is an anime series based on  light novel series by Hitoshi Yoshioka, taking the title from its first volume. It was produced by some of Japan's larger studios, including Big West, Tatsunoko Productions, King Records and VAP.

Tylor consists of a 26-episodes TV series directed by Kōichi Mashimo, and a sequel OVA series of 10 episodes directed by Mashimo and Naoyuki Yoshinaga. The TV show premiered in Japan on TV Tokyo between January 25, 1993 and July 19, 1993, and was broadcast across Latin America by the television network Magic Kids. Both series were broadcast across the United States by AZN Television. Tylor is distributed across North America by The Right Stuf International.

Enterbrain published a 3-volume sequel manga miniseries in 2001 and 2002. The light novels and manga haven't been translated.

A short anime series, titled  and produced by Seven, aired from July 11 to September 26, 2017.

Plot
In a distant, highly technological future, Tylor, the title character, is a mysterious young man without a real purpose in life, a state of mind that is very hard to determine, and a knack for accidentally getting out of near-death situations with a childishly cavalier attitude. He sometimes does not even seem to realize when he is in danger, which is actually an asset to him on many occasions.

Tylor stumbles his way into the United Planets Space Force and soon gains command of a destroyer after resolving a hostage dispute and saving a retired admiral. Despite being given a decrepit and underpowered ship (the Soyokaze), thanks to brilliant strokes of luck, Tylor manages to destroy a patrol group. This is quickly followed by a sneak attack on another patrol group, performed while Tylor was playing the role of a consummate, professional soldier. The admiralty, attempting to kill Tylor, present him with a medal modified with a device to trick the Raalgon fleet into believing the Soyokaze is an entire fleet. Tylor loses the medal in UPSF HQ, and the Raalgons destroy the admiralty's super-weapon instead.

The Soyokaze is then sent to a demotion sector, despite the fervent hopes of its crew. There, Tylor and Yamamoto encounter the ghost of the former captain, who vanishes due to depression after seeing Tylor's behavior. The Admiral of the fleet, who actually drove the prior Captain to suicide, rescinds Tylor's demotion after seeing Tylor with the former captain's pipe, thinking he is now aware of the admiral's crime. Tylor is then captured by the Raalgon fleet, who plan to execute him to boost morale. After escaping his cell, Tylor encounters the Empress of the Raalgon, Azalyn, in plain dress, and spends the day entertaining her. She stops his execution, and his jailors implant microchip in his brain to control him.

Meanwhile, the crew of the Soyokaze has been imprisoned by the brass. They manage to escape captivity and invade the Melva, the main Raalgon ship, to get Tylor back. During the fight, Tylor saves Azalyn from a bomb that her treacherous Prime Minister Wang had detonated to gain power for himself. Tylor is badly injured, and Azalyn tells the Raalgon that she is going with Tylor back to the Soyokaze in order to make sure he is all right. After the doctor saves Tylor, Azalyn returns to her people.

Tylor then rendezvouses with the main fleet, where he is branded a traitor for letting Azalyn return. He is sentenced to death by a firing squad. However, Tylor convinces the brass that he can defeat the Raalgon, and they reluctantly allow him to take complete command. After coming to a stand-off with Dom, Tylor manages to spill no blood and stop the fighting for the time being. After the death of Admiral Hanner, whom Tylor had adored and talked with, Tylor becomes sullen and announces he will leave the military. Lieutenant Yamamoto is given command of the brand new ship, the Aso. In the final episode, the former crew of the Soyokaze, who are supposed to be on the Aso, join Tylor on the Soyokaze as they fly out into space.

The two major powers in the story are the UPSF (United Planets Space Force) and the Raalgon Empire (the extraterrestrials), who resemble humans with pointy ears and unusual haircolor).

One of the largest points of dispute in the story is the competence of Tylor. Several characters say of Tylor, "I can't decide if he's an idiot or a genius." Whether he is a genius or an idiot is up to viewers.

Production
According to The Anime Encyclopedia by Jonathan Clements and Helen McCarthy: "The character [Tylor] is a cartoon version of Hitoshi Taira, the lazy protagonist of the 1962 live-action movie Japan's Irresponsible Age who was played by comedian Hitoshi Ueki. This popular satire on Japan's salaryman culture featured a feckless individual who always managed to come out on top, advancing up promotional ladders when accidents befall his superiors or lucking into important business information simply by malingering and goofing off. The series and its theatrical spin-offs were revived in 1990, suspiciously close to the time when Hummingbirds-creator Hitoshi Yoshioka would have begun work on this anime version."

Characters

 is a mysterious, irresponsible man. Tylor, age 20, joined the United Planets Space Force for what he hoped would be an easy life. Originally assigned to the Pension department, he unwittingly foiled a terrorist plot to kidnap and kill a retired UPSF admiral when he tried to deliver a late check by hand. For saving the war hero's life, Tylor was promoted to Major and placed in command of the destroyer Soyokaze (the UPSF dumping ground for trouble makers and the unwanted). Tylor has, as his superiors have put it, 'The Devil's own luck' and usually can get out of any situation relatively unscathed, avoiding multiple assassination attempts and defeating enemy groups of vastly superior numbers. He is very laid back and does not really care for the rules, using his authority as captain to change whatever regulations seem too uptight for him. He is also easily led by his crew, who are able to convince him to allow them to wear comfortable clothes on watch, hold a swimsuit competition, and let the surgeon drink while on duty. The UPSF and the Raalgon Empire are constantly debating whether Tylor possesses the most brilliant military mind or whether he is just a lucky moron.

 is a very strait-laced, by-the-book officer. Yuriko joined the UPSF to give her life structure and attempts to obey the rules in almost every situation. However, she, unlike Yamamoto, has no problem telling Tylor that he has done something wrong and will even resort to slapping him when he gets too far out of line. Yuriko also tries to downplay her gender, making herself a soldier first, and then a woman. This is a sore subject for her when someone comments about Tylor's obvious attraction to her looks, pointing out that she has never used her appearance to get ahead; an equally sore point for her is her budding attraction to him. Yuriko is one of the most rational and level-headed officers on the Soyokaze. While she is senior to Yamamoto, her speciality as an intelligence officer places her outside the chain of command.

 is another very strait-laced, by-the-books military man. Yamamoto is the first officer on the Soyokaze and tried mightily to interject an air of professionalism to the outfit. Constantly enraged by Tylor's lack of discipline and his loose command of the troops, Yamamoto spends much of his free time in the medic's office taking tranquilizers and making use of the neuro-cleanser. Yamamoto sees Tylor for what he is, a bumbling fool, but is torn between the unwritten soldier's code of supporting and obeying your superior officer, and telling the UPSF brass what is REALLY going on. He is always on the lookout for a chance to get some form of command, hoping to get a ship of his own one day.

 is the 16-year-old empress of the Holy Raalgon Empire. Azalyn is a child, forced into the unenviable situation of having to assume power of the empire once her parents are murdered. Prompted by her advisors, she gives the command to attack the UPSF (under the assumption that they were behind the assassination plot). Having not had a chance to be a child, Azalyn must now be strong for the entire empire, and it's a task that she is afraid of taking, but even more afraid of failing in.

 is the commander of one of the Raalgon fleets. He speaks candidly with the Empress, in stark contrast to the bowing and scraping and lying of the rest of her court. Dom gains Azalyn's trust and becomes one of her more valued advisors. Dom is also very interested in Tylor, feeling that Tylor would be not only a worthy adversary, but also a challenge for anyone to decipher and defeat. It is Dom who assigned Harumi to spy on the Soyokaze's enigmatic captain, but even with the constant data coming in from his valued spy, Dom is still unsure whether Tylor really knows what he is doing or if he is just a fool.

Light novels
The Irresponsible Captain Tylor is adapted from the series of light novels The Most Irresponsible Man in Space by Hitoshi Yoshioka and published under Fujimi Shobo's Fujimi Fantasia Bunko label. When the anime adaptation began, the series consisted of three trilogies and several side stories which are partly adapted by anime. Additional novel series followed, with The True Irresponsible Captain Tylor being a reprint of the original series with three volumes of new content. No light novels in the series have been translated.

The Most Irresponsible Man in Space
Series 1
1. The Irresponsible Captain Tylor (Musekinin Kanchou Tylor)
2. The Most Irresponsible Man in the Meiji Period (Meiji Ichidai Musekinin Otoko)
3. Wang Strikes Back! (Wang no Gyakushuu)

Series 2
4. The Irresponsible Admiral Tylor (Musekinin Gensui Tylor)
5. Azalyn, Age 16 (Azalyn, 16-sai)
6. Tylor's Big Turnabout (Tylor no Daigyakuten)

Series 3
7. The Irresponsible President Tylor (Musekinin Daitouryou Tylor)
8. Wind Speed: 40 Light Years! (Fuusoku Yon-Juu Kounen)
9. The Eternally Irresponsible Man (Eiennare Musekinin Otoko)

The Most Irresponsible Man in Space Side Stories
1. The Galactic Age of Irresponsiblity (Ginga Musekinin Jidai)
2. The Samurai of Space (O-zora no Samurai)
3. The Scarlet Lion (Akaki Shishi)
4. Rebellion on Ice Planet Horoshiri! (Gentou Wakusei Horoshiri no Hanran)
5. Hatori-kun Time (Hatori-kun Taimu)
6. My name is Yamamoto (Waga mei wa Yamamoto)

The Irresponsible Kids
1. The Black Sun Belle (Ankoku Taiyou Komachi)
2. The Storm of "Why?" (Why? no Arashi)
3. Burning KISARA (Moete KISARA)
4. Time Guide (Jisen Annai-jin)
5. Galactic Marriage Story (Ginga Yometori Monogatari)

The Irresponsible Quartet
1. Your Name is Machiko (Kiminonaha Machiko)
2. Angel / Disqualified (Tenshi / Shikkaku)
3. Cult Annihilation (Jakyō Senmetsu)
4. Decisive Battle! Rose Nebula (Kessen! Barairo Seiun)
5. Galactic Advocate (Ginga Sansho)

The Irresponsible Three Kingdoms
1. Plot Triangle (Bōryaku Toraianguru)
2. Cold Trigonometric Function (Tsumetai Sankakukansu)
3. Flame Tricolor (Honō no Torikorōru)
4. Miracle Trinity (Kiseki no Torinitī)
5. Three Animals Advance (San-biki Kaishingekio)
6. Three Crows Appear! (Sanbagarasu tōjō!)
7. Three Crowns (Mittsu no ōkan (Kuraun))
8. The Third Challenge! (Shiren no sanbanshōbu!)
9. Third Big Bang (Sādo Bigguban)
10. Shine! Tristar (Kagayake! Toraisutā)

The Irresponsible Apocalypse
1. Financial Lightning (Fainansu Denkōsekka)
2. To Hurt (To~uhāto)
3. Double Prince (Daburu Purinsu)
4. Don't Win (Katte wa Ikenai)
5. Beyond the Grace (Onshūnokanatani)

The True Irresponsible Captain Tylor
1. Enlistment (Nyūtai)
2. Struggle (Funtō)
3. Encounter (Kaigō)
4. Prisoner of War (Ryoshū)
5. Revival (Fukkatsu)
6. Triumph (Gaisen)
7. Sidestory Love and War Part 1 (Gaiden Ravu ando U~ō-jō)
8. Sidestory Love and War Part 2 (Gaiden Ravu ando U~ō-ka)
9. ReMix Lullaby to the Lion and the Eagle (Shishi to Washi e no Rarabai)

The Irresponsible Admiral Tylor
1. Light (Kashoku)
2. Lost (Shittsui)
3. Rebellion (Hangyaku)
4. Return (Kikan)

Anime

The anime adaptation began as a 26-part TV series broadcast on TV Tokyo and ran from January 25 to July 19, 1993. All episodes were directed by Kōichi Mashimo, and were produced by Tatsunoko Production. The OVA was a 10-part series released between October 1, 1994 and August 1, 1996. All episodes were directed between Mashimo and Koji Sawai, and were produced by Studio Deen. The story follows the career of Justy Ueki Tylor, a young man who decided to join the United Planets Space Force believing it will lead to an easy life. He later finds himself in command of his own spaceship, the Soyokaze, where he finds himself at odds with his military enemy, the Raalgon Empire, and his own crew due to his laid-back manner.

The TV series featured an opening and closing performed by Mari Sasaki: "Just Think Of Tomorrow" and "Downtown Dance" respectively. They, along with the rest of the soundtrack for both the TV series and OVA were released by AnimeTrax on June 5, 2001.

The TV series was released in the United States by Right Stuf first on VHS between October 21, 1997 and July 21, 1998, and was later released on DVD on January 30, 2001. The OVA was released on VHS and DVD between July 31 and September 25, 2001. The series was released as a digitally remastered thinkpak by Right Stuf's division Nozomi Entertainment, with the TV series released on May 26, 2009 and the OVA on August 28, 2009. The series was released on Blu-ray on October 5, 2021.

A short anime series, titled  and produced by Seven, aired from July 11 to September 26, 2017. It was streamed in English by Crunchyroll.

Soundtrack
The soundtrack to both the TV series and the OVA were both released on CD by ADV Films and Right Stuf on June 5, 2001.

Manga
Set years after the OVAs, the manga Love & War, with a story by Hitoshi Yoshioka and artwork by Kotaro Mori, was published by Enterbrain in three volumes in 2001 and 2002. In it, Tylor is now a vice admiral and captain of the battleship Omi. This time he gets with his fiancée and political officer Lt. Cmdr. Yuriko Star and his staff officer and adjutant Cmdr. Makoto Yamamoto in a time travel adventure back into the past of Raalgon during the reign of Goza XV.
The manga is unfinished, but Yoshioka adapted and finished the story as the first two side-story volumes of The True Irresponsible Captain Tylor reprint series in 2003 and 2004, with Mori again providing illustrations.

Notes and references

External links
The Irresponsible Captain Tylor official English site

J-pop.com review
Animerica review of OVA
Yoshioka Hitoshi in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction
Novel release dates (in French)

1989 Japanese novels
1993 anime television series debuts
1993 Japanese novels
1994 anime OVAs
2001 Japanese novels
2001 manga
2002 Japanese novels
2009 Japanese novels
2012 Japanese novels
2017 anime television series debuts
Anime and manga based on light novels
Fujimi Fantasia Bunko
Kadokawa Dwango franchises
Light novels
Parody anime and manga
Seven (animation studio)
Space opera anime and manga
Studio Deen
Tatsunoko Production
TV Tokyo original programming

The Irresponsible Captain Tylor


Fran Miholjević, né le , est un coureur cycliste croate, évoluant actuellement dans l'équipe World Tour Bahrain Victorious.

Biographie

Fran Miholjević est issu d'une famille de cycliste. Son père Vladimir et son oncle Hrvoje ont également été coureurs cyclistes dans les années 2000 et 2010. Vladimir est en 2023 membre de l'encadrement technique de Bahrain Victorious.

Lors de sa première année en tant que junior (moins de 19 ans), Fran Miholjević remporte une étape et le classement général de l'Olympic Hopes-Belgrade Trophy Milan Panić. Aux championnats nationaux, il termine premier du contre-la-montre individuel et deuxième de la course en ligne. En 2020, pour sa deuxième année chez les juniors, il décroche les deux titres nationaux. Lors du championnat d'Europe juniors à Plouay, il termine quatrième du contre-la-montre (à 31 secondes du podium) et onzième de la course en ligne où il arrive dans le groupe qui se joue le titre au sprint.

En 2021, il rejoint l'équipe continentale italienne Cycling Team Friuli ASD. La même année, il remporte le prologue de la Carpathian Couriers Race et se classe troisième du général. Il devient également champion de Croatie du contre-la-montre espoirs (moins de 23 ans) et se classe deuxième de la course en ligne espoirs, devancé au sprint par Viktor Potočki. Le 24 mars 2022, il gagne en Slovénie, le GP Vipava Valley & Crossborder Goriška, une course de l'UCI Europe Tour. Trois jours plus tard, il est deuxième du Trophée de la ville de San Vendemiano. Quinze jours plus tard, il se révèle à 19 ans lors du Tour de Sicile, où il gagne la troisième étape en résistant au retour des favoris après une longue échappée. Il prend le départ de la dernière étape avec le maillot de leader et 18 secondes d'avance sur Damiano Caruso, son plus proche poursuivant. Lors de la dernière étape montagneuse, il perd près de 8 minutes et termine finalement  de la course remportée par Caruso. En août, l'équipe Bahrain Victorious annonce son recrutement pour 2023 et 2024.

Palmarès

 2018
  Champion de Croatie sur route cadets
 2019
  Champion de Croatie du contre-la-montre juniors
 Olympic Hopes-Belgrade Trophy Milan Panić :
 Classement général
  étape
  du championnat de Croatie sur route juniors
 2020
  Champion de Croatie sur route juniors
  Champion de Croatie du contre-la-montre juniors
  du championnat d'Europe du contre-la-montre juniors
 2021
  Champion de Croatie du contre-la-montre espoirs
 Prologue de la Carpathian Couriers Race
  du championnat de Croatie sur route espoirs
  de la Carpathian Couriers Race

 2022
 GP Vipava Valley & Crossborder Goriška
  du Tour de Sicile
 Carpathian Couriers Race :
 Classement général

  du Tour du Frioul-Vénétie Julienne (contre-la-montre par équipes)
  Médaillé d'argent du championnat d'Europe du contre-la-montre espoirs  du Trophée de la ville de San Vendemiano''
 2023
  Champion de Croatie du contre-la-montre

Classements mondiaux

Notes et références

Liens externes

Coureur cycliste croate
Naissance en août 2002

Fran Miholjević


Felipo Benicio  o Benizi o Benizzi (Florencia, 15 de agosto de 1233-Todi, 22 de agosto de 1285) fue un religioso toscano, presbítero, fraile y superior general de la Orden de los Servitas. Es venerado como santo por la Iglesia católica.

Biografía

Nació en una familia noble del barrio florentino de Oltrarno, hijo de Giacomo Benizi y Albaverde Frescobaldi. Estudió filosofía y medicina en la Universidad de París y la de Padua, donde se doctoró en 1253. En el 1254 ingresó como fraile laico de la Orden de los Servitas en el convento de Monte Senario, donde tomó después los votos. Se ordenó  sacerdote en Siena en 1258.

Muy pronto asumió diferentes cargos de responsabilidad en la orden, dirigiendo algunos conventos. El 5 de junio de 1267 fue elegido prior general de los servitas y reformó los estatutos, convirtiendo el instituto en orden mendicante. Colaboró con Giuliana Falconieri en la fundación del Tercer Orden Femenino de los Oblatos Servitas o Conservatorio de los Mantellate, del cual nació la rama femenina de la orden, las Siervas de María. Bajo su dirección, la orden se extendió por Italia y Francia.

En 1269, durante el cónclave de Viterbo que había de elegir el sucesor de Clemente IV, su nombre circuló como probable papa: Felipe, considerándose indigno, huyó y se refugió en una cueva (llamada hoy en día Grotta di San Filippo Benizi) en Bagni San Filippo, en el Monte Amiata. En 1274 intervino en el Segundo Concilio de Lión que, siguiendo las directrices del Concilio de Letrán IV, prohibía la fundación de nuevas órdenes religiosas y suprimía las órdenes mendicantes que aún no había aprobado la Santa Sede. En 1276 el papa Inocencio V, en una carta dirigida a Felipe, declaró suprimida la orden. Felipe se dirigió a Roma, pero antes de su llegada, Inocencio ya había muerto. La insistencia de Benizi hizo que, finalmente, el papa Juan XXI restableciera la orden de los servitas.

Martín IV le encargó de predicar en algunas ciudades italianas para acabar con los conflictos entre güelfos y gibelinos. El jefe de una de las facciones de Forlì, Pellegrino Laziosi, fue convertido por Benicio y entró en la orden servita, convirtiéndose en un fraile modélico y canonizado.

Felipe murió el 22 de agosto de 1285 en el convento servita de San Marco de Todi.

Veneración

Sus restos fueron exhumados el 10 de junio de 1317 y trasladados a la iglesia de Santa Maria delle Grazie de Todi, donde todavía se venera. El culto a Felipe Benicio ya comenzó poco después de su muerte: fue aprobado como beato por León X en 1516; Clemente X lo canonizó el 12 de abril de 1671, siendo el primer servita en ser canonizado.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 San Filippo Benizi
 Vida de San Felipe Benizi en un cyclo de 12 murales

Santos católicos de Italia del siglo XIII
Religiosos de Italia del siglo XIII
Santos servitas
Personas canonizadas por Clemente X
Nacidos en Florencia
Fallecidos en Todi

Felipe Benicio


An Carex montanoaltaica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Zolot.. An Carex montanoaltaica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex montanoaltaica


مستشفى محمد البوعزيزي أو مركز الإصابات والحروق البليغة   قبل الثورة التونسية (وقع تغير الاسم تخليداً لوفاة محمد البوعزيزي بداخله) هو مؤسسة استشفائية تقدم الخدمات الصحية الاستعجالية تونسية متخصصة في الإصابات والحروق البليغة الناتجة عن حوادث المرور وحوادث الشغل. ويقع مقره في ضاحية بن عروس على الطريق السيارة التي تنطلق من العاصمة جنوبا. وقد افتتح هذا المركز عام 2008.
 يمسح هذا المركز 6 هكتارات أي 60 ألف متر مربع منها 22 ألف مغطاة. وتتألف بنايته من سبعة طوابق. ويحتوي على عشر قاعات للعمليات الجراحية، وتبلغ طاقة استيعابه 168 سريرا.
 لهذا المركز عدة أقسام هي : جراحة العظام، إنعاش مصابي الحروق، جراحة التجميل، الطب الاستعجالي، الجراحة العامة، جراحة الأعصاب والتخدير والإنعاش بالإضافة إلى أقسام الطب الفيزيائي وتقويم الأعضاء والتأهيل الوظيفي والتصوير الطبي والبيولوجيا الطبية وبنك الدم والصيدلية.

روابط خارجية
 35 مليون دينار كلفة مركز الإصابات والحروق ببن عروس.
 الرفع من مستوى الخدمات الاستعجالية المقدمة للمواطن والتكفل بالاصابات.

المصادر

مستشفيات تونس
ولاية بن عروس
مستشفيات أسست في 2008

مستشفى محمد البوعزيزي


Quejo es un cabo saliente al mar Cantábrico perteneciente administrativamente a Arnuero (Cantabria, España). A uno de sus lados se encuentra la ría de Quejo.

En las aguas que lo circundan, cuyo lecho marino es rocoso, abundan el erizo de mar Paracentrotus lividus, la  anémona Actinothoe sphyrodeta (conocida como Margarita) y el esporófito invasor Falkenbergia rufulanosa.

Véase también
 Quejo
 Anexo:Cabos de Cantabria

Referencias

Cabos de Cantabria
Arnuero

Cabo Quejo


Karl-Franz Müller (født 1. maj 1922, død 5. November 1978 i Wien, Østrig) er en østrigsk komponist og forfatter.

Müller studerede musik og kunst på States Academy of Music and Dramatic Arts i Wien. Han studerede senere komposition hos Hans Pfitzner privat. Til hans mange værker tæller mest symfonier, 17 i alt. Han valgte ofte græske temaer til mange af sine symfonier. Udover symfonier har han kun komponeret orkesterværker.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni for Maskinerne - for orkester
 Arkadisk Symfoni - for orkester
 Loft Symfoni -f for orkester
 Sardisk Symfoni - for orkester
 Symfoni Sarda - for orkester
 Lille Symfoni 1-3 - for kammerorkester
 Efterlignings Symfoni - for orkester
 Mazedonisk Symfoni 1-4 - for orkester
 Proklassisk Symfoni 1 & 2 - for strygeorkester
 Symfoni - for orgel og kammerorkester
 Thessalisk Symfoni - for strygeorkester og harpe

Eksterne henvisninger
 Om Karl-Franz Müller på musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra Østrig
Forfattere fra Østrig

Karl-Franz Müller


Bicyclus danckelmani je leptir iz porodice šarenaca. Živi u istočnoj Tanzaniji. Stanište mu se sastoji od podplaninskih i gorskih šuma na nadmorskim visinama između 800 i 1800 metara.

Oba spola privlače fermentirane banane.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Bicyclus

Bicyclus danckelmani


Une bosse frontale est l'une des deux élévations arrondies situées sur le face externe de l'écaille de l'os frontal.

Elles se trouvent à environ 3 cm au-dessus des arcades sourcilières de chaque côté de la suture frontale.

Elles sont le site d'ossification de l'os frontal au cours du développement embryologique, bien qu'il ne s'agisse pas du premier site.

Les éminences frontales varient en taille selon les individus. Elles sont parfois asymétriques et sont particulièrement proéminentes chez les jeunes.

Notes et références

Crâne

Bosse frontale


Kepler-90e je egzoplanet u orbiti oko zvijezde sličnu Suncu Kepler-90, udaljene 2545 svjetlosnih godina, u zviježđu Zmaj. Otkriven je 23. listopada 2013., a otkrio ga je Svemirski teleskop Kepler.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kepler-90

Kepler-90e


Hainmühle ist ein Gemeindeteil der Stadt Feuchtwangen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Die Einöde liegt etwa dreieinhalb Kilometer südöstlich der Feuchtwangener Stadtmitte am linken Ufer der Sulzach. Die Kreisstraße AN 41 führt nach Feuchtwangen (2,5 km nördlich) bzw. nach Krapfenau (1 km südöstlich).

Geschichte
Im Jahr 1376 wurde der Ort als "Haimüll" bezeugt, 1408 als "Hainmul".

Der Ort lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Im Jahr 1732 gab es zwei Anwesen (eine Mahl- und Schneidmühle, ein Gut). Die Grundherrschaft hatte das Stiftsverwalteramt Feuchtwangen. Gegen Ende des Alten Reiches gab es eine Untertansfamilie. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Hainmühle dem Steuerdistrikt Heilbronn und der Ruralgemeinde Krapfenau zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde Hainmühle am 1. Juli 1971 nach Feuchtwangen eingemeindet.

Ehemaliges Baudenkmal
 Mühle, erbaut 1798; Obergeschoss 1962 erneuert; zweigeschossiger Putzbau mit vier zu sieben Achsen und Satteldach; am Untergeschoss Wappen (Löwen mit Mühlrad) und Jahreszahl "1798"

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Johannis (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Ulrich und Afra (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Feuchtwangen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Wassermühle im Landkreis Ansbach
Ersterwähnung 1376
Einzelsiedlung
Bauwerk in Feuchtwangen
Mühle in Europa
Ort an der Sulzach

Hainmühle (Feuchtwangen)


عمر الخطيب (1930 - 7 ديسمبر 2007) إعلامي أردني من مواليد بلدة عين كارم المقدسية بفلسطين. اشتهر بإعداد برامج المسابقات الشهير «بنك المعلومات» والذي حظي باهتمام الجمهور العربي. قدم العديد من الندوات الحوارية باللغتين العربية والإنجليزية، وعمل في الإذاعة والتلفزيون الأردني، كما عمل كمعلم في بلدة الشعراء وشغل لفترة منصب مدير تلفزيون أبو ظبي، وعمل في السعودية ودولة الإمارات كمستشار إعلامي، وفي سلك التعليم في الجامعة الأردنية.

حياته
حصل على شهادة المترك الفلسطيني في العام 1948 وعلى مترك لندن 1949. وفي العام 1956 حصل على بكالوريوس العلوم الاجتماعية من الجامعة الأمريكية في القاهرة، وعلى ماجستير الإذاعة والتلفزيون من جامعة السيراكيوز في أمريكا عام 1963. وفي عام 1972 حصل على الدكتوراة في الإعلام من جامعة ولاية أوهايو.

تولى عدة مناصب منها رئيس قسم الإنتاج ومذيع في الإذاعة الأردنية عام 1959 وحتى عام 1962، ومراقباً عاماً للبرامج فيها، ثم مستشاراً لشؤون الإذاعة والتلفزيون في وزارة الإعلام السعودية ثم مديراً عاماً مساعداً لمؤسسة التلفزيون الأردني عام 1967 وحتى 1969، ومديراً عاماً للإذاعة والتلفزيون في أبو ظبي حتى عام 1970.

في عام 1972 عُيّن مدير مكتب الجامعة العربية للإعلام في دالاس/ تكساس وحتى عام 1973، وفي عام 1975 عُيّن مستشاراً في وزارة الإعلام في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة حتى عام 1977، ثم عمل أستاذاً للإعلام في الجامعة الأردنية وجامعة الملك سعود وأستاذاً زائراً في جامعة ستانفورد في أمريكا من عام 1985 وحتى عام 1986، ثم أستاذا ًللإعلام في جامعة الملك سعود في عام 1986.

له عدة مؤلفات وكتب بالعربية والإنجليزية، وعدد من البرامج الإذاعية والتلفزيونية من إعداده وتقديمه؛ منها «بنك المعلومات» الذي عرض في السعودية والأردن ومصر والإمارات، والندوة التلفزيونية «حوار»، والندوة التلفزيونية "FORUM" باللغة الإنجليزية، وبرنامج المسابقات التلفزيوني «بنك المعلومات».

وفاته
توفي في عمان في 7 ديسمبر 2007 عن عمر يناهز 77 عاما اثر مرض لم يمهله طويلا، ودفن بمقبرة ام الحيران القريبة من التلفزيون الأردني، نعاه التلفزيون والإذاعة الأردنية فهو من المؤسسين الاوائل لهما.

مؤلفاته وأبحاثه المنشورة
له العديد من الأبحاث والمؤلفات العربية والإنجليزية ومنها:

 الإعلام التنموي (كتاب).
 الاتصال الجماهيري (كتاب مترجم).
 تحليل اتجاهات تطور وسائل الإذاعة (الراديو والتلفزيون) في العالم الثالث خلال العقدين الماضيين (بالإنجليزية).
 جمهور التلفزيون التجاري وديمقراطية الثقافة (بالإنجليزية).
 تأثير التلفزيون الأميركي في الخارج: امبريالية الوسائل (بالإنجليزية).
 رقابة البرنامج التلفزيوني في المجتمع الأميركي (بالإنجليزية).
 التلفزيون والمسؤولية الثقافية في المجتمع العربي الحديث (بالإنجليزية).
 أنماط عالمية في التنمية الإعلامية (بالإنجليزية).
 فكرة التنمية ومشكلات تحديد مفهومها (بالإنجليزية).
 الصحافة الغربية وأسطورة الموضوعية (بالعربية).
 التعليم عبر نظم الائتمان عن بعد (بالعربية).
 الاستشعار عن بعد: الأطراف والدلالات والقضايا (بالعربية).
 التدفق الدولي للأخبار: النمط والاتجاه (بالعربية).

المصادر

إعلاميون أردنيون
خريجو الجامعة الأمريكية بالقاهرة
مقدمو برامج مسابقات عرب
مهاجرون فلسطينيون إلى الأردن
مواليد 1930
وفيات 1428 هـ
وفيات 2007

عمر الخطيب


Wendy Testaburger este un personaj feminin fictiv din serialul de desene animate South Park și are 10 ani. Aceasta este prietena/iubita lui Stan Marsh și relația lor se numește Stendy. Ea poartă o beretă roz, o cămașă mov, pantaloni galbeni, pantofi negri și are părul lung, negru și drept. Wendy este bună la patinat și știe arabă și japoneză. Aceasta îl urăște pe Eric Cartman (și el pe  ea) și s-au certat și luptat de multe ori și ea de asemenea nu îl place pe Butters. Ea are un caracter bun dar când se înfurie sau când cineva o ia peste picior, e bine să te dai din calea ei. Într-o luptă cu Cartman chiar l-a lăsat într-o baltă de sânge.

Personaje de desen animat
Personaje fictive

Wendy Testaburger


An Philodendron escuintlense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eizi Matuda. An Philodendron escuintlense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Philodendron, ngan familia nga Araceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Philodendron

Philodendron escuintlense


Arcos de Valdevez  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Minho-Lima altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 51 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

Portekiz'in belediyeleri
Minho-Lima

Arcos de Valdevez


An Epidendrum chaoticum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eric Hágsater ngan E.Santiago. An Epidendrum chaoticum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epidendrum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epidendrum

Epidendrum chaoticum


Joseph Gérôme ( 1863 – 1928) fue un botánico francés, que entre sus trabajos destaca su estudio sobre la familia Dracaenaceae. Desarrolló actividades académicas en el Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Francia, en París.

Algunas publicaciones

Libros
 . 1924. Plantes ornementales herbacées de plein air et rosiers. Volumen 2 de Guides aux collections de plantes vivantes. Editor Muséum d'histoire naturelle, 203 pp.

Referencias

Véase también

Botánicos de Francia del siglo XIX
Botánicos de Francia del siglo XX
Horticultores de Francia

Nacidos en Vosgos

Joseph Gérôme


Medusa, Yunan mitolojisinde gözlerine bakanı taşa çevirdiğine inanılan yılan saçlı, keskin dişli, dişi canavar. Gorgon kardeşlerden tek ölümlü olandır. Bu yüzden insanların kahramanı Perseus tarafından öldürülebilmiştir. Perseus, Graeae'nin ona verdiği ayna ile Medusa'ya bakabilmiş ve böylece kafasını taşa dönüşmeden kesebilmiştir. Bazı kaynaklar ise Hermes'in (Merkür) ona verdiği orak ve Athena'nın verdiği ayna ya da kalkan ile onu öldürdüğünü söyler. Sağ taraftaki kanı zehirlidir sol tarafında panzehiri vardır. Kafasını kestikten sonra Medusa'nın boynundan denize sıçrayan iki damla kandan Chrisaor ve Pegasus doğmuştur. Bazı kaynaklarda kafası kesildiğinde Medusa'nın hamile olduğu yazar. İki çocuğun da babası "Deniz Tanrısı Poseidon"dur. Bir diğer kaynak ise Medusa'nın boynundan fışkıran her bir kan damlasının yılanlara dönüştüğünü söylemektedir.

Mitoloji

Perseus, Medusa'nın kafasını kestikten sonra onu, taşa çevirme laneti ile, bir süreliğine silah olarak kullanmıştır. Eve, annesinin bulunduğu adaya döndüğünde, annesinin kralla zorla evlendirilmeye çalışıldığını görür ve ona "Anne, gözlerini kapat der." Medusa'nın kafasını havaya kaldırır. Onu gören herkes lanetten ötürü bir anda taşa dönüşür.

Daha sonra ise Perseus Medusa'nın kafasını Athena'ya verir ve Athena da onu kalkanına yerleştirir. Başka bir kaynağa göre ise Perseus Medusa'nın kafasını Argos'taki pazar yerine gömmüştür.

Aslında Medusa'nın kafasındaki yılanlar Athena'nın lanetidir. Medusa çok güzel bir kızdır ve altın sarısı saçları Poseidon'u cezbeder. Poseidon, Athena'nın bir tapınağında Medusa ile birlikte olur ve Athena buna karşılık Medusa'nın saçlarını yılanlara dönüştürür. Ve onu lanetler. Laneti ise ''ona kim bakarsa taşa dönüşsün''  şeklinde olur.

Klasik mitolojide Medusa

Kainatın, Tanrılar tarafından bölüşüldüğü çağlarda, Medusa adında güzelliğiyle herkesi kıskandıran, aynı zamanda bütün tanrıları kendisine aşık eden bir kız yaşarmış. Medusa o kadar güzel bir kızmış ki yeryüzünde güzelliğiyle ona rakip olabilecek başka bir kadın bulmak mümkün değilmiş. Bu yüzden derlermiş ki; yeryüzünde bütün kadınlar bu güzelliği yüzünden Medusa'yı kıskanırmış. İşte bu güzel Medusa kendisini Tanrılara adamış ve iki kız kardeşi ile birlikte baş Tanrı Zeus'un en sevdiği kızı zekâ Tanrıçası Athena'ya ait bir tapınakta yaşarmış.
Phorkus ve Keto'nun kızları olan bu üç kız kardeşten Medusa'nın haricinde diğer ikisi ölümsüzmüş. Kendi tapınağında yaşayan bu güzel kızı gören Athena da kızın güzelliğinden etkilenmiş ama kendisini daha güzel ve çok daha zeki bulduğu için
de pek fazla önemsememiş. Athena, Baştanrı Zeus'un kardeşi olan denizlerin efendisi büyük Poseidon ile birlikteymiş. Güçlü ve ölümsüz, büyük Tanrı Poseidon da karısı Athena'nın tapınağında yaşayan bu güzeller güzeli kızın farkındaymış ama Tanrılar katında bir ölümlüye âşık olduğu için küçümsenmekten
korktuğu için de gizliyormuş ona olan ilgisini. Bir gün Athena her şeyi bilen baş Tanrı Zeus'un izniyle öğrenmiş Poseidon'un, Medusa'ya karşı ilgisini.
Poseidon bunu şiddetle reddetmiş ve Tanrıça Athena'ya da yeryüzü ve gökyüzünde ondan daha güzel ve alımlı hiçbir canlının olmadığı üzerine yeminler etmiş.
Athena da Poseidon'un bu söylediklerine inanarak olayı çok fazla büyütmemiş.Poseidon Athena'ya öyle demiş demesine ancak yine de bir türlü çıkaramıyormuş aklından dünyalar güzeli Medusa'yı.

Medusa tutkusu yüzünden Poseidon aklını kaçıracak gibi oluyormuş. Sonunda denizlerin büyük tanrısı bu tutkusuna yenik düşmüş ve
bir gün gizlice girdiği sevgilisi Athena'nın tapınağında, güzeller güzeli Medusa'ya tecavüz etmiş. Dünyalar güzeli Medusa harap bir halde tapınakta kalmaya devam ediyormuş ama bu olayı Athena'nın duyması da fazla zaman almamış. Athena, güçlü Poseidon'un bu yaptığı karşısında kendisini aşağılanmış
hissetmiş. Bu hissi önce derin bir kıskançlığa, sonra da büyük bir sinire dönüşmüş. Öyle hiddetlenmiş,öyle hiddetlenmiş ki Medusa'yı çok acı bir şekilde
cezalandırmaya karar vermiş ve kendi kendine demiş ki "Öyle birden
öldürmeyeceğim onu ve kardeşlerini, onlara da önce büyük acılar
çektirmeliyim.Tıpkı benim çektiğim gibi." Ve bu sinirle Medusa ve kız
kardeşlerini birer ifrite çevirivermiş. Dünyalar güzeli Medusa ve kız kardeşlerinin artık yüzleri o kadar çirkinmiş ki kimse bakmaya tahammül bile edemiyormuş. Medusa'nın gören herkesi bir mecnuna çeviren, en ufak bir yelde bile bütün
telleri havalanan o güzelim saçlarının her bir teli bir yılana dönüşmüş. Bununla da yatışmayan Athena'nın siniri Medusa'ya yine de bakmaya çalışan herkesi o bakışların taşa çevirmesini sağlamış ve o da bunun üzerine dünyanın
en kuzeyindeki

Hyperborea'ya sürülmüş.
Gel zaman git zaman Athena bu cezayla da yetinmemiş ve Medusa'yı öldürmek için Argos Kralı Akrisios'un kızı Danae'nin, Zeus'tan olma oğlu Perseus'la yani üvey kardeşiyle işbirliği yaparak Medusa'nın kafasını kesmeye karar vermiş.Perseus
üvey kız kardeşinin bu isteğini hemen yerine getirerek ışıltılar saçıp
insanların gözlerini kamaştıran keskin kılıcını savurduğu gibi zavallı Medusa'nın yılan saçlı kafasını bedeninden ayırıvermiş.

Ancak Athena'nın bilmediği bir şey varmış. Güzel Medusa, Poseidon'un kendisine zorla sahip olduğu gece denizlerin kudretli Tanrısından hamile kalmış. Perseus'un gözleri
kamaştıran kılıcı Medusa'nın kafasını bedeninden ayırdığı anda Poseidon'un
Medusa'nın rahmine bıraktığı çocukları Pegasus ve Chrsyar, Medusa'nın cansız bedeninden dışarı çıkıvermişler. Athena, denizler tanrısı Poseidon'dan olma bu
iki kardeşi kendisine köle yapmaya karar vermiş. Kardeşlerden Chrsyar'ın iyi bir savaşçı olacağını düşünen Athena onu kendisine, kanatlı beyaz bir at olarak doğan Pegasus'u da Korinthos şehrinin kralı Glaukos'un oğlu Bellerophone'e vermiş. Pegasus'u ona vermesinin nedeni de Bellerophone'nin ağzından ateşler
saçan, aslan başlı, keçi gövdeli ve yılan kuyruklu Khmimaira adında bir
canavarla savaşmaya gidecek olmasıymış. Athena, uzun zamandır bu canavarla savaşmak için yardım isteyen Bellerophone'a Pegasus'u vererek yardım çağrılarına
da kayıtsız kalmadığını göstermiş böylece. Athena "Pegasus, Bellerophone için bu savaşta oldukça işe yarar, ne de olsa denizler Tanrısı güçlü Poseidon'un oğlu" diye düşünmüş. Bellerophone, Pegasus'u iyi bir savaşçı olarak eğitmiş ve çok güzel bir dostluk kurulmuş aralarında. Zamanı gelince de
Bellerophone kanatlı atı Pegasus'a binerek Khimaira ile savaşmaya gitmiş. Pegasus canavarın ağzından fışkırttığı alevlerin kendilerine ulaşamayacağı bir yüksekliğe çıkmış. Bellerophone da canavara havadan oklarıyla saldırmış. Kurşun
ve demir karışımı oklarının birbiri ardına fırlatmış korkunç canavara. Canavar yaralanıyormuş ama bu yaraları hiç de ölümcül değilmiş. En sonunda elinde tuttuğu, Tanrıların onu kutsadığı mızrağını kaldırmış ve canavar Khimaira'nın en zayıf yerine, yani tam çenesine saplamış.

Canavar Khimaira'nın ağzından fışkırttığı alevler mızrağın kurşun ucunu hemen eritmiş. Eritince de kurşun canavarın boğazından içine doğru akmış ve canavar oracıkta ölüvermiş.
Bellerophone canavarın cansız bedenine gururla bakmış. Yakın dostu büyük ve güçlü Tanrı Poseidon'un oğlu Pegasus'la birlikteyken yenemeyeceği hiçbir düşman olamayacağını düşünmüş. Bellerophone bu büyük zaferinin sarhoşluğu içinde kendinden geçmiş ve artık kendisini de bir Tanrı olarak görmeye başlamış. Yerinin
de Tanrıların yaşadığı Olympos Dağı'nın zirvesi olduğunu düşünerek oraya doğru yola çıkmış. O sırada Olympos'taki tahtında olup biteni izleyen Tanrıların Tanrısı Zeus, Olympos'a doğru kanatlı atıyla gelen Bellerophone'u görünce çok
sinirlenmiş. Hemen bir atsineğini göndererek Pegasus'u ısırmasını emretmiş. At sineği Baştanrıdan aldığı emirle birlikte hızla Bellerophone ve Pegasus'un
yanına gitmiş ve Pegasus'u ısırmış. At sineğinin ısırmasıyla canı çok yanan Pegasus gökyüzünün engin mavilerinin ortasında çırpınınca sırtındaki Bellerophone'u da atıvermiş. Böylece Bellerophone tanrılara karşı işlediği bu
büyük günahının cezasını ölene kadar insanların ondan iğreneceği bir şekilde çirkin, kör, sakat olarak geçirmeye mahkûm olmuş. Pegasus ise yükselmeye devam etmiş. Sonunda Olympos'un tepesine varmış. Zeus buraya kadar gelebilen bu
kanatlı beyaz atı çok sevmiş ve kendisinin silahlarını taşıyan bir hizmetkâr olarak yanında görevlenmiş...

Üçü de Gorgon ve kardeş olan Medusa, Stheno ve Euryale, antik deniz tanrıçası olan ve kardeşi archaic dünyada yeraltı canavarı olan Phorcys'in kızlarıydı. Stheno, Euryale ve medusa, Phorcys tarafından yay ve ok ile kutsanmışlardı. Yaylar yeraltına aitti ve lanet getirdiklerine inanılmıştı. Medusa ölümlü olup güzelliğinden dolayı lanetlendiğinde yayını onu lanetleyenlerden intikam almak ve eski güzelliğine sahip olabilmek için kullanacaktı. Medusanın lanetlendikten sonra yılanlardan ok yaptığına inanılır. Bakışları taşa çevirirken okları da hedefi yok ederdi. Medusa yayı sağ eliyle tutarsa lanet getirir, sol eliyle tutarsa bakışları ile taşa çevirirdi.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Gorgonlar
 Şahmeran
 Cennet bahçesi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Ancient coins depicting Medusa
 "Medusa in Myth and Literary History" - English.uiuc.edu
 On the Medusa of Leonardo Da Vinci in the Florentine Gallery , by Percy Bysshe Shelley
 Theoi Project, Medousa & the Gorgones

Yunan mitolojisi canavarları
Kadın ve ölüm
Mitolojik tecavüz kurbanları
Yunan mitolojisinde kadınlar

Medusa


Anderson Mukomberanwa  fue un escultor de Zimbabue conocido por sus tallas en piedra, nacido el año 1968 y fallecido en 2003.

Datos biográficos
Hijo de  Nicholas Mukomberanwa, era el hermano de los escultores Taguma, Lawrence, Ennica y Netsai Mukomberanwa; y el primo de Nesbert Mukomberanwa.

Anderson Mukomberanwa comenzó su carrera estudiando con su padre, que trabajó con piedras duras nativas de la región. Más adelante en su carrera artística adquirió nociones de grabado. Además de xilograbados produjo algunas pinturas.

Anderson Mukomberanwa murió de cáncer en julio de 2003.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Zimbabue
Pintores de Zimbabue
Grabadores de Zimbabue
Escultores del siglo XX
Escultores del siglo XXI
Fallecidos por cáncer en Zimbabue
Zimbabuenses del siglo XX
Zimbabuenses del siglo XXI

Anderson Mukomberanwa


Sematophyllaceae, biljna porodica u redu Hypnales. Sastoji se od preko 800 vrsta unutar pedesetak rodova

Rodovi

 Acanthocladiella M. Fleisch.
 Acanthorrhynchium M. Fleisch.
 Acritodon H. Rob.
 Acroporiites J.-P. Frahm
 Acroporium Mitt.
 Allioniellopsis Ochyra
 Aptychella (Broth.) Herzog
 Aptychopsis (Broth.) M. Fleisch.
 Aptychus (Müll. Hal.) Müll. Hal.
 Billbuckia Pócs
 Brittonodoxa W.R. Buck, P.E.A.S. Câmara & Carv.-Silva
 Brotherella Loeske ex M. Fleisch.
 Cephalocladium Laz.
 Chionostomum Müll. Hal.
 Clastobryella M. Fleisch.
 Clastobryophilum M. Fleisch.
 Clastobryopsis M. Fleisch.
 Clastobryum Dozy & Molk.
 Colobodontium Herzog
 Donnellia Austin
 Foreauella Dixon & P. de la Varde
 Gammiella Broth.
 Hageniella Broth.
 Heterophyllium (Schimp.) Müll. Hal. ex Kindb.
 Heterophyllon Kindb.
 Horridohypnum W.R. Buck
 Hydropogon Brid.
 Isocladiellopsis B.C. Tan, T.J. Kop. & D.H. Norris
 Kuerschneria Ochyra & Bedn.-Ochyra
 Leptorrhyncho-hypnum Hampe
 Ligulina Müll. Hal.
 Limnobiella (Müll. Hal.) Müll. Hal.
 Macrohymenium Müll. Hal.
 Maguireella W.R. Buck
 Mahua W.R. Buck
 Mastopoma Cardot
 Meiotheciella B.C. Tan, W.B. Schofield & H.P. Ramsay
 Meiotheciopsis Broth.
 Meiothecium Mitt.
 Microcalpe (Mitt.) W.R. Buck
 Neacroporium Z. Iwats. & Nog.
 Neohypnella E.B. Bartram
 Palisadula Toyama
 Papillidiopsis (Broth.) W.R. Buck & B.C. Tan
 Paranapiacabaea W.R. Buck & Vital
 Pilosimitra B.C. Tan & G. Dauphin
 Potamium Mitt.
 Pseudohypnella (Broth.) M. Fleisch.
 Pseudopiloecium E.B. Bartram
 Pseudotrismegistia H. Akiyama & H. Tsubota
 Pterogonidium Müll. Hal.
 Pterogoniella Schimp. ex Broth.
 Pterogoniopsis Müll. Hal.
 Pungentella Müll. Hal.
 Pylaisiopsis (Broth.) Broth.
 Radulina W.R. Buck & B.C. Tan
 Rhaphidorrhynchium Besch. ex M. Fleisch.
 Rhaphidorrhynchum (Schimp. ex Mitt.) Mitt.
 Rhaphidostichum M. Fleisch.
 Schraderella Müll. Hal.
 Schraderobryum M. Fleisch.
 Schroeterella Herzog
 Sematophyllites J.-P. Frahm
 Sematophyllum Mitt.
 Sigmatella (Müll. Hal.) Müll. Hal.
 Struckia Müll. Hal.
 Taxithelium Spruce ex Mitt.
 Timotimius W.R. Buck
 Trichosteleum Mitt.
 Trismegistia (Müll. Hal.) Müll. Hal.
 Tristichella Dixon
 Trolliella Herzog
 Vitalia P.E.A.S. Câmara, Carv.-Silva & W.R. Buck
 Warburgiella Müll. Hal.
 Wijkia H.A. Crum
 Wijkiella Bizot & Lewinsky

Izvori

Hypnales

Sematophyllaceae


Patronyme
Carine Hutsebaut, profileuse belge.
Hubert Hutsebaut, coureur cycliste belge.

Toponymie
(117572) Hutsebaut, astéroïde

Hutsebaut


Jun'ichi Nakahara(中原淳 Nakahara Jun'ichi) né le 16 février 1913 et mort le  est un graphiste et dessinateur de mode japonais né dans la ville de Higashikagawa. Il devient célèbre dans les années 1920 en tant qu'illustrateur quand son travail paraît dans le magazine Shōjo no tomo. D'après l'universitaire Nozomi Masuda, Nakahara

Références

Liens externes

Illustrateur japonais
Mangaka
Naissance en février 1913
Décès en avril 1983
Décès à 70 ans

Jun'ichi Nakahara


Physiological responses of the sexually stimulated female in the laboratory er en dokumentarfilm fra 1974, instrueret af Christian Hartkopp om hvad der sker, når en kvinde bliver seksuelt stimuleret. Filmen hænger (i lighed med Physiological responses of the sexually stimulated male in the laboratory fra året før) sammen med Gorm Wagners forskning i mandlig og kvindelig seksualitet.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Wordcat.org  - Physiological responses of the sexually stimulated female in the laboratory

Danske film fra 1974

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Seksualitet


Sean Michaels, né en 1982 à Stirling en Écosse, est un journaliste musical, chroniqueur et écrivain canadien.

Biographie
Sean Michaels grandit à Ottawa, puis s'établit, en 2000, à Montréal où il vit toujours. En 2003, il fonde Said the Gramophone, l'un des premiers blogues musicaux. En plus de travailler pour des publications comme The Guardian, Pitchfork et Rolling Stone visant à définir la musique indie de Montréal, Sean Michaels est chroniqueur au Globe & Mail. « Sean a une plume extraordinaire et une sensibilité multiple. Blogueur de musique et issu de la culture numérique des années 1990, il a le talent pour écrire des choses intangibles ».

Comme romancier, il publie Us conductors (Tin House Books, 2014) traduit de l'anglais par Catherine Leroux sous le titre Corps conducteurs (Alto, 2016). « Cette histoire de science et d'espionnage, d'inventions et de guerre froide se déroule il y a environ un siècle, quand l'idée de jours meilleurs était une affaire quotidienne ». Il fait ensuite paraitre The wagers (Random House Canada, 2019) également traduit par Catherine Leroux sous le titre Les coups de dés (Alto, 2021). Avec ce roman, « il offre cette fois une fabulation foisonnante et excentrique sur le destin, la bonne étoile et les limites de la chance et du hasard ».

Michaels participe également, avec le programmeur Édouard Lanctôt-Benoit, la monteuse Caroline Robert et Vincent Morisset, à la création d'une expérience interactive sur téléphone intelligent, Motto, à la frontière des arts interactifs et de la littérature. Dans cette œuvre, « les nouvelles technologies servent à raconter un récit littéraire, la légèreté du web et des réseaux sociaux est au service de la profondeur du récit et bien qu'elle soit collective, l'expérience est très intime ».

Récipiendaire du Prix Banque Scotia Giller, du Prix Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan ainsi que du Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction de la Quebec Writers' Federation, Sean Michaels est également finaliste au Prix des libraires du Québec. Il remporte aussi le Prix John-Glassco pour la traduction. En 2021, il reçoit le Prix Gémeaux, meilleure expérience interactive, le Prix Nouvelles Écritures ainsi que Numix, Grand prix et prix de l'expérience en ligne originale.

Œuvres

Fiction
En anglais
Us conductors : in which I seek the heart of Clara Rockmore, my one true love, finest theremin player the world will ever know, Portland, Tin House Books, 2014, n.p.
The wagers, Toronto, Random House Canada, 2019, 368 p.

En français
Corps conducteurs : où je cherche le cœur de Clara Rockmore, mon seul et unique amour, la plus grande joueuse de thérémine que le monde connaîtra jamais, traduit de l'anglais par Catherine Leroux, Québec, Alto, 2016, 389 p. [Paris, Rivages, 2016, 444 p.]
Les coups de dés, traduit de l'anglais par Catherine Leroux, Québec, Alto, 2021, 401 p.

Prix et honneurs
Récipiendaire : Prix Banque Scotia Giller (pour Us Conductors)
Récipiendaire : Prix Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan (pour Us Conductors)
Récipiendaire : Paragraphe Hugh MacLennan Prize for Fiction de la Quebec Writers' Federation (pour Us Conductors)
Finaliste : Prix des libraires du Québec (pour Corps conducteurs)
Récipiendaire : Prix John-Glassco pour la traduction (pour Corps conducteurs)
Récipiendaire : Prix Gémeaux, meilleure expérience interactive (pour Motto)
Récipiendaire : Prix Nouvelles Écritures (pour Motto)
Récipiendaire : Numix, Grand prix et prix de l'expérience en ligne originale (pour Motto)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Prix Banque Scotia Giller
 Prix Gémeaux
 Catherine Leroux

Liens externes

Journaliste musical canadien
Écrivain canadien du XXIe siècle
Romancier canadien
Prix Gémeaux
Naissance à Stirling
Naissance en janvier 1982
Écrivain suivi par le projet Arts littéraires québécois

Sean Michaels (écrivain)


Balamber Han (Balamir); Çi-çi'nin dokuzuncu, Mete Han'ın 15. göbekten torunu, Avrupa Hun hakanı Haylundur kabilesinin de reisiydi.

10 tümen askeri vardı. (Bugünkü 100 bin asker civarı). Hun başbuğu Balamber idaresindeki büyük taarruz, önce Doğu Gotlarına saldırdı ve bu devleti yıktı (374), Doğu ve Batı Gotları ortadan kaldırdı. Hun topraklarını genişletti. Kafkasların kuzeyinde yaşayan Alanları, Volga-Don bölgesindeki Sarmat ve İskitleri buyruğu altına aldı. Dayanacak gücü kalmayan Kral Ermanarikh intihar etti.

Haylundurlar Macaristan'dan Anadolu'ya gelip Karaman, Sivas ve Konya'ya yerleştiler. Tanrıya inanan bir kavimdi. Bu göç MS 560-600 yılları arasında gerçekleşti. Balamber'in bir hanımı Gotlar'dan idi. Çocukları Almanya'da kaldı ve Baltıklara gitti. Balamber Oğuzların atasıdır. Balam-ber yani oğul veren ya da çocuk veren anlamına gelir.

Hun İmparatorluğu ve yönetimde bulundukları süreler: (374 – 496)

Balamber, (Balamir) (374 – Bilinmiyor)
Uldız (batı) (380? – 410), Balamber'in oğlu ya da torunu
Karaton (batı) (410 – 422)
Rua (422 – 434), Muncuk, Aybars ve Oktar'ın kardeşi
Attila (434 – 453), Muncuk'un oğlu
İlek (453 – 454), Attila'nın oğlu
Dengizik (454 – 496), Attila'nın oğlu
İrnek (496 – Bilinmiyor), Attila'nın oğlu

Tarihteki Türk liderler
Avrupa Hun İmparatorluğu
4. yüzyıl liderleri

Balamir


An Anthurium bushii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Thomas Bernard Croat. An Anthurium bushii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium bushii


Hypsometer (af græsk: ὕψος, hypsos = højde) er et måleinstrument for at kalkulere højder. I hovedsagen er der tale om to vidt forskellige indretninger med uens anvendelse; enten et almindelig vinkelhypsometer eller et termobarometer.

Triangulationshypsometer

Et almindeligt hypsometer (spejlhypsometer, laserhypsometer) er et apparat konstrueret for at måle højden på hus, træer, etc. ved hjælp af triangulation. Man stiller sig i bestemt afstand fra genstanden, som skal måles og pejler ved hjælp af apparatet fra grunden til toppen således, at man finder vinkelen (se illustration). Apparatet består af et pejlerør, en fast horisontalskala, og en justerbar eller indstillelig vertikal skala med lodlinje. Derefter beregnes siderne som i en geometrisk trekant.

Som vist som første trin i illustrationen går den ene sigtelinje til toppen af objektet, som man vil beregne hoyøjden på, mens linjen h' går horisontalt mod objektet. Fra iagttagerens synsrand skal punktet h stå vinkelret på genstanden. Dermed kan man kalkulere højden fra h til toppen. Tilsvarende i næste trin på illustrationen, hvor man sigter grunnen, hvor objektet er placeret mod punktet d'.  Beregningen af denne trekant vil angive værdien af målet fra øjelinjen og ned. Endelig skal afstanden x fra iagttageren til objektet å måles. X er afstanden mellem måleinstrumentet og genstanden, som skal måles.

Se på geometri involveret i trin 1 giver en skitse: to retvinklet trekanter, vist her med identiske små vinkler i gult. Næste i skitse b ser man, at de to trekanter er identiske vinkler – hver har en lige vinkel, den samme vinkel vist i gult, og det samme større vinkel vist i orange. Derfor i skitse c ser man, at brug af princippet om lige trekanter, givet at hver trekant har lige vinkler, vil siderne være i forhold: x afstanden til objektet i forhold til x ', højden sat på vertikale omfang af hypsometer, og h højden på objektet over observatørens øje-line i forhold til h ', det at læse fra den horisontale skala af hypsometeret.

Givet, at Tan (lille gul vinkel) = Modsatte side / Lige sider, derfor: Tan (lille gul vinkel) = h / x = h' / x'. Det vil sige h = h'x / x'.

Den første geometriske skitse a giver to retvinklede trekanter. De er vist ved identiske små vinkler i gult. I næste skitse b ser man, at de to trekanter har samme vinkler – hver har en lige vinkel, den samme lille vinkel vist i gult, og den samme større vinkel vist i orange.  Dermed ser vi i skitse c brugen af princippet om lige trekanter. Givet, at hver trekant har lige vinkler, vil siderne blive proportionale: x er afstanden til objektet i forhold til x', højden er afsat på den vertikale skala på hypsometeret, og h højden på objektet over målerens øje-linje i forhold til h'. Man læser da fra den horisontale skala på hypsometeret.

Givet, at Tan (lille gul vinkel) = Modsatte side / Adjacent Side, therefore Tan (lille gul vinkel) = d / x = d' / x'. Det vil sige d = d'x / x'. Samlet højde på objektet er x (d' + H') / x'

Ligeledes resulterer geometrien i trin 2 i skitse d: to retvinklede trekanter. I skitse e ses igen, at de to triangler nok en gang har identiske vinkler – hver har en lige vinkel, den samme, lille vinkel vist i gult, og den samme større vinkel vist i orange. Derfor ses af skitse f, at brug af princippet om tilsvarende triangler, givet at hvert triangel har tilsvarende vinkler, vil siderne være proportionelle: x er afstanden til objektet i forholdt til x', højden sat på den vertikale skala på hypsometeret, og d skyldes objektet under iagttagerens øjelinje i forhold til d', læst på den horisontale skala i hypsometeret.

Norsk Folkemuseum har et såkaldt spejlhypsometer efter forstmester Peter Christen Asbjørnsen.

Termobarometer

Termobarometeret er konstrueret for at måle stedets højde over havet. Et sådant trykhypsometer er vist på skitsen til højre. Det udnytter princippet om at kogepunktet for vand bliver lavere under mindre barometertryk, og at det barometriske tryk bliver lavere desto højere op en kommer.

Instrumentet består af en cylindrisk markør, hvor væsken, normalt vand, bliver kogt, korresponderende med en lufttrykstabel. I den ydre skillevæg cirkulerer gassen, mens det i denne del også er placeret et termometer. For at udlede højden på stedet efter kogepunktet er det nødvendigt at kende forholdet mellem højde og tryk i atmosfæren, men også mellem tryk og højde i atmosfæren.

Moderne hypsometere bruger kombinationen af en laserafstandsmåler og et klinometer for at måle afstanden mellem grund og top, og vinkelens vinkel mellem linjerne fra iagttageren til hver enkelt at beregne højden.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 Laser Ace Hypsometer.
 Enkel anvisning til selv å lage et hypsometer.
 Bruk av hypsometer

Måleinstrumenter

Hypsometer


بلدية سانت أغوستي دي يوسانيس (بالكاتالانية: Sant Agustí de Lluçanès) هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة برشلونة، والتي تقع في منطقة كاتالونيا، شرق إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 101 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

مراجع

بلديات في مقاطعة برشلونة

سان أغوستين دي يوزانيس


Patuljasta galaktika je mala galaktika slaba sjaja (magnitude) koja sadrži od nekoliko milijuna do nekoliko milijardi zvijezda. Prema obliku mogu se patuljaste galaktike podijeliti na eliptične (dE), spiralne (dS) i nepravilne (dI). Oko naše galaktike Mliječnog puta kruži dvadesetak patuljastih galaktika (na primjer Kemijska peć, Magellanovi oblaci). Smatra se da je kuglasti zvjezdani skup Omega Centaura koji se nalazi unutar Mliječnog puta jezgra patuljaste galaktike preostala nakon sudara s Mliječnim putem. Patuljaste galaktike najčešći su oblik galaktika u svemiru.

Galaktike

Galaktika ili galaksija (prema grč. galacticus od grč. γαλαϰτıϰός: mliječni; čime se mislilo na galaktiku Mliječni put) je velika nakupina zvijezda, međuzvjezdane tvari i tamne tvari koju na okupu održava gravitacija. Smatra se da se u središtima većine galaktika nalaze supermasivne crne rupe. Promjer je galaktike od 5 000 do 500 000 svjetlosnih godina. Patuljaste galaktike sadrže nekoliko desetaka milijuna zvijezda, a divovske do 1014 zvijezda. Galaksije također mogu sadržavati mnogostruke zvjezdane sustave, zvjezdane skupove i raznovrsne međuzvjezdane oblake. Sunce je jedna od zvijezda u galaktici zvanoj Mliječni put. U Sunčevu sustavu nalazi se Zemlja i ostala nebeska tijela koja se kreću u putanjama oko Sunca.

Povijesno su galaksije dijeljene prema njihovu prividnom izgledu (što se često naziva vizualnom morfologijom). Čest oblik je eliptična galaktika, s vitkim eliptičnim profilom. Spiralne galaktike su gomile u obliku diskova sa zakrivljenim, prahovitim krakovima. Galaktike nepravilnih i neobičnih oblika poznate su pod nazivom neobičnih galaktika i tipično proizlaze iz raskida izazvanih gravitacijskim privlačenjima susjednih galaktika. Takva međudjelovanja bliskih galaktika, koja na kraju mogu prerastati u stapanja galaktika, mogu potaknuti epizode znatno pojačanog stvaranja zvijezda i proizvesti ono što se naziva starburst galaktikom. Male galaktike koje ne posjeduju povezanu strukturu također se nazivaju nepravilnim galaktikama.

U vidljivu svemiru vjerojatno ima više od 100 milijarda (1011) galaktika. Promjeri većine galaktika kreću se između 1 000 i 100 000 parseka i obično ih međusobno razdvajaju milijuni parseka (ili megaparseci). Međugalaktički prostor (prostor između galaksija) ispunjen je razrijeđenim plinom čija je gustoća manja od jednog atoma po kvadratnom metru. Velika većina galaktika organizirana je u hijerarhijskim društvima koja se nazivaju skupovima, koji se opet, dalje, mogu združivati u superskupove. Te veće strukture općenito se raspoređuju u plohe i niti koje se prostiru nepreglednim svemirskim prazninama.

Iako još uvijek nedovoljno shvaćena, tamna tvar, čini se, sudjeluje s 90% u masi većine galaktika. Promatranja ukazuju na to da bi u središtima većine, ako ne i svih galaktika mogle postojati supermasivne crne rupe. Pretpostavlja se da bi one mogle biti osnovnim uzrokom aktivnih galaktičkih jezgara pronađenih u središtima nekih galaktika. Čini se da galaktika Mliječni put u svojoj jezgri udomljuje najmanje jedno takvo nebesko tijelo.

Izvori

Morfološki tipovi galaksija

Patuljasta galaktika


Crkva sv. Mateja  je rimokatolička crkva u mjestu Sveti Matej, općini Gornja Stubica zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Crkva sv. Mateja nalazi se na povišenom, podzidanom platou u sredini istoimenog naselja, u općini Gornja Stubica. Jednobrodna građevina ima pravokutno svetište jednake širine kao i lađa te trostranu apsidu. Uz svetište su sa sjeverne i južne strane smještene dvije kapele koje crkvi daju oblik latinskog križa. Naglašeni zvonik u središnjoj osi s nižim bočnim prostorijama čini glavno, ulazno pročelje. Srednjovjekovna građevina iz 1279. g. stradava u potresu u 19. st., pa današnji, neogotički izgled dobiva prema projektu H. Bolléa. Usprkos preoblikovanju, crkva je sačuvala karakteristike starije građevine i predstavlja spoj dva potpuno različita razdoblja izgradnje sakralne arhitekture.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2496 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravnog statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Nepokretna pojedinačna kulturna dobra u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Crkva sv. Mateja (Sveti Matej)


Aerial supremacy (also known as air superiority) is the degree to which a side in a conflict holds control of air power over opposing forces. There are levels of control of the air in aerial warfare. Control of the air is the aerial equivalent of command of the sea.

Air power has increasingly become a powerful element of military campaigns; military planners view having an environment of at least air superiority as a necessity. Air supremacy allows increased bombing efforts, tactical air support for ground forces, paratroop assaults, airdrops and simple cargo plane transfers, which can move ground forces and supplies. Air power is a function of the degree of air superiority and numbers or types of aircraft, but it represents a situation that defies black-and-white characterization. The degree of a force's air control is a zero-sum game with its opponent's; increasing control by one corresponds to decreasing control by the other. Air forces unable to contest for air superiority or air parity can strive for air denial, where they maintain an operations level conceding air superiority to the other side, but preventing it from achieving air supremacy.

The achievement of aerial supremacy does not guarantee a low loss rate of friendly aircraft, as hostile forces are often able to adopt unconventional tactics or identify weaknesses. For example, NATO forces which held aerial superiority over Kosovo still lost a stealth strike aircraft to a Serbian ground-based air defense system, despite it being considered "obsolete". Several engagements have occurred in asymmetrical conflicts in which relatively poorly-equipped ground forces have been able to achieve aircraft kills despite working against overwhelming aerial supremacy. During both the Iraq War and the War in Afghanistan, insurgents found a greater degree of success in attacking coalition aircraft on the ground than when they were operating above them in the skies.

Levels
 Air supremacy is the highest level, where a side holds complete control of the skies. It is defined by NATO and the United States Department of Defense as the "degree of air superiority wherein the opposing air force is incapable of effective interference".
 Air superiority is the second level, where a side is in a more favorable position than the opponent. It is defined in the NATO glossary as the "degree of dominance in [an] air battle ... that permits the conduct of operations by [one side] and its related land, sea and air forces at a given time and place without prohibitive interference by opposing air forces."
 Favorable air situation is defined as "an air situation in which the extent of air effort applied by the enemy air forces is insufficient to prejudice the success of friendly land, sea or air operations."
 Air parity is the lowest level of control, where no side holds any level of control of skies.

Methods

Although the destruction of enemy aircraft in air-to-air combat is the most obvious aspect of air superiority, it is not the only method of obtaining air superiority. Historically, the most effective method of gaining air superiority is the destruction of enemy aircraft on the ground and the destruction of the means and infrastructure by which an opponent may mount air operations (such as destroying fuel supplies, cratering runways with anti-runway penetration bombs and the sowing of air-fields with area denial weapons). A historical example of this is Operation Focus in which the outnumbered Israeli Air Force dealt a crippling blow to the Egyptian, Jordanian and Syrian Air Forces and airfields at the start of the Six-Day War, achieving Israeli air supremacy.

Disruption can be carried out through ground and air attack. The main role for which the British Special Air Service was formed with the express purpose of conducting raids on German aircraft and airfields. During operations in the Western Desert the SAS are reckoned to have destroyed more than 400 enemy aircraft. On 6 December 1944, the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force Raiding Group Teishin Shudan destroyed B-29 aircraft on Leyte. During the Cold War, the Soviet Union claimed it could achieve air superiority despite the inferiority of its fighters, by over-running NATO airfields and parking their tanks on the runways, similar to what they have done during Tatsinskaya Raid during the Battle of Stalingrad (note the Germans used parts of their autobahn motorways as airfields during the last war). The Soviet Union planned to use its Spetsnaz special forces in attacks on NATO airfields in the event of conflict.

Attacks by special forces have been seen by some commanders as a way to level the playing field when faced by superior numbers or technology. Given the disparity in effectiveness between their own and South Korean and US fighters, North Korea maintains a large force of infiltration troops; in the event of a war, they would be tasked, among other missions, with attacking coalition airfields with mortar, machine gun and sniper fire, possibly after insertion by some 300 An-2 low radar-observable biplanes. This strategy has been practiced in active conflicts even in recent decades; during the asymmetrical warfare of the War in Afghanistan, 15 fedayeen destroyed or severely damaged eight United States Marine Corps Harrier jump jets in the September 2012 Camp Bastion raid, one result of which being pilots fighting as infantry for the first time in 70 years. Similarly, during the Iraqi War, four Apaches were destroyed on the ground in 2007 by insurgents armed with mortar, which were unintentionally aided by web-published geotagged photographs taken by coalition soldiers.

History

First World War

The First World War saw many firsts in the field of aerial warfare, including the deployment of aircraft armed with machine guns, the first successful engagement involving synchronisation-gun-armed aircraft on the afternoon of 1 July 1915. Throughout the conflict, air superiority on the Western Front changed hands between the German Empire and the Allies several times. It became recognised that the worst losses was amongst new pilots, many of whom lasted just a day or two. The emergence of specialised fighter units, which were typically led by highly experienced pilots, some of them survivors of the Fokker Scourge period, greatly increased the effectiveness of fighter units.

Early on, the Allies gained a lead over the Germans by introducing machine-gun armed types such as the Vickers F.B.5 Gunbus fighter and the Morane-Saulnier L. In response, Germany bolstered its own aerial development efforts; a major achievement of the era was the  (push rod controller), a genuine synchronisation gear, developed by the Fokker company. The device was fitted to the most suitable Fokker type, the Fokker M.5K (military designation Fokker A.III), of which A.16/15, assigned to Otto Parschau, became the prototype of the Fokker Eindecker series of fighter designs. This subsequently contributed to a period of German air superiority known as the Fokker Scourge, lasting between late 1915 and early 1916. A briefer period of German aerial dominance occurred in the Bloody April of April 1917; paradoxically, the Germans were disadvantaged on paper during Bloody April in terms of numerical inferiority; their effectiveness was increased by confining themselves to mainly operating over friendly territory, both reducing the possibility of pilots being captured and increasing the amount of time they could stay in the air. Moreover, German pilots could choose when and how they would engage, effectively dictating the terms of combat.

The Italian Corpo Aeronautico Militare established air superiority over the Austro-Hungarian Imperial and Royal Aviation Troops at the Battle of Vittorio Veneto in late October 1918. The Allies operated roughly 600 aircraft (93 Anglo-French, including four RAF squadrons) to gain complete air superiority in this final offensive. The defeat suffered by Austria-Hungary at Vittorio Veneto has been attributed with causing the dissolution of the empire. In turn, the surrender of Germany's primary ally was another major factor in the German Empire's decision that the conflict was no longer viable and needed to end.<ref name=Luden>{{cite book |quote=... Ludendorff wrote: In Vittorio Veneto, Austria did not lose a battle, but lose the war and itself, dragging Germany in its fall. Without the destructive battle of Vittorio Veneto, we would have been able, in a military union with the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, to continue the desperate resistance through the whole winter, in order to obtain a less harsh peace, because the Allies were very fatigued. |last=Pasoletti |first=Ciro |title=A Military History of Italy |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2008 |page=150 |isbn=978-0-275-98505-9}}</ref>

Interwar period
In 1921, Italian aerial warfare theorist Giulio Douhet published The Command of the Air, a book positing that future wars would be decided in the skies. At the time, mainstream military theory did not see air power as a war-winning tactic. Douhet's idea was that air power could be a decisive force and be used to avoid the long and costly War of Attrition. In The War of 19, Douhet theorized that a future war between Germany and France would be settled in a matter of days, as the winner would be the one to gain air supremacy and destroy a few enemy cities with aerial bombs. He speculated that, while the targets would be announced ahead of time and all the population evacuated, but that the event would terrorize citizens into pressuring their government into immediate surrender. At the beginning of the Second World War, Douhet's ideas were dismissed by some, but it became apparent that his theories on the importance of aircraft were supported by events as the war continued.

In 1925, the Royal Air Force (RAF) tested the ability of air supremacy in isolation from other warfare forms during their first independent action in Waziristan. The operation, that later came to be known as Pink's War after Wing Commander Richard Pink in charge, used only air warfare in a combination of air attack and air blockade over 54 days to force militant tribes to surrender. The campaign was successful in defeating the tribes with two deaths for the RAF, but contemporary critics were not entirely convinced of its use in isolation; Commander-in-Chief, India General Sir Claud Jacob stated that "satisfactory ... the results of these operations have been, I am of [the] opinion that a combination of land and air action would have brought about the desired result in a shorter space of time, and next time action has to be taken, I trust that it will be possible to employ the two forces in combination".

American general Billy Mitchell was another influential air power theorist of the inter-war period. After the First World War I, then-Assistant Chief of Air Service in the United States Army Air Service under Chief Mason Patrick, Mitchell arranged live fire exercises that proved that aircraft could sink battleships (the largest and most heavily armed class of warships). The first of these was Project B in 1921, in which the captured First World War-era German battleship, SMS Ostfriesland, was sunk by a flight of bombers in 22 minutes.Vice Admiral Alfred Wilkinson Johnson, USN Ret. The Naval Bombing Experiments: Bombing Operations (1959)

Mitchell's ideas were not popular, with his outspoken opposition to Army and Navy resistance resulting in a court-martial that precipitated his resignation, but he would prove prescient; his 1924 inspection tour of Hawaii and Asia culminated in a report (published in 1925 as the book Winged Defense) that predicted future war with Japan, including the attack on Pearl Harbor. He would also go on to influence air power advocates such as Russian-American Alexander P. de Seversky, whose 1942 New York Times bestselling book, Victory Through Air Power, was made into a 1943 Walt Disney animated film that opened with a quote from Mitchell; the film is reported to have been influentially shown by Winston Churchill to Franklin D. Roosevelt in support of long-range bombing.

Seeking to influence the outcome of the Spanish Civil War, various international powers tried to influence the conflict via a heavy reliance on air power. The French government provided aircraft to the Republicans covertly, such as the Potez 540 bomber aircraft (nicknamed the "Flying Coffin" by Spanish Republican pilots), Dewoitine aircraft, and Loire 46 fighter aircraft being sent to the Republican forces, along with a group of trained fighter pilots and engineers to aid the Republicans. Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they were bought in other countries. The Soviet Union also covertly aided to Republicans, between 634 and 806 aircraft were supplied alongside various other armaments. Both Italy and Nazi Germany supplied large numbers of aircraft to the Nationalists while also deploying their own units, such as the Condor Legion and the Aviazione Legionaria, to bolster the Nationalist's forces with their own. While the Soviet aircraft were in current service with their own forces, they proved inferior to those supplied by Germany by the end of the conflict. The use of aircraft, particularly by the Nationalists to continually pressure Republican forces and compel multiple withdrawals during the Aragon Offensive, allegedly informed both the Germans and Soviets of the value of using aircraft to support infantry.Williamson Murray, Luftwaffe: Strategy for Defeat, 1933–1945 (1985)

Second World War

At the beginning of the Second World War, the opposing sides developed different views on the importance of air power. Nazi Germany viewed it as a helpful tool to support the German Army, the approach being dubbed "flying artillery". The Allies saw it, specifically long-range strategic bombing, as being a more important part of warfare which they believed capable of crippling Germany's industrial centers.

After the Battle of France, the Luftwaffe (Germany's air force) achieved air supremacy over Western Europe. The Battle of Britain represented a concerted attempt by Germany to establish air superiority over Great Britain, which it never achieved. Through home-territory advantage and Germany's failure to push home its strategy of targeting Britain's air defenses, Britain was able to establish air superiority over the territory – a superiority that it never lost. It denied the German military air superiority over the English Channel, making a seaborne invasion (planned as Operation Sea Lion) impossible in the face of Britain's naval power. Strategically, the overall situation at home and abroad at the end of the battle might be considered air parity between Britain and Germany. After the air battle, known as the Battle of Britain, the Germans switched to a strategy of night bombing raids, which Britain echoed with raids over Germany.

During Operation Barbarossa, the Luftwaffe initially achieved air supremacy over the Soviet Union. As the war dragged on, the United States joined the fight and the combined Allied air forces gained air superiority and eventually supremacy in the West. (For example, the Luftwaffe mustered 391 aircraft to oppose over 9,000 allied aircraft on D-day.) Russia did the same on the Eastern Front, meaning the Luftwaffe could not effectively interfere with Allied land operations. Achieving  allowed the Allies to carry out ever-greater strategic bombing raids on Germany's industrial and civilian centers (including the Ruhr and Dresden), and to prosecute the land war successfully on both the Eastern and Western fronts. Following the Big Week attacks in late February 1944, the new 8th Air Force commander Jimmy Doolittle permitted P-51 Mustangs to fly far ahead of the bomber formations instead of closely escorting them starting in March 1944. This commenced in March 1944 and was part of a massive "fighter sweep" tactic to clear German skies of Luftwaffe fighters. Allied planes went after the German fighters wherever they could be found and substantially lowered bomber losses for their side for the rest of the war over Western Europe.

The element of air superiority has been the driving force behind the development of aircraft carriers, which allow aircraft to operate in the absence of designated air bases. For example, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was carried out by aircraft operating from carriers thousands of miles away from the nearest Japanese air base.

Some fighter aircraft specialized in combating other fighters, while interceptors were originally designed to counter bombers. Germany's most important air superiority fighters were the Messerschmitt Bf 109 and Focke-Wulf Fw 190, while the Supermarine Spitfire and Hawker Hurricane were the primary ones on the British side. Performance and range made the P-51 Mustang the outstanding escort fighter which permitted American bombers to operate over Germany during daylight hours. They shot down 5,954 aircraft, more than any other American fighter in Europe. In the Pacific Theater, the A6M Zero gave Japan air superiority for much of the early part of the war, but suffered against newer naval fighters such as the F6F Hellcat and F4U Corsair which exceeded the Zero in performance and durability. The Hellcat shot down 5,168 enemy aircraft (the second highest number), while the land-based Lockheed P-38 was third, shooting down 3,785 in all theaters.

Cold War

Superpower rivalry
During the Cold War, between 1946 and 1991, the US, UK, and NATO allies faced the Soviet Union, the Warsaw Pact, and its allies. Both sides engaged in an arms race of improving radar and fighter intercept capability versus the threat of intercontinental strategic bombers carrying nuclear weapons. Initially, high altitude, later combined with high supersonic speeds, was hoped to keep nuclear bombers out of range of fighters and later surface to air missiles, both of which were sometimes equipped with nuclear warheads.  In the 1960 U-2 incident an American very high altitude spy plane was shot down over the USSR with a S-75 Dvina(SA-2) long range high altitude surface to air missile largely refuting the concept of high altitude as a refuge for high-performance bomber aircraft.  US training changed to low altitude flight of bombers and unpiloted cruise missiles in the hopes of avoiding ground-based air defense radar networks by hiding in with ground clutter and terrain, thwarting attempts at air supremacy over the enemy landmass. Ballistic missiles were also introduced and were very difficult and expensive to intercept even with nuclear-armed defensive missiles.

Airborne early warning and control flying radar aircraft as well as look down shoot down radar in fighter and interceptor aircraft allowed engaging low flying invaders again tipping the balance though this was partly ameliorated by succeeding generations of electronic countermeasures.  Ultimately the US led the way in first applying stealth technology to small strike aircraft like the F-117 and stealthy nuclear cruise missiles carried in conventional bombers for standoff release before the air defenses got too thick.  The Soviet Union invested heavily in expensive to defeat intermediate and intercontinental range nuclear missiles and less on expensive to maintain patrol bombers, though they had to spend heavily on interceptors and surface to air missiles as well as radar sites to cover the huge landmass of the Soviet Union.  The US joined with Canada to organize defense of the area of Alaska, Canada, and the continental United States with North American Aerospace Defense Command or NORAD using both interceptors, some armed with the nuclear AIR-2 Genie, and a surface to air missile component, which was at one point partly nuclearized.  Development for the B-2 stealth bomber was intended for, and in anticipation of, a nuclear war and it was the first fully mature stealth aircraft to enter service. The F-22 Advanced Tactical Fighter was a stealth fighter and interceptor aircraft designed during the Cold War as a medium altitude air superiority fighter which was intended to destroy Warsaw Pact aircraft without ever being detected or engaged; both were introduced after the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of the Cold War.

Air superiority in the feared Cold War era WW-III European theater would include fighters intercepting or diverting nuclear and conventionally armed strike aircraft and ground-based air defences, some of which were developed into mobile systems which could accompany and protect armored and mechanized formations. While the Cold War never went hot directly between NATO and Warsaw Pact alliances, the US was engaged in two major limited air wars aiding allies who faced Soviet-supported enemies, with both sides using weaponry designed to fight such a conflict; the Korean and Vietnam wars.

Korean War

The Korean War represented a major turning point for aerial warfare, being the first conflict in which jet aircraft played the central role in combat. Once-formidable fighters such as the P-51 Mustang, F4U Corsair, and Hawker Sea Fury—all piston-engined, propeller-driven, and designed during the Second World War—relinquished their air superiority roles to a new generation of faster, jet-powered fighters arriving in the theater. In the initial months of fighting, the P-80 Shooting Star, F9F Panther, Gloster Meteor and other jets under the UN flag dominated the Korean People's Air Force (KPAF) propeller-driven Soviet Yakovlev Yak-9 and Lavochkin La-9s. By early August 1950, the KPAF was reduced to only about 20 planes.

However, with the Chinese intervention in late October 1950, the KPAF begun receiving the MiG-15, which was one of the world's most advanced jet fighters at that time. Equipped with not only jet propulsion but also a swept wing, the MiG-15 quickly outclassed the straight-wing United Nations fighters. In response, the United States dispatched three squadrons of its own swept-wing fighter, the F-86 Sabre, which arrived in the theatre in December 1950. The Sabre reportedly claimed kill ratios as high as 10 to 1 against the MiGs, allegedly shooting down 792 MiG-15s and 108 other aircraft in exchange for 78 Sabres that were lost to enemy fire. Meanwhile, the Grumman F9F Panther, a straight-wing carrier-based jet, became the mainstay of the USN during the period and had a relatively good showing, possessing a 7:2 kill ratio against the more powerful MiG-15.

Vietnam War
During the Vietnam war the US side, especially over the north, had restrictive rules of engagement often requiring visual identification nullifying the advantage they would have had using beyond visual range missiles though possibly avoiding friendly fire due to IFF systems not being ubiquitous on US strike aircraft.  In the 1950s, the United States Navy tasked the F-8 Crusader, known affectionately as the "Last Gun Fighter" as their close-in air superiority fighter. This role would be taken over by the F-4 Phantom, which was designed as a missile armed interceptor. The USAF had developed the F-100 and F-104 as air superiority fighters, though by the Vietnam war had already phased out the F-100 from all but air support missions and the fast but slow turning F-104 allegedly deterred attacks and despite losses scored no victories in air combat but in the USAF was also replaced by the F-4 by 1967.  Especially under the rules of engagement imposed on them the 'Century Series" aircraft initially specifically designed for intercepting heavy nuclear bombers or delivering tactical nuclear weapons were found to be wanting when they were engaged by the very agile fighters Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 and Shenyang J-6 provided to the VPAF by the USSR and PRC; the Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 while less agile was formidable against the F-4 and traded range for very high performance.  This imbalance lead to the USAF ordering variants of the F-4 with an internal 20mm gun, and both the USAF and USN sometimes flying with centerline gun pods on aircraft not equipped with an internal gun.

In the 1960s, the limited agility of American fighters in dogfights over Vietnam led to a revival of dedicated air superiority fighters, which led the development of the "Teen Series" F-14, F-15, F-16 and F/A-18. All of them made close-combat manoeuvrability a top priority, and were equipped with guns absent from early Phantoms. The heavy F-14 and F-15 were assigned the primary air superiority mission, because of their longer range radars and capability to carry more missiles of longer range than lightweight fighters.

Arab–Israeli wars
From 1948, when Israel reestablished independence from a protective League of Nations mandatory regime managed by the UK, the neighbouring countries have, to varying degrees, disputed the legitimacy of a Jewish state in a majority Arab region.  Some neighbouring states have in the last few decades recognized and signed peace treaties; all have ceased large scale conventional warfare to overrun Israel in large part due to an increasing ability to impose Israeli air supremacy over the region's airspace when required.

1948 war

The Israeli Air Force formed in 1948 with the formation of the modern State of Israel. Israel was involved in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War immediately after the end of the British mandate in Palestine. The air force initially consisted of mainly donated civil aircraft, a variety of obsolete and surplus ex-World War II combat-aircraft were quickly sourced by various means to supplement this fleet. Creativity and resourcefulness were the early foundations of Israeli military success in the air, rather than technology which, at the inception of the IAF, was generally inferior to that used by Israel's adversaries. In light of the complete Arab theater air supremacy, and the bombing and shelling of existing airbases, the first Israeli military-grade fighters operated from a hastily constructed makeshift airbase around the current Herzliya Airport, with fighters dispersed between the trees of an orange orchard. As the war progressed, more and more Czechoslovak, American, and British surplus WWII-era aircraft were procured, leading to a shift in the balance of power.

1956 war

In 1956, Israel, France, and the United Kingdom occupied the Sinai Peninsula after Egypt closed the Straits of Tiran to Israeli ships, sparking the Suez Crisis. Israel's new French-made Dassault Mystere IV jet fighters provided air cover for the paratroop transport aircraft. The Egyptian tactic was to use their new Soviet-made MiG-15 jets as fighter escorts, while their older jets conducted strikes against Israeli troops and vehicles. In air combat, Israeli aircraft shot down between seven and nine Egyptian jets with the loss of one plane, but Egyptian strikes against the ground forces continued through to 1 November. After several sorties were launched by French and British aircraft, President Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered his pilots to withdraw to bases in Southern Egypt. The Israeli Air Force was then free to strike Egyptian ground forces at will.

1967 war

In 1967, the Straits of Tiran were again closed and international peacekeepers were ejected by Egypt. Israel then initiated Operation Focus. Israel sent nearly every capable combat aircraft out against the vastly larger Egyptian Air Force, holding only four for protection. Egyptian airfields were destroyed with anti-runway penetration bombs and the aircraft were mostly destroyed on the ground; Syria and Jordan also had their air forces destroyed when they entered the conflict. This is one of the preeminent examples of a smaller force seizing air supremacy where Israel had complete control of the skies above the entire conflict area.

War of Attrition

Following the Six-Day War, from 1967 to 1970, there were small scale incursions into the Israeli-held Sinai desert as Egypt rearmed. This evolved into large-scale artillery and air incursions in 1969, with Soviet pilots and SAM crews arriving to assist in January 1970. The strategy was to engage Israeli aircraft in surprise fighter encounters near the Suez Canal where Egyptian SAMs could be used to assist fighters. Syrian, North Korean, and Cuban pilots assisting also suffered losses in this period. In August 1970, a cease-fire was agreed on.

1973 war
The first few days of the 1973 Yom Kippur War saw major Arab ground breakthroughs, surprising Israel who, after its lopsided 1967 victory, considered its air supremacy sufficient to blunt or dissuade any conventional attack. Despite Egypt and Syria having rebuilt their air forces since 1967, Israel continued to deny them the airspace over the battle area; however, these Arab forces were able to control losses and shoot down Israeli air support aircraft by employing mobile surface to air weaponry which travelled along with invading units. Most of Israel's air power in the first few days was directed to reinforce the badly mismatched garrison overlooking the besieged Golan Heights which was under attack by Syria. After weakening the Arab SAM cover with airstrikes, commando raids, and armored cavalry, the Arab armored units outran their mobile SAM cover and Israeli aircraft began to take greater control of Egyptian skies, permitting Israeli landings and establishing a beachhead on the west bank of the Suez canal. When Egyptian fighter aircraft were sent into the area of the Israeli bridgehead, SAM sites were offlined which allowed Israeli air power to more safely engage and destroy many Egyptian fighters though taking some losses.

1978 Lebanon conflict
The 1978 South Lebanon conflict was an invasion of Lebanon up to the Litani River, carried out by the Israel Defense Forces in 1978 in response to the Coastal Road massacre. Israel had complete air supremacy.

1982 Lebanon invasion
In the 1982 Lebanon War where Israel invaded up to Beirut, Syria intervened on the side of Lebanon and the PLO forces residing there. Israeli jets shot down between 82 and 86 Syrian aircraft in aerial combat, without losses.Walker, pp. 162–63 A single Israeli A-4 Skyhawk and two helicopters were shot down by anti-aircraft fire and SAM missiles. This was the largest aerial combat battle of the jet age with over 150 fighters from both sides engaged. Syrian claims of aerial victories were met with skepticism even from their Soviet allies.
The Soviets were so shaken by the staggering losses sustained by their allies that they dispatched the deputy head of their air defense force to Syria to examine how the Israelis had been so dominant.

The Israelis have upheld substantial air superiority for most of this time with Israel able to operate almost unopposed; Israel held near air supremacy against targets anywhere within range in the Middle East and North Africa until today. Regarding aircraft procurement, Israel started with British and French designs, then transitioning to indigenous production and then also design before moving again to purchasing to American designs. The Arabs directly participating in these battles against Israel except for Jordan and, to some extent, Iraq have commonly used Soviet designs.

Falklands War

In the Falklands War (2 April–20 June 1982), the British deployed Harrier jets as air superiority fighters against Argentina's Mach-capable  Dassault Mirage IIIEA fighters and subsonic Douglas A-4 Skyhawk jets. Despite the Sea Harrier's numerical and performance disadvantages, the British Harrier force suffered no air-to-air losses for over twenty Argentine aircraft shot down in aerial combat. Argentine airpower targeted Royal Navy ships during the landings at San Carlos Bay, numerous British vessels were lost or moderately damaged. However, many British ships escaped being sunk due to the Argentine pilots releasing their bombs at very low altitude, and hence those bomb fuzes did not have sufficient time to arm before impact and thus many never exploded. The pilots would have been aware of this—but released at such low altitudes due to the high concentration of British SAMs, Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA), and Sea Harriers, many failed to climb to the necessary release point. The Argentine forces solved the problem by fitting improvised retarding devices, allowing the pilots to effectively employ low-level bombing attacks on 8 June.

Gulf War

The Iraqi Air Force suffered almost complete obliteration in the opening stages of the Persian Gulf War (2 August 1990 – 28 February 1991). It lost most of its aircraft, as well as command-and-control capability, to precise Coalition strikes or when Iraqi personnel flew their aircraft to Iran. Iraqi Anti-aircraft defenses, including shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles, were surprisingly ineffective against coalition aircraft, suffering only 75 aircraft losses in over 100,000 sorties, of which 42 of these were the result of Iraqi action while the other 33 were reportedly lost to accidents. In particular, RAF and US Navy aircraft which flew at low altitudes to avoid radar were particularly vulnerable, though this changed when the aircrews were ordered to fly above the AAA.

Post Cold War

During the 1980s, the United States commenced work on a new fighter capable of gaining air superiority without being detected by an opposing force, approving the Advanced Tactical Fighter program to develop a replacement for the United States Air Force's (USAF) aging F-15 fleet. The YF-23 and the YF-22 were chosen as the finalists in the competition. During 2005, the F-22 Raptor, the subsequent result of the program, became operational. USAF officials have promoted the F-22 as being a critical component of the service's tactical air power. Its combination of stealth, aerodynamic performance, and avionics systems is said to enable unprecedented air combat capabilities.Aronstein and Hirschberg 1998, p. 254.

Anthony Cordesman wrote of NATO's theater air supremacy during its 1999 intervention in the Kosovo War of 1998–1999. According to several reports, including reports by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists that quote Russian sources, the Russian Federation has in recent decades formulated explicit strategies for using tactical nuclear weapons. These new strategies have in part resulted from the assumption of obtaining air supremacy and use by the U.S. Air Force of precision munitions with little collateral damage in the Kosovo conflict in what amounted to quick mass destruction of military assets once only possible with nuclear weapons or massive bombing against fellow Slavic Serbians; it also assumed that Russia and its allies do not have the strategic economic capacity of current NATO and allied nations to meet this threat with conventional weapons. In response Vladimir Putin, then secretary of the Security Council of Russia, developed a concept of using both tactical and strategic nuclear threats and strikes to de-escalate or cause an enemy to disengage from a conventional conflict threatening what Russia considered a strategic interest. This concept was formalized when Putin took power in Russia in the following year.

Throughout the Syrian Civil War of the 2010s, Israel was reportedly able to hold a general stance of air superiority over the Syrian forces, enabling offensive operations with relative impunity. However, this was challenged during 2018 by the deployment of a Russian-supplied S-400 missile battery to the Syrian theatre. During the February 2018 Israel–Syria incident, despite the loss of an aircraft, Israel has demonstrated their capability to operate without effective interference within the Syrian theater. On 22 May 2018, Israeli Air Force chief Amikam Norkin said that the service had employed their F-35Is in two attacks on two battle fronts, marking the first combat operation of an F-35 by any country.

See also

 Air superiority fighter
 Battleplan (documentary TV series)
 Canadian Forces aerospace doctrine
 Command of the sea
 Defense Technical Information Center
 No-fly zone
 Overmatch
 Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses
 Technological supremacy
 Victory Through Air Power and its film

References
Citations

Bibliography

 Aronstein, David C. and Michael J. Hirschberg. Advanced Tactical Fighter to F-22 Raptor: Origins of the 21st Century Air Dominance Fighter. Arlington, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics & Astronautics, 1998. .

 Bruce, J. M. Morane Saulnier Type L. Berkhamstead, UK: Albatros Productions, 1989. .
 Cheesman, E. F. (ed.) Fighter Aircraft of the 1914–1918 War. Letchworth, UK: Harleyford, 1960. OCLC 771602378.
 .
 .
 Gray, Peter and Owen Thetford. German Aircraft of the First World War. London: Putman, 1990, First edition 1962. .
 Grosz, P. M. Fokker E.III. Berkhamstead, UK: Albatros Productions, 1989. .
 .
 Pace, Steve. F-22 Raptor: America's Next Lethal War Machine. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999. .

 .

 Thomas, Hugh. The Spanish Civil War. Harper & Row, 2001. .
 Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell; Alegi, Gregory. Above the War Fronts: The British Two-seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces, the British Two-seater Fighter Observer Aces, and the Belgian, Italian, Austro-Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces, 1914–1918: Volume 4 of Fighting Airmen of WWI Series: Volume 4 of Air Aces of WWI. Grub Street, 1997. , .

 Weyl, A. J., Fokker: The Creative Years. London: Putnam, 1965.
 Woodman, Harry. Early Aircraft Armament: The Aeroplane and the Gun up to 1918''. London: Arms and Armour Press, 1989. .
 .* .
 .

External links
 Air Power In Peripheral Conflict: The cases of Korea and Vietnam
 Defense Technical Information Center
 Australian Department of Defence
 Col. John A. Warden III. The Air Campaign: Planning for Combat. June 2000.
 Encyclopædia Britannica
 Glossary of Nato Definitions
 The Luftwaffe and the battle for air superiority: Blueprint or warning
 RAND Study of U.S. Fighter Design

Aerial warfare strategy
Military doctrines

Air supremacy


Gnophos furvata, la Gnophos ténébreuse ou Phalène de la Viorne, est une espèce de la famille des Geometridae.

Taxinomie et systématique
L'espèce a été initialement décrite dans le genre Geometra sous le protonyme Geometra furvata Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775. Les synonymes suivants sont listés :

Selon , deux sous-espèces sont distinguées :
 Gnophos furvata cinerascens (Turati, 1919)
 Gnophos furvata furvata (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)

Annexes

Références biologiques

Notes et références

Geometridae
Espèce de Lépidoptères (nom scientifique)

Gnophos furvata