Die Liste der Biografien führt alle Personen auf, die in der deutschsprachigen Wikipedia einen Artikel haben. Dieses ist eine Teilliste mit 34 Einträgen von Personen, deren Namen mit den Buchstaben "Peg" beginnt.

Peg

Pega
 Pega, Andreas Frantz, deutscher Buchdrucker und Verleger
 Pegado, Afonso (* 1987), portugiesischer Sommerbiathlet
 Pegahmagabow, Francis (1891–1952), kanadischer Soldat im Ersten Weltkrieg
 Pegam, Dietmar (* 1968), österreichischer Fußballtrainer
 Pegam, Felix (* 2004), österreichischer Fußballspieler
 Pegas, Meletios I. (1549–1601), orthodoxer Patriarch von Alexandria und amtierender Patriarch von Konstantinopel
 Pegasus, römischer Jurist

Pege
 Pege, Aladár (1939–2006), ungarischer (Jazz-)Kontrabassist
 Pegel, Christian (* 1974), deutscher Politiker (SPD)
 Pegel, Konrad (1487–1567), deutscher Theologe, Professor für Pädagogik und Beredsamkeit
 Pegel, Magnus (1547–1619), deutscher Arzt und Mathematiker
 Pegel, Walter (1899–1963), deutscher Pädagoge und Schriftsteller

Pegg
 Pegg, Dave (* 1947), britischer Folksänger und -bassist
 Pegg, David (1935–1958), englischer Fußballspieler
 Pegg, Simon (* 1970), britischer Komiker, Schauspieler und Drehbuchautor
 Pegg, Vester (1889–1951), US-amerikanischer Filmschauspieler

Pegl
 Peglau, Karl (1927–2009), deutscher Verkehrspsychologe
 Peglow, João (* 2002), brasilianischer Fußballspieler

Pegn
 Pegna, Hyacinth de La (1706–1772), flämischer Schlachten- und Vedutenmaler

Pego
 Pego, Heinrich Carl Christian (1828–1893), deutscher Kaufmann
 Pegolotti, Francesco Balducci, florentinischer Kaufmann und Politiker
 Pegorari, Ilario (1949–1982), italienischer Skirennläufer
 Pegoraro, Renzo (* 1959), italienischer römisch-katholischer Geistlicher und Bioethiker
 Pegoraro, Sabine (* 1958), Schweizer Politikerin
 Pégoud, Adolphe (1889–1915), französischer Flugpionier
 Pegow, Nikolai Michailowitsch (1905–1991), sowjetischer Politiker, Kandidat des Politbüros und ZK-Sekretär, Botschafter
 Pegow, Pawel Georgijewitsch (* 1956), sowjetischer Eisschnellläufer

Pegr
 Pegram, John (1773–1831), US-amerikanischer Politiker

Pegu
 Peguero, Eladio (1920–2000), puerto-ricanischer Sänger
 Peguero, Jean Philippe (* 1981), haitianischer Fußballspieler
 Peguero, José (* 1988), dominikanischer Gewichtheber
 Pegula, Jessica (* 1994), US-amerikanische Tennisspielerin
 Pegula, Terrence (* 1951), US-amerikanischer Unternehmer
 Péguy, Charles (1873–1914), französischer Schriftsteller

Liste der Biografien/Peg


Haddam est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Washington, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Fondée en 1869, elle prend le nom de la ville homonyme du Connecticut.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Comté de Washington (Kansas)

Haddam (Kansas)


A contraction is a shortened version of the spoken and written forms of a word, syllable, or word group, created by omission of internal letters and sounds.

In linguistic analysis, contractions should not be confused with crasis, abbreviations and initialisms (including acronyms), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term "abbreviation" in layman's terms. Contraction is also distinguished from morphological clipping, where beginnings and endings are omitted.

The definition overlaps with the term portmanteau (a linguistic blend), but a distinction can be made between a portmanteau and a contraction by noting that contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as do and not, whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept that the portmanteau describes.

English

English has a number of contractions, mostly involving the elision of a vowel (which is replaced by an apostrophe in writing), as in I'm for "I am", and sometimes other changes as well, as in won't for "will not" or ain't for "am not". These contractions are common in speech and in informal writing, but tend to be avoided in more formal writing (with limited exceptions, such as the mandatory form of "o'clock").

The main contractions are listed in the following table (for more explanation see English auxiliaries and contractions).

Contraction is a type of elision, simplifying pronunciation through reducing (dropping or shortening) sounds occurring to a word group.

In subject–auxiliary inversion, the contracted negative forms behave as if they were auxiliaries themselves, changing place with the subject. For example, the interrogative form of He won't go is Won't he go?, whereas the uncontracted equivalent is Will he not go?, with not following the subject.

Chinese

The Old Chinese writing system (oracle bone script and bronzeware script) is well suited for the (almost) one-to-one correspondence between morpheme and glyph.   Contractions, in which one glyph represents two or more morphemes, are a notable exception to this rule.  About twenty or so are noted to exist by traditional philologists, and are known as jiāncí (兼詞, lit. 'concurrent words'), while more words have been proposed to be contractions by recent scholars, based on recent reconstructions of Old Chinese phonology, epigraphic evidence, and syntactic considerations.  For example, 非 [fēi] has been proposed to be a contraction of 不 (bù) + 唯/隹 (wéi/zhuī).  These contractions are not generally graphically evident, nor is there a general rule for how a character representing a contraction might be formed.  As a result, the identification of a character as a contraction, as well as the word(s) that are proposed to have been contracted, are sometimes disputed.

As vernacular Chinese dialects use sets of function words that differ considerably from Classical Chinese, almost all classical contractions listed below are now archaic and have disappeared from everyday use.  However, modern contractions have evolved from these new vernacular function words.  Modern contractions appear in all the major modern dialect groups.  For example, 别 (bié) 'don't' in Standard Mandarin is a contraction of 不要 (bùyào), while 覅 (fiào) 'don't' in Shanghainese is a contraction of 勿要 (wù yào), as is apparent graphically.  Similarly, in Northeast Mandarin 甭 (béng) 'needn't' is both a phonological and graphical contraction of 不用 (bùyòng).  Finally, Cantonese contracts 乜嘢 (mat1 ye5) 'what?' to 咩 (me1).

Table of Classical Chinese contractions

Dutch

Some of the contractions in standard Dutch:

Informal Belgian Dutch utilizes a wide range of non-standard contractions, such as, for example, "hoe's't" (from "hoe is het?" - how are you?), "hij's d'r" (from "hij is daar" - he's there), "w'ebbe' goe' g'ete'" (from "we hebben goed gegeten" - we had eaten well) and "wa's da'?" (from "wat is dat?" - what is that?. Some of these contractions:

French

The French language has a variety of contractions, similar to English but mandatory, as in C'est la vie ("That's life"), where c'est stands for ce + est ("that is"). The formation of these contractions is called elision.

In general, any monosyllabic word ending in e caduc (schwa) will contract if the following word begins with a vowel, h or y (as h is silent and absorbed by the sound of the succeeding vowel; y sounds like i). In addition to ce → c'- (demonstrative pronoun "that"), these words are que → qu'- (conjunction, relative pronoun, or interrogative pronoun "that"), ne → n'- ("not"), se → s'- ("himself", "herself", "itself", "oneself" before a verb), je → j'- ("I"), me → m'- ("me" before a verb), te → t'-  (informal singular "you" before a verb), le or la → l'- ("the"; or  "he", "she", "it" before a verb or after an imperative verb and before the word y or en), and de → d'- ("of"). Unlike with English contractions, however, these contractions are mandatory: one would never say (or write) *ce est or *que elle.

Moi ("me") and toi (informal "you") mandatorily contract to m'- and t'- respectively after an imperative verb and before the word y or en.

It is also mandatory to avoid the repetition of a sound when the conjunction si ("if") is followed by il ("he", "it") or ils ("they"), which begin with the same vowel sound i: *si il → s'il ("if it", if he"); *si ils → s'ils ("if they").

Certain prepositions are also mandatorily merged with masculine and plural direct articles: au for à le, aux for à les, du for de le, and des for de les. However, the contraction of cela (demonstrative pronoun "that") to ça is optional and informal.

In informal speech, a personal pronoun may sometimes be contracted onto a following verb. For example, je ne sais pas (, "I don't know") may be pronounced roughly chais pas (), with the ne being completely elided and the  of je being mixed with the  of sais.  It is also common in informal contexts to contract tu to t'- before a vowel, e.g., t'as mangé for tu as mangé.

Hebrew

In Modern Hebrew, the prepositional prefixes -בְּ /bə-/ 'in' and -לְ /lə-/ 'to' contract with the definite article prefix -ה (/ha-/) to form the prefixes -ב /ba/ 'in the' and -ל /la/ 'to the'. In colloquial Israeli Hebrew, the preposition את (/ʔet/), which indicates a definite direct object, and the definite article prefix -ה (/ha-/) are often contracted to 'ת (/ta-/) when the former immediately precedes the latter.  Thus ראיתי את הכלב (/ʁaˈʔiti ʔet haˈkelev/, "I saw the dog") may become ראיתי ת'כלב (/ʁaˈʔiti taˈkelev/).

Italian

In Italian, prepositions merge with direct articles in predictable ways. The prepositions a, da, di, in, su, con and per combine with the various forms of the definite article, namely il, lo, la, l', i, gli, gl', and le.

 Contractions with a, da, di, in, and su are mandatory, but those with con and per are optional.
 Words in parentheses are no longer very commonly used. However, there's a difference between pel and pei, which are old-fashioned, and the other contractions of per, which are frankly obsolete. Col and coi are still common; collo, colla, cogli and colle are nowadays rare in the written language, but common in speaking.
 Formerly, gl''' was often used before words beginning with i, however it is no longer in very common (written) use.

The words ci and è (form of essere, to be) and the words vi and è are contracted into c'è and v'è (both meaning "there is").
 "C'è / V'è un problema" – There is a problem

The words dove and come are contracted with any word that begins with e, deleting the -e of the principal word, as in "Com'era bello!" – "How handsome he / it was!", "Dov'è il tuo amico?" – "Where's your friend?" The same is often true of other words of similar form, e.g. quale.

The direct object pronouns "lo" and "la" may also contract to form "l'" with a form of "avere", such as "L'ho comprato" - "I have bought it", or "L'abbiamo vista" - "We have seen her".

 Spanish

Spanish has two mandatory phonetic contractions between prepositions and articles: al (to the) for a el, and del (of the) for de el (not to be confused with a él, meaning to him, and de él, meaning his or, more literally, of him).

Other contractions were common in writing until the 17th century, the most usual being de + personal and demonstrative pronouns: destas for de estas (of these, fem.), daquel for de aquel (of that, masc.), dél for de él (of him) etc.; and the feminine article before words beginning with a-: l'alma for la alma, now el alma (the soul). Several sets of demonstrative pronouns originated as contractions of aquí (here) + pronoun, or pronoun + otro/a (other): aqueste, aqueso, estotro etc. The modern aquel (that, masc.) is the only survivor of the first pattern; the personal pronouns nosotros (we) and vosotros (pl. you) are remnants of the second. In medieval texts, unstressed words very often appear contracted: todol for todo el (all the, masc.), ques for que es (which is); etc. including with common words, like d'ome (d'home/d'homme) instead de ome (home/homme), and so on.

Though not strictly a contraction, a special form is used when combining con with mí, ti, or sí, which is written as conmigo for *con mí (with me), contigo for *con ti (with you sing.), consigo for *con sí (with himself/herself/itself/themselves (themself).)

Finally, one can hear  pa' for para, deriving as pa'l for para el, but these forms are only considered appropriate in informal speech.

 Portuguese

In Portuguese, contractions are common and much more numerous than those in Spanish. Several prepositions regularly contract with certain articles and pronouns. For instance, de (of) and por (by; formerly per) combine with the definite articles o and a (masculine and feminine forms of "the" respectively), producing do, da (of the), pelo, pela (by the). The preposition de contracts with the pronouns ele and ela (he, she), producing dele, dela (his, her). In addition, some verb forms contract with enclitic object pronouns: e.g., the verb amar (to love) combines with the pronoun a (her), giving amá-la (to love her).

Another contraction in Portuguese that is similar to English ones is the combination of the pronoun da with words starting in a, resulting in changing the first letter a for an apostrophe and joining both words. Examples: Estrela d'alva (A popular phrase to refer to Venus that means "Alb star", as a reference to its brightness) ; Caixa d'água (water tank).

 German

In informal, spoken German prepositional phrases, one can often merge the preposition and the article; for example, von dem becomes vom, zu dem becomes zum, or an das becomes ans. Some of these are so common that they are mandatory. In informal speech, aufm for auf dem, unterm for unter dem, etc. are also  used, but would be considered to be incorrect if written, except maybe in quoted direct speech, in appropriate context and style.

The pronoun es often contracts to s (usually written with the apostrophe) in certain contexts. For example, the greeting Wie geht es? is usually encountered in the contracted form Wie geht's?.

 Local languages in German-speaking areas
Regional dialects of German, and various local languages that usually were already used long before today's Standard German was created, do use contractions usually more frequently than German, but varying widely between different local languages. The informally spoken German contractions are observed almost everywhere, most often accompanied by additional ones, such as in den becoming in'n (sometimes im) or haben wir becoming hamwer, hammor, hemmer, or hamma depending on local intonation preferences. Bavarian German features several more contractions such as gesund sind wir becoming xund samma, which are schematically applied to all word or combinations of similar sound. (One must remember, however, that German wir exists alongside Bavarian mir, or mia, with the same meaning.) The Munich-born footballer Franz Beckenbauer has as his catchphrase "Schau mer mal" ("Schauen wir einmal" - in English "We shall see."). A book about his career had as its title the slightly longer version of the phrase, "Schau'n Mer Mal".

Such features are found in all central and southern language regions. A sample from Berlin: Sag einmal, Meister, kann man hier einmal hinein? is spoken as Samma, Meesta, kamma hier ma rin?Several West Central German dialects along the Rhine River have built contraction patterns involving long phrases and entire sentences. In speech, words are often concatenated, and frequently the process of "liaison" is used. So, [Dat] kriegst Du nicht may become Kressenit, or Lass mich gehen, habe ich gesagt may become Lomejon haschjesaat.

Mostly, there are no binding orthographies for local dialects of German, hence writing is left to a great extent to authors and their publishers. Outside quotations, at least, they usually pay little attention to print more than the most commonly spoken contractions, so as not to  degrade their readability. The use of apostrophes to indicate omissions is a varying and considerably less frequent process than in English-language publications.
 Indonesian
In standard Indonesian, there are no contractions applied, although Indonesian contractions exist in Indonesian slang. Many of these contractions are terima kasih to makasih (thank you), kenapa to napa (why), nggak to gak (not), and sebentar to tar (a moment).

 Norwegian

The use of contractions is not allowed in any form of standard Norwegian spelling; however, it is fairly common to shorten or contract words in spoken language. Yet, the commonness varies from dialect to dialect and from sociolect to sociolect—it depends on the formality etc. of the setting. Some common, and quite drastic, contractions found in Norwegian speech are "jakke" for "jeg har ikke", meaning "I do not have" and "dække" for "det er ikke", meaning "there is not". The most frequently used of these contractions—usually consisting of two or three words contracted into one word, contain short, common and often monosyllabic words like , , , ,  or . The use of the apostrophe (') is much less common than in English, but is sometimes used in contractions to show where letters have been dropped.

In extreme cases, long, entire sentences may be written as one word. An example of this is "Det ordner seg av seg selv" in standard written Bokmål, meaning "It will sort itself out" could become "dånesæsæsjæl" (note the letters Å and Æ, and the word "sjæl", as an eye dialect spelling of ). R-dropping, being present in the example, is especially common in speech in many areas of Norway , but plays out in different ways, as does elision of word-final phonemes like .

Because of the many dialects of Norwegian and their widespread use it is often difficult to distinguish between non-standard writing of standard Norwegian and eye dialect spelling. It is almost universally true that these spellings try to convey the way each word is pronounced, but it is rare to see language written that does not adhere to at least some of the rules of the official orthography. Reasons for this include words spelled unphonemically, ignorance of conventional spelling rules, or adaptation for better transcription of that dialect's phonemes.

 Latin

Latin contains several examples of contractions. One such case is preserved in the verb nolo (I am unwilling/do not want), which was formed by a contraction of non volo (volo meaning "I want"). Similarly this is observed in the first person plural and third person plural forms (nolumus and nolunt respectively).

 Japanese

Some contractions in rapid speech include ~っす (-ssu) for です (desu) and すいません (suimasen) for すみません (sumimasen). では (dewa) is often contracted to じゃ (ja). In certain grammatical contexts the particle の (no) is contracted to simply ん (n).

When used after verbs ending in the conjunctive form ~て (-te), certain auxiliary verbs and their derivations are often abbreviated. Examples:

* this abbreviation is never used in the polite conjugation, to avoid the resultant ambiguity between an abbreviated ikimasu (go) and the verb kimasu (come).

The ending ~なければ (-nakereba) can be contracted to ~なきゃ (-nakya) when it is used to indicate obligation. It is often used without an auxiliary, e.g., 行かなきゃ(いけない) (ikanakya (ikenai)) "I have to go."

Other times, contractions are made to create new words or to give added or altered meaning:
 The word 何か (nanika) "something" is contracted to なんか (nanka) to make a colloquial word with a meaning along the lines of "sort of," but that can be used with almost no meaning. Its usage is as a filler word is similar to English "like."
 じゃない (ja nai) "is not" is contracted to じゃん (jan), which is used at the end of statements to show the speaker's belief or opinion, often when it is contrary to that of the listener, e.g., いいじゃん! (ii jan!) "What, it's fine!"
 The commonly used particle-verb phrase という (to iu) is often contracted to ~って/~て/~っつー (-tte/-te/-ttsū) to give a more informal or noncommittal feeling.
 といえば (to ieba), the conditional form of という (to iu) mentioned above, is contracted to ~ってば (-tte ba) to show the speaker's annoyance at the listener's failure to listen to, remember, or heed what the speaker has said, e.g., もういいってば! (mō ii tte ba!), "I already told you I don't want to talk about it anymore!".
 The common words だ (da) and です (desu) are older contractions that originate from である (de aru) and でございます (de gozaimasu). These are fully integrated into the language now, and are not generally thought of as contractions; however in formal writing (e.g., literature, news articles, or technical/scientific writing), である (de aru) is used in place of だ (da).
 The first-person singular pronoun 私 is pronounced わたくし (watakushi) in very formal speech, but commonly contracted to わたし(watashi) in less formal speech, and further clipped in specifically younger women's speech to あたし (atashi).

Various dialects of Japanese also use their own specific contractions that are often unintelligible to speakers of other dialects.

 Polish

In the Polish language pronouns have contracted forms that are more prevalent in their colloquial usage. Examples are go and mu. The non-contracted forms are jego (unless it is used as a possessive pronoun) and jemu, respectively. The clitic -ń, which stands for niego (him) as in dlań (dla niego), is more common in literature.  The non-contracted forms are generally used as a means to accentuate.

 Uyghur

Uyghur, a Turkic language spoken in Central Asia, includes some verbal suffixes that are actually contracted forms of compound verbs (serial verbs). For instance, sëtip alidu (sell-manage, "manage to sell") is usually written and pronounced sëtivaldu'', with the two words forming a contraction and the [p] leniting into a [v] or [w].

Filipino/Tagalog

In Filipino, most contractions need other words to be contracted correctly. Only words that end with vowels can make a contraction with words like "at" and "ay." In this chart, the "@" represents any vowel.

See also

 Apostrophe
 Blend
 Clipping (morphology)
 Contractions of negated auxiliary verbs in English
 Elision
 List of common English usage misconceptions
 Poetic contraction
 Synalepha
 Syncope (phonetics)

Notes

References

Abbreviations
Types of words
Syntactic categories

Contraction (grammar)


Down from Everest Death Zone er en dansk oplysningsfilm fra 2012, der er instrueret af Anders Kolby og Morten Truelsen Søndergaard.

Handling
I 2010 startede et frivilligt hold af nepalesiske sherpaer den første oprydningsekspedition af den øverste del af Mount Everest. Sherpaerne tilbragte i alt 42 dage på de stejle bjergsider, hvor de formåede at tage 1800 kg skrald og to lig med ned fra over 8000 meters højde. Siden 1953 da Edmund Hillary og Tenzing Norgay som de første mennesker besteg Mount Everest, har hundredvis af mennesker været på toppen af bjerget. Problemet er, at ikke alle rydder op efter sig selv i højderne. Specielt er det slemt i de højeste luftlag, hvor oxygenflasker og lig flyder i de ellers unikke bjergomgivelser.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2012
Bjergbestigning
Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark

Down from Everest Death Zone


Don Bosco Anthony Boselli Jr. (born April 17, 1972) is an American former football tackle who played in the National Football League (NFL) for seven seasons with the Jacksonville Jaguars. He played college football at USC, earning three first-team All-American selections. Boselli was the first player drafted by the Jaguars, who selected him second overall in the 1995 NFL Draft.

During his tenure in Jacksonville, Boselli established himself as one of the franchise's most productive and popular players. He was named to five Pro Bowls and three first-team All-Pros while appearing in two AFC Championship Games. In 2002, he was the first selection in the Houston Texans' expansion draft, but retired without playing for them due to injuries. His accomplishments with Jacksonville led to him becoming the first inductee of the Jaguars' Hall of Fame, which he was named to in 2006. Boselli was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2022, making him the first Jaguars player inducted to the latter.

College career
Boselli accepted an athletic scholarship to attend the University of Southern California, where he played for the Trojans from 1991 to 1994.  He was a first-team All-Pac-10 selection and a first-team All-American in 1992, 1993 and 1994.  In 1994, he also won the Morris Trophy.  While he was an undergraduate, he was initiated as a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. Boselli was named to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2014.

Professional career

Boselli was selected as the second pick of the 1995 NFL Draft, the first-ever draft pick of the new Jacksonville Jaguars franchise. As a result of his professional success and local popularity, Jacksonville-area McDonald's restaurants offered the "Boselli Burger" in his honor for a period of time.

He was selected by the Houston Texans in the 2002 expansion draft. He spent the entire season on injured reserve and retired following the conclusion of the season. Boselli has blamed the end of his career on mistakes made during a surgery on his left shoulder.

As a sign of his success in Jacksonville, on October 8, 2006, he was the first player inducted into the Pride of the Jaguars (the team's Hall of Fame) and signed a symbolic one-day contract allowing him to retire officially as a Jaguar. Boselli was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame on February 10, 2022, becoming the first Jaguars player to receive the honor.

Life after football
Boselli participated in numerous business ventures during and after his professional football career. Along with former teammates Mark Brunell and Bryan Schwartz, he invested in seven Mattress Firm bedding stores in Jacksonville. By the time Boselli left for Texas in 2002, he had sold his interest in the company. Boselli and Brunell own all Whataburger franchise locations in the Jacksonville area. He also works as the offensive line coach at the Episcopal School of Jacksonville, on the same coaching staff as Brunell.

Boselli is also a founding partner in IF Marketing with friends and former teammates Jeff Novak and Will Furrer. The marketing and advertising firm, with offices in Georgetown, Texas and Jacksonville, Florida, was originally called Intra Focus marketing & advertising.

Personal life
Since 2005, Boselli has lived in Ponte Vedra Beach, Florida with his wife, Angi and their five children, Andrew, Adam, Ashli, Alexis, and Ansli. Boselli has lost a significant amount of weight and now participates in triathlons.

Boselli's son Andrew received an athletic scholarship to attend Florida State University, and played for the Florida State Seminoles football team. While Adam played tight end collegiately for Florida Atlantic

Sports broadcasting
In 2007, Boselli was hired as a color commentator on regional NFL telecasts for Fox, teaming with Ron Pitts.  In his rookie season as a televised commentator, Boselli drew praise as one of the best in the business.
From 2009-2012, he worked as a game analyst and sideline reporter for Westwood One's coverage of the NFL.
Beginning in 2013, he joined the Jacksonville Jaguars radio play by play team.

Boselli was a former co-host on 1010 XL with Dan Hicken and Jeff Prosser each morning from 6-10 am on Sports Final Radio. He still appears part-time as a call-in guest.

Boselli was interviewed for an episode of NFL's Greatest Games which aired on ESPN2.

Charity
Boselli and his wife created the Boselli Foundation in 1995 in Jacksonville to work with at-risk youth, and help them to cultivate high self-esteem and to succeed at home, at school, and at play. Beginning in 2007, he has spent substantial time working on projects with the foundation. He overcame opposition from local politicians when the Boselli Foundation proposed renovating and reopening a closed community center.

References

External links
 The Boselli Foundation

1972 births
Living people
All-American college football players
American Conference Pro Bowl players
American football offensive tackles
College football announcers
College Football Hall of Fame inductees
Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees
USC Trojans football players
Jacksonville Jaguars draft picks
Jacksonville Jaguars players
Houston Texans players
Jacksonville Jaguars announcers
National Football League announcers
Players of American football from Colorado
Sportspeople from Boulder, Colorado
Players of American football from Jacksonville, Florida
National Football League players with retired numbers
Sigma Alpha Epsilon members

Tony Boselli


Acest articol dezvoltă secțiunea Cultură a articolului principal, Ceangăi.

Portul popular ceangăiesc este un tip de îmbrăcăminte specific locuitorilor ceangăi din zona Moldovei, rezultat din contopirea unor mai multe culturi timp de mai multe secole. Acesta se aseamănă în unele privințe cu portul secuiesc, din Bulgaria de la sud de Dunăre, din sudul Ucrainei și cu cel românesc, fiind diferit totuși de acestea în măsuri diferite prin material, croire și decorare. De asemenea, păstrează elemente specifice din secolele XVII-XVIII.

Ceangăii din Moldova
Ținuta ce caracterizează prin pantaloni din lână, ie cu mâneci lungi, brâu în talie, pălărie, ghete și cizme, încălțămintea cea din urmă fiind mai recentă.

Acest costum era obișnuit în rândul popoarelor din sud-estul Europei, dar s-a păstrat parțial neschimbat în rândul comunității ceangăiești în ceea ce privește croitoria și decorarea anumitor haine, cum ar fi a cămășilor pentru femei și bărbați.

A fost un port comun în trecut bulgarilor, ucrainenilor, românilor. Se aseamănă cu actuala formă a portului secuiesc.

Ceangăii și românii numesc astăzi această ținută "port maghiar" (sau "unguresc"), în timp ce maghiarii din Transilvania "costum românesc", pentru că elemente din acesta pot fi văzute și în rândul românilor.

Există și o formă mai tradițională și mai arhaică a acestui port.

Catrința este brodată cu voal din lână neagră.

Ceangăii din Ghimeș
Portul bărbătesc al ceangăilor seamănă în mare parte cu cel din Moldova, excepție făcând cioarecii și ițarii ce sunt mai strâmți, purtându-se cu bocanci. Se poartă cămașa cu mânecă largă sau cu manșetă brodată, gulerul mic fiind frumos ornat. Șerparul foarte lat, purtat pe vremuri, este înlocuit cu mult mai îngust, care fixează pe talie cămașa semilungă, trasă în creț. Pe pălărioara neagră cu boruri mici se poartă, mai ales de către flăcăi, un buchet colorat. Pieptarul este foarte bogat ornat; sumanul lung, de culoare neagră, se ornează discret cu șiret și șnur, dar numai prin părțile buzunarelor și ale gulerului. Iarna, capul se acoperă cu căciulă neagră.

Portul ceangăiesc feminin seamănă și el cu cel moldovenesc. Ia cu altița ornată pe vremuri cu broderii de forme geometrice cusute pe dos are în prezent broderie cu motive florale multicolore, ornarea tradițională păstrându-se doar la crețuri. Poalele ceangăiești se confecționează din pânză sau giulgiu alb; ele nu sunt brodate, iar dantela care încadrează partea de jos a poalelor, le conferă o frumusețe discretă. Ia și poalele sunt strânse, de asemenea, printr-un brâu lat de lână, peste care se îmbracă catrința de culoare maro sau neagră, vărgată cu măsură și fixată mai sus de talie printr-un brâu îngust de lână. Cojocul de blană încheiat în față este ornamentat printr-o broderie colorată. Femeile mai în etate îmbracă adesea pe sub cojoc și mâneci roșii tărcate, cu pătrățele, prinse peste umăr printr-un fel de ham. Fetele și femeiletinere poartă la gât un șirag de mărgele strălucitoare cu panglică colorată, împodobită cu motive florale. Este răspândit portul baticului. Tinerele își leagă baticurile cu trandafiri pe ceafă, iar femeile mai în vârstă sub bărbie. Iarna se poartă bundiță din blană de miel, de culoare albă, ori sumanul negru asemănător sumanului bărbătesc. Acesta din urmă se poartă de către femeile vârstnice. Vara femeile poartă pantofi, iarna ghete cu tureac.

Ceangăii din Țara Bârsei

Portul ceangăiesc feminin constă într-un buchet de culori de la fusta lungă cu ham până la portul popular în stil săsesc, care la rândul lui a fost preluat de către locuitorii din zonă din perioada renascentistă maghiară.

Femeile și fetele își împodobesc îndeosebi capul, iar părul este prins în kuóda (coadă) și încolăcit pe partea superioară a capului. Conform tradiției maghiare, pe aceasta se așează o cununiță cu șiraguri de mărgele, care în timpul mersului zornăie. Se poartă csepesz (bonetă) pe care – în locul voalului alb care se poartă în zilele lucrătoare ale săptămânii – se leagă năframă colorată. Se poartă bonetă brodată de o formă specifică. Din cânepă împletesc un coc în formă de semicerc sau de potcoavă acoperită de o țesătură albă, care este fixată în partea dorsală a bonetei. Peste aceasta vine voalul alb dintr-o țesătură fină, care este presat de o panglică roșie legată în spate, deasupra frunții. Aceasta, în general, este prinsă de coc cu șase ace ornate, foarte frumos aurite, în așa mod, încât două se regăsesc deasupra cocului, iar două câte două lateral.

Portul bărbaților constă din pălărie neagră cu bor lat, cojoc care se trage peste cămașa strânsă cu șerpar. De sărbători poartă pieptar negru și ciorapi albi strânși. Locuitorii din Satu Nou au păstrat portul vechi maghiar folosit de sași. Bărbații poartă o manta albastră cu croi lung, pantaloni maghiari din postav de culoare închisă al sașilor tot timpul săptămânii. Portul festiv pentru biserică cuprinde magyarka (dolmanul lung cu cataramă), în cazul femeilor mantaua, iar în cazul fetelor chivăra din catifea. Cei din Satu Nou poartă cu plăcere atât portul festiv maghiar, cât și vestimentația maghiară.

Bărbații din Șapte Sate poartă în timpul verii cămăși largi din pânză de cânepă, gagya (izmene), sau ciorapi din postav alb.  Gulerul este rigid, în față se închide cu un șnur cu ciucure. Cămașa este lungă, este purtată în exterior, partea inferioară ajunge aproape până la genunchi. Cămașa este strânsă cu un brâu lat, cu diészü (chimir). În acesta se țineau bani și documente, și pe el a fost fixat și tocul pentru cuțit, respectiv și punga pentru instrumentul de făcut foc. Pe vreme mai friguroasă au purtat manta din pânză, firiskuó din pânză de in, dar și kozsokul (cojocul) scurt și lung, brodat cu mătase, flăcăii purtau (lombos guba) sarica. Pe cap purtau pălărie neagră cu bor lat, iar atunci când era frig, purtau căciulă din blană neagră sau albă. În cazul sărbătorilor vestimentația din pânză de cânepă a fost schimbată pe cea din pânza de in, care avea țesătură mai fină. Ca pardesiu, în Săcele se purta zeke (pieptar) alb, iar în Trei Sate de culoare neagră. Încălțămintea era egiéjszlábu csimma (cizma lungă întreagă). Iarna, când se mergea la pădure, purtau gyiébá lungă, în cazul nunților purtau sárigcérnás ing (cămașă cu ață galbenă) și mejjes (pieptar), care era brodat cu tulipánt(lalele) roșii și verzi, iar în lateral era ornat cu nasturi. Căruțași din Șapte Sate au purtat manta din piele și szárika (sarică).

Portul popular al femeilor din Șapte Sate are două variante cunoscute. Cel mai vechi este portul cu hámosrokoja (fusta lungă cu ham) iar cel nou este portul săsesc. În ocaziile mai speciale ale vieții, pe vestimentație domina culoarea albă, spre exemplu la căsătorie sau înmormântare. Fetele aveau împletit părul în două codițe, femeile îl purtau în coc, peste aceasta puneau scufia. Fetele își fixau părul cu șnur de culoare vișinie sau purpurie, femeile tinere își legau părul cu panglică brodată cu aur, pe care o purtau doi ani, apoi o preschimbau în panglică de culoare vișinie. Pentru ocazii speciale și duminici, femeile puneau csepesz (bonetă) pe cap, pe care o acopereau cu basma din voal. Pieptul le era ornat cu kösöntyű (podoabe pentru femei), giuvaiere, pe talie purtau brâu cu ornamente metalice, pe care erau atârnate bugyelláris (pungi brodate) sau erszény (portmonee). Rokoja (fusta lungă) a fetei și a miresei era albă, încrețită, a femeilor în zile de sărbătoare era neagră, în celelalte zile era albastru închis. Peste fustă se purta șorțul denumit katrinca (catrință). În trecut, în picioare, femeile purtau crepidă, apoi au folosit cizme din piele de oaie sau capră  tăbăcită. La confirmare purtau cămașă albă, fustă lungă din pânză de in, masining, firiskuó din pânză de in, fustă lungă din in și csipkesurc (șorț din dantelă), iar pe cap purtau cununiță de catifea cu panglici roșii. În cazul căsătoriilor, ornamentul special pentru mirese a fost chivăra din catifea neagră și mantaua neagră. Pe cămășile pentru femei, broderia părții crețe verzselés (broderia încrețiturii) făcea referire la vârsta femeii: cămășile fetelor erau brodate cu roșu, cusute împreună cu roșu, cămășile femeilor erau  brodate cu galben, cusătura de margine era roșie, iar cămășile femeilor bătrâne era brodat cu fir de culoare alb gălbui și era ornat cu volane albe.

Mărturii ale unor istorici

I. N. Ciocan, institutor, licențiat în Drept, fost inspector școlar, descrie în "Monografia creștinilor catolici din județul Roman. După date culese în 1903-1904", apărută în anul 1924:

"Portul. Costumul lor este deosebit de al românilor.
Femeile și fetele au îmbrăcămintea aproape caraghioasă. Fetele împletesc părul în jurul unui cerc împrejurul capului, așa că se pare că are două coarne rotunde, întoarse pe de lături spre ceafă, iar în zilele de sărbătoare părul li e așezat pe cap și toată găteala în forma unei site de cernut făina. Cămeșile lor au un fel de cusături naționale, dar nu cu motive românești; se zice că ar fi semănând cu cele naționale ungurești din Ungaria. Catrințele strâmte, pe corp; încălțămintele galbene sau roșii și cu călcâiul înalt.

Bărbații și flăcăii au îmbrăcămintea mai apropiată de a sătenilor ortodocși din partea locului, cu deosebire că ei poartă în timp de iarnă, deodată două cojoace: o bondă din blană fără mâneci și pe deasupra un cojoc cu mâneci; în timpul verii poartă pălării speciale, în formă de jumătate de cilindru, având baza cercului de sus mai mică decât cea de jos – un mare triunghi de con; pălăria e tare. Sunt închiși cu chimir bătut cu nasturi."

Nicolae Iorga descrie în colecția "România cum era până la 1918" portul și înfățișarea ceangăilor:

[Ținutul Romanului] "Se văd lucrând la garduri țăranii din aceste locuri: unii au pălării mari în margeni, cum le poartă toată țărănimea noastră din aceste părți "moldovene"; cămășile lor n-au niciun fel de podoabă; cojocul mare nu e potrivit pe trup; câte odată-i acopere sumanul pământiu cu ciucuri. Alții încunjură cu o panglică roșie, uneori destul de largă, fundul înalt al unei pălării cu margenile mici; îndată li zărești tiviturile roșii de la gât; cojoacele se mlădie după liniile mijlocului. Aceștia au deseori fața molâie, ochii șterși; șuvițe de păr rar li se coboară pe umeri, dar sunt între ei și de aceia care sunt bălani ca Rușii sau negricioși ca Românii noștri."

"Ploscuțenii, întemeiați cândva de românul Ploscuță, sunt în adevăr un sat de unguri, pripășiți aici din ținutul de față, al Bacăului. Ungurii păstrează până astăzi îmbrăcămintea lor, care nu se deosebește întru nimic de aceea a sătenilor de prin Bacău și Roman: bărbații poartă pălăria cu margeni mici și panglică roșie, femeile sunt îmbrobodite cu ștergarul ca un văl aruncat peste cozile făcute conci, sus (birjarul nostru, un băietan român, numește cu despreț "coarne" podoaba albă, învoaltă a frunții); fetele au panglici întrețesute cu părul lor bălan și flori de târg prinse în ele; cămașa largă, cu arnici roșii pe mâneci, fota neagră, dintr-o singură bucată, mântuie îmbrăcămintea."

Academicianul Ion Simionescu în volumul "Țara noastră" apărut în anul 1937:
[...] "la fete, cu împletitura părului în jurul unui cerc cu două "coarne" întoarse spre ceafă. Au catrințe strâmte, ghete de regulă colorate, cu tocuri înalte. Pălăriile de bărbați sunt ca niște trunchiuri de con. Destoinici gospodari și agricultori, Ciangăii trăiesc în bună înțelegere cu Românii."

Legături externe
 Port popular femeiesc în Țara Bârsei, terrabarcensis.ro
 Port popular femeiesc în Țara Bârsei, terrabarcensis.ro

Note

Etnografie

Portul popular ceangăiesc


The three-toed earless skink (Hemiergis decresiensis) is a viviparous earless skink from southeastern Australia.

Description
Hemiergis decresiensis is a thin, smooth-scaled lizard with short legs, a movable, transparent lower eyelid and no visible ear opening. It is a burrowing species with only three small toes on each limb. The upper surface is a rich brown colour with a few dark brown stripes or spots. Its sides are greyish brown with darker spots and there is a narrow dark brown line along the side of the head and through the eye. It lays several oval-shaped eggs that hatch only a few days later.

References

Hemiergis
Skinks of Australia
Endemic fauna of Australia
Taxa named by Georges Cuvier
Reptiles described in 1829

Three-toed earless skink


ملحن سعودي درس الموسيقى في المعهد العالي للموسيقى العربية في القاهرة حصل على درجة الدكتوراه مع مرتبة الشرف العالي من جامعة السربون في باريس وكانت أطروحته في فن طلال مداح.

أبرز أعماله

محمد عبده
 المعازيم، فائق عبد الجليل.

طلال مداح
 بالإشارة لإبراهيم خفاجي.
 بسكات لبدر بن عبد المحسن بن عبد العزيز آل سعود.

طلال سلامة
 لا تصد هناك، خالد الفيصل.
 في سحابة، خالد الفيصل.
 جيت، ثريا قابل.

علي عبد الكريم (مغني)
 ليل وسهر، سعد الخريجي.

تهاميون
ملحنون سعوديون

عدنان خوج


Flatanger er strandsveitarfélag í Þrændalögum í Noregi. Í sveitarfélaginu eru 1.101 íbúar (2022).

Stjórnsýslumiðstöð sveitarfélagsins er þéttbýli Lauvsnes sem er eina þéttbýlið í sveitarfélaginu.

Sveitarfélagið Flatanger á landamæri að  sveitarfélögin Namsos í norðri og austri og Osen í suðri.

Sveitarfélög í Þrændalögum

Flatanger (sveitarfélag)


The Drude model of electrical conduction was proposed in 1900 by Paul Drude to explain the transport properties of electrons in materials (especially metals). Basically, Ohm's law was well established and stated that the current J and voltage V driving the current are related to the resistance R of the material. The inverse of the resistance is known as the conductance. When we consider a metal of unit length and unit cross sectional area, the conductance is known as the conductivity, which is the inverse of resistivity. The Drude model attempts to explain the resistivity of a conductor in terms of the scattering of electrons (the carriers of electricity) by the relatively immobile ions in the metal that act like obstructions to the flow of electrons.

The model, which is an application of kinetic theory, assumes that the microscopic behaviour of electrons in a solid may be treated classically and behaves much like a pinball machine, with a sea of constantly jittering electrons bouncing and re-bouncing off heavier, relatively immobile positive ions.

In modern terms this is reflected in the valence electron model where the sea of electrons is composed of the valence electrons only, and not the full set of electrons available in the solid, and the scattering centers are the inner shells of tightly bound electrons to the nucleus. The scattering centers had a positive charge equivalent to the valence number of the atoms.
This similarity added to some computation errors in the Drude paper, ended up providing a reasonable qualitative theory of solids capable of making good predictions in certain cases and giving completely wrong results in others.
Whenever people tried to give more substance and detail to the nature of the scattering centers, and the mechanics of scattering, and the meaning of the length of scattering, all these attempts ended in failures.

The scattering lengths computed in the Drude model, are of the order of 10 to 100 inter-atomic distances, and also these could not be given proper microscopic explanations.

Drude scattering is not electron-electron scattering which is only a secondary phenomenon in the modern theory, neither nuclear scattering given electrons can be at most be absorbed by nuclei. The model remains a bit mute on the microscopic mechanisms, in modern terms this is what is now called the "primary scattering mechanism" where the underlying phenomenon can be different case per case.

The model gives better predictions for metals, especially in regards to conductivity, and sometimes is called Drude theory of metals. This is because metals have essentially a better approximation to the free electron model, i.e. metals do not have complex band structures, electrons behave essentially as free particles and where, in the case of metals, the effective number of de-localized electrons is essentially the same as the valence number.

The two most significant results of the Drude model are an electronic equation of motion,

and a linear relationship between current density  and electric field ,

Here  is the time, ⟨p⟩ is the average momentum per electron and , and  are respectively the electron charge, number density, mass, and mean free time between ionic collisions. The latter expression is particularly important because it explains in semi-quantitative terms why Ohm's law, one of the most ubiquitous relationships in all of electromagnetism, should hold.

Steps towards a more modern theory of solids were given by the following:
 The Einstein solid model and the Debye model, suggesting that the quantum behaviour of exchanging energy in integral units or quanta was an essential component in the full theory especially with regard to specific heats, where the Drude theory failed.
 In some cases, namely in the Hall effect, the theory was making correct predictions if instead of using a negative charge for the electrons a positive one was used. This is now interpreted as holes (i.e. quasi-particles that behave as positive charge carriers) but at the time of Drude it was rather obscure why this was the case.

Drude used Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics for the gas of electrons and for deriving the model, which was the only one available at that time. By replacing the statistics with the correct Fermi Dirac statistics, Sommerfeld significantly improved the predictions of the model, although still having a semi-classical theory that could not predict all results of the modern quantum theory of solids.

History
German physicist Paul Drude proposed his model in 1900 when it was not clear whether atoms existed, and it was not clear what atoms were on a microscopic scale. In his original paper, Drude made an error, estimating the Lorenz number of Wiedemann–Franz law to be twice what it classically should have been, thus making it seem in agreement with the experimental value of the specific heat. This number is about 100 times smaller than the classical prediction but this factor cancels out with the mean electronic speed that is about 100 times bigger than Drude's calculation.

The first direct proof of atoms through the computation of the Avogadro number from a microscopic model is due to Albert Einstein, the first modern model of atom structure dates to 1904 and the Rutherford model to 1909. Drude starts from the discovery of electrons in 1897 by J.J. Thomson and assumes as a simplistic model of solids that the bulk of the solid is composed of positively charged scattering centers, and a sea of electrons submerge those scattering centers to make the total solid neutral from a charge perspective. The model was extended in 1905 by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz (and hence is also known as the Drude–Lorentz model) to give the relation between the thermal conductivity and the electric conductivity of metals (see Lorenz number), and is a classical model. Later it was supplemented with the results of quantum theory in 1933 by Arnold Sommerfeld and Hans Bethe, leading to the Drude–Sommerfeld model.

Nowadays the Drude and Sommerfeld models are still significant to understanding the qualitative behaviour of solids and to get a first qualitative understanding of a specific experimental setup. This is a generic method in solid state physics, where it is typical to incrementally increase the complexity of the models to give more and more accurate predictions. It is less common to use a full-blown quantum field theory from first principles, given the complexities due to the huge numbers of particles and interactions and the little added value of the extra mathematics involved (considering the incremental gain in numerical precision of the predictions).

Assumptions
Drude used the kinetic theory of gases applied to the gas of electrons moving on a fixed background of "ions"; this is in contrast with the usual way of applying the theory of gases as a neutral diluted gas with no background. The number density of the electron gas was assumed to be

where Z is the effective number of de-localized electrons per ion, for which Drude used the valence number, A is the atomic mass per mole,  is the mass density (mass per unit volume) of the "ions", and N is the Avogadro constant.
Considering the average volume available per electron as a sphere:

The quantity  is a parameter that describes the electron density and is often of the order of 2 or 3 times the Bohr radius, for alkali metals it ranges from 3 to 6 and some metal compounds it can go up to 10.
The densities are of the order of 100 times of a typical classical gas.

The core assumptions made in the Drude model are the following:
 Drude applied the kinetic theory of a dilute gas, despite the high densities, therefore ignoring electron–electron and electron–ion interactions aside from collisions.
 The Drude model considers the metal to be formed of a collection of positively charged ions from which a number of "free electrons" were detached. These may be thought to be the valence electrons of the atoms that have become delocalized due to the electric field of the other atoms.
 The Drude model neglects long-range interaction between the electron and the ions or between the electrons; this is called the independent electron approximation.
 The electrons move in straight lines between one collision and another; this is called free electron approximation.
 The only interaction of a free electron with its environment was treated as being collisions with the impenetrable ions core.
 The average time between subsequent collisions of such an electron is , with a memoryless Poisson distribution. The nature of the collision partner of the electron does not matter for the calculations and conclusions of the Drude model.
 After a collision event, the distribution of the velocity and direction of an electron is determined by only the local temperature and is independent of the velocity of the electron before the collision event. The electron is considered to be immediately at equilibrium with the local temperature after a collision.

Removing or improving upon each of these assumptions gives more refined models, that can more accurately describe different solids:
 Improving the hypothesis of the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics with the Fermi–Dirac statistics leads to the Drude–Sommerfeld model.
 Improving the hypothesis of the Maxwell–Boltzmann statistics with the Bose–Einstein statistics leads to considerations about the specific heat of integer spin atoms and to the Bose–Einstein condensate.
 A valence band electron in a semiconductor is still essentially a free electron in a delimited energy range (i.e. only a "rare" high energy collision that implies a change of band would behave differently); the independent electron approximation is essentially still valid (i.e. no electron–electron scattering), where instead the hypothesis about the localization of the scattering events is dropped (in layman terms the electron is and scatters all over the place).

Mathematical treatment

DC field
The simplest analysis of the Drude model assumes that electric field  is both uniform and constant, and that the thermal velocity of electrons is sufficiently high such that they accumulate only an infinitesimal amount of momentum  between collisions, which occur on average every  seconds.

Then an electron isolated at time  will on average have been travelling for time  since its last collision, and consequently will have accumulated momentum

During its last collision, this electron will have been just as likely to have bounced forward as backward, so all prior contributions to the electron's momentum may be ignored, resulting in the expression

Substituting the relations

results in the formulation of Ohm's law mentioned above:

Time-varying analysis

The dynamics may also be described by introducing an effective drag force. At time  the electron's momentum will be:

where  can be interpreted as generic force (e.g. Lorentz Force) on the carrier or more specifically on the electron.  is the momentum of the carrier with random direction after the collision (i.e. with a momentum ) and with absolute kinetic energy

On average, a fraction of  of the electrons will not have experienced another collision, the other fraction that had the collision on average will come out in a random direction and will contribute to the total momentum to only a factor  which is of second order.

With a bit of algebra and dropping terms of order , this results in the generic differential equation

The second term is actually an extra drag force or damping term due to the Drude effects.

Constant electric field
At time  the average electron's momentum will be

and then

where  denotes average momentum and  the charge of the electrons. This, which is an inhomogeneous differential equation, may be solved to obtain the general solution of

for . The steady state solution, , is then

As above, average momentum may be related to average velocity and this in turn may be related to current density,

and the material can be shown to satisfy Ohm's law  with a DC-conductivity :

AC field

The Drude model can also predict the current as a response to a time-dependent electric field with an angular frequency . The complex conductivity is

Here it is assumed that:

In engineering,  is generally replaced by  (or ) in all equations, which reflects the phase difference with respect to origin, rather than delay at the observation point traveling in time.

The imaginary part indicates that the current lags behind the electrical field. This happens because the electrons need roughly a time  to accelerate in response to a change in the electrical field. Here the Drude model is applied to electrons; it can be applied both to electrons and holes; i.e., positive charge carriers in semiconductors. The curves for  are shown in the graph.

If a sinusoidally varying electric field with frequency  is applied to the solid, the negatively charged electrons behave as a plasma that tends to move a distance x apart from the positively charged background. As a result, the sample is polarized and there will be an excess charge at the opposite surfaces of the sample.

The dielectric constant of the sample  is expressed as

where  is the electric displacement and  is the polarization density.

The polarization density is written as

and the polarization density with n electron density is

After a little algebra the relation between polarization density and electric field can be expressed as

The frequency dependent dielectric function of the solid is

At a resonance frequency , called the plasma frequency, the dielectric function changes sign from negative to positive and real part of the dielectric function drops to zero.

The plasma frequency represents a plasma oscillation resonance or plasmon. The plasma frequency can be employed as a direct measure of the square root of the density of valence electrons in a solid. Observed values are in reasonable agreement with this theoretical prediction for a large number of materials. Below the plasma frequency, the dielectric function is negative and the field cannot penetrate the sample. Light with angular frequency below the plasma frequency will be totally reflected. Above the plasma frequency the light waves can penetrate the sample, a typical example are alkaline metals that becomes transparent in the range of ultraviolet radiation.

Thermal conductivity of metals
One great success of the Drude model is the explanation of the Wiedemann-Franz law.  This was due to a fortuitous cancellation of errors in Drude's original calculation.  Drude predicted the value of the Lorenz number:

Experimental values are typically in the range of  for metals at temperatures between 0 and 100 degrees Celsius.

Thermopower
A generic temperature gradient when switched on in a thin bar will trigger a current of electrons towards the lower temperature side, given the experiments are done in an open circuit manner this current will accumulate on that side generating an electric field countering the electric current. This field is called thermoelectric field:

and Q is called thermopower. The estimates by Drude are a factor of 100 low given the direct dependency with the specific heat.

where the typical thermopowers at room temperature are 100 times smaller of the order of micro-volts.

Accuracy of the model
The Drude model provides a very good explanation of DC and AC conductivity in metals, the Hall effect, and the magnetoresistance in metals near room temperature. The model also explains partly the Wiedemann–Franz law of 1853.

Drude formula is derived in a limited way, namely by assuming that the charge carriers form a classical ideal gas. When quantum theory is considered, the Drude model can be extended to the free electron model, where the carriers follow Fermi–Dirac distribution. The conductivity predicted is the same as in the Drude model because it does not depend on the form of the electronic speed distribution. However, Drude's model greatly overestimates the electronic heat capacity of metals. In reality, metals and insulators have roughly the same heat capacity at room temperature. Also, the Drude model does not explain the scattered trend of electrical conductivity versus frequency above roughly 2 THz.

The model can also be applied to positive (hole) charge carriers.

Drude response in real materials
The characteristic behavior of a Drude metal in the time or frequency domain, i.e. exponential relaxation with time constant  or the frequency dependence for  stated above, is called Drude response. In a conventional, simple, real metal (e.g. sodium, silver, or gold at room temperature) such behavior is not found experimentally, because the characteristic frequency  is in the infrared frequency range, where other features that are not considered in the Drude model (such as band structure) play an important role. But for certain other materials with metallic properties, frequency-dependent conductivity was found that closely follows the simple Drude prediction for . These are materials where the relaxation rate  is at much lower frequencies. This is the case for certain doped semiconductor single crystals, high-mobility two-dimensional electron gases, and heavy-fermion metals.

See also
Free electron model
Arnold Sommerfeld
Electrical conductivity

Citations

References

General

External links

Electric current
Electric and magnetic fields in matter

Drude model


Ptolemejev ili Ptolomejev poučak teorem je u euklidskoj geometriji koji daje nužan uvjet da bio četverokut bio tetivan (cikličan), tj. da bi se oko njega mogla opisati kružnica.

Teorem je koristio starogrčki matematičar Klaudije Ptolomej u svome djelu Almagest u kojem je priredio tablice tetiva od 0.5° do 180° s razmakom od pola stupnja.

Iskaz teorema glasi ovako: U svakom tetivnom četverokutu zbroj umnožaka duljina nasuprotnih stranica jednak je umnošku duljina dijagonala.

Odnosno, ako je četverokut  tetivan, tada vrijedi sljedeća jednakost:

Obrat Ptolomejeva poučka također vrijedi.

Dokaz

Vizualni dokaz

Klasični dokaz

Konstruirajno kut  jednak kutu .

Kako su  i  obodni kutovi nad istim lukom, oni su sukladni, pa su trokuti  i  slični. Zbog te je sličnosti , odnosno

 .

Na isti se način dobije da su trokuti  i  slični, pa slijedi , odnosno
 .

Zbrajanjem tih dviju jednakosti imamo:

 a kako je  slijedi:

 što je i trebalo pokazati.

Ako pak tetivni četverokut nije jednostavan, tada će  ležati izvan segmenta . No, u ovom slučaju je , što opet daje željeni rezultat.

Ptolomejeva nejednakost
Općenitija tvrdnja koja vrijedi samo za tetivne četverokute naziva se Ptolomejeva nejednakost, a ona glasi ovako: za dani četverokut  vrijedi

 .

Jednakost vrijedi ako i samo ako je četverokut tetivni (ciklični) pa je ovaj poseban slučaj ekvivalentan Ptolomejevu poučku.

Izvori

Matematika

Ptolemejev poučak


An Cyperus panamensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Baron Clarke, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Nathaniel Lord Britton och Paul Carpenter Standley. An Cyperus panamensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cyperus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cyperus

Cyperus panamensis


Les couronnes impériales de Charles VII sont deux couronnes impériales appartenant à l'empereur Wittelsbach Charles VII, qui sont aujourd'hui conservées dans le trésor de la résidence munichoise, l'ancienne demeure royale des Wittelsbach.

Histoire
Étant donné que la couronne impériale n'était portée qu'au couronnement des souverains, les empereurs germano-romains utilisaient des couronnes dites de maison pour toutes les autres occasions lorsqu'ils apparaissaient avec une couronne selon la cérémonie. La couronne de la maison de Rodolphe II de Habsbourg, qui était utilisée par lui et ses successeurs Habsbourg, a été conservée à ce jour. Lorsque le prince-électeur de Wittelsbach, Charles VII fut le premier non-Habsbourg depuis longtemps à être couronné empereur du Saint-Empire en février 1742, aucune autre couronne impériale n'était disponible. C'est pourquoi, en 1742, il commanda la création de deux couronnes de maison. Elles font partie pour la première fois l'inventaire du trésor de la résidence de Munich en 1745.

Description
Contrairement à la forme courante de la couronne à onglet pour les couronnes de maison, les deux couronnes sont des répliques de la couronne impériale du Saint-Empire en argent plaqué or. Les deux ont sept plaques reliées avec un étrier de couronne impériale et les deux ont une croix sur la plaque avant. Les figures des deux apôtres Pierre et Paul se trouvent sur deux des panneaux avant. La première couronne, plus grande, a été réalisée par Jakob Philipp Drentwett à Augsbourg. Elle a une hauteur de  et un diamètre de  et présente des ornements de coquillages, de feuilles et d'ornements. La deuxième couronne, plus petite, a été réalisée par Nikolaus Nell à Francfort-sur-le-Main. Elle a une hauteur de  et un diamètre de  et montre des vrilles gravées et des ornements de ruban. Les deux couronnes avaient à l'origine des capuchons de couronne et étaient ornées de riches bijoux en pierres précieuses. Le sertissage des pierres précieuses était sous les successeurs, probablement déjà sous Maximilien III Joseph de Bavière, retiré des couronnes et transformé en médailles et bijoux.

Liens externes
 Présence Internet de la Chambre du Trésor de la Résidence de Munich.
 HdBG : Couronne impériale de Charles VII.

Voir aussi
 Joyaux de la Couronne de Bavière
 Musée de la Résidence

Notes et références

Couronne
Regalia
Maison de Wittelsbach
Royaume de Bavière
Œuvre du XVIIIe siècle
Œuvre d'art à Munich

Couronnes impériales de Charles VII


Cappuccino este o specialitate de cafea, la fel de eficientă precum un espresso, dar mai lungă și dulce. Denumirea băuturii provine de la asemănarea de culoare cu cea a straielor călugărilor capucini. Conform unei legende, călugărul capucin Marco d'Aviano, prezent la bătălia de eliberare a Vienei de sub asediul otoman, a diluat cafeaua turcească cu cremă de lapte, creând astfel primul "capucino".

În majoritatea rețetarelor apare precum un espresso (30 ml) sau ristretto (20 ml) peste care se toarnă cremă de lapte (160 ml), care îi oferă un gust plăcut și ușor.

Variațiuni ale băuturii includ mochachino și cappucino vienez. La prepararea băuturii se adaugă uneori valoare estetică prin "latte art", care constă în prepararea cremei în anumite forme și culori.

Vezi și
 Listă de băuturi espresso

Note

Legături externe

 Cappuccino la wikia.com
 Coffeegeek with how-to steam guide
 Italian Espresso National Institute
 Coffee Taster, the free newsletter of the International Institute of Coffee Tasters, featuring articles on the quality of espresso, chemical and sensory analysis, market trends
 Cum se prepara cappuccino

Cafea
Bucătăria italiană
Ordinul Capucin

Cappuccino


Forevigt er Hans Philips debutalbum som solokunstner, der blev udgivet den 17. marts 2019.

Baggrund
Siden Ukendt Kunstner i august 2017 havde Hans Philip ikke udgivet musik.

Han udgav første single "Siger Ingenting" på YouTube den 10. marts 2019. Dele af sangen var forinden offentliggjort på Instagram af Kesi, Jens Ole McCoy og Hans Philip selv. Den 15. marts 2019 udgav han sin anden solosingle "Dagdrøm [1]", men en eventuel udgivelsesdato for et album eller en EP var på daværende tidspunkt endnu ikke offentliggjort.

Han udgav den 17. marts 2019 uden forvarsel sit album på ni sange, hvorpå både "Siger Ingenting" og "Dagdrøm [1]" var inkluderet, der modsat tiden i Ukendt Kunstner ikke var produceret af Jens Ole McCoy.

Spor

Modtagelse

Albummet blev generelt modtaget godt af anmelderne.

GAFFAs anmelder Jens Dræby gav albummet seks ud af seks stjerner og mente, at Hans Philip havde "[...] lavet ni stykker betagende, solitær søndagsmusik". Han mente i den forbindelse, at "[det er et, red.] aldeles antipoppet album, der lader spændingen stå stille uden noget forløsende drop eller festivalvenlige ørehængere". Musikken vurderede han som "[...] insisterende trommebeat og den generelle fornemmelse af en sang uden vers, der lyder ufærdig", men at albummet "[...] mesterligt ufærdig og endeløs.

Soundvenues anmelder Christian Wolkoff var ligeledes positiv og mente, at "'Forevigt' lyder nemlig som selvterapi. En mand, der både retrospektivt og lige her, i nuet, prøver at finde hoved og hale i, hvad der dog gik galt. Og hvordan man eventuelt kan fikse det hele igen." Ifølge Soundvenue ligger musikken langt væk fra "[...] Philips fortid i Ukendt Kunstner. Og rent musikalsk har det da også været nødvendigt at finde ind til andet end rapmusikken for at formidle de her skitser fra det menneskelige sind. De her følelser er nødt til at blive formidlet via sang, for det er her, at skrøbeligheden for alvor kommer til syne". Han tildelte albummet fem ud af seks stjerner.

Referencer

Album fra 2019
Debutalbum fra Danmark

Forevigt


Zevgolatió, en , est une ville du dème de Vélo-Vócha, district régional de Corinthie, en Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population de la ville s'élève à .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Ville dans le Péloponnèse (périphérie)
Corinthie

Zevgolatió (Corinthe)


جزيرة أبوظبي هي جزيرة ممتدة في الخليج العربي، وتقع على الجزيرة مدينة أبو ظبي عاصمة دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة وعاصمة إمارة أبو ظبي.

جزر إمارة أبو ظبي

جزيرة أبو ظبي


Nong Chok est l'un des 50 khets de Bangkok en Thaïlande.

Histoire

Points d'intérêt

 Temple bouddhiste Wat Nong Chok
 Mosquée Khoiruttakwa
 Eglise Sant Theresa
 Parc de Nong Chok
 Mahanakorn University of Technology

Galerie

Notes et références

Khet de Bangkok

Nong Chok


වාඩිවීම හෝ නිදාගැනීම පිණිස භාවිතා කරයි.

අමු ද්‍රව්‍ය
පන්
කුකුල් සායම්

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 මාගල

පැදුරු සහ මාගල්

පැදුර


Theta Leporis, nommée θ Leporis selon la nomination latine, est une proche étoile solitaire d'une teinte blanchâtre et aussi la 8ème étoile la plus lumineuse de la constellation du Lièvre. Elle a une magnitude apparente de 4.69, ce qui fait qu'elle est visible à l'œil nu. Selon la mesure annuelle de sa parallaxe par le satellite Gaia, l'étoile se situe à 173 années-lumière du système solaire. L'étoile ferait son approche maximale dans 1.6 million d'années, à ce moment, elle se situera à 29 années-lumière de la Terre.

Propriétés physiques
Theta Leporis est une étoile de la séquence principale de type spectral  A0 V, elle a un âge de 207 millions d'années ce qui fait qu'elle est une étoile jeune. Elle est aussi une étoile à rotation rapide avec une vitesse de rotation de . Sa rotation rapide a pour effet d'aplatir l'étoile au niveau de ses pôles, dans le cas de Theta Leporis, elle est une étoile ellipsoïdale et sa largeur est 10% supérieure à sa hauteur, son rayon horizontal est de  tandis que son rayon vertical est de . Sa luminosité est de  et sa température de surface est de .

Références

Liens externes

Constellation du Lièvre
Étoile
Objet de Bayer

Theta Leporis


Ukrajinska sovjetska enciklopedija (ruski: Украинская советская энциклопедия, ukrajinski: Українська радянська енциклопедія) opća je enciklopedija izdana u Ukrajinskoj SSR. Ukrajinska sovjetska enciklopedija bila je prva u nizu općih sovjetskih enciklopedija Sovjetskih Socijalističkih Republika SSSR-a. Prvo izdanje je izdano između 1959. i 1965. u 17 sveska, dok je drugo izdanje izdano između 1978. i 1985. u 12 sveska. Glavni urednik obju izdanja bio je Mykola Bažan.

Prvo izdanje
Nakon nastanka prvog sveska Ukrajinske opće enciklopedije (ruski: Украинская общая энциклопедия, ukrajinski: Українська загальна енциклопедія) u Lavovu 1930. godine, Mykola Skrypnyk počeo se zalagati za nastanak Ukrajinske sovjetske enciklopedije.

Pod njegovim vodstvom u Harkivu nastala je Glavna redakcija Ukrajinske sovjetske enciklopedije. Njen sekretar bio je S. Bažan. Glavna redakcija izdala je 3 sveska Biltena Ukrajinske sovjetske enciklopedije (ruski: Бюллетень УСЭ, ukrajinski: Бюлетень УРЕ). Na radu sudjelovao je više od 200 specijalista. Od dvadeset planiranih sveska završena su samo prva tri. Prvi svezak trebao je biti izdan početkom 1933. godine, no moskovska cenzura ga je zabranila jer je bio nacionalistički. Te je godine Skrypnyk počinio samoubojstvo te ga je na njegovom mjestu naslijedio Volodimir Zatonskij. Gotovi materijali su bili uništeni te je u studenome 1934. godine raspuštena Glavna redakcija Ukrajinske sovjetske enciklopedije.

Projekt dvadesetosveščane Ukrajinske sovjetske enciklopedije se ponovno pojavio u ranoj 1948., ali je zapravo počeo s provedbom nedugo nakon 20. kongresa KPSS 1956. godine, ponovno kao odgovor na ukrajinske enciklopedije u inozemstvu, ovaj put Enciklopedija ukrajinistike (ruski: Энциклопедия украиноведения, ukrajinski: Енциклопедія українознавства) koju je započelo Znanstveno društvo imena Ševčenko (ruski: Научное общество имени Тараса Шевченко, ukrajinski: Наукове товариство імені Шевченка).

18. prosinca 1957. godine rad na Ukrajinskoj sovjetskoj enciklopediji poručen je Nacionalnoj akademiji znanosti Ukrajine. Na čelu Glavne redakcije Ukrajinske sovjetske enciklopedije koju su tada činile 40 osobe, postavljen je Mykola Bažan. Planirana su 15/16 sveska za razdoblje od 1958. do 1962. godine. U Kijevu su između 1959. i 1965. tiskana 17 sveska, od kojih je 17. posvećen Sovjetskome Savezu. 1967. i 1969. godine tiskani su ruski i engleski prijevodi. Godine 1968. tiskan je indeks. Prvo je izdanje sveukupno sadržavalo oko 45.000 slogana, tj. registracijskih riječi. Ilustracije sadrže preko 120 karata u boji. Svesci prvog izdanja tiskani su u 80.000 primjeraka. Na radu prvoga izdanja sveukupno je sudjelovalo više od 5.000 autora.

Sadržajem ukrajinsko jezičnih slogana Ukrajinske sovjetske enciklopedije slaže se s izjavom u "Predgovoru" (ruski: Предисловия, ukrajinski: Передмови) kojom je "Ukrajinska sovjetska enciklopedija trebala pokazati bratsko jedinstvo ukrajinskog naroda s velikim ruskim i ostalim narodima Sovjetske domovine" i da je prije svega usmjerena protiv "svog ukrajinskog buržoazijskog nacionalizma" (ovo posljednje se odnosi na osobe 17. – 18. stoljeća kao što su Ivan Vihovskij, Petro Dorošenko, Ivan Stepanovič Mazepa, Pilip Orlik, itd.).

U Ukrajinskoj sovjetskoj enciklopediji se uglavnom (iako ne dosljedna) podrazumijeva "ukrajinstvo" po teritorijalnome principu (tko radi u Ukrajinskoj SSR je Ukrajinac), no u slučaju pismenosti, onda po narodu koji koristi taj jezik. Mnogi zemljopisni nazivi nisu zapisani po normama ukrajinskog jezika. Sva imena knjiga citiranih u Ukrajinskoj sovjetskoj enciklopediji napisana su na ukrajinskome, zbog čega se ne može saznati na kojem su jeziku originalno napisani.

U 17. svesku posvećenom Ukrajinskoj Sovjetskoj Socijalističkoj Republici odjeljci "Stanovništvo" (ruski: Население, ukrajinski: Населення) (3 stranice s kartom), "Jezik" (ruski: зык, ukrajinski: Мова) (6 stranica), "Religija i Crkva" (ruski: Религия и церковь, ukrajinski: Релігія і церква) (3 stranice) su vrlo sažeti, dok je Komunističkoj partiji Ukrajine posvećeno 25 stranica. Malo je prostora posvećeno povijesti prije Oktobarske revolucije (Oktobarska revolucija ima 50 stranica, dok sovjetsko doba ima 54 stranice) što je tipično za djela nastala za vrijeme Sovjetskoga Saveza.

Bibliografija
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 1 : А — Богунці. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1959. — 639 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 2 : Богуслав — Волочиськ. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1960. — 575 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 3 : Волочіння — Данія. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1960. — 576 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 4 : Данте — Ешелон. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1961. — 560 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 5 : Є — Італіки. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1961. — 560 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 6 : Італія — Колізія. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1961. — 576 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 7 : Коліївщина — Ланчин. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1962. — 576 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 8 : Лань — Мащення. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1962. — 576 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 9 : Маяк — Нахічевань. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1962. — 568 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 10 : Находка — Патріархат. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1962. — 576 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 11 : Патріотизм — Прянощі. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1963. — 392 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 12 : Пряшів — Світлофор. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1963. — 576 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 13 : Світлякові — Сподумен. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1963. — 563 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 14 : Споживання — Тумак. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1963. — 592 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 15 : Туман — Цемент. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1964. — 591 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 16 : Цементація — Ь. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1964. — 632 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія: [в 17-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан; редкол.: І. К. Білодід та ін. — 1-ше вид. — Т. 17 : Українська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1965. — 807 с. : іл. — 80 000 прим.

Drugo izdanje
Godine 1974. započet je rad na drugome izdanju Ukrajinske sovjetske enciklopedije, a dovršen je 1985. godine. Glavni urednik ponovno je bio Mykola Bažan. U uredništvu ponovno je bilo više od 40 osoba. Drugo izdanje se sveukupno sastojalo od 12 sveska i 50.000 slogana. Do toga nagloga porasta broja slogana naprema broju sveska došlo je zbog povećanja broja stupaca s dva na tri. Drugo izdanje je također tiskano i na ruskome. Svaki svezak drugog izdanja tiskan je u 100.000 primjeraka, 50.000 na ruskome i 50.000 na ukrajinskome. Iako je drugo izdanje tiskano u više primjeraka, broj primjeraka na ukrajinskome opada. U "Predgovoru" (ruski: Предисловия, ukrajinski: Передмови) se navodi da ovo izdanje pokazuje "karakteristične osobine ... sovjetskog naroda – nove povijesne zajednice ljudi".

Bibliografija
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 1 : А — Борона. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1977. — 542, [2] с., [38] арк. іл. : іл., табл., портр., карти. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 2 : Боронування — Гергелі. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1978. — 542, [2] с., [30] арк. іл. : іл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 3 : Гердан — Електрографія. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1979. — 551, [1] с., [26] арк. іл. : іл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 4 : Електрод — Кантаридин. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1979. — 558, [2] с., [34] арк. іл. : іл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 5 : Кантата — Кулики. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1980. — 566, [2] с., [24] арк. іл. : іл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 6 : Куликів — Мікроклімат. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1981. — 552 с., [22] арк. іл. : іл., табл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 7 : Мікроклін — Олеум. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1982. — 526, [2] с., [24] арк. іл. : іл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 8 : Олефіни — Поплін. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1982. — 527, [1] с., [22] арк. іл. : іл., портр., карти. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 9 : Поплужне — Салуїн. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1983. — 558, [2] с., [24] арк. іл. : іл., табл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 10 : Салют — Стоговіз. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1983. — 543, [1] с., [36] арк. іл. : іл., табл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 11, кн. 1 : Стодола — Фітогеографія. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1984. — 606, [2] с., [22] арк. іл. : іл., портр., карти. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 11, кн. 2 : Українська Радянська Соціалістична Республіка. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1984. — 494, [2] с., [36] арк. іл. : іл., табл., портр., карти + 2 арк. — 50 000 прим.
 Українська радянська енциклопедія : [в 12-ти т.] / гол. ред. М. П. Бажан ; редкол.: О. К. Антонов та ін. — 2-ге вид. — Т. 12 : Фітогормони — Ь. — К. : Голов. ред. УРЕ, 1985. — 568, [4] с., [26] арк. іл. : іл., портр., карти + 1 арк. — 50 000 прим.

Izvori

Literatura
 Борчук Степан. Маловідома сторінка «розширення прав союзних республік»: «Українська Радянська Енциклопедія»-2 (1944—1947 рр.).— Краєзнавство. Науковий журнал.— Число 1(83), 2013.— С. 188—199.
 Зуц В. Л. 50 років «Українській радянській енциклопедії» // Український історичний журнал. — 2008. — № 2. — С.205–206.

Vidi još
 Velika sovjetska enciklopedija
 Ukrajinska opća enciklopedija
 Ukrajinski opći enciklopedijski rječnik
 Velika ukrajinska enciklopedija
 Enciklopedijska suvremene Ukrajine

Vanjske poveznice
 Elektroničko izdanje

Nacionalne sovjetske enciklopedije
Ukrajinske enciklopedije
Ukrajinska Sovjetska Socijalistička Republika

Ukrajinska sovjetska enciklopedija


Welcome Home (Sanitarium), Metallica'nın Master of Puppets (1986) albümünde yer alan parça. Metallica klasikleri arasında yerini almıştır. Parça; akıl sağlığını yitiren birini eve (akıl hastanesine) hoş geldin seremonisidir. Şarkının diğer ismi olan Sanitarium da akıl hastanesi anlamındadır. One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest isimli 1975 yapımı filmden esinlenerek yazılmıştır.

Başka yorumlar
 Anthrax
 Apocalyptica
 Ugly Kid Joe & Metal Church
 Limp Bizkit (Metallica Tribute Konseri ve MTV Metallica Icon gecesi, 2003 ve Summer Sanitarium Tour 2003)
 Dream Theater (Master of Metallica albümünde)
 Bullet For My Valentine (Kerrange!'s ''Master Of Puppets: Remastered albümünde)
 Razed In Black

Metallica şarkıları
1986 şarkıları
1980'lerde İngilizce şarkılar

Welcome Home (Sanitarium)


Beşir Ayvazoğlu (11 Şubat 1953, Zara, Sivas), edebiyatçı, şair, yazar, gazeteci.

Asıl ismi "Beşir Ayvaz" olup 11 Şubat 1953'te Sivas'ın  Zara ilçesinde doğdu. Sivas'ta ilk ve orta öğreniminin ardından 1975'te Bursa Eğitim Enstitüsü edebiyat bölümünü tamamladı. Çeşitli liselerde Türkçe ve edebiyat öğretmenliği yaptı. TRT'de uzman olarak çalıştı.

Lise yıllarında yerel gazetelerde amatör olarak yürüttüğü gazetecilik mesleğine Hergün, Tercüman, Türkiye, Zaman ve Yeni Ufuk gazeteleriyle, Aksiyon dergisindeki köşe yazarlığı ve yöneticilik ile devam etti. 1985-1991 yılları arasında Tercüman gazetesinin "kültür-sanat" yönetmenliği yapmıştır. Yeni Ufuk gazetesinde ise genel yönetmen olarak çalıştı.

Dergâh, Kubbealtı Akademi, Hareket, Hisar, İzlenim, Türk Edebiyatı, Türkiye Günlüğü, Yeni Türkiye gibi dergilerde birçok deneme ve  makale yayımladı. Bir ara kültür bakanı danışmanı olarak görev yaptı.

ADTYK Atatürk Kültür Merkezi, İstanbul Şehir Tiyatroları repertuvar kurulu, TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi Türk dili ve edebiyatı danışma ve redaksiyon kurulu üyeliklerinde bulundu. Ayrıca CNN Türk'te Hilmi Yavuz'la birlikte iki yıl "Gökkubbemiz" adlı kültür programını hazırladı. Kasım 2001 ile temmuz 2005 tarihleri arasında Radyo ve Televizyon Üst Kurulu üyesi olarak görev yaptı.

TRT 2'de "Bir tepeden" adlı bir kültür programı hazırlayan yazar, hâlen Türk Edebiyatı Dergisi'nin genel yayın yönetmenliğini yürütüyor. Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği, iLESAM, Çocuk Vakfı ve Sezer Tansuğ Kültür ve Sanat Vakfı'nın kurucu üyeleri arasında yer alıp Türkiye Gazeteciler Cemiyeti'nin de üyesidir. Şiir, deneme, araştırma, inceleme ve biyografi alanında yayımlanmış çok sayıda kitabı bulunmaktadır.

Beşir Ayvazoğlu, Karar gazetesinde köşe yazılarına devam etmektedir. Ayvazoğlu aynı zamanda İstanbul 29 Mayıs Üniversitesi'nde "İstanbul, toplum ve edebiyatı" başlığı altında ders vermektedir.

Aldığı Ödüller
 1982'de yayımlanan "Aşk Estetiği" adlı ilk eseriyle Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği'nin fikir dalında Yılın Yazarı ödülü
 1986'da "Muradiye Ölüm ve Gül" adlı belgesel metniyle TMKV Türk Millî Kültürüne Hizmet Ödülü
 1992'de "Güller Kitabı" adlı eseriyle Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği inceleme Dalında Yılın Yazarı Ödülü
 1998'de "Yahya Kemal; Eve Dönen Adam" adlı eseriyle Avrasya-Bir Vakfı Ödülü
 1999'da Kombassan Vakfı tarafından Mevlana Edebiyat Büyük Ödülü
 2013'te Ateş Denizi adlı eseriyle Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği tarafından roman dalında TYB ödülüne layık görülmüştür.

Eserleri
bozgunda fetih rüyası
 Bakardım Güneş Avuçlarımda

 Şiirler
 Gülnâme
 Şiir ve Hakikat
 Divanyolu
 Derkenar
 Altın Kapı
 Aşk Estetiği
 İslam Estetiği ve İnsan
 Geleneğin Direnişi
 Yaza Yaza Yaşamak
 Ateş Çiçek Lâle
 Aslanlar, Tilkiler ve Eşekler
 Geçmişi Yeniden Kurmak
 Defterimde Kırk Suret
 Altı Çizili Satırlar
 Şehir Fotoğrafları
 1924 Bir Fotoğrafın Uzun Hikâyesi
 Divanyolu / Bir Caddenin Hikâyesi
 Türkün Kültür Coğrafyasında Bir Gezinti
 Alatav'dan Şardağı'na Kültür Coğrafyamızda Gezintiler

 Ney'in Sırrı
 Kuğunun Son Şarkısı
 Halk Şiirinden Tarihe
 Siretler ve Suretler
 İstiklal Marşı Tarihi ve Manası
 Mehmed Akif ve Safahat
 Dede Efendi
 Fuzuli Kitabi
 Şeyh Galib kitabı
 Muhammed İkbal Kitabi
 Büyük Ağa: Tarık Buğra
 Güneş Rengi Bir Yığın Yaprak / Tarık Buğra
 Yahya Kemal / Eve Dönen Adam
 Yahya Kemal'den Fuat Bayramoğlu'na Karaçi Mektupları
 Bozgunda Fetih Rüyası / Yahya Kemalin Biyografik Romanı
 Doğu-Batı Arasında Peyami Safa
 Peyami / Hayatı, Sanatı, Felsefesi, Dramı
 Ömrüm Benim Bir Ateşti/ Ahmet Haşim'in Hayatı, Sanatı, Estetiği, Dramı
 Florinalı Nazım ve Şaşalı Edebi Hayatı / Kainatça Tanınmış Türk Şiir Kralı
 Güller Kitabı / Türk Çiçek Kültürü Üzerine Bir Deneme
 Tanrıdağı'ndan Hıra Dağı'na / Milliyetcilik ve Muhafazakarlik Uzerine Yazilar
Saatler,Ruhlar ve Kediler
Not: Ayrıca "Mevlana ve Günümüz Türkçesiyle Şiirleri" adlı eseri Refik Durbaş ile ortak kaleme almış ve "Hayal Şiir: Yahya Kemal Beyatlı Şiiri Üzerine Makaleler" kitabının yazar kadrosunda yer almıştır. Hakkı Süha Gezgin'in yazdığı "Edebî Portreler" isimli kitabın ise editörlüğünü yapmıştır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Beşir Ayvazoğlu Mürekkep Haber Röportajı
 Beşir Ayvazoğlu Röportajı
 Yazarlıkta Kırkıncı Yılı, Hürriyet, 2008
  Yeni Kitabi, Tanrı Dağı'ndan Hıra Dağı'na Üzerine Bir Söyleyiş

1953 doğumlular
RTÜK üyeleri
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
Türk köşe yazarları
Türk öğretmenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Zara doğumlular
Resim aranan yazarlar
Uludağ Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Türk araştırmacılar
20. yüzyıl Türk şairleri
21. yüzyıl Türk şairleri

Beşir Ayvazoğlu


Nanterre-Université station is an RER and SNCF train station in Nanterre, Hauts-de-Seine.

External links

Réseau Express Régional stations in Hauts-de-Seine
Railway stations in Hauts-de-Seine

Nanterre-Université station


Prasinodermatophyta, divizija zelenih biljka opisana 2020. godine u koju su uklopljena dva razreda s ukupno deset vrsta

Podjela
 Palmophyllophyceae Leliaert et al., 2016
 Prasinodermatophyceae B.Marin & Melkonian in Li & al. 2020

Izvori

Prasinodermatophyta


Mögersbronn ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Feuchtwangen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Das Dorf liegt auf einer flachhügeligen Hochebene, die aus Ackerland und Grünland mit vereinzeltem Baumbestand besteht. Im Osten liegen die Waldgebiete Schelmholz und Schwarzholz. Dort entspringen der Weitersgraben und das Jägersbrünnlein, beides rechte Zuflüsse der Sulzach, und der Ohmadwiesengraben, der ein linker Zufluss des Jägersbrünnlein ist. 0,5 km nordwestlich liegt das Waldgebiet Pfaffenholz.

Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt die B 25 kreuzend nach Schopfloch zur Kreisstraße AN 42 (2 km südwestlich) bzw. zur B 25 bei Feuchtwangen (2 km nördlich). Eine weitere Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt zu einer Gemeindeverbindungsstraße (1,6 km nordöstlich), die nach Herrnschallbach (1 km nördlich) bzw. nach Zehdorf (0,5 km südlich) verläuft.

Geschichte
Das Kloster Sulz hatte 1341 dort zwei Güter. Im Jahr 1384 besaß das Spital Dinkelsbühl ebenda ein Gut, am 14. Mai 1393 folgte ein weiteres durch Schenkung des Dinkelsbühler Bürgers Georg Prell.

Mögersbronn lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Im Jahr 1732 bestand der Ort aus 13 Anwesen und 1 Gemeindehirtenhaus. Grundherren waren das Stiftsverwalteramt Feuchtwangen (6 Höfe), das Kastenamt Feuchtwangen (1 Hof) und die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl (5 Höfe, 1 Gütlein). An diesen Verhältnissen hatte sich bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches nichts geändert. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Mögersbronn dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Aichenzell zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde Mögersbronn am 1. Januar 1972 nach Feuchtwangen eingemeindet.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Johannis (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Ulrich und Afra (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Feuchtwangen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Dorf

Mögersbronn


Generalmajor Sir Archibald Paris, KCB (1861–1937) var en britisk officer i Royal Marine, som havde kommandoen over Royal Naval Division under 1. Verdenskrig. Han var far til brigadegeneral Archibald Paris, som gjorde tjeneste under 2. Verdenskrig i  Malaya.

Paris havde kommandoen over flådedivisionen fra den blev samlet i Antwerpen og han bevarede den særlige identitet og karakter, som divisionen havde mens den kæmpede sammen med hæren. Den 14. oktober 1916 blev han såret i skulderen, ryggen og han mistede sit venstre ben, og måtte derfor afgive sin kommando.

Han døde den 30. oktober 1937.

For sin indsats blev Paris udnævnt til kommandør i den belgiske Leopold orden (med sværd), tildelt det belgiske krigskors og det franske Croix de Guerre.

Henvisninger

Generaler fra Storbritannien
Briter i 1. verdenskrig

Archibald Paris (officer)


En la topología geométrica, el toro de Clifford es un tipo especial de toro dentro de R4. Alternativamente, puede ser visto como un toro dentro de C2, puesto que C2 es topológicamente el mismo espacio que R4 . Además, cada punto del toro Clifford se encuentra a una distancia fija desde el origen, por lo que también puede ser visto como estar dentro de una 3-esfera.
El toro de Clifford es un ejemplo de toro cuadrado, ya que es isométrico a un cuadrado con lados de longitud 2p y con los lados opuestos identificados.

Definición Formal

El círculo de la unidad S 1 en R 2 se puede parametrizar por una coordenada angular:

En otra copia de la R 2 , tener otra copia de la circunferencia unidad

Ya que cada copia de S 1 es un integrado subvariedad de R 2 , el toro es un toro de Clifford incrustado en R 2 × R 2 = R 4 .
Si R 4 está dada por las coordenadas ( x 1 , y 1 , x 2 , y 2 ), entonces el toro de Clifford está dada por

Topología geométrica
.

Toro de Clifford


Der Kenmore Square ist ein öffentlicher Platz im Bostoner Stadtteil Fenway–Kenmore im Bundesstaat Massachusetts der Vereinigten Staaten. An ihm laufen mehrere Hauptstraßen zusammen, darunter die Beacon Street und die Commonwealth Avenue sowie weitere wichtige Verkehrsadern. Auf dem Platz befindet sich die U-Bahn-Station Kenmore der MBTA und bindet ihn damit an das Netz des ÖPNV an. Der Kenmore-Square befindet sich in unmittelbarer Nähe der Boston University, des Fenway Park und der Lansdowne Street, einem Zentrum des Bostoner Nachtlebens. Schließlich endet auf dem Platz mit dem U.S. Highway 20 die längste Straße der Vereinigten Staaten.

Geschichte

Das Land, auf dem sich heute der Kenmore Square befindet, war ursprünglich eine sumpfige, unbewohnte Ecke des Festlands, die das Mündungsgebiet des schmalen Charles River in die weite, marschige Back Bay markierte. Bis 1705 war das Gebiet Teil der kolonialen Siedlung von Boston, als sich das kleine Dorf Muddy River als Brookline für unabhängig erklärte. Das Landstück gehörte fortan zu Brookline, da der Fluss Muddy River die östliche Grenze der neuen Stadt markierte (vgl. Abbildung 2).

Der Teil der Beacon Street westlich des Platzes wurde im Jahr 1850 geplant und bietet Verbindungen zur Avenue Street (heute der Teil der Commonwealth Avenue, der durch Allston führt), zur Mill Dam Road (heute Brookline Avenue) sowie zur Western Avenue, die in der Nähe der heutigen Beacon Street verlief. Die Boston and Worcester Rail Road und die Charles River Branch Railroad vereinigten sich hier, um die Back Bay auf einer separaten Eisenbahnbrücke zu überqueren, welche direkt zum Leather District führte. Die Eisenbahnschienen existieren bis heute und besitzen noch weitgehend ihren ursprünglichen Verlauf. Geringfügige Anpassungen wurden im Zuge der Errichtung des Massachusetts Turnpike sowie der Boston South Station notwendig, um die heutige Green Line aufzunehmen.

Im Jahr 1874 verschmolz die Stadt Brighton mit Boston. In diesem Zuge wurde die Grenzlinie zwischen Boston und Brookline neu gezogen, um den neuen Stadtteil Back Bay mit Allston-Brighton zu verbinden.

Noch im Jahr 1880 war der Kenmore Square nur spärlich bebaut (vgl. Abbildung 3). Um 1890 hatten die Maßnahmen zur Landaufschüttung das Gebiet erreicht, wodurch der Platz erstmals an der östlichen Seite mit Teilen der Stadt verbunden wurde.

Im Jahr 1888 wurden die ersten Straßenbahnschienen auf der Beacon Street verlegt, die oberirdisch von Coolidge Corner bis zur Massachusetts Avenue über den Platz verliefen. Heute werden sie von der Green Line C der MBTA genutzt. Weitere Schienen wurden auf der Commonwealth Avenue bis zum Union Square in Allston verlegt, die später von der Green Line A und Green Line B befahren wurden. 1914 wurde der Boylston Street Subway bis zum Kenmore Square verlängert und dort an die Oberfläche geführt. Im Jahr 1932 wurden die Strecke der Green Line im Bereich des Platzes unterirdisch verlegt und Haltestellen an der Blandford und St. Mary's Street eröffnet.

Die im Jahr 1915 an der Ecke Kenmore/Commonwealth Avenue errichteten Kenmore Apartments wurden später zum Hotel Kenmore mit 400 Gästezimmern umgebaut. Der Eigentümer Bertram Druker machte es zum weithin bekannten Baseball Hotel, das nach Kriegsende alle 14 Teams beherbergte. Von den 1960er Jahren an wurde es bis 1979 vom Grahm Junior College für verschiedene Zwecke genutzt. Nachdem das College geschlossen worden war, wurden wieder Apartments eingerichtet, die heute als Kenmore Abbey bekannt sind.

Das CITGO-Schild
Ein großes, doppelseitiges Schild mit dem Logo des CITGO-Mineralölunternehmens (eine Tochter der Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.) überragt den Kenmore Square und ist unter anderem durch seine Sichtbarkeit in Fernsehübertragungen von Spielen der Boston Red Sox zum Wahrzeichen des Platzes geworden. Das aktuelle Schild mit einer Fläche von 18 m² wurde im März 2005 der Öffentlichkeit präsentiert, nachdem es über 6 Monate lang restauriert worden war. Im Zuge der Erneuerungsarbeiten wurden tausende LEDs installiert, die das Zeichen täglich bis um 1 Uhr morgens beleuchten. Im Jahr 2010 wurden die Leuchtdioden gegen neue ausgetauscht, die widerstandsfähiger gegenüber den Winden und Temperaturschwankungen sein sollen. Frühere Versionen des Schilds wurden durch Neonröhren beleuchtet – zuletzt waren davon 5.878 Stück mit einer Gesamtlänge von über  verbaut. CITGO selbst bezeichnet das Logo als .

Das erste Schild, das seit 1940 an der gleichen Stelle stand, zeigte das Logo der Cities Service, die eine lokale Filiale im Erdgeschoss des Gebäudes betrieben, auf dem das Schild montiert ist, und wurde durch das trimark im Jahr 1965 ersetzt. 1979 ordnete der Gouverneur Edward J. King die Abschaltung des Schildes an, um symbolisch für Energieeinsparung zu werben. Vier Jahre später wollte CITGO das vom Wetter stark mitgenommene Schild demontieren und verschrotten, wurde jedoch von Protesten der Öffentlichkeit gegen die Demontage völlig überrascht. Die Boston Landmarks Commission ordnete daher eine Verschiebung der Verschrottung an, um eine Diskussion über das weitere Vorgehen zu ermöglichen. Obwohl das Schild nie offiziell zum Wahrzeichen erklärt wurde, wurde es runderneuert und im Jahr 1983 zum ersten Mal wieder beleuchtet. Seitdem befindet es sich ununterbrochen im Einsatz.

Das Schild wurde 1968 im Kurzfilm  und im Jahr 1983 noch einmal in einer Fotostrecke des Life Magazine besonders hervorgehoben. Die Verbindung zwischen Fenway und den Boston Red Sox ist so stark, dass die Baseballfelder der Little League – bspw. das Hadlock Field in Portland, Maine – häufig mit dem CITGO-Symbol verziert sind. Das Schild wurde 1984 darüber hinaus von Neal Stephenson in seinem Buch The Big U als  karikiert, das von den Mitgliedern einer fiktionalen Bruderschaft verehrt wird.

Im September 2006 gab der Bostoner Stadtrat Jerry McDermott bekannt, dass das Schild als Reaktion auf fortwährende Beleidigungen des Staatspräsidenten von Venezuela Hugo Chávez gegen den Präsidenten der Vereinigten Staaten George W. Bush demontiert werden sollte. Alternativ empfahl McDermott, die Flagge der Vereinigten Staaten oder das Logo der Boston Red Sox über das Schild zu hängen, bis Chavéz nicht mehr im Amt ist.

Am 15. Oktober 2008 verursachte ein kleines Feuer innerhalb des Schildes einen Sachschaden in Höhe von etwa 5.000 US-Dollar und führte zu einem teilweise Schmelzen des Plastiks und sichtbaren Rauchspuren.

In den Medien
Gary Cherone reminisziert über die in den 1980er Jahren am Kenmore Square herrschende Musikszene auf CD 1 (Lied 6) des Albums Take Us Alive der Band Extreme.

Das Lied "Blood" der Folkpunk-Band Dropkick Murphys beginnt mit der Zeile "Trouble underground in Kenmore Square".

Siehe auch
 Boston University
 Fenway–Kenmore

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 bostonsquares.com – Boston Squares Guide Überblick über Restaurants, Bars und Shops am Kenmore Square

Verkehrsbauwerk in Boston
Platz in den Vereinigten Staaten
Platz in Nordamerika
Urbaner Freiraum in Massachusetts

Kenmore Square


An Agropyron cimmericum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Sergej Arsenjevitj Nevskij. An Agropyron cimmericum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Agropyron, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Agropyron

Agropyron cimmericum


Le fort de la Haine était un fort faisant partie de l'enceinte de Mons et situé dans la commune de Ghlin (aujourd'hui, section de Mons).

Histoire

Le fort est construit entre la fin du  et le début du  à proximité de l'Abbaye d'Épinlieu à Ghlin. Construit sur la rivière de la Haine à la traversée du chemin de Mons à Tournai, il ne comprend qu'un ouvrage à cornes non revêtu, lequel est renforcé sur son flanc gauche d'une redoute dite de la Haine.

En , le fort et la redoute sont démolis et un nouveau fort est construit en remplacement. Il prend la forme d'un pentagone régulier à cinq bastions de faible dimension, couverts chacun par une contre-garde, l'ensemble n'étant pas revêtu. Le fort comprend deux portes, l'une côté Mons, l'autre côté Ghlin, cette dernière étant protégé par deux demi-lunes, la route ne passe cependant plus à travers le fort mais le contourne par le sud.

Notes et références

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Enceinte de Mons
Haine
Rue du Festinoy
Rue de Mons

Enceinte de Mons
Haine (rivière)
Ghlin

Fort de la Haine