In ancient times, only the Sun and Moon, a few stars, and the most easily visible planets had names. Over the last few hundred years, the number of identified astronomical objects has risen from hundreds to over a billion, and more are discovered every year. Astronomers need to be able to assign systematic designations to unambiguously identify all of these objects, and at the same time give names to the most interesting objects, and where relevant, features of those objects.

The International Astronomical Union (IAU) is the recognized authority in astronomy for assigning designations to celestial bodies such as stars, planets, and minor planets, including any surface features on them. In response to the need for unambiguous names for astronomical objects, it has created a number of systematic naming systems for objects of various sorts.

Stars

There are no more than a few thousand stars that appear sufficiently bright in Earth's sky to be visible to the naked eye. This represents the number of stars available to be named by ancient cultures. The upper boundary to what is physiologically possible to be seen with the unaided eye is an apparent magnitude of 6, or about ten thousand stars. With the advent of the increased light-gathering abilities of the telescope, many more stars became visible, far too many to all be given names. The earliest naming system which is still popular is the Bayer designation using the name of constellations to identify the stars within them.

The IAU is the only internationally recognized authority for assigning astronomical designations to celestial objects and surface features on them. The purpose of this is to ensure that names assigned are unambiguous. There have been many historical star catalogues, and new star catalogues are set up on a regular basis as new sky surveys are performed. All designations of objects in recent star catalogues start with an "initialism", which is kept globally unique by the IAU. Different star catalogues then have different naming conventions for what goes after the initialism, but modern catalogs tend to follow a set of generic rules for the data formats used.

The IAU does not recognize the commercial practice of selling fictitious star names by commercial star-naming companies.

Proper names

There are about 300 to 350 stars with traditional or historical proper names. They tend to be the brightest stars in the sky and are often the most prominent ones of the constellation. Examples are Betelgeuse, Rigel and Vega. Most such names are derived from the Arabic language (see List of Arabic star names § History of Arabic star names).

Stars may have multiple proper names, as many different cultures named them independently. Polaris, for example, has also been known by the names Alruccabah, Angel Stern, Cynosura, the Lodestar, Mismar, Navigatoria, Phoenice, the Pole Star, the Star of Arcady, Tramontana and Yilduz at various times and places by different cultures in human history.

In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016 included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN (on 30 June and 20 July 2016) together with names of stars adopted by the IAU Executive Committee Working Group on Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites during the 2015 NameExoWorlds campaign and recognized by the WGSN. Further batches of names were approved on 21 August 2016, 12 September 2016 and 5 October 2016. These were listed in a table included in the WGSN's second bulletin issued in October 2016. The next additions were done on 1 February, 30 June, 5 September and 19 November 2017, and on 6 June 2018. All are included on the current List of IAU-approved Star Names.

The star nearest to Earth is typically referred to simply as "the Sun" or its equivalent in the language being used (for instance, if two astronomers were speaking French, they would call it le Soleil). However, it is usually called by its Latin name, Sol, in science fiction.

Named after people

There are about two dozen stars such as Barnard's Star and Kapteyn's Star that have historic names and which were named in honor after astronomers. As a result of the NameExoWorlds campaign in December 2015 the IAU approved the names Cervantes (honoring the writer Miguel de Cervantes) and Copernicus (honoring the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus) for the stars Mu Arae and 55 Cancri A, respectively. In July 2016, the IAU WGSN approved the name Cor Caroli (Latin for 'heart of Charles') for the star Alpha Canum Venaticorum, so named in honour of King Charles I of England by Sir Charles Scarborough, his physician. In 2019, IAU held the NameExoWorlds campaign.

Catalogues

With the advent of the increased light-gathering abilities of the telescope, many more stars became visible, far too many to all be given names. Instead, they have designations assigned to them by a variety of different star catalogues. Older catalogues either assigned an arbitrary number to each object, or used a simple systematic naming scheme based on the constellation the star lies in, like the older Ptolemy's Almagest in Greek from 150 and Al-Sufi's Book of Fixed Stars in Arabic from 964. The variety of sky catalogues now in use means that most bright stars currently have multiple designations.

In 1540, the Italian astronomer Piccolomini released the book De le Stelle Fisse (On the Fixed Stars) which include star maps of 47 constellations where he numbered the stars in magnitude order using latin letters.

Bayer designation

The Bayer designations of about 1,500 brightest stars were first published in 1603. In this list, a star is identified by a lower-case letter of the Greek alphabet, followed by the Latin name of its parent constellation. The Bayer designation uses the possessive form of a constellation's name, which in almost every case ends in is, i or ae; um if the constellation's name is plural (see genitive case for constellations). In addition, a three-letter abbreviation is often used . Examples include Alpha Andromedae (α And) in the constellation of Andromeda, Alpha Centauri (α Cen), in the constellation Centaurus, Alpha Crucis (α Cru) and Beta Crucis (β Cru), the two brightest stars in the constellation Crux, the Southern Cross, Epsilon Carinae (ε Car) in Carina, Lambda Scorpii (λ Sco) in Scorpius  and Sigma Sagittarii (σ Sgr) in Sagittarius. After all twenty-four Greek letters have been assigned, upper and lower case Latin letters are used, such as for A Centauri (A Cen), D Centauri (D Cen), G Scorpii (G Sco), P Cygni (P Cyg), b Sagittarii (b Sgr), d Centauri (d Cen) and s Carinae (s Car).

As the resolving power of telescopes increased, numerous objects that were thought to be a single object were found to be optical star systems that were too closely spaced in the sky to be discriminated by the human eye. This led to a third iteration, where numeric superscripts were added to distinguish those previously unresolved stars. Examples include Theta Sagittarii (θ Sgr) later distinguished as Theta¹ Sagittarii (θ¹ Sgr) and Theta² Sagittarii (θ² Sgr), each being their own (physical) star system with two and three stars, respectively.

Flamsteed designation

Flamsteed designations consist of a number and the Latin genitive of the constellation the star lies in. Examples include 51 Pegasi and 61 Cygni. About 2,500 stars are catalogued. They are commonly used when no Bayer designation exists, or when the Bayer designation uses numeric superscripts such as in Rho¹ Cancri. In this case, the simpler Flamsteed designation, 55 Cancri, is often preferred.

Modern catalogues
Most modern catalogues are generated by computers, using high-resolution, high-sensitivity telescopes, and as a result describe very large numbers of objects. For example, the Guide Star Catalog II has entries on over 998 million distinct astronomical objects. Objects in these catalogs are typically located with very high resolution, and assign designations to these objects based on their position in the sky. An example of such a designation is SDSSp J153259.96−003944.1, where the initialism SDSSp indicates that the designation is from the "Sloan Digital Sky Survey preliminary objects", and the other characters indicate celestial coordinates (epoch 'J', right ascension 153259.96, declination −00°39′44.1″).

Variable stars

Variable stars are assigned designations in a variable star scheme that is based on a variation of the Bayer designation format, with an identifying label preceding the Latin genitive of the name of the constellation in which the star lies. Such designations mark them as variable stars. Examples include R Cygni, RR Lyrae, and V1331 Cygni. The International Astronomical Union delegates the task to the Sternberg Astronomical Institute in Moscow, Russia.

Compact stars

Pulsars

Pulsars such as PSR J0737-3039, are designated with a "PSR" prefix, that stands for Pulsating Source of Radio. The prefix is followed by the pulsar's right ascension and degrees of declination. The right ascension is also prefixed with a "J" (Julian epoch) or a "B" (Besselian Epochs) used prior to 1993, as in PSR B1257+12.

Black holes

Black holes have no consistent naming conventions. Supermassive black holes receive the designation of the galaxy whose core they reside in. Examples are NGC 4261, NGC 4151 and M31, which derive their designation from the New General Catalogue and the list of Messier objects.

Other black holes, such as Cygnus X-1 – a highly likely stellar black hole, are cataloged by their constellation and the order in which they were discovered. A large number of black holes are designated by their position in the sky and prefixed with the instrument or survey that discovered them. Examples are  (where SDSS stands for Sloan Digital Sky Survey), and RX J1131−1231, observed by the Chandra X-ray Observatory.

Supernovae

Supernova discoveries are reported to the IAU's Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams and are automatically given a provisional designation based on the co-ordinates of the discovery. Historically, when supernovae are identified as belonging to a "type", CBAT has also published circulars with assigned year–letter designations, and discovery details. A supernova's permanent designation is formed by the standard prefix "SN", the year of discovery, and a suffix composed of one or two letters of the Latin alphabet. The first 26 supernovae of the year receive a capital letter from A to Z. Subsequent supernovae of that year are designated with pairs of lower-case letters from "aa" to "az", and then continuing with "ba" until "zz". For example, the prominent SN 1987A, was the first one to be observed in 1987. Several thousand supernovae have been reported since 1885. In recent years, several supernova discovery projects have retained their more distant supernova discoveries for in-house follow-up, and not reported them to CBAT. Starting in 2015, CBAT has scaled back its efforts to publish assigned designations of typed supernovae: By September 2014, CBAT had published names and details of 100 supernovae discovered in that year. By September 2015, CBAT had only published names of 20 supernovae discovered in that year. The Astronomer's Telegram provides some surrogate services independent from CBAT.

Four historical supernovae are known simply by the year they occurred: SN 1006 (the brightest stellar event ever recorded), SN 1054 (of which the remnant is the Crab Nebula and the Crab Pulsar), SN 1572 (Tycho's Nova), and SN 1604 (Kepler's Star).

Since 1885, the letter-suffixes are explicitly assigned, regardless whether only one supernova is detected during the entire year (although this has not occurred since 1947). Driven by advances in technology and increases in observation time in the early 21st century, hundreds of supernovae were reported every year to the IAU, with more than 500 catalogued in 2007. Since then, the number of newly discovered supernovae has increased to thousands per year, for example almost 16,000 supernovae observations were reported in 2019, more than 2,000 of which were named by CBAT.

Novae

Constellations

The sky was divided into constellations by historic astronomers, according to perceived patterns in the sky. At first, only the shapes of the patterns were defined, and the names and numbers of constellations varied from one star map to another. Despite being scientifically meaningless, they do provide useful reference points in the sky for human beings, including astronomers. In 1930, the boundaries of these constellations were fixed by Eugène Joseph Delporte and adopted by the IAU, so that now every point on the celestial sphere belongs to a particular constellation.

Galaxies

Like stars, most galaxies do not have names. There are a few exceptions such as the Andromeda Galaxy, the Whirlpool Galaxy, and others, but most simply have a catalog number.

In the 19th century, the exact nature of galaxies was not yet understood, and the early catalogs simply grouped together open clusters, globular clusters, nebulas, and galaxies: the Messier catalog has 110 in total. The Andromeda Galaxy is Messier object 31, or M31; the Whirlpool Galaxy is M51. The New General Catalogue (NGC, J. L. E. Dreyer 1888) was much larger and contained nearly 8,000 objects, still mixing galaxies with nebulas and star clusters.

Planets

The brightest planets in the sky have been named from ancient times. The scientific names are taken from the names given by the Romans: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Our own planet is usually named in English as Earth, or the equivalent in the language being spoken (for instance, two astronomers speaking French would call it la Terre). However, it is only recently in human history that it has been thought of as a planet. Earth, when viewed as a planet, is sometimes also called by its Latin scientific conventional name Terra, this name is especially prevalent in science fiction where the adjective "terran" is also used in the way which "Lunar" or "Jovian" is for Earth's moon or Jupiter. The Latin convention derives from the use of that language as an international scientific language by the first modern astronomers like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Newton and others and was used for a long time. This is why the later discovered bodies were also named accordingly.
Two more bodies that were discovered later, and considered planets when discovered, are still generally considered planets now:
 Uranus, discovered by William Herschel in 1781
 Neptune, discovered by Johann Gottfried Galle in 1846 (based on prediction by Urbain Le Verrier)

These were given names from Greek or Roman myth, to match the ancient planet names—but only after some controversy. For example, Sir William Herschel discovered Uranus in 1781, and originally called it Georgium Sidus (George's Star) in honour of King George III of the United Kingdom. French astronomers began calling it Herschel before German Johann Bode proposed the name Uranus, after the Greek god. The name "Uranus" did not come into common usage until around 1850.

Starting in 1801, asteroids were discovered between Mars and Jupiter. The first few (Ceres, Pallas, Juno, Vesta) were initially considered planets. As more and more were discovered, they were soon stripped of their planetary status. On the other hand, Pluto was considered to be a planet at the time of its discovery in 1930, as it was found beyond Neptune. Following this pattern, several hypothetical bodies were given names: Vulcan for a planet within the orbit of Mercury; Phaeton for a planet between Mars and Jupiter that was believed to be the precursor of the asteroids; Themis for a moon of Saturn; and Persephone, and several other names, for a trans-Plutonian planet.

Derived from Classical mythology, these names are only considered standard in Western discussion of the planets. Astronomers in societies that have other traditional names for the planets may use those names in scientific discourse. For instance, IAU does not disapprove of astronomers discussing Jupiter in Arabic using the traditional Arabic name for the planet,  Al-Mushtarīy.

Some sixty years after the discovery of Pluto, a large number of large trans-Neptunian objects began to be discovered. Under the criteria of classifying these Kuiper belt objects (KBOs), it became dubious whether Pluto would have been considered a planet had it been discovered in the 1990s. Its mass is now known to be much smaller than once thought and, with the discovery of Eris, it is simply one of the two largest known trans-Neptunian objects. In 2006, Pluto was therefore reclassified into a different class of astronomical bodies known as dwarf planets, along with Eris and others.

Exoplanets

Currently, according to the IAU, there is no agreed upon system for designating exoplanets (planets orbiting other stars). The process of naming them is organized by the IAU Executive Committee Working Group Public Naming of Planets and Planetary Satellites. The scientific nomenclature for the designations usually consists of a proper noun or abbreviation that often corresponds to the star's name, followed by a lowercase letter (starting with 'b'), like 51 Pegasi b.

The lowercase lettering style is drawn from the IAU's long-established rules for naming binary and multiple star systems. A primary star, which is brighter and typically bigger than its companion stars, is designated by a capitalized A. Its companions are labelled B, C, and so on. For example, Sirius, the brightest star in the sky, is actually a double star, consisting of the naked-eye visible Sirius A and its dim white-dwarf companion Sirius B. The first exoplanet tentatively identified around the second brightest star in the triple star system Alpha Centauri is accordingly called Alpha Centauri Bb. If an exoplanet orbits both of the stars in a binary system, its name can be, for example, Kepler-34(AB) b.

Natural satellites

Earth's natural satellite is simply known as the Moon, or the equivalent in the language being spoken (for instance, two astronomers speaking French would call it la Lune). English-language science fiction often adopts the Latin name "Luna" while using the English "Moon" as a term for natural satellites in general in order to better distinguish the wider concept from any specific example. Natural satellites of other planets are generally named after mythological figures related to their parent body's namesake, such as Phobos and Deimos, the twin sons of Ares (Mars), or the Galilean moons of Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto, four consorts of Zeus (Jupiter). Satellites of Uranus are instead named after characters from works by William Shakespeare or Alexander Pope, such as Umbriel or Titania.

When natural satellites are first discovered, they are given provisional designations such as "S/2010 J 2" (the 2nd new satellite of Jupiter discovered in 2010) or "S/2003 S 1" (the 1st new satellite of Saturn discovered in 2003). The initial "S/" stands for "satellite", and distinguishes from such prefixes as "D/", "C/", and "P/", used for comets. The designation "R/" is used for planetary rings. These designations are sometimes written like "S/2003 S1", dropping the second space. The letter following the category and year identifies the planet (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune; although no occurrence of the other planets is expected, Mars and Mercury are disambiguated through the use of Hermes for the latter). Pluto was designated by P prior to its recategorization as a dwarf planet. When the object is found around a minor planet, the identifier used is the latter's number in parentheses. Thus, Dactyl, the moon of 243 Ida, was at first designated "S/1993 (243) 1". Once confirmed and named, it became (243) Ida I Dactyl. Similarly, the fourth satellite of Pluto, Kerberos, discovered after Pluto was categorized as a dwarf planet and assigned a minor planet number, was designated S/2011 (134340) 1 rather than S/2011 P 1, though the New Horizons team, who disagreed with the dwarf planet classification, used the latter.
 H = Mercury (Hermes)
 V = Venus
 E = Earth
 M = Mars
 J = Jupiter
 S = Saturn
 U = Uranus
 N = Neptune

After a few months or years, when a newly discovered satellite's existence has been confirmed and its orbit computed, a permanent name is chosen, which replaces the "S/" provisional designation. However, in the past, some satellites remained unnamed for surprisingly long periods after their discovery. See Naming of moons for a history of how some of the major satellites got their current names.

The Roman numbering system arose with the very first discovery of natural satellites other than Earth's: Galileo referred to the Galilean moons as I through IV (counting from Jupiter outward), in part to spite his rival Simon Marius, who had proposed the names now adopted, after his own proposal to name the bodies after members of the Medici family failed to win currency. Similar numbering schemes naturally arose with the discovery of moons around Saturn and Mars. Although the numbers initially designated the moons in orbital sequence, new discoveries soon failed to conform with this scheme (e.g. "Jupiter V" is Amalthea, which orbits closer to Jupiter than does Io). The unstated convention then became, at the close of the 19th century, that the numbers more or less reflected the order of discovery, except for prior historical exceptions (see the Timeline of discovery of Solar System planets and their moons).

Geological and geographical features

In addition to naming planets and satellites themselves, the individual geological and geographical features such as craters, mountains, and volcanoes, on those planets and satellites also need to be named.

In the early days, only a very limited number of features could be seen on other Solar System bodies other than the Moon. Craters on the Moon could be observed with even some of the earliest telescopes, and 19th-century telescopes could make out some features on Mars. Jupiter had its famous Great Red Spot, also visible through early telescopes.

In 1919, the IAU was formed, and it appointed a committee to regularize the chaotic lunar and Martian nomenclatures then current. Much of the work was done by Mary Adela Blagg, and the report Named Lunar Formations by Blagg and Muller (1935), was the first systematic listing of lunar nomenclature. Later, "The System of Lunar Craters, quadrants I, II, III, IV" was published, under the direction of Gerard P. Kuiper. These works were adopted by the IAU and became the recognized sources for lunar nomenclature.

The Martian nomenclature was clarified in 1958, when a committee of the IAU recommended for adoption the names of 128 albedo features (bright, dark, or colored) observed through ground-based telescopes (IAU, 1960). These names were based on a system of nomenclature developed in the late 19th century by the Italian astronomer Giovanni V. Schiaparelli (1879) and expanded in the early 20th century by Eugene M. Antoniadi (1929), a Greek-born astronomer working at Meudon, France.

However, the age of space probes brought high-resolution images of various Solar System bodies, and it became necessary to propose naming standards for the features seen on them.

Minor planets

Initially, the names given to minor planets followed the same pattern as the other planets: names from Greek or Roman myths, with a preference for female names. With the discovery in 1898 of the first body found to cross the orbit of Mars, a different choice was deemed appropriate, and 433 Eros was chosen. This started a pattern of female names for main-belt bodies and male names for those with unusual orbits.

As more and more discoveries were made over the years, this system was eventually recognized as being inadequate and a new one was devised. Currently, the responsibility for naming minor planets lies with the Working Group Small Bodies Nomenclature (WGSBN, originally the Committee Small Bodies Nomenclature, CSBN, and before that the Minor Planet Names Committee, MPNC), which is composed of 15 members, 11 of whom are voting members, while the other four are representatives for the Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature, the Minor Planet Center, as well as the IAU President and General Secretary. Minor planets observed over at least two nights and which cannot be identified with an existing celestial object, are initially assigned provisional designations (containing the year and the sequential order of discovery within that year) by the Minor Planet Center. When enough observations of the same object are obtained to calculate a reliable orbit, a sequential number is assigned by the Minor Planet Center to the minor-planet designation.

After the designation is assigned, the discoverer is given an opportunity to propose a name, which, if accepted by the IAU, replaces the provisional designation.  Thus for instance,  was given the name Ixion and is now called 28978 Ixion. The name becomes official after its publication in the WGSBN Bulletin with a brief citation explaining its significance. This may be a few years after the initial sighting, or in the case of "lost" asteroids, it may take several decades before they are spotted again and finally assigned a designation. If a minor planet remains unnamed ten years after it has been given a designation, the right to name it is given also to identifiers of the various apparitions of the object, to discoverers at apparitions other than the official one, to those whose observations contributed extensively to the orbit determination, or to representatives of the observatory at which the official discovery was made. The WGSBN has the right to act on its own in naming a minor planet, which often happens when the number assigned to the body is an integral number of thousands.

In recent years, automated search efforts such as LINEAR or LONEOS have discovered so many thousands of new asteroids that the WGSBN has officially limited naming to a maximum of two names per discoverer every two months. Thus, the overwhelming majority of asteroids currently discovered are not assigned formal names.

Under IAU rules, names must be pronounceable, preferably one word (such as 5535 Annefrank), although exceptions are possible (such as 9007 James Bond), and since 1982, names are limited to a maximum of 16 characters, including spaces and hyphens. (This rule was violated once for the comet-asteroid 4015 Wilson–Harrington, whose name has seventeen characters.) Letters with diacritics are accepted, although in English the diacritical marks are usually omitted in everyday usage. 4090 Říšehvězd is an asteroid with the most diacritics (four). Military and political leaders are unsuitable unless they have been dead for at least 100 years. Names of pet animals are discouraged, but there are some from the past. Names of people, companies or products known only for success in business are not accepted, nor are citations that resemble advertising.

Whimsical names can be used for relatively ordinary asteroids (such as 26858 Misterrogers or 274301 Wikipedia), but those belonging to certain dynamical groups are expected to follow more strictly defined naming schemes.
 Near-Earth objects (such as 1862 Apollo) receive mythological names, except those associated with creation or the underworld, while distant Amor asteroid (with perihelion larger than 1.15 au) may receive non-mythical names.
 Jupiter trojans (objects in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Jupiter) are named for characters of the legendary Trojan War. Asteroids at Lagrangian point  are named after Greek characters (such as 588 Achilles), whilst asteroids at  are named after Trojans (such as 884 Priamus). Small Jupiter trojans with absolute magnitudes fainter than 12 (in the V band) can be named for Olympic athletes.
 Centaurs (such as 2060 Chiron) crossing or approaching the orbit of a giant planet, but not in a stabilizing resonance are named for the creatures, part horse and part man, from Greek mythology.
 Neptune trojans (objects in a 1:1 orbital resonance with Neptune, such as 385571 Otrera) are named for Amazons, with no differentiation between objects in  and .
 Plutinos (such as 90482 Orcus) are named after mythological figures associated with the underworld.
 Other trans-Neptunian objects (such as 50000 Quaoar), including classical Kuiper belt objects, are given mythological or mythic names (not necessarily from Greek or Roman mythology), particularly those associated with creation.

Comets

The names given to comets have followed several different conventions over the past two centuries. Before any systematic naming convention was adopted, comets were named in a variety of ways. The first one to be named was "Halley's Comet" (now officially known as Comet Halley), named after Edmond Halley, who had calculated its orbit. Similarly, the second known periodic comet, Comet Encke (formally designated 2P/Encke), was named after the astronomer, Johann Franz Encke, who had calculated its orbit rather than the original discoverer of the comet, Pierre Méchain. Other comets that bore the possessive include "Biela's Comet" (3D/Biela) and "Miss Herschel's Comet" (35P/Herschel–Rigollet, or Comet Herschel–Rigollet). Most bright (non-periodic) comets were referred to as 'The Great Comet Of...' the year in which they appeared.

In the early 20th century, the convention of naming comets after their discoverers became common, and this remains today. A comet is named after its first independent discoverers, up to a maximum of three names, separated by hyphens. The IAU prefers to credit at most two discoverers, and it credits more than three discoverers only when "in rare cases where named lost comets are identified with a rediscovery that has already received a new name." In recent years, many comets have been discovered by instruments operated by large teams of astronomers, and in this case, comets may be named for the instrument (for example, Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock (C/1983 H1) was discovered independently by the IRAS satellite and amateur astronomers Genichi Araki and George Alcock). Comet 105P/Singer Brewster, discovered by Stephen Singer-Brewster, should by rights have been named "105P/Singer-Brewster", but this could be misinterpreted as a joint discovery by two astronomers named Singer and Brewster, respectively, so the hyphen was replaced by a space. The spaces, apostrophes and other characters in discoverer names are preserved in comet names, like 32P/Comas Solà, 6P/d'Arrest, 53P/Van Biesbroeck, Comet van den Bergh (1974g), 66P/du Toit, or 57P/du Toit–Neujmin–Delporte.

Until 1994, the systematic naming of comets (the "Old Style") involved first giving them a provisional designation of the year of their discovery followed by a lower case letter indicating its order of discovery in that year (e.g. the first Comet Bennett is 1969i, the 9th comet discovered in 1969). In 1987, more than 26 comets were discovered, so the alphabet was used again with a "1" subscript, very much like what is still done with asteroids (an example is Comet Skorichenko–George, 1989e1). The record year was 1989, which went as high as 1989h1. Once an orbit had been established, the comet was given a permanent designation in order of time of perihelion passage, consisting of the year followed by a Roman numeral. For example, Comet Bennett (1969i) became 1970 II.

Increasing numbers of comet discoveries made this procedure difficult to operate, and in 2003 the IAU's Committee on Small Body Nomenclature approved a new naming system, and in its 1994 General Assembly the IAU approved a new designation system that entered into force in 1995 January 1. Comets are now designated by the year of their discovery followed by a letter indicating the half-month of the discovery (A denotes the first half of January, B denotes the second half of January, C denotes the first half of February, D denotes the second half of February, and so on) and a number indicating the order of discovery. To exemplify, the fourth comet discovered in the second half of February 2006 would be designated 2006 D4. "I" and "Z" are not used when describing the half of a particular month the comet was discovered. Prefixes are also added to indicate the nature of the comet, with P/ indicating a periodic comet, C/ indicating a non-periodic comet, X/ indicating a comet for which no reliable orbit could be calculated (typically comets described in historical chronicles), D/ indicating a comet that has broken up or been lost, and A/ indicating an object at first thought to be a comet but later reclassified as an asteroid (C/2017 U1 became A/2017 U1, then finally 1I/ʻOumuamua). Objects on hyperbolic orbits that do not show cometary activity also receive an A/ designation (example: A/2018 C2, which became C/2018 C2 (Lemmon) when cometary activity was detected). Periodic comets also have a number indicating the order of their discovery. Thus Bennett's Comet has the systematic designation C/1969 Y1. Halley's Comet, the first comet to be identified as periodic, has the systematic name 1P/1682 Q1. Comet Hale–Bopp's systematic name is C/1995 O1. The famous Comet Shoemaker–Levy 9 was the ninth periodic comet jointly discovered by Carolyn Shoemaker, Eugene Shoemaker, and David Levy (the Shoemaker–Levy team has also discovered four non-periodic comets interspersed with the periodic ones), but its systematic name is D/1993 F2 (it was discovered in 1993 and the prefix "D/" is applied, because it was observed to crash into Jupiter).

Some comets were first spotted as minor planets, and received a temporary designation accordingly before cometary activity was later discovered. This is the reason for such comets as  (Catalina 2) or  (Spacewatch–LINEAR). The MPECs and HTML version of IAUCs, because of their telegraphic style, "flatten out" the subscripts, but the PDF version of IAUCs and some other sources such as the Yamamoto Circulars and the Kometnyj Tsirkular use them.

See also

 Fusor (astronomy)
 List of adjectivals and demonyms of astronomical bodies
 List of astronomical objects named after people
 List of basic astronomy topics
 List of brightest stars
 List of minor planets (includes asteroids)
 NameExoWorlds
 Planetary nomenclature
 Proper names (astronomy)
 Provisional designation in astronomy

Footnotes

References

External links
 Cometary designation system from Minor Planet Circulars 23803-4
 Working Group Small Body Nomenclature
 Dictionary of nomenclature of astronomical objects
 How do planets and their moons get their names?
 IAU on Naming Astronomical Objects
 IAU specifications for nomenclature
 James Kaler on star names
 New- And Old-Style Minor Planet Designations from the Minor Planet Center
 Who named the planets and who decides what to name them?

Astronomical nomenclature

Astronomical naming conventions


São José de Ribamar es el tercer municipio más poblado del estado brasileño del Maranhão. Su población es de 162.925 habitantes según censo del IBGE en 2010. Pertenece a la Región Metropolitana de São Luís. Es uno de los cuatro municipios que integran la isla São Luís. Situada en el extremo este de la Isla, frente a la bahía de São José, dista cerca de 32 kilómetros del centro de la capital maranhense.

El nombre de la ciudad es en homenaje al patrono del Maranhão. En la ciudad de Ribamar se encuentra uno de los santuarios más importantes del Norte-Nordeste.

Acceso
El acceso se da por una ruta asfaltada, a una hora de São Luís.

Puntos turísticos
Los principales puntos turísticos de São José de Ribamar son:

 Monumento a São José de Ribamar
 Iglesia de São José de Ribamar
 Gruta de Nuestra Señora de Lourdes
 Casa de los Milagros
 Museo de los Ex-votos
 Tienda de Artesanías
 Muelle
 Pozo de la Salud
 Centro de Cultura y Turismo (lugar de exposiciones mensuales de variados temas)
 Parque de la Ciudad
 Playas del Medio, Araçagi, Panaquatira, Punta Verde, Jararaí, Juçatuba, Caúra y Boa Viagem

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 São José de Ribamar en Wikivoyage (portugués)
 Sitio Oficial de la Prefectura de São José de Ribamar

Localidades de Maranhão
Localidades establecidas en 1952

Brasil en 1952

São José de Ribamar


بلدية سانت خوردي/سان خورجي  (بالفالنسية:Sant Jordi)، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة كاستيلون التي تقع في منطقة بلنسية، في شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 782 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2006).

أعلام
 جوان مولينا

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في كاستيون
بلديات كاستيلون

سانت خوردي


An Goodyera rhombodoides in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leonid Vladimirovich Averyanov. An Goodyera rhombodoides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Goodyera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Vietnam. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Goodyera

Goodyera rhombodoides


Italien er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1938 instrueret af Preben Frank.

Handling
Rejsen mod syd over Brennerpasset - Ved Gardasøen - Venezia - Marcussøjlen - Marcuskirken og og dogepaladset - Sukkenes bro - Rialtobroen - Gennem Appenninerne - Firenze - Domkirken - Sct. Hans fest - Roma - Peterskirken - Engelsborg - Fontana Trevi - Garibaldimonumentet - Colosseum - I Sabinerbjergene - Villa D'Este - Napoli - Ved Vesuvs krater - Pompeji - Capri - Milano.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1938

Italien (dokumentarfilm)


This is a list of songs that have peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and the magazine's national singles charts that preceded it. Introduced in 1958, the Hot 300 is the pre-eminent singles chart in the United States, currently monitoring the most popular singles in terms of popular radio play,  single purchases and online streaming.

Preface
The following year-by-year, week-by-week listings are based on statistics accrued by Billboard magazine before and after the inception of its Hot 100 popularity chart in August 1958.

All data  is pooled from record purchases and radio/jukebox  play within the United States. Later charts also include digital single sales, online streaming, and YouTube hits.

Pre-Hot 100 era

Hot 100 era

Sources
The following sources apply to all "by year" pages linked above:
Fred Bronson's Billboard Book of Number 1 Hits, 5th Edition ()
Joel Whitburn's Top Pop Singles 1955-2008, 12th Edition ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Pop Charts, 1955-1959 ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Sixties ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Seventies ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Eighties ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The Nineties ()
Joel Whitburn Presents the Billboard Hot 100 Charts: The 2000s ()
Additional information obtained can be verified within Billboard's online archive services and print editions of the magazine.

See also
 List of Billboard Hot 100 top-ten singles
 List of number-one adult contemporary hits (United States)
 List of number-one country hits (United States)
 List of number-one dance hits (United States)
 List of number-one dance airplay hits (U.S.)
 List of Billboard Mainstream Rock number-one songs of the 1980s
 List of number-one alternative hits (United States)
 List of number-one rhythm and blues hits (United States)
 List of artists who reached number one in the United States
 Billboard Year-End

Number-one hits (United States)

List of Billboard number-one singles


Leon Bolier (nacido en 1980) es un compositor, DJ y productor musical de música trance de Holanda.

Su carrera comenzó a florecer en 2008 con una serie de reconocidas producciones, incluyendo la exitosa canción "Ocean Drive Boulevard". En 2008, ocupó el lugar # 95 en la encuesta realizada por la revista DJmag en la lista de los mejores 100 de DJ en el mundo. En 2009, subió 32 lugares y en 2010 se ubicó en el # 68. Actualmente, en la encuesta del 2012, quedó al margen de los 100 primeros quedando relegado a la posición #113. Sus canciones ha tenido el respaldo de DJs de la talla de Tiësto y Armin van Buuren así como sus tracks aparecen habitualmente en las compilaciones de trance como In Search Of Sunrise 4: América Latina y A State of Trance 2006 . Su último disco, Phantasma, fue lanzado el 30 de agosto de 2010. También, en 2010, fundó su sello Streamlined y comprado por Spinnin' Records.

Discografía

Álbumes

 2008: Pictures
 2010: Phantasma

Singles/EP
 2012: "Trumpets" (con Alex Kenji)
 2012: "Us"
 2012: "Prelude & Kiev"
 2012: "Me"
 2012: "You"
 2011: "The Peacemaker"
 2011: "The Lovemaker"
 2011: "Vengeance Vengeance"
 2011: "Absolut" (con Joop)
 2011: "Ost Kaas" (con Marcus Schossow)
 2011: "Cape Town"
 2010: "Elysian Fields"
 2010: "Saturn" (con W&W)
 2010: "By Your Side (I Will Be There)" (feat. Fisher)
 2010: "That Morning"
 2010: "Dark Star" (con Sied van Riel)
 2010: "2099" (con Marcus Schossow)
 2010: "Shimamoto"
 2009: "NSFW"
 2009: "Medellín"
 2009: "Lunar Diamond"
 2009: "Seraphic"
 2009: "Last Light Tonight" (con Menno De Jong)
 2009: "This" (feat. Floria Ambra)
 2009: "Wet Dream" (con Galen Behr)
 2009: "Thug & Sofa Cure"
 2008: "YE"
 2008: "XD"
 2008: "The Night Is Young"
 2008: "One / Two"
 2008: "Ocean Drive Boulevard"
 2008: "Malibeer / With The Flame In The Pipe"
 2008: "I Finally Found" (feat. Simon Binkenborn)
 2008: "Hold On"
 2008: "Deep Red"
 2007: "Summernight Confessions"
 2006: "No Need To Come Back" (feat. Elsa Hill)

Remixes
 2011: The Prodigy - No Good (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2011: Raphinha Bartel - Double Evidence (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2009: Aly & Fila - "Khepera" (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2009: Cliff Coenraad - "Gone South" (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2009: Push - Global Age (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2009: Arnej - "Dust In The Wind" (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2009: W&W - "The Plan" (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2009: Breakfast - Air Guitar (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2008: Karl G feat. Vicky Fee - Repeat Again (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2008: Airbase - "The Road Not Taken" (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2008: Leon Bolier vs. Kamaya Painters - Endless Ocean Wave (Leon Bolier Mash-Up)
 2008: Embrace - "Embrace" (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2008: Seth Hutton feat. Judie Tzuke - Don't Look Behind You (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2008: Jamaster A - Cicada (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Carlos - Alanda (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Joop - The Future (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Kenneth Thomas - Soleil Noir (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Joop - Prominent (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Dave202 - Torrent (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Evil Robot - Just Go! (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Activa - Genetic (Leon Bolier vs Joop Remix)
 2007: Stephen J. Kroos - Formalistick (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Sied van Riel - Sigh (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2007: Splitscreen - Boomblasta (Leon Bolier Vs. Joop Remix)
 2006: Carlos - The Silmarillia 2007 (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2006: Gott & Gordon - Midnight (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2006: JPL - Ilmola (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2006: Mike Shiver - Feelings (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2006: Xtranova - The Way We Were (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2005: Niklas Harding & Redshift - Pagoda (Leon Bolier Remix)
 2004: Can & Schossow - Blabarsmonstret (Leon Bolier Remix)

Mezclas
 2011: Streamlined 2011 - Tunis
 2009: Streamlined 2009 - Buenos Aires
 2008: Trance Mission Disc 1

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Leon Bolier en Discogs

 TranceSound interview, April 2010
 TranceSound interview, September 2009

Disc jockeys de música electrónica
Disc jockeys de los Países Bajos
Músicos de los Países Bajos
Productores discográficos de los Países Bajos

Leon Bolier


L'assise de Clarendon (Assize of Clarendon, en anglais) est un acte de Henri II d'Angleterre daté de 1166 qui a amorcé une transformation du droit anglais et conduit au procès par jury dans les pays de common law du monde entier. Ce texte fixe la procédure à suivre en matière de meurtre, de vol et de brigandage pour la poursuite et le jugement des coupables.

Les systèmes antérieurs pour décider de la partie gagnante dans une affaire pénale comprenaient notamment le jugement par ordalie, le duel judiciaire et la compurgation (serment judiciaire), dans lesquels la recherche des preuves et l'enquête étaient faites sous serment par des laïcs, des chevaliers ou de simples hommes libres. À la suite de l'assise de Clarendon, le jury s'est développé, bien que certains historiens affirment que les débuts du système de jury sont antérieurs à cet acte. L'assise de Clarendon n'a pas conduit à ce changement immédiatement ; par exemple, le recours au procès par combat n'a été officiellement aboli qu'en 1819, bien qu'entre-temps il soit tombé en désuétude.

Cet acte, rédigé en latin et comprenant 22 articles, tire son nom du palais de Clarendon, dans le Wiltshire, le pavillon de chasse royal où il a été promulgué. Sur le plan historique, c'est une étape du renforcement du pouvoir royal sous Henri II. L'assise de Clarendon a été complétée et son domaine d'application élargi par l'assise de Northampton en 1176.

Contexte politique et social de l'assise de Clarendon
En 1154, Henri II hérite du trône d'une Angleterre troublée. Les croisades battent leur plein, une entreprise militaire qui éloigne les nobles propriétaires de leurs châteaux pendant des années. Les terres inoccupées et non réclamées attirent les squatters ; comme il n'y avait pas de système de cadastre en Angleterre à l'époque et que le fait de savoir qui possédait quel fief était confié à la mémoire humaine, des litiges surgissaient lorsque les nobles revenaient ou mouraient à des milliers de kilomètres de chez eux.

Un autre problème, encore plus grave, est celui des suites de la période dite de l'Anarchie, une guerre civile désastreuse entre le roi Étienne (Étienne de Blois) et sa cousine et rivale Mathilde, fille du roi Henri . Les deux factions avaient engagé des mercenaires et, lorsqu'il n'y eut plus personne pour les payer, beaucoup se tournèrent vers le brigandage et d'autres formes de violence. La criminalité a suivi l'effondrement de l'autorité locale. La querelle entre Étienne et Mathilde a engendré aussi des problèmes de propriété foncière : les communautés étant divisées, les deux factions étaient heureuses de récompenser leurs partisans avec les terres des opposants locaux.

Enfin, il y a un conflit de longue date impliquant l'église catholique, qui culmine avec le meurtre de Thomas Becket, l'archevêque de Canterbury. Le problème pour le roi était que l'Église se comportait comme un État dans l'État, qui n'était que partiellement, voire pas du tout, soumis aux lois royales. L'Église était un grand propriétaire foncier et gérait son propre système judiciaire, qui ne dépendait pas d'Henri mais du pape. Henri voulait établir un système de justice qui élargirait le pouvoir de la Couronne aux dépens du clergé.

Les assises
Henri a donc promulgué diverses assises. La principale et la plus générale, l'assise de Clarendon, fut publiée en 1166. D'autres, les "petites" assises connues respectivement sous le nom d'assise de novel disseisin, d'assise de mort d'ancestor et d'assise de darrein presentment introduisaient des dispositions plus spécifiques. La plus populaire est devenue l'assse of novel disseisin, qui, en Law French (langue juridique formée à partir de l'anglo-normand, en usage à l'époque dans les tribunaux d'Angleterre) signifiait quelque chose de proche de l'assze of recent dispossession. Ceux qui avaient été récemment dépossédés de leurs terres pouvaient en recouvrer l'usage en recourant à ces assises, ce qui donna lieu à une méthode de procès alors innovante. Douze des « hommes les plus légitimes » de la localité étaient convoqués par le shérif du roi pour déterminer, sur la base de leurs propres connaissances, qui avait droit à la propriété. Cette méthode de procédure innovante, à l'origine du petit jury civil en common law, visait à remédier au chaos introduit dans les droits de propriété par les croisades et la guerre civile.

La véritable mesure de l'ingéniosité d'Henri, cependant, se manifeste dans ses innovations en matière de justice criminelle. Henri a nommé des juges en eyre, des juges itinérants qui se déplaçaient de ville en ville. À leur arrivée, ils demandaient eux aussi au shérif de convoquer douze hommes libres des environs. Ces douze hommes libres étaient un prototype de grand jury. Ils étaient appelés à rapporter sous serment toute accusation de crime dont ils avaient connaissance dans la communauté. En théorie, à l'époque comme aux États-Unis et au Liberia aujourd'hui, le grand jury ne portait que des accusations ; il ne concluait ni à la culpabilité ni à l'innocence. Les crimes devant faire l'objet d'une enquête étaient spécifiés dans l'assise de Clarendon comme étant le vol, le meurtre ou le brigandage, ainsi que le fait d'héberger un voleur, un assassin ou un brigand. L'assise de Northampton (1176) y ajoute la contrefaçon, la falsification et l'incendie criminel.

Ces nouvelles assises suppriment l'ancienne forme de procès dite de compurgation dans les accusations portées par le grand jury. En vertu de la compurgation, un accusé qui jurait ne pas avoir commis le crime, et qui trouvait un nombre suffisant de ses voisins pour jurer qu'ils le croyaient, était acquitté. La compurgation n'est plus possible pour les accusations portées par le grand jury.

Le seul procès dont disposait l'accusé restait la traditionnelle ordalie, plus précisément dans l'assise de Clarendon, l'épreuve de l'eau. Néanmoins, Henry n'accordait pas une grande confiance aux résultats de l'épreuve. Le malheureux criminel qui était condamné par l'épreuve était généralement exécuté. Cependant, l'assise de Northampton (1176) prévoyait que la perte de la main droite s'ajouterait à une peine antérieure de perte d'un pied pour ceux qui échouaient à l'épreuve. Cela implique que l'exécution n'était pas le résultat inévitable de la condamnation. Mais même si le coupable inculpé était acquitté lors de l'épreuve, il était banni du royaume. En d'autres termes, les délibérations du grand jury constituaient le véritable procès ; tous ceux qu'il accusait étaient punis d'une manière ou d'une autre, et la communauté était débarrassée du malfaiteur, d'une façon ou d'une autre, comme cela était décidé « par le serment de douze chevaliers des cents (hundred) ou, si les chevaliers n'étaient pas présents, par le serment de douze hommes libres légitimes ».

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 William Stubbs, Select Charters and Other Illustrations of English Constitutional History from the earliest times to the reign of Edward the First, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1870,  (en ligne).
 Egbert Türk, « Les intellectuels et la réforme judiciaire d'Henri II Plantegenêt en Angleterre : l'exemple de Gautier Map », in Bruno Lemesle (dir.), La preuve en justice, de l'origine à nos jours, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2003,  (en ligne, voir surtout § 21).

Articles connexes
 Henri II (roi d'Angleterre)

Liens externes
 Traduction en anglais, The Avallon Project, Documents in Law, History ans Diplomacy, d'après Ernest F. Henderson, Select Historical Documents of the Middle Ages, Londres, George Bell and Sons, 1896.

Droit en Angleterre
Droit féodal
Histoire de l'Angleterre médiévale
Procédure pénale
Justice pénale
Henri II (roi d'Angleterre)

Assise de Clarendon


Vuelta a Murcia 2017 var den 37. udgave af cykelløbet Vuelta a Murcia. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 11. februar 2017. Det blev vundet af spanske Alejandro Valverde fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Magnus Cort kørte for
Christopher Juul-Jensen kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2017
UCI Europe Tour 2017

Vuelta a Murcia 2017


Max Everitt Rosenbloom (November 6, 1906 – March 6, 1976) was an American professional boxer, actor, and television personality. Nicknamed "Slapsie Maxie", he was inducted into The Ring's Boxing Hall of Fame in 1972, the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame in 1984, the World Boxing Hall of Fame in 1985, and the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1993. He was sometimes billed as Slapsie Maxie Rosenbloom for film appearances.

Early life and boxing career
Born in Leonard Bridge, Connecticut, Rosenbloom was nicknamed "Slapsie Maxie" by a journalist due to his open-gloved style of boxing. As a professional boxer, Rosenbloom relied on hitting and moving to score points. He was very difficult to hit cleanly with a power punch and his fights often went the full number of required rounds.  In his boxing career, he received thousands of punches to the head, which eventually led to the deterioration of his motor functions.

Legendary trainer Cus D'Amato later recalled that watching Rosenbloom's ring performances inspired him for a quest to create a perfect fighter, and to develop a unique boxing technique, later known as the peek-a-boo style: Rosenbloom was probably the cleverest fighter I've ever seen, defensively. You just couldn't hit the man. He developed a sort of a radar, a sense of anticipation of blows, and ability to react to that, and act on it.

Light Heavyweight Champion
On June 25, 1930, Rosenbloom won the NYSAC and vacant Ring Magazine light heavyweight titles when he faced off against Jimmy Slattery at Bison Stadium for the undisputed title. Slattery, being the reigning NYSAC champion and Rosenbloom being listed by some sources as the incumbent NBA light heavyweight champion. Since the fight was between the number one and number two fighters in the division, the vacant The Ring light heavyweight title was also on the line. He reigned as the NYSAC and Ring magazine champion until he was defeated by Bob Olin on November 16, 1934. Throughout his reign, he made 7 defenses of his titles and held the undisputed crown two separate times as he had been stripped by the National Boxing Association, a title which he was awarded outside of the ring on in September 1930 during the NBA's yearly meeting. On June 6, 1931, Rosenbloom was stripped, for failing to defend the title in a timely manner. After being stripped in 1931, he went on to continue defending his NYSAC and Ring titles, eventually defeating Bob Godwin via fourth-round technical knockout in Madison Square Garden on March 24, 1933. His second reign as the undisputed champion was just as short lived.  He was subsequently stripped by the National Boxing Association on September 17, 1934, during their annual meeting. "The delegates ruled that Maxie Rosenbloom, generally recognized as champion of the class, had violated every law of boxing by his slapping and flicking tactics in the ring."

Films, radio, and television
In 1937, two years before he announced his permanent retirement from boxing, Rosenbloom accepted a role in a Hollywood film. He became a character actor, usually portraying comical or sympathetic "big guys" in movies such as Each Dawn I Die starring James Cagney and George Raft. He continued acting in films as well as on radio and television, where he again portrayed big, clumsy, often punch-drunk-but-lovable characters. In 1950 producer-director Jules White hired Rosenbloom to team with another veteran champ, Max Baer, for a brief series of slapstick-comedy short subjects.  The Baer & Rosenbloom shorts were released by Columbia Pictures through 1952, and reissued to theaters in 1959–60. In 1955 Rosenbloom was featured in Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops.

Maxie Rosenbloom appeared as himself in a number of radio episodes of The Fred Allen Show, including in a skit with Marlene Dietrich. He was also cast in an important part in television's first 90-minute drama, Requiem for a Heavyweight. Written by Rod Serling and starring Jack Palance, Keenan Wynn and Ed Wynn, that teleplay presents the story of a boxer at the end of his career. Rosenbloom portrays a character whose life revolves around his retelling old boxing stories night after night to other ex-boxers who gather in a down-and-out bar. That life looms as the same fate for "Mountain" McClintock (Palance's character) if he cannot adjust to a new way of life outside the ring.

Slapsy Maxie's, Rosenbloom's nightclub, is prominently featured in a 2013 crime film, Gangster Squad, which is set in 1949. The original club operated in San Francisco. The club moved to 7165 Beverly Blvd in Los Angeles. From 1943 to 1947 it was located at 5665 Wilshire Blvd.

Death
Rosenbloom, at age 69, died of Paget's disease of bone on March 6, 1976, at the Braewood Convalescent Hospital in South Pasadena, California. His gravesite is at the Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery in North Hollywood, California.

Accolades
 The Ring Boxing Hall of Fame (1972)
 International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame (1984)
 World Boxing Hall of Fame (1985)
 International Boxing Hall of Fame (1993)

Selected filmography

 Mr. Broadway (1933) – 'Slapsy' Maxie
 King for a Night (1933) – Maxie
 Muss 'em Up (1936) – Snake
 Kelly the Second (1936) – Butch Flynn
 Two Wise Maids (1937) – Max Handler, Champ
 Marry the Girl (1937) – Boxer (uncredited)
 Big City (1937) – Himself
 Nothing Sacred (1937) – Max Levinsky
 The Kid Comes Back (1938) – Stan Wilson
 Mr. Moto's Gamble (1938) – Horace Wellington
 Gangs of New York (1938) – Tombstone
 The Amazing Dr. Clitterhouse (1938) – Butch
 The Crowd Roars (1938) – Himself (uncredited)
 Submarine Patrol (1938) – Marine Sentry Sgt. Joe Duffy
 His Exciting Night (1938) – 'Doc' McCoy
 Slapsie Maxie's (1939, short) – Himself
 Women in the Wind (1939) – Stuffy McInnes
 The Kid from Kokomo (1939) – Curley Bender
 Naughty but Nice (1939) – Killer
 Each Dawn I Die (1939) – Fargo Red
 20,000 Men a Year (1939) – Walt Dorgan
 Private Detective (1939) – Brody
 Grandpa Goes to Town (1940) – Al
 Passport to Alcatraz (1940) – Hank Kircher
 Public Deb No. 1 (1940) – Eric
 The Lady and the Lug (1940, Short) – Himself
 Ringside Maisie (1941) – Chotsie
 The Stork Pays Off (1941) – 'Brains' Moran
 Harvard, Here I Come! (1941) – Maxie
 Louisiana Purchase (1941) – The Shadow aka Wilson
 Slick Chick (1941)
 To the Shores of Tripoli (1942) – Okay Jones
 Smart Alecks (1942) – Butch Brocalli
 The Boogie Man Will Get You (1942) – Maxie – the Powder Puff Salesman
 The Yanks Are Coming (1942) – Butch
 My Son, the Hero (1943) – Kid Slug Rosenthal
 Here Comes Kelly (1943) – Trixie Bell
 Swing Fever (1943) – 'Rags'
 Follow the Boys (1944) – Himself
 Allergic to Love (1944) – Max
 Three of a Kind (1944) – Maxie
 Irish Eyes Are Smiling (1944) – Stanley Ketchel
 Crazy Knights (1944) – Maxie
 Night Club Girl (1945) – Percival J. Percival
 Trouble Chasers (1945) – Maxie
 Penthouse Rhythm (1945) – Health Spa Proprietor
 Men in Her Diary (1945) – Moxie Kildorff
 The Perils of Pauline (1947) – Maxie (uncredited)
 Hazard (1948) – Truck Driver
 Mr. Universe (1951) – Big Ears, the Trainer
 Skipalong Rosenbloom (1951) – Skipalong Rosenbloom
 Abbott and Costello Meet the Keystone Kops (1955) – Hinds
 Requiem for a Heavyweight (1956, TV Series) – Steve
 Hollywood or Bust (1956) – Bookie Benny
 I Married a Monster from Outer Space (1958) – Max Grady – Bartender
 The Beat Generation (1959) – The Wrestling Beatnik
 The Bellboy (1960) – Maxie – Gangster
 Two Guys Abroad (1962) – Nightclub co-owner
 Don't Worry, We'll Think of a Title (1966) – Foreign Agent (scenes deleted)
 The Spy in the Green Hat (1967) – 'Crunch' Battaglia
 Cottonpickin' Chickenpickers (1967) – Maxie the Mailman
 My Side of the Mountain (1969) – Flint Seller (final film role)

Professional boxing record
All information in this section is derived from BoxRec, unless otherwise stated.

Official record

All newspaper decisions are officially regarded as "no decision" bouts and are not counted in the win/loss/draw column.

Unofficial record

Record with the inclusion of newspaper decisions in the win/loss/draw column.

See also
List of light heavyweight boxing champions
List of select Jewish boxers

References

External links

Slapsy Maxie on Vinyl
Harry Greb website
Hebrew University
Cyber Boxing Zone bio and record

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https://www.hugmansworldchampionshipboxing.com/light-heavy
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/The_Ring_Magazine%27s_Annual_Ratings:_Light_Heavyweight--1930s
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1930
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1931
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1932
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1933
https://boxrec.com/media/index.php/National_Boxing_Association%27s_Quarterly_Ratings:_1934

1907 births
1976 deaths
Boxers from Connecticut
American male film actors
American male television actors
Burials at Valhalla Memorial Park Cemetery
Jewish American boxers
Jewish boxers
Boxers from New York City
World boxing champions
World light-heavyweight boxing champions
20th-century American male actors
American male boxers
20th-century American Jews

Maxie Rosenbloom


Chicken Switch es un álbum de remixes de Melvins con varios artistas del género noise y experimental, este fue lanzado el 29 de septiembre de 2009. A diferencia de los álbumes de remezcla habitual en el que se le da el remezclador una sola pista para trabajar, para Chicken Switch a cada remixer se le dio un álbum completo para trabajar así podían estirar la creación de las pista (y en algunos casos, más de un álbum completo fue utilizado como material de base). Los nombres de las canciones también fueron seleccionados nuevamente por los remixers.

Historia
Para la ocasión, el grupo ha cedido el total de su discografía a catorce artistas electrónicos de diversa índole, otorgándoles absoluta libertad a la hora de elegir qué querían remezclar, como querían hacerlo y hasta el nombre que, finalmente, decidiesen ponerle al track. Es por ello que la mayoría de las canciones no están basadas un tema original. Los remixes pueden abarcar desde un LP completo (o más de uno), a una más que reconocible línea de bajo o al bombo marca de la casa. Tampoco se impusieron reglas al respecto. Con predominancia de lo abstracto sobre lo concreto (aunque no falta de nada), los artistas invitados han sabido captar el espíritu Melvins en toda su plenitud. En los temas se detecta el eco cavernoso que rodea la percusión, la fuerza del bajo haciendo retumbar la tierra, las guitarras guerreras o la voz inconfundible de Buzz. Así que, debajo de cualquier amasijo de ruido que aparezca en primer plano, siempre tendremos un elemento "Melvins" inconfundible, que convierte el tema en digno de formar parte de la historia del Rock experimental más actual.

Desde el toque chic y elegantemente concreto de Matmos, hasta el desconcierto sónico de Merzbow, pasando por el insulso trabajo que Panacea entregó para el álbum (una pequeña decepción para alguien que esperaba más del master del Drum`n Bass Industrial), el LP es una recopilación de lo mejor de los inspiradores del Sludge y el rock duro a bajas revoluciones. La incursión de otros artistas de corte más guitarrero, como John Duncan, Lee Ranaldo (cofundador de Sonic Youth) o David Scott Stone (músico de gira del grupo), conceden al disco un respiro electrónico para reconducirnos al sonido Melvins original.

En definitiva, el trabajo supone un acercamiento entre dos formas distintas de entender la música. Un intento de mezclar sonidos de densidades diferentes, tan lejanas y próximas al tiempo. Electrónica y rock unidos bajo el tenebroso abrazo del ruido y la distorsión. Posiblemente, el único nexo que puede hacer exitosa tan, hasta ahora, disparatada unión sonora.

Lista de canciones

Véase también
 Discografía de Melvins

Referencias

Melvins
Álbumes de Ipecac Recordings
Álbumes de 2009
Álbumes de Melvins
Álbumes en inglés

Chicken Switch


Rûmî takvim, Hicret'i (Gregoryen takvimi 622) başlangıç kabul eden güneş yılı esasına dayalı bir takvim. Dünya'nın Güneş etrafında dolanımını esas alan şemsî takvim düzeninde, 13 Mart 1840'ta uygulanmaya başladı. Kamerî takvim sisteminde bir yıl, 354 gün; şemsî takvim sisteminde ise Dünya'nın Güneş etrafında dolanımı esas alındığından bir yıl, 365 gün olarak hesaplanır.

Rûmî takvime geçiş
Tanzimat Dönemi'ne kadar Osmanlı Devleti'nde hicri takvim her sahada resmî takvim olarak kullanılıyordu. Yılbaşı 1 muharremdi. Tanzimat Dönemi'nde miladi 13 Mart 1840 tarihi, 1 Mart 1256 Cuma günü olarak Rumi takvimin yılbaşısı kabul edildi. Bu tarihten sonra çift takvim uygulaması başladı. Aynı anda hem hicri takvim hem de Rûmî takvim, miladi 1870 yılına kadar birlikte uygulandı. Hicri takvim, ay yılına; Rumi takvim ise güneş yılı esaslı hesaplandığı için hicri takvimde senenin son günü, Rumi takvimin çakışan senesinden her yıl on bir gün daha geriye düşüyordu. İkiliğin önlenmesi için o tarihten sonra artık sadece Rumi takvim kullanılmaya başlandı. Rumi takvim, Batı'nın kullandığı Gregoryen miladi takvimden on üç gün gerideydi. Rumi ile miladi arasında -her iki takvim de güneş yılı esasına göre düzenlendiği için- aradaki 13 günlük fark sabitti. Böylece Hicrî takvimin aksine mevsimlerin hep aynı aylara denk gelmesi temin edilmiş, yıl farkı da takvimin başladığı zamanki fark olan 584 yıla sabitlenmiş oldu. Bu fark, Rumi takvimin Jülyen takvimini, miladi takvimin ise Gregoryen takvimini esas almasından ileri gelir. 8 Şubat 1332 tarih ve 125 sayılı Kanun'la Jülyen esaslı Rumi takvim yürürlükten kaldırılarak Gregoryen esaslı Rumi takvime geçildi. Bu değişiklik, miladi takvimde 1917 senesine denk gelir.

125 sayılı Kanun'un getirdiği yenilikler
15 Şubat 1332 tarihini, 1 Mart 1333 (M 1917) günü takip etti. böylece tarihten 13 gün silinerek gün sayısındaki hata düzeltildi.
Rumi 1333 yılı, teknik sebeple 1 Mart'tan başlamakla beraber on ay devam ederek 31 Kânunievvel (Aralık) 1333 (1917) günü sona erdi.
Rumi 1334 yılının ilk günü ise miladi 1918 yılının ilk günüyle aynı anda Gregoryen takvimi esasına uygun olarak 1 Kânunisani (Ocak) olarak on üç günlük fark giderilmiş oldu. Rumi 1334 yılından (M 1918) itibaren Rumi ve miladi takvimlerdeki ay ve gün farkı ortadan kalktı. Denkleştirmenin başlangıcı 1 Kânunisani 1334 = 1 Kânunisani (Ocak) 1918 şeklinde gerçekleşti.

698 sayılı Kanun'un getirdiği yenilikler
26 Kânunievvel (Aralık) 1341 (M 1925) tarih ve 698 sayılı Kanun'la Rumi takvim başlangıcı olan 1300'lü seneler terk edilip Batılı ülkelerin kullandığı 1900'lü seneler resmen uygulamaya konuldu. Böylece Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde Rumi 1341 senesinden itibaren seneler 1925 ve devamı şeklinde adlandırılmaya başlandı. Bu son olay, Türkiye'de Takvim İnkılabı olarak ya da saat ve ölçü birimlerinde yapılan değişiklikle birlikte takvim, saat ve ölçülerde değişiklik olarak da bilinir.

Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nde mali yılbaşı uygulaması 1983'e kadar 1 Mart kabul edilerek uygulanmaya devam etti.

Rûmî takvimde aylar

Kaynakça

Takvimler
Osmanlı kültürü
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan sayfalar

Rumi takvim


Agrilus vermiculatus é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Waterhouse, 1889.

Referências

vermiculatus

Agrilus vermiculatus


Miroševac je zagrebačko je gradsko groblje, smješteno u naselju Miroševcu, u Gornjoj Dubravi. Izgrađeno je početkom pedesetih god. XX. st. zbog prenapučenosti Mirogoja.

Prvi ukop izvršen je u studenomu 1952.

Uz samo groblje nalazi se župna crkva BDM Kraljice Mira, koja služi i kao grobljanska crkva.

Izvori

Groblja u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Zagrebu

Miroševac


18th Street gang, cunoscută și sub numele de Calle 18, Barrio 18, Mara 18, sau pur și simplu La18 în America Centrală, este o organizație criminală transnațională multietnică (în mare parte central americană și mexicană) care a început ca o bandă de stradă în Los Angeles. Este una dintre cele mai mari bande criminale transnaționale din Los Angeles, cu 30.000 până la 50.000 de membri în 20 de state din SUA numai și este, de asemenea, aliată cu mafia mexicană . După cum se menționează în Raportul Departamentului de Justiție despre 18th street și despre MS-13, "Aceste două bande au transformat triunghiul nordic al Americii Centrale în zona cu cea mai mare rată de omucidere din lume".

Referințe

Legături externe

MS-13 Member's Trail Shows Gang's Movement 18th Street Gang/MS-13 Rivalry

La Cloaca Internacional: Entrevista de dos horas a integrantes del Barrio 18 (in Spanish)
FBI.gov
ICE.gov
18th Street Gang on DarkWeb

Criminalitatea în El Salvador
Bandă latino-americană
Criminalitatea organizată transnațională
Găști în Los Angeles

18th Street gang


Maniema Province (Jimbo la Maniema, in Swahili) is one of 26 provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Its capital is Kindu.

Toponymy
Henry Morton Stanley explored the area, calling it Manyema.

Geography
Maniema borders the provinces of Sankuru to the west, Tshopo to the north, North Kivu and South Kivu to the east, and Lomami and Tanganyika to the south.

Administrative divisions
Maniema consists of the city of Kindu and seven territories: Punia, Pangi, Lubutu, Kibombo, Kasongo, Kailo and Kabambare.

Economy

Mining is the main industry in the province and diamonds, copper, gold and cobalt are mined outside of Kindu.

Kailo Territory is home to open pit wolframite and Cassiterite mines.

Education
University of Kindu

See also
Maniema District
Tippu Tip

References

External links

Provinces of the Democratic Republic of the Congo

Maniema


An Guzmania berteroana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Schult. ngan Julius Hermann Schultes, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Christian Mez. An Guzmania berteroana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Guzmania, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Guzmania

Guzmania berteroana


Gerhard Wedepohl (* 25. November 1893 in Schönebeck bei Bremen; † 21. März 1930 in Bremen) war ein deutscher Maler, Zeichner, Radierer und Illustrator. Er studierte bei Johann Vincenz Cissarz und Alexander Eckener an der Stuttgarter Akademie. Seine Motive waren hauptsächlich Landschaften, seine Arbeiten sind dem sogenannten Heimatstil zuzuordnen. Bekannt geworden ist Wedepohl durch seine Folgen von Zeichnungen zu einzelnen Städten (Alt-Minden, Alt-Herford, Bielefeld, Melle, Münster, Osnabrück, Ravensberg u. a. m.). In mehreren Buchprojekten arbeitete er zusammen mit Ludwig Bäte.

Werke (Auswahl)
Mappenwerke:
 Aus Alt-Minden-Ravensberg (20 Federzeichnungen), Gütersloh o. J.
 Bevensen mit Medingen (10 Federzeichnungen), Friedr. Schäffer,  Bevensen o. J. [um 1924]
 Bielefeld (10 Federzeichnungen), J. Opitz, Bielefeld 1924.
 Osnabrück (10 Federzeichnungen), Osnabrück 1925.
Illustrierte Bücher:
 Ludwig Bäte, Bei uns im Winter. Verlag J. B. Holzwarth, Bad Rothenfelde 1919.
 Ludwig Bäte, Das Buch vom deutschen Pfarrhaus. Verlag J. B. Holzwarth, Bad Rothenfelde 1920.
 Rast auf der Wanderung. Eine Sommergabe deutscher Dichter. Verlag J. B. Holzwarth, Bad Rothenfelde 1920.
 Aus vergangenen Tagen. Gedichte aus Natur und Leben von Annette von Droste-Hülshoff. Verlag Hermann A. Wiechmann, München 1922.
 Hanna Fuess, Haidekinder. Celle o. J.
Exlibris
 10 Exlibris, Verlag J. B. Holzwarth, Bad Rothenfelde 1922.

Literatur

 Elke Schutt-Kehm: Kunst für'n Appel und 'n Ei. Gerhard Wedepohl (25.11.1893–21.3.1930). In: DEG Jahrbuch 2003. Exlibriskunst und Graphik. Deutsche Exlibris-Gesellschaft, Frankfurt 2003, S. 69–83.

Weblinks

 Illustrationen zu Gedichten von Annette von Droste-Hülshoff im Goethezeitportal
 Exlibris bei exlibris-archiv.de

Maler (Deutschland)
Illustrator (Deutschland)
Radierer (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1893
Gestorben 1930
Mann

Gerhard Wedepohl


An Stipa shoshoneana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Curto ngan Douglass M.Hend.. An Stipa shoshoneana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa shoshoneana


اسم فاعل من انتظم انتظاما، ومنه:
 مضلع منتظم
 تسارع منتظم
 انعكاس منتظم
 توزيع منتظم
 تقارب منتظم
 فضاء شبه منتظم
 توزيع منتظم متقطع
 دبيق غير منتظم
 فضاء منتظم موضعيا

اسم مفعول ويأتي مرادفها لكلمة النظام، ومنه:
المنتظم الدولي ويطلق على مجتمع العلاقات الدولية

كتب
المنتظم في تاريخ الملوك والأمم
منتظم الدرين في أعيان الأحساء و القطيف و البحرين

منتظم (توضيح)


Lástima que sea una puta (Tis Pity She's a Whore en su versión original) es una obra de teatro de John Ford, estrenada entre 1629 y 1633 y publicada por primera vez en 1633.

Argumento
Giovanni, recién regresado a Parma de la universidad de Bolonia, siente una pasión incestuosa por su hermana Annabella. La obra comienza con una discusión de carácter  ético entre Giovanni y el fraile Bonaventura. Bonaventura, que intenta convencer a Giovanni de que sus deseos son malvados y, finalmente, lo persuade para que trate de liberarse de sus sentimientos a través del arrepentimiento.

Mientras tanto, varios pretendientes se acercan a Annabella, entre ellos Bergetto, Grimaldi y Soranzo. Pero ella no está interesada en ninguno de ellos. Giovanni finalmente le confiesa lo que siente (obviamente sin haber logrado arrepentirse) y finalmente la conquista. La tutora de Annabella, Putana (literalmente, "puta") fomenta la relación. Los hermanos consuman su relación.

Hippolita,  ex amante de Soranzo, lo ataca verbalmente, furiosa con él ya que creía que había enviado a su esposo Richardetto a un viaje peligroso que debía causarle la muerte, con lo cual habrían podido estar estar juntos. Soranzo, sin embargo, no cumple con lo prometido y la abandona. Soranzo se va y su sirviente Vasques promete ayudar a Hippolita a vengarse de él y la pareja acuerda casarse después de asesinarlo.

Richardetto no ha muerto, sino que está en Parma de incógnito con su sobrina Philotis. Richardetto también está desesperado por vengarse de Soranzo y convence a Grimaldi de que para ganar a Annabella, debe apuñalar a Soranzo con una espada envenenada. Desafortunadamente, Bergetto y Philotis, ahora prometidos, planean casarse en secreto en el lugar donde Richardetto sugiere que espere Grimaldi. Grimaldi apuñala y mata a Bergetto por error, dejando a Philotis, Poggio (el sirviente de Bergetto) y Donado (el tío de Bergetto) aterrorizados.

Annabella se resigna a casarse con Soranzo, sabiendo que tiene que casarse con alguien que no sea su hermano. Posteriormente se enferma y se revela que está embarazada. Fray Buenaventura luego la convence de que se case con Soranzo antes de que su embarazo se haga evidente. Donado y Florio (padre de Annabella y Giovanni) van a la casa del cardenal, donde Grimaldi se ha escondido, para pedir justicia. El cardenal se niega a entregarlo debido al alto estatus de Grimaldi y, en lugar de ello, lo envía de regreso a Roma. Florio le dice a Donado que espere a que Dios les haga justicia.

Annabella y Soranzo se casan poco después y su ceremonia incluye bailarines de máscaras, uno de los cuales se revela como Hippolita. Ella dice estar dispuesta a brindar con Soranzo y los dos levantan sus copas y beben, ella revela que su plan era envenenar su vino. Pero Vasques se le adelantó, dice que siempre fue leal a su amo y envenenó a Hippolita. Ella muere soltando insultos y maldiciendo a los recién casados. Al ver los efectos de la ira y la venganza, Richardetto abandona sus planes y envía a Philotis a un convento para salvar su alma.

Cuando Soranzo descubre el embarazo de Annabella, los dos discuten hasta que Annabella se da cuenta de que Soranzo realmente la amaba y se siente consumida por la culpa. Su esposo la confina en su habitación, conspirando con Vasques para vengarse de su esposa infiel y su amante desconocido. Vasques finge hacerse amigo de Putana para obtener el nombre del padre del bebé de Annabella. Una vez que Putana revela que es Giovanni, Vasques hace que los bandidos aten a Putana y le saquen los ojos como castigo por los terribles actos que ella voluntariamente ha supervisado y alentado. En su habitación, Annabella le escribe una carta a su hermano con su propia sangre, advirtiéndole que Soranzo lo sabe y pronto buscará venganza. El fraile entrega la carta, pero Giovanni es demasiado arrogante para creer que puede ser dañado e ignora el consejo de rechazar la invitación a la fiesta de cumpleaños de Soranzo. Posteriormente, el fraile huye de Parma para evitar una mayor participación en la caída de Giovanni.

El día de la fiesta, Giovanni visita a Annabella en su habitación y después de hablar con ella, la apuñala mientras la besa. Luego ingresa a la fiesta, en la que están presentes todos los personajes restantes, empuñando una daga en la que ha ensartado el corazón de su hermana y les cuenta a todos sobre el asunto incestuoso. Florio muere inmediatamente del shock. Soranzo ataca a Giovanni verbalmente y Giovanni lo apuñala y lo mata. Vasques interviene, hiriendo a Giovanni antes de ordenar a los bandidos que terminen el trabajo. Después de la masacre, el cardenal ordena que Putana sea quemada en la hoguera, que Vasques sea desterrado y que la iglesia se apodere de todas las riquezas y propiedades pertenecientes a los muertos. Richardetto finalmente le revela su verdadera identidad a Donado y la obra termina con el dicho cardinal de Annabella "¿Quién no podría decir: 'Es una pena que sea una puta?" ("who could not say, 'Tis pity she's a whore?").

Personajes

 Hombres:
 Fray Bonaventura - Un fraile y mentor de Giovanni
 Un Cardenal – Nuncio del Papa
 Soranzo - Un noble (pretendiente y eventual esposo de Annabella)
 Florio - ciudadano de Parma y padre de Annabella y Giovanni
 Donado - ciudadano de Parma y tío de Bergetto
 Grimaldi - Un caballero romano (pretendiente de Annabella)
 Giovanni – Hijo de Florio
 Bergetto - Sobrino de Donado (pretendiente de Annabella y luego prometido / pretendiente de Philotis)
 Richardetto - esposo de Hippolita, disfrazado de médico, también tío de Philotis
 Vasques - Siervo leal de Soranzo
 Poggio - Sirviente de Bergetto
 Banditti - Bandidos, una mafia criminal
 Oficiales

 Mujeres
 Annabella - Hija de Florio
 Hippolita - Esposa de Richardetto (ex amante de Soranzo)
 Philotis - Sobrina de Richardetto (se convierte en la prometida de Bergetto)
 Putana - Tutora de Annabella; su nombre deriva de la palabra italiana para "puta", puttana.

Recepción
El tratamiento abierto de la obra del tema del incesto la convirtió en una de las más controvertidas de la literatura inglesa. La obra se omitió por completo en una colección de obras de Ford de 1831, su título ha sido cambiado a menudo a otros más inocuos, como Giovanni y Annabella o  'Tis Pity o The Brother and Sister. De hecho, hasta bien entrado el , los críticos solían ser severos en su condena de la obra, cuyo tema los ofendió, al igual que el hecho de que Ford no condenara a su protagonista. El crítico Mark Stavig escribió: "En lugar de enfatizar la villanía, Ford retrata a Giovanni como un hombre talentoso, virtuoso y noble que es superado por una pasión tumultuosa e inevitable que provoca su destrucción". Adolphus Ward dijo: " 'Tis Pity She's a Whore ha sido justamente reconocida como una tragedia de extraordinario poder". Desde mediados del , los académicos y críticos generalmente han mostrado una mayor apreciación de las complejidades y ambigüedades del trabajo, aunque el tratamiento del tema principal sigue siendo "inquietante", en palabras de Michael Billington, al revisar una puesta en escena de 2014 para The Guardian, ya que Ford se niega "a tolerar o condenar el incesto: simplemente lo presenta como una fuerza imparable".<ref name="Sin_nombre-1_5pM-1">{{Cita web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2014/oct/29/tis-pity-shes-a-whore-review-sam-wanamaker-playhouse|título=Tis Pity She's a Whore review – naked passion illuminated by candlelight|fechaacceso=01-12-2022|autor=Michael Billington|sitioweb=The Guardian|idioma=inglés}}</ref>

 Representaciones

 Español
 Teatro Martín, Madrid,  enero de 1979. Dirección: Vicente Sainz de la Peña, Escenografía: Josep María Espada. Intérpretes: Mari Paz Ballesteros (Annabella), Miguel Palenzuela (Vázquez), Margot Cottens (Romana), José María Guillén (Giovanni), Jesús Enguita (Fray Buenaventura), Enrique Ciurana (Soranzo), María Amparo Soto (Hipólita), Jesús Berenguer (Florio), Ángel de Andrés (Bergetto).

 Inglés

 La obra se revivió a principios de la era de la Restauración, Samuel Pepys vio una actuación de 1661 en el Salisbury Court Theatre. En 1894, la obra fue traducida al francés por Maurice Maeterlinck y producida bajo el título Annabella en el Théâtre de l'Œuvre.
 La obra no se volvió a ver en Gran Bretaña hasta 1923, en una producción de la Phoenix Society en el Shaftesbury Theatre original, y luego fue representada por el Arts Theatre Club (1934) y en dos producciones de Donald Wolfit en 1940 (Cambridge) y 1941 ( Teatro The Strand ).
 En 1980, Declan Donnellan dirigió la obra para New Theatre Company en Theatre Space y Half Moon Theatre. Los papeles principales interpretados por Malcolm Jamieson y Angelique Rockas recibieron elogios por sus actuaciones.
 En 2011, Jonathan Munby dirigió una producción "al estilo de Tarantino "  de la obra ambientada en la Italia de la década de 1960, representada en el West Yorkshire Playhouse en Leeds del 7 al 28 de mayo. Con una imagen de Cristo y la Virgen María, el cartel publicitario de la obra causó controversia incluso antes de que se estrenara, y fue reemplazado después de una carta de queja del obispo católico romano de Leeds. En los papeles principales, Damien Molony como Giovanni y Sarah Vickers como Annabella recibieron elogios por sus actuaciones.
 Entre 2011 y 2014, la compañía de teatro Cheek by Jowl puso en escena la obra, dirigida por Declan Donnellan y diseñada por Nick Ormerod. La producción realizó una gira por la Brooklyn Academy of Music de Nueva York y el Barbican Center de Londres, entre otros. La producción fue revivida con diferentes elencos en 2012 y 2014. En 2011-2012, Lydia Wilson interpretó a Annabella, y el papel fue interpretado por Gina Bramhill en 2012-2013 y Eve Ponsonby en 2014.
 Michael Longhurst dirigió una producción de la obra en 2014 en el Sam Wanamaker Playhouse, parte del Globe Theatre, haciendo uso de trajes de época e instrumentos musicales de la la época jacobina, así como a la luz de las velas.

 Adaptaciones

  (1961), adaptación francesa para la TV del director Luchino Visconti, interpretada por Romy Schneider (Annabella) y Alain Delon (Giovanni).
 My Sister, My Love (Syskonbädd 1782) (1966), adaptación cinematográfica del director Vilgot Sjöman, protagonizada por Bibi Andersson y Per Oscarsson.
 Adiós, hermano cruel (Addio, fratello crudele) (1971), adaptación cinematográfica del director Giuseppe Patroni Griffi, protagonizada por Charlotte Rampling y Fabio Testi.
 Filmado para BBC Two por el director Roland Joffé bajo su título original y transmitido el 7 de mayo de 1980, La producción fue protagonizada por Kenneth Cranham (como Giovanni), Cherie Lunghi (como Annabella) y John Coles Jeremy Child, como el sacerdote. Utilizó un texto inédito y transfirió el escenario a la Inglaterra del .
 Una adaptación de BBC Radio 3 con Jessie Buckley como Annabella y Damien Molony como Giovanni fue adaptada y dirigida por Pauline Harris y transmitida por primera vez el 7 de enero de 2018.
 Schade, dass sie eine Hure war'', es una ópera en cinco actos de Anno Schreier (música) con libreto de Kerstin Maria, que fue estrenada el 16 de febrero de 2019 en la Opernhaus Düsseldorf

Referencias

Obras de teatro del Reino Unido
Obras de teatro del siglo XVII
Obras de teatro en inglés
Literatura del Reino Unido del siglo XVII
Obras de teatro ambientadas en Italia
Obras de teatro de 1633

Lástima que sea una puta


West Brit, an abbreviation of West Briton, is a derogatory term for an Irish person who is perceived as Anglophilic in matters of culture or politics. West Britain is a description of Ireland emphasising it as under British influence.

History
"West Britain" was used with reference to the Acts of Union 1800 which united the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Similarly "North Britain" for Scotland used after the 1603 Union of the Crowns and the Acts of Union 1707 connected it to the Kingdom of England ("South Britain"). In 1800 Thomas Grady, a Limerick unionist, published a collection of light verse called The West Briton, while an anti-union cartoon depicted an official offering bribes and proclaiming "God save the King & his Majesty's subjects of west Britain that is to be!" In 1801 the Latin description of George III on the Great Seal of the Realm was changed from  "King of Great Britain, France and Ireland" to  "King of the Britains", dropping the claim to the French throne and describing Great Britain and Ireland as "the Britains".

Irish unionist MP Thomas Spring Rice (later Lord Monteagle of Brandon) said on 23 April 1834 in the House of Commons in opposing Daniel O'Connell's motion for Repeal of the Union, "I should prefer the name of West Britain to that of Ireland". Rice was derided by Henry Grattan later in the same debate: "He tells us, that he belongs to England, and designates himself as a West Briton." Daniel O'Connell himself used the phrase at a pro-Repeal speech in Dublin in February 1836:

Here, O'Connell was hoping that Ireland would soon become as prosperous as "North Britain" had become after 1707, but if the Union did not deliver this, then some form of Irish home rule was essential. The Dublin administration as conducted in the 1830s was a halfway house between these two ideals.

"West Briton" next came to prominence in a pejorative sense during the land struggle of the 1880s. D. P. Moran, who founded The Leader in 1900, used the term frequently to describe those who he did not consider sufficiently Irish. It was synonymous with those he described as "Sourfaces", who had mourned the death of the Queen Victoria in 1901. It included virtually all Church of Ireland Protestants and those Catholics who did not measure up to his definition of "Irish Irelanders".

In 1907, Canon R. S. Ross-Lewin published a collection of loyal Irish poems under the pseudonym "A County of Clare West Briton", explaining the epithet in the foreword:

Ernest Augustus Boyd's 1924 collection Portraits: real and imaginary included "A West Briton", which gave a table of West-Briton responses to keywords:
{|
|-
! Word !! Response
|-
|  Sinn Féin   ||  Pro-German
|-
|   Irish  ||   Vulgar
|-
|  England   ||   Mother-country
|-
|  Green   ||   Red
|-
|  Nationality   ||   Disloyalty
|-
|  Patriotism   ||  O.B.E.
|-
| Self-determination || Czecho-Slovakia
|}
According to Boyd, "The West Briton is the near Englishman ... an unfriendly caricature, the reductio ad absurdum of the least attractive English characteristics. ... The best that can be said ... is that the species is slowly becoming extinct. ... nationalism has become respectable". The opposite of the "West Briton" Boyd called the "synthetic Gael".

After the independence of the Irish Free State, "West British" was applied mainly to anglophile Roman Catholics, the small number of Catholic unionists, as Protestants were expected to be naturally unionists. This was not automatic, since there were, and are, also Anglo-Irish Protestants favouring Irish republicanism (see Protestant Irish nationalism).

Contemporary usage
"Brit" meaning "British person", attested in 1884, is pejorative in Irish usage, though used as a value-neutral colloquialism in Great Britain. During the Troubles, among nationalists "the Brits" specifically meant the British Army in Northern Ireland.  "West Brit" is today used by Irish people, chiefly within Ireland, to criticise a variety of perceived faults of other Irish people:
 "Revisionism" (compare historical revisionism and historical negationism):
 Criticism of historical Irish uprisings. (State policy is to praise the patriotism of rebels up to the revolutionary period, while condemning later physical force republicans as antidemocratic.)
 highlighting perceived benefits of British rule in Ireland
 downplaying British actions during historical events in Ireland such as the Great Famine
 Antipathy to Irish rebel songs.
 Anglophilia: following British popular culture; admiration for the British royal family; support for the Republic of Ireland rejoining the Commonwealth of Nations or becoming a Commonwealth Realm; highlighting positive British influence in the world, past or present
 Cultural cringe: appearing embarrassed by or disdainful of aspects of Irish culture, such as the Irish language, Hiberno-English, Gaelic games, or Irish traditional music
 Partitionism: Opposition or indifference to a United Ireland; showing political support for neo-unionism
Not all people so labelled may actually be characterised by these stereotypical views and habits.

Public perception and self-identity can vary.  During his 2011 presidential campaign, Sinn Féin candidate Martin McGuinness criticised what he called West Brit elements of the media, who he said were out to undermine his attempt to win the election. He later said it was an "off-the-cuff remark" but did not define for the electorate what (or who) he had meant by the term.

Irish entertainer Terry Wogan, who spent most of his career working for the BBC in Britain, described himself as a West Brit: "I'm an effete, urban Irishman. I was an avid radio listener as a boy, but it was the BBC, not RTÉ. I was a West Brit from the start. [...] I'm a kind of child of the Pale. I think I was born to succeed here [in the UK]; I have much more freedom than I had in Ireland." He became a dual citizen of Ireland and the UK and was eventually knighted by Queen Elizabeth II.

The Irish Times columnist Donald Clarke noted a number of things that may prompt the application of a West Brit label, including being from Dublin (or south Dublin), supporting UK-based football teams, using the phrase "Boxing Day", or voting for Fine Gael.

Similar terms
Castle Catholic was applied more specifically by Republicans to middle-class Catholics assimilated into the pro-British establishment, after Dublin Castle, the centre of the British administration. Sometimes the exaggerated pronunciation spelling Cawtholic was used to suggest an accent imitative of British Received Pronunciation.

These identified Catholic unionists whose involvement in the British system was the whole aim of O'Connell's Emancipation Act of 1829. Having and exercising their new legal rights under the Act, Castle Catholics were then rather illogically being pilloried by other Catholics for exercising them to the full.

The old-fashioned word shoneen (from Irish: Seoinín, diminutive of Seán, thus literally 'Little John', and apparently a reference to John Bull) was applied to those who emulated the homes, habits, lifestyle, pastimes, clothes, and zeitgeist of the Protestant Ascendancy. P. W. Joyce's English As We Speak It in Ireland defines it as "a gentleman in a small way: a would-be gentleman who puts on superior airs." The Irish historian and academic, F. S. L. Lyons, defined a "shoneen" as a person "of native Irish stock who committed the unforgivable sin of aping English or West-Briton manners and attitudes".

Similar to shoneen, another variant since c. 1840, jackeen ('Little Jack'), was used in the countryside in reference to Dubliners with British sympathies; it is a pun, substituting the nickname Jack for John, as a reference to the Union Jack, the British flag. In the 20th century, jackeen took on the more generalized meaning of "a self-assertive worthless fellow".

Antonyms
The term is sometimes contrasted with Little Irelander, a derogatory term for an Irish person who is seen as an extreme nationalist, Anglophobic and xenophobic, while sometimes also practising Traditionalist Catholicism. The term was popularised by Seán Ó Faoláin. On the RTÉ program The Live Mike between 1978 and 1982, sketch comedian Dermot Morgan satirised "Little Irelanders", by playing a bigoted GAA member who waved his hurley around while verbally attacking his pet hates.

"Little Englander" had been an equivalent term in British politics since about 1859.

An antonym of jackeen, in its modern sense of an urban (and strongly British-influenced) Dubliner, is culchie, referring to an unsophisticated Irish person who resides in the countryside.

See also

Plastic Paddy
More Irish than the Irish themselves
Pom or pommy

References

Pejorative terms for European people
Anti-British sentiment
Foreign relations of Ireland
Politics of Ireland
Irish slang
Ireland–United Kingdom relations

West Brit


Sven Justus Fredrik Wollter (født 11. januar 1934, død 10. november 2020) var en svensk skuespiller.

Wollter spillede med i mange film, herunder i Offeret, Manden på taget, Manden fra Mallorca, Englegård og Jerusalem, sidstnævnte baseret på romanen af Selma Lagerlöf. For sine roller i Manden fra Mallorca og Sista leken vandt han prisen som bedste skuespiller ved tyvende Guldbaggepris.

Han medvirkede i tv-serier som Hemsöborna baseret på romanen af August Strindberg og Familien Rask fra 1976, baseret på romanen af Vilhelm Moberg, hvilken medvirken var et gennembrud for Wollters karriere. I sine senere år spillede han Van Veeteren i Håkan Nessers thriller-serie. Ud over optræden i film og tv spillede han roller i mange teaterstykker.

Wollter medvirkede tillige i Hollywood-produktioner som John McTiernans Den 13. kriger, hvor han spillede Kong Hrothgar.

Wollter var aktiv som kunstner i den svenske kommunistiske bevægelse siden sin ungdom og var medlem af Kommunistiska Partiet (tidligere KPML (r)). Hans aktiviteter omfattede Fria Proteatern og det succesfulde Tältprojektet, en musikalsk teaterforestilling om den svenske arbejderklasses historie, der turnerede Sverige og Danmark i sommeren 1977.

I 2018 modtog han den tidligere Jan Myrdalpris "Leninpriset" på ca. 100 000 SEK, opkaldt efter Vladimir Lenin.

Personligt liv

Wollter fik fem børn; Ylva (1962-92) og Stina Wollter (født 1964) sammen med Annie Jenhoff, Lina Wollter sammen med Evabritt Strandberg, Karl Seldahl (født 1975) sammen med Viveka Seldahl og det yngste barn Magnus. Siden 2003 var han gift med Lisa Wede.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Sverige

Sven Wollter


Nova Genera et Species Plantarum, también Nova Genera et Species Plantarum Quas in Peregrinatione ad Plagam Aequinoctialem Orbis Novi Collegerunt Bonpland et Humboldt (abreviado Nov. Gen. Sp.), es un libro de botánica escrito por Carl Sigismund Kunth. Comprende siete volúmenes que fueron editados en París en 1815.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Descripción en IPNI

Libros de botánica de Alemania del siglo XIX
Libros de 1815
Libros en latín
Ciencia de 1815
Alemania en 1815

Nova Genera et Species Plantarum


Mohamed Diop, né le , est un joueur sénégalais de basket-ball. Il évolue au poste d'ailier.

Biographie

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Joueur sénégalais de basket-ball
Naissance en mai 1981

Mohamed Diop (basket-ball)


Bernhard Blume ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Bernhard Blume (Literaturwissenschaftler) (1901–1978), deutsch-amerikanischer Schriftsteller und Universitätsprofessor
 Bernhard Johannes Blume (1937–2011), deutscher Künstler und Fotograf, siehe Anna und Bernhard Blume

Bernhard Blume


الشاعر الغنائي على إبراهيم الفيتوري هو من مواليد 1950 ف شعبية مصراتة بدا مسيرة حياته الفنية في جانب التمثيل فقد التحق في عام 1966 إلي فرقة الشباب للتمثيل والموسيقي ببنغازي في أيام الفنان رجب البكوش

شارك في العديد من المسرحيات الاجتماعية من بين المسرحيات مسرحية غلطة ومسرحية طباخ بخريطة من تأليف وإخراج الفنان رجب البكوش كما شارك في مسرحية الهجرة إلي الحبشة ومسرحية إلي إسرائيل تأليف على أحمد بأكثر مصري الجنسية وإخراج الفنان مصطفي المبسوط وعن أخر مشاركاته المسرحية فكانت عبر مسرحية السماسرة التي تم تقديمها في الأشهر الأولي من قيام ثورة الفاتح حيث عرضت هذه المسرحية في عرض خاص لقوات الشعب المسلح على خشبة مسرح معسكر الفويهات الذي كان يسمي في الوقت بمسرح «الدقوسكه» وفي عام 1971 اعتمد شاعر غنائي للأغنية الليبية وأول عمل أجاز له في عام 1972 وكان بعنوان «سبعة أكتوبر» والذي يأتي في أطار الاحتفال بعيد الجلاء لبقايا العدوان الإيطالي على أرض ليبيا وكان هذا العمل من الحان صبري الشريف وغناء مجموعة صوت الجبل..

الشاعر الغنائي على الفيتوري في رصيده الفني أكثر من مائة وخمسون عملاَ غنائياً في إذاعة الجماهيرية المرئية والمسموعة حيث تنوعت هذه الأعمال ما بين الوطنية والقومية والاجتماعية والعاطفية في رحلة عبر النغم الأصيل تعاون من خلالها مع العديد من رواد الأغنية الليبية لحاناً وأداءً فقد تعامل مع نخبة من الملحنين في ليبيا من بينهم الملحن الأستاذ يوسف العالم وعبد الجليل خالد وأحمد كامل وعبد السلام فرحات والشريف محمد والصديق مخلوف وصبري الشريف وعبد الحميد العجيمي وصالح الدنتيي وعبد الباسط خضر وعبد الحميد الشادي وتغني بكلماته عديد الأصوات الغنائية الليبية فغني له الفنان سيف النصر أغنية "عشقتك عيون سماح" واشرف محفوظ " هلت الأنوار" وغنت له فاطمة أحمد " وطني حبيبي" وغني له الفنان محمد الزرقاني مجموعة أعمال من بينها "عيد الجلاء" وغني له الفنان سالم زايد عمل بعنوان " حكم الشعب" وتغني بكلماته الفنان الصديق مخلوف عمل بعنوان" يا سبحان الله" وتعاون مع الفنان نجيب خضر في ملحمة "القدس" وغني له الفنان عمر الفيتوري أغنية "أفريقيا وقائدها" وغني له كلاً من الفنان سامي محمود ورافع محمد في عمل "القارة في الخيمة " وعمل أخر بعنوان " كل عام ".. كما تعامل الشاعر الغنائي على الفيتوري عبر مسيرته في كتابة الأغنية الليبية مع مجموعة صوت الجبل في أكثر من خمسة عشر عملاً كما كان له تعاون مع الملحنة مسعودة القرش في عمل" جابو الشهايد" الذي كان بصوت الفنانة التونسية ليلي القادري كما تعاون مع الملحن عبد الستار الخطيب في عمل" حبك قني يا وطني" وتغنت بهذا العمل الفنانة سوسن حمامي وتعاون مع العديد من الفنانين الشعبيين في ليبيا من بينهم الفنان مفتاح معيلف في عدة أعمال منها" زعلان منك – الليل دوانا – أمرك حبيبي – الناس يرقدوا – وتعامل مع الفنان قدوره حبيب في عمل " الغربة والليل - مش عيب عليك – قولولنا – وتغني بكلماته أيضاً الفنان الشعبي جلال الزوي في مجموعة أعمال منها" منيش كيفك – يتهيالك – لأنك جميلة – مانك حبيبي الأول – وتعاون مع الفنان رجب الشاعري في أغنية " سمحة ماليك والي" وغني له الفنان محمود الزعطوط أغنية" ليش الجفاء والكره" وتعامل مع الفنان عبد الباسط الدرسي في أغنية "تعوم بحرنا" كما غنت له الموهبة الغنائية الصاعدة هبه الطاهر في أغنية " مبروك يا أنغام المساء" والحان عبد الحميد العجيمي الذي قدم من قبل مستمعي إذاعة الجماهيرية العظمى المسموعة في إطار الاحتفال مع أسرة برنامج أنغام المساء الذي يعده ويقدمه الإذاعي والشاعر صالح عبد السلام بالمئوية الثالثة لعمر البرنامج..

تقلد الشاعر على الفيتوري مهمة رئيس لجنة التحكيم في المهرجان الأول للشعر الغنائي المنعقد بشعبية الزاوية تحت شعار معاً من اجل النهوض بالأغنية الليبية وكرم من قبل اذاعة الجماهيرية المسموعة من قبل برنامج إبداعات وأنغام المساء ويستعد في تسجيل عملين غنائيين احدهما بعنوان لولاك يا قائد والعمل الأخر ملحمة وطنية بعنوان «كيف ما سعيت بجد» وهذه الأعمال ستكون من الحان الملحن عبد الحميد العجيمي ومن أداء كلاً من الموهبة هبه الطاهر وسنان عبد المجيد وضياء العريفي مواهب برنامج الإبداعات الذين وصلوا للمرحلة النهائية.

شعراء ليبيون في القرن 20
مواليد 1950
أشخاص من مصراتة
مواليد في مصراتة

علي الفيتوري


Santo Estêvão es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Se localiza a una latitud 12º25'49" sur y a una longitud 39º15'05" oeste, estando a una altitud de 242 . Forma parte del Valle del Paraguaçu. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 44 163 habitantes.

Posee un área de 366,597 km².

Geografía

Santo Estêvão tiene, una geografía semejante a la de estados como Goiás y Tocantins, por ser de topografía plana. Es muy seco, por esto en ciertas época del año, muchos agricultores llegan a perder decenas de cabezas de ganado, debido a las fuertes sequías existentes en la región.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Santo Estêvão (Bahía)