Mystery Science Theater 3000, i daglig tale MST3K, er en amerikansk komedieserie skabt af Joel Hodgson og produceret af Best Brains, Inc. Serien havde premiere på KTMA i Minneapolis, Minnesota, den 24. november, 1988. Den kørte videre på Comedy Central med yderligere seks sæsoner før produktionen blev stoppet i 1997. Derefter, blev serien opkøbt af The Sci-Fi Channel, som viste yderligere tre sæsoner indtil serien blev strøget for anden gang i august, 1999. Over seriens ti sæsoner, 197 episoder og en spillefilm blev produceret. I 1995 var der også The Mystery Science Theater Hour (en syndikeringspakke på 60 afsnit). I 2015 førte Hodgson en crowdfunding-kampagne for at genopstarte serien med fjorten afsnit i første sæson, som blev udgivet på Netflix i USA den 14. april, 2017.

Showet havde oprindeligt Hodgson i hovedrollen som Joel Robinson, en pedel fanget mod sin vilje af to gale videnskabsmænd på en satellit i rummen ("The Satellite of Love"), tvunget til at se en række B-film som en del af forskernes plan om at overtage verden. For at holde sig ved fulde fem, bygger Joel en række robot-makkere—heriblandt Tom Servo, Crow T. Robot, og Gypsy—for at holde ham ved selskab og hjælpe ham med at kommentere filmene på humoristisk vis, mens de ser dem, en proces, der blevet kendt som "riffing." Hver to-timers afsnit viste en enkelt film i sin helhed sammen med tilhørende film fundet det offentlige domæne, mens Joel, Tom og Crow så dem som silhuetter fra en række biografsæder i bunden af skærmen. Disse scener blev indrammet af interstitielle sketches. Showets cast ændrede sig med tiden: Mest kendt da Joel blev erstattet af Mike Nelson (spillet af Michael J. Nelson) i showets femte sæson. Andre regelmæssige medvirkende, de fleste af hvem var forfattere på showet, inkluderer Trace Beaulieu, Josh Weinstein, Jim Mallon, Kevin Murphy, Frank Conniff, Mary Jo Pehl, Bill Corbett, Paul Chaplin, og Bridget Jones Nelson. Genopførelsen byder primært på et nyt cast, herunder Jonah Ray som den nye menneskelige forsøgsperson, sammen med Felicia Day og Patton Oswalt i rollerne som de gale videnskabsfolk, eller "Mads."

MST3K trak ikke høje seertal da det bleb vist første gang, men showets popularitet spredtes fra mund til mund over internettet fra dets fans, kendt som "MSTies", hyppige genudsendelser og syndikering og hjemmevideo-releases produceret af Rhino Entertainment og for tiden Shout! Factory, der sammen med Joel Hodgson nu ejer rettighederne til showet, og støttedde crowdfunding-kampagnen til den ellevte sæson. Time Magazine nævnte MST3K som en af de "100 Best TV Shows of All-TIME" i 2007. Showet blev betragtet som meget inflydelsesrigt, da det bidrog meget til praksis indenfor social fjernsyn, og tidligere medvirkende lancerede lignende projekter, som byggede på "riffing" af film, herunder RiffTrax (stadig igangværende) og Cinematic Titanic. MST3K satte også flere ældre film i rampelyset, som aldrig havde modtaget opmærksomhed af offentligheden og blev efterfølgende identificeret som nogle af de værste film nogensinde, i særdeleshed Manos: The Hands of Fate.

Præmis
MST3K finder sted i en "not-too-distant future" ("ikke-så-fjern-fremtid"). To gale videnskabsmænd, dr. Clayton Forrester (Trace Beaulieu) og hans partner dr. Laurence Erhardt (Josh Weinstein), skyder Joel Robinson (Joel Hodgson), en pedel, der arbejder for Gizmonic Institute, ud i rummet ombord på den hundbenbenformede Satellite of Love, der er i kredsløb om jorden. Forrester og Erhardt — fælles omtalt "The Mads" på showet — styrer sateliten fra deres hemmelige undergrundsbase Deep 13 og tvinger Joel til at se en række B-film, for at finde fem til den perfekte B-film, som de kan bruge som våben i dr. Forresters plan om vredensdominans.

For at holde sig ved fulde fem, bygger Joel flere sansende robotter, fælles omtalt "the 'bots": Tom Servo; Crow T. Robot; Gypsy, der har ansvaret for at holde sateliten og dens funktioner vedlige; Cambot, den tavse optager af eksperimenterne; Magic Voice, en kvindelig stemme uden krop, der byder på forskellige meddelelser under showets værtsegmenter, og Rocket Number Nine, en kamera-bot, der flyver udenfor sateliten. Joel har ingen kontrol over, hvornår filmene starter, fordi han brugte de dele, der ville have tilladt ham at gøre det for at bygge robotterne. Han skal gå ind i biografen, når filmen bliver sendt op, fordi The Mads har mange måder at straffe Joel, hvis han ikke lystre deres ordrer, heriblandt at lukke for iltforsyningen til resten af skibet og elektriske stød. Mens filmen bliver vist, sidder Joel, Tom Servo og Crow og gør grin af filmen — en praksisk, der ofte bliver kaldt "riffing" — for at forhindre, at de bliver sindsyge.

Over showets gang, har der været flere ændringer i casten, mens showets historie tilpasses. Da Weinstein forlod serien efter den første landsdækkende sæson, blev han erstattet af Kevin Murphy i rollen som Tom Servos stemme, mens TV's Frank (Frank Conniff) erstattede Weinsteins dr. Erhardt som dr. Forresters lakaj. Hodgson forlod serien halvvejs gennem femte sæson; hovedforfatter Michael J. Nelson (som spiller en ny rolle, Mike Nelson) erstattede ham som showets menneskelige vært indtil slutningen af serien. Da Conniff forlod serien efter den sjette sæson, optrådte dr. Forrester som den eneste "Mad" i MST3Ks spillefilm og blev parret med sin mor Pearl Forrester (Mary Jo Pehl) i den syvende sæson, den sidste, der blev vist på Comedy Central. Beaulieu vendte ikke tilbage, da The Sci-Fi Channel bragte showet tilbage, så forfatteren Bill Corbett overtog rollen som Crow, mens Pearl Forrester blev forfremmet til rollen som den ledende "Mad", og spillede overfor rumvæsenet Observer (Corbett) og den antropomorfe abe, professor Bobo (Murphy).

Den genoplivede serie, som blev sendt i 2017, har Kinga Forrester (Felicia Day), dr. Forresters datter, i rollen som den ledende "Mad". Hun driver månebasen "Moon 13" og forsøger at udnytte MST3K-varemærket til kommerciel dominans. Ved hjælp af Max (Patton Oswalt), som foretrækker at blive kaldt "TV's Son of TV's Frank", indviger de Gizmonics-arbejderen Jonah Heston (Jonah Ray) som deres nye testperson omdbord på The Satellite of Love. Hampton Yount, Baron Vaughn og Rebecca Hanson påtog sig stemmearbejdet for henholdsvis Crow, Tom og Gypsy.

Format
Det generelle format af et MST3K-afsnit har forblevet ens i hele seriens forløb. Afsnittene er cirka 90 minutter lange (ekskl. reklamepauser) og begynder med en kort introduktionssegment, hvor den menneskelige vært og robotterne konverserer med "The Mads", inden de bliver sendt dagens film. Under Joel Hodgson og Jonah Rays tid som værter (og i en kort periode i starte af Mike Nelson-æraen) deltog værterne og "The Mads" i en "invention exchange" ("opfindelsesudveksling"), hvor de hver især viser deres seneste opfindelser frem. Sirener og blinkende lamper ("Movie Sign") signalerer så, at karaktererne skal gå ind i biografen.

I biografen sidder menneske-værten og robotterne Tom og Crow i en række biografsæder, vist som silhuetter langs bunden af skærmen, en tilgang Hodgson har kaldet "Shadowrama" (skyggerama). De tre "riffer" derefter på filmen (som sommetider er ledsaget af en eller flere kortfilm), mens de bliver vist for både dem og seerne. Sommetider bruges silhuetformatet til at skabe visuelle jokes eller til at skabe diskrete censorstænger til scener, der indeholder nøgenhed. Showet går fra og til biografen via en "dørsekvens", en serie af seks dører, der åbner eller lukker mens kameraet (tilsyneladende Cambot) paserer gennem dem.

Med jævne mellemrum forlader karaktererne biografen og fremfører sketches, almindeligvis baseret på begivenhederne i filmen, der bliver vist, hvilket ofte sker gennem originale sange og rekvisitkomedie. Nogle sketches indfører nye eller tilbagevendende karakterer eller andre fortælleenheder. Værten ville ofte bede om "Rocket Number Nine" for at vise begivenhder, der foregår udenfor satellitten, og en skærm kaldet "the Hexfield Viewscreen" blev brugt til at kommunikere med andre karakterer fra skibets bro. I slutningen af hver sketch blev "Movie Sign" udløst igen, og karaktererne vendte tilbage til biografen.

I løbet af Hodgsons tid på showet handlede de sidste sketches ombord åå satellitten ofte en læsning af fanbreve fra "MST3K Fanklubben." Oplæsninger af fanbreve blev formindsket under Mike Nelsons tid som vært og blev droppet helt, da showet flyttede til The Sci-Fi Channel. Den sidste sketch i hvert afsnit slutter typisk med The Mads, hvor den ledende Mad spørger deres lakaj om at "trykke på knappen" for at afslutte udsendelsen og gå over til rulleteksterne. Som rulleteksterne afspilles der et kort, sjovt klip fra den film, der er blevet vist, hvilket er blevet kendt som en "stinger".

I 1995 blev et begrænset udvalg af afsnit ompakket til et timeslangt show med titlen Mystery Science Theater Hour, hvilket skulle være bedre egnet til syndigerink. I disse blev det oprindelige afsnit opdelt i to dele på ca. 45 minutter, ekskl. reklamepauser. Nye sketches, i begyndelsen og slutningen af hvert afsnit, viste Mike Nelson, der portrætterer jernsynsværten Jack Perkins i en parodi af Perkins' Biography-serie, hvor han priser MST3K-afsnittet.

Produktionshistorie

Koncept
Seriens koncept er udformet af Joel Hodgson. Før showet, prøvede Hodgson sig som komiker, og havde meget succes, og han var lige flyttet til Los Angeles, hvor han optrådte i Late Night with David Letterman og Saturday Night Live. Han var blevet inviteret af Brandon Tartikoff til at medvirke i en NBC-sit-com med Michael J. Fox, men Hodgson mente ikke at materialet var sjovt og afviste tilbuddet. Han blev videre utilfreds med Hollywood-attituden, da de prøvede at fordoble deres tilbud og erhvervede det, han kaldte "sund respekt" for entertainment-industrien. Han flyttede tilbage til Minneapolis-Saint Paul og fik arbejde i et T-shirt-printfabrik, der tillod ham at finde på nye idéer, mens han kedede sig. En sådan idé var grundlaget for MST3K, et tv-show, hvor film blev "riffet", og det ville også give ham mulighed for at fremvise hans egen prop comedy humor.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisningers

 Officiel hjemmeside

Amerikanske tv-serier fra 1980'erne
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 1990'erne
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Komedieserier fra USA
Tv-programmer fra Comedy Central
Tv-programmer fra Syfy
Tv-serier fra Netflix

Mystery Science Theater 3000


Ein Sichtungswettkampf ist ein Wettbewerb in verschiedenen Sportarten, bei dem sich Sportler mit ihren Leistungen für eine Mannschaft oder einen Kader, zum Beispiel für Weltmeisterschaften oder Olympische Spiele, qualifizieren können. Reine Sichtungswettkämpfe haben in der Regel keinen offiziellen Wettkampfcharakter, es sei denn, dass Meisterschaften oder andere offizielle Wettbewerbe gleichzeitig als Sichtungswettbewerb genutzt werden.

Besondere Bedeutung haben Sichtungswettkämpfe für jugendliche Sportler, da sie sich mit ihren Leistungen bei anwesenden Landes- oder Bundestrainern für weitergehende Trainingsmaßnahmen sowie die Aufnahme in einen Landes- oder Bundeskader empfehlen können. Die Kriterien, die bei Sichtungswettkämpfen angelegt werden, sind unterschiedlich von Sportart zu Sportart sowie von den Zielen der Sichtung.

Weblinks
 Beispiele für Sichtungswettkämpfe im Radsport

Leistungssport

Sichtungswettkampf


Rudolf Doernach (* 17. August 1929 in Stuttgart; † 15. Mai 2016 in Wildberg) war ein deutscher Architekt, Bioarchitekt und Landwirt in Wildberg (Schwarzwald).

Leben
Nach dem Architekturstudium an der Technischen Hochschule in Stuttgart, studierte er als Fulbright-Stipendiat in den USA Biotektur. Danach war er in den USA tätig, mit leichten Schalenkonstruktionen und schwimmenden Kunststoffhäusern auch als Projektpartner von Buckminster Fuller. Es folgten zwanzig Jahre freiberuflicher Tätigkeit, spezialisiert auf Forschungs- und Entwicklungsarbeiten an Baustoffen und Bausystemen. Er unterrichtete 1960 bis 1963 an der Ulmer Hochschule für Gestaltung.

Zurückgekehrt nach Deutschland war er seit 1974 in Forschungskontakt mit Frei Otto und dem Institut für Leichte Flächentragwerke IL in Stuttgart, dort speziell bei dem Forschungsprojekt SFB 230 "Natürliche Konstruktionen" seit 1988. Parallel dazu gründete er als Biotekt die Bioversität als Forschungsinstitut und Volkshochschule in Wildberg/Schwarzwald. Seitdem plant er die Gebäude nicht mehr, sondern er "lässt sie wachsen". Sowohl im übertragenen Sinne, dass sie aufgrund neuer Ideen und Bedürfnisse regelmäßig an- und umgebaut werden, als auch indem er die Gebäude beispielsweise aus Weiden wachsen lässt oder sie mit Kletterpflanzen als lebendigem Mauerschutz oder durch Grasdächer begrünt. Dort wurden seit 1975 mehrere Prototypen von Geodätischen Kuppeln und Gitterschalen mit Pflanzenhaut errichtet.

Er hatte zahlreiche Vorträge und Seminare auch gemeinsam mit Hans A. Pestalozzi und Friedensreich Hundertwasser. Doernach arbeitete mehrere Jahre im Beirat für Bauforschung in Bonn.

Leistung, Werk

Er schuf den bisher nicht ins Fachvokabular eingegangenen Begriff der Biotektur als Bauen mit lebenden Baustoffen, Pflanzen als Traggerüste und bioklimatische Haut, zugleich als Wand, Dach, Energieerzeugung und Dämmung. In seinem Forschungsinstitut Bioversität wurden seit 1975 mehrere Prototypen von Geodätischen Kuppeln und Gitterschalen mit Pflanzenhaut realisiert. Bei dem interdisziplinären Forschungsprojekt SFB 230 Natürliche Konstruktionen wurde angeblich der Begriff Bionik entwickelt.

Mit dem Doppelband "Handbuch für bessere Zeiten" wurde Dörnach 1983 einem breiten Publikum aus der Öko-Szene bekannt. Die praktischen Beschreibungen und Anleitungen zu alten handwerklichen Techniken aus den Bereichen Bauen und Wohnen, Kleidung, Heimwerk, Wasser, Nahrung, Tiere und Energie wurden in vielen alternativen Wohnprojekten in der Stadt und auf dem Land umgesetzt. Weitere Themen sind Lehmbau, Permakultur, Pflanzenkläranlage, Haus- und Dachbegrünung.

Zur Landesgartenschau in Freiburg, Baden-Württemberg, schuf er 1986 eine große selbsttragende immergrüne "Stadtlaube", die gemeinsam mit Naturgarten, Feuchtbiotop, Naturhaus, Gartenhaus zur Ökostation zusammenwuchs.

Publikationen
 Rudolf Doernach: Pflanzenfassaden Pflanzenklima Biotektur. In: Ökojournal. Nr. 4, Bächli Verlag, Hemberg/Schweiz 1978.
 Rudolf Doernach: Bauklimatologie Biotektur. In: db. Nr. 12 1974, Deutsche Bauzeitung Verlag, Leinfelden 1974, .
 Rudolf Doernach mit Gerhard Heid: Biohaus für Dorf und Stadt. Wohngemeinschaft zwischen Pflanzen, Tier u. Mensch. Fischer Verlag, Frankfurt 1981, ISBN 3-596-24055-7. (Reihe fischer alternativ)
 Rudolf Doernach: Süddeutsche Bauernhäuser. Umschau Verlag, Frankfurt 1986, ISBN 3-524-63038-3.
 Rudolf Doernach: Handbuch für bessere Zeiten. Klett Verlag, Stuttgart 1983.
 Bauen + Wohnen, Kleidung, Heimwerk, Wasser. ISBN 3-608-93048-5.
 Nahrung, Tiere, Energie, Bio-Mobile. ISBN 3-608-93047-7.
 Rudolf Doernach: Archi-Bio: Biosophie-Archaitektur. C. F. Müller Verlag, Karlsruhe 1985, ISBN 3-7880-7282-2.
 Rudolf Doernach: Naturwerkstatt. Wolfgang Krüger Verlag, Frankfurt 1985, ISBN 3-8105-0421-1.
 Rudolf Doernach: Biotektur Naturbau. In: Subjective Standpoints. Mitteilungen des Institut für Leichte Flächentragwerke IL Nr. 36, Karl Krämer Verlag, Stuttgart 1984, ISBN 3-7828-2036-3.
 Rudolf Doernach: Green is Beautiful Biotecture. Biohaus Verlag, Wildberg 1979.
 Rudolf Doernach: Entwurfsprozesse in Natur und Architektur. In: Natürliche Konstruktionen. Konzepthefte Nr. 10 des SFB 230, Universität Stuttgart, 1988.
 Rudolf Doernach, Vortragsreihe bei den Goldegger Dialogen, Goldegg 1985.
 Rudolf Doernach, Aufsatz in Natürliche Konstruktionen Mitteilungen des SFB 230, Universität Stuttgart, 1988, ISBN 3-927078-00-X.

Literatur
 Justus Dahinden: Stadtstrukturen für morgen. Analysen – Thesen – Modelle, Stuttgart (Verlag Gerd Hatje) 1971, S. 33, 39, 40, 194–196. ISBN 3-7757-0011-0

Weblinks
 Der Fachverband Schaumkunststoffe ehrt Professor Dipl. arch. Rudolf Doernach für seine Arbeit

Einzelnachweise

Architekt (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1929
Gestorben 2016
Mann

Rudolf Doernach


Anoeta es un apeadero ferroviario situado en el municipio español homónimo en la provincia de Guipúzcoa, comunidad autónoma del País Vasco. Forma parte la línea C-1 de la red de Cercanías San Sebastián operada por Renfe.

Situación ferroviaria
La estación se encuentra en el punto kilométrico 600,207 de la línea férrea de ancho convencional  que une Madrid con Hendaya a 68,22 metros de altitud. El tramo es de vía doble y está electrificado.

Historia
La estación fue inaugurada el 1 de septiembre de 1863 con la puesta en marcha del tramo Beasain-San Sebastián de la línea radial Madrid-Hendaya. Su explotación inicial quedó a cargo de la Compañía de los Caminos de Hierro del Norte de España quien mantuvo su titularidad hasta que en 1941 fue nacionalizada e integrada en la recién creada RENFE. Desde el 31 de diciembre de 2004 Renfe Operadora explota la línea mientras que Adif es la titular de las instalaciones ferroviarias.

La estación
Anoeta es un simple apeadero compuesto por dos andenes laterales y dos vías. Unos pequeños refugios sirven a los pasajeros para protegerse. Los cambios de andén se realizan a nivel.

Servicios ferroviarios

Cercanías
Los trenes de cercanías de la Línea C-1 son los únicos que se detienen en la estación.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Cercanías San Sebastián en la web de Renfe

Anoeta
Anoeta
Estaciones de ferrocarril de España inauguradas en 1863
Estaciones de ferrocarril del País Vasco inauguradas en el siglo XIX

Estación de Anoeta (Adif)


A Cultura Chinchorro foi uma cultura de povos caçadores-coletores marinhos pré-colombianos, que viveram entre os anos de 7.400 a.C. e 2.840 a.C. na costa do Pacífico, entre Antofagasta na região do norte do Chile e Ilo no sul do Peru. Possuíam o costume de mumificar artificialmente seus mortos e enterra-los em cemitérios. A mumificação artificial dos Chinchorros é considerada a mais antiga da história humana.

O nome Chinchorro é devido a área do Pampa Chinchorro, onde o arqueólogo alemão Max Uhle fez suas descobertas iniciais deste povo, no início do século XX.

Os sítios arqueológicos da cultura chinchorro localizados na região de Arica e Parinacota, no Chile. É um Patrimônio Mundial, tombado pela Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (UNESCO) no ano de 2021.

Origem
As pesquisas feitas até o momento consideram que a Cultura Chinchorro tem sua origem biológica na população da região amazônica, que migraram por pressão demográfica. E posteriormente, por ondas migratórias do sul do Peru, com tradições costeiras e por caçadores andinos explorando a costa em busca de novas fontes de alimento. Os arqueólogos e bioantropólogos ainda discutem sobre a origem desta cultura.

Costumes

Assentamentos
Os assentamentos Chinchorro eram semipermanentes e geralmente se localizavam em foz de rios e riachos. Os grupos eram formados com 30 a 50 pessoas com grau de parentesco.

Foram encontrados evidencias de dois tipos de abrigos em sítios arqueológicos Chinchorro distintos. Em ambos os sítios, os abrigos eram construídos espalhados pelo assentamento. No sítio de Arica, os abrigos tinham formato circular, entre 2 e 5 metros de diâmetro e com uma lareira no meio. A estrutura era feita com uma fileira dupla de pedregulhos e postes de madeira para sustentar uma cobertura leve. No vale dos Camarões, os abrigos tinham formato semicircular com 4 a 5 metros de diâmetro e com postes de madeira ou ossos de mamíferos para sustentar uma cobertura leve, feita de esteiras, bastões ou peles de animais e o piso era rebaixado, com solo compactado ou coberto com juncos. As áreas de atividades comunitárias, como preparação de alimentos e confecção de ferramentas, eram em espaços abertos com fogueiras.

Vestimentas e ferramentas
Para vestimentas era usado saias de franja feitas de vibra vegetal e tangas. Para adornos, era utilizado colares de ossos e faixas de junco pintadas de vermelho ou cordas de fibra de camelídeo em cores naturais enroladas na cabeça.

Para a exploração de recursos, eram usadas ferramentas feitas com materiais de origem mineral, vegetal, ossos e conchas. Nas escavações arqueológicas, algumas das ferramentas encontradas foram arpões de madeira ou de ossos, atlatl, anzóis de espinho de cactos, anzóis de osso e conchas, linha de pesca de junco e algodão, chumbada de pedra para afundar a linha e cestas de junco.

Divisão de trabalho
As provisões de alimentos eram para consumo imediato e baseados na pesca, na coleta de moluscos e, em menor escala, na caça da fauna terrestre e coleta de plantas silvestres. Há evidências de consumo de vieiras, mexilhões, peixes, pelicanos, camelídeos selvagens e mamíferos marinhos, e também de algas, tomates e hortelã. Os Chinchorros eram igualitários na produção, distribuição e trocas entre os membros do grupo. Mulheres e crianças exploravam as imediações pescando, coletando moluscos e plantas silvestres, e os homens exploravam áreas mais afastadas caçando ou nadando para caçar mamíferos marinhos.

Mumificação artificial
A mumificação artificial dos Chinchorros se originou por volta dos anos de 7.000 a.C., com seu epicentro no assentamento da foz do rio Camarões e depois se espalhou de norte a sul. A princípio, mumificavam somente bebês e crianças. Por volta de 5.400 a.C., passaram a mumificar todos os seus parentes, sem distinção de idade e sexo. Os enterros eram feitos em cemitérios coletivos próximo aos assentamentos, os corpos mumificados eram transportados em macas feitas de fibra vegetal ou pele de animal e enterrados em covas entre 0.30 metros e 1.50 metros de profundidade. Colocavam artefatos e oferendas funerárias no corpo ou próximo a ele. Dos artefatos encontrados, o mais comum era o arpão. Também encontraram, junto aos corpos, outras ferramentas como bolsas de couro com pigmentação colorida e pincéis feitos com materiais vegetais, conchas marinhas, colares, cestos, anzóis e linhas de pesca. Como oferendas, foram encontrados ossos de pelicano, peixes e mamíferos marinhos.

Múmias negras
As múmias pigmentadas de preto surgiram em torno de 6.070 a.C. e declinaram em torno de 4.800 a.C.. O couro cabeludo era retirado e o corpo enterrado em local úmido. Depois de uma semana, o corpo era exumado, as vísceras e órgãos eram retirados e substituídos por enchimentos de origem vegetal, e paus em posição longitudinal para sustentar o torso. A remoção do cérebro era através de buracos feitos na base do crânio. O corpo, o rosto e os órgãos genitais eram modelados com argila cinza e depois pintado com pigmentação que continha óxido de manganês preto. A múmia recebia uma peruca curta, feita de cabelo humano.

Múmias vermelhas
As múmias pigmentadas de vermelho são datadas entre os anos de 4.800 a.C. e 4.000 a.C. As vísceras, órgãos e parte dos músculos eram retirados através de pequenas incisões no abdômen, ombros, virilha, joelhos e tornozelos, depois o interior do corpo era seco com brasas e cinzas e preenchido com sedimentos, elementos de origem orgânica e fibras de junco dispostos longitudinalmente. Utilizavam pau ao longo dos membros superiores e inferiores e na coluna para dar suporte ao corpo. A pele preservada da pessoa morta era pintada com pigmentação que continha óxido de ferro vermelho. Essas múmias tinham seus rostos modelados e recebiam uma peruca de longos cabelos humanos, que era presa na cabeça por uma camada de argila.

Múmias enfaixadas
As múmias enfaixadas datam dos anos 4.000 a.C. até 3.700 a.C.. Os corpos foram naturalmente mumificados, mas receberam intervenções como a aplicação de uma leve camada de lama e o tronco foi enfaixado com bandagens feitas de cordas de junco, tiras de pele de animais, fibras vegetais, fios fiados ou têxteis e o rosto recebia uma máscara de argila.

Patologias
40̯,6% dos Chinchorros era portadora da doença de Chagas. E 3% da população Chinchorro se encontravam em estágio avançado da doença. O parasita Trypanosoma cruzi fazia parte da vida silvestre no Deserto do Atacama, onde os animais silvestres já possuíam a doença bem desenvolvida. Com a chegada dos Chinchorros ao deserto, o protozoário passou para o ciclo doméstico, com o povo tendo contato com os animais contaminados e o barbeiro.

O alto nível de arsênico, principalmente na região de Camarões (1000μg/L), contaminou alimentos e água. Era comum a intoxicação por arsênico na população Chinchorro. Por esse motivo, havia um alto índice de mortalidade infantil, nascimentos prematuros, natimortos, baixo peso ao nascer, danos nos órgãos e baixo nível de sangue vermelho e abortos espontâneos.

Ocorria as doenças devido as atividades exercidas, como exostose auditiva externa e osteoartrose. Foram observados casos de pneumonia, periostite, treponematose, osteíte e sinais de estresse nutricional.

Patrimônio Mundial da UNESCO no Chile
Caçadores-coletores
Múmias
História do Chile

Cultura Chinchorro


Bazilika u Cimu je starokršćanska bazilika. Njeni su ostatci danas u Cimu, prigradskom naselju grada Mostara.

Povijest
Područje Cima bilo je naseljeno još u starorimsko doba. Na lokaciji Crkvine, na prostoru Cima, tijekom 1966. godine arheološkim istraživanjem otkriveno je da je područje Cima bilo naseljeno još u rimsko doba. Na blagoj padini otkriveno je naselje iz starog vijeka, u kojem je u kasnoj antici sagrađena bazilika. Istraživanja su vodili Petar Leko i Tomo Anđelić iz Muzeja Hercegovine.
Iskapanjima su nađeni ostatci starokršćanske bazilike. Vjerojatno je bila sjedištem starokršćanske sarsenterske biskupije (Sarsentensis) koju se spominje još 530. godine.

Na Crkvinama su otkrivena su tri kasnoantička objekta iz istog vremena: bazilika, memorija (grobna kapela) i zgrada za stanovanje. U srednjem vijeku tu su pokopani pokojnici.

Karakteristike

Bazilika
Zbog blagog nagiba zemljišta u smjeru sjever - jug, izvjesno je da je bazilika bila na tri etaže. Sjeverni je djelimice ukopan u zemlju, dok se manje vidi razlika razine središnjeg i južnog dijela. Bazilika je imala jedan brod i tri apside sagrađene izvan istočnog zida. Bazilika je bila dimenzija 24,80 x 15 m, pružajući se u pravcu zapad - istok, kao što je kod većine bazilika u BiH. 23 kontrafora ojačala su ju s vanjske strane.  Zidovi su debljine od 0,60 - 0,80 m. Najdeblji su kod naosa i apsida (od 0,85 - 0,87 m), a najuočuvanji na južnoj polovici crkve, gdje su ponegdje visoki 1,14 m.

Baziliku čine narteks, naos, prezbiterij, baptisterij (sa sjeverne strane) i dvije prostorije na južnoj strani, do danas još neutvrđene pouzdano namjene (Anđelić nagađa da su bile za diakonikon i protezis, a Basler misli da su se sjeverno i južno od naosa "nalazile još neke prostorije".

Narteks je pravokutan i pruža se cijelom širinom bazilike. Pred ulazom je bio popločani trijem na stupovima. Olovo je bilo u rupama u kojima je stajao stup. Uz južni zid i u južnoj polovini narteksa otkrivene su dvije grobnice od jednostavnih kamenih ploča u pravcu istok - zapad te jedna zidana grobnica u pravcu sjever - jug, sve bez priloga. Naos je povezan preko ulaza s narteksom. Solidni zidovi naosa navode na zaključak da je nadvisivao bočne prostorije. Prezbiterij čine tri polukružne apside. Po pravilu, trebala bi oltarska pregrada odvajati apside od naosa, ali nema joj traga. Uz unutarnji rub polukružnog zida sjeverne apside sačuvana je kamena polukružna stuba, vjerojatno dio subselija. Otkrivena je grobnica (ossarium) u ovoj apsidi, dok je u središnjoj sepuchrum s moćnicima. Zidan grobnicu sjeverne apside pokrivaju debele ploče na kojima je sloj kamenja sa žbukom. Pronađeni ispremetani kosturi nisu dali mogućnost utvrditi točan broj mrtvaca u njoj i pretpostavka je da je ovo kosturnica u koju su iz druge grobnice preneseni kosturi. Tek je jedan nađeni prilog. U središnjoj apsidi je ispod oltarske menze pronađen je grob za moći (sepulcrum reliquiarum ) na čijem su dnu bila tri moćnika (četvrti se pri iznošenju raspao) ležala na komadu imbreksa (imbrices). Sami sepulchrum bio je usječen u živu stijenu (miljevinu), a činile su ga ploče od miljevine i zid s vapnenom žbukom. Ovo mjesto je jedino u BiH, do sada poznato da su u jednoj kasnoantičkoj bazilici otkriveni moćniciin situ. U dvije koštane i u dvije srebrne kutijice bio je posmrtni prah mučenika-sveca kojem je bila posvećena crkva. Sjeverno od naosa je baptisterij, u koji se ulazilo iz iz narteksa kroz otvor. Elipsasta piscina od komada krovnog crijepa i vapnene žbuke, iznutra obložena oplatom od žbuke s primjesom tučene opeke, u istočnoj je polovici i mogla je služiti i za pokrštavanje odraslih osoba. Postrance su bile po tri stube. Nabijena žbuka je na dnu na kojem je ostavljena kružna šupljina za otjecanje vode. Istočnu stranu piscine prati česma s izdubljenim kamenom, povezana sa sjevernom prostorijom bazilike.
Južno od naosa su dvije prostorije za koje Anđelić smatra da su diakonikon i protezis. U obje se ulazi kroz posebne otvore. Ostatci simetričnih zidova prve prostorije nepoznate su namjene, a kroz drugu se prostoriju ulazi u južnu apsidu. Na južnom zidu je ulaz kojim je bazilika bila povezana s grobnom kapelom. Dvije prostorije nepoznate namjene su uz sjeverni zid bazilike (posebni ulaz), a druga prostorija nepoznate namjene je dograđena je uz vanjske zidove sjeverne i središnje apside i u nju se ulazilo kroz ulaz na istočnom zidu.

Bazilika je solidne građe, od od pritesanog kamena složena u redove (opus quadratum), preciznije od većine drugih bazilika u BiH. Građevni materijal su meki kamen pješčar, sedra i konglomerat. Vezivo je bila vapnena žbuka, dosta pijeska i tučene opeka. Žbuka je bila s većom primjesom pijeska i tučene opeke. Pod je bio sačuvan u južnom dijelu objekta, a u sjevernom dijelu je srednjovjekovnim ukopima raskopan. Tanki namaz vapnene žbuke vidi se kao vezivo. Velike četvrtaste kamene ploče oko bazilike uz vanjske zidove i u blagoj kosini u odnosu na njih štitile su građevinu od vode s krova. Krov je bio od crijepa. Nađene su cijele tegule i imbreks.

Vjerojatno je da je na temeljima starije (prvobitne) crkve, zbog neznanih razloga srušena, poslije sagrađena druga crkva. Tezu potvrđju nalazi ulomaka jedne mramorne menze i druge miljevinske menze, brojni dijelovi oltarnih pregrada iz dviju faza, stariji iz 4. ili prve polovice 5. stoljeća, a mlađi s kraja 5. i prve polovice 6. stoljeća. Bazilika datira iz razdoblja kasne antike, od 4. do 6. stoljeća.

Grobovi
U ruševinama bazilike je ukupno 36 poremećenih i oštećenih srednjovjekovnih grobova u pravcu zapad – istok. 13 je grobnica od podnih kamenih ploča bazilike. Grobni prilozi su nakit.
Izvan crkve, sjeveroistočno od središnje apside je kasnoantička grobnica, odozgo zasvedena, uništena svoda. U grobu su nađene samo životinjske kosti.

Grobna kapela

Kao i bazilika, datirana je u vremensko razdoblje od 4. do 6. stoljeća. Memorija (grobna kapela) je južno od bazilike i dimenzija je 11,80 x 5,35 m. Zidana je nešto sitnijim kamenjem, također u vapnenoj žbuci i ožbukanih zidova. Pruža se u smjeru zapad - istok uz malo odstupanje. Čine ju dvije prostorije. Kroz zapadnu se ulazilo kroz glavni ulaz u objekt i u njoj je bila prostorija s grobnicama, a istočno od nje prostorija s jedinstvenim predapsidalnim i apsidalnim prostorom. Sačuvani zidovi slične su visine i debljine. S bazilikom je vezana preko kontrafora vjerojatna diakonikona.

Uz sjeverni zid i uz južnu grobnicu otkrivene su kline (kamene klupe). Nađene grobnice sadrže kosture, bez priloga. Zidovi grobnica su monolitne kamene ploče, a južni zid grobnice je u vapnenoj žbuci. Prostorija s grobnicama je bila povezana s prostorijom s apsidama. Kroz otvor se popločanom stazom moglo ući u prostoriju koja je vjerojatni diakonikon, u baziliku. Smatra se da je grobna kapela bila s tri apside, poput onih kod bazilike da su izlazile k van. Sačuvane su sjeverna i polovica središnje. Prepostavlja se da su ostatak oltarske pregrade četvrtaste kamene ploče u podnici. Pod središnje apside viši je od razine podova bočnih apsida. Ukrašen je podnim ukrasom, ljiljanom od bijelih riječnih oblutaka. Iz sjeverne apside se kroz otvor ulazilo u prostoriju sagrađenu u sjeveroistočnom uglu grobne kapele.

Zgrada za stanovanje
Ostatci zgrade za stanovanje iz kasne antike, iz istog razdoblja, 150 metara zapadno su bazilike. Unutarnjih je dimenzija 11,90 x 7,40 m, zidova debljine 0,60 metara. Nađeni su fragmenti krovnog crijepa, keramike, stakla i čavala.

Arheološki materijal
Čini ga kamena plastika. Stariju cimsku kamenu plastiku čine akant, vinova loza s grožđem i pleter. Pleter se pojavljuje i u mlađoj fazi, ali znatno stiliziran. Plutej sadrži motive janjadi, polustupića, te jedan četvrtasti kamen sadrži motiv pet riba. Mlađu plastiku čine važniji nalazi. Jedan impost kapitel s reljefnim motivima ptica i rozete, ulomci s likom goluba, fragmenti s ornamentom ljiljana te nekoliko fragmenata sa simbolom križa. Mnogo je kamenih fragmenata.

Moćnici
Sepulchrum s moćnicima su tri objekta: valjkasti koštani moćnik u kojem je vjerojatno posmrtni prah nekog od svetaca, kvadratni koštani moćnik i četvrtasti moćnik od srebrnog lima i za razlikud od prethodnih neukrašenih moćnika, ukrašeni moćnik tehnikom iskucavanja. Ornamenti su s motivima križa.

Ostali nađeni artefakti
Pronađeni su rimski novčići iz 3. i 4. stoljeća, srednjovjekovni dubrovački novčić, nakit kasnoantička lučna fibula, naušnice dalmatinsko-hrvatske kulturne skupine iz 9. do 12. stoljeća (grobovi), srednjovjekovni srebrni prsten, željezni predmeti, keramika od pretpovijesne, starorimske do srednjovjekovne (slavenske) iz ranog srednjeg vijeka, 8. – 9. stoljeće.

Zaštita
20. siječnja 2004. godine arheološko područje s ostatcima kasnoantičke bazilike, memorije i zgrade za stanovanje i dio pokretne baštine pronađenog na arheološkom području, a koje se nalazi u Muzeju Hercegovine u Mostaru, a koje je popisano u inventarnim knjigama nalaza Muzeja, proglašeno je za nacionalni spomenik BiH.

Izvori

Bibliografija
 Anđelić, Tomislav. Starokršćanska cimska bazilika u Mostaru. Ured gradonačelnika, Mostar, 1999., 68 str.

Vanjske poveznice
Centar za informiranje i dokumentaciju Mostar Cimska bazilika - fotografija
Centar za informiranje i dokumentaciju Mostar Cimska bazilika - tlocrt
Centar za informiranje i dokumentaciju Mostar Cimska bazilika - rekonstrukcija

Kršćanski vjerski objekti u Bosni i Hercegovini
Katoličke crkve u Mostaru
Bazilike u Bosni i Hercegovini

Bazilika u Cimu


An Pitcairnia cristalinensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni D.C.Taylor och Harold Ernest Robinson. An Pitcairnia cristalinensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia cristalinensis


Unspiek, Baron Bodissey, is a fictional character referred to in many of the novels of speculative-fiction author Jack Vance. Within those novels he has the status of an authority, but he is sometimes referred to with amusement or scepticism. Like the 'mad poet' Navarth, he first appeared in the Demon Princes sequence but also is alluded to in a number of other unrelated stories. Unlike Navarth, the Baron never appears in person in these novels, but his monumental, many-volume work Life is frequently quoted. The lengthiest citations from it appear, with varying degrees of apparent relevance, as epigraphs to various chapters in the Demon Princes novels. (Vance characteristically makes use of substantial passages from imaginary writings, interviews or judicial transcripts as chapter-heading material, especially in that series.) Otherwise, the Baron and his work are occasionally referred to in passing or quoted by characters in the tales. Fictional (and always negative) reviews of Life also appear in The Killing Machine and The Face, usually dismissing it as snobbish, elitist and pretentious; one reviewer expresses a desire to thrash the Baron within an inch of his life before buying him a drink.

In a footnote in Night Lamp Vance informs us, perhaps definitively, that the Baron's great work Life consisted of twelve volumes (earlier novels suggest six or ten) and that it was in nature a 'philosophical encyclopedia'. In the same passage Vance also asserts that towards the end of his life he 'was excommunicated from the human race by the Assembly of Egalitarians. Baron Bodissey's comment was succinct: "The point is moot". To this day the most erudite thinkers of the Gaean Reach ponder the significance of the remark'.

Although Bodissey often expresses himself in pompous language, many of his dicta (a selection is given below) appear good sense, and it may be that he serves, at least occasionally, as a mouthpiece for Vance's personal opinions.

An overly zealous cultural anthropologist and ethnologist named Kalikari Stone, Baron Bodissey, working on a grant from the Historical Institute of Naval Research on the planet Riverain, appears in Hayford Peirce's novel The Thirteenth Majestral (1989), a pastiche written in the manner of Jack Vance.  He saves the book's protagonist from a dire end, although, to his dismayed surprise, at the cost of his own life.

The Wisdom of Baron Bodissey

 [On religious wars] of all wars, these are the most detestable, since they are waged for no tangible gain, but only to impose a set of arbitrary credos on another. (From Life, Volume I; The Face, Chapter 3)
 The malefactor becomes the creature of his own deeds. (From Life, Volume I; The Face, Chapter 6)
 "Morality", the most troublesome and confusing word of all. There is no single or supreme morality; there are many, each defining the mode by which a system of entities optimally interacts. (From Life, Volume I; The Book of Dreams, Chapter 3)
 . . . when land is vast and easily available, as in the broaching of a new continent or a new world, nothing can keep different sorts of people in close contact. They migrate to new places and particularize, whereupon languages mutate, costumes and conventions elaborate, aesthetic symbols take on fresh meanings. (From the Introduction to Life, Volume II; The Book of Dreams, Chapter 11; in the same chapter the Baron's 'Introduction to Volume II' is described as 'famous')
 I have examined the native life forms of over two thousand planets. I have noted many examples of convergent evolution, but many more of divergence. (From Life, Volume II; The Star King, Chapter 2)
 We must not confuse statistical probability with some transcendental and utterly compelling force. (From Life, Volume II; The Star King, Chapter 2)
 For the lack of a more precise and universal term the temptation to use the word "intelligence" incorrectly is well-nigh irresistible, but can be countenanced only when the word is set off by quotes, Viz: my own monograph (which I include in the appendix to Volume Eight of this slight and by no means comprehensive series). (From Life, Volume II; The Book of Dreams, Chapter 18)
 As a society matures, the struggle for survival imperceptibly graduates and changes emphasis, and becomes what can only be termed the quest for pleasure. (From Life, Volume III; The Star King, Chapter 6)
 Luxury and privilege are the perquisites of wealth. This would appear a notably bland remark, but it is much larger than it seems. If one listens closely, he hears deep and far below the mournful chime of inevitability. (From Life, Volume III; The Face, Chapter 14)
 When erudition comes in, poetry departs. (From Life, Volume IV; The Killing Machine, Chapter 10)
 [Baron Bodissey] pointed out that democracy could only function in a relatively homogeneous society of equivalent individuals. He described a district dedicated to democracy where the citizenry consisted of two hundred wolves and nine hundred squirrels. When zoning ordinances and public health laws were put into effect, the wolves were obliged to live in trees and eat nuts. (Araminta Station, Chapter 5)
 Towns behave in many respects like living organisms, which across time evolve and adapt so exactly to the landscape, the weather, and the requirements of the inhabitants that there is very little thrust for change. Parallel to these considerations the forces of tradition exert a like effect upon the character of the town; and indeed, the older the town, the more rigid its tendencies towards immutability. (From 'Reflections upon the Morphology of Settled Places', Life, Volume 11; Ecce and Old Earth, Chapter VIII)
 To create a society based on caste distinction, a minimum of two individuals is both necessary and sufficient. (Throy, Chapter 1)
 Only losers cry out for fair play. (Night Lamp, Chapter 2)
 Sleep when you are dead. (Ecce and Old Earth, Chapter III)

Fictional writers
Science fiction characters
Characters in American novels

Baron Bodissey


Seyitali, Samsun ilinin Kavak ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 58 km, Kavak ilçesine 8 km uzaklıktadır.

Kavak'ın mahalleleri

Seyitali, Kavak


Atomwirtschaft hat mehrere Bedeutungen:

 ein Wirtschaftszweig, siehe Uranwirtschaft, Atomwirtschaft (Wirtschaftszweig)
 Uranabbau, Herstellung von Yellowcake
 Urananreicherung (z. B. Urananreicherungsanlage Gronau)
 Brennelementefabrik
 und der gesamten Prozess der Atomenergiegewinnung bis zur Endlagerung der radioaktiven Abfälle

 eine Fachzeitschrift, die sich mit Fragen der Atomwirtschaft beschäftigt, siehe Atomwirtschaft (Zeitschrift)

Atomwirtschaft


Bönnsch (okunuşu: Bönş), Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinin Bonn kentinde geleneksel olarak yaygın olan ağız. Bu ağız Köln'de konuşulan "Kölsch" ile benzerlikler göstermesine karşın ifade hızı ve müzikalite bakımından farklılık gösterir. Bonn ve Köln'deki toplumsal yapının farklı gelişimi de yerel ağızın kullanım yaygınlığını etkilemiştir. Köln'ün esnaf-zanaatkar ağırlıklı olması yerel Kölsch ağzının yaygın şekilde kullanımını beraberinde getirirken, üniversitenin faaliyet gösterdiği, soyluların malikanelerinin yer aldığı Bonn'da aksanla konuşmaya "iyi gözle bakılmamıştır". Bonn'un yoğun göçmen alması da yerel ağzın geri planda kalmasında etkili olmuştur. Sahne gösterilerinde zaman zaman "Bönnsch" ağzıyla konuşan Konrad Beikircher bu ağzı "yaşatan" sanatçılar arasında kabul edilmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Bönnsch Sözlüğü

Bonn
Cermen dilleri

Bönnsch (ağız)


Der III. Große Preis von Italien fand am 9. September 1923 am Autodromo di Milano in Monza statt. Das Rennen hatte auch den AIACR-Ehrentitel I. Großer Preis von Europa und wurde nach der seit 1922 geltenden Internationalen Grand-Prix-Formel ausgetragen, die bei einer Mindestdistanz der Grand-Prix-Läufe von 800 km für die Wagen ein Hubraumlimit von 2 Litern und ein Mindestgewicht von 650 kg festlegte. Außerdem mussten sich an Bord jedes Rennwagens zwei Personen – neben dem Fahrer auch ein Mechaniker – befinden.

Sieger wurde Carlo Salamano auf Fiat.

Rennen
Nachdem der Französische Automobilclub nun nicht mehr alleiniger Ausrichter von Grand-Prix-Rennen war, hatte der internationale Automobilverband AIACR entschieden, turnusgemäß eines der Rennen unter dem Ehrentitel eines Großen Preises von Europa zum alljährlichen Saisonhöhepunkt zu erklären. Zum ersten Grand Prix d'Europe wurde 1923 der Große Preis von Italien bestimmt.

Nach dem Totalausfall beim vorangegangenen Grand Prix de l'ACF, wo über die erstmals eingesetzten Kompressoren zu viel Staub und Steine in die Motoren geraten waren, rüstete Fiat die Wagen für das Heimrennen auf weniger empfindliche Roots-Kompressoren um. Mit Alfa Romeo setzte jetzt außerdem auch ein weiterer Hersteller auf den Kompressor, allerdings zog das Werk seine Wagen nach dem tödlichen Unfall von Ugo Sivocci im inoffiziellen Vortraining noch vor dem Rennen wieder zurück, so dass der Alfa Romeo P1 nie zu einem Grand-Prix-Einsatz kam. Um den eher glücklich zustande gekommenen Erfolg im französischen Rennen nicht durch die vorhersehbare Niederlage gegen Fiat gleich wieder zu entwerten, hatte außerdem Sunbeam gleich von vorneherein auf die Teilnahme verzichtet, wie auch Bugatti der Konfrontation mit den überlegenen Italienern aus dem Weg ging. Dagegen stellten sich Voisin und Rolland-Pilain dem beinahe aussichtslos erscheinenden Kampf, obwohl ihre Wagen zuvor schon beim Grand Prix in Tours nicht schnell genug gewesen waren, und auch der "Tropfenwagen" von Benz war trotz seines revolutionären Konzepts – der erste Grand-Prix-Rennwagen überhaupt mit Mittelmotor, tropfenförmiger Stromlinienkarosserie mit Seitenkühlern, innenliegenden Bremsen und Schwingachse hinten – aufgrund seiner zu geringen Motorleistung chancenlos. So blieben als einzig halbwegs ernst zu nehmende Konkurrenten die drei US-amerikanischen Miller-Rennwagen, die allerdings aufgrund des unterschiedlichen Reglements kurzfristig erst noch notdürftig zum Zweisitzer umgerüstet werden mussten.

Insgesamt versammelten sich schließlich 14 Rennwagen zum Start, wobei die Startaufstellung – wie zu dieser Zeit üblich – vorher ausgelost worden war. Fiat hatte zuvor noch einen herben Rückschlag hinnehmen müssen, als Pietro Bordino beim Training zwei Wochen vor dem Rennen mit seinem Wagen von der Strecke abkam und sich überschlug. Dabei kam sein Beifahrer Enrico Giaccone ums Leben, der ursprünglich neben Bordino und Carlo Salamano als Fahrer des dritten Autos vorgesehen war. So kam Grand-Prix-Veteran Felice Nazzaro noch einmal zu einem Einsatz, während Bordino das Rennen mit einem gebrochenen Handgelenk in Angriff nehmen musste.

Trotz seines Handicaps übernahm Bordino gleich zu Beginn die Führung vor seinen beiden Markengefährten, bevor er zur Halbzeit – mittlerweile mit deutlichem Vorsprung – schließlich doch aus Erschöpfung aufgeben musste. In dem ansonsten höhepunktsarmen Rennen, in dem bis auf die beiden Miller von Louis Zborowski und Jimmy Murphy alle übrigen Teilnehmer schon weit abgeschlagen waren, lag nun Nazzaro lange Zeit in Front, bis auch er kurz vor Ende des Rennens für einen außerplanmäßigen Stopp an die Box musste. Hierdurch wurde der Weg zum Sieg für Carlo Salamano frei, der mit einer halben Minute Vorsprung auf seinen Stallgefährten durchs Ziel ging. Es war gleichzeitig der erste Erfolg eines Wagens mit aufgeladenem Motor bei einem bedeutenden Rennen. Murphy wurde nach einem soliden Rennen mit über fünf Minuten Rückstand auf Salamano noch Dritter. Im Anschluss überfluteten die Zuschauer die Strecke, so dass die verbliebenen Teilnehmer das Rennen nicht mehr wie eigentlich vorgeschrieben über die Gesamtdistanz zu Ende fahren konnten. Rolland-Pilain legte gegen den nachfolgenden Wertungsausschluss von Guyot erfolgreich Protest ein, so dass schließlich bis zum siebten Platz die entsprechenden Preisgelder ausgezahlt wurden.

Ergebnisse

Meldeliste

Startaufstellung
Die Startpositionen wurden in der Reihenfolge der Startnummern besetzt.

Rennergebnis

Literatur
 Adriano Cimarosti: Autorennen – Die Grossen Preise der Welt – Wagen, Strecken und Piloten von 1894 bis heute, Hallwag Verlag, Bern, 1986, ISBN 3-444-10326-3
 Paul Sheldon: A Record of Grand Prix and Voiturette Racing, Vol. 1 - 13, St. Leonards Press, Bradford, 1987–2002

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

1923
Motorsportveranstaltung 1923
Sportveranstaltung in Monza
1923

Großer Preis von Italien 1923


Gale Hansen (* 1960 in Minneapolis) ist ein ehemaliger US-amerikanischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Hansen wurde in Minneapolis geboren und wuchs in Seattle auf.  Bekannt wurde er durch seine Rolle des Charles (Charlie) Dalton in dem Film Der Club der toten Dichter. Bis Ende der 1990er Jahre spielte er dann kleinere Rollen, darunter in 17 Folgen der Serie Class of '96. 1998 spielte er seine letzte Nebenrolle in einer Folge der Serie X-Factor: Das Unfassbare. Inzwischen arbeitet er bei einer Filmfirma in Beverly Hills.

Hansen ist seit 1986 verheiratet mit der Schauspielerin Evangeline Quiroz, mit der er zwei Söhne hat.

Filmografie
1983: Zelig
1989: Der Club der toten Dichter (Dead Poets Society)
1991: D.O.G. Verbotene Tricks (Under Surveillance)
1991: S.E.A.L.S. – Die härteste Elitetruppe der U.S. Marines (The Finest Hour)
1992: Double Vision (Fernsehfilm)
1992: Sex, Liebe und Freundschaft (Shaking the Tree)
1993: Class of '96 (Fernsehserie)
1994: Mord ist ihr Hobby (Murder, She Wrote, Fernsehserie, Episode 11.10)
1998: X-Factor: Das Unfassbare (Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction, Fernsehserie, Episodenrolle)

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1960
Mann

Gale Hansen


Fowler Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Fowler Township (Kansas)
 Fowler Township (Ohio)
 Fowler Township (Oklahoma)

Fowler Township


ريمونابانت (Rimonabant يعرف أيضاً باسم SR141716 والاسم التجاري أكومبليا Acomplia)، هو دواء مفقد للشهية وقد سحب من الاسواق بسبب الاعراض الجانبية الخطيرة. تم اثبات استخدامه)تسويقه) ب أوروبا والدول الأخرى، لكن لم يتم اثباته ب الولايات المتحدة.ريمونابات يرتبط إلى مستقبلات القنب(الحشيش), مستقبلات موجودة بالجسم تدعى مستقبلات كانابينويد ويعمل عليها كناهض عكسي (المادة التي ترتبط بالمستقبل وتؤدي الي عكس تاثير المسؤول عنه هذا المستقبل. . أيضا وجد انه يرتبط إلى مستقبلات ذات افيونية المفعول ذات النوع ميو ك ناهض مضاد (المادة التي ترتبط بالمستقبل وتؤدي إلى ايقاف التاثير الذي كانت تسببه هذه المستقبلات سابقا),(يعتبر العامل المساهم ب حدوث الصفات الاكتئابية). التاثير الرئيسي للدواء هو تقليل الشهية.

تاريخ الدواء
دواء ريمونابات أول مُحصِر انتقائي لمستقبلات س ب1(مستقبلات القنب، كانابينويد) مثبت استخدامه في أي مكان بالعالم. في أوروبا اشير لاستخدامه بصورة متزامنة مع الغذاء وممارسة التمارين الرياضية للمرضى الذين يعانون من مؤشر كتلة الجسم التي تكون أكبر من 30كيلوغرام \متر 2.أو المريض الذي يكون مؤشر كتلة الجسم أكبر من 27كيلو/ متر2 مع عوامل الخطر المرتبطة مثل النوع الثاني لمرض السكري أو اختلال نسبة الدهون بالدم.في المملكة المتحدة، كان متاح بداية في يوليو 2006, اعتبارامن 2008كان الدواء متاحا في 56 بلدا.
في21 يونيو 2006,المفوضية الاوروبية وافقت على بيع ريمونابات في 25عضو في الاتحاد الأوروبي. شركة الادوية سانوفي افنتيس (التي غيرت اسمها إلى شركة سانوفي في 2011)اعلنت ان الولايات المتحدة كأول دولة بيع فيها دواء اكومبليا كدواء موصوف. بدات المبيعات في يوليو 2006 .سانوفي افنتس توقعت أيضا ان العقار بيع بعد ذلك بوقت قصير في الدنمارك. ايرلندا. ألمانيا. فنلندا. والنرويج. في عام 2007 من المتوقع انه موجود في بلجنام والسويد. البدانة الطبيعية وفقا لتوصيات الطبية الرسمية ليست كافية لاكتساب وصفات (علاج)في السويد. هناك قد يكون احتياجات اضافية مهتمة بمستويات الدهون في الدم غير الطبيعية.
وقُدم ريمونابانت ل إدارة الغذاء والدواء للموافقة عليه في الولايات المتحدة.لكن في عام 2007 اللجنة الاستشارية لادوية الغدد الصماء والايض في إدارة الغذاء والدواء اقرت فشل الشركة المصنعة الفرنسية سانوفي افينتس بالتحقق من سلامة دواء الريمونابانت وصوتت بعدم التوصية ب ريمونابانت كعلاج مثبت للسمنة. وفي وقت لاحق اعلنت سانوفي افنتيس انها ستصنع تطبيق جديد لدواء الريمونابانت، وانه ستعيد الموافقة على هذا التطبيق في مرحلة ما في المستقبل.
لم تكن موافقة الاتحاد الاوروبي موافقة شاملة، ولا حتى تم اثبات ان دواء اكومبليا لعلاج السمنة والمشاكل المتعلقه به، كايقاف التدخين، على الرغم من انه بعيدا عن استخدام التسمية للدواء ما زال ممكنا. وكانت الموافقة للدواء باخذه مع اتباع نظام غذاى ي وممارسة التمارين الرياضية لعلاج المرضى الذين يعانون من السمنة المفرطة (مؤشر كتلة الجسم أكبر أو يساوي30).أو المرضى الذين يعانون من زيادة الوزن (مؤشر كتلة الجسم أكبر من 27)مع عوامل الخطر المرتبطة بها مثل «مرض السكري من النوع الثاني» أو اختلال نسبة الدهون بالدم.
في أكتوبر 2008، لجنة وكالة الادوية الأوروبية للمنتجات الطبية للاستخدام البشري قررت ان مخاطر اكومبليا تفوق فوائده.اوصت الوكالة في وقت لاحق ان يتم تعليق المنتج من سوق المملكة المتحدة، وان الاطباء لا يصفون الدواء بسبب خطرالتعرض لمشاكل نفسية خطيرة وحتى الانتحار، شركة سانوفي افينتيس علقوا بيع الدواء. .] وعملية اثبات الدواء رسميا تم سحبه بواسطة وكالة الدواء الأوروبية في 16 كانون الثاني 2009 .
الهند حظرت تصنيع الدواء وبيعه

الاستخدامات /الاستخدامات المحتملة

البدانة
في دراسة 2006 (2سنة)ذكرت في جاما، مقارنة مع (دواء لا يحتوي على مادة فعالة)200ملغ من مجموعة ريمونابانت، أنتجت أكبر متوسط تخفيضات في الوزن (-6.3(0.2))كغ،-1.6(0.2)كغ،p<0.001، محيط الخصر (-6.1 [0.2] سم، -2.5 [0.3] سم; P<.001)ومستوى الدهون الثلاثية (النسبة المئوية للتغير، -5.3 [1.2] , 7.9 [2.0]; P<.001) وزيادة أكبر في مستوى البروتين الدهني المحتوي على الكوليسترول عالي الكثافة.

الإقلاع عن التدخين
كما وجد أيضا ان ريمونابانت فعال في مساعدة بعض المدخنين على الإقلاع عن التدخين. سانوفي التي تجري حاليا دراسات لتحديد قيمة ممكنة من ريمونابانت في علاج الإقلاع عن التدخين. دراسات مع ريمونابانت واستعمال التبغ برنامج (ستارتيوس)ينطوي على أكثر من 6000 موضوع. تم تصميم (ستارتيوس)لاستكشاف اثنين من العلاجات المتعلقة بالتدخين: اولا، استخدام ريمونابانت مباشرة للمساعدة في الإقلاع عن التدخين. الثانية، للمساعدة على منع زيادة الوزن في المدخنين السابقين. النتائج الاولية تشير على ما يبدو ان ريمونابانت فعال لكل من الاستخدامات. ومع ذلك، فقد ذكرت إدارة الغذاء والدواء صراحة لسانوفي انه بدون اجراءات دراسات اضافية، لا يمكن موافقة ريمو نابانت في الولايات المتحدة لعلاج الإقلاع عن التدخين. وفقا لاستعراض كوشرينفي عرض عام 2007، ريمونابانت "قد يزيد من احتمالات الإقلاع عن التدخين حوال 1.5 ضعف.

سلوكيات الإدمان
ريمونابانت يخفض استئناف الاستجابة لطلب الكوكائين الذي يثار من قبل اثنين من المحفزات الثلاثة الأكثر شيوعا لارتداد الاستجابة للكوكائين: priming and cues. كما قد يؤدي ذلك إلى الحد من تاثير طلب الايثانول –والافيون

تاثيره على الذاكرة على المدى القصير
ومن المعروف ان تتراهيدروكانابينول لاضعاف الذاكرة على المدى القصير. ولذلك افترض ان ريمونابانت قد يقلل أو يمنع الاثار التي تنتج من الارتباط على مستقبلات الاتروبين في الجسم للكانابينويد. في الواقع، في الدراسات الحيوانية، وجد تحسن كبير في قدرة الفئران لترميز المعلومات في الذاكرة على المدى القصير.

تثبيط اثار القنب (مادة الحشيش)
دواء ريمونابانت يثبط التاثير النفسي والتاثير على عضلة القلب الناتج من دلتا 9 رباعي هيدروالقنب في البشر بالغاء تاثير الجسم على الدواء (من امتصاص وتوزيع وازالة). . وقد وصف دواء ريمونابانت بالعامية «عاكس للماريجوانا»، الدواء يمتلك تاثير اكتئابي على الشهية وبالتالي يعكس تاثير ازدياد الشهية الناتج مركبات القنب (الحشيش).

اثار أخرى

ريمونابانت يقلل من الحركة الطوعية للفئران على العجلة (الدولاب) في المختبر
ريمونابانت بشكل كبير يزيد حركة الحيوانات المنوية البشرية وقدرتها على البقاء في المختبر
.

الاثار السلبية الايجابية
بعد فترة وجيزة من ادخال الدواء إلى السوق، اشارت تقارير صحفية ودراسات مستقلة ان الاثار الجانبية التي وقعت كانت أكثر شدة وأكثر شيوعا مما وجد من قبل الشركة المصنعة في الدراسات السريرية. تقاريراشارت إلى وجود اثار اكتئاب حاد وافكار انتحارية متكررة. ناتجة عن الدواء. وكما عرف سابقا ان الدواء يرتبط ب مستقبلات س ب 1(مستقبلات القنب) التي توجد إلى حد ما على طول الجهاز العصبي المركزي، والذي يعمل عليها كمادة عاكسة لتاثير هذه المستقبلات -وقد عرف ذلك سابقا- وهذا يسبب الاثار الجانبية.
في 2007، افيد ان لجنة تقديم المشورة للإدارة الغذاء والدواءالامريكية صوتت على عدم التوصية بالموافقة على الدواء بسبب المخاوف من الانتحار، والاكتئاب، والاثار الجانبية الأخرى ذات الصلة المرتبطة باستخدام الدواء.

اعداد
يوصف التركيب الكيميائي للريمونابانت على النحو التالي:

الأسماء التجارية

الأسماء التجارية للريمونابانت تشمل: اكومبليا، سليمونا، روبانت، ريمونابينت، موناسلم، بثن، رموسلم، ريدفاست. الاسم التجاري المفترض والذي تم اثباته للاستخدام في الولايات المتحدة كان (زملتي).

تحذيرات
أصدرت مؤخراً بعض الجهات الصحية تحذيرات من آثار جانبية معظمها آثار نفسية نتجت عن استخدام الدواء، وقد أصدرت لججنة الدوية البشرية من الوكالة الأوربية لتقييم الأدوية تصريحاً يقول أن مضار الدواء ترجح على فوائده واستجابة الشركة المصنعة وأعنت توقيف إنتاجه

المراجع

أدوية مسحوبة من الأسواق
بيبريدينات
بيرازولات
كانابينويدات
كلوروأرينات
محدثات القلق
مضادات أفيونية
مفقدات الشهية
هيدرازيدات

ريمونابانت


Le sinus intercaverneux sont au nombre de deux, un antérieur et un postérieur, et relient les deux sinus caverneux.

L'ensemble des deux sinus intercaverneux et des deux sinus caverneux forme une structure elliptique appelé sinus coronaire.

Sinus intercaverneux antérieur
Le sinus intercaverneux antérieur (ou sinus coronaire antérieur) passe devant la selle turcique. Il sus-jacent à l'hypophyse.

Sinus intercaverneux postérieur
Le sinus intercaverneux postérieur (ou sinus coronaire postérieur) passe derrière la selle turcique. Il sus-jacent à l'hypophyse.

Variation
Le sinus intercaverneux antérieur est généralement le plus grand des deux.

L'un ou l'autre est parfois absent.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

 Sinus de la dure-mère

Veine de la tête et du cou

Sinus intercaverneux


Dordt University is a private evangelical Christian university in Sioux Center, Iowa. It was founded in 1955 and is affiliated with the Christian Reformed Church in North America. The university name is a reference to the Synod of Dordt (Dordrecht).

Dordt annually enrolls about 1,500 students. The university is committed to a Reformed, Christian perspective that embraces the Bible as the word of God. The university offers 90 programs of study that lead to Associate of Arts, Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science in Engineering, Bachelor of Social Work, Bachelor of Science in Nursing, and Master of Education degrees.

History
Dordt University was founded as Midwest Christian Junior College in 1953. In 1954, a group of men from local Christian Reformed Churches in Iowa, South Dakota and Minnesota agreed to establish the college in Sioux Center. It was tentatively referred to as Midwest Christian Junior College, and the first classes were held at the college in the fall of 1955 with about 40 students.

In April 1956, the name was changed to Dordt College. This name was chosen to honor a historic 17th century Reformed church meeting called the Synod of Dordt that took place in the Netherlands in 1618–1619.

The first graduating class consisted of 18 students in 1957. The first students to earn B.A. degrees graduated in 1965. The college changed its name to Dordt University on May 13, 2019.

Academics
Dordt offers over 90 programs of study with over 40 majors and 11 pre-professional programs of study. The core is drawn from various academic disciplines—such as language, natural science, and social science. These courses integrate the character and scope of Christian perspective. They provide insight into the nature and demands of contemporary Christian living and help students understand how various aspects of contemporary life are interrelated and how the global culture has developed. These general education courses also supply students with the basic quantitative, analytic, lingual, and physical skills that are essential to the program overall and to their tasks as citizens.

Dordt is accredited to grant bachelor and Master of Education degrees by the Higher Learning Commission. Furthermore, the engineering program is ABET accredited, the nursing program is accredited by the National League for Nursing and the Iowa Board of Nursing and the social work program is accredited by the Council on Social Work Education.

Dordt offers more than 25 off-campus study opportunities in countries around the world through its affiliation with the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities. These countries include Australia, China, France, Ghana, Honduras, Hungary, Mexico, the Netherlands, Spain, Uganda, and the United Kingdom. Off-campus programs also exist for Chicago, Washington D.C., and Los Angeles.

Ninety-eight percent of students receive financial aid in the form of scholarships, grants, loans, and work-study opportunities. The university awards scholarships based on academic potential and performance (e.g., the Kuyper Honors program), activities (e.g., sports, theater, music), and demonstrated financial need. Over $18.5 million is awarded in financial aid annually, thanks in large part to private donors and alumni.

In 2022, Dordt was ranked number one in Student Engagement for the sixth year in the row by The Wall Street Journal.

Campus
The university is located in Sioux Center, Iowa, about  north of Sioux City, and  southeast of Sioux Falls, SD. The campus covers a  area and includes 25 buildings, eleven for student housing.

The hub of the campus is the Campus Center. The  facility was constructed in 2002 at a cost of $12.5 million and is open continuously during the academic year. The entry level consists of a campus store, an art gallery, meditation rooms, and a student lounge. The upper level features enhanced-technology classrooms, conference rooms, and various offices. The lower-level houses an activity center, a dining area, a snack bar, and Campus Health. The basement features a recording studio and a game room complete with a four-lane regulation-size bowling alley, as well as foosball and pool tables.

Academic facilities
The campus center is the John and Louise Hulst Library, which houses a collection of more than 300,000 book volumes, 16,000 print journal volumes, and 163,000 microtext units. The library subscribes to more than 600 journals, magazines, and newspapers, and has electronic access to another 10,000 titles. In addition to providing print and electronic resources, the library serves the campus media needs by offering checkout availability of various media equipment. The library has a significant collection of curriculum and children's literature materials housed in the Learning Resource Center. Other specialized collections include the Dordt University Archives and the Dutch Memorial Collection.

The Science and Technology Center at has 180- and 80-seat lecture halls, a greenhouse, laboratories, general-use classrooms, and various science departmental offices. There are laboratories for organic chemistry, physical chemistry and physics. It also houses agriculture facilities for animal science and agronomy labs. The engineering wing includes labs for mechanical engineering, electronics, electrical engineering, and computer-aided design. The Science and Technology Center is connected to the Campus Center via a sky walk, which was constructed in 2017.

B. J. Haan Auditorium
The B. J. Haan Auditorium seats approximately 1,500 people and is used for chapel services, concerts, organ recitals, and other regional events. Convocation and commencement exercises are also held in "the Beej", as it is called by students. The auditorium features a three-manual, tracker-action Casavant Frères organ with 37 stops, 57 ranks, and 2,865 pipes.

The auditorium is adjoined by the Music Building, which also has rehearsal rooms, studios and classrooms, vocal and instrumental practice rooms, and music faculty offices. Its mezzanine also houses the International Association for the Promotion of Christian Higher Education.

The auditorium was the site of a campaign rally by candidate Donald J. Trump on January 23, 2016, during the race for the 2016 Iowa Republican presidential caucuses.

Athletic facilities
The campus recreation center hosts the Health, Physical Education, and Recreation (HPER) departmental facilities and the athletics offices. The Rec Center includes basketball, volleyball and racquetball courts, an aerobics room, a weight room, a 200-meter indoor track, and a batting cage.

The All Seasons Center was built in 2004 and contains an NHL-sized hockey rink, waterslides, a lap pool, and both indoor and outdoor family aquatic pools. This US$9 million facility is shared by Dordt College and the city of Sioux Center and received the Iowa League of Cities 2002 All-Star Community Award. The arena plays host to the Defenders Ice Hockey program.

Athletics
The Dordt athletic teams are called the Defenders. The university is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Great Plains Athletic Conference (GPAC) since the 2000–2001 academic year. The Defenders previously competed in the defunct South Dakota Intercollegiate Conference (SDIC) from 1995–1996 to 1999–2000.

Dordt competes in 18 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, soccer, track & field and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cheerleading, cross country, dance, golf, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball.

Cross Country
The men's team won the 2022 NAIA Cross Country Championships with a final score of 97 points. This was the first national championship for any athletic program in Dordt history.

Basketball
In 2014, the Defenders set a record for points scored by both teams in the NAIA National Basketball Tournament.

Club sports
Dordt University also sponsors the following club sport:

 Men's lacrosse (Dordt Sowers) (Great Rivers Lacrosse Conference)

References

External links
 Official website
 Official athletics website

Liberal arts colleges in Iowa
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Christian Reformed Church
Universities and colleges established in 1955
Education in Sioux County, Iowa
Buildings and structures in Sioux County, Iowa
1955 establishments in Iowa
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Sioux Center, Iowa
Great Plains Athletic Conference schools
Private universities and colleges in Iowa

Dordt University


Karl Gruber () a fost un politician și diplomat austriac. În timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial, a lucrat pentru o firmă germană din Berlin. În 1945, după război, a devenit pentru scurt timp Landeshauptmann al Tirolului, apoi ministru de externe al Austriei până în 1953.

Karl Gruber a fost ambasador austriac în Statele Unite în perioadele 1954–1957 și 1969–1972, ambasador în Spania între 1961 și 1966, ambasador în Republica Federală Germania în 1966 și ambasador în Elveția între 1972 și 1974.

Gruber a fost decorat cu Grand Decoration of Honour in Gold with Sash în 1954.

Vezi și

 Acordul Gruber-De Gasperi

Note

Legături externe

Longines Chronoscope with Karl Cruber (SIC)
Newspaper clippings about Karl Gruber,  20th Century Press Archives a German National Library of Economics (ZBW)

Romano-catolici austrieci
Oameni din Innsbruck
Decese în 1995
Nașteri în 1909
Pages with unreviewed translations
Miniștri de externe ai Austriei

Karl Gruber


حمض اللينولييك (أو حمض زيت الكتان) هو واحد من الأحماض الدهنية الأساسية لأن الجسم لا يستطيع صنعه. وهو حمض غير مشبع حيث أن له رابطتين ثنائيتين في الكربون 9 و 12. وينتمي إلى مجموعة الأوميغا-6 لأن أول رابطة ثنائية إذا بدأنا العد من جهة الميثيل (–CH3) توجد بالكربون 6.

أصل التسمية
اشتقت كلمة «لينولييك» من الكلمة الإغريقية لينون (linon) وهي الكتان، أما بالنسبة لأولييك (Oleic) فمعناها ذو علاقة بالزيت، ومن هنا جاءت التسمية العربية حمض زيت الكتان. و لكن هذه التسمية في الواقع لا تشير إلى النسب الصحيحة لما يحتويه زيت بذور الكتان، فزيت بذور الكتان يحتوي على نسبه أكبر من حمض (ALA)  المنتمي إلى عائلة الاوميجا 3  مقارنة بما يحتويه من حمض اللينولييك المنتمي إلى عائلة الاوميجا 6

استعماله في الجسم
حمض اللينولييك هو حمض دهني غير مشبع يدخل في صناعة الغشاء الخلوي. لكي يستطيع الجسم اسغلاله، يحول حمض اللينولييك إلى حمض اللينولينيك-γ بواسطة تفاعل إنريمي (D6D). بواسطة الحرارة يتحول حمض اللينولييك مقرون إلى حمض اللينولييك مفروق غير المستغل من طرف الجسم لأنه لا يستطيع تحويله إلى حمض اللينولينيك-γ.

تواجده بالأطعمة
يتواجد حمض اللينولييك بالكثير من الزيوت منها زيت الكتان، زيت الأركان، زيت الزيتون، زيت السمسم، زيت دوار الشمس، زيت جوز الهند. بالإضافة إلى حليب البقر، صفار البيض والبامية.

زيت الكتان ناتج من محصول البذور وهو محصول ينمو وينضج في الجو البارد ، ويستخدم في بعض البلاد في التغذية مثل مصر ويسمى الزيت الحار. ويستخدم أساسا في صناعة البويات والورنيش ولا يجوز استخدامه في صناعة السمن النباتى والمرجرين

دور حمض اللينولييك في مرض التليّف الكيسي
بما أن الأطفال الذين يعانون من التليّف الكيسي لديهم نقص في الأحماض الدهنية الأساسية بسبب سوء الامتصاص. تم وضع فرضيّة أن كميات عالية من حمض اللينولييك يمكن أن تساعد في نموّهم. بحثت الدراسة في مجموعتين من الأطفال الذين يعانون من التليّف الكيسي والذين يتّبعون نظام غذائي بمستويين مختلفين من حمض اللينولييك . تبيّن أن الكمية الإضافية من حمض اللينولييك لها تأثير ايجابي على نموّ الأطفال الذين يعانون من التليف الكيسي خاصّة الذين هم بين 6 و 9 أشهر من العمر.

المراجع

أحماض ألكينية
لينولييك
مثبطات الأروماتاز
مغذيات ضرورية

حمض اللينولييك


Christo Projkow (búlgaro Христо Пройков; nascido em 11 de março de 1946 em Sofia, Bulgária) é um clérigo búlgaro e bispo da Eparquia de São João XXIII em Sofia na Igreja Católica Búlgara.

Projkov foi ordenado sacerdote católico búlgaro em 23 de maio de 1971 em Sofia. Projkov foi nomeado coadjutor no Exarcado Apostólico de Sofia em 18 de dezembro de 1993. Ao mesmo tempo, foi nomeado bispo titular de Briula. Foi ordenado bispo em 6 de junho de 1994 em Sofia pelo Papa João Paulo II; Os co-consagradores foram o Cardeal Giovanni Battista Re e o Arcebispo Josip Uhač, Secretário da Congregação para a Evangelização dos Povos. Hristo Projkow é Bispo do Exarcado Greco-Católico de Sofia desde 5 de setembro de 1995.

Em 15 de maio de 2009, o Papa Bento XVI o nomeou Consultor da Congregação para as Igrejas Orientais. Hristo Projkow tornou-se o primeiro Bispo da Eparquia de São João XXIII em 11 de outubro de 2019 como resultado da elevação do Exarcado Apostólico de Sofia à Eparquia, em Sófia.

Ver também

Bispos católicos da Bulgária

Christo Proykov


Kongeskibet Dannebrog har flere specialiseringer:
 Kongeskibet Dannebrog (1879-1932) - hjuldamper
 Kongeskibet Dannebrog (A540, 1932-) - motorskib

Kongeskibet Dannebrog


Ormen ("Slangen") var et vikingeskib, som ifølge Snorre Sturlasons Heimskringla blev bygget for kong Harald Hardråde på Ørene i Nidaros omkring år 1060. Skibet var en langskib af typen busse. Det skulle have været et stort og bredt skib med 35 rorum. Det havde et forgyldt dragehoved i forstavnen og en krog i agterstavnen.

Referencer

Vikingeskibe
Skibe fra Norge

Ormen (skib)


Snickers (stylized in all caps) is a chocolate bar consisting of nougat topped with caramel and peanuts, all encased in milk chocolate. The bars are made by the American company Mars, Inc. The annual global sales of Snickers was over $3 billion .

In the United Kingdom, Snickers was sold under the brand name Marathon until 1990. A Marathon retro edition was sold exclusively at Morrisons for three months in 2020.

History
In 1930, Mars introduced Snickers, named after the favorite horse of the Mars family. The Snickers chocolate bar consists of nougat, peanuts, and caramel with a chocolate coating. The bar was marketed under the name "Marathon" in the UK and Ireland until 1990, when Mars decided to align the UK product with the global Snickers name (Mars had marketed and discontinued an unrelated bar named Marathon in the United States during the 1970s which was similar to the UK's Curly Wurly). There are also several other Snickers products such as Snickers mini, dark chocolate, white chocolate, ice cream bars, Snickers with almonds, Snickers with hazelnuts, Snickers with pecans, Snickers peanut butter bars, Snickers protein and Snickers with Extra Caramel, as well as espresso, fiery, and sweet & salty versions.

Ingredients
The early (1939) ingredients list includes white sugar, sweet milk chocolate, corn syrup, peanuts, milk condensed with sugar, coconut oil, malted milk, whites of eggs and salt. By 2019, the ingredients for the original bar had been refined to milk chocolate (sugar, cocoa butter, chocolate, skim milk, lactose, milkfat, soy lecithin, artificial flavor), peanuts, corn syrup, sugar, palm oil, skim milk, lactose, salt, egg whites, artificial flavor.

Caloric value
The USDA lists the caloric value of a 2-ounce (57 gram) Snickers bar as . As of 2018, the United Kingdom bar has a weight of , with 245 kcal, and the Canadian bar  with 250 kcal.

Bar weight
Over the years, the bar weight has decreased: Before 2009, in the UK a single Snickers bar had a weight of . This weight was subsequently reduced to  in 2009, and to  in 2013. In the United States the listed weight in 2018 was 52.7 g. In Australia, Snickers bars were originally made locally and weighed , however in the late 2010s production moved to China and the bars were shrunk to . In 2022, production returned to Australia and bars further reduced in weight to .

Products containing Snickers
Containing approximately  per bar, deep fried chocolate bars (including Snickers and Mars bars) became a specialty in fish and chips shops in Scotland in 1995, and in the early 2000s, became popular at American state fairs.

In 2006, the British Food Commission highlighted celebrity chef Antony Worrall Thompson's "Snickers pie", which contained five Snickers bars among other ingredients, suggesting it was one of the unhealthiest desserts ever; one slice providing "over  from sugar and fat alone", more than half a day's requirement for an average adult. The pie had featured on his BBC Saturday programme some two years earlier and the chef described it as an occasional treat only.

Advertising

"It's so satisfying"
In 1980, Snickers (and Marathon) ran ads which featured a variety of everyday people discussing why they like Snickers. The ads featured a jingle that said "It's so satisfying" and had the classic hand that would open and close showing a handful of peanuts converting to a Snickers bar. "Packed with peanuts, Snickers really satisfies" was shown in the commercials.

1984 Olympics
Mars paid $5 million to have Snickers and M&M's named the "official snack" of the 1984 Summer Olympics, outraging nutritionists. Sports promotions in international games continued to be a prominent marketing tool for Mars, keeping Snickers as an international brand while also selling local bars in some markets.

Not Going Anywhere For a While?
Beginning in 1995, Snickers ran ads which featured someone making a self-inflicted mistake, with the voice-over saying "Not going anywhere for a while? Grab a Snickers!" The tag line at the end of each ad proclaimed, "Hungry? Why Wait?"

One such ad had a player for a fictional American football team showing off his new tattoo of the team's logo on his back to his teammates. He then shows it to his head coach who, after complimenting the tattoo, immediately tells him that he's been traded to Miami. The player then goes to have his old team's logo replaced with the new team's logo.

Some of the ads were done in conjunction with the National Football League, with whom Snickers had a sponsorship deal at the time. One ad featured a member of the grounds crew at Arrowhead Stadium painting the field for an upcoming Kansas City Chiefs game in hot, late-summer weather. After finishing one of the end zones, and visibly exhausted, one of the Chiefs players walks up to him and says the field looks great, "but who are the Chefs?", showing that despite all the hard work the painter accidentally omitted the "i" in Chiefs. Another had Marv Levy in the Buffalo Bills locker room lecturing his team that "no one's going anywhere" until the Bills figure out how to actually win a Super Bowl.

Snickers Feast
In 2007, Snickers launched a campaign which featured Henry VIII and a Viking among others who attend the "Snickers Feast". It consisted of various commercials of the gang and their adventures on the feast.

Super Bowl XLI commercial
On February 4, 2007, during Super Bowl XLI, Snickers commercials aired. This resulted in complaints by gay and lesbian groups against the maker of the candy bar, Masterfoods USA of Hackettstown, New Jersey, a division of Mars, Incorporated. The commercial showed a pair of auto mechanics accidentally kissing while sharing a Snickers bar. After quickly pulling away, one mechanic sheepishly says, "I think we just accidentally kissed.", and another mechanic frantically exclaims, "Quick! Do something manly!" and in three of the four versions, they do so mostly in the form of injury, including tearing out chest hair, striking each other with a very large pipe wrench, and drinking motor oil and windshield washer fluid. In the fourth version, however, a third mechanic shows up and asks "Is there room for three in this Love Boat?"

Complaints were lodged against Masterfoods that the ads were homophobic. Human Rights Campaign president Joe Solmonese is quoted as saying, "This type of jeering from professional sports figures at the sight of two men kissing fuels the kind of anti-gay bullying that haunts countless gay and lesbian school children on playgrounds all across the country."

Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD) president Neil Giuliano said "That Snickers, Mars and the NFL would promote and endorse this kind of prejudice is simply inexcusable." Masterfoods has since pulled the ads and the website.

Mr. T
In 2006, Mr. T starred in a Snickers advertisement in the UK where he rides up in an army tank and shouts abuse at a football player who appears to be faking an injury, threatening to introduce him to his friend Pain. Another advertisement featured Mr. T launching bars at a swimmer who appeared to refuse to get in a swimming pool because of the cold temperature of the water. In 2008, a European Snickers commercial in which Mr. T uses a Jeep-mounted Minigun to fire Snickers bars at a speedwalker for being a "disgrace to the man race" was pulled after complaints from a US pressure group that the advertisement was homophobic. These advertisements usually ended with Mr. T saying "Snickers: Get Some Nuts!"

NASCAR
In NASCAR racing, Snickers (and the rest of the Mars affiliated brands) sponsored Kyle Busch's #18 Toyota for Joe Gibbs Racing. Prior to that the brand served as a primary sponsor for Ricky Rudd's #88 Robert Yates Racing Ford as well as an associate sponsor for the team's #38 car driven first by Elliott Sadler and then by David Gilliland, and an associate sponsor for the MB2 Motorsports #36 Pontiac driven by Derrike Cope, Ernie Irvan, Ken Schrader, and others. In 1990, Bobby Hillin drove for Stavola Brothers Racing in the #8 Snickers Buick, marking the candy's first appearance as a sponsor; it had since been driven by Rick Wilson and Dick Trickle. Mars announced that at the conclusion of the 2022 NASCAR Cup Series season, they will pull their sponsorship from not only Joe Gibbs Racing, but NASCAR entirely and it was replaced by Monster Energy.

FIFA World Cup & UEFA Euro Sponsorship
Snickers was the Official Sponsor of the FIFA World Cup from 1994 until 1998 editions and the UEFA European Championship from 1996.

You're Not You When You're Hungry
In 2010, a new advertising campaign was launched, usually based around people turning into different people (usually celebrities) as a result of hunger (taking the new campaign's name "You're Not You When You're Hungry" quite literally). The tagline varied depending on the commercial's location or what variety the commercial is showing. The American adverts initially ended with the tagline "Snickers Satisfies". Steve Burns, best known as the first host of the children's show Blue's Clues has done the voice of the announcer. BBDO New York said this campaign made Snickers the number one candy bar, up from seventh. In 2020, USA Today'''s Ad Meter named it the best Super Bowl campaign of the past 25 years.

In 2010, Betty White and Abe Vigoda appeared in the first Snickers commercial in this campaign, playing American football. The commercial was ranked by ADBOWL as the best advertisement of the year. This commercial was also briefly spoofed in an episode of SportsNation on ESPN2 with Michelle Beadle playing the role instead of Betty White in 2011. Later that year, Snickers commercials featured singers Aretha Franklin and Liza Minnelli, and comedians Richard Lewis and Roseanne Barr. A 2011 commercial featured actors Joe Pesci and Don Rickles.

In Latin America, the slogan was the same as in the UK version, except that men doing extreme sports turning into the Mexican singer Anahí as a result of hunger. Brazilian versions of the ad featured actresses Betty Faria and Cláudia Raia.

In 2013, Robin Williams and Bobcat Goldthwait appeared in a Snickers football commercial. Russian duo t.A.T.u. appeared in a Japanese Snickers commercial as themselves throwing a tantrum in a baseball game before eating the chocolate reverts them into normal baseball players. In March 2014, a commercial featuring Godzilla was released to promote the 2014 Godzilla film. In the commercial, Godzilla is shown hanging out with humans on the beach, riding dirt bikes, and water skiing; he only begins rampaging once he is hungry. After being fed a Snickers bar, he resumes having fun with the humans.

In February 2015, Snickers' Super Bowl XLIX commercial featured a parody of a scene from an episode of The Brady Bunch entitled "The Subject Was Noses." In the commercial, Carol and Mike try to calm down a very angry Machete (played by Danny Trejo). When the parents give Machete a Snickers bar, he reverts into Marcia before an irate Jan (played by Steve Buscemi) rants upstairs and walks away. In a second commercial set earlier, Marcia (as Machete) angrily brushes her hair while yelling through her door.

In 2016, for Super Bowl 50, another Snickers commercial was made, featuring Willem Dafoe (as Marilyn Monroe) and Eugene Levy, where Willem Dafoe complains about filming the iconic "subway grate" scene in The Seven Year Itch''. After being given a Snickers, he turns into Marilyn and goes ahead with the scene, with Levy operating the fan below, commenting that the scene will not make the movie's final cut, that nobody would want to see it.

In 2018, Brazil World Cup winner Ronaldo is seen celebrating a goal for Argentina. When he notices the confused faces around him, he eats a Snickers and returns to normal.

The UK version of the campaign usually used British celebrities and, up until 2018, retained the slogan from the Mr. T. era. In the initial advertisement, Joan Collins and Stephanie Beacham featured as locker room footballers who had turned into them due to being hungry. In 2014, Rowan Atkinson as Mr. Bean returned on television by appearing on several UK Snickers commercials and cinema spots, in place of a martial arts master who had turned into him as a result of hunger. Later, in 2018, Elton John appeared in a new advertisement where he turns into African American rapper Boogie after he eats a Snickers; the latter had turned into the former due to hunger (the slogan appeared on a turntable in this advertisement).

This campaign was revived in 2022 in the UK under a slightly different form and new slogan "You're Unfiltered When You're Hungry" while using the initial American "Satisfies" slogan.

Confused? Maybe You Just Need A Snickers

In 2020, a new, albeit short-lived, campaign was introduced that focused on people doing things that contradicted what they think they are doing, such as a man crawling along rocky ground when he thought he was climbing a rock face, the new slogan above indicating it to be the result of hunger-induced confusion.

WrestleMania

Snickers has been an official sponsor of WWE's WrestleMania events, including WrestleMania 2000, 22, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 and 39, while its Cruncher variant sponsored WrestleMania X-Seven, XIX, XX and 21. Since then, Snickers has sponsored superstars such as Enzo Amore and Big Cass with their signature term, SAWFT, which is labelled at the back of the chocolate bar.

Six Flags Fright Fest
Since 2011, Snickers has been the official sponsor of Six Flags' annual Fright Fest event at its theme parks.

Controversy

King-Size phaseout
A replacement for the king size Snickers bar was launched in the UK in 2004, and designed to conform to the September 2004 Food and Drink Federation (FDF) "Manifesto for Food and Health". Part of the FDF manifesto was seven pledges of action to encourage the food and drink industry to be more health conscious. Reducing portion size, clearer food labels, and reduction of the levels of fat, sugar, and salt were among the FDF pledges. Mars Incorporated pledged to phase out their king-size bars in 2005 and replace them with shareable bars. A Mars spokesman said: "Our king-size bars that come in one portion will be changed so they are shareable or can be consumed on more than one occasion. The name king-size will be phased out."

These were eventually replaced by the 'Duo' - a double bar pack. Though this change to Duos reduced the weight from , the price remained the same. The packaging has step-by-step picture instructions of how to open a Duo into two bars, in four simple actions. As Mars stated fulfillment of their promise, the Duo format was met with criticism by the National Obesity Forum and National Consumer Council.

Australian recall
In December 2000, tens of thousands of Snickers and Mars Bars were removed from New South Wales store shelves due to a series of threatening letters which resulted in fears that the chocolate bars had been poisoned. Mars received letters from an unidentified individual indicating that they planned to plant poisoned chocolate bars on store shelves. The last letter sent included a Snickers bar contaminated with a substance which was later identified as rat poison. The letters claimed that there were seven additional chocolate bars which had been tampered with and which were for sale to the public. As a precautionary measure, Mars issued a massive recall. Mars said that there had been no demand for money and complaints directed to an unidentified third party.

Snickers products
The following variants are available in the United States of America.
Snickers Original
Snickers Milk Chocolate
Snickers Almond
Snickers Peanut Butter
Snickers White Chocolate
Snickers Peanut Brownie
Snickers Almond Brownie Dark Chocolate
Snickers Ice Cream
Snickers Ice Cream Bars
Snickers 100 Calories Chocolate
Snickers Creamy Peanut Butter
Snickers Crunchy Peanut Butter

See also
 Curly Wurly
 Baby Ruth
 Mars bar
 Milky Way
 Snickers salad
 Snickers pie
 List of chocolate bar brands
 List of candies

References

External links

 Official website

Products introduced in 1930
American confectionery
Candy
Mars confectionery brands
Peanut dishes
Chocolate bars
Brand name confectionery

Snickers


is a Japanese actor, director, artist, and businessman.

Career
Iseya co-starred with Arata Iura, Yui Natsukawa, and Susumu Terajima in Hirokazu Koreeda's Distance. He appeared in Takashi Miike's 13 Assassins.

He has also appeared in films such as Gakuryu Ishii's Dead End Run, Miike's Sukiyaki Western: Django, and Fernando Meirelles' Blindness.

He was arrested by Tokyo Metropolitan Police on September 8, 2020, on suspicion of violating the cannabis possession law.

Filmography

Film
 After Life (1998) – Yusuke Iseya
 Kinpatsu no Sogen (2000)
 Harmful Insect (2001) – Coffeeshop Guy
 Distance (2001) – Enoki Masaru
 Yomigaeri (2002) – Shunsuke
 Tsuki ni Shizumu (2002)
 Dead End Run (2003)
 Kakuto (2003)
 Casshern (2004) – Tetsuya Azuma/Casshern
 What the Snow Brings (2005) – Manabu Yazaki
 The Passenger (2005) – Kohji
 Memories of Matsuko (2006) – Youichi Ryu
 Sea Without Exit (2006)
 Tekkonkinkreet (2006) – Kimura (voice)
 Warau Michael (2006) – Kazuomi Shijo
 Honey and Clover (2006) – Shinobu Morita
 Sukiyaki Western Django (2007) – Yoshitsune
 The Insects Unlisted in the Encyclopedia (2007)
 Dog in a Sidecar (2007)
 Densen Uta (2007) – Taichi
 Closed Note (2007)
 Blindness (2008) – First Blind Man
 13 Assassins (2010) – Kiga Koyata
 The Fallen Angel (2010)
 Ashita no Joe (2011) – Tōru Rikiishi
 Kaiji 2 (2011)
 Dreams for Sale (2012)
 Land of Hope (2012) – Tanigawa
 The Tenor – Lirico Spinto (2012) – Koji Sawada
 The Kiyosu Conference (2013) – Oda Nobukane
 Ask This of Rikyu (2013) – Oda Nobunaga
 Rurouni Kenshin: Kyoto Inferno (2014) – Shinomori Aoshi
 Rurouni Kenshin: The Legend Ends (2014) – Shinomori Aoshi
 Joker Game (2015) – Yūki
 Shinjuku Swan (2015) – Mako
 Mumon: The Land of Stealth (2017) – Daizen Heki
 Shinjuku Swan II (2017) – Mako
 JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Diamond Is Unbreakable Chapter I (2017) – Jotaro Kujo
 March Comes in Like a Lion: Part 2 (2017) – Seijirō Amaido
 Inuyashiki (2018) – Detective Hagihara
 I Love Irene (2018) – Yūjirō
 Fly Me to the Saitama (2019) – Sho Akutsu
 At the End of the Matinee (2019)
 Tonkatsu DJ Agetarō (2020) – DJ Oily
 The Devil Wears Jūnihitoe (2020) – Emperor Kiritsubo
 Rurouni Kenshin: The Final (2021) – Shinomori Aoshi
 A Morning of Farewell (2021)
 Penalty Loop (2024) – Mizoguchi

Television
 Shirasu Jiro (2009) – Jirō Shirasu
 Ryōmaden (2010) – Takasugi Shinsaku
 One no Kanata ni -Chichi to Musuko no Nikkouki Tsuiraku Jikou- (2012)
 Kuruma Isu de Boku wa Sora wo Tobu (2012)
 Onna Nobunaga (2013) – Hashiba Hideyoshi
 Hana Moyu (2015) – Yoshida Shōin
 Prison's Princess (2017) – Gorō Itabashi
 Voice: 110 Emergency Control Room (2019) – Shizuku Hongo

Dubbing
 The Little Prince (2015) – the Fox

References

External links

1976 births
Businesspeople from Tokyo
Japanese male film actors
Japanese male models
Japanese male television actors
Living people
Male actors from Tokyo
People from Setagaya
Tokyo University of the Arts alumni
Japanese expatriates in the United States
20th-century Japanese male actors
21st-century Japanese businesspeople
21st-century Japanese male actors

Yusuke Iseya


Aktüer finansal riskleri değerlendirebilen, çözümler öneren ve her çözümün uzun dönemdeki sonuçlarını irdeleyebilen bir profesyoneldir. Aktüer yalnızca bugünü değil yarınları da düşünerek finansal belirsizlikleri değerlendirir. İleriye yönelik projeksiyonlar yaparak stratejik kararlar için önerilerde bulunur.

Aktüer, sahip olduğu teknik bilgileri üst yönetime aktaran sosyal bir matematikçidir. Aslında aktüer olmak bir düşünce yapısı kazanımı ile gerçekleşmektedir. Bu perspektifte de aktüerler için bir çalışma alanı tanımlayarak bir kısıtlamaya gitmek yersiz ve anlamsız olmaktadır. Temel düşünce yapısının doğru yerleşmiş olması ön koşulu ile sigorta şirketleri, finans kurumları, fon yönetimi şirketleri, devlet kuruluşları, uluslararası sosyal güvenlik örgütleri, üniversiteler, araştırma ve danışmanlık şirketleri ve benzerleri, aktüerler için bir rol sahnesi olabilmektedir.

Aktüerlik (aktüerya) mesleğinin doğuşu
Aktüerya kelimesi, Roma Senatosu'nda yöneticiler için kulanılan Latince "actuarius" kelimesinden türetilmiştir.

 1706'da Euler, yaşa bağlı olarak anuitlerin hesaplanmasında kendi metodunu uygulamıştır.
 1762'de Equitable Society of London tarafından aktüerya terimi ilk kez hayat sigortası prim hesaplamalarını ifade etmek için kullanılmıştır.
 1809, Amerika'da Aktüerlik mesleğinin ortaya çıkış tarihidir.
 1821, İngiltere Hükûmeti, ilk olarak aktüerlik mesleğini ulusal borçların azaltılması amacıyla kurulan komisyon için benimsemiştir.
 1848, Londra'da Aktüerlik Enstitüsü kurulmuştur.
 1889, Amerika Aktüerler Birliği, Sheppard Homes ve David Parks Fackler tarafından New York'ta kurulmuştur.

Aktüerya'nın çeşitli tanımları
Aktüerya, hayat sigortalarının ilk uygulamaları ile birlikte 1792 yılında İngiltere'de ortaya çıkmış olan, çok güçlü bir matematiksel ve istatistiksel altyapı gerektiren, sigorta, uzun vadeli yatırımlar ve emeklilik ile ilgili fiyatlandırma ve risk analizine yönelik hesaplama ve tahmin yöntemlerinin bütününü içeren bir bilim dalı.
 Belirsizliğin finansal sonuçlarını yöneten,
 Risk analizi, ölçümlenmesi ve fiyatlandırması üzerine çalışan,
 Risk yönetimine ilişkin problemleri matematiksel ve istatistiksel yöntemler kullanarak çözen,
 Şirketler tarafından alınan riskleri minimize etmek için doğru strateji belirlenmesine yardımcı olan, uzmanlık dalıdır.

Gelecekteki riskleri belirleyerek fiyatları tespit eden ve yatırım stratejilerini oluşturan aktüerler, yatırım karlılıklarını artırıp istihdam imkânları yaratarak çalıştıkları ülkelerin ekonomik büyümesine de katkı sağlarlar.

Aktüerya'nın çalışma alanı
Aktüerler, finansal riskleri değerlendirebilen, çözümler öneren, ve her çözümün uzun dönemdeki sonuçlarını irdeleyebilen profesyonellerdir. Aktüer yalnızca bugünü değil geleceği de düşünerek finansal belirsizlikleri değerlendirir. İleriye yönelik yansıtmalar yaparak stratejik kararlar için önerilerde bulunur.

Bu sebeple finansın ve riskin bir araya geldiği her sektörde çalışma yetisine sahiptirler. Sigortacılık, bankacılık, yatırım firmaları, borsa, birleşme ve satın almalar gibi çeşitli alanlarda aktüerlerin bulunduğunu görüyoruz. Tabii bu durum Türkiye' de aynı şekilde geçerli değil. Aktüerya yeni yeni gelişen ve tanınan bir alan olduğu için zaman içerisinde çok daha iyi konumlara gelecektir. Önemli olan 'aktüer' düşüncesine ve bilincine sahip insan sayısının her geçen gün daha çok artmasıdır.Lakin bu düşünceyle yetişmek bile mezunların sektör dışı alanlarda çalışmasına engel olamamaktadır.

Dünyada aktüerya

İşin teknik doğası nedeniyle ilk aktüerler matematikçilerden çıkmıştır. Ancak ilerleyen zamanlarda Aktüerlerin sayısındaki artış 1848 yılında İngiltere'de Aktüerya Enstitüsü'nün kurulmasını zorunlu kılmıştır. Bundan sekiz yıl sonra İskoçya'da Aktüerya Fakültesi kurulmuştur. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde 1889 yılında Amerikan Aktüerler Birliği ve 1909 yılında Amerikan Aktüarya Enstitüsü kurulmuştur.

20. yüzyılın başları itibarıyla Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde hastalık, maluliyet ve kaza sigortalarında, özellikle 1911 yılından itibaren uygulanan işçi tazminatlarından kaynaklanan problemler aktüeryal yaklaşımlar gerektirmiştir. Yeni problemler ve geleneksel hayat sigortası uygulamaları arasındaki farklar 1914 yılında "Amerika Kaza Aktüeryası ve İstatistik Birliği''nin kurulmasına yol açmıştır. Amerikan Aktüerler Birliği ve Amerikan Aktüerya Enstitüsü 1949 yılında birleşerek Aktüerler Birliği'ni oluşturmuştur.

Alman Aktüerler Birliğinin (DAV) üye sayısı ise 2.424'tür. İngiltere'de ise bu rakam 16.337'ye ulaşmış durumdadır. Yunanistan'daki birlik 90 ve İsveç'teki birlik 350 üyeye sahiptir. Amerika Aktüerler Akademisi' nin ise mevcut verilere göre 16.495 üyesi bulunmaktadır.

Ayrıca Career Cast' ın yayınladığı '2013 yılının en iyi meslekleri' listesinde Aktüerlik 1. sırada yer almıştır.

Türkiye'de ise sicile kayıtlı aktüer (127), stajyer aktüer ve yardımcı aktüer (109) olmak üzere toplam 236 aktüer bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Finans meslekleri
Mali hizmetler meslekleri

Aktüerya