Sheerness () is a port town and civil parish beside the mouth of the River Medway on the north-west corner of the Isle of Sheppey in north Kent, England. With a population of 11,938, it is the second largest town on the island after the nearby town of Minster which has a population of 21,319.

Sheerness began as a fort built in the 16th century to protect the River Medway from naval invasion. In 1665 plans were first laid by the Navy Board for Sheerness Dockyard, a facility where warships might be provisioned and repaired. The site was favoured by Samuel Pepys, then Clerk of the Acts of the navy, for shipbuilding over Chatham inland. After the raid on the Medway in 1667, the older fortification was strengthened; in 1669 a Royal Navy dockyard was established in the town, where warships were stocked and repaired until its closure in 1960.

Beginning with the construction of a pier and a promenade in the 19th century, Sheerness acquired the added attractions of a seaside resort. Industry retains its important place in the town and the Port of Sheerness is one of the United Kingdom's leading car and fresh produce importers. The town is the site of one of the UK's first co-operative societies and also of the world's first multi-storey buildings with a rigid metal frame.

History
The first structure in what is now Sheerness was a fort built by order of Henry VIII to prevent enemy ships from entering the River Medway and attacking the naval dockyard at Chatham. In 1666 work began to replace it with a stronger fort. However, before its completion, this second fort was destroyed in 1667 by the Dutch Naval Fleet as part of what would be known as the raid on the Medway.

The Secretary to the Admiralty, Samuel Pepys, subsequently ordered the construction of Sheerness Dockyard as an extension to that at Chatham. There was no established settlement in the vicinity of Sheerness, so most of the workers were initially housed in hulks. By 1738, dockyard construction workers had built the first houses in Sheerness, using materials they were allowed to take from the yard. The grey-blue naval paint they used on the exteriors led to their homes becoming known as the Blue Houses. This was eventually corrupted to Blue Town (which is now the name of the north-west area of Sheerness lying just beyond the current dockyard perimeter). The modern town of Sheerness has its origins in Mile Town, which was established later in the 18th century at a mile's distance from the dockyard (Blue Town having by then filled the space available).

In 1797, discontented sailors in the Royal Navy mutinied just off the coast of Sheerness.

By 1801 the population of the Minster-in-Sheppey parish, which included both Sheerness and the neighbouring town of Minster, reached 5,561. In 1816, one of the UK's first co-operative societies was started in Sheerness, chiefly to serve the dockyard workers and their families. The Sheerness Economical Society began as a co-operative bakery but expanded to produce and sell a range of goods. By the middle of the 20th century, the society had spread across the Isle of Sheppey and had been renamed the Sheerness and District Cooperative Society.

In the early 1820s a fire destroyed the old Blue Houses. New houses and a major redevelopment of the dockyard followed. A high brick wall and a moat were constructed around the yard to serve as a defence measure and remained in place until the end of the 19th century. As the settlement expanded eastwards, away from the dockyard and the Blue Houses, the wider area became known as Sheerness, taking its new name from the brightness or clearness of the water at the mouth of the River Medway. The rebuilt Dockyard contained many groundbreaking new buildings and structures; for example, completed in 1860 and still standing today, the Sheerness Boat Store was the world's first multi-storey building with a rigid metal frame.

In 1904 the RN established a torpedo school in Sheerness, with HMS Actaeon used as training hulk. The school closed in 1922.

From the completion of the dockyard until 1960 Sheerness was one of the bases of the Nore Command of the Royal Navy, which was responsible for protecting British waters in the North Sea. The command was named after the Nore sandbank in the Thames Estuary, about  east of Sheerness.

In 1863, mains water was installed in the town, and the Isle of Sheppey's first railway station opened at the dockyard. Towards the end of the 19th century, Sheerness achieved official town status and formed its own civil parish, separate from Minster-in-Sheppey. The 1901 Census recorded the Sheerness parish as having 18,179 residents and 2,999 houses.

The town's low rainfall and ample sunshine made it popular as a seaside resort, with tourists arriving by steamboat and train. The Sheppey Light Railway opened in 1901, connecting the new Sheerness East station with the rest of the island. However, by 1950, lack of demand led to the railway's closure. The Sheerness and District Tramways, which opened in 1903, only lasted until 1917.

In 1944 the United States cargo ship  ran aground and sank  off the coast of Sheerness, with large quantities of explosives on board. Due to the inherent danger and projected expense, the ship and its cargo have never been salvaged; if the wreck were to explode, it would be one of the largest non-nuclear explosions of all time. A 2004 report published in New Scientist warned that an explosion could occur if sea water penetrated the bombs.

During the Second World War the Shoeburyness Boom, which ran across the Thames Estuary to protect shipping from submarine attack, ran from Sheerness to Shoeburyness in Essex.  A similar structure was built along the same alignment in the early 1950s to protect against Soviet submarines.  The Sheerness end of the boom was demolished in the 1960s.

In March 1960 the Royal Navy ceased operating the Sheerness dockyard and the Medway Port Authority took over the site for commercial use. The dockyard closure led to thousands of job losses, and most of the nearby houses and shops in the Bluetown area were eventually abandoned and demolished. By the 1961 census, the population of Sheerness had fallen to 13,691. The dockyard closure also led to the decline of the Sheerness and District Cooperative Society, as many of its members were dockyard workers. At the time, the society was the island's main retailer, but it has since been reduced to a few shops and been merged with a larger society.

The German writer Uwe Johnson lived in Sheerness for the last decade of his life, from 1974 to 1984, having left East Germany. A monograph by Patrick Wright, The Sea View Has Me Again, was published by Repeater Books in 2020.

In 2003, the Beachfields Park project was organised to publicise Beachfields' heritage and to preserve it for future generations. Students of Cheyne Middle School and Minster College, with assistance from local organisations, researched the funfair, bandstands, Prisoner of the War hut, boating lake and bowling green. As part of the project, students wrote a book, Tales of Beachfields Park, which won the Historical Association Young Historian Primary School Award for Local History.

As of 2007, Bluetown is an industrial area, and Sheerness has become the largest port in the UK for motor imports. Prior to the closure of the Dockyard, twenty-five of its historic buildings were listed in recognition of their "architectural distinction and value"; regardless of this, the majority were subsequently demolished (including Admiralty House and the quadrangular Great Store) and others were left to decay. In the early 21st century a concerted effort was made to save the remaining buildings and several have been restored to residential use. In July 2013 Swale Borough Council announced that a deal had been reached to secure restoration of Rennie and Taylor's Royal Dockyard Church (which had been gutted by a fire in 2001), with a view to new uses such as displaying the above-mentioned model of the Dockyard.

Mills

Sheerness has had four windmills. They were the Little Mill, a smock mill that was standing before 1813 and burnt down on 7 February 1862; The Hundred Acre Mill, a small tower mill which was last worked in 1872 and demolished in 1878 leaving a base which remains today; The Great Mill, a smock mill, the building of which was started in 1813 and completed in 1816, which was demolished in 1924 leaving the base, upon which a replica mill body was built to serve as flats. On 23 January 2008 a fire started in the mill tower. The fire was declared not to have been a case of arson; Little is known of the fourth windmill, said to have been a vertical axle windmill designed by Stephen Hooper.

Governance
Sheerness is in the parliamentary constituency of Sittingbourne and Sheppey. Since the constituency's creation in 1997 until 2010 the Member of Parliament was Derek Wyatt of the Labour Party. At the 2010 general election, Gordon Henderson of the Conservative Party won the seat. Before 1997, Sheppey and Sittingbourne were part of the constituency of Faversham. Sheerness is in the local government district of Swale. The town is covered by the local government wards of Sheerness, which has three of the forty-seven seats on the Swale Borough Council. At the 2015 local elections, two of those seats were held by the Labour Party and one by UKIP.

Swale Borough Council is responsible for running local services, such as recreation, refuse collection and council housing; Kent County Council is responsible for education, social services and trading standards. Both councils are involved in town planning and road maintenance. From 1894 to 1968, Sheerness formed its own local government district, Sheerness Urban District, and lay within the administrative county of Kent. Over much of the past century, the Labour Party has received the most support in Sheerness, mainly due to the town's industrial nature. As early as 1919, the town had four Labour councillors; Faversham elected its first only in 1948.

Geography

Sheerness is in the north-west corner of the Isle of Sheppey in North Kent. To the north, sandy beaches run along the coast of the Thames Estuary. To the west, the outlet of the River Medway flows into the Estuary. An area of wetlands known as The Lappel lies between the river and the south-western part of town. Marshland lies to the south and the east. The main rock type of the Isle of Sheppey is London Clay, which covers most of North Kent. Along with most of the Kent coast, the uninhabited coastal areas of the island have been designated Sites of Special Scientific Interest, due to their wildlife and geological features.

The nearest towns to Sheerness are Minster,  to the east, and Queenborough, two miles (3.2 km) to the south. The villages of Minster-on-Sea and Halfway Houses are  to the south-east, and the village of Grain is  to the west, across the River Medway.

The main commercial and leisure areas of the town dominate the north coast, where there is easy access to the pleasure beach. The industrial areas are in the west, beside the wetlands and the River Medway. The Bluetown industrial area and the Port of Sheerness are in the north-western part of the town. The residential districts of Mile Town and Marine Town are in the central and the eastern areas respectively.

The mean annual temperature in Sheerness is . The average annual maximum temperature is , and the average annual minimum temperature is . The warmest time of the year is July and August, when maximum temperatures average . The coolest time of the year is January and February, when minimum temperatures average .

The average annual rainfall in Sheerness is . The average annual duration of sunshine is 1,700 hours; the months May to August have the most hours of sunshine. On average, there are fewer than six days of lying snow per year, and 16 days with thunder per year.

Demography

At the 2001 UK census, Sheerness had a population of 11,654. The Office for National Statistics estimated the population in mid-2005 to be 11,000, a decrease of 5.6% since the 2001 census.

The population density at the 2001 census was 9.8 persons per acre (24.2 persons per hectare) and for every 100 females, there were 96.4 males. Residents of Sheerness had an average age of 34.7 years, younger than the 38.2 Swale average. Of all residents, 51% were single (never married) and 24% married; in Swale, 42% were single and 35% were married. Of the 4,870 households, 34% were one-person households, 15% were married couples with dependent children, and 11% were lone parents with dependent children. Of those aged 16–74 in Sheerness, 44% had no academic qualifications, higher than the 34% in all of Swale.

According to the 2001 data, Sheerness has a low proportion of foreign-born residents compared to the rest of England, at 3%. Ninety-eight per cent of residents were recorded as white; the largest minority group was recorded as Asian, at 1.1% of the population. The 2000s saw a rise in the foreign-born population, with the town now having a significant eastern European population. Data from the 2011 census is not yet available to give specific numbers.

Economy

The Port of Sheerness is a significant feature of the Isle of Sheppey's economy. Covering more than 1.5 million square metres, it is one of the largest foreign car importers in the UK, and it handles thousands of tonnes of fruits and meat products from all over the world. Inexpensive land and good infrastructure, including a rail network that branches off the main passenger line, have attracted industries to the port area, including producers of pharmaceuticals, steel, sausages and garden gnomes.

The major employers are HBC Engineering Solutions, Sheerness Steel, Regis Furniture and The Bond Group - although HBC has closed and the Steel plant is currently closed but is currently being changed and upgraded ready for reopening. The steel mill was established in 1972, designed to recycle scrap steel into rods and coils. It survived a number of closure threats and changes of ownership; from 2003 it was operated by Thamesteel. Thamesteel went into administration in January 2012, with the loss of 350 jobs. Six months later, the plant was bought back by the former owners Al-Tuwairqi Group.  there were plans to reopen the plant as a rolling mill. PeelPort now own the site and are preparing it for reopening is a steel mill. The port has a seafarers' centre, which was refurbished in May 2015, and is operated by Apostleship of the Sea, a seafarers' charity.

The seafront is popular with tourists, and in 2007 Sheerness' recently refurbished town centre had more than 200 shops.

At the 2001 UK census, 35.8% of residents aged 16–74 were employed full-time, 11.6% part-time, 5.8% self-employed and 6.2% unemployed, while 1.5% were students with jobs, 3.4% students without jobs, 11.9% retired, 10.6% looking after home or family, 8.5% permanently sick or disabled and 4.8% economically inactive for other reasons. The unemployment rate of 6.2% was high compared to the national rate of 3.4% and was the highest rate throughout the Swale district. Five per cent of Sheerness residents aged 16–74 had a higher education qualification compared to 20% nationally.

Employment by industry was 22% manufacturing; 18% retail; 10% construction; 10% transport and communications; 9% real estate; 8% health and social work; 6% public administration; 5% education; 5% hotels and restaurants; 1% finance; 1% agriculture; 1% energy and water supply; and 4% other community, social or personal services. Compared to national figures, Sheerness had a relatively high percentage of workers in manufacturing, transport and communications, and a relatively low percentage in agriculture, hotels, restaurants, education, health, social work and finance.

At the 2001 UK census, 4,292 of the town's residents were employed and there were 5,532 jobs within the town. According to Office for National Statistics estimates, the average gross weekly income of households in Sheerness from April 2001 to March 2002 was £385 (£20,075 per year).

Culture

Sheerness's sand and shingle beach was awarded a European Blue Flag for cleanliness and safety. Flower gardens decorate the seafront, and a sea wall forms a promenade along the coast. The Sheppey Leisure Complex located near the beach contains a swimming pool and badminton, squash and tennis courts. Other sports clubs include Sheerness Town Bowls Club, Sheerness East Cricket Club, the Isle of Sheppey Sailing Club, Beachfields Skatepark, Sheerness East Table Tennis Club, Catamaran Yacht Club, and Sheerness Swimming Club and Lifeguard Corps. Sheerness Golf Club was founded in 1906, and has an 18-hole course just to the south-east of town. The main football club on the island is Sheppey United. The club were formed in 1890 and have played in the Southern League, Kent League, Aetolian League, Greater London League, Metropolitan London League, Kent County League and are currently in the Southern Counties East Football League. In 2022/23 the club will be playing in the Isthmian League having secured promotion in the 2021/22 season. Sports can be played for free at the town's recreation grounds at Beachfields Park, Festival Playing Field, and Seager Road Sports Ground.
The annual arts and heritage Sheerness Promenade Festival opened in September 2011 with appearances by Michael Palin and Dan Cruickshank. It takes place in late July at the Sheppey Little Theatre, the Heritage Centre in Blue Town and various other venues in Sheerness.

Sheerness has a library and clubs for photography, music, singing, dancing and writing. The youth club in Meyrick Road, in East Sheerness has been operational for over 50 years and has played a vital role in the development of many young people.

Sheerness's town centre is home to the largest freestanding cast iron clock tower in Kent. It is  tall and was built in 1902 at a cost of around £360 to commemorate the coronation of King Edward VII. In 2002, the clock tower was restored to celebrate the Silver and Golden Jubilees of Queen Elizabeth II.

Media
The Sheerness Times Guardian is now the only newspaper serving the town and island at large, owned by the KM Group. The Sheppey Gazette closed in 2011 after around 100 years of publication. It was owned by Northcliffe Media.

The island has its own community radio station, BRFM 95.6 FM, which can also be heard online at www.brfm.net and broadcasts 24 hours a day, seven days a week from Minster-on-Sea. In October 2011 BRFM was granted a five-year extension to its broadcast licence by regulator Ofcom. The station is run by 20 volunteers and plays a wide range of music, with news, weather and local events being broadcast around the clock, the station also provides for specialist music during weekday evenings.

Sheerness and the Isle of Sheppey is also served by former online, and now FM, radio station, Sheppey FM, which broadcasts on 92.2FM from Sheerness across the island. It is a community radio station licensed by Ofcom.

In July 2013 the island received some notoriety for an attack on a tour bus of Jewish boys by local youths who shouted epithets, and threw stones and eggs, telling the boys to "go back to where you came from!"

Transport

The town is served by Sheerness-on-Sea railway station on the Sheerness Line which connects the town with ,  south on the mainland of Kent. The station is served by an hourly train service to Sittingbourne (increasing to half-hourly at peak times), from where connections can be made to , London St Pancras International,  and .

Most bus services in Sheerness are provided by Chalkwell Coaches who operate services 360, 361 and 362 which provide connections to Queenborough, Rushenden, Minster, Eastchurch, Warden and Leysdown-on-Sea. Sheerness is also served by the Arriva Southern Counties route 334 to Iwade, Sittingbourne and Maidstone.

No passenger ferry services currently operate from Sheerness, although Olau Line used to run a ferry service to Vlissingen in the Netherlands from 1974 until 1994.

The A249 road terminates at Sheerness, running from Maidstone via Sittingbourne. The road crosses the M2 motorway near Sittingbourne, and the M20 motorway near Maidstone.

Education

Until September 2009, The Isle of Sheppey was the only area in Kent to still have a middle school system. On the island, primary schools taught pupils from ages 4 to 9, middle schools 9–13 and secondary schools 13–18. Minster College in the neighbouring town of Minster was the only secondary school on the island. Sheerness had one middle school, Isle of sheppey Academy, with 800 pupils, although Danley Middle School and St George's Middle School were found in Halfway and Minster, respectively. In 2006, the Cheyne Middle School's Key Stage 2 performance ranked 322nd among Kent's 386 primary and middle schools. The town's primary schools are Richmond First School, Rose Street Primary School, St Edward's Roman Catholic Primary School and West Minster Primary School, all of which cover ages 4–11. Sheppey College, in Sheerness, is a branch of Canterbury College that provides a range of further education courses.

On 1 September 2009, Cheyne Middle school and Minster College merged to become The Isle of Sheppey Academy (now Oasis Academy Isle of Sheppey). Danley Middle school closed and St George's Middle School changed into a primary school with a £3 million fund, and Richmond First School now houses an extra year of students. This change was to bring the island up to date with the rest of the UK with the two-tier system (primary school, and then secondary school). Respectively, The Isle of Sheppey Academy now ranges from students of year 6 to 11, as well as housing the island's sixth form students.

Notable people

 Thomas King (before 1660 – 1725), soldier and MP, lieutenant-governor of Sheerness 1690–1725.
 Thomas Bilbe (1811–1896), shipbuilder and shipowner. He built tea clippers and was involved in the opium trade with China.
 Sir Edward James Reed, KCB, FRS (1830–1906), naval architect, author, politician and railroad magnate, also a Liberal politician in the House of Commons from 1874 to 1906. Reed was born in Sheerness and was a naval apprentice there.
 Charles Hezlet DSO (1891–1965), Irish soldier and amateur golfer. He was runner-up in the 1914 Amateur Championship and was in the British Walker Cup team in 1924, 1926 and 1928.
James McCudden (1895–1918), First World War flying ace, awarded the Victoria Cross. Lived in Sheerness from 1909 and attended the Sheerness garrison school.
 Sir Stanley Hooker (1907–1984), a mathematician and jet engine engineer, first inventor of the VTOL engine, born in Sheerness.
 William Penney, Baron Penney (1909–1991), mathematician and professor of mathematical physics and leading figure in Britain's nuclear weapons development. Penney was raised in Sheerness, Kent and was educated at Sheerness Technical School for Boys from 1924 to 1926.
 Richard Beeching (1913–1985), commonly known simply as Dr Beeching, was a physicist and engineer who for a short but very notable time was chairman of British Railways, severely cutting the British rail network.
 Barbara White, (1923–2013), British actress
 Geoff Beynon (1926–2012), teacher and trade union leader, joint general secretary of the Assistant Masters and Mistresses Association.
 Uwe Johnson (1934–1984) German writer and scholar, lived on Marine Parade.
 Rod Hull (1935–1999), English comedian, appeared with Emu, a mute, highly aggressive arms-length puppet.
 Richard Carpenter (born 1972), footballer with Gillingham F.C. and Brighton & Hove Albion F.C.

References

Further reading
 Tales of Beachfields Park, (2003), Winner of the 2003 Historical Association Young Historian Primary School Award for Local History
 Sheerness and the Mutiny at the Nore, (1997),
 Branch Lines around Sheerness, (1993),

External links

 Sheerness Heritage Centre
 The Port of Sheerness

Towns in Kent
Populated coastal places in Kent
Ports and harbours of Kent
Ports and harbours of the Thames Estuary
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Seaside resorts in England
Beaches of Kent
Civil parishes in Kent

Sheerness


El Armstrong Whitworth AW.681, también conocido como Whitworth Gloster 681 o como Hawker Siddeley HS.681, fue un proyecto de avión de transporte STOL diseñado por el fabricante aeronáutico británico Armstrong Whitworth estando previsto desde el inicio que también dispusiese de capacidad VTOL.

Diseño y desarrollo

Con el fin de satisfacer la necesidad de la Real Fuerza Aérea Británica para un nuevo avión de transporte, la British Aircraft Corporation y la Armstrong Whitworth presentaron a comienzos de los 60 diversas propuestas, el primero ofreciendo las aeronaves BAC.222 y BAC.208. Finalmente resultó elegido el diseño propuesto por Armstrong Whitworth.

Esta variante estaría equipada con cuatro motores Rolls-Royce RB.142 Medway con empuje vectorial, que inicialmente darían capacidad STOL a la aeronave. Posteriormente estaría previsto reemplazar estos motores por cuatro unidades del Bristol Siddeley Pegasus para que la aeronave tuviese capacidad de aterrizar y despegar de modo vertical.

El proyecto no llegó a pasar de la etapa de desarrollo, siendo cancelado en el año 1965.

Véase también

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

 Flight magazine, 1964 - HS.681

Aeronaves de Hawker Siddeley
Aeronaves experimentales de Reino Unido de los años 1960
Proyectos militares de aeronaves abandonados

Armstrong Whitworth AW.681


Megalomani, büyüklük hezeyanı ya da büyüklük kuruntusu, kişinin kendisine gerçekle uyuşmayan üstün nitelikler yakıştırmasıdır. Derin bir ruhsal sorunun belirtisidir. Megalomani, kendi başına bir hastalık değilse de oldukça şaşırtıcı bir psikolojik durumdur. Büyüklük hezeyanları kişinin, yetenekleri, nitelikleri ve yaşantısı hakkındaki mantıksız inançlara dayanır. Megalomani, kendini önemseme duygusunun gerçekliğe dayanıp abartılı bir biçim alan, aşırı bir özgüven değildir. Sağlıklı insanların yaklaşık % 10'u üstünlük düşüncesini yaşar ancak megalomaninin tüm kriterlerini içermezler. Farklı kültürlerdeki şizofreni hastalarında megalomani türlerine rastlanmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Dunning Kruger Etkisi
 Gurur
 Hybris
 İtimat
 Narsisizm
 Tanrı kompleksi

Kaynaklar

Sosyal psikoloji
Narsisizm

Megalomani


Obala Maka Dizdara je šetnica u Sarajeva, koja se nalazi na području općina Centar. Smještena je na lijevoj obali Miljacke i vodi od Skenderije i Eiffelovog mosta na zapadu do ulice i mosta Čobanija na istoku.

Šetnica nosi ime po Mehmedaliji Maku Dizdaru, bosanskohercegovačkom književniku.

Povijest
Saobraćajnica je nastala 1910. kao Filipovićeva obala, a nazvana je po austrijskom baronu Josipu Filipoviću, generalu vojske koja je 1878. okupirala Sarajevo i Bosnu i Hercegovinu, započevši četrdesetogodišnju austrougarsku upravu.

Ime joj je 1919. promijenjeno u Zvonimirova obala, po hrvatskom kralju kojeg su ubili podanici jer je svoju politiku vezao za Rim. Od 8. lipnja 1948. nosila je ime po Otokaru Ćiri Keršovaniju, zagrebačkom publicisti, marksisti i političkom aktivisti kojeg su ustaše strijeljale 1941. godine. Po jednom od najznačajnijih bosanskohercegovačkih pjesnika Mehmedaliji Maku Dizdaru obala je nazvana 19. svibnja 1994. godine.

U ovoj, jednoj od najljepših sarajevskih šetnica, smještene su brojne važne institucije, poput: monumentalne zgrade Akademije likovnih umjetnosti i čuvenog mosta Festina lente, Ministarstva kulture i športa Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine, veleposlanstva Grčke, Srbije i Irana, kao i nekoliko ugostiteljskih objekata.

Izvori

Vanjske povezice
 Obala Maka Dizdara

Ulice u Sarajevu

Obala Maka Dizdara (Sarajevo)


Rhodoferax ferrireducens é uma bactéria psicrófila do gênero Rhodoferax, que foi isolada a partir da lama de Oyster Bay, em Virginia.

Foi descoberto que ela é capaz de produzir eletricidade ao se alimentar de açúcares, como um componente de uma bateria bacteriana.

Ligações externas
 Type strain of Rhodoferax ferrireducens at BacDive - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase (em inglês)

Burkholderiales
Betaproteobacteria
Proteobacteria
Bactérias

Rhodoferax ferrireducens


Banks (poluotok), poluotok na istočnoj obali Južnog otoka na Novom Zelandu
 Banksov otok, kanadski arktički otok
 Banksovi otoci, otočje u državi Vanuatu

Banks


Shadoxhurst es una parroquia civil y un pueblo del distrito de Ashford, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra).

Geografía
Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Shadoxhurst tiene una superficie de 8,03 km².

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Shadoxhurst tenía 1135 habitantes (49,6% varones, 50,4% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 141,34 hab/km². El 19,38% eran menores de 16 años, el 75,07% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 5,55% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 40,93 años. Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 21,42% estaban solteros, el 64,92% casados y el 13,66% divorciados o viudos.

El 95,68% de los habitantes eran originarios del Reino Unido. El resto de países europeos englobaban al 1,94% de la población, mientras que el 2,38% había nacido en cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98,33% eran blancos, el 1,14% mestizos, el 0,26% negros y el 0,26% chinos. El cristianismo era profesado por el 81% y cualquier otra religión, salvo el budismo, el hinduismo, el judaísmo, el islam y el sijismo, por el 0,26%. El 10,47% no eran religiosos y el 8,27% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

570 habitantes eran económicamente activos, 551 de ellos (96,67%) empleados y 19 (3,33%) desempleados. Había 438 hogares con residentes y 14 vacíos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Parroquias civiles de Kent

Shadoxhurst


Moritz Wullen (* 21. November 1966 in Stuttgart) ist ein deutscher Kunsthistoriker und Museumsdirektor.

Leben
Nach dem Studium der Geschichte und Kunstgeschichte an der Universität Stuttgart promovierte Moritz Wullen 1997 über das Thema "Was ist deutsch? Funktionen deutscher Redlichkeit und Ehrlichkeit in der Kommunikation des 18. Jahrhunderts". Von 1997 bis 1999 war Moritz Wullen Museumsassistent in Fortbildung an der Nationalgalerie. 1999 wurde er persönlicher Referent des Generaldirektors der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. 2006 erfolgte die Ernennung zum Ausstellungsleiter der Nationalgalerie. Seit 2007 ist Moritz Wullen Direktor der Kunstbibliothek der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin. Von 2016 bis 2018 arbeitete Moritz Wullen beratend als Beauftragter der Gründungsintendanz des Humboldt-Forums.

Tätigkeit
Schwerpunkte seiner Forschungs- und Museumsarbeit sind die Vernetzung der Geistes- und Kulturwissenschaften, sowie der Ausbau des Dialogs mit den Naturwissenschaften. Die interdisziplinären Projekte werden realisiert in Zusammenarbeit mit archäologischen, kunstwissenschaftlichen und ethnologischen Museen, Universitäten und internationalen Forschungseinrichtungen. Ziel ist die Entwicklung neuer Perspektiven auf die Geschichte der Bildkultur in allen Lebens- und Wissensbereichen. Exemplarische Ausstellungen: "Maß, Zahl und Gewicht. Meisterwerke der Sammlung Architektur der Kunstbibliothek" (2008, Kooperation mit der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin); "Babylon: Mythos" (2008, Kooperation mit dem Vorderasiatischen Museum Berlin, Musée du Louvre Paris, British Museum London); "Unsterblich! Der Kult des Künstlers" (2008, Kooperation mit den Archäologischen Museen und Museen der europäischen Kunst der Staatlichen Museen zu Berlin), "Von mehr als einer Welt. Die Künste der Aufklärung" (2012, Kooperation mit der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin); "Das Piranesi-Prinzip" (2020, Kooperation mit der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin).

Moritz Wullen hat die Kunstbibliothek als interdisziplinäre Museumseinrichtung international profiliert mit zahlreichen Digitalisierungs- und Forschungsprojekten zur Geschichte der Architektur des 20. Jahrhunderts, der Fotografie, Mode und der Provenienzforschung.

Veröffentlichungen
 (als Mitherausgeber), Fontane und die Bildende Kunst, Berlin 1998.
 Die Deutschen sind im Treppenhaus. Der Fries Otto Geyers in der Alten Nationalgalerie, Berlin 2001.
 (Herausgeber), Natur als Vision: Meisterwerke der englischen Präraffaeliten, Berlin – Köln 2004.
 (als Mitherausgeber), Hieroglyphen! Der Mythos der Bilderschrift von Nofretete bis Andy Warhol, Berlin 2005.
 (als Mitherausgeber), Der Ball ist rund: Kreis, Kugel, Kosmos, Berlin 2006.
 (Herausgeber), Das abc der Bilder, Berlin 2007.
 (als Mitherausgeber), Denken in Bildern. 31 Positionen zu Kunst, Museum und Wissenschaft, Berlin 2008.
 (als Mitherausgeber), Babylon Mythos, München 2008.
 (als Mitherausgeber), Unsterblich! Der Kult des Künstlers, Berlin 2008.
 (als Mitherausgeber), Von mehr als einer Welt. Die Künste der Aufklärung, Berlin 2012.
 Neue Kunstgeschichte für das Humboldt Forum, in: Das Humboldt Forum. Die Wiedergewinnung der Idee, hrsg. v. Horst Bredekamp und Peter-Klaus Schuster, Berlin 2016, S. 190–205.
 (als Mitherausgeber), Das Piranesi-Prinzip, Leipzig 2020.
 UFO 1665: Die Luftschlacht von Stralsund, Köln 2023.

Weblinks

 http://www.ifskb.de/node/89
 http://www.wasmuth-verlag.de/pdf/news/36.pdf

Kunsthistoriker
Museumsleiter
Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter der Kunstbibliothek Berlin
Deutscher
Geboren 1966
Mann

Moritz Wullen


|}
Calea ferată forestieră Piatra Neamț–Cuejdiu a fost o cale ferată forestieră cu ecartament îngust ce lega localitățile Piatra Neamț și Cuejdiu, prin valea Cuejdiului. Construită în perioada interbelică, a avut scopul de asigura transportul lemnului de la exploatările forestiere locale până la fabrica de cherestea locală situată în aval, la ieșirea din zona montană.

A fost desființată în prima parte a anilor 1960, datorită faptului că trasportul auto era mai profitabil.

Construcție
Între 1910 și 1925 ca urmare a contractării de către Petre Juster a exploatării unei suprafețe forestiere de 425 hectare pe valea pârâului Vaca Babei, accesul în zona de exploatare a fost realizat prin construirea unei linii în lungime de 7 km între vârful Vaca Babei și vechea fabrică de cherestea situată la ieșirea din zona montană, în aval. Intrând în proprietatea statului după 1925, linia s-a degradat complet.

După anul 1945, socitatea mixtă româno-sovietică SOVROMLEMN a construit o nouă cale ferată cu scop de exploatare, proiectată  pentru împingerea vagoanelor de către locomotive cu tonaj redus, specifice exploatărilor forestiere (la construcție a participat un detașament de căi ferate al Armatei României). Aceasta a fost finalizată la începutul anilor 1950 și unea partea superioară a satului Cuejdiu cu zona Mătieș-Bursucăria, situată pe vale în aval, la o distanță de aproximativ 10 km. Cinci ani mai târziu, calea ferată a fost extinsă cu 5 km până la fabricile din Piatra Neamț.

Exploatare
Zilnic, erau transportate în perioada de funcționare a SOVROMLEMN, 15-20 de vagoane de lemn.

Calea ferată a funcționat până în prima parte a anilor 1960, când datorită faptului că trasportul auto a fost considerat mai profitabil, a fost desființată și pe traseul ei a fost construit un drum forestier.

Referințe

Piatra Neamț–Cuejdiu
Piatra Neamț–Cuejdiu
Transportul în județul Neamț


José Dolores Araujo ist ein ehemaliger mexikanischer Fußballspieler, der im defensiven Mittelfeld agierte und von 1941/42 bis 1949/50 bei der UD Moctezuma unter Vertrag stand.

Leben
Sein einziges nachgewiesenes Tor in der seinerzeit offiziell noch als Amateurveranstaltung ausgetragenen Liga Mayor gelang ihm am ersten Spieltag der Saison 1941/42 beim 6:2-Sieg der Cerveceros (den Bierbrauern) gegen den Hauptstadtverein Club América am 10. August 1941. Zwei Jahre später unterliefen Araujo innerhalb von nur drei Monaten zwei Eigentore: das erste am 19. September 1943 im Pokalfinale gegen den CF Atlante zwang seine Mannschaft in die Verlängerung, in der sie sich letztendlich aber noch mit 5:3 durchsetzen konnte. Das zweite geschah am 19. Dezember 1943 in der Eröffnungssaison der Profiliga bei der 1:3-Niederlage beim Club Deportivo Guadalajara.

Araujo gewann mit den Cerveceros zweimal den mexikanischen Pokalwettbewerb (1943 und 1947) und einmal den Supercup (1947).

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Fußballspieler (UD Moctezuma de Orizaba)
Copa-México-Sieger
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Mexikaner
Mann

Dolores Araujo


An Pteroglossa roseoalba in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Gerardo A. Salazar och Mark W. Chase. An Pteroglossa roseoalba in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pteroglossa, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pteroglossa

Pteroglossa roseoalba


Valbjörn Þorláksson) (f. 9. júní 1934; d. 3. desember 2009) var íslenskur frjálsíþróttamaður sem keppti í tugþraut og stangarstökki. Hann fór þrisvar á Ólympíuleikana; 1960, 1964 og 1968. Besti árangur hans á leiknunum var 1964 þegar hann náði 12. sæti. Árið 1968 varð hann hins vegar 26. í tugþraut. Hann var tvívegis kosinn íþróttamaður ársins, árin 1959 og 1964. Um tíma hélt hann heimsmetinu í hindrunarhlaupi fyrir yfir 45 ára sem var 15,1 sekúnda.

Hlekkur
 Andlátsfregn Morgunblaðsins

Íslenskir frjálsíþróttamenn

Valbjörn Þorláksson


To the Faithful Departed is the third studio album by Irish alternative rock band the Cranberries, released on 22 April 1996. The album was made in memory of Denny Cordell who signed the band to Island Records and Joe O'Riordan (vocalist Dolores O'Riordan's grandfather), who had both died that year. The album reached number one in four countries and became the band's highest-charting album on the US Billboard 200, where it peaked at number four.

Packaging

The album sleeve photo session was made up of two parts, the first being the original design for the front cover, a naked baby boy (supplied by their press officer Smash at Island Records) lying on his back, which was shot in photographer Andy Earl's new studio on Shad Thames in London, and the band seated in a yellow room. At the last minute, at Dolores O'Riordan's request, the two were swapped and the yellow room became the front cover.

The yellow room was designed to be an echo of the previous two album sleeves. It was built in London and transported to the Lake District and erected in a forest near Loughrigg Holme. Snow fell on the day of the photoshoot, and the band spent as little time as possible on the shoot clad, as they were wearing new purple Dolce & Gabbana outfits.

A new logo and typeface were decided upon signifying the band's desire to move on from the strict repetition of the previous album sleeves. Incidental studio photos were included, taken by Cally in the band's studio in Vancouver, Canada. Cally added: "I attended the surreal Brit Awards where Jarvis Cocker invaded Michael Jackson's stage and left soon after to drive through horizontal snow to get to the Lake District in readiness for the photo shoot the next day. On waking in the Ambleside Hotel I saw Jarvis on the front cover of every paper, being released from jail with Nigel, The Cranberries A&R man beside him. Things only became more surreal when we realised that later we were shooting the band bravely clad in thin purple suits under snowfall in a yellow room in a forest in the Lake District".

Television performances
To promote To the Faithful Departed, the Cranberries appeared on different television shows (1995–1996).

Free to Decide World Tour

In 1996, the Cranberries toured in Asia, Oceania and North America to promote their third studio album To the Faithful Departed. The band embarked on a 117-date world tour which began on 30 April 1996 in Philippines but was stopped on 8 June 1996 in Cairns during the Australian leg, due to a knee injury of O'Riordan. The remaining dates of the Australian tour were canceled and O'Riordan returned to Ireland for surgery. The tour resumed on 1 August 1996 in North America but was stopped after twenty-eight concerts because of poor physical and mental health of O'Riordan. The Cranberries complained that they never had a rest since the beginning of their career and invoked saturation. O'Riordan was pressured by managers not to stop the tour because of a cost between $8 million to $14 million. Despite this, the remaining dates of the North American tour and the European leg of the Free to Decide World Tour were canceled.

Dates

Track listing

Original release

1996 US version

Personnel

The Cranberries
Dolores O'Riordan – vocals, electric guitar, acoustic guitar, keyboards, whistle, mandolin
Noel Hogan – electric guitar, acoustic guitar, mandolin
Mike Hogan – bass guitar
Fergal Lawler – drums, percussion

Additional musicians
Michael Kamen – orchestration
Henry Daag – saw ("Bosnia")
Richie Buckley – tenor saxophone ("Salvation")
Michael Buckley – baritone saxophone ("Salvation")
Bruce Fairbairn – trumpet ("Salvation")
Randy Raine-Reusch – additional percussion

Producing and technical staff
Bruce Fairbairn – producer
The Cranberries – producer
Mike Plontikoff – engineering, mixing
Andy Earl – photographer
Adrian Myers – assistant photographer
Baron Kallstein – incidental photographs (aka Cally: art director)

Charts

Weekly charts

Year-end charts

Certifications

References

External links
 Cranberries official discography

1996 albums
The Cranberries albums
Island Records albums
Albums produced by Bruce Fairbairn
Albums recorded at Armoury Studios

To the Faithful Departed


Kuvvet, serbest bir cismin hareketinde bir değişikliğe veya sabit bir cismin üzerinde gerilime neden olan dış etkidir. Hem yönü hem de büyüklüğü olan kuvvet vektörel bir niceliktir. Newton'un ikinci yasasına göre sabit kütleli bir cisim, üzerine uygulanan net kuvvetle doğru cismin kütlesi ile ters orantılı bir şekilde hızlanır. Bir cisme uygulanan net kuvvet cismin kazandığı momentumun zamana bağlı değişimine eşittir.

Üç boyutlu nesnelere uygulanan kuvvet de nesnenin dönmesine, şeklinin bozulmasına, basınçta değişime ve bazı durumlarda hacmin değişimine sebep olabilir. Bir eksen etrafında dönme hızında değişime sebep olan kuvvet eğilimine tork denir. Deformasyon(şekil değişikliği) ve basınç bir nesne dahilindeki zorlama kuvvetlerinin sonucudur.

Eski zamanlardan beri bilim insanları kuvvet kavramını durağan ve hareket eden nesnelerin araştırmalarında kullanır. M.Ö. üçüncü yüzyıl filozofu Arşimet basit makineler üzerindeki çalışmalarıyla ilerleme kaydettiyse de Aristo tarafından yapılan kuvvet tanımının beraberinde getirdiği temel yanlış anlamalar yüzyıllar boyunca sürdü. On yedinci yüzyılla birlikte Sir Isaac Newton'un matematiksel içgörü ile yaptığı düzeltmeler yaklaşık üç yüz yıl boyunca değişmeden kaldı. Yirminci yüzyılın başlarında Einstein, genel görelilik teorisinde uzay-zaman sürekliliği kavramıyla Newton'un kütleçekim modelinin hatasını başarılı bir şekilde öngördü.

Kuvvet vektörel bir büyüklüktür. Dolayısıyla vektörlerle ilgili bütün özellikler kuvvetler içinde geçerlidir. Kuvvet "F" harfi ile gösterilir ve "dinamometre" denilen yaylı kantarla ölçülür.

Kuvvet kavramı ilk olarak klasik mekaniğin ikinci hareket yasasında görülmektedir. Bir cisim üzerine etkiyen bir net kuvvet onun momentumunun değişmesine neden olur. Kuvvetin Sl birim sisteminde (uluslararası birim sistemi) birimi newton'dur. Newton biriminin kısaltılması (N)dir.

Dolayısıyla:

Momentum p=mv ile:

 geçerlidir.

Eğer kütle (m) değişmezse(mesela raketlerde değişir)  olduğundan kuvvet için terimin sadece ikinci kısmı önemlidir.

Kuvvet (), kütle m, ivme de  olmak üzere,

şeklinde ifade edilir. Kuvvet, niteliği gereği yöneysel bir büyüklüktür, belirleyici dört unsuru vardır; başlangıç noktası, doğrultusu,  şiddeti ve yönü. Birimi de Newton ya da 'dir.

Notlar

Fiziksel nicelikler

Kuvvet sistemleri ve denge

gd:Neart

Kuvvet


يتكون الجيش من عدة وحدات عسكرية مبينة في الجدول التالي:

.

مراجع

مصطلحات عسكرية
نظام عسكري

وحدات عسكرية


Silver Lake State Park is the name of several parks in the United States:

Silver Lake State Park (New York)
Silver Lake State Park (New Hampshire)
Silver Lake State Park (Michigan)
Silver Lake State Park (Vermont)

Silver Lake State Park


Robert Thomas Christgau ( ; born April 18, 1942) is an American music journalist and essayist. Among the most well-known and influential music critics, he began his career in the late 1960s as one of the earliest professional rock critics and later became an early proponent of musical movements such as hip hop, riot grrrl, and the import of African popular music in the West. Christgau spent 37 years as the chief music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice, during which time he created and oversaw the annual Pazz & Jop critics poll. He has also covered popular music for Esquire, Creem, Newsday, Playboy, Rolling Stone, Billboard, NPR, Blender, and MSN Music, and was a visiting arts teacher at New York University. CNN senior writer Jamie Allen has called Christgau "the E. F. Hutton of the music world – when he talks, people listen."

Christgau is best known for his terse, letter-graded capsule album reviews, composed in a concentrated, fragmented prose style featuring layered clauses, caustic wit, one-liner jokes, political digressions, and allusions ranging from common knowledge to the esoteric. Informed by leftist politics (particularly feminism and secular humanism), his reviews have generally favored song-oriented musical forms and qualities of wit and formal rigor, as well as musicianship from uncommon sources. Originally published in his "Consumer Guide" columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006, the reviews were collected in book form across three decade-ending volumes – Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990), and Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s (2000). Multiple collections of his essays have also been published in book form, and a website published in his name since 2001 has freely hosted most of his work.

In 2006, the Voice dismissed Christgau after the paper's acquisition by New Times Media. He continued to write reviews in the "Consumer Guide" format for MSN Music, Cuepoint, and Noisey – Vices music section – where they were published in his "Expert Witness" column until July 2019. In September that year, he launched a paid-subscription newsletter called And It Don't Stop, published on the email-newsletter platform Substack and featuring a monthly "Consumer Guide" column, among other writings.

Early life
Christgau was born in Greenwich Village, Manhattan, New York City, on April 18, 1942, and was raised in Queens, the son of a fireman. He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954.

After attending public school in New York City, he attended Dartmouth College, graduating in 1962 with a B.A. in English. At college, his musical interests turned to jazz, but he quickly returned to rock after moving back to New York. Christgau has said that Miles Davis's 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated in him "one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and roll." He was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers such as Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe. "My ambitions when I went into journalism were always, to an extent, literary," Christgau later said.

Career

Christgau wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter, and later, a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger. He became a freelance writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine. Christgau was among the first dedicated rock critics. He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire, which he began writing in June 1967. He also contributed to Cheetah magazine at that time. He subsequently became a leading voice in the formation of a musical–political aesthetic combining New Left politics and the counterculture. After Esquire discontinued the column, Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor.

From early on in his emergence as a critic, Christgau was conscious of his lack of formal knowledge of music. In a 1968 piece he commented:

I don't know anything about music, which ought to be a damaging admission but isn't ... The fact is that pop writers in general shy away from such arcana as key signature and beats to the measure ... I used to confide my worries about this to friends in the record industry, who reassured me. They didn't know anything about music either. The technical stuff didn't matter, I was told. You just gotta dig it.

In early 1972, Christgau accepted a full-time job as music critic for Newsday. He returned to The Village Voice in 1974 as music editor. In a 1976 piece for the newspaper, he coined the term "Rock Critic Establishment" to describe the growth in influence of American music critics. His article carried the parenthesized subtitle "But Is That Bad for Rock?" He listed Dave Marsh, John Rockwell, Paul Nelson, Jon Landau and himself as members of this "Establishment".

Christgau remained at The Village Voice until August 2006, when he was fired shortly after the paper's acquisition by New Times Media. Two months later, Christgau became a contributing editor at Rolling Stone (which first published his review of Moby Grape's Wow in 1968).  Late in 2007, Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone, although he continued to work for the magazine for another three months. Starting with the March 2008 issue, he joined Blender, where he was listed as "senior critic" for three issues and then "contributing editor". Christgau had been a regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone. He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009.

In 1987, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of "Folklore and Popular Culture" to study the history of popular music.

Christgau has also written frequently for Playboy, Spin, and Creem.  He appears in the 2011 rockumentary Color Me Obsessed, about the Replacements.

He previously taught during the formative years of the California Institute of the Arts. As of 2007, he was also an adjunct professor in the Clive Davis Department of Recorded Music at New York University.

In August 2013, Christgau revealed in an article written for Barnes & Noble's website that he is writing a memoir. On July 15, 2014, Christgau debuted a monthly column on Billboards website.

"Consumer Guide" and "Expert Witness" columns

Christgau is perhaps best known for his "Consumer Guide" columns, which have been published more-or-less monthly since July 10, 1969, in the Village Voice, as well as a brief period in Creem. In its original format, each edition of the "Consumer Guide" consisted of approximately 20 single-paragraph album reviews, each given a letter grade ranging from A+ to E−. These reviews were later collected, expanded, and extensively revised in a three-volume book series, the first of which was published in 1981 as Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies; it was followed by Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s (1990) and Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s (2000).

In his original grading system from 1969 to 1990, albums were given a grade ranging from A+ to E−. Under this system, Christgau generally considered a B+ or higher to be a personal recommendation. He noted that in practice, grades below a C− were rare. In 1990, Christgau changed the format of the "Consumer Guide" to focus more on the albums he liked. B+ records that Christgau deemed "unworthy of a full review" were mostly given brief comments and star marks ranging from three down to one, denoting an honorable mention", records which Christgau believed may be of interest to their own target audience. Lesser albums were filed under categories such as "Neither" (which may impress at first with "coherent craft or an arresting track or two", before failing to make an impression again) and "Duds" (which indicated bad records and were listed without further comment). Christgau did give full reviews and traditional grades to records he pans in an annual November "Turkey Shoot" column in The Village Voice, until he left the newspaper in 2006.

In 2001, robertchristgau.com – an online archive of Christgau's "Consumer Guide" reviews and other writings from his career – was set up as a co-operative project between Christgau and longtime friend Tom Hull; the two had met in 1975 shortly after Hull queried Christgau as The Village Voices regional editor for St. Louis. The website was created after the September 11, 2001, attacks when Hull was stuck in New York while visiting from his native Wichita. While Christgau spent many nights preparing past Village Voice writings for the website, by 2002 much of the older "Consumer Guide" columns had been inputted by Hull and a small coterie of fans. According to Christgau, Hull is "a computer genius as well as an excellent and very knowledgeable music critic, but he'd never done much web site work. The design of the web site, especially its high searchability and small interest in graphics, are his idea of what a useful music site should be".

In December 2006, Christgau began writing his "Consumer Guide" columns for MSN Music, initially appearing every other month, before switching to a monthly schedule in June 2007. On July 1, 2010, he announced in the introduction to his "Consumer Guide" column that the July 2010 installment would be his last on MSN. However, on November 22, Christgau launched a blog on MSN, called "Expert Witness", which featured reviews only of albums that he had graded B+ or higher, since those albums "are the gut and backbone of my musical pleasure"; the writing of reviews for which are "so rewarding psychologically that I'm happy to do it at blogger's rates". He also began corresponding with dedicated readers of the column, named as "The Witnesses" after the column. On September 20, 2013, Christgau announced in the comments section that "Expert Witness" would cease to be published by October 1, 2013, writing, "As I understand it, Microsoft is shutting down the entire MSN freelance arts operation at that time ..."

On September 10, 2014, Christgau debuted a new version of "Expert Witness" on Cuepoint, an online music magazine published on the blogging platform Medium. In August 2015, he was hired by Vice to write the column for the magazine's music section, Noisey. In July 2019, the final edition of "Expert Witness" was published.

In September 2019, at the encouragement of friend and colleague Joe Levy, Christgau began publishing the newsletter "And It Don't Stop" on the newsletter-subscription platform Substack. Charging subscribers $5 per month, it has included his monthly "Consumer Guide" column, podcasts, and free weekly content like book reviews. Christgau was skeptical of the platform at first: "Basically I told Joe that if I didn't have enough subscribers to pay what I made at Noisey by Christmas I was going to quit. I wasn't going to do it for less than that money. I had that many subscribers inside of three days." By May 2020, "And It Don't Stop" had more than 1,000 subscribers. Christgau was ambivalent about the platform at first, but has since found it "immensely gratifying", explaining that, "A man my age, who is still really intellectually active? It is tremendously flattering and gratifying that there are people who are ready to help support me."

Pazz & Jop

Between 1968 and 1970, Christgau submitted ballots in Jazz & Pop magazine's annual critics' poll. He selected Bob Dylan's John Wesley Harding (released late in 1967), The Who's Tommy (1969), and Randy Newman's 12 Songs (1970) as the best pop albums of their respective years, and Miles Davis's Bitches Brew (1970) as the best jazz album of its year. Jazz & Pop discontinued publication in 1971.

In 1971, Christgau inaugurated the annual Pazz & Jop music poll, named in tribute to Jazz & Pop. The poll surveyed music critics on their favorite releases of the year. The poll results were published in the Village Voice every February after compiling "top ten" lists submitted by music critics across the nation. Throughout Christgau's career at the Voice, every poll was accompanied by a lengthy Christgau essay analyzing the results and pondering the year's overall musical output. The Voice continued the feature after Christgau's dismissal. Although he no longer oversaw the poll, Christgau continued to vote and, since the 2015 poll, also contributed essays to the results.

"Dean's Lists"
Each year that Pazz & Jop has run, Christgau has created a personal list of his favorite releases called the "Dean's List". Only his top ten count toward his vote in the poll, but his full lists of favorites usually numbered far more than that. These lists – or at least Christgau's top tens – were typically published in The Village Voice along with the Pazz & Jop results. After Christgau was dismissed from the Voice, he continued publishing his annual lists on his own website and at The Barnes & Noble Review.

While Pazz & Jop's aggregate critics' poll are its main draw, Christgau's Deans' Lists are noteworthy in their own right. Henry Hauser from Consequence of Sound said Christgau's "annual 'Pazz & Jop' poll has been a bona fide American institution. For music writers, his year-end essays and extensive 'Dean's List' are like watching the big ball drop in Times Square."

The following are Christgau's choices for the number-one album of the year, including the point score he assigned for the poll. Pazz & Jop's rules provided that each item in a top ten could be allotted between 5 and 30 points, with all ten items totaling 100, allowing critics to weight certain albums more heavily if they chose to do so. In some years, Christgau often gave an equal number of points to his first- and second-ranked albums, but they were nevertheless ranked as first and second, not as a tie for first; this list collects only his number-one picks.

Style and impact

"Christgau's blurbs", writes Slate music critic Jody Rosen, "are like no one else's – dense with ideas and allusions, first-person confessions and invective, highbrow references and slang". Rosen describes Christgau's writing as "often maddening, always thought-provoking ... With Pauline Kael, Christgau is arguably one of the two most important American mass-culture critics of the second half of the 20th century. ... All rock critics working today, at least the ones who want to do more than rewrite PR copy, are in some sense Christgauians." Spin magazine wrote in 2015, "You probably wouldn't be reading this publication if Robert Christgau didn't largely invent rock criticism as we know it."

Douglas Wolk said the earliest "Consumer Guide" columns were generally brief and detailed, but "within a few years ... he developed his particular gift for 'power, wit and economy', a phrase he used to describe the Ramones in a dead-on 37-word review of Leave Home". In his opinion, the "Consumer Guide" reviews were "an enormous pleasure to read slowly, as writing, even if you have no particular interest in pop music. And if you do happen to have more than a little interest in pop music, they're a treasure." While regarding the early columns as "a model of cogent, witty criticism", Dave Marsh in 1976 said "the tone of the writing is now snotty – it lacks compassion, not to mention empathy, with current rock."

Fans of Christgau's "Consumer Guide" like to share lines from their favorite reviews, Wolk writes, citing "Sting wears his sexual resentment on his chord changes like a closet 'American Woman' fan" (from Christgau's review of the 1983 Police album Synchronicity); "Calling Neil Tennant a bored wimp is like accusing Jackson Pollock of making a mess" (reviewing the 1987 Pet Shop Boys album Actually); and "Mick Jagger should fold up his penis and go home" (in a review of Prince's 1980 album Dirty Mind).

In 1978, Lou Reed recorded a tirade against Christgau and his column on the 1978 live album, Take No Prisoners: "Critics. What does Robert Christgau do in bed? I mean, is he a toe fucker? Man, anal retentive, A Consumer's Guide to Rock, what a moron: 'A Study' by, y'know, Robert Christgau. Nice little boxes: B-PLUS. Can you imagine working for a fucking year, and you get a B+ from some asshole in The Village Voice?" Christgau rated the album C+ and wrote in his review, "I thank Lou for pronouncing my name right." In December 1980, Christgau provoked angry responses from Voice readers when his column approvingly quoted his wife Carola Dibbell's reaction to the murder of John Lennon: "Why is it always Bobby Kennedy or John Lennon? Why isn't it Richard Nixon or Paul McCartney?" Similar criticism came from Sonic Youth in their song "Kill Yr Idols". Christgau responded by saying "Idolization is for rock stars, even rock stars manqué like these impotent bohos – critics just want a little respect. So if it's not too hypersensitive of me, I wasn't flattered to hear my name pronounced right, not on this particular title track."

Tastes and prejudices
Christgau has named Louis Armstrong, Thelonious Monk, Chuck Berry, the Beatles, and the New York Dolls as his top five artists of all time. In a 1998 obituary, he called Frank Sinatra "the greatest singer of the 20th century". He considers Billie Holiday "probably  favorite singer". In his 2000 Consumer Guide book, Christgau said his favorite rock album was either The Clash (1977) or New York Dolls (1973), while his favorite record in general was Monk's 1958 Misterioso. In July 2013, during an interview with Esquire magazine's Peter Gerstenzang, Christgau criticized the voters at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, saying "they're pretty stupid" for not voting in the New York Dolls. When asked about Beatles albums, he said he most often listens to The Beatles' Second Album – which he purchased in 1965 – and Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.

Wolk wrote: "When he says he's 'encyclopedic' about popular music, he means it. There are not a lot of white guys in their 60s waving the flag for Lil Wayne's Da Drought 3, especially not in the same column as they wave the flag for a Willie Nelson/Merle Haggard/Ray Price trio album, an anthology of new Chinese pop, Vampire Weekend, and Wussy ..." Christgau reflected in 2004: "Rock criticism was certainly more fun in the old days, no matter how cool the tyros opining for chump change in netzines like PopMatters and Pitchfork think it is now."

In a broad sense, Christgau says he responds to qualities of "tone, spirit, [and] music", disregarding, for instance, scholarly analysis of artists such as Bob Dylan. He readily admits to having prejudices and generally dislikes genres such as heavy metal, salsa, dance, art rock, progressive rock, bluegrass, gospel, Irish folk, jazz fusion, and classical music. "I admire metal's integrity, brutality, and obsessiveness", Christgau wrote in 1986, "but I can't stand its delusions of grandeur, the way it apes and misapprehends reactionary notions of nobility". Christgau said in 2018 that he rarely writes about jazz as it is "hard" to write about in an "impressionistic way", that he is "not at all well-schooled in the jazz albums of the '50s and '60s", and that he has neither the "language nor the frame of reference to write readily about them"; even while critiquing jazz artists like Miles Davis, Ornette Coleman, and Sonny Rollins, he said "finding the words involves either considerable effort or a stroke of luck". Christgau has also admitted to disliking the records of Jeff Buckley and Nina Simone, noting that the latter's classical background, "default gravity and depressive tendencies are qualities I'm seldom attracted to in any kind of art." Writing in a two-part feature on music critics for Rolling Stone in 1976, Dave Marsh bemoaned Christgau as a "classic, sad example" of how "many critics ... superimpos[ed] their own, frequently arbitrary, standards upon performers." Marsh went on to accuse him of becoming "arrogant and humorless – the raves are reserved for jazz artists, while even the best rock is treated condescendingly unless it conforms to Christgau's passion for leftist politics (particularly feminism) and bohemian culture." Marsh named another prejudice of Christgau's to be "apolitical or middle-class performers" of rock music.

"Dean of American rock critics"
Christgau has been widely known as the "Dean of American rock critics", a designation he originally gave to himself while slightly drunk at a press event for the 5th Dimension in the early 1970s. According to Rosen, "Christgau was in his late 20s at the time – not exactly an éminence grise – so maybe it was the booze talking, or maybe he was just a very arrogant young man. In any case, as the years passed, the quip became a fact." When asked about it years later, Christgau said the title "seemed to push people's buttons, so I stuck with it. There's obviously no official hierarchy within rock criticism – only real academies can do that. But if you mean to ask whether I think some rock critics are better than others, you're damn straight I do. Don't you?" "For a long time he's been called the 'dean of American rock critics'", wrote New York Times literary critic Dwight Garner in 2015. "It's a line that started out as an offhanded joke. These days, few dispute it."

Personal life
Christgau married fellow critic and writer Carola Dibbell in 1974; they have an adopted daughter, Nina, born in Honduras in 1986. He has said he was raised in a "born-again Church" in Queens, but has since become an atheist.

Christgau has been long, albeit argumentative, friends with critics Tom Hull, Dave Marsh, Greil Marcus, and the late Ellen Willis, whom he dated from 1966 to 1969. He has mentored younger critics Ann Powers and Chuck Eddy.

Books
 Any Old Way You Choose It: Rock and Other Pop Music, 1967–1973, Penguin Books, 1973
 Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies, Ticknor & Fields, 1981
 Christgau's Record Guide: The '80s, Pantheon Books, 1990
 Grown Up All Wrong: 75 Great Rock and Pop Artists from Vaudeville to Techno, Harvard University Press, 1998
 Christgau's Consumer Guide: Albums of the '90s, St. Martin's Griffin, 2000
 Going into the City: Portrait of a Critic as a Young Man, Dey Street Books, 2015
 Is It Still Good to Ya? Fifty Years of Rock Criticism 1967–2017, Duke University Press, 2018
 Book Reports: A Music Critic on His First Love, Which Was Reading, Duke University Press, 2019

See also
 Album era

Notes

References

Citations

General bibliography

Further reading

External links

 Users' Guide to the Consumer Guide at MSN Music

1942 births
Living people
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American atheists
American essayists
American former Christians
American male essayists
American memoirists
American music critics
American music journalists
American short story writers
Dartmouth College alumni
Flushing High School alumni
Journalists from Queens, New York
New York University faculty
People from Greenwich Village
Rock critics
Rolling Stone people
Sportswriters from New York (state)
The Village Voice people
Vice Media
Writers from Manhattan

Robert Christgau


Morfolina este un compus heterociclic cu formula chimică O(CH2CH2)2NH. Nucleul său este alcătuit din grupe funcționale amină și eter, ambele fiind legate ciclic.

Obținere
Morfolina se obține la nivel industrial în urma reacției de deshidratare a dietanolaminei în prezență de acid sulfuric:

Proprietăți
Datorită grupei amino- secundare, morfolina prezintă caracter bazic, iar acidul său conjugat este denumit ion morfoliniu. Prin tratarea morfolinei cu acid clorhidric se obține o sare, clorura de morfoliniu:
 O(CH2CH2)2NH + HCl → O(CH2CH2)2Cl-

Note

Vezi și
 Amorolfină
 Tiomorfolină

Morfolină


Trold er en dansk kortfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Fili Seifert.

Handling
Trold er historien om troens og tilgivelsens nødvendighed, når det værst tænkelige sker. I "Trold" følger vi den religiøse og gravide pige Mille på 13 år, der lever et liv med seksuelle overgreb. Mille og hendes mor deler den brutale tilværelse på landet under farens skånselsløse tyranni, der doseres igennem religiøse doktriner.

Medvirkende

 Cecilie Larsen Ellebye
 Thomas Kirk
 Linda Elvira
 Kenneth Christensen
 Søren Lambert Mühldorff
 Micas Wolff

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

Trold (film)


Carlo Rossetti (Ferrara, 1614 - Faenza, 23 de novembro de 1681) foi um cardeal do século XVII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Ferrara em 1614. De família nobre. Filho de Alessandro Rossetti, conde de Valdalbero, e Margherita Estense Tassoni. Batizado na paróquia de S. Stefano em 26 de março de 1614. Teve como padrinho o padrini Innocenzo Massimi, bispo de Bertinoro, e como madrinha Lavinia Turchi Estense Tassoni. Um membro da família, Alfonso, bispo de Comacchio (1559-1563) e de Ferrara (1563-1677), participou do Concílio de Trento. De seus irmãos, Girolamo tornou-se juiz do Savi di Ferrara em 1655, e Alfonso era teólogo e matemático.

Educação
Estudou na Universidade de Bolonha, obtendo o grau de mestre em artes e teologia, provavelmente em 1632, e, quatro anos depois, obteve o doutorado in utroque iure, direito canônico e civil. Ele também obteve doutorado em filosofia e em teologia em Roma..

Início da vida
Cônego do capítulo da catedral de Ferrara. Referendário dos Tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica da Justiça e da Graça. Ministro apostólico perante a rainha da Inglaterra, 1638; os puritanos se revoltaram contra sua presença e trabalho na corte inglesa e ameaçaram sua vida; teve que se refugiar no palácio da rainha-mãe da França, que residia com sua filha, a rainha da Inglaterra; o papa ordenou que ele deixasse a Inglaterra e ele foi para Flandres sob a proteção do embaixador veneziano. Núncio extraordinário no Congresso de Münster por três anos..

Episcopado
Eleito arcebispo titular de Tarso, mantendo o canonato de Ferrara e com dispensa por ainda não ter atingido a idade canônica e ainda não ter recebido as ordens sagradas, 16 de setembro de 1641. Consagrado, 8 de dezembro de 1641, Köln, por Fabio Chigi, bispo de Nardò. Transferido para a sede de Faenza em 4 de maio de 1643. Ele manteve a denominação de arcebispo titular de Tarso até sua promoção ao cardinalato..

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal diácono no consistório de 13 de julho de 1643. Nomeado legado a latere ao Congresso de Münster e Osnabrück; a nomeação nunca entrou em vigor. Participou do conclave de 1644, que elegeu o Papa Inocêncio X. Recebeu o barrete vermelho e a diaconia de S. Cesareo, em 28 de novembro de 1644. Optou pelo título de S. Maria in Via, em 18 de agosto de 1653. Camerlengo do Sagrado Colégio dos Cardeais, 12 de janeiro de 1654 até 10 de janeiro de 1656. Optou pelo título de S. Silvestro in Capite, 9 de março de 1654. Participou do conclave de 1655, que elegeu o Papa Alexandre VII. Participou do conclave de 1667 , que elegeu o Papa Clemente IX. Participou do conclave de 1669-1670, que elegeu o Papa Clemente X. Optou pelo título de S. Lorenzo em Lucina, 14 de novembro de 1672. Cardeal protoprete . Participou do conclave de 1676, que elegeu o Papa Inocêncio XI. Optou pela ordem dos cardeais bispos e pela sé suburbicária de Frascati, mantendo a administração da diocese de Faenza, a 19 de outubro de 1676. Optou pela sé suburbicária de Porto e Santa Rufina, a 8 de janeiro de 1680. Vice-decano do Sagrado Colégio dos Cardeais..

Morte
Morreu em Faenza em 23 de novembro de 1681. Enterrado na catedral de Faenza. A notícia de sua morte chegou a Roma em 28 de novembro de 1681..

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Urbano VIII
Cardeais protopresbíteros

Carlo Rossetti


Karyalılar, MÖ 2. binyılının sonlarından itibaren güneybatı Anadolu'da varlıkları bilinen ve Karya uygarlığını kurmuş kavim. Başkentleri başlangıçta Mylasa'da (Milas) iken, MÖ 4. yüzyılda Mausolus tarafından Halikarnas'a taşınmış, ancak Mylasa önemini korumuştur. Yaklaşık olarak Büyük Menderes Nehri ile Dalaman Çayı arasındaki bölgeye denk gelen yayılma alanlarında çok sayıda köy ve mezra türü yerleşimin bir araya gelerek oluşturduğu federasyonlar etrafında örgütlenmişlerdir.

Etnik özellikleri ve dini inançları
En önemli kült merkezlerinden biri olan ve Zeus adı ile anılmakta birlikte yerli özelliklere sahip tanrılarından biri olan Mylasa'daki "Karyalı Zeus"un tapınağına Karyalıların yanı sıra sadece kuzey komşuları Lidyalılar ve Misyalıların kabul edilmesi geleneğinin işaret ettiği, anılan halklarla akrabalık bağları bulunduğuna dayalı inançları MÖ 1. binyıl boyunca canlı kalmış, günümüz bulgularıyla da doğrulanır niteliktedir. Nitekim, Karyalılarla ilgili ilk tarihi kayıtlardan biri, Mylasalı Arselis adlı bir Karya beyinin MÖ 7. yüzyılın başlarında Kral Gigis'in Sard'daki Lidya tahtını ele geçirmesine yardım etmesi ile ilgilidir. Diğer öndegelen tanrıları arasında, Arselis'in Lidya'dan getirdiği çifte baltayı (labrys) taşıdığı tasvir edilen "Labrandalı Zeus" ve ana tapınağı yine Mylasa'da bulunan "Zeus Osogoa" (başlangıçta sadece "Osogoa") bulunmaktaydı.

Erken dönem tarihleri
Arselis ile ilgili anılan ilk kesin tarihi kaydın kısa bir süre öncesine kadar (MÖ 8. yüzyıl) sürdüğü varsayılan bir dönemde Karyalıların Ege Denizi'ne yayılmış bir deniz kavmi olduklarını düşündüren eski Yunan kaynaklarına dayalı bir anlatı geleneği de bulunmaktadır. Daha da öncesinde Homeros'ta ise Karyalılar Truva Savaşı'nda Truvalıların müttefikleri arasında sayılmaktadır ve bölgeleri Milet (Balat) ve Mykale'yi (Dilek Yarımadası) de kapsayacak şekilde daha da kuzeye uzanır şekilde belirtilmektedir.  Aynı dönemler Karya iç bölgeleri de yoğun ve özgün üretim tarzları ile arkeolojinin dikkatini çekmiştir.

İleri dönemlerdeki tarihi aşamaları
Batı Anadolu sahil şeridine yönelik üç eski Yunan kolonizasyon dalgasının sonuncusunu ve en geç tarihlisini oluşturan Dorların kıyılarda koloniler kurmalarıyla Karyalılar iç bölgelerde egemenliklerini sürdürmüşler ve bu dönemde Mylasa, Alabanda (Çine), Alinda (Karpuzlu), Idrias (Eskihisar), Idyma (Akyaka), Garga (İncekemer), sonradan Afrodisias adını alacak mermercilik merkezi (Geyre) gibi gerçek anlamda Karya kentleri, yine Mylasa, Labranda, Kyramus, Hylimus gibi Karya kült merkezleri ortaya çıkmıştır. MÖ 7. ve 6. yıllarda Mermnadlar hanedanının Lidya kralları Anadolu'nun önemli bir kısmı gibi Karya Dor kentlerini de ele geçirdiler. MÖ 546'da Lidyalıların Perslere yenilmesinden itibaren ise, Karyalılar da Pers İmparatorluğu'nun yönetimi altına girdiler. Karyalıların bölgelerinde Perslere karşı kayda değer direniş örnekleri sergiledikleri ve Atina merkezli olarak kurulan Attik Delos Birliği'ne bir süre üye oldukları anlaşılmaktadır. Mylasalı Hekatomnidler hanedanı ve özellikle de Mausolus döneminde fiilen bağımsız politikalar izlemişler, ancak Helenizmin iç bölgelere de nüfuz etmesi ve eski Yunanca'nın resmi dil olarak yerleşmesi de bu dönemde başlamış, Karya dili muhtemelen Milattan kısa bir süre öncesinde veya sonrasında tarihe karışmıştır. Karya ülkesi Büyük İskender'in generalleri tarafından kurulan devletler ve sonrasında Roma İmparatorluğu içindeki çekişmelerden en çok zarar gören bölgelerden biri olmuş, MÖ 27'de Augustus'un Roma İmparatorluğu'nu kurmasıyla refaha kavuşmuştur. Karyalılar Anadolu'da içlerinde çoktanrıcı inançların en uzun ömürlü kaldığı halklardan biri olarak da dikkati çekmiştir. I. Konstantin saltanatında Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Hristiyanlık dinine geçmeye başlamasına kadar (4. yüzyıl) bu yeni din Karyalılar arasında fazla ilerleme kaydedemiştir. Bölge 13. yüzyıl ortalarından itibaren Menteşe Beyliği hakimiyetine geçmiştir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Karya
 Karca
 Misyalılar
 Likyalılar
 Kilikyalılar

Dipnotlar

Kaynakça

Karyalılar


Killing Heidi are an Australian rock band, formed in Violet Town, Victoria in 1996, initially as a folk-pop duo by siblings Ella and Jesse Hooper. The band has released three studio albums: Reflector (March 2000), which reached No. 1 on the ARIA Albums Chart, Present (October 2002) and Killing Heidi (August 2004). Their top 20 singles are "Weir" (October 1999), "Mascara" (November, No. 1 on ARIA Singles Chart), "Live Without It" (April 2000), "Outside of Me" (September 2002) and "I Am" (July 2004). At the ARIA Music Awards of 2000 they were nominated in seven categories and won four trophies: Album of the Year, Best Group, Breakthrough Artist – Album and Best Rock Album for Reflector. At the APRA Music Awards of 2001 Ella and Jesse Hooper won Songwriter of the Year. The group disbanded in 2006, with Ella and Jesse taking a lower profile with an acoustic folk duo, The Verses. In 2016, it was announced that the band would be reforming to celebrate its 20th anniversary, and the band have continued to tour since.

Outside of the band, Ella also has a career as a solo performer, radio presenter and TV personality. Jesse, meanwhile, has a career as a music teacher, producer and community arts developer.

History

Early years (1996–1999)

Killing Heidi were formed in Violet Town in 1996 as an acoustic folk duo by siblings, Ella Hooper on lead vocals and her older brother, Jesse Hooper, on lead guitar. Violet Town is a small Victorian country town, about 175 km northeast of Melbourne with a population of 1084 (in 2011), where their parents were music, English and drama teachers.

In 1996 Ella and Jesse played an early gig at the Violet Town Arts Festival, when Ella was 13 years old and Jess was 15. This gig was supported by the future recipient of the 2001 C.A.S Hawker Scholarship and attorney Stephen Michelson. Ella later described their group as an "acoustic, folky duo with an edge." The name, Killing Heidi, came from using two lists, before their first gig: one filled with "soft" words (Heidi was selected), one with "harsh" words (Killing). Ella recalled in January 2015 that the name was "a play on the end of innocence and embracing imperfection": it was chosen to have something to fill in on the Unearthed entry form. Jamie Durrant of Benalla's Bent Records caught the festival gig and offered them time in his recording studio.

With two schoolmates as the rhythm section: Aaron Hart on drums and Rowen Murphy on bass guitar; Killing Heidi recorded "Morning" and "Kettle". These were included on a Bent Records sampler album, Two Bent, with additional tracks by the label's other artists Spudgun, Stealth and Michael Meeking. Killing Heidi also submitted their recordings to the national radio station, Triple J's Unearthed competition in 1996: "Kettle" won the competition for the Goulburn Valley region, alongside a track by Stealth. "Kettle" was written by Ella, Jesse and Brian Walton. The group re-recorded the track at ABC's Southbank studios for inclusion on another various artists' album, Triple J Unearthed 4. After winning their section of the Unearthed competition, "Kettle" was placed on high rotation by Triple J.

The group had a gig at the Melbourne Push Over concert in 1996. Paul Kosky, a Melbourne-based engineer-producer, who had worked with Crowded House, Rage Against the Machine, Kate Ceberano, and The Clouds, was looking for a new band to manage and record. Kosky had heard "Kettle" on the radio and decided to check them out at Push Over. In March 2000 Kosky recalled that their rhythm section were musically weak, although the siblings showed "a raw talent I knew could be turned into a global appeal." The group signed to his management company in 1997 and his new recording label, Wah Wah Music (established with US-based investor, Chris Robinson) in the following year. Kosky helped develop the band for two years and, as their manager, arranged a distribution deal with Roadshow Music (which also had a contract with Savage Garden) for his own label.

By the end of 1997 Killing Heidi had acquired a new rhythm section with Warren Jenkin on bass guitar (Rick Price, Merril Bainbridge, Deborah Conway) and Adam Pedretti on drums (ex-Non-Intentional Lifeform aka NIL). Pendretti described his recruitment, "[Kosky] had worked with NIL as producer, so he knew I could play a little bit off the wall... [he] dropped off a Killing Heidi demo and I started learning the songs. It just took off from there." Killing Heidi recorded the rest of their first studio album, Reflector, throughout 1998 and into 1999. According to Australian musicologist, Ian McFarlane, Kosky was "meticulously shaping the band's début album"; he worked as their engineer, producer, talent manager and record label co-owner.

Commercial success (1999–2003)

In July 1999 Killing Heidi performed at the Grounded Festival and then launched their first national tour. To coincide with the festival gig they issued their début single, "Weir", which eventually reached No. 6 on the ARIA Singles Chart. McFarlane described it as a "winning mix of quiet/loud acoustic/churning electric guitars, adolescent angst and sing-along pop with a funky mid-section." Music journalist, Ed Nimmervoll, felt it was "a tale of life after high school." It was certified platinum by Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipment of 70,000 copies by the end of that year.

The second single "Mascara", about self-image and individuality, was released in November 1999. A five-track maxi-single version, "Mascara"/"Leave Me Alone", followed in January 2000. This version reached the top of the national charts, on 30 January, which was Ella's 17th birthday. It stayed at No. 1 for three weeks, and was certified platinum at the end of that year. "Mascara" was accompanied by a music video, which was directed by Kosky. He recalled, "There was some very straight commercial radio that said, 'We will never play this song,'...  I hear that station play it [now] and... We've made a difference, and we've educated them."

Billboards Christie Eliezer reported that Killing Heidi were one of three "major domestic breakouts" in 1999 in Australia, "all released on independent labels". The other two musical acts were Vanessa Amorosi and Sister2Sister – all three "were still in high school when their records first entered the charts." Eliezer noticed that Killing Heidi had a "flamboyant, outspoken appeal [that] gained pop, rock, and fashion media coverage."

Reflector was released in March 2000 and had a début at No. 1; it spent seven weeks at the top of the ARIA charts. McFarlane opined that it was "one of the most highly anticipated Australian releases in recent years, it was a remarkably assured début, a mix of spirited pop, big rock riffs and adolescent energy." Jon Azpri of AllMusic rated it as two out of five stars, he felt their first two singles were "catchy pop hits with just enough of a grrl-rock edge to mollify young audiences. The rest of the album is all over the map." By the end of 2001, Reflector had shipped over 280,000 copies in Australia, being certified 4× platinum. It provided two further singles: "Live Without It" (April 2000) and "Superman Supergirl" (September). The album also charted on the New Zealand Albums Chart at No. 19 with three of its tracks reaching the related singles chart's top 50.

At the ARIA Music Awards of 2000 held in October, Killing Heidi received seven nominations and won four categories: Album of the Year, Best Group, Breakthrough Artist – Album and Best Rock Album for Reflector. The three other nominees were: Single of the Year for "Mascara", Best Cover Art for Kosky's effort on Reflector and Highest Selling Album for the latter. At the APRA Music Awards of 2001 Ella and Jesse Hooper won Songwriter of the Year. The group "played a handful of club showcases" in the United States by May 2001, with Reflector, appearing in the North American market in March that year. Pendretti opined "It'd be great to break anywhere, but I don't think we're going to be an overnight success there. I think we've got a lot of hard work to put in, in the states. There's a lot of great bands there."

From mid-2001 the band's momentum was reduced when a cyst was found on Ella's vocal cords and she underwent throat surgery late that year. Her voice was slow to recover, which "destroyed any confidence she had in her voice." In November of the following year she said, "I have a rule – no singing before 10am. Nothing comes out, even if I wanted it to. If I'm on at 10am I have to be up by 8.30am, because it takes a while for my voice to sound human. It's like a croaky 80-year-old lady." The group's official website announced in August 2001 that Wah Wah Music had joined with Sony Music Entertainment Australia for their releases. The band continued to work on its second studio album, Present (October 2002), which peaked at No. 12. It was co-produced by Kosky and Robinson with Andy Baldwyn and issued on Wah Wah Music/Sony Music Australia. It was certified gold for shipment of 35,000 units in December.

Craig Mathieson of The Age saw that Present was "a comparative commercial failure". Peter Holmes of The Sydney Morning Herald described the album, "a dose of punchy, melodic rock embellished with keyboards, strings, horns, scratching and drum loops. Arguably, however, the highlight is 'Sweet', a sunny semi-acoustic singalong."

"Heavensent" (December 2001), the first single from the album, reached the top 30 in early 2002 even though "live promotion for the track was limited" as Ella recovered. She had had problems, "I knew they would push me to sing... They told me the whole project couldn't stop for a year. That much time out was not allowed career-wise. I wanted to say, 'Stop. I know we can do this right, but not now.' But then we went and did it anyway." Its second single, "Outside of Me", which reached a peak of No. 12, appeared in September 2002. A third song from the album, "Ammyl (Say What You Wanna Say)", was a radio-only release in 2003 – not issued as a physical single.

In 2003 Paul Kosky and the band had an "acrimonious" split; which "almost spelt the end" for the band. According to Mathieson "the band were starting to bristle at the extent of Kosky's involvement in every aspect of their stalled career." Kosky felt he was a scapegoat for problems with the second album including its poorer commercial performance: "Everyone was looking for a fall guy. It happened to be me and I left gracefully. I put my life into it for five years and I gambled a lot. Like any relationship, you find a time when you move on." Chris Robinson bought out Kosky's share of their partnership in Wah Wah Music and became the band's new manager.

Self-titled album (2003–2005)

In late 2003 the band spent three months in Los Angeles recording their third studio album, Killing Heidi. It was produced by John Travis – Mathieson described how "[Travis] proved to be easygoing, and sessions ran much faster because he favoured recording the three instrumentalists playing live and using entire tracks, as opposed to recording each separately and editing together numerous takes to make one technically perfect but often coldly sterile piece." Tim Cashmere of Undercover felt it was "a huge step in their sound and [they] returned with an album that can compete on a worldwide scale... [by] a band growing into its full potential and while they're not quite there yet, they've come a long way, baby!"

Its first single, "I Am", was released in July 2004, which entered the charts at No. 16. It spent three months in the Top 50 and achieved gold certification. It was used on the Australian version of the feature film soundtrack for Spider-Man 2. Matt Holt of Light of the Quasar caught their gig in Traralgon: they were "an effervescent and popular group... their music would be to call it poetically rocking. This band performs stadium rock out songs just as well as ballads."

In late August 2004 the self-titled album appeared with a less styled and more sonically expressive sound. It had a début at No. 7 on the charts, and achieved a gold certification. In September 2004, the second single, "Calm Down", was issued, which reached No. 23. Early in 2005 a third song, "Running Underwater", was released to radio, but not as a physical single and received little radio airplay. Later in 2005 Killing Heidi left Sony BMG.

Hiatus (2006–2016)

In mid-2006 Killing Heidi's MySpace page described the group as taking a break. In July Andrew Tijs of Undercover.fm News reported that the group had disbanded. The siblings formed a folk duo, the Verses, and started writing and performing new material for that project. Pedretti formed a heavy metal group, Monster Truck Extravaganza; Jenkin returned to work with Merril Bainbridge as well as "generating electronic music with computers, synthesisers and keyboards."

In May 2013 Ella reflected on her time with Killing Heidi and the likelihood of any reunion, "I don't think I could sing such youthful, and youth based songs convincingly any more. It really did just run its natural course and I think it would be very unnatural to start it up again now." Aside from the Verses, Ella has a career as a solo performer, radio presenter and TV personality. Her brother Jesse would go on to a career as a music teacher, producer and community arts developer.

Reunion (2016–present)

In September 2016 it was announced that Killing Heidi would be reuniting to play a series of shows to celebrate their 20th anniversary. The band would perform at the Handpicked Festival, the Kickstart Summer festival and the Queenscliff Music Festival. Although the Hooper siblings and drummer Adam Pedretti participated in the reunion, bassist Warren Jenkin did not. He was replaced by James Gilligan; with the quartet being joined by keyboardist Lena Douglas.

In February 2017, Killing Heidi appeared at Taronga Zoo, Sydney, as part of the annual "Twilight at Taronga" concert series. This was followed by a national Australian tour in June.

In early 2020, Killing Heidi took part in the Australian-wide Red Hot Summer Tour as one of the major performers.

Members

Current members
 Ella Hooper – lead vocals (1996–2006, 2016–present)
 Jesse Hooper – guitars, backing vocals (1996–2006, 2016–present)
 Adam Pedretti – drums (1996–2006, 2016–present)
 Clio Renner - keyboards, backing vocals (2017–present)
 Phoebe Neilson - bass, backing vocals (2021–present)

Former members
 Aaron Hart – drums & bagpipes (1996)
 Rowen Murphy – bass guitar, guitar (1996)
 Warren Jenkin – bass guitar (1997–2006)
 James Gilligan – bass, backing vocals, violin (2016–2017)
 Lena Douglas – keyboards, backing vocals (2016–2017)
 Tim Curnick - bass, backing vocals (2017–2021)

Timeline

Awards and nominations

APRA Awards

The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) and Australasian Mechanical Copyright Owners Society (AMCOS).

|-
| 2000 || "Weir" || Song of the Year ||
|-
| 2001 || Ella Hooper, Jesse Hooper – Killing Heidi || Songwriter of the Year ||
|-

ARIA Awards

The ARIA Music Awards are presented annually from 1987 by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Killing Heidi have won four trophies from ten nominations.

|-
|rowspan="7"| 2000 || rowspan="5"| Reflector || Album of the Year ||
|-
| Best Group ||
|-
| Best Rock Album ||
|-
| Breakthrough Artist – Album ||
|-
| Highest Selling Album ||
|-
| Paul Kosky – Reflector || Best Cover Art ||
|-
| "Mascara" || Single of the Year ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2001 || "Superman Supergirl" || Best Group ||
|-
| Paul Kosky – "Superman Supergirl" || Producer of the Year ||
|-
| 2002 || "Heavensent" || Best Independent Release ||
|-

Discography

 Reflector (2000)
 Present (2002)
 Killing Heidi (2004)

References

External links
  archived from the original on 14 May 2007

ARIA Award winners
Australian alternative rock groups
Victoria (state) musical groups

Killing Heidi


Varpa is an outdoor game that dates back to the Viking Age and survived in Gotland. It is similar to boules and horseshoes but is played with a flat and heavy object called a "varpa" instead of balls. Varpas used to be well-shaped stones, but nowadays, aluminium is more popular. A varpa can weigh between . The object of the game is to throw the varpa as close to a stick as possible. The stick is  away for women and  away for men. The game can be played individually or in teams.

No official nationally sponsored varpa teams exist; however, unofficial leagues are growing in popularity among youth in suburban areas of Sweden and Norway.

"Varpa" is an old word which simply means "to throw".

Varpa is one of the disciplines at the annual Stånga Games (Stångaspelen).

See also
 Caber toss
 Game of physical skill
 Pärk

References

Games of physical skill
Gotland

Varpa


Osbyholms slott er et svensk slot i Hörby sogn i Hörby kommune i Skåne. Det ligger i nærheden af landsbyen Osbyholm.

Historie
Gården Ousbygård omtales i, hvor Peder Jensen af slægten Saxtrup var ejer. I dag findes der stort set ikke spor tilbage efter denne gård. Slægterne Saxtrup og Skalder ejede Ousbygård i omkring 200 år. Björn Sörensen Saxtrup døde i 1595 og hans hustru Magdalene Nielsdatter Bild i 1585.

Slottet Osbyholm skal være opført i første halvdel af 1600-tallet, da gården var ejet af Lene Ramel, datter af Henrik Ramel på Bäckaskog slot. Slotsanlægget lå på en næsten kvadratisk borgholm, som var omgivet af brede, stenbeklædte voldgrave. Bygningen havde et ottekantet tårn, hvilket var ret usædvanligt på den tid. På Krapperup slot fandtes et lignende forsvarstårn, som var opført i 1570'erne. Dette antyder, at Osbyholm slot måske er fra før Lene Ramels tid. Under Karl 11.s skånske krig skal slottet have været brændt ned.

Da krigen var slut i 1679, var Ove Ramel ejer af slottet. Han bosatte sig straks efter freden på sin sjællandske gård, Borreby. Nogle år senere solgte han Osbyholm til Olof Nilsson Engelholm fra Malmø. Herefter blev det solgt til Cornelius Thijsen, adlet Anckerstierna, som var søhelt og blev friherre i 1692. Han købte i 1704 Knutstorp borg, hvor han bosatte sig, efter i 1697 at have solgt Osbyholm til lagmanden i Bohuslän, Alexander Cock. Ved dennes død i 1712 arvede hans tre brodersønner slottet. På et tidspunkt købte kaptajn Georg Christian Cock sin søster ud og blev i 1752 eneejer af Osbyholms slott. Han giftede sig samme år med Elsa Christina Beck-Friis fra Bosjökloster.

I 1750 var der gennemført en omfattende restaurering af Osbyholm. En mængde detaljer i interiøret viser, at det var indrettet i en smagfuld rokokostil. Også det ydre gennemgik en større forandring. En udbygning med renæssancegavl midt på gårdsiden blev nedlagt engang i 1700-tallet, og fløjene og parken blev moderniseret.

Efter Georg Christian Cocks død i 1778 solgte arvingerne Osbyholm til Rudolf Hodder Stjernswärd, men slottet blev tilbagekøbt med henvisning til førstefødselsretten af lagmand, senere landshøvding, Per Hultgren, adlet under navnet von Seth. I sit tredje ægteskab giftede han sig med den sidste Cocks datter, Maria Lovisa. I hans tid som ejer udvidedes godset ved køb af Lyby säteri.

Ved Per von Seths død i 1810 overtog hans adoptivsøn, Johan Boman, adlet von Seth, slottet, efterfulgt af dennes hustru, Sofia Cronacker, hvorpå de to ældste sønner, Carl Gustaf og Johan August von Seth, overtog ejerskabet. De to brødre frasolgte en del af det omfattende gods.

Slottet trængte efterhånden til en renovering, ligesom en udbygning var nødvendig for at give plads til to familier. I 1853 blev der derfor bygget et nyt midterparti med en tredje etage med fladt, balustradekantet tag. Tårnets højde blev forøget og fik en overetage i nygotisk stil med spir.

I 1931 lod friherreinde Anna Trolle slottet ombygge efter tegninger af arkitekten Leon Nilsson. I den forbindelse fjernede man den tredje etage, som brødrene von Seth havde tilføjet, og tårnets øverste del blev ændret og fik kobbertag i renæssancestil.

Mellem 1939 og 1984 var den norske skibsreder Anders Jahre ejer af slottet, hvorpå godsejer Anders Tuvehjelm med familie overtog det; de har siden 1987 forøget jorden betragteligt ved køb af nabogården Fulltofta.

Eksterne henvisninger
Officiel hjemmeside

Slotte i Skåne
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Ystad

Osbyholms slott


Boydaş, Tunceli ilinin Hozat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 22 Mart 1955'te "Şamoşi" adıyla köye bağlı altı mezrasıyla birlikte kurulmuştur. 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaya başlamıştır.

Ekim 1994'te güvenlik güçleri tarafından PKK'ya yönelik başlatılan operasyonlar kapsamında güvenlik gerekçesiyle tamamen boşaltılan köye, 2008 yılından itibaren kısmi geri dönüşler başlamıştır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli il merkezine 54 km, Hozat ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Hozat belde ve köyleri

Boydaş, Hozat


إدوارد مالوفييف، من مواليد 2 يونيو 1942، لاعب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق، ومدرب كرة قدم سوفييتي سابق. لعب مع منتخب الاتحاد السوفييتي لكرة القدم وشارك في كأس العالم عام 1966.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية سوفيت
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بيلاروسيون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من كولومنا
رياضيون بيلاروسيون مغتربون في المملكة المتحدة
رياضيون بيلاروسيون مغتربون في ليتوانيا
رياضيون من محافظة موسكو
لاعبو الدوري السوفيتي الممتاز لكرة القدم
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 1968
لاعبو دينامو مينسك
لاعبو سبارتاك موسكو
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1964
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كرة قدم بيلاروسيون
لاعبو كرة قدم روس
لاعبو كرة قدم سوفيت
لاعبو منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي لكرة القدم
مدربو أنجي محج قلعة
مدربو الدوري الإسكتلندي الممتاز
مدربو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
مدربو بارتيزان مينسك
مدربو دينامو بريست
مدربو دينامو موسكو
مدربو دينامو مينسك
مدربو كرة قدم بيلاروسيون
مدربو كرة قدم بيلاروسيون مغتربون
مدربو كرة قدم سوفيت
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسكتلندا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في روسيا
مدربو كرة قدم مغتربون في ليتوانيا
مدربو منتخب الاتحاد السوفيتي الوطني لكرة القدم
مدربو منتخب روسيا البيضاء الوطني لكرة القدم
مدربو نادي كاوناس
مدربو هارت أوف ميدلوثيان
مواليد 1942
مواليد في كراسنويارسك
رياضيون بيلاروسيون مغتربون في إسكتلندا
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة موسكو

إدوارد مالوفييف