Barry Morris Goldwater () a fost un politician și om de afaceri american care a îndeplinit funcția de senator de Arizona timp de cinci mandate (1953-65, 1969-87) și a fost nominalizat de Partidul Republican la alegerile pentru Președinția Statelor Unite la alegerile din 1964. În ciuda pierderii alegerilor la o mare distanță, Goldwater este politicianul cel mai adesea creditat pentru revenirea conservatorismului american în anii 1960. De asemenea, el a avut un impact substanțial asupra mișcării libertariene.

Note

Bibliografie
 .
  by Goldwater's speechwriter.

Legături externe
 Barry Goldwater la Biographical Directory of Congress

 Institutul Goldwater

Nașteri în 1909
Decese în 1998
Politicieni americani din secolul al XX-lea
Scriitori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Episcopalieni americani
Anticomuniști americani
Memorialiști americani
Republicani din Arizona
Conservatorism în Statele Unite ale Americii
Câștigători ai Presidential Medal of Freedom
Senatori republicani ai Senatului Statelor Unite
Teoreticieni ai conspirației OZN
Membri ai Senatului SUA din statul Arizona
Candidați prezidențiali americani din 1960
Candidați prezidențiali americani din 1964

Barry Goldwater


Les épreuves de snowboard aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2022 ont lieu en Chine du 5 au 15 février 2022 au Parc de neige de Genting (Zhangjiakou) et au parc Big Air de Shougang (Pékin). Il s'agit de la  apparition du snowboard aux Jeux olympiques.

À l'occasion de ces Jeux, une nouvelle épreuve de cross par équipes mixtes est introduite.

Qualifications

Au total, 238 athlètes peuvent se qualifier pour participer aux épreuves de snowboard (119 hommes et 119 femmes). Une nation peut inscrire un maximum de 26 athlètes dans toutes les épreuves, avec un maximum de 14 par sexe.

Un quota de huit places (une par épreuve) est réservé à la nation hôte. Un minimum de points FIS est requis par athlète, ainsi qu'un classement parmi les 30 premiers à une épreuve de Coupe du monde pendant la période de qualification (1er juillet 2019 ou 2020 en slalom géant parallèle, jusqu'au 16 janvier 2022) ou aux championnats du monde de snowboard 2021.

Calendrier

Résultats

Hommes

Femmes

Mixtes

Tableau des médailles

Références

Liens externes
 Le snowboard olympique à Beijing 2022 : Cinq choses à savoir

Snowboard aux Jeux olympiques de 2022


An Isolepis pusilla in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Isolepis pusilla in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isolepis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isolepis

Isolepis pusilla


Norðoyri (dansk: Nordøre) er en bygd på Færøerne. Den ligger på øen Borðoy i regionen Norðoyar og er en del af Klaksvíkar kommuna. Norðoyri ligger på østsiden af Borðoyarvík, syd for Klaksvík. Bygden er første gang nævnt i skriftlige kilder i 1584, og anses for at være grundlagt i vikingetiden. 1. januar 2015 havde Norðoyri 96 indbyggere.

Arkæologiske udgravninger 2 km syd for bygden viser at stedet har været beboet i vikingetiden. Den 12. marts 1745 blev en af bygdens gård ødelagt af en lavine. På den samme dag 20 år senere skete der den samme skæbne for gården. Ruinerne kan stadig ses i nutiden.

Referencer

Litteratur
 Rolf Guttensen: Plant production on a Faeroese farm 1813–1892, related to climatic fluctuations. I: Geografisk Tidsskrift, Danish Journal of Geography 101: s. 67–76. København, 2001. (PDF ) (omhandler en gård i Norðoyri med detaljerede optegnelser om ejendommene, der har været genstand for en videnskabelig undersøgelse)

Eksterne henvisninger
 Norðoyri på faroeislands.dk

Bygder på Færøerne
Borðoy

Norðoyri


Butry steht für:

 Jürgen Hahn-Butry (1899–1976), deutscher Schriftsteller
 Butry-sur-Oise, Ort in Frankreich
 Butry oder Butre, Fischerdorf in Ghana, siehe Fort Batensteyn

Butry


Josef von Sternberg () a fost un regizor de film austriaco-american. Familia sa a emigrat definitiv în Statele Unite ale Americii când el avea paisprezece ani. El a crescut la New York și a început să lucreze la World Film Company  din Fort Lee, New Jersey, unde a fost instruit de către regizorul francez Emile Chautard.

Sternberg a început să lucreze la Hollywood, realizând primul său film ca regizor în anul 1925. Charlie Chaplin a devenit interesat de el și l-a angajat să regizeze un film. Sternberg a lucrat la ultimele filme mute realizate la sfârșitul anilor 1920, timp în care a adoptat în numele lui particula "von", care sugera existența unor origini aristocratice pe care el nu le avea în realitate. După ce a lucrat cu vedeta germană Emil Jannings, el a fost invitat de la Hollywood la Berlin în 1930 pentru a face primul lungmetraj sonor german Der blaue Engel (Îngerul albastru), o coproducție între studiourile Paramount din SUA și UFA din Germania, cu Jannings și cu o artistă necunoscută de revistă pe nume Marlene Dietrich. A realizat șase filme la Hollywood, cu Marlene Dietrich în rol principal, creând o legendă cinematografică. El a fost nominalizat la Premiul Oscar pentru cel mai bun regizor pentru două dintre aceste filme: Maroc (1930) și Shanghai Express (1932).

Biografie

Copilăria și formarea profesională
Josef von Sternberg s-a născut sub numele de Jonas Sternberg (unele surse îl numesc "Jonas Stern" sau "Josef Stern") în 1894 într-o familie evreiască din Viena. Când el avea doi ani, tatăl său Moses (Morris) Sternberg, un fost soldat în armata Austro-Ungariei, a plecat în Statele Unite ale Americii în căutare de lucru. Restul familiei a emigrat și s-a alăturat tatălui atunci când Jonas avea vârsta de șapte ani. Trei ani mai târziu, întreaga familie s-a întors la Viena. După ce Josef a împlinit paisprezece ani, familia a emigrat din nou în Statele Unite ale Americii, stabilindu-se în New York. Tatăl lui a găsit de lucru acolo, ca muncitor la o fabrică de dantelă, ducând o luptă grea pentru a supraviețui. Josef von Sternberg a învățat limba engleză în școlile publice din New York, care erau pline de imigranți.

Începutul carierei
Sternberg a abandonat studiile la Liceul Jamaica din New York și a lucrat pe post de comisionar la un depozit de dantelă. Mai târziu, el a obținut un loc de muncă la curățarea și repararea peliculelor. În jurul anului 1915 lucra pentru William A. Brady la World Film Company  din Fort Lee, New Jersey. Acolo, el a fost instruit de către Emile Chautard și de alți regizori și cineaști vorbitori de limbă franceză de la World. Chautard l-a angajat pe Sternberg ca asistent de regie în 1919 la realizarea unei versiuni cinematografice a romanului Misterul camerei galbene.  Sternberg și-a făcut debutul regizoral în 1925 cu The Salvation Hunters, considerat de unii istorici a fi primul film independent american.

Actorul/coproducătorul Elliott Dexter a adăugat particula nobiliara "von" la numele lui Sternberg în 1925, în timpul producției filmului By Divine Right, presupunând că filmul va trezi un mai mare interes. Sternberg nu a protestat, deoarece i-a plăcut comparația cu regizorul Erich von Stroheim, pe care îl admira foarte mult.[necesită citare]
Articole care necesită citări suplimentare

Charlie Chaplin a fost impresionat de The Salvation Hunters și i-a încurajat pe Douglas Fairbanks și Mary Pickford să achiziționeze drepturile de difuzare. Pickford i-a cerut lui Sternberg să regizeze un film cu ea în rolul principal, dar a respins primul lui scenariu. Chaplin l-a însărcinat să scenarizeze și să regizeze filmul A Woman of the Sea (cunoscut, de asemenea, sub numele de The Sea Gull), în care a juat fosta sa vedetă și iubită Edna Purviance, dar mai târziu a distrus filmul. Singurele fotografii din filmul A Woman of the Sea au fost publicate de familia Ednei Purviance în 2008.

Sternberg a avut un oarecare succes comercial mai târziu, în anii 1920, la compania Paramount Pictures cu filmele mute The Last Command  și The Docks of New York (ambele din 1928). Acestea au fost remarcate pentru calitățile lor cinematografice. Reputația lui a crescut, de asemenea, datorită filmelor timpurii cu gangsteri Underworld (1927) și Thunderbolt (1929).

Cariera lui Sternberg a suferit un declin după Thunderbolt și el a acceptat invitația de a face un film în Germania. În 1929, Sternberg a lucrat la Berlin, unde a regizat Der blaue Engel (Îngerul albastru; 1930), simultan în versiunile germană și engleză. Acest film a devenit foarte apreciat. El a fost cel de-al doilea film al lui Sternberg cu actorul german Emil Jannings, care l-a interpretat pe profesorul Rath. (Primul a fost The Last Command.)

Sternberg a distribuit-o pe puțin cunoscuta pe atunci Marlene Dietrich ca Lola Lola, personajul principal feminin; ca urmare, ea a devenit o vedetă internațională peste noapte. Apoi, el a invitat-o în SUA, oferindu-i cadouri, inclusiv un automobil Rolls-Royce Phantom II verde. Mașina a apărut mai târziu în primul film din SUA, Maroc. Sternberg și Dietrich au colaborat mai târziu în Statele Unite ale Americii la șase filme notabile: Maroc (1930), Dezonorata (1931), Shanghai Express (1932), Blonde Venus (1932), The Scarlet Empress (1934) și The Devil is a Woman   (1935). The Scarlet Empress este deosebit de apreciat pentru decorurile sale sugestive.[necesită citare]
Articole care necesită citări suplimentare

De asemenea, el a contribuit la imaginea strălucitoare a unor vedete ca Dietrich, Carole Lombard, Rita Hayworth și Dolores del Rio, ajutând la crearea și la definirea acestui concept la Hollywood. Grace Moore a jucat rolul împărătesei Elisabeta a Austriei în filmul The King Steps Out (1936).

În 1932, Sternberg i-a comandat arhitectului Richard Neutra să proiecteze "Casa Von Sternberg", o reședință americană modernistă avangardistă. Ayn Rand a cumpărat-o mai târziu și a locuit în ea. Casa a fost în cele din urmă demolată în anul 1972 când proprietarul a decis să reproiecteze zona.[necesită citare]
Articole care necesită citări suplimentare

Cariera ulterioară
Macao (1952) a fost ultimul film realizat de Sternberg la Hollywood, iar filmul ulterior Anatahan (1953) a fost făcut în Japonia. El relatează povestea unui grup de soldați japonezi care au refuzat să creadă că cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial s-a încheiat. Sternberg a scris, narat, filmat și regizat filmul. Ultima sa creație cinematografică a avut parte de o distribuire limitată și a fost un eșec financiar.

El a coregizat Jet Pilot (1957) la Hollywood în timp ce se afla încă sub contract cu producătorul Howard Hughes. Filmul a fost lansat la șapte ani după ce a fost terminat.

Între anii 1959 și 1963 Sternberg a predat un curs de estetica filmului la University of California din Los Angeles, bazat pe propriile sale lucrări. Printre studenții lui au fost Jim Morrison și Ray Manzarek, care au format ulterior grupul rock The Doors. Grupul a înregistrat unele melodii cu referire la Sternberg. Manzarek l-a descris pe Sternberg ca având "probabil cea mai mare influență asupra formației The Doors".

Atunci când nu lucra în California, Sternberg a locuit într-o casă pe care a construit-o pentru el însuși în Weehawken, New Jersey.

Sternberg a scris o autobiografie intitulată Fun in a Chinese Laundry (1965); titlul a provenit dintr-un film de comedie mai vechi. A murit în 1969, în urma unui atac de cord, fiind în vârstă de 75 de ani. El a fost înmormântat în Cimitirul Westwood Village Memorial Park din Westwood, California, în apropierea mai multor studiouri de film.

Filmografie

Filme mute
 1925 The Salvation Hunters
 1926 The Exquisite Sinner (film pierdut)
 1926 A Woman of the Sea (cunoscut și ca The Sea Gull or Sea Gulls, pierdut)
 1927 Underworld
 1928 The Last Command
 1928 The Dragnet (pierdut)
 1928 The Docks of New York
 1929 The Case of Lena Smith (pierdut)

Filme sonore
 1929 Thunderbolt
 1930 Îngerul albastru (Der blaue Engel)
 1930 Maroc (Morocco)
 1931 Dezonorata (Dishonored)
 1931 O tragedie americană (An American Tragedy)
 1932 Shanghai Express
 1932 Viciul blond (Blonde Venus)
 1934 Uraganul (The Scarlet Empress)
 1935 Capriciu spaniol (The Devil is a Woman)
 1935 Crimă și pedeapsă (Crime and Punishment)
 1936 The King Steps Out
 1939 Sergeant Madden
 1941 The Shanghai Gesture
 1943 The Town (scurtmetraj)
 1952 Macao
  Anatahan (1952–1958, cunoscit și ca The Saga of Anatahan)

Documentare
 1935 The Fashion Side of Hollywood

Alte proiecte
 1925 The Masked Bride (regizat împreună cu Christy Cabanne, )
 1927 It (regizat împreună cu Clarence G. Badger, )
 1927 Children of Divorce (regizat împreună cu Frank Lloyd, )
 1928 Street of Sin (regizat împreună cu Mauritz Stiller, )
 1937 I, Claudius (neterminat)
 1938 The Great Waltz (regizat împreună cu Julien Duvivier, )
 1940 I Take This Woman (regizat împreună cu W.S. Van Dyke, )
 1946 Duel in the Sun (regizat împreună cu King Vidor, )
 1957 Jet Pilot (Sternberg a regizat doar o mică porțiune a acestui film, în 1950, în timp ce se afla încă sub contract cu Howard Hughes)

Memorii
 Sternberg, Josef von: Fun in a Chinese Laundry. London: Secker and Warburg, 1965.

Note

Bibliografie
 Baxter, John: The Cinema of Josef von Sternberg. London: A. Zwemmer / New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1971.
 Baxter, John: Von Sternberg. Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky, 2010.
 Baxter, Peter: Just Watch!: Sternberg, Paramount and America. London: British Film Institute, 1993.
 Baxter, Peter (ed.): Sternberg. London: British Film Institute, 1980.
 Sarris, Andrew: The Films of Josef von Sternberg. New York: Doubleday, 1966.
 Studlar, Gaylyn: In the Realm of Pleasure: Von Sternberg, Dietrich, and the Masochistic Aesthetic. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
 Weinberg, Herman G.: Josef von Sternberg. A Critical Study. New York: Dutton, 1967.
 Alexander Horwath, Michael Omasta (Ed.), Josef von Sternberg. The Case of Lena Smith, FilmmuseumSynemaPublikationen Vol. 5, Vienna 2007, . Book on Josef von Sternberg's last silent movie - one of the legendary lost masterpieces of the American cinema.

Legături externe

 Senses Of Cinema: Josef von Sternberg

 Literature on Josef von Sternberg
 For the Icon, The Shadow, and The Glimmer Between: 3 Silent Classics by Josef von Sternberg, Daniel Kasman, MUBI (23 august 2010)

Nașteri în 1894
Decese în 1969
Regizori de film americani
Regizori de filme de limbă engleză
Regizori de filme de limbă germană
Oameni din Viena

Josef von Sternberg


O RMS Douro foi um navio de passageiros britânico que serviu de 1865 a 1882 com a Royal Mail Steam Packet Company. Ele afundou em uma colisão em 1882.

Construção e carreira
O Douro era um navio a vapor com casco de ferro construído em 1865 pela Caird & Company em Greenock, Escócia . Ela tinha oito compartimentos estanques. Ele podia acomodar 253 passageiros de primeira classe, 30 de segunda classe e 30 de terceira classe e tinha uma tripulação de 80 pessoas. Ele tinha acomodações luxuosas e, durante sua carreira, desenvolveu uma reputação de velocidade e confiabilidade, com boa comida e música para seus passageiros.

O Douro entrou em serviço em 1865, servindo inicialmente rotas entre o Reino Unido e as Índias Ocidentais. No início de sua carreira, ela concorria com  até o naufrágio de  Rhone em 1867.

Em 1869, o Douro mudou para o serviço sul-americano na rota Southampton, Inglaterra - Buenos Aires, Argentina. Como navio correio real, transportava correio e jornais sob contrato. Ela também carregava cargas preciosas, incluindo ouro e diamantes.

Afundamento
Em 31 de março de 1882, o Douro – com destino a Buenos Aires a Southampton com escalas no Brasil e Lisboa – estava 90 minutos atrasado quando partiu de Lisboa com destino a Southampton na etapa final da viagem. A fim de ganhar tempo, ela prosseguiu a toda velocidade para o norte ao largo das costas portuguesa e espanhola.

Na noite de 1 de abril, o Douro passou o Cabo Finisterra de Espanha sob a lua cheia. Seu quarto oficial notou o vapor espanhol  a cerca de duas milhas náuticas (3,7 km) de distância, mas assumiu que o oficial na ponte de comando também a tinha visto e não passou a palavra do avistamento para ele. O oficial na ponte só avistou Yrurac Bat mais tarde, quando já era tarde demais para evitar uma colisão, e às 22h45 do dia 1 de abril Yrurac Bat abalroou o Douro. A proa de Yrurac Bat fez dois cortes profundos a estibordo do Douro. Os passageiros e tripulantes do Douro abandonaram o navio com muita pressa, e o Douro afundou 30 minutos após a colisão em 1.500 pés (457 metros) de água. Houve seis mortes entre os que estavam a bordo do Douro, o seu capitão, Ebenezer C. Kemp, e outros cinco oficiais que naufragaram com o navio, mas os outros 32 membros da tripulação e todos os 112 passageiros sobreviveram. Yrurac Bat afundou logo após o Douro com a perda de mais 53 vidas. Os sobreviventes foram resgatados logo após o desastre pelo navio a vapor registrado no casco britânico , que os levou para Corunha, na Espanha.

O tesouro do Douro
Em 1949, o aventureiro Thomas Pickford buscou localizar o naufrágio, sem sucesso. Em 1992, o filho de Thomas, Nigel Pickford, e o explorador sueco  Sverker Hallstrom, conseguiram localizar o navio, que foi recuperado em 1993.

O tesouro do navio estava quase todo em uma sala, e não se espalhou pelo fundo do mar e incluia milhares de moedas de ouro, incluindo aproximadamente 28000 libras em ouro britânicas. Estma-se que 93% do tesouro foi recuperado.

Referências

Ligações externas
 RMS Douro em Wrecksite.eu
 A infeliz tragédia do RMS Douro

Navios afundados em colisões
Naufrágios no oceano Atlântico
Navios mercantes do Reino Unido
Navios construídos no rio Clyde
Navios de 1864

RMS Douro


Les épreuves de trampoline des Jeux mondiaux de 2022 ont lieu du 15 au  au .

Les épreuves non-olympiques présentes ici sont le tumbling et le double-mini. Le trampoline synchronisé n'est plus présent, contrairement à 2017.

Nations participantes

Médaillés

Tableau des médailles

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Gymnastique aux jeux mondiaux 2022 : Acrobatique, Aérobic, Parkour, Rythmique
 Trampoline aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Liens externes
  Trampoline sur le site des Jeux mondiaux de 2022
 Livre des résultats (pages  à )

Références

Jeux mondiaux de 2022
Trampoline aux Jeux mondiaux
Gymnastique en 2022
Compétition de gymnastique aux États-Unis

Trampoline aux Jeux mondiaux de 2022


أنتيباروس (Αντίπαρος) هي جزيرة في كيكلاديس في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 997 نسمة.

مراجع

بلديات جنوب إيجة
جزر اليونان
جزر جنوب إيجة
كيكلادس
مستعمرات فينيقية

أنتيباروس


Augustin Maillet est un imprimeur, lithographe à Reims, né à Sommesous le 19 septembre 1828 et mort à Reims le 18 janvier 1913.
Il s'est beaucoup investi dans la vie de la cité de Reims.

Biographie
Augustin Constant Maillet est né à Sommesous le 19 septembre 1828.
Il est le fils de Simon Maillet (cultivateur) et de Sophie Chatillon.
Il fait son apprentissage chez Barbat à Châlons-sur-Marne (aujourd'hui Châlons en Champagne) pour devenir dessinateur lithographe.
Il épousa, le 23 juin 1856, Fanny Valser.
Il s'installe à Paris pendant deux ans.
Il reprend le brevet de l'imprimeur lithographe Jean Lesauteur. La délivrance de brevet était, à l'époque, un moyen de surveillance des métiers du livre qui permettait de maitriser les publications politiques avec un procédé rapide et peu cher.

Il revient s'installer définitivement à Reims et y fonde l'imprimerie Maillet-Valser.
Il se spécialisé dans les étiquettes des vins de Champagne.
Il se retire des affaires en 1877 pour se consacrer à la vie de la cité de Reims et aux arts.
Il a contribué à la fondation de l'École des arts industriels de Reims.
Il décède à Reims le 18 janvier 1913.

Activité
Conseiller municipal  à Reims à partir de 1881,
Premier adjoint du maire de Reims de 1882 à 1896,
Conseiller d'arrondissement pour le premier canton de 1886 à 1892,
Membre du Conseil général de la Marne de 1892 à 1904,
Membre de l'Académie de Reims,
Membre de la Société des artistes français.

Décorations
Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur le 20 septembre 1891.
Officier de l'Instruction Publique.

Galerie
 Histoire de la ville de Châlons-sur-Marne et de ses monuments depuis son origine jusqu'à l'époque actuelle (1854) par L. Barbat (republiée sous ).

Lien externe

Bibliographie
 Jadart, Henri, M. [Constant-Augustin] Maillet-Valsen, [1828 + 1913], 1914

Références

Naissance dans la Marne
Naissance en septembre 1828
Décès en janvier 1913
Décès à Reims
Décès à 85 ans
Officier de l'Instruction publique

Augustin Maillet (imprimeur)


Earthsearch: A Ten-Part Adventure Serial in Time and Space is a British science fiction radio series written by James Follett. It consists of ten half-hour episodes. It was first broadcast on BBC Radio 4 between January and March 1981. There is also a novelisation by Follett of the same name. The series has been released on cassette and audio CD. Since 2003 it has been re-broadcast, several times in the Seventh Dimension science fiction slot on BBC 7 and its successor BBC Radio 4 Extra.

A sequel, Earthsearch 2 was broadcast between January and March 1982. There is also a novelisation by Follett under the title Earthsearch 2: Deathship. The series has been released on cassette and audio CD, and has been rerun several times on BBC Radio 4 Extra beginning in 2003.

Earthsearch

Main cast
 Commander Telson - Sean Arnold
 Sharna - Amanda Murray
 Darv - Haydn Wood
 Astra - Kathryn Hurlbutt
 Angel One - Sonia Fraser
 Angel Two - Gordon Reid

Other cast (across the series):
 Commander Sinclair - Christopher Scott
 Simon - David Bradshaw
 The Sentinel - Alexander John
 George - John MacAndrew
 Helan - Judy Franklin
 Emperor Thorden - John Bott
 Thail - Graham Faulkner
 Spegal - Stephen Garlick
 The Custodian - Eve Calfe
 Fagor - Sion Probert
 Krol - Michael Spice
 Dren - John Webb
 Lenart - Jane Knowles
 Tandor - Pauline Letts
 No. 41 - John Church

Episodes
 Planetfall
 First Footprint City
 Sands of Kyros
 The Solaric Empire
 The Pools of Time
 Across the Abyss
 New Blood
 Marooned
 Star Cluster: Tersus Nine
 Earthfall

Story

Three crew-generations previously, the starship Challenger - a vast ten-mile-long survey vessel – was launched from Earth on an interstellar mission to search the universe for an Earth-type planet to colonise.  This has been unsuccessful, and the ship's once enormous crew-count has now been reduced to four. Telson (the ship's Commander), Sharna (Science officer), Darv and Astra are the third-generation crew-  the only survivors of the disastrous Great Meteoroid Strike which seriously damaged the ship two decades previously, killing the entire second-generation crew and rendering large areas of the ship "uncontrolled" and inaccessible to its electronic systems.

From infancy, the four third-generation crew members (now in their early twenties) have been raised by robots and by the Angels – mysterious unseen beings who run the ship and who only manifest as disembodied voices. Darv, the most sceptical and enquiring of the crew members, suspects that the Angels are merely computers; but the others consider them as "Guardian Angels" and work entirely under their guidance.

With no suitably colonisable planet found after over a hundred years of searching, a crew-vote is taken and the Challenger sets a course for the return to Earth. Darv and Astra, while exploring one of the uncontrolled zones, find a survey recording of an Earth-type planet called Paradise. (In the accompanying novelisation, Darv is alone when he makes the discovery.) As is standard procedure, the crew enter suspended animation in order to prevent ageing and possible death during the many years of journey time.

Unrevealed to the crew, the Angels (who are the ship's control computers; their name being an acronym of ANcillary Guardian of Environment and Life ) have their own agenda. They desire absolute control and mastery over any colony resulting from the mission. To this end, they covertly engineered the apparent accident which killed the second-generation crew (who would otherwise have ended the mission before the Angels wanted it to end) and have kept the third-generation crew sexually immature and innocent via drugs and disinformation in order to keep them more tractable. However, their machinations have begun to backfire already. Their requirement of a minimum human crew of four to man the Challengers control room requires the Angels to work mainly via suggestion and manipulation. Also, the Great Meteoroid Strike damaged the ship and their control over it more than was planned, including damage to their own memory banks, which in turn deprived them of vital information about the Theory of Relativity. Concerned that the discovery of the Paradise recording may convince the crew members to change their plans, the Angels suppress Darv's and Astra's memories of the survey recording by hypnotic manipulation, in Darv's case by using violent, nightmare-inducing imagery.

Reaching the Earth's solar system, the Challengers crew are horrified to discover that Earth has vanished altogether, with the Moon now occupying Earth's former orbit. Although the crew locate a large city on the Moon, they are unable to receive any answers to their communications and are unable to leave the ship to explore. This situation is changed when Darv and Astra enter an uncontrolled zone within the Challenger and locate a space shuttle previously unknown to the Angels. Using this, they visit the city, named "first Footprint City", and discover the Moon Sentinel, a computerised guardian and archive whom they can question. From the Sentinel they discover that while only one hundred and fifteen years of shipboard time has passed during the Challengers entire mission, due to the ship's use of near-lightspeed travel and the effects of time dilation much more time has passed on Earth – over one million years. During this time, the Earth was removed from the solar system via a tremendous feat of interstellar engineering – desiring to protect the planet from the risk of increased solar activity, the inhabitants of Earth took the planet to orbit another, safer star. The Sentinel does not know which solar system Earth now occupies, but notes that if the Challengers crew genuinely are descendants of Earth people they will think as the people of Earth thought, and will find the Earth by following that pattern.

Seeking more clues in their new Earthsearch mission, the Challenger travels to Kyros (the third planet of the solar system, and a desert world). However, Darv's enquiring and rebellious mind is now putting him at odds with the Angels again, who are forced to surreptitiously discipline him for a second time. Opting to work in the ship's farm galleries for a while, Darv develops a taste for unprocessed fruit, and the hormone suppressants which keep him sexually undeveloped begin to wear off. He introduces Astra to the same diet, with similar effects. On arrival in Kyros orbit, Darv and Astra take the shuttle down to the planet surface to investigate a buried gravitational anomaly. While there, they are kidnapped, leaving the Challenger minus half its crew (and consequently stranded).

Darv and Astra's kidnappers turn out to be members of the Solaric Empire - an organisation based on the fifth moon of Zelda (the gas-giant fourth planet in the solar system) and consisting of the remaining humans in the Solar System. Darv and Astra's artificially-maintained sexual immaturity leads to them being labelled as poor-quality alien replicas of human beings. Their stories of the past of Earth and their mission are considered a threat to the position of the Solaric Emperor Thorden, who is persuaded by his ruthless chief prosecutor, Helan, to have them executed. This is thwarted by the arrival of the Challenger (Telson and Sharna having worked out how to use surgical androids as temporary control room crew replacements).

Following the subsequent standoff Thorden offers to join the Challenger on its search for Earth. He bluntly confirms to the crew that the Angels are computers, of the dangerous "freewill" kind that develop an obsession with power and which the Solaric Empire fought and won a war against (the defeated machines were imprisoned in a vault on Kyros, the anomaly investigated earlier by the Challenger crew). He plans for his own security and future dominance over the mission by ensuring that the space ferry which he brings to and docks within the Challenger as personal transport is heavily armed. He also smuggles on board a fearsome warrior android called Fagor.

Unknown to the crew, he strikes a deal with the Angels to share power over the Earth once it is found. However, the Angels have other plans. Once the humans on ship have entered suspended animation for the next leg of the journey, they cancel the crew's hormone suppressants and allow them to develop to full sexual maturity, suppressing any shock or curiosity via post-hypnotic suggestion (although Darv and Astra, who had previously begun to develop following their rejection of the processed food, had already begun a fully sexual relationship before this).

When they next revive the crew, the Angels allow the revival process to go wrong for Thorden, killing him as a result. Though Darv is suspicious of the Angels, he and the crew are more concerned with the drifting ship which the Challenger has picked up on its radar – which turns out to be the Challenger II, their own craft's sister ship, which appears derelict. Sharna and Telson go over in the shuttle to investigate, and discover that the Challenger II is still populated by the descendants of its original crew but has been crippled by civil wars between them. The survivors are divided between the initially welcoming, highly religious Earth Worshippers who are in conflict with the more anarchic but historically-aware Underpeople - the Earth Worshippers decide to hang Sharna and Telson for unintentional blasphemy. (In the novelisation, they also destroy the shuttle.)

Meanwhile, the warrior android Fagor begins to wreak havoc onboard Challenger in revenge for Thorden's death: Darv and Astra are forced to flee from him in Thorden's ferry. Aided by Lenart, a female Underperson, they rescue Telson and Sharna from the Earth Worshippers, but their subsequent visit to the Underpeople puts them into further peril. While welcoming, the female-dominated Underpeople have chosen to stabilise their society by keep their men almost permanently in suspended animation, reviving them only temporarily to serve as sperm sources for impregnation. Darv and Telson have been targeted to bolster the Underpeople's dwindling genetic stock.

Successfully fleeing Challenger II in the shuttle and Thorden's ferry (in the novelisation, just the ferry), the Challenger crew discovers that Challenger itself has disappeared. Fagor has seized control of the ship and is accelerating it away with the intention of plunging it into a sun to avenge Thorden. Abandoning the too slow shuttle, the crew carries out a harrowing pursuit in the ferry, constantly trying to produce enough velocity to cut down on a fatal time and oxygen shortfall. The Angels manage to trick Fagor into leaving the Challenger and flying via his own onboard jets to attack the ferry, hoping that the humans will destroy him with the ferry's armament. This is successful, with Darv discovering that firing the cannon can also produce sufficient thrust to reach the Challenger in time. The crew re-enter suspended animation for the next part of the journey, but during their medical examinations the Angels discover that Astra is pregnant.

Wishing to maintain control of a future crew – and already wary of the rebellious Darv – the Angels plan to deliver Astra's baby secretly. With these plans thwarted when they're obliged to bring Astra out of suspended animation to avoid a miscarriage, they're also forced to awake everyone in order to avoid arousing her suspicions. This is a particular risk for them as the ship is by then passing close to the Paradise solar system as detailed in the records found earlier by Darv. The Angels fear that the crew may still opt to colonise an undeveloped planet rather than lead the Angels to dominion over a developed one.

Discovering her own pregnancy, Astra then tells Darv; suspecting that the Angels will try to harm the baby, she finally rejects them: refusing to go back into suspended animation, she and Darv flee into the Challengers uncontrolled zones to escape the Angels' control. They discover and set up home in the ship's long-lost terraforming centre, where there are more shuttles. While there, they witness survey footage of the Paradise planet on the centre's control screens and eventually deduce that these are live video broadcasts from an instrument package left on the planet by the second-generation crew. This in turn allows them to pinpoint the position of Paradise.

Revealing what they have found to Telson and Sharna, Darv and Astra choose to leave the Challenger altogether and set up home on Paradise. With Sharna's help, they persuade Telson to bring the ship close enough to Paradise to allow for an easy shuttle journey to reconnoitre the planet. However the Angels block the Challengers controls, and attempt to change the crew's minds by admitting to the existence of Paradise but also overstating its difficulties, for example the electromagnetic radiation that lights up the polar sky. However Astra and Darv are not convinced and decide on a one-way shuttle trip to Paradise, the planet being just within range. They reach the planet successfully but lose all of their supplies when the shuttle crashes into the sea. Forced to live rough, and often terrified by the hardships of their new life, they make the best of what they have. Meanwhile, back on the Challenger, Telson and Sharna discover the physical location of the Angels within the ship – their Central Switching Room. Despite the Angels' desperate attempts to protect themselves (via nightmare-inducing hallucinatory barriers), Telson and Sharna reach the room and finally see the Angels as they really are – two complex racks of organic integrated wetware circuits which could be destroyed with two blows of a hammer.

Having finally broken the control which the Angels wielded over the crew's life, Telson and Sharna have them at their mercy. They strike a deal whereby the Angels will take the Challenger – now crewed by surgical androids – and continue the Earthsearch mission. Unhindered by the Angels, Telson and Sharna follow Astra and Darv to settle on Paradise, successfully landing on the planet with appropriate supplies and resources to begin their colony. All four former crew members watch the exhaust trail of the Challenger as it leaves Paradise orbit. They remind themselves that they will need to tell their children warning stories about the Angels, just in case they ever return.

Mythological approach

Earthsearch eventually reveals itself as an inverted creation myth, providing a possible "factual" story which could lie behind various Earth legends. The story deliberately misleads the listener in order to gradually reveal that the planet Paradise is in fact the Earth of human history as we know it (with the original "Earth" being a previous forgotten homeworld for the human race) and that the legends of authoritative and fear-inducing "angels" refer to the domineering computers. Various clues are presented in that "Earth" and its sister planet Kyros and Zelda (the latter two clearly analogous to Mars and Jupiter) are the second, third and fourth planets of their solar system rather than the third, fourth and fifth, while Paradise is the third planet of its own solar system (as is "our" Earth), although the different planetary names are at one point attributed to an administrative change of nomenclature.

Earthsearch II

Cast
 Commander Telson - Sean Arnold
 Sharna - Amanda Murray
 Darv - Haydn Wood
 Astra - Kathryn Hurlbutt
 Elka - Jill Lidstone
 Bran - Michael Maloney
 Angel One - Sonia Fraser
 Angel Two - Gordon Reid
 Tidy - David Gooderson
 George - Stephen Garlick
 Solaria - Pauline Letts
 Elkeran - Nicholas Courtney
 Halston - David McAlister
 Theros - John Warner
 SA7 - Spencer Banks
 Kraken - Crawford Logan
 Peeron - George Parsons
 Earthvoice - Michael Tudor Barnes

The casting for Earthsearch II featured the return of several supporting actors from the original Earthsearch, playing different roles. The part of George the agricultural android (originally played by John McAndrew) was recast for Stephen Garlick (who had played Spegal in Earthsearch). Pauline Letts (Solaria) had previously played the role of Tandor in Earthsearch.

Episodes
 Return
 Flood
 Surrender
 Solaria
 Sundeath
 Supermass
 Deathship
 Megalomania
 Earth
 Earthvoice

Story

The story of Earthsearch 2 continues the adventures of the crew of the starship Challenger (Telson, Sharna, Darv and Astra) begun in the previous serial, Earthsearch, which told the story of their quest for their lost ancestral home planet of Earth (which had moved to orbit a new and unknown star when its citizens realised their original sun was going to go nova). At the end of the serial, the four crewmembers had chosen to settle on the sufficiently Earth-like planet Paradise and escape the ruthless, manipulative control of the Challenger'''s megalomaniacal control computers, Angel One and Angel Two. While the Angels departed Paradise orbit to continue the Earthsearch mission (and to achieve their aim of dominating an entire civilisation), the humans began their new life on their new homeworld.Earthsearch 2 begins four years later, when Telson, Sharna, Darv and Astra have settled into their life on Paradise (assisted by two androids, the agricultural machine George and the argumentative general-purpose service unit Tidy). Both couples now have young children - Darv and Astra have the twins Elka and Savin, and Telson and Sharna have their son Bran. Despite the colonists' embrace of Paradise as home, the lifestyle is proving to be difficult and full of hardships. Sharna's loss of what would have been her second child raises questions about the sustainability of the small colony as well as bringing up differences of opinion on how (and whether) to use the remaining technology and resources (including their surviving planetary shuttle). When Savin is unexpectedly killed by a 'monster' that appears from the sea, the colonists are placed under further strain. Noticing the appearance of an unidentified artefact in planetary orbit, Telson and Darv fly up towards it in the shuttle, to discover that it is an eight-mile long spaceship called Voyager 30 and apparently part of an Earth-originated survey mission.

Appearances are deceptive. The spaceship is in fact the returning Challenger: repaired, shortened, refitted and still operated by the Angels (as well by a team of control room androids overseen by Android Surgeon-General Kraken). The Angels are now being attacked by mysterious transmissions apparently aimed at damaging or destroying organic computers such as themselves and the Challengers higher intelligence androids. As humans are totally unaffected by the attacks, the Angels require human assistance in order to seek out and destroy the transmissions at source, and have therefore returned to Paradise to recruit the only humans they can obtain. However, the Angels do not reveal this information, and instead feign an interest in the welfare of the colony in an attempt to gain the trust of the humans. At the same time they have secretly sent an android to kidnap the children (the same "sea monster" which accidentally killed Savin in a bungled abduction attempt).

When rejected by the suspicious humans, the Angels resort to sabotage on a planetary scale, using terraforming equipment from the Challenger to melt Paradise's polar ice caps and thus raise the sea level in an attempt to get their former crew to rejoin them on the ship. The resulting flooding begins to submerge all of the land, forcing the settlers to abandon their colony and use their shuttle as a floating ark, even down to loading breeding pairs of animals into the shuttle cargo bay. The crew survive and hold out against the Angels' plans until a series of accidents loses them their drinking water, forcing a surrender. They make the best of things by demanding a concession in the shape of a reversal of the flood (so that the animals can be released and survive), following which they fly their shuttle up to the Challenger.

On board the Challenger, the colonists make attempts to regain control over both the Angels and the ship's control room, but are thwarted when the Angels kidnap the children from the shuttle. The adults are gassed by a surgical android and fall unconscious. When they come round, they discover that the ship has long left the Paradise system and that they have been in suspended animation for sixteen years. However, the children have been awake the whole time, and have aged normally, now being between eighteen and nineteen years old and firmly under the influence of the Angels. Elka appears friendly and enthusiastic, but Bran is now both hostile and the commander of the Challenger. He demonstrates harsh suspicion and aggression towards his parents and the other two adults, even threatening to kill them should they challenge his authority.

En route to the source system of the attacks, the Challenger encounters a free-floating fifty-mile wide parabolic dish which the Angels decide to use as raw material for shielding. Telson, Sharna, Darv and Astra are sent to investigate the dish. They discover that it is an abandoned artificial sun called Solaria D, used by the Earth during its transit to its new sun, and presided over by an Angel-like control computer called Solaria. Despite her apparent benevolence, Solaria is revealed to have been abandoned by Earth once she developed murderous megalomaniacal tendencies. Darv succeeds in destroying her. During their stay on Solaria D, the crew discover the name (though not the location) of Earth's new home star, Novita Six.

Returning to the Challenger, the crew notice that Solaria D is now moving in an anomalous way. They discover that the artificial sun is now in the grip of the gravity well of a black hole, and that the Challenger is following it. Attempts to escape from the black hole are hampered by the fact that the human crew have no access to the Challenger'''s control room, where Android Surgeon-General Kraken has had his reasoning capacity damaged by the continuing attacks and is no longer responding to or obeying instructions. With the Angels drastically weakened by the attacks and unable to assist, the humans attempt to storm the control room, which is defended by android warriors. The assault fails when the crew run out of time and the Challenger is pulled into the black hole.

The crew regain consciousness to find themselves on a gigantic plain surrounded by many different kinds of abandoned starships, including the Challenger. They discover that they have in fact landed unharmed on an enormous artificial construct - a "gravity platform" which merely resembles a black hole and forms part of Earth's long-range defences, acting as a trap for potentially hostile vessels. The chief engineer of Spaceguard Six, Theros, refuses to release either the Challenger or its crew as he deems the Angels too much of a threat. Not only have they integrated themselves into the entire structure of the ship (making their removal from it effectively impossible), Theros suspects that they may have interposed themselves into the brains of the Challengers crew. When Darv locates the Spaceguard's gravitational control room and reverses the field, he frees the Challenger but at the cost of destroying Spaceguard Six.

The ship continues its journey, but immediately runs into further problems when debris from the Spaceguard seriously damages the ship's life support systems and farm galleries, threatening the lives of all humans and organic computers on the ship. With the inexperienced and insecure Bran unable to cope (and undermined by Elka, who secretly dominates him and dictates his actions at the prompting of the Angels), Telson regains command of the Challenger and succeeds in organising the crew to deal with the problems. A second assault on the control room is more successful, but attracts the wrath of the near-invincible Android Surgeon-General Kraken, who kidnaps Darv and Astra to replace his destroyed control room androids. Now suffering catastrophic delusions about seizing the power of stars, Kraken is placing the ship at drastic risk. With the assistance of their android Tidy, the crew manage to destroy Kraken and regain control of the ship. Telson discovers that Kraken has coincidentally selected Novita Six as the ship's next target star.

Arriving in the Novita Six system, the Challenger finally reaches its original home, Earth. However, the planet does not look like the Earth that the crew have seen in recordings. It is almost totally dead, with very little water and no rain. The only sign of life is a huge ten-mile-high tower on the equator, with a tiny village nearby. The crew fly down to the village, and meet Peeron, the leader. They discover that the Earth's civilisation has collapsed a long time ago, and the human race is reduced to eking out a meagre living from a tiny spring that grows weaker every year. It appears that the humans will be extinct in a short period of time. The Challenger crew use the terraforming systems on the Challenger to bring rain to Earth and create a stable weather pattern which will allow the people to flourish.

The crew examine the tower, finding that there is a door set into one side which cannot be opened. Peeron says that many of his predecessors have made attempts over the centuries - for example, by hitting the door with battering rams - but it will not budge. It is said that it is held shut by a "lock of knowledge". Darv eventually works out how to open the ingeniously simple lock, which requires a low grade of technology which would only be available to people who have already worked out basic principles of science and engineering. The door is a very close/accurate fit in the aperture, and contains mild heating elements that cause it to expand and lock in place. These heaters do not heat it to the point that it is warm to the touch. Simply attaching a refrigeration system to the door and cooling it a few degrees causes the door to shrink and move freely.

When the crew open the door, they enter the tower, leaving Peeron and his people outside. They discover that the tower contains a colossal library, presided over by the artificial intelligence "Earthvoice" which serves as both the voice of the library and as a "guardian". Earthvoice explains to the crew that the tower was constructed by the people of Earth as a repository of all human knowledge when their last great civilisation was collapsing. The lock was designed so that the people could not enter until they had already worked out how to make some technology for themselves. Unfortunately, Earthvoice's abilities do not include weather control, so although he has successfully defended Earth's legacy of knowledge he has been helpless to deal with the deterioration of the planet's environmental conditions.

Earthvoice has already communicated with the Angels, presenting himself as friendly and subservient. Prompted by Elka to work with the Angels, Earthvoice re-establishes contact with them and is welcomed eagerly. He admits to having been the source of the attacks which have damaged the angels but states that they were a programming directive which he has now overridden. To the humans' horror, Earthvoice and the Angels agree to share both the library's knowledge and power over the Earth, with the Angels also urging that Earthvoice exterminates the crew for safety. Earthvoice begins to transfer the knowledge - however, the Angels have fallen into a final trap. Earthvoice has always intended to destroy them, and he now launches one last brutal and specialised attack on the Angels from close range, erasing their consciousness and memory facilities.

Rather than interfere further with the primitive human culture on Earth, the crew seal the door to the tower and return to the Challenger. With the Angels now reduced to subservient and "quite brainless" computer systems, they head back to their chosen home, Paradise, to rebuild their colony.

Engineering
It would initially seem that using two computers to run a star-ship lacks redundancy. The ship originally had 3 angels in charge, seemingly giving sufficient redundancy should one computer malfunction. However the design of the Angels was itself flawed, with the general mode of failure the development of megalomaniac tendencies. When one and two fail they destroy the third computer. Later on Earth this flaw in the Angels design was recognised and rectified, leading to the computer that is Earthvoice, and also explaining why Earthvoice is designed/programmed to destroy computers of "Angel" design, as they pose a threat to other lifeforms.

Plot similarities

Elements of episodes 6 and 7 ("Supermass" and "Deathship"), featuring the appearance of the artificial black hole Spaceguard Six which draws in the Challenger, have plot similarities to the Blake's 7 episode "Dawn of the Gods". This episode (also penned by Follett and first broadcast on BBC Television on 28 January 1980) features an artificial black hole which draws in the Liberator and in which the crew wake up surrounded by captured ships.

The plot of the first series is also somewhat similar to the Space:1999 episode "Mission of the Darians", in which the Alphans discover an enormous spacecraft whose inhabitants have descended into barbarism after an environmental disaster on board the spaceship.

See also

Earthsearch Mindwarp

References

External links
 David Williams' site for James Follett's Earthsearch
 Earthsearch at Google books

British science fiction radio programmes
BBC Radio 4 programmes

Earthsearch


Down town er en dansk kortfilm fra 1995 med instruktion og manuskript af Christian Friedländer og Kirsten Thomsen.

Handling
To Hong Kong-journalister besøger København 18. november 1995. For at komme fra deres taxa til deres hotel, bliver de to nødt til at krydse Rådhuspladsen, der er under ombygning. Undervejs over pladsen får de sig en grundig snak på kinesisk og et par danske pølser ved pølsevognene. Den kinesiske samtale er ikke oversat.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1995

Down town


Nur Fettahoğlu () este o actriță turco-germană cunoscută pentru roluri în seriale precum Iubire ascunsă, Suleyman Magnificul și Surorile.

Biografie
Nur Fettahoğlu s-a născut pe 12 noiembrie 1980 în Duisburg, Germania, fiind unul din cei cinci copii ai Fatmei și ai lui Sinan Fettahoğlu. Familia sa este originară din Rize, Turcia. După absolvirea Liceului Beșiktaș din Istanbul, a urmat cursurile Universității Haliç, specializarea Design vestimentar. A lucrat o perioadă de timp ca prezentatoare de știri la Sky Türk.

Nur Fettahoğlu a fost căsătorită de două ori, între 2008 și 2011 cu Murat Aysan și între 2013 și 2015 cu Levent Veziroğlu. Împreună cu Veziroğlu are o fată, născută în 2016.

Filmografie

Premii și nominalizări

Note

Actrițe turce
Germani de origine turcă
Oameni în viață
Actrițe din secolul al XXI-lea

Nur Fettahoğlu


Magnus Bruun Nielsen (født 3. januar 1984 i Hillerød) er en dansk skuespiller.

Udvalgt filmografi

Film

Tv-serier

Spil

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Danmark
Personer fra Hillerød

Magnus Bruun


Carlo Biotti () a fost un magistrat italian specializat în instrumentarea delictelor comise de Cosa Nostra și în investigațiile de combatere a terorismului.

A fost judecător la  Curtea Supremă din Italia și a președinte al Curții Penale din Milano.

Judecătorul Biotti este considerat un judecător conservator, dar a apărat principiile de liberale.

Biotti a fost președinte al Camerei a Curții din Milano și al Consiliului Director al echipei de fotbal AC Milan.

Referințe

Bibliografie
  Almanacco illustrato del Milan, Vol.2, Editorial Panini 2005.
  Piergiorgio Bellocchio, Al di Sotto della mischia: satira e saggi, Libri Scheiwiller, ISBN 8876445447.
  Camilla Cederna, Pinelli. Una Finestra sulla strage, Milan, Feltrinelli, 1971, dotisk il Saggiatore, 2009.
  Aldo Giannuli, Bombe si inchiostro, RCS Mediagroup, Milan, 2008.
  Adalberto Baldoni, Sandro Provvisionato, Anni di piombo, Sperling & Kupfer, 2009
  Adriano Sofri (2009). La notte che Pinelli, p. 121. Sellerio Editore srl. ISBN 8838928797
  De Luna, Giovanni (2009). Le ragioni di un decennio: 1969–1979; Militanza, violenza, sconfitta, memoria. Milano: Feltrinelli. ISBN 9788807722820.
  De Rosa, Giuseppe (6 febbraio 1972). I problemi della giustizia in Italia. La Civiltà Cattolica 2919: 271–282.

Legături externe
   Site web AC Milan
   privind cazul Pinelli, judecătorul Gerardo D'Ambrosio, în numele poporului italian

Nașteri în 1901
Decese în 1977
Magistrați italieni

Carlo Biotti


Joseph McBride () este un istoric de film, biograf, scenarist, autor și profesor universitar american. A scris numeroase cărți, inclusiv biografii ale unor regizori faimoși, o carte despre scenaristică, o carte de jurnalism de investigație despre asasinarea lui John Fitzgerald Kennedy și o carte de memorii despre anii tulburi ai vieții sale.

El este, de asemenea, profesor la Școala de Cinematografie din cadrul San Francisco State University.

Carieră

Tinerețea și începutul carierei
Născut în Milwaukee, Wisconsin, McBride a crescut în suburbia Wauwatosa. A urmat cursuri la University of Wisconsin-Madison și a lucrat ca reporter la Wisconsin State Journal din Madison, înainte de a se muta în California în 1973.

Cărți
McBride a publicat mai mult de 20 de cărți începând din 1968, inclusiv biografiile regizorilor de film Steven Spielberg (Steven Spielberg: A Biography, 1997, publicată în traducere în China continentală în 2012), Frank Capra (Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success, 1992), Orson Welles (Orson Welles (1972), Orson Welles: Actor and Director (1977) și What Ever Happened to Orson Welles?: A Portrait of an Independent Career (2006)) și John Ford (John Ford (cu Michael Wilmington, 1974) și Searching for John Ford (2001)). Cartea de interviuri ale lui McBride cu regizorul Howard Hawks, Hawks on Hawks, a fost publicată în 1982.

În 2012 a publicat un manual de scenaristică, Writing in Pictures: Screenwriting Made (Mostly) Painless. În cartea sa, McBride folosește adaptarea povestirii "To Build a Fire" a lui Jack London pentru a evidenția etapele necesare pentru scrierea unui scenariu, precum cercetarea, analiza și schițele. Cartea se bazează pe vasta sa experiență didactică.

În 2013 el a publicat cartea Into the Nightmare: My Search for the Killers of President John F. Kennedy and Officer J. D. Tippit, care a fost rezultatul unei cercetări a cazului de către McBride pe parcursul a 31 de ani. Mai târziu, în 2015, el a publicat The Broken Places: A Memoir, care prezintă copilăria sa conflictuală, adolescența sa frământată și redresarea sa ulterioară.

Columbia University Press a publicat în iunie 2018 cartea How Did Lubitsch Do It?, o analiză critică realizată de McBride a carierei regizorului Ernst Lubitsch.

În martie 2019 a publicat cartea Frankly: Unmasking Frank Capra, care povestește conflictul său juridic cu editorul original Knopf/Random House și cu apropiații lui Capra cu privire la publicarea biografiei Frank Capra: The Catastrophe of Success, lansată de editura Simon & Schuster în 1992.

Film și televiziune
McBride a scris, printre altele, scenariile filmelor Rock 'n' Roll și Blood and Guts, precum și cinci emisiuni speciale cu privire la Premiul AFI pentru întreaga carieră la CBS-TV emisiuni dedicate lui Fred Astaire, Frank Capra, Lillian Gish, John Huston și James Stewart. El a fost, de asemenea, coscenarist al emisiunii speciale de televiziune a United States Information Agency Let Polonia Be Poland (1982).

El a jucat rolul unui critic de film, domnul Pister, în filmul experimental The Other Side of the Wind (1970-1976) al lui Orson Welles și a fost consultant la completarea filmului în 2018. A fost, de asemenea, coproducătorul documentarelor Obsessed with "Vertigo": New Life for Hitchcock's Masterpiece (1997) și John Ford Goes to War (2002).

Premii și onoruri
McBride a primit premiul Writers Guild of America la categoria "Television: Comedy/Variety - Special" în 1984 pentru scrierea cărții The American Film Institute Salute to John Huston, împreunăcu producătorul George Stevens, Jr. El a obținut, de asemenea, alte patru nominalizări la premiile WGA, două nominalizări la premiile Emmy și o nominalizare la premiile Canadian Film Awards. Ediția franceză a cărții Searching for John Ford, intitulată A la recherche de John Ford, publicată în 2007, a fost aleasă de Cea mai bună carte de film străină a anului de către asociația criticilor francezi de film, Syndicat Français de la Critique de Cinéma.

Un film documentar despre viața și activitatea sa intitulat Behind the Curtain: Joseph McBride on Writing Film History, regizat de Hart Perez, a fost prezentat în 2011 în premieră mondială la Festivalul Internațional de Film Tiburon din Tiburon, comitatul Marin, California și a fost lansat pe DVD în 2012.

Viața personală
McBride locuiește în Berkeley, California. Partenera sa de viață este autoarea și psihoterapeuta Ann Weiser Cornell.

Note

Legături externe
 Official site

 Beatrice interview: Joseph McBride

Nașteri în 1947
Istorici de film americani
Critici de film americani
Teoreticieni ai filmului
Oameni în viață
Oameni din Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Joseph McBride (scriitor)


تيدة هي بلدية من بلديات دائرة وادي ليلي بولاية تيارت الجزائرية.

انبثقت بلدية تيدة بموجب التقسيم الإداري لسنة 1984، تبلغ مساحتها 226.56 كلم2 وعدد سكانها حسب إحصاء سنة 2008 بلغ 3669.

التضاريس
طابعها الجغرافي عبارة عن سطح أغلبها منحدرات، مناخها قليل الأمطار بارد شتاء، حار وجاف صيفا، حدودها من الشرق بلدية السبت ومن الجنوب بلدية وادي ليلي، ومن الغرب بلدية سيدي علي ملال ومن الشمال بلديات الملعب ولاية تيسمسيلت وحد الشكالة ولاية غليزان.

النشاط الأساسي
 الزراعة والرعي خاصة منتوج الحبوب والخضروات والفواكه.حيث تقدر المساحة الصالحة للزراعة 4700هكتار.

الغابات
 تقدر المساحة الغابية للبدية بـ 130 هكتار كلها بمنطقة تاويالة أشهرها غابة رقاح بمنطقة القسلة..كعوش، حيث شهدت البلدية حملة تشجير واسعة كانت كلها ناجحة في السنوات الأخيرة.
بالإضافة إلى ذلك تشتهر المنطقة بتربية الدواجن وتربية النحل.

التجارة
 يوجد بالبلدية حوالي 20 محلا تجاريا ينحصر نشاط أغلبها في تجارة المواد الغذائية، وتحتوي البلدية على سوق أسبوعية كل أربعاء من كل أسبوع.

البناء والتعمير
 لقد شهدت البلدية قفزة نوعية في مجال البناء حيث استفادت البلدية من برامج معتبرة في ايطار برنامج الإنعاش الاقتصادي، تمثلت في السكنات الريفية، بالإضافة إلى حصول البلدية على مشروع تهيئة الطريق الرابط بين مركز البلدية وبلدية السبت، ومشروع بناء متوسطة جديدو ومستشفى.

قطاع التعليم
 توجد 05 مؤسسات تعليمية واحدة منها في طور الإنجاز. وهي متوسطة الاخوة بزروق والابتدائية الجديدة وابتدائية الاخوة بن فايد بالمركز وابتدائية الاخوة زروقي بمنطقة أولاد سيد أحمد.

المصادر

تيدة

تيدة


Serhat ist ein türkischer männlicher Vorname persischer und arabischer Herkunft mit der Bedeutung (Landes-)Grenze, davon abgeleitet Grenzsoldat, "Beschützer".

Namensträger

Vorname

 Serhat Akın (* 1981), türkischer Fußballspieler
 Serhat Akyüz (* 1984), türkischer Fußballspieler
 Serhat Balcı (* 1982), türkischer Ringer
 Serhat Çağlar (* 1988), türkischer Fußballspieler
 İbrahim Serhat Canbolat (* 1959), türkischer Politikwissenschaftler und Schriftsteller
 Serhat Çokgezen (* 1984), deutscher Schauspieler
 Serhat Doğan (* 1974), türkischer Schauspieler und Komiker
 Serhat Güller (* 1968), türkischer Fußballspieler und -trainer
 Serhat Gülpınar (* 1979), türkischer Fußballspieler
 Serhat Kılıç (* 1975), türkischer Schauspieler
 Serhat Koç (* 1990), niederländisch-türkischer Fußballspieler
 Serhat Koruk (* 1996), deutsch-türkischer Fußballspieler
 Serhat Kot (* 1997), deutsch-türkischer Fußballspieler
 Serhat Sağat (* 1983), türkischer Fußballspieler

Künstlername
 Serhat (Sänger) (* 1964), türkischer Sänger, Produzent und TV-Moderator

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Türkischer Personenname

Serhat


Rhytismataceae er ætt sveppa í tjörvabálki (Rhytismatales). Hún inniheldur 55 ættkvíslir og 728 tegundir.

Ættkvíslir

Samkvæmt "Outline of Ascomycota" 2007, eru eftirfarandi ættkvíslir í Rhytismataceae. Staðsetning ættkvíslarinnar Nymanomyces er óviss.

Bifusella —
Bifusepta —
Bivallium —
Canavirgella —
Ceratophacidium —
Cerion —
Coccomyces —
Colpoma —
Criella —
Davisomycella —
Discocainia —
Duplicaria —
Duplicariella —
Elytroderma —
Hypoderma —
Hypodermella —
Hypohelion —
Isthmiella —
Lirula —
Lophodermella —
Lophodermium —
Lophomerum —
Marthamyces —
Meloderma —
Moutoniella —
Myriophacidium —
Nematococcomyces —
Neococcomyces —
Nothorhytisma —
Nymanomyces —
Parvacoccum —
Ploioderma —
Propolis —
Pureke —
Rhytisma —
Soleella —
Sporomega —
Terriera —
Therrya —
Triblidiopsis —
Virgella —
Vladracula —
Xyloschizon —
Zeus

Tilvísanir

Sníkjusveppir
Asksveppir

Tjörvaætt


Sonic Forces ime je platformske videoigre Seginog serijala Sonic the Hedgehog. Vidoigra prati ježa Sonica, kojeg je napao novi zlikovac, Infinite, koga je poslao njegov glavni neprijatelj Doktor Eggman.

Radnja

"Episode Shadow"

Sonic Forces

Igranje

Razvoj

Objava

Prijem

Sonic Forces: Speed Battle

Izvori

Videoigre

Sonic Forces


Pınar Altuğ Atacan (d. 2 Eylül 1974, İstanbul), Türk oyuncu, sunucu ve eski manken.

İlk yılları
Saint Benoît Fransız Lisesi'nde okudu. Lisedeyken mankenlik yapmaya başladı. 1994 yılında Miss Turkey seçilen Altuğ, 1997 senesinde girdiği İstanbul Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi İşletme bölümünündeki eğitimini yarıda bıraktı.

Kariyeri
1995 yılında televizyon hayatı başladı. 1995-1998 yılları arasında çeşitli magazin programlarında sunuculuk yaptı. 1999'da Pınar'ın Yemek Zevki adlı programı yapmaya başladı ve hemen ardından da mankenliğe veda etti.

2000 yılında Kurt Kapanı adlı dizide rol almaya başladı. Ardından Çocuklar Duymasın, Omuz Omuza, Davetsiz Misafir, İlk Aşkım ve Aile Reisi dizilerinde de rol aldı. 2003 yılında Pınar'ın Mutfağından adlı yemek kitabını çıkarttı. 2004 ile 2006 yılları arasında Türkiye'nin Yıldızları programını sundu. 2010'da ise Çocuklar Duymasının yeni versiyonunda rol almıştır.

Kişisel yaşamı
2000 yılında Umut Elçioğlu ile evlendi ve olaylı şekilde boşandı. 2008 yılından beri Yağmur Atacan ile evlidir. 27 Ocak 2009 tarihinde Su adını verdikleri kızları oldu.

Filmografi

Televizyon

Sinema

Sunuculuk yaptığı programlar

Ödülleri ve adaylıkları

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1974 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu kadın oyuncular
Miss Turkey birincileri
Türk kadın modeller
Türk televizyon sunucuları
Türk kadın dizi oyuncuları
Türk sekülaristler
İslamcılık eleştirmenleri
Saint Benoît Fransız Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Altın Kelebek Ödülü sahipleri

Pınar Altuğ


Morgendug (koreansk: 아침 이슬, "Achim Isul") er en sydkoreansk sang fra 1970 skrevet af Kim Min Ki, komponist og tekstforfatter. Sangen blev sunget af det koreanske folk i 1970-erne og senere som folkelig protestsang mod det sydkoreanske præsidentstyre.

Historie

Sangen fremkom den 28. august 1970 og blev fremført af den koreanske folkesanger Yang Hee Eun, året efter udgaves sangen på album i 1971 af Kim Min Ki.  Siden da har sangen været den sang af Kim Min Ki, som er blevet indspillet flest gange.

Sangen fik stor popularitet blandt unge i Sydkorea, da teksten synes at være en metafor for den undertrykte politiske situation i landet på tidspunktet for offentliggørelsen i Republikken Korea, især efter den såkaldte Oktober-restoration, hvor præsidenten Park Chung Hee tiltog sig diktatorisk magt, og frem til 1975, da sangen blev bandlyst sammen med de andre sange.

Siden slutningen af oktober og frem til afslutningen under diktaturet under den femte koreanske republik har det været udbredt at anse sangen som repræsentativ for studenter og unge, som ønskede genindførelse af demokrati.

Senere har Kim Min Ki selv givet udtryk for, at sangen ikke var skrevet for at blive anvendt til studenternes protester, og at sangen ikke var blevet skrevet for at opmuntre studenterne i deres kamp for demokrati.  Ved skæbnens ironi blev sangen også af regeringen i 1971 udpeget som årets sang.

Lyrik

Efter at have holdt mig vågen natten lang,
klatrer jeg op på morgenbjerget.
Jeg ser morgendug spirende fra hver (blomster)knop smukkere end perler,
som jeg bærer smerter i mit hjerte spirende som perler af morgendug,
Jeg lærer mig at smile i trods.

Solen går op brændende rød over gravstenene;
Middagshedens brændende varme er blot min prøvelse og vanskelighed.
Jeg vånder mig gennem ørkenen;
Jeg går videre bortkastende alle mine smerter.
Jeg vånder mig.
Jeg går videre.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
아침 이슬- Morning Dew (South Korean protest song) (YouTube)

Musik fra Sydkorea
Sange fra 1970

Morgendug (koreansk sang)


Kademlia is a distributed hash table for decentralized peer-to-peer computer networks designed by Petar Maymounkov and David Mazières in 2002. It specifies the structure of the network and the exchange of information through node lookups. Kademlia nodes communicate among themselves using UDP. A virtual or overlay network is formed by the participant nodes. Each node is identified by a number or node ID. The node ID serves not only as identification, but the Kademlia algorithm uses the node ID to locate values (usually file hashes or keywords).

In order to look up the value associated with a given key, the algorithm explores the network in several steps. Each step will find nodes that are closer to the key until the contacted node returns the value or no more closer nodes are found. This is very efficient: like many other s, Kademlia contacts only  nodes during the search out of a total of  nodes in the system.

Further advantages are found particularly in the decentralized structure, which increases the resistance against a denial-of-service attack. Even if a whole set of nodes is flooded, this will have limited effect on network availability, since the network will recover itself by knitting the network around these "holes".

I2P's implementation of Kademlia is modified to mitigate Kademlia's vulnerabilities, such as Sybil attacks.

System details
Peer-to-peer networks are made of nodes, by design. The protocols that these nodes use to communicate, and locate information, have become more efficient over time. The first generation peer-to-peer file sharing networks, such as Napster, relied on a central database to co-ordinate lookups on the network. Second generation peer-to-peer networks, such as Gnutella, used flooding to locate files, searching every node on the network. Third generation peer-to-peer networks, such as Bittorrent, use distributed hash tables to look up files in the network. Distributed hash tables store resource locations throughout the network.

Kademlia uses a "distance" calculation between two nodes. This distance is computed as the exclusive or (XOR) of the two node IDs, taking the result as an unsigned integer number. Keys and node IDs have the same format and length, so distance can be calculated among them in exactly the same way. The node ID is typically a large random number that is chosen with the goal of being unique for a particular node (see UUID). It can and does happen that geographically far nodes – from Germany and Australia, for instance – can be "neighbors" if they have chosen similar random node IDs.

XOR was chosen because it acts as a distance function between all the node IDs. Specifically:
 the distance between a node and itself is zero
 it is symmetric: the "distances" calculated from A to B and from B to A are the same
 it follows the triangle inequality: given A, B and C are vertices (points) of a triangle, then the distance from A to B is shorter than (or equal to) the sum of both the distance from A to C and the distance from C to B.

These three conditions are enough to ensure that XOR captures all of the essential, important features of a "real" distance function, while being cheap and simple to calculate.

Each Kademlia search iteration comes one bit closer to the target. A basic Kademlia search algorithm has complexity of , that means for network with  nodes it will take at most  steps to find that node.

Fixed-size routing tables

Fixed-size routing tables were presented in the pre-proceedings version of the original paper and are used in the later version only for some mathematical proofs. An actual Kademlia implementation does not have a fixed-size routing table, but a dynamically sized one.

Kademlia routing tables consist of a list for each bit of the node ID (e.g. if a node ID consists of 128 bits, a node will keep 128 such lists.) Every entry in a list holds the necessary data to locate another node. The data in each list entry is typically the IP address, port, and node ID of another node. Every list corresponds to a specific distance from the node. Nodes that can go in the nth list must have a differing nth bit from the node's ID; the first n-1 bits of the candidate ID must match those of the node's ID. This means that it is very easy to populate the first list as 1/2 of the nodes in the network are far away candidates. The next list can use only 1/4 of the nodes in the network (one bit closer than the first), etc.

With an ID of 128 bits, every node in the network will classify other nodes in one of 128 different distances, one specific distance per bit.

As nodes are encountered on the network, they are added to the lists. This includes store and retrieval operations and even helping other nodes to find a key. Every node encountered will be considered for inclusion in the lists. Therefore, the knowledge that a node has of the network is very dynamic. This keeps the network constantly updated and adds resilience to failures or attacks.

In the Kademlia literature, the lists are referred to as k-buckets. k is a system wide number, like 20. Every k-bucket is a list having up to k entries inside; i.e. for a network with k=20, each node will have lists containing up to 20 nodes for a particular bit (a particular distance from itself).

Since the possible nodes for each k-bucket decreases quickly (because there will be very few nodes that are that close), the lower bit k-buckets will fully map all nodes in that section of the network. Since the quantity of possible IDs is much larger than any node population can ever be, some of the k-buckets corresponding to very short distances will remain empty.

Consider the simple network to the right. The network size is 2^3 or eight maximum keys and nodes. There are seven nodes participating; the small circles at the bottom. The node under consideration is node six (binary 110) in black. There are three k-buckets for each node in this network. Nodes zero, one and two (binary 000, 001, and 010) are candidates for the farthest k-bucket. Node three (binary 011, not shown) is not participating in the network. In the middle k-bucket, nodes four and five (binary 100 and 101) are placed. Finally, the third k-bucket can only contain node seven (binary 111). Each of the three k-buckets are enclosed in a gray circle. If the size of the k-bucket was two, then the farthest 2-bucket can only contain two of the three nodes. For example, if node six has node one and two in the farthest 2-bucket, it would have to request a node ID lookup to these nodes to find the location (ip address) of node zero. Each node knows its neighbourhood well and has contact with a few nodes far away which can help locate other nodes far away.

It is known that nodes that have been connected for a long time in a network will probably remain connected for a long time in the future. Because of this statistical distribution, Kademlia selects long connected nodes to remain stored in the k-buckets. This increases the number of known valid nodes at some time in the future and provides for a more stable network.

When a k-bucket is full and a new node is discovered for that k-bucket, the least recently seen node in the k-bucket is PINGed. If the node is found to be still alive, the new node is placed in a secondary list, a replacement cache. The replacement cache is used only if a node in the k-bucket stops responding. In other words: new nodes are used only when older nodes disappear.

Protocol messages
Kademlia has four messages.
 PING — Used to verify that a node is still alive.
 STORE — Stores a (key, value) pair in one node.
 FIND_NODE — The recipient of the request will return the k nodes in its own buckets that are the closest ones to the requested key.
 FIND_VALUE — Same as FIND_NODE, but if the recipient of the request has the requested key in its store, it will return the corresponding value.

Each RPC message includes a random value from the initiator. This ensures that when the response is received it corresponds to the request previously sent (see magic cookie).

Locating nodes
Node lookups can proceed asynchronously. The quantity of simultaneous lookups is denoted by α and is typically three. A node initiates a FIND_NODE request by querying to the α nodes in its own k-buckets that are the closest ones to the desired key. When these recipient nodes receive the request, they will look in their k-buckets and return the k closest nodes to the desired key that they know. The requester will update a results list with the results (node IDs) it receives, keeping the k best ones (the k nodes that are closer to the searched key) that respond to queries. Then the requester will select these k best results and issue the request to them, and iterate this process again and again. Because every node has a better knowledge of its own surroundings than any other node has, the received results will be other nodes that are every time closer and closer to the searched key. The iterations continue until no nodes are returned that are closer than the best previous results. When the iterations stop, the best k nodes in the results list are the ones in the whole network that are the closest to the desired key.

The node information can be augmented with round trip times, or RTT. This information will be used to choose a time-out specific for every consulted node. When a query times out, another query can be initiated, never surpassing α queries at the same time.

Locating resources
Information is located by mapping it to a key. A hash is typically used for the map. The storer nodes will have information due to a previous STORE message. Locating a value follows the same procedure as locating the closest nodes to a key, except the search terminates when a node has the requested value in its store and returns this value.

The values are stored at several nodes (k of them) to allow for nodes to come and go and still have the value available in some node. Periodically, a node that stores a value will explore the network to find the k nodes that are close to the key value and replicate the value onto them. This compensates for disappeared nodes.

Also, for popular values that might have many requests, the load in the storer nodes is diminished by having a retriever store this value in some node near, but outside of, the k closest ones. This new storing is called a cache. In this way the value is stored farther and farther away from the key, depending on the quantity of requests. This allows popular searches to find a storer more quickly. Because the value is returned from nodes farther away from the key, this alleviates possible "hot spots". Caching nodes will drop the value after a certain time depending on their distance from the key.

Some implementations (e.g. Kad) have neither replication nor caching. The purpose of this is to remove old information quickly from the system. The node that is providing the file will periodically refresh the information onto the network (perform FIND_NODE and STORE messages). When all of the nodes having the file go offline, nobody will be refreshing its values (sources and keywords) and the information will eventually disappear from the network.

Joining the network
A node that would like to join the net must first go through a bootstrap process. In this phase, the joining node needs to know the IP address and port of another node—a bootstrap node (obtained from the user, or from a stored list)—that is already participating in the Kademlia network. If the joining node has not yet participated in the network it computes a random ID number, which by virtue of being a very large random number is extremely likely not to be already assigned to any other node. It uses this ID until leaving the network.

The joining node inserts the bootstrap node into one of its k-buckets. The joining node then performs a node lookup of its own ID against the bootstrap node (the only other node it knows). The "self-lookup" will populate other nodes' k-buckets with the new node ID, and will populate the joining node's k-buckets with the nodes in the path between it and the bootstrap node. After this, the joining node refreshes all k-buckets further away than the k-bucket the bootstrap node falls in. This refresh is just a lookup of a random key that is within that k-bucket range.

Initially, nodes have one k-bucket. When the k-bucket becomes full, it can be split. The split occurs if the range of nodes in the k-bucket spans the node's own id (values to the left and right in a binary tree). Kademlia relaxes even this rule for the one "closest nodes" k-bucket, because typically one single bucket will correspond to the distance where all the nodes that are the closest to this node are, they may be more than k, and we want it to know them all. It may turn out that a highly unbalanced binary sub-tree exists near the node. If k is 20, and there are 21+ nodes with a prefix "xxx0011....." and the new node is "xxx000011001", the new node can contain multiple k-buckets for the other 21+ nodes. This is to guarantee that the network knows about all nodes in the closest region.

Accelerated lookups
Kademlia uses an XOR metric to define distance. Two node IDs or a node ID and a key are XORed and the result is the distance between them. For each bit, the XOR function returns zero if the two bits are equal and one if the two bits are different. Distances in the XOR metric satisfy the triangle inequality: given A, B and C are vertices (points) of a triangle, then the distance from A to B is shorter than (or equal to) the sum of the distances from A to C and from C to B.

The XOR metric allows Kademlia to extend routing tables beyond single bits. Groups of bits can be placed in k-buckets. The group of bits are termed a prefix. For an m-bit prefix, there will be 2m-1 k-buckets. The missing k-bucket is a further extension of the routing tree that contains the node ID. An m-bit prefix reduces the maximum number of lookups from log2 n to log2m n. These are maximum values and the average value will be far less, increasing the chance of finding a node in a k-bucket that shares more bits than just the prefix with the target key.

Nodes can use mixtures of prefixes in their routing table, such as the Kad Network used by eMule.   The Kademlia network could even be heterogeneous in routing table implementations, at the expense of complicating the analysis of lookups.

Academic significance
While the XOR metric is not needed to understand Kademlia, it is critical in the analysis of the protocol. The XOR arithmetic forms an abelian group allowing closed analysis. Other DHT protocols and algorithms require simulation or complicated formal analysis in order to predict network behavior and correctness. Using groups of bits as routing information also simplifies the algorithms.

Mathematical analysis of the algorithm

To analyze the algorithm, consider a Kademlia network of  nodes with IDs , each of which is a string of length  that consists of only ones and zeros. It can be modeled as a trie, in which each leaf represents a node, and the labeled path from the root to a leaf represents its ID. For a node , let  be the set of nodes (IDs) that share a prefix with  of length . Then filling the -th bucket of  can be modeled as adding pointers from the leaf  to  leaves (IDs) chosen uniformly at random from . Thus routing can be seen as jumping among the leaves along these pointers such that each step goes towards the target ID as much as possible, i.e., in a greedy way.

Let  be number of jumps needed to go from the leaf  to a target ID .
Assuming that  are chosen deterministically from ,
it has been proved that

where  is the -th harmonic number. Since  as , when  is large  is bounded from above by about , however the IDs and the target are chosen. This justifies the intuition that in Kademlia only  nodes are contacted in searching for a target node.

To make the model closer to real Kademlia networks,  can also be assumed to be chosen uniformly at random without replacement from . Then it can be proved that for all  and ,

where  is a constant depending only on  with  as . Thus for  large,  converges to a constant close . This implies that the number of nodes need to be contact in searching for a target node is actually  on average.

Use in file sharing networks
Kademlia is used in file sharing networks. By making Kademlia keyword searches, one can find information in the file-sharing network so it can be downloaded.
Since there is no central instance to store an index of existing files, this task is divided evenly among all clients: If a node wants to share a file, it processes the contents of the file, calculating from it a number (hash) that will identify this file within the file-sharing network. Since file hashes and node IDs have the same length, the client can use the XOR distance function to search for several nodes whose ID is close to the hash, and instructs those nodes to store the publisher's IP address in an implementation-defined manner. Nodes with IDs closest to the file hash will therefore have a list of IP addresses of peers/publishers of this file, from which a client may in an implementation-defined manner download the file.

Clients that wish to download the file from this publisher do not have to know the publisher's IP address (there can be many publishers), but only the hash of the file. A searching client will use Kademlia to search the network for the node whose ID has the smallest distance to the file hash, then will retrieve the sources list that is stored in that node.

Since a key can correspond to many values, e.g. many sources of the same file, every storing node may have different information. Then, the sources are requested from all k nodes close to the key, k being the size of the bucket.

The file hash is usually obtained from a specially formed Internet magnet link found elsewhere, or included within an indexing file obtained from other sources.

Filename searches are implemented using keywords. The filename is divided into its constituent words. Each of these keywords is hashed and stored in the network, together with the corresponding filename and file hash. A search involves choosing one of the keywords, contacting the node with an ID closest to that keyword hash, and retrieving the list of filenames that contain the keyword. Since every filename in the list has its hash attached, the chosen file can then be obtained in the normal way.

Implementations

Networks

Public networks using the Kademlia algorithm (these networks are incompatible with one another):
 I2P: an anonymous overlay network layer.
 Kad network: developed originally by the eMule community to replace the server-based architecture of the eDonkey network.
 Ethereum: the node discovery protocol in the Ethereum blockchain network stack is based on a slightly modified implementation of Kademlia.
 Overnet: With KadC a C library for handling its Kademlia is available. (development of Overnet is discontinued)

 Mainline DHT: a DHT for BitTorrent based on an implementation of the Kademlia algorithm, for trackerless torrents.
 Osiris (all version): used to manage distributed and anonymous web portal.
 Retroshare: F2F decentralised communication platform with secure VOIP, instant messaging, file transfer etc.
 Tox: a fully distributed messaging, VoIP and video chat platform
 Gnutella DHT: originally by LimeWire to augment the Gnutella protocol for finding alternate file locations, now in use by other gnutella clients.
 IPFS: a peer-to-peer distributed filesystem based on libp2p.

 TeleHash: a mesh networking protocol that uses Kademlia to resolve direct connections between parties.
 iMule: file sharing utility software for I2P.
 OpenDHT: library providing an implementation of Kademlia, used by Jami and others.
 GNUnet: alternative network stack for building secure, decentralized and privacy-preserving distributed applications. Uses randomized version of Kademlia called R5N.
 Dat: a peer-to-peer file sharing tool based on the Hypercore Protocol.

See also
 Content-addressable network
 Chord (peer-to-peer)
 Tapestry (DHT)
 Pastry (DHT)
 Koorde

References

External links
 Xlattice projects Kademlia Specification and definitions.

Computer-related introductions in 2002
Distributed data storage
Hash-based data structures
Distributed data structures
File sharing
Network architecture
Hashing
Routing
Key-based routing
Overlay networks

Kademlia


Recm (), sözlük anlamı "taşlama" olan, İslam hukukunda terim olarak ise zina yapan evli erkek ve kadına uygulanan taşlayarak öldürme cezasını ifade eden Arapça bir kelimedir.

İslam öncesinde Yahudilikte de var olan bir ceza olan recm İslam hukukundaki tartışmalı konulardan biridir. Çünkü Kur'an'da zina suçunun karşılığı olarak geçmeyen bu ceza hadislere dayandırılmaktadır.

Dilbilgisi
Arapçada r-c-m kökünden bir mastar olan kelime taşlama, taşa tutma, lânetleme, kovma, sövme, birinin namusuna iftira etme, kötü zanda bulunma anlamlarına gelir. Çoğulu rucûmdur. Kelimenin yine aynı kökten gelen sıfat formundaki 'racim' kelimesi ise taşlanan, kovulan, lânetlenen anlamına gelir ki besmelede şeytan bu sıfatla nitelendirilir. Kur'an'da r-c-m kökü tüm formlarıyla 14 defa geçmektedir.

Tarihi
Zaman içinde birçok toplum evlilik dışı cinsel ilişkiyi cezalandırarak caydırma yoluna gitmişleridir. Antik Yunan yasalarına göre zina edenler ölüm cezasına çarptırılırken, Hammurabi Kanunları'nda bu kişiler suda boğarak öldürülürlerdi.

Zina suçuna verilen recm cezası ise tarihin belli bir döneminde özellikle Orta Doğu'da uygulanmıştır. Bu bağlamda recm dini bir ceza olarak ilk olarak Tevrat'ta geçmektedir. Yeni Antlaşma'da uygulanması reddedilen bu ceza, Kur'an'da geçmemesine rağmen İslam hukukuna girmiş; Muhammed, Dört Halife, daha sonraki İslam devletleri ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu tarafından uygulanmıştır.

Yahudilik'te recm
Kutsal Kitap Tevrat'ta konuyla ilgili hüküm şöyledir:

Levililer 20:10-21: "'Biri başka birinin karısıyla, yani komşusunun karısıyla zina ederse, hem kendisi, hem de zina ettiği kadın kesinlikle öldürülecektir. Babasının karısıyla yatan, babasının namusuna leke sürmüş olur. İkisi de kesinlikle öldürülecektir. Ölümü hak etmişlerdir. Bir adam geliniyle yatarsa, ikisi de kesinlikle öldürülecektir. Rezillik etmişler, ölümü hak etmişlerdir. Bir erkek başka bir erkekle cinsel ilişki kurarsa, ikisi de iğrençlik etmiş olur. Kesinlikle öldürülecekler. Ölümü hak etmişlerdir. Bir adam hem bir kızla, hem de kızın annesiyle evlenirse, alçaklık etmiş olur. Aranızda böyle alçaklıklar olmasın diye üçü de yakılacaktır. Bir hayvanla cinsel ilişki kuran adam kesinlikle öldürülecek, hayvansa kesilecektir. Bir kadın cinsel ilişki kurmak amacıyla bir hayvana yaklaşırsa, kadını da hayvanı da kesinlikle öldüreceksiniz. Ölümü hak etmişlerdir.

" 'Bir adam anne ya da baba tarafından üvey olan kızkardeşiyle evlenir, cinsel ilişki kurarsa, utançtır. Açıkça aşağılanıp halkın arasından atılacaklardır. Adam kızkardeşiyle ilişki kurduğu için suçunun cezasını çekecektir. Âdet gören bir kadınla yatıp cinsel ilişki kuran adam kadının akıntılı yerini açığa çıkarmış, kadın da buna katılmış olur. İkisi de halkın arasından atılacaktır.

" 'Teyzenle ya da halanla cinsel ilişki kurmayacaksın. Çünkü yakın akrabanın namusudur. İkiniz de suçunuzun cezasını çekeceksiniz.

" 'Amcasının karısıyla cinsel ilişki kuran adam, amcasının namusuna leke sürmüş olur. İkisi de günahlarının cezasını çekecek ve çocuk sahibi olmadan öleceklerdir. Kardeşinin karısıyla evlenen adam rezillik etmiş olur. Kardeşinin namusunu lekelemiştir. Çocuk sahibi olmayacaklardır.

Tesniye 22:13-30: "Bir adam bir kadın alır, yattıktan sonra ondan hoşlanmazsa, ona suç yükler, adını kötüler, 'Bu kadınla evlendim ama onunla yatınca erden (bakire) olmadığını gördüm' derse, kadının annesiyle babası kızlarının bakire olduğuna ilişkin kanıtı alıp kapıda görevli kent ileri gelenlerine getirecekler. Kadının babası ileri gelenlere, 'Kızımı bu adamla evlendirdim ama o kızımdan hoşlanmıyor' diyecek, 'Şimdi kızımı suçluyor, onun bakire olmadığını söylüyor. İşte kızımın bakire olduğunun kanıtı!' Sonra anne-baba kızlarının bakire olduğunu kanıtlayan yatak çarşafını ileri gelenlerin önüne serip gösterecekler. Kent ileri gelenleri de adamı cezalandıracaklar. Ceza olarak ondan yüz gümüş alıp kadının babasına verecekler. Çünkü adam İsrailli bir bakire kızın adını kötülemiştir. Kadın adamın karısı kalacak ve adam yaşamı boyunca onu boşayamayacaktır. "Ancak bu sav doğruysa, kızın bakire olduğuna ilişkin bir kanıt bulunamazsa, kızı baba evinin kapısına çıkaracaklar. Kent halkı taşlayarak kızı öldürecek. Babasının evindeyken fuhuş yapmakla İsrail'de iğrençlik yapmıştır. Aranızdaki kötülüğü ortadan kaldıracaksınız. "Eğer bir adam başka birinin karısıyla yatarken yakalanırsa, hem kadınla yatan adam, hem kadın, ikisi de öldürülecek. İsrail'den kötülüğü atacaksınız. "Eğer bir adam kentte başka biriyle nişanlı bakire bir kızla karşılaşır ve onunla yatarsa, ikisini de kentin kapısına götürecek, taşlayarak öldüreceksiniz. Çünkü kız kentte olduğu halde yardım istemek için bağırmadı; adam da komşusunun karısıyla ilişki kurdu. Aranızdaki kötülüğü ortadan kaldıracaksınız. "Eğer bir adam kırda nişanlı bir kızla karşılaşır, onu yakalayıp tecavüz ederse, yalnız tecavüz eden adam öldürülecek. Kıza hiçbir şey yapmayacaksınız. Çünkü kızın ölümü hak edecek bir günahı yoktur. Bu, komşusuna saldırıp onu öldüren adamın davasına benzer. Adam kızı kırda gördüğünde nişanlı kız bağırmışsa da onu kurtaran olmamıştır. "Eğer bir adam nişanlı olmayan bakire bir kızla karşılaşır, tutup onunla yatarsa ve bu ortaya çıkarsa, kızla yatan adam kızın babasına elli gümüş verecek. Kıza tecavüz ettiği için onu karı olarak alacak ve yaşamı boyunca onu boşayamayacaktır. "Kimse babasının karısını almayacak, babasının evlilik yatağına leke sürmeyecektir."

Hristiyanlık'ta recm
Yahudiler, İsa'ya zina ederken yakalanmış bir kadın getirmişler ve Musa'nın bu gibilere recm cezası verdiğini ileri sürerek buna ne diyeceğini sormuşlardır. İsa onlara, "İlk taşı günahsız olanınız atsın" deyince başta yaşlılar olmak üzere, birer birer dışarı çıkıp İsa'yı yalnız bıraktılar. Kadın ise orta yerde duruyordu. İsa doğrulup ona, «Kadın, nerede onlar? Hiçbiri seni yargılamadı mı?» diye sordu. Kadın, «Hiçbiri, efendim» dedi. İsa, «Ben de seni yargılamıyorum» dedi. «Git artık, bundan sonra günah işleme!» (Yuhanna 8:3-11).

İslam'da recm
İslam hukukunda evli veya dul olup zina yapan kadın ve erkek dört mezhebin ittifakla görüşüne göre 'ölünceye kadar taşlanarak' cezalandırılır. Bu cezalandırmaya 'recmetmek' denmektedir. Bu cezalandırmaya dair Kur'an'da açık bir ayet yoktur. Kur'an'da zina suçunun cezasını belirten ayetler şunlardır:
 Zina eden kadın ve zina eden erkekten her birine yüz sopa vurun; Allah'a ve ahiret gününe inanıyorsanız, Allah'ın dini hususunda sizi sakın acıma duygusu kaplamasın! Müminlerden bir grup da onlara uygulanan cezaya şahit olsun.
 Namuslu kadınlara zina isnadında bulunup, sonra dört şahit getiremeyenlere seksener sopa vurun ve artık onların şahitliğini hiçbir zaman kabul etmeyin. Onlar tamamen günahkardırlar.
 İnanmış hür kadınları nikâhlama genişliğine gücü yetmeyeniniz, ellerinizin altındaki genç, mümin köle kızlarından biriyle evlensin. Allah sizin imanınızı daha iyi bilir. Hep birbirinizdensiniz. O halde onları, ailelerinin izniyle nikâhlayın. Gizli dost edinmeyerek, zinadan uzak kalarak, iffetli hanımlar olmaları şartıyla onların mehirlerini örfe uygun bir biçimde verin. Evliliğe geçtikten sonra bir fuhuş yaparlarsa onlara, hür kadınlara uygulanan cezasının yarısı uygulanacaktır.

İslam hukukuna dayanak teşkil eden dört mezhep, recm cezasını hadislere dayandırmaktadır. Kur'an'da konuyla ilgili tek bir ayet vardır ve burada taşlayarak öldürmeden değil, döverek cezalandırmaktan bahsedilir. Nisa Suresi'nde geçen "hür olmayan insanların zinasının cezası, hür olanlara verilenin yarısı kadardır" ifadesinden dolayı recmin yarısı olmayacağına göre İslam'da recm yoktur şeklinde görüş de bulunmaktadır. Recm şeriatta hadislere dayandırılan bir cezalandırma şeklidir.

Recm ile ilgili tartışmalar mezhepler ve tarikatlar arası ayrılığa da neden olmuştur. Recm sözcüğünün Kur'an'da taşlamakla eşanlamlı olarak değil, daha çok hor görmek, yalnız bırakmak gibi bir anlamda kullanıldığı tefsirlerde okunur. Ancak İslam hukukunda recm, taşlama fiilinin karşılığı olarak kullanılmıştır. Recm kelimesi, bu yüzden, hemen hemen tüm dillerde, taşlama kelimesinin karşılığı olarak kullanılmasının yanında, Osmanlıcada da hukuk terimi olarak "zina yapan kadın veya erkeğin taşlanarak öldürülmesi" anlamında geçmiştir.

Hadislerde zina meselesi
Hadislere göre recm cezası Muhammed zamanında da uygulanmıştır. Bu sebeple recm ile ilgili birkaç hadis bulunmaktadır. Kendi ikrarlarıyla dört zina (Maîz adında bir erkek, Cüheyneli bir kadın, Büreyde adında bir kadın ve adı verilmeyen bir genç, ki buna sopa vurulmuş çünkü nikahlı değilmiş) vâkıa. Peygamber gelenleri her defasında vazgeçirmeye çalışmıştır. Kaçan Mâiz adında birisi için, bıraksaydınız demiştir. Kuran'da recm ile ilgili hiçbir hüküm bulunmamaktadır. Recm cezası, İslam'a göre dört erkek veya her bir erkek yerine iki kadın (Nur: 1-6), evli bulunan bir kimseyi kendisiyle evli olmadığı bir başka kişi ile ilişkiye girerken, yani erkeğin penisinin kadının vajinasına girdiğini kesin görürler ve bunu mahkemede hakime (kadıya) çelişkisiz anlatırlarsa bu kimse recmedilir. Yoksa, suçu işlediği varsayılan kişiye uygulanamaz (fetevâ-i hindiye). Hatta aynı yatakta yattılar diye bile, bu çok günah ise bile, bir kimse recm cezasına kesinlikle çarptırılamazdı. Zaten, zina edenin kendi ikrarına değil de dört şahitle uygulanan recm imkânsız sayılacak kadar az, mesela nübüvvet döneminde hiç şahitlik vakası olmamasına karşın ve 600 yıl süren Osmanlılarda sadece bir kereye mahsus uygulanmıştır.

Recmetme yöntemleri
Recm cezası değişik şekillerde uygulanır:

1- Failleri toprağa göbeklerine kadar gömerek taşlamak suretiyle, veya gömmeksizin taşlamak suretiyle: ikrarlarından dönerlerse kaçabilmeleri için.

2- Faillerin üzerine taştan bir duvar devirmek suretiyle -hadise değil içtihada dayanan bir görüş-, eskiden bunun uygulandığına dair bilgiye, bilinen kaynaklarda rastlanmıyor.

3- Failleri yüksek bir yerden taşların üzerine atmak suretiyle -hadise değil içtihada dayanan bir görüş-, ki bunun da eskiden uygulandığına dair bilgiye, bilinen kaynaklarda rastlanmıyor.

Dış bağlantılar
TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi'nde recm, Hüseyin Esen, cilt: 44; sayfa: 443 İslam Ansiklopedisinde 'recm' adında ayrı bir madde yoktur. 'Zina' maddesinin alt başlığında Zina Suçunun Cezasında konu edilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Bedensel cezalar
Dinde cezalar
Çeşitlerine göre idam
İslam hukukunda had cezaları
Hristiyanlık
Yahudilik
İslam ceza hukuku
İşkence
Arapçadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

Recm