Drill bits are cutting tools used in a drill to remove material to create holes, almost always of circular cross-section. Drill bits come in many sizes and shapes and can create different kinds of holes in many different materials. In order to create holes drill bits are usually attached to a drill, which powers them to cut through the workpiece, typically by rotation. The drill will grasp the upper end of a bit called the shank in the chuck.

Drills come in standardized drill bit sizes. A comprehensive drill bit and tap size chart lists metric and imperial sized drills alongside the required screw tap sizes.  There are also certain specialized drill bits that can create holes with a non-circular cross-section.

Characteristics

Drill geometry has several characteristics:
 The spiral (or rate of twist) in the drill bit controls the rate of chip removal. A fast spiral (high twist rate or "compact flute") drill bit is used in high feed rate applications under low spindle speeds, where removal of a large volume of chips is required.  Low spiral (low twist rate or "elongated flute") drill bits are used in cutting applications where high cutting speeds are traditionally used, and where the material has a tendency to gall on the bit or otherwise clog the hole, such as aluminum or copper.
 The point angle, or the angle formed at the tip of the bit, is determined by the material the bit will be operating in. Harder materials require a larger point angle, and softer materials require a sharper angle. The correct point angle for the hardness of the material influences wandering, chatter, hole shape, and wear rate.
 The lip angle determines the amount of support provided to the cutting edge. A greater lip angle will cause the bit to cut more aggressively under the same amount of point pressure as a bit with a smaller lip angle. Both conditions can cause binding, wear, and eventual catastrophic failure of the tool. The proper amount of lip clearance is determined by the point angle. A very acute point angle has more web surface area presented to the work at any one time, requiring an aggressive lip angle, where a flat bit is extremely sensitive to small changes in lip angle due to the small surface area supporting the cutting edges.
 The functional length of a bit determines how deep a hole can be drilled, and also determines the stiffness of the bit and accuracy of the resultant hole.  While longer bits can drill deeper holes, they are more flexible meaning that the holes they drill may have an inaccurate location or wander from the intended axis. Twist drill bits are available in standard lengths, referred to as Stub-length or Screw-Machine-length (short), the extremely common Jobber-length (medium), and Taper-length or Long-Series (long).

Most drill bits for consumer use have straight shanks. For heavy duty drilling in industry, bits with tapered shanks are sometimes used. Other types of shank used include hex-shaped, and various proprietary quick release systems.

The diameter-to-length ratio of the drill bit is usually between 1:1 and 1:10. Much higher ratios are possible (e.g., "aircraft-length" twist bits, pressured-oil gun drill bits, etc.), but the higher the ratio, the greater the technical challenge of producing good work.

The best geometry to use depends upon the properties of the material being drilled. The following table lists geometries recommended for some commonly drilled materials.

Materials

Many different materials are used for or on drill bits, depending on the required application. Many hard materials, such as carbides, are much more brittle than steel, and are far more subject to breaking, particularly if the drill is not held at a very constant angle to the workpiece; e.g., when hand-held.

Steels
 Soft low-carbon steel bits are inexpensive, but do not hold an edge well and require frequent sharpening. They are used only for drilling wood; even working with hardwoods rather than softwoods can noticeably shorten their lifespan.
 Bits made from high-carbon steel are more durable than low-carbon steel bits due to the properties conferred by hardening and tempering the material. If they are overheated (e.g., by frictional heating while drilling) they lose their temper, resulting in a soft cutting edge. These bits can be used on wood or metal.
 High-speed steel (HSS) is a form of tool steel; HSS bits are hard and much more resistant to heat than high-carbon steel. They can be used to drill metal, hardwood, and most other materials at greater cutting speeds than carbon-steel bits, and have largely replaced carbon steels.
 Cobalt steel alloys are variations on high-speed steel that contain more cobalt.  They hold their hardness at much higher temperatures and are used to drill stainless steel and other hard materials.  The main disadvantage of cobalt steels is that they are more brittle than standard HSS.

Others
 Tungsten carbide and other carbides are extremely hard and can drill virtually all materials, while holding an edge longer than other bits. The material is expensive and much more brittle than steels; consequently they are mainly used for drill-bit tips, small pieces of hard material fixed or brazed onto the tip of a bit made of less hard metal. However, it is becoming common in job shops to use solid carbide bits. In very small sizes it is difficult to fit carbide tips; in some industries, most notably printed circuit board manufacturing, requiring many holes with diameters less than 1 mm, solid carbide bits are used.
 Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) is among the hardest of all tool materials and is therefore extremely resistant to wear.  It consists of a layer of diamond particles, typically about  thick, bonded as a sintered mass to a tungsten-carbide support. Bits are fabricated using this material by either brazing small segments to the tip of the tool to form the cutting edges or by sintering PCD into a vein in the tungsten-carbide "nib".  The nib can later be brazed to a carbide shaft; it can then be ground to complex geometries that would otherwise cause braze failure in the smaller "segments". PCD bits are typically used in the automotive, aerospace, and other industries to drill abrasive aluminum alloys, carbon-fiber reinforced plastics, and other abrasive materials, and in applications where machine downtime to replace or sharpen worn bits is exceptionally costly. PCD is not used on ferrous metals due to excess wear resulting from a reaction between the carbon in the PCD and the iron in the metal.

Coatings

 Black oxide is an inexpensive black coating. A black oxide coating provides heat resistance and lubricity, as well as corrosion resistance. The coating increases the life of high-speed steel bits.
 Titanium nitride (TiN) is a very hard metallic material that can be used to coat a high-speed steel bit (usually a twist bit), extending the cutting life by three or more times. Even after sharpening, the leading edge of coating still provides improved cutting and lifetime.
 Titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) is a similar coating that can extend tool life five or more times.
 Titanium carbon nitride (TiCN) is another coating also superior to TiN.
 Diamond powder is used as an abrasive, most often for cutting tile, stone, and other very hard materials. Large amounts of heat are generated by friction, and diamond-coated bits often have to be water-cooled to prevent damage to the bit or the workpiece.
 Zirconium nitride has been used as a drill-bit coating for some tools under the Craftsman brand name.
 Al-Chrome Silicon Nitride (AlCrSi/Ti)N is a multilayer coating made of alternating nanolayer, developed using chemical vapor deposition technique, is used in drilling carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and CFRP-Ti stack. (AlCrSi/Ti)N is a superhard ceramic coating, which performs better than other coated and uncoated drill.
 BAM coating is Boron-Aluminum-Magnesium BAlMgB14 is a superhard ceramic coating also used in composite drilling.

Universal bits
General-purpose drill bits can be used in wood, metal, plastic, and most other materials.

Twist drill bit
The twist drill bit is the type produced in largest quantity today. It comprises a cutting point at the tip of a cylindrical shaft with helical flutes; the flutes act as an Archimedean screw and lift swarf out of the hole.

The modern-style twist drill bit was invented by Sir Joseph Whitworth in 1860. They were later improved by Steven A. Morse of East Bridgewater, Massachusetts, who experimented with the pitch of the twist. The original method of manufacture was to cut two grooves in opposite sides of a round bar, then to twist the bar (giving the tool its name) to produce the helical flutes. Nowadays, the drill bit is usually made by rotating the bar while moving it past a grinding wheel to cut the flutes in the same manner as cutting helical gears.

Twist drill bits range in diameter from  and can be as long as .

The geometry and sharpening of the cutting edges is crucial to the performance of the bit. Small bits that become blunt are often discarded because sharpening them correctly is difficult and they are cheap to replace. For larger bits, special grinding jigs are available. A special tool grinder is available for sharpening or reshaping cutting surfaces on twist drill bits in order to optimize the bit for a particular material.

Manufacturers can produce special versions of the twist drill bit, varying the geometry and the materials used, to suit particular machinery and particular materials to be cut. Twist drill bits are available in the widest choice of tooling materials. However, even for industrial users, most holes are drilled with standard high-speed steel bits.

The most common twist drill bit (sold in general hardware stores) has a point angle of 118 degrees, acceptable for use in wood, metal, plastic, and most other materials, although it does not perform as well as using the optimum angle for each material. In most materials it does not tend to wander or dig in.

A more aggressive angle, such as 90 degrees, is suited for very soft plastics and other materials; it would wear rapidly in hard materials. Such a bit is generally self-starting and can cut very quickly. A shallower angle, such as 150 degrees, is suited for drilling steels and other tougher materials. This style of bit requires a starter hole, but does not bind or suffer premature wear so long as a suitable feed rate is used.

Drill bits with no point angle are used in situations where a blind, flat-bottomed hole is required. These bits are very sensitive to changes in lip angle, and even a slight change can result in an inappropriately fast cutting drill bit that will suffer premature wear.

Long series drill bits are unusually long twist drill bits. However, they are not the best tool for routinely drilling deep holes, as they require frequent withdrawal to clear the flutes of swarf and to prevent breakage of the bit. Instead, gun drill (through coolant drill) bits are preferred for deep hole drilling.

Step drill bit
A step drill bit is a drill bit that has the tip ground down to a different diameter. The transition between this ground diameter and the original diameter is either straight, to form a counterbore, or angled, to form a countersink. The advantage to this style is that both diameters have the same flute characteristics, which keeps the bit from clogging when drilling in softer materials, such as aluminum; in contrast, a drill bit with a slip-on collar does not have the same benefit. Most of these bits are custom-made for each application, which makes them more expensive.

Unibit

A unibit (often called a step drill bit) is a roughly conical bit with a stairstep profile. Due to its design, a single bit can be used for drilling a wide range of hole sizes. Some bits come to a point and are thus self-starting. The larger-size bits have blunt tips and are used for hole enlarging.

Unibits are commonly used on sheet metal and in general construction.  One drill bit can drill the entire range of holes necessary on a countertop, speeding up installation of fixtures. They are often used on softer materials, such as plywood, particle board, drywall, acrylic, and laminate.  They can be used on very thin sheet metal, but metals tend to cause premature bit wear and dulling.

Unibits are ideal for use in electrical work where thin steel, aluminum or plastic boxes and chassis are encountered.  The short length of the unibit and ability to vary the diameter of the finished hole is an advantage in chassis or front panel work.  The finished hole can often be made quite smooth and burr-free, especially in plastic.

An additional use of unibits is deburring holes left by other bits, as the sharp increase to the next step size allows the cutting edge to scrape burrs off the entry surface of the workpiece. However, the straight flute is poor at chip ejection, and can cause a burr to be formed on the exit side of the hole, more so than a spiral twist drill bit turning at high speed.

The unibit was invented by Harry C. Oakes and patented in 1973. It was sold only by the Unibit Corporation in the 1980s until the patent expired, and was later sold by other companies. Unibit is a trademark of Irwin Industrial Tools.

Although it is claimed that the stepped drill was invented by Harry C. Oakes it was in fact conceived by George Godbold and first produced by Bradley Engineering, Wandsworth, London in the 1960s and named the Bradrad. It was marketed under this name until the patent was sold to Halls Ltd.uk by whom it is still produced.

Hole saw

Hole saws take the form of a short open cylinder with saw-teeth on the open edge, used for making relatively large holes in thin material. They remove material only from the edge of the hole, cutting out an intact disc of material, unlike many drills which remove all material in the interior of the hole.  They can be used to make large holes in wood, sheet metal and other materials.

For metal

Center and spotting drill bit

Center drill bits, occasionally known as Slocombe drill bits, are used in metalworking to provide a starting hole for a larger-sized drill bit or to make a conical indentation in the end of a workpiece in which to mount a lathe center. In either use, the name seems appropriate, as the bit is either establishing the center of a hole or making a conical hole for a lathe center. However, the true purpose of a center drill bit is the latter task, while the former task is best done with a spotting drill bit (as explained in detail below). Nevertheless, because of the frequent lumping together of both the terminology and the tool use, suppliers may call center drill bits combined-drill-and-countersinks in order to make it unambiguously clear what product is being ordered. They are numbered from 00 to 10 (smallest to largest).

Use in making holes for lathe centers
Center drill bits are meant to create a conical hole for "between centers" manufacturing processes (typically lathe or cylindrical-grinder work). That is, they provide a location for a (live, dead, or driven) center to locate the part about an axis. A workpiece machined between centers can be safely removed from one process (perhaps turning in a lathe) and set up in a later process (perhaps a grinding operation) with a negligible loss in the co-axiality of features (usually total indicator reading (TIR) less than ; and TIR <  is held in cylindrical grinding operations, as long as conditions are correct).

Use in spotting hole centers
Traditional twist drill bits may tend to wander when started on an unprepared surface. Once a bit wanders off course it is difficult to bring it back on center. A center drill bit frequently provides a reasonable starting point as it is short and therefore has a reduced tendency to wander when drilling is started.

While the above is a common use of center drill bits, it is a technically incorrect practice and should not be considered for production use. The correct tool to start a traditionally drilled hole (a hole drilled by a high-speed steel (HSS) twist drill bit) is a spotting drill bit (or a spot drill bit, as they are referenced in the U.S.). The included angle of the spotting drill bit should be the same as, or greater than, the conventional drill bit so that the drill bit will then start without undue stress on the bit's corners, which would cause premature failure of the bit and a loss of hole quality.

Most modern solid-carbide bits should not be used in conjunction with a spot drill bit or a center drill bit, as solid-carbide bits are specifically designed to start their own hole. Usually, spot drilling will cause premature failure of the solid-carbide bit and a certain loss of hole quality. If it is deemed necessary to chamfer a hole with a spot or center drill bit when a solid-carbide drill bit is used, it is best practice to do so after the hole is drilled.

When drilling with a hand-held drill the flexibility of the bit is not the primary source of inaccuracy—it is the user's hands.  Therefore, for such operations, a center punch is often used to spot the hole center prior to drilling a pilot hole.

Core drill bit

The term core drill bit is used for two quite different tools.

Enlarging holes
A bit used to enlarge an existing hole is called a core drill bit. The existing hole may be the result of a core from a casting or a stamped (punched) hole.  The name comes from its first use, for drilling out the hole left by a foundry core, a cylinder placed in a mould for a casting that leaves an irregular hole in the product. This core drill bit is solid.

These core drill bits are similar in appearance to reamers as they have no cutting point or means of starting a hole. They have 3 or 4 flutes which enhances the finish of the hole and ensures the bit cuts evenly. Core drill bits differ from reamers in the amount of material they are intended to remove. A reamer is only intended to enlarge a hole a slight amount which, depending on the reamers size, may be anything from 0.1 millimeter to perhaps a millimeter. A core drill bit may be used to double the size of a hole.

Using an ordinary two-flute twist drill bit to enlarge the hole resulting from a casting core will not produce a clean result, the result will possibly be out of round, off center and generally of poor finish. The two fluted drill bit also has a tendency to grab on any protuberance (such as flash) which may occur in the product.

Extracting core

A hollow cylindrical bit which will cut a hole with an annular cross-section and leave the inner cylinder of material (the "core") intact, often removing it, is also called a core drill bit or annular cutter. Unlike other drills, the purpose is often to retrieve the core rather than simply to make a hole. A diamond core drill bit is intended to cut an annular hole in the workpiece. Large bits of similar shape are used for geological work, where a deep hole is drilled in sediment or ice and the drill bit, which now contains an intact core of the material drilled with a diameter of several centimeters, is retrieved to allow study of the strata.

Countersink bit

A countersink is a conical hole cut into a manufactured object; a countersink bit (sometimes called simply countersink) is the cutter used to cut such a hole. A common use is to allow the head of a bolt or screw, with a shape exactly matching the countersunk hole, to sit flush with or below the surface of the surrounding material. (By comparison, a counterbore makes a flat-bottomed hole that might be used with a hex-headed capscrew.) A countersink may also be used to remove the burr left from a drilling or tapping operation.

Ejector drill bit
Used almost exclusively for deep hole drilling of medium to large diameter holes (approximately  diameter). An ejector drill bit uses a specially designed carbide cutter at the point. The bit body is essentially a tube within a tube. Flushing water travels down between the two tubes. Chip removal is back through the center of the bit.

Gun drill bit

Gun drills are straight fluted drills which allow cutting fluid (either compressed air or a suitable liquid) to be injected through the drill's hollow body to the cutting face.

Indexable drill bit
Indexable drill bits are primarily used in CNC and other high precision or production equipment, and are the most expensive type of drill bit, costing the most per diameter and length.  Like indexable lathe tools and milling cutters, they use replaceable carbide or ceramic inserts as a cutting face to alleviate the need for a tool grinder.  One insert is responsible for the outer radius of the cut, and another insert is responsible for the inner radius.  The tool itself handles the point deformity, as it is a low-wear task.  The bit is hardened and coated against wear far more than the average drill bit, as the shank is non-consumable.  Almost all indexable drill bits have multiple coolant channels for prolonged tool life under heavy usage.  They are also readily available in odd configurations, such as straight flute, fast spiral, multiflute, and a variety of cutting face geometries.

Typically indexable drill bits are used in holes that are no deeper than about 5 times the bit diameter. They are capable of quite high axial loads and cut very fast.

Left-hand bit

Left-hand bits are almost always twist bits and are predominantly used in the repetition engineering industry on screw machines or drilling heads. Left-handed drill bits allow a machining operation to continue where either the spindle cannot be reversed or the design of the machine makes it more efficient to run left-handed. With the increased use of the more versatile CNC machines, their use is less common than when specialized machines were required for machining tasks.

Screw extractors are essentially left-hand bits of specialized shape, used to remove common right-hand screws whose heads are broken or too damaged to allow a screwdriver tip to engage, making use of a screwdriver impossible. The extractor is pressed against the damaged head and rotated counter-clockwise and will tend to jam in the damaged head and then turn the screw counter-clockwise, unscrewing it.  For screws that break off deeper in the hole, an extractor set will often include left handed drill bits of the appropriate diameters so that grab holes can be drilled into the screws in a left handed direction, preventing further tightening of the broken piece.

Metal spade bit
A spade drill bit for metal is a two part bit with a tool holder and an insertable tip, called an insert. The inserts come in various sizes that range from . The tool holder usually has a coolant passage running through it. They are capable of cutting to a depth of about 10 times the bit diameter. This type of drill bit can also be used to make stepped holes.

Straight fluted bit
Straight fluted drill bits do not have a helical twist like twist drill bits do. They are used when drilling copper or brass because they have less of a tendency to "dig in" or grab the material.

Trepan

A trepan, sometimes called a BTA drill bit (after the Boring and Trepanning Association), is a drill bit that cuts an annulus and leaves a center core. Trepans usually have multiple carbide inserts and rely on water to cool the cutting tips and to flush chips out of the hole. Trepans are often used to cut large diameters and deep holes. Typical bit diameters are  and hole depth from  up to .

For wood

Brad point bit

The brad point drill bit (also known as lip and spur drill bit, and dowel drill bit) is a variation of the twist drill bit which is optimized for drilling in wood.

Conventional twist drill bits tend to wander when presented to a flat workpiece. For metalwork, this is countered by drilling a pilot hole with a spotting drill bit. In wood, the brad point drill bit is another solution: the center of the drill bit is given not the straight chisel of the twist drill bit, but a spur with a sharp point, and four sharp corners to cut the wood. While drilling, the sharp point of the spur pushes into the soft wood to keep the drill bit in line.

Metals are typically isotropic, so even an ordinary twist drill bit will shear the edges of the hole cleanly. Wood drilled across the grain, however, produces long strands of wood fiber. These long strands tend to pull out of the hole, rather than being cleanly cut at the hole edge. The brad point drill bit has the outside corner of the cutting edges leading, so that it cuts the periphery of the hole before the inner parts of the cutting edges plane off the base of the hole. By cutting the periphery first, the lip maximizes the chance that the fibers can be cut cleanly, rather than having to be pulled messily from the timber.

Brad point drill bits are also effective in soft plastic. When using conventional twist drill bits in a handheld drill, where the drilling direction is not maintained perfectly throughout the operation, there is a tendency for hole edges to be "smeared" due to side friction and heat.

In metal, the brad point drill bit is confined to drilling only the thinnest and softest sheet metals, ideally with a drill press. The bits have an extremely fast cutting tool geometry: no point angle, combined with a large (considering the flat cutting edge) lip angle, causes the edges to take a very aggressive cut with relatively little point pressure. This means these bits tend to bind in metal; given a workpiece of sufficient thinness, they have a tendency to punch through and leave the bit's cross-sectional geometry behind.

Brad point drill bits are ordinarily available in diameters from .

Wood spade bit
Spade bits are used for rough boring in wood. They tend to cause splintering when they emerge from the workpiece. Woodworkers avoid splintering by finishing the hole from the opposite side of the work. Spade bits are flat, with a centering point and two cutters. The cutters are often equipped with spurs in an attempt to ensure a cleaner hole. With their small shank diameters relative to their boring diameters, spade bit shanks often have flats forged or ground into them to prevent slipping in drill chucks. Some bits are equipped with long shanks and have a small hole drilled through the flat part, allowing them to be used much like a bell-hanger bit. Intended for high speed use, they are used with electric hand drills. Spade bits are also sometimes referred to as "paddle bits".

Spade drill bits are ordinarily available in diameters from 6 to 36 mm, or  to  inches.

Spoon bit
Spoon bits consist of a grooved shank with a point shaped somewhat like the bowl of a spoon, with the cutting edge on the end. The more common type is like a gouge bit that ends in a slight point. This is helpful for starting the hole, as it has a center that will not wander or walk. These bits are used by chair-makers for boring or reaming holes in the seats and arms of chairs. Their design is ancient, going back to Roman times. Spoon bits have even been found in Viking excavations. Modern spoon bits are made of hand-forged carbon steel, carefully heat-treated and then hand ground to a fine edge.

Spoon bits are the traditional boring tools used with a brace. They should never be used with a power drill of any kind. Their key advantage over regular brace bits and power drill bits is that the angle of the hole can be adjusted. This is very important in chairmaking, because all the angles are usually eyeballed. Another advantage is that they do not have a lead screw, so they can be drilled successfully in a chair leg without having the lead screw peek out the other side.

When reaming a pre-bored straight-sided hole, the spoon bit is inserted into the hole and rotated in a clockwise direction with a carpenters' brace until the desired taper is achieved. When boring into solid wood, the bit should be started in the vertical position; after a "dish" has been created and the bit has begun to "bite" into the wood, the angle of boring can be changed by tilting the brace a bit out of the vertical. Holes can be drilled precisely, cleanly and quickly in any wood, at any angle of incidence, with total control of direction and the ability to change that direction at will.

Parallel spoon bits are used primarily for boring holes in the seat of a Windsor chair to take the back spindles, or similar round-tenon work when assembling furniture frames in green woodworking work.

The spoon bit may be honed by using a slipstone on the inside of the cutting edge; the outside edge should never be touched.

Forstner bit

Forstner bits, named after their inventor, Benjamin Forstner, bore precise, flat-bottomed holes in wood, in any orientation with respect to the wood grain. They can cut on the edge of a block of wood, and can cut overlapping holes; for such applications they are normally used in drill presses or lathes rather than in hand-held electric drills. Because of the flat bottom of the hole, they are useful for drilling through veneer already glued to add an inlay.

The bit includes a center brad point which guides it throughout the cut (and incidentally spoils the otherwise flat bottom of the hole). The cylindrical cutter around the perimeter shears the wood fibers at the edge of the bore, and also helps guide the bit into the material more precisely. Forstner bits have radial cutting edges to plane off the material at the bottom of the hole. The bits shown in the images have two radial edges; other designs may have more. Forstner bits have no mechanism to clear chips from the hole, and therefore must be pulled out periodically.

Sawtooth bits are also available, which include many more cutting edges to the cylinder. These cut faster, but produce a more ragged hole. They have advantages over Forstner bits when boring into end grain.

Bits are commonly available in sizes from  diameter. Sawtooth bits are available up to  diameter.

Originally the Forstner bit was very successful with gunsmiths because of its ability to drill an exceedingly smooth-sided hole.

Center bit
The center bit is optimized for drilling in wood with a hand brace. Many different designs have been produced.

The center of the bit is a tapered screw thread. This screws into the wood as the bit is turned, and pulls the bit into the wood. There is no need for any force to push the bit into the workpiece, only the torque to turn the bit. This is ideal for a bit for a hand tool. The radial cutting edges remove a slice of wood of thickness equal to the pitch of the central screw for each rotation of the bit. To pull the bit from the hole, either the female thread in the wood workpiece must be stripped, or the rotation of the bit must be reversed.

The edge of the bit has a sharpened spur to cut the fibers of the wood, as in the brad point drill bit. A radial cutting edge planes the wood from the base of the hole. In this version, there is minimal or no spiral to remove chips from the hole. The bit must be periodically withdrawn to clear the chips.

Some versions have two spurs. Some have two radial cutting edges.

Center bits do not cut well in the end grain of wood. The central screw tends to pull out, or to split the wood along the grain, and the radial edges have trouble cutting through the long wood fibers.

Center bits are made of relatively soft steel, and can be sharpened with a file.

Auger bit

The cutting principles of the auger bit are the same as those of the center bit above. The auger adds a long deep spiral flute for effective chip removal.

Two styles of auger bit are commonly used in hand braces: the Jennings or Jennings-pattern bit has a self-feeding screw tip, two spurs and two radial cutting edges. This bit has a double flute starting from the cutting edges, and extending several inches up the shank of the bit, for waste removal. This pattern of bit was developed by Russell Jennings in the mid-19th century.

The Irwin or solid-center auger bit is similar, the only difference being that one of the cutting edges has only a "vestigal flute" supporting it, which extends only about  up the shank before ending. The other flute continues full-length up the shank for waste removal. The Irwin bit may afford greater space for waste removal, greater strength (because the design allows for a center shank of increased size within the flutes, as compared to the Jenning bits), or smaller manufacturing costs. This style of bit was invented in 1884, and the rights sold to Charles Irwin who patented and marketed this pattern the following year.

Both styles of auger bits were manufactured by several companies throughout the early- and mid-20th century, and are still available new from select sources today.

The diameter of auger bits for hand braces is commonly expressed by a single number, indicating the size in 16ths of an inch. For example, #4 is 4/16 or 1/4 in (6 mm), #6 is 6/16 or 3/8 in (9 mm), #9 is 9/16 in (14 mm), and #16 is 16/16 or 1 in (25 mm). Sets commonly consist of #4-16 or #4-10 bits.

The bit shown in the picture is a modern design for use in portable power tools, made in the UK in about 1995. It has a single spur, a single radial cutting edge and a single flute. Similar auger bits are made with diameters from 6 mm (3/16 in) to 30 mm (1 3/16 in). Augers up to  long are available, where the chip-clearing capability is especially valuable for drilling deep holes.

Gimlet bit
The gimlet bit is a very old design. The bit is the same style as that used in the gimlet, a self-contained tool for boring small holes in wood by hand. Since about 1850, gimlets have had a variety of cutter designs, but some are still produced with the original version. The gimlet bit is intended to be used in a hand brace for drilling into wood. It is the usual style of bit for use in a brace for holes below about  diameter.

The tip of the gimlet bit acts as a tapered screw, to draw the bit into the wood and to begin forcing aside the wood fibers, without necessarily cutting them. The cutting action occurs at the side of the broadest part of the cutter. Most drill bits cut the base of the hole. The gimlet bit cuts the side of the hole.

Hinge sinker bit

The hinge sinker bit is an example of a custom drill bit design for a specific application. Many European kitchen cabinets are made from particle board or medium-density fiberboard (MDF) with a laminated melamine resin veneer. Those types of pressed wood boards are not very strong, and the screws of butt hinges tend to pull out. A specialist hinge has been developed which uses the walls of a  diameter hole, bored in the particle board, for support. This is a very common and relatively successful construction method.

A Forstner bit could bore the mounting hole for the hinge, but particle board and MDF are very abrasive materials, and steel cutting edges soon wear. A tungsten carbide cutter is needed, but the complex shape of a forstner bit is difficult to manufacture in carbide, so this special drill bit with a simpler shape is commonly used. It has cutting edges of tungsten carbide brazed to a steel body; a center spur keeps the bit from wandering.

Adjustable wood bits

An adjustable wood bit, also known as an expansive wood bit, has a small center pilot bit with an adjustable, sliding cutting edge mounted above it, usually containing a single sharp point at the outside, with a set screw to lock the cutter in position. When the cutting edge is centered on the bit, the hole drilled will be small, and when the cutting edge is slid outwards, a larger hole is drilled. This allows a single drill bit to drill a wide variety of holes, and can take the place of a large, heavy set of different size bits, as well as providing uncommon bit sizes. A ruler or vernier scale is usually provided to allow precise adjustment of the bit size.

These bits are available both in a version similar to an auger bit or brace bit, designed for low speed, high torque use with a brace or other hand drill (pictured to the right), or as a high speed, low torque bit meant for a power drill. While the shape of the cutting edges is different, and one uses screw threads and the other a twist bit for the pilot, the method of adjusting them remains the same.

Other materials

Diamond core bit

The diamond masonry mortar bit is a hybrid drill bit, designed to work as a combination router and drill bit. It consists of a steel shell, with the diamonds embedded in metal segments attached to the cutting edge. These drill bits are used at relatively low speeds.

Masonry drill bit
The masonry bit shown here is a variation of the twist drill bit. The bulk of the tool is a relatively soft steel, and is machined with a mill rather than ground. An insert of tungsten carbide is brazed into the steel to provide the cutting edges.

Masonry bits typically are used with a hammer drill, which hammers the bit into the material being drilled as it rotates; the hammering breaks up the masonry at the drill bit tip, and the rotating flutes carry away the dust. Rotating the bit also brings the cutting edges onto a fresh portion of the hole bottom with every hammer blow.  Hammer drill bits often use special shank shapes such as the SDS type, which allows the bit to slide within the chuck when hammering, without the whole heavy chuck executing the hammering motion.

Masonry bits of the style shown are commonly available in diameters from 3 mm to 40 mm. For larger diameters, core bits are used. Masonry bits up to  long can be used with hand-portable power tools, and are very effective for installing wiring and plumbing in existing buildings.

A , similar in appearance and function to a hole punch or chisel, is used as a hand powered drill in conjunction with a hammer to drill into stone and masonry. A star drill bit's cutting edge consists of several blades joined at the center to form a star pattern.

Glass drill bit
Glass bits have a spade-shaped carbide point. They generate high temperatures and have a very short life. Holes are generally drilled at low speed with a succession of increasing bit sizes. Diamond drill bits can also be used to cut holes in glass, and last much longer.

PCB through-hole drill bit
A great number of holes with small diameters of about 1 mm or less must be drilled in printed circuit boards (PCBs) used by electronic equipment with through-hole components. Most PCBs are made of highly abrasive fiberglass, which quickly wears steel bits, especially given the hundreds or thousands of holes on most circuit boards. To solve this problem, solid tungsten carbide twist bits, which drill quickly through the board while providing a moderately long life,  are almost always used. Carbide PCB bits are estimated to outlast high-speed steel bits by a factor of ten or more.  Other options sometimes used are diamond or diamond-coated bits.

In industry, virtually all drilling is done by automated machines, and the bits are often automatically replaced by the equipment as they wear, as even solid carbide bits do not last long in constant use. PCB bits, of narrow diameter, typically mount in a collet rather than a chuck, and come with standard-size shanks, often with pre-installed stops to set them at an exact depth every time when being automatically chucked by the equipment.

Very high rotational speeds—30,000 to 100,000 RPM or even higher—are used; this translates to a reasonably fast linear speed of the cutting tip in these very small diameters. The high speed, small diameter, and the brittleness of the material, make the bits very vulnerable to breaking, particularly if the angle of the bit to the workpiece changes at all, or the bit contacts any object. Drilling by hand is not practical, and many general-purpose drilling machines designed for larger bits rotate too slowly and wobble too much to use carbide bits effectively.

Resharpened and easily available PCB drills have historically been used in many prototyping and home PCB labs, using a high-speed rotary tool for small-diameter bits (such as a Moto-Tool by Dremel) in a stiff drill-press jig.  If used for other materials these tiny bits must be evaluated for equivalent cutting speed vs material resistance to the cut (hardness), as the bit's rake angle and expected feed per revolution are optimised for high-speed automated use on fiberglass PCB substrate.

Installer bit

Fishing bit
Installer bits, also known as bell-hanger bits or fishing bits, are a type of twist drill bit for use with a hand-portable power tool. The key distinguishing feature of an installer bit is a transverse hole drilled through the web of the bit near the tip. Once the bit has penetrated a wall, a wire can be threaded through the hole and the bit pulled back out, pulling the wire with it. The wire can then be used to pull a cable or pipe back through the wall. This is especially helpful where the wall has a large cavity, where threading a fish tape could be difficult. Some installer bits have a transverse hole drilled at the shank end as well. Once a hole has been drilled, the wire can be threaded through the shank end, the bit released from the chuck, and all pulled forward through the drilled hole. These bits are made for cement, block and brick; they are not for drilling into wood. Sinclair Smith of Brooklyn, New York was issued  for this invention on January 25, 1898.

Installer bits are available in various materials and styles for drilling wood, masonry and metal.

Flexible shaft bit
Another, different, bit also called an installer bit has a very long flexible shaft, typically up to  long, with a small twist bit at the end. The shaft is made of spring steel instead of hardened steel, so it can be flexed while drilling without breaking. This allows the bit to be curved inside walls, for example to drill through studs from a light switch box without needing to remove any material from the wall. These bits usually come with a set of special tools to aim and flex the bit to reach the desired location and angle, although the problem of seeing where the operator is drilling still remains.

This flexible installer bit is used in the US, but does not appear to be routinely available in Europe.

Drill bit shank

Different shapes of shank are used. Some are simply the most appropriate for the chuck used; in other cases particular combinations of shank and chuck give performance advantages, such as allowing higher torque, greater centering accuracy, or efficient hammering action.

See also
 Drill and tap size chart
 Drill bit shank
 Drill bit sizes
 Drill rod
 Endmill

References

Citations

Cited references

External links

 Nomenclature

Hole making
Metallic objects
Woodworking tools

Drill bit


Solly Zacharia Shoke (* 15. August 1956 in Alexandra) ist ein südafrikanischer Antiapartheidskämpfer und Militärangehöriger. Seine frühe militärische Praxis begann als Feldkommandeur des oppositionellen Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK) und mit einer Kommandeursausbildung in der damaligen Sowjetunion. Seit 2011 bis Mai 2021 führte Shoke als Chef die südafrikanischen Streitkräfte (South African National Defence Force). Sein Amtsnachfolger ist Rudzani Maphwanya.

Leben

Ausbildung
Die Schulausbildung schloss Shoke an der Orlando High School in Soweto ab. Er absolvierte seine militärische Grundausbildung in Angola. Danach folgte ein Ausbildungskurs für Brigadekommandeure in der Sowjetunion. Am südafrikanischen Institute of People Management erwarb er ein Diplom in Personnel Management und beim privaten Bildungsträger Damelin das Diplom für Human Resource Management. Von der Witwatersrand-Universität erhielt er ein Zertifikat für Defence Management. In den Jahren 1993 und 1994 absolvierte Shoke in Simbabwe eine militärische Ausbildung für mittlere Führungskräfte. Zielstrebig ergänzte er 1995 bis 1996 seine militärische Entwicklung mit einem Kurs am South African Army College für Mitglieder des Oberkommandos und im Jahr 1998 an der gleichen Einrichtung mit einem Lehrgang für Funktionsinhaber der Armee mit übergreifenden Aufgaben, der höchsten militärischen Ausbildungsstufe in Südafrika.

Tätigkeiten
Unter dem Eindruck der Unruhen im Jahr 1976 ging er zum MK und war dort bis 1980 im Transvaal Command zusammen mit Selaelo Ramusi, Siphiwe Nyanda und Ntsie Manye eingesetzt.

In den 1980er Jahren diente er als Feldkommandeur bei Aktivitäten des MK. Auf der Grundlage seiner Erfahrungen in diesen illegalen Tätigkeiten wurden ihm Führungsaufgaben im geheimen Kommando der Operation Vula übertragen. Später, zwischen 1985 und 1987, handelte er als Commander in der MK-Untergrundoperation Transvaal Machinery (Operation Cetshwayo), einem Sabotageprojekt mit dem Einsatz von Landminen in den nordöstlichen Grenzregionen Südafrikas zum Nachbarland Mosambik. Diese Aktivitäten verfolgten das Ziel, den damaligen Einheiten der SADF (South African Defence Force) technische und personelle Verluste zuzufügen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Waffen und Soldaten aus Swasiland auf das Staatsgebiet von Südafrika infiltriert. Zu diesen Vorgängen wurde er im Jahr 2000 vom Amnestie-Komitee der Wahrheits- und Versöhnungskommission (TRC) befragt.

In der Übergangsphase am Ende der Apartheidspolitik wirkte Shoke als Mitglied der National Organising Department (deutsch etwa: Nationale Organisationsabteilung) des ANC, deren Aufgabe darin bestand, die Organisationsstrukturen im gesamten Land entsprechend der veränderten Lage neu zu ordnen. Im Jahr 1994 war er im Auftrag des ANC in Ausschüssen der Regierung an der Neustrukturierung der südafrikanischen Streitkräfte beteiligt. Als erste Funktion in den neu formierten Streitkräften war die Stelle des Direktors für Personalplanung. 1997 ernannte man ihn zum Direktor für Integration mit der Verantwortung, aus dem verbliebenen Personal des MK, der APLA (Azanian People's Liberation Army) und der SADF die neuen südafrikanischen Streitkräfte SANDF (South African National Defence Force) zu bilden.

Im Jahr 1998 befehligte Shoke die South African Development Countries Forces während der Operation Boleas auf dem Territorium von Lesotho. Das war eine Militäraktion mit 700 Soldaten der südafrikanischen Landstreitkräfte einschließlich Luftunterstützung zusammen mit Militäreinheiten der Botswana Defence Force aus Botswana, die im Wesentlichen vom 22. September 1998 bis zum 2. November 1998 andauerte und wofür Südafrika etwa 24 Millionen Rand aufwenden musste. Die Intervention erfolgte auf Grund von politischen Unruhen, die nach vermeintlich gefälschten Wahlen eintraten.

Zwischen Januar 1999 und Oktober 2000 hatte er als Direktor für Personalgewinnung unmittelbaren Einfluss auf die künftige Personalstruktur der gesamten Streitkräfte. Im Jahr 2000 beförderte man Shoke zum Major General und übertrug ihm die Aufgaben des Direktors für Human Resources Support. Im Juni 2004 erfolgte eine weitere Beförderung zum Lieutenant General, in deren Folge Shoke am 1. August von Gilbert Ramano das Kommando der südafrikanischen Landstreitkräfte (South African Army) übernahm.

Im Jahr 2005 vertrat er öffentlich den Standpunkt, dass Südafrika ein stabiler Sicherheitsfaktor auf dem afrikanischen Kontinent sei und begründet dies mit der Politikstrategie New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) seiner Regierung.

SANDF-Führung
Der südafrikanische Präsident Jacob Zuma ernannte am 10. Mai 2011 Lieutenant General Solly Zacharia Shoke mit Wirkung vom 1. Juni 2011 zum Chef der südafrikanischen Streitkräfte. Er folgte in diesem Amt dem General Nhlanhla Ngwenya (Godfrey Ngwenya), der zum südafrikanischen Geschäftsträger in Angola berufen wurde. Zuvor war Shoke Befehlshaber der Teilstreitkräfte South African Army. Er spricht neun Sprachen.

Zitat

Kritik
Aus Kreisen der burischen Bevölkerung wurde seine Ernennung zum Chef der Streitkräfte kritisiert, indem man auf die Auseinandersetzungen mit Todesfolgen unter Vertretern und Sympathisanten der Inkatha Freedom Party durch den MK während der Operation Vula verwies.

Der parlamentarische Ausschuss, die Interim Defence Force Service Commission, kritisierte einen Mangel an Disziplin in den Truppen und deren schlechte Arbeitsbedingungen. Man verband dabei die Hoffnung, dass Shoke zur Lösung der Probleme maßgeblich beitragen könne.

Familie
Shoke ist verheiratet und hat vier Kinder.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Republic of South Africa, The Presidency: President Zuma appoints new Chief of the South African National Defence Force (SANDF). Mitteilung vom 10. Mai 2011 auf www.thepresidency.gov.za (englisch) Kurzmitteilung zur Ernennung Shokes zum Chef der Südafrikanischen Streitkräfte
 Chief of the South African National Defence Force General Solly Shoke. (englisch)
 DefenceWeb: Tag: Solly Shoke. Tags bis 2021 auf www.defenceweb.co.za (englisch)
 South African History Online: Zacharia Solly Shoke. auf www.sahistory.org.za (englisch)
 Ally Rakoma: Inauguration of the new Chief of the SANDF. In: South African Soldier. The official monthly magazine of the SA Department of Defence. Volume 18 (2011), No 6, Juni 2011  (englisch; PDF; 3,8 MB)

Militärperson (Südafrika)
ANC-Mitglied
Apartheidgegner
Südafrikaner
Geboren 1956
Mann

Solly Shoke


Selim, Kars ilinin bir ilçesidir.

Tarihçe

Şu an için tarih öncesine ait araştırmalar, son sözü söyleme olanağı verecek yeterlilikte olmamasına rağmen Kars ve yöresinin çok eski tarihlerden itibaren yerleşim merkezi olduğu kanıtlanmış durumdadır. İlçenin Kars merkezine yakınlığı yerleşim yeri itibarıyla uygunluğu bu tarihi beraberliği devam ettirdiği sonucunu doğurmaktadır.

Bölge Urartu egemenliğine geçer M.Ö. 145 yıllarında İskitlerin egemenliğinden sonra Azaklar M.S. 5. yüzyılda bölgenin hakimi olmuşlardır.

430 yılında Sasani İmparatorluğu Kars ve yöresini denetimine alır. Bölge uzun süre Sasaniler, Bizans ve Müslümanlar arasında mücadele alanı olmuştur. 1000 yılına doğru Selçuklu Hanedanı Anadolu'ya gelmeye başlamış ve Bizans İmparatorluğu ile olan mücadele 1064'te Kars'ın, 1071'de ise Malazgirt'in kazanılması ile Türklerin ilk ve uzun süreli bölgeye girmelerinin temelini oluşturmuştur.

1153'te Gürcüler, 1239'da Moğollar daha sonra Timurlular, Karakoyunlular ve Akkoyunlular'ın eline geçen Kars ve yöresi 1502'de ise Safavilerin denetimindedir. Safaviler ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki mücadele bölgedeki birçok tarihi eserin yok olmasına yol açmıştır. Kanuni Sultan Süleyman zamanında Irak seferi ile bölge kesin olarak Osmanlılara geçmiştir. 1823'te İranlılarla yapılan Erzurum Antlaşması'ndan sonra bölgede Çarlık Rusyası ile mücadele başlamıştır.

1855 Kırım, 1877-1878 savaşları sonucunda 1918'de Brest Litovsk Antlaşması yapılmış, ardından Ermeni tehdidi ve saldırıları bölgeyi harabe haline getirmiştir. Selim, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün başlattığı İstiklal Savaşı ile 30 Eylül 1920'de Ermeni işgalinden, ilçeye giren ilk birliğin komutanı Şehit Yüzbaşı Reşit Balkanlı tarafından kurtarılmıştır.

Cumhuriyetin ilanı ile 1957 yılına kadar nahiye olarak Sarıkamış İlçesine bağlı iken 27 Haziran 1957 tarih ve 9644 sayılı Resmi Gazetede yayımlanan 7033 Sayılı özel Kanunla ilçe statüsü kazanmıştır.

Demografik yapı
Selim ilçesinin 52 tane köyü vardır. Demografik yapı olarak Türkler, Kürtler ve Zazalar'dan oluşur.

Selim kent merkezinde ağırlıklı olarak Karapapak Türkleri ikamet etmektedir. Bunlar Oğuz boylarından olan oğuz Türklerinden bir kol olarak, daha ziyade Bolşevik ihtilalinden sonra Rusya ve Gürcistan'dan Kars'a gelerek yerleşen Türk boyudur. İlçede birde kalabalık olarak yaşayan Kıpçak Türkü olan Posoflular vardır. Yaşam tarzı olarak kendi dil ve ananelerini yaşatmaktadırlar.

Coğrafî yapı
Selim ilçesi Allahuekber Dağları'nın eteklerindeki büyük platoda kurulmuştur, düzlük bir yerleşim alanı vardır. Su kaynakları oldukça boldur. Kars çayının ana domarlarını bu ilçeden çıkan kaynaklar oluşturmaktadır. Rakımı 1800 metredir, kışları soğuk ve karlı, yazları ise serin geçer. Karasal bir iklim hakimdir.

Tarım ve hayvancılık
İlçede tarım olarak karasal iklim şartlarından dolayı daha ziyade arpa ve buğday ekilmektedir. Bunların yanında şeker pancarı, patates ve çeşitli bostan sebzeleri yetişmektedir. Hayvancılık olarak daha ziyade büyükbaş hayvancılık yapılmaktadır. Meraların azalması ve yayla kültürünün gün geçtikçe kaybolması nedeniyle küçükbaş hayvancılık meralara zarar verdiği için artık yok denecek kadar azdır. Bir de Selim'e özgün kaz yetiştiriciliği vardır. Fakat bu yetiştiricilik fenni değil, klasik olarak her ailenin kendi çabalarıyla yetiştirilen hayvanlardır. Genel olarak kışın et ihtiyacının karşılanması amacına yönelik bu kaz besiciliği Kars'a özgü bir tarzdır.

Eğitim
İlçe de eğitim-öğretim açısından ileri seviyede bulunan Kars bölgesinin özelliklerini yansıtmaktadır. İlçe merkezinde olduğu kadar köylerde de okumaya karşı giderek artan bir eğilim görülmektedir. Eğitim ve kültürün gelişmesi ve haberleşme araçlarının her yere ulaşması neticesinde sosyal yapı değişmektedir.

İlçede, 2001 yılı verilerine göre, toplam 5333 öğrenciye 198 öğretmenle eğitim verilmekte olup,bunlardan 1497 öğrenci ve 53 öğretmen ilçe merkezinde, kalan 3836 öğrenci ve 145 öğretmen köylerde bulunmaktadır.

İlçe Halk Eğitim Merkezi ve Akşam Sanat okulunca giyim, makina nakışı, halı, trikotaj, bilgisayar, saz-bağlama, folklor, daktilografi, el sanatları, liselere hazırlık, üniversite hazırlık, okuma yazma gibi eğitici ana dallarında kurslar verilmektedir.

Kaynakça

Selim, Kars


Maria Teresa Especial foi um humorístico especial exibido pelo Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão, dividido em diversas Sketch na qual a a humorista Maria Teresa Fróes revive vários de seus personagens.

Com a redação de Magalhães Júnior, Arnaud Rodrigues, Luiz Froes, Zé Américo e Oscar Pardini , dirigido por Norberto Fonseca

Personagens

 Vamércia  - Senhora fofoqueira que está sempre a janela de sua casa falando mal dos convidados. Seu bordão " Está boquinha é um tumbalo " colocando o dedo indicador em frente aos lábios
 Teresoca
 Zé Galinha
 Mãe Mundinha - Mãe de Santo. Seu bordão era " Quem furunfou, furunfou, quem não furunfou não furunfa mais.
 Tártara
 Vitório e Marieta - Casal de italianos muito ingênuos e desastrados, mas que julgam inteligentes

Participações Especiais

Referências

Programas de humor do Brasil
Programas do SBT

Maria Teresa Especial


Snegiri (russisch ) ist der Name folgender Ortschaften in Russland:
 Snegiri (Moskau), Siedlung städtischen Typs in der Oblast Moskau

 Snegiri (Kurgan), ländliche Siedlung in der Oblast Kurgan
 Snegiri (Perm), Dorf in der Region Perm
 Snegiri (Pskow), Dorf in der Oblast Pskow

Snegiri


Eleonora Brigalda Barbas (n. 14 ianuarie 1959, Călărași, Republica Moldova), Om Emerit al Republicii Moldova, pictor, artist plastic și critic de artă, doctor în studiul artelor, profesor universitar din Republica Moldova.

Biografie

Cărți
 Brigalda-Barbas, E., Pavel Șillingovski. Maeștri basarabeni din sec.XX, Ed.ARC,Chișinău 2005,96 p. ISBN 9975613934, 9789975613934
 Brigalda-Barbas, E., Evoluția picturii de gen din Republica Moldova.(1945-2000), Ed.Știința,Chișinău 2002,111 p. ISBN 9975672914, 9789975672917
 Brigalda-Barbas, E., Igor Vieru. Maeștri basarabeni din sec.XX, Ed.ARC,Chișinău 2006,96 p. ISBN 9975610964

Premii
2015 Premiul Național al Republicii Moldova, Guvernul Republicii Moldova nr.569 din 19 august 2015

2012 Premiul "Italia 2012" pentru artă, Chișinău, Republica Moldova

2011 Premiul "M. Eminescu", Muzeul "M. Eminescu", UAP, Iași, România

2010 Titlul Onorific "Om Emerit"

2010 Premiul Special pentru Pictură, Uniunea Artiștilor Plastici din România, Iași

2005 Premiul Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici din Republica Moldova

2003 Premiul Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici din Republica Moldova

1997 Premiul "OMEGA" la expoziția "Saloanele Moldovei", Chișinău, Republica Moldova

1996 Diplomă Ministerului Învățământului al Republicii Moldova

1982 Premiul "Limba noastră cea română", Concursul Uniunii Latine, Chișinău, Republica Moldova

Afilieri
Este membră a Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici din Republica Moldova și membră a Asociației Internaționale a Artelor Plastice IAA-AIAP UNESCO

Aprecieri critice
"Monografia de fată prin conținutul său bogat în informații, prin limbajul accesibil, prin materialul ilustrativ realizat la un nivel poligrafic înalt, ne permite în baza elucidării evoluției picturii de gen, o viziune integrală a ambianței artistice din Republica Moldova pe parcursul anilor 1945-2000 și poate servi ca sursă de referință pentru specialiștii în domeniu și ca reper util atât în instruirea studenților de la universitățile de arte din Moldova, cât și a publicului larg, amator de artă. De menționat, în final e și faptul că monografia " Evoluția picturii de gen din Republica Moldova" (1945-2000) a devenit practic chiar după lansare o raritate bibliografică"

"O apariție editorială recentă, axată pe o viziune nouă și originală asupra vieții și creației lui Igor Vieru este monografia-album "Igor Vieru" semnată de autoarea Eleonora Brigalda-Barbas, doctor în studiul artelor, șefa catedrei Pictură a Facultății Arte Plastice și Design al UPS "Ion Creangă".... în monografie au fost prezentate și analizate minuțios o serie de tablouri, foi grafice, desene și studii anterior necunoscute publicului larg.
Reprezentând o continuare logică a colecției "Maeștri basarabeni din sec. XX", monografia "Igor Vieru", realizată de Eleonora Brigalda-Barbas, atât prin amploarea sa cât și prin calitatea materialului selectat constituie o contribuție de esență în studiul artei naționale."

"Eleonora Brigalda excelează în peisaj, lucrările sale concentrând tensiuni cromatice și gestuale care dezvăluie trăirea puternică, patosul compozițional și nu în ultimul rând, dorința vizibilă de contopire cu motivul, cu materia picturală - "mănăstiri rupestre", "Ecoul mării", "Crizanteme", aduc un plus de vibrație și exaltare proprie creatorului și, în egală măsură, interpretului/artista fiind și critic de artă."

"Înclinată spre o lume a simbolurilor, a sugestiei, în care mineralul deține rol primordial un, Eleonora Brigalda practică o pictură cu o notă ușor dualistă, dată, pe de o parte, de minuția cu care-și conturează și umple cu culoare naturile statice, cochiliile îndeosebi și fulguranta desenului și a tușei, de factură post expresionistă, dacă vreți, a peisajelor sale, ce respiră un parfum inedit, frust, de proaspăt. Pictorița deține o gamă cromatică de excepție, pe care o folosește cu grație și aplomb, în același timp"

"Nostalgiile trecutului comun, miturile fundamentale ale neamului sunt repere care marchează o identitate, dar și nevoia unei conștiințe a identității. Explicabilă în context, apetența pictoriței Eleonora Brigalda Barbas pentru recuperarea prin imagine și simbol a culturii cucuteniene, căreia îi consacră un triptic monumental, unde evocarea are forța de impact a monumentalității și profunzimii ca dominante. Paleta pictoriței se racordează culorilor de pământ în acord cu materia vaselor cucuteniene și a idolilor ancestrali. Decorațiunile spiritualizate ale vaselor de cult sau doar utilitare revin la suprafața timpului recent ca o mărturie a creativității strămoșilor noștri. Intelectuală rasată, rafinată și inventivă, Eleonora Brigalda Barbas face din motivul cucutenian o nostalgică recuperare valorică, fiind animată de un sentiment de plenitudine. Tripticurile ei monumentale evocă simultan și ctitorii iluștri ai Moldovei medievale, Ștefan cel Mare fiind privit în măreția faptelor de vitejie, dar și din aceea a spiritualității creștine. Asemenea compoziții au vitalitatea structurilor simbolice unde ideea de perenitate devine argumentul întregului ansamblu. Celelalte compoziții ale artistei valorifică în variate formulări grafico-cromatice nivelul culturii picturii, măiestria la care a ajuns ca urmare a unor strălucite studii și a unei viziuni originale. Arhitectura imaginii sugerează soliditatea rațională a ansamblului, geometria axelor și claritatea ideilor pe care glosează în subtile și coerente combinații cromatice. Astfel aspiră către armonia unei muzici străvechi. Polivalența stilistică o face premiabilă și la variante în cheia unei modernități ponderate și o definește ca pe un artist dublat de un intelectual rasat."

"Eleonora Brigalda, artistă remarcabilă, aflată la deplina maturitate artistică, dovedește, ca întotdeauna, o receptivitate rară fată de tradiția cromatismului viguros, fauv, animat de obsesia de a exprima prin petele dense de culoare o interioritate vie, tumultoasă, pasională. În mitologia ei personală ocupă un loc fundamental atât aglutinarea motivelor silvestre, vegetale și geologice într-un ansamblu cosmologic spectacular, cât și tematica identității spirituale, religioase și etnice. De reținut, din această ultimă perspectivă, efortul artistei de a transfigura. În pânze ce solicită, obligatoriu, un privitor simpatetic, teme identitare dintre cele mai grave, articulate pe nevoia de a resuscita, artistic o memorie colectivă încărcată de evenimente tragice. Anamneza mijlocită de creația artistică aduce cu sine, însă, măcar un început de vindecare – iată finalitatea paideică a unor lucrări precum "Adio. Deportarea" sau "Moldova", concepute ca meditații traumaturgice despre destinul atât de greu încercat de propriul popor."

"Pânzele Eleonorei Brigalda  sunt guvernate de o evidentă arhitectonică structural, care ne impune condiția perceperii de ansamblu și monumentalitate. Uneori mai sobre în culoare, alteori mai generoase, tablourile sale țin mai mult de limbajul expresiei decât acelui al impresiei, iar în plan tematic acestea țin cu evidentă să recupereze valorile spirituale "pierdute"  ori date uitării, legate de zbuciumata dar și de neobișnuit de generoasa istorie a plaiurilor basarabene."

"Experiența practică a doamnei Eleonora Brigalda include lucrări axate pe tematica ancestrală ce vin să developeze originile spirituale ale poporului nostru, valorile autentice primordiale. Mesajul ideatic din pânzele "marine" și "arhaice" relevă gândirea analitică și viziunea cosmogonică a autoarei asupra lumii, ceea ce se reflectă fericit și în demersul său teoretic referitor la studiul picturii naționale".

"Eleonora Barbas, depildă, trece din concretul motivului în spațiul unei personale metafizici unde toposul are substanța idealității. Tușa fermă, onctuoasă conferă culorii rolul principal alături de tensiunea implicării emoționale. Aluziile la fervoarea de tip Van Gogh semnifică forța imaginativă și pasiune."

Referințe critice
1. Ciobanu C., Sinteza teoriei și practicii în creația Eleonorei Brigalda, În: La librete de la creation au feminine, Chișinău, Moldova, 2012

2. Ciucă V., Eleonora Brigalda  - vitalitatea structurilor cromatice, În:Limba Română nr.9 - 12 (219-222), Chișinău, Moldova, 2013, p.317-319.

3. Ciucă V., Vitalitatea structurilor cromatice. Vernisaje Selective, Iași, Editura ART XXI, 2013 p.102-103, România

4. Mardare, Gh. Eleonora Brigalda, artisti in Moldova, Il Ponte , anno I, nr.1, Chișinău, Moldova, 2012, p.18

5. Mardare, Gh. Vatra neamului redată în 50 de tablouri, În: Flux, 14 decembrie, Chișinău, Moldova, 2012

6. Mardare Gh. Condiția de manifestare maximă a forței creative umane este în primul rând…libertatea, În: Arta și tradiția în Europa, Ed. Spiru Haret, Iași, România, 2015, p.124-126

7. Marian, A., O fascinantă lume, vatra neamului. În: Limba Română nr.9-12 (219-222), Chișinău, Moldova, 2013, p.320-323

8. Eleonora Brigalda distinsă cu « Premio Italia 2012, perl Arte, În: Capitala, nr.73, 26 octombrie, Chișinău, Moldova, 2012

Referințe

Legături externe
 Pagina personală în cadrul Uniunii Artiștilor Plastici (UAP) din Republica Moldova
 Pagina de artist în cadrul Centrului pentru Artă Contemporană
 http://www.cnaa.acad.md/news/2016/25072016/
 http://archiva.flux.md/editii/201246/articole/14227/
 http://trm.md/ro/cultura/eleonora-brigalda-barbas-premiul-na-ional-este-un-omagiu-adus-artistilor-plastici-ai-secolului-xx/
 http://artinfinit.md/cgblog/1369/64/Eleonora-Brigalda-ne-uimeste-prin-activitatea-polivalenta
 http://logos.press.md/node/21958
 http://moldova-suverana.md/article/tezaurul-intelectual-al-tarii_15052

 Nașteri în 1959
Pictori moldoveni
Pictorițe române
Artiști plastici moldoveni
Români basarabeni
Pictori români în viață
Femei din Republica Moldova
Nașteri pe 14 ianuarie

Eleonora Brigalda (Barbas)


Viscount Hampden is a title that has been created twice, once in the Peerage of Great Britain and once in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. The first creation came in the Peerage of Great Britain when the diplomat and politician Robert Hampden, 4th Baron Trevor, was created Viscount Hampden, of Great and Little Hampden in the County of Bedford on 14 June 1776. The title of Baron Trevor, of Bromham, had been created in the Peerage of Great Britain in 1712 for his father, the lawyer Sir Thomas Trevor. Both titles became extinct in 1824 on the death of the first Viscount's second son, the third Viscount.

The viscountcy was revived in the Peerage of the United Kingdom when the Liberal politician and former Speaker of the House of Commons, Sir Henry Brand, was created Viscount Hampden, of Glynde in the County of Sussex on 4 March 1884. Brand was the second son of Henry Trevor, 21st Baron Dacre and in 1890 he succeeded his elder brother as the twenty-third Baron Dacre. His son, the second Viscount, represented Hertfordshire and Stroud in Parliament and served as Governor of New South Wales. On the death in 1965 of his grandson, the fourth Viscount, the barony of Dacre fell into abeyance between the late Viscount's daughters Rachel Leila Brand and Tessa Mary Brand (the abeyance was terminated in 1970 in favour of Rachel Leila Brand; see the Baron Dacre for more information). The viscountcy passed to the Viscount's younger brother, the fifth Viscount.  the title is held by the latter's son, the sixth Viscount.

Several other members of the Brand family have also gained distinction. Thomas Seymour Brand (1847–1916), second son of the first Viscount, was a rear-admiral in the Royal Navy. Arthur Brand, third son of the first Viscount, was a Liberal politician. Sir Hubert George Brand (1870–1955), second son of the second Viscount, was an admiral in the Royal Navy. Robert Brand, fourth son of the second Viscount, was a civil servant and was created Baron Brand in 1946. Roger Brand (1880–1945), fifth son of the second Viscount, was a brigadier-general in the Army. And also the 3rd Viscount gained rank and title in a similar fashion and was involved in the sport polo.

Both Robert Hampden, 1st Viscount Hampden and Henry Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden were descendants in the female line of John Hampden, the patriot, hence their choice of title.

The family seat is Glynde Place, near Lewes, Sussex.

Barons Trevor, Second Creation (1712)

Thomas Trevor, 1st Baron Trevor (1657/58–1730)
Thomas Trevor, 2nd Baron Trevor (c. 1692–1753)
John Trevor, 3rd Baron Trevor (1695–1764)
Robert Hampden, 4th Baron Trevor (1705/6–1783) (created Viscount Hampden in 1776)

Viscounts Hampden, First Creation (1776)
Robert Hampden-Trevor, 1st Viscount Hampden, 4th Baron Trevor (1706–1783) (A younger brother was Richard Trevor, Bishop of Durham)
Thomas Hampden-Trevor, 2nd Viscount Hampden, 5th Baron Trevor (1746–1824)
John Hampden-Trevor, 3rd Viscount Hampden, 6th Baron Trevor (1749–1824)

Viscounts Hampden, Second Creation (1884)
Henry Bouverie William Brand, 1st Viscount Hampden (1814–1892)
Henry Robert Brand, 2nd Viscount Hampden (1841–1906)
Thomas Walter Brand, 3rd Viscount Hampden (1869–1958)
Thomas Henry Brand, 4th Viscount Hampden (1900–1965)
David Francis Brand, 5th Viscount Hampden (1902–1975)
Anthony David Brand, 6th Viscount Hampden (1937–2008)
Francis Anthony Brand, 7th Viscount Hampden (b. 1970)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Lucian Anthony Brand (b. 2005).

See also
Baron Dacre
Baron Brand

References

Work cited

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Extinct viscountcies in the Peerage of Great Britain
Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom

Viscount Hampden
Noble titles created in 1776
Noble titles created in 1884
Noble titles created for UK MPs

Viscount Hampden


المتحولون: ثأر الهاوي  هو فيلم حركة أنتج عام 2009، من إخراج مايكل باي، وهو الجزء الثاني من فيلم المتحولون.

تبدأ باقى القصة بتحالف الاوتوبوتس مع كوكب الأرض والولايات المتحدة لحماية كوكب الأرض من المخاطر وحماية المتحولين الباقين وببداية الديسيبتكونز بالغوص في منطقة اسفل خواصة أمريكية في المحيط الهادئ حيث تم القاء ميجاترون فيه ويستخدمون قوة أحد الديسيبتيكون لاعادة ميجاترون مره أخرى لكن من يدعم هذه المرة ميجا ترون هو (الساقط) هكذا اسمه ويبدأوا بالبحث وراء الشاب ويتوكى (شيا لابوف) لمعرفة مكان السبارك (مصفوفة القيادة) عن طريق خريطة الرسومات التي على المكعب الأولسبارك لوضعها في سلاح ضخم في الهرم الأكبر وتدمير الشمس لكن في سبيل حماية السبارك وحياة ويتوكى قتل اوبتيموس برايم عن طريق الساقط وميجاترون لكن ينقل الجيش الامريكى اوبتيموس إلى منطقة في الصحراء بين مصر والأردن واستطاع ويتوكى العثور على السبارك قبل ميجاترون وجاء بها إلى اوبتيموس خلال معركة في الصحراء ومحاولة لتدمير الهرم الأكبر والشمس والبشرية واستطاع ويتوكى إحياء أوبتيموس مره أخرى لكن للأسف بعد وضع السبارك في قلب اوبتيموس سرقها الساقط وبدأ في تدمير الشمس لكن إحدى الديسيبتكونس العاجزون بعد ان غير انتماءه للاوتوبوتس قام بالتضحية من اجل اوبتيموس وبعد ذلك أصبح لاوبتيموس برايم عتاد واسلحة متينة وقوية وتم مهمته بالقضاء على الساقط وتدمير السلاح داخل الهرم الأكبر في مصر واصابة ميجاترون باصابة بالغة في الرأس.

طالع أيضا

مقالات ذات صلة
 فيلم المتحولون - الجزء الأول

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للفيلم

هوامش

المصادر

البتراء في الخيال
البعث بعد الموت في أفلام
أحداث أفلام عن تأثيرات
أفلام آيماكس
أفلام أبطال خارقين في عقد 2000
أفلام أحداثها في عصور ما قبل التاريخ
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية عن انتقام
أفلام أمريكية في عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة وحركة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام إثارة وحركة في 2009
أفلام إنتاج 2009
أفلام باراماونت بيكتشرز
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية 2009
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 2000
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الأردن
أفلام تقع أحداثها في القاهرة
أفلام تقع أحداثها في الولايات المتحدة
أفلام تقع أحداثها في باريس
أفلام تقع أحداثها في جامعات وكليات
أفلام تقع أحداثها في سنة 2009
أفلام تقع أحداثها في سنة 2010
أفلام تقع أحداثها في فيرجينيا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في فيلادلفيا (بنسلفانيا)
أفلام تقع أحداثها في قارة آسيا
أفلام تقع أحداثها في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام تقع أحداثها في مصر
أفلام تقع أحداثها في واشنطن العاصمة
أفلام حركة أمريكية
أفلام حركة مباشرة مبنية على مسلسل الكرتون
أفلام حولت إلى قصص مصورة
أفلام خيال أمريكية للأطفال
أفلام خيال علمي كوميدية في عقد 2000
أفلام خيال علمي مغامرات
أفلام خيال علمي مغامرات في عقد 2000
أفلام خيال علمي وحركة أمريكية
أفلام دريم ووركس
أفلام روبوت
أفلام سجلها ستيف جابلونسكي
أفلام صنعت باستخدام صور الحاسوب
أفلام صيد كنوز
أفلام عن القوات البرية للولايات المتحدة
أفلام عن رواد فضاء قدماء
أفلام فانتازيا كوميدية أمريكية
أفلام كوارث أمريكية
أفلام كوميدية خيال علمي أمريكية
أفلام متممة أمريكية
أفلام متممة إنتاج عقد 2000
أفلام مراهقة أمريكية
أفلام مصورة في الأردن
أفلام مصورة في أريزونا
أفلام مصورة في باريس
أفلام مصورة في بنسلفانيا
أفلام مصورة في سان دييغو (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام مصورة في شانغهاي
أفلام مصورة في شنغهاي
أفلام مصورة في فرجينيا
أفلام مصورة في فيلادلفيا
أفلام مصورة في قطر
أفلام مصورة في كاليفورنيا
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس
أفلام مصورة في لوس أنجلوس (كاليفورنيا)
أفلام مصورة في مدينة نيويورك
أفلام مصورة في مصر
أفلام مصورة في نيو جيرسي
أفلام مصورة في نيومكسيكو
أفلام مصورة في واشنطن العاصمة
أفلام من إخراج مايكل بي
أفلام من إنتاج لورنزو دي بونافينتورا
أفلام نهاية العالم
ثقافة عصر ما قبل التاريخ
سلسلة أفلام المتحولون
نهاية العالم في الخيال

المتحولون: ثأر الهاوي


أييا فارفارا (Αγία Βαρβάρα) هي مدينة في إقليم أتيكا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 33286 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في غرب أثينا
مدن اليونان
مقاطعة غرب أثينا
بلديات أتيكا

أغيا فارفارا


An Elegia galpinii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Nicholas Edward Brown. An Elegia galpinii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Elegia, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Elegia (Restionaceae)

Elegia galpinii


Kong Christian d. X's 75 års fødselsdag er en dansk reportagefilm fra 1945 med ukendt instruktør.

Handling
En reportage om Københavns udsmykning og kong Christian 10.'s køretur gennem byen i anledning af hans 75-års fødselsdag i 1945.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1945

Reportagefilm fra Danmark

Kong Christian d. X's 75 års fødselsdag


Aepyceros, Aepycerotinae altfamilyasına bağlı bir hayvan cinsidir.

Dış bağlantılar

Kaynakça

Aepycerotinae

Aepyceros


Neboderi Mercuriales, (fr. Tours Mercuriales) su dva nebodra u Bagnoletu, departman Seine-Saint-Denis. Građevinu je 1975. godine izgradila tvrtka SAEP.

Istočni neboder nosi naziv Tour Levant, a zapadni Tour Ponant.

Bili su dio velikog projekta poslovne četvrti istočno od Pariza čiji je cilj bio ujednačiti kvart La Défense na zapadu.

Arhitektura je nadahnuta arhitekturom Svjetskog trgovačkog centra u New Yorku.

Vidi još
 Popis najviših nebodera svijeta

Izvori
 Neboderi Mercuriales

Neboderi u Parizu

Mercuriales (neboderi)


Faraway Hill was the first soap opera broadcast on an American television network, airing on the DuMont Television Network on Wednesday nights at 9:00 PM between October 2 and December 18, 1946. A Variety article stated the Caples advertising agency bought time on DuMont for "experimentation purposes," and had "walked where other video programmers feared to tread," moving soap operas from radio to the "infant medium television."

The series' plot was based on a novel that David P. Lewis had begun, but never finished.

Synopsis
Karen St. John, a wealthy widowed New York City socialite, decides to spend time with her relatives, the Willow family, who live near the small town of Faraway Hill, in Kansas. St. John is attracted to Charlie White who is engaged to her niece, Louise Willow.

The series had an "all-seeing voice" that allowed viewers to know what the characters were thinking. A musical interlude would fade out so the voice could be heard. An example is: "Turn back, turn back, Karen St. John! Something inside you is sounding a warning – This is no place for you....How can you stay? You must leave in the morning…you cannot stay a summer."

The series ends with the death of Karen St. John, which upset the show's four hundred fans.

Jim Von Schilling, in his book, The Magic Window: American Television, 1939-1953, wrote, "Soap operas were popular on radio during the 1930s and 1940s; Faraway Hill simply brought the genre to television, where real arms were embraced, real tears shed, and where a card reading 'Continued Next Week' was held before the camera at each episode's climax."

Cast
Flora Campbell as Karen St. John, a wealthy young widow
Mel Brandt as Charlie White, who is engaged to Louise Willow
Ann Stell as Louise Willow, St. John's niece, and Charlie White's fiancé
Lorene Scott as Mrs. Willow, Louise's mother
Frederic Meyer as Mr. Willow, Louise's father

Cast members are listed in The Early Shows: A Reference Guide to Network and Syndicated Prime Time Television Series from 1944 to 1949.

Broadcast history
The series ran from October 2 to December 18, 1946. David P. Lewis, the writer and director, had a budget of around $300 an episode. The first episode originated from the basement of the Greenwich Village Wanamaker's department store.

The half-hour show was broadcast live, although filmed excerpts were interspersed, such as a train sequence in the first episode. Slides of scenes from previous shows were included in later episodes to bring viewers up to date with regard to plot elements which had previously transpired. A narrator gave Karen's thoughts as bridges between scenes.

In 1992, Lewis's obituary in the Los Angeles Times explained the program's short lifespan: "Lewis declared at the time that it was only an experiment. It never made a cent and had no commercials. ... He wanted, he said years later, not a successful series but to 'test the mind of the viewer.'"

Early commentary
A review in the October 23, 1946 issue of Variety stated that the acting was "done with competence considering the show's lack of action and more than occasional dull lines." Cues were too slow, and title cards were held too long, causing poor pacing of events. The reviewer's opinion was that "production will have to be jerked up by the bootstraps or Caples' video director David Lewis' baby is not long for this world."

In popular culture
In Sharon Travers' novel Stranger in Our Midst (part of The Oak Grove Chronicles series), character Melba reflects on watching Faraway Hill:In a dither of confusion,
 she also wondered about watching Faraway Hill with Trudy yesterday. It all seemed so real when you actually watched it on television, much more so than listening to it on the radio. They were both caught up in the story, thinking what a sorry mess Karen had gotten herself into.

On February 28, 2006, Faraway Hill was featured in a clue on the television game show Jeopardy!. The $200 clue in the category "'S'-ential Knowledge" was "Broadcast on the Dumont Network in 1946, Faraway Hill is considered the first TV show in this daytime genre", with the answer being "a soap opera".

Episode status
The series was broadcast live, and there are no known recorded episodes.

See also
List of programs broadcast by the DuMont Television Network
List of surviving DuMont Television Network broadcasts
1946-47 United States network television schedule
Highway to the Stars (1947) another early DuMont soap opera

References

Bibliography
David Weinstein, The Forgotten Network: DuMont and the Birth of American Television (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004)
Alex McNeil, Total Television, Fourth edition (New York: Penguin Books, 1980)
Tim Brooks and Earle Marsh, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows, Third edition (New York: Ballantine Books, 1964)

External links

 DuMont historical website

DuMont Television Network original programming
American television soap operas
1946 American television series debuts
1946 American television series endings
Black-and-white American television shows
English-language television shows
Lost television shows
Television series based on American novels
Television series about widowhood
Television shows set in Kansas
Television shows filmed in New York City

Faraway Hill


أدوبي أير هو تطبيق متعدد المنصات أنتجته شركة أدوبي يعمل خارج المتصفح ويستخدم أدوبي فلاش وأدوبي فليكس ولغة ترميز النص الفائق وأجاكس لتصبح في النهاية برمجيات تطبيقية.
يشير ادوبي اير إلى (Adobe Integrated Runtime) وهو يعني تشغيل ادوبي المتكامل الذي يعمل عبر منصات التشغيل المختلفة المطور بواسطة أنظمة ادوبي وذلك لبناء تطبيقات الإنترنت المختلفة على سطح المكتب فوفقا لشركة ادوبي صاحبة المشروع فانه يمكن المطورين من نشر تطبيقاتهم المبنيه بواسطة ("لغة ترميز النص الفائق ٫ جافا سكريبت ٫ اكشن سكريبت ٫ ادوبي فلاش بروفيشنال وادوبي فلاش بيلدر") والتي تعمل على انطمة التشغيل والاجهزه المختلفة والتي تشمل البلاك بيري ٫ ANDRIOD ٫ IOS DEVICES ٫ الحواسيب الشخصية وحتى أجهزة التليفزيون.

التوفر

إن الإصدار الأخير والاحدث هو أدوبي أير النسخة الثالثة ٬ وهو يشتمل على أدوبي فلاش بلاير 11 ٬ وهو متوفر لويندوز xp والإصدارات الاحدث والماك (OS X). توقف الدعم الرسمي لتوزيعات ليونكس في يوليو عام 2011 ٬ وكان ٱخر الإصدارات هي 2.6 ٬ بالرغم من أن ادوبي اير 3 مدعوم في أنظمة تشغيل الهواتف النقاله وAndriod (الإصدار "ARM CORTEX A8" فما فوق) بالإضافة إلى (Apple IOS).
و في يناير عام 2009 زعمت شركة ادوبي ان عدد تنزيلات المشاريع وتثبيتها قد وصل إلى 100 مليون شخص ٬ وان أغلبية هذه التثبيتات تحدث عندما يثبتها المستخدم اولا.
إن هذا الرقم الهائل في التثبيتات يرجع إلى ان تطبيق ادوبي اير مضمن في الاصل ضمن مشروعات ادوبي ريدر (و التي انطلقت أول مره في يناير عام 2008) وادوبي فوتوشوب وادوبي ليت روم بدون أي تخيير للمستخدم أو استشارته في تحميله ضمن تلك المشاريع أو حتى كيفية تثبيتهأعلى الجهاز المستخدم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أدوبي
إطارات عمل جافا سكريبت
برمجيات 2008
ف
برمجيات متعددة المنصات
تطوير الويب
واجهات برمجة التطبيقات
ويب 2.0

أدوبي أير


Mors dag er en dansk kortfilm fra 2012 instrueret af Jonas Kvist Jensen og efter manuskript af Ruben Greis.

Handling
En enlig mor må kæmpe sig igennem en verden befolket af levende døde for at redde sin datter.

Medvirkende

 Maja Muhlack, Mette
 Christiane Therkelsen, Fie
 Jan Tjerrild, Peter
 Christian Gudbjart, Bilisten
 Thomas Biehl, Far

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2012

Mors dag (film fra 2012)


Agrilus waterhousei é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Kerremans, 1892.

Referências

waterhousei

Agrilus waterhousei


Mali 'deki şehirler listesi aşağıdaki gibidir;

 Aguel'hoc
 Araouane
 Azawad
 Bafoulabé
 Bamako - başkent
 Bamba
 Banamba
 Banani
 Bandiagara
 Bankass
 Barouéli
 Bla
 Bougouni
 Bourem
 Djenné (Jenne)
 Essouk
 Fana
 Gao
 Gargando
 Gossi
 Hombori
 Kati
 Kayes
 Kéniéba
 Kidal
 Kita
 Kolokani
 Koniakari
 Koulikoro
 Koumantou
 Koutiala
 Markala
 Mopti
 Nara
 Niena
 Niono
 Nioro du Sahel
 Sadiola
 San
 Sanga
 Ségou
 Sikasso
 Sitakili
 Taghaza
 Taoudenni
 Tessalit
 Tombouctou (Timbuktu)
 Tominian
 Yanfolila
 Yélimané
 Yorosso

Ülkelerine göre şehir listeleri

Mali'deki şehirler listesi


AStory () é uma empresa coreana de produção de drama fundada em 2004 por Lee Sang-baek junto com seus amigos, o dramaturgo  e o diretor , em Seul.

Lista de obras

Como empresa de produção

Com script

Sem script

Como provedor de script

Como proxy de produção

Parcerias

Produção e distribuição de trilhas sonoras

 kakao M (parceiro principal)
 Plus Media Entertainment

Ligações externas

  (em Coreano)
  (em Coreano)
  (em Coreano)

Fundações na Coreia do Sul em 2004
Empresas de Seul
Empresas produtoras de televisão da Coreia do Sul
!Artigos com texto em coreano

AStory


යුරෝපයේ අනෙක් කොටස්වල මෙන්ම වේල්සයේ 16 හා 17 වන සියවස් අධික වෙනසක් සිදු වූ කාල පර්ච්ඡේදයක් විය. දේශපාලනිකව , සාමාජීයව හා ආර්ථිකමය වශයෙන් නූතන වේල්සයේ පදනම ඇති වූයේ මෙම කාලයේදීය. වේල්සයේ නීති පනත් 1535 – 1542 දී වේල්සය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම ඉංග්‍රීසි අධිරාජ්‍යයට සම්බන්ධ වූයේ දේශපාලනික හෝ නෛතික ස්වාධීනත්වයේ ඉතිරිවී තිබූ අවශේෂ ද නැති කර ගනිමිනි. I වන එළිසබෙත් රැජිනගේ 1559  ඒකීයතා පනත හරහා හෝ දේශපාලනික - ආගමික ගිවිසුම වේල්සය නමින් රෙපරමාදු යටත් බවට පත් කළ අතර එයට නැවත බලය ගැනීමට හැකිවූයේ ඉංග්‍රීසි සිවිල් යුද්ධය අතරතුර හා ඉන් පසුව සිදු වූ දියුණුවීම් වලිනි. තවද , අවසාන වශයෙන් මෙම යුගයේදී ගල් අඟුරු කැනීම ලෝහ කැනීම හා වානේ උණූ කිරීමේ කර්මාන්තවල ආරම්භය සනිටුහන් වූ අතර එමගින් ඉන්පසු වූ ශතවර්ශවලදී සිදු වූ විශාල කර්මාන්තකරණයට මග පෑදිණි.

References

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_literature#The_Sixteenth_and_Seventeenth_Centuries

16 හා 17 වන සියවස්


RFA Fort Langley (A230) was a stores ship of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary.

The ship was launched on 31 October 1944 as Montebello Park by Victoria MD in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada. She was completed on 18 May 1945 as Fort Langley for the Ministry of War Transport as an Air stores issuing ship under the management of Alfred Holt and Company. Transferred to the RFA in May 1954, she was decommissioned in February 1970, and laid up at Devonport. Fort Langley arrived at Bilbao for scrapping on 21 July 1970.

Fort and Park ship were the Canadian equivalent of the American Liberty ships. All three shared a similar design by J.L. Thompson and Sons of Sunderland, England. Fort ships had a triple expansion steam engine and a single screw propeller.

References

Ships of the Royal Fleet Auxiliary
1944 ships

RFA Fort Langley


La province de Petite-Pologne (en , en ) était une division administrative de la couronne du royaume de Pologne ayant existé de 1569 à 1795, ainsi que la plus grande province de la république des Deux Nations. Son nom provient vient de la région historique de la Petite-Pologne. Il peut sembler surprenant que la « Petite-Pologne » soit plus étendue que la « Grande-Pologne » ; cependant, les noms « petite » et « grande » Pologne ne se rapportent pas à la taille respective des deux provinces, mais sont plus ou moins équivalents aux termes « vieux » et « nouveau » en français : ainsi, la Petite-Pologne est-elle la « Nouvelle Pologne », par opposition à l'« Ancienne Pologne », centrée sur le premier évêché du pays.

La province possédait deux sièges administratifs, l'un Soudova Vychnia pour les terres ruthènes, et l'autre à Nowy Korczyn pour les terres polonaises. La province se composait de 11 voïvodies et d'un duché (voir ci-dessous).

Zygmunt Gloger, dans son Histoire Géographique des terres de la Vieille Pologne (1900), décrit ainsi la province de Petite-Pologne : « La Petite-Pologne proprement dite était composée de trois voïvodies : celles de Cracovie, Sandomir et Lublin, plus le duché de Siewierz, acheté au XVe siècle par l'évêque de Cracovie Zbigniew Oleśnicki. De plus, à la Petite-Pologne appartenaient treize villes du Spiš, situées au-delà les Carpates. Au total, la Petite Pologne avait une superficie de  milles carrés, soit 6 milles carrés de moins que la Grande Pologne. Au milieu du , les trois voïvodies de Petite-Pologne (sans Siewierz et le Spiš) comptaient 922 paroisses catholiques romaines, 205 villes et 5 500 villages.

Les emplacements du tribunal de la Couronne pour la province de Petite-Pologne étaient initialement situés à Lublin et à Łuck (Loutsk), puis, après 1590, seulement à Lublin ; mais les réformes de 1764 le firent également siéger à Lwów (Lviv), avant qu'en 1768 Lublin ne redevienne l'unique siège du Tribunal.

La trêve d'Androussovo (1667) fera perdre à la Petite-Pologne sa partie la plus orientale ; elle disparaîtra définitivement de la carte en 1795, à la suite des partages de la Pologne, la plus grande partie en étant annexée par l'Empire russe.

Divisions administratives
À la suite de l'union de Lublin en 1569, les terres de la Ruthénie rouge, de la Volhynie, de la Podolie et de l'Ukraine furent ajoutées au domaine royal (la Couronne), rejoignant la province de Petite-Pologne. En conséquence, la Petite Pologne se composait de onze voïvodies, trois duchés et trois terres :

 Voïvodie de Bełz
 Voïvodie de Bracław
 Voïvodie de Czernihów
 Voïvodie de Kiev
 Voïvodie de Cracovie
 Voïvodie de Lublin
 Voïvodie de Podlachie
 Voïvodie de Podolie
 Voïvodie de Ruthénie
 Voïvodie de Sandomierz
 Voïvodie de Volhynie
 Duché de Siewierz

Notes et références

Liens externes

 Prowincya Malopolska (Polonia Minor), description par Zygmunt Gloger (lien vers le site web)

Petite Pologne
Histoire de la Pologne
République des Deux Nations

Province de Petite-Pologne


San Cristovo de Cea, İspanya'nın kuzeybatısında, ülkenin on yedi özerk bölgesinden biri olan Galiçya'nın dört eyaletinden güneydoğu köşesinde bulunan Ourense eyaletine bağlı belediyesi. 2002 yılı nüfus sayımlarına göre belediyenin nüfusu 3.144 kişidir.

Ourense belediyeleri

San Cristovo de Cea


Heinz Peter Maya (* 21. August 1944 in Villach, Kärnten; † 22. Februar 2012) war ein österreichischer Künstler.

Leben

Heinz Peter Maya besuchte die Bundesgewerbeschule in Graz, Abteilung für angewandte Kunst, und die Meisterklasse für Malerei bei Rudolf Szyszkowitz. Er verbrachte Studienaufenthalte in Rom und München. Maya reiste zudem durch Europa, Afrika (Sahara) und die USA.

Maya wirkte viele Jahre im Kunstverein Kärnten mit. Ab 1986 war er 24 Jahre lang für die Bühnengestaltung des Ingeborg-Bachmann-Preises zuständig.

Seine Werke befinden sich im Besitz zahlreicher Museen und Kunstsammlungen wie beispielsweise Albertina, Wolfgang-Gurlitt-Museum in Linz, Kärntner Landesgalerie und Museum Bochum.

H. P. Maya wurde 2012 postum mit dem Kulturpreis der Stadt Villach ausgezeichnet.

Weblinks

 Bachmannpreis: Seit 23 Jahren gestaltet der Kärntner Künstler H.P. Maya die Bühnenbilder

Einzelnachweise

Künstler (Österreich)
Bühnenbildner (Österreich)
Österreicher
Geboren 1944
Gestorben 2012
Mann

H. P. Maya


The University of Patras (UPatras; , Panepistímio Patrón) is a public university in Patras, Greece.  It is the third-largest university in Greece with respect to the size of the student body, the staff, and the number of departments.

The University of Patras is considered one of the top-ranked universities in Greece and has been placed in the top 200 universities in subject areas.

In 2019, the student population was more than 33,000 (29,901 at the undergraduate level and 3,931 at the postgraduate level). It has 715 faculty members, 234 scientific staff members and 429 administrative personnel and comprises seven schools and thirty-one departments.

History
The University of Patras was established on 11 November 1964 as a self-administered academic institution under the supervision of the Greek government. It was housed in the city centre of Patras, Greece, and later in a campus area of about 600 acres selected in 1968 and appropriated on behalf of the university, located in the adjacent municipality of Rio. Covering an area of 4.5 km2, it is one of the largest in the country.

In June 2013 the University of Western Greece was incorporated in the University of Patras. In 2019 the Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece was incorporated in the University of Patras. After the merger of the university with the Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, there are two main campuses (two in Patras) and smaller campuses/facilities in Messolonghi and Agrinio. The campus in Patras is located in the suburb of Rion and Koukouli.

Besides education, the University of Patras is involved in research in areas such as environment, health, biotechnology, mechanics, electronics, informatics and basic science. A number of the university's departments, laboratories and clinics have been designated as centres of excellence, on the basis of international assessment.

Emblem
The emblem of the university is Andrew the Apostle. The university's opening took place on 30 November 1966, which is the date that the city of Patras celebrates its patron Saint Andrew. This is the reason that the emblem of the university is an X cross,l which symbolises the one on which St. Andrew was crucified. In 2012, the emblem was renewed but it remained true to the prototype.

Academic profile
The university consists of seven schools, thirty one departments with undergraduate study programs leading to a degree.

Furthermore, the University of Patras offers postgraduate programs, as well as digital and open courses.

Research
In its 180 laboratories, research is conducted by students and teaching staff members.

Apart from regular teaching and research activities, the laboratories are the focal points for the creation of national and international research consortia. The university participates in all major European research programmes.

The management of research projects is carried out by the Research Committee and its administration unit. The financial management of research projects with external funding produces resources for the university, which are used for specific educational and developmental activities, as well as funding of researchers. In recent years, over 2700 research projects, financed both by the state and the European Union have been carried out.

Academic evaluation
An external evaluation of all academic departments in Greek universities was conducted by the Hellenic Quality Assurance and Accreditation Agency (HQA).

In 2015 the external evaluation committee gave University of Patras a Positive evaluation.

Location and campus

The campuses of Patras are situated in the suburb Rion which is 7 km north east of the City of Patras within the Municipality of Patras, and at Koukouli, Patras. Departments of the University of Patras are located in the cities of Messolonghi and Agrinio.

The campus of Rion is located next to the University Regional General Hospital of Patras. It is a self-contained campus.

The university's campus in Rion has four entrances. The track and field and sporting grounds are in the southern part.

The first buildings of the university campus of Rion were a unit of 20 small ground level pre-fabricated buildings, still housing some academic and administrative offices. In 1972 the construction of buildings "A" and "B" started. Building "A" houses the administrative services, the rectorship, the Senate's Conference Hall, the university's Ceremonial Hall, a teaching amphitheatre and seminar halls.

Following the master plan, 25 buildings were eventually built, along with a new library, and many more are under construction for the housing of most of the departments, a museum of science and technology, a botanical garden, and a new student centre. Within the campus there are also found the Students' Residence Hall, the Conference and Cultural Centre, a restaurant, a bank, a bookstore, the university's publishing house, cafeterias and kiosks. The University Conference Centre is the only building of the university outside the campus. It is located three kilometres west of the campus. The campus has not been completed yet.

Within the campus of Rion there is also the Regional University Teaching Hospital which functions both as the major regional medical centre and as a teaching facility for the Faculty of Medicine.

Concurrently there is a continuous effort to upgrade and improve the landscape within the campus, although extensive infrastructure projects, landscaping and athletic facilities have been completed. Several other facilities are available on campus including a gymnasium, a post-office, a swimming pool, a nursery school, a primary and secondary school for the children of the academic faculty and administrrative personnel.

In addition to constructing new buildings, new sites at the surroundings have been appropriated on behalf of the university. The campus of Rion has many open-spaces, green shady areas covered with characteristically Mediterranean olive groves.

Gallery

Notable alumni
 Nikolaos Bourbakis, computer scientist known for his work in image processing. (Electrical and Computer Engineering)
 Christos Laskaris, Greek poet awarded with the Cavafy International Award in Cairo in 2007. (Pedagogy)
 Ioannis Liritzis, professor of physics in archaeology (archaeometry) at the University of Henan and the application of natural sciences to archaeology and cultural heritage, awarded with the Prize of Academy of Athens. (Physics)
 Stathis Psillos, Greek philosopher of science classified among the 91 most cited living philosophers. (Physics)
Radovan Stojanovic, Montenegrin professor of electrical and computing engineering, known for his work in accelerating science and technology in the Western Balkan and the Mediterranean,
 George Anastasopoulos, Engineer, awarded in 2015 with the EOQ Presidential Georges Borel Award for contributing to the development of the European Quality movement through his accomplishments with a global impact in the field of quality. (Mechanical Engineering)

See also
 List of universities in Greece
 Academic grading in Greece
 Bologna Process
 Education in Greece
 Open access in Greece
 University of Patras Formula Student Team – UoP Racing Team
 Patras Science Park
 University of Patras Poetry Symposium

References

External links

 University of Patras – Official website
 Hellenic Quality Assurance and Accreditation Agency (HQA)
 University of Patras Internal Quality Assurance Unit
 Greek Research & Technology Network (GRNET)
 Kallipos (e-books Greek academic publishing)

Buildings and structures in Achaea
1964 establishments in Greece
Educational institutions established in 1964
Universities and colleges formed by merger in Greece

University of Patras


Viscount Hambleden, of Hambleden in the County of Buckingham, is a title in the Peerage of the United Kingdom. It was created in 1891 (as Viscountess Hambleden) for Emily Danvers Smith, in honour of her deceased husband, the businessman and Conservative politician William Henry Smith. Both their son, the second Viscount, and grandson, the third Viscount, were involved in the management of the family business, the stationer and retailer W H Smith.

The title was created for Emily Smith and to the heirs male of her body.

 the title is held by the 3rd Viscount's grandson, the 5th Viscount, who succeeded in 2012. Much of the family estates was sold in 2007, but the first wife of the late 4th Viscount, Maria Carmela Attolico di Adelfia, still lives in the Manor House at Hambleden, as of 2012.

Viscounts Hambleden (1891)

Emily Danvers Smith, 1st Viscountess Hambleden (1828–1913)
William Frederick Danvers Smith, 2nd Viscount Hambleden (1868–1928)
William Henry Smith, 3rd Viscount Hambleden (1903–1948)
William Herbert "Harry" Smith, 4th Viscount Hambleden (1930–2012)
 William Henry Smith, 5th Viscount Hambleden (b. 1955)

The heir presumptive is the present holder's brother Hon. Bernardo James Smith (b. 1957).

Line of succession (selected)

  William Frederick Danvers Smith, 2nd Viscount Hambleden (1868–1928)
  William Henry Smith, 3rd Viscount Hambleden (1903–1948)
  William Herbert Smith, 4th Viscount Hambleden (1930–2012)
  William Henry Smith, 5th Viscount Hambleden (b. 1955)
 (1) Hon. Bernardo James Smith (b. 1957)
 (2) Hon. Alexander David Smith (b. 1959)
 (3) Hon. Nicolas Robin Bartolomeo Smith (b. 1960)
 (4) Taro Smith (b. 1993)
 (5) Kenji Smith (b. 1996)
 (6) Hon. Lorenzo Patrick Harold Smith (b. 1962)
 Hon. Richard Edward Smith (1937–2014)
 (7) Christopher Richard Smith (b. 1975)
 (8) Major Hon. Philip Reginald Smith (b. 1945)
 (9) Thomas William Smith (b. 1976)
 (10) James Edmund Philip Smith (b. 1983)
 Lt.-Col. Hon. David John Smith (1907–1976)
 Julian David Smith (1932–2015)
 (11) Dickon Julian Henry Smith (b. 1972)
 Antony Frederick Smith (1937-2021)
 (12) James Antony David Smith (b. 1962)
 (13) Philip Henry Smith (b. 1964)
 (14) Peter Henry Smith (b. 1939)
 (15) Charles Henry Smith (b. 1968)
 (16) David Michael Smith (b. 1947)
 (17) Jack Robert Smith (b. 1977)

See also
William Henry Smith

References

Sources

Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990.

External links

Viscountcies in the Peerage of the United Kingdom
Noble titles created in 1891

Viscount Hambleden


Vitor Gabriel (født 23. november 1997) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Gainare Tottori.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Vitor Gabriel