Pigalle () is a station on lines 2 and 12 of the Paris Métro, named after the Place Pigalle, which commemorates the sculptor Jean-Baptiste Pigalle (1714–1785) on the border of the 9th and the 18th arrondissement. The station is located under the Boulevard de Clichy in Montmartre and serves the famous Pigalle red-light district.

Location
The station is located under Place Pigalle, the platforms being established:

 on line 2 (between Blanche and Anvers stations), east of the said square and oriented east–west, along the axis of Boulevard de Clichy;
 on line 12 (between Abbesses and Saint-Georges), in a curve at the end of Rue Frochot, partly under the tunnel of line 2 which it crosses perpendicularly.

History
The station was opened on 21 October 1902 as part of the extension of line 2 from Étoile to Anvers. The line 12 platforms were opened on 8 April 1911 with the extension of the Nord-Sud Company's line C from Notre-Dame-de-Lorette. It was the northern terminus of line C until its extension to Jules Joffrin on 31 October 1912. This line was taken over by the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris and was renamed line 12 on 27 March 1931.

The Place Pigalle was named after the Barrière Pigalle, a gate built for the collection of taxation as part of the Wall of the Farmers-General; the gate was built between 1784 and 1788 and demolished in the 19th century.

Like a third of the stations on the network, between 1974 and 1984, the platforms on line 12 were modernized in the Andreu-Motte style, orange with flat white tiles. For its part, the stopping point on line 2, received a Ouï-dire style layout after 1988, blue in this case.

As part of the RATP's Renouveau du métro program, the station's corridors were renovated on 29 April 2005. The lighting canopies in the connecting corridors then had the distinction of being punctuated by a few tubes diffusing a light blue, later white.

In 2019, 5,599,495 travelers entered this station which placed it in 71st position of the metro stations for its usage.

Passenger services

Access
The station has an entrance titled Place Pigalle, divided into three metro outlets established on the central reservation of Boulevard de Clichy, the main one, located east of the place, is adorned with a Guimard édicule. This one, designed in 1900 by Hector Guimard, is the subject of a decrees as a historic monuments on 12 February 2016. The two other metro outlets, located more in the center of the square at no. 20 and 22 of the boulevard, are decorated with balustrades in the style characteristic of the Nord-Sud company.

Station layout

Platforms
The platforms of the two lines are of standard configuration. Two in number per stop, they are separated by the metro tracks located in the center and the vault is elliptical.

The station on line 2 is fitted out in a blue Ouï-dire style. The lighting canopies, of the same color, are supported by curved hook in the shape of a scythe. The direct lighting is white while the indirect lighting, projected on the vault, is multicolored. The white ceramic tiles are flat and cover the walls, the vault and the tympans. The advertising frames are blue and cylindrical, and the name of the station is written in Parisine font on enameled plates. The platforms are equipped with blue 'sit-stand' benches.

The station of line 12 is established in a curve and its vault is semi-elliptical, a form specific to the old Nord-Sud stations. The decoration is in a Andreu-Motte style with two orange light canopies, benches in flat brown tiles and orange Motte seats. These arrangements are married with the flat white tiling which covers the walls and the tympans, while the vault is painted in white. The hallways are treated in classic bevelled white tiles. The advertising frames are metallic and the name of the station is written in Parisine typography on enameled plates.

Bus services
The station is served by lines 30, 40 and 54 of the RATP Bus Network and, at night, by lines N01 and N02 of the Noctilien network.

Nearby
 Place Pigalle
 Le Divan du Monde
 La Cigale
 La Boule Noire
 Avenue Frochot

Gallery

References

Roland, Gérard (2003). Stations de métro. D'Abbesses à Wagram. Éditions Bonneton.

Paris Métro stations in the 18th arrondissement of Paris
Paris Métro stations in the 9th arrondissement of Paris
Railway stations in France opened in 1902

Pigalle station


කළිඟු දේශයේ උපන් මොහු ලීලාවතී රැජින ගේ කීර්ති සෙනෙවියාගේ සතුරන් වූ අදිකාරම් වරුන් දෙදෙනෙකු විසින් මෙහි ගෙනෙනු ලැබ කීර්ති සෙනෙවියා මරා රජ කමට පත් කරන ලදී. ක්‍රි.ව. 1200 අගෝස්තු 23 දා සිදු වූ මොහුගේ අභිශේකය, නිශ්චිත දිනයක් සඳහන් වන ප්‍රථම අවස්තාවයි. සාහසමල්ල තමා මෙහි ගෙනා අදිකාරමක වූ ආබෝ නැමත්තා විසින් මරන ලදී.ඉන් පසු ආබෝ විසින් නිශ්ශංකමල්ල රජු ගේ දෙවන මහේශිකාව වූ කල්‍යාණවතීව රාජ්‍යත්වයට පත් කරන ලදී. මෙම කාලය ලංකාවේ පාලන බලය වැඩි වශයෙන් මැති ඇමති වරුන්ට පත් වී ඇතැයි සිතිය හැකිය.

සහස්සමල්ල රජ


L'équipe de Belgique de football dispute en 1983 les éliminatoires du Championnat d'Europe 1984 en France.

Objectifs
Le seul objectif de la saison pour la Belgique est de tenter de se qualifier pour l'Euro 1984 en France.

Résumé de la saison

Après le mondial, plusieurs cadres de l'équipe prennent leur retraite internationale, parmi lesquels Wilfried Van Moer et les frères Luc et Marc Millecamps. Leurs remplaçants les font vite oublier et entament les éliminatoires de l'Euro 1984 par quatre victoires en quatre rencontres, des résultats qui leur permettent d'assurer leur qualification alors qu'il reste encore deux rencontres à jouer, qui se solderont par un partage et une défaite lors de l'ultime journée.

Bilan de l'année
L'objectif est atteint, la qualification est assurée le  malgré le partage (1-1) en Écosse suivi d'une défaite (1-3) sans conséquence en Suisse lors de la dernière journée. Les éliminatoires du Championnat d'Europe de 1984 sont une réussite pour les Belges qui terminent largement en tête de leur groupe.

Championnat d'Europe 1984

Éliminatoires (Groupe 1)

|}

Les matchs

Note : Ce match amical fut l'une des deux rencontres organisées à Luxembourg pour célébrer le  de la fédération luxembourgeoise de football (FLF), l'autre ayant opposé la RFA à la Yougoslavie le .

Les joueurs

Un « r » indique un joueur qui était parmi les remplaçants mais qui n'est pas monté au jeu.

Aspects socio-économiques

Couverture médiatique

Source : Programme TV dans Gazet van Antwerpen.

Sources

Archives

Références

1983
Belgique
Football en Belgique en 1983

Équipe de Belgique de football en 1983


Irene Gruss (* 31. August 1950 in Buenos Aires; † 25. Dezember 2018 ebenda) war eine argentinische Lyrikerin.

Leben
Gruss begann Studien der Medizin an der Universidad de La Plata sowie der Medizin und Literatur an der Universität Buenos Aires. Sie war Mitarbeiterin in den Redaktionen der Literaturzeitschriften El escarabajo de oro, El ornitorrinco und El juguete rabioso. Gemeinsam mit Lucina Álvarez, Daniel Freidemberg, Rubén Reches, Jorge Aulicino, Alicia Genovese, Leonor García Hernando, Marcelo Cohen und anderen nahm sie an dem Lyrik-Workshop "Mario Jorge de Lellis" teil. Erste Gedichte von ihr erschienen u. a. in den Zeitschriften La opinión, Tiempo argentino, Clarín, La Nación und La Capital.

Ab 1982 veröffentlichte sie eigene Lyrikbände, seit 1986 organisierte sie auch Lyrik-Workshops.

Werke
 La Luz en la ventana, 1982
 El mundo incompleto, 1987
 La calma, 1991
 Sobre el asma, 1995
 Solo de contralto, 1998
 En el brillo de uno en el vidrio de uno, 2000
 La mitad de la verdad, 2008

Weblinks
 Télam – Nuestros Poetas – Irene Gruss
 Revista de Letras de la Biblioteca Nacional de la República Argentina – Irene Gruss
 Pagina de Poesia – Irene Gruss

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Lyrik
Literatur (Spanisch)
Argentinische Literatur
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Dichterarzt
Schriftsteller (Buenos Aires)
Argentinier
Geboren 1950
Gestorben 2018
Frau

Irene Gruss


Die Parlamentswahl in Armenien 2012 fand am 6. Mai 2012 statt.

Präsident Sersch Sargsjans regierende Republikanische Partei erhielt die große Mehrheit der Sitze. Armeniens wohlhabendster Mann Gagik Zarukjan mit seiner Partei Blühendes Armenien kam auf den zweiten Platz mit über einem Viertel der Sitze, während der Armenische Nationalkongress, die Armenische Revolutionäre Föderation, Land des Rechts und Erbe jeweils weniger als 10 Prozent der Sitze gewannen.

Modalitäten und System
Von insgesamt 131 Sitzen in der armenischen Nationalversammlung werden 90 nach dem Verhältniswahlsystem vergeben, während die anderen 41 nach dem Mehrheitswahlsystem über die Wahlkreise besetzt werden. Die Sperrklausel liegt bei 5 % für Parteien und bei 7 % für Allianzen, in diesem Fall ist die einzige Allianz der Armenische Nationalkongress.

Teilnehmende Parteien
Insgesamt wurden 9 Parteien zur Teilnahme an der Wahl registriert:
Blühendes Armenien (BHK) – Gagik Zarukjan
Erbe – Raffi Hovannisian
Armenischer Nationalkongress (HAK) – Lewon Ter-Petrosjan
Armenische Revolutionäre Föderation (ARF) – Wahan Howhannisjan
Demokratische Partei Armeniens – Aram Sargsjan
Armenische Kommunistische Partei (HKK) – Ruben Towmasjan
Republikanische Partei Armeniens (HHK) – Sersch Sargsjan
Partei Vereinter Armenier – Ruben Awagjan
Land des Rechts (OEK) – Arthur Baghdassarjan

Wahlkampf
Da es nach den Präsidentschaftswahlen von 2008 zu Protesten der Opposition kam, gab es im Vorfeld der Parlamentswahlen beispielsweise von Seiten der Europäischen Union die Erwartung, dass diese nun nach demokratischen Standards und ohne Zwischenfälle ablaufen.

Im Vorfeld des Wahlkampfes schloss die Partei Erbe ein Bündnis mit den Freien Demokraten und stellten im März 2012 als "Erbe" eine gemeinsame Liste auf. Im April begann die heiße Phase des Wahlkampfes, gestartet von ARF, Erbe und der Kommunistischen Partei. Nicht nur die Opposition, sondern auch der bisherige Koalitionspartner BHK griff die Republikanische Partei im Wahlkampf scharf an. Die zu große Macht der HHK und mangelnde Rechtsstaatlichkeit waren wichtige Themen. Alle Parteien, einschließlich der Koalitionsparteien, warben für sich, um "dem Volk Macht zurückzugeben". Bereits Anfang April gründeten die Oppositionsparteien Erbe, HAK, ARF und die kleinere Regierungspartei Blühendes Armenien ein Bündnis zur Überwachung der Wahlen und Verhinderung von Wahlbetrug. Die HHK kritisierte dies als Versuch einer provisorischen neuen Regierung und rief kurz darauf eine eigene Initiative zur Wahlbeobachtung ins Leben, zu der sie weitere Parteien einlud. Das Beobachtungsbündnis der Opposition legte in der Woche vor der Wahl beim Verfassungsgericht Klage ein gegen Gesetze, die verbieten zu veröffentlichen, welche Wähler an der Wahl teilgenommen haben. Die Veröffentlichung könne die Wahl transparenter machen und Betrug erschweren. Das Gericht lehnte die Klage ab.

Am Samstag vor der Wahl, dem 5. Mai, waren Wahlkampfveranstaltungen bereits untersagt, sodass der Wahlkampfabschluss am 3. und 4. Mai stattfand. Bei der Veranstaltung der HHK kam es zu einem Zwischenfall, bei dem hunderte mit Wasserstoff gefüllte Ballons in Flammen aufgingen. Dabei wurden 154 Menschen verletzt, 28 davon schwer.

Neben den beiden Beobachtungsinitiativen der Parteien waren auch diverse armenische Organisationen für Wahlbeobachtung registriert. Daneben waren einige hundert Beobachter der OSZE und der GUS im Land.

Offizielles Ergebnis

Bewertungen des Wahlablaufs
Die Republikanische Partei, die bei der Wahl deutlich gewonnen hat und ihre Regierung mit absoluter Mehrheit weiterführen konnte, bewertete die Wahl als frei und fair. Unregelmäßigkeiten seien nur in 10 % der Wahllokale aufgetreten. Die Opposition dagegen kritisierte den Wahlablauf. Ein Vertreter der ARF nannte weitverbreitete Bestechung der Wähler durch die HHK und Behörden als Grund für das Wahlergebnis sowie weitere Unregelmäßigkeiten. Neben diesem von mehreren Parteien geäußerten Vorwurf der Wählerbestechung seien auch Wählerlisten gefälscht worden und die Markierung der Wähler sei nicht dauerhaft gewesen, was mehrfaches Abstimmen ermöglicht habe. Das Ergebnis spiegele nicht den Willen der Bevölkerung wider. So kam es nach der Wahl auch zu Demonstrationen gegen den Wahlausgang.

Die Beobachter der OSZE berichteten von einem freien, nahezu gewaltlosen und fairen Wahlkampf, in dem alle Kandidaten ungehindert agieren konnten und Medien ausgewogen berichtet hatten. Gelobt wurde auch das neue Wahlgesetz, das einen guten rechtlichen Rahmen biete. Dessen mangelhafte Umsetzung durch die Behörden und das allgemein fehlende Vertrauen in den Wahlprozess seien jedoch eine schwere Belastung für die Wahl. Der Umgang mit den Wählerlisten hat nach Ansicht der Beobachter nicht sichergestellt, dass kein Wahlbetrug stattfinden kann. In einer Vielzahl von Wahllokalen kam es zu Zwischenfällen, ausgelöst von einzelnen Akteuren von Parteien oder seltener der Behörden. Insgesamt wurden die Wähler großem Druck ausgesetzt, wobei die Kenntnis des demokratischen Prozesses bei den Wählern hoch sei. Die Wahl sei dadurch letztlich nicht fair verlaufen. Die Europäische Union begrüßte die Bemühungen der armenischen Behörden um eine transparente und wettbewerbsorientierte Wahl sowie die Vielfalt der im Parlament vertretenen Parteien. Es seien noch weitere Anstrengungen nötig, damit die Wahlen demokratische Standards erfüllen, auch wenn Fortschritte gemacht wurden.

Am 18. Mai 2012 legte die HAK Beschwerde gegen das Wahlergebnis beim Verfassungsgericht ein, mit dem Ziel der Annullierung der Ergebnisse der Verhältniswahl. Am 31. Mai wies das Gericht die Beschwerde zurück.

Einzelnachweise

Armenien
2012

Parlamentswahl in Armenien 2012


HEC or hec may refer to:

Math and science
 Habitable Exoplanets Catalog
 HEC syndrome, a medical condition characterized by hydrocephalus, endocardial fibroelastosis and cataracts
 Highly emetogenic chemotherapy, a term for chemotherapy drugs associated with a high incidence of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting
 Hyperelliptic curve, a particular type of algebraic curve
 Hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, a test to measure insulin resistance
 Hydroxyethyl cellulose, a gelling and thickening agent derived from cellulose

Organizations
 Hautes Études Commerciales (disambiguation), French language business schools in Francophone countries
 Higher Education Commission (disambiguation)
 Hongkong Electric Company
 Hotel Ezra Cornell, Cornell Hotel School student-run Hospitality Leadership Conference
 Hydro Tasmania, previously known as the Hydro-Electric Commission
 Hyundai Engineering (HEC), a Korean firm founded in 1974

People

Nickname
 Hec Clouthier (born 1949), Canadian Member of Parliament
 Hec Crighton (fl. 1952–1986), Canadian Hall-of-Fame high school football coach
 Hec Cyre (1901–1971), Canadian-born National Football League player
 Hector Dyer (1910-1990), American sprinter
 Hec Edmundson (1886–1964), American basketball coach
 Hec Fowler (1892–1987), Canadian ice hockey player
 Art Garvey (1900-1973), American National Football League player
 Hec Gervais (1934–1997), Canadian curler
 Hec Highton (1923–1985), Canadian National Hockey League player
 Hector Hogan (1931-1960), Australian sprinter
 Hec Kilrea (1907–1969), Canadian National Hockey League player
 Hec Lalande (1934–2010), Canadian National Hockey League player
 Hector Lépine (1897-1951), Canadian National Hockey League player
 Hector Pothier (born 1954), former Canadian Football League player
 Hector Waller (1900-1942), Royal Australian Navy captain
 Hec Yeomans (1895-1968), Australian rules footballer

Given name (presumed)
 Hec Davidson (1908–1976), former Australian rules footballer
 Hec McKay (fl. 1904–1935), Australian rules footballer
 Hec Oakley (1909–1998), Australian cricketer

Other uses
 Hollerith Electronic Computer, Britain's first mass-produced business computer
 Header Error Control, a method used in some telecommunication protocols
 HDMI Ethernet Channel, technology that consolidates video, audio and data streams into a single HDMI cable
 the title character of Hec Ramsey, a television Western (1972–1974)
 Heckington railway station, England; National Rail station code HEC
 HEC-meeting, the Heart of Europe Bio-Crystallography Meeting
 Human equivalent concentration

Nicknames

HEC


Reacția Ullmann  sau cuplarea Ullmann este o reacție de cuplare ce are loc între halogenuri de aril (compuși halogenați aromatici) și cupru metalic. Reacția a fost denumită după chimistul german Fritz Ullmann.

Mecanism de reacție
Mecanism reacției Ullmann este intens studiat, însă complicații în descrierea acestuia apar datorită faptului că reacția se desfășoară în mediu eterogen, în special dacă se utilizează cupru metalic. Cel mai probabil există etape secvențiale de adiție oxidativă/eliminare reductivă. Specii de cupru trivalent au fost observate rar, însă au fost menționate pentru acest tip de cataliză. Se speculează că apar ca intermediari compuși organo-cuprici de cupru monovalent (I), precum ArCu și CuX, și de cupru divalent (II), precum ArCuX. Mai jos se regăsește mecanismul de obținere al bifenilului, plecând de la un  halogeno-benzen și cupru, reacție care are loc la 200 ° C:

Exemple
După cum s-a menționat, reacție de cuplare Ullmann ajută la obținerea unor compuși biarilici, precum este bifenilul Reacția este aplicabilă și unor derivați halogenați aromatici substituiți, precum nitroderivați:

Un alt exemplu de cuplare biarilică este conversia orto-cloronitrobenzenului la 2,2'-dinitrobifenil, reacție care se realizează cu un aliaj de cupru-bronz.

De asemenea, reacția se poate aplica și sub formă de policondensare:

Versiuni
Versiunea clasică a reacției Ullmann necesită condiții energetice de reacție și adesea evoluează cu randamente inconsecvente. Datorită acestor dezavantaje, au fost introduse multe variante alternative. Printre acestea se numără cuplările catalizate de nichel și paladiu, care necesită condiții mai blânde de reacție, însă randamentele sunt tot modeste. În sinteza organică reacția Ullmann a fost înlocuită de reacții de cuplare încrucișată realizate cu paladiu, precum: reacția Heck, cuplarea Hiyama și cuplarea Sonogashira.

Note

Vezi și
 Condensare Ullmann
 Reacție Wurtz-Fittig

Reacții de cuplare
Reacții de condensare
Ullmann

Reacție Ullmann


Paul Schmidt puede referirse a:

 Paul Schmidt (1898 - 1976), inventor alemán del pulsorreactor.
 Paul Schmidt, músico componente del grupo Mythos.
 Paul Schmidt, atleta alemán.
 Paul-Otto Schmidt (1899 - 1970), traductor diplomático alemán.
 Paul Felix Schmidt (1916 – 1984), maestro estonio de ajedrez.

Autores de nombres científicos
 P.Schmidt - Paul Schmidt 1846-, botánico

Paul Schmidt


Dzyanis Yur'evich Kowba ou Denis Yuriyevich Kovba - respectivamente, em bielorrusso, Дзяніс Юр'евіч Коўба e em russo, Денис Юрьевич Ковба (Vitebsk, 6 de setembro de 1979 – Moscou, 18 de novembro de 2021) foi um futebolista bielorrusso que atuava como volante. Seu último trabalho foi como auxiliar-técnico no Vitebsk, onde trabalhava desde 2018.

Carreira
Jogou a maior parte de sua carreira, iniciada em 1996, no Krylya Sovetov Samara, onde teve 2 passagens: a mais destacada foi entre 2000 e 2009, disputando 247 jogos e marcando 8 gols. Voltaria ao clube em 2010, mas disputou apenas 5 jogos.

Atuou também por Lokomotiv Vitebsk, Zirka Kirovohrad, Sparta Praga, Oleksandriya e Khimki, onde se aposentou pela primeira vez, em 2012. No ano seguinte, voltaria novamente ao Krylya Sovetov, desta vez como auxiliar-técnico, função que exerceria até 2018, quando foi para o Vitebsk, também como auxiliar.

Em 2021, voltou aos gramados para defender o Gorodok Lions, equipe das divisões inferiores de seu país.

Carreira internacional
Após jogar pela seleção Sub-21 da Bielorrússia, Kovba representou a equipe principal entre 2002 e 2007, atuando em 36 partidas e fazendo 2 gols, contra Turquia (amistoso, em 2004) e Eslovênia (eliminatórias da Eurocopa de 2008).

Morte
Kovba faleceu em 18 de novembro de 2021 em um hospital de Moscou, aos 42 anos. O ex-volante estava internado após ser diagnosticado com a COVID-19, não resistindo a complicações da doença.

Títulos
Sparta Praga
 Campeonato Tcheco: 2009–10

Links
 Perfil de Denis Kovba - OGol.com.br

Futebolistas da Bielorrússia
Futebolistas do AC Sparta Praha
Futebolistas do Krylia Sovetov
Jogadores da Seleção Bielorrussa de Futebol
Mortes por COVID-19 na Rússia
Naturais de Vitebsk

Denis Kovba


Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011, which successfully landed Curiosity, a Mars rover, in Gale Crater on August 6, 2012. The overall objectives include investigating Mars' habitability, studying its climate and geology, and collecting data for a human mission to Mars. The rover carries a variety of scientific instruments designed by an international team.

Overview

MSL successfully carried out the most accurate Martian landing of any known spacecraft at the time, hitting a small target landing ellipse of only , in the Aeolis Palus region of Gale Crater. In the event, MSL achieved a landing  east and  north of the center of the target. This location is near the mountain Aeolis Mons (a.k.a. "Mount Sharp"). The rover mission is set to explore for at least 687 Earth days (1 Martian year) over a range of .

The Mars Science Laboratory mission is part of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, a long-term effort for the robotic exploration of Mars that is managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory of California Institute of Technology. The total cost of the MSL project is about US$2.5 billion.

Previous successful U.S. Mars rovers include Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission and the Mars Exploration Rovers Spirit and Opportunity. Curiosity is about twice as long and five times as heavy as Spirit and Opportunity, and carries over ten times the mass of scientific instruments.

Goals and objectives

The MSL mission has four scientific goals: Determine the landing site's habitability including the role of water, the study of the climate and the geology of Mars. It is also useful preparation for a future human mission to Mars.

To contribute to these goals, MSL has eight main scientific objectives:
Biological
 (1) Determine the nature and inventory of organic carbon compounds
 (2) Investigate the chemical building blocks of life (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur)
 (3) Identify features that may represent the effects of biological processes (biosignatures)

Geological and geochemical
 (4) Investigate the chemical, isotopic, and mineralogical composition of the Martian surface and near-surface geological materials
 (5) Interpret the processes that have formed and modified rocks and soils

Planetary process
 (6) Assess long-timescale (i.e., 4-billion-year) Martian atmospheric evolution processes
 (7) Determine present state, distribution, and cycling of water and carbon dioxide

Surface radiation
 (8) Characterize the broad spectrum of surface radiation, including cosmic radiation, solar particle events and secondary neutrons. As part of its exploration, it also measured the radiation exposure in the interior of the spacecraft as it traveled to Mars, and it is continuing radiation measurements as it explores the surface of Mars. This data would be important for a future human mission.

About one year into the surface mission, and having assessed that ancient Mars could have been hospitable to microbial life, the MSL mission objectives evolved to developing predictive models for the preservation process of organic compounds and biomolecules; a branch of paleontology called taphonomy.

Specifications

Spacecraft

The spacecraft flight system had a mass at launch of , consisting of an Earth-Mars fueled cruise stage (), the entry-descent-landing (EDL) system ( including  of landing propellant), and a  mobile rover with an integrated instrument package.

The MSL spacecraft includes spaceflight-specific instruments, in addition to utilizing one of the rover instruments — Radiation assessment detector (RAD) — during the spaceflight transit to Mars.
 MSL EDL Instrument (MEDLI): The MEDLI project's main objective is to measure aerothermal environments, sub-surface heat shield material response, vehicle orientation, and atmospheric density. The MEDLI instrumentation suite was installed in the heatshield of the MSL entry vehicle. The acquired data will support future Mars missions by providing measured atmospheric data to validate Mars atmosphere models and clarify the lander design margins on future Mars missions. MEDLI instrumentation consists of three main subsystems: MEDLI Integrated Sensor Plugs (MISP), Mars Entry Atmospheric Data System (MEADS) and the Sensor Support Electronics (SSE).

Rover

Curiosity rover has a mass of , can travel up to  per hour on its six-wheeled rocker-bogie system, is powered by a multi-mission radioisotope thermoelectric generator (MMRTG), and communicates in both X band and UHF bands.
 Computers: The two identical on-board rover computers, called "Rover Compute Element" (RCE), contain radiation-hardened memory to tolerate the extreme radiation from space and to safeguard against power-off cycles. Each computer's memory includes 256 KB of EEPROM, 256 MB of DRAM, and 2 GB of flash memory. This compares to 3 MB of EEPROM, 128 MB of DRAM, and 256 MB of flash memory used in the Mars Exploration Rovers.

The RCE computers use the RAD750 CPU (a successor to the RAD6000 CPU used in the Mars Exploration Rovers) operating at 200 MHz. The RAD750 CPU is capable of up to 400 MIPS, while the RAD6000 CPU is capable of up to 35 MIPS. Of the two on-board computers, one is configured as backup, and will take over in the event of problems with the main computer.

The rover has an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) that provides 3-axis information on its position, which is used in rover navigation. The rover's computers are constantly self-monitoring to keep the rover operational, such as by regulating the rover's temperature. Activities such as taking pictures, driving, and operating the instruments are performed in a command sequence that is sent from the flight team to the rover.

The rover's computers run VxWorks, a real-time operating system from Wind River Systems. During the trip to Mars, VxWorks ran applications  dedicated to the navigation and guidance phase of the mission, and also had a pre-programmed software sequence for handling the complexity of the entry-descent-landing. Once landed, the applications were replaced with software for driving on the surface and performing scientific activities.

 Communications: Curiosity is equipped with several means of communication, for redundancy. An X band Small Deep Space Transponder for communication directly to Earth via the NASA Deep Space Network and a UHF Electra-Lite software-defined radio for communicating with Mars orbiters.  The X-band system has one radio, with a 15 W power amplifier, and two antennas: a low-gain omnidirectional antenna that can communicate with Earth at very low data rates (15 bit/s at maximum range), regardless of rover orientation, and a high-gain antenna that can communicate at speeds up to 32 kbit/s, but must be aimed. The UHF system has two radios (approximately 9 W transmit power), sharing one omnidirectional antenna. This can communicate with the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) and 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter (ODY) at speeds up to 2 Mbit/s and 256 kbit/s, respectively, but each orbiter is only able to communicate with Curiosity for about 8 minutes per day.  The orbiters have larger antennas and more powerful radios, and can relay data to Earth faster than the rover could do directly. Therefore most of the data returned by Curiosity (MSL) is via the UHF relay links with MRO and ODY. The data return during the first 10 days was approximately 31 megabytes per day.

Typically 225 kbit/day of commands are transmitted to the rover directly from Earth, at a data rate of 1–2 kbit/s, during a 15-minute (900 second) transmit window, while the larger volumes of data collected by the rover are returned via satellite relay.  The one-way communication delay with Earth varies from 4 to 22 minutes, depending on the planets' relative positions, with 12.5 minutes being the average.

At landing, telemetry was monitored by the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and ESA's Mars Express. Odyssey is capable of relaying UHF telemetry back to Earth in real time. The relay time varies with the distance between the two planets and took 13:46 minutes at the time of landing.
 Mobility systems:  Curiosity is equipped with six wheels in a rocker-bogie suspension, which also served as landing gear for the vehicle, unlike its smaller predecessors. The wheels are significantly larger ( diameter) than those used on previous rovers. Each wheel has cleats and is independently actuated and geared, providing for climbing in soft sand and scrambling over rocks. The four corner wheels can be independently steered, allowing the vehicle to turn in place as well as execute arcing turns. Each wheel has a pattern that helps it maintain traction and leaves patterned tracks in the sandy surface of Mars. That pattern is used by on-board cameras to judge the distance traveled. The pattern itself is Morse code for "JPL" (•−−− •−−• •−••). Based on the center of mass, the vehicle can withstand a tilt of at least 50 degrees in any direction without overturning, but automatic sensors will limit the rover from exceeding 30-degree tilts.

Instruments

The general analysis strategy begins with high resolution cameras to look for features of interest. If a particular surface is of interest, Curiosity can vaporize a small portion of it with an infrared laser and examine the resulting spectra signature to query the rock's elemental composition. If that signature intrigues, the rover will use its long arm to swing over a microscope and an X-ray spectrometer to take a closer look. If the specimen warrants further analysis, Curiosity can drill into the boulder and deliver a powdered sample to either the SAM or the CheMin analytical laboratories inside the rover.
 Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer (APXS): This device can irradiate samples with alpha particles and map the spectra of X-rays that are re-emitted for determining the elemental composition of samples.
 CheMin: CheMin is short for 'Chemistry and Mineralogy', and it is an X-ray diffraction and X-ray fluorescence analyzer. It will identify and quantify the minerals present in rocks and soil and thereby assess the involvement of water in their formation, deposition, or alteration. In addition, CheMin data will be useful in the search for potential mineral biosignatures, energy sources for life or indicators for past habitable environments.
 Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM): The SAM instrument suite will analyze organics and gases from both atmospheric and solid samples. This include oxygen and carbon isotope ratios in carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) in the atmosphere of Mars in order to distinguish between their geochemical or biological origin.

 Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD): This instrument was the first of ten MSL instruments to be turned on. Both en route and on the planet's surface, it will characterize the broad spectrum of radiation encountered in the Martian environment. Turned on after launch, it recorded several radiation spikes caused by the Sun. On May 31, 2013, NASA scientists reported that a possible human mission to Mars may involve a great radiation risk based on the amount of energetic particle radiation detected by the RAD on the Mars Science Laboratory while traveling from the Earth to Mars in 2011–2012.

 Dynamic Albedo of Neutrons (DAN): A pulsed neutron source and detector for measuring hydrogen or ice and water at or near the Martian surface. On August 18, 2012 (sol ) the Russian science instrument, DAN, was turned on, marking the success of a Russian-American collaboration on the surface of Mars and the first working Russian science instrument on the Martian surface since Mars 3 stopped transmitting over forty years ago. The instrument is designed to detect subsurface water.
 Rover Environmental Monitoring Station (REMS): Meteorological package and an ultraviolet sensor provided by Spain and Finland. It measures humidity, pressure, temperatures, wind speeds, and ultraviolet radiation.
 Cameras: Curiosity has seventeen cameras overall. 12 engineering cameras (Hazcams and Navcams) and five science cameras. MAHLI, MARDI, and MastCam cameras were developed by Malin Space Science Systems and they all share common design components, such as on-board electronic imaging processing boxes, 1600×1200 CCDs, and a RGB Bayer pattern filter.
 MastCam: This system provides multiple spectra and true-color imaging with two cameras.
 Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI): This system consists of a camera mounted to a robotic arm on the rover, used to acquire microscopic images of rock and soil. It has white and ultraviolet LEDs for illumination.
 ChemCam: Designed by Roger Wiens  is a system of remote sensing instruments used to erode the Martian surface up to 10 meters away and measure the different components that make up the land. The payload includes the first laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system to be used for planetary science, and Curiosity fifth science camera, the remote micro-imager (RMI). The RMI provides black-and-white images at 1024×1024 resolution in a 0.02 radian (1.1-degree) field of view.  This is approximately equivalent to a 1500 mm lens on a 35 mm camera.

 Mars Descent Imager (MARDI): During part of the descent to the Martian surface, MARDI acquired 4 color images per second, at 1600×1200 pixels, with a 0.9-millisecond exposure time. Images were taken 4 times per second, starting shortly before heatshield separation at 3.7 km altitude, until a few seconds after touchdown. This provided engineering information about both the motion of the rover during the descent process, and science information about the terrain immediately surrounding the rover. NASA descoped MARDI in 2007, but Malin Space Science Systems contributed it with its own resources. After landing it could take  per pixel views of the surface, the first of these post-landing photos were taken by August 27, 2012 (sol ).
 Engineering cameras: There are 12 additional cameras that support mobility:
 Hazard avoidance cameras (Hazcams): The rover has a pair of black and white navigation cameras (Hazcams) located on each of its four corners.  These provide closed-up views of potential obstacles about to go under the wheels.
 Navigation cameras (Navcams): The rover uses two pairs of black and white navigation cameras mounted on the mast to support ground navigation.  These provide a longer-distance view of the terrain ahead.

History

The Mars Science Laboratory was recommended by United States National Research Council Decadal Survey committee as the top priority middle-class Mars mission in 2003. NASA called for proposals for the rover's scientific instruments in April 2004, and eight proposals were selected on December 14 of that year. Testing and design of components also began in late 2004, including Aerojet's designing of a monopropellant engine with the ability to throttle from 15–100 percent thrust with a fixed propellant inlet pressure.

Cost overruns, delays, and launch
By November 2008 most hardware and software development was complete, and testing continued. At this point, cost overruns were approximately $400 million. In the attempts to meet the launch date, several instruments and a cache for samples were removed and other instruments and cameras were simplified to simplify testing and integration of the rover. The next month, NASA delayed the launch to late 2011 because of inadequate testing time. Eventually the costs for developing the rover reached $2.47 billion, that for a rover that initially had been classified as a medium-cost mission with a maximum budget of $650 million, yet NASA still had to ask for an additional $82 million to meet the planned November launch. As of 2012, the project suffered an 84 percent overrun.

MSL launched on an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral on November 26, 2011. On January 11, 2012, the spacecraft successfully refined its trajectory with a three-hour series of thruster-engine firings, advancing the rover's landing time by about 14 hours. When MSL was launched, the program's director was Doug McCuistion of NASA's Planetary Science Division.

Curiosity successfully landed in the Gale Crater at 05:17:57.3 UTC on August 6, 2012, and transmitted Hazcam images confirming orientation. Due to the Mars-Earth distance at the time of landing and the limited speed of radio signals, the landing was not registered on Earth for another 14 minutes. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter sent a photograph of Curiosity descending under its parachute, taken by its HiRISE camera, during the landing procedure.

Six senior members of the Curiosity team presented a news conference a few hours after landing, they were: John Grunsfeld, NASA associate administrator; Charles Elachi, director, JPL; Peter Theisinger, MSL project manager; Richard Cook, MSL deputy project manager; Adam Steltzner, MSL entry, descent and landing (EDL) lead; and John Grotzinger, MSL project scientist.

Naming
Between March 23 and 29, 2009, the general public ranked nine finalist rover names (Adventure, Amelia, Journey, Perception, Pursuit, Sunrise, Vision, Wonder, and Curiosity) through a public poll on the NASA website. On May 27, 2009, the winning name was announced to be Curiosity. The name had been submitted in an essay contest by Clara Ma, a sixth-grader from Kansas.

Landing site selection

Over 60 landing sites were evaluated, and by July 2011 Gale crater was chosen. A primary goal when selecting the landing site was to identify a particular geologic environment, or set of environments, that would support microbial life. Planners looked for a site that could contribute to a wide variety of possible science objectives. They preferred a landing site with both morphologic and mineralogical evidence for past water. Furthermore, a site with spectra indicating multiple hydrated minerals was preferred; clay minerals and sulfate salts would constitute a rich site. Hematite, other iron oxides, sulfate minerals, silicate minerals, silica, and possibly chloride minerals were suggested as possible substrates for fossil preservation. Indeed, all are known to facilitate the preservation of fossil morphologies and molecules on Earth. Difficult terrain was favored for finding evidence of livable conditions, but the rover must be able to safely reach the site and drive within it.

Engineering constraints called for a landing site less than 45° from the Martian equator, and less than 1 km above the reference datum.  At the first MSL Landing Site workshop, 33 potential landing sites were identified. By the end of the second workshop in late 2007, the list was reduced to six; in November 2008, project leaders at a third workshop reduced the list to these four landing sites:

A fourth landing site workshop was held in late September 2010, and the fifth and final workshop May 16–18, 2011. On July 22, 2011, it was announced that Gale Crater had been selected as the landing site of the Mars Science Laboratory mission.

Launch

Launch vehicle
The Atlas V launch vehicle is capable of launching up to  to geostationary transfer orbit. The Atlas V was also used to launch the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the New Horizons probe.

The first and second stages, along with the solid rocket motors, were stacked on October 9, 2011, near the launch pad. The fairing containing MSL was transported to the launch pad on November 3, 2011.

Launch event
MSL was launched from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Space Launch Complex 41 on November 26, 2011, at 15:02 UTC via the Atlas V 541 provided by United Launch Alliance. This two stage rocket includes a  Common Core Booster (CCB) powered by one RD-180 engine, four solid rocket boosters (SRB), and one Centaur second stage with a  diameter payload fairing. The NASA Launch Services Program coordinated the launch via the NASA Launch Services (NLS) I Contract.

Cruise

Cruise stage
The cruise stage carried the MSL spacecraft through the void of space and delivered it to Mars. The interplanetary trip covered the distance of 352 million miles in 253 days. The cruise stage has its own miniature propulsion system, consisting of eight thrusters using hydrazine fuel in two titanium tanks. It also has its own electric power system, consisting of a solar array and battery for providing continuous power. Upon reaching Mars, the spacecraft stopped spinning and a cable cutter separated the cruise stage from the aeroshell. Then the cruise stage was diverted into a separate trajectory into the atmosphere. In December 2012, the debris field from the cruise stage was located by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Since the initial size, velocity, density and impact angle of the hardware are known, it will provide information on impact processes on the Mars surface and atmospheric properties.

Mars transfer orbit
The MSL spacecraft departed Earth orbit and was inserted into a heliocentric Mars transfer orbit on November 26, 2011, shortly after launch, by the Centaur upper stage of the Atlas V launch vehicle.  Prior to Centaur separation, the spacecraft was spin-stabilized at 2 rpm for attitude control during the  cruise to Mars.

During cruise, eight thrusters arranged in two clusters were used as actuators to control spin rate and perform axial or lateral trajectory correction maneuvers.  By spinning about its central axis, it maintained a stable attitude.  Along the way, the cruise stage performed four trajectory correction maneuvers to adjust the spacecraft's path toward its landing site. Information was sent to mission controllers via two X-band antennas. A key task of the cruise stage was to control the temperature of all spacecraft systems and dissipate the heat generated by power sources, such as solar cells and motors, into space. In some systems, insulating blankets kept sensitive science instruments warmer than the near-absolute zero temperature of space. Thermostats monitored temperatures and switched heating and cooling systems on or off as needed.

Entry, descent and landing (EDL)

EDL spacecraft system

Landing a large mass on Mars is particularly challenging as the atmosphere is too thin for parachutes and aerobraking alone to be effective, while remaining thick enough to create stability and impingement problems when decelerating with retrorockets. Although some previous missions have used airbags to cushion the shock of landing, the Curiosity rover is too heavy for this to be an option. Instead, Curiosity was set down on the Martian surface using a new high-accuracy entry, descent, and landing (EDL) system that was part of the MSL spacecraft descent stage. The mass of this EDL system, including parachute, sky crane, fuel and aeroshell, is . The novel EDL system placed Curiosity within a  landing ellipse, in contrast to the  landing ellipse of the landing systems used by the Mars Exploration Rovers.

The entry-descent-landing (EDL) system differs from those used for other missions in that it does not require an interactive, ground-generated mission plan. During the entire landing phase, the vehicle acts autonomously, based on pre-loaded software and parameters. The EDL system was based on a Viking-derived aeroshell structure and propulsion system for a precision guided entry and soft landing, in contrasts with the airbag landings that were used in the mid-1990s by the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover missions. The spacecraft employed several systems in a precise order, with the entry, descent and landing sequence broken down into four parts—described below as the spaceflight events unfolded on August 6, 2012.

EDL event–August 6, 2012

Despite its late hour, particularly on the east coast of the United States where it was 1:31 a.m., the landing generated significant public interest. 3.2 million watched the landing live with most watching online instead of on television via NASA TV or cable news networks covering the event live. The final landing place for the rover was less than   from its target after a  journey. In addition to streaming and traditional video viewing, JPL made Eyes on the Solar System, a three-dimensional real time simulation of entry, descent and landing based on real data. Curiosity touchdown time as represented in the software, based on JPL predictions, was less than 1 second different from reality.

The EDL phase of the MSL spaceflight mission to Mars took only seven minutes and unfolded automatically, as programmed by JPL engineers in advance, in a precise order, with the entry, descent and landing sequence occurring in four distinct event phases:

Guided entry

Precision guided entry made use of onboard computing ability to steer itself toward the pre-determined landing site, improving landing accuracy from a range of hundreds of kilometers to . This capability helped remove some of the uncertainties of landing hazards that might be present in larger landing ellipses. Steering was achieved by the combined use of thrusters and ejectable balance masses. The ejectable balance masses shift the capsule center of mass enabling generation of a lift vector during the atmospheric phase. A navigation computer integrated the measurements to estimate the position and attitude of the capsule that generated automated torque commands. This was the first planetary mission to use precision landing techniques.

The rover was folded up within an aeroshell that protected it during the travel through space and during the atmospheric entry at Mars. Ten minutes before atmospheric entry the aeroshell separated from the cruise stage that provided power, communications and propulsion during the long flight to Mars. One minute after separation from the cruise stage thrusters on the aeroshell fired to cancel out the spacecraft's 2-rpm rotation and achieved an orientation with the heat shield facing Mars in preparation for Atmospheric entry. The heat shield is made of phenolic impregnated carbon ablator (PICA). The  diameter heat shield, which is the largest heat shield ever flown in space, reduced the velocity of the spacecraft by ablation against the Martian atmosphere, from the atmospheric interface velocity of approximately  down to approximately , where parachute deployment was possible about four minutes later. One minute and 15 seconds after entry the heat shield experienced peak temperatures of up to  as atmospheric pressure converted kinetic energy into heat. Ten seconds after peak heating, that deceleration peaked out at 15 g.

Much of the reduction of the landing precision error was accomplished by an entry guidance algorithm, derived from the algorithm used for guidance of the Apollo Command Modules returning to Earth in the Apollo program. This guidance uses the lifting force experienced by the aeroshell to "fly out" any detected error in range and thereby arrive at the targeted landing site. In order for the aeroshell to have lift, its center of mass is offset from the axial centerline that results in an off-center trim angle in atmospheric flight. This was accomplished by ejecting ballast masses consisting of two  tungsten weights minutes before atmospheric entry. The lift vector was controlled by four sets of two reaction control system (RCS) thrusters that produced approximately  of thrust per pair. This ability to change the pointing of the direction of lift allowed the spacecraft to react to the ambient environment, and steer toward the landing zone. Prior to parachute deployment the entry vehicle ejected more ballast mass consisting of six  tungsten weights such that the center of gravity offset was removed.

Parachute descent

When the entry phase was complete and the capsule slowed to about  at about  altitude, the supersonic parachute deployed, as was done by previous landers such as Viking, Mars Pathfinder and the Mars Exploration Rovers. The parachute has 80 suspension lines, is over  long, and is about  in diameter. Capable of being deployed at Mach 2.2, the parachute can generate up to  of drag force in the Martian atmosphere. After the parachute was deployed, the heat shield separated and fell away. A camera beneath the rover acquired about 5 frames per second (with resolution of 1600×1200 pixels) below  during a period of about 2 minutes until the rover sensors confirmed successful landing. The Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter team were able to acquire an image of the MSL descending under the parachute.

Powered descent

Following the parachute braking, at about  altitude, still travelling at about , the rover and descent stage dropped out of the aeroshell. The descent stage is a platform above the rover with eight variable thrust monopropellant hydrazine rocket thrusters on arms extending around this platform to slow the descent. Each rocket thruster, called a Mars Lander Engine (MLE), produces  of thrust and were derived from those used on the Viking landers. A radar altimeter measured altitude and velocity, feeding data to the rover's flight computer. Meanwhile, the rover transformed from its stowed flight configuration to a landing configuration while being lowered beneath the descent stage by the "sky crane" system.

Sky crane

For several reasons, a different landing system was chosen for MSL compared to previous Mars landers and rovers. Curiosity was considered too heavy to use the airbag landing system as used on the Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rovers. A legged lander approach would have caused several design problems. It would have needed to have engines high enough above the ground when landing not to form a dust cloud that could damage the rover's instruments. This would have required long landing legs that would need to have significant width to keep the center of gravity low. A legged lander would have also required ramps so the rover could drive down to the surface, which would have incurred extra risk to the mission on the chance rocks or tilt would prevent Curiosity from being able to drive off the lander successfully. Faced with these challenges, the MSL engineers came up with a novel alternative solution: the sky crane. The sky crane system lowered the rover with a  tether to a soft landing—wheels down—on the surface of Mars. This system consists of a bridle lowering the rover on three nylon tethers and an electrical cable carrying information and power between the descent stage and rover. As the support and data cables unreeled, the rover's six motorized wheels snapped into position. At roughly  below the descent stage the sky crane system slowed to a halt and the rover touched down. After the rover touched down, it waited two seconds to confirm that it was on solid ground by detecting the weight on the wheels and fired several pyros (small explosive devices) activating cable cutters on the bridle and umbilical cords to free itself from the descent stage. The descent stage then flew away to a crash landing   away. The sky crane concept had never been used in missions before.

Landing site

Gale Crater is the MSL landing site. Within Gale Crater is a mountain, named Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), of layered rocks, rising about  above the crater floor, that Curiosity will investigate. The landing site is a smooth region in "Yellowknife" Quad 51 of Aeolis Palus inside the crater in front of the mountain. The target landing site location was an elliptical area . Gale Crater's diameter is .

The landing location for the rover was less than  from the center of the planned landing ellipse, after a  journey.  NASA named the rover landing site Bradbury Landing on sol , August 22, 2012. According to NASA, an estimated 20,000 to 40,000 heat-resistant bacterial spores were on Curiosity at launch, and as much as 1,000 times that number may not have been counted.

Media

Videos

Images

See also

 Camera, hand lens, and microscope probe

 Exploration of Mars

References

Further reading

 —overview article about the MSL, landing site, and instrumentation

External links

 MSL Home Page
 Scientific Publications by MSL Team Members (PDF)
 MSL – Media Press Kit (November, 2011) (PDF)
 Image Gallery
 MSL – NASA/JPL News Channel Videos
 MSL – Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) – Animated Video (02:00)
 MSL – NASA Updates – *REPLAY* Anytime (NASA-YouTube)
 MSL – "Curiosity Lands" (08/06/2012) – NASA/JPL – Video (03:40)
 Descent video sim&real/narrated, MSL real time/25fps, all/4fp, HiRise
 MSL – Landing ("7 Minutes of Terror")
 MSL – Landing Site – Gale Crater – Animated/Narrated Video (02:37)
 MSL – Mission Summary – Animated/Extended Video (11:20)
 MSL – "Curiosity Launch" (11/26/2011) – NASA/Kennedy – Video (04:00)
 MSL – NASA/JPL Virtual Tour – Rover
 MSL – Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) – Timeline/ieee
 MSL – Entry, Descent & Landing (EDL) – Description. (PDF)
 MSL – Pre-Launch Preparations at KSC (Hi-Res Images & Spherical Panoramas)
 MSL – Raw Images, Listing by JPL (official)

Mars Exploration Program
Space probes launched in 2011
2011 in Florida
NASA space probes
Missions to Mars
Mars rovers
Articles containing video clips
Soft landings on Mars
Astrobiology space missions

Mars Science Laboratory


Memeliler (), hayvanlar aleminin insanların da dâhil olduğu, dişilerinde bulunan meme bezleri ve hem dişi hem erkek bireylerinde bulunan ter bezleri, kıl, işitmede kullanılan üç orta kulak kemiği ve beyinde yer alan neokorteks bölgesi ile ayrılan bir omurgalı sınıfıdır.

Dünya üzerinde yaklaşık 6500 memeli türü bulunur. Bunların 200 kadarı Avrupa'da görülebilir, Türkiye ise tek başına yaklaşık 170 memeli türü barındırmaktadır. Çift ve karmaşık dolaşım sistemine sahip, sabit vücut sıcaklıklı hayvanlardır. Vücutları genellikle kıllarla örtülüdür. Genç bireyler anne sütü ile beslenirler. Genellikle bacak şeklinde oluşmuş dört üyeleri vardır. Solunumda diyafram kullanırlar. Alt çeneleri bir çift kemikten oluşmuştur; orta kulaktaki kemikler üç parçalı olup kulak zarı ve iç kulakla bağıntılıdır. Hemen hemen hepsinde yedi boyun omuru vardır.

Memeliler, sıcak kanlı yaratıklardır. Yani vücut sıcaklıkları genel olarak çevre koşullarından bağımsızdır. Bu ısı yalıtkanlığını sağlamak için ise toplam ürettikleri enerjinin %80'ini harcarlar. Vücutları kıllarla kaplıdır ki, bu doku bazı türlerde dikenli bir hâl alabilir (örneğin kirpi) ya da azalıp neredeyse pürüzsüz hâle gelebilir; insan, yunus ve balinalarda olduğu gibi. Theria alt sınıfı doğurarak çoğalırken Prototheria alt sınıfı yumurtlayarak çoğalır.

Yavru memeliler, genel olarak belirli bir gelişim evresini tamamlayıncaya kadar annelerinin karnında taşınır. Doğum sırasında yavrunun gelişmişliği memeli türüne göre değişkenlik gösterir. Kör (ve genelde çıplak) doğan ve bazen yıllarca annesi tarafından yetiştirilen memeli türleri olduğu gibi, doğumun ardından kısa süre içinde koşmaya ya da yüzmeye başlayan memeli türleri de vardır. Ancak genel olarak memelilerde, yavruların belirli bir süre anne tarafından bakımı zorunludur. Dişi memeli, yavrusunu bebeğin gelişimi için gerekli bileşenleri içeren zengin içerikli sütü ile besler.

Memelilerin vücut büyüklükleri değişkendir. En küçük memeli, bir böcekçil olan yabanarısı yarasası (Craseonycteris thonglongyai - ortalama 3 cm, 1 gr); en büyük memeli ise mavi balinadır (Balaenoptera musculus - ortalama 35 m, 120 ton). Memeli vücudu, sıcak veya soğuk iklim koşulları ile mücadele için de farklı özelliklere sahiptir. Karasal memeliler için kalın bir kış kürkü, deniz memelileri için deri altında kalın bir yağ tabakası veya yağlanmış bir kürk bu mücadelenin silahlarıdır. Bazı memeliler de kış uykusuna yatarak, bu dönemi enerjiden tasarruf ederek geçirir. Yiyeceğin bol olduğu dönemde vücudunda depoladığı fazladan kalorileri, yiyeceğin kıt olduğu bu dönemde 'uyku' durumunda iken yakar. (Sincaplar, ayılar ve porsuklarda olduğu gibi.) Bu durum gerçek bir kış uykusu hâlini de alabilir (yediuyurlar ya da yarasalarda olduğu gibi) yani bu süre içinde canlılar, yaşamsal faaliyetlerini ve vücut sıcaklıklarını minimuma indirirler.

Bazı memeli türleri insanlar tarafından evcilleştirilmiştir ve yabani türleri ortadan kalkmış ya da çok az kalmıştır. (İnek, at, koyun gibi.)

Sistematik
Memelilerin familya seviyesine kadar sınıflandırılması için buraya bakınız: Memelilerin sınıflandırılması

 Altsınıf:
 Takım:
 Altsınıf:
 İnfra sınıf:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 İnfra sınıf:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım: †
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:
 Takım:

Moleküler DNA incelemeleri sonucunda oluşturulmuş bir kladogram şu şekilde gösterilebilir:

Ayrıca bakınız
Memelilerin evrimi
Memeli cinsleri listesi

Kaynakça

Kitap

Dış bağlantılar

Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar
1758'de tanımlanan taksonlar

Memeliler


Mark Anthony Weir (Gloucester, 19 de septiembre de 1967) es un luchador profesional británico de artes marciales mixtas que compite en la división de la categoría de 185 libras. Ha competido en el Ultimate Fighting Championship, y el Campeonato de Pride Fighting, de peso medio.

Biografía
Mark Weir residee en Hempsted, Inglaterra, con su esposa Michelle y sus tres hijos, Tamara, Lyle & Mya. Weir transmite sus conocimientos a la próxima generación de su familia, como dijo una vez de su hija que "Tamara ya está ejerciendo la carrera en artes marciales recogiendo algunas de las habilidades".

Carrera
Weir comenzó su entrenamiento en artes marciales practicando judo y boxeo, pero más adelante cambió por el taekwondo porque su madre no quería que ejereciera en cuadro de tiempo completo. Obtuvo su cinturón negro en taekwondo en 1988 junto al Maestro Hee Il Cho, y luego pasó a obtener victorias en los campeonatos del mundo en 1988 y 1991. Weir subió de peso semipesado a pesado en más de las dos competiciones.

Weir tuvo quizás su éxito más notable en el Ultimate Fighting Championship. El 13 de julio de 2002, noqueó a Eugene Jackson en 10 segundos en el UFC 38. Oportunamente, también era la primera vez que en el UFC había celebrado en Inglaterra, con una serie de artistas marciales mixtas británicos compitiendo junto a Weir en el Royal Albert Hall. Se consideró un campeón invicto del mundo antiguo en el Tae Kwon Do y Kickboxing, Mark Weir ha sido reconocido por su capacidad técnica de patadas y puñetazos.

Referencias
 'A Day in the Life Of…', Helen Blow, ''The Citizen'', February 4, 1999
 'Scott hopes for a box office hit', Annelisa Macaulay-Lowe, ''The Citizen'', August 19, 1999
 'Scott's a dead ringer for a film mogul', ''The Citizen'', September 3, 2001
 'Horton is choked at loss', ''The Citizen'', October 27, 2000
 XFUK Profile
 'Horton is choked at loss', ''The Citizen'', October 27, 2000
 UCMMA Events

Practicantes de artes marciales mixtas del Reino Unido
Nacidos en Gloucester

Mark Weir


Das Flender Werke Frachtmotorschiff 10.000 tdw war ein universell einsetzbarer Stückgutschiffstyp der Lübecker Flender-Werke. Gebaut wurde er in den Jahren 1951 bis 1958 in elf Einheiten.

Geschichte
In den 1950er Jahren schufen die Flender-Werke einen Schiffsentwurf, der gleichermaßen in der Tramp- und Linienfahrt und zum Transport von Schüttgütern und Stückgütern geeignet war. Gebaut wurde die Serie in neun Einheiten für verschiedene deutsche Reedereien. 1951 lieferte die Werft das Typschiff Elsbeth Wiards an die Hamburger Reederei Adolf Wiards & Co. ab. Bis 1958 folgten acht Neubauten des Typs mit 10.000 Tonnen Tragfähigkeit, deren Daten bei späteren Bauversionen zum Teil leicht abwichen.

Technik
Die rund 147 Meter langen und 18,20 Meter auf Spanten breiten Schiffe besaßen fünf Laderäume mit einem Schüttgutvolumen von 16.868 m3. Die verbauten MAN K5Z 70/120 Hauptmotoren mit 3000 PS erlaubten eine Geschwindigkeit von etwa 12 Knoten, spätere Bauten erhielten überwiegend leistungsstärkere Motoren der Typen MAN K5Z 70/120A mit 3300 PS, bzw. MAN K6Z 70/120 mit 3600 oder 4000 PS, die höhere Geschwindigkeiten erlaubten. Der Grundentwurf der Schiffe mit mittschiffs liegenden Aufbauten und dem konventionellen Ladegeschirr unterschied sich nicht grundlegend von zeitgenössischen Linienfrachtern wie beispielsweise dem Typ Emden.

Die Schiffe (Auswahl)

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Frachtschiffstyp


فيروس تبرقش الخيار  هو أحد الفيروسات النباتية. ينتمي إلى جنس فيروس الخيار  من فصيلة الفيروسات المنتنة .

يصيب هذا الفيروس عدداً أكبر من النباتات من أي فيروس آخر، حيث يمتلك 191 مضيفاً (عائلاً) ضمن 40 فصيلة

طرق الانتقال
ينتقل هذا المرض عن طريق المن وينتشر بدرجة أقل بالوسائل الميكانيكية مثل لمس النباتات. يمكنه الانتقال أيضاً عن طريق نبات الحامول.

أعراض الإصابة
تتنوع مظاهر الإصابة على النبات حيث تتبرقش الأوراق وتأخذ لوناً أخضراً باهتاً وتكون جلدية المظهر مع ظهور مساحات كبيرة ميتة على الأوراق المسنة وفي نفس الوقت تختزل الأوراق الصغيرة في الحجم وتصبح ضيقة ويتقزم النبات.

البازيلاء
تظهر الأعراض على الثمار غير الناضجة في صورة بقع صفراء شاحبة اللون أو تقرحات دائرية سوداء غاطسة كما تتشوه الثمار وتصبح ذات سطح متعرج لونه أخضر باهت.

أهم العوائل
 الخيار
 البازيلاء
 اللوبياء
 فول الصويا
 الفول السوداني
 السبانخ

مصادر

أمراض ومسببات أمراض النبات الفيروسية
فيروسات منتنة
تبرقش الخيار

فيروس تبرقش الخيار


Joseph Dehergne est un prêtre jésuite, missionnaire, historien et bibliographe français né le  à La Gaubretière et mort le  à Carquefou.

Biographie
Joseph Dehergne est le fils d'Edmond Dehergne, notaire à La Gaubretière, et de Léonie Grolleau. En 1921, il entre au grand séminaire de Luçon, puis devient novice jésuite en 1925 à Beaumont-sur-Oise. Il est ordonné prêtre à Paris en 1934. Envoyé en Chine en 1936, il devient enseignant d'histoire et de français à l'Université l'Aurore (Shanghai) deux ans plus tard. Il publie divers articles, notamment dans le Bulletin de l'Université l'Aurore.

Expulsé de Chine en 1951, il rentre en France et devient bibliothécaire puis archiviste de la province jésuite de Paris à la maison d'études à Chantilly. Il est diplômé de l'École pratique des hautes études en 1959 sur son étude sur Le Bas Poitou à la veille de la Révolution, pour laquelle il reçoit un prix de l'Académie française. Il obtient ensuite un doctorat à l'Université de Paris en 1965.

En 1974, avec Henri Bernard-Maître, il fonde le Colloque international de sinologie triennal, à Chantilly, dont il rédige les actes des trois premières rencontres.

Il meurt à l'hôpital de La Seilleraye, à Carquefou, près de Nantes.

Publications
Une grande collection (1983)
Lettres annuelles et sources complémentaires des missions jésuites de Chine (Suite) (1982)
Juifs de Chine (à travers la correspondance inédite des Jésuites du XVIIIe siècle) (1981)
L'Exposé des Jésuites de Pékin sur le culte des ancêtres présenté à l'empereur K'ang Hi en novembre 1700 (1980)
Un problème ardu : le nom de Dieu en chinois, Les Travaux de Ruggieri sur la catéchèse (1980)
Les Lettres annuelles des missions jésuites de Chine au temps des Ming, 1581-1644 (1980)
Notice sur l'histoire des Missions de Chine (1552-1800) aux Archives des Jésuites de Paris (1979)
Zi-ka-weī, l'observatoire des cyclones (1976)
La Chine du Sud-Est, Guangxi (Kwangsi) et Guangdong (Kuwangtung) (1976)
Documents sur l'histoire du 18e siècle conservés aux archives des Jésuites de la province de Paris (1976)
Henri Bernard-Maître, choix d'articles et de livres écrits par lui sur l'Extrême-Orient (1976)
Le Colloque international de sinologie de Chantilly (1974)
Les Historiens jésuites du Taoisme (1974)
Archives des jésuites de la Province de Paris (ASJP).... Inventaire de la Mission de Chine aux XVIe, XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, Publié à l'occasion du Colloque sur l'influence de la Chine dans l'Europe des lumières, Chantilly, 20-22 septembre 1974 (1974)
Le Père Hubert du Manoir de Jauye, S. J. (1894-1973) (1973)
Pour une édition critique des "Lettres édifiantes" : les lettres concernant la Chine (1973)
La Mission du Kiang-nan (Chine) pendant les deux premiers siècles de l'époque moderne, 1599-1800 (1971)
Note sur le recrutement géographique des jésuites de la Province de France de 1745 à la suppression de 1762 (1970)
La Bibliothèque des jésuites français de Pékin au premier tiers du XVIIIe siècle (1969)
Les Archives des Jésuites de Paris et l'histoire des Missions aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles (1968)
Bibliographie du Bas Poitou à la veille de la Révolution, principaux (1965)
Voyageurs chinois venus à Paris au temps de la marine à voiles et l'influence de la Chine sur la littérature française du XVIIIe siècle (1964)
Le Bas Poitou à la veille de la Révolution (1963)
Les Biens de la Maison française de Pékin en 1776-1778 (1961)
Les cartes continen (1958)
Une vie illustrée de Notre-Seigneur au temps des Ming (1958)
Les Chrétientés de Chine de la période Ming, 1581-1650 (1957)
Les Missions du nord de la Chine vers 1700, étude de géographie missionnaire (1955)
Un Shanghaien illustre : Ou Yu-chan, peintre et poète (1632-1718) (1949)
L'Église de Chine au tournant (1924-1949). Le Milieu. Les Cadres. Les Œuvres. L'Histoire. Essai bibliographique partiellement annoté (1949)
Israel à Shanghai : les communautés juives (1948)
Le père Gaubil et ses correspondants, 1689-1759 (1944)
L'Île Formose au XVIIe siècle (1941)
Les Origines du christianisme dans l'île de Hainan () (1940)
Les Vendéens, 1793. La "Grande armée". La vie régionale (1939)

Sources
Biographical Dictionary of Christian Missions, 1999
Joël Pérocheau, Dictionnaire historique des Vendéens célèbres, 1994

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1903
Décès en janvier 1990
Prêtre catholique français du XXe siècle
Historien français du XXe siècle
Naissance en Vendée
Décès à Carquefou
Missionnaire catholique français en Chine
Lauréat du prix Thérouanne
Étudiant de l'université de Paris
Élève de l'École pratique des hautes études
Archiviste français
Professeur français de lettres
Jésuite français
Bibliographe français
Décès à 86 ans

Joseph Dehergne


Abdülkerim Kasım, (, d. 1914, Bağdat - ö. 9 Şubat 1963, Bağdat), Iraklı askerdir. 1958 Irak Devrimi'nden sonra çağdaş Irak Cumhuriyeti'nin ilk başbakanı.

Askeri akademiyi bitirdikten sonra ordu kademelerinde düzenli biçimde yükseldi. Birçok Iraklı gibi o da krallığın toplumsal açıdan tutucu ve Batı yanlısı politikasına karşıydı. 1957'de ordu içinde örgütlenmiş, krallığın tutucu ve batı yanlısı politikalarına muhalif gruplarının başına geçti. Kasım ve arkadaşları 14 Temmuz 1958'de hükûmetçe planlanmış bir askerî harekâttan yararlanarak başkent Bağdat'ı ele geçirdiler. Kasım yeni cumhuriyetin ilk başbakanı oldu.

Mısır ve Suriye'nin kurduğu Birleşik Arap Cumhuriyeti (BAC) Arap dünyasında coşkuyla karşılanmıştı. Irak içinde de BAC'a katılmaya sıcak bakılsa da Kasım yönetimi önce iç istikrarın sağlanmasından yanaydı. Abdülkerim Kasım Arap milliyetçiliği bayrağı altında iktidara geldiyse de Irak'ın bağımsız kalmasından taraftardı.

Kendisini iktidardan düşürmeye çalışanlar karşısında komünistlerle birlikte Kürtlerin de desteğini sağlamaya çalıştı. Abdülkerim Kasım Kerkük'ü de kapsayacak tarzda geniş bir otonomiyi Kürtlere verme niyetini taşıyordu. Geçici anayasaya Kürt kimliğinin resmen tanındığı yönünde maddeler koyacak kadar somut adımlar attı. Kürt partilerini, kendi isimleri ve liderleriyle Bağdat'a kadar getirerek büro açmalarına izin verdi. Bunun sonucunda uzun süredir SSCB'de sürgün olarak yaşayan Mustafa Barzani'ye Irak'a giriş izni verdi.

Mısır lideri Cemal Abdünnasır ve ateşli bir Nasır taraftarı olan Abdüsselam Arif'in yaptığı propagandanın etkisiyle 1959'da Arap birliğinden yana olan muhalifler Musul'da bir ayaklanma başlattı. Ancak büyük çoğunluğu Kasım yanlısı olan silahlı kuvvetler ve Kürtlerin desteğiyle ayaklanma kısa sürede bastırıldı. Kasım kuşkulandığı 200 subayı görevden aldı. Sivil kanatta ise komünistlerin desteğini almaya çalıştı, Kasım'ın başlattığı hareket ile Irak Komünist Partisi doğmuştu. Bununla birlikte onların aşırı isteklerine karşı koydu ardından polis teşkilatı ve silahlı kuvvetler içindeki komünist unsurlara baskı uyguladı.

1960'a gelindiğinde kendi iktidarı için tehlike olabilecek bütün siyasi etkinliklere son verip, asker ve sivil kanattaki sağ ve sol unsurlar üzerinde baskı uygulamaya başladı. Yavaş yavaş Kürtler ile arası açıldı. Kültürel açıdan kendilerini Araplardan farklı gören Kürtler Kasım'ın özerklik sözünü tutmaması üzerine 1961'de ayaklandılar. Ordunun büyük bölümü Kürt isyanını bastırmaya yöneltildi. Askerler de sonuçsuz ve yararsız olarak gördükleri harekât nedeniyle Kasım'dan desteklerini çekmeye başladılar. Ordu içindeki tasfiyelerin artması sonucu hoşnutsuzluk doruğa çıktı ve bazı subaylar Kasım'a karşı açıkça direnişe geçti.

Komünistlerin ve Kürtlerin desteğini kaybederek giderek güçsüzleşen Abdülkerim Kasım sonunda 8 Şubat 1963'te Baas Partisi'nin Irak kolu tarafından gerçekleştirilen darbeyle devrildi. CIA tarafından desteklenen darbeden sonra yargılandı ve öldürüldü. Darbeden sonra, 8-10 Kasım tarihleri arasında yaşanan çatışmalarda binlerce kişi yaşamını yitirirken, başlatılan komünist avında birçok doktor, öğretmen, avukat ve diğer serbest meslek sahibi olanlar sistematik olarak öldürüldü.

Ayrıca bakınız

 Kasımcılık
 Irak başbakanları listesi

Kaynakça

1914 doğumlular
1963 yılında ölenler
Irak başbakanları
Irak cumhurbaşkanları
Osmanlı Arapları
Darbe ile iktidara gelenler
Askerî darbe ile devrilen liderler
20. yüzyılda Irak
İdam edilmiş siyasetçiler
Irak tarafından idam edilmiş kişiler
Bağdat'ta ölenler
Bağdat doğumlular
Irak'ta siyaset

Abdülkerim Kasım


كونستانتين زيريانوف  ، من مواليد 5 أكتوبر 1977 ، لاعب كرة قدم روسي.

يلعب مع نادي زينيت سان بطرسبيرغ.

يلعب مع منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب كونستانتين زيريانوف خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 4 أندية في ثلاثة وعشرون موسمًا وسجل خلالها 99 هدفًا ضمن 626 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسم واحد بالكأس وفي ثلاثة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض كونستانتين زيريانوف مسيرته مع نادي أمكار بيرم في موسم 1995 ليلعب معه خمسة مواسم، مشاركًا في 173 مباراة سجل خلالها 49 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى نادي توربيدو موسكو في موسم 2000 ليلعب معه سبعة مواسم، حيث شارك في 164 مباراة سجل خلالها 9 أهداف. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي زينيت سانت بطرسبرغ في موسم 2007 ليلعب معه سبعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 201 مباراة سجل خلالها 31 هدفًا. ثم انتقل إلى  في موسم 2014–15 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 88 مباراة سجل خلالها 10 أهداف.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بيرم
رياضيون من بيرم
لاعبو أمكار بيرم
لاعبو الدوري الروسي الممتاز
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2012
لاعبو زينيت سانت بطرسبرغ
زيريانوف
لاعبو منتخب روسيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب روسيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي توبيدو موسكو
لاعبون فائزون بكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
مدربو كرة قدم روس
زيريانوف
مواليد في بيرم (روسيا)
أعلام كوميون
لاعبو كرة قدم من بيرم كراي

كونستانتين زيريانوف


الفرّيت  هو أحد أنواع الحديد، يتبلور طبقا نظام بلوري مكعب ويرمز له بالرمز ألفا-الحديد (α-iron) وتركيبه البلوري نظام بلوري مكعب مركزي الجسم. يكون الحديد النقي في صورة الفريت تحت درجة حرارة 911 مئوية ، وبين درجة حرارة 1493 حتى درجة انصهاره فيكون في شكل دلتا-فريت ( دلتا-حديد) δ-Ferrit .

الألفا-حديد ذو ذوبانية ضعيفة للكربون حيث تصل أعلي ذوبانية للكربون في حديد-ألفا 0.025% عند درجة حرارة 723 مئوية، أي عند درجة حرارة الايوتيكتويد وتنخفض إلى 0.0025% عند درجة حرارة الغرفة.

من الفريت يصنع الحديد المطاوع وكذلك الحديد الزهر بحسب نسبة الكربون الموجودة فيه.

متوسط الخواص الميكانيكية للفيريت

 مقاومة الشد 25 كجم/مم2
 الاستطالة 40% (عند طول قياسي = 50 مم)
 والصلادة أقل من أن تقرأ على تدريج روكويل RC أي اقل من 20 درجة روكويل.
 ذو قابلية عالية للتشكيل اللدن.
 قابل للمغنطة.

اقرأ أيضا

 حديد
 طور المادة
 باينيت
 سمنتيت
 مخطط الحديد والكربون

مراجع

تآصل
حديد
مركبات الحديد
مواد مغناطيسية حديدية

فيريت


Novopskov (, ) est une commune urbaine de l'oblast de Louhansk, en Ukraine. Elle compte  en 2021. Cette commune en majorité russophone fait partie de la  république populaire de Lougansk depuis le 4 mars 2022.

Géographie
La commune se trouve à la confluence de la rivière Kamenka et de la rivière Aïdar, affluent du Donets. Son point le plus élevé est le mont Pristine.

Histoire
Un petit village du nom de Zakamianka est fondé à l'emplacement de la future Novopskov en 1636, mais il est entièrement brûlé à l'époque de la révolte de Boulavine au début du XVIIIe siècle.

Ce n'est qu'en 1829 que l'on construit un nouveau village du nom de Novopskov (Nouvelle-Pskov) en référence à la ville de Pskov car il y avait un cantonnement du régiment des hussards de Pskov. Ce fut un village de garnison jusqu'en 1856.

En 1931, le village devient le centre administratif du raïon du même nom et dispose d'une gazette locale à partir de 1932. Il est occupé par l'armée allemande du 10 juillet 1942 au 23 janvier 1943.

Une usine de produits laitiers et une fromagerie fonctionnent en 1954. On y trouve une scierie, une école primaire, une école moyenne, une école primaire et secondaire, un établissement secondaire agricole. Les trois kolkhozes locaux fusionnent en 1955 sous le nom de kolkhoze Lénine, réorganisé en 1960 en kolkhoze d'élevage d'engraissement de bétail sous le nom de kolkhoze de Novopskov. Le village comprend 4 185 habitants en 1959. En 1973, on y trouve une usine de volailles, une usine de produits laitiers, un sovkhoze d'engraissement de bétail et un musée d'histoire locale. On y compte 9 002 habitants en 1989.

Le sovkhoze est privatisé en 1995. L'usine laitière ferme en 2007. La population compte 9 882 habitants en 2013.

Le village est sous administration de la république populaire de Lougansk à partir du 4 mars 2022.

Références

Commune urbaine dans l'oblast de Louhansk

Novopskov


Coccothraustes, diğer adıyla kocabaş, Fringillidae familyasına bağlı bir hayvan cinsidir.

Kaynakça

Konuyla ilgili yayınlar

Dış bağlantılar
 Oiseaux  Fotoğraflar
 Ageing and sexing (PDF; 4.1 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta & Gerd-Michael Heinze
 Audio recordings from Xeno-canto
 Videos and photos from the Internet Bird Collection

Fringillidae
1758'de tanımlanan taksonlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Coccothraustes


مسييه 90 أو م90 (بالإنجليزية: Messier 90 أو M90 أو NGC 4569) هي مجرة حلزونية تبعد عن الأرض نحو 60 مليون سنة ضوئية وتقع في كوكبة العذراء . اكتشفها شارل مسييه عام 1781 وضمها إلى الفهرس المعروف باسمه للمذنبات والسدم.

اقرأ أيضا
 منطقة هيدروجين II
 مجرة حلزونية
 مجرة إهليجية
 مجرة ماجلان الكبرى
 نجم
 مجرة
 قزم أبيض
 عملاق أحمر
 الانفجار العظيم
 خط زمني للانفجار العظيم
 نجم نيوتروني
 ثقب أسود
 انفجار أشعة غاما 080319ب
 انفجار أشعة غاما 090423

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 موقع الكون

أجرام أرب
أجرام الفهرس العام الجديد
أجرام فلكية اكتشفت في 1781
أجرام فهرس أوبسالا العام
اكتشافات بواسطة شارل مسييه
اكتشافات شارل مسييه
سدم
عنقود العذراء المجري
فهرس المجرات الرئيسية
فهرس مسييه
كوكبة العذراء
مجرات حلزونية متوسطة

مسييه 90


En mission sui iuris (latin missio sui iuris, (mission med egen ret) er en organisationsstruktur i den romerskkatolske kirke. Den bruges i missionsmarker med få katolikker og ledes sædvanligvis ikke af en biskop, men af en præst, der er direkte udsendt af Den hellige stol. Hvis antallet af katolikker i området øges, kan missionen ophøjes til et apostolisk præfektur. Missionen kan enten høre under en kirkeprovins (ærkebispedømme), eller være immediat (dvs. stå direkte under paven).

I 2015 har den katolske kirke ni missioner sui iuris på verdensbasis:
 Afghanistan (immediat)
 Aserbajdsjan (immediat)
 Caymanøerne (underlagt Kingston ærkebispedømme på Jamaica)
 St. Helena (immediat)
 Tadjikistan (immediat)
 Tokelau (underlagt Apia ærkebispedømme på Samoa)
 Turkmenistan (immediat)
 Turks- og Caicosøerne (underlagt Nassau ærkebispedømme på Bahamas)
 Tuvalu (underlagt Apia ærkebispedømme på Samoa)

Eksterne henvisninger
 Fullstendig liste over og information om alle nuværende missioner sui iuris (engelsk)

Romerskkatolske kirke

Mission sui iuris


Las Elecciones estatales de Baja California de 2013 se llevaron a cabo el domingo 7 de julio de 2013, y en ellas fueron renovados los titulares de los siguientes cargos de elección popular del estado mexicano de Baja California:

 Gobernador de Baja California. Titular del Poder Ejecutivo del estado, electo para un periodo de seis años no reelegibles en ningún caso. El candidato electo fue  Francisco Vega de Lamadrid.
 5 Ayuntamientos. Formados por un Presidente Municipal y regidores, electos para un periodo de tres años, no reelegibles de manera consecutiva.
  25 Diputados al Congreso del Estado. 17 Electos por mayoría relativa elegidos en cada uno de los Distritos electorales, mientras otros 8 son elegidos mediante representación proporcional.

Lista de Candidatos Electos
Aunque el Programa de Resultados Electorales Preliminares (PREP) fue invalidado por el Instituto Electoral y de Participación Ciudadana de Baja California, se dieron a conocer a través de radio, televisión e internet los resultados de este conteo.
El conteo oficial de los sufragios empezó el miércoles 10 de julio.

De con el PREP, los candidatos electos serían los siguientes:

Está escrito en negrita el nombre del partido al cual pertenece el candidato y su logotipo aparece más grande

Gobernador

Alcaldías

Diputados al Congreso del Estado

Por Elección Popular

Por Representación Proporcional (Plurinominales)

Candidatos
Siete Partidos políticos nacionales y dos estatales con registro ante el Instituto Electoral y de Participación Ciudadana de Baja California tendrán la posibilidad de registrar candidatos a gobernador, ayuntamientos y diputados, de manera individual, formando coaliciones electorales entre dos o más partidos, o registrando candidaturas comunes, es decir registrar a un mismo candidato aunque cada partido compita de manera independiente.

Gobernador

Alcaldías

Ayuntamiento de Ensenada

Ayuntamiento de Mexicali

Ayuntamiento de Playas de Rosarito

Ayuntamiento de Tecate

Ayuntamiento de Tijuana

Diputados Locales
Con la aprobación de la reforma política de 2011 en Baja California se creó un nuevo distrito electoral local con cabecera en el municipio de Playas de Rosarito; la creación de este nuevo distrito no significó la ampliación en el número de diputados que conforman la legislatura puesto que la misma reforma contempló la reducción de un diputado de representación proporcional.

I Distrito

II Distrito

III Distrito

IV Distrito

V Distrito

VI Distrito

VII Distrito

VIII Distrito

IX Distrito

X Distrito

XI Distrito

XII Distrito

XIII Distrito

XIV Distrito

XV Distrito

XVI Distrito

XVII Distrito

Conformación de la XXI Legislatura del Congreso de Baja California

Reparto de Candidaturas en Coaliciones

Coalición Unidos por Baja California

Además, el PAN le entregó al PRD, al PANAL y al PEBC regidores en cada ayuntamiento.

Coalición Compromiso por Baja California

Además, el PRI le entregó al PVEM un regidor en todos los municipios a excepción de Tijuana y la sindicatura de este último, al PES un regidor en cada municipio y al PT nueve regidores (tres en Ensenada, tres en Tecate y tres en Tijuana.

Movimiento Ciudadano

En el caso del partido  Movimiento Ciudadano, al no competir en coalición automáticamente todas sus candidaturas serán para el partido.

Encuestas de opinión

Gobernador

Véase también
 Elecciones estatales de México

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Instituto Estatal Electoral de Baja California

Baja California
2013


Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus,  deutscher Festivaltitel: Die Olsenbande Junior im Zirkus, ist ein norwegischer Kinder- und Familienfilm sowie ein Musical von Arne Lindtner Næss und Svein Gundersen aus dem Jahr 2005. Der Film aus der Filmreihe der Olsenbande Junior (Norwegen) wurde von Nordisk Film und TV 2 produziert und hatte am  10. Februar 2006 in Norwegen seine Kinopremiere.

Handlung
Egon Olsen befindet sich um 1960 in dem Osloer Waisenhaus Lykkebo. Die Heimkinder unternehmen gemeinsam einen Ausflug mit einem Dampfloksonderzug ins Grüne. Der Heimleiter Sigvald Pettersen hat für die Heimkinder im Zug nur trockene Scheiben Brot mit altem verdorbenen Hering als Tagesverpflegung zur Exkursion ausgegeben. Heimleiter Pettersen und seine Frau Mathilde Pettersen genießen dagegen in ihrem Extrawaggon leckeres Hühnchen und Wein sowie andere kulinarische Köstlichkeiten, die sie sich mit dem Geld gekauft haben, das eigentlich für die Kinder des Heimes bestimmt war. Egon Olsen will diese Ungerechtigkeit ändern und die delikaten Lebensmittel für die Kinder im Zug organisieren. Mit Hilfe Bennys und Kjells scheint sein Plan zunächst zu gelingen. Er kann zwar den Kindern die essbare Beute in ihren Waggon hinüberreichen, wird aber im letzten Moment beim Diebstahl erwischt. Der von Benny abgekoppelte Waggon rast nun mit Egon und der Heimleitung mit vollen Karacho die Böschung herunter... Egon Olsen muss zur Strafe in den Arrest.

Nach der Verbüßung seiner Strafe wird er diesmal von Benny und Kjell nicht abgeholt, da diese es verschwitzt haben. Als Egon endlich auf seine Gefährten trifft, erzählt er ihnen von seinem neusten Plan, aufgrund seiner Beobachtungen: Beim Belauschen des Heimleiterpaares Pettersen hat er erfahren, dass eigentlich er und alle Kinder seines Heimes zum Zirkus kostenlos eingeladen sind, der zur Zeit vor Ort gastiert. Der Zirkusbesuch der Kinder wird sogar mit Geldern der Kommune bezahlt. Der Heimleiter, der die Karten dafür schon erhalten hat, will diese aber mit seiner Frau unterschlagen. Egon will sich deswegen die Karten für den Zirkus und darüber hinaus noch einen "roten Koffer", den er im Tresor des Heimleiters gesehen hat, holen. Mit Hilfe von Dynamit-Harry wollen sie den Franz-Jäger-Tresor des Heimleiters knacken. Der Plan misslingt, Egon wird als einziger dabei erwischt, kann aber mit Hilfe der anderen Heimkinder fliehen. Beim erneuten Belauschen des Heimleiters stellt die Olsenbande nun zum Erschrecken fest, dass dieser noch einen viel teuflischeren Plan verfolgt: Der Waisenhausleiter Sigvald Pettersen will zusammen mit seiner Frau Mathilde sowie mit deren Bruder, dem Clown Thorvald aus dem Circus Flamingo, den Zirkus sabotieren. Pettersen träumt auch selbst davon, einmal ein Zirkusdirektor (seines Circus Sigvaldo) zu sein. Mit dem Clown Thorvald, den der Geschäftsführer des Circus Flamingo gefeuert hat, will er den Zirkus mittels einer Bombe in die Luft sprengen. Die Bombe befindet sich in dem "roten Koffer", statt des von der Olsenbande vermuteten Geldes, und soll während der Zirkuspremiere gezündet werden. Aufgrund des gescheiterten "Diebstahles" wird Egon nun von der Polizei gesucht, außerdem hetzt Pettersen ihm die Biffen-Bande auf den Hals. Die Olsenbande entkommt jedoch bei ihrer Verfolgung mehrmals ihren Feinden. Biffen soll außerdem den "roten Koffer" im Auftrag des Heimleiters im Zirkus deponieren (ohne dabei von dessen gefährlichem Inhalt zu wissen), da es ihm selbst zu gefährlich ist. Egon tarnt sich nun als Clown und kann so beruhigt und unerkannt seinen neuen Plan mit Benny und Kjell vorbereiten. Obwohl sie den "roten Koffer" Biffen abnehmen können, geht er ihnen bald wieder verlustig. Die Kofferbombe kann dadurch rechtzeitig im Zirkus zur Premiere deponiert werden. Zu der Zirkuspremiere sind alle Kinder der Umgebung und Hermansen mit seinem Kollegen Holm und seinem Sohn Herman anwesend. Biffen, Knut und Johnny haben zu allem Übel außerdem noch Valborg und Ingrid zur Vorstellung eingeladen, da Benny und Kjell nicht genügend Geld hatten, um ihre Freundinnen einzuladen. Um überhaupt in den Zirkus  hereinzukommen und das Unheil doch noch zu verhindern, verkleiden sich Benny, Kjell und Dynamit-Harry ebenfalls als Clowns. Der rote Koffer ist aber zu gut versteckt und getarnt, da der Clown auch mehrere gleich aussehende Duplikate bei seinem Auftritt im Zirkus präsentiert, so dass sie ihn zunächst nicht finden können. Nachdem endlich das Versteck des richtigen Koffers ausgemacht ist, erweist sich diesmal Kjell als der Held des Tages. Er kann die Kofferbombe in einer spektakulären Aktion in seinen Besitz bringen. Im letzten Moment kann die Olsenbande den verräterischen Clown Thorwald und den Heimleiter Pettersen sowie seine Frau enttarnen und diese können so durch die Polizei verhaftet werden. Egon entschärft in Beisein der Polizei mitten in der Zirkusarena die Bombe. Alle sind gerettet und die Olsenbande ist rehabilitiert. Für Valborg ist Kjell der große Retter und liebster Held, dem sie alles verzeiht.

Anmerkungen
Die Olsenbande Junior im Zirkus ist eine direkte Fortsetzung von Olsenbanden jr. på rocker'n ("Die Olsenbande Junior rockt") aus der Olsenbande-Junior-(Norwegen)-Filmreihe. Sie wurde 2007 mit Olsenbanden jr. Sølvgruvens hemmelighet ("Die Olsenbande Junior und das Geheimnis des Silberstollens") weitergeführt. In Frankreich wurde der Film unter dem Titel "Olsen et sa bande au cirque"  veröffentlicht. Der Film wurde mittlerweile auch auf DVD veröffentlicht. Eine deutschsprachige Veröffentlichung existiert zu diesem Film bisher noch nicht.

Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus - Musik
Das Musikalbum zum Film war unter dem gleichnamigen Musiktitel: Olsenbanden Jr. - Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus  eine Woche lang (10/2006) auf der Liste der Nummer-eins-Hits in Norwegen (2006). Die aus dem Film bekanntgewordenen Musikstücke, Lieder und Songs wurden nach der Filmveröffentlichung auf zwei Musik-CDs bei EMI (Katalognummer: 094635207729, 2006) und auch als MP3-Dateien oder iTunes veröffentlicht.

Titel auf der Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus - Musik-CD (2005)

Aufführung als Musical im Oslo Nye Teater
Die "Die Olsenbande Junior im Zirkus" (Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus, bzw.  Olsenbanden jr. på Sirkus) wurde vom 3. Februar 2005 bis zum 11. Juni 2005 zuerst im Oslo Nye Teater (Neues Osloer Theater) als Musical aufgeführt, bevor es verfilmt wurde. Beim Musical führte Ivar Tindberg Regie, als Choreograf  war Helén Vikstvedt verantwortlich und die Szenographie wurde von John Kristian Alsaker durchgeführt.
Die Rollen der Kinder wurden abwechselnd mit zwei verschiedenen Darstellergruppen besetzt, um so die kontinuierlichen Aufführungen im Theater zu gewährleisten. Ein Teil der Schauspieler und der Kinderdarsteller spielten auch in dem gleichnamigen Olsenbanden-Junior-Film mit.

Rollenliste

Musiktheateraufführung (Musical)

Weblinks

 Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus auf Filmweb.no (norwegisch)
 Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus auf filmfront.no (norwegisch)

 Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus auf oslokino.no

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 2006
Norwegischer Film
Kinderfilm
Kriminalfilm
Filmkomödie
Heist-Movie
Musicalfilm

Olsenbanden jr. på Cirkus


Angiologija (od grčkog ἀγγεῖον, angeīon što znači krvna žila i -λογία, -logia što znači znanost) grana je interne medicine koja se bavi bolestima krvožilnog i limfnog sustava. Zadaća je angiologije: prevencija, dijagnostika i liječenje bolesti koje utječu na funkcioniranje arterija, vena i limfnih žila.

Bolesti vezane uz aortu su: aneurizma i disekcija aorte, dok postoji niz bolesti vezanih uz arterije koje krvlju opskrbljuju druge dijelove tijela, među kojima su najpoznatije: tromboza, embolija i vaskulitis. Prevencija kardiovaskularnih bolesti prvenstveno se odnosi na moždani i srčani udar. Glavni faktor rizika za ove bolesti je hipertenzija, kao i kolesterol.

Najčešće bolesti kojima se bavi angiologija su: proširene vene, ateroskleroza arterija, obliterirajući endarteritis, troboflebitis (venska tromboza), vaskulitis, dijabetička angiopatija, Raynaudov sindrom, limfostaza, limfedem, arteriovenska anastomoza, razne vrste arteritisa itd.

Arterijske bolesti uključuju aortu (aneurizme/disekcije) i arterije koje opskrbljuju noge, ruke, bubrege, mozak, crijeva. Također uključuje arterijsku trombozu i emboliju; vaskulitis; i vazospastičkih poremećaja. Angiologija se bavi prevencijom kardiovaskularnih bolesti poput srčanog i moždanog udara. Bolesti vena uključuju: vensku trombozu, kroničnu vensku insuficijenciju i proširene vene. Bolesti limfnog sustava uključuju primarne i sekundarne oblike limfedema. Također uključuje modifikaciju faktora rizika za vaskularne bolesti kao što su: visoki kolesterol i visoki krvni tlak.

Kardiovaskularni čimbenici rizika poput visokog krvnog tlaka, povišenog kolesterola i drugi spadaju u specijalnost vaskularne medicine.

Izvori

Medicinske specijalnosti
Krvožilni sustav

Angiologija


Rkatsiteli (; Georgian რქაწითელი rkats'iteli; literally "red stem" or "red horned") is a kind of grape used to produce white wine.

History
This ancient vinifera originates in Georgia and is supposed to be one of the oldest grape varieties.

Rkatsiteli was the most widely planted grape variety in the Soviet Union and, by 1978, was responsible for 18% of all Soviet wine production. There it was used to make everything from table wine to liqueurs to Sherry-like fortified wine. Before President Gorbachev's vine pull scheme, it was possibly the world's most widely planted white wine grape.

In Kakheti it was particularly known for its sweet dessert wines fashioned in the same manner as port wine. There were many attempts to create a sparkling wine from the grape, but its naturally high alcohol levels prevented it from being much of a success.

Wine regions
The grape is mostly planted in its ancestral home of Georgia, though there are still sizable plantings in other Eastern European countries like Russia, Armenia, Bulgaria, Moldova, Romania, North Macedonia, Azerbaijan and Ukraine.

Other regions
It is also planted, in small amounts, in Australia and the eastern United States, mainly in the Finger Lakes region of New York state, Massachusetts, New Jersey and in Virginia and North Carolina. There have also been some experimental plantings in California, the Grand Valley AVA and West Elks AVA of Colorado and China (where the grape is known as Baiyu).

Viticulture
The high acidity of the grape is prone to make the wines excessively tart, so winemakers try to pick the grapes as late as possible to maximize the sugar balance to offset the acidity. In most regions of Eastern Europe harvest is typically in mid-October.

Wine style
Rkatsiteli makes a noticeably acidic, balanced white wine with spicy and floral notes in the aroma.

References

Georgian words and phrases
White wine grape varieties
Georgian wine
Georgian products with protected designation of origin
Grape varieties of Georgia

Rkatsiteli


Ala Menșikov-Vutcărău (sau Ala Menșicov; ) este o actriță de teatru din Republica Moldova.

A studiat la  din Moscova în anii 1981-1985, la profesorii A. Borisov, , Ion Ungureanu,  și alții.

Între 1985 și 1991 a profesat la Teatrul pentru Tineret "Luceafărul". Alături de Petru Vutcărău și alți 13 actori, creează un teatru "ambulant" primele reprezentații oferindu-le în România, la Râmnicu-Vâlcea (1991-prezent). Începând cu 2011 începe să îndrume copiii, tinerii și adulții pasionați de teatru iar din 2013 este lector la Academia de Muzică, Teatru și Arte Plastice din Chișinău. Joacă la Teatrul "Eugène Ionesco" din Chișinău.

A avut zeci de roluri, dintre care cele mai reprezentative sunt:
 Ala – Violența, o istorie de dragoste, regie Benno Voorham (Suedia);
 Tanti Roz – Oscar și Tanti Roz de Eric–Emmanuel Schmitt, regie Petru Vutcărău;
 Doica – Romeo și Julieta după William Shakespeare, regia M. Cris Nedeea (România);
 Femeie – Oameni ai nimănui de Dumitru Crudu, regia Vitalie Drucec;
 Doamna Coquenard – Mizantropul de Eugene Labiche, regia Nugzar Lortkipanidze (Georgia);
 Jacqueline – Femeile lui Picasso. Jacqueline de Brian McAvera, regia Vitalie Drucec;
 Regina Elisabeta I – Elisabeta I de Paul Foster, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Kupavina – Lupii și oile de Alex. N. Ostrovski, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Arakdina/ Mașa – Mașinăria Cehov de Matei Vișniec, regia Petru Vutcărău, co-producție cu Theatre les Aires (Die, Franța);
 Gertrude – Hamlet de William Shakespeare, regia Ion Sapdaru;
 Katia Ezova – Istoria comunismului povestită pentru bolnavii mintal de Matei Vișniec, regia Charles Lee;
 Helena – Visul unei nopți de vară de William Shakespeare, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Spectatoarea/ Doamna 2 – Plasatoarele de Constantin Cheianu, regia Sandu Cozub;
 Anna Andreevna – Revizorul de Nikolai Gogol, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Claire – Strigătul de Tennessee Williams, regia Volia Vaha (Sankt-Peterburg, Rusia);
 Nebuna lucidă – Voci în lumina orbitoare de Matei Vișniec, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Țărancă/ oaspete – Chirița în provincie după Vasile Alecsandri, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Regina Margareta – Regele moare de Eugene Ionesco, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Mama – Jacques sau supunerea de Eugene Ionesco, regia Moshe Yassur;
 Arkadina – Pescărușul de Anton Cehov, regia Mihai Fusu;
 Iacob – Iosif și amanta sa de Val Butnaru, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Doamna Smith – Cântăreața cheală de Eugene Ionesco, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Membru al Societății Mondiale de Binefacere "Paradis" – Așteptându-l pe Godot de Samuel Beckett, regia Petru Vutcărău;
 Ea – Stația de autobuz de Den Fujita, regia Den Fujita;
 Văduva – Două săgeți de Aleksandr Volodin;
 Nina Letrinquier – Stațiunea Champbaudet de Eugene Labiche;
 Țiganca-mamă – Cadavrul viu de Lev Tolstoi;
 Mama - Sașka de V. Condratiev;
 Nadia – Lecții de muzică de Larisa Petrușevskaia;
 Aneta – Procedee de jiu-jitsu de Val Butnaru;
 Euridice – La Veneția e cu totul altfel de Val Butnaru;
 Femeia cu pisica – Rinocerii de Eugene Ionesco;
 Gertrude – Hamlet de William Shakespeare, Teatrul "KAZE" (Tokyo, Japonia);
 Vocea umană de Jean Cocteau, regia Marcela Cebotarenco - teatru televizat.

A primit următoarele premii și distincții:
 Premiul II, pentru Agrișul de A.P.Cehov, Concursul declamatorilor A.P.Cehov, Moscova, 1985;
 Premiul I pentru cel mai bun rol feminin (Euridice), spectacolul La Veneția e cu totul altfel;
 Premiul Național "Coloana Infinitului" pentru cel mai bun rol feminin – Euridice, Chișinău, 1989;
 Premiul pentru Cel Mai Bun Rol Feminin, în cadrul I-ei ediții a Festivalului Internațional de Teatru BITEI, Chișinău, 1994;
 Bursa de excelență a Fundației Soros, 2002;
 Premiul pentru Cel Mai Bun Rol Feminin, Elisabeta I după Paul Foster, regia Petru Vutcărău; Gala Premiilor UNITEM, Chișinău, 2006;
 Marele premiu pentru Cel mai Bun One-Man-Show Feminin, Femeile lui Picasso. Jacqueline.; Festivalul Internațional de Teatru "GALA STAR", Bacău, 2006;
 Titlul onorific "Maestru în Artă", 2009.

Este căsătorită cu actorul și regizorul de teatru Petru Vutcărău din 1987.

Note

Bibliografie
 Bulat, Olga. Ala Menșicov : "M-am dedicat acestei profesii total" : [actrița Ala Menșicov]. In: Ziarul de gardă, 2013, 7 febr., p. 14.
 Ciorănică, Rodica. Ala Menșicov : [actriță la Teatrul "Eugene Ionesco"]. In: VIP magazin Moldova, 2008, Ian.-Febr. pp. 37-39.

 Menșicov-Vutcărău, Ala. In: Localitățile Republicii Moldova : Itinerar documentar-publicistic ilustrat. Vol. 3. Chișinău, 2001. p. 439.

Legături externe
 interviu al ziarului Timpul: La "Ionesco", trebuie să îți dai și sufletul!.., 4 iulie 2011;
 interviu al allfun.md:  Ala Menșicov: Între teatru și realitate , 7 iunie 2013.

Nașteri în 1961
Actori moldoveni
Femei din Republica Moldova
Oameni din raionul Fălești
Moldoveni în viață

Ala Menșikov-Vutcărău


Rakovets (en ukrainien : Раковець) est un village situé dans le raïon de Lviv, lui même situé dans l'oblast de Lviv, en Ukraine.

Patrimoine

À Rakovets, il existe une source d'eau sacrée.

Filmographie
Ukraine : chronique d'un village en guerre, reportage français réalisé par Kevin Berg et Antoine Boddaert, Hikari, 2022; diffusé sur Arte.

Notes et références

Commune rurale dans l'oblast de Lviv

Rakovets (raïon de Lviv)


An Epischoenus villosus in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Margaret Rutherford Bryan Levyns. An Epischoenus villosus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Epischoenus, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Epischoenus

Epischoenus villosus


Aladdin er en amerikansk film fra 2019 instrueret af Guy Ritchie. Filmen er baseret på Disneys animationsfilm Aladdin fra 1992.

Medvirkende

Eksterne henvisninger

Noter

Amerikanske film fra 2019
Familiefilm fra USA
Filmgenindspilninger
Film instrueret af Guy Ritchie

Aladdin (film fra 2019)


William Samuel Johnson (7 de outubro de 1727 - 14 de novembro de 1819) foi um fundador e estadista norte-americano. Durante a Guerra Revolucionária, ele serviu como tenente da milícia antes de ser dispensado após sua rejeição de sua eleição para o Primeiro Congresso Continental. Ele foi notável por assinar a Constituição dos Estados Unidos, por representar Connecticut no Senado dos Estados Unidos e por servir como o terceiro presidente do King's College, agora conhecido como Columbia University.

Signatários da Constituição dos Estados Unidos
Senadores dos Estados Unidos por Connecticut
Presidentes da Universidade Columbia
Professores da Universidade Columbia

William Samuel Johnson


Nedgravning er en kortfilm instrueret af Torben Bech efter manuskript af Torben Bech.

Handling
I en kaffedrikkende verden tæt på vores, forskydes balancen, da "Bonden" bliver smidt ud af sin elskerinde, "Kvinden", og må vende tilbage til sin famile. Ubalancen skaber kontakt til samfundets farlige figur "Dusørjægeren", og den mystiske "Lollænderen".

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1998

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Nedgravning


Peder Ludvik Kolstad (28. november 1878 i Borge - 5. marts 1932 i Oslo) var en norsk landbrugsskolelærer og politiker for Bondepartiet. Han var Norges statsminister i den første Bondeparti-regering, Peder Kolstads regering, fra 1931 til sin død i 1932. Kolstad fungerede også som regeringens finansminister. Kolstad var en af bondebevægelsens fremmeste politikere, og var indvalgt i Stortinget fra Østfold 1922–1932. Han blev regnet som en moderat politiker, og tilhørte den konservative østlandsfløj i partiet, men mod slutningen af 1920'erne kom han mere og mere på linje med den mere radikale vestlandsfløj som ønskede flere statslige tiltag mod vanskelighederne i jordbruget.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Peder Kolstad i Norsk biografisk leksikon
 Peder Kolstad  hos Norsk samfunnsvitenskapelig datatjeneste

Norges statsministre
Stortingsrepræsentanter

Peder Kolstad