Hurrian is an extinct Hurro-Urartian language spoken by the Hurrians (Khurrites), a people who entered northern Mesopotamia around 2300 BC and had mostly vanished by 1000 BC. Hurrian was the language of the Mitanni kingdom in northern Mesopotamia and was likely spoken at least initially in Hurrian settlements in modern-day Syria.

Classification

Hurrian is closely related to Urartian, the language of the ancient kingdom of Urartu. Together they constitute the Hurro-Urartian language family. The external connections of the Hurro-Urartian languages are disputed. There exist various proposals for a genetic relationship to other language families (e.g. the Northeast Caucasian languages, Indo-European languages, or Kartvelian languages which are spoken in Georgia). It has also been speculated that it is related to "Sino-Caucasian".  However, none of these proposals are generally accepted.

History

The earliest Hurrian text fragments consist of lists of names and places from the end of the third millennium BC. The first full texts date to the reign of king Tish-atal of Urkesh, at the start of the second millennium BC, and were found on a stone tablet accompanying the Hurrian foundation pegs known as the "Urkish lions". Archeologists have discovered the texts of numerous spells, incantations, prophecies and letters at sites including Hattusha, Mari, Tuttul, Babylon, Ugarit and others. Early study of the language, however, was entirely based on the Mitanni letter, found in 1887 at Amarna in Egypt, written by the Hurrian king Tushratta to the pharaoh Amenhotep III. The Hurro-Urartian relation was recognized as early as 1890 by Sayce (ZA 5, 1890, 260–274) and Jensen (ZA 6, 1891, 34–72). After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, Hurrians began to settle in northern Syria, and by 1725 BC they constituted a sizable portion of the population of Yamhad. The presence of a large Hurrian population brought Hurrian culture and religion to Aleppo, as evidenced by the existence of certain religious festivals that bear Hurrian names.

In the thirteenth century BC, invasions from the west by the Hittites and the south by the Assyrians brought the end of the Mitanni empire, which was divided between the two conquering powers. In the following century, attacks by the Sea Peoples brought a swift end to the last vestiges of the Hurrian language. It is around this time that other languages, such as the Hittite language and the Ugaritic language also became extinct, in what is known as the Bronze Age collapse. In the texts of these languages, as well as those of Akkadian or Urartian, many Hurrian names and places can be found.

Renewed interest in Hurrian was triggered by texts discovered in Boğazköy in the 1910s and Ugarit in the 1930s. Speiser (1941) published the first comprehensive grammar of Hurrian. Since the 1980s, the Nuzi corpus from the archive of Silwa-tessup has been edited by G. Wilhelm. Since the late 1980s, significant progress was made due to the discovery of a Hurrian-Hittite bilingual, edited by E. Neu (StBoT 32).

Dialects
The Hurrian of the Mitanni letter differs significantly from that used in the texts at Hattusha and other Hittite centres, as well as from earlier Hurrian texts from various locations. The non-Mitanni letter varieties, while not entirely homogeneous, are commonly subsumed under the designation Old Hurrian. Whereas in Mitanni the vowel pairs i/e and u/o are differentiated, in the Hattusha dialect they have merged into i and u respectively. There are also differences in morphology, some of which are mentioned in the course of the exposition below. Nonetheless, it is clear that these represent dialects of one language. Another Hurrian dialect is likely represented in several texts from Ugarit, but they are so poorly preserved that little can be said about them, save that spelling patterns used elsewhere to represent Hurrian phonemes are virtually ignored in them. There was also a Hurrian-Akkadian creole, called Nuzi, spoken in the Mitanni provincial capital of Arrapha.

Phonology

Consonants

As can be seen from the table, Hurrian did not possess a voiced-voiceless distinction. There is no voiced consonant with an unvoiced counterpart, nor vice versa. However, based on evidence from the cuneiform script, there seem to have been voiced allophones of consonants other than /ts/, which occurred in certain environments: between two voiced phonemes (sonorants or vowels), and, surprisingly, also word-finally. Sometimes a voiced consonant is written in these situations, i.e. b (for p), d (for t), g (for k), v (for f) or ž (for š), and, very rarely, ǧ (for h, ḫ). All consonants except /w/ and /j/ can be long or short. The long (geminate) consonants occur only between vowels. In the cuneiform, as in the Latin transcription, geminated consonants are indicated by doubling the corresponding symbol, so ...VC-CV... Short consonants are written ...V-CV..., for example mānnatta ("I am") is written ma-a-an-na-at-ta.

Since /f/ was not found in the Sumerian cuneiform script, the Hurrians used the symbols representing /p/, /b/ or /w/. An /f/ can be recognised in words where this transcription varies from text to text. In cases where a word occurs only once, with a p, it cannot be known if it was originally meant to represent a /p/ or an /f/. In final syllables containing a, /f/ becomes diphthongised to /u/, e.g. tānōšau (<*tān-ōš-af)) "I did". /s/ is traditionally transcribed by /š/, because the cuneiform script adapted the sign indicating /š/ for this phoneme. /ts/ is regularly transcribed by z, and /x/ by ḫ or h. In Hurrian, /r/ and /l/ do not occur at the beginning of a word.

Vowels

Vowels, just like consonants, can be either long or short. In the cuneiform script, this is indicated by placing an additional vowel symbol between the CV and VC syllables, giving CV-V-VC. Short vowels are indicated by a simple CV-VC pairing. In the Latin transcription, long vowels are indicated with a macron, ā, ē, ī, ō, and ū. For /o/, which is absent in the Sumerian script, the sign for U is used, whereas /u/ is represented by Ú.

Grammar

Word derivation
While Hurrian could not combine multiple stems to form new stems, a large number of suffixes could be attached to existing stems to form new words. For example, attardi (ancestor) from attai (father), futki (son) from fut (to beget), aštohhe (feminine) from ašti (woman). Hurrian also provided many verbal suffixes, which often changed the valency of the verb they modify.

Morphology

Nominal morphology
The nominal morphology of Hurrian employs numerous suffixes and/or enclitics, which always follow a certain order. The resulting "morpheme chain" is as follows:

Note: (SA) indicates morphemes added through Suffixaufnahme, described below.These elements are not all obligatory, and in fact a noun can occur as a single root followed by nothing except zero-suffixes for case and number. Despite the general agglutinative structure of the language, the plural marker (5) merges with the case morphemes (6) in ways which do not seem to be entirely predictable, so singular and plural forms of the case endings are usually listed separately. The anaphoric marker (7) is formally identical to the article and anchors the Suffixaufnahme suffixes (8) and (9). While the absolutive pronoun clitics (10) attached to a noun are not necessarily connected to it syntactically, typically designating the object or intransitive subject of a nearby verb, the third plural pronoun clitic -lla can be used to signal the plural of the host noun in the absolutive.

Thematic vowels
Almost all Hurrian nouns end in a vowel, known as a thematic vowel or stem vowel. This vowel will always appear on the word, and will not switch between types. Most nouns end with /i/; a few end with /a/ (mostly words for relatives and divine names) and /e/ (a few suffix derivations, possibly the same as /i/-stems). As well, in texts from Nuzi, stems of /u/ (or /o/?) are found, mainly on non-Hurrian names and a few Hurrian ones.

This stem-final vowel disappears when certain endings are attached to it, such as case endings that begin with a vowel, certain derivational suffixes, or the article suffix. Examples: kāz-ōš (like a cup) from kāzi (cup), awarra (the fields) from awari (field).

A minority of Hurrian noun roots have athematic stem vowels, such as šen (brother) in the forms šena and -šenni, mad (wisdom; later becomes i-stem in the form madi), and muž (divine name). Some names of gods, heroes, persons, and places are also athematic, e.g. Teššob (Teššobi/a), Gilgaamiž, Hurriž (later Hurri). These nouns seem to occur more frequently in the earliest Hurrian texts (end of the third millennium BC).

Note: This type of thematic stem vowel is completely different in function to Indo-European stem vowels. For a discussion of those, see here and here.

Case and number
Hurrian has 13 cases in its system of declension. One of these, the equative case, has a different form in both of the main dialects. In Hattusha and Mari, the usual ending is -oš, termed equative I, whereas in the Mitanni letter we find the form -nna, called equative II. Another case, the so-called 'e-case', is very rare, and carries a genitive or allative meaning.

Like many languages in the region, Hurrian is an ergative language, which means that the same case is used for the subject of an intransitive verb as for the object of a transitive one; this case is called the absolutive. For the subject of a transitive verb, however, the ergative case is used. Hurrian has two numbers, singular and plural. The following table outlines the case endings (the terms used for some of the more obscure cases vary between different authors).

In certain phonological environments, these endings can vary. The f of the genitive and dative endings merges with a preceding p or t giving pp and tt respectively, e.g. Teššuppe (of Teššup), Hepat-te (of Hepat). The associative can be combined with the instrumental, as in šēna-nn-ae (brother-ass-instr), meaning 'brotherly'.

The so-called essive case can convey the meaning "as" and a condition, but also to express direction, the aim of a demand, the transition from one condition to another, the direct object in antipassive constructions (where the transitive subject receives the absolutive case instead of the ergative), and, in the variety of Nuzi, also the dative.

The article

In Hurrian, the function of the so-called "article" is not entirely clear, inasmuch as its use does not seem to resemble closely a typical definite article. It is attached directly to the noun, but before any case endings, e.g. tiwē-na-še (object.art.gen.pl) (of the objects). The article is unmarked in the absolutive singular – e.g. kāzi 'cup'. The /n/ of the article merges with a preceding /n/, /l/ or /r/ giving /nn/, /ll/ and /rr/ respectively, e.g. ēn-na (the gods), ōl-la (the others), awar-ra (the fields). In these cases, the stem-final vowel /i/ has been dropped; the singulars of these words are ēni (god), ōli (another), awari (field). If there are two consonants preceding the final /i/, an epenthetic vowel /u/ is inserted between them, e.g. hafurun-ne-ta (heaven-art-all.sg, to heaven), the stem of which is hafurni (heaven).

Suffixaufnahme
One prominent feature of Hurrian is the phenomenon of Suffixaufnahme, or suffix absorption, which it shares with Urartian and the geographically proximate Kartvelian languages. In this process, the dependent modifiers of a noun share the noun's case suffixes. Between the suffix of the dependent noun and the case ending comes the article, which agrees with the referent in number, for example, with an adjective:

Suffixaufnahme also occurs with other modifiers, such as a noun in the genitive modifying another noun, in which case the following nouns takes a possessive pronoun.

The phenomenon is also found when the head noun is in the locative, instrumental or equative. In the absolutive singular, Suffixaufnahme would be meaningless, as the case and number are unmarked. When more than two genitives occur, they are merged, so Suffixaufnahme only occurs on the innermost genitive, as in the following example:

Verbal morphology
The verbal morphology of Hurrian is extremely complex, but it is constructed only through the affixation of suffixes (indicated by '-') and clitics (indicated by '='). Hurrian clitics stand for unique words, but are attached to other words as though they were suffixes. Transitivity and intransitivity are clearly indicated in the morphology; only transitive verbs take endings that agree with the person and number of their subject. The direct object and intransitive subject, when they are not represented by an independent noun, are expressed through the use of clitics, or pronouns (see below). Moreover, suffixes can be added to the verb stem that modify its meaning, including valency-changing morphemes such as -an(n)-- (causative), -ant (applicative) and -ukar (reciprocative). The meanings of many such suffixes have yet to be decoded.

The "morpheme chain" of the verb is as follows:

As with the noun, not all of these elements must be present in each verb form, and indeed some of them are mutually incompatible. The marker -t- in position (4) may indicate intransitivity in non-present tenses. Position (5) may carry the suffix -imbu- (5) of unclear function or the ergative third-person plural suffix -it- , which is only attested in Old Hurrian. Valency suffixes (6) indicated the intransitive, transitive, or antipassive. The negative suffixes (7), the ergative person suffixes (8), and the ergative number suffixes (9) merge in ways which are not entirely predictable, so the person endings are usually listed in separate singular and plural versions.

Indicative mood
After the derivational suffix come those marking tense. The present tense is unmarked, the preterite is marked by -ōš and the future by ēt. The preterite and future suffixes also include the suffix -t, which indicates intransitivity, but occurs only in truly intransitive forms, not in antipassive ones; in the present, this suffix never occurs. Another, separate, -t suffix is found in all tenses in transitive sentences – it indicates a 3rd person plural subject. In the indicative this suffix is mandatory, but in all other moods it is optional. Because these two suffixes are identical, ambiguous forms can occur; thus, unētta can mean "they will bring [something]" or "he/she/it will come", depending on the context.

After these endings come the vowel of transitivity. It is -a when the verb is intransitive, -i when the verb is in the antipassive and -o (in the Mitanni letter, -i) in transitive verbs. The suffix -o is dropped immediately after the derivational suffixes. In transitive verbs, the -o occurs only in the present, while in the other tenses transitivity is instead indicated by the presence (or absence) of the aforementioned -t suffixes.

In the next position, the suffix of negation can occur; in transitive sentences, it is -wa, whereas in intransitive and antipassive ones it is -kkV. Here, the V represents a repetition of the vowel that precedes the negative suffix, although when this is /a/, both vowels become /o/. When the negative suffix is immediately followed by a clitic pronoun (except for =nna), its vowel is /a/, regardless of the vowel that preceded it, e.g. mann-o-kka=til=an (be-intr-neg-1.pl.abs-and), "and we are not...". The following table gives the tense, transitivity and negation markers:

After this, in transitive verbs, comes the subject marker. The following forms are found:

The suffixes of the first person, both plural and singular, and the second person plural suffix merge with the preceding suffixes -i and -wa. However, in the Mari and Hattusha dialects, the suffix of transitivity -o does not merge with other endings. The distinction between singular and plural in the third person is provided by the suffix -t, which comes directly after the tense marker. In the third person, when the suffix -wa occurs before the subject marker, it can be replaced by -ma, also expressing the negative: irnōhoš-i-ā-ma, (like-trans-3rd-neg) "He does not like [it]".

In the Old Hurrian of Hattusha the ending of the third person singular was -m. A third person plural ergative subject was marked with the suffix -it-, which, however, unlike the other ergative endings, occurred before instead of after the transitivity vowel: contrast uv-o-m "she slaughtered" with tun-it-o "they forced". In the intransitive and antipassive, there was also a subject marker, -p for the third person but unmarked for the others. It is unknown whether this suffix was also found on transitive objects.

If a verb form is nominalised, e.g. to create a relative clause, then another suffix is used: -šše. Nominalised verbs can undergo Suffixaufnahme. Verb forms can also take other enclitic suffixes; see 'particles' below.

Other moods
To express nuances of grammatical mood, several special verb forms are used, which are derived from the indicative (non-modal) forms. Wishes and commands are formed with an optative system, whose principal characteristic is the element -i, which is attached directly to the verb stem. There is no difference between the form for transitive and intransitive verbs, there being agreement with the subject of the sentence. Tense markers are unchanged in the optative.

1 In the optative forms of the third person, the /n/ ending is present in the Mari/Hattuša dialect when the following word begins with a consonant.

The so-called final form, which is needed to express a purpose ("in order to"), is formed in conjunction with the 'with', and has different endings. In the singular, the suffixes -ae, -ai, -ilae and -ilai are found, which after /l/ and /r/ become -lae/-lai and -rae/rai respectively. In the plural the same endings are used, though sometimes the plural suffix -ša is found as well, but this is not always the case.

To express a possibility, the potential form must be used. For intransitive verbs, the ending is -ilefa or olefa (-lefa and -refa after /l,r/), which does not need to agree with the subject. Transitive potential forms are formed with -illet and -allet, which are suffixed to the normal endings of the transitive indicative forms. However, this form is only attested in Mitanni and only in the third person. The potential form is also occasionally used to express a wish.

The desiderative form is used to express an urgent request. It is also only found in the third person, and only with transitive verbs. The ending for the third person singular is -ilanni, and for the plural, -itanni.

Examples of finite verb forms
The following tables give examples of verb forms in various syntactic environments, largely from the Mitanni letter:

TRANS:transitive verb

Infinitive verb forms
Infinitive forms of the verb in Hurrian include both nominalised verbs (participles) and a more conventional infinitive. The first nominalised participle, the present participle, is characterised by the ending -iri or -ire, e.g. pairi, "the one building, the builder", hapiri, "the one moving, the nomad". The second nominalised participle, the perfect participle, is formed with the ending -aure, and is only attested once, in Nuzi: hušaure, "the bound one". Another special form is only found in the dialect of Hattusha. It can only be formed from transitive verbs, and it specifies an agent of the first person. Its ending is -ilia, and this participle can undergo Suffixaufnahme.

The infinitive, which can also be found nominalised, is formed with the suffix -umme, e.g. fahrumme, "to be good", "the state/property of being good"

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Hurrian uses both enclitic and independent personal pronouns. The independent pronouns can occur in any case, whereas the enclitic ones represent only the absolutive. It is irrelevant to the meaning of the sentence to which word in the sentence the enclitic pronoun is attached, so it is often attached either to the first phrase or to the verb. The following table gives the attested forms of the personal pronouns, omitting those that cannot be determined.

The variant forms -me, -ma and -lle of the third person absolutive pronouns only before certain conjunctions, namely ai (when), inna (when), inu, unu (who), panu (though), and the relative pronouns iya and iye. When an enclitic personal pronoun is attached to a noun, an extensive system of sound changes determines the final form. The enclitic -nna of the third person singular  behaves differently from the other pronouns: when it is preceded by an ergative suffix it, unlike the other pronouns, combines with the suffix to form šša, whereas with all other pronouns the š of the ergative is dropped. Moreover, a word-final vowel /i/ changes to /e/ or /a/ when any enclitic pronoun other than -nna is attached.

Possessive pronouns
The Hurrian possessive pronouns cannot occur independently, but are only enclitic. They are attached to nouns or nominalised verbs. The form of the pronoun is dependent on that of the following morpheme. The table below outlines the possible forms:

The final vowel of the noun stem is dropped before an attached possessive pronoun, e.g. šeniffe ("my brother", from šena "brother"). It remains, however, when a consonant-initial pronoun is attached: attaif ("your father", from attai, "father")

Other pronouns
Hurrian also has several demonstrative pronouns: anni (this), anti/ani (that), akki...aki (one...the other). The final vowel /i/ of these pronouns is retained only in the absolutive, becoming /u/ in all other cases, e.g. akkuš "the one" (erg.), antufa ("to that [one]"). There are also the relative pronouns iya and iye. Both forms are free interchangeable. The pronoun has the function of the absolutive in the relative clause, and so represents an intransitive subject or a transitive object. The interrogative pronoun (who/what) is only attested in the ergative singular (afeš), and once in the absolutive singular (au).

Adpositions
Hurrian contains many expressions that denote spatial and abstract relations and serve as adpositions, most of them built on the dative and genitive cases. They are almost exclusively postpositions – only one preposition (āpi + dative, "for"), is attested in the texts from Hattusha. All adpositions can themselves generally be in the allative, rarely in the dative or in the "e-case".

Some examples: N-fa āyita or N-fenē āyē (in the presence of; from āyi "face"). N-fa etīta or N-fa etīfa (for, because of; from eti "body, person"), N-fenē etiyē (concerning), N-fa furīta (in sight of; from furi, "sight, look"), and only in Hattusha N-fa āpita (in front of; from āpi, "front"). Besides these, there is ištani "space between," which is used with a plural possessive pronoun and the locative, for "between us/you/them", e.g. ištaniffaša (between us, under us).

Conjunctions and adverbs
Only a few sentence-initial particles are attested. In contract with nouns, which also end in /i/, the final vowel of the conjunctions ai (when) and anammi (therefore) is not dropped before an enclitic personal pronoun. Other conjunctions include alaše (if), inna (when), inu (like) and panu (although). Hurrian has only a small amount of adverbs. The temporal adverbs are henni (now), kuru (again) and unto (then). Also attested are atī (thus, so) and tiššan (very).

Enclitic particles
The enclitic particles can be attached to any word in a sentence, but most often they are attached to the first phrase of the sentence or to the verb. They are much more diverse and frequent in the Mitanni letter than in Old Hurrian. Common ones include =ān (and), =mān (but), =mmaman (to be sure) and =nīn (truly!).

Numbers
In addition to the irregular number word šui (every), all the cardinal numbers from 1 to 10 as well as a few higher ones are attested. Ordinal numbers are formed with the suffix -(š)še or ši, which becomes -ze or -zi after /n/. The following table gives an overview of the numeral system:

Distributive numbers carry the suffix -ate, e.g. kikate (by threes), tumnate (by fours). The suffix -āmha denotes multiplicatives, e.g. šināmha (twice), ēmanāmha (thrice). All cardinal numbers end in a vowel, which drops when an enclitic is attached.

Syntax
Hurrian's basic word order is a matter of dispute. According to Speiser's 1941 grammar, the normal word order of a Hurrian sentence is essentially object–subject–verb (OSV). However, since Hurrian is an ergative–absolutive language, the syntactic roles of a Hurrian phrase do not exactly correspond to the "subject" and "object" of a nominative–accusative language (such as English). For this reason, Speiser says that Hurrian's word order can be more accurately described as "goal–agent–action", with the absolutive case corresponding to the "grammatical subject" (i.e. specifier).

Geoffrey K. Pullum (1977) is doubtful of Speiser's analysis. He argues that the available corpus of Hurrian text is not large enough to definitively determine its word order, and that it can only be identified as generally verb-final (i.e. either OSV or SOV). Pullum gives the following example of a Hurrian sentence with SOV order:

Maria Polinsky (1995) notes that the structure of Hurrian's ditransitive clauses is subject–object (as in SOV) rather than object–subject (as in OSV). Specifically, the order is subject–indirect object–direct object–verb. However, she still refers to Hurrian as an example of an OSV language.

Within noun phrases, the noun regularly comes at the end. Adjectives, numbers, and genitive modifiers come before the noun they modify. Relative clauses, however, tend to surround the noun, which means that the noun the relative clause modifies stands in the middle of the relative clause. Hurrian has at its disposal several paradigms for constructing relative clauses. It can either use the relative pronouns iya and iye, which has already been described under 'pronouns' above, or the nominalising suffix -šše attached to a verb, which undergoes Suffixaufnahme. The third possibility is for both these markers to occur (see example 16 below). The noun, which is represented by the relative clause, can take any case, but within the relative clause can only have the function of the absolutive, i.e. it can only be the subject of an intransitive relative clause or the object of a transitive one.

As has been outlined above, Hurrian transitive verbs normally take a subject in the ergative and an object in the absolutive (except for the antipassive constructions, where these are replaced by the absolutive and the essive respectively). The indirect object of ditransitive verbs, however, can be in the dative, locative, allative, or with some verbs also in the absolutive.

Vocabulary
The attested Hurrian lexicon is quite homogeneous, containing only a small number of loanwords (e.g. tuppi ('clay tablet'), Mizri ('Egypt'; cf. Aramaic/Hebrew Mizraim, 'id.') both from Akkadian). The relative pronouns iya and iye may be a loan from the Indo-Aryan language of the Mitanni people who had lived in the region before the Hurrians; cf. Sanskrit ya. Conversely, Hurrian gave many loan words to the nearby Akkadian dialects, for example hāpiru ('nomad') from the Hurrian hāpiri ('nomad'). There may also be Hurrian loanwords among the languages of the Caucasus, but this cannot be verified, as there are no written records of Caucasian languages from the time of the Hurrians. The source language of similar sounding words is thus unconfirmable.

Writing system
The Hurrian language was written using a modified form of the cuneiform script. Several non-standardized systems for writing Hurrian in cuneiform were in use across the various polities with a Hurrian scribal tradition. Generally, these systems are characterized by a limited use of logograms and an emphasis on syllabic writing. This sets Hurrian orthography apart from Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform, which is heavily reliant on logograms.

Notably, in addition to the prototypical cuneiform vowel inventory consisting of , , , and , the syllabary of the Mitanni Letter also includes the vowel . In this respect it is unique among all forms of cuneiform writing. The scribe of the Mitanni Letter also frequently employs independent vowel signs in order to disambiguate the readings of uncertain CV signs through a technique called "plene spelling." For example, the sign  () can be read as either  or . When necessary, the syllable  could be written unambiguously as  () and the syllable  as  (). It is uncertain whether plene-spelling was also used to mark vowel length.

Sample text
From the Mitanni-Letter, Column IV, Lines 30–32

Hurrian literature
Texts in the Hurrian language itself have been found at Hattusa, Ugarit (Ras Shamra), and Sapinuwa (but unpublished). Also, one of the longest of the Amarna letters is Hurrian; written by King Tushratta of Mitanni to Pharaoh Amenhotep III. It was the only long Hurrian text known until a multi-tablet collection of literature in Hurrian with a Hittite translation was discovered at Hattusa in 1983.

Important finds were made at Ortaköy (Sapinuwa) in the 1990s, including several bilinguals. Most of them remain unedited as of 2007.

No Hurrian texts are attested from the first millennium BC (unless considering Urartian a late Hurrian dialect), but scattered loanwords persist in Assyrian, such as the goddess Savuska mentioned by Sargon II.

See also

Indo-Aryan languages

References

Bibliography

 Wilhelm, Gernot. "Hurrian". In: The Ancient Languages of Asia Minor. Edited by Roger D. Woodard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008. pp. 81–104. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511486845.012.

Further reading

 Campbell, Dennis R. M. (2020). "Hurrian". In: A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages. Edited by Rebecca Hasselbach-Andee. John Wiley & Sons, 2020. pp. 203–219. doi:10.1002/9781119193814.ch11
Goetze, Albrecht, "Enclitic Pronouns in Hurrian", Journal of Cuneiform Studies, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 255–69, 1948
Goetze, Albrecht, "The Ḫurrian Verbal System", Language, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 125–40, 1940

Purves, Pierre M, "Hurrian Consonantal Pattern", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 58, no. 4, pp. 378–404, 1941

 Wegner, I. Hurritisch, eine Einführung. Harassowitz, 2007. 2nd. edition. .

External links
 Hurrian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database

Hurro-Urartian languages
Languages attested from the 23rd century BC
Languages extinct in the 11th century BC

fr:Hourrites#Langue

Hurrian language


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Tarihçe
İlçenin önceki adı Kıroba idi. Eskiçine'nin önemini yitirmesinden sonra "Kıroba" isimli köyde gelişen yerleşim ve nüfusun Eskiçine'yi geçmesi sonucunda ismi Çine olarak değiştirilmiştir.

Bu güzel vadi ve içinden akan Çine Çayı mitolojideki Marsyas efsanesine konu olmuştur. Efsane şöyleir: Tanrıça Athena bu vadi içinden akan derenin kenarında dolaşıp kaval çalarken sudaki aksinde yanaklarının şişkin olduğunu görmüş. Aksini çirkin bulup fırlatıp atmış kavalı. Kavalı bulan Marsyas zamanla öyle güzel çalmaya başlamış ki, ünü her yeri sarmış. Müzikte kendisini rakipsiz gören Tanrı Apollon'a kafa tutar hale gelmiş. Apollon Marsyas'ı yarışmaya davet etmiş. Kral Midas da hakem olmuş. Marsyas kavalı daha güzel çalmasına rağmen yenik ilan edilmiş, ama kıskançlığını yenemeyen Apollon Marsyas'ın derisini yüzdürmüş, Midas'ın kulaklarını eşek kulağına dönüştürmüş. Ama sonradan yaptığına pişman olup Marsyas'ın bedenini ırmak haline getirmiş. İşte antik adıyla Marsyas, bugünkü adıyla Çine Çayı böyle oluşmuş.

İlçe verimli toprakları, doğal koşullarının elverişliliği ve ticaret yolları üzerinde olması nedeniyle tarihi çok eskilere dayanır.

Kurtuluş Savaşı döneminde milis güçleri tarafından Büyük Menderes üzerindeki köprüler imha edildiğinden dolayı, Yunan işgaline uğramamış nadir Ege ilçelerinden biridir. Ve bu nedenle Çine ilçesinin Kurtuluş Günü yoktur.

Türkiye'nin ilk kadın muhtarı Gül Esin, Çine Karpuzlu Demircidere köyünde seçilmiştir.

Kültür
Çine köftesini merhum Tahsin Işık ve babası 1900'lü yılların başında icat etmiştir. Gerçekten de değişik bir tat yaratmak için uzunca ve zahmetlice denemeler yapmışlar ve bugün yediğimiz köfteyi yaratmışlar. 1930 yılında ilk köfte lokantasını açmıştır. Hâlen biri Çine'de şehir içinde biri de Muğla yoluna doğru iki işletmeyle faaliyetine devam etmektedir.

Tahsin Işık bu müthiş lezzetin sırrını herkese vermemiştir. Hâlen bu köftenin yapılışını bilenler 50'yi geçmez. Onlar da Tahsin Işık'ın akrabaları ve yanında çalışan personeldir.

İlçemiz geleneklerine bağlıdır. Efelik olgusunun en önemli esaslarından biri ağzını tutmaktır. Tahsin Işık'ta bir nevi o kültürle yetiştiği için köftesinin sırrını 50 yıllık müşterilerine bile söylememiştir. Hâlen ilçede bulunan köfteci esnafı bu köftenin sırrını kimseye söylememektedir.

Gerçekten de gelenekçi bir yer olan Çine, Marmaris, Fethiye gibi turistik ilçelerin güzergahında olmasına rağmen bu imkânları değerlendirememiştir. Nihayet 2000'li yılların başında peşpeşe yol üstü lüks köfte ve çöp şiş lokantaları açılmıştır. Yaz günleri tatilciler tarafından bu lokantalar tıklım tıklım doldurulmaktadır.

Çine köftesinde bir porsiyon 100 gramlık kıymadan yapılan sekiz adet köfteden oluşur. Şehir içinde taze ekmek yanında verilirken yol kenarındaki lokantalarda kızartılmış ekmek, lavaş yanında verilir. Ayrıca domatesler kızartılarak verilir.

Coğrafya

Genel konum
Çine ilçesi, Aydın iline bağlıdır. İlçe Aydın'ın birçok ilçesi gibi tarih dönemlerinden bu yana önemli bir yerleşim merkezi olmuştur. Toprakları oldukça verimlidir. Bu nedenle ekonomisinin asıl kaynağı tarımdır. Zeytin, pamuk gibi tercih edilen tarım ürünlerinin yanı sıra son zamanlarda yaygınlaşıp gelişen madencilikle de gelir düzeyini normalin üzerine çıkarmıştır.

Yüzey Şekilleri
Çine ilçesinin yüzey şekillerini, Yatağan sınırından doğup, Menderes'e doğru akan Çine Çayı'nın beslediği büyük Çine Ovası ve bu ovanın çevresinde bulunan dağlar belirler. Her türlü yatırımın yapılabildiği bu verimli toprakları bölüp geçen Çine Çayı, ilçenin tek akarsu kaynağıdır.

İklim
Çine ilçesinin iklimi, ılıman Akdeniz ikliminin etkisi altındadır. Bu elimizde bulunan verilerde açıkça görülmektedir. Sıcaklık ortalaması 18 derecedir. En yüksek sıcaklık 43,3 derecedir. Ortalama bulutluluk oranı ise 4,3'tür. Yılın ortalama açık günlerinin sayısı 43,5 gündür.

Bitki Örtüsü: Çine ilçesi bitki örtüsü, Akdeniz İklimi'nin etkisi altındadır. Bu yüzden, bitki türlerinin büyük bölümü kurakçıl özellik gösterir. İlçenin dağlık alanlarında, özellikle Madran ve Gökbel'de kızılçam ve karaçam ağaç türleri yaygındır. Akdeniz bitki örtüsü niteliğindeki maki ve çalılıklar ilçenin hemen her alanında gözlenir. Yüzyılımızın başından bu yana makilikler, genellikle zeytin üretim alanları, hububat ekim alanları ve ziraat toprakları edinilmek amacıyla yok edilmiştir. Mardan Dağı yamaçlarında  pek gözlenmese de Gökbel Dağı yamaçlarında belirgin olarak gözlenen zeytin ağaçları bölge bölgenin büyük ormanlık alanına hakimdir. Bölgemizde seyrek de olsa menengiç, zakkum, karaağaç türleri de görülmektedir.

Baraj ve göletler

Göller
Çine ve çevresinde doğal göl bulunmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte Madran Deresi üzerine yapılan Topçam Barajı'na ait su birikintisi bir göl görevi görmektedir. Bu baraj gölünden çevre köyler yeteri kadar yararlanmaktadır. Baraj çevresinde toprağı bulunan Altınova, Tepeköy, Subaşı, Kasar ve Karanfiller köyleri bir araya gelmiş ve Topçam Barajı Gölü ve Çevre Köyleri Su Ürünleri Üretim ve Değerlendirme Kooperatifi adı altında bir kooperatif kurmuşlardır. Bu kooperatif, üretimi devlet tarafından teşvik edilen balıkları tutup pazarlamaktadır. Ayrıca Çatak ve Akçaova sulama göletleri de su tutulduktan sonra göl statüsüne girebileceklerdir.

Çine Barajı ve Hidroelektrik Santrali
Çine Barajı, Aydın'da, Çine Çayı üzerinde, sulama, enerji ve taşkın kontrolü amacıyla 1995 yılında yapımına başlanan ve 2010 yılında tamamlanması planlanan bir barajdır.
Beton gövde dolgu tipi olan barajın gövde hacmi 1.410.000 m³, akarsu yatağından yüksekliği 120,00 m., normal su kotunda göl hacmi 350,00 hm³, normal su kotunda göl alanı 9,46 km²'dir. Barajın tamamlanmasından sonra 22.358 hektarlık bir alana sulama hizmeti verirken, 47,2 MW güç ile de yıllık 118 GWh'lık elektrik enerjisi üretmesi planlanmaktadır.
Yapı, Türkiye'nin ilk SSB (Silindirle Sıkıştırılmış Beton) gövde dolgulu barajı olmasının yanında, en büyük 3. barajı olma özelliğini taşımaktadır.

Topçam Barajı
Çine'nin ilk barajı olan Topçam Barajı'nın yapımına 1976 yılında başlanmıştır. Dolgu tipi olan barajın yapımı 1986 yılı içerisinde tamamlanmıştır. Sulama amacıyla Topçam Barajı suyu ile Cumalıköy, Altınova, Çaltı, Yolboyu, Bucak ve Karakollar köylerinin ekilebilir arazilerinin sulanması sağlanmaktadır. Barajın sulama alanı 4300 hektardır. Yapımının bitiminden kısa bir süre sonra balık üretimine de başlanılan baraj göletinde aynalı sazan, pullu sazan, meriç balıklarının yanı sıra barajın kurulduğu Madran Çayı'nın kendi tabii balığı da üretilmektedir.

Çatak Göleti
Çatak Göleti'nin yapımına 1994 yılı içinde başlanmış, 1996 yılı içinde tamamlanmıştır. Gölet; Çatak, Elderesi ve Kavşit Köyleri'nin ekilebilir arazilerini sulamak, yaylada bulunan ceviz ve kestane gibi ağaların üretimini arttırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Gölette balık üretimi de yapılmaktadır.

Akçaova Göleti
Seferler Köyü Develiler Mahallesi sınırları içerisinde yapımına 1992 yılından başlanılan dolgu tipi Akçaova Göleti'nin yapımı 1995 yılında bitirilmiştir. Bu gölet sulama amacıyla yapılmıştır. Göletin sulama kanallarının döşenmesi 1996 yılında başlanmış aynı yıl içerisinde döşeme çalışmaları sona ermiştir. Akçaova Göleti, Seferler, Hasanlar, Yeşilköy, Kadılar ve Akçaova'nın bazı bölümlerinde sulama yapabilecek şekilde planlanmıştır.

Yer altı zenginlikleri

Son yıllarda dünyanın en iyi çalışan feldspat ve kuvars işletmeleri tarafından işletilen onlarca ocaktan çıkan feldspat madenleri dünyanın dört yanına gönderilmektedir. Çok miktarda bulunan feldspat kuvars madenlerinin dışında tespiti yapılan başka bir maden yoktur. Bazı kaynaklarda, ilçe toprakları içerisinde zımpara ve uranyum olduğu yazıyorsa da çıkarılmaya başlanmış veya tespit edilmiş değildir. Feldspat ve kuvars madenleri konusunda tespit edilmiş belli bir rezerv söz konusu değildir ancak; bugünkü yapılan çalışmalardan en az 60-70 yıl dayanabilecek rezerv olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu da bilinen feldspat rezervinin 50-60 milyon ton dolayında olduğudur.

Çine cam, seramik, porselen ve emaye yapımında kullanılan feldspat ve rezervinde dünyanın en büyük bölgesidir. 1995 yılı verilerine göre dünya feldspatın %95'i Çine ve Milas çevresinde üretilmektedir. Seramik, porselen, emaye yapımında kullanılan potasyum feldspat üretiminde de söz sahibidir. Yine Çine ve bölgesinde çıkarılan ve cam, seramik, porselen, emaye, filtre sanayi, boya ve suni mermer yapımında kullanılan kuvars da dünyanın en kaliteli kuvars çeşididir. Kaltun Maden (1960 yılında kurulan madencilik şirketi)Türkiye'de ilk kez sodyum  feldspatı madeni çıkaran kuruluştur. Diğer yan Kaltun Madencilik yörenin en geniş rezervine sahiptir. İşletmenin yıllık üretimi 140 ile 200 bin ton civarındadır. Çine' den dünyanın sodyum feldspat, potasyum feldspat ve kuvars madenleri gönderilmektedir. Diğer yan Türkiye Şişe Cam, Söğüt Seramik, Çanakkale Seramik, Kütahya Porselen, Toprak Seramik, Serel Grubu, Anatolia, Eczacı başı gibi seramikte söz sahibi dev kuruluşlar da Çine'nin madenlerinden yararlanmaktadır. Çıkartılan madenler başta olmak üzere İspanya, Lübnan, Kuzey Afrika ülkeleri, Portekiz gibi ülkelere satılmaktadır. Madenlerimiz yurtdışına Güllük Limanı'ndan gönderilmektedir. Bölgemizde çıkarılan maden miktarı 1,1 milyon ton dolayındadır. Çıkartılan yurtdışına yıllık gönderilen maden miktarı 1995 rakamlarına göre 600 bin tondur.

Ekonomi
Ekonomisi tarım, orman ve hayvancılığa dayalıdır. Bitkisel üretim Çine ve Akçaova ovalarında yoğunlaşmıştır. Pamuk, tütün, zeytin ve yer fıstığı gibi geleneksel ürünlerin yanı sıra son yıllarda meyve, sebze ve seracılık üretimde ilçeyi oldukça söz sahibi yapmıştır. Çevredeki çırçır, zeytinyağı fabrikaları, sabun atölyeleri, kireç ve maden ocakları ilçe sanayini oluşturur. Bunlardan başka metal işleme ve imalat tesisleri vardır. Hayvancılık, özellikle süt inekçiliği ve besicilik halkın başlıca geçim kaynağını oluşturur. İçme suyu Çine Belediye'sinin en büyük gelir kaynaklarından biridir.

Tarım ve hayvancılığın geçim kaynağını oluşturduğu Çine'de, son yıllarda bu sektördeki gelirler giderek azaldı. Ancak, 1980'li yıllarda dar kapsamlı bir şekilde sürdürülen madenciliğin büyük bir gelişme kaydetmesi, ilçe ekonomisinin yeniden canlanmasını sağladı.

Özellikle dünyanın en kaliteli sodyum, feldspat ve kuvars maden rezervlerine sahip olan bölgede faaliyet gösteren yaklaşık 10 maden şirketi, bugün bin civarında işçiyi istihdam eder hale getirdi. Bu şirketler, Çine ve Karpuzlu dağlarında çıkarttıkları, kırma ve öğütme tesislerinde işledikleri "Beyaz Maden"lerin yüzde 80'ini ihraç ederek, ülke ekonomisine artı katma değer sağlıyor.

Madencilikte hızlı gelişme, ilçede değişik alanlarda yan sektörler de oluşturdu. Ekonomideki bu değişim, Çine'de yaklaşık 10 bin kişinin geçim kaynağı haline geldi. "Dağlarından yağ, ovalarından bal akar" deyimiyle ifade edilen Çine'nin, artık dağları da, ovaları da beyaz maden.

OSB kuruluş çalışmaları da hızla devam eden Çine'ye, yabancı yatırımcılar çekebilmek için doğalgaz ve demiryolu getirme çabaları da sürüyor. Tarımsal gelirleri yıllık 25 milyon dolar olan ilçede bugün madenlerin getirisi 80 milyon dolar seviyelerine ulaştı. Çine'de bundan sonraki hedef; hammadde veya yarı mamul şeklinde iç ve dış piyasaya sunulan madenlerin, kurulacak yeni fabrikalarda ürüne dönüştürülmesi. Bu da, maden gelirlerinin katlanarak artmasının yanı sıra, sadece Çine'de değil, Aydın'da işsizliğin önemli ölçüde azalmasını sağlayacak.

Ayrıca Çine Madran sularıylada ünlü bir memlekettir. Bunların en önde gelenleri ise Çine Belediyesi Topçam Madran suyudur. Diğer su şirketlerinden biri de Kaltun Madran'dır.

Spor

İlçede Çine Madranspor spor kulübü vardır. 2022-2023 itibarıyla, Aydın Süper Amatör Liginde mücadele etmektedir. Ayrıca ilçede 10.988 kişilik Yüksel Yalova Stadyumu bulunmaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Yerelnet: Çine
 Çine Kaymakamlığı
 Çine Belediyesi

Çine


خلدون المالح (17 يوليو 1938 - 25 أبريل 2016) مخرج ومنتج سوري من مواليد دمشق، وهو يعتبر من كبار وأوائل المخرجين التلفزيونيين في سوريا. انتسب لنقابة الفنانين في 14 أغسطس 1968، وكان من أوائل المنتسبين لها.

أنتج وأخرج أوائل مسلسلات دريد لحام ومنها مقالب غوار، حمام الهنا، صح النوم (جزئين) ملح وسكر، وكذلك مسرحياته ضيعة تشرين وكاسك يا وطن وغربة.

وقد أخرج مسلسل وادي المسك قصة محمد الماغوط وبطولة دريد لحام وقد أخرج وأنتج مسلسل الجمل وحصل بفضله على الجائزة الأولى للدراما في مهرجان القاهرة للإذاعة والتليفزيون.

الأعمال
 مسلسل مقالب غوار (1968)
 مسلسل صح النوم (1972)
 مسرحية ضيعة تشرين (1974)
 فيلم صح النوم (1975)
 مسرحية غربة (1976)
 مسرحية كاسك يا وطن (1979)
 مسلسل ملح وسكر (1979)
 مسلسل وين الغلط (1979)
 مسلسل وادي المسك (1982)
 مسلسل الجمل (1999)

وفاته
توفي يوم الثلاثاء 25 أبريل 2016 بأحد مستشفيات مدينة لوس انجلوس في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية بعد صراع طويل مع مرض السرطان عن عمر يناهز  77 سنة.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مواليد في دمشق
مخرجو أفلام سوريون
مواليد 1357 هـ
مواليد 1938
وفيات 1437 هـ
وفيات 2016
مخرجو مسرح سوريون
مخرجو تلفزيون سوريون

خلدون المالح


أبجدية تركية عثمانية (عثمانية:الفبا) كانت الكتابة التي أستعملت في كتابة اللغة التركية العثمانية خلال فترة الدولة العثمانية وفي السنين الأولى من إنشاء جمهورية تركيا، إلى حين ما استبدلت بالحروف الحديثة المأخوذة من اللاتينية؛ عام 1928م.

الحروف

الأرقام

مصادر خارجية
 Omniglot, Simon Ager

مراجع

أبجديات مشتقة من العربية
أنظمة كتابة مع رموز 4 حروف بإيزو 15924
ثقافة عثمانية
لغة تركية
لغة تركية عثمانية

أبجدية تركية عثمانية


Sérgio Luís Donizetti (født 9. juli 1964) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

|-
|1987||3||1
|-
|1988||1||0
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|1989||2||0
|-
|1990||0||0
|-
|1991||11||3
|-
!Total||17||4
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

João Paulo


Schwarzdruck steht für
 Schwarzdruck (Philatelie)
 Schwarzdruck (Drucktechnik), ohne Graustufen
 Edition Schwarzdruck (Berliner Buchverlag)

Schwarzdruck


TorrentFreak es un blog dedicado a comunicar las últimas noticias del protocolo BitTorrent y de intercambio de archivos. TorrentFreak se inició en noviembre de 2005 por un holandés usando el seudónimo de "Ernesto Van Der Sar". El añadió a "Smaran" a sus administradores en septiembre de 2006, como también a Andy "Enigmax" Maxwell en febrero de 2007 y a Ben Jones en mayo de 2007.

De acuerdo con el investigador académico canadiense Michael Geist, TorrentFreak "es ampliamente usado como una fuente original en asuntos digitales". Ejemplos de ello son The New York Times, The Guardian, CNN, The Wall Street Journal y De Standaard.

La información en TorrentFreak es contenido libre y está bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution.

Regulación de BitTorrent por parte de Comcast
El 17 de agosto de 2007 TorrentFreak transmitió que Comcast había comenzado a regular su ancho de banda, específicamente en contra de los usuarios de BitTorrent. Esto hizo que el seeding, una parte esencial del protocolo BitTorrent, fuera eficazmente imposible. Luego se determinó que Comcast estaba usando los productos Sandvine que implementan Conformado de tráfico y vigilancia, e incluía soporte para ambos bloqueando y cortando por la fuerza conexiones de red establecidas. Comcast ha negado estas acusaciones cuando se le ha preguntado que comenten. Una guía, para representantes de servicio al cliente cuando se les pregunta acerca de la regulación de BitTorrent, fue filtrada a The Consumerist el 26 de octubre de 2007.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Sitios web de noticias
Comunidades de compartición de archivos
Blogs
Sitios web BitTorrent
Sitios web libres
Sitios web en inglés

TorrentFreak


Sir John Stewart od Darnleya, 1. seigneur od Concressaulta i 1. seigneur od Aubignya, grof od Évreuxa (oko 1380. – 1429.) bio je škotski plemić i istaknuti bojovnik tijekom Stogodišnjega rata.

Život
Sin sir Aleksandra Stewarta od Darnleya i Janet Keith, John je bio dalji rođak škotskih kraljeva iz obitelji Stewart, kao potomak drugoga sina Aleksandra Stewarta, 4. visokog upravitelja Škotske, sir Johna Stewarta od Bonkylla.

Darnley je 1404. naslijedio posjede svoga oca, te je postao vitezom oko 1418. Bio je dijelom škotskih izviđačkih snaga, 1419., pod zapovjedništvom grofova od Buchana (Darnleyeva rođaka) i Wigtowna, poslanih u Francusku. Tamo je 1420. bio oslovljavan kao viši časnik (Constable) škotske vojske.

Darnley je bio prisutan kod značajnih škotskih pobjeda, na bitci kod Baugéa, 1421., i za svoju ulogu u boju zahvalni mu je francuski prijestolonasljednik dodijelio titulu gospodara Concressaulta, 1421., i Aubigny-sur-Nèrea, 1422.

Darnley je bio prisutan i zapovijedao u bitci kod Cravanta, gdje je bio zarobljen i izgubio jedno oko.

Za vrijeme svoga uzništva, Darnley nije mogao sudjelovati u bitci kod Verneiula, u kojoj je fracusko-škotska vojska doživjela težak poraz. Njegovu je otkupninu platio prijestolonasljednik Karlo, te je Darnley ponovno stupio u francusku službu, preuzevši zapovjedništvo preostalih škotskih snaga u zemlji. Nakon pobjede nad Englezima kod Mont-Saint-Michela, Darnley je postao grofom od Évreuxa, te mu je dopušteno dodati ljiljan na svoj grb.

Skupa s Renaudom od Chartresa, remskim nadbiskupom, vratio se 1428. u Škotsku kako bi prikupio dodatne snage i kako bi pregovarao budući brak između škotske princeze Margarete s prijestolonasljednikovim sinom Lujom.

U Francusku se ponovno vratio 1429., te je sudjelovao u opsadi Orléansa, gdje je stigao s 1.000 ljudi. Četiri dana kasnije, zapovijedao je škotskim kontigentom u bitci kod Herringsa, gdje je bio ubijen.

John Stewart od Darnleya pokopan je u katedrali u Orléansu.

Ženidba i potomstvo
Darnley je ožeio Elizabethu, kćer Donnchadha, grofa od Lennoxa, oko 1408. Ona ga je pratila u Francusku, gdje je umrla deset mjeseci nakon njega. Pokopana je uz muža u Orléansu.

Imali su potomstvo
Sir Alan Stewart od Darnleya, od kojega potječu Stewarti grofovi od Lennoxa, te svi škotski, engleski i britanski monarsi od Jakova VI. Škotskoga nadalje.
Sir John Stewart, 2. Seigneur od Aubignya
Alexander Stewart od Darnleya

Vanjske poveznice
Škoti u opsadi Orléansa (francuski)
Škoti članovi francuskoga plemstva (engleski)

Bilješke

Izvori
Sir James Balfour Paul, Scots Peerage, IX tomova. Edinburgh 1904.

John Stewart od Darnleya

John Stewart od Darnleya


بلدية البُسق أو (نقحرة: إل بوسكي) ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة قادس، التي تقع في منطقة الأندلس جنوب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 1.911 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

أعلام
 رينيه رومان

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قادس
بلديات قادس

إل بوسكي (قادس)


FA Premier liga 2011./12. je bila 20. sezona engleske nogometne Premier lige. Započela je 13. kolovoza 2011., a završila 13. svibnja 2012. godine. U njoj se dvokružnim sustavom natjecalo 20 momčadi, koje je sačinjavalo 17 najbolje plasiranih momčadi iz prethodne sezone 2011./12. i 3 momčadi promaknute iz Championship lige - QPR, Norwich City i Swansea. Prvenstvo je s 89 bodova osvojio Manchester City, kojem je to bio treći naslov prvaka Engleske u povijesti.

Momčadi i stadioni

Poredak na kraju sezone

Najbolji strijelci lige

Nagrade

Momčad sezone (u formaciji 4–4–2)

Izvori

Sezone FA Premier lige

FA Premier liga 2011./12.


El XCI Campeonato Europeo de Halterofilia se celebró en Antalya (Turquía) entre el 9 y el 15 de abril de 2012 bajo la organización de la Federación Europea de Halterofilia (EWF) y la Federación Turca de Halterofilia.

Las competiciones se realizaron en el Pabellón de Baloncesto Kepez de la ciudad turca.

Medallistas

Masculino

Femenino

Medallero

Enlaces externos
Pág. de la EWF  .
Resultados oficiales .
Base de datos de la IAT .

2012
Halterofilia en 2012

Campeonato Europeo de Halterofilia de 2012


Tărtăcuță este o plantă agățătoare din familia cucurbitaceelor, cu flori albe, cu frunze lunguiețe, roșii și cu fructe comestibile (Coccinia indica).

Cucurbitaceae

Tărtăcuță


En dans på roser er en dansk kortfilm fra 2007, der er instrueret af Kari Vidø.

Handling
34-årige Hans bor og arbejder på sine forældres rosengartneri og kan som enearving se frem til at leve resten af sit liv i et drivhus. På vej til en rosenkonkurrence med farens præmierose kommer familien ud for en trafikulykke. Faren dør og Hans indlægges på hospitalet. Her oplever Hans en frydefuld tid og møder sygeplejersken Randi, der får ham til at se livets muligheder i et nyt lys. Hans blomstrer op, men gartneriet er ved at gå i opløsning, og moren kæmper for at få ham tilbage i folden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007

Kortfilm fra Danmark

En dans på roser


Jak Kartiyer (Fransızca Jacques Cartier; 31 Aralık 1491 - 1 Eylül 1557), Kanada'yı keşfettiğine inanılan Fransız denizcidir. Tam olarak, Vikinglerden sonra ilk Avrupalı yerleşimin başladığı doğu yakasının iç kısımlarını keşfetmiştir.

1491'de Fransa'nın Saint-Malo şehrinde, dönemin saygın bir denizci ailesinde doğmuş ve 1520'de önde gelen armatör bir ailenin Catherine des Granches isimli kızıyla evlenerek sosyal statüsünü yükseltmiştir. Sık sık vaftiz babalığı yaparak şehirde iyi bir isim yapmıştır.

1535'te Montreal Adası'na ulaşan Jacques Cartier oradaki yerli halkın kendisine tütün sunmasından sonra günlüğüne "vücutlarını, ağızları ve burunları sanki birer bacaymışlar gibi tütene kadar, dumanla dolduruyorlar", "biz de onları taklit ettik, ancak duman biber gibi acıydı ve ağzımızı yaktı" diye yazmıştı.

Hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Ancak profesyonel bir denizci ve kâşif olduğu kesindir. Kendisi üç büyük keşif yolculuğuna çıkmış ve hiç gemi kaybetmemiş, 50'den fazla bakir limana girmiş ve hiç kaybolmamış, salgın bir hastalığa yakalananlar dışında hiç adam kaybetmemiştir.

Doğduğu şehirde 66 yaşında bir salgın hastalıktan ölmüştür. Öldüğünde, Kanada'da Avrupalı yerleşim henüz başlamamıştı.

Dış bağlantılar

1491 doğumlular
Saint-Malo doğumlular
1557 yılında ölenler
16. yüzyılda Fransızlar
16. yüzyıl kâşifleri
Fransız denizciler
Fransız kâşifler
Fransız Roma Katolikleri
Bretonlar
Yeni Fransa valileri
Quebec (şehir)
Kanada kâşifleri
Coğrafi keşifler
16. yüzyılda Kanada

Jacques Cartier


Les Éditions Ovale est une maison d'édition québécoise pour la jeunesse fondée en 1980 à Sillery par Suzanne Piette et Jean-Pierre Langlois, ce dernier ayant participé précédemment au succès de Québec Science. Ovale demeure en activité jusqu'en 1988.

Livres pour enfants
Les Éditions Ovale débute avec le lancement de la collection « Légendes du Québec », destinée au jeunes de . Celle-ci se poursuit jusqu'en 1988.

De 1981 à 1988 Ovale publie la collection « Bébé livres », destinée aux  à raison de quatre titres par année (à l'exception de 1986 et 1987). Les livres sont de petite taille (), cartonnés et plastifiés. La série de 1983 vaut à son auteur, Philippe Béha, le prix du meilleur illustrateur pour la jeunesse du Conseil des Arts du Canada. En 1984 c'est au tour de Marie-Louise Gay, de recevoir ce prix. En 1997, les éditions Les 400 Coups reprennent trois titres de la collection.

En 1983 et 1984 l'éditeur publie la collection « Imagimots » de deux titres, constitués de pages cartonnées, plastifiées, coupées horizontalement en deux et reliées par une spirale. Les pages du premier titre, Musimaux, contiennent des animaux se combinant les uns aux autres pour permettre à l'enfant de créer des animaux imaginaires. Le second, Voyaginaires, contient des véhicules qui permettent la création de moyens de transports imaginaires.

Ovale publie en 1984 et 1985 la collection « Plimage » composée de livres se pliant en accordéon qui présentent au recto une scène de quatre-vingts centimètre de largeur et, au verso, un imagier reprenant des objets du recto. Le concept du livre accordéon est repris plusieurs années plus tard par La Courte Échelle.

En 1987, l'éditeur publie la collection « Quand on joue » qui comprend quatre albums de 20 pages grand format par Ginette Anfousse. La collection est également éditée par Les Éditions CEC.

Bandes dessinées
Ovale produit également des albums de bandes dessinées pour la jeunesse.

Au  trimestre 1982, elle publie Les aventures de Célestin: Le Mangeur d'Étoiles un album de Serge Gaboury, dessinateur connu des magazines Croc et Les Débrouillards. Ovale démarre ensuite trois collections, mais qui cessent chacune après deux publications. La première, Octave, dont les textes sont d'Yvon Brochu et les dessins de Patrice Dubray est composée des titres Dolce Vita et En voiture, tous deux de 1983.

Viennent ensuite deux albums des aventures de Ray Gliss sur des scénarios de François Benoit et dessins de Rémy Simard: Fraude Électrique  (1984) et le Cloître de New York  (1986).

La dernière série, Humphrey Beauregard  est dessinée par Yves Perron, avec couleur de Jean-Jacques Chagnaud sur des textes de Normand Viau. Ses titres sont: Eliess Nut L'Incorrigible. (1984) et Saltracaz (1986). Un troisième album, La Saga des Beauregard paraîtra aux éditions Les 400 coups en 1994.

Bibliographie

Livres pour enfants
Collection « Légendes du Québec » , Format

Collection « Bébé-livre »  , cartonné, plastifié, lavable ,

 Première série,  trim 1981, par Sylvie Talbot

 Série « Je deviens grand »,  trim. 1982,  textes de Sylvie Assathiany et Louise Pelletier, illustration de Philippe Béha

 série « Petit ours »,  trim.1983,  texte de Sylvie Assathiany et Louise Pelletier, illustration de Philippe Béha; prix du Conseil des Arts du Canada, 1983 à Philippe Béha

 Série « Drôle d'école », 1984   textes et illustrations de Marie-Louise Gay; prix du Conseil des Arts du Canada, 1984

 Série de 1985 par Philippe Béha

 Dernière série, 1988 textes de Francine Cloutier, illustrations de Sylvie Bourbonnière

Collection « Imagimots »   pages cartonnées, plastifiées, coupées en 2 et reliées par une spirale; ; format

Collection « Plimage », livres-accordéons cartonnés, plastifiés, fermés en boîtier;  format , plié en

Collection « Enfantaisie » ; format

Hors collection

Collection « Quand on joue... », 1987 par Ginette Anfousse  format ,  Il en existe également une édition par Les Éditions CEC

  Il existe également une version audio, narratrice: Pauline Martin

Bandes dessinées
Collection « Les Aventures de Célestin » , format

Collection « Les aventures de Ray Gliss » scénario François Benoit, dessin Rémy Simard; format

Collection « Humphrey Beauregard » scénario Normand Viau, dessin Yves Perron, couleur Chagnaud; format

Collection « Octave » scénario Yvon Brochu, dessins Patrice Dubray; format

Références

Articles connexes

 Littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse
 Bande dessinée québécoise

Maison d'édition ayant son siège au Québec
Maison d'édition de livres enfance et jeunesse
Bande dessinée québécoise
Maison d'édition de bande dessinée
Maison d'édition canadienne disparue

Éditions Ovale


Gasterosteoidei is a suborder of ray-finned fishes that includes the sticklebacks and relatives, the 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this suborder within the order Scorpaeniformes.

Systematics
Gasterosteoidei is treated as a suborder within the order Scorpaeniformes in the 5th edition of Fishes of the World, but in other phylogenetic classifications it is treated as the infraorder Gasterosteales within the suborder Cottoidei or as a sister clade to the Zoarcales in the order Zoarciformes. Indostomidae is included within Gasterosteoidei in Fishes of the World''' but according to Betancur et al its inclusion in the clade renders it paraphyletic and they classify that family within the monotypic suborder Indostomoidei within the Synbranchiformes.

Historically, Gasterosteoidei was treated as a suborder within the order Gasterostiformes and often included the sea horses, pipefishes and their relatives as suborder Syngnathoidei, with the sticklebacks and relatives in the suborder Gasterosteoidei. The Gasterosteiformes sensu lato were regarded as paraphyletic with the Scorpaeniformes. The more typical members of that group (e.g. scorpionfishes) are apparently closer to the "true" Gasterosteiformes, whereas the keel-bodied flying gurnards (Dactylopteridae) seem actually to belong to the Syngnathiformes clade. It seems that the closest living relatives of the narrowly delimited Gasterosteoidei are the Zoarcoidei, which have been placed in the massively paraphyletic "Perciformes". The Zoarcoidei, as well as the related Trichodontidae, would then appear to be derived offshoots of the scorpaeniform-gasterosteiform radiation which have apomorphically lost the bone "armour" found in their relatives.

Families and genera
Gasterosteoidei contains the following families and genera:

 Family Hypoptychidae Steindachner, 1880 (Sand eel)
 Hypoptychus Steindachner, 1880
 Family Aulorhynchidae Gill, 1861 (Tubesnouts)
 Aulichthys Brevoort 1862
 Aulorhynchus Gill, 1861
  Family Gasterosteidae Bonaparte, 1831 (Sticklebacks)
 Apeltes DeKay, 1842
 Culaea Whitley, 1950
 Gasterosteus Linnaeus, 1758
 Pungitius d'Annone, 1760
 Spinachia Cuvier, 1816
 Family Indostomidae Prashad & Mukerji, 1929 (Armoured sticklebacks)
 Indostomus Prashad & Mukerji, 1929

Characteristics
Gasterosteoidei is characterised by the possession of a protractile upper jaw and a well developed upward pointing process on the premaxilla. The body is often armoured with dermal plates and paired dermal plates grow from membranes growing out fronm the pelvic girdle. If there are plates on the flanks these are often a single row of ossified lateral and dermal plates. Unpaired plates
paired pelvic plates arising from a membranous outgrowth of the pelvic girdle; lateral body plates, when present, are represented by a single series of lateral and dermal ossifications. The unpaired plates on the body which create the dorsal and ventral series grow from the expanded proximal middle radials of the pterygiphores of the dorsal and anal fins. Separate pectoral radials do not develop during the fish's development and the pectoral radial plate is fused into a single unit on the scapulo-coracoid. They have very small mouths. There are between 1 and 6 branchiostegal rays and there is no postcleithrum in the pelvic girdle which is never joined directly to the cleithra. There are other skeletal features that these fishes share too. The kidneys of gasterosteoids synthesis an adhesive chemical which is used by males to create nests of plant material, it is not known if this is true of all the taxa within the group. These are all rather small fishes with the largest species being the sea stickleback (Spinachia spinachia'') which has a maximum published standard length of .

Distribution and habitat
Gasterodteoidei are found in the northern hemisphere, mostly within the temperate and Arctic regions, the exception is the Indostomidae which are found in freshwater habitats in mainland Southeast Asia. The other groups can be found in fresh, brackish and salt water.

Timeline of genera

References

External links

 Gasterosteiformes entry on Animal Diversity Web

Scorpaeniformes

Ray-finned fish suborders
Articles which contain graphical timelines

Gasterosteoidei


Theiler ist ein kleiner Einschlagkrater am äußersten östlichen Rand der Mondvorderseite in der Ebene des Mare Marginis, nördlich des großen Kraters Neper.

Der Krater wurde 1979 von der IAU nach dem südafrikanischen Bakteriologen Max Theiler offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Theiler auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Theiler (Mondkrater)


Kodwo Eshun (* 1967 in London, Vereinigtes Königreich) ist ein britischer Schriftsteller und Journalist. In seinen Texten setzt er sich mit Themen wie "Black Identity", Afrofuturismus und der afrikanischen Diaspora auseinander.

Leben und Werk
Eshun wurde 1967 in London geboren. Er studierte englische Literatur am University College der University of Oxford.

1998 erschien sein Werk More Brilliant than the Sun: Adventures in Sonic Fiction, in dem Eshun sich mit elektronischer afroamerikanischer Musik auseinandersetzt. Die deutsche Übersetzung von Dietmar Dath Heller als die Sonne: Abenteuer in der Sonic Fiction wurde 1999 beim ID-Verlag veröffentlicht. Begleitend erschien das mit Franz Pomassl produzierte Album Architectronics.

Gemeinsam mit Anjalika Sagar gründete Eshun 2002 das Künstlerkollektivs The Otolith Group. Er schreibt regelmäßig für Magazine wie Frieze, i-D, The Wire und Sight and Sound. Eshun unterrichtet am Goldsmiths, University of London im Fach Aural And Visual Culture.

Sein jüngerer Bruder Ekow Eshun ist ebenfalls als Schriftsteller tätig.

Weblinks
 Website der Otolith Group

 Interview with Kodwo Eshun bei artpractical.com (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Journalist (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Brite
Geboren 1967
Mann

Kodwo Eshun


හබල් අභ්‍යාවකාශ දුරේක්ෂ රූප රාමු උපයෝගී කරගෙන එරිස්හි විශ්කම්භය 2397 km + 100 km බවට මිනුම් කර ඇත. (වස්තුවක දීප්තිය එහි ප්‍රමාණය මතත් එමඟින් පරාවර්තනය වන ආලෝක ප්‍රමාණය මතත් රඳා පවතී). 97 AU දුරින් ඇති අරය 3000 km වන වස්තුවකට මිලි චාප තත්පර 40 ක කෝණික ප්‍රමාණයක් තිබිය හැකි අතර එය HST මඟින් සෘජුවම මැනීම කළ හැක. එසේ නමුත් එවැනි කුඩා වස්තු විසඳීම හබල් දුරේක්ෂයෙන් කළ හොත් ඉතා සංකීර්ණ මට්ටමේ ක්‍රියාවලියක් වෙයි. එවැනි කෝණික ප්‍රමාණ වඩා නිරවද්‍යව මැනීම සඳහා ඩිකොන්වලූෂන් වැනි සංකීර්ණ ඡායාරූප සැකසුම් තාක්ෂණික ක්‍රම යොදා ගත හැක.

මෙය එරිස් ප්ලූටෝට වඩා 0 – 8% පමණ විශාල වේ. එය 0.86 ක ඇල‍්බෙඩෝවක් නිරූපණය කරන අතර එන්සිලේඩස් හැරුණු කොට එය සෞරග්‍රහ මණ්ඩලයේ වස්තුවක් දක්වන ඉහළම අගය වේ. මෙම ඉහළ ඇල්බෙඩෝවට හේතුව වන්නේ , එරිස්ගේ විකේන්ද්‍රික කක්ෂය එය සූර්යයාගෙන් ඈතට හා සමීපයට රැගෙන ඒම නිසා ඇතිවන උෂ්ණත්ව උච්ඡාවචනය හේතුවෙන් පෘෂ්ඨීය අයිස් නැවත පුරවා ගැනීමයි.

2007 දී ස්පිට්සර් අභ්‍යාවකාශ දුරේක්ෂය මඟින් සිදු කළ විශාල ට්‍රාන්ස් - නෙප්චූනියන් වස්තු පිළිබඳ නිරීක්ෂණ මාලාව ඒරිස් හි විශ්කම්භය 2600km  පමණ බව තක්සේරු කරන ලදී. 2400 – 2500 පරාසයේ දී සර්පිට්සර් හා හබල් තක්සේරු සමාන වූ අතර එය 4- 8% ප්ලූටෝට වඩා විශාල විය. ඒරිස්ගේ ස්කන්ධය වඩා වැඩි නිරවද්‍යතාවකින් ගණනය කළ හැක. ඩිස්තෝමියාගේ දැනට පිළිගෙන ඇති ආවර්ත අගය වන දින 15.774 මත පදනම් වූ විට එය ප්ලූටෝට වඩා 27% විශාල වේ.
තාපජ මිණුම

තරංග ආයාමය 1.2 mm වූ එරිස්ගේ තාපජ මිමෝචනයේ පෙර නිරීක්ෂණ එරිස්ගේ විශ්කම්භය 3000km බව නිරූපණය කරයි. එහිදී වස්තුවක දීප්තිය රඳා පවතින්නේ උෂ්ණත්වය හා පෘෂ්ඨ වර්ගඵලය මත පමණි. වස්තුව වේගයෙන් භ්‍රමණය වේ නම් ව්‍යාප්තිය වැඩි වන අතර උෂ්ණත්වය කෙල්වින් 24 - 25 වේ. ((-250 සිට -249 සෙල්සියස් අංශක) ඒ හා සමානවම විෂ්කම්භය ද පරාසයේ ඉහළ භාගයේ වෙයි. (ගැළපෙනම අගය 3090 km) වස්තුව සෙමින් භ්‍රමණය වේ නම් දෘශ්‍ය පෘෂ්ඨය උණුසුම් වන අතර (කෙල්වින් 27 , හෝ සෙල්සියස් අංශක -246) ඒ හා සමානවම විශ්කම්භය කුඩා වන අතර පරාසයේ පහළ අර්ධයේ පිහිටයි. ( ගැළපෙනම අගය 2860 km) . 2860 km රූපය 60% ක ප්ලූටෝ වැනි ඇල්බෙඩෝවන් හඟවන අතර එහි ප්ලූටෝ වැනි වර්ණාවලි ලකුණින් ද, සමන්විත වේ.

HST PSF ප්‍රතිඵල (2400 ± 100 km) ඉහත IRAM ප්‍රතිඵල සමඟ (3000 ± 370 km) නොගැළපීම වැඩි දුර අධ්‍යයනය කළ යුතු අංශයක් වෙයි. බ්‍රවුන් එය පැහැදිලි කරන්නේ බර්ටොල්ඩි උපකල්පනය කළ නියම විශාලත්වයට යවන යත්නම් අඩු විශාලත්වයක් යොදා ගනිමිනි. (−1.12 ± 0.01 එරෙහිව −1.16 ± 0.1 එයින් සිදු වන්නේ විශ්කම්භයේ 100 km වෙනසක් පමණි.
IRAM  ප්‍රතිඵල සඳහා තවත් විස්තරයක් මැක්ස් ප්ලාන්ක් ඉන්ස්ටිට්‍යුට් ෆූර් රේඩියෝ ඇස්ට්‍රොනොමි මඟින් ඉදිරිපත් කරයි. බො‍ලො මෙට්‍රික් ඇල්බෙඩෝ (මුළු පරාවර්තිත ශක්තිය හා තාපජ ක්‍රමයේ භාවිතා වූ දේ නිරූපණය කරයි) හා භූ විද්‍යාත්මක ඇලබෙඩෝව අතර අනුපාතය වඩා නිරවද්‍යව නොදන්නා අතර තවත් සාධක කිහිපයක් මත රඳා පවතී. මෙම අවිනිශ්චිතතාව මඟින් මිණුම් 2 අතර හිඩැස නැති කළ හැක.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_%28dwarf_planet%29#Size.2C_mass.2C_and_density

කුරු ග්‍රහලෝක - ප්‍රමාණය ස්කන්ධය හා ඝනත්වය


MacArthur es una estación en las líneas Richmond–Millbrae, Pittsburg/Bay Point–SFO/Millbrae y Richmond–Fremont del Metro de San Francisco. La estación se encuentra localizada en 555 40th Street en Oakland, California. La estación MacArthur fue inaugurada el 11 de septiembre de 1972.  Distrito de Transporte Rápido del Área de la Bahía es la encargada por el mantenimiento y administración de la estación.

Descripción
La estación MacArthur cuenta con 2 plataformas centrales y 4 vías. La estación también cuenta con 602 de espacios de aparcamiento.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del AC TransitEmery Go-Round

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación MacArthur

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1972
Estaciones de la línea Pittsburg/Bay Point–SFO/Millbrae
Estaciones de la línea Richmond–Fremont
Estaciones de la línea Richmond–Millbrae
Transporte de Oakland

MacArthur (Metro de San Francisco)


El Acta de Independencia de Panamá o Acta de Independencia del Istmo de Panamá es el documento mediante el cual Panamá declaró su independencia del Imperio español el 28 de noviembre de 1821. La Independencia del Istmo de Panamá se proclamó en el Cabildo de la Ciudad de Panamá, donde se reunió una Junta formada por el Cabildo de la misma, autoridades, militares, eclesiásticas y civiles, y luego de discutir la situación existente, terminaron proclamando espontáneamente y conforme el voto general de todos los pueblos, la Independencia de Panamá de la Corona Española.

Junto a esta acta, se le incorporan las actas de Independencia de la Villa de Los Santos y de Santiago de Veraguas, consolidando así el fin de la época colonial española en Panamá y dando así, inicio a la unión voluntaria a la Gran Colombia.

Independencia de la Villa de Los Santos

El primer antecedente al Acta de Independencia de Panamá, fue precisamente el Acta de Independencia de la Villa de Los Santos, que fue el resultado del movimiento independentista dado en la Villa de Los Santos el 10 de noviembre de 1821 dirigido por Segundo Villareal.

Proclamación de la Independencia de Panamá

La Independencia de la Villa de Los Santos aceleró el proceso independentista panameño. Fue entonces, de esa manera, que el 28 de noviembre de 1821, en un cabildo abierto en la ciudad de Panamá, se proclama la "Independencia de Panamá". Pero la falta de presupuesto, el poco armamento militar con el que se contaba y la inseguridad de ser reconquistados por España, pone en peligro el seguir con la aventura independentista del istmo, por lo que se proponen la unión con algunas de las nuevas naciones americanas, entre ellas los vecinos de la unión centroamericana y la nación del Perú que había sido el principal socio comercial del Istmo en la época colonial. Pero finalmente de manera voluntaria, mediante el voto popular y aprobación de toda la población, se decide la Unión voluntaria a la Gran Colombia, de Simón Bolívar, unión que fue motivada debido a la gran admiración y liderazgo de Bolívar en las campañas independentistas del Sur de América. Panamá de esta manera se une a Colombia a cuyo Congreso iría a representar oportunamente su diputado. Una vez proclamada la Independencia de Panamá, se procedió a redactar el Acta de Independencia.

El Acta de Independencia de Panamá fue redactada el 28 de noviembre de 1821 por don Manuel José Hurtado, ilustre educador y diplomático, miembro de una honorable familia istmeña y constó de doce artículos:

Correspondió a don José Vallarino y Ximénez comunicar al pueblo reunido en el Parque de Catedral (ahora de la Independencia), de la ciudad de Panamá, la Declaración de Independencia, que fue recibida jubilosamente, cuya Acta Admirable firmaron todos los que actuaron en aquel solemne acto trascendental y patriótico.

Al informarse al Libertador, Simón Bolívar, de la gloriosa y noble Independencia de Panamá de la Madre Patria España y de su unión voluntaria a la Gran Colombia, integrada por Venezuela, Colombia y Ecuador, acto patriótico istmeño realizado sin odios, ni violencia ni rencores, se dirigió al Jefe Superior del Istmo, Coronel José de Fábrega, en los siguientes términos:

Independencia de Santiago de Veraguas

El 1 de diciembre de 1821 Santiago de Veraguas se une al movimiento independentista panameño, proclamando así su independencia de España y uniéndose así a la Gran Colombia.
Tras este acontecimiento, se procedió a la firma del Acta de Independencia de Santiago de Veraguas.

Fuente:

Véase también
 Historia de Panamá
 Gran Colombia
 José de Fábrega
 Simón Bolívar
 Independencia de la Villa de Los Santos

Referencias

Independencia de Panamá
Panama

Acta de Independencia de Panamá


Mark Ian Hoyle (nascido a 12 de Abril de 1987), comumente conhecido pelo seu pseudônimo de Internet LadBaby, é um blogueiro britânico, YouTuber e personalidade de redes sociais de Nottingham, Inglaterra. Seu conteúdo de vídeo se concentra em suas experiências como pai e é filmado com a sua esposa, Roxanne Zee Hoyle. O casal teve o número um de Natal na UK Singles Chart em 2018, 2019, 2020 e 2021 com as músicas inéditas "We Built This City", "I Love Sausage Rolls", "Don't Stop Me Eatin'" e "Sausage Rolls for Everyone", respectivamente. Isso fez do LadBaby o segundo artista a garantir quatro números um no Natal, igualando o recorde estabelecido pelos the Beatles em 1967.

Discografia

Singles

Ligações externas

Nascidos em 1987
Pessoas vivas
YouTubers do Reino Unido
Vlogueiros do YouTube
Cantores do Reino Unido
Naturais de Nottingham

LadBaby


Suits (conocida en Hispanoamérica como La ley de los audaces y en España como La clave del éxito) es un drama-legal estadounidense creado por Aaron Korsh para USA Network. Se estrenó el 23 de junio de 2011 con un especial de noventa minutos y la primera temporada conformada por doce episodios. Concluyó el 25 de septiembre de 2019.

Aaron Korsh consiguió vender el guion del piloto de la serie en el año 2010 a la cadena USA, que encargó su filmación y una posterior primera temporada de 12 episodios. La cadena le puso como condición compartir las tareas de dirección de la serie, con otro productor más veterano, para controlar mejor su trabajo, hasta que al final de la primera temporada, le dejaron llevar las riendas en solitario de la serie, con la gran mejora que se ve conforme avanza las temporadas.

La serie es protagonizada por Gabriel Macht y Patrick J. Adams, quienes interpretan los personajes de Harvey Specter y Mike Ross respectivamente. Mike es un inteligente estudiante que ha dejado la universidad, pero que es contratado por el brillante Harvey Specter para trabajar en una firma de abogados a pesar de no ser graduado en derecho. La serie trata de cómo estos dos abogados resuelven casos al mismo tiempo que mantienen a salvo el secreto de Mike.

Patrick J. Adams y Gina Torres han recibido nominaciones por sus interpretaciones en Suits.

Argumento
Mike Ross es un joven con una mente brillante que siempre ha soñado con ser abogado, pero un incidente desafortunado le impide cumplirlo. Naturalmente inteligente y con una memoria eidética, se gana la vida suplantando a otros en los exámenes de admisión para la escuela de derecho. Envuelto en un encargo de tráfico de drogas, Mike sospecha que le han tendido una trampa y consigue deshacerse de la policía al colarse en una entrevista de trabajo para uno de los bufetes más importantes de Nueva York (Pearson Hardman).

Harvey Specter es el mejor abogado de Manhattan. Brillante, calculador, elegante y atractivo, Harvey tiene fama de ganar todos sus casos, aunque a veces recurra a su propia interpretación de las reglas y recientemente ha sido promovido a socio mayoritario de su bufete, y tiene derecho, por la política de la empresa, a contratar a un asociado. A pesar de no ser licenciado y de presentarse en la entrevista con un maletín lleno de marihuana, Mike consigue impresionar a Harvey, demostrándole que posee un conocimiento enciclopédico del derecho.

A pesar de que por política de empresa solo se puede contratar a socios licenciados de Harvard, Harvey decide arriesgarse y ofrecerle el puesto a Mike. Ambos tendrán que ocultar este secreto al resto de los miembros del bufete, también a Jessica, la socia gerente de la firma, y al encargado de los asociados, Louis Litt, el socio que intentará hacerle la vida imposible a Mike, quien tendrá que adaptarse al ritmo de trabajo agresivo y a la presión constante del bufete y pronto entabla amistad con Rachel Zane, una atractiva e inteligente asistente legal, cuya ansiedad por los exámenes le impide dar el paso para convertirse en abogada, sintiendo entre ambos una atracción mutua.

Las personalidades de Mike y Harvey a menudo entran en conflicto, ya que la ingenuidad y el estricto código ético del aprendiz contrastan con la frialdad e insensibilidad de su superior. Sin embargo, ambos se complementan a la perfección, y Harvey redescubrirá su pasión por la justicia por la ley

Elenco principal

Episodios
El 11 de agosto de 2011, USA Network renovó la serie para una segunda temporada de dieciséis episodios, que fue estrenada el 14 de junio de 2012. El 12 de octubre de 2012, la serie fue renovada para una tercera temporada de dieciséis episodios, estrenada el 16 de julio de 2013. El 24 de octubre de 2013, la serie fue renovada para una cuarta temporada de dieciséis episodios, siendo estrenada el 11 de junio de 2014. El 11 de agosto de 2014, USA Network renovó la serie para una quinta temporada de dieciséis episodios, que fue estrenada el 24 de junio de 2015. El 1 de julio de 2015 la serie fue renovada para una sexta temporada compuesta por dieciséis episodios, que se estrenó el 13 de julio de 2016. El 3 de agosto de 2016, USA Network renovó la serie para una séptima temporada de dieciséis episodios.

Producción

Desarrollo
Suits comenzó a gestarse en abril de 2010 bajo el título A Legal Mind. El 5 de abril de 2010,USA Network anunció que estaba desarrollando siete nuevos pilotos para la temporada televisiva 2010-2011, incluyendo A Legal Mind, que más tarde sería titulada Suits. El piloto fue escrito por Aaron Korsch, con David Bartis y Gene Klein ejerciendo como productores ejecutivos. El 17 de mayo de 2010 USA Network ordenó un piloto de noventa minutos para la serie. La cadena seleccionó A Legal Mind el 19 de enero de 2011 para desarrollar una serie y ordenó once episodios más de una hora de duración.

Reparto
Patrick J. Adams fue el primer actor en ser contratado en el personaje de Mike Ross en julio de 2010. A finales de julio, Gabriel Macht se unió al elenco principal como Harvey Specter. Rick Hoffman fue contratado a mediados de agosto para interpretar a Louis, un socio en el bufete de abogados. Meghan Markle y Gina Torres se unieron al elenco a finales de agosto, siendo contratadas para interpretar a Rachel Zane y Jessica Pearson, respectivamente. Sarah Rafferty completó el elenco principal como Donna.

DATOS CURIOSOS:

Un Nueva York muy canadiense

Aunque Suits se ubica en la ciudad de Nueva York, la serie se filma en Toronto por cuestiones de presupuesto. Sin embargo, el capítulo piloto sí se filmó en Nueva York.

Padre e hijo

Stephen Macht, que interpreta al profesor Gerrard, es el padre en la vida real de Gabriel Macht, que interpreta a Harvey Specter.

Actualidad

El canal de pago norteamericano USA Network ha anunciado la renovación de la serie Suits por una temporada 9 que será la última de todas. Su hueco lo ocupará, si le va bien, Pearson, el spin-off protagonizado por Gina Torres.

Aunque sus audiencias han ido cayendo con los años, Suits se ha mantenido como una de las series más populares para el canal y también entre las más rentables gracias a sus ventas. Los datos de la temporada 8 no eran muy inferiores a los de la anterior, pero parece que el canal ya se siente preparado para dejarla ir, especialmente ahora que planea lanzar Pearson a lo largo de 2019.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Series de televisión de los años 2010
Series de televisión iniciadas en 2011
Series de televisión sobre temas jurídicos
Series de televisión ambientadas en Nueva York

Suits


An Arthrostylidium haitiense in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Pilg., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Albert Spear Hitchcock och Mary Agnes Chase. An Arthrostylidium haitiense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthrostylidium, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Haiti. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arthrostylidium

Arthrostylidium haitiense


Cetina es un apeadero ferroviario situado en el municipio español de Cetina en la provincia de Zaragoza, comunidad autónoma de Aragón. Cuenta con servicios de Media Distancia operados por Renfe.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 213,6 de la línea férrea de ancho ibérico que une Madrid con Barcelona a 675 metros de altitud, entre las estaciones de Ariza y de Alhama de Aragón. El tramo es de doble vía y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 25 de mayo de 1863 con la apertura del tramo Medinaceli - Zaragoza de la línea férrea Madrid-Zaragoza por parte de la Compañía de los Ferrocarriles de Madrid a Zaragoza y Alicante o MZA. En 1941, la nacionalización del ferrocarril en España supuso la integración de MZA en la recién creada RENFE.

Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

En 2009 el edificio de viajeros fue rehabilitado y tapiado y se construyeron refugios para los usuarios, en un intento de Adif de adecentar la estación.

La estación
Si bien conserva su edificio para viajeros, que de hecho fue reformado en 2009, el mismo permanece cerrado y ha sido sustituido por pequeños refugios en los andenes haciendo que la estación funcione como un apeadero.

Servicios ferroviarios

Media Distancia
Renfe presta servicio de Media Distancia gracias a sus trenes Regionales en los siguientes trayectos:

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Media Distancia Aragón en la web de Renfe.

Cetina
Cetina
Cetina
Cetina
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1863
Estaciones de ferrocarril de Aragón inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Cetina


Le Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 142 ou VMFA-142, connu sous le nom de "Flying Gators", était une unité aérienne de l'United States Marine Corps Reserve qui a été active de 1942 à 2008. Au moment de son inactivation, l'escadron était basé à , en Géorgie et était sous le commandement du  (MAG- 42), 4th Marine Aircraft Wing (4th MAW). En raison d'une réorganisation au sein de l'aviation maritime, l'escadron a déménagé à Naval Air Station Fort Worth au Texas et a été placé dans un statut de cadre sous Marine Aircraft Group 41. Leur code de queue était MB, puis AF.

Historique

Le MFA-142 a été activé le  au , en Californie, sous le nom de Marine Scout Bombing Squadron 142 (VMSB-142), à la Fleet Marine Force. Il a pris le nom de Marine Fighter Squadron 142, en septembre 1953 et Marine Attack Squadron 142 (VMA-142) en mars 1959 et transféré au Naval Air Station Jacksonville.

L'escadron est passé de l'A-4M Skyhawk II au F/A-18A Hornet et a été officiellement renommé le  sous le nom de Marine Fighter Attack Squadron 142 (VMFA-142).

En février 2005, le VMFA-142 est devenu la première unité de chasse de réserve marine à voilure fixe activée au combat depuis la guerre de Corée. Ils se sont déployés à l'appui de l'opération Iraqi Freedom et ont servi à la base aérienne Al-Asad, fournissant un soutien au combat dans la province d'Al Anbar en Irak jusqu'en septembre 2005.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Tactical Support Wing
 Organisation de l'United States Marine Corps

Liens externes
 VMFA-142 - Site GlobaleSecurity.org
   VMFA-142 - Site Seaforces.org
  US Marine Corps-(VMFA-142) -  Site Wings-Aviation.ch

Fighter attack squadron de l'United States Marine Corps
Unité ou formation militaire dissoute en 2008

VMFA-142


كفر مصر التي تقع في منطقة مرج ابن عامر في المنطقة الشمالية من إسرائيل.

نبذة تاريخية وجغرافية
يرجع اسمها إلى المصريين الذين استقروا فيها منذ العهدالكنعاني، وتقع في أقصى الشمال الغربي لقضاء بيسان، عند الحدود الجنوبية لقضاء الناصرة، وترتفع200م عن سطح البحر. وتبلغ مساحة أراضيها (16332)دونما. تحيط بها أراضي قرى الطيبة الزعبيه من الجنوب وقرية طيرة الخراب من الشرق اما من الشمال فتحدها اراضي قرية معذر وقرية مسحه (كفار طابور )قضاء طبريا ومن الغرب يحدها اراضي قرية الرينة - أم الغنم وقريتا اندور وطمره الزعبيه من قرى قضاءالناصرة الجنوبية الشرقية.قدر عدد سكانها عام 1922 (253)نسمة، وفي عام 1945(320)نسمة، وفي عام 1948 بلغ عددهم (213)نسمة، وارتفع إلى (290)نسمة في عام 1961 وفي عام 2000 بلغ عدد سكانها 2800 نسمة. تضم القرية بقعة (عين الحبوس) التي كانت تقوم عليها مدينة(آبص)الكنعانية، بمعنى الأبيض أو القصدير. استولت المنظمات الصهيونية المسلحة على القرية في عام 1948، واقاموا إلى الشمال الغربي منها مستعمرة (كفاركيش)ومن الجهة الشرقية للقرية اقاموا مستعمرة (جازيت).

الاقتصاد
وكانت القرية تعتمد في اقتصادها على الزراعة وتربية المواشي حتى عام 1980 ولكن بعد ذلك ظهر عدد من شباب القرية منهم من تعلم وخرج بشهادة وذهب للعمل في مجال التجارة والإدارة في الشركات الكبيرة والصغيرة والهندسة ومنهم من ذهب للعمل في المصانع.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في المنطقة الشمالية (إسرائيل)
قرى عربية في إسرائيل
مجلس بستان المرج الإقليمي

كفر مصر (بيسان)


Culisele puterii () este un serial thriller-dramatic-politic american creat de Beau Willimon. Este o adaptare a modelului BBC, mini-serial cu același nume și este bazat pe romanul lui Michael Dobbs. Primul sezon are 13 episoade, premiera a avut loc la data de 1 februarie 2013, pe serviciul de streaming Netflix. Fiecare sezon are 13 episoade.  Willimon, a declarat că planurile pentru spectacolul viitor sunt decise după fiecare sezon.

Stabilit în 2010 la Washington, D.C, House of Cards este povestea Congresmanului Frank Underwood (Kevin Spacey), un democrat din Carolina de Sud. După ce eșuează în a fi desemnat în postul de Secretar de Stat, el inițiază un plan elaborat pentru a ajunge într-o poziție de putere mai mare, ajutat de soția lui, Claire Underwood (Robin Wright). Seria se ocupă în principal cu teme de pragmatism nemilos, manipulare și putere.

House of Cards a primit recenzii pozitive și mai multe nominalizari. Până în prezent, a primit 33 nominalizări Primetime Emmy Award, inclusiv Outstanding Drama Series,  Outstanding Lead Actor pentru Kevin Spacey și pentru Robin Wright, pentru fiecare dintre primele cinci sezoane.  De asemenea, serialul a câștigat 8 nominalizări Golden Globe Award.

Distribuție
 Kevin Spacey - Francis J. "Frank" Underwood
 Robin Wright - Claire Underwood
 Kate Mara - Zoe Barnes
 Corey Stoll - Peter Russo
 Michael Kelly - Douglas "Doug" Stamper
 Kristen Connolly - Christina Gallagher
 Sakina Jaffrey - Linda Vasquez
 Sandrine Holt - Gillian Cole
 Constance Zimmer - Janine Skorsky
 Michel Gill - Garrett Walker
 Sebastian Arcelus - Lucas Goodwin
 Mahershala Ali - Remy Danton
 Boris McGiver - Tom Hammerschmidt
 Nathan Darrow - Edward Meechum
 Rachel Brosnahan - Rachel Posner
 Molly Parker - Jacqueline "Jackie" Sharp
 Gerald McRaney - Raymond Tusk
 Jayne Atkinson - Catherine "Cathy" Durant
 Jimmi Simpson - Gavin Orsay
 Mozhan Marnò - Ayla Sayyad
 Elizabeth Marvel - Heather Dunbar
 Derek Cecil - Seth Grayson
 Paul Sparks - Thomas Yates
 Joel Kinnaman - Will Conway
 Kim Dickens - Kate Baldwin
 Lars Mikkelsen - Viktor Petrov
 Neve Campbell - LeAnn Harvey
 Campbell Scott - Mark Usher
 Patricia Clarkson - Jane Davis
 Dominique McElligott - Hannah Conway
 Korey Jackson - Sean Jeffries
 Damian Young - Aidan Macallan
 James Martinez - Alex Romero

Referințe

Legături externe

 ''Culisele puterii'' la Emmys.com

Seriale de televiziune americane
Seriale de televiziune din 2013
Netflix

Culisele puterii


Hülgerahu es una pequeña y deshabitada isla europea en el mar Báltico que pertenece al país de Estonia.

Hülgerahu cubre aproximadamente 0,15 hectáreas y se encuentra justo frente a la costa oriental de la isla más grande de Kõverlaid.

La isla pertenece tanto a la Reserva Paisajística Islotes de Hiiumaa, como a la zona protegida de Laidelaht, y está cerrada al público. Sus playas son un refugio importante para las aves y los mamíferos marinos como las focas.

Véase también
 Geografía de Estonia
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Archipiélagos e islas de Estonia

Hülgerahu


Des élections municipales partielles ont lieu en 1977 en France.

Bilan

Résultats en nombre de maires

Élections

Vaires-sur-Marne (Seine-et-Marne)

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Élections municipales françaises de 1977

1977
France, municipales
1977 en France

Élections municipales partielles françaises de 1977


California es el nombre de 4 estaciones en el Metro de Chicago:

 California (ramal O'Hare de la línea Azul)
 California (ramal Congress de la línea Azul)
 California (línea Rosa)
 California (línea Verde)

en:California (disambiguation)#CTA stations

California (Metro de Chicago)


Biket İlhan (1944, İzmir), Türk sinema yapımcısı, yönetmen, yapımcı.

Attilâ İlhan'ın aynı adlı romanından uyarlanan Sokaktaki Adam (1995) filmi ile tanındı. Yönetmenliğini yaptığı Sokaktaki Adam,  Kayıkçı ve Mavi Gözlü Dev filmleri ile ulusal ve uluslararası ödüllere değer görülmüştür.  Sinevizyon film yapım şirketinin kurucusudur.

Yaşamı
1944 yılında İzmir'de doğdu. Babası Hava Kuvvetleri'nde görev yapan bir jet pilotu, annesi ev hanımı idi. İlköğrenimine Ankara'da başladı, İzmir'de  Ankara İlkokulu'nu bitirdi. Ortaöğrenimini yatılı olarak Ankara Koleji'nde tamamladı. Dışarıdan bitirme sınavı ile Gazi Eğitim Enstitüsü'nü tamamladı ve Ankara ve İzmir'de on beş yıl İngilizce öğretmenliği yaptı. 1965 yılında İzmir'de şair Atilla İlhan ile tanıştı; 1968 yılında evlendiler. 1973 yılında Ankara'ya, 1981'de İstanbul'a taşındılar.

Sinemaya Feyzi Tuna'nın yönettiği Seni Kalbime Gömdüm (1982) filminde asistanlık yaparak başladı. Ardından o yıllarda TRT'ye diziler çeken Hüseyin Karakaş'a asistanlık yaptı. Üç İstanbul (1983) ve Kartallar Yüksek Uçar (1983) dizilerinde çalıştı. 1983 yılında Atilla İlhan'dan ayrıldı. İkinci evliliğini tiyatro oyuncusu Metin Belgin ile yaptı ve bu evlilikten bir kızı oldu. Kızı Nihan Belgin de sinema yönetmendir.

Biket İlhan, yönetmenliğe  TRT için üç bölümlük dizi olarak çektiği Son Umut (1992) ile başladı. Senin İçin Bir Kadeh (1993) ve Bir Kadın Yüzü (1994) filmlerini yönetti. Attilâ İlhan'ın romanından uyarlanan Sokaktaki Adam (1995) filmi ile tanındı. Ardından  Attilâ İlhan'ın yazdığı 13 bölümlük televizyon dizisi 'Tele-Flaş', 'Kurtlar Sofrası' romanından uyarladığı 8 bölümlük diziyi çekti. Türk-Yunan ilişkilerini anlattığı Kayıkçı (1998) filmi ile Sokaktaki Adam filmleri birçok festivalde gösterildi ve ödüllere değer görüldü. 1999 yılında yapımcılığa başladı.

2007 yılında Nâzım Hikmet'in hayatından bir kesiti ele alan Mavi Gözlü Dev filminin yönetti. 2012 yılında Köy Enstitülerii'ni anlatan Yarım Kalan Mucize, 2015 yılında Abbas Sayar'ın Çelo adlı romanını aynı adla sinemaya uyarladı ve filmin yönetmenliğini yaptı.

Filmografi

Yönetmen filmografisi
 2015 - Çelo (TV filmi) (senaryosunu da kaleme aldı)
 2013 - Yarım Kalan Mucize
 2007 - Mavi Gözlü Dev
 2005 - Ayın Karanlık Yüzü
 1999 - Kayıkçı
 1999 - Kurtlar Sofrası (TV dizisi)
 1995 - Sokaktaki Adam
 1993 - Bir Kadın Yüzü
 1993 - Senin İçin Bir Kadeh
 1992 - Teleflaş (TV dizisi)

Yönettiği belgeseller
 2018 - Hilal-i Ahmer Hanımlar Merkezi

Yapımcı Filmografisi
 1995 - Sokaktaki Adam
 1998 - Kayıkçı
 2000 - Hayatın Tek Yolculuğu
 2005 - Kaçış

Diğer Filmografisi
 1982- Seni Kalbime Gömdüm (yönetmen yardımcısı)
 1984- Tutku (yönetmen yardımcısı)
 1985- Bir Kadın Bir Hayat (yönetmen yardımcısı)
 1985- Kuyucaklı Yusuf  (yönetmen yardımcısı)

Ödülleri
 Sokaktaki Adam
 Ulusal Festivaller
 32. Antalya Altın Portakal (The Best Supporting Actor)
 9. Adana Altın Koza Film Şenliği
 8. Ankara Fılm Festıval (The Best Supporting Actor)
 (The Best New Actress)
 (A Specıal Prıze For An Actor)
 (The Best Art Dırector)
 7. Orhon M. Arıburnu (A Special Price For The Film)
 Çasod Actor Prıze (The Best Actor)
 18.Siyad Türk Sineması Ödülleri
 (The Best 3.Fılm)
 (The Best Actress)
 (The Best Supporting Actor)
 Uluslararası Festivaller
 Le Cınema Turc (Centre Georges Pompidou)
 Copenhagen Fılm Festıval
 1.Forum Du Cınema Europeen (Strasbourg)
 Fılms De Femmes (Creteil)
 Women's Fılm Festıval (Minsk)
 Cınema Medıterraneen (Tetouan
 Internatıonal Fılm Festıval (Alexandria)
 Golden Eagle (Georgia) 'Special Prize - Ministery Of Culture'

 Kayıkçı
 Alexandra Film Festival, İskenderiye, Mısır (1996)
 Minsk Women Film Festival (1997)
 Copenhagen Film Festival (1997)
 Georgia Golden Eagle Film Festival (1997)
 Films de Femmes (1997)
 Strasbourg 1st European Cinema Forum
 İstanbul Film Festivali
 Yeni Delhi (Hindistan)
 Mannheim (Almanya)
 Balkan Film Festivali (Güney Kıbrıs
 6. Londra Türk Filmleri Festivali, Gösterim Seçkisi. 1998
 Aşkabat Türk Filmleri Haftası (Türkmenistan)
 Films De Femmes (Fransa)
 Kerala (Hindistan)
 Nürnberg (Almanya)
 Minsk (Beyaz Rusya)
 Uçan Süpürge (Ankara)
 Torino Kadın Filmleri Festivali (İtalya)

Kaynakça

1944 doğumlular
Türk kadın film yönetmenleri
Türk film yapımcıları
Yaşayan insanlar
İzmir doğumlular
Gazi Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler

Biket İlhan


75 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري امتدت مقابلةً في التقويم الميلادي بين سنتي 694 و695.

مواليد
 القاسم بن مجاشع التميمي

وفيات
 مجاعة بن سعر التميمي
 حريث بن محفض التميمي شاعر مخضرم.
 الأسود بن يزيد النخعي
 عبيد الله بن زياد بن ظبيان
 عطية بن الأسود
 عمير بن ضابئ
 العرباض بن سارية

انظر أيضًا
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الأولى من سنة 75 هـ
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الثانية من سنة 75 هـ

مراجع

تقويم هجري

75 هـ


Aulacomniaceae, porodica pravih mahovina iz reda Rhizogoniales.

Rodovi
 Arrhenopterum Hedw.
 Aulacomnium Schwägr.
 Gymnocephalus Schwägr.
 Limnobryum Rabenh.

Izvori

Rhizogoniales

Aulacomniaceae


Adoxeae, tribus moškovičevki smješten u potporodicu Adoxoideae. Sastoji se od tri monotipična roda, sa tri vrste zeljastog bilja od kojeg je najvažnija moškovica iz Euroazije i Sjeverne Amerike. Ostasle dvije vrste su iz Kine.

U Hrvatskoj raste obična moškovica, Adoxa moschatellina.

Rodovi
 Sinadoxa C. Y. Wu, Z. L. Wu & R. F. Huang (1 sp.)
 Tetradoxa C. Y. Wu (1 sp.)
 Adoxa L. (1 sp.)

Izvori

Češljugovinolike

Adoxeae


La temporada 1905 de MLB fue la quinta temporada de la Liga Americana y la segunda con Serie Mundial. Los Gigantes de Nueva York derrotaron 4-1 a los Philadelphia Athletics para ganar la Serie Mundial.

Resultados

Serie Mundial 1905

Líderes de la Liga

Referencias

1905
Estados Unidos en 1905
Deporte en 1905

Temporada 1905 de las Grandes Ligas de Béisbol


En subrutine er en samling computerinstruktionssætinstruktioner, evt. i form af nogle linjer i et programmeringssprog. Subrutinen udfører en bestemt opgave, som man har brug for at få udført ved kald fra forskellige steder i et computerprogram. Et kald af subrutinen er enklere og kræver mindre lager end alternativet at gentage nøjagtigt de samme instruktioner, hver gang de skal benyttes. Kald af subrutiner kan også benyttes for at strukturere et program ved opdeling i mindre dele, således at det bliver mere overskueligt.

Subrutiner, der vurderes at være generelt anvendelige, kan på forskellig vis placeres i "biblioteker"", så de let kan genbruges i andre programmer, enten ved at inkludere subrutinens kode under oversættelsen, eller ved at linke til rutinen.

Forskellige betegnelser
Subrutiner betegnes i nogle programmeringssprog som funktioner eller procedurer. Inden for objektorienteret programmering benyttes betegnelser som metode eller service. Endelig kan man støde på betegnelsen underprogram. Forskellen på en metode og en procedure er, at en funktion returnerer en værdi knyttet til funktionens navn (funktionen kan direkte indgå i en tildeling/et assignment), mens en procedure ikke returnerer en sådan værdi. Til gengæld vil en procedure kunne (men behøver ikke) returnere adskillige resultater i sin parameterliste. I andre programmeringssprog skelnes der ikke strengt mellem funktioner og procedurer, evt. kan en procedure blot være en funktion med returværdi af typen void.

Man kan også udtrykke det således, at en funktion evalueres til en værdi, mens en procedure er en ny kommando. I begge tilfælde er der tale om en abstraktion, idet den der benytter et kald af en subrutine ikke behøver kende detaljerne i subrutinens kode. Og denne kode kan ændres, uden at det ødelægger noget for resten af systemet. Det er dog her en fornuftig regel, at en funktion ikke bør have sideeffekter (effekter for andre dele af systemet end den værdi der returneres). For en procedure bør data ind og ud kun ske via parameterlisten, så man kan se, hvad der røres ved. Ingen benyttelse af fælles, globale variable.

I nogle tilfælde vil man for at få en hurtige afvikling af programmet undgå kaldet, der altid medfører et ekstraarbejde (overhead), men i stedet gentage instruktionerne, der udgør kroppen på subrutine, i det færdige program. Dette kan foregå ved brug af en makro eller overlades til oversætteren.

Implementering
Når en subrutine kaldes, skal computeren gemme adressen på den instruktion, der følger umiddelbart efter kaldet af subrutinen, således at computeren kan vende tilbage til dette sted. Dette sker typisk derved, at cpu'en lagrer denne adresse i et særligt register (som eksempel kan nævnes branch-and-link(-register)-instruktionen på System/360 fra IBM), eller i andre computere ved at adressen, der er instruktionstælleren plus længden af instruktionskaldet, pushes på computerens stak, hvor den senere kan hentes igen. Der findes normalt også en form for "return-from-subroutine" instruktion.

Private data og rekursion
Hvis subrutinen er implementeret på en sådan måde, at den har variable, der er private for rutinen, og således at et nyt kald af rutinen fra rutinen selv medfører skabelsen af et nyt sæt private variable, kan man benytte rekursiv programmering. Dette implementeres hyppigt ved at afsætte (allokere) lagerplads til disse variable i en activation record eller stack frame oven på stakken (oven på den returadresse der er blevet lagt på stakken forinden). Derfor vil ethvert nyt kald føre til allokeringen af en ny activation record oven på en ny returadresse, og sammenblanding af variable undgås.

Selv om et programmeringssprog ikke giver muligheder for private/lokale variable (de oprindelige versioner af BASIC gjorde ikke dette), så kan man godt skrive rekursive programmer. Men det lægger en stor byrde på programmøren at holde rede på, hvilke data er gemt hvor.

Parameterlisten
Når man definerer en subrutine i et højniveausprog, vil man angive en række formelle parametre (evt. slet ingen). Disse formelle parametre vil blive benyttet i programkoden for subrutinen. Når man skriver et kald af subrutinen, vil man skulle skrive de aktuelle parametre, som skal benyttes i netop dette tilfælde. Det kan være variable eller konstanter/litteraler. Parametrene kan forstås på forskellige måder, hvor ikke alle er tilgængelige i hvert programmeringssprog og betegnelserne og implementeringen varierer.
 Value. Parametrens værdi overføres til rutinen, men uanset hvad der måtte ske med denne værdi inden for subrutinen, så vil ændringerne ikke føres tilbage til den oprindelige variabel.
 Value-result. Der overføres (typisk) en pointer til en variabel i det kaldende program. Hvis variablen ændres inden for subrutinen, vil ændringen ske i variablen i det kaldende program. Data kan føres ind, ændres, og den nye værdi føres ud.
 Result. Endelig kan man have en parameter, der kun tillader et resultat at føres ud af subrutinen.
 I en subrutine, der benyttes i et remote procedure call er det lidt mere kompliceret og kan give uventede resultater, hvid den samme variabel benyttes i to resultatparametre i samme kald.

Se også
 Wheeler jump

Kilder og henvisninger
 Programming Language Concepts and Paradigms, David A. Watt, 1990
 Programming with Assembly Language, David E. Goldberg, Jacqueline A. Jones, Pat H. Sterbenz, 1988

Kildekode
Holisme

Subrutine


Bengi, Balıkesir ova köylerinde ve özellikle Pamukçu kasabası çevresinde oynanan hızlı ritmli Zeybek oyunlarına verilen isimdir. Bengi, "sonsuzluk, ebedi" anlamına gelmektedir. Orhun kitabelerinde "bengü" olarak geçen sözcüklere rastlanmaktadır. Oyunda diz vurma ve çökmeler ön plandadır. Oyunda "bengi" nidaları vardır.

Kazanılan zaferlerden sonra öldürülen düşman sayısı kadar çökme yapılarak bunun kutlanması sebebiyle türediği rivayet edilir.

Antalya ve Bergama, İzmir çevresinde de bengi, mengi, bengü şeklinde ifade edilen ayak yapısı olarak Balıkesir oyunlarına benzeyen çeşitleri de vardır.r.

Halk oyunları
Balıkesir ilinde kültür
Zeybekler

Bengi


Armando Artaza (Buenos Aires, 14 de noviembre de 1844 - ib., 29 de mayo de 1917) fue un abogado, político y estanciero argentino que fue Gobernador interino del Territorio Nacional de Formosa entre 1906 y 1910.

Biografía

Nació el 14 de noviembre de 1844 en Buenos Aires.

Su padre fue un estanciero y su madre indígena.

Fue estanciero desde su infancia y a los 21 años en 1865, viajó a Santa Fe.

Inició sus estudios de abogacía en 1871 y se recibió en 1879. Fue gobernador interino del Territorio Nacional de Formosa entre 1906 y 1907 y falleció en Buenos Aires, el 29 de mayo de 1917 a los 72 años.

Fallecidos en Buenos Aires
Gobernadores de Formosa
Nacidos en Buenos Aires

Armando Artaza


A.R. Monex Women's Pro Cycling Team er et professionelt cykelhold for kvinder, der er baseret i Kazakhstan. Holdet deltog i elitelandevejsløb som UCI Women's Road World Cup i 2015.

Sæsoner

2019

Sejre

2018

Sejre

Referencer

Cykelhold for kvinder
Cykelhold fra Kasakhstan
Cykelhold fra Italien

A.R. Monex Women's Pro Cycling Team


Claude-Louis Navier: Fransız mühendis ve fizikçi.
 Navier-Stokes denklemleri: adını Claude-Louis Navier ve George Gabriel Stokes'tan almış olan, sıvılar ve gazlar gibi akışkanların hareketini tanımlamaya yarayan denklemler dizisi.

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