimately settled in Chanhassen, approximately two miles south of Lake Minnetonka, in 1987. Lake Minnetonka is famously mentioned in the 1984 film Purple Rain during a scene in which The Kid (Prince) tells his love interest (Apollonia Kotero) to "purify [herself] in the waters of Lake Minnetonka." After she enters the water, Prince reveals that the water she has entered is not actually Lake Minnetonka. Dave Chappelle mocked the scene in a 2004 episode of Chappelle's Show when he asked (as Prince), "Why don't you purify yourself in the waters of Lake Minnetonka?" while winning a basketball game.

In an episode of the television series Beverly Hills 90210, Dylan (Luke Perry) tells Brenda (Shannen Doherty) that his privileged background enabled him to spend summers in Paris as a child. Brenda reacts by saying "You mean you went to Paris every summer? We went to Lake Minnetonka!"

Lake Minnetonka received some unwanted national attention in October 2005 following an incident known as the Minnesota Vikings boat party scandal.

Lake Minnetonka was briefly featured in the reality television series Keeping Up with the Kardashians in 2011.

Shots of Lake Minnetonka were included in the lyric video for the 2015 song "Cool for the Summer" by Demi Lovato.

Several scenes from the 2017 film Wilson were filmed at Lake Minnetonka.

In insurance, lake side properties of Lake Minnetonka's shore side is considered to be the front door, rather than the road side, called the Waterfront (area).

See also
 List of lakes of Minnesota
 Excelsior, Minnesota
 Wayzata, Minnesota
 Westonka
 Minnehaha (steamboat)
 Minnehaha Creek Watershed District

References

External links

 Lake information
 Minnehaha Creek Watershed District
 Lake Minnetonka Conservation District

Minnetonka
Minnetonka
Minnetonka
Tourist attractions in Hennepin County, Minnesota
Tourist attractions in Carver County, Minnesota
Kettle lakes in the United States

Lake Minnetonka


بلدية باخارون ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قونكة إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط البلاد، والمائلة لجهة الشرق من إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 116 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قونكة
بلديات قونكة

باخارون


Stephanie Pfriender Stylander, née le , est une photographe de mode américaine.

Biographie
Stylander a grandi à Glen Rock (New Jersey). Elle a étudié à la School of Visual Arts et à l'Endicott College, obtenant respectivement un baccalauréat en beaux-arts et un associé en sciences de la photographie. Après avoir obtenu son diplôme, elle a continué à assister le photographe Art Kane à New York. Sa carrière dans la photographie a commencé au début des années 1990 lorsqu'elle a déménagé à Milan et à Paris.

Les photographies de Pfriender Stylander ont été largement publiées dans des magazines du monde entier, British GQ, Conde Nast Traveler, French Glamour, Interview, Newsweek, Vanity Fair et Vogue. Elle a photographié des légendes du divertissement, telles que Bjork, Sheryl Crow, Aretha Franklin, John Hurt, Samuel L. Jackson, Lenny Kravitz, Nicole Kidman, Heath Ledger, Jennifer Lopez et Keith Richards. Son tournage le plus remarquable est celui d'une jeune Kate Moss photographiée dans un éditorial de mode pour Harper's Bazaar Uomo, 1992.

Actuellement, Staley-Wise Gallery, New York, présente des photographies de Pfriender Stylander dans une exposition conjointe 2 Women of Style. Ses photographies ont été incluses dans des expositions à Photo London 2019, Photo Basel 2019, Festival international de la photographie de mode, Art Basel Miami, Paris Photo 2019, Photo Shanghai, et sont hébergées dans des collections privées.

Pfriender Stylander est représenté par la Staley-Wise Gallery à New York, Ira Stehmann Fine Art à Munich et la Galerie Sophie Scheidecker à Paris. Elle et son mari résident à New York.

Publications
 The Untamed Eye, MW Editions, 2018 , 168 p.

Notes et références

Photographe de mode
Photographe américaine
Photographe portraitiste
Naissance en février 1960
Naissance dans le comté de Bergen

Stephanie Pfriender Stylander


بارسيون (بالهندية:पारसी) هي مجموعة عرقية دينية يتركز تواجدها في شبه القارة الهندية.
ويمثلون جزءا من الزردشتيين الذين يعيشون في شبه القارة الهندية. المعروف أن البارسي وهم الزردشتيون الإيرانيون استوطنوا غرب الهند قبل ألف عام مضت. التواجد القديم للبارسي أدى إلى تميزهم عن القومية الزردشتية الأخرى في شبه القارة الهندية وهي قومية إيراني الزردشتية والتي تشكلت نتيجة هجرة لاحقة.

التعريف والهوية
لم يثبت استخدام مصطلح «بارسي» في الهند حتى القرن السابع عشر. حتى ذلك الوقت كان يستخدم لفظ زردشتي "Zarthoshti","Zoroastrian" أو "Behdin" للدلالة على الطبيعة الطيبة أو الدين الطيب. هنالك مخطوطة سنسكريتية ترجع إلى القرن الثاني عشر تثني على البارسي المرجع (Parsi legend; cf. Paymaster 1954, p. 8 incorrectly attributes the text to a Zoroastrian priest), تعتبر أقدم توثيق لاستخدام هذا المصطلح.
أول إشارة للمصطلح «بارسي» في اللغات الأوروبية عندما قام راهب فرنسي يدعى جوردانوس "Jordanus" بالثناء عليهم وذكر تواجدهم في ثانا"Thana" وبروش "Broach".لاحقا ظهر هذا المصطلح في العديد من اللغات الأوروبية، الفرنسية ثم البرتغالية، ولاحقا الإنجليزية، كل من هذه اللغات كانت تستخدم مصطلح خاص بها.على سبيل المثال في اللغة البرتغالية الطبيب غارسي دي اورتا في العام 1563 لاحظ وجود تجار في مملكة كامباي "Cambai" يدعون "Esparcis" وقال نحن البرتغايين ندعوهم يهود ولكنهم ليسو كذلك انهم "Gentios".في بداية القرن العشرين اكد الحاكم القانوني لمنطقتي دافار وبيمان "Davar and Beaman" ان المصطلح «بارسي» يستخدم في إيران للدلالة على الزردشتيين.يلاحظ ان الإيرانيين يستخدمون كلمة هندو "Hindo" للدلالة على أي شخص من شبه القارة الهندية وبالمقابل يطلق الهنود لقب بارسي على أي شخص ذا اصول تنحدر من إيران الكبرى بغض النظر عن كونه ينتمي للقومية الفارسية ام لا.على كل الأحوال كلمة «بارسي» لا ترمز بالضرورة إلى الاصل الفارسي أو الإيراني لهذه المجموعة وانما ترمز إلى مجموعة من الخصائص العرقية والهوية لهم.اما مصطلح "بارسيسم" 'Parseeism' (أو 'Parsiism')فيعود إلى "اونكوتيل دوبيرون "Anquetil-Duperron" والذي قام في عام 1750 عندما لم يكن متعارف على كلمة زردشتية حيث اشار بطريق الخطأ إلى ان البارسي هم الاتباع الوحيدون الباقون لهذا الدين.بعض أعضاء المجتمع البارسي يؤكدون على ان والد الطفل يجب أن يكون بارسي كي يحمل الطفل هذه الصفة، ولكن هذا المفهوم يتعارض مع الزردشتية التي تدعو إلى المساواة بين الجنسين، ربما تكون هذه الفكرة من رواسب الماضي.
والتعريف المتداول والمتعارف عليه للبارسي مبني على تشريع 1909 وهو ان من ينطبق عليهم تعريف بارسي هم ثلاثة، اولا المهاجرين الفرس الذين يولدون من أبوين فارسيين معتنقين للديانة الزردشتية، ثانيا الإيرانيين من بلاد فارس الذين يعتنقون الديانة الزردشتية، ثالثا الأطفال من اب بارسي وام اجنبية اعتنقت الديانة الزردشتية.

كهوية عرقية
رغم أن الفرس في الهند ترجع اصولهم إلى بلاد فارس الا انهم فقدو صلاتهم العائلية والاجتماعية.كثيرون لا يتشاركوا مع الفرس في اللغة والتاريخ الحديث.فمنذ الهجرة الأولى للفرس تكاملوا مع المجتمع الهندي ولكنهم حافظوا على عادات وتقاليد خاصة بهم وهذا ما جعلهم متميزين دائما عن المجتمع الهندي، فهم هنود من ناحية الانتماء القومي من خلال اللغة والتاريخ ولكنهم ليسوا هنود خالصين من ناحية صلة الدم (يشكلون 0.006% من مجمل سكان الهند)كما أنهم مختلفين من ناحية الممارسات السلوكية والثقافة والدين.
اختبارات الحمض النووي اسفرت عن نتائج مختلطة.إحدى الاختبارات دلت على ترابط البارسي حيث حافظوا على اصولهم الفارسية من خلال عدم امتزاجهم مع السكان المحليين من خلال زيجات مختلطة.لكن دراسة أخرى تمت في عام 2002اعتمدت الصبغي الذكري دلت على ان بارسي باكستان اقرب إلى الإيرانيين من جيرانهم.في عام 2004 تمت دراسة اعتمدت الصبغي الانثوي دلت على قرب البارسي من القاجار "Gujaratis" أكثر من قربهم من الإيرانيين "Iranians".القائمون على الدراسة عام 2004 استنتجوا ان المهاجرين الأوائل من الذكور تزاوجوا مع اناث من السكان المحليين مما أدى إلى فقدان المورث mtDNA من الاصل الإيراني.

التصورات الذاتية
من يكون (أو لا يكون) بارسي من القضايا الخلاف الكبير في المجتمع الزردشتي في الهند.المتعارف عليه ان البارسي يجب أن ينحدر من سلالة فارسية اصلية وان يكون قد نشاء في مجتمع زردشتي (أي ان لا يكون قد اعتنق الزردشتية) وبهاذا يكون المجتمع البارسي مجتمع ذا اثنية عرقية ودينية معا.
والتعريف المتداول والمتعارف عليه للبارسي مبني على تشريع 1909 وهو ان من ينطبق عليهم تعريف بارسي هم ثلاثة، اولا المهاجرين الفرس الذين يولدون من أبوين فارسيين معتنقين للديانة الزردشتية، ثانيا الإيرانيين من بلاد فارس الذين يعتنقون الديانة الزردشتية، ثالثا الأطفال من اب بارسي وام اجنبية اعتنقت الديانة الزردشتية.منذ ذلك الوقت تم تعديل هذا القانون عدة مرات.فالدستور الهندي القائم على مباديء المساواة الغى مع الفقرة الثالثة، الفقرة الثانية تم ابطالها في 1948 , في عام 1950 تم اعتماد الفقرة الثانية واعتبر قانون 1909 قانون مبدئي أي كقول مأثور وليس له أي سلطة قانونية.

ورغم إلغاء قانون 1909 من الناحية القانونية إلا أن البارسيين ملتزمين به حتى المعتدلين منهم، ففي العدد بتاريخ 21 فبراير 2006 من صحيفة Parsiana الختصة بالمجتمع البارسي الزردشتي ان العديد من الأطفال البالغين المولودون من ام بارسية واب غير بارسي والذين اختاروا الانتماء لدين الام انهم رغم كونهم قانونيا من البارسي إلا أن البارسي لا ينظروا لهم باعتبارهم من هذا المجتمع ورغم أنهم ملتزمين دينيا لهذا المجتمع، وبالتالي لا يستفيدون من مذابح النار المخصصة لطائفة البارسي الزردشتيين.

إحصائيات ديموغرافية

التعداد الحالي
التقديرات التقليدية لعدد البارسي في العالم هو 100,000 مع ان التقديرات الفردية قد تنحرف عن هذا الرقم، مثلا Eliade, Couliano & Wiesner في 1991 قدرهم باقل من 100,000 ,Palsetia مثلا قدرتهم ب 110,000 تقريبا، اما Hinnels فقدرتهم عام 2005 ب 110,000 بزيادة أو نقصان 10% عن هذا الرقم، التقديرين الأول والثاني اعتمدا على بيانات تم جمعها في الثمانينيات، حيث ان تعداد سكان الهند في عام 1981 قدر عدد البارسي ب 71,630 , اما تقدير John Hinnel's والذي جاء متاخرا فقد اعتمد البارسي الذين يعيشون في الشتات بالإضافة إلى البرسي في الهند والذين قدر عددهم بناء على تعداد سكان الهند في عام 2001 والذي قدر عدد البارسي ب 69,601 مع التركيز على مدينة مومباي وما حولها (المعروفة سابقا باسم بومباي).

الاتجاهات السكانية
بيانات تعداد السكان الهندي تبين ان اعداد البارسي واصلت انخفاضها باطراد منذ عدة عقود.أعلى تعداد للبارسي كان 114,890 والذي تم في عام 1940، والذي ضم سكان مستعمرة التاج والتي هي اليوم الهند، باكستان، بنغلادش. بعد الاستقلال وبناء على معلومات مبنية على تعداد السكان الهندي كان تعدادهم 111,791 وذلك في عام 1951 ويظهر هذا التعداد انخفاضهم بمعدلات عالية بنسبة 9% خلال عقد.

وفقا للجنة الوطنية للاقليات، هنالك مجموعة من الأسباب للانحدار في تعداد المجتمع البارسي، أهمها عدم الانجاب والهجرة المرجع (Roy & Unisa 2004, p. 8, 21). الاتجاهات السكانية تتوقع ان عدد البارسي سيكون 23,000 في عام 2020 (أقل من 0.0002 ٪ من سكان الهند عام 2001).وعندها المجتمع البارسي والذي يعتبر الآن مجتمع "community" سوف يفقد هذه الصفة ويحمل لقب "tribe" المرجع (Taraporevala 2000, p. 9).

خمس الانخفاض في تعدادهم يعزى إلى الهجرة (Roy & Unisa 2004, p. 21).كما أنه في عام 2001 سجل البارسي أول انخفاض في معدلات الولادة عن معدلات الموت، حيث شكل البارسي فوق سن 60 نحو 31% من تعدادهم.رغم أن المعدل الوطني لهذه الفئة العمرية 7%.فقط 4.7 % من البارسي تحت سن 6 سنوات وهذا يترجم إلى ان هنالك 7 ولادات في السنة لكل 1000 شخص (Roy & Unisa 2004, p. 14).

إحصائيات ديموغرافية أخرى
النسبة بين الجنسين غير اعتيادية في المجتمع البارسي.النسبة بين الذكور والإناث في عام 2001 كانت 1,000 ذكر إلى 1,050 انثى (من اصل 1024 في عام 1991), وذلك راجع إلى ارتفاع متوسط الاعمار (النساء المسنات أكثر عددا من الرجال المسنين).حيث ان المعدل الوطني 1,000 ذكر لكل 933 انثى.
الفارسي لديهم ارتفاع في معدل معرفة القراءة والكتابة: اعتبارا من عام 2001، بلغ معدل معرفة القراءة والكتابة 97.9 ٪، وهي أعلى نسبة في أي مجتمع هندي (المعدل الوطني هو 64.8 ٪). 96.1 ٪ من الفارسي يقيمون في المناطق الحضرية (المعدل الوطني هو 27.8 ٪).

في منطقة بومباي الكبرى حيث يوجد أكبر سلالة بارسية، 10% من الإناث لا يتزوجن و 20% من الذكور لا يتزوجوا.

التاريخ

القدوم إلى كوجرات
حسب قصة سانجان "Qissa-i Sanjan " والتي الفت بعد ستة قرون على الاقل منذ أول قدوم إلى شبه القارة الهندية يذكر ان أول قدوم كان من منطقة «خرسان الكبرى» المرجع (Hodivala 1920, p. 88). هذه المنطقة في آسيا الوسطى تمثل شمال شرق إيران (مقاطعة خرسان), وجزء في شمال أفغانستان، وجزئيا في ثلاث جمهوريات من وسط آسيا، طاجيكستان وتركمانستان وأوزبكستان.
منح المهاجرين منهم الاذن بالإقامة في كوجرات من قبل الحاكم المحلي جادي رانا شرط تبنيهم للغة المحلية (الكوجراتية)، وبشرط تبني نسائهم للباس المحلي (الساري), وبشرط تخليهم عن حمل السلاح.

مراجع

انظر أيضاً
 الزرادشتية في الهند

بارسيون
باكستانيون من أصل إيراني
زرادشتيون
عرقيات دينية في آسيا
مجموعات اجتماعية في إقليم السند
مجموعات اجتماعية في غوجارات
مجموعات اجتماعية في ماهاراشترا
مجموعات عرقية في الهند
هنود من أصل إيراني
هوية دينية

بارسيون


An Oberonia hexaptera in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller. An Oberonia hexaptera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Oberonia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Oberonia

Oberonia hexaptera


Agrilus auristernum é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Obenberger, 1924.

Referências

auristernum

Agrilus auristernum


Lozorno este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Malacky din regiunea Bratislava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 3.022 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Lozorno este atestată documentar din 1589.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Lozorno


Lösin (Leu, L) DNA tarafından kodlanan 20 aminoasitten biridir. İzolösin ve lösin birbirlerinin izomeridirler. Beslenme açısından lösin dışarıdan alınması elzem (esansiyel) olan bir aminoasittir.

Diğer birçok amino asitte olduğu gibi bu amino asitinde hem L- hem de D- isomeri vardır. Aber aktiv olan diğer bir deyişle doğada var olan isomeri L- Lösin'dir. Bu yazıda ya da bilimsel makalelerde Lösin L- ya da D olarak hiçbir ön ek almayarak sadece Lösin diye bahsedilmişse, burada bahsi geçen L- Lösin'dir.

Doğada Bulunuşu
Lösin proteinlerin yapısında bulunan en yaygın aminoasittir. Bebeklerin ve çocukların optimal gelişimi ve yetişkinlerde nitrojen (azot) dengesi için gerekli bir besindir. Kaslarda proteinlerin sentezi ve yıkımında önemli bir rolü olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Lösin doğada hayvansal ve bitkisel proteinlerin yapısında bulunmaktadır. Yapısında Lösin barındıran besinlerin başında çiğ inek eti, çiğ tavuk göğsü ve alabalık gelmektedir. Yalnız yapısında Lösin proteini barındıran besinler bunlarla sınırlı değildirler. Bunun yanında inek sütünde, cevizde, buğdayda, mısırda ve daha birçok bitkisel besinin yapısında bol miktarda Lösin proteini bulunmaktadır.

Lösin içeren ana besin kaynakları tahıllar, baklagiller ve süt ürünleri şeklinde de özetleyebiliriz.

Tarihçe
L-Lösin tarihte ilk defa 1819/1820 yılları arasında Proteinlerin bir parçası olarak elde edilmiştir.

Fonksiyonu
L- Lösin'nin kaslar için çok önemli olan bir amino asittir. Vücutta kaslardaki ve karaciğerdeki proteinbiyo sentezini destekleyerek kas proteinlerinin yapımına ve hasar görmüşlerin iyileşmesini sağlamaktadır. L-İzolösin gibi gerektiğinde enerji kaynağı olarak da kullanılabilmektedir. Yetişkin bir insanın vücut ağırlığının her kilo gramı için gerekli olan günlük lösin miktarı 10–50 mg civarında olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. Vücuttaki Lösin eksikliği iki şekilde açıklanabilir, ya yeterli derecede beslenme yoluyla vücuda alınmamaktadır ya da vücutta Piridoksin, bir diğer adıyla B6 vitamini eksikliği bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Dallı zincirli aminoasitler
Apolar aminoasitler

Lösin


Juan Luis Ruiz de la Peña (Vegadeo, Asturias, 1 de octubre de 1937 - 27 de septiembre de 1996) fue un teólogo español, hermano de los profesores Juan Ignacio y Álvaro Ruiz de la Peña.

Biografía
Al estallar la Guerra Civil, su familia, católica y conservadora se marchó de Oviedo al Occidente de Asturias, buscando refugio. Al concluir la contienda, Juan Luis realizó el bachillerato en el Colegio Hispania, de Oviedo. En enero de 1954 entró en el Seminario de Oviedo y se ordenó sacerdote en 1961. Después, amplió estudios en Roma, en la Universidad Gregoriana, donde tuvo como maestro al jesuita Juan Alfaro Jiménez. También estudió en el Pontificio Instituto de Música Sacra, especializándose en piano y órgano.

Fue designado profesor de Escatología, impartiendo lecciones de Antropología Teológica y de Teología de la Creación e inició un diálogo con la filosofía marxista. En 1964 fue designado profesor de Teología Sistemática en el Seminario de Oviedo. Ejerció la docencia de 1971 a 1976 en la Facultad de Teología del Norte, y fue catedrático de Antropología Teológica y Escatología en la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca. Fue profesor invitado de la Universidad de Comillas y miembro de número del Instituto de Ciencias de la Religión de la Universidad de Oviedo. Fue uno de los fundadores de la edición española de la revista Communio. Revista Internacional de Teología.

Obras
 Teología de la creación
 La Pascua de la creación
 El don de Dios
 Imagen de Dios (1988)
 El hombre y su muerte. Antropología teológica actual (1971)
 La otra dimensión. Escatología cristiana (1975)
 Muerte y marxismo humanista (1978)
 El último sentido (1980)
 Crisis y apología de la fe
 Creación, gracia y salvación (1993)

Enlaces externos
 Notas en torno a la antropología de J.L. Ruiz de la Peña

Referencias
 Juan Luis Ruiz de la Peña en VivirAsturias

Teólogos de España
Nacidos en Vegadeo
Profesores de la Universidad Pontificia de Salamanca
Religiosos de Asturias

Juan Luis Ruiz de la Peña


Ömer Paşa Camii, Osmanlı döneminde Elmalı merkezinde yapılmış cami.

Ketenci Ömer Paşa tarafından 1610 yılında yaptırılmıştır. Klasik dönem sonrasında Anadolu'da inşa edilen önemli külliyelerden biri Elmalı Ömer Paşa Külliyesidir. Ömer Paşa Külliyesi olarak adlandırılan yapıda; şadırvanlı ortak bir avluda karşılıklı yerleştirilen cami ve medrese, caminin güneydoğusuna bitişik türbe ve külliyenin bir parçası olarak kabul edilen ayrı bir yerde bulunan hamamdan oluşmaktadır. Ömer Paşa vakfiyesinde geçen sıbyan mektebi günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Cami, ilk olarak 1870 yılında onarılmıştır. Daha sonra 1929 yılında yıkılan minarenin yerine bu minare 1938-1942 yılları arasında caminin diğer kısımları ile birlikte onarılmıştır.

Ömer Paşa Camiisi, Mimar Sinan sonrası Anadolu'da tek kubbeli klasik cami üslubunu yansıtan en iyi örneklerden birisidir. Yapı, Elmalı'nın hatta Antalya'nın en büyük cami olma özelliği taşımaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar

 Caminin detaylı çekimleri (2019)

Kaynakça

Türkiye'deki Osmanlı camileri
Antalya'daki camiler
Elmalı, Antalya
1600'lerde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda kurulan oluşumlar
1600'lerde tamamlanan camiler
1602'de tamamlanan yapılar
Türkiye'deki taş camiler

Ömer Paşa Camii


Gayatri (gāyatrī) gāyatra`nın dişil formudur ki bu da bir şarkı ve ilahi için kullanılan Sanskritçe sözcüktür. Aşağıdakilerden herhangi biri olabilir:

 24 hecelik Vedik şiir ölçüsü, bakınız Vedik ölçü.
 Bu ölçüyle bestelenmiş herhangi bir ilahi.
 Hinduizm'de bir mantra ve bu mantranın tecessümü (yani cismanileşmişi, vücut bulmuşu) tanrıça. En önemli brahmarişi üstadlarından, Vişwamitra, tarafından yazılmış ve geliştirilmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
Gayatri Mantra
Mantra

Hint tanrıçaları
Mantralar

Gayatri


Emma Bunton (d. 21 Ocak 1976, Londra, İngiltere), Spice Girls grubunun elemanlarındandır. Solo çalışması hayli ses getirmiştir. Takma Adı oyuncak bebek olan ve Spice Gruba en son katılan en genç üye Emma, özellikle çocukların favori Spice'ıydı. Çocukken aldığı eğitimi sayesindeki danstaki becerisi ve kadife sesiyle Spice Girls şarkılarına renk katan önemli bir eleman oldu. Grup dağıldıktan sonra "A Girl Like Me" (2001), "Free Me" (2004) ve "Life In Mono" (2006) adlı 3 solo albüm çıkardı. Fakat aksine solo kariyeri gruptaki başarısı gibi ses getirmedi. Ağustos 2007'de nişanlısı Jade Jones'dan, Beau adında bir erkek çocuğu dünyaya getirdi.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Heart's Feel Good Weekend ile Heart Radio'da Emma Bunton

spicegirlsgem.com

1976 doğumlular
19 Recordings sanatçıları
20. yüzyılda İngiliz kadın oyuncular
20. yüzyılda İngiliz şarkıcılar
21. yüzyılda İngiliz kadın oyuncular
Londra doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Sylvia Young Theatre School'da öğrenim görenler
Hindistan'daki İngiliz gurbetçiler
İngiliz feministler
İngiliz kadın şarkıcılar
İngiliz pop şarkıcıları
İngiliz kadın sinema oyuncuları
İrlanda asıllı İngilizler
İngiliz kadın dizi oyuncuları
İngiliz televizyon sunucuları
İngiliz kadın seslendirme sanatçıları
İngiliz kadın pop şarkıcıları
Feminist müzisyenler
Londra doğumlu müzisyenler
Amerikalı reality TV katılımcıları
Londra doğumlu şarkıcılar
Virgin Records sanatçıları
Kadın radyo sunucuları
Londra doğumlu kadın şarkıcılar
Spice Girls üyeleri
Yaşayan insanlar
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları
20. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları
21. yüzyıl İngiliz şarkıcıları

Emma Bunton


Wisła Kraków  er pólskt knattspyrnufélag með aðsetur í Kraká. Það spilar í pólsku úrvalsdeildinni Ekstraklasa.

Titlar

 Pólska Úrvalsdeildin (13): 1927, 1928, 1949, 1950, 1977/78, 1998/99, 2000/01, 2002/03, 2003/04, 2004/05, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2010/11.

 Pólska Bikarkeppnin (4): 1926, 1966/67, 2001/02, 2002/03.

 Pólski Deildarbikarinn (1): 2001.

Heimasíða
 Wisła Kraków (wisla.krakow.pl)
 Wisła Kraków (90minut.pl)

Pólsk knattspyrnufélög
Kraká
stofnað 1906

Wisła Kraków