Moonlighting is an American comedy drama television series that aired on ABC from March 3, 1985, to May 14, 1989. The network aired a total of 67 episodes. Starring Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis as private detectives, Allyce Beasley as their quirky receptionist, and Curtis Armstrong as a temp worker (and later junior detective), the show was a mixture of drama, comedy, mystery, and romance, and was considered to be one of the first successful and influential examples of comedy drama, or "dramedy", emerging as a distinct television genre.
The show's theme song was co-written and performed by jazz singer Al Jarreau and became a hit. The show is also credited with making Willis a star and relaunching Shepherd's career after a string of lackluster projects. In 1997, the episode "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice" was ranked number 34 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time. In 2007, the series was listed as one of Time magazine's "100 Best TV Shows of All-Time". The relationship between the characters David and Maddie was included in TV Guides list of the best TV couples of all time.

Plot
The series revolved around cases investigated by the Blue Moon Detective Agency and its two partners, Madolyn "Maddie" Hayes (Shepherd) and David Addison (Willis). The show, with a mix of mystery, sharp dialogue, and sexual tension between its leads, introduced Willis to the world and brought Shepherd back into the spotlight after a nearly decade-long absence. The characters were introduced in a two-hour pilot episode.

The show's storyline begins with the reversal of fortune of Maddie Hayes, a former model who finds herself bankrupt after her accountant embezzles all her liquid assets. She is left saddled with several failing businesses formerly maintained as tax writeoffs, one of which is the City of Angels Detective Agency, helmed by the carefree David Addison. Between the pilot and the first one-hour episode, David persuades Maddie to keep the business and run it as a partnership. The agency is renamed Blue Moon Investigations because Maddie was most famous for being the spokesmodel for the Blue Moon Shampoo Company. In many episodes, she was recognized as "the Blue Moon shampoo girl", if not by name.

In his audio commentary for the Season 3 DVD, creator Glenn Gordon Caron says that the inspiration for the series was a production of The Taming of the Shrew he saw in Central Park starring Meryl Streep and Raúl Julia. The show parodied the play in the Season 3 episode "Atomic Shakespeare".

Cast

Main cast
Cybill Shepherd as Madolyn "Maddie" Hayes, a chic, smart former high-fashion model. Left bankrupt when her accountant embezzles her money, she is forced to make a living by running the detective agency she owns as a tax writeoff. Using her celebrity as a former model, she brings in clients and tries to bring some order to a business previously run without any discipline. By the time he had written 50 pages for the pilot to the show, Caron says he realized he was writing the part for Shepherd. After reading the script, she immediately realized this was a part she wanted to do and, during her first meeting with Caron and producer Jay Daniel, remarked that it was reminiscent of a "Hawksian" comedy. The two had no idea what she was talking about, so she suggested they screen Twentieth Century, Bringing Up Baby, and His Girl Friday, three of her favorites, to see how the overlapping dialogue was handled. A week before shooting of the pilot began, Caron, Shepherd, and Willis watched Bringing Up Baby and His Girl Friday.

Bruce Willis as David Addison, a wisecracking detective running the City of Angels Detective Agency. Faced with the prospect of being put out of business, he convinces Maddie that they lost money only because they were supposed to and talks her into rebranding the agency and going into business with him as her partner. Caron had to fight with ABC to put Willis in the lead role, having already signed Shepherd for the pilot and series. Caron claims he tested Willis about a third of the way through over 2,000 actors, knew "this was the guy" immediately, and had to fight through twice as many more acting tests and readings while arguing with ABC executives before receiving conditional authorization to cast Willis in the pilot. According to Caron, ABC did not feel that viewers would find any sexual tension between Shepherd and Willis believable.
Allyce Beasley as Agnes DiPesto, the agency's extremely loyal and quirky receptionist who always answers the phone in rhyme. In season two, it is revealed that she lives at 6338 Hope Street. As problems arose with getting Willis and Shepherd on screen due to personal issues, the writers started to focus on the relationship between Agnes and fellow Blue Moon employee Herbert Viola. In the series finale, Agnes marries Herbert and berates Maddie and David for not being able to figure out their relationship as the entire set is dismantled and says, "if there's a God in heaven, he'll spin Herbert and me off in our own series."
Curtis Armstrong as Herbert Viola, who started at Blue Moon as an employee from a temp agency. The producers brought Armstrong in based on his work in Revenge of the Nerds and Better Off Dead, hoping to expand the role of DiPesto by giving her a love interest, thereby taking some of the pressure off Willis and Shepherd. As Herbert begins to shine in his duties, he gets promoted to junior detective and marries Agnes in the series finale. Debuting in season three, he appeared in 36 of the series' 67 episodes.
Jack Blessing as MacGillicudy, a Blue Moon employee who became a foil for Viola and a rival for DiPesto's affections. Debuting in season three, he appeared in 17 of the series' 67 episodes.

Guest cast
In addition to the primary cast, several notable actors appeared either as guest stars or made cameos on the series.

Recurring roles:
 Charles Rocket as Richard Addison, David's brother.
 Eva Marie Saint and Robert Webber as Virginia and Alexander Hayes, Maddie's parents.
 Mark Harmon appeared near the end of Season 3 as Sam Crawford, Maddie's romantic interest and rival with David.
 Dennis Dugan as Walter Bishop, who dates then marries Maddie
 Brooke Adams appeared in Season 4 as Terri Knowles, a single mother for whom David volunteered as a Lamaze partner in preparation for the birth of Maddie's child.
 Virginia Madsen appeared in Season 5 as Annie Charnock, Maddie's cousin and a short-term romantic interest for David.
One-time roles:
 Liz Sheridan as Selma in the pilot episode.
 Mary Hart as herself in the pilot episode.
 Tim Robbins as a hitman in the Season 1 episode  "Gunfight at the So-So Corral".
 C. Thomas Howell as a waiter (uncredited) in the Season 2 episode "The Lady in the Iron Mask", and as a postal worker (uncredited) in the Season 3 episode "Yours, Very Deadly".
 Orson Welles as himself delivering the cold open in the Season 2 episode "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice". It was Welles's last appearance before his death.
 Barbara Bain as Emily Grayson in the Season 2 episode "My Fair David".
 Dana Delany as Jillian Armstrong in the Season 2 episode "Knowing Her".
 David Patrick Kelly as McBride in the Season 2 episode "Somewhere Under the Rainbow".
 Dan Lauria as the Lieutenant in the Season 2 episode "Portrait of Maddie".
 Mark Linn-Baker as Phil West in the Season 2 episode "Atlas Belched".
 Richard Belzer as Leonard in the Season 2 episode "Twas the Episode Before Christmas".
 Whoopi Goldberg as Camille Brand in the Season 2 episode "Camille".
 Judd Nelson as a Police Officer in the Season 2 episode "Camille".
 Billy Barty as himself in the Season 2 episode "Camille".
 Paul Sorvino as David Addison Sr. in the Season 3 episode "The Son Also Rises".
 The Temptations as themselves in the Season 3 episode "Symphony in Knocked Flat".
 Don King as himself in the Season 3 episode "Symphony in Knocked Flat".
 Brad Dourif as Father McDonovan in the Season 3 episode "All Creatures Great and... Not So Great".
 Rick Ducommun as one of David's friends in the Season 3 episode "Big Man On Mulberry Street".
 Sandahl Bergman appeared in a "dream" dance sequence in the Season 3 episode "Big Man On Mulberry Street".
 Colm Meaney as one of Katharina's suitors in the Season 3 episode "Atomic Shakespeare".
 Sterling Holloway as the Narrator in the Season 3 episode "Atomic Shakespeare".
 Lionel Stander as Max in the Season 3 episode "It's a Wonderful Job".
 Cheryl Tiegs as herself in the Season 3 episode "It's a Wonderful Job".
 Pierce Brosnan as Remington Steele in the Season 3 episode "The Straight Poop".
 Peter Bogdanovich as himself in the Season 3 episode "The Straight Poop".
 Rona Barrett as herself in the Season 3 episode "The Straight Poop".
 Donna Dixon as Joan Tenowitz in the Season 3 episode "Blonde on Blonde".
 Sam McMurray as Moe Hyman in the Season 3 episode "Blonde on Blonde".
 Robert Wuhl as the Nut in Holding Cell in the Season 3 episode "Blonde on Blonde".
 Jeff Jarvis as himself in the Season 3 episode "Sam & Dave".
 Randall 'Tex' Cobb as "Big Guy in Gas Station" in the Season 3 episode "Sam & Dave".
 Gary Cole as Alan McClafferty in the Season 3 episode "Maddie's Turn to Cry".
 William Hickey as Mr. Kendall in the Season 3 episode "To Heiress Human".
 Dr. Joyce Brothers as herself in the Season 4 episode "A Trip to the Moon".
 Ray Charles as himself in the Season 4 episode "A Trip to the Moon".
 John Goodman as Donald Chase in the Season 4 episode "Come Back Little Shiksa".
 Amanda Plummer as Jacqueline "Jackie" Wilbourne in the Season 4 episode "Take a Left at the Altar".
 Terry O'Quinn as Bryant "Brian" Wilbourne in the Season 4 episode "Take a Left at the Altar".
 Imogene Coca as Clara DiPesto in the Season 4 episode "Los Dos DiPestos".
 Michelle Johnson as Mrs. Hunziger in the Season 5 episode "Plastic Fantastic Lovers".
 Jennifer Tilly as Nurse Saundra in the Season 5 episode "Plastic Fantastic Lovers".
 Colleen Dewhurst as Betty Russell in the Season 5 episode "Take My Wife, For Example".
 Rita Wilson as Carla in the Season 5 episode "Those Lips, Those Lies".
 Demi Moore, Bruce Willis's wife at the time, as the woman in the elevator in the Season 5 episode "When Girls Collide".
 Timothy Leary as minister Wynn Deaupayne in the Season 5 episode "Lunar Eclipse".
 Robert Ellenstein as Heinz in the Pilot episode
 Bill Erwin as Duncan Kennedy in the season 5 episode: "Perfetc"

Episodes

Format innovations

The series was created by Glenn Gordon Caron, one of the producers of the similar Remington Steele, when he was approached by ABC executive Lewis H. Erlicht. Erlicht liked the work Caron had done on Taxi and Remington Steele and wanted a detective show featuring a major star in a leading role who would appeal to an upscale audience. Caron wanted to do a romance, to which Erlicht replied "I don't care what it is, as long as it's a detective show."

The tone of the series was left up to the production staff, resulting in Moonlighting becoming one of the first successful TV "dramedies"— dramatic-comedy, a style of television and movies in which there is an equal or nearly equal balance of humor and serious content. The show made use of fast-paced, overlapping dialogue between the two leads, harking back to classic screwball comedy films such as those of director Howard Hawks. These innovative qualities resulted in its being nominated, for the first time in the 50-year history of the Directors Guild of America, for both Best Drama and Best Comedy in the same year (both in 1985 and 1986).

Breaking the fourth wall

Moonlighting frequently broke the fourth wall, with many episodes including dialogue that made direct references to the scriptwriters, the audience, the network, or the series itself. (For example, when a woman is trying to commit suicide by jumping into a bathtub with a television playing The Three Stooges, Addison says, "The Stooges? Are you nuts? The network'll never let you do that, lady!")

Cold opens sometimes featured Shepherd and Willis (in character as Maddie Hayes and David Addison), other actors, viewers, or TV critics directly addressing the audience about the show's production itself. These cold opens were originally borne out of desperation as a way to fill air time, since the dialogue on the show was spoken so quickly and the producers needed something to fill the entire hour. In some episodes, the production crew and sets become involved in the plot; in the final episode of the series, "Lunar Eclipse", Hayes and Addison find out that the show is being cancelled, and the office set is dismantled around them as they argue with a producer.

Fantasy
The series also embraced fantasy; in season two, the show aired "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice", an episode that features two lengthy and elaborately produced black-and-white dream sequences. David and Maddie are told about a murder that occurred in the 1940s by the inheritor of the then-famous nightclub where the murder took place. Maddie and David feud over whether the man or woman who was executed for the crime was the real murderer. The two dream sequences present each detective's version of how the murder took place. They were filmed on black-and-white film stock so that they would look like true period films. (On the commentary on the DVD, it is said that they used black-and-white film instead of color so that the network would not later use the color film.)

Fearing fan reaction to a popular show being shown in black and white, ABC demanded a disclaimer be made at the beginning of the episode to inform viewers of the "black-and-white" gimmick for the episode. The show's producers hired Orson Welles to deliver the introduction, which aired a few days after the actor's death.

"Atomic Shakespeare" features the cast performing a variation of The Taming of the Shrew, with David in the role of Petruchio, Maddie as Katharina, Agnes as Bianca, and Herbert as Lucentio. The episode features Shakespearean costumes and mixed the plot with humorous anachronisms and variations on Moonlightings own running gags. The characters perform the dialogue in iambic pentameter, and the episode is wrapped by segments featuring a boy imagining the episode's proceedings because his mother forced him to do his Shakespeare homework instead of watching Moonlighting.

Other
In addition, the show mocked its connection to the Remington Steele series by having Pierce Brosnan hop networks and make a cameo appearance as Steele in one episode. The show also acknowledged Hart to Hart as an influence: in the episode "It's a Wonderful Job", based on the film It's a Wonderful Life, Maddie's guardian angel showed her an alternate reality in which Jonathan and Jennifer Hart from the earlier series had taken over Blue Moon's lease. Although Robert Wagner and Stefanie Powers did not appear in the episode, Lionel Stander reprised his role as the Harts' assistant Max.

Both Shepherd and Willis sang musical numbers over the course of the show. In "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice", Shepherd performed both "Blue Moon" in Maddie's dream sequence and "I Told Ya I Love Ya, Now Get Out" in David's, while in "Atomic Shakespeare", Willis sings The Young Rascals' "Good Lovin'". Willis also frequently broke into shorter snippets of Motown songs. "Good Lovin'", "Blue Moon", and "I Told Ya I Love Ya..." appeared on the Moonlighting Soundtrack.

The episode "Big Man on Mulberry Street" centers around a production dance number set to the Billy Joel song of the same name. The sequence was directed by musical director Stanley Donen.

Production
Moonlighting was unusual at the time for being one of only three shows, due to FCC regulations limiting the practice, to be owned and produced in-house by a broadcast network (NBC's Punky Brewster and CBS's Twilight Zone revival being the others). This allowed the network greater flexibility in budgeting the show since the "back-end potential" for profits was so much greater with not having to pay a licensing fee to the film studio or independent production company. As a result, ABC gave Caron a lot of control over production. Caron, however, was a perfectionist and viewed Moonlighting as the filming of a one-hour movie every week, using techniques usually reserved for big budget films. To capture the cinematic feel of the films of the 1940s, for example, he would prohibit the use of a zoom lens, opting instead to use more time-consuming moving master cameras that move back and forth on a track and require constant resetting of the lights. Diffusion disks were used to soften Cybill Shepherd's features, and a special lens needed to be employed so that in a two shot, Maddie would be diffused and David would not.

Much of the credit for this look and feel can be attributed to the hiring of Gerald Finnerman as the director of photography. Finnerman, a second-generation cinematographer, was brought up in the old school of cinematography by working with his father, Perry Finnerman, and later as a camera operator for Harry Stradling on such films as My Fair Lady and The Picture of Dorian Gray. Finnerman would then go on to be the director of photography for the TV series Star Trek and was responsible for creating much of the mood in that show by employing black-and-white lighting techniques for color film. This background meshed perfectly with what Caron was trying to portray in the series and earned him an Emmy nomination for the black-and-white episode "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice". Hired for the show after the pilot was shot, Finnerman would become involved in virtually every aspect of the show including the scripts, lighting, set design, and even directing some of the later episodes.

Typical scripts for an average one-hour television show run 60 pages, but those for Moonlighting were nearly twice as long due to the fast talking overlapping dialogue of the main characters. While the average television show would take seven days to shoot, Moonlighting would take from 12 to 14 days to complete with episodes and dialogue frequently being written by Caron the same day they were shot. This attention to detail contributed to Moonlighting as being one of the most expensive television shows being produced at the time. Where most episodes would cost around $900,000 to produce, Moonlighting was running nearly double that. The season 2 episode "The Dream Sequence Always Rings Twice" could have been filmed much more cheaply by being shot in color and then decolorized, but Caron insisted on the authentic look of black-and-white film which took 16 days to shoot, bringing the cost of the episode to the then-unheard-of sum of two million dollars. Caron often defended his filming practices in the name of giving the audience what they wanted and producing a quality product. He used the following analogy to illustrate the point, "The thinking in television which makes no damn sense to me, is that a half hour of television costs X, and an hour of television costs Y, no matter what that television is, it strikes me as an insane hypothesis. The parallel is, you're hungry, whether you go to McDonald's or whether you go to '21,' it should cost the same; they both fill your stomach. It's nonsense."

All of this attention to detail resulted in production delays and the show became notorious for airing reruns when new episodes had not been completed in time for broadcast. The first two seasons of Moonlighting focused almost entirely on the two main characters, having them appear in almost every scene. According to Cybill Shepherd, "I left home at 5 A.M. each day. Moonlighting scripts were close to a hundred pages, half again as long as the average one-hour television series. Almost from the moment the cameras started rolling we were behind schedule, sometimes completing as few as sixteen episodes per season, and never achieving the standard twenty-two."

Glenn Gordon Caron partly blamed Cybill Shepherd for production problems:

"I don't mean to paint her as the sole bearer of responsibility for the discord. But if I said to you, 'You're going to have a great new job – it's a life-defining job – but you're going to work 14–15 hours a day, and by the way, you'll never know what hours those are – sometimes you'll start at noon and work until 3 a.m., other times you won't know when or where it will be [until the last minute].' It can be very difficult, it requires an amazing amount of stamina. It's easier to do if you're still reaching for the stars, it's a lot tougher if you're already a star, if you've already reached the top of the mountain."

Producer Jay Daniel talked about the difficulties between the costars in the later seasons: "Well, I was the guy that more often than not would be the one that would go into the lions den when they were having disagreements. I'd sort of be the referee, try to resolve it so that we could get back to work. So there was that side of it. Everybody knows there was friction between the two of them on the stage. In the beginning, Bruce was just a guy's guy. Let's just say he evolved. Over the years, he went from being the crew's best friend and just being grateful for the work and all of that to realizing that he was going to be a movie star and wanting to move on. Part of that was because of his strained relationship with Cybill. That sometimes made the set a very unpleasant place to be. Cybill – I got along with her very well at times, other times I'd have to be the one who said you have to come out of the trailer and go to work. In fairness to her, she was in the makeup chair at six thirty in the morning with pages of dialogue she hadn't seen before, she'd work very long hours, and then be back in the makeup chair at six thirty the next morning."

The delays became so great that even ABC mocked the lateness with an ad campaign showing network executives waiting impatiently for the arrival of new episodes at ABC's corporate headquarters. One episode featured television critic Jeff Jarvis in an introduction, sarcastically reminding viewers what was going on with the show's plot since it had been so long since the last new episode.

The season three clipshow episode "The Straight Poop" also made fun of the episode delays by having Hollywood columnist Rona Barrett drop by the Blue Moon Detective Agency to figure out why David and Maddie couldn't get along, as the premise to set up the clips from earlier episodes. In the end, Rona convinced them to apologize to one another, and promised the viewers that there would be an all-new episode the following week.

Shepherd's real-life pregnancy and a skiing accident in which Willis broke his clavicle further contributed to production delays. To counter these problems, with the fourth season, the writers began to focus more of the show's attention on supporting cast members Agnes and Herbert, writing several episodes focusing on the two so that the show would be able to have episodes ready for airing.

Ratings and decline
Moonlighting was a hit with TV audiences as well as with critics and industry insiders, with 16 Emmy nominations for the second season which saw Moonlighting tie for 20th place in the Nielsen ratings. In season three, the show peaked at 9th, then dropped off slightly to tie for 12th in the 4th season. By the end of the final season, the show was 49th in the ratings.

The show's ratings decline is popularly attributed to Episode #14 of Season 3, "I Am Curious... Maddie", which infamously had Maddie and David consummate their relationship after two and a half years of romantic tension. In commentaries on the third season DVD set, Caron disputed that the event led to the show's decline, but that a number of other factors led to the series' decline and eventual cancellation. In the fourth season, Willis and Shepherd had scant screen time together.  Jay Daniel explained that:  Bruce Willis was filming Die Hard during this period. When the film became a blockbuster, a film career beckoned and his desire to continue in a weekly series waned. In a series that depended on the chemistry between the two main stars, not having them together for the bulk of the fourth season hurt the ratings.

The series lost Glenn Gordon Caron as executive producer and head writer when he left the show over difficulties with the production:  Shepherd recalled Caron left the show stating that it was either him or her, and he did not think the network would choose him.

When Maddie returned to Los Angeles near the end of the fourth season, the writers tried to recreate the tension between Maddie and David by having Maddie spontaneously marry a man named Walter Bishop (Dennis Dugan) within a few hours of meeting him on the train back to Los Angeles. When Shepherd read the script, she strongly voiced her objection that her character would not do such a thing, but was overruled. The move failed to rekindle the sparks between the main characters or capture the interest of the audience, which led to an even further ratings decline.

Cancellation
Neither of the principal stars was fully committed to the final season of the show. Bruce Willis, fresh from his Die Hard success, wanted to make more films. Cybill Shepherd, having just given birth to twins, had grown tired of the long, grueling production days and was ready for the series to end.

In the 1988–1989 TV season, the show's ratings declined precipitously.  The March to August 1988 Writers Guild of America strike cancelled plans for the 1987–1988 Moonlighting season finale to be filmed and aired on TV in 3-D in a deal with Coca-Cola, and delayed the broadcast of the first new episode until December 6, 1988.  The series went on hiatus during the February sweeps, and returned on Sunday evenings in the spring of 1989.  Six more episodes aired before the series was cancelled in May of that year.

In keeping with the show's tradition of "breaking the fourth wall", the last episode (fittingly titled "Lunar Eclipse") featured Maddie and David returning from Agnes and Herbert's wedding to find the Blue Moon sets being taken away, and an ABC network executive waiting to tell them that the show has been cancelled.  The characters then race through the studio lot in search of a television producer named Cy, as the world of Moonlighting is slowly dismantled.

When they find Cy, he is screening a print of "In 'n Outlaws", the episode of Moonlighting that had aired two weeks earlier. Once informed of the problem, Cy lectures David and Maddie on the perils of losing their audience and the fragility of romance. Cy was played by Dennis Dugan, the same actor who had played Walter Bishop in Maddie's marriage storyline — however, Dugan was also the director of the episode, so his acting credit was listed as "Walter Bishop". David and Maddie then admit  defeat that  the show is ending but not before Maddie tells David 'I can't imagine not seeing you again tomorrow' and then we are treated to a clip montage of previous Moonlighting episodes and then it ends with a message  stating that "Blue Moon Investigations ceased operations on May 14, 1989. The Anselmo Case was never solved... and remains a mystery to this day."

Syndication
As the show had not produced enough episodes to gain a syndication contract, following its original run it was not widely seen until its DVD release, although it occasionally appeared on cable channels targeting women (including Lifetime and Bravo in the US, and W in Canada) in the 1990s and 2000s.  Bravo airings often featured new claymation promos with Maddie and David using original audio clips from the series.  The "Atomic Shakespeare" episode aired on Nick at Nite in 2005 as part of the network's 20th anniversary celebration.  The 1985 ABC Tuesday night line-up was honored with reruns of Who's the Boss?, Growing Pains, and Moonlighting, although "Atomic Shakespeare" was from the '86-'87 season.

BBC Two initially carried the show in the UK from 1986 to 1989, and it ran on Sky 1 circa 1991. It has been shown on CBS Drama since November 2009.  Between 2005 and 2008, the show was frequently shown on the now defunct channel ABC1. TVNZ aired the show in New Zealand in its entirety in the 1980s, and repeated it in 2004. In Asia, Moonlighting began airing Seasons 1 and 2 on Rewind Network's HITS channel in December 2013. On October 10, 2023, it had commenced streaming on Hulu, digitally remastered in HD.

Awards and nominations

Moonlighting was nominated for a wide range of awards, including nominations for 40 Emmy Awards of which it won 6. It was also nominated for 10 Golden Globe Awards of which it won 3.

Home media
On February 6, 1991 the pilot was released on VHS by Warner Home Video.

Anchor Bay Entertainment released the original pilot episode on DVD in region 1. Lions Gate Entertainment later released the entire series of Moonlighting, including the pilot episode, on DVD in Region 1.  Each release contains bonus features including commentaries and featurettes.  As of 2013, these releases have been discontinued and are out of print.

In Regions 2 & 4, Sony Pictures Home Entertainment has released all 5 seasons on DVD, although the Region 4 sets are now out of print.  A complete series box set was also released in Region 2 on September 14, 2009.

Following the release of the series on DVD in the mid-2000s, Moonlighting had not been available on any streaming platform because of the costly music licensing. However, on October 5, 2022, Caron posted on his official Twitter account that work had begun to prepare all five seasons of the series for streaming. In September 2023, it was announced that all 67 episodes of the series, remastered in high definition, would be made available on Disney's streaming service Hulu starting October 10 that same year. The series will feature its theme song by Al Jarreau, and that "great care" was given to preserve as many original songs as possible. For example, songs sung by the actors and those that were deemed "critical" were retained, while songs used for background ambiance were replaced with new songs.

Parodies
Riptide, a once-popular detective series whose ratings had declined to the point of cancellation after airing against Moonlighting in the 1985–1986 television season, aired an episode (the show's penultimate) in 1986, in which that show's detectives acted as mentors to "Rosalind Grant" (Annette McCarthy) and "Cary Russell" (H. Richard Greene), the bickering stars of a television detective show pilot. Although their names were an allusion to Cary Grant and Rosalind Russell, the characters were written as parodies of Shepherd and Willis, even adopting some of their real mannerisms and clothing styles, and their dialogue contained many nods, both obvious and subtle, to Moonlighting's writing style. The episode was explicitly promoted by NBC (Riptide's network) as a Moonlighting parody, and was publicized as such widely enough that Riptide's producers felt obliged to clarify that they liked Moonlighting and intended the episode as an homage. The episode was even titled "If You Can't Beat 'Em, Join 'Em".

The series even spawned a porn parody entitled "Moonlusting" in 1987, directed by Henri Pachard and starring Taija Rae as Hattie Mays and Jerry Butler as David Madison, together running the New Poon Detective Agency. The dynamic of the main characters mirrored that of Shepherd and Willis, even down to breaking the fourth wall and addressing viewers directly.

The show was parodied as "Moon-Fighting" in Mad Magazine #264 by Dick DeBartolo and Mort Drucker.

The show was also parodied on an episode of "The Chipmunks" titled "Dreamlighting" in 1988 with Alvin's character named "Alvinson" based on David Addison.

 See also
 List of Moonlighting episodes
 Moonlighting soundtrack
 Detective couple, Nick and Nora Charles

ReferencesNotesFurther reading'

External links

Moonlighting in the Encyclopedia of Television

1980s American comedy-drama television series
1980s American mystery television series
1980s American romantic comedy television series
1980s American workplace comedy television series
1980s American workplace drama television series
1985 American television series debuts
1989 American television series endings
American Broadcasting Company original programming
American detective television series
English-language television shows
Metafictional television series
Primetime Emmy Award-winning television series
Television series about couples
Television series by Disney–ABC Domestic Television
Television shows set in Los Angeles
Television shows scored by Alf Clausen

Moonlighting (TV series)


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قائمة بالأبطال في 1966 البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية لكرة المضرب (المعروفة الآن باسم أمريكا المفتوحة):

الكبار

فردي رجال

 فريد ستول هزم  جون نيوكومب 4-6 12-10 6-3 6-4

فردي سيدات

 ماريا بيونو هزم  نانسي ريتشي 6-3, 6-1

مراجع

الرياضة في مدينة نيويورك في 1966
أحداث سبتمبر 1966 الرياضية
أحداث سبتمبر 1966 الرياضية في الولايات المتحدة
البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية (كرة مضرب) حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1966
كرة مضرب أمريكية في 1966

البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية 1966 (كرة مضرب)


تاريخية يسوع  هي مسألة الموثوقية التاريخية حول وجود شخص يسوع الناصري والآثار الداعمة لوجوده. يُفرّق العلماء بين يسوع حسب طرق الدراسة التاريخية وبين مسيح الإيمان حسب التقاليد الثيولوجية. ويحتل شخص يسوع مكانة مركزية في عدة ديانات خاصة المسيحية والإسلام.

النظرة التاريخية لدى غالبية المؤرخين تتفق على وجوده في التاريخ، على أنه معلم يهودي من الجليل في مقاطعة اليهودية الرومانيّة، عُمِّد على يد يوحنا المعمدان، وأثارت تعاليمه قلقًا وحنقًا أفضى إلى صلبه على يد بيلاطس البنطي. النظرات التاريخية حوله تعددت بين، رجل دين يهودي، وزعيم حركة دينية، وحكيم أو فيلسوف ومصلح اجتماعي نادى بالحسن الخلقي والمساواة، وكان الوعظ عن ملكوت الله أحد أبرز مفاهيمه أو محور عمله.

الشهادات التاريخية
إنّ أقدم إشارة واضحة إلى يسوع في المؤلفات غير المسيحية فتعود إلى المؤرخ اليهودي يوسيفوس، وفيها يصف يسوع بأنه رجل دين يأتي بأعمال عجيبة ويعظ الناس وقد اتبعه عدد كبير من اليهود والوثنيين. بيد أنّ عددًا من الباحثين شككوا في صحة نسبة ذلك النص إلى المؤرخ العبريّ. وهنالك إِشارة ثانية ترجع إلى المؤرخ ثاليس الذي عاش في النصف الثاني من القرن الأول. وهو يرى - في ما بقي منها حتى اليوم - أنّ الظلمة الخارقة التي حدثت عند موت المسيح هي من الظواهر الطبيعية، كذلك فقد أشار الوالي الروماني بلني الأصغر في رسالة وجهها حوالي عام 110 إلى الإمبراطور تراجان إلى المسيح بشكل غير مباشر. سوى ذلك فإن مكتشفات المدافن السردابية الواقعة ضمن روما تحوي بضع أيقونات وكتابات تشير إليه، لذلك فعلى الرغم من ميل بعض الباحثين أمثال جولنبرك وفيلني وديفيد ستراوس خلال القرن التاسع عشر للاعتقاد بعدم تاريخية وجود يسوع، فإن الباحثين وبدءًا من القرن العشرين عمدوا إلى إثبات وجوده التاريخي.

الشهادات المسيحية
أما أقدم المصادر المسيحية فهي الرسالة التي كتبها القديس بولس إلى أهل تسالونيكي حوالي عام 49 أو 50. خلال الفترة السابقة للوثائق المكتوبة يشير اللاهوتيون والباحثون اعتمادًا على عدد من آيات العهد الجديد عن وجود فترة يطلق عليها اسم «التقليد الشفهي» سابقة للتدوين الكتابي بالشكل المتعارف عليه اليوم، من هذه الآيات لوقا 2/1 و رسالة يوحنا الأولى 3/1، إلى جانب عدد من الأدلة الضمنية الأخرى. وتشير الأدبيات المسيحية القديمة أن الجماعات المسيحية الأولى قد أطلقت على هذا التقليد الشفهي اسم «كلام الرب» وكانت تتناقله على ألسنة الحفاظ زمانًا طويلاً قبل أن تبدأ عملية تدوين الأناجيل إثر تكاثر الاضطهادات ووفاة الرسل الأوائل، وأقدم الأناجيل هو إنجيل مرقس الذي كتب حوالي عام 65 إلى 70 خلال لاضطهاد الكبير الذي قاده نيرون وفق رأي اللاهوتيين اليسوعيين وباحثو حركة النقد الأعلى للكتاب المقدس، في حين يعود تاريخ تدوين إنجيلي متى ولوقا إلى ما بعد دمار الهيكل أي بين عامي 70 - 80. وآخر من دون من الأناجيل القانونية هو إنجيل يوحنا حوالي عام 90. وقبل تدوين الأناجيل كوثائق مكتوبة كانت رسائل بولس الرسول بأجمعها قد دونت. أي أنها سابقة للأناجيل تاريخيًا، وإن كان الباحثون يفترضون وجود وثائق مكتوبة لبعض أقول يسوع أو تفاصيل حياته كروايتي الموت والقيامة. وخلال الفترة الأولى لوجود الوثائق المكتوبة حظيت الرسائل بمكانة بارزة نظرًا ما تمتع به بولس الرسول من شهرة، غير أن التقليد الشفهي ظل قويًا أمام الأناجيل كوثائق مكتوبة تروي حياة يسوع، وأقدم إشارة إلى للأناجيل متوافرة اليوم هي إشارة الشهيد يستينس أواخر القرن الأول حيث يذكر أن المسيحيين يقرؤون في اجتماعات يوم الأحد مؤلفات تروي حياة يسوع وأنهم يعدونها مؤلفات للرسل أو أقله لأشخاص يمتون للرسل بصلة وثيقة.

يحدد المختصون حوالي عام 150 موعدًا لبداية وضع قانون العهد الجديد، وضم مؤلفاته في بوتقة واحدة. السبب الرئيس في ذلك يعود لتكاثر المؤلفات التي تتحدث عن يسوع وحياته وجلّها يعود لفترة متأخرة في التأليف ومنقولة عن تقاليد شعبية أو متأثرة ببعض المذاهب المسيحية التي رفضت من قبل الكنيسة الأولى وأشهرها الغنوصية، عمومًا فإن المعيار الذي اتبع في التفريق بين الكتب الرسمية عن الكتب الغير رسمية هي صحة نسبتها إلى الرسل، ويسود الاعتقاد لدى أغلب الباحثين أن الأناجيل الأربعة إلى جانب رسائل بولس نالت مقام «الأدب القانوني» قرابة عام 170، وقد ساهمت حركة مرقيان الذي أنكر سلطة العهد القديم على المسيحيين، في تسريع هذه العملية بشكل كبير. في حين أن المؤلفات الأخرى كرسائل الكاثوليكون فقد انضمت بشكل تدريجي في وقت لاحق بعد جدل واسع حول صحة نسبتها للرسل، ولاقى سفر رؤيا يوحنا والرسالة إلى العبرانيين أشد تلك المجادلات، ولم يكتمل قانون العهد الجديد بالشكل المتعارف عليه اليوم قبل بداية القرن الثالث، ولم يطلق عليه هذا الاسم قبل أواخر القرن الثاني تماشيًا مع ما ذهب إليه بولس في الرسالة الثانية إلى كورنثس 14/3.

فيما يخص نظرة الإنجيل ليسوع فإن النسخة اليسوعية للكتاب المقدس، تشير إلى أن محرري الأناجيل ليسوا كتابًا انكبوا في مكاتبهم على وثائق مبوبة تبويبًا محكمًا فأقدموا على وضع تاريخ ليسوع الناصري من ميلاده إلى موته، فطريقة تأليف الأناجيل تختلف كل الاختلاف عن هذه الطريقة. إذ إن الإنجيليين دونوا وفق رؤيتهم الخاصة التقاليد الشفهية وذكرياتهم السابقة، واهتموا بنقل البشارة وإبراز معنى أقوال يسوع أكثر من الاهتمام بالتعبير عن المضمون الحرفي لأقواله، وهكذا نفسر اختلافًا في صيغ التطويبات والصلاة الربية وكلام التقديس، كذلك سعوا لإبراز جوهر أعماله دون وضعها في إطار زمني أو جغرافي دقيق وكذلك لم يهتموا بتفاصيلها، لذلك يضع إنجيل يوحنا رمزًا موعد العشاء الفصحي حيث يذبح حمل الفصح وفق الشريعة اليهودية قبل عيد الفصح، لأن المسيح بموته بات هو الفصح الجديد وحمله، ومن المعروف أن إنجيل يوحنا يطلق على المسيح في غير موضع لقب «الحمل». في حين تذكر الأناجيل الإزائية أن يسوع تناول مع التلاميذ الاثني عشر أول أيام الفصح. كذلك يبدو يسوع في إنجيل متى أكثر وقارًا مما هو عليه في إنجيل مرقس.

وانطلاقًا من تغليب الجوهر على الشكل، لا ير المسيحيون تناقضًا في الأناجيل رغم اختلافاتها. بكل الأحوال فإن الأناجيل تعتبر المرجع الوحيد الأقدم حول حياة يسوع وتعاليمه، ورغم اختلافاتها فإن القواسم المشتركة بينها كفيلة برسم صيغة عامة مشتركة عن فعاليته ونشاطاته. بعض الباحثين واللاهوتيين يأخذ بعين الاعتبار أيضًا أجزءًا من الأناجيل المنحولة كمصادر للبحث، خصوصًا تلك الأجزاء التي اتفق آباء الكنيسة على صحيتها وباتت عقائد رسمية في بعض الكنائس المسيحية، كتحديد عمر مريم العذراء بثلاث عشر عامًا لدى حملها يسوع وهو ما يذكر في إنجيل بشارة يعقوب. عمومًا فإن الأناجيل المنحولة لا تختلف في الإطار العام لرواياتها بشكل كبير عن الأناجيل الرسمية باستثناء الأناجيل الغنوصية التي ظهرت في القرنين الثاني والثالث ومزجت بين المعتقدات الدينية اليونانية والمسيحية، واعتمدت على طرق خاصة من التصوف لمعرفة الله ولذلك دعيت «جماعة العرفان».

انظر أيضًا

 يسوع في علم الأساطير المقارن
 الخلفية التاريخية للعهد الجديد
 ندوة يسوع
 اكتتاب كيرينيوس

ملاحظات

المراجع

تأريخية الكتاب المقدس
خلافات تاريخية
نظرية أسطورة يسوع
يسوع والتاريخ

تاريخية يسوع


Dunston es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de South Staffordshire, en el condado de Staffordshire (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Dunston tiene una superficie de 6,45 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Dunston tenía 250 habitantes (50,8% varones, 49,2% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 38,76 hab/km². El 16,4% eran menores de 16 años, el 76,4% tenían entre 16 y 74, y el 7,2% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 44,24 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 16,75% estaban solteros, el 71,29% casados, y el 11,96% divorciados o viudos.

Todos los habitantes eran de raza blanca y la mayor parte (96,43%) originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 2,38% de la población, mientras que el 1,19% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. El cristianismo era profesado por el 87,2%, mientras que el 4,8% no eran religiosos y el 8% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Había 99 hogares con residentes y 6 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Staffordshire
Parroquias civiles de Staffordshire

Dunston (Staffordshire)


مقاطعة فنلندا الجنوبية (بالفنلندية Etelä-Suomen lääni، بالسويدية Södra Finlands län) إحدى مقاطعات فنلندا الستة . تحدها مقاطعتي و فنلندا الغربية وفنلندا الشرقية وخليج فنلندا وروسيا.

مراجع

دول وأقاليم انحلت في 2009
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1997
مقاطعات فنلندا
مقاطعات فنلندا (1997–2009)

فنلندا الجنوبية


Smrčina steht für mehrere Lokalitäten im tschechischen Raum und der unmittelbaren Umgebung
 Smrčina (Plesná) (Ermesgrün), ein Stadtteil von Plesná im Okres Cheb
 Smrčina (Podhradí) (Elfhausen), Ansiedlung der Gemeinde Podhradí
 Smrčina (Sorg), Ansiedlung der Gemeinde Podhradí, siehe Schloss Smrčina
 Smrčina (Kronesberg), Einschicht in der Gemeinde Jindřichovice
 Hochficht, der tschechische Name für den Berg im Mühlviertel Oberösterreichs

Smrčina


WWE Day 1 foi um evento ao vivo de luta profissional produzido pela WWE. Foi realizado para lutadores das divisões da marca Raw e SmackDown da promoção. O evento foi ao ar em pay-per-view (PPV) em todo o mundo e estava disponível para transmissão através da Peacock nos Estados Unidos e pela WWE Network para todo o mundo. Ocorreu em 1º de janeiro de 2022, na State Farm Arena, em Atlanta, Geórgia, e foi o primeiro evento da empresa a ocorrer no dia de Ano Novo. O título do evento alude à sua programação de Ano Novo e foi o primeiro PPV da WWE a ter o tema de Ano Novo desde a New Year's Revolution de 2007. Sua programação também causou o cancelamento do evento TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs, que normalmente era realizado no final de dezembro. O Day 1 também foi o primeiro evento da WWE a ser marcado como "Premium Live Event", um termo que a empresa introduziu para se referir aos seus eventos transmitidos em PPV e serviços de transmissão ao vivo.

Sete lutas foram disputadas no evento, incluindo uma no pré-show. No evento principal, Brock Lesnar derrotou Seth "Freakin" Rollins, Kevin Owens, Bobby Lashley e o atual campeão Big E em uma luta fatal five-way para ganhar o Campeonato da WWE do Raw ao fazer o pin em Big E. Lesnar estava originalmente programado para enfrentar Roman Reigns pelo Campeonato Universal do SmackDown, mas essa luta foi cancelada horas antes do evento devido a Reigns testar positivo para COVID-19. Em outras lutas de destaque, Becky Lynch derrotou Liv Morgan para manter o Campeonato Feminino do Raw, RK-Bro (Randy Orton e Riddle) derrotou The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins e Montez Ford) para manter o Campeonato de Duplas do Raw, Edge derrotou The Miz, e na luta de abertura, The Usos (Jey Uso e Jimmy Uso) derrotaram The New Day (Kofi Kingston e King Woods) para reter o Campeonato de Duplas do SmackDown.

Produção

Introdução
Em 23 de julho de 2021, a promoção de luta livre profissional americana WWE anunciou que iria realizar um evento pay-per-view (PPV) no sábado, 1° de janeiro de 2022, na State Farm Arena em Atlanta, Geórgia, que contaria com lutadores das marcas Raw e SmackDown. A State Farm Arena é a casa dos Atlanta Hawks da National Basketball Association (NBA), e o anúncio foi feito pelo armador Trae Young, as estrelas dos Hawks. Devido ao evento que ocorreria no primeiro dia do ano, foi intitulado Day 1. Isso marca o primeiro evento PPV da WWE a acontecer no Dia de Ano Novo. Os ingressos foram colocados à venda em 27 de agosto de 2021. A empresa realizou anteriormente um evento PPV temático de ano novo chamado New Year's Revolution de 2005 a 2007, mas cada um de seus eventos foi realizado logo após o Dia de Ano Novo.

Um dos temas oficiais do evento é "Straightenin", do trio de hip hop Migos. Em 10 de dezembro de 2021, a WWE anunciou que o trio fará uma aparição especial no evento.

A programação do Day 1 fez com que a WWE cancelasse seu evento anual TLC: Tables, Ladders & Chairs para Raw e SmackDown, que estava agendado para 19 de dezembro de 2021. O jornalista de Wrestling Dave Meltzer relatou que o TLC foi cancelado para permitir que a WWE se concentrasse no Day 1 após o Survivor Series de novembro. Também teria havido apenas duas semanas entre o TLC e o Day 1, seguido pelo Royal Rumble no final de janeiro.

Histórias
O evento incluiu lutas que resultam de enredos roteirizados, onde os lutadores retratam heróis, vilões ou personagens menos distintos em eventos roteirizados que criam tensão e culminam em uma partida de luta livre ou em uma série de lutas. Os resultados são predeterminados pelos escritores da WWE nas marcas Raw e SmackDown, enquanto as histórias são produzidas nos programas semanais de televisão da WWE, Monday Night Raw e Friday Night SmackDown.

No Raw de 25 de outubro, Seth Rollins venceu uma combate de escadas para se tornar o desafiante número um pelo Campeonato da WWE. No episódio de 29 de novembro, foi anunciado que Rollins receberia sua luta pelo título contra o campeão da WWE Big E no Day 1. Naquela mesma noite, no entanto, os oficiais da WWE Adam Pearce e Sonya Deville organizaram uma luta pelo título entre Big E e Kevin Owens, que também havia competido no combate de escadas, onde se Owens vencesse, ele seria adicionado à luta pelo título, para desgosto de Rollins, que estivera em desacordo com Owens nas últimas semanas. Na tentativa de sabotar a luta, Rollins interferiu, assim Owens venceu por desqualificação e foi adicionado à luta do campeonato, tornando-se a luta em um combate triplo. Na semana seguinte, depois que Big E derrotou Owens em uma luta em uma jaula de aço com Rollins nos comentários, Bobby Lashley apareceru e atacou os três ferozmente. No episódio seguinte, Lashley, que Big E havia derrotado pelo título em setembro, explicou suas ações e exigiu ser adicionado à partida do campeonato no Day 1; no entanto, Owens e Rollins fizeram uma exceção, enquanto Big E afirmou que não importava quem ele enfrentasse, já que ele ainda seria o campeão após o PPV. Pearce e Deville então apareceram e escalaram Lashley para enfrentar Owens, Rollins e Big E, respectivamente, onde se ele ganhasse cada partida, ele seria adicionado à partida do campeonato. Lashley teve sucesso e foi adicionado ao combate pelo Campeonato da WWE no Day 1, tornando-se um fatal four-way match.

No episódio do Raw de 29 de novembro, Edge fez seu retorno, que foi sua primeira aparição após o Draft de 2021 entraram em vigor em 22 de outubro. Edge, que foi draftado para o Raw, listou nomes com potencial oponentes que ele ainda não havia enfrentado. The Miz, junto com sua esposa Maryse, interrompeu, com Miz também fazendo seu retorno do após as filmagens da 30ª temporada de Dancing with the Stars. Miz se sentiu desrespeitado porque seu retorno não foi promovido como o de Edge e também porque ele não estava na lista de potenciais oponentes de Edge. Após uma troca verbal acalorada, Miz provocou uma luta contra Edge, no entanto, Miz rejeitou. Na semana seguinte, Edge foi um convidado do "Miz TV". Após outra troca verbal acalorada entre os dois, Miz desafiou Edge para uma luta no Day 1, e Edge aceitou.

No Raw de 8 de novembro, Liv Morgan venceu uma luta fatal five-way para ganhar uma luta pelo Campeonato Feminino do Raw contra Becky Lynch. A luta pelo título aconteceu no episódio de 6 de dezembro, onde Lynch manteve o título usando as cordas como alavanca durante a imobilização. Na semana seguinte, Lynch comemorou sua vitória e insultou Morgan. Irada, Morgan então saiu, criticou Lynch por trapacear para ganhar e exigiu uma revanche no Day 1. As duas então brigaram, onde Lynch atacou o braço de Morgan usando os degraus de aço. Lynch então aceitou o desafio de Morgan.

Combate cancelado
No Crown Jewel, Roman Reigns derrotou Brock Lesnar para reter o Campeonato Universal com a ajuda dos Usos (Jey Uso e Jimmy Uso). No SmackDown da noite seguinte, um Lesnar atacou Reigns, The Usos, outros lutadores do plantel e o pessoal de segurança devido a terem sido roubados do campeonato. O oficial da WWE Adam Pearce suspendeu Lesnar indefinidamente e Lesnar respondeu realizando dois F-5s em Pearce, que mais tarde multou Lesnar em $ 1 milhão. No episódio de 26 de novembro, Sami Zayn venceu uma batalha real para se tornar o desafiante número um pelo Campeonato Universal. Imediatamente após a partida, no entanto, foi anunciado que a suspensão de Lesnar foi retirada e ele retornaria na semana seguinte. Naquele episódio, Lesnar convenceu Zayn a enfrentar Reigns pelo título naquela noite. A oficial da WWE Sonya Deville tornou oficial e que o vencedor defenderia o Campeonato Universal contra Lesnar no Day 1. Antes da partida, no entanto, Lesnar atacou Zayn, o que permitiu a Reigns derrotar Zayn rapidamente e manter o título, agendando oficialmente Reigns para defender o campeonato contra Lesnar no Day 1. No episódio de 17 de dezembro, como Reigns acreditava que Paul Heyman era o responsável pelo retorno de Lesnar devido ao fato de Heyman ter sido o advogado de Lesnar, Reigns despediu Heyman como seu conselheiro especial, e Lesnar salvou Heyman de Reigns e os Usos. No dia do evento, no entanto, a luta foi cancelada devido ao teste positivo de Reigns para COVID-19, com Lesnar sendo adicionado ao combate pelo Campeonato da WWE do Raw devido ao seu status como um agente livre.

Evento

Pré-show
No pré-show do Day 1 Kickoff, Sheamus e Ridge Holland enfrentaram Cesaro e Ricochet. Durante o combate, Holland quebrou o nariz após um giro mal executado de Ricochet. A equipe médica chegou e levou Holland nos bastidores. No final, Sheamus executou um Brogue Kick em Cesaro para vencer a luta.

Combates preliminares
O pay-per-view começou com The Usos (Jey Uso e Jimmy Uso) defendendo o Campeonato de Duplas do SmackDown contra The New Day (King Woods e Kofi Kingston). Durante a luta, Jey executou um Uso Splash em Kingston por quase uma queda. Kingstin executou o SOS em Jey por uma queda. Os Usos então executaram um Double Uso Splash em Kingston, no entanto, Woods interrompeu a tentativa de pin. Jimmy pegou Woods com um Superkick. No final, The Usos realizou o 1D em Kingston para manter o título.

Em seguida, Drew McIntyre enfrentou Madcap Moss (acompanhado de Happy Corbin). No final, McIntyre executou o Claymore Kick em Moss para vencer a luta.

Depois disso, RK-Bro (Randy Orton e Riddle) defenderam o Campeonato de Duplas do Raw contra The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins e Montez Ford). Nos momentos finais, Riddle jogou Ford no ar e Orton realizou um RKO em Ford para manter o título. Convidados especiais Migos estavam no ringue para a partida e comemoraram com RK-Bro após a luta.

Nos bastidores, enquanto Drew McIntyre estava sendo entrevistado, Happy Corbin e Madcap Moss atacaram McIntyre por trás com uma cadeira de aço. Moss colocou a cadeira em volta do pescoço de McIntyre e Corbin atingiu a cadeira usando uma trança de metal, ferindo o pescoço de McIntyre.

Na quarta luta, Edge enfrentou The Miz (acompanhado por Maryse). Durante a luta, Miz aplicou o Figure Four Leglock apenas para Edge tocar a corda do ringue para anular a submissão. Quando Edge aplicou um Crossface em Miz, Maryse colocou o pé de Miz na corda inferior para anular a submissão. Quando Edge tentou um Spear, Miz evitou Edge e executou o Skull Crushing Finale e, Edge. Nos momentos finais, enquanto Maryse estava distraindo o árbitro, a Hall da Fama e a esposa de Edge, Beth Phoenix, apareceu e perseguiu Maryse nos bastidores. Edge executou uma Spear em Miz para vencer o combate.

Na penúltima luta, Becky Lynch defendeu o Campeonato Feminino do Raw contra Liv Morgan. No início da luta, Morgan aplicou o Dis-Arm-Her em Lynch, que tocou as cordas do ringue para anular a finalização. Morgan executou um Sunset Flip Powerbomb em Lynch. Ao lado do ringue, Morgan prendeu o braço de Lynch nos degraus de aço e chutou os degraus, como Lynch havia feito com ela algumas semanas antes. No final, quando Morgan tentou o Oblivion, Lynch reverteu e executou o Manhandle Slam em Morgan para manter o título.

Evento principal
No evento principal, Big E defendeu o Campeonato da WWE em uma luta fatal five-way contra Seth "Freakin" Rollins, Bobby Lashley, Kevin Owens e Brock Lesnar. Durante a luta, Lesnar realizou vários German Suplexes nos outros lutadores, exceto Lashley. Big E executou um Clothesline em Lesnar tirando-o do ringue. Lashley então executou uma Spear em Lesnar através da barricada perto da área dos cronometristas. Rollins realizou um Suicide Dive em Lesnar, seguido por Rollins e Owens realizando Frog Splashes em Lesnar, tirando Lesnar temporariamente. Big E executou um Powerbomb em Lashley através da mesa de locutores. No ringue, Owens executou o Pop-up Powerbomb no Big E para quase cair. Lesnar voltou ao ringue e executou F-5 em Rollins, Owens e Big E. Lashley, em seguida, executou um Spear em Lesnar por uma queda. Quando Lashley aplicou o Hurt Lock em Lesnar, Big E interrompeu. Big E tentou um Big Ending em Lesnar, mas Lesnar inverteu para um F-5 e derrotou Big E para ganhar o Campeonato da WWE pela sexta vez.

Após o evento

Raw
No episódio seguinte do Raw, o novo Campeão da WWE Brock Lesnar se reuniu com Paul Heyman, que anunciou que o primeiro desafiante de Lesnar pelo título seria determinado pelo combate fatal four-way entre Bobby Lashley, Kevin Owens, Seth "Freakin". Rollins e Big E. Lashley venceu a luta para enfrentar Lesnar pelo Campeonato da WWE no Royal Rumble.

Também no Raw, The Miz e Maryse repreenderam Edge e Beth Phoenix, depois que Phoenix distraiu Miz no Day 1. Edge e Phoenix então desafiaram Miz e Maryse para uma luta de duplas mistas no Royal Rumble. Miz aceitou, apesar do descontentamento de Maryse.

Liv Morgan interrompeu a Campeã Feminina do Raw Becky Lynch querendo outra revanche pelo título. Bianca Belair interrompeu, também exigindo na luta pelo título. Doudrop confrontou os oficiais da WWE Adam Pearce e Sonya Deville por uma oportunidade pelo título. Deville e Pearce agendaram Morgan, Belair e Doudrop para se enfrentarem em um combate triplo na semana seguinte para determinar o desafiante de Lynch pelo título no Royal Rumble, que foi vencido por Doudrop.

SmackDown
O Campeão Universal Roman Reigns abriu o episódio seguinte do SmackDown apenas para seu oponente do Day 1 originalmente programado e o novo Campeão da WWE, Brock Lesnar, junto com Paul Heyman, para interrompê-lo. Lesnar desafiou Reigns para uma luta campeão contra campeão, no entanto, Reigns recusou e então respondeu com um Superman Punch em Lesnar. Reigns e a traição de Heyman custaram a Lesnar o Campeonato da WWE no Royal Rumble. Lesnar então venceu a luta Royal Rumble e escolheu desafiar Reigns pelo Campeonato Universal na WrestleMania 38. Lesnar também venceu a luta Elimination Chamber pelo Campeonato da WWE no Elimination Chamber para recuperar o título, convertendo assim sua luta pelo Campeonato Universal contra Reigns na WrestleMania em uma luta Winner Takes All para unificar os campeonatos.

Também no episódio seguinte do SmackDown, The Usos defendeu o Campeonato de Duplas do SmackDown contra The New Day (Kofi Kingston e King Woods) em uma luta de rua; esta também foi a última oportunidade do The New Day pelo título. Os Usos derrotaram New Day para manter o título.

Foi relatado que Drew McIntyre precisaria de uma cirurgia no pescoço, no entanto, ele fez um retorno surpresa no Royal Rumble durante a luta Royal Rumble e eliminou Happy Corbin e Madcap Moss. Devido a eles quase terminarem sua carreira, McIntyre declarou que continuaria mirando em Corbin e Moss, e uma revanche com Moss foi marcada para Elimination Chamber.

Futuro
Em julho de 2022, foi anunciado que o Day 1 retornaria à State Farm Arena em 1º de janeiro de 2023, estabelecendo assim o Day 1 como um evento anual de Ano Novo.

Resultados

Ligações externas
 WWE Day 1 (WWE Network)

Eventos do WWE Network
Eventos pay-per-view da WWE em 2022

WWE Day 1 (2022)


Orlando Pelayo Entrialgo (n. Gijón; 14 de diciembre de 1920 - f. Oviedo; 15 de marzo de 1990) fue un pintor y grabador español.

Biografía
Sus padres, Vicente Pelayo González y Honoria Sofía Entrialgo Morís, eran maestros, razón por la cual su residencia fue cambiando según lo hacía el destino de sus padres. Durante su infancia la familia se trasladó a Monesterio (Badajoz, Extremadura) y después a Villarrobledo (Albacete), lugares en los que transcurrió su niñez y adolescencia.  Durante la guerra de 1936 combatió con los republicanos extremeños y en Badajoz comenzó a pintar.
En 1939, al finalizar la guerra, se vio obligado a exiliarse con su padre en Argelia, donde residió en Orán (hasta 1947), y será encarcelado hasta 1941, permaneciendo en un campo de refugiados. Durante su residencia en Orán trabó amistad con Albert Camus. Fue además en Orán donde realizó su primera exposición. También en Orán moriría su padre, víctima de la tuberculosis y el trabajo extenuante. Durante su exilio en Orán trabajó como profesor de español y además decoró cerámicas.

Fue precisamente en Orán donde comenzó sus primeros trabajos. En 1947 se traslada a París donde poco a poco se va integrando en la vida artística de la ciudad, al igual que hicieran otros pintores españoles pertenecientes a la escuela de París. Así, en 1951, ilustra un libro del poeta Jean Rousselot, "Les mohines d'existence"; mientras que en 1952 es nombrado Socio del Salón de Otoño de París.

Entre los años 1959 y 1962 apareció la serie «Cartografías de la ausencia», que suponen un repaso lleno de nostalgia de las tierras españolas en las que vivió. Desde 1962, el pintor dio un giro a su producción con nuevas series centradas sobre todo en la historia y la cultura clásica española, en cuadros informados de fantasmales figuras como se puede ver en "La Celestina".

Su regreso desde el exilio fue en 1967. En su obra artística la guerra y el exilio ocuparon un lugar capital, dejando testimonio del sufrimiento humano.
En 1970, ilustra el libro  "Once sonetos de Quevedo", que se editará al año siguiente, en Suiza.
La época final, es la que se abre en 1972, de la que es una pieza destacada Alegorías, mantuvo las reflexiones sobre el pasado a través de muchos otros seres alucinados e inquietantes que aparecen en espacios atravesados por característicos segmentos.

Orlando Pelayo fue también un dibujante prolífico, al igual que un ocasional pero interesante escultor. Residía en París, pero pasaba largas temporadas veraniegas en su Gijón natal.

Exposiciones, colecciones y títulos

A lo largo de su carrera artística participó en una buena relación de exposiciones individuales (Orán ( Galería Colline 1942, 1945, 1947, 1950, 1953), Argel, París, Suecia, Tokio, Munich, Madrid (Galería Biosca, 1969), Gijón, Oviedo, Sevilla...) y colectivas (Helsinki, Orán, Londres, París, Nueva York, Berlín, Ámsterdam, México, Florencia, Bruselas, Praga...). Asimismo sus cuadros están presentes en importantes colecciones a lo largo de todo el mundo y en muchos museos (Nacional d'Art Moderne de París, el de Pintura Contemporánea y el museo Estrada de Barcelona, los de Poitiers (exposición antológica en 1955), Toulouse, Pau, Amiens, St. Etienne, Orán, Argel, Neuchatel...). Así como en el Museo de Bellas Artes de Asturias, al que donó dos de las obras expuestas en la muestra de 1980 ("El detector de metales" y "Alegoría"), con el título «Cuarenta años de pintura. 1939-1979». Una década después, el 27 de junio de 1989, el pintor hacía una gran donación que comprendía 27 óleos, seis esculturas y sus series de grabados sobre La vida de Lazarillo de Tormes, las Coplas por la muerte de su padre, de Jorge Manrique, y la Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea, de Luis de Góngora. Más tarde, en enero de 1990, completaría esta donación con otras 22 acuarelas.

Trató hacer otra donación a la pinacoteca de Gijón, pero al verse truncada, la donación fue realizada a Albacete, lugar en el que pasó parte de su infancia y juventud, y en la que se le nombró hijo adoptivo. Además, las instituciones culturales de la ciudad manchega llevaron a cabo, tras su muerte,  una exposición antológica de su obra que acabó exhibida en París, en el Couvent des Cordeliers (1992), y más tarde también a Asturias, donde se le dedicaron dos exposiciones homenaje, en 1998, en el Centro de Cultura Antiguo Instituto, y en 2005, en el Bellas Artes.

También en la ciudad de Oviedo cuentan con una escultura urbana obra del autor, la llamada "Menina", que fue donada a la ciudad en el año 2005 por el Grupo GONCESCO, empresa asturiana dedicada al sector inmobiliario y de la construcción.

El currículum de Orlando Pelayo cuenta con numerosos reconocimientos, entre ellos el Premio Jeckel (1953) de la Bienal de Menton (Francia), el Premio Portica (1964) en París, y el Gran Premio Othon Friesz (1955), de pintura. Asimismo, fue objeto de varios nombramientos, como el de Oficial de la Orden de las Artes y las Letras por el Estado francés, en 1984, y el de hijo Predilecto por el Concejo de Gijón, a título póstumo, en 1992. En 1985 el Instituto de Estudios Albacetenses le concedió la Medalla de Plata, la misma distinción que recibiría en 1989 por parte del Gobierno del Principado de Asturias. El Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia aprobó en 1989 el cambio de denominación del Colegio Público de Alcalá del Júcar, el pueblo natal de su padre, que pasó a llamarse "Orlando Pelayo". En 2016, el Ayuntamiento de Monesterio, localidad donde pasó su infancia y donde nacieron tres de sus hermanos, rindió homenaje a título póstumo a Orlando Pelayo en forma de reconocimiento por su trayectoria artística.

Parte de la obra artística de Orlando Pelayo puede contemplarse en muchos museos de arte de diversos países como: Museo de Arte Moderno de la Villa de París, de Georges Pompidou, de Amiens, de Grenoble, de Saint-Étienne, de Toulouse, de Lille, de Brest, de Dunkerque, de Vénissieux; Museos de Bellas Artes de Argel y de Orán, en el de Yakarta, en el de Ein Harod (Israel), en el de Neuchâtel (Suiza), en el de Luxemburgo, en el de Malmoe (Suecia), en el de Kyoto, en el de Cuauhtémoc (Méjico) y en las colecciones del Centro Reina Sofía (Madrid), Museo de Arte Moderno de Bilbao, Museo de Bellas Artes de Asturias, Museo de Albacete, Museo Jovellanos de Gijón, etc.

Referencias

Pintores de Asturias
Pintores de España del siglo XX
Nacidos en Gijón
Personas de Albacete
Hijos adoptivos de Albacete
Galardonados con la Medalla de Plata de Asturias

Orlando Pelayo


NGC 7493 je zvijezda u zviježđu Ribama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 7493
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 7493 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
  NGC 7493 DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 7450 - 7499

7493

NGC 7493


Civilcourage (fra tysk: Zivilcourage, anvendt af Bismarck i 1864) betegner den enkelte borgers mod til at holde fast ved og handle ud fra sin overbevisning, også selv om det indebærer en personlig risiko.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Civilkurage (Ordbog over Det danske sprog)

Ord og vendinger

Civilcourage


Rukopis ili manuskript je tekst pisan rukom. U rukopisima su sačuvana djela antičkih i srednjovjekovnih autora prije pojave tiskarstva. Imali su dva oblika: svitak i kodeks. Oblik je uvjetovan uporabom pisaće podloge. Stariji je oblik svitak i uglavnom je papirusni, a kodeks je pergamentni i poslije papirni. Svitak se u antici naziva volumen, a u srednjem vijeku rotulus. Uvođenjem pergamenta kao pisaće podloge prevladao je oblik kodeksa, koji svoje podrijetlo vuče od diptiha, odnosno poliptiha. Nastao je slaganjem listova (folia) kože jednoga na drugi i međusobnim povezivanjem kožnom vrpcom (cauda, coda), što daje ime (caudex, codex) tom obliku rukopisa. Rukopise na papirusnim svitcima i u pergamentnim i papirnim kodeksima, nastale prije pojave tiskarstva, smatra se antičkom i srednjovjekovnom knjigom. Antička književnost napisana je na svitcima, a potom je, prepisivana na kodeksima, dospjela do vremena pojave tiskarstva. Na prijelazu iz 4. u 5. stoljeće prevladavali su kodeksi kršćanskog sadržaja. U antičko doba rukopisi su se umnožavali u manufakturama. U ranom srednjom vijeku rukopisi su liturgijsko-kršćanskoga sadržaja; nastajali su u samostanskim, uglavnom benediktinskim, skriptorijima. Pojavom sveučilišta i razvojem gradova širila se potreba za knjigom kao robom. Rukom pisane knjige prepisivale su se u posebnim radionicama, a pisali su ih tzv. amanuenses. Pomoćne povijesne znanosti bave se svim oblicima antičkih i srednjovjekovnih rukopisa. Pismima kojima su te prve knjige bile pisane bavi se paleografija. Rukopise na papirusu proučava papirologija, a rukopisima u kodeksima bavi se kodikologija. Rukopisom se također smatraju općenito djela autora koja nisu tiskana, bilo da su izvornici ili prijepisi. Utvrđivanje odnosa izvornika (autografa) i prijepisa naziva se filijacija. Prijepis izravno iz izvornika naziva se apografom.

Zbog nejedinstvenosti ispisivanja pismo se u rukopisima teško standardiziralo – i u slovnim oblicima (duktusu) i u ortografiji. Odatle goleme razlike između pojedinih nacionalnih kultura, pisarskih škola, čak i unutar istoga kodeksa koji je pisalo više "ruku". Takva je raznolikost omogućila brži razvoj pisma, koji se tiskanjem knjiga višestruko usporio. Ovisno o funkciji teksta (stupnju njegove javnosti) uspostavljali su se i različiti tipovi rukopisnoga pisma, najjednostavnije podijeljeni na svečano monumentalno – majuskulno pismo (iz kojega se ubrzo razvila i minuskula) – i na praktičniji kurziv (brzopis). Kao što je promjene u rukopisu izazvala promjena s pisanja u tvrdom materijalu na pisanje na mekom materijalu (što su pratile i promjene sredstava za pisanje), tako je bilo i sa zamjenom papirusa pergamentom: umjesto trske, njegova je izglađenost omogućavala lakše klizanje pera po podlozi, a time i lakše izmjenjivanje smjera linijskih poteza. Prepisivanje se u starom vijeku najčešće izvodilo po diktatu, nerijetko i u više primjeraka; "tiho" prepisivanje potpuno se afirmiralo tek u visokom srednjem vijeku (ponajviše u samostanima i katedralnim školama), što je dovelo do znatnoga povećanja brzine pisanja, a time i do promjena slovne morfologije kao i do promjene pravopisnih uzusa (napušta se običaj spojenoga pisanja riječi, kratice su sve omiljenije, interpunkcija se umeće sustavnije i sl.).

U nakladništvu i tiskarstvu, rukopis je izvornik nekoga djela što ga autor dostavlja izdavaču za objavljivanje. Podliježe zakonima i propisima iz područja autorskoga prava.

Izvori

Vidi još
 Knjiga
 Oslikani rukopisi

Vanjske poveznice

 Rukopis, Proleksis enciklopedija
 British Library Glossary of manuscript terms, mostly relating to Western medieval manuscripts
 Centre for the Studies of Manuscript Cultures, Hamburg
 Centre for the History of the Book, University of Edinburgh
 Chinese Codicology
 Digital Scriptorium
 Shapell Manuscript Foundation
 Manuscripts Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
 The Sarasvati Mahal Library, has the richest collection of manuscripts in Sanskrit, Tamil, Marathi and Telugu
 The Schøyen Collection – the world's largest private collection of manuscripts of all types, with many descriptions and images
 Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Manuscripts". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
 Newberry Library Manuscript Search
 Getty Exhibitions
 Polish manuscripts in Sweden
 Medieval Manuscript Leaves, University of Colorado Boulder Libraries
 Manuscripts of Lichfield Cathedral – Digital facsimile of the 8th-century St Chad Gospels and Cathedral's 15th-century Wycliffe New Testament, 2010. Includes the ability to overlay images captured with 13 different bands of light, historical images (starting in 1887), and multispectral visualizations. Also includes sixteen interactive 3D renderings. College of Arts & Sciences, University of Kentucky
 Historical Image Overlays – See how an early medieval manuscript is aging

Dokumenti
Književnost

Rukopis


An Vriesea medusa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Versieux. An Vriesea medusa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Vriesea, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Vriesea

Vriesea medusa


Hænsnarós (fræðiheiti Malva pusilla) er einær til tvíær jurt af stokkrósaætt. Hún er upprunnin frá Miðjarðarhafssvæðinu og Litlu-Asíu, en hefur breiðst út sem illgresi víða um heim. Á Íslandi er hún sjaldgæfur slæðingur.

Tilvísanir

Stokkrósaætt

Hænsnarós


Léris est un nom propre qui peut faire référence à :

Patronyme

 Antoine de Léris (1723-1795), historien du théâtre et polygraphe français ;
 Claire Josèphe Hippolyte Léris (1723-1803), actrice française ;
 Mehdi Léris (1998-), footballeur franco-algérien ;
 Robert Léris (1928-2009), sculpteur français ;

Prénom
Léris est un prénom notamment porté par :
 Léris Moukagni (1986-), coureur cycliste gabonais.

Patronyme français

Léris


Grupa F este una din cele 9 grupe UEFA din calificările pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018. Din această grupă fac parte: , , , ,  și .

Tragerea la sorți pentru prima fază (faza grupelor), a avut loc pe 25 iulie 2015, la Palatul Konstinovsky din orașul Sankt Petersburg, Rusia.

Câstigatorii de grupe se vor califica direct pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018. Cele mai bune echipe de pe locul doi se vor califica în play-off.

Clasament

Meciurile
Meciurile au fost confirmate de UEFA la 26 iulie 2015, în ziua următoare extragerii.

Marcatorii
Au fost marcate 74 goluri în 30 meciuri.

5 goluri

 Harry Kane
 Adam Nemec

4 goluri

 Leigh Griffiths
 Robert Snodgrass

3 goluri

 Fiodor Černych
 Josip Iličić

2 goluri

 Adam Lallana
 Daniel Sturridge
 Arvydas Novikovas
 Vykintas Slivka
 Chris Martin
 James McArthur
 Marek Hamšík
 Róbert Mak
 Vladimír Weiss
 Roman Bezjak
 Benjamin Verbič

1 gol

 Dele Alli
 Ryan Bertrand
 Gary Cahill
 Jermain Defoe
 Eric Dier
 Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain
 Marcus Rashford
 Jamie Vardy
 Danny Welbeck
 Andrei Agius
 Alfred Effiong
 Jean Paul Farrugia
 Stuart Armstrong
 Christophe Berra
 Steven Fletcher
 Andrew Robertson
 Ondrej Duda
 Ján Greguš
 Juraj Kucka
 Stanislav Lobotka
 Martin Škrtel
 Valter Birsa
 Boštjan Cesar
 Rene Krhin
 Rok Kronaveter
 Milivoje Novaković

1 autogol
 Martin Škrtel (Jucând contra Scoției)
 Miha Mevlja (Jucând contra Slovaciei)

Referințe

Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018

Calificările pentru Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 2018 (UEFA) – Grupa F


Katrina Bayonas es representante de actores, productora de películas, y directora de casting. Es más conocida por descubrir y gestionar la carrera de Penélope Cruz.

Actividad
Desde su creación en 1988, su programa anual de 'Caras Nuevas' ha sido también responsable del lanzamiento de carreras  de actores como Jordi Mollá, Elena Anaya, Alicia Borrachero, Alberto Ammann y Najwa Nimri.

Entre sus créditos en el cine como directora de casting están: The Dancer Upstairs (2002), Queen of Swords (2000), Carne Trémula (1997), A Corner of Paradise (1997), Shooting Elizabeth (1997), An Ungentlemanly Act (1992), The House on Garibaldi Street (1979), Fidel (2002) y Harem (1986).

Bayonas ha producido tres películas: Wild Tango (1993), El invierno en Lisboa (1991), y The Power Game (1983).

Ha salido también en varios documentales de televisión, entre ellos: Penélope, camino a los Oscar (2009) y Cómo conseguir un papel en Hollywood (2007), y la película documental Buscando a Penélope (2009), en la que se interpretó a sí misma.

Referencias

Productores de cine del Reino Unido
Representantes artísticos

Katrina Bayonas


Air Adriatic foi uma companhia aérea charter croata com sede em Rijeka. Foi a primeira companhia aérea privada croata. Ela operava serviços fretados do norte da Europa para destinos de férias na Croácia. Suas bases principais eram o Aeroporto de Pula e o Aeroporto de Dubrovnik. Ela encerrou as operações em março de 2007, após ter perdido seu Certificado de Operador Aéreo.

História
A companhia aérea foi fundada em outubro de 2001 e iniciou suas operações em março de 2002. Tinha a sua sede em Rijeka e as operações técnicas baseadas no Aeroporto de Pula.

Em 2004, os voos charter foram em grande parte entre a Suécia e a Croácia. Em 2005, a empresa comprou mais três aeronaves McDonnell Douglas MD-82 da Alitalia. Em setembro de 2006, a companhia aérea planejava lançar serviços regulares e considerava adicionar Boeing 757-200s à sua frota.

Em 2007, a Air Adriatic anunciou planos de lançar serviços regulares de Zagreb a Berlim, Düsseldorf, Malmö, Moscou, Pristina, Skopje e Zürich e substituir seu McDonnell Douglas MD-82s por aeronaves Boeing 737-700. Ela também alugou um de seus MD-82s para a MyAir. A Air Adriatic encerrou suas operações em março de 2007.

Destinos

Frota

A frota da Air Adriatic consistiu nas seguintes aeronaves:

Frota Histórica
A frota da Air Adriatic também consistiu nas seguintes aeronaves:

 1 Tupolev Tu-154

Ver também

 Lista de companhias aéreas fora de operação

Ligações externas

 Sítio oficial

Empresas aéreas extintas em 2007
Empresas aéreas fundadas em 2001

Air Adriatic


Nicole Elizabeth "Snooki" LaValle (nascida Polizzi; Santiago, Chile, 23 de novembro de 1987)  é uma personalidade chileno-americana de reality show, apresentadora de televisão, autora, lutadora profissional e dançarina. Ela é mais conhecida por ser um membro do elenco do reality show da MTV, Jersey Shore, e estrelar Snooki & Jwoww e Jersey Shore: Family Vacation. Ela ganhou $ 150.000 por episódio de Jersey Shore na última temporada.  Ela também apareceu como anfitriã convidada do WWE Raw em 2011 e competiu na WrestleMania XXVII daquele ano.
!Artigos com hCards

Referências

Dançarinos dos Estados Unidos
Desportistas de Nova Jérsei
Lutadores de luta profissional dos Estados Unidos
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1987

Snooki


Iž, otok glagoljice, hrvatski kratki dokumentarni film autorice Zrinke Krešo o otoku Ižu. Dotiče se teme pjevanja na staroslavenskom jeziku na blagdan Velike Gospe. Prikazani su fragmenti glagoljaškog pjevanja, slova azbuke i posebnost staroslavenskog jezika - jezik u kojem nema psovki.

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi
Iž
Staroslavenski jezik
Crkvena glazba u Hrvatskoj
Glagoljica

Iž, otok glagoljice


Kapela sv. Tri kralja    je rimokatolička građevina u mjestu Tkalci, gradu Krapina zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Ostaci kasnogotičke barokizirane kapele sv. Tri kralja nalaze se na istaknutom položaju na vrhu brda Tkalci, sjeverozapadno od Krapine. Sve do recentnog samourušavanja zvonika početkom 2009. g., kapela je dominirala u svim karakterističnim vizurama na Krapinu. Osamdesetih godina 20. stoljeća kapela je još bila pod krovom, a činilo ju je poligonalno svetište i jednako široki izduženi brod, te zvonik s južne strane. Izvorna kapela sagrađena u drugoj polovini 16. st. imala je prizidan trijem s kamenim stupovima. Nekada se uz kapelu nalazilo groblje. Zanimljiv je nalazak 2000 srebrnih i bakrenih novčića kovanih u 15. i 16. stoljeću zabilježen 1980. g.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3516 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Građevine u Krapini
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Kapela sv. Tri kralja u Tkalcima


Elisabeth von Sayn († 17. März 1588 in Werl) war von 1578 bis 1588 Fürstäbtissin in Essen sowie von 1572 bis 1585 Äbtissin in Nottuln.

Leben
Sie war eine Tochter des Grafen Johann V. von Sayn und seiner Frau Elisabeth Gräfin von Holstein-Schaumburg. Diese war vor ihrer Heirat selbst Äbtissin in Nottuln gewesen.

Das Stiftskapitel in Nottuln postulierten sie 1572 für das Amt der Äbtissin. Nach der Beschwörung der Wahlkapitulation hat sie der Fürstbischof von Münster am 19. März 1574 konfirmiert.

Ihr Versuch 1572 auch Oberhaupt des Stifts Elten zu werden scheiterte. Dagegen halfen auch ihre Proteste gegen die Wahl nichts.

In Essen wollte die dortige Fürstäbtissin ihr Amt aufgeben. Als dafür vorgesehene Nachfolgerin hat Elisabeth von Sayn 1578 geurkundet. Gewählt wurde sie in Essen Anfang Juni 1578.

In ihrer Amtszeit war die wirtschaftliche Lage in Nottuln gut. Bis auf Kleinigkeiten in Bezug der Kleidung jüngerer Kanonissen gab es an der Disziplin nichts auszusetzen. Kurz nach ihrer Amtszeit und noch zu ihren Lebzeiten begannen sich die Auswirkungen des achtzigjährigen Krieges im Münsterland zu zeigen. Spanische Soldaten erschienen 1587 erstmals in Nottuln und erpressten eine größere Geldsumme. In Essen fanden während ihrer Herrschaft vierzehn Hexenprozesse statt. In Essen ließ sie auch die Kanzlei erbauen.

Sie starb in Werl und wurde im Essener Münster vor dem Drei-Königs-Altar bestattet.

Literatur
 Wilhelm Kohl: Bistum Münster. 8: Das (freiweltliche) Damenstift Nottuln (= Germania Sacra NF 44). de Gruyter, Berlin 2005, ISBN 3-11-018532-6 (PDF-Datei), S. 226 f.
 Albert Hardt: Urkundenbuch der Herrschaft Sayn. Wiesbaden 2012, Bd. 2, Seite 2132 (Äbtissinnenwahl 1579).

Weblinks
 Eintrag in guide2womenleaders.com

Äbtissin (Essen)
Äbtissin (Nottuln)
Familienmitglied der Spanheimer (Linie Sayn)
Geboren im 15. oder 16. Jahrhundert
Gestorben 1588
Frau

Elisabeth von Sayn


Vizita, menționat în unele surse Vizită, este un film de scurt metraj românesc din 1952 regizat de Jean Georgescu, care a ecranizat schița "Vizită..." (1901) de Ion Luca Caragiale. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Grigore Vasiliu Birlic și Florica Demion.

Rezumat

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1952 în film

Filme din 1952
Filme regizate de Jean Georgescu
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme de comedie românești
Ecranizări de opere literare românești
Filme românești de scurt metraj

Vizita (film din 1952)


Erik Lallerstedt henviser til:

 Erik Lallerstedt (arkitekt) (1864–1955) – svensk arkitekt og professor
 Erik Anders Lallerstedt (født 1946) – svensk kok, barnebarn af arkitekten Lallerstedt

Erik Lallerstedt


1-fenil-2-propanon (P2P) odnosno benzil-metil-keton (BMK) je vrsta tvari koja se može uporabiti za izradu droga ("prekursor"). Uvršten je u Hrvatskoj na temelju Zakona o suzbijanju zlouporabe droga na Popis tvari koje se mogu uporabiti za izradu droga - Europski klasifikacijski sustav ovisno o mogućnostima zlouporabe, Službeni list Europske unije od 18. veljače 2004. Kemijsko ime po CAS-u je (1-phenyl-2-propanone), KN oznaka je 2914 31 00, CAS-ov broj je 103-79-7.

1-fenilpropan-2-on zove se još i fenilaceton. Kemijski je aromatski keton (benzil-metil-keton). Primjenjuje ga se u farmaceutskoj industriji kao polazna sirovina za proizvodnju nekih lijekova. Budući da ga se može zloporabiti pripravom zabranjenih stimulansa iz skupine amfetamina, nalazi se na popisu tvari pod nadzorom.

Na sobnoj temperaturi pri atmosferskom tlaku na morskoj razini, to je bezbojna do svijetložućkasta zapaljiva tekućina. Gustoće je 1,015 g/cm3. Tali se na -15 °C. Vrelište mu je na 216 °C. Ne miješa se s vodom. Dobro se miješa sa skoro svim organskim otapalima.

Izvori

Psihoaktivne droge

Fenilaceton


La cueva Magura (, a partir del arumano magura, 'colina') es una de las cuevas más famosas y bellas de Bulgaria.IMPORTANTE: LAS SALAS CON PINTURAS RUPESTRES ESTÁN CERRADAS Al PÚBLICO PERMANENTEMENTE Está localizada al norоeste de ese país europeo, cerca de la localidad de Rabisha, a 18 km de la ciudad de Belogradchik en la provincia de Vidin. La longitud total de la cueva de Magura es de 2,5 km. El lago más grande del interior del país, el lago Rabisha, está situado en las inmediaciones de la cueva y toda la región ha sido declarada monumento natural. En una de las galerías de la cueva se produce un vino especial que se asemeja mucho a los vinos espumosos de Champagne, Francia, debido al microclima único de la cueva, que es similar al de esa región.

En 1984 este lugar fue inscrito en la Lista Indicativa de Bulgaria como paso previo para ser considerado como Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la UNESCO. También es uno
de los 100 sitios turísticos nacionales.

Referencias

Véase también
 Anexo:Patrimonio de la Humanidad en Bulgarxia
 Geografía de Bulgaria
 Geografía de Europa

Enlaces externos

 La cueva Magura, en la web turística Bulgariatravel.org
 Fotografías de la cueva

[[Categoría:Cuevas de Bulgaria María
|Magura]]
Bienes inscritos en la Lista Indicativa de Bulgaria
100 sitios turísticos nacionales (Bulgaria)
Provincia de Vidin

Cueva Magura


باتمان للأبد ، هو فيلم أمريكي من إنتاج عام 1995، ومبني على سلسلة روايات الكوميكس الشهيرة باتمان، أو الرجل الوطواط. في هذا الجزء يتحد عدوا باتمان ذو الوجهين ورجل الألغاز لمحاربة الرجل الوطواط والإمساك به. الفيلم يعد الثالث في سلسلة أفلام باتمان الشهيرة. قام بإخراج الجزأين السابقين المخرج الشهير تيم برتون، ولكنه في هذا الجزء ترك المهمة للمخرج جويل شوماخر واكتفى هو بالإنتاج.

أبطال الفيلم
 فال كيلمر في دور بروس واين/باتمان
 نيكول كيدمان في دور د.تشيس ميريديان
 جيم كاري في دور رجل الألغاز
 تومي لي جونز في دور ذو الوجهين

وصلات خارجية

أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1990
أفلام أبطال خارقين أمريكية
أفلام أبطال خارقين في عقد 1990
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية عن انتقام
أفلام أنتجت بواسطة تيم برتون
أفلام العلماء المجانين
أفلام إنتاج 1995
أفلام باتمان
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1990
أفلام حركة أمريكية
أفلام حركة إنتاج عقد 1990
أفلام حولت إلى ألعاب فيديو
أفلام حولت إلى روايات
أفلام حولت إلى قصص مصورة
أفلام سجلها إليوت غولدنثال
أفلام عن السيكوباثيين
أفلام عن الملاحقات
أفلام كتب نصها السينمائي أكيفا جولدسمان
أفلام متممة أمريكية
أفلام متممة إنتاج عقد 1990
أفلام مصورة في أوريغن
أفلام مصورة في سان فرانسيسكو
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام مصورة في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام مغامرات أمريكية
أفلام مغامرة إنتاج عقد 1990
أفلام من إخراج جويل شوماخر
أفلام وارنر برذرز
ريدلر في وسائط أخرى

باتمان للأبد


هذه تصفيات بطولة أمم أوروبا لكرة القدم للسيدات 1993 أقيمت في الفترة من 21 سبتمبر 1991 إلى 14 نوفمبر 1992.
يتأهل منها بطل كل مجموعة.

مرحلة المجموعات

المجموعة 1

المجموعة 2

المجموعة 3

المجموعة 4

المجموعة 5

المجموعة 6

لم تلعب مباراة الرد (الثانية).

المجموعة 7

المجموعة 8

ربع النهائي
أقيمت مباريات ربع النهائي بنظام الذهاب والإياب ويتأهل بمجموع المبارتين.

(تلعب المباراة الأولى في أرض المنتخب الأول ومن ثم تلعب مباراة الرد (الثانية) في أرض المنتخب الثاني.)

روابط إضافية
 Tables & results at RSSSF.com

كرة القدم للسيدات في 1991
كرة القدم للسيدات في 1992
تصفيات بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات

تصفيات بطولة أمم أوروبا للسيدات 1993


was a town located in Ama District, Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003 the town had an estimated population of 29,875 and a density of 1,601.88 persons per km². The total area was 18.65 km².

On April 1, 2005, Saya, along with the town of Saori, and the villages of Hachikai and Tatsuta (all from Ama District), was merged to create the city Aisai.

Dissolved municipalities of Aichi Prefecture
Aisai, Aichi

Saya, Aichi


An Duckea in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Duckea in nahilalakip ha familia nga Rapateaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Duckea

Duckea


Kırcaali ili (, Oblast Kırcali), güney-doğu Bulgaristan'da, doğu Rodop dağlarında, Yunanistan sınırında bulunan bir ildir. Merkezi Kırcaali'dir. Yedi belediye ve bu belediyelere bağlı köylerden oluşur. Arda nehri üzerinde üç büyük baraj bulunmaktadır: Yazovir Kırcali, Yazovir Studen Kladenets, Yazovir İvaylovgrad (ref. Geografia na Balgarija). Gümülcine (Yunanistan) ve Haskovo'ya kara yolu vardır. Yüzölçümü 3,209 km2 olan ilin nüfusu Şubat 2011 tarihi itibarı ile 152,808'dir. 2011 nüfus sayımına göre il nüfusunun %66.2'si etnik Türk'tür.

Belediyeler

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kırcaali Valiliği

Kırcaali (il)


VAZ-2101 "Jiguli", poreclit "Kopeika" (după moneda "copeică") este un automobil compact, de tip sedan, produs de compania rusească AvtoVAZ. Modelul a fost introdus în 1970, fiind primul produs al companiei. Modelul VAZ-2101 a avut și câteva modificații, cele mai importante și cunoscute fiind VAZ-21011 și VAZ-21013. În plus, el a stat la baza altor modele VAZ, care împreună au format familia de mașini "Jiguli" (VAZ-2101 — VAZ-2107). Însuși VAZ-2101 este bazat pe automobilul italian Fiat 124, rezultat al unui acord de colaborare sovietico-italiană în domeniul construcției de automobile.

În Europa Occidentală, VAZ-2101 a fost exportat și comercializat cu denumirea Lada 1200, Lada 1300 și Lada 1200S până în 1989.

În primul an de la lansare au fost produse 22.000 de mașini, iar în 1973 a fost atinsă cifra de un milion de unități produse, ca în anul următor să se ajungă la un milion și jumătate de unități produse. În mai 1974 mașina a ajuns în vânzare și în Regatul Unit, cu un preț de 979₤.

În anul 2000, VAZ-2101 a fost numit de către revista Za ruliom (За рулём) cel mai bun automobil rusesc al secolului al XX-lea, în urma unui sondaj efectuat la nivel național. Pe parcusrul întregii perioade de producție (din 1970 până în 1988) AutoVaz a produs 4,85 milioane de mașini VAZ-2101, inclusiv cu modificații.

Galerie

Referințe

Automobile sovietice
2101

VAZ-2101


An Epipactis humilior in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Tang ngan Fa Tsuan Wang, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Sing Chi Chen och Guang Hua Zhu. An Epipactis humilior in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epipactis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epipactis

Epipactis humilior


Anna Sergejevna Sen ( ; født 3. december 1990 i Krasnodar, Rusland) er en kvindelig russisk håndboldspiller som spiller for Rostov-Don og Ruslands kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Hun deltog under Sommer-OL 2016, hvor hun vandt s første håndbold OL-guld. Hun var ligeledes, med til at vinde OL-sølv i håndbold for , ved Sommer-OL 2020 i Tokyo, efter finalenederlag mod , med cifrene 25–30.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Rusland
Håndboldspillere fra Győri Audi ETO KC
Håndboldspillere fra Rostov-Don
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2016
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske medaljevindere i håndbold
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2016
Medaljevindere ved sommer-OL 2020
Olympiske mestre fra Rusland
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Rusland
Personer fra Krasnodar

Anna Sen


CrossCountry ist der Markenname der britischen Eisenbahngesellschaft XC Trains Limited. Sie ist ein Tochterunternehmen von Arriva und somit auch der Deutschen Bahn und betreibt mehrere InterCity-Dienste innerhalb des Vereinigten Königreichs.

Rollmaterial

CrossCountry betreibt auf ihrem Streckennetz drei Zugtypen, neben mehreren Garnituren des älteren High Speed Train sind dies auch Züge der Britischen Klassen 170 (genannt Turbostar) und 220/221 (genannt Voyager).

Streckennetz
CrossCountry betreibt sechs Hauptrouten, die über die Cross-Country Route, eine der Hauptstrecken Großbritanniens, vom Südwesten bis in den Nordosten des Landes (CrossCountry = dt. quer durch das Land) reichen und einen gemeinsamen Schnittpunkt in Birmingham haben:

 Route 1 von Plymouth über Birmingham New Street und Leeds nach Edinburgh Waverley
 Route 2 von Reading über Birmingham New Street und Doncaster nach Newcastle
 Route 3 von Bristol Temple Meads über Birmingham New Street nach Manchester Piccadilly
 Route 4 von Bournemouth über Coventry und Birmingham New Street nach Manchester Picadilly
 Route 5 von Cardiff über Birmingham New Street nach Nottingham
 Route 6 von Birmingham New Street über Leicester zum Flughafen London-Stansted

Dieses Kernnetz, das im Stundentakt bedient wird, wird an seinen Endpunkten regelmäßig weitergeführt, beispielsweise von Plymouth bis nach Penzance oder von Edinburgh bis nach Aberdeen.

Rollmaterial

Weblinks

 Webpräsenz von CrossCountry (englisch)

Einzelnachweise

Bahngesellschaft (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Unternehmen der Deutschen Bahn AG

CrossCountry


Dog sports are sports in which dogs participate.

Herding sports

 Herding
 Sheepdog trial
 Treibball

Obedience sports

 Heelwork to music
 Musical canine freestyle
 Obedience trial
 Rally obedience

Protection sports

 IGP (Previously known as IPO or Schutzhund)
 See also: List of protection sports

Pulling sports

 Bikejoring
 Canicross
 Carting
 Dog scootering
 Mushing
 Skijoring
 Weight pulling

Racing sports

 Dachshund racing
 Greyhound and Whippet racing
 Jack Russell Terrier racing
 Sighthound racing
 Sled dog racing
 Terrier racing

Tracking and hunting sports

 Barn hunt
 Coon hunting field trial
 Earthdog trial
 Field trial
 Hare coursing
 Hound trailing
 Lure coursing
 Nosework
 Tracking trial
 Trail hunting
 Shed Antler Hunting

Water sports

 Dock jumping, also known as dock diving
 Dog surfing, sometimes also used to describe dogs standup paddleboarding.

 Water Rescue

Other sports

 Agility
 Disc dog
 Flyball
 Dog Puller

References

Further reading
 Sundance, K. (2010). 101 Ways to Do More With Your Dog: Make Your Dog a Superdog with Sports, Games, Exercises, Tricks, Mental Challenges, Crafts, and Bonding. Beverly, MA: Quarry Books.

List of dog sports


إم-84 (بالصربوكرواتية: M-84) هي دبابة قتال رئيسية أنتجاتها جمهورية يوغسلافيا الاشتراكية كنسخة يوغسلافية عن الدبابة السوفيتية تي-72. دخلت دبابة إم-84 الخدمة عام 1984 لدى القوات المسلحة اليوغسلافية وصدر منها إلى الكويت 150 دبابة وبالإضافة إلى الكويت تعمل الدبابة حاليًا في خدمة القوات المسلحة لكل من صربيا كرواتيا البوسنة وسلوفينيا.

التاريخ

الحصول على الرخصة السوفيتية
يرجع تاريخ الدبابة إم-84 إلى عام 1975 حينما استشعرت الحكومة اليوغسلافية آنذاك حاجة جيشها إلى دبابات حديثة لتحل محل الدبابات الأقدم العاملة في جيشها من طرازي تي-34 وتي-55 ، كما أظهرت إحدى الدراسات آنذاك حاجة الجيش اليوغسلافي إلى 2,000 دبابة منها 1,000 دبابة خلال العشر سنوات القادمة حتى العام 1985 لاستبدال دبابات تي-55 المتقادمة و1,000 دبابة أخرى خلال العشر سنوات التي تليها.

في ذلك الوقت كانت قد ظهرت دبابة تي-72 في الاتحاد السوفيتي، فسعت يوغسلافيا للحصول على رخصة لتصنيعها داخل أراضيها، وتحقق ذلك حينما وافق الاتحاد السوفيتي عام 1979 على منح يوغسلافيا الرخصة بعد محادثات رفيعة المستوى مع الاتحاد السوفيتي، تضمنت شروط الرخصة التي اشترتها يوغسلافيا بـ 39 مليون دولار كمية إنتاج لا تزيد عن 1,000 دبابة أو مدة 10 سنوات وأن لا تبيع يوغسلافيا أو تعدل أو تدخل في شراكة مع دولة أخرى دون موافقة الاتحاد السوفيتي.

الإنتاج
بدأت رحلة الإنتاج عام 1979 وذلك بعد تسلم يوغسلافيا جميع الوثائق والرسومات اللازمة لصناعة الدبابة، وتم خلال العامين اللاحقين إجراء التعديلات على التصاميم والرسومات للدبابة لتلائم متطلبات الجيش اليوغسلافي وادخال المعدات اليوغسلافية عليها،

وتولت إنتاج الدبابة شركتان صربيتان وشركة كرواتية، وقبل أن يبدأ الإنتاج قامت الشركات المصنعة بشراء الآلات والمعدات اللازمة بقيمة 121 مليون دولار ، وقد أنتجت أول نسخة من الدبابة عام 1982-1983 لتدخل الخدمة في الجيش اليوغسلافي عام 1984.

وظهرات دبابة إم-84 لأول مرة في العلن عام 1985 خلال عرض عسكري أقيم في بلغراد، وحتى عما 1987 تم إنتاج ما مجموعة 370 دبابة إم-84، في 1988 بدأ إنتاج نسخة أحدث حملت الاسم "M-84A"، وبلغ مجموع ما أنتج 502 دبابة من الفئتين M-84 وM-84A للجيش اليوغسلافي.

في عام 1989 ابرمت الكويت عقدا مع يوغسلافيا لشراء 220 دبابة إم-84 بسعر 1.7 مليون دولار للدبابة الواحدة لكن بسبب تفكك يوغسلافيا لم يسلم إلى الكويت سوى 150 دبابة M-84AB و15 دبابة قيادة و15 عربة إصلاح مدرعة.

التطوير

أدخلت يوغسلافيا بعض التحسينات على نسختها من الدبابة تضمنت تلك التعديلات تحسين درع المركبة ونظام تحكم بالنيران بالإضافة إلى تزويد الدبابة بمحرك جديد بقوة ألف حصان، كما قامت يوغسلافيا بإضافة التحسينات بعد سنوات قليلة التي تمثلت بالطراز M-84A عام 1988.

بعد تفكك يوغسلافيا طورت كل من كرواتيا ويوغسلافيا طرازات جديدة فطرحت صربيا طرازها الجديد المتمثل بالفئة M-84AB1 من الدبابة عام 2004 كآخر حزمة تطوير للدبابة ويتميز بنظام إدارة نيران حديث وصواريخ قنص AT-11 مضادة للدبابات وتعد النسخة الصربية مشابهة إلى حد كبير للدبابة الروسية T-90 سواء في القدرة أو في المظهر، كرواتيا بدورها قامت بتطوير نسختها من الدبابة إم-84 تحت اسم M-95 ديغمان.

التصميم

التصميم العام
تزن دبابة بتجهيزات القتال قرابة الـ 42 طنا، بطول 9.67 م وعرض 3.59 م وأرتفاع 2.19 م، يتكون الدرع بالنسبة للطراز M-84AB1 من وسائد أسطوانية عالية الصلابة من الفولاذ والتايتانيوم والألمنيوم، وتتألف جميع طرازات الدبابة إم-84 من طاقم مكون من 3 أفراد، هم المدفعي والأمر والسائق، حيث لا تحتوي دبابات M-84 على ملقم للذخيرة وذلك لوجود الملقم الآلي بالدبابة، ويكون مقعد الآمر على الجانب الأيمن للبرج، والمدفعي على اليسار منه، ويجلس السائق في مقدمة المركبة.

التسليح

التسليح الأساسي لدبابات إم-84 هو مدفع ذو سبطانة ملساء عيار 125 ملم ورشاش متحد المحور عيار 7.62 ملم بالإضافة إلى رشاش مضاد للطائرات عيار 12.7 ملم، ويتم تخزين ذخيرة المدفع تحت البرج مما يعطي الدبابة درجة إطلاق نيران عالية، كذلك تحتوي الدبابة على تجهيزات إضافية تشمل نظام تسديد نهاري-ليلي وجهازاً لتحديد المدى بالليزر، ومجسات للاستشعار، ويتواجد على مقدمة الدبابة 12 قاذف لقنابل الدخان.
 التسليح:
 مدفع رئيسي عيار 125 ملم. (المدفع مزود بجهاز توازن للرمي أثناء الحركة)
 رشاش مساعد عيار 7.62 ملم.
 رشاش مضاد للطائرات عيار 12.7 ملم.
 أقصى زاوية ارتفاع للمدفع الرئيسي + 13 درجة
 أقصى زاوية انخفاض للمدفع الرئيسي - 6 درجات
 معدل رماية المدفع الرئيسي 6-9 قذائف في الدقيقة. (ملقم آلي)
 أقصى معدل لدوران المدفع، في الاتجاه الأفقي 70 درجة
 أقصى زاوية دوران للمدفع الرئيسي، في الاتجاه الأفقي 360 درجة.
 التحكم في دوران البرج آلياً ويدوياً.
 الذخير:
 42 قذيفة للمدفع.
 ألْفا طلقة للرشاش 7.62 ملم.
 ألْفا طلقة لرشاش 12.7 ملم.

الحركة
المحرك الأساسي للدبابة إم-84 هو محرك ديزل V46 ذو 12 أسطوانة مبرد بالمياه يولد طاقة تقدر بـ 574 كيلو واط مايعادل 780 حصان، فيما زودت الفئة M-84A بمحرك أكثر قوة يولد طاقة تقدر بـ 1,000 حصان، السعة القصوى لخزان الوقود تبلغ 1,200 لتر إضافة إلى برميلي وقود بسعة 200 لتر للبرميل الواحد، يبلغ مدى الدبابة 450 كيلو مترا يزداد المدى ليصل إلى 650 كم مع خزانات الوقود الخارجية.

يمكن لدبابة إم-84 أن تجتاز أي مانع مائي بعمق يصل إلى 1.2 م ويمكنها اجتياز مانع مائي بعمق 1.8 م بالتجهيزات وإلى ما يصل لـ 5 م بالتجهيزات الخاصة.

التاريخ القتالي

حرب الخليج الثانية

تسلمت الحكومة الكويتية بالطائف دفعة من دبابات إم-84 من جمهورية يوغسلافيا وكانت الكويت قد تعاقدت قد على شرائها في أواخر الثمانينات، خلال الأحتلال العراقي للكويت تم تجهز اللواء المدرع 35 المرابط بالسعودية بالدبابات وشارك في دخول الكويت خلال حرب تحرير الكويت مع باقي وحدات القوات المسلحة الكويتية.

حروب يوغسلافيا
سلوفينيا
أثناء حرب استقلال سلوفينيا في 27 يونيو 1991 تم استخدام دبابات الإم-84 من قبل الجيش الشعبي اليوغسلافي، وذلك لإعادة السيطرة على الأراضي اليوغوسلافية.

الفئات

M-84 (يوغسلافيا)
أول نسخة انتجتها جمهورية يوغسلافيا في بداية الثمانينات وكشف عنها في عام 1984.

M-84A (يوغسلافيا)
نسخة أحدث بدأ إنتاجها عام 1988 بمحرك بقوة 1000 حصان.

M-84AB (يوغسلافيا)
هي الفئة التصديرية للدبابة إم-84 وهي التي تملكها الكويت وقد جهزت هذه الفئة بنظام تحكم للنيران حاسوبي محدث ونظام تسديد نهاري ليلي مدفعي مع جهاز توازن مستقل يمكّن الدبابة من الرماية أثناء الحركة، وجهاز لتحديد المدى بالليزر.

M-84ABN (يوغسلافيا)
نفس الفئة M-84AB لكنها زودت بتجهيزات إضافية للملاحة البرية.

M-84ABK دبابة القيادة (يوغسلافيا)
نفس الفئة M-84AB إلا انها زودت بمعدات عديدة للاتصالات والملاحة البرية.

M-84A4 القناص (كرواتيا)
هذه النسخة تتضمن تحسينات مطورة تضمنت جهاز التسديد النهاري الليلي ومعدات الكمبيوتر وتحسين أرتفاع المركبة ومجسات الأستشعار.

وقد أشترت الحكومة الكرواتية 20 دبابة من هذه النسخة عام 2003 من المصنع المحلي كما تحوي هذه الفئة محرك ألماني الصنع بقوة 1,100 حصان بدل المحرك التقليدي ذو الألف حصان.

M-84AB1 (صربيا)
هذه الفئة طورتها صربيا وهي أخر حزمة تطوير لدبابة ام-84 في الجيش الصربي حيث أضيف للدبابة نظام تحكم بالنيران جديد ودرع جديد مكون من وسائد إسطوانية من فولاذ عالي الصلابة والتايتنيوم

M-95 ديغمان (كرواتيا)
هذه الفئة طورتها كرواتيا وقد جهزت بمحرك ألماني بقوة 1,200 حصان ودرع جديد كما ان ملغمها الآلي أسرع بـ 15% بحيث يعبئ 9 قذائف بالدقيقة بدل 8.

المستخدمون

 : أكبر مشغل للدبابات إم 84، تمتلك 212 دبابة M-84 في الخدمة بطرازات مختلفة تشمل M-84, M-84A, M-84AI.
  150 دبابة  M-84AB في الخدمة سلمت بعد التحرير.
 :35 دبابة M-84.
 : 80 دبابة M-84 نصفهم استولت عليهم كرواتيا خلال الحرب اليوغسلافية.
 : 54 دباية M-84 أغلبهم بالخدمة.
العراق 76 دبابه في الخدمه

مواضيع مرتبطة
 دبابة أسد بابل
 T-62
 T-72
 T-80
 T-90

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 Article on the M84-AB1, published in "Odbrana" (.pdf, in Serbian)
 M-84 at the FAS.
  at the Naoruanje Paraوin (in Serbian)
  Kuwait deal with Croatia to update M-84 to M-84D.

العلاقات السوفيتية اليوغوسلافية
دبابات ثقيلة
دبابات صربية
دبابات قتال رئيسية في الحرب الباردة
دبابات قتال رئيسية ما بعد الحرب الباردة
دبابات كرواتية
مركبات عسكرية 1980–1989

إم-84


Thomas Weh Syen (falecido em 15 de agosto de 1981) foi um soldado e político liberiano. Ele foi um dos principais membros do grupo de homens alistados que derrubaram o governo do país no golpe militar de abril de 1980 e, consequentemente, se tornou um dos líderes da nova junta militar, o Conselho de Redenção Popular. Na sequência do golpe de Estado, assumiu o título de major-general das Forças Armadas da Libéria e tornou-se co-presidente do Conselho de Redenção Popular; como resultado, foi o vice imediato do Comandante-em-Chefe Samuel Doe e o Vice-Chefe de Estado.

Desde os primeiros dias do Conselho de Redenção Popular, Doe e Syen entraram em confronto; depoimentos perante a Comissão da Verdade e Reconciliação em 2008 revelaram que suas divergências começaram durante o próprio golpe, quando Weh Syen e Doe discordaram violentamente sobre a destinação do dinheiro que havia sido roubado da casa do recém-assassinado presidente William R. Tolbert Jr.. Enquanto membro do Conselho de Redenção Popular, foi parcialmente responsável pelos assuntos educacionais, mas seu tempo no Conselho foi de curta duração.

Weh Syen e outras cinco pessoas foram acusadas de complô de assassinato e backlash contra Doe e o seu governo, mas nenhuma evidência de conspiração foi apresentada publicamente durante o julgamento militar apressado de três dias. Eles foram considerados culpados e executados por um pelotão de fuzilamento no que foi visto como o fim de uma luta pelo poder entre os indivíduos que assumiram o controle do governo em um golpe de Estado sangrento. Todos eram membros do grupo original de dezessete suboficiais e soldados que derrubaram o governo de William R. Tolbert Jr. em 12 de abril de 1980, encerrando um século e meio de domínio politico do país por americo-liberianos (descendentes de negros norte-americanos que fundaram a Libéria no início do século XIX). Os homens executados também eram conhecidos por terem criticado o que consideravam o relacionamento de "menino de recados" do governo Doe com os Estados Unidos. Formaram, assim, o núcleo da resistência de esquerda a muitas das decisões pró-ocidentais do sargento Samuel Doe.

A rapidez e o sigilo do julgamento provocaram temores em Monróvia. Os liberianos que se sentiam seguros discutindo abertamente seus desacordos com a administração Doe passariam a fazê-lo apenas em lugares isolados.

Militares da Libéria
Políticos da Libéria

Thomas Weh Syen