O Transfer Day (em português: Dia da Transferência) é um feriado comemorado nas Ilhas Virgens Americanas em 31 de março. Ele marca a transferência das ilhas da Dinamarca para os Estados Unidos que ocorreu em 1917. As ilhas foram inicialmente detidas por vários países europeus e estavam sob o controle exclusivo da Dinamarca em 1754. O Transfer Day poderia ter ocorrido anos antes, mas devido à construção e financiamento do Canal do Panamá, o Senado dos Estados Unidos rejeitou as negociações. Após a escassez de dinheiro da guerra e a potencial invasão alemã da Dinamarca, ambos os lados viram a troca como mutuamente benéfica. O Transfer Day agora é comemorado de várias maneiras nas várias ilhas, incluindo desfiles, festas e reconstituição do próprio Transfer Day original.

Feriados dos Estados Unidos
História das Ilhas Virgens Americanas
Festas de março

Transfer Day


Halk edebiyatında âşıkların karşılıklı şiir söylemesidir. Kelimenin kökeninde iki anlam vardır: 1. Atmak: Birbirine laf atmak manası. 2. Aytışmak: Karşılıklı konuşmak, deyişmek (Ayıtmak/Aytmak: Konuşmak). Sözcüğün eski biçimi Aytışma şeklindedir. Deyişme de denir.

En az iki âşık kendi kendilerine ya da bilirkişiler ve dinleyiciler karşısında belli kurallar çerçevesinde şiir yarışı yaparlar. Birbirlerini denerler, ustalıklarıyla öne çıkmaya çalışırlar.

Atışmadaki yarışın yerini karşılıklı övgü ve tanışmanın aldığı buluşmalara ağırlama denir.

Sıralama
Deyişme şu sırayla yapılır:
Merhabalaşma, giriş bölümüdür. Âşıklar, birbirlerini ve dinleyicileri "Hoşgeldiniz", "Sefa geldiniz", "Merhaba" gibi sözcüklerle rediflerine bağlanan kafiyelerle dörtlükler kurarak selamlar.
İkinci bölümde âşıklar kendi ustalarının şiirlerinden örnekler söyler.

Tekerleme bölümü denilen üçüncü bölüm asıl deyişme bölümüdür. Ev sahibi ya da yaşlı bir kişi düz ya da geniş ayakla deyişmeyi açar. Âşıklar konu ve bend sınırlaması olmaksızın verilen oyun üzerinden deyişmeye başlar. Âşıklar asıl ustalıklarını ve sanatçılıklarını burada göstermeye çalışır. İlk ayak bitince diğer âşık yeni bir ayak açar. Deyişme sürdükçe ayaklar darayak halini alır. Deyişme karşılıklı soru-yanıt şekline döner. Âşıklar böylece birbirlerinin bilgi ve sanatlarını ölçer. Bir şekilde karşısındakini söz söylemez haline getiren âşık deyişmeyi kazanır.

Deyişmenin sonunda da âşıklar birbirlerini rahatlatmak, gönül almak için karşılıklı koşmalar söyler. Birbirlerini överek hoşgörü örneğiyle deyişmeyi bitirirler.

Örnek
Âşık Şenlik ile âşık Feryadî'nin deyişmesi:

Şenlik:
Şöhretin vezir payında
Rütbesiyle şana layık
Oturuşun o duruşun
Hem sultana hana layık

Feryadî:
Sefa geldin gözüm üzere
Olsam mihmana layık
Şeyhülislam, sadrazam
Doğru Al'Osman'a layık

Şenlik:
Seninle oldum taaşşuk
Gözlerime geldi ışık
Duymadım sen kime aşık
Dillerin Kur'an'a layık

Feryadî:
Bu düşkün gönlüm açarsın
Selim Sırat'ı geçersin
Kevser ırmaktan içersin
Olasan cihana layık

Şenlik:

Kul şenliği eder hürmet
Rikabın kıldım ziyaret
Sana nasip olsun cennet
Huriye gılmana layık

Feryadî:
Sefil Feryadî göresen
Meram maksûda eresen
Sancak altında durusan
Habîb-i Rahman'a layık

Lebdeğmez

Dudakların birbirine değmesiyle çıkan harfleri kullanmadan yapılan atışmaya "lebdeğmez" veya "dudak değmez" denir. Aşıklar dudaklarının arasına, dik pozisyonda bir iğne yerleştirip "doğaçlama" olarak, içinde b, f, p, m, v harfleri bulunmayan sözcükler kullanarak hem çalarlar hem de atışırlar. Örneğin;
"Çekil izzetle, uzlet kûşesinde
Aziz ol, derd-i şöhretden cüdâ ol"(Ahmed Remzi Akyürek)
beytinde, sesli harflerden sonra dudakların birbirine dağmesiyle çıkabilecek olan b, f, p, m, v harleri kullanılmayarak lebdeğmez sanatı yapılmıştır.

Diğer halk edebiyatları
Ayrıca Kazak ve Kırgız halk edebiyatında Aytış olarak bilinen, ( ), (, ), iki Akın (Âşık) arasında düzenlenen bir şarkı yarışması da vardır. Her bir akın genellikle ulusal enstrümanları (Kırgızların kopuz, Kazakların dombra) tıngırdatıp bir dizi konuda kendiliğinden uyaklı koşukta birbirlerine yanıt verir. Onlar (eğer karşı cinsten iseler) birbirlerinin tarzına, cinaslı siyasi açıklamalar yapmak ve düz bir şekilde atışarak birbirlerini, ama hepsi iyi mizahlı yapılır; Kırgızca akın sık sık bir iyi niyetli olması gerektiğinin söylemli atışı olabilir. İftira gibi her türlü özel izne rağmen, Kazakistan'da devlet başkanına karşı siyasi açıklamalar yapılmış Akın Vakası'nın var olduğu bilinmektedir.

Kırgız Akınlar bu nedenle iyi bir canlandırmayla (ve onların izleyici tarafından farkında olmaları önemlidir) bazı zor soyutlamaları (örneğin, canlı seyirci olmadan bir stüdyoda) gerçekleştirmektedirler. Seyirci genellikle bir yarışmada kazanan üzerinde oyu, bu resmi bir süreç olmasa da, birçok kişi "hissediyor" olabilir (herkes açıkça bunu ifade etmeden), seyirci hangi akının sadece kalabalık dinamikleri ile bir kazanan olduğu üzerine yakınlaşmıştır.

Genellikle Akınlar aynı milliyetten diğer Akınlarla yarışırlar, ancak Kırgız ve Kazak Türkçeleri arasında karşılıklı yüksek düzeyde anlaşılabilirlik nedeniyle, hatta son yıllarda, Kırgız ve Kazak Akınların birbirlerine karşı yarıştığı durumlar olmuştur.

Kaynakça

Halk edebiyatı
Edebiyat terimleri
Türk müziği
Kazak müziği
Kırgız müziği

Atışma


Želmanovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Svidník din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 331 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Želmanovce este atestată documentar din 1371.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Želmanovce


ولد سليم مطر في بغداد 1956 لعائلة مهاجرة من العمارة، محافظة ميسان. انتمى للحزب الشيوعي العراقي وغادر أواخر عام 1978 بعد فشل ما سمي بالجبهة الوطنية.
بعد حوالي ثلاثة اعوام من التجوال في الشرق الأوسط استقر في جنيف نهاية عام 1981، حيث تعلم الفرنسية وثم درس في معهد التنمية التابع لجامعة جنيف المختص بعلم اجتماع العالم الثالث.

مفهوم الهوية الوطنية والامة العراقية
في سويسرا، بدأ (سليم مطر) يراجع ايمانه الشيوعي وخصوصا في ناحيتين: الفكرة الاممية المتطرفة الرافضة للهوية الوطنية. كذلك الرؤية الفلسفية الماركسية المادية الرافضة للدين والروحانية. ومع السنوات تحول من: (اممي مادي)، إلى: (روحاني إنساني)، أي مؤمن بالقوى الروحانية الكونية، ولكن بلا عقيدة دينية محددة، بل منفتح ودارس لمختلف العقائد الدينية الروحانية في العالم اجمع.
من اولى خواص هذه (الروحانية الإنسانية) الايمان بأن (الداخل اساس الخارج) و (الذات الفردية تحمل في داخلها جوهر الكون). ومن دون الاعتراف وتفعيل (الداخل الذاتي) يستحيل التأثير على (الخارج الكوني). فلا يمكن الايمان حقا بأله الكون دون الايمان اولا بذاتك الفردية. ومن دون الايمان والانتماء إلى شعبك ووطنك، لا يمكنك ان تؤمن وتنتمي إلى الإنسانية جمعاء.
على هذا الاساس الفلسفي شرع بالاشتغال على (مفهوم الهوية الوطنية). فهو يعتبر مؤسس تيارا ثقافيا يطلق عليه (هوية الأمة العراقية). من خلال مقالاته وكتبه العديدة (الفكرية والروائية) ومجلته الثقافية (ميزوبوتاميا كان أول وأكبر من كتب واسس ثقافيا لهذا المفهوم الثقافي الجديد الذي لم يمكن متداولا في الثقافة والسياسية العراقية قبل اعوام التسعينات. ولقد اسس لهذا التيار الثقافي من خلال كتابه المعروف (الذات الجريحة)(1996 / 500 صفحة)، الذي صدر بعدة طبعات عراقية وعربية، وتم تدريسه في عدة جامعات عراقية. وفيه شرح هذا المفهوم في حالة العراق بالإضافة إلى بلدان الشام وعموم العالم العربي، إنسانيا وتاريخيا وسياسيا. واعتبر ان المعضلة الكبرى للعراق ان نخبه قد اسست دولة واحدة في أوائل القرن العشرين، ولكنها لم تؤسس معها (الهوية الوطنية) التي ظلت موجودة طيلة تاريخ العراق، ولكنها بحاجة إلى احياء وتطوير لكي تمنح العراقيين ثقافة ومشاعر انتمائهم الوطني المشترك وتخفف من حدة الخصومات القومية والدينية والطائفية.

وكرر في جميع كتابته وكتبه، انه من دون هذه الهوية الوطنية المشتركة التي توحد العراقيين، يستحيل بناء دولة موحدة ومستقرة. وفضح بالتفصيل مدى تقصير النخب العراقية، لانها لم تهمل فقط الهوية الوطنية، بل تطرفت في ابراز الهويات المحلية المتصارعة: القومية والدينية والطائفية والاممية، التي تنكر تماما وحدة العراق والعراقيين. واعتبر ان جميع الاضطرابات والانقلابات والحروب الخارجية والداخلية بسبب اضطراب الوحدة الوطنية لغياب ثقافة الانتماء الوطني المشترك. واكد على أن الهوية الوطنية يجب أن تكون ذات بعد إنساني وديمقراطي تعترف بالتنوع وتتغذى على الهويات المحلية، القومية والدينية، مثل البحيرة التي تتغذى على مختلف الانهار. وطالب بان تكون (بغداد) مستقبلا مثل (بروكسل) عاصمة للسلام والتقارب والتوحد بين شعوب الشرق الأوسط.

وبسبب موقفه الداعي إلى الوحدة الوطنية العراقية وضد التعصب القومي والطائفي، فأنه واجه دائما عداء المتعصبين دينيا وقوميا، ويتعرض دائما إلى حملات اعلامية تشويهيه من قبل القوى القومية والطائفية الماسكة بالسلطة والاعلام في العراق. خصوصا الاحزاب القومية الانفصالية الكردية التي تعتبر سليم مطر من أشد اعدائها بسبب فضحه في كتبه ومقالاته لطروحاتها العنصرية التعصبية ضد شعوب الشرق الأوسط.
كذلك الاحزاب العنفية المسلحة تعادي الكاتب بسبب طروحاته الداعية إلى الكفاح السلمي ونشر السلام في الشرق الأوسط.

أهم مؤلفات سليم مطر
كتب سليم مطر العديد من المؤلفات، في مجال الفكر وكذلك الأدب الروائي والقصصي. اما أهم مؤلفاته المتميزة:

1 ـ امرأة القاروة. 1990 ـ 160 ص: وهو اولى كتبه، وقد فازت بجائزة الناقد العربية، وصدرت بعدة طبعات عراقية وعربية. وحازت على سمعة كبيرة في العالم العربي، إذ لا زال يطلق على المؤلف لقب:(صاحب امرأة القارورة)! تدور احداثها في (جنيف) في اعوام الثمانيات من القرن الماضي، حيث يعثر الشاب الأجنبي (آدم) بين اغراضه المنسية على قارورة ورثها من أبيه، وبعد أن فتحها صدفة، خرجت له سيدة خلابة الجمال، اخبرته بانها تعيش في القارورة منذ آلاف الاعوام عندما كانت اميرة سومرية. وقد عاشت مع احفادها الذين توارثوها، وهاهي الآن ستعيش مع (آدم) بعد أن عاشت مع أبيه واجداده. وفعلا تعيش معه مغامرات عدة وبنفس الوقت تحكي له مغامراتها التي عاشتها مع اجداده. وحسب النقاد ان (سيدة القارورة) تمثل الروح العراقية والإنسانية المتوارثة.
وقد ترجمت هذه الرواية إلى الفرنسية: (La Femme à la Fiole) وكذلك إلى الإنكليزي The Woman of the FlِASK

2 ـ الذات الجريحة. 1996 ـ 500 ص: وهو أول كتبه الفكرية التاريخية، والثاني بعد روايته الأولى. حيث استغرق تأليفه عدة سنوات، نشر اولا على شكل دراسات في الصحافة العربية، ثم اشتغل عليه عامين من الاعداد والتحسين لكي يصدره بكتاب اكاديمي متكامل. وفيه شرح بالتفاصيل والاستشهادات الفكرية والتاريخية مفهوم الهوية الوطنية واشكالاتها في العراق والعالم العربي. وقد صدر عدة طبعات في بيروت وبغداد.

3 ـ اعترافات رجل لا يستحي. 2008 ـ 160 ص: وهي رواية سيرة ذاتية، حيث سرد المؤلف حياته منذ الطفولة والمراهقة والشباب حتى حياته في جنيف. وتميزت هذه الرواية السيرة، بالتحليل النفسي والفلسفي الجريء والفاضح ولكن مع الإبقاء على الرصانة الأدبية والقيمة الامتاعية. وصدر بعدة طبعات في بغداد وبيروت.
صدرت الطبعة الفرنسية (La confession d'un étranger) في باريس عام 2011  وتحولت بعض مقاطعها إلى جزء من مسرحية

4 ـ (المنظمات السرية) 2011 ـ 160 ص: وهو كتاب معلوماتي فكري عن المنظمات السرية العالمية ودورها في الشرق الأوسط. ودعى المؤلف القوى الوطنية السلمية في الشرق الأوسط إلى ضرورة التنسيق مع القوى السلمية والإنسانية السياسية والمسيحية واليهودية في أوروبا وأمريكا من اجل فضح ومواجهة القوى الشيطانية التي تغذي العداوات والحروب. ومن اجل اقرار السلام في الشرق الأوسط وفي العالم اجمع.

5 ـ العراق.. سبعة آلاف عام من الحياة ـ 2013 ـ 260 ص: وهواول وأهم كتاب تاريخي وفكري عن تاريخ العراق بجميع مراحله، منذ ما قبل التاريخ وحتى العصر الحديث. وقد زين الكتاب بحوالي 500 صورة ملونة مع خرائط توضيحية ومعلومات تفصيلية ومختصر ممتعة ومفيدة. وكما ذكر، فانه كتاب موجه إلى العراقيين من سن 12 إلى سن 112. وغاية الكتاب تثقيف الاجيال العراقية بتاريخ بلادهم وهويتهم الوطنية التاريخية المشتركة، التي تجمعهم بمختلف اصولهم القومية والدينية والمذهبية.

باقي الكتب
اما بالنسبة لمؤلفاته الروائية والفكرية، فأنها جميعا تتمحور حول اشكاليات الهوية والانتماء بمعانيها التاريخية والنفسية والسياسية والفكرية، وهي كالتالي:

1 ـ عام 2000 اصدر روايته الثانية التوأم المفقود عن تجوال شاب عراقي منفي يغادر جنيف بحثا عن (توأمه المفقود) ويقوده بحثه العجيب إلى متاهات نفسية وروحانية لم تخطر على البال.

2 ـ عام 2003 اصدر كتابه الفكري الثاني جدل الهويات، عن اشكاليات الفئات الاقوامية العراقية: العرب والاكراد والتركمان والسريان واليزيدية.

3 - عام 2010 كتاب فكري ـ سياسي (العراق الجديد والفكر الجديد).

4 - عام 2011 الاشراف على كتاب جماعي (يقظة الهوية العراقية).

5 ـ عام 2012 كتاب فكري ـ سياسي (مشروع الاحياء الوطني العراقي).

مجلة ميزوبوتاميا (بلاد النهرين) والموسوعات
منذ عام 2004 بدأ بإصدار (ميزوبوتاميا) الفصلية الثقافية المتخصصة بموضوع (الهوية العراقية).
وضمن اصدرات هذه الفصلية، اشرف على إصدار موسوعات كبيرة (بحدود 400 ص):

1- (خمسة آلاف عام من الانوثة العراقية) 2004: عن تاريخ المرأة العراقية والشخصيات النسوية طيلة تاريخ العراق القديم والمعاصر.

2- (موسوعة المدائن العراقية) 2005: للتعريف بجميع المحافظات العراقية مع أهم المدن، جغرافيا وتاريخيا.

3- (خمسة آلاف عام من التدين العراقي) 2006: للتعريف بالاديان والمذاهب العراقية القديمة (الميتة) والحالية الحية.

4- (موسوعة كركوك قلب العراق) 2008: للتعريف بمحافظة كركوك وتاريخها ومكوناتها الجغرافية والسكانية والثقافية، من اجل المساهمة بتخليص هذه المحافظة من المشاريع القومية الانفصالية والعنصرية.

5 - (موسوعة اللغات العراقية) 2009: للتعريف لجميع اللغات العراقية الفديمة الميتة والحالية الحية، وثقافة القوميات الناطقة بها.

6- (موسوعة البيئة العراقية) 2010: للتعريف بتفاصيل البيئة العراقية والمشاكل الخطيرة التي تواجها، والمساهمة في التخلص من عوامل التلوث والخراب الصناعي والحربي المتراكم.

مواقع خارجية
 موقع مجلته (ميزوبوتاميا)
 موقع النور

المصادر

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
بيئيون عراقيون
ربوبيون عراقيون
روائيون عراقيون
روائيون عراقيون في القرن 20
سويسريون متجنسون
سويسريون من أصل عراقي
شيوعيون عراقيون سابقون
عراقيون مهاجرون إلى سويسرا
قوميون عراقيون
متصوفون
ملحدون ولاأدريون سابقون
مهاجرون عراقيون إلى سويسرا
مواليد 1956
مواليد في بغداد
مؤرخو العراق
مؤرخون سويسريون في القرن 21
مؤرخون عراقيون

سليم مطر


El distrito de Alay (en kirguís: Алай району) es uno de los rayones (distrito) de la provincia de Osh en Kirguistán. Tiene como capital la ciudad de Gulcha.

A

Distrito de Alay


Mandrillus is a genus of large Old World monkeys distributed throughout central and southern Africa, consisting of two species: M. sphinx and M. leucophaeus, the mandrill and drill, respectively. Mandrillus, originally placed under the genus Papio as a type of baboon, is closely related to the genus Cercocebus. They are characterised by their large builds, elongated snouts with furrows on each side, and stub tails. Both species occupy the west central region of Africa and live primarily on the ground. They are frugivores, consuming both meat and plants, with a preference for plants. M. sphinx is classified as vulnerable and M. leucophaeus as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.

Taxonomy
Mandrillus is a genus within the tribe Papionini, which in turn is under the subfamily Cercopithecinae. This subfamily is classified under the family of Old World monkeys (Cercopithecidae) within the infraorder Simiiformes. The Papionini tribe contains six other genera: baboons (Papio), macaques (Macaca), crested mangabeys (Lophocebus), white-eyelid mangabeys (Cercocebus), the highland mangabey (Rungwecebus) and Theropithecus.

Originally, both species were considered part of the Papio genus, as forest baboons, due to superficial similarities such as size and appearance, particularly in facial features. However, studies conducted analysing anatomical and genetic differences between the current Mandrillus and Papio genera showed more differences than similarities resulting in the current taxonomic ranking. Furthermore, the studies showed Mandrillus are more closely related to the white eyed mangabeys, and diverged relatively recently (4 million years ago) from this genus.

Species

Anatomy

Both species of Mandrillus develop extremely large muzzles, prominent nasal ridges and paranasal swelling (swelling in the area adjacent to the nostrils). The size and colour of the paranasal swellings correlate to male dominance and rank, while the size of nasal ridges is a way of attracting mates. Mandrillus teeth consist of two incisors, two premolars, one canine and three molars in each half of the upper and lower jaw, totalling 32 teeth. Furthermore Mandrillus display larger premolars and extended canines; these dental traits are better adapted to crushing hard objects. This is due to a large part of their diet consisting of hard, dry nuts and seeds that require greater crushing power and the use of their teeth in ripping apart rotting wood to search for insects and other invertebrates.

Within the shoulder and upper arm structures of the Mandrillus monkeys a deep scapular, broad deltoid plane, narrow stable elbow region and other skeletal features indicate the use of the forelimbs for climbing and foraging. This is used by the monkeys to climb trees when searching for ripe fruit and in the aggressive foraging of the forest floor in search of food. Mandrillus monkeys have developed an extremely broad and robust ilium, and a rounded tibial shaft. The development of these features can be attributed to the climbing of trees and quadrupedal locomotion. The largest toe is separated from the remaining toes for increased grasping power when climbing trees.

Sexual dimorphism
Both species of Mandrillus demonstrate a great degree of sexual dimorphism in weight, anatomy and physical appearance. The mandrill displays the most extreme sexual dimorphism for weight among all primates, with a male-female weight ratio of 3.2 – 3.4 at eight to ten years of age. Similarly, drills are one of the most sexually dimorphic primates for body weight, with a male growing up to 32 kg while a female grows to 12 kg. Sexual dimorphism is also displayed in the growth of the craniofacial bones of both species. The males of each species have longer muzzles, much larger paranasal swellings and longer canines than their female counterparts. In a study of wild drills, female muzzles only grew up to 70% the length of the male muzzles. Furthermore, males have brightly coloured, saturated rumps unlike their female counterparts. Both species also display the greatest visual sexual dimorphism within monkeys. On a scale based on rating the differences in physical features between genders, the mandrill obtained 32 whilst the drill obtained 24.5. These ratings are based on features such as the saturation and colour of the rump (and face for mandrills), the paranasal swelling, the fatted rump and fur colouring.

Distribution and habitat
Mandrillus monkeys have a very localised biographical region located in West central Africa. The two species are often considered allopatric, they occupy non-overlapping regions, and their regions are divided by a physical barrier, the Sanaga river in Cameroon. Mandrillus leucophaeus occupy the area above the river in North western Cameroon and southwestern Nigeria up until the Cross River, and Bioko Island (Equatorial Guinea) which lies off the coast.  The mandrill occupies the area below the river line in Cameroon, Río Muni, Gabon and Congo. The Mandrillus species occupy multiple sections of the Guinean forests of West Africa, including Cross–Sanaga–Bioko coastal forests and Cameroonian Highlands forests. The forests the monkeys occupy have a humid, tropical climate and rugged terrain. Deforestation has reduced the habitat of both Mandrillus species, reducing the distribution of each species, especially the drill.

Behaviour

Diet
Both Mandrillus species are frugivores, consuming both plants and insects with a preference for fruits and nuts. Mandrillus species spend a large amount of their time foraging through the forest in search of food. In a study conducted in Cameroon, approximately 84% of the faecal matter of mandrills consisted of fruit. Similarly, a study done on drills in southwest Cameroon showed that the mean weight of fruit and seed in faecal matter was equal to or greater than 80%. Seasonal changes can be seen within Mandrillus diet, during peak fruit season (September to March) their diet consisted mostly of fruit, pulp and seeds whilst during the fruit scarce season (June to August) there was a great increase in the consumption of insects, woody tissue and especially nuts. There was also an increase in the variation of the diet during the fruit-scarce season. Important fruit include but are not limited to, the fruit of the bush mango (Irvingia gabonensis), African Corkwood tree (Musanga cecropioides), Grewia coriacea, Sacoglottis gabonensis and Xylopia aethiopica. Invertebrates consumed include crickets, ants, caterpillars and termites. Rarely, Mandrillus monkeys will eat larger animals, such as rats and gazelles when presented with the opportunity.

Social systems
The species of the genus exhibit great similarities in their social systems. Both generally form smaller groups, however the size of these groups is unclear. A study done on drills in southwest Cameroon found a mean group size of 52.3 while another more recent report stated a figure of 25–40 on these smaller groups.  A study of mandrills done at Campo reserve in Cameroon found small groups contain 14 - 95 individuals. These smaller groups, with stable social structures, often join to form larger "supergroups" of hundreds of individuals. Some of the largest mandrill "supergroups" reported contained up to 845 individuals whilst some of the largest drill "supergroups" reported contained 400 individuals. There has been reports of solitary male Mandrillus monkeys, however this occurs very rarely.

The social structures and social hierarchy of Mandrillus "supergroups" and groups is highly contentious. There are multiple older (1970s-1990s) sources referencing single male units, which contained a male and multiple female monkeys, as the smallest and most common stable social structure. However this has been disproved with the discovery of less colourful male Mandrillus and further observations of behaviour. Mandrillus leucophaeus social structures are unknown, due to low populations, and secluded habitats with dense forestry. On the other hand, Mandrillus sphinx has had a variety of studies on social structure done in largely captive and semi-free ranging settings, with few studies on wild mandrills. The current studies on mandrills are inconclusive, and present different results. Various semi-free ranging studies conducted report a matrilineal social structure with a stable infant and female mandrill "supergroup". Male Mandrillus monkeys would disperse from this group when old enough and join other groups only during mating season. Further studies, also done in semi-free ranging settings, conclude that dominant females are central to group cohesion and connectivity (how close they remained). Conversely, a study on wild mandrills published in 2015 reported that a stable adult, male mandrill population of 5 - 6 was present year round in "supergroups". This aligned with the social structures reported in other research papers done on wild mandrills, where stable multi-male and multi-female groups were found. This difference in social structures between Mandrillus groups has been attributed to limitations in observing wild mandrills, differing habitats, and differing sample sizes.

Male dominance and rank have been linked to the colouration and colour extension of the rumps, greater saturation and colour extension correlated to higher-ranking males. Males of higher ranking are more likely to associate with females, especially those with sexual skin swelling, and more likely to successfully mount females. Dominant, adult males practice mate guarding on adult females during times of maximal skin swelling; with their high competitive ability they are more likely to successfully reproduce. Due to the tropical habitat, mating season coincides with the dry season (May to October) and birth season coincides with the wet season (November to April).

Communication

The Mandrillus genus uses both visual and vocal forms of communication, which are extremely similar or identical across both species. Both species have three identical long-range vocal communications: two-phase grunts, roars and "crowling". The two-phased grunt is a low, two-syllable continuous sound used exclusively by adult males during calm group progression and mate guarding. Roars are single low, single syllable sounds used exclusively by males in the same context as two-phase grunts. Crowling is used by infants and females during group movement or foraging to call together the dispersed group.

They also use numerous short-range vocal sounds for various purposes. The "yak" and grinding of teeth are used during tense situations. The grunt is used in aggressive situations and screams are used to escape or while experiencing fear. The growl is used to convey mild alarm, the K-alarm is used to convey intense alarm and the "girney" is used for appeasement. Both species use various facial expressions to communicate with each other. The silent baring of teeth is a positive visual signal conveying peaceful intentions, and it is often combined with a shaking head. Staring open-mouthed is a display of aggression, frowning with bare teeth is used to encourage submission, staring with bare teeth can communicate aggression or fear, pouting signals submission and a relaxed open mouth encourages playing.

Conservation status
The current conservation status of Mandrillus sphinx is vulnerable and that for Mandrillus leucophaeus is endangered. The greatest threats to the conservation of this genus are the severe loss and degradation of their habitat, and hunting. The loss of habitat is an ongoing threat that can be attributed to the expansion of human settlements as well as the clearing of forests for chipping factories and agriculture. Hunting and poaching of Mandrillus monkeys for meat or to protect crops is also major, ongoing threat to the population despite the implementation of hunting restrictions and sanctuaries. The drill population in Cameroon, which encompasses 80% of the drill's original habitat, has been fragmented into smaller, isolated populations with largest residing in Korup national park. The mandrill population in south Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea are at great risk due to extensive forest loss. The majority of the mandrill population remains in Gabon and faces major threats from railroad construction and logging companies. As of 2020, the mandrill population is in decline while the drill population is not able to be accurately determined.

References

Sources

External links

 Primate Info Net Mandrillus Factsheets

Papionini
Primate genera
Primates of Africa
Taxa named by Ferdinand August Maria Franz von Ritgen
Taxa described in 1824

Mandrillus


Secret Escapes er en britisk rejsevirksomhed, der udbyder luksushoteller med rabat via en hjemmeside og mobilapp til sine medlemmer.

Secret Escapes opererer i Belgien, Danmark, Frankrig, Holland, Italien, Norge, Rumænien, Spanien, Storbritannien, Sverige, Tyskland og USA.

Historie
Secret Escapes blev grundlagt i Storbritannien i 2010 af Tom Valentine og Alex Saint, efter at de havde identificeret en stigende efterspørgsel på luksusrejser i Storbritannien. I 2013 lancerede virksomheden i Sverige, og i foråret 2014 fulgte de efter med en dansk og norsk version. Samme år købte virksomheden den tyske hotelbookingside Justbook, mens de i oktober 2015 fortsatte udvidelsen med købet af flash deal-siden Travista .

I juli 2015 modtog virksomheden en investering på 60 mio. USD fra bl.a. Google Ventures til en yderligere ekspansion.

Eksterne henvisninger

Virksomheder i London

Secret Escapes


දෙවන පුලකේශින් (IAST: Pulakeśin, රාජ්‍ය. ක්‍රි.ව. 610–642) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ වාතාපියෙහි (වර්තමාන ඉන්දියාවේ කර්ණාටක හි බාදාමි) චාලුක්‍ය රාජවංශයේ වඩාත්ම ප්‍රකට පාලකයායි. ඔහුගේ රාජ්‍ය සමයේ දී, චාලුක්‍ය රාජධානිය ඉන්දියානු අර්ධද්වීපයේ ඩෙකාන් ප්‍රදේශයෙන් වැඩි ප්‍රමාණයක ව්‍යාප්තව පැවතිණි.

A son of the Chalukya king Kirttivarman I, Pulakeshin overthrew his uncle Mangalesha to gain control of the throne. He suppressed a rebellion by Appayika and Govinda, and decisively defeated the Kadambas of Banavasi in the south. The Alupas and the Gangas of Talakadu recognized his suzerainty. He consolidated the Chalukya control over the western coast by subjugating the Mauryas of Konkana. His Aihole inscription also credits him with subjugating the Latas, the Malavas, and the Gurjaras in the north.

The most notable military achievement of Pulakeshin was his victory over the powerful northern emperor Harsha-vardhana, whose failure to conquer the Chalukya kingdom is attested by the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang. In the east, Pulakeshin subjugated the rulers of Dakshina Kosala and Kalinga. After defeating the Vishnukundina ruler, he appointed his brother Vishnu-vardhana as the governor of eastern Deccan; this brother later established the independent Eastern Chalukya dynasty of Vengi. Pulakeshin also achieved some successes against the Pallavas in the south, but was ultimately defeated, and probably killed, during an invasion by the Pallava king Narasimhavarman I.

Pulakeshin was a Vaishnavite, but was tolerant of other faiths, including Shaivism, Buddhism, and Jainism. He patronized several scholars, including Ravikirtti, who composed his Aihole inscription.

References

Bibliography

Early Chalukyas
640s deaths
7th-century Indian monarchs
Indian Hindus
Indian military leaders
Hindu monarchs

දෙවන පුලකේශින්


Las Barreras puede referirse a:

Lugares
En Bolivia
 Las Barreras, localidad del municipio de Warnes, en la provincia Warnes.

En España
 Las Barreras, localidad del municipio de Órgiva, en la provincia de Granada.
 Las Barreras, localidad del municipio de El Rosario, en la provincia de Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

En República Dominicana
 Barreras, distrito municipal del municipio de Azua, en la provincia de Azua.

Las Barreras


John Daniel Clardy (* 30. August 1828 im Smith County, Tennessee; † 20. August 1918 bei Hopkinsville, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1895 und 1899 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Im Jahr 1831 kam John Clardy mit seinen Eltern in das Christian County in Kentucky, wo er die öffentlichen Schulen besuchte. Im Jahr 1848 absolvierte er das Georgetown College; danach unterrichtete er für ein Jahr als Lehrer. Nach einem anschließenden Medizinstudium an der University of Louisville in Lexington sowie der University of Pennsylvania und seiner 1851 erfolgten Zulassung als Arzt begann er für einige Jahre in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Dann gab er diesen Beruf auf, um sich der experimentellen Landwirtschaft und der Viehzucht zu widmen.

Politisch war Clardy Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei. Im Jahr 1890 war er Delegierter auf einer Versammlung zur Überarbeitung der Verfassung von Kentucky. 1893 war er einer der Vertreter seines Staates auf der World's Columbian Exposition, der Weltausstellung in Chicago. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1894 wurde er im zweiten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1895 die Nachfolge von William Thomas Ellis antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl konnte er bis zum 3. März 1899 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. In diese Zeit fiel der Spanisch-Amerikanische Krieg.

Im Jahr 1898 verzichtete John Clardy auf eine erneute Kandidatur. Er zog sich aus der Politik in seinen Ruhestand zurück, den er auf seinem Anwesen "Oakland" nahe Hopkinsville verbrachte. Dort ist er am 20. August 1918, zehn Tage vor seinem 90. Geburtstag, verstorben.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1828
Gestorben 1918
Mann

John Daniel Clardy


Morten Rotne Leffers (født 13. juni 1968, død 26. september 1998) var en dansk skuespiller, som var født med Downs syndrom.

Han var kendt for at have spillet den mandlige opvasker i Lars von Triers tv-serier Riget og Riget II.

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark

Morten Rotne Leffers


Béatrice Symphorose Lakoussan, née en 1943 au Bénin est une magistrate et députée de la  législature.

Ancienne conseillère à la Haute autorité de l'audiovisuel et de la communication, elle est aussi l'ex-épouse de l'ancien président du Bénin Mathieu Kérékou.

Biographie

Vie privée
Béatrice Lakoussan, juriste et magistrate, est l'ex-épouse de l'ancien président du Bénin, le général Mathieu Kérékou et mère de cinq enfants.

Carrière politique
Candidate aux élections législatives béninoises de 1999 sur la liste du parti social-démocrate, elle est élue députée à l'Assemblée nationale .

Le 24 juin 1997, elle est nommée inspectrice générale adjointe des services judiciaires du Ministère de la Justice, de la Législation et des Droits de l'Homme.

Radiée en 1976  du corps de la magistrature, elle est réhabilitée en 1996.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Assemblée nationale (Bénin)
 Liste des parlements actuels
 Politique du Bénin
 Députés de la  législature du Bénin

Députée béninoise
Magistrate béninoise

Béatrice Lakoussan


مصدر الجهد الكهربائي هو المصدر الكهربائي المستعمل في البيوت والمصان بتيار متردد .

دائرة كهربائية بسيطة

يبين الشكل دائرة كهربائية مكونة من عضوين ، أحدهما المصدر V والعضو الآخر مقاومة R ، وقد تكون المقاومة مثلا مصباحا كهربائيا ، ويوضح السهم اتجاه سريان التيار I وهو من القطب الموجب إلى القطب السالب.

اقرأ أيضا

 دائرة كهربائية
 دائرة مقاومة و مكثف
 مرشح إلكتروني
 بطارية الرصاص
 جلفانوستات
 المولد (نظرية الدائرة الكهربائية)
 نظرية التراكب
 تحويل المصدر

مراجع

دارات تشابهية
كهرباء

مصدر جهد كهربائي


, né le  à Tonoshō, dans la préfecture de Kagawa, est un mangaka connu pour ses œuvres Quand Takagi me taquine,  et À quoi tu joues, Ayumu ?!.

Biographie
Sōichirō Yamamoto naît en 1986 à Tonoshō, sur l'île de Shōdoshima et y vit sa jeunesse, pendant laquelle il joue beaucoup aux jeux vidéo, dont Pokémon, et lit des mangas, comme Dragon Ball et JoJo's Bizarre Adventure. La ville devient plus tard le lieu où se déroule sa série principale Quand Takagi me taquine. Il est diplômé de l'université Kyoto Seika. Il remporte le prix Shōgakukan 2020 en catégorie Shōnen, ex-æquo avec Chainsaw Man de Tatsuki Fujimoto.

Principales œuvres

Manga
 , depuis 2013, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2013 à 2016, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2014 à 2015, .
 , 2018 à 2023, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2016 à 2020, Weekly Shōnen Magazine.
 , 2019 à 2020, Bessatsu Shōnen Champion.

Recueils de nouvelles
 , 2018, collection de courtes histoires publiées d'années antérieures, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2018, collections d'histoires publiées et inédites d'années antérieures, Shōgakukan.

One shots
 , 2010, Monthly Ikki.
 , 2012, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2013, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2013, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2015, Weekly Young Magazine.
 , 2016, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2016, Monthly Shōnen Sunday.
 , 2016, Weekly Shōnen Champion.

Références

Liens externes

Mangaka
Dessinateur japonais
Dessinateur de bande dessinée
Naissance en mai 1986
Naissance dans la préfecture de Kagawa

Sōichirō Yamamoto


Ferry Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Ferry Township (Michigan)
 Ferry Township (North Dakota)

Ferry Township


Rachida Brahim, née en 1982 en France, est une sociologue et historienne française spécialiste du racisme.

Biographie
Elle suit un Master « Histoire, option patrimoine méditerranéen » à Aix-en-Provence ainsi qu'un Master recherche « identités et territoires en Méditerranée » à Montpellier, puis devient doctorante à l'Université d'Aix-Marseille. Elle reçoit le deuxième prix de la compétition Ma thèse en 180 secondes en 2015, avec une contribution qui détonne par son aspect sérieux, au sujet de sa thèse intitulée . En 2021, elle publie l'ouvrage intitulé La race tue deux fois, Une histoire des crimes racistes en France (1970-2000), dans lequel elle revient notamment sur la série d'agressions racistes de 1973 en France, et dont le texte permet, selon la recension qu'en fait Nicolas Sembel dans la Revue européenne des sciences sociales . Rachida Brahim a notamment montré comment les affaires ont été , les préfets faisant remonter les « incidents impliquant des Nord-Africains » en insistant invariablement sur l'absence de caractère raciste, et comment la transmission intergénérationnelle du stigmate raciste a transformé l'étiquette  en .

Ouvrages

Références

Liens externes

Sociologue français du XXIe siècle
Racisme en France
Histoire de l'immigration en France
Docteur de l'université d'Aix-Marseille
Étudiant de l'université Paul-Valéry Montpellier 3
Naissance en 1982

Rachida Brahim


Sjóvar kommuna er en kommune på Færøerne. Kommunens administration ligger i Strendur, hvor tre fjerdedele af indbyggerne bor, desuden omfatter den de mindre bygder Innan Glyvur, Selatrað, Morskranes og Kolbanargjógv. Navnet på kommunen har sit ophav i Sjóvar sogn, som var et kirkesogn med Sjógv i Strendur som centrum. 1. januar 1952 blev Sjóvar kommuna delt, og Skála og Skálabotnur dannede den nye Skála kommuna (der siden 2005 en del af Runavíkar kommuna). De tilbageværende bygder dannede den nuværende Sjóvar kommuna.

1. januar 2010 havde Sjóvar kommuna 1 005 indbyggere.

Politik

Sidste kommunalbestyrelsesvalg fandt sted 11. november 2012, og valgte kommunestyre med virkning fra 1. januar 2013. I modsætning til i 2008, hvor der kun opstillede en fælles borgerliste, var der denne gang kampvalg mellem to partilister. Valgdeltagelsen var 81,1%. Arthur Johansen blev genvalgt som borgmester.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officiel netside

Kommuner i Færøerne
Eysturoy

Sjóvar kommuna


Die Liste der Orte in der kreisfreien Stadt Kaiserslautern listet den Hauptort und die amtlichen Gemeindeteile (Ortsbezirke, Wohnplätze und sonstige Gemeindeteile) in der kreisfreien Stadt Kaiserslautern (Rheinland-Pfalz) auf.

Liste der Orte

Fußnoten

!
Kaiserslautern
Ortsteile Kaiserslautern
Kaiserslautern


Hauswedell ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Corinna Hauswedell (* 1953), deutsche Historikerin
 Ernst Hauswedell (1901–1983), deutscher Verleger und Kunsthändler

Hauswedell


Amundsenovo more je rubno more Južnog oceana uz obalu Zemlje Marie Byrd na zapadnoj Antarktici, nalazi se između Rta Leteće ribe (sjeverozapadni vrh otoka Thurston) na istoku i Rta Dart na otoku Siple na zapadu. Rt Leteće ribe označava granicu između Amundsenovog more i Bellingshausenovog mora. Zapadno od Cape Dart-a nema imenovanog rubnog mora Južnog oceana između Amundsenovog i Rossovog mora. Norveška ekspedicija koja je u periodu 1928. – 1929. posjetila Antarktiku pod vodstvom kapetana Nilsa Larsena imenovala je ovu vodenu masu po norveškom polarnom istraživaču Roaldu Amundsenu tijekom istraživanja ovog područja u veljači 1929.

More je uglavnom pokriveno ledom, a u njega ulazi Ledenjak Thwaites. Ledeni pokrov koji se slijeva u Amundsenovo more u prosjeku iznosi oko 3 km debljine; što je otprilike površina države Teksas, ovo je područje poznato pod nazivom Zaljev Amundsenovog mora (Amundsen Sea Embayment, ASE); čini jedan od tri glavna bazena za drenažu leda zapadnoantarktičkog ledenog pokrivača.

Zaljev Amundsenovog mora

Ledeni pokrov koji se ulijeva u more Amundsen u prosjeku je debeo oko 3 km; približno je veličine države Teksas, a područje je poznato pod nazivom Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE); čini jedan od tri glavna bazena za drenažu leda zapadnoantarktičkog ledenog pokrivača, a drugi su zaljev Rossovog mora i zaljev Weddellovog mora. U ožujku 2007. znanstvenici koji su proučavali ASE satelitskim i zračnim istraživanjima objavili su značajno stanjivanje ASE-a, zbog promjena u obrascima vjetra koji omogućavaju da toplije vode teku ispod ledene ploče.

Neki su znanstvenici pretpostavili da bi ova regija mogla biti "meki trbuh" ledenog pokrivača zapadne Antarktike. Ledenjaci Pine Island i Thwaites, koji se ulijevaju u Amundsenovo more, dva su od pet najvećih na Antarktici. Znanstvenici su otkrili da se protok ovih ledenjaka povećao posljednjih godina, ako bi se potpuno otopili, razina mora porasla bi za oko 0,9–1,9 m. Znanstvenici su sugerirali da bi gubitak ovih ledenjaka destabilizirao čitav ledeni pokrov zapadne Antarktike i možda dijelove ledene ploče Istočne Antarktike.

Studija u listopadu 2004. sugerirala je da se, budući da se led u Amundsenovom moru brzo topio i puknuo, obalni ledeni šelf trebao srušiti "u roku od pet godina". Studija je predvidjela porast razine mora za 1.3 m od zapadnog antarktičkog ledenog sloja ako bi se sav morski led u Amundsenovom moru otopio.

Mjerenja provedena u Britanskom antarktičkom pregledu 2005. pokazala su da je stopa ispuštanja leda u zaljevu Amundsenovohmg mora bila oko 250 km 3 godišnje. Pod pretpostavkom stalne brzine ispuštanja, samo je to dovoljno za podizanje globalne razine mora za 0,2 mm godišnje.

Subglacijalni vulkan također je otkriven na tom području, sjeverno od ledenjaka Pine Island u blizini planina Hudson. Posljednji je put eruptirao prije otprilike 2.200 godina, na što ukazuju rasprostranjene naslage pepela unutar leda, u najvećoj poznatoj erupciji na Antarktici u posljednjih 10 tisućljeća. Vulkanske aktivnosti u regiji mogu pridonijeti primijećenom porastu ledenjačkog toka, iako je trenutno najpopularnija teorija među znanstvenicima koji proučavaju ovo područje da je protok povećan zbog zagrijavanja oceanske vode. Ta se voda zagrijala zbog podizanja duboke oceanske vode koja je posljedica promjena u tlačnim sustavima, na koje je moglo utjecati globalno zagrijavanje.

U siječnju 2010., studija modeliranja sugerirala je da je "prekretnica" za ledenjak Pine Island možda prošla još 1996. godine, uz povlačenje od 200 km moguće do 2100., što daje odgovarajućih 24 cm porasta razine mora, iako se sugeriralo da su ove procjene vremenskog raspona konzervativne. Međutim, studija modeliranja također navodi da "S obzirom na složenu, trodimenzionalnu prirodu stvarnog ledenjaka otoka Pine ... trebalo bi biti jasno da je [...] model vrlo grub prikaz stvarnosti."

Zaljev Otoka Pine
Zaljev Otoka Pine ( ) je zaljev dug oko 64 km i širok 48 km, u koji se ulijeva led ledenjaka Pine Island na jugoistočnom kraju Amundsenovog mora. Ograničen je iz zračnih fotografija koje je snimila USN operacija Highjump u prosincu 1946., a imenovao ih je Savjetodavni odbor za antarktička imena (US-ACAN) za USS Pine Island, natječaj za hidroavion i perjanicu istočne radne skupine USN Operacije Highjump koja je istraživala ovo područje.

Zaljev Russell
() Zaljev Russell je prilično otvoren zaljev na jugozapadu Amundsenovog mora, koji se proteže uzduž sjevernih obala otoka Siple, ledene ploče Getz i otoka Carney, od otoka Pranke do prolaza Cape Gates. Kartirala ga je United States Geological Survey (USGS), na temelju snimki američke mornarice u periodu 1959. – 1966., a imenovala Savjetodavna komisija za antarktička imena (Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names, US-ACAN) prema admiralu James S. Russellu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Mora Južnog oceana / na Antarktici

Amundsenovo more


L'école Merchiston Castle (en ) est un internat indépendant pour garçons et les filles âgés de 7 à . Elle est fondée en 1833 sur le modèle des public schools anglaises.

Histoire
En 1828, Charles Chalmers, frère du théologien Thomas Chalmers, ouvre une petite école à Park Place, sur un site aujourd'hui occupé par le McEwan Hall. En , il prend à bail le  (l'ancienne demeure de John Napier, l'inventeur des logarithmes)  et y installe l'école. C'est de là que vient le nom de l'école. Au fil du temps, le nombre d'élèves a augmenté et le château de Merchiston est devenu trop petit pour accueillir l'école. Les gouverneurs décident alors d'acheter  de terrain sur le domaine de Colinton House, à quatre miles au sud-ouest d'Édimbourg. La construction commence en 1928 et comprend les internats Chalmers et Rogerson, conçus par . L'école emménage à  en 1930.

Trois ans plus tard, en 1933, Merchiston célèbre son centenaire, en présence du duc et de la duchesse d'York. Cinquante ans plus tard, en 1983, alors que l'école est en pleine expansion et compte , leur fille, aujourd'hui reine Elizabeth II, visite l'école pour son .

Liens forts avec le rugby
Une gamme de sports et d'activités est proposée à l'école, notamment le rugby à XV, que plus de  de Merchiston Castle ont pratiqué au niveau international. Le rugby est d'ailleurs introduit en Écosse en 1854 par deux anciens élèves de l'école, Francis et Alexander Crombie, alors étudiants à Durham School, dans le nord de l'Angleterre. Le Merchistonian Football Club est un membre fondateur de la  et trois joueurs y évoluant ont participé au tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire.

Entraîneur de l'équipe première de 1983 à 2000, Frank Hadden est devenu sélectionneur de l'équipe d'Écosse de rugby à XV de 2005 à 2009. L'école a remporté la  (coupe des moins de 18 ans des écoles écossaises) à sept reprises : 1998, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2008, 2018 et 2022.

Merchiston participe également, avec l'Académie d'Édimbourg, à la plus ancienne rencontre de rugby à XV continue au monde, la première ayant eu lieu le  à Raeburn Place, à Édimbourg .

Internats
Les cinq internats sont :
 « Pringle », du nom de James Summer Pringle, un bienfaiteur.
 « Chalmers West », du nom du fondateur et propriétaire Charles Chalmers, directeur de 1828 à 1850.
 « Chalmers East », idem
 « Rogerson », du nom de John Johnston Rogerson, directeur de 1863 à 1898 et propriétaire de 1863 à 1896, lorsque l'école est devenue publique et non plus privée en 1896.
 « Evans », du nom de Cecil Evans, directeur de 1936 à 1957.
 « Laidlaw », du nom de , ancien élève et bienfaiteur.

Tartan de l'école

Le tartan de l'école Merchiston Castle a été conçu par Kinloch Anderson en 1988. Il est basé sur le tartan , car l'école a été fondée dans les années 1830 dans la maison originale de John Napier de Merchiston, qui fait maintenant partie de l'université Napier d'Édimbourg. Le tartan conserve l'arrangement du tartan Napier, mais change le blanc en bleu royal, le bleu royal en marine, et la ligne blanche en écarlate pour refléter les couleurs de l'école.

Merchiston International School à Shenzhen
L'école Merchiston Castle a développé Merchiston International School après une année de collaboration avec l'investisseur chinois Lv Jianjun. L'école Merchiston International de Shenzhen est gérée par celui-ci. L'école internationale Merchiston a ouvert ses portes en  et est la première école du district de Longhua, à Shenzhen, dans la province du Guangdong, en Chine. Elle offre des conditions de vie étudiante en même temps qu'une éducation britannique. L'école est le premier campus étranger de l'école Merchiston Castle, alors vieille de 185 ans. Elle peut accueillir  âgés de 5 à . Les cours sont dispensés en anglais et les élèves de la première à la neuvième année suivent le programme national anglais, avec un accès supplémentaire à l'apprentissage du mandarin. Les élèves de terminale étudient pour l'IGCSE et les A-levels. Avec une capacité d'accueil de , l'école secondaire est exclusivement réservée aux étudiants en internat. 80 % du personnel enseignant est originaire du Royaume-Uni.

Notes et références

Liens externes

École en Écosse
École primaire
École secondaire au Royaume-Uni
Internat
Établissement scolaire fondé en 1833
École privée
Monument classé de catégorie A

École Merchiston Castle


A Wedding for Bella (formerly titled The Bread, My Sweet) is a 2001 American romantic drama film that told the story of a successful businessman who trades in his single lifestyle to marry the estranged daughter of a terminally ill elderly woman whom he loves like a mother. The marriage is a sham in order to give the elderly woman happiness before her death.

Written and directed by Melissa Martin, the film is set in Pittsburgh's Strip District, a thriving and diverse open-air market. Part love-story to the city that serves as its setting, the film is also a loving homage to the personalities of three people who each had an impact on director Melissa Martin.

Bella, the title character, and her husband, Massimo, are the creative embodiments of an elderly Italian-American couple who owned, and lived above The Enrico Biscotti Company (the real-life Pittsburgh bakery served as an inspiration for the film).

The film was directed by Martin, and starred Scott Baio as the businessman, Rosemary Prinz (as the dying elderly woman), Kristin Minter as Lucca, the estranged daughter, and Shuler Hensley. Then 70 years old, Prinz, a soap opera mainstay, made her feature film debut. This film has been presented at many film festivals across America.

References

External links
 The Bread, My Sweet at Who Knew Productions

2001 films
Films set in Pittsburgh
2001 romantic drama films
American romantic drama films
2000s American films

A Wedding for Bella


An Octomeria longipedicellata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Seehawer. An Octomeria longipedicellata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Octomeria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Octomeria

Octomeria longipedicellata


Na Dae-yong (* 1556 in Naju; † 1612) war ein koreanischer Militäroffizier und Schiffskonstrukteur im 16. Jahrhundert. Er ist vor allem als Erbauer des sogenannten Schildkrötenschiffs bekannt, welches sich während des Imjin-Kriegs zwischen 1592 und 1598 als eine der wirksamsten Waffen der koreanischen Seestreitkräfte erwies.

Leben und militärische Laufbahn
Na Dae-yong wurde im Jahr 1556 in der Stadt Naju in der Jeolla-Provinz geboren. Genaueres über sein Leben ist nicht bekannt. Na absolvierte seine Militärprüfung erfolgreich im Jahre 1583, bevor er 1591 zusammen mit seinem Vetter Na Chi-yong mit dem Rang eines Leutnants in den Dienst der Linken Jeolla-Marinedivision unter dem Admiral Yi Sun-sin eintrat.

In der Linken Jeolla-Division arbeitete Na als Schiffskonstrukteur, der sich mit dem Design und dem Bau des Geobukseon einen Platz in der Militärgeschichte Koreas sicherte. Er kämpfte während der japanischen Invasion Koreas auch als Offizier an der Kriegsfront; Yi Sun-sin erwähnt in einer seiner ersten Eintragungen in seinen Kriegstagebüchern, wie Na während der Seeschlacht von Sacheon von einer japanischen Arkebusenkugel verletzt wird, aber überlebt.

Im Jahre 1594 wurde Na zum Magistrat von Kangjin ernannt, und auch nach dem Krieg beschäftigte er sich weiter mit der Entwicklung neuer Kampfschiffe, die zum Teil auf seinem Gebukseon-Design basierten. 1611 wurde Na zum Marinekommandeur der Provinz Kyung-gi ernannt, starb aber an den Spätfolgen seiner Kriegsverletzungen, bevor er den Posten antreten konnte.

Moderne Ansichten
Im Westen wurde lange Zeit Yi Sun-sin als der eigentliche Schöpfer des Schildkrötenschiffs kreditiert, wobei Nas Rolle als dessen Konstrukteur weitgehend vernachlässigt wurde.

Na zu Ehren wurde im Jahr 2000 ein Diesel-U-Boot der Chang Bogo-Klasse, die SS-069, nach ihm benannt.

Na Dae-yong erscheint als eine wichtige Nebenfigur in der koreanischen Historiendramaserie Immortal Admiral Yi Soon-shin, gespielt von Lee Sang-in. Na wird dort als ein enthusiastischer Mensch mit überschäumendem Einfallsreichtum porträtiert, dessen unkonventionelle Denkweise schließlich für die Konzeption des Schildkrötenschiffs verantwortlich ist.

Literatur
Jung-ja Holm: Admiral Yi Soon-shin. Ein kurzer Überblick über sein Leben und Wirken. Diamant Sutra Rezitationsgruppe. ISBN 0-9779613-0-3.

Weblinks
 Yisunsin.prkorea.com: Admiral Yi Soon-shin's People
 Admiral Yi Sun-sin - A Korean Hero

Einzelnachweise

Koreanische Militärperson
Geboren 1556
Gestorben 1612
Mann
Koreaner

Na Dae-yong


Richard Lumley,  vicomte Lumley ( - ) est un royaliste et commandant militaire anglais. Il est le grand-père de Richard Lumley (1er comte de Scarbrough) .

Biographie
Richard Lumley est baptisé à Chester-le-Street, dans le comté de Durham, le 7 juillet 1589, fils de Roger Lumley et d'Anne Kurtswich, et petit-fils d'Anthony Lumley. Il est l'arrière-petit-fils de Richard Lumley,  baron Lumley qui est convoqué au Parlement en 1509. (Le père du  baron, Thomas, est décédé avant le grand-père du  baron, George le  baron). Il est un cousin germain de John Lumley (1er baron Lumley).

Il est loyaliste à la couronne à l'époque des guerres civiles anglaises. Il fait du siège familial, le Château de Lumley, une garnison. Il est nommé commandant principal sous le prince Rupert et marche dans l'ouest de l'Angleterre et combat au siège de Bristol où il reste jusqu'à ce que Rupert se rende en 1645.

Pour sa loyauté envers la couronne, Lumley est fait chevalier par le roi Jacques  le 19 juillet 1616 à Theobalds. Le 12 juillet 1628, il est créé vicomte Lumley de Waterford dans la pairie d'Irlande. Le 25 avril 1660, Lumley fait partie du groupe de loyalistes qui publient une déclaration au Parlement pour soutenir la Déclaration de Bréda.

Il épouse Frances, fille de Henry Shelley de Warminghurst Park .

Leur fille, Julia, épouse Sir Christopher Conyers,  baronnet de Horden. Leur fils, John Lumley, est décédé avant son père en 1658. il est remplacé dans la vicomté par son petit-fils, qui est fait comte de Scarbrough en 1690. La seconde épouse de Richard en 1630 est Elizabeth Sandys (née Cornwallis) qui, en 1657, fonde un lycée à Pickering, qui continue aujourd'hui sous le nom de Lady Lumley's School.

Références

Liens externes

Militaire de la guerre de Trente Ans
Vicomte de la pairie d'Irlande
Knight Bachelor
Décès en mars 1663
Naissance en avril 1589
Décès à 73 ans

Richard Lumley (1er vicomte Lumley)


Lights Out Management (LOM) omogućuje administratoru sustava pristup poslužiteljskom sustavu bez obzira je li uključen ili je instaliran operativni sustav. Naziv "Lights Out",  "Gašenje svjetla" dolazi od činjenice da svjetlo više ne mora biti upaljeno u podatkovnom centru jer u njemu nema nikoga.

Funkcionalnost LOM-a obično je dostupna u računalnim sustavima koji se koriste u serverskom području i prvenstveno su dizajnirani za kontinuirani rad. Međutim, u nekim se slučajevima ova tehnologija također koristi za centralno upravljana računala radnih stanica.

Tehnologija
LOM sustav sastoji se od dvije komponente: prva komponenta je takozvani Baseboard Management Controller, implementiran kao namjenski hardverski modul, BMC, koji se ponekad naziva i LOM modul, koji ima neovisne naponske i mrežne veze i nadzire radni status računala na hardverskoj razini (status napajanja, temperatura, vrijeme rada itd.). Zbog neovisne veze, ovaj modul ostaje aktivan čak i ako je poslužitelj ugašen ili neispravan. LOM često također prati funkcioniranje hardvera i može pristupiti svim hardverskim resursima, kao što je cjelokupna memorija, zaobilazeći sva ograničenja operativnog sustava.

Druga komponenta je softver, poput web sučelja, koji omogućuje pristup poslužitelju neovisno o softveru i operativnom sustavu na poslužitelju. Na ovaj način administrator može daljinski provjeriti status poslužitelja, preusmjeriti trenutni ekranski izlaz preko mreže, pokrenuti unos mišem i tipkovnicom i identificirati sve hardverske ili softverske probleme koji se mogu pojaviti na računalu. On može isključiti sustav, ponovno ga pokrenuti ili ponovno instalirati s medija za pokretanje koji je dostupan na mreži. Nadalje, on može postavljati parametre u BIOS-u, mijenjati brzinu ventilatora ili promatrati poruke upozorenja koje se pojavljuju u slučaju kvarova prilikom dizanja sustava.

Razlozi za korištenje
Osobito u velikim podatkovnim centrima više nije moguće da osoblje za održavanje, poput administratora sustava, se brine o svakom poslužitelju na licu mjesta. S jedne strane, tu je vrijeme putovanja kako bi mogli biti fizički na licu mjesta, a s druge strane, pristupne barijere u podatkovnim centrima koje postoje iz sigurnosnih ili tehničkih razloga su protiv toga. Umjesto toga, veliki broj poslužitelja se automatski nadzire i osoblje za održavanje se obavještava u slučaju problema koji se ne mogu automatski riješiti. Administrator može koristiti LOM za dovršetak svih radnih koraka koji ne zahtijevaju fizičke promjene hardvera na licu mjesta.

Druge upotrebe LOM-a su stolna računala i prijenosna računala u većim organizacijama koje mogu biti raspoređene na nekoliko lokacija, kao što su tvrtke, u kojima mnoge zadatke administrativnog održavanja može obavljati središnji IT odjel pomoću softvera za daljinsko održavanje. Osim LOM-a, u ovom području primjene dostupni su i programi za daljinsko održavanje koji se izvode izravno na računalu kao zaseban proces i ne zahtijevaju vlastiti hardver, poput Virtual Network Computing (VNC). S LOM-om mogu se proširiti mogućnosti čisto softverski podržanih rješenja za daljinsko održavanje, budući da je, na primjer, moguća potpuna ponovna instalacija računala radnih stanica putem daljinskog održavanja od strane IT odjela.

Međutim, pozitivne mogućnosti LOM-a nadoknađuju problemi u području zaštite podataka. U načelu, svatko tko može pristupiti računalu putem LOM-a može zaobići sva ograničenja računalnog sustava i operativnog sustava, a da računalni softver ne može detektirati ili spriječiti pristup. S pogrešno implementiranim ili pogrešno konfiguriranim LOM-om, napadači bez fizičkog pristupa stroju imaju iste mogućnosti kao da imaju fizički pristup.

Proizvođači

 Intel Active Management Technology (iAMT)
 HPE: Integrated Lights-Out (iLO)
 Fujitsu: RemoteView Service Board (RSB), Integrated Remote Management Controller (iRMC)
 Dell: Integrated Dell Remote Access Controller (iDRAC) (integriran na matičnoj ploči poslužitelja)
 Dell: Dell Remote Access Controller (DRAC) (kao plug-in kartica na matičnoj ploči)
 Apple: (za sustave Intel Xserve)
 IBM: Remote Data Management, Integrated Management Module (IMM)
 Sun Microsystems : Advanced Lights Out Management (ALOM), Integrated Lights Out Manager (ILOM)
 IBM: Hardware Management Console (HMC)
 F5 mreže: Always On Management (AOM)

Izvori
Administracija računalnih sustava

Lights Out Management


K-1 is a professional kickboxing promotion established in 1993 by karateka Kazuyoshi Ishii.

Originally under the ownership of the Fighting and Entertainment Group (FEG), K-1 was considered to be the largest Kickboxing organization in the world. The organization was known for its heavyweight division fights and Grand Prix tournaments. K-1 also promoted mixed martial arts events, with some events having both kickboxing and MMA matches on their cards (such as their Dynamite!! series). The promotion has also held several tournaments under K-2 and K-3 banners from 1993 to 1995.

FEG would later face financial issues in the 2010s, and eventually went bankrupt in 2012. That same year, K-1 Global Holdings Limited, a company registered in Hong Kong, acquired the rights to K-1. In 2023, global rights to the K-1 brand were acquired by M-1 Sports Media.

The letter K in K-1 is officially designated as a representation of words karate, kickboxing and kung fu. Nevertheless, some reports suggest that it represents the initial K found in competing disciplines such as karate, kickboxing, kung fu, kempo, kakutougi (the generic Japanese term for "combat sports"), and taekwondo. Another theory claims that the K simply comes from kakutougi and the "1" component pertains to the single weight division (in earlier competition) and the champion's unique position.

K-1 has its own unique ruleset different from other styles of Kickboxing. Because it has become so popular, K-1 is also seen as its own style of kickboxing and sometimes is erroneously considered as a standalone martial art/combat sport. Kickboxing governing bodies such as the ISKA and WKN have also crowned their own "K-1 rules" champions.

History

Early years

K-1's predecessor, Seidokaikan Karate, was formed in 1980 by Kazuyoshi Ishii, a former Kyokushin karate practitioner who had formed his own organization to help promote the best stand-up martial artists. Seidokaikan arranged several successful challenge events against other martial arts organizations, originally using rules based on the Kyokushin Knockdown karate rules, but gradually adapting and changing closer to kickboxing rules. In 1993, Mr. Ishii founded the K-1 exclusively as a kickboxing organization, closely cooperating with, but independent from Seidokaikan.

In 2010, rumours began to surface regarding financial issues with K-1, and parent company FEG. Simon Rutz, the owner of the Dutch-based kickboxing promotion It's Showtime, claimed in January 2011 that some fighters from It's Showtime had not been paid for fights in K-1.

In early 2011, FEG publicly announced that they were facing financial problems and that the organization would take some months off to restructure. Many fighters and managers spoke out against FEG, due to unpaid fight purses, as well as objections to the direction that its owner was taking K-1.

The entire K-1 brand, along with most of its trademarks, with the exception of, 'K-1 Koshien', 'K-1 MAX' and 'Dream', were sold to  Japanese real estate firm, Barbizon Corporation Limited, on July 28, 2011.

Acquisition and restructuring (2012–2023)
On February 1, 2012, EMCOM Entertainment Inc. purchased K-1 from Barbizon. In March 2012, It's Showtime announced that EMCOM Entertainment established a new company K-1 Global Holdings Ltd. in Hong Kong. K-1 Global Holdings, Ltd., became the new official owner of the K-1 brand. K-1 Global's agreement with promotion required that certain fighters signed under It's Showtime appear in upcoming K-1 Global events.

The K-1 World MAX Final 16 took place on May 27, 2012, at the Palacio Vistalegre in Madrid, Spain. After the event, controversy and rumors circulated over fighters not being paid for their performances, unpaid financial obligations of FEG, and the incomplete transfer of ownership of the K-1 name. As a result, the K-1 World Grand Prix scheduled for 2012 would be cancelled if these issues were not resolved. The Chairman of the new K-1 resolved these issues by paying fighters what was owed and including a 50% bonus.

It was announced in June 2012 that It's Showtime was purchased by Glory Sports International, eventually to be merged in their new promotion GLORY.

On August 10, 2012, K-1's co-promotion agreement with Romanian-based kickboxing promotion SUPERKOMBAT was announced. Though the agreement would eventually end, SK president Eduard Irimia stated that while its company will be independent in 2013 it will still continue to have cooperation with any interested promotion, including K-1, by offering fighters.

K-1 World League
On May 29, 2014, the launch of a "K-1 World League" in Japan was announced. It is considered to be a separate entity from the K-1 of 2012, with the World League acquiring naming rights and exclusive license for the Japanese region from K-1 Global Holding Ltd. "K-1 World League" would focus on fighters in the 55kg, -60kg, -65kg, -70kg and heavyweight weight classes; and would be structured around professional events, amateur competitions and K-1 gyms. M-1 Sports Media is in charge of planning and production. "K-1 World League" was subsequently renamed "K-1 World GP" on September 24, 2014.

After its formation, "K-1 World League" formally incorporated the Krush brand. Launched prior to the folding of FEG, in 2009, Krush was a collaboration between K-1 and AJKF. It was seen at the time as the second tier of K-1 competition, and produced a number of future K-1 fighters such as Takeru Segawa, Tatsuya Tsubakihara and Leona Pettas, among others. K-1 would later add the KHAOS brand, which is seen as the third tier of competition, as a stepping stone between amateur and professional competition. K-1 maintains a number of gyms throughout Japan, from which potential kickboxers can transition from training to amateur competition to professional competition. A fighter can viably spend their entire career under the K-1 umbrella.

On September 20, 2016, "K-1 World GP" executive producer Kensaku Maeda retired, and was subsequently replaced by the Krush executive producer Mitsuru Miyata.

From June 2017 onward, "K-1 World GP" started once again started holding events at the Saitama Super Arena. It was further revealed that fighters were signed exclusively to K-1, which wasn't the case previously.

On December 17, 2018, it was announced that the former Krush and K-1 commentator and martial arts writer Takumi Nakamura would replace Mitsuru Miyata as the executive producer.

On January 26, 2019, Krush was renamed "K-1 KRUSH FIGHT" to further announce the connection between the two brands. However, on December 7, 2019, it was renamed back to Krush. The aim of renaming the competition back to Krush was to dispel the image of the brand as the second tier of K-1.

2023–present
On February 10, 2023, K-1 agreed on a mutual exchange of fighters with fellow Japanese promotion RISE, after they successfully co-promoted the Tenshin Nasukawa vs. Takeru crossover pay-per-view event, known as "THE MATCH 2022".

On February 28, 2023, M-1 Sports Media acquired the global licensing rights for the K-1 brand, which was from that point forward managed by K-1 International Federation (KIF).

On July 17, 2023, Takumi Nakamura stepped down stepped down from the position of producer.

Former Glory Japan General Manager Carlos Kikuta was announced as the new K-1 producer on July 18, 2023. That same day, K-1 announced a collaborative event with Quintet called ReBOOT, which will be held on September 10, 2023. The promotion subsequently announced their intention to re-brand their weight classes (under the "K-1 WORLD GP" and "K-1 WORLD MAX" banners, for heavyweights and fighters weighting -75 kg and under, respectively), that they would hold a heavyweight World Grand Prix, as well as a new partnership with Kyokushinkaikan.

On August 8, 2023, former executive producer Mitsuru Miyata was appointed as the Krush producer.

Rules
K-1 rules are as follows:

 The fights are contested in a ring which is six or more meters square and surrounded by four ropes.
 Only striking techniques such as punches, sweeps, kicks and knees are allowed. Clinching is allowed (Only for 5 seconds)
 Throws, headbutts, any grabbing of the opponent and strikes with the elbow are prohibited. Furthermore, spitting, biting, groin strikes, strikes to the back of the head, striking after the round has ended or the referee has called for a break, striking while the opponent is knocked down and excessive holding are all considered fouls.
Matches, both regular and title matches, are contested in three three-minute rounds. In case of a draw, an extension round is fought.
If a fighter is knocked down during the fight, the referee will begin counting to eight until the fighter rises from the canvas. The referee can interrupt the count, or forgo it completely, if he deems the fighter unable to continue competing. Should the fighter remain downed by the time the referee has counted to eight, he is ruled as knocked out and the other fighter will be ruled the winner by knockout.
Matches are scored based on four criteria:
(1) Number of knockdowns a fighter has scored, with three knockdowns inside of a single round resulting in a technical knockout (two in tournament bouts)
(2) Presence or absence of damage to the opponent
(3) The number clean strikes, with strikes which are thrown with fight ending intention scoring more highly than those thrown with the intent of racking up points
(4) Aggressiveness

List of K-1 events

While under FEG ownership, K-1 events were centred around the K-1 World Grand Prix, including qualifying tournaments and preliminaries held around the world.

Under the "K-1 World GP" brand from 2014 to present, K-1 events almost exclusively took place in Japan. Its event schedule would feature a mix between traditional, single-fight events, and events featuring one-night tournaments to determine the champion in one of its weight classes.

The following is a list of countries that K-1 has held events in chronological order:
 Japan (1993–2012, 2014–2020)
 Netherlands (1994, 2001–2003, 2006–2010)
 France (1995, 2002–2008, 2010)
 Switzerland (1995–2000, 2003, 2017)
 United States (1998, 2000–2008, 2012)
 Australia (2000–2005, 2010)
 England (2000, 2002–2004, 2006–2007, 2013)
 Italy (2000–2008)
 Germany (2000–2008)
 Belarus (2000, 2010)
 Croatia (2000, 2002, 2007, 2009–2010, 2013)
 South Africa (2000–2002, 2006)
 New Zealand (2000–2006)
 Czech Republic (2000–2001, 2006–2009)
 Denmark (2001)
 Ukraine (2001–2002, 2006, 2010)
 Spain (2002–2004, 2005–2006, 2012–2014)
 Brazil (2002–2006, 2013)
 Sweden (2003–2010)
 Russia (2003, 2006, 2010)
 Bosnia and Herzegovina (2003–2004, 2009, 2016)
 Scotland (2004)
 Portugal (2004, 2006, 2013)
 Poland (2004, 2007–2010)
 South Korea (2004–2010, 2013)
 Slovenia (2005–2006, 2008)
 Hungary (2005–2010)
 Lithuania (2006–2007, 2010, 2013)
 Latvia (2006–2008)
 Turkey (2007, 2010)
 Belgium (2007)
 Estonia (2007, 2009)
 Romania (2007, 2009–2010)
 Hong Kong (2007)
 Austria (2008)
 Taiwan (2008)
 Moldova (2009–2010, 2013)
 China (2013-2015)
 Greece (2012)
 Canada (2013)
 Ireland (2013)
 Azerbaijan (2014)
 Thailand (2014)
 Serbia (2016)

Tournament format

K-1 Grand Prix

The original K-1 Grand Prix was a single-event tournament held in Japan where competitors participated on invitation. By 1998, K-1 introduced the K-1 World Grand Prix format composed of K-1 Regional Elimination Tournaments (theoretically amounting to six), which qualify fighters for the K-1 World Grand Prix Final, along with licensed K-1 Fighting Network events designed to hold national preliminaries for regional qualification.

K-1's popularity differs greatly among six K-1 regions, which may limit the number of actual elimination tournaments or change locations. K-1 attempted to gain popularity in the United States by holding two GPs, however only a few Americans have ever qualified for the Finals. In 2006, one of the American GPs was relocated to Auckland. Additionally the K-1 Paris GP lost its qualifying right in favor of Amsterdam. Eventually, Amsterdam would lose it in favor of Łódź, and then Łódź in favor of Bucharest.

K-1 World Grand Prix Final Eliminator ("Final 16") is an event where 16 participants compete for the final eight spots in the Final ("Final 8"). Eight participants from the Final Eliminator meet at the K-1 World Grand Prix Final. Other elements of the tournament format would be modified over the years. The final was held at Tokyo Dome from 1997 to 2006, while the 2012 final took place for the first time in history outside Japan, in Zagreb, Croatia.

K-1 World MAX and others
By 2002, K-1 started the K-1 World MAX ("Middleweight Artistic Xtreme") tournament for 70 kg (154 lb) Middleweight division, following a similar scheme to K-1 World Grand Prix (with theoretically four regional eliminators). In 2007, K-1 introduced two new title belts separate from K-1 World GP Champions, Super Heavyweight World Title for fighters over 100 kg/220 lbs and Heavyweight World Title for fighters under 100 kg/156–220 lbs.

Broadcast
K-1 events have been shown on the Tokyo Broadcasting System and Fuji TV during FEG ownership. Following the reformation of K-1 under the "K-1 World League" & "K-1 World GP" banners, events would air through other broadcasters such as GAORA SPORTS, BS Sky PerfecTV! and TV Tokyo. K-1 events are currently broadcast through streaming service Abema TV domestically in Japan.

K-1 also operates a YouTube channel where fights, press conferences, and general media is uploaded.

On August 30, 2023, it was announced that DAZN would begin distributing future K-1 events in 200 countries, beginning with the ReBOOT~K-1 ReBIRTH~ event on September 10.

List of K-1 champions

Current K-1 champions

See also

List of K-1 events
List of K-1 champions
Krush
List of male kickboxers
List of Krush champions

References

Entertainment companies established in 1993
Mass media companies established in 1993
1993 establishments in Japan
2012 mergers and acquisitions
Entertainment companies of Hong Kong

K-1


An Luzula masafuerana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Skottsberg. An Luzula masafuerana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Luzula, ngan familia nga Juncaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Luzula

Luzula masafuerana


للرجال فقط ، فيلم سينمائى درامى مصرى، إنتاج 1964 إخراج: محمود ذو الفقار، تأليف: محمد أبو يوسف تمثيَل: نادية لطفي، يوسف شعبان، حسن يوسف، سعاد حسني.

ملخص الفيلم
يحكى الفيلم عن وجود بنتان (نادية لطفي، سعاد حسني) يعملان في إحدى شركات التنقيب عن البترول تتنكران في صوره رجلين مرسلين من قبل الشركة للعمل كجيولوجيين في الموقع حيث لا يوجد في موقع العمل غير رجال وممنوع ذهاب البنات والعمل في المواقع ويتقابلان مع زملائهما (حسن يوسف) و (ايهاب نافع) الذان يجلسان مع (سعاد حسني) و (ناديه لطفي) على انهم رجال ويقابلوهم في الكازينو على انهم شقيقات زمائلهم في العمل ولكن زمالائهم في العمل يكونون هم أيضا لاكنهم متنكرين في زي رجال ثم يقع أيها ب نافع في حب ناديه لطفي وحسن يوسف في حب سعاد حسني وعندما يكشفهم ايهاب نافع على انهم بنات كتم هذأ السر وساعدهم في عملهم ونجحوا في إخراج البترول ثم ذلك تزوجوا. تدور أحداث الفيلم في اطار كوميدى.

فريق العمل

الإخراج: محمود ذو الفقار

التأليف: محمد أبو يوسف

الأبطال:

 ايهاب نافع
 نادية لطفي
 حسن يوسف
 سعاد حسني
 يوسف شعبان

روابط خارجية

 صفحة الفيلم على موقع السينما
 صفحة الفيلم على قاعدة بيانات الأفلام على الإنترنت

مراجع

أفلام باللغة العربية
أفلام حسن يوسف
أفلام رومانسية مصرية
أفلام سعاد حسني
أفلام كوميدية رومانسية عقد 1960
أفلام كوميدية مصرية
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1964
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام مصورة في مصر
أفلام من إخراج محمود ذو الفقار
أفلام نادية لطفي
أفلام يوسف شعبان

للرجال فقط (فيلم)


Dikasteriji su posebne institucije Rimske kurije koje su nastale tijekom pontifikata pape Franje. Službeno su priznate kao kurijalne jedinice apostolskom konstitucijom Praedicate Evangelium, objavljenom 19. ožujka 2022. godine. Dikasteriji su, pojednostavljeno, "ministarstva" Svete Stolice. Osoba koja u Papino ime upravlja nekim od dikasterija u Rimskoj kuriji naziva se prefekt ili prefekta.

Popis dikasterija Rimske kurije

 Dikasterij za evangelizaciju
 Dikasterij za nauk vjere
 Dikasterij za službu ljubavi
 Dikasterij za Istočne Crkve
 Dikasterij za bogoštovlje i disciplinu sakramenta
 Dikasterij za kauze svetih
 Dikasterij za biskupe
 Dikasterij za kler
 Dikasterij za ustanove posvećenog života i družbe apostolskog života
 Dikasterij za laike, obitelj i život
 Dikasterij za promicanje jedinstva kršćana
 Dikasterij za međureligijski dijalog
 Dikasterij za kulturu i obrazovanje
 Dikasterij za promicanje cjelovitog ljudskog razvoja
 Dikasterij za zakonodavne tekstove
 Dikasterij za komunikaciju

Rimska kurija
Sveta Stolica

Dikasterij (Rimska kurija)


Nairhttp://www.lafiba.org/index.php/fr/content/download/2234/14547/version/1/file/023denombrenids+photoaerienne.pdf es el nombre de una pequeña isla del Océano Atlántico frente al Parque Nacional Banco de Arguin (Banc d'Arguin), que está ubicada en África occidental y que pertenece al país de Mauritania.
Está deshabitada y es frecuentada por diversas especies de aves.

Véase también
 Geografía de Mauritania
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Foto de la isla en Flickr

Archipiélagos e islas de Mauritania

Isla Nair


الدراسات العليا هي مرحلة متقدمة من الدراسة سواء في التخصصات العلمية أو تخصصات العلوم الإنسانية، وتشمل الدراسات العليا الدبلوم العالي، الماجستير والدكتوراه، والدراسات العليا تشترط حصول الطالب على درجة البكالوريوس.

التاريخ
تعود بداية الدراسات العليا حين قام الباحثون بتقصي أثرها إلى الصين القديمة، اليونان القديمة، شبه الجزيرة العربية كما في أوروبا تعود بداياتها إلى العصور الوسطى وبداية عصر النهضة الأوروبية.

المراجع

تعليم حسب المرحلة
تعليم عال
شهادات جامعية

دراسات عليا


A deputy leader (in Scottish English, sometimes depute leader) in the Westminster system is the second-in-command of a political party, behind the party leader. Deputy leaders often become Deputy Prime Minister when their parties are elected to government. The deputy leader may take on the role of the leader if the current leader is, for some reason, unable to perform their role as leader. For example, the deputy leader often takes the place of the party leader at question time sessions in their absence. They also often have other responsibilities of party management.

Current Deputy Leaders

Australia
 Sussan Ley, Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party of Australia
 Richard Marles, Deputy Leader of the Australian Labor Party
 Perin Davey, Deputy Leader of the National Party of Australia
 Nick McKim and Larissa Waters, Deputy Leaders of the Australian Greens

Canada
 Vacant, Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party of Canada
 Ang Davidson, Deputy Leader of the Green Party of Canada
 Melissa Lantsman and Tim Uppal, Deputy Leaders of the Conservative Party of Canada
 Alexandre Boulerice, Deputy Leader of the New Democratic Party

Ontario
 Sol Mamakwa, Deputy Leader of the Ontario New Democratic Party

Ireland
 Simon Coveney, Deputy Leader of Fine Gael
 Dara Calleary, Deputy Leader of Fianna Fáil
 Michelle O'Neill, Vice President of Sinn Féin
 Catherine Martin, Deputy Leader of the Green Party
 Anne McCloskey, Deputy Leader of Aontú

New Zealand
 Nicola Willis, Deputy Leader of the National Party of New Zealand
 Kelvin Davis, Deputy Leader of the New Zealand Labour Party
 Fletcher Tabuteau, Deputy Leader of New Zealand First
 Brooke van Velden, Deputy Leader of ACT New Zealand

United Kingdom
 Angela Rayner, Deputy Leader of the Labour Party
 Daisy Cooper, Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats
 Amelia Womack, Deputy Leader of the Green Party of England and Wales

Scotland
 Keith Brown, Depute Leader of the Scottish National Party
 Jackie Baillie, Deputy Leader of the Scottish Labour Party
 Alistair Carmichael, Deputy Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats

Wales
 Carolyn Harris, Deputy Leader of the Welsh Labour Party
 Rhun ap Iorwerth & Siân Gwenllian, Deputy Leaders of Plaid Cymru
 Christine Humphreys & Kirsty Williams, Deputy Leaders of the Welsh Liberal Democrats
 Duncan Rees & Lauren James, Deputy Leaders of the Wales Green Party

Northern Ireland
 Nigel Dodds, Deputy Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party
 Nichola Mallon, Deputy Leader of the Social Democratic and Labour Party
 Stephen Farry, Deputy Leader of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland
 Malachai O'Hara, Deputy Leader of the Green Party in Northern Ireland

See also
Deputy Prime Minister

Notes

References

Political occupations

Deputy leader


Michael Kardinal Logue (* 1. Oktober 1840 in Duringings, Kilmacrenan; † 19. November 1924 in Armagh) war Erzbischof von Armagh und Kardinal der Römischen Kirche.

Leben
Er wurde im Heimatdorf Duringings seiner Mutter geboren. Der Sohn des Schmieds Michael Logue und dessen Frau Catherine Durnings besuchte von 1857 bis 1866 das St Patrick's College in Maynooth, wo seine Intelligenz ihm den Spitznamen Nordstern einbrachte. Vor seiner Priesterweihe wurde er im Jahr 1866 von den irischen Bischöfen als Professor für Theologie und belles lettres an das Irish College nach Paris geschickt. Er empfing im Dezember desselben Jahres das Sakrament der Priesterweihe.

Logue blieb an der Fakultät des Irish College bis 1874, als er in seine Heimat als Pfarradministrator in Letterkenny zurückkehrte. Im Jahr 1876 wurde er an das Maynooth College als Professor für Dogmatik und Irisch sowie als Dekan berufen.

Am 13. Mai 1879 wurde er zum Bischof von Raphoe ernannt. Der Erzbischof von Armagh, Daniel McGettigan, spendete ihm am 20. Juli desselben Jahres in der Kathedrale St. Eunan and St. Columba die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren James Donnelly, Bischof von Clogher, und Francis Kelly, Bischof von Derry. Er war eine an der Finanzmittelbeschaffung beteiligte Person während der irischen Hungersnot von 1879, die sich aufgrund größerer Spenden von Lebensmitteln und staatlicher Eingriffe niemals zu einer großen Hungersnot entwickelte. Er nahm die Vorteile des Intermediate Act of 1878 wahr, um das katholische Gymnasium in Letterkenny zu vergrößern. Er war auch maßgeblich an der irischen Abstinenzbewegung beteiligt, um vor Alkoholkonsum abzuschrecken.

Am 18. April 1887 wurde er zum Koadjutorerzbischof von Armagh und Titularerzbischof von Anazarbus ernannt. Nach dem Tod Daniel McGettigans folgte er ihm am 3. Dezember desselben Jahres als Erzbischof von Armagh nach und wurde damit Primas von ganz Irland. Papst Leo XIII. nahm ihn am 16. Januar 1893 als Kardinalpriester in das Kardinalskollegium auf und er erhielt am 19. Januar des gleichen Jahres die Titelkirche Santa Maria della Pace. Er war der erste Erzbischof von Armagh, der zum Kardinal erhoben wurde. Er beteiligte sich an den Konklaven 1903, 1914 und 1922, die die Päpste Pius X., Benedikt XV. und Pius XI. wählten. Logue übernahm die Fertigstellung der viktorianischen neugotischen Kathedrale St. Patrick in Armagh. Die neue Kathedrale, die Armagh überragt, weihte er am 24. Juli 1904.

Logue war ein öffentlicher Unterstützer der irischen Home Rule und billigte den anglo-irischen Vertrag im Jahr 1921. Logue war politisch konservativer als Erzbischof William Joseph Walsh, wodurch es zu Spannungen zwischen den Erzbistümern Armagh und Dublin kam.

Michael Logue starb in der Ara Coeli, der Residenz des Erzbischofs, und wurde in der Krypta seiner Kathedrale beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Erzbischof von Armagh
Titularerzbischof
Kardinal (20. Jahrhundert)
Kardinal (19. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (19. Jahrhundert)
Ire
Geboren 1840
Gestorben 1924
Mann

Michael Logue


අභ්‍යවකාශ ගවේෂන තාක්ෂන සංස්ථාව (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Space Exploration Technologies Corp) හෙවත් ස්පේස් එක්ස් (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Space X) යනු ඇමරිකාවේ කැලිෆෝනියා ප්‍රාන්තය මූලස්ථානය කරගත් ගගනවිද්‍යා තාක්ෂණ, රොකට් නිෂ්පාදන හා අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන් සේවා සපයන අධිතාක්ෂණික සමාගමකි. සමාගමේ ප්‍රාරම්භකයා වන්නේ ඉන්ජිනේරුවෙකු, තාක්ෂනවේදියෙකු, නව නිර්මාපකයෙකු හා ව්‍යවසායකයෙකු වන ඊලෝන් මස්ක් ය.

ඊලෝන් මස්ක් සමාගමේ ප්‍රධාන විධායක නිළධාරී (CEO) හා ප්‍රධාන තාක්ෂණික නිළධාරී (COO) තනතුරු දෙකම දරන අතර ග්වෙන් ශොට්වෙල් සභාපතිත්වය දරයි.

ස්පේස් එක්ස් ඉතිහාසය
ස්පේස් එක්ස් ආරම්භයට තුඩුදුන් ප්‍රධාන හේතුවක් ලෙස ඊලෝන් මස්ක් සඳහන් කරන්නේ වසර 2000 කාලයේදී ඇමරිකාවේ නාසා ආයතනයට මුහුණ දෙන්නට සිදුවූ අතිවිශාල ප්‍රතිපාදන කප්පාදුවයි. අභ්‍යවකාශ තරණය හා ඉන් මිනිස් වර්ගයට ඇති ප්‍රතිලාභ ගැන විශාල විශ්වාසයක් තිබූ මස්ක් ඇමරිකාව තුල යලිත් අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන් සඳහා මහජන උනන්දුව ඇතිකිරීම සඳහා රුසියාවෙන් අඩුමිල රොකට් හා රොකට් එන්ජින් ලබාගැනීමේ උත්සහයක නිරතවිය.

මේ සඳහා කිහිපවතාවක් රුසියාවේ සංචාරය කල මස්ක්ට හිස් අතින් ආපසු එන්නට සිදුවිය. මෙම ගැටලුවට විකල්පයක් ලෙස නැවත නැවත භාවිතා කිරීමෙන් විශාල ලෙස පිරිවැය අඩුකරගත හැකි රොකට් යානා නිෂ්පාදනය පිලිබඳව අදහස ඇතිවුනේ ඉන් පසුව බව මස්ක් පවසා තිබේ.

අඩු පිරිවැය රොකට්
ඩොලර් මිලියන ගණනකින් පිරිවැය ගණනය වන අභ්‍යවකාශ රොකට් ගුවන්ගත කිරීමක පිරිවැය අඩුකරගැනීම සඳහා ඊලෝන් මස්ක් ඇතුලු ස්පේස් එක්ස් කණ්ඩායම සැලසුම් කළහ. මේ සැලසුම් අතර ප්‍රධාන වන්නේ;

1. නැවැත නැවත ගුවන්ගත කල හැකි රොකට් යානා නිපදවීම

2. රොකට්ටුවට අවශ්‍ය ප්‍රධාන කොටස් සියල්ලම ස්පේස් එක්ස් සමාගම තුලම නිපදවීම

3. මොඩියුලර් ආකෘතියෙන් රොකට්ටු නිර්මාණය මගින් කුඩා රොකට්ටුවල කොටස් විශාල රොකට්ටු වලට යොදාගැනීම

ස්පේස් එක්ස් සමාගමේ ප්‍රධාන රොකට්ටු, අභ්‍යවකාශ මෙහෙයුම් හා ව්‍යාපෘති.

ෆැල්කන් 1- Falcon 1

ෆැල්කන් 1, ස්පෙස් එක්ස් සමාගම සාර්ථකව ගුවන්ගත කල පලමු අභ්‍යවකාශ රොකට්ටුව මෙන්ම පුද්ගලික සමාගමක් විසින් සිදුකල පලමු කක්ෂගත අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන (orbital space-flight) සිදුකල රොකට්ටුව වේ. මෙම රොකට්ටුවට ෆැල්කන් යන නම යෙදුවේ ස්ටාර්-වෝස් චිත්‍රපට මාලාවේ දැක්වෙන "මිලෙනියම් ෆැල්කන්" නම් අධිවේගී අභ්‍යකාශ යානයට ගෞවරයක් ලෙස බව මස්ක් ප්‍රකාශ කර තිබේ.

2008 සැප්තැම්බර් 28 වැනිදා පලමුවරට අභ්‍යවකාශ ගතවූ ෆැල්කන් 1 යානය ද්‍රව-ඉන්ධන රොකට්ටුවක් වූ අතර එය නැවත භාවිතයට ගත හැකි ලෙස නිමවා නොතිබුනි. ස්පේස් එක්ස් නිපදවූ මර්ලින් නම් රොකට් එන්ජිමකින් බලගැන්වුනු ෆැල්කන් 1, අදියර දෙකකින් (two stage) අභ්‍යවකාශයට ඇතුලුවන ලෙස නිර්මාණය කරන ලදී. පලමු අදියර මර්ලින් රොකට් එන්ජිමෙන් බලගැන්වුනු අතර දෙවැනි අදියර ස්පේස් එක්ස් නිපදවූ කෙස්ට්‍රෙල් නම් කුඩා එන්ජිමකින් බලගැන්වුනි.

ෆැල්කන් 1 රොකට්ටුව, ස්පේස් එක්ස් සමාගමේ තාක්ෂණය ප්‍රායෝගිකව ආදර්ශනය කර පෙන්වූ අතර  පුද්ගලික අංශයට සාර්ථකව මෙන්ම විශ්වාසවන්ත ලෙස රොකට්ටු නිෂ්පාදනය කොට අභ්‍යවකාශ ගතකල හැකි බව ඔප්පු කරන ලදී. නාසා ආයතනය, සිය අභ්‍යවකාශ අවශ්‍යතා සඳහා ස්පේස් එක්ස් තෝරා ගැනීමට ෆැල්කන් 1 රොකට්ටුව විශාල දායකත්වයක් ලබා දෙන ලදි.

2008දී නාසා ආයතනය ස්පේස් එක්ස් සමාගමට Commercial Resupply Services (CRS) කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව ලබාදුන්හ. ඒ අනුව ජාත්‍යන්තර අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයට සැපයුම් ගෙනයාමට ස්පේස්ක් එක්ස් සමාගමට අවස්ථාව ලැබුනි. මේ සඳහා ෆැල්කන් 9 නම් විශාල රොකට්ටුව හා ඩ්‍රැගන් නම් අභ්‍යවකාශ කැප්සියුලය නිර්මාණය සඳහා නාසා ආයතනය මූල්‍ය සහයද ලබා දුන්හ.

ෆැල්කන් 9 - Falcon 9

ෆැල්කන් 1ට යොදාගත් මර්ලින් එන්ජින් නවයක් පලමු අදියරට යොදාගන්නා ෆැල්කන් 9, අදියර දෙකකින් ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය ඇති කක්ෂය වෙත ගෙනයා හැකි රොකට්ටුවකි. කිලෝග්‍රෑම් 22,800 ක බරක් පහල පෘථිවි කක්ෂයටද (Low Earth Orbit) කි.ග්‍රෑ. 5,500 ක බරක් භූස්ථාවර කක්ෂය (Geostationary orbit) වෙතද ගෙනයාමට ෆැල්කන් 9ට හැකියාව ඇත.

ෆැල්කන් 9 රොකට්ටුවලට අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමනේ පලමු අදියර අවසන්ව, දෙවැනි අදියර රොකට්ටුවෙන් වෙන්වූ විට, පලමු අදියර ආපසු වායුගෝලයට  ඇතුල් වී පෘථිවියට ගොඩබැස්වීමේ හැකියාව ඇත. මෙය පලමු වතාවට සාර්ථකව සිදු කෙරුනේ 2015 දෙසැම්බරයේදී යි.

ෆැල්කන් 9 රොකට්ටු මේ වනවිට අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන් 109 කින් 107ක් සාර්ථකව සිදුකර තිබෙන අතර ඉන් 68 වතාවකදී පලමු අදියර ආපසු ගොඩබැස්වීමට සමත්ව තිබේ. දියත් කිරීම් එකක් (SpaceX CRS-7) රොකට්ටුව පුපුරා යාමෙන් සම්පූර්නයෙන් අසාර්ථක වූ අතර, SpaceX CRS-1 මෙහෙයුම අර්ධ වශයෙන් අසාර්ථක යැයි සැළකේ.

ෆැල්කන් හෙවි - Falcon Heavy

ෆැල්කන් හෙවි යනු කි.ග්‍රෑ. 63,800 ක බරක් පහල පෘථිවි කක්ෂය වෙත ගෙනයා හැකි, බලසම්පන්න රොකට්ටුවකි. තවද එයට කි.ග්‍රෑ. 26,700 ක බරක් භූසමමුහුර්ථ සමර්පණ කක්ෂයකටද (Geosynchronous transfer orbit), කි.ග්‍රෑ. 16,800 ක බරක් අඟහරු සමර්පණ කක්ෂයකට ද, කි.ග්‍රෑ. 2,500 ක බරක් ප්ලූටෝ වෙත ද, ගෙනයාමට තරම් හැකියාවක් ඇත.

පලමු අදියර ලෙස එකට තබන ලද ෆැල්කන් 9 රොකට්ටු තුනක් සමගාමීව ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. මැදින් ඇති ෆැල්කන් 9ට ඈඳූ අනෙක් ෆැල්කන් රොකට්ටු දෙක බූස්ටර් රොකට්ටු ලෙස ක්‍රියාකරයි.

මෙම රොකට්ටුවේ පලමු අදියරේ මැද රොකට්ටුව හා බූස්ටර් රොකට්ටු දෙකද ඇතුලුව මර්ලින් එන්ජින් 27ක් එකවර ක්‍රියාත්මක වෙයි. ෆැල්කන් හෙවි රොකට් පද්ධතිය දැනට සාර්ථක ගමන්වාර තුනක් අවසන් කර ඇති අතර තවත් 8ක් සැලසුම්කර ඇත.

ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූල

කාගෝ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය - Cargo Dragon (Dragon 1)
අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයට ටොන් 6ක සැපයුම් ගෙනයාමට නිර්මාණය කල කාගෝ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය ෆැල්කන් 9 රොකට්ටුවක් ආධාරයෙන් ගුවන් ගත කෙරෙයි. පලමු පියාසැරිය 2010 දී සිදුවූ අතර මෙය පුද්ගලික සමාගමක් අභ්‍යවකාශයට යවා, ආපසු ගෙන්වාගත් ප්‍රථම අභ්‍යවකාශ යානාව විය. මේ වනවිට කාගෝ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය සාර්ථක ගමන්වාර 23ක් අවසන් කොට ඇති අතර එය විශ්‍රාම ගන්වා තිබේ. ඩ්‍රැගන් 2 කැප්සූලය, ඒ වෙනුවට හඳුන්වාදී ඇති වඩාත් විශාල කැප්සූලයකි.

ඩ්‍රැගන් 2 භාණ්ඩ ප්‍රවාහන කැප්සූලය - Dragon 2 (cargo version)
නාසා ආයතනය ලබාදුන් Commercial Resupply Services-2 කොන්ත්‍රාත්තුව යටතේ  අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයට ටොන් 6ක සැපයුම් ගෙනයාමට නිර්මාණය කල කාගෝ ඩ්‍රැගන් 2 කැප්සූලය නැවත නැවත භාවිතයට ගත හැකි ලෙස නිර්මාණය කෙරුනි.

ස්වයංක්‍රියව ISS මධ්‍යස්ථානය වෙත පියාසර කොට එය හා සම්බන්ධවීමට හැකි කාගෝ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලයේ පියාසර මෘදුකාංග ලිනක්ස් මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතියෙන් ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ. C++ හා ජාවාස්ක්‍රිප්ට් පරිගණක භාශාවලින් පියාසර මෘදුකාංග සකසා ඇත.

කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය - Crew Dragon (Dragon 2 crewed version)
අභ්‍යවකාශගාමීන් 7ක් ගෙනයා හැකි ලෙස සකසා තිබෙන ඩ්‍රැගන් 2 කැප්සූල මාදිලිය කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. මෙයට හදිසි උවදුරකදී (උදා:- රොකට්ටුව පුපුරා යාමකදී) ගගනගාමීන් සහිත කැප්සූලය ආරක්ෂා සහිතව රොකට්ටුවෙන් ඉවතට ගෙන යා හැකි ගැලවුම් පද්ධතියක් (launch escape system) හඳුන්වාදී තිබේ. අධිබල සුපර්-ඩ්‍රෙකෝ නම් එන්ජින් 8ක් ක්‍රියාත්මකවී ඉතා වේගයෙන් රොකට්ටුවෙන් ඈතට කැප්සූලය ගෙනයාහැකි ලෙස මෙම පද්ධතිය සකස්කොට ඇත.

පෙර භාවිත කළ භාන්ඩ ප්‍රවාහන කැප්සූල මෙන් නොව, කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය අභ්‍යවකාශගාමීන්ගේ ස්වසන ක්‍රියාවලියට ඔක්සිජන් සැපයීමට හා වායුගෝලීය පීඩනය රඳවාගැනීම සඳහාඅ ජීව ආධාරක පද්ධතියකින් සමන්විත වේ.

මේ වනවිට කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය පලමු නාසා අභ්‍යවකාශ ගාමීන් දෙදෙනා ISS මධ්‍යස්ථානයට ගෙනගොස් සුරක්ෂිතව ආපසු ගොඩබස්වා පලමු ගමන සාර්ථකව අවසන් කර තිබේ.

කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් ඩෙමෝ 1 අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන - Crew Dragon Demo 1
මිනිසුන් ගෙනයාම සඳහාම සැකසූ කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලයේ පලමු පරීක්ෂණ අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන ඩෙමෝ 1 ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. මෙහිදී ගගනගාමීන් වෙනුවට රිප්ලි නම් ආකෘතියක් පියාසර කෙරුනි. 2019 මාර්තු 2 වැනිදා සිදුකල මේ පියාසැරිය, පලමු මිනිස් චාරිකාවට පෙර කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලයේ අවසන් පරීක්ෂණ පියාසැරිය ලෙස සැළකේ.

අලුත්ම ෆැල්කන් 9 රොකට්ටුවකින් ගුවන්ගත වූ කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් ඩෙමෝ 1 පියාසැරිය රිප්ලි නම් ආකෘතියක් සාර්ථකව අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය හා ගොඩබට වූ අතර, අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථනයෙහි රඳවා සිටි ගගනගාමීන් කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය තුලට පිවිස එය පරීක්ෂා කළහ. 2019 මාර්තු 8 වැනිදා ඩෙමෝ 1 මෙහෙයුම සාර්ථකව ගොඩබසින ලදි.

කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් ඩෙමෝ 2 අභ්‍යවකාශ ගමන
2020 මැයි 30 වැනිදා, ගගනගාමීන් දෙදෙනෙකුද රැගෙන, ෆැල්කන් 9 රොකට්ටුවකින් කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් ඩෙමෝ 2 පියාසැරිය අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානය බලා පිටත්විය. නාසා ගගනගාමීන්වූ ඩග්ලස් හර්ලි හා රොබර්ට් බෙන්කන් මේ සඳහා තෝරාගෙන තිබුනි. මේ පියාසැරිය මගින් නාසා ආයතනය, ස්පේස් එක්ස් සමාගමේ රොකට්ටු හා අභ්‍යවකාශ කැප්සූල වලට මානව ගගනගාමීන් රැගෙන අභ්‍යවකාශයට ගොස්, ආපසු නැවතත් නිරුපද්‍රිතව ගෙන ඒමේ හැකියාව පිලිබඳව පූර්ණ ක්‍රියාවලිය පරීක්ෂණයට බඳුන්කරන ලදී.

දින 63 ක් අභ්‍යවකාශ මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ ගතකල කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් කැප්සූලය හා ගගනගාමීන් දෙදෙනා 2020 අගෝස්තු 2 වැනිදා පැරෂූට මගින් අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයට ගොඩබසින ලදී. 2011 දී ඇට්ලෑන්ටිස් අභ්‍යවකාශ ෂටලයේ අවසන් පියාසැරියෙන් පසු, ඇමරිකානු භූමියෙන් අභ්‍යවකාශ ගතවූ පලමු ගගනගාමීන් දෙදෙනා ලෙස කෲ ඩ්‍රැගන් ඩෙමෝ 2 යානයේ ඩග්ලස් හර්ලි හා රොබර්ට් බෙන්කන් ඉතිහාසයට එක්වෙයි. ෂටල ව්‍යාපෘතියේ අවසානයෙන් පසු සියලුම ඇමරිකානු ගගනගාමීන් අභ්‍යවකාශයට ගෙනගියේ රුසියානු සෝයූස් කැප්සූල ආධාරයෙනි.

ස්ටාර්-ලින්ක් අභ්‍යවකාශ අන්තර්ජාල සේවාව
චන්ද්‍රිකා මගින් ලොව දුශ්කර පලාත්වලට අධිවේගී අන්තර්ජාල සබඳතා ලබාදීම සඳහා ස්පේස් එක්ස් ආරම්භ කල ව්‍යාපෘතිය ස්ටාර්ලින්ක් ලෙස හැඳින්වේ. මේ චන්ද්‍රිකා ස්පේස් එක්ස් මගින් නිර්මාණය හා නිෂ්පාදනය සිදුකරන ලද අතර 2018 දී පලමු පරීක්ෂණ චන්ද්‍රිකා ගුවන්ගත කරන ලදී. මේ වනවිට චන්ද්‍රිකා 1,205 ගුවන්ගත කොට ඇති අතර එයින් 1,141 තවමත් කක්ෂයේ රැඳෙමින් ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.  තවත් 64 ක් සාර්ථකව කක්ෂයෙන් ඉවත් කරන ලදි. මේ වනවිට අන්තර්ජාල සේවාව අත් හදා බැලීමේ මට්ටමේ ඇති අතර 10,000 කට ආසන්න පිරිසකට පමණක් ප්‍රවේශය ඇත. දත්ත හුවමාරු සීමා රහිත, තත්පරයට මෙගා බිටු 170 කට ආසන්න වේගයක් ඇති අන්තර්ජාල සබඳතාවක් සැපයීමට ස්ටාර්ලින්ක් සමත්වී ඇති බව පරීශීලකයන්ගේ මතයයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර
සමාගම්
අභ්‍යවකාශ ගවේෂණය
අභ්‍යවකාශ යානා
රොකට්

ස්පේස් එක්ස්


Bitka na rijeci Argeş vodila od 30. studenog do 3. prosinca 1916., a odigrala se na obalama rijeke Argeş, lijevog pritoka Dunava, a dio je Istočnog bojišta.

Raspored snaga

Njemačke snage
Poslije forsiranja Dunava 23. studenog 1916. kod Svištova, njemačka Dunavska armija generala Robert Koscha krenula je prema Bukureštu i 30. studenog naišla na jači rumunjski otpor pred rijekom Argeş. Istovremeno, njemačka 9. armija generala Ericha von Falkenhayna potiskivala je rumunjsku 1. armiju, prešla rijeku Teleorman kod Unghenija i Piteştija te 30. studenog zauzela grad. Istog dana, 9. armija stavljena je pod zapovjedništvo feldmaršala Augusta von Mackensena, zapovjednika njemačkih snaga u Bugarskoj i Dobrudži. On je donio odluku da se koncentričnim napredovanjem prema Bukureštu obuhvate i unište rumunjske snage koje bi se našle zapadno od grada.

Rumunjske snage
U nastojanju da spriječi zauzeće Bukurešta, Rumunjsko Vrhovno zapovjedništvo odlučilo je napasti razdvojenog neprijatelja dio po dio na dvama uzastopnim napadima. Zapovjedništvo nad 1. armijom i Udarnom grupom, dobio je general Constantin Prezan. Udarna grupa se sastojala od: dio pričuve Vrhovnog zapovjedništva te dio 3. armije koji se povukao s Dunava. Udarna grupa prikupila se do 30. studenog i s dijelom snaga prešla u napad. No, pošto je raspolagala sa svega 4 i pol pješačke divizije (pd) i 1 konjička divizija (kd), nije imala dovoljnu nadmoć nad njemačkom Dunavskom armijom u čijem su sastavu bile 4 pd i 1 kd (od toga 2 bugarske i 1 turska pd).

Tijek ratnih operacija

Na pravcu Pitešti — Târgoviște rumunjska 1. armija i lijevo krilo rumunjske 2. armije (ukupno 6 pd) bili su slabiji od lijevog krila njemačke 9. armije (6 njemačkih pd i 3 austro-ugarske bbr — grupe Krafft i Morgen), jer su u prethodnim borbama pobijeđeni i pretrpjeli znatne gubitke.

U centru, na pravcu Ungheni — Bukurešt, Rumunji su na bojištu od 60 km imali samo konjaničke dijelove jačine do 1 kd prema desnom krilu njemačke 9. armije od 4 pd (grupa Kühne) i 2 kd (Schmettow). U općoj pričuvi bila je jedna pd kod Bukurešta, a u pričuvi Vrhovnog zapovjedništva 3 pd kod Ploieştija. Udarna grupa napadala je 1. i 2. prosinca iz središta i boka lijevo krilo Dunavske armije, čija se lijeva pd kod Mihăileștija borila gotovo u okruženju. No, 9. armija uspješno je napredovala, naročito svojim desnim krilom. Kako su Nijemci 1. prosinca presreli zapovijedi za 1. armiju, iz koje se vidio Prezanov manevar, Mackensen je odlučio da grupa Kühne udari jednim dijelom u bok i pozadinu Udarne grupe, a drugim dijelom u bok 1. armije. Prezan je sutradan hitno uputio 2 pd na rijeku Argeş prema grupi Kühne, ali već je bilo kasno. Istoga dana kod Comana, južno od Bukurešta stigli su Rusi s 1 pd i 1 kd, i napali bez uspjeha desno krilo Dunavske armije. Dio grupe Kühne i pričuva Dunavske armije napali su, 3. prosinca, bok te leđa desnog krila Udarne grupe južno od Mihăileștija, razbili ga i odbacili prema Bukureštu. Za to vrijeme je 9. armija zauzela Târgoviște i odbacila 1. armiju preko rijeke Dâmbovițe.

Posljedice
Rumunjsko Vrhovno zapovjedništvo odlučilo je 5. prosinca da zbog znatnih gubitaka (samo 65,000 zarobljenih) povuče postepeno svoje snage, najprije na liniju rijeka Teleajen — Urziceni s tim da se Bukurešt ne brani. Nijemci su 6. prosinca ušli u Bukurešt i Ploieşti, a Rumunji se povukli sjeverno te istočno od grada.

Literatura

 "Ardžeš (Argeş)", U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 1., Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970., str. 204.
 Dabija, Armata românâ in râsboiul mondial (1916–18), Bucureşti
 E. Falkenhayn, Der Feldzug der 9. Armee gegen die Rumänen und Russen 1916–1917, Berlin, 1921.
 Басилев, Румынский фронт, Москва, 1922.

Bitke Prvog svjetskog rata na Rumunjskom bojištu
Njemačke bitke u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Ruske bitke u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Rumunjska u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Bugarske bitke u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Osmanske bitke u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Austrougarske bitke u Prvom svjetskom ratu
Rumunjske bitke

Bitka na rijeci Argeş


ثلاثية تولدي (Toldi) هي ملحمة شعرية للأديب المجري يانوش أراني والتي تتألف من ثلاثة أقسام:
 Toldi، تولدي (1846)
 Toldi estéje، ليلة تولدي (1848)
 Toldi szerelme، حب تولدي (1879)

الملحمة مستوحاة من قصة البطل الأسطوري ميكلوس تولدي (Miklós Toldi) الذي خدم في جيش القائد المجري لويس هنغاريا الأول خلال القرن الرابع عشر ميلادي. كما أنها تعكس الاستخدام العبقري الذي اتبعه يانوش في اختيار مفردات اللغة المجرية.

وصلات خارجية
 لقراءة ملحمة تولدي (باللغة الإنكليزية)

أدب مجري
ملاحم شعرية

ثلاثية تولدي