Charter 88 was a British pressure group that advocated constitutional and electoral reform and owes its origins to the lack of a written constitution. It began as a special edition of the New Statesman magazine in 1988 and it took its name from Charter 77 – the Czechoslovak dissident movement co-founded by Václav Havel. It was a successor to the popular mid-19th century Chartist Movement of England that resulted in an unsuccessful campaign for a People's Charter and also Magna Carta or 'Great Charter' of 1215. In November 2007, Charter 88 merged with the New Politics Network to form Unlock Democracy.

History

Formation
Charter 88 was created by 348 mainly Liberal and Social Democratic British intellectuals and activists. They signed a letter to the New Statesman magazine as "a general expression of dissent" following the 1987 General Election victory of the Conservative Party, led by Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. This was then followed by further advertisements in The Guardian and The Independent. Five thousand signatures were published in The Observer newspaper in January 1989, followed by the establishment of an organisation.

The organisation was offered space within the offices of the New Statesman magazine, then based in Shoreditch. For several years it was based in offices in Exmouth Market, Clerkenwell. It later moved to the Institute of Community Studies (now The Young Foundation) in Bethnal Green. Its initial activity resulted in the creation of a Charter which the public was invited to sign and to support with financial contributions. Anthony Barnett was the first Director and Andrew Puddephatt, former General Secretary of Liberty, became the director of Charter 88 in 1995.

Source of inspiration
Charter 88 was the brainchild of New Statesman editor Stuart Weir and came into existence as a direct response to Thatcherism in Britain in the 1980s. It closely followed the methodology that had been employed by Charter 77 in Czechoslovakia during 1977. Charter 77 originally appeared as a manifesto published in a West German newspaper that was signed by Czechoslovak citizens representing various occupations, political viewpoints, and religions. The manifesto was reprinted and circulated as a document inviting other signatures and by the mid-1980s it had been signed by 1,200 people.

The Original Charter 88
The Original Charter of Charter 88 was explicitly concerned with institutional change:

Support
Since 1988, approximately 85,000 people have signed the Charter, over which time the aim of the movement has changed considerably.

Among its early supporters in the British entertainment industry was singer Billy Bragg. He had earlier given his support to the left-wing Red Wedge British youth political movement. Red Wedge closely allied itself with Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock in his unsuccessful attempt to defeat the Conservative Party. The writer Harold Pinter, composer Simon Rattle, actor John Cleese and actress Emma Thompson were also early supporters. Other signatories from the entertainment world included actor Ray McAnally, who played the left-wing Prime Minister in the TV film A Very British Coup, whilst other famous names included novelists Salman Rushdie, Ian McEwan, Julian Barnes, A.S. Byatt, Margaret Drabble, and Angela Carter.

Other famous signatories included Martin Amis, Melvyn Bragg, Tim Clement-Jones, Judi Dench, Terry Eagleton, Antonia Fraser, Clement Freud, Stuart Hall, and Christopher Hitchens.

Signatory Lord Scarman chaired the launch in the House of Commons of Charter 88's strategy document 'We can Make it Happen in the Next Ten years', and remained a behind the scenes influence.

The intellectual left provided notable signatories however in the form of Ralph Miliband, Robin Blackburn and feminist Sheila Rowbotham.

In 1988 Neil Kinnock is alleged to have described Charter 88 as a movement of "whiners, whingers and wankers", though he and his wife Glenys Kinnock later signed the charter. Tony Blair acknowledged his agreement with many of the aims and intentions of Charter 88.

People

Council Chair

 Stuart Weir and Richard Holme (jointly) 1988–1989
 Beverley Anderson 1989 – 1992
 Helena Kennedy 1992 – 1997
 Paul Farthing 1998 – 2003
 Debbie Chay 2003 – 2005
 Vicky Seddon 2005 – 2007

Directors

Anthony Barnett 1988 – 1995;
Andrew Puddephatt 1995 – 1998;
Pam Giddy 1998 – 2002;
Karen Bartlett 2002 – 2003;
Phil Starr 2003 – 2004;
Ron Bailey 2004 – 2006 (co-director);
Peter Facey 2004 – 2006 (co-director), 2006 – 2007

Later developments

In June 2003, the chair of the Charter 88 executive and management committee and active contributor Paul Hirst died suddenly. Along with this, the organisation's financial situation and a period of resignations and redundancies, created a crisis situation in late 2003.

From 2004, Charter 88 developed partnerships with two organisations:
The New Politics Network was created in 2000 following the winding up of Democratic Left.
Active Citizens Transform, founded in 2004 by Charles Secrett, former executive director of the environmental organisation Friends of the Earth and by Ron Bailey.

On 8 February 2005, Charter 88 and the New Politics Network launched the Elect the Lords Campaign, which began with an advert in The Guardian newspaper.

It worked to introduce the Armed Forces (Parliamentary Approval for Participation in Armed Conflict) Bill in Parliament, in cooperation with Clare Short. In 2006, Active Citizens Transform was wound up and subsumed within Charter 88. Local Works, ACT's campaign for the Sustainable Communities Bill continued successfully and the legislation received Royal Assent in October 2007.

Members of Charter 88 and the New Politics Network were balloted in March 2007 on a proposed merger of the two organisations. The proposal was passed and the new organisation called Unlock Democracy was established in November 2007.

See also
 Civil liberties in the United Kingdom
 Commonwealth of Britain Bill
 Elections in the United Kingdom
 Labour for a Republic
 Make Votes Matter

References

Further reading

1988 documents
1988 establishments in the United Kingdom
Constitution of the United Kingdom
Electoral reform in the United Kingdom
Organizations established in 1988
Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
Charter 88
Reform in the United Kingdom

Charter 88


Alastor Cluster - Roiul stelar Alastor este locul fictiv în care are loc acțiunea din trei romane ale scriitorului american Jack Vance: Trullion: Alastor 2262, Marune: Alastor 933 și Wyst: Alastor 1716, fiecare numit după o planetă-lume din roi. Vance a planificat un al patrulea roman Pharism: Alastor 458, dar nu a fost scris niciodată.

Acesta este un roi stelar globular pe care Vance îl descrie ca pe o "o spirală de treizeci de mii de stele vii într-un volum neregulat cu douăzeci până la treizeci de ani lumină în diametru"   Roiul Alastor face parte din universul fictiv mai mare Gaean Reach al lui Vance.

Trei mii din sistemele stelare din roi sunt locuite de cinci trilioane de oameni. Vance le descrie ca având "puține în comun, cu excepția lipsei lor de uniformitate".  Ele sunt conduse laissez-faire de Connatic - Oman Ursht, din "a șaisprezecea dinastie Idită".  Motto-ul său este "când ai dubii, nu faci nimic".

Palatul lui Connatic, Lusz, de pe planeta Numenes,  se ridică "la zece mii de metri deasupra mării pe cinci stâlpi mari" și conține camere dedicate fiecărei planete locuite. Forța sa militară, Whelm, este numită așa pentru utilizarea forței sale militare copleșitoare pentru a aduce victoria. În maniera lui Harun al-Rashid din O mie și una de nopți, el merge printre oamenii săi deghizat: acționând adesea sub un pseudonim sub pretextul că este un oficial al propriului său guvern. Personajul său acționează ca un deus ex machina, legând între ele seria de romane.

Referințe

Legături externe

Serii de romane științifico-fantastice
Lucrări de Jack Vance

Alastor (serie de romane)


Snapind Skov (vest for Åløkkevænget), Åløkke Skov og Næsbyhoved Skov kaldes i daglig tale Åløkkeskoven, er en naturskov beliggende i centrum af Odense.

Skoven strækker sig fra Mogensensvej i syd til Glud og Marstrand i Nord, fra Jernbanevej i vest til Gammelsø i Øst.{
  "type": "FeatureCollection",
  "features": [
    {
      "type": "Feature",
      "properties": {},
      "geometry": {
        "type": "Point",
        "coordinates": [
          10.366716384887697,
          55.406506421939596
        ]
      }
    }
  ]
}

Historie
Åløkkeskoven er beskrevet helt tilbage til Kong Frederik I's tid. Skoven ejedes på dette tidspunkt af Sankt Hans kloster i Odense.

På Jürgen Themsens kort over Odense fra 1717 kan man se skoven. Skovkanten er stort set uændret i dag.

Skoven lå oprindeligt ned til Næsbyhoved Sø.

Fortidsminder
I skoven findes en fredet rundhøj fra oldtiden. 55.40645 10.36711

Foreninger, klubber og institutioner i skoven
En lang række foreninger, klubber og institutioner hører til i og ved skoven.

KFUM -spejderne, Gråbrødre Gruppe

Odense Bueskytteklub

Odense Orienteringsklub

Skovbrynet Rudolf Steiner vuggestue og børnehave

Fåreholderlauget

Kilder

Odenses geografi
Skove i Danmark

Åløkkeskoven


The Neumark (), also known as the New March  () or as East Brandenburg (), was a region of the Margraviate of Brandenburg and its successors located east of the Oder River in territory which became part of Poland in 1945.

Called the Lubusz Land while part of medieval Poland, the territory later known as the Neumark gradually became part of the German Margraviate of Brandenburg from the mid-13th century. As Brandenburg-Küstrin the Neumark formed an independent state of the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation from 1535 to 1571; after the death of the margrave John, a younger son of Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg, it returned to Elector John George, the margrave's nephew and Joachim I Nestor's grandson. With the rest of the Electorate of Brandenburg, it became part of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701 and part of the German Empire in 1871 when each of those states first formed. After World War I the entirely ethnic German Neumark remained within the Free State of Prussia, itself part of the Weimar Republic (Germany).

After World War II the Potsdam Conference assigned the majority of the Neumark to Polish administration, and since 1945 has remained part of Poland. Polish settlers largely replaced the expelled German population. Most of the Polish territory became part of the Lubusz Voivodeship, while the northern towns Choszczno (Arnswalde), Myślibórz (Soldin), and Chojna (Königsberg in der Neumark) belong to the West Pomeranian Voivodeship. Some territory near Cottbus, which was administratively part of the Government Region of Frankfurt (coterminous with the Neumark) after the 1815 Congress of Vienna, became part of East Germany in the 1940s, becoming part of Germany after reunification in 1990.

Location
The Oder marked the borders of the Neumark in the west and south; in the north it bordered Pomerania, and in the east Greater Poland until the Partitions of Poland in the late 18th century. From the 1772 First Partition of Poland it bordered the Prussian Netze District in the east, which had largely been carved out of the northern part of Greater Poland. After the 1793 Second Partition of Poland the remainder of Greater Poland became part of the Province of South Prussia. In 1807 South Prussia and the southern part of the Netze District (among other areas) became part of the Napoleonic Duchy of Warsaw, while the northern part of the Netze District was merged into the Province of West Prussia; the Neumark shared borders with both.

After 1815 (Congress of Vienna) the Neumark was dissolved, largely becoming part of  of the Province of Brandenburg. Most of the eastern border of the Neumark became that of Brandenburg/Frankfurt with West Prussia (Province of Prussia 1829–1878) and the Grand Duchy of Posen (Province of Posen from 1848).

The Warta and Noteć Rivers and their swamp regions dominated the landscape of the region. At the time of the Neumark's greatest territorial extent (at the end of the 17th century), the region included the following later  (districts) and towns:

In the Brandenburgian Region of Frankfurt

  (1818–1945; from 1938 part of Pomeranian Region of Posen-West Prussia), based in Neuwedell (till 1908), thereafter in Arnswalde
  (1818–1945), based in Crossen upon Oder
  (1816–1945; from 1938 part of Pomeranian Region of Posen-West Prussia), based in Friedeberg in the New March
  (1816–15 March 1946, remainder west of the Oder merged into ,  and ), based in Königsberg in the New March
  (1818–1945), based in Landsberg upon Warthe
  (1818–1945), based in Soldin
 , (1816–1873; partitioned into  and ), based in Zielenzig (till 1852), thereafter in Drossen

In the Pomeranian Region of Köslin

  (1816–1945; from 1938 part of Pomeranian Region of Posen-West Prussia), based in Dramburg
  (1816–1945), based in Schivelbein

History

Ancient history
In the Bronze Age the area which became the Neumark fell within the area of the Lusatian culture. In the Iron Age the Jastorf culture operated in this region, identified sometimes with Germanic and sometimes with Celtic tribes.

As its inhabitants moved westward, the region became depopulated during the Migration Period. After AD 500 West Slavic tribes gradually repopulated the area, which became a forest borderland between Pomerania and Greater Poland. According to the Bavarian Geographer's description, the Miloxi inhabited the future Neumark region: they had 47 settlements between the Oder and Poznań.

Middle Ages

The region came under the sovereignty of the first Polish state during the 10th-century rule of Mieszko I (died 992) and Bolesław I (ruled 992–1025), Dukes of the Polans. Polish rulers incorporated the future Neumark territory as the Lubusz Land and by the beginning of the 13th century the previously depopulated region had a thinly-spread population of Poles.

Beginning in the 1230s, Low-German–speaking colonists from the Holy Roman Empire began settling north and south of the Warta and Noteć Rivers upon the initiative of Pomeranian and Polish lords (see ). The lords invited members of the Knights Templar and Knights Hospitaller to establish monasteries, near which settlements began to develop. To fortify the borderland Pomeranian and Polish dukes built castles in the north, around which settlements also grew.

The Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg, starting with Albert the Bear (ruled 1157–1170), aspired to extend their dominion east of the Oder. They had gained a foothold east of the river by 1242 and in 1252 the Margraviate of Brandenburg and the Archbishopric of Magdeburg purchased the Lubusz Land. In 1253 they founded Frankfurt an der Oder as a river-crossing and as a staging-point for further expansion eastward. Through land purchases, marriage pacts, and services to Poland's Piast dynasty, the Ascanians extended their territory eastward to the Drawa River and northward to the Parsęta River. For instance, the Polish castellany of Santok, an important base and crossing point over the Warta near its junction with the Noteć, was sought by Pomerania. To relieve himself of the trouble of maintaining the fortress, Duke Przemysł I of Greater Poland granted the castellany to Margrave Conrad as a dowry for his daughter Konstancja. To safeguard the region Margrave John I founded the town of Landsberg an der Warthe (now Gorzów Wielkopolski) in 1257. The Templars sold Soldin to the Ascanians in 1261, and the town began to become a center for the region.

Most of the colonists who settled in Brandenburg's new eastern territory came from Magdeburg or the Altmark ("Old March"). Unlike in the rest of Brandenburg (where the Ascanians settled knights in open villages) the margraves began constructing castles in their land east of the Oder to guard against Poland.
The Slavic inhabitants of the region gradually became Germanized. Because the new Terra trans Oderam, or "land across the Oder", formed an extension of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, it became known as the Neumark ("New March") after the middle of the 15th century.

With the extinction of the Ascanian line in 1320, Brandenburg's interest in the Neumark decreased. Neither the margraves of the Wittelsbach (1323–1373) nor those of the Luxembourg dynasties concerned themselves with developing their easternmost territory further. The political vacuum allowed Poland to reassert its influence in the area, while robber barons terrorized the populace.

Teutonic Knights

Brandenburg pawned the Neumark to the Teutonic Knights in 1402, and it passed completely under their control in 1429, although the Order neglected the region as well. After the Teutonic Knights' defeat in the Battle of Grunwald (Tannenberg) in 1410, the future Grand Master Michael Küchmeister von Sternberg used the Neumark as a staging ground for an army of German and Hungarian mercenaries which he later used against the forces of King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. This allowed the Order to retain much of its territory in the First Peace of Thorn in 1411.

In 1454/1455 the Knights' mismanagement led to their pawning of the Neumark back to Brandenburg, by then led by Elector Frederick II of the Hohenzollern dynasty (Treaties of Cölln and Mewe). After Frederick completed the re-acquisition of Neumark in 1463 for 40,000 guilders, the region belonged to Brandenburg for the following centuries, with the exception of the time between 1535 and 1571. Frederick II wrote for his successors "that the said land, the New Mark, shall belong to German territory and to the worshipful Electorate of the Mark of Brandenburg, with which it was incorporated at the institution of the Electorate, and shall so remain, and shall never pass to those who speak not the German tongue".

Brandenburg-Küstrin

After the death of Elector Joachim I Nestor in 1535, Brandenburg's territory west of the Oder (the Kurmark) went to his older son Joachim II Hector, while the Neumark went to his younger son John, who began ruling the Neumark as an independent margraviate and consolidated the land. An enthusiastic supporter of the Protestant Reformation, John succeeded in converting the Neumark to Lutheranism and in confiscating church property. He lived frugally and acquired wealth for his treasury through usury and hiring out mercenary companies.

The division of Brandenburg resulted in trade wars between the brothers, as Crossen and Landsberg competed with the Kurmark's Frankfurt for mercantile primacy. The two margraves eventually compromised – at the economic expense of Stettin. (The brothers also reconciled out of concern for their territories during the Schmalkaldic War of 1546–47.)

In 1548 John's administration moved from Soldin to Küstrin. With the death of both brothers within ten days of each other in 1571, the Neumark became reunited with the Kurmark under Joachim II's son, John George.

Brandenburg-Prussia
In 1618, East Brandenburg became part of Brandenburg-Prussia after the electors' inheritance of the Duchy of Prussia. During the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) both Swedish and Imperial troops plundered, ravaged and burnt the land, while plague epidemics in 1626 and 1631 killed much of the populace. While occupied by Swedish troops the region had to contribute 60,000 thalers and 10,000 Wispel of rye.

Kingdom of Prussia

After the declaration of the Kingdom of Prussia in 1701, the situation in the Neumark began to improve. King Frederick I initiated new waves of colonization. Many French Huguenots, forced to flee from religious persecution in France, arrived as settlers. The textile industry also began to develop in the Neumark. The Seven Years' War caused the region to regress in its development, as high contributions were exacted from the population for the war effort and the Neumark was the setting for battles such as at Kunersdorf. Under Frederick II, increased land reclamation and economic consolidation resulted from the drainage of the Warta and Notec areas.

The reorganization of Prussia after the territorial changes – resulting from the Congress of Vienna in 1815 – changed the political makeup of the Neumark. The  and  and the northern part of the  with the town of Nörenberg became part of the Province of Pomerania. The Neumark's remaining territory was incorporated into the newly created Frankfurt Region of the Province of Brandenburg.

Germany
With the formation of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871 the Neumark — along with the rest of Brandenburg — became part of a unified German state. In the Weimar Republic's National Assembly of 1 November 1919, the majority of the region voted for the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Neumark populace mostly voted for the German National People's Party in the elections for the German Reichstag on 20 May 1928, with a small island of SPD voters. In the Reichstag vote of December 1924 1,900 votes were cast for the Polish People's Party out of a population of 570,000. In 1925 the Neumark had 3,500 Polish speakers. In the Reichstag vote of 6 November 1932, the Nazi Party won the election in the region.

When the Nazi authorities dissolved the province of Posen-West Prussia in 1938, they expanded the Frankfurt Region to include the districts of Schwerin and of Meseritz, although the New Marcher  and  were reassigned to Pomerania. According to the 1939 census, the Neumark had a population of 645,000 residents, including 3,000 non-Germans. The dialect spoken in much of the territory was the East Low German Brandenburgisch dialect.

Infrastructure before 1945
The Neumark region long featured agriculture and forestry. The medium-sized towns were mostly Ackerbürgerstädte, or farmer-citizen-towns. The textile industry became prominent in the 19th century. With the construction of modern roadways, of the Fernverkehrstraße 1 (an arterial road from Berlin to Königsberg), and of the Prussian Eastern Railway, the Neumark also began to develop industrially. Such development was primarily geared toward agricultural needs and was concentrated near the cities of Landsberg and Küstrin, and the Neumark did not become nearly as industrialized or densely populated as other German areas such as the Ruhr, Saxony, or Upper Silesia.

World War II
Near the end of World War II, the Soviet Red Army reached the Neumark at the end of January 1945. Because the Red Army had advanced so quickly, the civilian population of the region suffered greatly from warfare and occupying troops because they had not prepared to flee in time. More than 40,000 New Marchers were killed in action as soldiers.

Under the terms demanded by the Soviet Union in the Potsdam Agreement, the region was put under Polish administration after the Potsdam Conference and eventually became part of Poland. Germans remaining in the region were expelled. Poles who had themselves been expelled from the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union settled the region. A small part of the German population, mostly technicians for the water supply companies, were retained and used for compulsory labour; they were allowed to emigrate to Germany in the 1950s. Older estimates indicated that of the pre-war population of 645,000, only 5,000 of the inhabitants from 1939 remained in the province in 1950.

Villages in today's Germany west of the Oder
After the regulation of the river Oder in the 18th century the western border of the New March was not adapted to the Oder's new partially more eastern course. Thus the New Marcher villages west of the Oder, now the German-Polish border, remained with post-World War II Germany.

Formerly located within the District of Königsberg in the New March were the villages , , , , , , , Drewitz Ausbau (a locality of Bleyen), , , Hohenwutzen, , , Königlich Reetz (a locality of Oderaue), Küstrin-Kietz, , Neuküstrinchen (a locality of Oderaue), , , Neurüdnitz, , , Schaumburg in the Oderbruch (a locality of Bleyen), ,  and Zelliner Loose (a locality of Letschin). The villages of  and Kunitz-Loose (a locality of Wiesenau) formed part of the Weststernberg district.

Poland
The Oder-Neisse line delimiting Germany and Poland split several localities of the region into divided cities:

 Küstrin was separated into German Küstrin-Kietz and Polish Kostrzyn nad Odrą,
 Frankfurt an der Oder was split into German Frankfurt (Oder) and Polish Słubice,
 Guben was divided into German Guben and Polish Gubin,
 Bad Muskau was split into German Bad Muskau and Polish Łęknica,
 Forst was divided into German Forst and Polish Zasieki,
 Görlitz was separated into German Görlitz and Polish Zgorzelec.

To replace the expelled indigenous German population, Soviet authorities re-settled Neumark with Poles and Ukrainians from territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. From 1975 to 1998 the former Neumark territory was divided between the Voivodeships of Gorzów and Zielona Góra with a small section around Chojna in Szczecin Voivodeship. Since the reorganization of Polish voivodeships on 1 January 1999, almost all of the former Neumark region lies within the Lubusz Voivodeship.

Modern inhabitants
During the Polish post-war census of December 1950, data about the pre-war places of residence of the inhabitants as of August 1939 was collected. In case of children born between September 1939 and December 1950, their origin was reported based on the pre-war places of residence of their mothers. Thanks to this data it is possible to reconstruct the pre-war geographical origin of the post-war population. The same area corresponding to 1939 East Brandenburg east of the Oder-Neisse line (which became part of Poland in 1945) was inhabited as of December 1950 by:

Over 95% of the 1950 population were newcomers to the region, with less than 5% residing in German East Brandenburg already back in August 1939 (so called autochthons, who had German citizenship before World War II and were granted Polish citizenship after 1945). The largest group among new inhabitants were Poles expelled from areas of Eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. The second largest group were people from neighbouring pre-war Poznań Voivodeship of Poland (historical Greater Poland region), comprising one-fifth of post-war inhabitants.

See also
 Bishopric of Lebus
 List of cities and towns in the Neumark

Notes

External links
 1493 map -Marcha Nova-Neumark
 Map of the Neumark in the Middle Ages
 Administrative history
 Genealogical research

Former states and territories of Brandenburg
Lubusz Voivodeship
Regions of Brandenburg

Neumark


Con Air is a 1997 American action thriller film directed by Simon West and starring Nicolas Cage, John Cusack and John Malkovich. Written by Scott Rosenberg and produced by Jerry Bruckheimer, the film centers on a prison break aboard a Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System aircraft, nicknamed "con air". It features an ensemble supporting cast  including Steve Buscemi, Ving Rhames, Colm Meaney, Mykelti Williamson, Dave Chappelle, Rachel Ticotin, Danny Trejo, and Monica Potter.

Con Air was released theatrically on June 6, 1997, by Buena Vista Pictures through Touchstone Pictures and was a box office success, grossing over $224 million against a production budget of $75 million. The film received mixed reviews, though the cast, the score and action sequences were praised. The film gained a strong cult following among Nicolas Cage's aficionados. It received Oscar nominations for Best Sound and Best Original Song for "How Do I Live", performed on the soundtrack by Trisha Yearwood.

Plot

Honorably discharged U.S. Army Ranger Sgt. Cameron Poe returns home from Desert Storm to his hometown of Mobile, Alabama, and reunites with his pregnant wife Tricia. However, on the night of the reunion, three intoxicated men attempt to assault Tricia, which leads to him being given a ten-year prison sentence for accidentally killing one of them. Eight years later, Poe is paroled and boards a flight to Alabama on a Fairchild C-123 Provider known as the Jailbird, a converted JPATS prison transport plane. Accompanying him is his diabetic cellmate Mike "Baby-O" O'Dell.

Most of the inmates boarding the flight are high-risk convicts being transferred to a supermax prison, including mass murderer William "Billy Bedlam" Bedford, serial rapist John "Johnny 23" Baca, Black Guerrilla former general and member Nathan "Diamond Dog" Jones, and professional criminal Cyrus "The Virus" Grissom. The flight is overseen by U.S. Marshal Vince Larkin, who is approached by DEA agents Duncan Malloy and Willie Sims; the latter plans to go undercover to get information from drug kingpin Francisco Cindino, who is being picked up en route.

After taking off, inmate Joe "Pinball" Parker sets another prisoner on fire using smuggled kerosene as a distraction, allowing Grissom and Diamond Dog to take over the plane. They plan to land at Carson Airport as scheduled, pick up and transfer other prisoners, and then fly to a non-extradition country. Sims tries to retake control, but Grissom kills him and takes his gun. Poe and Grissom also put a halt to Johnny 23's rape attempts on the plane's female guard, Sally Bishop.

The plane arrives at Carson City and the inmate exchange commences. The ground crew is unaware that hijackers are disguised as guards and the real guards are forcibly disguised as inmates, gagged to prevent them from revealing the scheme. Amongst the new passengers are Cindino, pilot Earl "Swamp Thing" Williams, and serial killer Garland Greene. The authorities discover the hijacking upon finding evidence in Grissom's old cell and a tape recorder planted by Poe on one of the disguised guards, but are unable to stop the plane from taking off. Meanwhile, Pinball disposes of the plane's transponder, but dies trying to re-board during takeoff.

The inmates plan to land at Lerner Airfield, a remote desert airstrip, and transfer onto another plane owned by Cindino and his cartel. Poe finds Pinball's corpse trapped in the landing gear and writes a message to Larkin on the body before throwing it out. Larkin learns of the news and heads to Lerner after contacting the National Guard. Bedford, raiding the cargo, discovers Poe's identity when reading his parole letter and finding the stuffed rabbit Poe intends to give to his daughter, forcing Poe to kill him.

The Jailbird is grounded at Lerner, with no sign of the transfer aircraft. Poe warns the others of Cindino's past acts of deceit and betrayal, and thus Grissom orders the others to fuel up the plane and get it ready for takeoff. Poe leaves to find Baby-O a syringe to give him insulin, meeting Larkin and informing him of the situation. They discover Cindino planning to escape on a hidden private jet, which Larkin sabotages. Grissom executes Cindino by igniting the plane's fuel. Meanwhile, Greene meets a little girl, but resists the urge to kill her.

As the other inmates prepare the plane, Johnny 23 spots a National Guard convoy approaching and gives the alarm. The inmates find a cache of fully loaded shotguns and rifles in the cargo hold and prepare an ambush. As the National Guard arrives, the inmates launch an assault, resulting in a number of casualties, but Larkin defends the surviving troops using a bulldozer as a makeshift shield, while the surviving inmates flee back onto the Jailbird and take flight.

Poe's identity is revealed when Bedford's body is found. Grissom is about to execute him and Baby-O, when Larkin and Malloy arrive in attack helicopters, damaging the Jailbirds fuel tank. Though Larkin orders the plane to land at McCarran International Airport, Swamp Thing is forced to land it on the Las Vegas Strip, causing mass destruction and killing Johnny 23. Grissom, Diamond Dog, and Swamp Thing escape on a fire truck, pursued by Poe and Larkin on police motorcycles; the chase leads to the deaths of all three escapees. Poe and Larkin form a friendship before the former meets his daughter for the first time and gives her the bunny. As the surviving inmates are apprehended, the only one unaccounted for is Garland Greene, who gambles in a casino.

Cast

 Nicolas Cage as Cameron Poe, a paroled former Army Ranger who works with the authorities to retake the titular flight.
 John Cusack as U.S. Marshal Vincent "Vince" Larkin, a U.S. Marshal who discovers Poe's role in retaking the plane.
 John Malkovich as Cyrus "The Virus" Grissom, a highly-intelligent career criminal and mastermind of the escape plot.
 Steve Buscemi as Garland "The Marietta Mangler" Greene, a notorious serial killer. Director Simon West and Buscemi based the character on real-life serial killers Ed Gein, Ted Bundy, Charles Manson, Jeffrey Dahmer, John Wayne Gacy, and Edmund Kemper.
 Ving Rhames as Nathaniel "Nathan" "Diamond Dog" Jones, a black nationalist convicted of terrorism and Cyrus' second-in-command.
 Colm Meaney as Agent Duncan Malloy
 Mykelti Williamson as Michael "Mike" "Baby-O" O'Dell, Cameron Poe's diabetic friend and cellmate.
 Rachel Ticotin as Guard Sally Bishop, the flight's only female corrections officer who is protected by Poe after being attacked by Johnny 23.
 Monica Potter as Patrica "Tricia" Poe, Cameron Poe's wife.
 Dave Chappelle as Joseph "Joe" "Pinball" Parker, a low-level inmate convicted of heroin, armed robbery, and arson charges.
 M. C. Gainey as Earl "Swamp Thing" Williams, a convict with aviation expertise who serves as Cyrus' pilot.
 John Roselius as Deputy Marshal Skip Devers.
 Renoly Santiago (credited as "Renoly") as Ramon "Sally-Can't Dance" Martinez, a cross-dressing inmate convicted of narcotics charges.
 Danny Trejo as John "Johnny 23" Baca, a serial rapist, nicknamed for his number of sex offense convictions.
 Jesse Borrego as Francisco Cindino, a treacherous South American drug baron and terrorist who helps Grissom (offscreen) plot the hijacking. Borrego used Colombian drug lord Pablo Escobar as a basis for the portrayal of this character.
 Nick Chinlund as William "Billy Bedlam" Bedford, a mass murderer convicted for killing his ex-wife's family.
 Angela Featherstone as Ginny.
 Jose Zuniga as DEA Agent William "Willie" Sims
 Landry Allbright as Casey Poe, Cameron Poe's 7-year old daughter.
 Steve Eastin as Guard Falzon, the leader of corrections officers onboard the flight.
 Kevin Gage as Billy Joe, a gangster whom Poe kills in self-defense.

Additional actors include Ty Granderson Jones as "Blade", Emilio Rivera as Carlos, Doug Hutchison as Guard Donald, Jeris Lee Poindexter as Watts, David Ramsey as Londell, Conrad Goode as white supremacist inmate "Viking", John Diehl as Poe's defense attorney, and Don S. Davis as the motorist whose car Pinball's corpse falls on. Powers Boothe makes an uncredited voice-over cameo in the opening credits as the Army officer at Poe's leaving ceremony. John Cusack's brother Bill Cusack appears as a Las Vegas EMT.

Malkovich was considered early for the role of Cyrus. Jason Isaacs, Mickey Rourke, Willem Dafoe and Tom Sizemore auditioned for the role. Bruce Willis turned down the role.

Production

With second unit work beginning on June 24, 1996, principal photography began shortly after in Salt Lake City, on July 1, 1996 and continued until October 29, 1996, at a number of locations. While most of the interiors of the Fairchild C-123 Provider transport aircraft were filmed in Hollywood Center Studios soundstage #7, Wendover Airport in Utah, as the stand in for the fictional Lerner Airfield, was used for the C-123 flying and taxi scenes. Director Simon West chose the barren and remote Wendover area "because it looked like the surface of the moon ... My idea was that it was perfect for the convicts who had been locked up for 10, 20, 30 years in little cells." The old wartime bomber base was also used for the aircraft boneyard scenes while the original swimming pool at the base was used in a scene where Garland Greene was talking to a young girl.

On August 29, 1996, Phillip Swartz, a welder employed by Special Effects Unlimited, a Los Angeles-based firm, was crushed to death at Wendover when a static model of the C-123 used in the film fell on him. The film credits end with "In Memory of Phil Swartz".

Other filming locations included Ogden Airport where the exchange of prisoners is seen. The scene where the aircraft's left wing hits the Fender Stratocaster sign of Hard Rock Hotel and Casino (which later played host to the film's premiere), was filmed using a replicated guitar sign and a Jailbird miniature model. The crash site was filmed in the Sands Hotel before its demolition on November 26, 1996.
Producer Jerry Bruckheimer found the right spot for the climactic finale, originally planned for a crash at the White House, but Las Vegas was more in keeping with the theme and visual pun of convicts "cashing in". "We got very lucky ... The Sands was going to be demolished anyway. They blew up the tower on their own. We arranged to blow up the front of the building." The 2nd Street Tunnel in Los Angeles was also used for the tunnel chase scene near the end of the film.

Three C-123's were used during production and were painted with the Jailbird livery. The actual flying C-123 model used during flight scenes in the film had a series of both military and private owners. In December 2003 it was sold to All West Freight Inc. in Delta Junction, Alaska. On August 1, 2010, the C-123 was destroyed when it crashed into Mount Healy within Denali National Park in Alaska. The three member flight crew was killed in the crash. Another C-123, formerly registered as N94DT, was used for the crash scene in Las Vegas and then scrapped following production. The third Jailbird movie model used for the taxi scenes was later donated by the filmmakers to the Historic Wendover Airfield Foundation, where it remains on display at the ramp as an attraction for visitors.

The film used several highly detailed models at 1/15th scale, and a multitude of military and private aircraft assembled for the desert boneyard scene.

Music

The film featured the Diane Warren-penned LeAnn Rimes hit single "How Do I Live", performed by Trisha Yearwood for the film.

The Con Air soundtrack album omits two songs featured in the film: "How Do I Live", written by Diane Warren and performed by Trisha Yearwood and "Sweet Home Alabama" by Lynyrd Skynyrd. Although a key element of the film, Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle noted, "The soundtrack kicks into loud, obtrusive gear ... (and) remains so loud throughout the picture that it practically functions as a distancing device."
 "Con Air Theme" – 1:34
 "Trisha" – 1:04
 "Carson City" – 3:05
 "Lear Crash" – 4:44
 "Lerner Landing" – 3:28
 "Romantic Chaos" – 1:23
 "The Takeover" – 3:52
 "The Discharge" – 1:09
 "Jailbirds" – 0:59
 "Cons Check Out Lerner" – 1:56
 "Poe Saves Cops" – 2:25
 "The Fight" – 0:23
 "Battle In The Boneyard" – 7:41
 "Poe Meets Larkin" – 1:16
 "Bedlam Larkin" – :49
 "Fire Truck Chase" – 4:22
 "Overture" – 4:19

Reception

Box office
Con Air opened June 6, 1997 on 2,824 screens in the United States and Canada and grossed $24.1 million in its opening weekend, topping the US box office above The Lost World: Jurassic Park. For its second weekend, the film dropped into second place behind Speed 2: Cruise Control, but still made $15.7 million. It also opened in the UK, Hong Kong, Israel and parts of Latin America including Brazil and Mexico grossing $5 million for the weekend, for a total worldwide opening of $29 million. In the US and Canada, it grossed $15.7 million in its second weekend and $10.4 million in its third, finishing second and third, respectively.

The film grossed $101.1 million in the United States and Canada, and $122.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $224 million.

Critical response
According to review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 58% of 71 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Con Air won't win any awards for believability – and all involved seem cheerfully aware of it, making some of this blockbuster action outing's biggest flaws fairly easy to forgive." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 52 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.

Roger Ebert, reviewing the film for the Chicago Sun-Times, awarded it three out of four stars, saying it "moves smoothly and with visual style and verbal wit." Janet Maslin, reviewer for The New York Times considered Con Air an exemplar of the "thrill ride genre". In contrast, Rolling Stone reviewer Peter Travers decried the "flip, hip"  and ultimately, "depressing ... pandering" present in the treatment.

Andrew Johnston, reviewer for Time Out New York, stated: "Leaving The Rock last summer, I thought it seemed physically impossible for a more over-the-top action movie to be made. That was pretty short-sighted of me, since it was only a matter of time until producer Jerry Bruckheimer topped himself as he does with the wildly entertaining Con Air."

Maxim put the film's climactic Las Vegas plane crash at the top of their 2007 list of "The Top Ten Most Horrific Movie Plane Crashes", a decision that was derided by Wired.

Accolades

See also
 List of American films of 1997
 List of films set in Las Vegas

Notes

References

Bibliography

 Bateman, Ronald R. Wendover Wings of Change: A History. Wendover, Utah: Ronald R. Bateman, 2004. .

External links

1997 films
1997 action films
1997 action thriller films
1997 directorial debut films
1997 LGBT-related films
1990s prison films
American action thriller films
American aviation films
Cross-dressing in American films
Films about the Drug Enforcement Administration
Fictional portrayals of the Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department
Films about aircraft hijackings
Films about aviation accidents or incidents
Films about Colombian drug cartels
Films about terrorism in the United States
Films about United States Army Rangers
Films directed by Simon West
Films produced by Jerry Bruckheimer
Films scored by Mark Mancina
Films scored by Trevor Rabin
Films set on airplanes
Films set in the Las Vegas Valley
Films set in Los Angeles
Films set in Utah
Films shot in the Las Vegas Valley
Films shot in Los Angeles
Films shot in Salt Lake City
Films shot in Utah
Films with screenplays by Scott Rosenberg
Touchstone Pictures films
Films about the United States Marshals Service
Golden Raspberry Award winning films
1990s English-language films
1990s American films
Films shot in Monument Valley
English-language action thriller films

Con Air


Souto Portekiz'de Terras de Bouro belediyesine bağlı olan, 3,98 km² yüzölçümüne sahip, 564 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Terras de Bouro'nun bucakları

Souto (Terras de Bouro)


Amphinecta, es un género de arañas araneomorfas pertenecientes a la familia Amphinectidae. Se encuentra en Nueva Zelanda.

Especies
Según The World Spider Catalog 12.0:
 Amphinecta decemmaculata Simon, 1898
 Amphinecta dejecta Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta luta Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta mara Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta milina Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta mula Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta pika Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta pila Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta puka Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta tama Forster & Wilton, 1973
 Amphinecta tula Forster & Wilton, 1973

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Amphinectidae

Amphinecta


An Dieffenbachia daguensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler. An Dieffenbachia daguensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dieffenbachia, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dieffenbachia

Dieffenbachia daguensis


Helmut Bühler (* 2. Juli 1957 in Thusis) ist ein liechtensteinischer Politiker. Er war von 2001 bis 2005 Abgeordneter im Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein.

Biografie
Bühler ist der Sohn eines Bauführers und wuchs mit drei Geschwistern auf. Er ist verheiratet und hat zwei Kinder. Nach der Realschule in Eschen absolvierte er eine Berufslehre als Hochbauzeichner und anschliessend eine Maurerlehre. Von 1984 bis 1985 besuchte er die Bauführerschule in Aarau. Als Bauführer ist er seit 2000 bei der Gemeinde Gamprin angestellt. 2001 wurde Bühler für die Vaterländische Union in den Landtag des Fürstentums Liechtenstein gewählt und gehörte danach der Geschäftsprüfungskommission. Bei den Landtagswahlen 2005 konnte er sein Mandat nicht verteidigen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Landtagsabgeordneter (Liechtenstein)
VU-Mitglied
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1957
Mann

Helmut Bühler


Los precursores de la pintura chilena, también llamados «artistas viajeros del siglo XIX», comenzaron su obra a inicios de la independencia de Chile y su influencia, reproducida a través de la Academia de Bellas Artes, perdura hasta nuestros días. Los cuadros y bocetos creados por estos artistas fueron y son de gran importancia didáctica y permiten comprender mejor los primeros años de la existencia republicana junto con las batallas desarrolladas durante la independencia del país.

De este periodo artístico, según aclaran los autores Galaz e Ivalic, no debe dárseles el término de "generación" o "grupo" puesto que los precursores de la pintura chilena no conformaron un conjunto como tal, sino que «debe entenderse sólo en su sentido cronológico: coinciden en su llegada al país con pequeñas diferencias de años».

Historia

Los inicios de las revoluciones sociales de la independencia dejaron al arte chileno en segundo plano durante un breve periodo, sin embargo, al poco tiempo de comenzar el proceso independentista, distintos artistas extranjeros llegan a Chile en expediciones científicas o documentales trayendo consigo sus gustos y marcos temáticos que marcarían la dirección que tomaría la nueva pintura chilena.

Si bien durante la época colonial no existía arte propiamente nacional en Chile, el punto de infección que brindó la encarcelación del rey de España por Napoleón Bonaparte en 1808 y la posterior formación de las primeras juntas de gobierno mueven los gustos aristocráticos criollos en diferentes direcciones. Este proceso genera los primeros indicios de nacionalidad con la consiguiente idea del estilo autóctono. En Chile sin embargo este evento de originalidad no se va a notar hasta ya bien entrado el .

El grupo de los precursores de la pintura chilena, o también llamados "pintores viajeros del siglo XIX",  fue un término acuñado por el coleccionista e historiador del arte, Luis Álvarez Urquieta, quien resalta el grupo de pintores independientes que llegan a Chile a fines del  y principios del . Se desempeñaron distintas áreas que varían en estilo y tema del arte colonial chileno. Nuevas temáticas y elementos van a abordar la pintura nacional: desde el retrato de personajes ilustres llevado a cabo por artistas como el peruano José Gil de Castro y el francés Raymond Monvoisin, la representación de escenas de la independencia donde destacó el chileno Manuel Antonio Caro y el alemán Mauricio Rugendas hasta la representación bibliográfica de plantas, animales y ciudades puestas en práctico por personajes como Claudio Gay, Charles Wood y el científico Charles Darwin.

Si bien la pintura anterior al  se caracterizaba por su capacidad funcional( poseía una función evangelizadora, conciliadora y educacional), las nuevas tendencias europeas dejan de lado la labor de la docencia vinculándola al valor estético natural que lleva por sí misma. De esta manera la pintura dejó de ser un complemento de las demás artes y ciencias para llegar a cumplir la labor que por naturaleza le correspondía.

El arte chileno en general sufrió también de los conflictos internos del país tras la independencia y le fue muy difícil marcar una tendencia estilística en algún sentido. Durante el periodo de los pintores viajeros conviven el realismo, el neoclasicismo y el romanticismo sin que se pueda uno imponer su importancia sobre otro más que en nichos particulares y durante periodos breves.

Cronológicamente es un periodo de cambios profundos y antagónicos en el arte.  Mientras que a comienzos de siglo los artistas italianos mantienen el Neoclásicismo, al final del proceso independentista la técnica romántica toma fuerza en los círculos patrióticos y adinerados, para luego dejar paso al Realismo, estilo que imperará a inicios de 1840.

Galaz e Ivaelic en su libro "Historia de la pintura chilena" nos relatan:

Precursores extranjeros de la pintura chilena

La amplitud de los artistas que transitaron u hospedaron por largos periodo de tiempo en Chile es bastante extensa, por lo mismo, es difícil entregar una pauta exacta de los miembros específicos de esta generación. De todas maneras existen concordancias entre los personajes más influyentes y también de sus alumnos.

Entre los historiadores está preestablecido que el inicio de arribo de los artistas extranjeros a Chile se marca con la llegada del peruano José Gil de Castro. El popular pintor se dedica a retratar personajes de la época y los caudillos de la liberación española tales como  Ramón Freire,  Bernardo O'Higgins, doña Isabel Riquelme y José de San Martín y Simón Bolívar. Su técnica asemeja en gran medida con la escuela cusqueña por lo que no era muy precisa a la hora de retratar rostros, los cuales son planos y con falta de expresión particular. Independiente de su habilidad como pintor de rostros los detalles decorativos de sus obras son alabados por Ricardo Bindis en su libro de  "Historia de la pintura chilena ", quien destaca la manera de tratar las medallas de los caudillos representados.

Otro pintor extranjero de gran importancia para la nueva nación fue Charles Wood, pintor inglés especialista en marinas, el cual legó un gran grupo de lienzos con destacable valor histórico. Entre sus obra más famosas se encuentran "Naufragio del Arethusa", "Toma de la fragata Esmeralda por la Escuadra de Chile de Lord Cochrane" y "El General Baquedano en Campaña". Según cuenta la bibliografía fue testigo personal de la toma de la esmeralda escena de la que creó varias reproducciones. También como importante logro para la república chilena se le atribuye la invención del escudo nacional de Chile.

El alemán Mauricio Rugendas y el francés Ernesto Charton desarrollaron ambos labores importantes retratando las costumbres típicas del país. Su paso por Chile dejó múltiples escenas del inicio de la república. Entre las obras más populares de estos autores encontramos "Fiesta campestre", ""la batalla de Maipú" y "El huaso y la lavandera" de Rugendas, en tanto de Charton destacan "Plaza de Armas de Santiago""  y "La casa de la moneda". Ambos pintores son ejemplo del arte documental que elaboraron los pintores viajeros.

En su época uno de los más reconocidos pintores de Chile fue el francés Raymond Monvoisin, uno de los precursores del retrato en Chile. Sus trabajos se centraron en la representación de los aristócratas más destacados del momento, entre los que destacan doña "Carmen Alcalde y Velasco de Cazotte",  el general y presidente Manuel Bulnes, el venezolano Andrés Bello y el político Mariano Egaña.

El francés popularizó el retrato dentro de la alta élite chilena, sus discípulos directos fueron Francisco Javier Mandiola y José Manuel Ramírez Rosales quienes heredaron gran parte de sus técnicas y colores incluyendo en el caso de Rosales su fascinación por la cultura francesa. El caso de Mandiola desvió a los campesinos, niños e indigentes, es decir, prefirió el retrato de la clase baja chilena. Monvoisin fue consultado varias veces para ser director de la academia de Bellas Artes que el gobierno buscaba crear, sin embargo el artista se negó en variadas ocasiones tras lo cual tomó el cargo Alejandro Cicarelli.

Gran cantidad de pintores extranjeros se ubican en este grupo(por esto se le llamaba pintores viajeros). Normalmente la bibliografía ubica en este grupo:

 Claudio Gay= Botánico y naturalista francés, uno de los primeros estudiosos de la flora y fauna chilena.
 José Gil de Castro= Artista de transición para los precursores, retratista de personajes ilustres de la independencia de América tales como José de San Martín y Simón Bolívar.
 Charles Wood= Pintor inglés y documentalista de la época, diseñó el escudo nacional de Chile agregando el huemul y el cóndor.
 Mauricio Rugendas= Pintor y dibujante alemán, recorrió varios países de Latinoamérica detallando su cultura, flora y fauna. Entre sus cuadros figura la escena el huaso y la lavandera y La batalla de Maipú. Trabajó junto al Padre de la Geografía Moderna Universal, Alexander Humboldt.
 Raymond Monvoisin= Pintor retratista francés, contribuye a la creación de la academia de pintura en Chile y deja retratos famosos en Chile hasta la actualidad como los hechos a Andrés Bello y Manuel Ramírez Rosales
 Ernest Charton= Pintor francés que en Chile plantea obras de características costumbristas.
 Otto Grashof=  Pintor, dibujante y retratista alemán.
 Thomas Somerscales= Pintor inglés marinista, famoso por pinturas como el Combate naval de Iquique.

También se incluyen otros pintores menos famosos y del que se tiene poca información pero se conoce su integración conológica, entre estos están:  John Searle, María Graham, Johan Heinrich Jenny, Francis Martín Drexel, Camilo Domeniconi, Augusto Borget, Procesa Sarmiento, Juan Bianchi, Clara Filleul, Alexander Simón,  Giovatto Molinelli y Theodor Ohlsen.

Precursores chilenos de la pintura nacional

El grupo de pintores herederos de la pintura europea o de sus maestros extranjeros componen un aporte al proliferación de las artes al país. Los pintores chilenos de esta generación, al igual que sus maestros, no compartían un estilo particular únicamente la coincidencia cronológica, pero fueron fundamentales para la nueva etapa que comenzaría en Chile dada la creación de la Academia de pintura. Según Galaz e Ivaelic estos pintores "comparten la proximidad de su pintura a la tierra, a los hombres y a las costumbres chilenas".

El grupo de pintores chilenos que se encuentran en este grupo son:

 Manuel Antonio Caro= Pintor chileno más reconocido de ese periodo, de estilo realista se dedicó a retratar escenas costumbristas entre sus cuadros más famosos figuran la ''Zamacueca y la abdicación de Bernardo O'Higgins
 Francisco Javier Mandiola= Retratista costumbrista, discípulo más aventajado del francés Monvoisin.
 Vicente Pérez Rosales= Hombre de negocios y aventurero, también avocó parte de sus vida a la pintura educado por el maestro Monvoisin.
 Antonio Gana Vargas= Pintor Santiaguino, de su obra sólo se ha conservado un cuadro que esta ahora en posesión del Museo de Bellas Artes de Chile.

Legado
La etapa precursora de la pintura chilena termina abarcando históricamente desde la llegada de Gil de Castro, a inicios de la independencia, pasando también por la etapa de los Ensayos Constitucionales, la república conservadora e llegando a inicios de la república liberal, es durante este periodo artístico que se fue formando en los sectores más acaudalados el gusto por la buena pintura dejando de lado la antigua falta de rigurosidad característica de la pintura colonial.

La pintura chilena se mantuvo al margen de una identidad propia durante este periodo, se limitó en gran parte al retrato, la representación de la naturaleza y la descripción de los eventos más relevantes de la historia del país. Galaz e Ivaleic mencionan que si bien Europa descubre América en el , América sólo nota a Europa a comienzos del , lo que explica la fascinación criolla con el arte extranjero y su modo de vida que tanto se buscó alcanzar durante este periodo.

El fin de esta fase artística está marcado por la construcción de la nueva academia de pintura chilena en 1849, que permitirá estudios artísticos dentro de Chile sin necesidad de viajar a Europa. Aunque la Academia en si no rendirá frutos hasta ya bien avanzado el  su importancia para la pintura chilena se hace notar en la generación llamada por Antonio Romera como la "Del medio Siglo". En términos pictóricos el futuro del arte en Chile se ve profundamente marcado por la influencia Europea, en especial atención por el arte francés e italiano.

Pintores románticos de Chile

En Chile las tendencias extranjeras provenientes de Europa influyeron en la mayoría de los pintores nacionales. Los pintores chilenos sin embargo no son capaces de escoger un estilo en particular loq que los lleva a distintas áreas.

La pintura romántica también se refleja en los pensamientos e ideales de estos pintores, se transforma en su estilo de vida y los lleva a vivir una vida apresurada y pasional.

El historiador de arte, Antonio Romera, es el que selecciona los que para el son los representantes del romanticismo en Chile. Los tres pintores que el considera románticos se ca caracterizaron tanto por su modo de vida como su arte. Los pintores que nombra son: Antonio Smith, Onofre Jarpa y José Manuel Ramírez Rosales. El trío comparte el gusto por el paisajismo y la emoción cromática de este estilo particular, son destacables sus aportes como maestros de otros pintores que buscaban escapar de la estricta rigidez neoclásica de la academia, además, a Antonio Smith, se le considera el padre del paisajismo nacional como también el primer caricaturista del país.

Referencias

Bibliografía

Pintura de Chile

Precursores de la pintura chilena


27. breddegrad kan henvise til:

 27. nordlige breddekreds
 27. sydlige breddekreds

27. breddegrad


Charles Mallory Hatfield (* 15. Juli 1875 in Fort Scott, Kansas; † 12. Januar 1958 in Glendale, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Amateurmeteorologe. Er wurde als "Regenmacher" berühmt.

Leben
Hatfield wurde als Sohn einer Quäker-Familie geboren. Er arbeitete Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts als Nähmaschinenverkäufer. Um 1902 experimentierte er auf dem Hof der Eltern mit Chemikalien, in der Hoffnung damit Regen auslösen zu können. Tatsächlich häuften sich während einer Dürreperiode 1902 vermehrte Regenfälle, was Hatfield dazu ermutigte, in Kalifornien seine Dienste anzubieten. Berühmt wurde er erstmals 1904, als er einen Auftrag der Stadt Los Angeles annahm. Die Stadt litt seit drei Jahren unter einer Dürre und Hatfield bekam den Auftrag, innerhalb von fünf Tagen Regen zu erzeugen. Es regnete tatsächlich bereits nach zwei Tagen.

Im Dezember 1915 litt San Diego ebenfalls unter einer langanhaltenden Dürreperiode und die Stadt entsann sich Hatfields Künste. Er verlangte 10.000 US-Dollar dafür, dass er das städtische Wasserreservoir vollregnen ließe. Am 1. Januar 1916 machte er sich mit seinem Bruder Joel an die Arbeit und sie bauten ihre Apparate in einem blickdichten Zelt auf. Nach fünf Tagen regnete es tatsächlich und nach weiteren fünf Tagen setzte äußerst starker Regen ein. Am 27. Januar 1916 brachen die Lower-Otay-und-Sweetwater-Talsperren, nachdem der seit Wochen anhaltende Regen San Diego bereits verwüstet hatte.

Als Hatfield kurz darauf Morddrohungen erhielt, da er für die Katastrophe verantwortlich gemacht wurde, flüchtete er aus der Stadt. Erst am 17. Februar tauchte er in der Stadt auf, um sein Geld zu verlangen. Der Stadtrat bestritt einen Vertrag gehabt zu haben, tatsächlich wurde kein schriftlicher geschlossen. Hatfield verlor den anschließenden Prozess, den er bis 1938 gegen die Stadt führte. Nach 1916 arbeitete er wieder als Nähmaschinenverkäufer.

Literatur
 Garry Jenkins: The Wizard of Sun City: The Strange True Story of Charles Hatfield, the Rainmaker Who Drowned a City's Dreams. Thunder's Mouth Press, Juli 2005, ISBN 1-56025-675-3.

Weblinks
 Thomas W. Patterson: Hatfield the Rainmaker. In: San Diego History Center
 Lynne Christenson: Charlie Hatfield "The Rainmaker". Video, 9 min, englisch, 2004

Einzelnachweise

Meteorologe
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1875
Gestorben 1958
Mann

Charles Hatfield


The Amiot 143 (sometimes written as 143M or 143 M.5) was a late 1930s French 5-seat Multiplace de Combat (M.5) designed to meet 1928 specifications for a monoplane capable of day and night bombing, long-range reconnaissance and bomber escort.

Design and development
Amiot received an order for two prototype Amiot 140s, to be evaluated against the competing Bleriot 137, Breguet 410 and SPCA 30. The Amiot 140 was a high-winged cantilever monoplane of all-metal construction, with a fixed tail wheel undercarriage. The pilot sat in an open cockpit, with positions for gunners in the nose and dorsal positions. A glazed gondola under the forward fuselage carried a bombardier/gunner, ensuring that the gunners had a clear field of fire all around the aircraft. The Amiot was intended to be powered by two  Lorraine 18G Orion water-cooled W engines but these were unavailable and the first prototype was fitted with Hispano-Suiza 12Nbr engines to allow flight testing, making its maiden flight on 12 April 1931. The second prototype was completed in February 1932 but the continued non-availability of its intended engines, either the original Lorraine-Dietrichs or turbocharged Hispano-Suizas, meant that it never flew. Despite this, on 23 November 1933 an order was placed for 40 Amiot 140s, to be powered by  Lorraine 12Q Eider engines.

The French Air Ministry had meanwhile revised its requirements, concentrating on the bombing role and asking for better performance. Amiot redesigned the aircraft to meet these requirements and incorporate lessons learned during testing of the Amiot 140. The gondola under the fuselage was enlarged, allowing easier operation of the aircraft's guns and a radio-operator was added, bringing the crew to five. Manually operated gun turrets were provided in the nose and dorsal positions. Orders were placed for two prototypes, differing only in the engines fitted, with the Amiot 142 having Hispano-Suiza 12Y engines and the Amiot 143 having Gnome-Rhone 14K radial engines. The 143 flew first, on 1 August 1934, while the 142 didn't fly until January 1935. As it was decided to allocate the Hispano-Suiza engines to fighters, the Amiot 143 was selected, and the existing order for 40 Amiot 140s was converted to 143s.

The Amiot 143 had the same high-wing and fixed undercarriage as the Amiot 140, with the wing thick enough to allow crew access to the engines by a tunnel between the wing spars. The pilot sat in an enclosed cockpit, level with the leading edge of the wing and the navigator-bombardier, who was also provided with flying controls, sat in the extensively glazed gondola beneath the pilot. The radio operator sat towards the rear of the gondola and in early aircraft operated two  Lewis guns. Nose and dorsal turrets, each carrying a Lewis gun, completed the defensive armament, while the gondola also housed an internal bomb-bay. After 40 aircraft had been completed, the design was revised, with the aircraft being fitted with a longer nose (increasing overall length from , a revised fuel system and with the Lewis guns in the nose, dorsal turrets and ventral position each being replaced by single  MAC 1934 machine guns, with a fourth gun for the navigator-bombardier firing through a hatch in the floor.

Deliveries of the design began in April 1935 and continued until March 1937, with a total of 138 being built. An improved version, the Amiot 144 was built to meet 1933 requirement for a Multiplace de Combat, fitted with a retractable undercarriage. First flying on 18 January 1936, only one was built.

Operational history
The Amiot 143 entered service in July 1935, with deliveries continuing until 1938. Six were going to be delivered to the Spanish Republican Air Force during the Spanish Civil War. however there is no evidence that these were delivered during the war. By the time the last deliveries were made in March 1938, the Amiot was obsolete and was already being replaced by more modern aircraft such as the Bloch MB.131. At the outbreak of the Second World War, Amiot 143s still equipped 5 metropolitan groupes together with an African based groupe.

During the Phoney War, Amiot 143 groupes carried out reconnaissance and leaflet raids over Germany. 87 Amiot 143 remained in front line service on 10 May 1940, of which 50 equipped four metropolitan groupes: GBs I/34 and II/34 in the north, GBs I/38 and II/38 in the East and 17 equipped one African groupe, GB II/63, which was in the process of re-equipping with Martin 167Fs. Following the start of the Battle of France, the Amiot 143 was mainly used in night attacks against German airfields and lines of communications, and experienced relatively low losses. An exception was a daylight raid by 10 Amiots from GBs I/34, II/34 and II/38 against German bridgeheads near Sedan on 14 May 1940. Despite having a fighter escort, two Amiots were shot down while a third force-landed before returning to base.

52 Amiot 143s were in the Unoccupied Zone and 25 were in French North Africa. They were reorganized into GBs I/38 and II/38 and were used until July 1941 when they were replaced by LeO 451 bombers. Some Amiots of II/38 served as transports for the French in Syria. This groupe later joined the Allies after their landings in Africa. The last Amiot 143 was retired from service in February 1944. A few Amiot 143 are reported to have been commandeered by the Germans and used as transports. Only 11 were left in the Unoccupied Zone when it was occupied by the Germans in 1943 and only three were airworthy. Had the war gone on a little longer for France, it is likely that all of the Amiot 143 would have become trainers, having been replaced by more modern bombers such as the LeO 451.

Variants

Amiot 140 M.4
Prototype with 2 x  Hispano-Suiza 12Nbr V-12 engines. Two built, of which only one flown, followed by orders for 40, to be powered by 2 x  Lorraine 12Q Eider W-12 engines, which were built as Amiot 143s. Optional M.5 suffix refers to bomber role, and seating for 4 crew.
Amiot 141Powered by three  Lorraine-Dietrich 18G Orion W-18 water-cooled piston engines.
Amiot 142
prototype with  Hispano-Suiza 12Ybrs V-12 engines (1 built)
Amiot 143 M.5
production version with  Gnome-Rhône 14Kirs/14Kjrs (left and right hand rotation) radial engines (138 built, including 40 ordered as Amiot 140 and 25 ordered as Amiot 144)
Amiot 144
version with reduced wing area, flaps and retractable undercarriage and no front turret, powered by 2x  Gnome-Rhône 14Kirs/14Kjrs (left and right hand rotation) (1 built, orders for 25 produced as Amiot 143 instead)
Amiot 145
Amiot 144 with Hispano-Suiza 14AA radial engines (not built)
Amiot 146
Amiot 144 with Gnome-Rhône 18Lars radial engines (not built)
Amiot 147
Amiot 144 with Hispano-Suiza 12Ydrs/12Yfrs (left and right hand rotation) V-12 engines (not built)
Amiot 150
Reconnaissance, torpedo bomber, for Aeronavale. developed from Amiot 143 with a 10% larger wing, interchangeable wheel or float landing gear, and powered by two  Gnome-Rhône 14Kdrs radials (1 prototype built)

Operators

 Air Force of the Independent State of Croatia operated one example.

 Armee de l'Air operated 138 aircraft.
 French Navy

 Luftwaffe operated a few captured aircraft.

 Polish Air Forces on exile in France
 Groupe de Bombardement Marche Polonais in Lyon-Bron had assigned 3 aircraft in late May until 1 June, others were used for training in other units.

Specifications (Amiot 143)

See also

References

Citations

Bibliography

1930s French bomber aircraft
143
High-wing aircraft
Aircraft first flown in 1931
Twin piston-engined tractor aircraft

Amiot 143


Crkva sv. Ilije Proroka je rimokatolička crkva u Obljaju. Danas se na zidu te crkvenalaze crne kamene ploče s uklesanim imenima Hrvata s ovog područja koji su ubijeni u Drugom svjetskom ratu i u Domovinskom ratu.
Stara župna crkva je u velikosrpskoj agresiji u BiH miniranjem u potpunosti srušena 1992. g. pod okriljem tadašnjih srpskih vojnih i civilnih vlasti. Miniranjem je tada srušena i druga katolička crkva na području općine Bosanskom Grahovo, ona u selu Uništu.

Poslije rata prišlo se obnovi, koja je novčarena isključivo sredstvima dobročinitelja iz inozemstva. Izgrađena je nova crkva na mjestu gdje je bila stara, ali nije bila dovršena do kraja. Posvećena je 2002. godine. 2018. se pristupilo dovršetku obnove.
Krajem 2018. dovršeni su planirani radovi na obnovi. Ova faza obnove uključivala je radove na pročelju, zamjenu dotrajalih drvenih prozorskih okana na zvoniku novim aluminijskim te unutranje žbukanje zidova. obnovljena isključivo sredstvima koja su preko javnih poziva Župi Grahovo u 2017. i 2018. dodijelila državna, entitetska i županijska ministarstva. Za 2019. se planira urediti interijer. Prozorski vitraji bit će djelo akademskog slikara Svetislava Cvetkovića sa Širokog Brijega. Ti vitraji prvi su koji se izrađuju u specijaliziranoj radionici Akademije likovnih umjetnosti u Širokom Brijegu.

Zaštita
Povjerenstvo za očuvanje nacionalnih spomenika BiH uvrstilo je 2001.g. župnu crkvu sv. Ilije proroka u Bosanskom Grahovu na privremenu listu nacionalnih spomenika.

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Bosni i Hercegovini

Rimokatolička Crkva u Bosni i Hercegovini

Crkva sv. Ilije Proroka u Obljaju


Coiful de la Peretu este un coif getic de argint aurit datând din secolul al IV-lea î.Hr., adăpostit în prezent la Muzeul Național de Istorie a României din București.

A fost găsit în 1971 în zona Peretu din județul Teleorman, România. Împreună cu coiful de argint placat cu aur de cca 750 de grame, au mai fost găsite peste 50 de obiecte de argint placate cu aur.

Coiful este similar cu Coiful de la Coțofenești și alte trei  coifuri getice de aur sau argint descoperite până în prezent.

Galerie

Vezi și
 Geți
 Tezaurul de la Peretu

Referințe

Legături externe

 Analiza artefactelor Geto-Dacice de aur de la Poiana-Coțofenești, Bunești-Averești, Stâncești, Cucuteni-Baiceni
 Misterul Coifurilor De Aur, formula-as.ro

Arheologie în România
Cioturi Dacia
Cultură dacică
1971 în România
Coifuri
Artă antică
Istoria antică a României
Istoria județului Teleorman
Secolul al IV-lea î.Hr.

Coiful de la Peretu


Selent Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı bölge. 4,33 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 1362 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Antje Josten tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-selent-schlesen.de

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Selent


Husarer nr. 968 er en dansk dokumentarisk optagelse fra 1912.

Handling
Optagelser fra en gardehusar-militærøvelse. Træning i forskellige angrebsformationer og nærkamp. Filmen er formentlig optaget i Fælledparken bag den daværende  Husarkaserne på Østerbro.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1912
Dokumentariske optagelser
Danmarks militær
Danmark i 1910'erne

Husarer nr. 968


Khoit Tsenkher (en mongol: Хойд Цэнхэр Гол; que quiere decir "Río Azul del Norte") es un río y una cueva situados en el distrito de Mankhan, en la provincia de Hovd, en el extremo occidental de Mongolia. En el valle se ubica la cueva de Khoit Tsenkheriyn Agui (Хойд Цэнхэрийн агуй), decorada con pinturas rupestres realizadas entre 20.000 y 15.000 años atrás, durante el Paleolítico Superior. Estas pinturas se clasifican en la lista provisional de Patrimonio de la Humanidad de la UNESCO en Mongolia, lo que significa que el estado mongol tiene la intención de proponer su inscripción en la Lista del Patrimonio Mundial.

Véase también
Geografía de Mongolia
Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Cuevas de Mongolia
Ríos de Mongolia

Khoit Tsenkher


An Axonopus obtusifolius in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Giuseppe Raddi, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Mary Agnes Chase. An Axonopus obtusifolius in nahilalakip ha genus nga Axonopus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Axonopus

Axonopus obtusifolius


«Si vas para Chile/Yo vendo unos ojos negros» es un sencillo de la agrupación cubana Orquesta Aragón, lanzado en 1971 bajo el sello chileno DICAP y perteneciente al álbum en directo Saludo cubano, lanzado el mismo año por la misma casa discográfica.

El lado A es «Si vas para Chile», vals compuesto en 1942 por el chileno Chito Faró; el lado B es «Yo vendo unos ojos negros», tonada tradicional chilena de autor desconocido.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

Sencillos de 1971
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular

Si vas por Chile/Yo vendo unos ojos negros


Israel Folau (tongan: 'Isileli Folau;  nascido em 3 de abril de 1989) é um jogador de futebol profissional australiano de rúgbi que joga pelo Shining Arcs na Japan Rugby League One e pela seleção nacional de Tonga. Ele também jogou futebol australiano e liga de rugby, e jogou rugby union pela Austrália. Em 2019, ele se tornou o detentor do recorde de mais tentativas marcadas na história do Super Rugby.

Ver também

Jogadores de rugby da Austrália

Israel Folau


was a Japanese mathematician of the Edo period. He was the lord of Kurume Domain.

He approximated the value of  and its square, . In 1766, he found the following rational approximation of , correct to 29 digits:

References

Further reading

1714 births
1783 deaths
18th-century Japanese mathematicians
Daimyo

Arima Yoriyuki


Malé Vozokany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Zlaté Moravce din regiunea Nitra. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 295 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Malé Vozokany este atestată documentar din 1295.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Malé Vozokany


An Triglochin calcitrapa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni William Jackson Hooker. An Triglochin calcitrapa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Triglochin, ngan familia nga Juncaginaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Triglochin

Triglochin calcitrapa


9. Šahovska olimpijada održana je 1950. u Hrvatskoj, tada dijelom Jugoslavije. Grad domaćin bio je Dubrovnik.

Poredak osvajača odličja

1950.
Međunarodna šahovska natjecanja u Hrvatskoj
Šport u Dubrovniku
Šport u Jugoslaviji
Hrvatska u drugoj Jugoslaviji

Šahovska olimpijada 1950.


Livadna zob (zobolika; lat. Helictotrichon), biljni rod s tridesetak vrsta trajnica iz porodice trava. Rod je raširen po Europi, Aziji i Africi, i nekoliko vrsta u Sjevernoj Americi.

Poznatija vrsta je H. sempervirens koja se uzgaja i kao ukrasna biljka. U Hrvatskoj su uobičajene smotana zob (H. convolutum) i H. sempervirens

Vrsta Avenochloa versicolor (Vill.) Holub, hrvatski poznata kao raznobojna zobna, sinonim je za vrstu Helictochloa versicolor (Vill.) Romero Zarco

Vrste

 Helictotrichon abietetorum (Ohwi) Ohwi
 Helictotrichon bosseri Renvoize
 Helictotrichon cantabricum (Lag.) Gervais
 Helictotrichon convolutum (C.Presl) Henrard
 Helictotrichon cycladum (Rech.f. & T.C.Scheff.) Rech.f.
 Helictotrichon decorum (Janka) Henrard
 Helictotrichon delavayi (Hack.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon desertorum (Less.) Pilg.
 Helictotrichon devesae Romero Zarco
 Helictotrichon fedtschenkoi (Hack.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon filifolium (Lag.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon hideoi (Honda) Ohwi
 Helictotrichon hissaricum (Roshev.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon krylovii (Pavlov) Henrard
 Helictotrichon leianthum (Keng) Ohwi
 Helictotrichon macrostachyum (Balansa & Durieu) Henrard
 Helictotrichon mongolicum (Roshev.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon mortonianum (Scribn.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon murcicum Holub
 Helictotrichon parlatorei (J.Woods) Pilg.
 Helictotrichon petzense H.Melzer
 Helictotrichon planifolium (Willk.) Holub
 Helictotrichon polyneurum (Hook.f.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon sangilense Krasnob.
 Helictotrichon sarracenorum (Gand.) Holub
 Helictotrichon sedenense (Clarion ex DC.) Holub
 Helictotrichon sempervirens (Vill.) Pilg.
 Helictotrichon setaceum (Vill.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon sumatrense Ohwi
 Helictotrichon tianschanicum (Roshev.) Henrard
 Helictotrichon tibeticum (Roshev.) Keng f.
 Helictotrichon turcomanicum Czopanov
 Helictotrichon uniyalii Kandwal & B.K.Gupta
 Helictotrichon yunnanense S.Wang & B.S.Sun
 Helictotrichon × krischae H.Melzer

Sinonimi
Homotipski sinonimi:
 Heuffelia Schur in Enum. Pl. Transsilv.: 760 (1866), nom. superfl.
 Stipavena Vierh. in Verh. K. K. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien 56: 369 (1906), nom. superfl.

Heterotipski sinonimi:
 Avenastrum (K.Koch) Opiz in Seznam: 20 (1852)
 Avenochloa Holub in Acta Horti Bot. Prag. 1962: 82 (1962)
 Danthorhiza Ten. in Fl. Napol. 1(Prodr.): X (1811), not validly publ.
 Elictotrichon Besser ex Andrz. in Rys Botaniczny 1: 9 (1823), nom. nud.
 Neoholubia Tzvelev in Novosti Sist. Vyssh. Rast. 40: 234 (2008 publ. 2009)

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Aveninae

Livadna zob


Elliott Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Elliott Township (North Dakota)
 Elliott Township (South Dakota)

Elliott Township


An Eragrostis gloeodes in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Erik Leonard Ekman. An Eragrostis gloeodes in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis gloeodes


An Carex pelocarpa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frederick Joseph Hermann. An Carex pelocarpa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex pelocarpa


Les élections législatives libanaises de 2022 se déroulent le  afin de renouveler les 128 membres de la Chambre des députés du Liban pour un mandat de quatre ans.

Le pays est depuis plusieurs années l'objet d'une instabilité politique chronique ainsi que d'une grave crise économique  à l'origine d'une série de manifestations de grande ampleur et d'une importante défiance de la population à l'égard de la classe politique.

Le scrutin est organisé selon les principes d'un confessionnalisme politique qui voit les sièges répartis en amont du vote selon une clé de répartition basée sur la religion des différentes communautés, les partis concourant au moment du vote pour les sièges de leurs communautés respectives.

Le scrutin voit la défaite relative du Hezbollah d'Hassan Nasrallah, celui ci conservant sa position dominante au sein de la communauté chiite avec son allié du Mouvement Amal, un succès contrebalancé par l'échec de ses alliés au sein des communautés maronite, druze et sunnite, qui voient notamment la victoire des Forces libanaises au détriment du Courant patriotique libre, ainsi que l'émergence de plusieurs formations réformistes issues de la société civile. Ces résultats conduisent à la perte de la majorité absolue détenues par les forces du Hezbollah, du Mouvement Amal et de leurs alliés dans la législature sortante, la nouvelle se retrouvant composée de formations très polarisées sans qu'un camp ne détienne de majorité, augurant une difficile formation d'un nouveau gouvernement.

Contexte

Élections précédentes

Les élections législatives de mai 2018 interviennent après cinq ans de report successifs dans le contexte de la guerre civile syrienne. Cette dernière provoque un conflit entre les deux principaux bords politiques quant à la position à adopter par le gouvernement  avant de s'étendre à une partie du territoire libanais de 2011 à 2017. Si la guerre prend fin sur le territoire même du Liban, elle se poursuit toujours début 2022 chez son voisin syrien, dont le Liban accueille une importante part des réfugiés.

Après huit mois de négociations entre des partis politiques émiettés selon des divergences tant idéologiques que religieuses, le pays se dote finalement d'un gouvernement le . Saad Hariri est reconduit par le Président de la République Michel Aoun au poste de Président du Conseil, à la tête d'un large gouvernement de coalition.

Manifestations de 2019-2021

Des manifestations de grande ampleur touchent cependant le pays à partir du 17 octobre de la même année. Initialement déclenchées en réaction à une augmentation des prix de l'essence et du tabac ainsi que par une nouvelle taxe devant toucher les messages échangées par application mobile, les manifestations se transforment rapidement en un mouvement de protestation contre la stagnation de l'économie, le chômage, le système politique confessionnaliste, la corruption et l'incapacité du gouvernement à fournir les services essentiels tels que l'eau, l'électricité et l'assainissement. Après avoir tenté sans succès de calmer la population par des promesses de réforme, Saad Hariri finit par démissionner le . Hassan Diab est nommé Président du Conseil des ministres par le président de la République Michel Aoun le . Son gouvernement obtient la confiance du parlement par  en sa faveur. La nouvelle coalition réunit alors le Hezbollah, le mouvement Amal, et le Courant patriotique libre. Le vote est marqué par l'abstention de la majorité des députés sunnites dont notamment ceux du Courant du futur.

La situation économique du pays continue cependant de se détériorer. Début , endetté à hauteur de 81 milliards d'euros, le Liban se déclare en défaut de paiement, tandis que la livre libanaise enregistre une perte de 70 % de sa valeur en six mois et que le chômage touche 35 % de la population active. Des émeutes de la faim éclatent à Beyrouth et à Tripoli le . Perçu comme ayant adhéré aux mêmes politiques sociales et économiques que le gouvernement précédent, le gouvernement fait face à de nouvelles manifestations en  à Beyrouth et dans plusieurs villes du sud.

Explosions de 2020 au port de Beyrouth

Ce sont cependant les explosions dans le port de Beyrouth qui provoquent la chute du gouvernement Hassan Diab. Le 4 août 2020, l'explosion de plusieurs milliers de tonnes de nitrate d'ammonium stockées dans un hangar de la zone portuaire provoque des dégâts humains et matériels considérables à travers la ville et le port. Le bilan final est de 215 morts et , accompagnés de dégâts estimés à près de quatre milliards d'euros par la Banque mondiale, l'explosion ayant touché ou endommagé la moitié de la ville. La zone industrialo-portuaire du port de Beyrouth est durement touchée, aggravant davantage encore la situation économique. Vitale pour le Liban, la zone en constitue le principal lieu d'échange de marchandises, assurant le transit de 60 % des importations du pays.

L'enquête sur les causes de l'explosion prend rapidement un tournant politique. Les autorités libanaises refusent toute enquête internationale, tandis que les familles des victimes de l'explosion accusent les dirigeants de nuire à l'avancée de l'enquête, voire de la saboter. Le premier juge nommé pour enquêter, Fadi Sawwan, est démis de ses fonctions après avoir inculpé deux anciens ministres pour négligence. Le second juge, Tarek Bitar, reçoit quant à lui des menaces et de fortes pressions pour faire cesser l'enquête. Aucun des responsables politiques qu'il convoque ne se présente, et Bitar est lui aussi dessaisi de l'enquête le 5 novembre 2020 à la suite d'un recours en récusation déposé par l'un d'entre eux, l'ancien ministre Youssef Fenianos.

Le pays est à nouveau l'objet d'importantes manifestations à l'encontre de sa classe politique, conduisant notamment à l'incendie du ministère des Affaires étrangères. Le  Hassan Diab propose l'organisation d'élections législatives anticipées, avant de présenter la démission de son gouvernement deux jours plus tard.

Gouvernement sortant

Après une tentative infructueuse de Moustapha Adib à former un gouvernement, suivie de l'échec du retour de Saad Hariri à la tête du gouvernement, acté le  après neuf mois de négociations, c'est finalement Najib Mikati qui parvient le 10 septembre suivant à former un nouveau gouvernement. Homme le plus riche du pays avec une fortune en milliards issue du secteur des télécoms, déjà Président du conseil en 2005 et en 2011, Mikati est perçu comme un représentant de la classe politique traditionnelle et des élites économiques, une image alourdie en octobre 2021 par les révélations par les Pandora Papers de son utilisation de paradis fiscaux. La crise socio-économique s'accentue en 2021, la Banque mondiale (BM) allant jusqu'à la qualifier de . Le Produit intérieur brut (PIB) est ainsi passé de près de 55 milliard de dollars en 2018 à seulement 20 milliards deux ans plus tard.

Un temps avancée au 27 mars afin d'éviter leur organisation pendant la période du ramadan qui court du 2 avril au 2 mai, les élections sont finalement fixées au 15 mai 2022 par le président Aoun. Les expatriés votent cependant de manière anticipée les 6 et 8 mai, tandis que les membres des bureaux de vote et autres fonctionnaires participant au processus électoral votent le 12 mai.

Système électoral

Le Liban est doté d'un parlement unicaméral, la Chambre des députés, composé de  pourvus pour quatre ans au scrutin proportionnel plurinominal dans quinze circonscriptions de cinq à treize sièges, dont sept circonscriptions elles mêmes subdivisées en districts électoraux. Les électeurs votent pour une liste ouverte de candidats, avec la possibilité d'utiliser un vote préférentiel pour un candidat au sein de la liste qu'ils choisissent. L'ensemble des candidats doivent se regrouper dans ces dernières, composées d'un minimum de trois candidats, ce qui rend impossible les candidatures sans étiquette.

En accord avec la pratique libanaise du confessionnalisme politique, les communautés religieuses libanaises se répartissent des sièges réservés dans les différentes circonscription suivant leur poids démographique. La répartition des voix se fait à la proportionnelle. Une fois l'ensemble des bulletins de vote dépouillés, le total des votes valides dans chaque circonscription est divisé par le nombre de sièges à pourvoir, ce qui donne en voix le seuil électoral nécessaire pour qu'une liste obtienne un siège. La répartition des sièges se fait entre les listes ayant atteint ce quorum de manière proportionnelle selon le pourcentage de voix obtenu, puis au sein des listes en accord avec les quota confessionnels et le nombre de vote préférentiel obtenus par les candidats.

Les Libanais vivant à l'étranger sont autorisés à participer aux législatives. Bien que la diaspora libanaise soit évaluée à douze millions d'individus, soit le double de la population du Liban même, la plupart ne possèdent plus la nationalité plusieurs décennies après les vagues d'émigrations ayant touché le pays. Seuls  d'entre eux s'étaient ainsi inscrit pour les élections de 2018. Bien qu'une section de la loi électorale de 2017 prévoit l'attribution de six sièges à part pour la diaspora, leur vote est toujours comptabilisé dans leurs circonscription d'origine, les parlementaires ayant rejeté début 2022 la création de ces six circonscriptions. Le vote a lieu le dimanche 8 mai, ou le 6 pour les pays où le dimanche est un jour ouvré.

Campagne
Saad Hariri annonce fin janvier son départ de la vie politique, et appelle dans la foulée le Courant du futur à s'auto-dissoudre avant les élections.

Le dirigeant des Phalanges libanaises, Samy Gemayel, rend publiques les listes de candidats de son parti le 20 février. Chrétien maronite, il présente son parti comme le seul à s'être opposé à l'élection de Michel Aoun et à ne pas avoir capitulé face aux exigences du Hezbollah d'Hassan Nasrallah, responsable selon lui de l'isolement du Liban dans la région.

Résultats

Résultats nationaux

Résultats par districts électoraux

Analyse

Le taux de participation est en forte baisse, s'établissant à un peu plus de 40 % contre près de 50 % en 2018. Les élections sont une défaite pour le Hezbollah et ses alliés, qui perdent la majorité absolue qu'ils détenaient. S'il décroche une large part des sièges au sein de l'électorat musulman chiite avec son allié le Mouvement Amal, le Hezbollah échoue en effet dans son objectif de faire gagner ses alliés dans les autres communautés.

Au sein de la communauté chrétienne, le Courant patriotique libre du président Michel Aoun connait un fort recul au profit du parti des Forces libanaises, farouchement anti-Hezbollah qui le remplace à la première place parmi les formations chrétiennes. Le Mouvement Marada, pro-Hezbollah et pro-Bachar el-Assad, voit également ses résultats décliner. Cette modification des rapports de force intervient quelque mois avant l'élection présidentielle, reservée aux seuls candidats chrétiens maronites dans le cadre du Pacte national.

Les communautés druze et sunnite voient également la défaite des parti pro-Hezbollah, mais au profit de candidats réformistes de la société civile, le retrait du dirigeant du Courant du futur, Saad Hariri, ayant notamment laissé un vide parmi les formations sunnites en lices.

L'émergence relative de partis de la société civile, qui réunissent un dixième des sièges à la chambre, s'avère une surprise générale aussi bien pour la sphère politique libanaise que pour les partis concernés.

La nouvelle chambre se retrouve ainsi davantage encore polarisée entre alliés et opposants au Hezbollah tandis que le Courant du futur  s'effondre, laissant courir le risque d'un nouveau blocage institutionnel.

Formation du gouvernement
Des consultations parlementaires organisées début juin permettent au Premier ministre par intérim Najib Mikati de réunir les promesses de soutiens de 54 parlementaires sur 128. L'ancien ambassadeur du Liban auprès des Nations unies Nawaf Salam en obtient quant à lui 25, le reste s'abstenant. Le 23 juin, le président Aoun confie par conséquent à Najib Mikati la charge de former un gouvernement. Un processus long et difficile est jugé probable au vu des résultats des élections et des complexités politiques du pays. La formation du gouvernement intervient à l'approche de l'élection présidentielle libanaise de 2022, normalement prévue au plus tard avant la fin du mandat de six ans de Michel Aoun le 31 octobre 2022.

Notes et références

Liban
Liban
Législatives 2022
Politique en mai 2022
2022 au Liban

Élections législatives libanaises de 2022


Stephen Michael Stirling (born September 30, 1953) is a Canadian-American science fiction and fantasy author who was born in France.  Stirling is well known for his Draka series of alternate history novels and his later time travel/alternate history Nantucket series and Emberverse series.

Early life and education
Stirling was born on September 30, 1953, in Metz, France—then the site of a Royal Canadian Air Force base—to an English mother and Canadian father. He has lived in several countries and currently resides in the United States in New Mexico with his wife Jan.

Stirling, along with Eric Flint, was tuckerized as a Secret Service agent in John Birmingham's alternate history WWII novel Weapons of Choice (2004).

Career
Stirling's novels are generally conflict-driven and often describe military situations and militaristic cultures. In addition to his books' military, adventure, and exploration focus, he often describes societies with cultural values significantly different from modern Western views. One of his recurring topics is the influence of the culture on an individual's outlook and values, with an emphasis on the idea that most people and societies consider themselves moral.

Stirling frequently explores technological development within the context of many of his novels. The Draka, for instance, choose and face a different imperative in their conquest of Africa, and turn earlier to breech-loading firearms and steam power than the rest of the Western world. The stranded islanders of the Nantucket series try to rebuild their technological base once the island is thrown back in time to 1250 BC, while the survivors of the "Change" now face a world where electricity, firearms, and internal combustion no longer work.

Stirling also tends to write strong female characters who have prominent roles within the story.

In the past, he has frequently collaborated with other authors, including David Drake, Jerry Pournelle, Anne McCaffrey, and Raymond E. Feist.

Bibliography

References

External links

 Stirling, S M on The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
 Interview with Peter Hodges
 Dragon Page Podcasts Interview with Stirling
  - Magazine column discussing various titles by Stirling, including the Draka trilogy, the Nantucket trilogy, The Peshawar Lancers, and The Sky People.

1953 births
Living people
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American alternate history writers
American fantasy writers
American male novelists
American science fiction writers
American people of English descent
Canadian fantasy writers
Canadian emigrants to the United States
Canadian science fiction writers
Writers from New Mexico
Steampunk writers
20th-century Canadian novelists
21st-century Canadian novelists
Canadian male novelists
Canadian alternative history writers
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers

S. M. Stirling


Zamunda is a genus of crickets in the subfamily Podoscirtinae and tribe Aphonoidini.  Species have been found in southern China and peninsular Malaysia (known distribution may be incomplete).

Species
Zamunda includes the following species:
 Zamunda fuscirostris (Chopard, 1969) – type species  (as Aphonoides fuscirostris Chopard)
 Zamunda humeralis Gorochov, 2007

Fictitious Use
Zamunda is the name of the African nation where Eddie Murphy's character, crown prince Akeem Joffer, is from in the 1988 film Coming to America. There is no such nation in Africa.

References

External links

Ensifera genera
Podoscirtinae
Orthoptera of Asia

Zamunda


Naturpark Insel Usedom er en naturpark nær Østersøen og omfatter den tyske del af øen Usedom i Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald i den tyske delstat Mecklenburg-Vorpommern op til den polske grænse. Til naturparken Achterwasser, Peenestrom, og den nordlige del af Stettiner Haff, de lavvandede dele af Østersøen ved Peenes udmunding, samt en smal stribe land på vestbredden af Peenestrom fra badestedet Lubmin til Lassaner Winkel med havnebyen Lassan.

Naturparken blev officielt oprettet i 1999 som et storskala kulturlandskab. Den har et informationscenter i Ruth-und-Klaus-Bahlsen-Haus, med udstillingsrum, information og parkforvaltning, på den nedlagte banegård i byen Usedom.

Naturparken har et samlet areal på 632 km². Ca. 25 % heraf er skovbevokset, næsten 50 % er vand, og resten er landbrugsarealer og bebyggelser. De tidligere udstrakte moser er næsten helt drænet og bruges i dag til landbrug. Et særligt kendetegn ved naturparken er den store mangfoldighed af landskabstyper i et afgrænset område. Her findes Østersøstrand, klinter og klitter, søer og moser, fyrre- og bøgeskove, enge og agre, små landsbyer og badesteder. Øen Usedom hører til de fuglerigeste områder i Tyskland. I naturparken yngler havørne , storke, traner og fiskehejrer. De næringsrige søer som der Gothen- og Schmollensee er ideelle raste- og ynglesteder. Naturparken kan nås via Bundesstraße B 110 fra Anklam eller via B 111 fra Wolgast eller med Usedomer Bäderbahn.

Ved Peenemünder Haken på den nordlige del af øen blev det ældste naturschutzgebiet i Pommern, oprettet allerede i 1925. I 1938 fulgte Zerninsee ved Swinemünde. Mellem 1957 og 1971 blev yderligere naturbeskyttelse oprettet på 2.000 hektar. Fra 1990 til 1998 yderligere områder sikret i alt 5.500 hektar. Store dele af Usedom blev i 1966 erklæret som beskyttet landskab (Landschaftsschutzgebiet). Dette blev i 1993 udvidet til at omfatte den nuværende Naturpark.

Naturschutzgebiete
Naturschutzgebiete i naturparken er:

 Naturschutzgebiet Peenemünder Haken, Struck und Ruden, det største NSG på Usedom (3.500 ha), oprettet 1925
 Insel Großer Wotig i Peenestrom ved Kröslin, oprettet 1990, 203 ha, Salte enge og fuglebeskyttelsesområde
 Sydspidsen af halvøen Gnitz, oprettet 1994, 61 ha
 Wockninsee ved Ückeritz, oprettet 1958, 50 ha, delvist tilsandet strandsø
 Mümmelkensee, oprettet 1957, 6 ha, mosesø mellem Schmollensee og Østersøkysten
 Halbinsel Cosim ved Balmer See, oprettet 1996, 85 ha
 Vogelinseln Böhmke und Balmer Werder i Balmer See, oprettet 1971, 118 ha
 Gothensee, oprettet 1958, 800 ha, Flachsee mit Niedermoor Thurbruch
 Golm, oprettet 1958, 25 ha, højeste punkt på Usedom (70 m)
 Zerninsee, oprettet 1995 (1938–1963), 365 ha, verlandeter See und Moor an der Grenze zu Polen
 Streckelsberg ved Koserow, oprettet 1957, 34 ha, randmoræne med højeste Kliffranddüne (klitter på klippe) på øen (56 m)
 Mellenthiner Os, oprettet 1995, 65 ha, slawischer Wallberg und Moor
 Kleiner Krebssee, oprettet 1996, 50 ha, mellem Schmollensee og Gothensee
 Naturschutzgebiet Insel Görmitz, oprettet 1998, 110 ha, fugleø i Achterwasser

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

 Website des Naturparks Insel Usedom

Naturparker i Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald

Naturpark Insel Usedom


Mudpie or mud pie can refer to:

 Mississippi mud pie, a type of dessert
 Mud pie, a non-edible "pie" made of mud made by children for fun
 MUDPIE, the code name of the game Uru: Ages Beyond Myst

See also
Dorodango, "mud dumpling", a Japanese art form in which earth and water are molded to create a delicate shiny sphere
Mud cake (disambiguation)

Mudpie


Marko John "Mike" Todorovich (nacido el  en Saint Louis, Misuri y fallecido el  en Richmond Heights, Misuri) fue un jugador y entrenador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó dos temporadas en la NBA, y otras dos en la NBL, además de ejercer una temporada como jugador-entrenador de los Tri-Cities Blackhawks. Con 1,96 metros de estatura, jugaba en la posición de ala-pívot.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante su etapa universitaria con los Cowboys de la Universidad de Wyoming.

Profesional
Comenzó su andadura profesional con los Sheboygan Redskins de la NBL, donde en su primera temporada fue elegido Rookie del Año y también en el mejor quinteto del campeonato tras promediar 12,9 puntos por partido. Al año siguiente acabaría también en el segundo mejor quinteto del campeonato, promediando entre las dos temporadas 11,8 puntos por partido.

En  ficha por los St. Louis Bombers, quienes poco después lo traspasan a los Tri-Cities Blackhawks a cambio de Mac Otten. En su primera temporada se convierte en el máximo anotador del equipo, promediando 13,6 puntos por partido, además de 3,7 asistencias.

Al año siguiente, y ya con la temporada avanzada, se convertiría en el tercer entrenador del equipo en la misma temporada, sin dejar de jugar. Consiguió 14 victorias por 28 derrotas, mientras que en la pista promedió 9,9 puntos y 6,9 rebotes por partido.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Mike Todorovich en ultimatenba.com

Baloncestistas de Misuri
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Sheboygan Redskins
Baloncestistas de los St. Louis Bombers
Baloncestistas de los Tri-Cities Blackhawks
Baloncestistas de los Wyoming Cowboys
Entrenadores de baloncesto de Estados Unidos
Entrenadores de la NBA
Entrenadores de los Tri-Cities Blackhawks
Nacidos en San Luis (Misuri)

Mike Todorovich