The culture of Portugal is a very rich result of a complex flow of many different civilizations during the past millennia. From prehistoric cultures, to its Pre-Roman civilizations (such as the Lusitanians, the Gallaeci, the Celtici, and the Cynetes, amongst others), passing through its contacts with the Phoenician-Carthaginian world, the Roman period (see Hispania, Lusitania and Gallaecia), the Germanic invasions of the Suebi, Buri (see Kingdom of the Suebi) and Visigoths (see Visigothic Kingdom), Viking incursions, Sephardic Jewish settlement, and finally, the Moorish Umayyad invasion of Hispania and the subsequent expulsion, during the Reconquista, all have made an imprint on the country's culture and history.

The name of Portugal itself reveals much of the country's early history, stemming from the Roman name Portus Cale, a Latin name meaning "Port of Cale" (Cale likely is a word of Celtic origin - Cailleach-Bheur her other name; the Mother goddess of the Celtic people as in Calais, Caledonia, Beira. She was the one who, with a hammer created mountains and valleys; the one who hid in stones and trees - Mother nature), later transformed into Portucale, and finally into Portugal, which emerged as a county of the Kingdom of León see County of Portugal) and became an independent kingdom in 1139. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portugal was a major economic, political, and cultural power, its global empire stretching from the Americas, to Africa, and various regions of Asia and Oceania.

Portugal, as a country with a long history, is home to several ancient architectural structures, as well as typical art, furniture and literary collections mirroring and chronicling the events that shaped the country and its peoples.  It has a large number of cultural landmarks ranging from museums to ancient church buildings to medieval castles, which testify its rich national cultural heritage. Portugal is home to fifteen UNESCO World Heritage Sites, ranking it 8th in Europe and 17th in the world.

Overview

The Portuguese participate in many cultural activities, indulging their appreciation of art, music, drama, and dance. Portugal has a rich traditional folklore (Ranchos Folclóricos), with great regional variety.  Many cities and towns have a museum and a collection of ancient monuments and buildings. Many towns have at least a cinema, some venues to listen to music and locations to see arts and crafts. In the larger cities visits to the theatre, concerts or galleries of modern exhibitions are popular, and Portugal can boast not only international-scale venues in Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Guimarães and Coimbra but also many acclaimed artists from various disciplines. The importance of the arts is illustrated by the fact that on the death of Amália Rodrigues, the "Queen of Fado" (fado is Portugal's national music) in October 1999, three days of national mourning was declared. In 1998, José Saramago, one of Portugal's well-known writers, was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. Lisbon (1994), Porto (2001) and Guimarães (2012) were all designated European Capitals of Culture, contributing to a current renaissance in artistic creation, and in 2004 Portugal hosted the European football finals in specially constructed stadiums.

In smaller towns and villages, cultural activity may revolve around local folklore, with musical groups performing traditional dance and song. Local festivities are very popular during the summer season in all kinds of localities ranging from villages to cities, as well as beach holidays from July to September. Portuguese people in almost all major towns and the cities like to know their places which are generally well equipped with modern facilities and offer a wide variety of attractions ranging from shops and stores of the most renowned brands to cinemas, restaurants and hypermarkets. Café culture is also regarded as an important cultural feature of the Portuguese. As the most popular sport, football events involving major Portuguese teams are always widely followed with great enthusiasm. There are a few bullrings in Portugal, although the passion for bullfighting was traditionally more popular in the Ribatejo and Alentejo regions.

Architecture

Since the second millennium BC, there has been important construction in the area where Portugal is situated today. Portugal boasts several scores of medieval castles, as well as the ruins of several villas and forts from the period of Celtic and Roman occupation.  Modern Portuguese architecture follows the most advanced trends seen in European mainstream architecture with no constraints, though preserving some of its distinct characteristics.  The azulejo and the Portuguese pavement are two typical elements of Portuguese architecture. Portugal is perhaps best known for its distinctive Late-Gothic Manueline architecture, with its rich, intricate designs attributed to Portugal's Age of Discoveries.
Another type of architecture is JohannineBaroque, owing to King John V's long reign which lasted 44 years. Thanks to the gold from Brazil, John V of Portugal could afford foreign artists such as Nicolau Nasoni, to build outstanding works of art. The creations of Portuguese artists can be identified throughout the country, in the altars of gilded panels, blue and white tiles which adorn churches, halls, staircases and gardens.
It was during this period of prosperity, that some of the greatest Portuguese artworks were completed, including: the Royal Building of Mafra, the Clérigos Church (also known as Tower of the Clerics), the Baroque Library Biblioteca Joanina, the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga, the Shrine of Our Lady of Remedies in Lamego or the Mateus Palace in Vila Real. Because of the history of the Portuguese Empire, several countries across the world are home to sizeable heritages of Portuguese colonial architecture, notably Brazil and Uruguay in the Americas, Angola, Cabo Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, Benin, Ghana, Morocco, Guinea Bissau, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique in Africa, and China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Timor Leste in Asia. Notable Portuguese architects of the past have included Diogo de Arruda (15–16th c.), João Antunes (17th c.), Eugénio dos Santos and Carlos Mardel (18th c.), José Luis Monteiro (19th c.), Raul Lino, Cassiano Branco and Fernando Távora (20th c.). Famous living architects include Gonçalo Byrne, Eduardo Souto de Moura (Pritzker winner), António Maria Braga, João Carrilho da Graça and Álvaro Siza Vieira (Priktzer winner).

Dance

Folk dances include: Circle dance, Vira (of the Minho region), Two-Steps Waltz, Fandango (of the Ribatejo region), Schottische (Chotiça), Corridinho (of the Algarve and Estremadura regions), Bailarico, Vareirinha, Malhão, Vareira, Maneio, Vira de Cruz, Vira Solto, Vira de Macieira, Sapatinho, Tau-Tau, Ciranda, Zé que Fumas, Regadinho, O Pedreiro and Ó Ti Taritatu. There are also variations of these dances called the Chamarita in the Azores.  Dance apparel is highly varied, ranging from work clothes to Sunday's best, with rich distinguished from the poor.

Cinema

In the 1990s around 10 full-length fictional works were produced per annum, Portugal's filmmakers tending to be artisans. Financing of Portuguese cinema is by state grants and from television stations.  The internal market is very small and Portuguese penetration of international markets is fairly precarious.  A film is considered a success when it draws an audience of more than  which few Portuguese films manage to achieve.

Director Manoel de Oliveira was the oldest director in the world, and continued to make films until his death on 2 April 2015, at the age of 106. Since 1990 he made an average of one film per annum.  He has received international recognition awards and won the respect of the cinematography community all over the world.  Retrospectives of his works have been shown at the Los Angeles Film Festival (1992), the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. (1993), the San Francisco Film Festival, and the Cleveland Museum of Art (1994). Despite his international recognition, the films of Oliveira (and that of other Portuguese directors) are neglected locally.

João César Monteiro, a member of the generation that founded the "New Portuguese Cinema" in the 1960s which was influenced by the Nouvelle Vague, a provocative film maker in the 1990s made "O Último Mergulho" (1992), "A Comédia de Deus" (1995), "Le Bassin de John Wayne" (1997) and "As Bodas de Deus" (1998). "A Comédia de Deus" won the Jury's Special Prize at the Venice Film Festival in 1995.

Teresa Villaverde is a younger filmmaker and in the 1990s she surfaced as a director, her film (Três Irma's, 1994) won the best actress award at the Venice Film Festival.

Significant comedy films of the 1930s and 1940s include: A Canção de Lisboa (1933) directed by José Cottinelli Telmo, starring Vasco Santana and Beatriz Costa, the second Portuguese sound feature film (the first was A Severa, a 1931 documentary by Manoel de Oliveira, was originally filmed without soundtrack, which was added afterwards), and still one of the best-loved films in Portugal, with several of its lines and songs still being quoted today; O Pai Tirano (lit.  The Tyrant Father) (1941), directed by António Lopes Ribeiro, starring Vasco Santana, Francisco Ribeiro and Leonor Maia and one of the best-known comedies of the Golden Age of Portuguese Cinema; O Pátio das Cantigas (lit.  The Courtyard of Songs), a comedy/ musical from 1942 directed by Francisco Ribeiro, with Vasco Santana (as Narciso), António Silva (as Evaristo), Francisco Ribeiro (as Rufino) and others.  It's a portrait of the relations between neighbours in a Lisbon courtyard.  A story made of small episodes of humor, friendship, rivalry, and love.

Recent films
O Crime do Padre Amaro: (lit.  The Crime of Father Amaro) is a Portuguese film (2005) adapted from a book of Eça de Queiroz, directed by Carlos Coelho da Silva.  This was a low quality production sponsored by Sociedade Independente de Comunicação (television channel).  Even so, this film beat all the records of box- office of all the Portuguese film in Portugal.  The main characters are Jorge Corrula as Padre Amaro and Soraia Chaves as Amélia, and the main ingredients of this film are the sex and the nudity.

Zona J: is a Portuguese drama/romance film directed by Leonel Vieira in 1998, starring Sílvia Alberto, Ana Bustorff, Núria Madruga, Milton Spencer and Félix Fontoura.

Sorte Nula: (lit.  The Trunk) directed by Fernando Fragata, starring Hélder Mendes, António Feio, Adelaide de Sousa, Rui Unas, Isabel Figueira, Bruno Nogueira, Carla Matadinho, Tânia Miller and Zé Pedro.

Alice directed by Marco Martins and starring Beatriz Batarda, Nuno Lopes, Miguel Guilherme, Ana Bustorff, Laura Soveral, Ivo Canelas, Carla Maciel, José Wallenstein and Clara Andermatt is a multi-prize film from 2005. It has won prizes in Cannes Film Festival; Las Palmas Festival in Spain; Golden Globes in Portugal; Mar del Plata International Film Festival in Argentina, Raindance film Festival in United Kingdom and other prizes.

 Filme do Desassossego or Film of Disquiet directed by João Botelho, starring Cláudio da Silva, Alexandra Lencastre, Rita Blanco, Catarina Wallenstein, Margarida Vila-Nova, Mónica Calle, Marcello Urgeghe and Ricardo Aibéo in 2010. Inspired by a book of Fernando Pessoa.

Meu Querido Mês de Agosto directed by Miguel Gomes is a hybrid fiction/documentary film from 2009 that achieved some visibility at the Cannes Film Festival.

Tabu directed by Miguel Gomes starring Ana Moreira, Carloto Cotta, Ivo Mueller, Laura Soveral, Manuel Mesquita, Isabel Muñoz Cardoso, Henrique Espírito Santo and Teresa Madruga. The film won two prizes in the 2012 Berlin International Film Festival and another two in the Las Palmas Festival in Spain.

Rafa, a short-film directed by João Salaviza, starring Rodrigo Perdigão and Joana de Verona.This film have win the best short film is Berlin International Film Festival in 2012.

Arena, directed by João Salaviza starring Carloto Cotta, won the 2009 Cannes Film Festival Golden Palm for best short film.

Sangue do meu Sangue directed by João Canijo, starring Rita Blanco, Nuno Lopes, Cleia Almeida, Anabela Moreira, Rafael Morais and Fernando Luís. Is a multi-prized film from 2012 that won prizes in: International auteur cinema festival of Barcelona; Miami Festival, Pau Festival in France; New Vision Award in Crossing Europe Festival in Austria; San Sebastin Festival; Otra Mirada Prize by TVE channel in Spain; Faial Film Festival in Portugal; Golden Globes in Portugal; Auteur Portuguese Society in Portugal and Ways of Portuguese cinema in Coimbra, Portugal.

O Barão directed by Edgar Pêra, starring Nuno Melo, Luísa Costa Gomes, Leonor Keil, Edgar Pêra, Marina Albuquerque, Miguel Sermão and Marcos Barbosa in 2010.

Alma Portuguesa (en: Portuguese Soul), a 2020 documentary directed by Brazilian Mauro Ventura.

Cuisine

Food
Each region of Portugal has its own traditional dishes, including various kinds of meat, seafood, fresh fish, dried and salted cod (bacalhau), and the famous Cozido à Portuguesa (a Portuguese stew).

Alcoholic beverages

Portugal is a country of wine lovers and winemakers, known since the Roman Empire-era; the Romans immediately associated Portugal with its God of Wine Bacchus. Today, many Portuguese wines are known as some of the world's best: Vinho do Douro, Vinho do Alentejo, Vinho do Dão, Vinho Verde, Rosé and the sweet: Port wine (Vinho do Porto, literally Porto's wine), Madeira wine, Muscatel of Setúbal, and Moscatel of Favaios. Beer is also widely consumed, with the largest national beer brands being Sagres and Super Bock. Liqueurs, like Licor Beirão and Ginjinha, are popular.

Literature

Portuguese literature has developed since the 12th century from the lyrical works of João Soares de Paiva, Paio Soares de Taveirós and King Denis of Portugal. They wrote mostly from Galician-Portuguese and oral traditions known as "Cantigas d'amor e amigo" and "Cantigas de escárnio e maldizer", which were consecutively performed by troubadours and joglars.

Following chroniclers such as Fernão Lopes after the 15th century, fiction has its roots in chronicles and stories linked to theatre, following Gil Vicente, the father of Portuguese theatre, whose works were often criticisms and satires of society in his time.

Classical lyrical works, include The Lusiads (Os Lusíadas) by Luís de Camões, a national epic book of the history of Portugal  which incorporates elements of Ancient Greek mythology, written in the 16th century.

Romanticism and Realism period authors from 19th century including Antero de Quental, Almeida Garrett, Camilo Pessanha, Camilo Castelo Branco, Eça de Queiroz, Alexandre Herculano, Ramalho Ortigão, Júlio Dinis and others.

Portuguese modernism is found in the works of Fernando Pessoa, José Régio, Miguel Torga, Mário de Sá-Carneiro and others.

Following the Carnation Revolution in 1974, the Portuguese society, after several decades of repression, regained freedom of speech.

José Saramago received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1998.

Herberto Hélder, one of the major portuguese poets of the second half of the twentieth century, has been an influence, among many others, to the young generation of highly considered Portuguese poets and, to a lesser extend, fiction writers from a recent wave of writers such as Valter Hugo Mãe, José Luís Peixoto, Gonçalo M. Tavares, Jorge Reis-Sá, Maria Antonieta Preto, José Ricardo Pedro and others.

Music

Polyphonic music, employing multiple vocal parts in harmony, was developed in the 15th century. The Renaissance fostered a rich output of compositions for solo instruments and ensembles as well as for the voice.

The 1960s started a period of expansion and innovation with pop, rock and jazz introduced and evolving, political song developed, the fado of Lisbon and the Coimbra were revitalized. Music from the former colonies occupied an increasingly important place in the capital's musical life and local styles of rap and hip hop emerged.

The modern revival of academic music was primarily work of Luís de Freitas Branco, and continued by Joly Braga Santos. Composers like António Victorino de Almeida, Jorge Peixinho, Miguel Azguime, Pedro Amaral, and João Pedro Oliveira are known internationally. Orchestras include the Orquestra Sinfónica Portuguesa and the Gulbenkian Orchestra. Oporto has had its own symphony orchestra since 1962, when the Chamber Orchestra was set up by the Gulbenkian Foundation. Lisbon also has a metropolitan orchestra, and the National Theatre of São Carlos in Lisbon, which was built in the late 18th century, has its own orchestra and ballet company. Among notable pianists, Maria João Pires has won worldwide acclaim.

Cultural centres such as the Belém Cultural Centre and the Culturgest, both in Lisbon, have expanded opportunities for major concerts. Madredeus is among the most successful popular music groups. Singer Dulce Pontes is also widely admired, and Carlos Paredes is considered by many to be Portugal's finest guitarist. Folk music and dancing and the traditional fado remain the country's fundamental forms of musical expression.

Traditional or Folk music

In all the times and all places mankind always showed great ingenuity making sound and music from existing materials in its natural environment. The voice and the clapping of hands can certainly be considered the first instrumental forms used by man.

The Iberian Peninsula was home to a lot of different peoples and cultures, so its normal to these cultures to influence the others but still retain a little of their aspects - this happened with the Portuguese music.

Portuguese folk music is the joint of the traditional songs of a community that express through a poetic character their beliefs and tell their history to other people and generations. The danças do vira (Minho), Pauliteiros de Miranda (Miranda), Corridinho do Algarve or Bailinho (Madeira), are some examples of dances created by the sound of folk. Some of the typical instruments used are a guitar, mandolin, bagpipes, accordion, violin, drums, Portuguese guitar and an enormous variety of wind and percussion instruments.
Contemporary bands include Dazkarieh, Cornalusa, Gaitúlia, Strella do Dia etc.

Philharmonic music
In the popular culture the philharmonic bands represent each locality and play different types of music, from popular to classical. Lidia Costa, Carlos Marques, Alberto Madurai, José Caminos and Railcar Morays are some of the most important names in philharmonic music.

Fado

Fado (translated as destiny or fate) is a music genre which can be traced from the 1820s, but possibly with much earlier origins. It is characterized by mournful tunes and lyrics, often about the sea or the life of the poor. The music is usually linked to the Portuguese word saudade, a unique word with no accurate translation in any other language. (Home-sickness has an approximate meaning. It is a kind of longing, and conveys a complex mixture of mainly nostalgia, but also sadness, pain, happiness and love).

There are two main varieties of fado, namely those of the cities of Lisbon and Coimbra. The Lisbon style is the most popular, while Coimbra's is the more refined style. Modern fado is popular in Portugal, and has produced many renowned musicians. According to tradition, to applaud fado in Lisbon you clap your hands, in Coimbra you cough as if clearing your throat.

Mainstream fado performances during the 20th century included only a singer, a Portuguese guitar player and a classical guitar player but more recent settings range from singer and string quartet to full orchestra.

The ingredients of Fado are a shawl, a guitar, a voice and heartfelt emotion.

Themes include: destiny, deep-seated feelings, disappointments in love, the sense of sadness and longing for someone who has gone away, misfortune, the ups and downs of life, the sea, the life of sailors and fishermen, and last but not least "Saudade" (one of the main themes used in fado, that means a kind of longing).

Fado is probably the oldest urban folk music in the world and represents the heart of the Portuguese soul, and for that matter fado performance is not successful if an audience is not moved to tears.

Classical music
Portugal has been an important centre of practice and production of music over the centuries, as the music history of Portugal expresses. In contemporary classical music, notable Portuguese musicians include the pianists Artur Pizarro, Maria João Pires and Equeira Costa, and the composers: Fernando Lopes-Graça, Emmanuel Nunes, João Pedro Oliveira, Jorge Peixinho, Constança Capdeville, Clotilde Rosa, Fernando Corrêa de Oliveira, Cláudio Carneyro, Frederico de Freitas, Joly Braga Santos and Isabel Soveral.

Portuguese rock

The Portuguese rock started to be noted in 1980 with the release of Ar de Rock by Rui Veloso, which was the first popular Portuguese rock song, other Portuguese bands and singers such as Sétima Legião, , Jafumega, Mão Morta, Taxi, Peste e Sida, were popular too. Before that, Portugal had a vibrant underground progressive rock scene in the 1970s like Tantra, Quarteto 1111, José Cid and others in 1950 and 1960 rock and roll scene with bands like Os Conchas and Os Sheiks. Among the numerous bands and artists which followed its genesis, are Xutos & Pontapés, GNR, Quinta do Bill, UHF, The Gift and Moonspell.

Popular music
The 1980s and 1990s were marked by the search for a new musical discourse in urban popular music, the increase, commodification and industrialization of musical production, and the mediatization and expansion of music consumption. The boom in Portuguese musical production was accompanied by both the diversification of the musical domains and styles produced and consumed in Portugal and the emergence of new styles which are increasingly taking the global market into account. The denominated Pop music uses melodies easily to memorize, becoming very popular and commercial; it's also characterized by the amount of publicity made (through videos, magazines, appealing clothing, etc.).

It is possible to note two stylistic tendencies in the popular music of the 1980s and 1990s:
 A musical discourse created by Portuguese musicians that is integrated within the major international developments experienced by commercial popular music;
 A new musical style that vindicates its Portugueseness by both drawing upon various musical elements which musicians and audiences alike identify as Portuguese and emphasizing the Portuguese language.

Canções de intervenção (political songs)
Political songs () played an important part in the protests against the totalitarian regime that ruled Portugal from 1926 up to the 1974 revolution. Once it was created as an object to criticize what was wrong, mainly in a political point of view. One of its main protagonists was José (Zeca) Afonso (1929–1987) but others also contributed to its development, for example Adriano Correia de Oliveira, José Mário Branco, , , José Jorge Letria, José Barata Moura and Sérgio Godinho. They traced a new course for urban popular music and influenced a further generation of musicians, some of whom also participated in the protest movement and are still active, including Fausto, Vitorino,  and Júlio Pereira, among others.

This musical style reflects a confluence of influences from traditional music, French urban popular songs of the 1960s, African music and Brazilian popular music. By the late 1970s the revolutionary climate had subsided and the need to express political militancy through song was no longer felt by poets, composers and singers, who subsequently redefined both their role and their creative contribution.

Hip hop

Hip hop has been important since the 1980s with areas like Amadora, Cacém and the South Bank of the Tagus are considered to be the cradle of Hip Hop Tuga.

The compilation called "Rapublica" released in 1994, which featured young rising artists and groups such as Black Company and Boss AC, is responsible for establishing hip hop in Portugal. The refrain from a song called "Não sabe nadar, yo" ("Can't swim, yo!") was used by the president of Portugal, Mário Soares in a speech about the cave painting in Foz Côa saying that "As gravuras não sabem nadar, yo!" ("The engravings can't swim, yo!").

Apart from Lisbon, other urban centers also established vibrant hip hop scenes during the early nineties, especially Porto, that gave birth to important groups such as Mind Da Gap. More recently other local scenes have also developed on other urban centers, such as Coimbra and Faro.

There are two major showcase events, Flowfest and Hip Hop Porto. Flowfest, in Coimbra, started in 2005. Hip Hop Porto is a free event held at Casa da Música, in September. It features mainly the northern hip hop names as headliners, drawing a very local audience. Its first edition in 2005 carded Rodney P, NBC, Blackmastah, Bomberjack, Rui Miguel Abreu, etc. Usually the event is held outdoors, but in 2006 the heavy rains made the event relocate to the parking lot of the building, causing a really "underground" look.

Students festivals

Festivals organised by students of several higher education institutions, take place every year across the country. The 'Queima das Fitas' in  Coimbra and Porto and 'Enterro da Gata' in Minho. Summer festivals include Vilar de Mouros Festival, Festival Sudoeste, Rock in Rio Lisboa, Super Bock Super Rock, Festival de Paredes de Coura, Boom Festival, Ilha do Ermal Festival, etc.

Painting

Portuguese art was very restricted in the early years of nationality, during the reconquista, to a few paintings in churches, convents and palaces.

It was after the 15th century, with national borders established and with the discoveries, that Portuguese art expanded. Some kings, like John I already had royal painters. It is during this century that Gothic art was replaced by a more humanistic and Italian-like art.

During the reign of King Alfonso V, an important Portuguese artist Nuno Gonçalves shaped Portuguese art, leading it to gain local characteristics (Escola Nacional, National School). His influence on Portuguese art continued after his death. He was the royal painter for the famous Retábulo do Altar das Relíquias de São Vicente in the Cathedral of Lisbon (Sé de Lisboa). The painting caught fire and was replaced by a Baroque structure. Parts of his work still exist and can be found in the Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga National (Museum of Ancient Art).

During the Golden Age of Portugal, in the late 15th and early 16th centuries, Portuguese artists were influenced by Flemish art, and were in turn influential on Flemish artists of the same period. During this period, Portuguese art became internationally well-known, mostly because of its very original and diverse characteristics, but little is known about the artists of this time due to the medieval culture that considered painters to be artisans. The anonymous artists in the Portuguese "escolas" produced art not only for metropolitan Portugal but also for its colonies, namely Malacca or Goa and even Africa, gratifying the desires of local aristrocratic clients and religious clients.

In the 19th century, naturalist and realist painters like Columbano, Henrique Pousão and Silva Porto revitalized painting against a decadent academic art.

In the early 20th century, Portuguese art increased both in quality and quantity, mainly due to members of the Modernist movement like Amadeo de Souza Cardoso and Almada Negreiros. In the post-war years the abstractionist painter Vieira da Silva settled in Paris and gained widespread recognition, as did her contemporary Paula Rego.

Theater

Portugal never developed a great Dramatic theatre tradition due primarily to the fact that the Portuguese were more passionate about lyric or humorous works than dramatic art. Gil Vicente is often seen as the father of Portuguese theatre - he was the leading Portuguese playwright in the 16th century. During the 20th century, theatre found a way to reach out to the people, specially the middle class, through what in Portugal is known as "Revista" - a form of humorous and cartoonish theatre designed to expose and criticize social (and political) issues, but in a way that entertains and amuses the audience.

Gil Vicente (1435–1536) is considered the first great Portuguese playwright. Frequently called the father of Portuguese theatre, he portrays the society of the 16th century. Anticipating the 17th-century French writer Jean-Baptiste de Santeul's well-known phrase "castigat ridendo mores", Gil Vicente became famous for his satirical plays such as the "Triologia das Barcas" ("Auto da Barca do Inferno" (1517), "Auto da Barca do Purgatório" (1518); "Auto da Barca da Glória" (1518)). In these plays, he creates some characters who are representative of their social group. This results in not only comical, but also strong critical situations. Gil Vicente also wrote other important plays such as "Auto da Índia" (1509), "Auto da Fama" (1510), and "Farsa de Inês Pereira" (1523).

Another relevant playwright of the 16th century is António Ferreira (1528–1569), who wrote "A Castro" (1587), a well-known tragedy about the forbidden love between D. Pedro I and D. Inês de Castro. António Ferreira is considered the father of Renaissance culture in Portugal.

One of the most famous playwrights of the 18th century is António José da Silva (1705–1739), commonly known as "O Judeu" because of his Judaic origins. He wrote several plays such as "Os Encantos de Medeia" (1735), "As Variedades de Proteu" (1737) and "Precipício de Faetonte" (1738).

Almeida Garrett (1799–1854) was a turning point in Portuguese literature as far as the themes are concerned. His most outstanding play is "Frei Luís de Sousa" (1844), which became a classic of Portuguese theatre. Garrett also wrote "Um Auto de Gil Vicente" (1838), "Filipa de Vilhena" (1846) and "O Alfageme de Santarém" (1842). These three plays as well as "Frei Luís de Sousa" are somehow connected with Portuguese history. Furthermore, Garrett is also the founder of the "Conservatório Geral de Arte Dramática" as well as of the "Teatro Nacional D. Maria II".

As far as the 20th century is concerned, it's worth noticing Bernardo Santareno's (1920–1980) work. His most famous play is "O Judeu", based upon the life of António José da Silva, mentioned above. Santareno also wrote "A Promessa" (1957), "O Crime da Aldeia Velha" (1959) and "Anunciação" (1962). Most of his plays deal with universal questions such as liberty, oppression and discrimination.

Born in 1926, Luís de Sttau Monteiro (1926–1993) wrote several plays, some of them portraying and criticising Portuguese society of his time. His most famous play is "Felizmente Há Luar" (1961), which is a strong criticism of the political context of that time (dictatorship – Estado Novo). "O Barão" (1965), "A Guerra Santa" (1967) and "Sua Excelência" (1971) were also written by Sttau Monteiro.

In the 20th century, theatre in Portugal became more popular with the "Revista" – a comical and satirical form of theatre. It is a creative way of expressing one's ideas as well as criticising political and social problems. The most important actors who performed this form of theatre in the 20th century were Vasco Santana (1898–1958), Beatriz Costa (1907–1996) and Ivone Silva (1935–1987). Nowadays it is worth mentioning Maria João Abreu, José Raposo and Fernando Mendes, who perform this form of theatre at the well known "Parque Mayer" (a theatre district in Lisbon where the "Revista" used to be performed).

Important Portuguese actors include Ruy de Carvalho, Eunice Muñoz, Rui Mendes, Irene Cruz and Luís Miguel Cintra.

In later years, theatre in Portugal has developed into many other forms as in any other European country. Almost every repertoire can be seen in Portugal. Many companies have the works of Shakespeare, Molière, Brecht, Becket or Chekhov, and Portuguese classic and modern authors on their repertoire. Other companies show more experimental projects. All this makes the theatre repertoire very varied. Some of the most important professional theatre companies nowadays are: Teatro da Cornucópia, Teatro da Comuna, Teatro Aberto, Teatro Meridional, Teatro da Garagem, Companhia de Teatro de Almada, Companhia Teatral do Chiado, A Barraca, Teatro dos Aloés, Teatro Praga, Artistas Unidos, Seiva Trupe, As boas raparigas, ACTA, among many others.

Portugal hosts several festivals such as FITEI, ACERT, FIAR, and the International Theatre Festival of Almada (FITA).

Folklore

, , , , , , and  all are part of a rich folklore tradition of mythical beings preserved in old people's lore and literature, frequently seen as the remains of pre-Christian traditions. The lore associates the ancient monuments to the legends of the Enchanted Mouras and almost every Portuguese town has a tale of a Moura Encantada.

Festivities and holidays

During the summer, in the month of June, festivities dedicated to three saints known as Santos Populares take place all over Portugal. Why the populace associated the saints to these pagan festivities is not known. But they are possibly related to Roman or local deities from the time before Christianity spread in the region. The three saints are Saint Anthony, Saint John and Saint Peter. Common fare in these festivities are wine, água-pé (mostly grape juice), and traditional bread along with sardines. During the festivities are many weddings, traditional street dances and fireworks.

Saint Anthony is celebrated on the night of 12th-13 June, especially in Lisbon (where that saint was born and lived most of his life), with Marchas Populares (a street carnival) and other festivities. In the meantime, several marriages known as Casamentos de Santo António (Marriages of Saint Anthony) are made. But the most popular saint is Saint John, he is celebrated in many cities and towns throughout the country on the night of the 23rd-24th, especially in Porto and Braga, where the sardines, caldo verde (traditional soup) and plastic hammers to hammer in another person's head for luck are indispensable. The final saint is Saint Peter, celebrated in the night of 28th-29th, especially in Póvoa de Varzim and Barcelos, the festivities are similar to the others, but more dedicated to the sea and with an extensive use of fire (fogueiras). In Póvoa de Varzim, there is the Rusgas in the night, another sort of street carnival. Each festivity is a municipal holiday in the cities and towns where it occurs.

Carnival is also widely celebrated in Portugal, some traditional carnivals date back several centuries. Loulé, Alcobaça, Mealhada, Funchal, Torres Vedras, Ovar and Figueira da Foz, among several other localities, hold several days of festivities, with parades where social and political criticism abound, along with music and dancing in an environment of . There are some localities which preserve a more traditional carnival with typical elements of the ancient carnival traditions of Portugal and Europe. However, several parades in most localities have adopted many elements of the tropical Brazilian Carnival.

On January 6, Epiphany is celebrated by some families, especially in the North and Center, where the family gathers to eat "Bolo Rei" (literally, King Cake, a cake made with crystallized fruits); this is also the time for the traditional carols - "As Janeiras", the new year's Wassailing.

Saint Martin Day, is celebrated on November 11. This day is the peak of three days, often with very good weather, it is known as Verão de São Martinho ("Saint Martin summer"), the Portuguese celebrate it with jeropiga (a sweet liqueur wine) and roasted Portuguese chestnuts (castanhas assadas), and it is called Magusto.

National holidays

Portuguese popular song: (English Translation)
 "Santo António já se acabou. (Saint Anthony is over)
 O São Pedro está-se a acabar. (Saint Peter is ending)
 São João, São João, São João, (Saint John, Saint John, Saint John)
 Dá cá um balão para eu brincar." (Give me a balloon, for me to play)

Sports and games

Football is the most popular sport in Portugal. Football started to become well known in Portugal in the final decades of the 19th century, brought by Portuguese students who returned from England.

The first person responsible for its implementation was Guilherme Pinto Basto (according to some people, his brothers Eduardo and Frederico brought the first ball from England). It was he who had the initiative to organise an exhibition of the new game, which took place in October 1888 in Cascais, and it was also Pinto Basto who organized the first official football match in January of the following year. The match, played where today is found the Campo Pequeno Bullring in Lisbon, involved opposing teams from Portugal and England. The Portuguese team won the game 2–1. Consequently, football started attracting the attention of the high society, being distinguished by the Luso-British rivalry.

Later, the game spread, being practiced in colleges, and leading to the foundation of clubs all over the country. Until the end of the century, associations such as Clube Lisbonense, Carcavelos, Braço de Prata, the Real Ginásio Clube Português, the Estrela Futebol Clube, the Futebol Académico, the Campo de Ourique, the Oporto Cricket, and the Sport Clube Vianense were founded to practice this sport or created sections for competing. The first match, between Lisbon and Porto, took place in 1894, attended by King D. Carlos. The Clube Internacional de Futebol (founded in 1902) was the first Portuguese team to play abroad defeating, in 1907, the Madrid Futebol Clube in the Spanish capital.

The oldest football club in Portugal is Futebol Clube do Porto which was founded in 1893 (as Foot-Ball Club do Porto). Sport Lisboa e Benfica was born in 1904, with Cosme Damião and other people being the founders (the club maintained the foundation date of Sport Lisboa, founded in 1904, when in 1908 assimilated the Grupo Sport Benfica, founded in 1906). The Boavista Futebol Clube was founded in 1903. The Sporting Clube de Portugal was founded in 1906 by the Viscount of Alvalade and his grandson José de Alvalade. They are all clubs that traditionally have several sports activities but they give great distinction to football, making use of teams of professional players, which frequently participate in European competitions.

In April 2010, the Portugal national football team was ranked 3rd out of 207 countries by FIFA. The legendary Eusébio is still a symbol of Portuguese football. Luís Figo was voted 2001 Player of the Year by FIFA, after finishing 2nd in 2000. Manuel Rui Costa and Cristiano Ronaldo are also noteworthy, although Vítor Baía is the player in history with most titles won, including all European club cups. Moreover, José Mourinho is regarded as one of the most successful and well-paid football managers in football's history. The main domestic football competition is the Primeira Liga, where the dominating teams are S.L. Benfica, FC Porto, and Sporting CP. Portugal hosted and nearly won EURO 2004, getting defeated in the final by surprise winner Greece. The Portuguese national team also reached the semi-finals of the FIFA World Cup twice, in 1966, when Eusébio was the top scorer, with 9 goals, and also in 2006. The year 2006 was the year that Portugal nearly won the FIFA World Cup tournament, ranking 4th overall, being defeated by France and Germany. This was the first time since 1966, that the Portuguese football team had advanced to such a high qualifying round in a World Cup tournament. The national team defeated hosts France in the 2016 edition of the UEFA Euro, their first major international trophy.

Other than football, many other professional and well organized sport competitions take place every season in Portugal, including basketball, swimming, athletics, tennis, gymnastics, futsal, handball, and volleyball among the hundreds of sports played in this country.

Road cycling, with Volta a Portugal as the most important race, is also popular.

In rink hockey, Portugal is the country with the most world titles: 15 World Championships and 20 European Championships, and in rugby sevens, the Portuguese team has won many international trophies, having as of July 2006, five European Championship titles.

Golf is also worth mentioning, since its greatest players play in the sunny region of the Algarve, during the Algarve Open.

The Autódromo Fernanda Pires da Silva in the Estoril, near Lisbon, is the main Portuguese race track, where many motorsport competitions are held, including the World Motorcycling Championship and A1 Grand Prix.

Rallying (with the Rally of Portugal and Rally Madeira) and off-road (with the Baja Portugal 1000 and recently Lisboa-Dakar) events also have international recognition.

Triathlon is also giving important steps, thanks to the world cup leader Vanessa Fernandes, and her European and world titles. She is also the duathlon European and world champion.

The national team of shooting sports won the gold medal in the teams event, and Paulo Cleto won silver in the single men's competition.

Martial arts like judo have also brought many medals to this country, namely Telma Monteiro, who conquered gold twice at the European Championships in the -52 kg category, bronze in 2005 world championship in Cairo, and achieved silver in 2007 World Judo Championships. Nuno Delgado, who conquered the bronze medal in the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, also became the European champion in 1999 (in Bratislava), and vice-champion in the year of 2003.

Manuel Centeno is also a major name in Portuguese sports, as he conquered the national, European and the world titles, in 2006 in bodyboarding after being the European champion back in 2001.

In surfing, Justin Mujica, European surfing champion in 2004, is now back in the competitions after recovering from a knee injury. Tiago Pires reached the number one position at ASP WQS rating, and will probably be part of the main surfing competition. Ruben Gonzalez is an international acclaimed surfer and the only one to achieve the national title in two consecutive tournaments.

The Portuguese team of basketball made a unique qualification to the European Championships and made through the second round, where it was eliminated.

"Os Lobos" (Portugal national rugby union team) made a dramatic qualification to the 2007 Rugby World Cup, becoming the world's only all-amateur team ever to qualify for that kind of event.

In fencing, Joaquim Videira won the silver medal at the épée 2006 World Fencing Championships, and has conquered numerous medals in the world cup.

The major Portuguese professional sports leagues, championships and events include:
 Portuguese Football Championship and Cup of Portugal in football.
 Portuguese Futsal First Division in futsal.
 Portuguese Basketball League in basketball.
 Portuguese Roller Hockey First Division in rink hockey.
 Portuguese Handball League in handball.
 Campeonato Nacional Honra/Super Bock in rugby.
 Portuguese Volleyball League A1 in volleyball.
 Portuguese Beach Soccer League in beach soccer.
 Volta a Portugal in road cycling.
 Rally of Portugal in motor racing.

The country has an ancient martial art known as "Jogo do Pau" (Portuguese Stick Fencing), which is used for self-protection and for duels between young men in disputes over young women. Having its origin in the Middle Ages, Jogo do Pau uses wooden staves as a combat weapon.

Other sports are the "Jogos Populares", a wide variety of traditional sports played for fun.

In addition to this, other popular sport-related recreational outdoor activities with thousands of enthusiasts nationwide include airsoft, fishing, golf, hiking, hunting, and orienteering.

Stereotypes
This is a list of stereotypes:
 Saudade
 Sebastianism
 Zé Povinho

See also
 Portuguese people
 Portuguese poetry
 List of cultural icons of Portugal
 List of museums in Portugal
 Historic villages of Portugal

References

Further reading
Folktale indexes

Correia, Paulo Jorge. CONTOS TRADICIONAIS PORTUGUESES (com as versões análogas dos países lusófonos). IELT (Instituto de Estudos de Literatura e Tradição), Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2021. .

 Folktale collections
 Braga, Teófilo. Contos Tradicionais do Povo Português. Vol. I. Lisboa: Publicações Dom Quixote, 1999.
 Coelho, Francisco Adolfo. Tales of Lusitania from The Folklore of Portugal. Translated by Henriqueta Monteiro. London: Swan Sonnenschein, 1888.
 Pires, António Thomaz. Contos Populares Alentejanos, recolhidos na tradição oral. Lisboa, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, 1992. (in Portuguese)

Culture of Portugal


Ayman Sawaf is a social commentator, film producer, entrepreneur, musician and author.

Sawaf has written extensively about emotional intelligence and its uses in business, parenting and personal development,

Career
Sawaf claims to be a creator of Emotional Literacy (EL), the foundation of Social Emotional Learning (SEL). He also claims to be a pioneer of Emotional Intelligence (EQ), and a co-creator of the Four Cornerstone Model.

Sawaf is a founder of Nouran Lighting, Enchanté Entertainment, Real Music, Wholelife, and Aytopia. Sawaf provides consulting services to international businesses and makes speeches worldwide.  He has spoken on Emotional Intelligence at conferences in the US, Mexico, South Africa, and Egypt.

Sawaf has Executive Produced two  Children's Films ("Magic Boat" & "Palooka") and three 13 episode television series ("Bed Time Stories" and "Mrs. Piggle Wiggle")

In 2019, Sawaf moved his family and businesses to Lebanon .

Sawaf has released13 albums and co-founded a New Age record label, Real Music. He releases his music as a solo artist as "Ayman" and under the name of his band, "Happy The Man".

Key Concepts

Emotional Literacy
Sawaf claims to have coined the term, 'Emotional Literacy' in 1997 "Emotional Literacy is the ability to recognize, understand and appropriately express our emotions. It is the first step towards building our Emotional Intelligence (EQ) and the cornerstone of Emotional and Social Learning (SEL)," as published in The Emotional Literacy Series.

Emotional Intelligence
"Emotional Intelligence is the ability to sense, understand, and effectively apply the power and acumen of emotions as a  source of human energy, information, connection and influence," as published in by Robert Cooper & Ayman Sawaf.In 1996, Sawaf and Robert Cooper published the book, "Executive EQ: Emotional Intelligence in Leadership and Organizations".  They claim that it is the first book to introduce Emotional Intelligence to the business world.  "Executive EQ" is published in 17 languages across 28 countries. In collaboration with Essi Systems, a consulting company, Cooper and Sawaf included an EQ Map in the book.

Ayman Sawaf has also contributed to other books on Emotional Intelligence, including
 "The Modern Day Alchemist from the Land of the Pharaohs",
 "Flip: Turn Your World Around"
 "Emotions at Work: Theory, Research and Applications for Management" edited by Roy L. Payne & Cary L. Cooper.

Sacred Commerce
Sawaf's book, Sacred Commerce: A Blueprint for a new Humanity, explores the history  commerce through the stories of the Merchant Priesthood in Ancient Egypt.

The book also introduces the concept of the Fourth Bottom Line (Purpose), what Sawaf calls a new map for self-realization through business and sourced in Emotional Alchemy, Resonance Causation, and the "Forgotten Ingredient of Leadership"

Discography
 Moon Shines Last (1992)
 Dancing With My Soul (1994)
 Doorways (1996)
 Midnight Storyteller (2006)
 The Best of Ayman (2006)
 Namya's Return (2015)
 The Blue Door (2015)

Books
 The Age of Consciousness: Surfing the Disruption  (2020)
 Sacred Commerce: A Blueprint for a New Humanity with Rowan Gabrielle (2014)
 Sacred Commerce: The Rise of the Global Citizen with Rowan Gabrielle (2007)
 Executive EQ: Emotional Intelligence in Leadership and Organizations with Robert Cooper (1997)
 The Full Original Emotional Literacy Series (Kids EQ) - 21 books (1989)

External links
 Dr. Robert Cooper,
 Executive EQ: Emotional Intelligence in Leadership and Organizations.
 Sacred Commerce: A Blueprint for a New Humanity,
 Executive EQ,

References

External links
 Ayman Sawaf

Living people
Place of birth missing (living people)
1953 births
Male non-fiction writers

Ayman Sawaf


This is a list of the catholicoi of all Armenians (), head bishops of the Armenian Apostolic Church (). To this day 21 Catholicoi of a total of 132 have been glorified within the church.

Catholicoi of Armenia
(Name in English, dates, Armenian name in Eastern Armenian spelling)

Apostolic Era

Sophene Era

First Echmiadzin era (301–452)
Arsacid dynasty (from 301 to 428 the episcopal office is hereditary)
St. Gregory I the Illuminator (301–325) -- Սբ. Գրիգոր Ա Պարթև (Լուսավորիչ)
St. Aristaces I (325–333) -- Սբ. Արիստակես Ա Պարթև
St. Vrtanes I (333–341) -- Սբ. Վրթանես Ա Պարթև
St. Husik I (341–347) -- Սբ. Հուսիկ Ա Պարթև
Assyrian descent
Daniel I of Armenia (347) -- Դանիել Ա
Ashishatts dynasty
Pharen I of Armenia (348–352) -- Փառեն Ա Աշտիշատցի
Arsacid dynasty
St. Nerses I the Great (353–373) -- Սբ. Ներսես Ա Մեծ (Պարթև)
Albaniosid dynasty
Sahak I (373–377) -- Սահակ Ա Մանազկերտցի
Zaven I (377–381) -- Զավեն Ա Մանազկերտցի
Aspuraces I (381–386) -- Ասպուրակես Ա Մանազկերտցի
Arsacid dynasty
St. Sahak I (387–428) -- Սբ. Սահակ Ա Պարթև
Assyrian descent
Brkisho of Armenia (428–432) -- Բրկիշո
Samuel of Armenia (432–437) -- Սամվել
Non-Hereditary Bishop
St. Hovsep I (437–452) -- Սբ. Հովսեփ Ա Հողոցմեցի

Dvin era (452–927)
Melitus I (452–456) -- Մելիտե Ա Մանազկերտցի
Moses I (456–461) -- Մովսես Ա Մանազկերտցի
St. Kyud I (461–478) -- Սբ. Գյուտ Ա Արահեզացի
St. John I (478–490) -- Սբ. Հովհաննես Ա Մանդակունի
Babken I (490–516) -- Բաբկեն Ա Ոթմսեցի
Samuel I (516–526) -- Սամվել Ա Արծկեցի
Mushe I (526–534) -- Մուշե Ա Այլաբերցի
Sahak II (534–539) -- Սահակ Բ Ուղկեցի
Christopher I (539–545) -- Քրիստափոր Ա Տիրառիջցի
Ghevond I (545–548) -- Ղեվոնդ Ա Եռաստեցի
Nerses II (548–557) -- Ներսես Բ Բագրևվանդցի
John II (557–574)-- Հովհաննես Բ Գաբեղենցի
Moses II (574–604) -- Մովսես Բ. Եղիվարդեցի
vacant 604–607, administered by Verthanes Qerthol the Grammatic
Abraham I (607–615) -- Աբրահամ Ա Աղբաթանեցի
Komitas I (615–628) -- Կոմիտաս Ա Աղցեցի
Christopher II (628–630), died aft. 630 — Քրիստափոր Բ Ապահունի
Ezra I (630–641) -- Եզր Ա Փառաժնակերտցի
Nerses III the Builder (641–661) -- Ներսես Գ Տայեցի (Շինարար)
Anastasius I (661–667) -- Անաստաց Ա Ակոռեցի
Israel I (667–677) -- Իսրայել Ա Ոթմսեցի
Sahak III (677–703) -- Սահակ Գ. Ձորոփորեցի
Elias I (703–717) -- Եղիա Ա Արճիզեցի
St. John III the Philosopher (717–728) -- Սբ. Հովհաննես Գ Օձնեցի (Փիլիսոփա)
David I (728–741) -- Դավիթ Ա Արամոնեցի
Dertad I (741–764) -- Տրդատ Ա Ոթմսեցի
Dertad II (764–767) -- Տրդատ Բ Դասնավորեցի
Sion I (767–775) -- Սիոն Ա Բավոնեցի
Isaiah I (775–788) -- Եսայի Ա Եղիպատրուշեցի
Stephen I (788–790) -- Ստեփանոս Ա Դվնեցի
Joab I (790–791) -- Յովաբ Ա Դվնեցի
Solomon I (791–792) -- Սողոմոն Ա Գառնեցի
George I (792–795) -- Գևորգ Ա Բյուրականցի
Joseph I (795–806) -- Հովսեփ Բ Փարպեցի
David II (806–833) -- Դավիթ Բ Կակաղեցի
John IV (833–855) -- Հովհաննես Դ Ավայեցի
Zacharias I (855–876) -- Զաքարիա Ա Ձագեցի
George II (877–897) -- Գևորգ Բ Գառնեցի
Mashdotz I (897–898) -- Մաշտոց Ա Եղվարդեցի

Aghtamar era (927–947)
John V the Historian (898–929) -- Հովհաննես Ե Դրասխանակերտցի
Stephen II (929–930) -- Ստեփանոս Բ Ռշտունի
Theodore I (930–941) -- Թեոդորոս Ա Ռշտունի
Yeghishe I (941–946) -- Եղիշե Ա Ռշտունի

Arghina era (947–992)
Ananias I (949–968) -- Անանիա Ա Մոկացի
Vahan I (968–969) -- Վահան Ա Սյունեցի
Stephen III (969–972) -- Ստեփանոս Գ Սևանցի
Khachig I (973–992) -- Խաչիկ Ա Արշարունի

Ani era (992–1058)
Sarkis I (992–1019), d. aft. 1019 — Սարգիս Ա Սևանցի
Peter I (1019–1058) -- Պետրոս Ա Գետադարձ

During this time the see was transferred to Cilicia, from 1058 until 1441 (see List of Armenian Catholicoi of Cilicia for continued succession).

Catholicoi of the Mother See of Holy Echmiadzin and All Armenians

Second Echmiadzin era (1441–present)
Giragos I (1441–1443) -- Կիրակոս Ա Վիրապեցի
Gregory X (1443–1465) -- Գրիգոր Ժ Ջալալբեկյանց
Aristaces II (Coadjutor) (1465–1469) -- Արիստակես Բ Աթոռակալ
Sarkis II the Relic-Carrier (1469–1474) -- Սարգիս Բ Աջատար
John VII the Relic-Bearer (1474–1484), d. 1506—Հովհաննես Է Աջակիր
Sarkis III the Other (1484–1515) -- Սարգիս Գ Մյուսայլ
Zacharias II (1515–1520) -- Զաքարիա Բ Վաղարշապատցի
Sarkis IV (1520–1536) -- Սարգիս Դ Վրաստանցի
Gregory XI (1536–1545) -- Գրիգոր ԺԱ Բյուզանդացի
Stepanos V (1545–1567) -- Ստեփանոս Ե Սալմաստեցի
Michael I (1567–1576) -- Միքայել Ա Սեբաստացի
Gregory XII (1576–1590) -- Գրիգոր ԺԲ Վաղարշապատցի
David IV (1590–1629), d. 1633—Դավիթ Դ Վաղարշապատցի
Moses III (1629–1632) -- Մովսես Գ Տաթևացի
Philip I (1633–1655) -- Փիլիպոս Ա Աղբակեցի
Jacob IV (1655–1680) -- Հակոբ Դ Ջուղայեցի
Eliazar I (1681–1691) -- Եղիազար Ա Այնթափցի
Nahabed I (1691–1705) -- Նահապետ Ա Եդեսացի
Alexander I (1706–1714) -- Ալեքսանդր Ա Ջուղայեցի
Asdvadzadur (1715–1725) -- Աստվածատուր Ա Համադանցի
Karapet II (1726–1729) -- Կարապետ Բ Ուլնեցի
Abraham II (1730–1734) -- Աբրահամ Բ Խոշաբեցի
Abraham III (1734–1737) -- Աբրահամ Գ Կրետացի
Lazar I (1737–1751) -- Ղազար Ա Ջահկեցի
Minas I (1751–1753) -- Մինաս Ա Ակնեցի
Alexander II (1753–1755) -- Ալեքսանդր Բ Բյուզանդացի
Sahak V (elected but never consecrated) (1755) -- Սահակ Ե
vacant (1755–1759)
Jacob V (1759–1763) -- Հակոբ Ե Շամախեցի
Simeon I (1763–1780) -- Սիմոն Ա Երևանցի
Luke I (1780–1799) -- Ղուկաս Ա Կարնեցի
Joseph II (elected but never consecrated) (1800), d. 1801 — Հովսեփ Բ
David V (1801–1807) -- Դավիթ Ե Էնեգեթցի (Ղորղանյան)
Daniel II (1802–1808) --  Դանիել Բ Սուրմառեցի
Yeprem I (1809–1830), d. 1835—Եփրեմ Ա Ձորագեղցի
John VIII (1831–1842) -- Հովհաննես Ը Կարբեցի
Nerses V (1843–1857) -- Ներսես Ե. Աշտարակեցի
Matthew I (1858–1865) -- Մատթէոս Ա Կոնստանդնուպոլսեցի (Չուխաճեան)
George IV (1866–1882) -- Գէորգ Դ Կոնստանդնուպոլսեցի (Քէրեստեճեան)
vacant (1882–1885)
Magar (1885–1891) -- Մակար Ա. Թեղուտցի
Mkrtich I Khrimian (1892–1907) -- Մկրտիչ Ա Վանեցի (Խրիմեան Հայրիկ)
Matthew II Izmirlian (1908–1910) -- Մատթևոս Բ Կոնստանդնուպոլսեցի (Իզմիրլեան)
George V (1911–1930) -- Գևորգ Ե Սուրենեանց (Տփղիսեցի)
vacant (1930–1932)
Khoren I (1932–1938) -- Խորեն Ա Մուրադբեկեան (Տփղիսեցի)
vacant (1938–1945)
George VI (1945–1954) -- Գևորգ Զ Չորեքչյան (Նորնախիջևանցի)
Vazgen I (1955–1994) -- Վազգեն Ա Պալճյան (Բուխարեստցի)
Karekin I (1994–1999) -- Գարեգին Ա Սարգիսյան (Քեսաբցի)
Karekin II (1999–present) -- Գարեգին Բ Ներսիսյան (Ոսկեհատցի)

See also
 Catholicos of All Armenians
 List of patriarchs of the Church of the East
 List of Armenian catholicoi of Cilicia
 List of Armenian patriarchs of Constantinople
 List of Armenian patriarchs of Jerusalem
 List of Armenian Catholic patriarchs of Cilicia

References

Religion-related lists

Lists of Oriental Orthodox Christians
Armenia
Armenia religion-related lists
Lists of Armenian people
All Armenians

List of catholicoi of all Armenians


Hjelmelandsfjorden er en lille fjordarm af Boknafjorden i Hjelmeland kommune i Rogaland fylke i Norge. Fjorden ligger nord for Hjelmelandsvågen og grænser til Gardssundfjorden i vest, Ombofjorden i nord og Jøsenfjorden i øst. Hjelmelandsfjorden kan regnes som både en fortsættelse af Ombofjorden og Gardssundsfjorden. Fra vest til øst måler den 4 kilometer, mens den strækker sig 5 kilometer fra Ombofjorden i nord, mod sydvest til nordøstsiden af Randøy.

Ved Randøy fortsætter Ølesundet frem mod sydvest til Fisterfjorden på den anden side.

Færgeforbindelsen Hjelmeland–Nesvik–Skipavik krydser Hjelmelandsfjorden; Fra Hjelmelandsvågen går det færge til Nesvik på Jøsneset på nordvestsiden og til Skipavik på Ombo i nordøst. Der går også færge mellem Nesvik og Skipavik.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Rogaland
Hjelmeland

Hjelmelandsfjorden


Rose Araujo (Rio de Janeiro) é uma quadrinista, professora de artes, escritora e designer brasileira.

Biografia

Rose Araujo começou sua carreira na ilustração em 1989, ilustrando para a editora Agir o livro A Venda do Sr. Vento, de Maria Helena Hess Alves, passando, a partir daí, a fazer diversas outras ilustrações de livros. Em 1994, lançou a agenda infantil Os Amigos da Lis: 365 dias de Ética, com tiras cômicas da personagem Lis, que criara em 1988 originalmente para um trabalho de faculdade.

Começou a trabalhar como cartunista em 1998 no jornal Extra e na revista dominical Canal Extra, com a tira cômica Os Amigos da Lis (publicada até 2012). Também participou de três volumes da coletânea Tiras de Letra: Até Debaixo d'Água (2008), Na Batalha (2009) e Nota Dez (2010). Também em 2006, foi uma das representantes do Brasil na exposição As Mulheres Criadoras e a Arte da Caricatura, que percorreu países como Peru, Espanha, Portugal, México, Itália, Cuba, Estados Unidos e China.

Em 2011, Rose publicou o livro Iscola... o Crime, que trazia uma coletânea das tiras de mesmo nome publicadas desde 2007 no jornal Graphiq. As tiras mostram o universo escolar com violência, bullying, dificuldade de aprendizagem e desvalorização do professor. A inspiração foi da vivência de Rose e como professora em escolas públicas.

Prêmios e indicações

Em 2012, Rose Araujo foi indicada ao Troféu HQ Mix de melhor publicação de tiras pelo livro Iscola... o Crime. Em 2022, ganhou o Prêmio Angelo Agostini de melhor lançamento independente por Quarentena em Quadrinhos.

Ligações externas

Autores de banda desenhada do Brasil
Mulheres ganhadoras do Prêmio Angelo Agostini
Ilustradores de banda desenhada
Ilustradores do Rio de Janeiro
Arte-educadores do Brasil

Rose Araujo


×Aegilotriticum, hibridni biljni rod iz porodice trava. Hibridi su rodova ostika (Aegilops) i pšenica (Triticum) nastali na prirodni ili vještački način.

Vrste
 ×Aegilotriticum erebunii (Gandilyan) van Slageren
 ×Aegilotriticum grenieri (K.Richt.) P.Fourn.
 ×Aegilotriticum loretii (K.Richt.) P.Fourn.
 ×Aegilotriticum rodetii (Trab.) van Slageren
 ×Aegilotriticum sancti-andreae (Degen) Soó
 ×Aegilotriticum triticoides (Req. ex Bertol.) van Slageren

Sinonimi
 ×Aegilotrichum A.Camus
 ×Aegilotricum R.Wagner ex Tscherm.-Seys.

Izvori

Triticinae

×Aegilotriticum


Zara Mohammadi (nascida por volta do ano de 1990, na cidade de Dehgolan) é uma professora do idioma curdo na província do Curdistão, no Irã, que é politicamente retaliada. Ela é diretora da Associação Cultural Nojin, organização que ensina e promove a língua e a identidade curda no Irã, onde é permitida como "língua tribal e regional" pela lei, mas sem aplicação real nas salas de aula.

Em maio de 2019, foi presa pelos serviço secreto do Irã, acusada de trabalhar para a oposição curda e de atacar a segurança nacional. Liberada meses mais tarde, no verão de 2020 foi condenada a 10 anos de prisão por ser a "criadora de um grupo contra a Segurança do Estado". Em Janeiro de 2022, esta sentença foi ratificada para 5 anos de privação de liberdade, após denúncia de várias organizações dos direitos humanos como a Anistia Internacional, a Front Line Defenders e a Organização de Nações e Povos Não Representados.

Em Dezembro de 2022, foi reconhecida como uma das 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras do mundo pela BBC.

Biografia
Zara Mohammadi nasceu em 1990 ou 1991, num povoado do Curdistão iraniano, mas depois  residiu no município de Nàiser, no condado de Sanandaj, também no Irã. Graduou-se em Geopolítica na Universidade de Birjand. Em sua trajetória pedagógica e educativa, desde a adolescência e durante mais de 10 anos, Zara ensinou a língua curda na cidade de Sanandaj e aos povos limítrofes.

Em 2013, Zara co-fundou a Associação Social e Cultural de Nojin, dedicada à promoção da língua curda e desta identidade cultural, além do ensino dos valores do ambientalismo. Após as autorizações do Ministério do Interior do Irã, ela foi escolhida para liderar a associação, com várias ramificações em outros lugares do Curdistão iraniano.

Detenção e repressão judicial
Em 16 de maio de 2019, durante uma cerimônia solene no cemitério da aldeia curda de Koolan (no condado de Marivan), que se destinava a relembrar o assassinato do também jovem ativista Narmin Vatankhah, as forças de segurança iranianas invadiram o evento e prenderam sete dos ativistas civis presentes. Alguns dias depois, em 23 de maio, as forças especiais da região invadiram sua casa e também prenderam Zara Mohammadi.

As autoridades a acusaram inicialmente de ser responsável por ataques contra a segurança nacional do Irã, pelos quais ela foi presa por 6 meses e coagida a fazer confissões forçadas. Ela foi libertada em 2 de dezembro do mesmo ano sob fiança de 700 milhões de tomans - o equivalente a 7.000 milhões de rials iranianos, cerca de 150.000 euros no câmbio de janeiro de 2022.  Então a Anistia Internacional se posicionou contra sua prisão, afirmando que Zara Mohammadi havia sido presa "apenas por causa de sua conexão com o empoderamento da minoria nacional curda". Durante esse tempo, sua família pôde visitá-la, embora ela não tivesse notícias deles na maior parte do tempo.

Entre 16 de fevereiro e 15 de julho de 2020, o Tribunal n. 1 do Tribunal Revolucionário Islâmico de Sanandaj, presidido pelo juiz Saeidi, condenou-a a 10 anos de prisão, acusada de "fundar grupos e sociedades com o objetivo de perturbar a segurança nacional". Esta decisão foi duramente criticada por várias organizações de direitos humanos, que consideram Zara Mohammadi uma vítima da repressão política do Irã, sem qualquer ligação que não seja a Associação Social e Cultural de Nojin e perseguida pelo seu ativismo linguístico e cultural.

Em Outubro de 2020, a pena foi reduzida a 5 anos de prisão pelo Tribunal nº 4 de Apelação de Sanandaj. Apesar de os advogados da professora e ativista terem apelado citando o artigo 477 do Código Penal do Irã Islâmico, em 13 de fevereiro de 2021, ela foi informada de que o mesmo tribunal manteve a sentença. Em 2 de janeiro, após novos recursos à Câmara de Apelação e ao Supremo Tribunal do Irã, o Chefe do Tribunal da Província do Curdistão negou qualquer recurso adicional e ordenou que Zara Mohammadi fosse para a prisão para cumprir a sentença de cinco anos.

Reconhecimento
Em Dezembro de 2022, foi reconhecida como uma das 100 mulheres mais inspiradoras do mundo pela BBC.

Veja também

 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2022
Língua curda
Iranianos de ascendência curda
Pessoas vivas
Curdos

Zara Muhammadi


B-vítamín eru lífsnauðsynleg og skortur á þeim getur haft slæmar afleiðingar fyrir líf og heilsu manna. B-vítamín eru mörg og þjóna mismunandi hlutverkum í líkamanum, en megin hlutverk þeirra er að taka þátt í að nýta orku fæðunnar og hafa þau gífurlega áhrif á taugafræðilega- og geðræna heilsu fólks

Hvað eru vítamín?
Vítamín er hópur lífrænna efnasambanda sem eru nauðsynleg fyrir lífeðlisfræðilega starfsemi líkamans. Vítamín þurfa að koma inn með fæðu í litlu magni þar sem þau eru ekki mynduð í líkamanum. Það eru alls 13 tegundir af vítamínum sem líkaminn þarfnast og er þeim skipt upp í tvo flokka eftir því hvort þau eru fituleysanleg eða vatnsleysanleg. Fituleysanlegu vítamínin eru A-, D-, E- og K-vítamín, og þurfa þau fitu til þess að upptaka og frásog eigi sér stað. Vatnsleysanlegu vítamínin eru C- og B-vítamín, en þau þurfa aðeins vatn til þess að nýtast líkamanum.

Um B-vítamín
B-vítamín eru mikilvæg í starfsemi frumna þar sem þau verka á efnabreytingar í líkamanum og eru nauðsynleg fyrir heilbrigða heilastarfsemi, myndun og viðgerðir á erfðaefni (RNA og DNA) ásamt myndun fjölmargra taugaefna í líkamanum og eru einnig mikilvæg fyrir geðræna heilsu. Orkugjafar líkamans eru kolvetni, prótein og fita og eru B-vítamín nauðsynleg til þess að líkaminn geti nýtt orkugjafana. B-vítamín vinna því gegn þreytu og viðhalda eðlilegri slímhúð ásamt viðhaldi hárs, nagla og húðar

Helstu B-vítamínin eru átta talsins, en þau eru þíamín (B1), ríbóflavín (B2), níasín (B3), pantótensýra (B5), pýrdisoxín (B6), bíótín (B7), fólinsýra (B9) og kóbalamín (B12). B-vítamínin eru flokkuð eftir vatnsleysanlegum eiginleikum og hvernig hlutverk þeirra tengjast í starfsemi líkamans (Pétursson, 1951). Sjá töflu 1 þar sem farið er yfir B-vítamínin átta og þeirra helstu einkenni.

B-vítamín eru frábrugðin öðrum vítamínum að því leiti að þau eru til staðar í öllum lifandi frumum, í mismunandi magni þó. Þar sem B-vítamín eru vatnsleysanleg, þá skolast umframmagn þeirra út með þvaginu og því myndast ekki eituráhrif í líkamanum sé of mikils magns gætt af þeim. Lítill forði myndast af B-vítamíni í líkamanum vegna vatnsleysanlegra eiginleika og þurfa þau að berast daglega með matvælum. Fituleysanleg vítamín mynda hins vegar forða í líkamanum og því þarf ekki að innbyrgða þau daglega. Það hefur þær afleiðingar að ef of mikils magns er gætt af þeim þá geta myndast eituráhrif í líkamanum

Tafla 1: Helstu B-vítamín og eiginleikar þeirra

Hvaðan fáum við B-vítamín?
B-vítamín er helst að finna í lifur og korntegundum, grænmeti, mjólk, kjöti og fiski. Einnig eru nokkrir gerlar sem framleiða B-vítamín, td gerlarnir í maga jórturdýranna og ákveðnir þarmagerlar. Í fæðu Íslendinga er nóg af öllum B-vítamínum og þeir sem borða hollan og fjölbreyttan mat ættu ekki að hafa áhyggjur af skorti. Svokallað miðjarðarhafsmatarræði sem inniheldur ávexti, grænmeti, belgjurtir, flókin kolvetni, ólífu olíu, fisk og hvítt kjöt, er mjög ríkt af vítamínum og steinefnum og þá sérstaklega B-vítamíni. Hér er B12-vítamín hins vegar undantekning, þar sem það er mest að finna í rauðu kjöti. Hið vestræna mataræði einkennist hins vegar oft á tíðum af unnum kjötvörum, rauðu kjöti, smjöri, mjólkurvörum, eggi, unnu korni og sykur og inniheldur því minna af vítamíni og steinefnum. Til þess að tryggja magn vítamína í fæðu þarf að gæta að því að eyða ekki vítamínum úr matnum við matreiðslu. Stór hluti vítamína, þá sérstaklega vatnsleysanlegu vítamínin C-og B-vítamín, skolast úr matvælum þegar þau eru soðin í vatni. Til þess að tryggja næringarefni fæðunnar getur verið snjallt að gufusjóða matinn.

Nánar um B12-vítamín og fólinsýru
Það B-vítamín sem hefur vakið mestu athygli síðustu árin er B12-vítamínið. Það hefur til að mynda verkað vel gegn mergruna sem var áður talinn ólæknandi sjúkdómur og lýsir sér sem alvarlegur blóðskortur, og þar að auki verkar það í mikið minni skömmtum en þekkist um nokkurt annað vítamín. B12-vítamín kemur í veg fyrir blóðleysi með því að stuðla að myndun rauðra blóðfrumna og tekur þátt í betri beinheilsu. Vítamínið spilar stórt hlutverk í framleiðslu á serótónín sem hefur áhrif á skap og er nefnt gleðihormónið, og einnig er talað um að B12-vítamínið veiti aukna orku. Nægilegt magn af B12-vítamíni skiptir miklu máli á meðgöngu kvenna, ásamt B9-vítamíni (fólinsýru).

Rannsóknir hafa sýnt fram á tengsl á milli lítils magn fólinsýru hjá þunguðum konum á fyrsta þriðjung meðgöngunnar, og hættu á alvarlegum skaða í miðtaugakerfi fóstursins. Á hverju ári greinast á Íslandi um sex tilfelli alvarlegra skaða í miðtaugakerfi fósturs, svo sem vatnshöfuð, klofinn hryggur eða heilaleysi. Samkvæmt landlækni eiga konur á barnseignaraldri að taka daglega inn fólinsýru og mælt er með 400 míkrógrömm á dag. Fólinsýra er einnig nauðsynlegt fyrir fólk á öllum aldri þar sem það getur dregið úr líkum á hjarta-og æðasjúkdómum, og er nauðsynlegt fyrir efnaskipti kjarnsýra. Fólinsýra vinnur mjög náið með B12-vítamíni við myndun heilbrigðrar blóðfrumna og ef skortur verður á B12-vítamíni þá hefur það mikil áhrif á hlutverk fólinsýrunnar.

Skortur á B-vítamíni
Truflanir á taugakerfi, æðakerfi og meltingarfærum eru dæmi um einkenni sem orsakast af B-vítamín skorti. Einnig má nefna þreytu, máttleysi, ógleði, þunglyndi, magakrampa, dofa og þar að auki geta komið frá ýmis útbrot, bólgur og sár á hörundi.

Skortur á B-vítamíni var þekkur fyrr á öldum og sumar af fátækustu þjóðum heims upplifa enn skort, en hann þekkist ekki á Vesturlöndum þar sem fólk borðar venjulega fæðu. Hins vegar þurfa grænkerar og veganistar að gæta að inntöku B12 vítamíns, þar sem það er ekki að finna í plöntufæði heldur frekar í rauðu kjöti og mjólkurvörum

Ástæður fyrir því að upptaka B-vítamíns sé ekki fullnægjandi í líkamanum geta verið nokkrar. Unnar matvörur eða matur sem hefur verið eldaður á háum hita getur tapað vítamínum úr fæðunni. Undirliggjandi sjúkdómar, misnotkun á áfengi, streita, álag og ýmis lyf geta einnig haft áhrif á upptöku B-vítamíns og annarra vítamína í líkamanum.

Heimildir

Vítamín

B-vítamín


Escadrila albă (titlul în )  este un film dramatic de război, coproducție româno-italiană realizat în 1944 de regizorul Ion Sava, după romanul omonim a scriitorului George Acsinteanu, protagoniști fiind actorii Claudio Gora, Mariella Lotti, Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra, Marcel Anghelescu.

Astăzi, filmul este considerat pierdut.

Conținut

Distribuție

 Claudio Gora – Alessandro, pilotul instructor
 Mariella Lotti – Elena, asistentă la Crucea Roșie
 Tino Bianchi – Michele
 Lucia Sturdza-Bulandra – mătușa
 Marcel Anghelescu – Nello
 Marilena Economu – Marisa
 Ondina Maris – asistentă la Crucea Roșie
 Miretta Mauri – asistentă la Crucea Roșie
 Diana Alba
 Antonio Corevi
 Dino Di Luca
 Daniela Dobrescu
 Nadia Herescu
 Astorre Pederzoli
 Mario Visconti

Note

Bibliografie
 ;
 ;

Legături externe

 Escadrila albă  CinemaRx

Vezi și
 Listă de filme istorice românești
 Listă de filme despre cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial

Filme din 1944
Filme dramatice
Filme de război
Filme în limba română
Filme în limba italiană
Filme regizate de Ion Sava
Filme alb-negru
Filme despre Al Doilea Război Mondial
Filme istorice din anii 1940
Filme istorice românești
Filme pierdute
Filme de propagandă
Filme cu acțiunea în avioane

Escadrila albă (film)


Shun Hing Square (Çince: 信兴广场) Çin'in Shenzhen şehrinde bulunan, 384 metre yüksekliğe sahip gökdelendir.

273.349 m² toplam alana sahip olan Shun Hing Square içerisinde İş Merkezleri ve Apartman Daireleri bulunmaktadır.

Shenzhen'deki gökdelenler
350 metrenin üzerindeki gökdelenler
1996'da tamamlanan yapılar

Shun Hing Square


Marta Vieira da Silva (født 19. februar 1986), bedre kendt som Marta, er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, angiber, som spiller for den amerikanske klub Orlando Pride. Fra 2014-17 spillede for FC Rosengård i den svenske liga Damallsvenskan. Hun spiller også for Brasilien. Med 17 mål holder hun verdensrekorden for den mest scorende spiller ved kvindernes VM i fodbold turnering, hun har overhalet Tysklands Birgit Prinz, som tidligere var indehaver af rekorden med 14 mål. Marta satte rekorden i kampen mod  i Brasiliens første kamp ved 2015 udgaven i Canada. Hun er også den første fodboldspiller, hos begge køn, til at score ved fire VM-slutrunder, kun efterfulgt af canadiske Christine Sinclair. I 2021, blev hun ved Sommer-OL i Tokyo, den første kvindelige fodboldspiller nogensinde til at score ved fem olympiske lege i træk, da hun bragte , foran 1-0 mod .

Marta betragtes ofte som den bedste kvindelige fodboldspiller nogensinde, og har fået kælenavnet Pelé i skørter af Pelé selv. Hun er kåret som Årets fodboldspiller (FIFA) fem gange i træk mellem 2006 og 2010. Hun var ligeledes, blandt de top 3 nominerede, i alle årene fra 2010 til 2014. Hun var en del af Brasiliens landshold, som vandt olympisk sølv i 2004 og Sommer-OL 2008. Hun vandt også Den Gyldne Bold ved U/19-VM i fodbold for kvinder 2004, og vandt både den gyldne bold og den gyldne støvle ved kvindernes VM i fodbold 2007 efter at have ført Brasilien til finalen i turneringen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

 Player domestic stats  hos SvFF

 WPS profil

Kvindelige fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Brasilien
Olympiske sølvmedaljevindere fra Brasilien
Fodboldspillere fra Tyresö FF
Fodboldspillere fra FC Rosengård
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2004
Fodboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2008
Olympiske fodboldspillere fra Brasilien
Deltagere for Brasilien ved sommer-OL 2008
Deltagere for Brasilien ved sommer-OL 2004

Marta (fodboldspiller)


Mollinedia glabra é uma espécie de planta do gênero Mollinedia e da família Monimiaceae.
Endêmica da Floresta Atlântica, nos estados do Espírito Santo e Rio de Janeiro, ocorrendo tanto na planície quaternária, em áreas de restinga, principalmente na Mata Seca, como na floresta de tabuleiros, de baixada, submontana e montana. Infere-se que suas populações eram bem distribuídas nas restingas, restando hoje poucas populações, principalmente em unidades de conservação. Mollinedia glabra se diferencia das demais espécies do gênero pelas folhas nítidas, glabras, quando secas castanhas, mais raro oliváceas, flores com receptáculo urceolado, estames basais com filetes mais curtos que os apicais. Mollinedia elliptica Perkins,  Mollinedia viridiflora Tolm. e Mollinedia leiantha Perkins (ex descr.) são aqui consideradas  sinónimos sob M. glabra.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1900 por Janet Russell Perkins.
Os seguintes sinônimos já foram catalogados:
 Mollinedia elliptica  (Gardner) A.DC.
 Mollinedia leiantha  Perkins
 Mollinedia nitida  Tul.
 Mollinedia pellucens  tul.
 Mollinedia viridiflora  Tolm.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola, arbustiva e arbórea.

Descrição

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais e Rio de Janeiro.
Em termos ecológicos, é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta ombrófila pluvial e restinga.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Monimiaceae  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Mollinedia glabra no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Mollinedia glabra no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Monimiaceae
Plantas descritas em 1900
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Mollinedia glabra


Yudong (chinois : 玉洞站 / pinyin : Yùdòng zhàn / zhuang : Camh Yidung) est une station de la ligne 2 du métro de Nanning. Elle est située de part et d'autre du boulevard Yinhai et de la rue Fenghuang, dans le district de Liangqing de la ville de Nanning, en Chine.

Ouverte en 2017, elle comprend trois entrées et une seule plateforme. Avant la prolongation de la ligne du , la station était le terminus sud de la ligne.

Situation sur le réseau

Établie en souterrain, Yudong est située sur la ligne 2 du métro de Nanning, entre la station Jinxiang, en direction du terminus nord , et la station Rue Dongfeng, en direction du terminus sud Tanze.

Histoire
Le tracé de la ligne est décidé en juin 2014, avec une première phase comprenant 18 stations pour , coûtant environ 15,5 milliards de yuans. La ligne ouvre officiellement le  avec 17 autres stations. Des tests sont effectués de Yudong à Tanze en juin 2020 en vue du prolongement vers l'est de la ligne.

Services aux voyageurs

Accès et accueil
La station est accessible tous les jours, par trois entrées différentes, mais quatre étaient planifiées. Il n'y a pas d'ascenseur pour personnes handicapées pour le moment, mais une est en construction à la sortie C. Elle n'a qu'un quai central.

Station souterraine, elle dispose de trois niveaux :

Desserte

Intermodalité
La station est servie par les lignes 31, 32, 34, 41, 65, 71, 79, 80, 99, 122 et 809 du réseau d'autobus de Nanning.

À proximité

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Métro de Nanning
 Ligne 2 du métro de Nanning

Liens externes
 .
 .

Station du métro de Nanning
Station de métro mise en service en 2017

Yudong (métro de Nanning)


Crkva sv. Ante, obližnje arheološko nalazište i obrambeni zid u Tučepima, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Povijest
Na lokalitetu ograđenom kamenim zidom, jugoistočno od naselja Srida sela, Gornje Tučepi, postojala je crkva sv. Ante i oko nje groblje, danas sačuvana u arheološkom sloju. Stara crkva sv. Ante, danas sačuvana u arheološkom sloju, bila je dotrajala barokna građevina, a izgorjela je 1891. godine. Stara župna crkva na navedenom je lokalitetu vjerojatno postojala još iz predturskog razdoblja, s obzirom na to da za vrijeme turske okupacije nisu građene sakralne građevine. Na katastarskom prerisu i danas se čitaju gabariti nekadašnje crkve (tlocrt građevine iznosi 10,60 / 22,50 metara), tako da prepoznajemo jednobrodnu građevinu s kvadratičnom apsidom. U razdoblju od 1898. – 1901. izgrađena je na lokalitetu bližem naselju nova župna crkva kao neostilska građevina (crkva sv. Ante, Z-4888). Oko arheološkog lokaliteta, na njegovom jugoistočnome dijelu, sačuvan je kameni zid građen priklesanim kamenom u mortu, pravokutnog tlocrta, i izvorno opremljen nizom puškarnica. Sačuvan je u potezu od cca 29 metara na jugozapadu i u duljini od cca 13,50 na jugoistoku. Ostatci stare crkve sv. Ante upućuju na ostatke barokne, a moguće i ranije sakralne građevine, kao i na postojanje staroga groblja. Djelomično je sačuvan kameni zid s puškarnicama, koji upućuje na postojanje refugija oko crkve, kao zaštite od turskog napada, što je specifičnost Makarskog primorja, jer su obrambeni zidovi oko crkve i groblja sačuvani i u Igranama i Živogošću.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-7134 crkva i groblje zavedeni su kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, arheološka baština, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra.

Izvori

Katoličke crkve u Tučepima
Zaštićeni sakralni kompleksi u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Crkva sv. Ante s obrambenim zidom u Tučepima


Franz-Georg Rössler (* 14. Mai 1949 in Ruppertsberg; † 17. März 2017 in Dudenhofen) war ein deutscher Gymnasiallehrer für Musik und Geographie. Er komponierte, konzertierte, schrieb in Deutsch und Esperanto, verfasste journalistische Artikel, hielt Vorträge und war bildschaffend tätig.

Leben
Rössler wurde in der pfälzischen Ortsgemeinde Ruppertsberg an der Weinstraße geboren, wo er auch aufwuchs. Wesentliche Eindrücke während seiner Kindheit erhielt er durch den Dienst als Ministrant, durch die musikfreudige Umgebung in Familie, Kirche und Schule sowie durch die frühe Mitarbeit im landwirtschaftlichen Betrieb eines Onkels. Später war er häufig als freiwilliger Pflegehelfer im Marienkrankenhaus in Ludwigshafen am Rhein tätig.

Von der Volksschule Ruppertsberg wechselte Rössler an das Altsprachliche Gymnasium in Neustadt an der Weinstraße, das er 1968 mit dem Abitur abschloss. Die Wehrdienstzeit absolvierte er als Sanitätssoldat. In Mannheim und Heidelberg studierte er Musik, Geographie, Musikwissenschaft und Komposition. Nach dem Referendariat in Speyer wurde er dort Lehrer am Nikolaus-von-Weis-Gymnasium, an dem er bis zu seiner Pensionierung 2012 verblieb.

Verheiratet war Rössler seit 1972 mit Rita Rössler-Buckel. Er starb plötzlich in seinem Haus in Dudenhofen.

Schwerpunkte

Musik
Rössler wirkte schon früh bei katholischer Kirchenmusik (u. a. Gregorianischer Choral) mit und übte sich im Umgang mit verschiedenen Instrumenten wie Klavier, Orgel, Blockflötenfamilie, Klarinette, Trompete, Violine und Viola. Seinen Abschluss erreichte er am Amt für Kirchenmusik der Diözese Speyer. Jahrelang fungierte er als Chorleiter und Organist an mehreren Stellen in der Kurpfalz.

Kompositionsstudien nahm Rössler bei Hans Vogt in Mannheim. Er fertigte etwa 250 Kompositionen, vorwiegend für Tasteninstrumente, Chor und Kammermusik. Viele davon erschienen bei Verlagen. Mit Rösslers Kantate Evoluo errang der Mainzer Figuralchor 1994 den ersten Preis im Deutschen Chorwettbewerb für die beste Aufführung eines zeitgenössischen Chorwerks.

Sprache
Nach der Publikation seiner Diplomarbeit Paul Hindemith – Messe 1963 verfasste Rössler 50 Veröffentlichungen zu unterschiedlichen Themen (Poesie, Musikwissenschaft, biographische Monographien, Bildkunst, Sprache, Regionalgeschichte) in Deutsch und in Esperanto, ebenso etwa 500 journalistische Artikel und etwa 120 Vorträge.

Bildarbeit
Nach autodidaktischer Entwicklung begann Rössler 1994 mit Ausstellungen. Seine Schwerpunkte waren Druckgraphik, Kleinplastik und digitale Graphik. Mitglied war er in Bildarta Internacia Ligo de Esperantistoj (BILDE). Insgesamt kam er auf etwa 120 Ausstellungen in der Region, in Deutschland und im Ausland, meist zusammen mit seiner Ehefrau und einem eigenen musikalischen Beiprogramm.

Esperanto
1985 hatte Rössler seine erste Begegnung mit der Internationalen Sprache des Ludwik Lejzer Zamenhof. Er war bald von deren Brauchbarkeit und der hinter ihr stehenden humanistischen Idee überzeugt und wendete die Kunstsprache auf vielerlei Feldern an: Journalismus (Monato, La Gazeto u. a.), Publizistik, Vorträge, Kurse, Musik. 20 Jahre war er Organist der regelmäßigen Esperanto-Gottesdienste in der Afra-Kapelle des Speyerer Doms. Aktives Mitglied war er u. a. im Esperanto-Weltbund (UEA), in der Arbeitsgemeinschaft katholischer Esperantisten der Diözese Speyer, im Internationalen Esperantolehrer-Verband (ILEI), in der Akademio Internacia San Marino (AIS) und in der Internacia Scienca Akademio Esperantista (ISAE).

Veröffentlichungen (Auswahl)

Musik
 Sonate für Orgel (Musikverlag Willy Müller, Heidelberg)
 Kantate Evoluo (Text: Richard Schulz) Auftragswerk der Gesellschaft für Neue Musik Mannheim, 1991 (CD: Valve-Hearts, Tonger-Musikverlag, Köln, 1996)
 Mit Bach – und Charles Gounod hört zu… – (Musikverlag Anton Böhm & Sohn, Augsburg)
 Zwölf Inventionen für ein Tasteninstrument (Karl Heinrich Möseler Verlag, Wolfenbüttel, 1972)
 Sonata All' ungherese per pianoforte solo (Tonger-Musikverlag, Köln)
 Improvisation (Hommage à Béla Bartók) für Violine (Oboe, Querflöte) und Klavier (Mercator-Verlag, Duisburg, 1990)
 Alles Bach –  B-A-C-H-Kompositionen und B-A-C-H-Bearbeitungen aus 40 Jahren (Edition Antiphon 160, Speyer, 2012)
 RÖWV MUSIK 2012 (Alle Musik bis Mai 2012) Buchoriginal und CD-Dokumentation (Wolfgang G. Haas-Musikverlag e. K., Köln)

Sprache
 Schön läßt es sich reden vom Abgrund. Gedichte. Strasser-Verlag, Kaiserslautern.
 Alfred Cahn – Komponist aus Speyer. Ponto-Verlag, Speyer.
 Jeder muß das Seine machen – Schüttelreime. Ponto-Verlag, Speyer.
 Oskar Frey – Ein Pfälzer Komponist. Monographie. Strasser Verlag, Kaiserslautern 1991.
 Die ostinaten Werke Josef Gabriel Rheinbergers. Strukturanalyse. Verlag Anton Böhm & Sohn, Augsburg 1994.
 Mi Camino Palatino – Mein Pfälzer Jakobsweg – Der Weg vor dem Weg. Edition Antiphon, Speyer 2009.

Bildarbeit
 Zusammen mit Rita Rössler-Buckel (Photographien): Lignoskulpte – Naturholzplastiken und Texte. Verlag Bild & Kunst / KK-Edition, Harthausen 1994.
 Zusammen mit Rita Rössler-Buckel und mit einem Vorwort von Franz Dudenhöffer: Augenblicke aus Ewigkeit. Ausstellungen, Vorträge und Konzerte zum Thema Rose Ausländer. Verlag Bild & Kunst / KK-Edition, Harthausen 2001.
 Különös társáság / Kuriose Gesellschaft. Miniaturbuch. Jókai Mór Városi Könyvtár, Pápa (Ungarn) 1997.

Esperanto (Original und Übersetzung)
 Franz-Georg Rössler (Übersetzung), Rita Rössler-Buckel (Illustrationen): Momentoj el eterno / Augenblicke aus Ewigkeit. Gedichte von Rose Ausländer, zweisprachige Ausgabe in Deutsch und Esperanto. Bleicher Verlag, Gerlingen 1989.
 Franz-Georg Rössler (Text), Rita Rössler-Buckel (Illustrationen): Kleiner Tierkreis – Bestareto. Gedichte. Zweisprachige Ausgabe in Deutsch und Esperanto. Esperanto-Centro, Paderborn 1988.
 Zusammen mit Rita Rössler-Buckel: Edith Stein. Eine Jüdin unter dem Kreuz / Edino Ŝtono. Judino sub la kruco. Lebensbild. Zweisprachige Ausgabe in Deutsch und Esperanto. Gmeiner-Verlag, Meßkirch 1992.
 Tempo tempesta. Gedichte und Esperanto-Biographie. Flandra Esperanto-Ligo, 1995.
 Das Puppenbuch. Gedichte zu Aquarell-Grisaillen von Rita Rössler-Buckel. Edition Antiphon, Speyer 1993.
 Ungarische Skizzen / Hungaraj skizoj / Magyar vázlatok. Dreisprachige Ausgabe in Deutsch, Esperanto und Ungarisch, mit Tiefdruckgraphik von Rita Rössler-Buckel. Ponto-Verlag, Speyer 1995.
 25 jaroj kun Esperanto / 25 Jahre mit Esperanto. RÖWV ESPERANTO. Aktivitäten und Produkte in und zu Esperanto. Edition Antiphon, Speyer 2010.

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Deutschland)
Esperantist
Deutscher
Geboren 1949
Gestorben 2017
Mann
Ruppertsberg
Person (Landkreis Bad Dürkheim)
Gymnasiallehrer

Franz-Georg Rössler


Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku je dokument u kojem se tvrdi da se u Hrvatskoj, Bosni i Hercegovini, Srbiji i Crnoj Gori govori isti jezik. Ona je rezultat ideološko-kulturnog projekta pod nazivom "Jezici i nacionalizmi", koji se odvijao tijekom 2016. i 2017. godine na sastancima u Hrvatskoj i još tri države bivše SFRJ u kojima se govore južnoslavenski jezici: BiH, Crnoj Gori i Srbiji. Deklaracija je po objavi krajem ožujka 2017. godine u Hrvatskoj doživjela osudu jezikoslovne struke (August Kovačec, HAZU, Marko Alerić, Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Ranko Matasović), politike (predsjednica RH Kolinda Grabar Kitarović i predsjednik Vlade RH Andrej Plenković, Zlatko Hasanbegović, Nina Obuljen Koržinek), intelektualaca i medija (predsjednik HAZU Zvonko Kusić, Ante Gugo, Tihomir Dujmović, Nino Raspudić i drugi). Među potpisnicima se nalaze jezikoslovci književnici, novinari i umjetnici, od kojih jedan broj dolazi iz Hrvatske.

Održavanje sastanaka

Tekst deklaracije

Suočeni s negativnim društvenim, kulturnim i ekonomskim posljedicama političkih manipulacija jezikom i aktualnih jezičnih politika u Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji, mi, doljepotpisani, donosimo

DEKLARACIJU O ZAJEDNIČKOM JEZIKU

Na pitanje da li se u Bosni i Hercegovini, Crnoj Gori, Hrvatskoj i Srbiji upotrebljava zajednički jezik – odgovor je potvrdan.

Riječ je o zajedničkom standardnom jeziku policentričnog tipa – odnosno o jeziku kojim govori više naroda u više država s prepoznatljivim varijantama – kakvi su njemački, engleski, arapski, francuski, španjolski, portugalski i mnogi drugi. Tu činjenicu potvrđuju štokavica kao zajednička dijalekatska osnovica standardnog jezika, omjer istoga spram različitoga u jeziku i posljedična međusobna razumljivost.

Korištenje četiri naziva za standardne varijante – bosanski, crnogorski, hrvatski i srpski – ne znači da su to i četiri različita jezika.

Inzistiranje na malom broju postojećih razlika te nasilnom razdvajanju četiri standardne varijante dovodi do niza negativnih društvenih, kulturnih i političkih pojava, poput korištenja jezika kao argumenta za segregaciju djece u nekim višenacionalnim sredinama, nepotrebnih "prevođenja" u administrativnoj upotrebi ili medijima, izmišljanja razlika gdje one ne postoje, birokratskih prisila, kao i cenzure (te nužno auto-cenzure), u kojima se jezično izražavanje nameće kao kriterij etno-nacionalne pripadnosti i sredstvo dokazivanja političke lojalnosti.

Mi, potpisnici ove Deklaracije, smatramo da
činjenica postojanja zajedničkog policentričnog jezika ne dovodi u pitanje individualno pravo na iskazivanje pripadnosti različitim narodima, regijama ili državama;
svaka država, nacija, etno-nacionalna ili regionalna zajednica može slobodno i samostalno kodificirati svoju varijantu zajedničkog jezika;
sve četiri trenutno postojeće standardne varijante ravnopravne su i ne može se jedna od njih smatrati jezikom, a druge varijantama tog jezika;
policentrična standardizacija je demokratski oblik standardizacije najbliži stvarnoj upotrebi jezika;
činjenica da se radi o zajedničkom policentričnom standardnom jeziku ostavlja mogućnost svakom korisniku da ga imenuje kako želi;
između standardnih varijanti policentričnog jezika postoje razlike u jezičnim i kulturnim tradicijama i praksama, upotrebi pisma, rječničkom blagu kao i na ostalim jezičnim razinama, što mogu pokazati i različite standardne varijante zajedničkog jezika na kojima će ova Deklaracija biti objavljena i korištena;
standardne, dijalekatske i individualne razlike ne opravdavaju nasilno institucionalno razdvajanje, već naprotiv, doprinose ogromnom bogatstvu zajedničkog jezika.

Stoga, mi, potpisnici ove Deklaracije, pozivamo na
ukidanje svih oblika jezične segregacije i jezične diskriminacije u obrazovnim i javnim ustanovama;
zaustavljanje represivnih, nepotrebnih i po govornike štetnih praksi razdvajanja jezika;
prestanak rigidnog definiranja standardnih varijanti;
izbjegavanje nepotrebnih, besmislenih i skupih "prevođenja" u sudskoj i administrativnoj praksi kao i sredstvima javnog informiranja;
slobodu individualnog izbora i uvažavanje jezičnih raznovrsnosti;
jezičnu slobodu u književnosti, umjetnosti i medijima;
slobodu dijalekatske i regionalne upotrebe;
i, konačno, slobodu miješanja, uzajamnu otvorenost te prožimanje različitih oblika i izričaja zajedničkog jezika na sveopću korist svih njegovih govornika.

Kritike

Jezikoslovnu kritiku deklaracije napisao je Ranko Matasović:

 "Ukidanje svih oblika jezične segregacije i jezične diskriminacije u obrazovnim i javnim ustanovama." / To proturječi pravu pripadnika raznih naroda u višenacionalnim državama da dobiju obrazovanje kakvo žele na vlastitom standardnom jeziku. Ne znači da svi pripadnici manjinskih naroda moraju htjeti iskoristiti to pravo u svim sredinama, ali pravo im se ne može osporiti (definirano je Ustavom).
 "Zaustavljanje represivnih, nepotrebnih i po govornike štetnih praksi razdvajanja jezika." / U čemu se sastoji represija i zašto je razdvajanje štetno (i za koga)?
 "Prestanak rigidnog definiranja standardnih varijanti." / Ne postoji "rigidno" definiranje ni u jednoj znanosti, pa ni u lingvistici; standardni je jezik određen normom, popisom i propisom riječi i gramatičkih pravila koja se smatraju standardnima. Komu se to ne sviđa, ima pravo ne govoriti standardnim jezikom i time pokazivati svoju jezičnu nekulturu i/ili politički stav.
 "Izbjegavanje nepotrebnih, besmislenih i skupih "prevođenja" u sudskoj i administrativnoj praksi kao i sredstvima javnog informiranja." / Po Ustavu Republike Hrvatske građani imaju pravo dobiti od države službene dokumente na hrvatskome standardnom jeziku. Ne očekujete valjda da će zbog Deklaracije Republika Hrvatska mijenjati ustav?

Potpisnici

Deklaracija je najavljivana prije nego što je objavljen njen tekst, najavljivalo ju se kao projekt 30-ak jezikoslovaca s područja bivše Jugoslavije, i inicijalno više od 200 potpisnika "lingvista, književnika, naučnika, aktivista i drugih kredibilnih ličnosti iz javnog i kulturnog života Bosne i Hercegovine, Crne Gore, Hrvatske i Srbije".

Politička pozadina

Inicijatori su četiri nevladine udruge iz svake od uključenih zemalja: P.E.N. Centar u BiH iz Sarajeva, udruga Kurs iz Splita, KROKODIL iz Beograda te Centar za građansko obrazovanje iz Podgorice. Srbijanske udruga Krokodil, koja je financiranje dobila od njemačkih zaklada, na internetskim stranicama zaklade Allianz uz plakata projekta "Jezici i nacionalizmi" stoji između ostaloga sljedeće:

Iako podjela nekadašnjeg srpskohrvatskoga jezika ne počiva na nikakvim jezičnoznanstvenim osnovama, znanost o jeziku se u zemljama bivše Jugoslavije u zadnjih 25 godina uvijek ponovo instrumentalizira od strane lokalnih političara u svrhu opravdanja "vlastitog" jezika i time za učvršćenje novoformiranih nacionalnih identiteta.

Artur Bagdasarov komentira: Hrvati imaju hrvatski jezik od pamtivijeka i u mnogim pisanim baštinama pa i u većini suvremenih tekstova ne možemo "hrvatski" zamijeniti postupno "srpskim", "srpskohrvatskim", "bosansko-crnogorsko-hrvatsko-srpskim" ili "štokavskim". Ne možemo sve svesti pod jedno i tvrditi jednu te istu tezu o zajedničkom policentričnom jeziku jer npr. mnogi slični jezici iz jedne podskupine jezikâ također su bili nekoć policentrični. Hrvatski je jezik jedna od bitnih sastavnica hrvatskoga istobita (identiteta) i ustavom zaštićena vrijednost. U svjetskom jezikoslovlju, uzgred budi rečeno, nema još jedinstvenoga i općeprihvaćenoga stava o tom što znači jedan, a što dva ili tri jezika. Jezičnopolitička dogovorna lingvistika iz razdoblja tzv. Novosadskoga sporazuma 1954. god. poništena je Deklaracijom o nazivu i položaju hrvatskoga književnoga jezika iz 1967. god. Hrvati imaju jedan jezik i to hrvatski, drugoga ili drukčijega nemaju - sviđalo se to nekomu ili ne sviđalo.

Vidi još
 Serbokroatizam

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Južnoslavenski jezici
Jezikoslovlje

Deklaracija o zajedničkom jeziku


Yutoyara, nekadašnje selo Karok Indijanaca koje se nalazilo na zapadnoj obali rijeke Klamath u sjeverozapadnoj Kaliforniji. Zapaljeno je u ljeto 1852. Možda je identično selu Ishipishi koje se nalazilo oko milju udaljeno od ušća rijeke Salmon, i za koje se također navodi da su ga zapalili bijelci 1852. godine.

Swanton na svome popisu ovo selo naziva Yutuirup, a kod Gibbsa se naziva Yutoo'-ye-roop.

Izvori

Indijanska sela, Karok

Yutoyara


Vojni sud sud je koji vodi postupke za vojna kaznena djela unutar oružanih snaga. Pored vojnih sudova postoje i vojno tužiteljstvo, istražna tijela i branitelji. Vojni sudovi obično osiguravaju vojne stege, osobito u ratu. Prvi vojni sudovi postojali su već u starom Rimu. Tijekom 17. i 18. st. i nakon Francuske revolucije a osobito tijekom I. i II. svjetskog rata proširili su se u Europi.

Izvori

Vojska
Pravo

Vojni sud


Stéphane Mazars (født 25. marts 1969 i Lyon, Rhône, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes) er en fransk politiker fra Det radikale venstreparti (PRG) og La République en marche (LREM).

Medlem af Nationalforsamlingen
Ved valget i 2012 stillede Stéphane Mazars op som fælles kandidat til Nationalforsamlingen for PRG og MoDem i første kreds i Aveyron. Han blev nummer tre i valgets første runde og gik dermed ikke videre til anden valgrunde.

I 2017 blev Stéphane Mazars valgt til Nationalforsamlingen for Aveyrons første kreds. Efter valget er han indtrådt i La République en marche's parlamentsgruppe.

Medlem af senatet
Stéphane Mazars var radikal senator for Aveyron i 2012–2014.

Viceborgmester i Rodez
Stéphane Mazars har været viceborgmester i Rodez siden 16. marts 2008.

Politikere fra Frankrig
Radikale fra Frankrig

Stéphane Mazars


Der Memorial de Odivelas ist ein gotischer Marmorbogen im Zentrum der portugiesischen Kreisstadt Odivelas.

Er wurde vermutlich im 14. Jahrhundert errichtet und liegt heute in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zur Quinta da Memória, dem Sitz der Câmara Municipal. Seine Bedeutung ist unklar. Mário Guedes Real zufolge markiert er die Grenze der Gerichtsbarkeit des Klosters Odivelas. Er könnte aber auch anlässlich der Überführung des Leichnams von König Dionysius (Dom Dinis), der im Kloster von Odivelas beigesetzt wurde, errichtet worden sein.

Der Bogen wurde am 16. Juni 1910 zum Monumento Nacional erklärt. Er findet sich auch im Wappen der Stadt Odivelas wieder.

Weblinks

Monumento Nacional (Portugal)
Bauwerk in Odivelas
Kulturdenkmal in Odivelas
Odivelas (Freguesia)
Gotisches Bauwerk in Portugal
Erbaut im 14. Jahrhundert

Memorial de Odivelas


Andréa Huguenin Botelho (Rio de Janeiro, 22 de maio de 1973) é uma maestra, pesquisadora, compositora e pianista teuto-brasileira, nascida no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil e radicada em Berlim, Alemanha.

Ela é formada pela Universidade do Rio de Janeiro - Uni-Rio, no Brasil, e possui Mestrado em Piano e Regência Orquestral pela Georgia State University em Atlanta nos Estados Unidos, bem como pós-graduação em piano pela Staatliche Hochschule für Musik Karlsruhe na Alemanha e especialização em regência operística pelo Teatro Mariinsky em São Petersburgo.

Durante sua formação musical, esteve sob a orientação de mestres como Heitor Alimonda, Homero de Magalhães, Luiz de Moura Castro e Luiz Senise. Na área de regência orquestral e aperfeiçoamento pianístico, músicos de destaque e professores respeitados em todo o mundo, como Michael Palmer, Jorma Panula, Leonid Korchmar, Fanny Solter e Ulrike Meyer foram seus professores.

Atualmente, trabalha como maestra em Berlim, Alemanha, como diretora artística e regente do Brasil Ensemble Berlin e do Coro Ayabás Berlin, além de realizar trabalhos independentes à frente de orquestras e trabalhos pedagógicos. Como pesquisadora, ela concentra seu trabalho na temática Música e Gênero.

Botelho é ativamente envolvida em vários projetos e organizações ligadas à música. Ela auxilia na coordenação do Women Conductors Symposium, colabora com o Archiv Frauen &  Musik em Frankfurt, Alemanha e faz parte do Grupo de Trabalho das Mulheres Regentes ligadas à Associação do Internationaler Arbeitskreis Frau und Musik e.V.. Além disso, ela é membro do grupo de pesquisa Mandonas da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, coordenado pela professora Joana Maria Pedro. Esse projeto, apoiado pelo CNPQ, visa narrar a trajetória de mulheres que se tornaram lideranças em diferentes campos no Cone Sul.

Desde dezembro de 2021, é embaixadora da Donne, Women in Music em Londres, fundado por Gabriella de Laccio.

Em 2023, Botelho participou como pianista e iniciadora em dois projetos financiados pela Neustart Kultur da Alemanha sobre o tema mulheres e música, a saber Nós, Brasileiras com canções de compositoras brasileiras e Frauen um den Kontrabass (Mulheres em torno do Contrabaixo). Ambos os projetos apresentaram suas transcrições e composições próprias .

Andréa Huguenin Botelho é uma referência nas relações interculturais entre Brasil e Alemanha e uma representante das mulheres na música, especialmente da América Latina.

Obras

Música de câmara
 Pedras (GDFB) (2022)
 Bässte Bossa (2023)
 Bässte Valsa (2023)

Orquestrações
 Atraente (Francisca Gonzaga) (2023)
 Corta-Jaca (Francisca Gonzaga) (2023)

Publicações
Francisca Gonzaga – Maestra ou Maestrina? – Inferências de uma Profissão Oitocentista. (Revista Internacional "Comparative Cultural Studies, European and Latin American Perspectives" - Edição 15/2022)
 Joanídia Sodré, a Maestra Sufragista (I Jornada dos Anômalos – Universidade Federal de Catalão, Goiás - 2022)
 Bia, um Blues pra nós (Essas Mulheres – o protagonismo da mulher na canção de Chico Buarque. Editora Recriar: São Paulo, 2021. ISBN: 978-65-86242-89-8. 552 pp)
 Mascha Blankenburg e as Mulheres na Regência (2020)

 Saltos no Tempo em Gaia (Etudes Lusophone. Universität Sorbonne. - 2020)

Ligações externas

Mulheres na música
Compositoras do Brasil
Maestros do Brasil
Pianistas do Brasil
Pesquisadores do Brasil
Alemãs
Naturais da cidade do Rio de Janeiro

Andréa Huguenin Botelho