Doğum kontrolü, geçici veya kalıcı olarak hamileliği engellemek ya da hamile kalma olasılığını azaltmak amacıyla çeşitli yöntemlerin, araç-gereçlerin ya da ilaçların kullanılmasıdır.

Bu yöntemlerden aile planlaması adına herkes faydalanabilir.

Kürtaj gebeliğe son vermeyi amaçlarken doğum kontrolü gebeliği önlemeyi hedef alır.

Doğum kontrol yöntemleri, gebeliği önlemeyi amaçlar ancak bunun için kullanılan yöntemler bazılarınca çocuk düşürme yöntemi olarak eleştirilmektedir.

Doğum kontrolü birçok kültürde ve din açısından siyasi ve etik tartışmalara neden olmaktadır.

Bu muhalefet farklı şekillerde kendini gösterir.

Bazı çevreler cinsellikten kaçınma dışında tüm yöntemlere karşı çıkar.

Bazıları "doğal olmayan" yöntemler diye niteledikleri prezervatif, doğum kontrol hapı gibi teknikleri eleştirir sadece doğal yollardan korunma tekniklerini (geri çekme, takvim) kabul eder.

Yöntemler

Bariyer Yöntemler

Bariyer yöntemleri, fiziksel olarak spermin rahme ulaşmasını engelleyen aletlerden oluşur. Bunlar arasında prezervatif (kondom), vajinal kondom, spiral, servikal başlık, diyafram ve spermisit içeren sünger yer almaktadır.

1-Penis Kondomu:
Bariyer yöntemleri arasında en sık kullanılan penis prezervatifidir ve 2019 verilerine göre dünyada doğum kontrolü kullanan insanların %21'i düzenli olarak bu yönteme başvurmaktadır.  Penisinin sertleşmesinin ardından üzerine takılan birer kılıf olan prezervatifler, kişi boşaldığında spermin rahim içeren vücudun içine girmesini fiziksel olarak engeller. Günümüzde prezervatifler genelde lateksten yapılsa da, poliüretan veya kuzu bağırsağı gibi farklı materyallerden yapılmaları da mümkündür.

2-Vajinal Kondom
Bariyer yöntemlerinden biri olan ve sıklıkla kullanılan bu yöntem Türkiye'de henüz yaygınlaşmamıştır. Cinsel birliktelik sırasında bulaşıcı hastalık önleme ve gebelikten korunma yöntemi olarak kullanılan kondomlar, vajinanın iç kısmına yerleştirilerek kullanılır. Kullanılan malzeme olarak genellikle lateks ve poliüretan seçilir. Silindir cebinin içinde daire şeklinde bir çeper ile basit bir yapısı olan bu alet, çember kısmı vajinanın ucuna konumlandırılır ve cebin ucu dışarıda bırakılır. Bu yöntemin temel çalışma prensibi spermin vajinadan içeri girmesini engelleyip blokaj ile gebeliği ve bulaşıcı hastalıkları önlemektir. En büyük avantajlarından biri normal kondomlar gibi bireysel olup penisi olan bireylerin katılımından bağımsızdır.

3-Spiral (Rahim İçi Araç (İUD)):
İUD (Spiral), diğer bariyer yöntemlere göre daha uzun koruma ömrü sağlar. Rahim içine yerleştirilen ve T şeklinde olan bu ufak küçük cihaz tipine bağlı olarak 3 ile 10 yıl arası koruma sağlayabilmektedir. İUD'nin kullanım amacı spermin rahim içerisine ulaşmasını engelleyerek doğal yollardan gebeliği önlemektir.

Spiral (Rahim İçi Araç (İUD)) kuIlanımının avantajları
 Spiral takıldıktan sonra, günlük kullanım için sürekli hatırlanması gereken bir yöntem olmadığından, kullanıcıya zamansal rahatlık sağlar. Gebelikten korunmak için geliştirilmiş günlük yöntemlerden olmadığından, kullanıcının sürekli kendine hatırlatma yapması zorunluluğunu ortadan kaldırır.
 Spiral kullanımı doğurganlık oranını etkilemediğinden, kullanımı bırakıldığında yani cihaz vücuttan çıkarıldığında gebe kalma şansınız etkilenmemektedir. Hamilelik şansınızı düşürmemektedir.
 Spiral çeşitlerinin hepsi hormon içermemektedir. Bu nedenle hormonsal yan etkilerden korunmak isteyen kullanıcılar hormonsuz versiyonlarını seçerek, yan etkilerden korunabilmektedir. Böylece hormon tedavisi almak istemeyen kullanıcılara hitap eden de bir korunma yöntemi çeşidi olmaktadır.
 Spiral kullanımıyla ilgili yapılan bazı araştırmalarda, rahim iç tabakasını incelttiğinden, rahim ağzı kanserinden korunmaya yardımcı olabildiği, kanser riskini azaltabilen etkileri olabiliceği söylenmektedir. Aynı zamanda rahim ağzı enfeksiyonlarına karşı koruma sağlayabilmesi gibi etkilerinden kaynaklı da kanser riskini azaltmaya katkı sağlayabilir.
 Spiral kullanımı ağır ve uzun süren adet kanamalarını engelleyebilme ihtimali olmasından dolayı, anemi riskini de azaltabileceği gözlemlenmektedir.

Spiral (Rahim İçi Araç (İUD)) kullanımının dezavantajları
 Spiral rahim içine yerleştirilen yabancı bir cihaz olmasından dolayı, rahim içi enfeksiyon kapılabilmektedir. Bu tarz durumların görülmesinde veya hisssedilmesinde (ateş, kas ağrıları, vajinal akıntı ve alt karın ağrısı)  bir doktora başvurulması önerilmektedir.
 Spiral takılıp, çıkarılırken delinme ve yaralanma riski taşıyabilmesiyle birlikte, bu durum oldukça nadir görülmektedir.
 Bazı kadınlarda Spiral takıldıktan sonra ağrı ve rahatsızlık gözlemlenmektedir. Zamanla hissine alışıldığı durumlar olsa da, çıkarıldığı durumlarda olmaktadır.
 Spiral kullanırken çok nadir görülse de rahim dışında gebelik görülebilir. Acil tıbbi müdahale gerektiren bir durumdur.
 Spiral kullanımının çok yaygın olmamakla birlikte başka yan etkileri de vardır. Baş ağrısı, ruh hali değişiklikleri, bulantı, göğüs hassasiyeti, veya kusma gibi etkiler görülebilmektedir.

Hormonal yöntemler

1-Doğum Kontrol Hapı
En sık kullanılan hormonal yöntem doğum kontrol haplarıdır.  Ağızdan alınan hem gebelikten korunmayı hem de hormonları dengelemeyi amaçlayan 21 günlük haplardır. Her 21 günlük sirkülden 7 günlük ara verilir bu aralıkta kadın suni olarak regl (aylık kanama) olur.

Bu hormonal yöntemin hem fiziksel hem de mental etkileri farklı kişilerde farklı şekillerde meydana gelebilmektedir. Bu nedenle doğum kontrol yöntemi olarak doğum kontrol haplarını kullanan ve menstural döngüsü olan bireylerin deneyimleri birbirinden farklıdır. Doğum kontrol haplarının fiziksel etkilerine örnek olarak göğüs hassasiyetleri, vajinal akıntılar, menstural düzensizliklerin oluşumu, enfeksiyon tehlikesi, baş ağrısı, bulantı ve kusma, karın ağrısı ve kramplar ve cilt değişiklikleri verilebilir. Hormonal etkilerinden dolayı ciltte çoğunlukla sivilcelenme, yağ bezesi gibi etkileri, göğüs uçlarının gebelik döneminde olduğu gibi hassaslaşıp ağrıya sebep olma gibi sonuçları mevcuttur.

Doğum kontrol haplarının duygusal etkilerine örnek olarak ruhsal durumda ani değişiklikler (anksiyete ve hafif dozda depresyon gibi etkileri de görünmekle beraber), libido değişikliği (bazı insanlarda düşüklüğe sebep olurken bazılarında artışa neden olmaktadır), sinirlilik, asabiyet ve huzursuzluk verilebilir.

Tüm bu etkiler kişiden kişiye değişmekle beraber kullanılan hapın içeriği, markası, dozajı ve kişinin kendi fiziksel ve duygusal durumuna bağlı göre de farklılık göstermektedir.

En sık kullanılan yöntemlerden biri olmasına ve genel inanışa rağmen koruyuculuğu en yüksek oranda olan yöntem değildir.

2-Vajinal Kontraseptif Halka
Vajinaya yerleştirilerek kullanılan bir doğum kontrol türüdür. Etki etme şekli bakımından doğum kontrol haplarına benzemektedir. Yerleştirilen halka 3 hafta vajinada kalır ve bu süreç boyunca çıkartılmasına gerek yoktur. Çıkartıldıktan sonra ise diğer kulllanımı için 1 hafta ara vermek gerekir. Diğer doğum kontrol yöntemlerine göre kullanımı bakımından zahmetli bir yöntem değildir. Ancak bu tür hormonal yöntemlerin CYBH ve HIV hastalıklarına karşı herhangi bir koruyucu özellikleri yoktur. Yan etkileri bakımından doğum kontrol haplarına paralellik göstermektedir. Kişiden kişiye değişmekle birlikte çeşitli fiziksel ve duygusal etkileri mevcuttur.

Vajinal kontraseptif halka kullanımının avantajları

 Bazı araştırmalara göre gebelikten korunma açısından %91-99 gibi bir yüzdeye sahip olduğu için doğru kullanımı sonucunda oldukça etkili bir yöntemdir.
 Diğer doğum kontrol türleri ile kıyaslandığı zaman çok daha zahmetsiz bir doğum kontrol türü olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
 Bazı insanlar üzerinde adet döngüsü ağrılarını azaltması gibi etkileri vardır.
 Adet döngüsünü stabilize etmek ve düzenli bir döngüye sokmak için de etkilidir.
 Kullanımı bırakıldığı zaman doğurganlığı olumsuz yönde etkileyecek bir özelliği yoktur. Geri dönülebilirlik açısından herhangi bir problemi olmayan bir doğum kontrol yöntemidir.

Vajinal kontraseptif halka kullanımının dezavantajları

 Halkanın yerleştirilmesi bazı insanlar üzerinde rahatsız edici veya acı verici olabilir. Yerleştirilmenin doğru yapılmaması gibi durumlarda halka yerleştirilen yerden kayabilir veya çıkabilir.
 Her insan üzerinde değişebilen baş ağrısı, mide bulantısı, göğüs ağrısı, meme hassasiyeti, vajinal akıntı ve genital bölgede kaşıntı gibi olumsuz yan etkileri vardır.
 Vajinal mantar enfeksiyonları veya bakteriyel vaginozis gibi bazı riskleri içinde barındırır.
 Hormonal bir yöntem olmasından ötürü CYBH ve HIV gibi cinsel yollarla da bulaşabilen hastalıklara karşı herhangi bir koruyucu özelliği bulunmamaktadır.

3-Kontraseptif Bant
Yapışkan bir bandın vücudun karın, kalça, kol,bacak ve sırt gibi bölgelerine yerleştirilmesiyle uygulanan bir doğum kontrol türüdür. Bu bantların toplamda 3 hafta boyunca vücutta kalmasının yanında kullanılan bantlar her hafta yenilenir. 3 haftanın sonunda 1 hafta ara verilir. Bu yöntemin çalışma mekanizması doğum kontrol haplarıyla benzerdir ve CYBH ve HIV hastalıklarına karşı herhangi bir koruyucu özellikleri yoktur.

4-Deri Altı İmplant Çubuğu
Deri altı implant çubuğu, ince bir plastikten yapılmış deri altına yerleştirilerek uygulanan bir kadın doğum kontrol yöntemidir. Bu implant, progesteron hormonu salgılayarak çalışır. Kadın vücuduna belirli aralıklarla sürekli hormon salgılayan bu cihaz, salgıladığı progesteron hormonu sayesinde gebelik görülmesini durdurmak için kadının yumurtlamasını engeller. Genellikle ilk yerleştirildikten sonra 3 ile 5 sene arasında kullanım ömrü olan bir çubuktur. Ancak gebeliğe karşı korusa da cinsel hastalıklara karşı bir koruma yöntemi değildir.

Cerrahi Yöntemler

1-Vazektomi
Vazektomi, penisi olan bireyler üzerinde uygulanan bir doğum kontrol türüdür ve amaç doğurganlığın sonlandırılmasıdır. Bu cerrahi müdahale testislerden iletilen spermleri taşıyan "Vas deferens" kanallarının kesilmesi veya bağlanması şeklinde yapılır. Bu cerrahi müdahale yaklaşık yarım saat sürmektedir ve oldukça basit, güvenli ve etkilidir. Bu yöntemin geri dönüşü yani bireylerin doğurganlığının yeniden kazandırılması teorik olarak mümkündür ancak uygulamanın aksine geri işlemi oldukça uzun ve kesin olmayan bir süreçtir. Maliyeti, kesinliğinin olmaması ve bunun gibi nedenlerden ötürü karar verilmeden önce tüm yönleriyle düşünülmesi gereken bir doğum kontrol türü olduğu söylenebilir.

2-Tubal Sterilizasyon
Tubal Sterilizasyon, vajina üzerinde uygulanan, sürekli koruma sağlayan cerrahi bir yöntemdir. Yumurtalıklardaki fallop tüplerinin kesilmesi veya kapatılması şeklinde uygulanır ve geri dönüşü olmayan bir yöntemdir. Yani bu cerrahi işlemin sonucunda yeniden hamilelik mümkün değildir. Ancak bazı durumlarda bu cerrahi müdahalenin geri döndürülebildiği nadir de olsa görülmüştür.

Doğum kontrolü savunucuları
Doğum kontrolü üzerine çalışmalar yapan bazı aktvistler de vardır. Bunlara örnek olarak Marie Stopes verilebilir. Onun Contraception: Its Theory, History and Practice (1923: Doğum Kontrolü: Kuramı, Tarihi ve Uygulaması) adlı eseri yayımlandığı dönemde doğum kontrolü uzerine yazılmış en kapsamlı kaynak olma özelliğini taşımaktadır. Kendisi dogum kontrolü üzerine çalışma yapılan ilk kliniği ise 1921 yılında eşiyle beraber Londra Holloway'de açmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Aile planlaması
 Prezervatif

Kaynakça

Doğum kontrolü


Árið 2021 var Íslandsmótið í knattspyrnu kvenna haldið í 50. sinn.

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2021
Úrvalsdeildir kvenna í knattspyrnu á Íslandi
Knattspyrna á Íslandi

Pepsimaxdeild kvenna í knattspyrnu 2021


Gaspard Dhellemmes, né le 18 mai 1987, est un écrivain et journaliste français.

Biographie

Journalisme
Diplômé de Sciences Po Lyon et du CFJ, Gaspard Dhellemmes entame sa carrière de journaliste au Le Journal du dimanche. Puis il se spécialise dans les portraits et les enquêtes au long cours, notamment pour M le Magazine du Monde ou ELLE ou encore Vanity Fair où il est un temps grand reporter.

Écriture
En 2013, parait NKM, La femme du premier rang, qu'il a co-écrit avec Olivier Faye aux éditions Jacob-Duvernet, puis en 2014, parait l'Histoire secrète d'une élection capitale, co-écrit avec Bertrand Gréco aux Editions du Moment.

En 2017, Gaspard Dhellemmes publie un récit biographique sur le photographe et écrivain François-Marie Banier, connu notamment pour son rôle dans l'affaire Bettencourt.

En 2021, il publie un premier roman La disparue de Lacan, dans lequel il revisite de façon personnelle le premier cas traité par Jacques Lacan, celui de Marguerite Anzieu, sujet de sa thèse, en évoquant sa propre analyse. Ce premier roman reçoit un accueil critique positif de la presse. Ainsi pour Gilles Chenaille (Marie-Claire), le livre est . , note pour sa part Raphaëlle Leyris (Le Monde). , écrit pour sa part Olivier Mony (Sud Ouest).

Publications
 NKM, La femme du premier rang, co-écrit avec Olivier Faye, éditions Jacob-Duvernet, 2013
 Histoire secrète d'une élection capitale, co-écrit avec Bertrand Gréco, Editions du Moment, 2014
 La Vie démesurée de François-Marie Banier, Fayard, 2017
 La Disparue de Lacan, Fayard, 2021

Notes et références

Liens externes

Écrivain français du XXIe siècle
Journaliste français du XXIe siècle
Naissance en mai 1987

Gaspard Dhellemmes


Plešivec este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Rožňava din regiunea Košice, pe malul râului Sajo. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 2.277 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Plešivec este atestată documentar din 1243.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Plešivec, Slovacia


Valenciennes Football Club ("Valenciennes FC" veya eski isminin kısaltması "USVA" olarak da bilinir) 1915'te kuzey Fransa'nın Valenciennes şehrinde kurulmuş olan Fransız futbol kulübüdür. 2005-2006 sezonunda, Francis Decourrière'in genel menejerliği ve Antoine Kombouaré'nin baş antrenörlüğünde Ligue 2'de (2. Lig) mücadele etmişlerdir. 10 yıldan uzun bir süreden sonra tekrar 1. lige geri gelmişlerdir.

Kupalar
 Şampiyon İkinci lig : 1972, 2006.
 Şampiyon Üçüncü lig: 2005.
 2. Lig İkinciliği : 1935, 1937, 1962, 1975, 1992.
 4. Lig şampiyonluğu: 1998.
 Fransa Kupası: Finalist: 1951.

Tarihçe

Valenciennes Kulübünün Başlangıcı

Valenciennes FC 1915 yılında bir grup erkek tarafından, en tanınanları Mssrs Colson, Joly and Bouly, tarafından kurulmuştur. Devam etmekte olan I. Dünya Savaşı ile kulüp ilk başlarda az etki gösterebilmiştir. Ancak 1916'da başka bir grup spor insanı yöneticilerle iletişime geçmişler ve "Union Sportive Valenciennes-Anzin" (Valenciennes-Anzin Spor Birliği, kısaca USVA) isminde birleşmeyi ve Escaut Département şampiyonluğunda mücadele etmeyi teklif etmişlerdir. Başkan M. Lélithouard'in liderliğinde, USVA 1933'te profesyonel olmuştur.

Valenciennes Kulübünün Kronolojik Tarihi

 1915: Valenciennes Futbol Kulübü'nün (FCV) kuruluşu.
 1916: Kulüp Union Sportive Valenciennes-Anzin (USVA) olarak ismini değiştirdi, ve bu ismi 1996 yılına kadar korudu.
 1933: Profesyonellik başladı.
 1993: Valenciennes ve Marseille maç bağlama skandalına karıştılar. Marseille başkanı Bernard Tapie'nin Valenciennes'li futbolculara takımın UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ne hazırlanması için zaman bulmasına yardımcı olmak için Marseille'ye yenilemeleri iiçin rüşvet verdiği düşünülmektedir. Her iki kulüpte küme düşmek zorunda kalmıştır.
 1996: Profesyonelliğin bitişi.
 1996: Kulüp "Valenciennes Football Club" olarak yeniden adlandırıldı.
 2005: Yeniden profesyonellik başladı.
 2005: Valenciennes Ligue 2'e çıktı.
 2006: Valenciennes Ligue 1'e çıktı.

Kadrosu

Kiralık Giden Oyuncular

Eski futbolcularının uluslararası başarıları
 Jorge Burruchaga, Arjantinle, 1986 Dünya Kupası
 Didier Six, son Valenciennes'li futbolcunun Fransa için oynaması.
 David Régis, evlilik yolu ile Amerikan vatandaşlığı alarak 1998 Dünya Kupası'nda ABD adına oynaması.
 Thomas Dossevi, Togo'dam, 2006 Dünya Kupası'nda Togo için oynadı.

Bilgiler
 Seyirci rekoru: 21.268 izleyici (14 Mart 1955, Sedan)
 İdare merkezi: 43 bis Avenue de Reims, 59300 Valenciennes

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi FCV web sitesi (Fransızca)

Fransa'daki futbol kulüpleri
FC

1913'te kurulan futbol kulüpleri

Valenciennes FC


Die Hamburger Rechtsnotizen (HRN, Eigenschreibweise HAMBURGER RECHTSNOTIZEN) ist eine juristische Fachzeitschrift, die von Studierenden der Fakultät für Rechtswissenschaft der Universität Hamburg herausgegeben wird.

Die Fachzeitschrift erscheint im Eigenverlag des Vereins Hamburger Rechtsnotizen und umfasst pro Heft etwa 50 bis 100 Seiten bei einer Auflage von etwa 700 Exemplaren. Bis zum Jahr 2017 erschien die HRN halbjährlich, seitdem jährlich. Seit demselben Jahr sind die Ausgaben auf der Internetseite der Zeitschrift kostenfrei zugänglich.

Die Redaktion hat ihren Sitz in Hamburg. Sie wird von Professor Dr. Dr. Milan Kuhli betreut.

Zitierweise
Auf einzelne Artikel verweist man üblicherweise durch Angabe des Autors, des Kürzels "HRN", des Jahrgangs und der Seite, üblicherweise unter Weglassung der Abkürzung "S" für Seite.

Literatur
 Hamburger Rechtsnotizen (HRN). Hamburg 2011 ff., .

Weblinks
 Website der Hamburger Rechtsnotizen

Juristische Fachzeitschrift (Deutschland)
Universität Hamburg
Ersterscheinung 2011
Zeitschrift (Hamburg)
Deutschsprachige Jahreszeitschrift

Hamburger Rechtsnotizen


Hyalothyrus es un género de lepidópteros ditrisios de la subfamilia Eudaminae  dentro de la familia Hesperiidae.

Especies

 Hyalothyrus infernalis
 Hyalothyrus leucomelas
 Hyalothyrus mimicus
 Hyalothyrus neleus
 Hyalothyrus nitocris

Referencias

Natural History Museum Lepidoptera genus database

Enlaces externos

 Tree of Life

Eudaminae

Hyalothyrus


شابينساي هي واحدة من جزر اوركني قبالة الساحل الشمالي لاسكتلندا الرئيسى. وهي واحدة من الجزر التي لم يعرف اصل تسميتها بهذا الاسم إلا أن بعض التقديرات لهذه تقول بانها تعود للنورس القديم للجزيرة عن طريق اخر حرفين من الاسم (ay) والذي يشير إلى النورس. وهناك قرية واحدة على الجزيرة وهي بلفور، والطريقة التي يتنقل بها الاناس هناك تسمى كيركويل وهي اشبه بالسيارة. قلعة بلفور، الذي بنيت في اسكتلندا وهي ابرز سمات هذه الجزيرة وهي تذكار لعائلة بلفور التي هيمنت على الجزيرة في القرنين 18 و 19. فكانت هذه العائلة تقوم بعملية ترنسفور أو النقل البشري عن طريق جلب ادوات الزراعة إليها وتقنياتها.و أشهر ما كانت تقوم به هذه القرية الاستحمام بالمياه المالحة.
مساحة الجزيرة 29.5 كم مربع أي ما يقارب 11.4 ميل مربع. وهي تحل المرتبة الثامنة من حيث المساحة بين جزر اوركني وهي تمتاز بالخصوبة وبانخفاضها ولذلك فان معظم الجزيرة اراضٍ زراعية وفي نفس الوقت فهي تحوي اثنتين من المحميات الطبيعية على خلاف الطير التي تقطنها.
يبلغ عدد سكان الجزيرة 300 نسمة وهو عدد أخذ بالتناقص منذ عام 1861 حيث كان عدد السكان حوالي 973 نسمة، واقتصادها قائم على الزراعة والسياحة وهنالك خطط لبناء محطة ستوربينات ريحية لرفع مستواها الاقتصادي.

مراجع

جزر أوركني

شابينساي


Erich Schönhardt (* 15. Juni 1891 in Stuttgart; † 20. November 1979 ebenda) war ein deutscher Mathematiker. Bekanntheit erlangte er durch die Entdeckung des Schönhardt-Polyeders, des einfachsten nicht-konvexen Polyeders, das nicht ohne die Einfügung zusätzlicher Ecken in Tetraeder zerlegt werden kann.

Leben
Schönhardt war ein Sohn des Verwaltungsdirektors Reinhold Schönhardt (1858–1930) und dessen Frau Maria Pauline, geb. Fritz. Er studierte an der Universität Stuttgart und wurde an der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen 1920 promoviert. Seine Dissertation verfasste er über Schottky-Gruppen bei Ludwig Maurer. 1923 habilitierte er an der Universität Tübingen und war dort ab 1927 nichtbeamteter, außerordentlicher Professor. Während seiner Studienzeit wurde er 1909 Mitglied der Burschenschaft Alemannia Stuttgart.

In den 1930ern war er Dozentenführer in Tübingen. In diese Zeit fällt die Versetzung des Mathematikers Erich Kamke in den Ruhestand, da dieser eine jüdische Frau geheiratet hatte. 1933 war Schönhardt der NSDAP beigetreten.

An der Universität Stuttgart war er ab 1936 ordentlicher Professor und von 1939 bis 1942 Rektor der Universität. Nach 1945 wurde Schönhardt aufgrund seiner NS-Vergangenheit entlassen. Er starb 1979 in seiner Heimatstadt Stuttgart und fand seine letzte Ruhestätte auf dem dortigen Fangelsbachfriedhof.

Werke
 Über die Schottkysche Gruppe im hyperelliptischen Falle, 1920
 Über die Zerlegung von Dreieckspolyedern in Tetraeder, 1927

Literatur
 Michael Grüttner: Biographisches Lexikon zur nationalsozialistischen Wissenschaftspolitik, Heidelberg 2004, S. 153.
 Renate Tobies: Biographisches Lexikon in Mathematik promovierter Personen. Rauner, Augsburg 2006, ISBN 3-936905-21-5  (online)

Einzelnachweise

Mathematiker (20. Jahrhundert)
NSDAP-Mitglied
Rektor (Universität Stuttgart)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Stuttgart)
Hochschullehrer (Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen)
Burschenschafter (20. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1891
Gestorben 1979
Mann

Erich Schönhardt


Another Bad Creation (sometimes called ABC for short) was an American hip hop and new jack swing group from Atlanta who were active in the early 1990s.

History
ABC consisted of David Shelton, cousins Romelle "RoRo" Chapman and Chris Sellers, and brothers Demetrius and Marliss ("Red" and "Mark", respectively) Pugh, as well as Adrian "G.A." (General Austin) Witcher. They were discovered by Michael Bivins.
ABC's debut album Coolin' at the Playground Ya Know! was released on February 11, 1991. The album's two biggest singles were the first and second singles: "Iesha" and "Playground" respectively, which reached the top ten on both the R&B and pop charts (the latter was also the group's only showing on the Dance chart). A cover of New Edition's song "Jealous Girl" followed, as well as the singles "Spydermann" and "My World". The album reached #7 on the Billboard 200 and eventually went platinum.

During this time, Mark and Dave appeared among other children (including Macaulay Culkin) in a scene of Michael Jackson's video "Black or White". Also during the same time, all the members of ABC made their only movie appearance to date, as characters in The Meteor Man (which also featured appearances from various other musicians). They dyed their hair blonde for the movie, a style they also showcased in the video for the East Coast Family's only collective song, "1-4-All-4-1".

On March 3, 1991 Another Bad Creation appeared on the sketch comedy show In Living Color singing "Iesha". Keenen Ivory Wayans introduced them by comparing them to The Jackson 5, New Edition, and The Boys.

ABC's second album It Ain't What U Wear, It's How U Play It was released on September 21, 1993. The album and the singles did not chart on a Billboard chart.

Discography

Albums

Singles

References

External links

 Another Bad Creation at Discogs

American boy bands
Musical groups established in 1990
Musical groups disestablished in 1993
African-American musical groups
New jack swing music groups
Motown artists
Musical groups from Atlanta
Child musical groups

Another Bad Creation


Science City of Muñoz (englisch; Tagalog: Lungsod ng Muñoz) ist eine philippinische Gemeinde (Component City) in der Provinz Nueva Ecija, in der Verwaltungsregion III, Central Luzon. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 37 Barangays lebten. Sie wird als Gemeinde der dritten Einkommensklasse auf den Philippinen und als teilweise urbanisiert eingestuft.

Science City of Muñoz liegt im Norden der Provinz, an den südlichen Ausläufern der Caraballo-Berge, im Nordosten der Zentralen Luzon-Ebene. Sie liegt 147 km nördlich von Manila und ist erreichbar über den Marhalika Highway. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Guimba im Westen, Talugtug im Norden, Lupao im Nordosten, Talavera im Südosten, Santo Domingo im Süden, San Jose City im Osten.

Den Namen Science City erhielt Muñoz, da fünf wissenschaftliche Institute von der Regierung in der Gemeinde angesiedelt wurden. Diese sind der Central Luzon State University angeschlossen, die ein 6,58 km² großes Areal in der Gemeinde betreibt. Die Universität gilt als ein international renommiertes Forschungsinstitut in den Bereichen Land- und Forstwirtschaft. Sie ist in beiden Forschungs- und Ausbildungsbereichen eine der drei zentralen Hochschulen der Philippinen, die anderen beiden sind die Visayas State University (CLSU) auf Leyte und die Central Mindanao University (CMU) auf Mindanao.

Baranggays

Weblinks

Ort auf den Philippinen
Nueva Ecija

Science City of Muñoz


Sveti Obadija (hebr. Ōbadjāh, značenje "sluga Jahvin"), starozavjetni prorok i pisac najkraće biblijske knjige.

Životopis
Prema jednim izvorima djelovao je u 9. stoljeću pr. Kr., u doba judejskog kralja Jorama (848. – 851.), a prema drugim živio je u 5. stoljeću pr. Kr., u vrijeme razaranja Jeruzalema (587.). Nakon pada Jeruzalema Edomci su zauzeli južni dio Judeje, što je izazvalo negodovanje i proročke napade. Obadija naviješta propast Edoma, što se i dogodilo 312. Prema predaji pokopan je u palestinskom selu Sebastiji, na istom mjestu gdje su pokopani prorok Elizej i sveti Ivan Krstitelj.

Izvori
 Hrvatska enciklopedija: Obadija
 Narod: 19. studenog sveti Obadija - jedan od 12 proroka Starog zavjeta
 Sveci: Sveti Obadija (prorok)
 Bitno: Sveti Obadija - apokaliptički starozavjetni mali prorok
 Župa Jastrebarsko: Sveti Obadija - 19. studenog

Mali proroci

Obadija


Die Echternstraße ist eine Straße in der Innenstadt Braunschweigs. Sie ist in Nord-Süd-Richtung angelegt und verläuft westlich parallel zur Güldenstraße, auf die sie am nördlichen Ende trifft.  An ihrem südlichen Ende stößt die Echternstraße auf den quer verlaufenden Prinzenweg. Die ehemals durch Fachwerkhäuser geprägte Straße verlor durch die Zerstörungen während des Zweiten Weltkriegs und nachfolgende Umgestaltungen im nördlich der Sonnenstraße gelegenen Teil ihren ursprünglichen Charakter. Der südliche Teil der Echternstraße war von Kriegsschäden wenig betroffen, so dass im Bereich der "Traditionsinsel Michaeliskirche" ein für das "alte" Braunschweig typisches Straßenbild erhalten werden konnte.

Geschichte
Die im Weichbild der Altstadt verlaufende Echternstraße wird 1304 als platea finalis, also als letzte Straße vor der westlich angrenzenden Stadtmauer, bezeichnet. Für das Jahr 1310 ist die Bezeichnung echterenstrate belegt, was aus dem niederdeutschen Wort achter für hinter, d. h. direkt hinter der Stadtbefestigung, abzuleiten ist. Im Jahre 1940 befanden sich auf westlich der Echternstraße gelegenen Grundstücken noch umfangreiche Reste der Stadtmauer. Die Schreibweise im Jahre 1465 lautete achternstrate, während die Stadtpläne 1606 Echternstras, 1671 die ächtern Strasse, 1758 Aechternstrasse und 1798 die heute gültige Schreibweise notieren. Die vereinigte Fortsetzung der Echtern- und Güldenstraße bis zum Petritor wurde häufig zur Güldenstraße, seltener zur Echternstraße gezählt, so beispielsweise um die Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts die Häuser Nr. 834 und 837. Am nördlichen Ende der Echternstraße begann der Südklint mit seiner im Zweiten Weltkrieg vollständig zerstörten Fachwerkbebauung. In den 1960er Jahren musste der Südklint dem Ausbau der Güldenstraße weichen. In der Echternstraße wohnten ärmere Bevölkerungsschichten. Die Wohnung des Henkers und der von ihm beaufsichtigten Prostituierten trugen im Spätmittelalter zu einem etwas zweifelhaften Ruf der Straße bei. Während des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurden im nördlich der Sonnenstraße liegenden Teil die meisten Fachwerkbauten  zerstört. Im südlichen Teil der Echternstraße konnte durch den Einsatz der Bevölkerung und die in der Schule stationierte Feuerwehreinheit ein großer Teil der Gebäude vor der Zerstörung bewahrt werden. Die Traditionsinsel St. Michaelis wurde in den 1990er Jahren mit Fördermitteln des Bundes und der Stadt saniert. Die Straße erhielt eine Kopfsteinpflasterung anstelle des Asphaltbelags.

An der Echternstraße wurden vom 1. Juli 2003 bis zum 31. März 2004 archäologische Grabungen auf einem 6000 m² großen Areal durchgeführt. Dabei wurden ein bis dahin unbekannter Teil einer mittelalterlichen Wehranlage sowie das Fundament eines Verteidigungsturmes entdeckt. In einer mittelalterlichen Kloake kamen Fell- und Stoffreste, Kirschkerne, Getreide und verschiedene Holzgefäße ans Tageslicht, die z. T. aus dem 13. Jahrhundert stammen. Innerhalb der unterschiedlichen Erdschichten konnte eine Brandschicht dem urkundlich belegten großen Stadtbrand von 1278 zugeordnet werden.

Bebauung

Historische Bauten

St. Michaelis-Kirche
Die zwischen Echternstraße und Güldenstraße liegende St. Michaelis-Kirche wurde 1157 geweiht und Anfang des 13. Jahrhunderts durch Seitenschiffe erweitert. Der Umbau zu einer dreischiffigen gotischen Hallenkirche erfolgte zwischen dem 13. und 15. Jahrhundert. Die seit 1528 ev.-luth. Pfarrkirche wurde 1879/1881 durch Ludwig Winter und Max Osterloh umfassend restauriert. Den Zweiten Weltkrieg überstand der Bau im Gegensatz zu seiner Umgebung weitgehend unbeschadet.

Stobwasser-Haus
Der aus Lobenstein in Thüringen stammende Georg Heinrich Stobwasser (1717–1776) siedelte nach Braunschweig über und gründete dort im Jahre 1763 zusammen mit seinem Vater Georg Siegmund Eustachius Stobwasser eine Manufaktur als Lackierwarenfabrik. Seit 1771 befand sich diese an der Echternstraße 16 in der früheren Schmeichelburg (Grundstück Nr. 587 und 588), auch St. Michaelisburg genannt, welche 1669 als der Herrn Zehnmänner Hauss urkundlich belegt ist. Aufgrund der hohen Qualität der Stobwasserschen Erzeugnisse und der dadurch bedingten großen Nachfrage durch den Braunschweiger Hof, die höfische Gesellschaft, Militärs und die Kaufmannschaft, entwickelte sich die neue "Fabrik" schnell zu einem für die damalige Zeit großen Unternehmen, das fast hundert Mitarbeiter beschäftigte und ihre Produkte bald auch überregional und international absetzte. Das Stobwasserhaus wurde im Zweiten Weltkrieg nicht zerstört und dient heute sozialen Zwecken. Am 18. Juni 1815 gründete ein Kreis um Christian Heinrich (Eustachius) Stobwasser hier die Braunschweiger Bibelgesellschaft. Am 23. Juli 1969 erhielt das Haus eine Vitrine mit Erinnerungsstücken an den Lackwarenfabrikanten Johann Heinrich Stobwasser und an den ersten deutschen Reichspräsidenten Friedrich Ebert, der hier im Jahre 1890 für drei Monate wohnte.

Rotes Kloster
Am Südende der Echternstraße befand sich seit dem 14. Jahrhundert das sogenannte Rote Kloster, 1402 als dat rode kloster belegt. Im Haus Nr. 575 wohnte bereits 1402 de hengher, also der Scharfrichter, der die Aufsicht über die in den vier öffentlichen Häusern Nr. 576 bis 579 tätigen Prostituierten führte.

Prediger-Witwenhaus
Seit 1559 stand an der Echternstraße 14 (Haus Nr. 585 und 586) das St. Martini Prediger-Witwenhaus, das noch im 18. Jahrhundert zum Besitz der Martinikirche zählte. Für den Neubau des Pfarrhauses von St. Michaelis wurde 1899 der südliche Teil des dreigeschossigen traufenständigen Fachwerkhauses abgerissen. Ein Drittel der auf dem Schwellbalken des vorgekragten zweiten Obergeschosses befindlichen Inschrift wurde dabei zerstört. Der erhaltene lateinische und deutsche Text wird von einer Abbildung des Braunschweiger Löwen unterbrochen:
[VRBS · EVANGELII · QVIBVS · EST · VETVSTAS . MINISTRIS ·
HIC · HABBIT(ANT) · VIDVAE ·] POST · PIA · FATA · VIRVM ·
behausung · der · vorlassen · widwen · der · abgestorben · prediger ·
in · der · alten · stad · durch · eines · erbaren · wolweise(n) · rads · vnd ·
filer · erbar · fromen christe(n) · beforderung erbawet an(n)o d(o)m(in)i 1559

Die Übersetzung des lateinischen Textes, dessen in eckige Klammern gesetzter Teil nicht mehr erhalten ist, lautet: "Die Stadt den Dienern des Evangeliums, die ein hohes Alter erreicht haben. Hier wohnen die Witwen nach dem frommen Tod (ihrer) Männer."

Weitere Bauten
In der Echternstraße lagen der Ratsmarstall sowie der Schafstall der Altstadt und des Sack. Die Michaelis-Opferei, dat opperhus, wurde 1459 von Nr. 571 nach Nr. 574 verlegt. Die Häuser Nr. 581 und 582 werden 1534 als der knokenhawer hus und im 18. Jahrhundert als der Knochenhauer Gildehaus und Schafstall bezeichnet. Im Jahre 1512 kaufte der überregional bekannte Glocken- und Geschützgießer Hinrik Mente ein großes Grundstück an der Echternstraße. Die Lage unmittelbar an der Stadtmauer verringerte die von der Werkstatt ausgehende Feuergefahr. Mente stellte bronzene Glocken und Taufbecken für die Kirchengemeinden der Stadt und des Umlandes her. Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts wurde der Raum hinter den Höfen der Echternstraße zwischen Stadtmauer und Mauergraben zu einem später verfallenen Promenadenweg hergerichtet, der 1789 von Philip Christian Ribbentrop als "philosophischer Gang" und im Stadtplan von 1798 als "Promenade am Mauergraben" bezeichnet wurde.

Heutige Bebauung

Seniorenwohnstift Wohnpark am Wall
An der Echternstraße 46–49 befindet sich das Seniorenwohnstift Wohnpark am Wall mit 171 Wohnungen. Es wurde am 28. August 1987 nach knapp zweijähriger Bauzeit eröffnet. Am 21. September 1989 fand ein Informationsbesuch des luxemburgischen Gesundheitsministers John Lakure statt.

Schulen
Am 28. und 29. Juni 1974 wurde das 100-jährige Bestehen der Volksschule an der Echternstraße 1–3 gefeiert. Durch die Schulstrukturreform in Niedersachsen wurde 2004 an der Echternstraße 1 ein zweiter Schulstandort für die 5. und 6. Klassen des Gymnasiums Martino-Katharineum (kleines MK) eingerichtet.

Weitere Bauten
Am 2. Dezember 1968 wurde das neue Verwaltungsgebäudes der Innungskrankenkasse, Echternstraße 31–32, eingeweiht. Nördlich der St.-Michaeliskirche befindet sich der Gebäudekomplex Michaelishof, der 1983 als Fachwerkgebäude errichtet wurde und als Studentenwohnheim genutzt wird. Laut Postanschrift gehört er jedoch zur Güldenstraße.

Impressionen

Literatur
 Johannes Angel: Echternstraße. In: Luitgard Camerer, Manfred R. W. Garzmann und Wolf-Dieter Schuegraf (Hrsg.): Braunschweiger Stadtlexikon, Braunschweig 1992,  ISBN 3-926701-14-5.
 Jürgen Hodemacher: Braunschweigs Straßen – ihre Namen und ihre Geschichten, Band 1: Innenstadt, Cremlingen 1995, ISBN 3-927060-11-9.
 Wolfgang Kimpflinger: Denkmaltopographie Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Baudenkmale in Niedersachsen, Band 1.1.: Stadt Braunschweig, Teil 1. Hameln 1993, ISBN 3-87585-252-4.
 Heinrich Meier: Die Straßennamen der Stadt Braunschweig. In: Quellen und Forschungen zur Braunschweigischen Geschichte. Band 1, Wolfenbüttel 1904

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Straße in Braunschweig
Straße in Europa

Echternstraße (Braunschweig)


Isla Galveston  es una isla en la costa de Texas en los Estados Unidos, a unas  al sureste de Houston. Toda la isla, con la excepción de la playa Jamaica (Jamaica Beach), está dentro de los límites de la ciudad de Galveston. Recibe su nombre del entonces Virrey de Nueva España y militar Don Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Conde de Gálvez, quien desempeñó un papel integral en la Independencia de los Estados Unidos de América, por el que recibió el reconomiento de Ciudadano Honorario de la Nación.

La isla tiene aproximadamente  de largo y no más de  en su punto más ancho. Está orientada generalmente en sentido noreste-suroeste, con el Golfo de México al este y al sur, West Bay, en el oeste, y la bahía de Galveston en el norte. El principal punto de acceso desde el continente a la isla es la carretera interestatal 45 que cruza con una calzada desde West Bay en el lado noreste de la isla. El extremo norte de la isla está separada de la península Bolívar por el puerto de Galveston, la entrada de la bahía de Galveston y el canal de navegación de Houston.

Véase también
 Geografía de Texas
 Paso de San Luis

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Texas
Archipiélagos e islas del golfo de México de Estados Unidos

Isla de Galveston


La Mission interministérielle pour la protection des femmes contre les violences et la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains (MIPROF) est un organisme de l'État français créé en 2013.

Organisation
La MIPROF est constituée d'une équipe permanente et d'un comité d'orientation.

En 2013, la secrétaire générale de la MIPROF est la magistrate Elisabeth Moiron-Braud. Le , Roxana Maracineanu, ancienne championne de natation et ancienne ministre des Sports, devient secrétaire générale de la MIPROF.

Le comité d'orientation est composé de représentants de l'État, des collectivités territoriales, de structures associatives et de personnes qualifiées sur les violences faites aux femmes et sur la traite des êtres humains. Il se réunit deux fois par an et définit les grandes orientations.

Un comité de coordination a été créé au sein du comité d'orientation et regroupe les membres du comité d'orientation intervenant en matière de lutte contre la traite des êtres humains.

Fonctions
La MIPROF, créée par décret et placée sous l'autorité de la ministre chargée des droits des femmes, a quatre principales fonctions :

- La réalisation d'un plan national de formation des professionnels sur les violences faites aux femmes ;

- Un rôle d'observatoire national sur les violences faites aux femmes à travers la mission de rassembler, analyser et diffuser les informations et données relatives aux violences faites aux femmes ;

- Favoriser l'animation locale de la politique de protection des femmes victimes de violences ;

- La coordination nationale de la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains.

La ministre chargée des droits des femmes confie également à la MIPROF des missions ponctuelles. En 2020, Marlène Schiappa a chargé la MIPROF de rédiger un rapport évaluant les situations de violences conjugales pendant le confinement et les mesures de protection déployées.

Formation des professionnels

Outils pédagogiques
La MIPROF élabore des outils de formations pour tous les professionnels avec des formatrices et formateurs, des universitaires, des enseignantes et enseignants, des expertes et experts et le soutien des partenaires institutionnels et professionnels.

Depuis 2013, dix kits pédagogiques ont été élaborés. Ils ab

bordent les thématiques suivantes :

 Violences au sein du couple
 L'impact des violences au sein du couple sur les enfants
 Violences sexuelles
 Violences sexistes et sexuelles au travail
 Violences sexistes et sexuelles dans les transports
 Protection sur ordonnance
 Mutilations sexuelles féminines
 Mariage forcé
 Accueillir une victime de violences au sein du couple
 Femmes en situation de handicap

La MIPROF a également réalisé quatre clips pédagogiques nommés "Paroles d'expertes", dans lesquels des expertes expliquent des notions complexes et/ou scientifiques liées aux violences sexistes et sexuelles.

Dynamique de formation
La MIPROF n'est pas un organisme de formation, mais elle forme des formateurs et des référents pour qu'ils s'approprient les outils pédagogiques et les diffusent auprès de leurs pairs.

Elle est également consultée en tant qu'experte par différents ministères.

Chaque année, autour du 25 novembre, des rencontres interprofessionnelles sont organisées. La MIPROF y présente les travaux menés au cours de l'année avec ses partenaires.

L'observatoire national des violences faites aux femmes
Cet observatoire piloté par la MIPROF rassemble, analyse et diffuse au niveau national des données quantitatives et qualitatives harmonisées visant à mieux connaître le phénomène des violences envers les femmes, leur fréquence, leurs caractéristiques, les besoins des victimes et les réponses qui y sont apportées.

Depuis 2021, elle analyse également les rapports de retour d'expérience dans les procédures d'homicides conjugaux, notamment ceux élaborés par les services du ministère de la Justice.

L'Observatoire national favorise également la diffusion des bonnes pratiques en matière de repérage et de prise en charge des femmes victimes de violences. La MIPROF veille à l'accompagnement, à la création et à l'animation des observatoires territoriaux des violences faites aux femmes et travaille en lien étroit avec Ernestine Ronai, responsable de l'Observatoire départemental des violences envers les femmes de Seine Saint-Denis.

Plusieurs publications sont faites chaque année, rassemblant les données disponibles, les différentes formes que peuvent revêtir les violences, des focus sur la législation en vigueur et des bonnes pratiques de lutte contre les violences mises en place par des professionnels ainsi que les outils à leur disposition :

 Des numéros annuels de la Lettre de l'observatoire national des violences faites aux femmes, publiés à l'occasion du 25 novembre, qui présentent les principales données relatives aux violences au sein du couple et aux violences sexuelles pour l'année N-1 ;
 Des numéros thématiques de la Lettre de l'observatoire national des violences faites aux femmes, consacrés à des thèmes tels que les mutilations sexuelles féminines, les mariages forcés, la prostitution, etc. ;
 Des fiches statistiques sur des sujets précis relatifs aux violences sexistes et sexuelles faites aux femmes (les morts violentes au sein du couple, les violences subies par les femmes dans les espaces publics, etc.).

La coordination nationale de la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains

Niveau national
La MIPROF a élaboré un premier plan d'action national de lutte contre la traite des êtres humains (2014-2016), puis un second (2019-2021), en concertation avec les ministères concernés et les associations spécialistes de cette problématique. Elle assure le pilotage de la mise en œuvre de ce plan d'action.

La MIPROF participe au comité de suivi de la loi du 13 avril 2016 et aux différents travaux dédiés à la lutte contre la prostitution des mineurs, comme le plan de lutte contre la prostitution des mineurs.

Niveau international
La MIPROF est l'interlocutrice régulière des instances européennes : elle siège aux réunions des rapporteurs nationaux sur la traite des êtres humains auprès de la Commission européenne, ainsi qu'à celles des coordonnateurs nationaux au sein du Conseil de l'Europe.

La MIPROF coordonne la réponse de la France dans les procédures d'évaluation européennes :

 Le rapport réalisé tous les deux ans par la Commission européenne sur les progrès effectués dans la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains en application de l'article 20 de la directive 2011/36/UE du Parlement Européen
 Les cycles d'évaluation du Groupe d'experts (GRETA) sur la mise en œuvre de la Convention du Conseil de l'Europe sur la lutte contre la traite des êtres humains.

La MIPROF promeut la politique publique française en matière de lutte contre la traite à l'étranger et apporte son expertise au ministère de l'Europe et des Affaires Étrangères, notamment dans le cadre des travaux de l'Office des Nations Unies contre la Drogue et le Crime (ONUDC) et de l'Organisation pour la sécurité et la coopération en Europe (OSCE).

La MIPROF a contribué à l'élaboration de la stratégie nationale d'accélération pour éliminer le travail des enfants, le travail forcé, la traite des êtres humains et l'esclavage contemporain à l'horizon 2030 dans le cadre de la candidature de la France au statut de « pays pionnier » au sein de l'Alliance 8.7, qui a été annoncée le 9 novembre 2021.

Enquête annuelle
En partenariat avec les associations membres du Collectif Ensemble contre la traite des êtres humains, la MIPROF et le Service statistique ministériel de la sécurité intérieure réalisent chaque année une enquête sur les victimes de traite des êtres humains accompagnées par les associations en France.

Cette enquête, inscrite dans le second plan d'action national contre la traite, permet de collecter des informations détaillées sur les victimes, leurs conditions d'exploitation et leurs démarches, et est également régulièrement citée comme bonne pratique au niveau européen.

La 5ème édition de l'enquête a été mise en ligne en décembre 2021.

Formation
La MIPROF a créé plusieurs outils pédagogiques pour former les professionnels à repérer les situations de traite des êtres humains et accompagner les victimes.

Rapports d'activité
A chaque fin de quinquennat, la MIPROF publie son rapport d'activité :

 Rapport d'activité 2013-2017
 Rapport d'activité 2017-2021

Notes et références

Organisme interministériel en France
Féminisme en France


الاستفتاء الاجتماعي: ، وتستخدم هذه الطريقة للوصول إلى حقائق علمية عن الظواهر الاجتماعية، كما يمكن استخدامها في النواحي الاقتصادية، وقد ظهرت بين 1830 و1884 للميلاد.

وتعتمد طريقة الاستفتاء الاجتماعي على عمل قوائم أسئلة، وتوزيعها على عدد كبير من الأفراد ومن ثم جمع النتائج وتحليلها.

انظر أيضا
 استفتاء الحقوق المدنية

علم الاجتماع

استفتاء اجتماعي


Zlatni studio 2021 je godišnja medijska nagrada u Hrvatskoj koja se održala 20. veljače 2021. godine, a nagrade su dodijeljene za prethodnu godinu.

Nagrada Zlatni studio dodijelila se u pet skupina: film, televizija, kazalište, glazba i radio u 19 kategorija.

Za Zlatni Studio konkuriraju najbolja ostvarenja i osobe po kategorijama za djela ostvarena u razdoblju od 11. prosinca 2020. do početka siječnja 2021. Glasovanje se odvija u dva biračka kruga nakon kojih slijedi veliko finale. Prvi krug trajao je od objave nominiranih, do 15. siječnja 2021. godine, a drugi drug traje od 15. siječnja 2021. do 5. veljače 2021. godine. Ove godine prikupljeno je rekordnih 643.608 glasova za sve norminirane.

Voditelji programa bili su Daniela Trbović i Ivan Vukušić.

Promjene nagrada
U dodjeli nagrada Zlatni studio 2021. došlo je do promjena nagrada koje se dodjeljuju:

 ukinuta je nagrada Najbolji koncert godine u kategoriji Glazba
 ukinuta je nagrada Najbolja grupa godine u kategoriji Glazba
 ponovno se dodjeljuje nagrada Najbolja TV zabava u kategoriji Televizija
 uvedena je nova nagrada Najbolje novo lice na glazbenoj sceni u kategoriji Glazba
 nagrada Najbolje novo lice u kazalištu je izmijenjena u Najbolje novo lice u kazalištu i filmu

Žiri
Uloga žirija sastaoji se od predlaganju pet kandidata za svaku od potkategorija. Žiri je u sastavu četiri eksperta za svaku od kategorija.

 kategorija Film: Zrinko Ogresta, Nenad Polimac, Jurica Pavičić i Dalibor Šimpraga
 kategorija Televizija:
kategorija Kazalište:
kategorija Glazba: Zrinko Tutić, Ante Gelo, Predrag Martinjak Peggy i Maja Kruhak
 kategorija Radio: Irina Čulinović, Vladimir Rončević i Klara Rožman

Dobitnici i nominirani
 —

Film
Najbolji filmski glumac godine

Najbolja filmska glumica godine

Najbolji igrani film godine

Televizija

Najbolji/a TV voditelj/ica godine

Najbolji/a TV novinar/ka godine

Najbolja TV serija

Najbolja TV zabava

Najbolji reality show godine

Najbolja TV emisija godine

Kazalište

Najbolja predstava godine

Najbolji kazališni glumac godine

Najbolja kazališna glumica godine

Najbolje novo lice u kazalištu i na filmu

Glazba

Najbolji pjevač godine

Najbolja pjevačica godine

Najbolji hit/pjesma godine

Najbolje novo lice na glazbenoj sceni

Radio

Najbolji radio godine

Najbolji radijski glas godine

Posebna nagrada

 Na kraju programa, glavnoj urednici HTV-a 3 Vlatki Kolarović, rukovoditeljici RJ-a Glazba HRT-a Ivani Kocelj i ravnatelju HRT-a Kazimiru Bačiću dodijeljena je posebna nagarada za emisiju Sunčana strana Prisavlja, open-air projekt na kojem su se održavali glazbeni i kulturni događaji uživo pred publikom i na malim ekranima u najtežim trenucima pandemijskog razdoblja tokom 2020. godine.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Službene web stranice nagrade Zlatni studio

Hrvatske medijske nagrade

Zlatni studio 2021.


Josaia Voreqe "Frank" Bainimarama  (Fijian: [tʃoˈsɛia βoˈreŋɡe mbɛiniˈmarama]; born 27 April 1954) is a Fijian politician and former naval officer who served as the prime minister of Fiji from 2007 until 2022. A member of the FijiFirst party, which he founded in 2014, he began his career as an officer in the Fijian navy and commander of the Fijian military. He served as the opposition leader from 24 December 2022 despite being suspended from Parliament until 8 March 2023, when he resigned and was replaced by Inia Seruiratu.

Bainimarama attended Marist Brothers High School, the Asian Institute of Technology and Dalhousie University. He joined the Fijian Navy in 1975 and rose through the ranks, becoming an Able Seaman and a Midshipman in 1976, an Ensign in 1977 and later promoted to a sub-lieutenant at the end of that year. He was promoted to lieutenant-commander in 1986 and became a commander in 1988. He later became captain in 1991. In 1997, Bainimarama was appointed Chief of Staff of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces. In 1998, he was promoted to a Commodore and later became the commander of the Armed Forces in 1999. He relinquished command in 2014, and in recognition of his military service, he was promoted to Rear Admiral.

Bainimarama instigated the 2006 coup, removing Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase from power. He later restored Ratu Josefa Iloilo as president and himself as prime minister in 2007. Bainimarama promised the return of elections and democracy in 2014, and formed a party named FijiFirst. In the 2014 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won a majority and Bainimarama was sworn in as prime minister of Fiji by President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau. In the 2018 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won an outright majority, and Bainimarama became prime minister for a second term on 20 November 2018. In the 2022 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won a plurality but was unable to form a government, meaning Bainimarama ceased to be Prime Minister after 16 years of rule, making him the second-longest serving Prime Minister of Fiji after Kamisese Mara. He was succeeded by Sitiveni Rabuka.

In January 2022, Bainimarama underwent heart surgery in Melbourne, Australia. During his recovery, Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum was named Acting Prime Minister. Bainimarama returned to Fiji in March 2022.

Military career
Bainimarama's naval career spans three decades. He has received a number of honours for his service. He has been made an Officer Brother in the Order of St John of Jerusalem, and has received the Meritorious Service Decoration, the Peacekeeping Medal for United Nations peacekeepers, the General Service Medal, the Fiji Republic Medal, and the 25 Anniversary Medal.

Naval career
Following his education at Marist Brothers High School, Bainimarama enlisted with the Fijian Navy on 26 July 1975 and rose smoothly through the ranks, becoming an Able Seaman in August 1976, a Midshipman in December the same year, and an Ensign on 1 November 1977.

After completing the Midshipmen's Supplementary Course in Australia, he was appointed Navigation officer of HMFS Kiro in August 1978. At the end of that year, he was promoted to Sub-Lieutenant. In January 1979, Bainimarama embarked on the Chilean naval training ship, the Buque Escuela Esmeralda, which spent six months circumnavigating South America. On his return to Fiji in August, Bainimarama was appointed executive officer of HMFS Kiro.

After a brief Navigation Course in HMAS Watson in March 1982, Bainimarama underwent Search and Rescue training at the United States Coast Guard Centre in New York City.  On his return to Fiji, he was appointed commander of HMFS Kikau, his first command post. He went on to command HMFS Kula, and spent four months in 1984 in the markings of the Exclusive Economic Zones of Tonga, Tuvalu, and Kiribati.  After being promoted to Lieutenant Commander in February 1986, he departed for Sinai where he served for eighteen months with the Multinational Force and Observers.

Bainimarama returned to Fiji in September 1987.  He took charge of the delivery of two naval ships, the Levuka and Lautoka, from Louisiana in the United States. He became Commanding Officer of the Fijian Navy in April 1988, and was promoted to the rank of Commander on 4 October that year.  He held this post for the next nine years.

Bainimarama underwent further training at the Malaysian Armed Forces Staff College in 1991 and at the Australian Defence Force Warfare Centre at RAAF Williamtown, Newcastle, New South Wales, where he studied Maritime Surveillance Training.  This was followed by Disaster Management training at the Asian Institute of Technology in 1993, and Exclusive Economic Zone Management training at Dalhousie University, Canada, in 1994. He was promoted to the rank of Captain in October of that year, and went on to attend the Australian Joint Services Staff College (JSSC). He attended the Integrated Logistics Support Overview course of the Australian Defence Co-operation Program on 23 September 1996, and the Chief of Army Conferences in Singapore in 1998 and 1999, as well as the Chief of Defence Conference in Hawaii.

Bainimarama was appointed as the Acting Chief of Staff on 10 November 1997, and was confirmed in this post on 18 April 1998.  On 1 March 1999, he was promoted to the rank of Commodore and was named commander of the Armed Forces, to replace Brigadier-General Ratu Epeli Ganilau, who resigned to pursue a political career.  It was in his capacity as commander of the Armed Forces that Bainimarama assumed command on 29 May 2000. He relinquished command on 5 March 2014, to Brigadier-General Mosese Tikoitoga. Bainimarama was promoted to the rank of rear admiral on his retirement in recognition of his military service.

Fiji coup of 2000

A group led by George Speight, a businessman who had been declared bankrupt following the cancellation of several contracts by the government, entered Parliament buildings on 19 May 2000 and disaffected elements of the Fijian population rallied to his side. For 56 days Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry and most of his cabinet, along with many parliamentarians and their staff, were held as hostages while Speight attempted to negotiate with the president, Ratu Sir Kamisese Mara, who denounced the coup and declared a state of emergency.

Believing that President Kamisese Mara was not dealing effectively with the situation, Bainimarama forced Mara to resign on 29 May 2000, in what some politicians have since called "a coup within a coup," and formed an interim military government, which negotiated an accord under which the rebels would release all hostages, including the deposed Prime Minister Mahendra Chaudhry, and would surrender without penalty. The government later reneged on the last part of the agreement and arrested Speight on 27 July 2000, with Bainimarama saying that he had signed that part of the accord "under duress."

Post-2000 coup
Bainimarama attended a Leadership and Change Management course with the Public Service Training and Development program in February 2002, and a Policy Planning Analysis and Management course at the University of the South Pacific in Suva the following month. He went on to attend the Defence and Strategic Studies Annual Conference at the Australian Defence College in Canberra on 2 August, and the Program for Senior Executives in National and International Security at Harvard University in the United States from 18 to 30 August. In November that year, he was promoted to Rear Admiral, but this promotion was reverted to Commodore on 1 February 2003. In 2014, he was made rear admiral again.

On 4 September 2003, Bainimarama attended the Pacific Armies Management Seminar XXVII in Seoul, South Korea, and went on to attend the PKO Capacity Building Seminar in the Philippine capital of Manila.

Despite his deteriorating relationship with the government, Bainimarama was reappointed commander of the Republic of Fiji Military Forces on 5 February 2004. That month, he attended the Pacific Area Special Operations Conference. This was followed by the Seminar Executive Course at the Asia Pacific Centre for Strategic Studies in Hawaii in April. In May and June, he attended the South East Asia Security Symposium. In September, he attended both the PAMS XXVII in the Indian capital of New Delhi, and the 7th Chief of Defence Conference in Tokyo, Japan.

On 14 December 2005, Bainimarama began an official visit to China, at the invitation of the People's Liberation Army.

Political career

Fijian coup d'état, 2006

On 31 October 2006, while Bainimarama was in Egypt visiting Fijian forces on peacekeeping duties in the Middle East, President Iloilo moved to terminate the appointment of Bainimarama, appointing instead Lieutenant Colonel Meli Saubulinayau who declined to take the position. Senior Fijian military officers backed Bainimarama, who quickly called on the Government to resign. The governments of Australia, New Zealand, the U.S. and others called for calm, and asked for assurances that the Fijian military not rise against the government.

In late November 2006, Bainimarama handed down a list of demands to Qarase, one of which was the withdrawal of three controversial bills, including the Qoliqoli Bill (which would have transferred ownership of maritime resources to the Fijian people) and the Reconciliation, Tolerance, and Unity Bill, which would have offered conditional pardons to persons convicted of involvement in the 2000 coup.  Despite further talks in Suva and in Wellington, New Zealand, Bainimarama gave the Prime Minister Qarase an ultimatum of 4 December to accede to his demands or to resign. In a televised address, Qarase agreed to put the three race-based bills on hold, review the appointment of Andrew Hughes as police commissioner (Bainimarama had demanded his dismissal), and give the police the option of discontinuing investigations into the commander's alleged acts of sedition.  He refused further concessions, saying that he had conceded all that was possible within the law.

Military manoeuvres followed, including the seizure of government vehicles and the house arrest of Prime Minister Qarase.  On 5 December President Ratu Josefa Iloilo was said to have signed a legal order dissolving Parliament after meeting with Bainimarama.  The president later issued a statement categorically denying having signed any such decree, however, and the exiled Commissioner of Police, Andrew Hughes, implicated Iloilo's secretary in the fabrication of the decree at the direction of Commander Bainimarama.

As of 9 December, there were reported arrests of members of the media and open dissenters, as well as incidents of intimidation and violence committed against political figures. Stuart Huggett, chairman of the Public Service Commission, was reported to have been assaulted.

Bainimarama told a press conference on 15 December that he would agree to attend a forthcoming meeting of the Great Council of Chiefs, the feudal body empowered to choose the country's president, vice-president, and fourteen of the thirty two Senators, only in his capacity as president of the Republic, the Fiji Sun reported. Told that the Great Council still recognised Ratu Josefa Iloilo as president, he said that in that case he would boycott the meeting.  He also condemned the Great Council's invitation to deposed Prime Minister Laisenia Qarase, saying that Qarase would not be allowed to return to Suva to attend the meeting.

On 6 September 2007, Bainimarama imposed a renewed state of emergency for one month, alleging that Qarase and his spokesman were spreading lies and attempting to cause destabilisation, following Qarase's return to Suva after having been confined to the island of Vanua Balavu since his ouster. Bainimarama said that Qarase and his spokesman should return to Vanuabalavu and that they could "talk from there".

Bainimarama became acting Minister of Finance on 18 August 2008 after Chaudhry and the other Labour Party ministers withdrew from the interim government.

Explaining the coup
The immediate cause of the military coup was Prime Minister Qarase's refusal to withdraw the Qoliqoli Bill. Bainimarama stated that his main reasons for overthrowing the Qarase government were that it was corrupt, and that it was conducting racially discriminatory policies against the country's Indo-Fijian minority. In a speech publicly announcing the coup, he stated that Qarase's policies had "divided the nation now and will have very serious consequences to our future generations". He added that "the passing of the Reconciliation, Qoliqoli and Land Claims [Bills] will undermine the Constitution, will deprive many citizens of their rights as guaranteed under the Constitution and compromise and undermine the integrity of the Constitutional Offices including the Judiciary". He explained that he would amend the race-based electoral rolls, so as to "lead us into peace and prosperity and mend the ever widening racial divide that currently besets our multicultural nation".

Addressing the United Nations General Assembly in September 2007, he stated:

"[I]n 1970, Fiji started its journey as a young nation on a rather shaky foundation, with a race-based Constitution, one which rigidly compartmentalised our communities. The 'democracy' which came to be practised in Fiji was marked by divisive, adversarial, inward-looking, race-based politics. The legacy of leadership, at both community and national levels, was a fractured nation. Fiji's people were not allowed to share a common national identity.

Of the two major communities, indigenous Fijians were instilled with fear of dominance and dispossession by Indo-Fijians, and they desired protection of their status as the indigenous people. Indo-Fijians, on the other hand, felt alienated and marginalised, as second-class citizens in their own country, the country of their birth, Fiji. [...]

Fiji's overall situation by 2006 had deteriorated sharply, heightened by massive corruption and lawlessness [...].

[P]olicies which promote racial supremacy [...] must be removed once and for all. [...] Fiji will look at making the necessary legal changes in the area of electoral reform, to ensure true equality at the polls. [...] [E]very person will be given the right to vote for only one candidate, irrespective of race or religion."

This was to be achieved, he declared, through a People's Charter for Change, Peace and Progress, the stated aim of which was to "rebuild Fiji into a non-racial, culturally-vibrant and united, well-governed, truly democratic nation that seeks progress, and prosperity through merit-based equality of opportunity, and peace".

In April 2009, he told The Australian's Graham Davis:

"My vision for Fiji is one that's free of racism. That's the biggest problem we've had in the last 20 years and it needs to be taken out. It's the lies that are being fed to indigenous Fijians that are causing this, especially from our chiefs who are the dominating factor in our lives. And the politicians take advantage of that. We need to change direction in a dramatic way. We need to get rid of Qarase and everything associated with the 2000 coup and begin entirely on a new path."

Davis noted that Bainimarama had introduced greater ethnic diversity into senior positions, and suggested that "maybe that's what drives Bainimarama most of all; the notion, however quixotic, of a multiracial meritocracy belatedly fulfilling the great promise Fiji had in its early post-independence years, when a visiting pope John Paul II famously described it as a model for the developing world. Before the greed, the racism and the gun."

2009 constitutional crisis

In April 2009, the Court of Appeal ruled the removal of the democratic government during his 2006 military coup was illegal.
Bainimarama stepped down on 10 April 2009 as interim prime minister.

President Ratu Josefa Iloilo then announced that he had abolished the constitution, assumed all governing power and revoked all judicial appointments.

After abolishing the constitution and sacking the judiciary, President Ratu Josefa Iloilo reappointed Commodore Frank Bainimarama as prime minister only 24 hours later. On 24 April, the president made him Companion of the Order of Fiji in recognition of his "eminent achievement and merit of highest degree and service to Fiji and to humanity at large".

On 3 November 2009, Bainimarama banished the envoys of Australia and New Zealand giving them 24 hours to leave the country.

Essential National Industries Decree

In September 2011, the Bainimarama government introduced a decree severely curtailing labour rights, so as to "ensure the present and continued viability and sustainability of essential national industries". In particular, the decree banned strikes in all but exceptional circumstances, subjecting them in addition to government authorisation on a case-by-case basis. It also curtailed the right for workers to take their grievances to courts of law. The Fiji Trades Union Congress said the decree "offers major weapons to the employers to utilise against unions [...] It outlaws professional trade unionists, eliminates existing collective agreements, promotes a biased system of non-professional bargaining agents to represent workers, severely restricts industrial action, strengthens sanctions against legally striking workers and bans overtime payments and other allowances for workers in 24-hour operations". Attar Singh, general secretary for the Fiji Islands Council of Trade Unions, said: "We have never seen anything worse than this decree. It is without doubt designed to decimate unions [...] by giving [employers] an unfair advantage over workers and unions". Amnesty International said the decree threatened "fundamental human rights [...], including the right to freedom of association and assembly, and the right to organise".

Electoral victories
Bainimarama promised the return of elections and democracy in 2014, and formed a party named FijiFirst. In the 2014 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won a majority and Bainimarama was sworn in as prime minister of Fiji by President Ratu Epeli Nailatikau. In the 2018 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won an outright majority, and Bainimarama became prime minister for a second term on 20 November 2018. In the 2022 Fijian general election, FijiFirst won a plurality but was unable to form a government, meaning Bainimarama would cease to be prime-minister after 16 years of rule. He was succeeded by Sitiveni Rabuka on 24 December 2022. The same day, Bainimarama was elected leader of the opposition.

He has been described by some as a dictator or an authoritarian, although he denies these claims.

Suspension from Parliament
On 17 February 2023, Bainimarama was suspended from parliament for three years after making disparaging references to President Wiliame Katonivere and Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka, as well as making treasonous comments in breach of standing orders. However, he remained Opposition Leader.

On 8 March 2023 Bainimarama resigned from Parliament and as leader of the opposition.

On 9 March 2023 Bainimarama was charged with abuse of office over allegations he and police commissioner Sitiveni Qiliho interfered with an investigation into financial mismanagement at the University of the South Pacific. The two were released on bail the next day after pleading not guilty. Bainimarama and Qiliho were acquitted on 12 October 2023.

Cabinet

Personal life
Bainimarama hails from the village of Kiuva in the Kaba Peninsula, Tailevu Province.  He is the brother of Ratu Meli Bainimarama and Ratu Timoci Bainimarama, both senior civil servants. He was Roman Catholic-educated and graduated from Marist Brothers High School in Suva. He is married to Maria Makitalena; they have six children and several grandchildren.  He is a sports enthusiast, with a particular passion for rugby union and athletics; he became president of the Fiji Rugby Union on 31 May 2014. In January 2022, Bainimarama underwent heart surgery in Melbourne, Australia. During his recovery, Aiyaz Sayed-Khaiyum was named Acting Prime Minister. Bainimarama returned to Fiji in March 2022.

Bainimarama displays above his office desk portraits of Elizabeth II, former Queen of Fiji, and of her consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. He has said of himself: "I'm still loyal to the Queen. Many people are in Fiji. One of the things I'd like to do is see her restored as our monarch, to be Queen of Fiji again." However, in 2012 Bainimarama's government abolished the Queen's Official Birthday holiday in Fiji and replaced the Queen's image on Fiji's banknotes and coins with the Fijian coat of arms .

See also

 Qoliqoli Bill
 People's Charter for Change and Progress
 List of foreign ministers in 2017
 List of current foreign ministers
 Office of the Prime Minister

References

External links

Republic of Fiji Military Forces website
Bainimarama's speech, 5 December 2006: the stated reasons for the coup
Commodore Bainimarama's address to the 62nd session of the United Nations General Assembly, 28 September 2007 (video)
Commodore Bainimarama's address to the 63rd session of the United Nations General Assembly, 26 September 2008
Frank, Uncensored, ABC documentary by Philippa McDonald, 3 August 2010.

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1954 births
Living people
Politicians from Tailevu Province
Prime Ministers of Fiji
Presidents of Fiji
Finance Ministers of Fiji
Foreign Ministers of Fiji
I-Taukei Fijian members of the Parliament of Fiji
Leaders of the Opposition (Fiji)
Leaders who took power by coup
Prisoners and detainees of Fiji
Fijian Admirals
Fijian military leaders
Fijian Navy officers
Fijian monarchists
FijiFirst politicians
Fijian Roman Catholics
Companions of the Order of Fiji
People educated at Marist Brothers High School, Fiji
Dalhousie University alumni
20th-century Fijian people
21st-century Fijian politicians

Frank Bainimarama


Nemetschek Group is a vendor of software for architects, engineers and the construction industry. The company develops and distributes software for planning, designing, building and managing buildings and real estate, as well as for media and entertainment.

History

20th century
The company was founded by Prof. Georg Nemetschek in 1963, and initially went by the name of Ingenieurbüro für das Bauwesen (engineering firm for the construction industry), focusing on structural design. It was one of the first companies in the industry to use computers and developed software for engineers, initially for its own requirements. In 1977, Nemetschek started distributing its program Statik 97/77 for civil engineering.

At the Hanover Fair in 1980, Nemetschek presented a software package for integrated calculation and design of standard components for solid construction. This was the first software enabling Computer-aided engineering (CAE) on microcomputers, and the product remained unique on the market for many years.

In 1989, Nemetschek Programmsystem GmbH was founded and was responsible for software distribution; Georg Nemetschek's engineering firm continued to be in charge of program development. The main product, Allplan – a CAD system for architects and engineers, was launched in 1984. This allowed designers to model buildings in three dimensions. Nemetschek began to expand internationally in the 1980s. By 1996, the company had subsidiaries in eight European countries and distribution partners in nine European countries; since 1992, it has also had a development site in Bratislava, Slovakia.

The first acquisitions were made at the end of the 1990s, including the structural design program vendor Friedrich + Lochner. The company, operating as Nemetschek AG since 1994, went public in 1999 (it has been listed in the Prime Standard market segment and the TecDAX in Frankfurt ever since).

21st century
Two major company takeovers followed in 2000: the American firm Diehl Graphsoft (now Vectorworks) and Maxon Computer GmbH, with its Cinema 4D software for visualization and animation. In 2006, Nemetschek acquired Hungary's Graphisoft (for its key product ArchiCAD), and Belgium's SCIA International.

In November 2013, Nemetschek acquired the MEP software provider Data Design System (DDS). On 31 October 2014, the acquisition of Bluebeam Software, Inc. was concluded. At the end of 2015, Solibri was acquired.

Since 2016, the company has operated as Nemetschek SE. Later that year, SDS/2 was acquired. In 2017, it acquired dRofus and RISA. MCS Solutions was acquired in 2018, closely followed by the acquisition of Axxerion B.V and Plandatis and subsequently rebranded to Spacewell. Other acquisitions have been completed at a brand level (for example, Redshift Rendering Technologies, Red Giant and Pixologic were acquired by Maxon, DEXMA by Spacewell).

Since 18 September 2018, Nemetschek is listed in the MDAX in addition to its TecDAX listing.

Among others, Nemetschek is a member of the BuildingSMART e.V. and the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Nachhaltiges Bauen (DGNB) (German Sustainable Building Council), actively advocating for open building information modeling (BIM) standards ("open BIM") in the AEC/O industry.

Business units
Since 2008, Nemetschek has acted as a holding company with four business units:

 Planning & Design (Architecture and Civil Engineering)
 Build & Construct
 Manage & Operate
 Media & Entertainment.

The holding company maintains 13 product brands, covering the whole building lifecycle, from planning to operations.

See also
 Comparison of CAD editors for architecture, engineering and construction (AEC)

References

External links
Nemetschek SE website

Companies based in Munich
Software companies established in 1963
Software companies of Germany
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Nemetschek


සාම්ප්‍රදායික වශයෙන්, සිංගප්පූරුවෙහි කාන්තාවෝ රටෙහි දේශපාලන රංගභූමි මහජන ජීවිතයෙහි කුඩා භූමිකාවක් රඟ දැක්වූහ. කෙසේවෙතත් මෑත වසර කිහිපය තුලදී, නගර රාජ්‍යය තුල මහජන ජීවිතයෙහි ඉහළ ගිය කාන්තා නියෝජනයක් දක්නට ඇත්තේ, දේශපාලන තනතුරු සඳහා තරග වැදීමට කාක්තාවන් වඩ වඩාත් උත්සුක වී ඇති හෙයිනි.

සංගණ්‍ය කාන්තා දේශපාලනඥයන් අතර  ප්‍රජා සංවර්ධනය පිළිබඳ හිටපු වැඩබලන අමාත්‍යවරිය සීට් අයි මී සහ  අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය කාර්යාලයෙහි හිටපු අමාත්‍යවරිය ලිම් වී  හුවා යන හිටපු අමාත්‍යවරියන් දෙදෙනද, රාජ්‍ය අමාත්‍ය යූ-ෆූ යී ෂූන් සහ දිස්ත්‍රික් නගරාධිපතිවරියක වන අමී කෝර් ලීන් සුවාන් යන්නන් වෙති. කාන්තාවන් කිහිප දෙනෙකු පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි පත් කළ මන්ත්‍රීවරියන් වෙමින්, කාන්තාවන්ගේ කණ්ඩායම් සහ සංරක්ෂණ කණ්ඩායම් වැනි සමාජමය අයිතීන් මාලාවක් නියෝජනය කරති. 2015 ඔක්තොම්බර් 1 දිනදී, සංස්කෘතික, ප්‍රජා සහ යෞවන කටයුතු පිළිබඳ අමාත්‍යවරිය ලෙසින්   ග්‍රේස් ෆූ පත් කරන ලදි. ඇය වර්මානයෙහි මෙම තනතුර දරන්නීය.

මුල් වසර කිහිපය
එක්සත් රාජධානිය සහ එක්සත් ජනපදය වැනි අනෙකුත් රටවල්  මෙන්ම, සිංගප්පූරුවද සර්වජන ඡන්ද බලය ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී මැතිවරණ ඇරඹුනු විගසින්මය. එබැවින්, ඡන්ද අයිතිය සඳහා සටන් කිරීමට සිංගප්පූරුවෙහි කාන්තාවන්ට සිදු නොවීය.

ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක සභාවෙහි පළමු කාන්තා නියෝජිතවරියන් පත්වූයේ ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂා-අධ්‍යාපනය ලද සහ මධ්‍යම-පංතික අවශ්‍යතාවයන් වෙනුවෙනි. 1955 මැතිවරණයෙහිදී කාන්තා ඡන්දදායකයන් අනුපාතිකය 8% සිට 50% දක්වා ඉහළ යෑමත් සමගම, චීන භාෂා-අධ්‍යාපනය ලද කාන්තා නායිකාවෝ ප්‍රමුඛත්වයට පැමිණියහ. කෙසේවෙතත්, මෙම චීන භාෂා-අධ්‍යාපනය ලද නායිකාවන් අතරින් ලින්ඩා චෙං මොක් හොක් වැනි සමහරක්, කොමියුනිස්ට් වාදය හා බැඳී සිටි අතර අති උග්‍ර ලෙසින් කොමියුනිස්ට්-විරෝධී ලිම් යූ හොක් පරිපාලනය විසින් ඉක්බිතිව මැඩ පවත්වන ලදහ.

1959 වසරෙහිදී පීපල්ස් ඇක්ෂන් පක්ෂය බලයට පත් වත්ම, පීඒපී කාන්තා ඡන්ද අපේක්ෂිකාවන් සතරදෙනෙක් තරම් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් ස්වයං-පාලන මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවට තේරී පත් විය. ඔවුනතර විමෙන්ස් ලීග් සමාරම්භකයන්වූ චැං චෝයි ෂොං සහ හෝ හයි චූ වූහ. පීඒපී-බරිසන් සොසියාලිස් භේදය හේතුවෙන් කාන්තා  මන්ත්‍රීවරියන් දෙදෙනෙකු විසින් බරිසන් සොසියාලිස් පක්ෂ මාරුකිරීම සිදු විය. ඉතිරිවූ පීඒපී කාන්තා මන්ත්‍රීවරියන් දෙදෙන (1968 වසරෙන් පසුව, ඉතිරිවූ එක් මන්ත්‍රීවරිය) මධ්‍යස්ථමතවාදී ලෙසින් සැලකුණු අතර, රැඩිකල්වාදීන් හා සැසඳූ විට සාපේක්ෂ වශයෙන් අකර්මණ්‍ය වූ ඔවුන් දුර්වල කාන්තා නියෝජනයක්ද ඉක්බිතිව දශකයකට වැඩි කාලයක් තුල කාන්තාවන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන් දේශපාලනයෙන් වියුක්තව සිටි කාලයක්ද හිමි කර දුන්හ.

කාන්තා නියෝජනයෙහි ප්‍රවාසය
1970 වසරෙහිදී චැං චෝයි ෂොං විශ්‍රාම යෑමත් සමගම, 1970 සිට 1984 දක්වා වසර 14 ක් තුලදී පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි කිසිදු කාන්තා නියෝජනයක් නොපැවතිණි. එනමුදු, විපක්ෂ කාන්තා අපේක්ෂිකාවෝ විටින් විට මැතිවරණ සඳහා ඉදිරිපත් වී පරාජයට පත්වූහ.

සිංගප්පූරු දේශපාලනයෙහි කාන්තාවෝ


Privado de Mende (Clermont-Ferrand, comienzos del  - Mende, Losera, ca. 255 o 260) fue un eremita, supuesto obispo de Mende. Es venerado como santo por la Iglesia católica.

Biografía

Es citado por Gregorio de Tours, que lo califica como "episcopus urbis Gabalitanae" ("obispo de la ciudad [el país] de Gavaldà") y Venancio Fortunato (Carmina, VIII, 3; 161-162: «Privatum Gabalus, Iulianum Avernus abundans, Ferreolum pariter pulchra Vienna gerit.»

Privado había sido enviado por San Austremonio a evangelizar el país del Gavaldà, y se estableció, probablemente, en Anderitum o Gabalum. Mende no era entonces una ciudad; Mende como sede de la diócesis tan solo está testimoniada a partir del ; probablemente, a partir de la destrucción de Anderitum, la sede se trasladó a Mende, donde había sido martirizado y enterrado Privado. Según esto, habría sido el primer obispo de la región. No obstante, también se duda que realmente fuese obispo, ya que las noticias sobre la diócesis son posteriores.

De lo que no hay duda es que Privado fue un ermitaño reconocido, que se retiraba pronto para hacer plegaria y penitencia en una cueva del monte Mimat, cerca de Mimate, nombre antiguo de Mende. Cuando los alamanes, comandados por Crocus, invadieron la Galia, le encontraron e hicieron prisionero, pidiendo a los habitantes de Mende que diesen la ciudad a cambio de la vida del obispo. Privado se negó a que se hiciese el cambio y los alamanes lo golpearon y mutilaron hasta matarlo.

Murió unos días después y fue enterrado en su lugar de martirio, donde después se edificó una iglesia que, a partir del  se convertiría en basílica-catedral de la Madre de Dios y San Privado de Mende.

Leyenda del martirio
Una leyenda popular dice que Privado fue encerrado en un tonel lleno de clavos con la punta hacia el interior, y lanzado desde la cueva donde vivía, encima de la montaña, hasta la ciudad. Las zarzas detuvieron finalmente el barril, donde luego se erigió la capilla.

Veneración

Se conserva su cueva en Mende, que se convirtió en punto de peregrinación. Hacia 1315 se instaló una colegiata, Saint-Privat-La Roche, que desapareció definitivamente en 1793. En 1850 se erigió una capilla, donde se conserva una reliquia del santo.

La festividad del santo es el 21 de agosto, pero también se celebra el tercer domingo posterior a la Pascua (conmemoración del descubrimiento de las reliquias en 1170) y el tercer domingo de octubre (traslado de las reliquias).

Reliquias

La leyenda dice que el cuerpo de Privado fue enterrado por San Elpidio de Gavaldà al pie del monte Mimat, donde se levantó una capilla, futura catedral de Mende. El rey Dagoberto I llevó las reliquias, con la de otros santos de la zona como Hilario del Gavaldá o Santa Enimia, a la basílica de Saint-Denis, cerca de París. De aquí pasaron, en 775, a Salone, en la diócesis de Metz, donde se dedicó una iglesia a San Privado.

En el , las reliquias de Privado volvieron a Saint-Denis, aunque una tradición dice que un presbítero del Gavaldà las llevó nuevamente a Mende, donde se colocaron en la cripta de la futura catedral; par evitar el robo, se escondieron hacia el 1110, y se perdió el rastro hasta que fueron encontradas por el obispo Aldeberto III en 1170 y se instalaron en un relicario en la cripta, atrayendo a numerosos peregrinos durante la Baja Edad Media.

Las guerras de religión del  acabaron con buena parte de las reliquias de Mende, conservándose una pequeña parte.

Bibliografía
 Félix Buffière, Ce tant rude Gévaudan, Tome I, p.176
 Benjamin Bardy, Mende, édition SAEP Colmar-Ingersheim, p. 14
  Joseph Épiphane Darras, Histoire générale de l'Église depuis la Création jusqu'à nos jours, p.43, disponibile su Google Books
  Louis Duchesne, Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule. Tome 2: L'Aquitaine et les Lyonnaises,  pp. 124-126, disponibile su  GoogleBooks
 Dr. Marcel Barbot, Les siècles obscurs de la primitive histoire de Mende, 1958, p.250

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Mártires cristianos de la Antigua Roma del siglo III
Religiosos de Francia
Santos católicos
Santos de Francia
Santos de la Comunión anglicana
Santos de la Iglesia ortodoxa
Obispos del siglo III
Anacoretas de Francia
Santos cristianos de la Antigua Roma del siglo III
Obispos santos
Obispos de Mende
Nacidos en Clermont-Ferrand

Privado de Mende


La Sinfonía n.º 50 en re mayor, K. 141a fue compuesta probablemente por Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart en 1772. Los dos primeros movimientos proceden de la obertura de la ópera Il sogno di Scipione (KV 126) y el último movimiento (KV 161/163) fue compuesto por separado. Actualmente, a la obra en su conjunto se le asigna el número KV 141a.

Instrumentación y estructura

La sinfonía está escrita para dos flautas, dos oboes, dos trompas, dos trompetas, timbales y cuerdas. Las trompetas y timbales permanecen en silencio a lo largo del segundo movimiento. En las orquestas de la época era frecuente que no se escribiesen las partes de fagot y clave, los cuales, si estaban disponibles en la orquesta, se limitaban a doblar a violonchelos y a contrabajos, para reforzar la línea del bajo y funcionar como bajo continuo.

Consta de tres movimientos:

 Allegro moderato, en 2/2
 Andante, en 3/4
 Presto, en 3/8

Numeración de la sinfonía

El Alte Mozart-Ausgabe (publicado entre 1879 y 1882) da la secuencia numerada de 1-41 para las sinfonías. Las sinfonías no numeradas en ese momento (algunas, incluida la KV 76, fueron publicadas en suplementos del Alte-Mozart Ausgabe hasta 1910) han recibido posteriormente números en el rango de 42 a 56, incluso aunque hayan sido escritas por Mozart con anterioridad a Sinfonía n.º 41 (compuesta en 1788). De esta forma, la sinfonía KV 141a recibiría el número 50 en este esquema de numeración.

Véase también

 Il sogno di Scipione

Referencias

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Enlaces externos

MozartForum: K141a (formerly K126, K161, K163) "Il sogno di Scipione" Symphony in D. Artículo de Dennis Pajot (en inglés)

re mayor kv 141 a
Composiciones de 1772
sinfonia mozart kv 141 a

Sinfonía en re mayor, KV 141a (Mozart)


The white-browed woodswallow (Artamus superciliosus) is a medium-sized (~19 cm) passerine bird endemic to Australia. The white-browed woodswallow has very distinctive plumage consisting of white brow over a black head with the upper body being a deep blue-grey and with a chestnut under body. The females are paler then the males. The white-browed woodswallow has a bifurcated (divided) tongue like most woodswallows.

White-browed woodswallows are highly nomadic travelling in pairs to flocks from hundred to thousands of birds. They often wander irregularly around inland Australia, usually heading north for winter in the Northern Territory and central Queensland, and south in spring for nesting. White-browed woodswallows regularly associate with flocks of the masked woodswallow Artamus personatus.

Distribution
The white-browed wood-swallow is found throughout Australia with higher concentrations in central New South Wales. According to the IUCN Redlist, wood-swallow are considered least of concern.

Ecology and habitat
They inhabit margins of rainforests, woodlands, inland/coastal scrubs, golf courses, vineyards, suburban streets and arid areas of Australia. They make a 'tchip-tchip' call similar to masked woodswallows.

Reproduction
Breeding occurs between August and December or after rain. The species nests in shrubs, forks of trees, hollow stumps or posts, the nest is usually made of twigs, grass and rootlets. The eggs are white/grey, spotted, or blotched brown-grey. A clutch will usually consist of 2 to 3 eggs.

Diet
White-browed woodswallows feed on nectar when blossoms are available but mainly feed on insects.

References

External links
 ABID Images
 White-browed woodswallow videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

white-browed woodswallow
Endemic birds of Australia
white-browed woodswallow
Articles containing video clips
white-browed woodswallow

White-browed woodswallow


Wael Abdul Latif (born 1950) is an Iraqi politician from the secular Iraqi National List coalition. He was the minister of provincial affairs in the Iraqi Interim Government created following the coalition 2003 invasion of Iraq.

Biography
Abdel Latif was born in Basra in 1950. A Shia Muslim, he graduated from the University of Baghdad receiving a law degree in 1973. He served as a judge since the 1980s, including as head judge in Nasiriyah and deputy head judge in Basra. He was imprisoned for a year under Saddam Hussein's regime.

In July 2003, he was appointed governor of Basra and was a member of the Iraqi Governing Council from July 2003 until June 2004. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Constitution of Iraq.

He was elected to the Council of Representatives of Iraq in the Iraqi legislative election of December 2005 as part of the Iraqi National List coalition.

References

1950 births
Governors of Basra Governorate
Living people
Members of the Council of Representatives of Iraq
Government ministers of Iraq
People from Basra
20th-century Iraqi lawyers
21st-century Iraqi lawyers
University of Baghdad alumni

Wael Abdul Latif


Juan Artal Ortells fue un abogado, periodista y político valenciano, que militó en el Partido Liberal y ocupó la alcaldía de la ciudad de Valencia entre febrero y septiembre de 1923. Fue gobernador civil de Soria desde el 21 de diciembre de 1935 hasta el 31 del mismo mes. Durante su mandato como alcalde de Valencia organizó los actos de la Coronación de la Virgen de los Desamparados, el 12 de mayo, que presidió junto al rey Alfonso XIII, la reina Victoria Eugenia y el cardenal Primado de España, el valenciano Enrique Reig Casanova, que fue el encargado de coronar la imagen. Dejó el cargo de alcalde de Valencia tras el golpe de Estado del general Primo de Rivera, siendo sustituido por Juan Avilés Arnau.

Juan Artal Ortells era hijo del abogado y alcalde de Sueca, Juan Artal García, y se doctoró en Derecho en 1913 en la Universidad de Madrid. Con convicciones monárquicas, militó en el Partido Liberal y en 1920 fue nombrado concejal del Ayuntamiento de Valencia hasta febrero de 1923, fecha en la que fue nombrado alcalde de Valencia hasta septiembre del mismo año, al ser disueltas todas las corporaciones locales tras la llegada al poder del general Miguel Primo de rivera.

Fue nombrado por real orden y tomó posesión el 23 de febrero de 1923, tras una bronca sesión del Ayuntamiento en la que varios concejales de la oposición republicana le pidieron a gritos que se marchara por no representar al pueblo. Bajo su mandato como alcalde se ocupó de la acotación definitiva de los límites de la Albufera y la cesión de esos terrenos al término municipal de Valencia, a pesar de que ya se habían marcado los límites en una ley aprobada el 23 de junio de 1911. Los recelos que mantenían poblaciones limítrofes como Sueca, de donde era natural Artal, provocaron que en 1922 se volviera a abrir el debate de la titularidad de los terrenos y que en 1923 el propio alcalde encabezara una comisión que viajó a Madrid para gestionar el asunto de la cesión, que no se consumó formalmente hasta el 3 de junio de 1927 coincidiendo con una visita del rey Alfonso XIII a Valencia.

Como alcalde de la ciudad, participó el 12 de mayo de 1923, con la asistencia del rey Alfonso XIII y su esposa Victoria Eugenia, en la coronación en Valencia de la imagen de la Virgen de los Desamparados, patrona de la ciudad. En el acto, Artal entregó al cardenal Enrique Reig la corona con la que se distinguió la imagen y que fue sustraída durante la Guerra Civil.

También como primer edil de Valencia, presidió el acto de inauguración del estadio de Mestalla el 20 de mayo de 1923. En los prolegómenos del partido que enfrentó al Valencia CF y al Levante FC, el reverendo José Enguix bendijo el campo y minutos después Artal, en calidad de máxima autoridad de la ciudad, realizó el saque de honor.

Juan Artal Ortells cesó de su cargo como alcalde de Valencia oficialmente el 20 de septiembre de 1923, siete días después del golpe de Estado del general Miguel Primo de Rivera. El secretario del Gobierno Civil, Rodríguez Carril, suspendió de sus cargos a 36 concejales, con el alcalde al frente. Los ediles fueron acusados por las nuevas autoridades de varias faltas tras una inspección en el consistorio sobre presunto despilfarro y sustracción de fondos municipales.

Tras dejar la alcaldía, Artal no dejó la política y fue concejal algunos años más, dedicándose profesionalmente a la abogacía y siendo considerado uno de los más destacados abogados civiles de la región en las décadas de los años 20 y 30. Solo interrumpió su carrera como letrado para asumir provisionalmente el cargo de gobernador civil de Soria en diciembre de 1935. Fue sustituido a los diez días por Rafael Fernández Carril. Dedicó sus últimos años a disfrutar de su casa de verano en El Vedat de Torrente, zona en la que fue uno de los primeros en establecerse, y a los campos de naranjas de los que disponía en Tavernes de la Valldigna.

El 24 de septiembre de 2012 la Comisión de Cultura del Ayuntamiento de Valencia decidió dedicar una calle a la memoria de Juan Artal Ortells en la ciudad, aprobando en pleno "denominar una vía pública de la ciudad con la siguiente leyenda: plaza de Juan Artal Ortells (alcalde de la Coronación)". La vía, de nueva creación, es una plaza peatonal situada en el barrio de Safranar, en el distrito de Patraix, en la confluencia de la avenida de José Roca Coll y la calle del Humanista Mariner.

Referencias

Políticos de la provincia de Valencia
Políticos de España del siglo XX
Alcaldes de España de la Restauración
Alcaldes de Valencia
Nacidos en Sueca
Fallecidos en Valencia

Juan Artal Ortells


Mezozoyik Zaman, Triyas, Jura ve Kretase Dönemi'ni kapsayan, günümüzden yaklaşık 252 milyon yıl öncesinden 66 milyon yıl öncesine kadarlık süreyi kapsayan, yerküre tarihindeki sondan bir önceki jeolojik zamandır. Dinozorlar gibi arkozor sürüngenlerinin baskınlığı; bol miktarda açık tohumlu bitki ve eğrelti otları; sıcak bir sera iklimi; ve Pangea'nın tektonik olarak parçalanması gibi olaylar ve koşullar, Mezozoyik Zaman'ı diğer jeolojik zamanlardan ayırır. Mezozoyik, Fanerozoyik'in ikinci zamanı olup karmaşık canlıların evrimleşmesinden sonra gelen üç zamanın (Paleozoyik, Mezozoyik ve Senozoyik) ortasında yer alır.

Mezozoyik, yerküre tarihinin iyi belgelenmiş en büyük kitlesel yok oluşu olan Permiyen-Triyas yok oluşunun ardından başladı ve kuş harici dinozorlar, teruzorlar, mosasaurlar ve plesiosaurların da bulunduğu bir başka kitlesel yok oluş olan Kretase-Paleojen yok oluşuyla sona erdi. Mezozoyik, kayda değer tektonik, iklimsel ve evrimsel faaliyetlerin gerçekleştiği bir zamandı. Bu jeolojik zamanda, süperkıta Pangea, Mezozoyik'ten sonra gelen zamanda mevcut konumlarına hareket edecek olan ayrı kara kütlelerine kademeli olarak parçalandı. Mezozoyik sırasında ısınma ve soğuma dönemleri arasında değişkenlik gösteren çeşitli bir iklim mevcuttu. Bununla birlikte, yerküre genel olarak bugün olduğundan daha sıcaktı. Dinozorlar ilk olarak Orta Triyas'ta ortaya çıktılar ve Geç Triyas ila Erken Jura'da baskın kara omurgalıları hâline geldiler. Dinozorlar, Kretase Dönemi'nin sonunda nesilleri tükeninceye kadar yaklaşık 150 ila 135 milyon yıl boyunca baskın olmaya devam ettiler. Arkaik kuşlar, Jura Dönemi'nde, teropod dinozorların bir dalından evrimleşerek ortaya çıktı. Ardından Kretase'de gerçek dişsiz kuşlar ortaya çıktı. İlk memeliler de Mezozoyik'te ortaya çıktı, ancak Senozoyik'e kadar vücut boyutları açısından küçük (15 kg'dan (33 lb) daha az) kaldılar. Çiçekli bitkiler erken Kretase Dönemi'nde ortaya çıktı ve dönemin sonunda hızla çeşitlenerek o zamana kadar baskın bitki grubu olan kozalaklı ağaçların ve diğer açık tohumluların yerini aldı.

Adlandırma
"Sürüngenler Çağı" ifadesi, Mezozoyik Zaman'ı, Iguanodon, Megalosaurus, Plesiosaurus ve Pterodactylus gibi diapsidlerin hakimiyetinde gören 19. yüzyılda yaşamış bir paleontolog olan Gideon Mantell tarafından ortaya atıldı.

Mevcut ad ise 1840 yılında İngiliz jeolog John Phillips (1800-1874) tarafından ortaya atıldı. "Mezozoyik", kelimenin tam anlamıyla "orta yaşam" anlamına gelir ve Grekçe meso- (μεσο- "arasında") ve zōon (ζῷον "hayvan, yaşayan varlık") ön ekinden türemiştir. Bu açıdan Mezozoyik, Senozoyik ("yeni yaşam" olarak anılır) ve Paleozoyik ("eski yaşam") ve Proterozoyik ("önceki yaşam") ile karşılaştırılabilir.

Mezozoyik Zaman, eskiden "birincil" (Paleozoyik) dönemin ardından ve Tersiyer'den önce gelen "ikincil" zaman olarak tanımlanıyordu.

Kaynakça

.10

Mezozoyik


Das Castillo de la Iruela ist eine Burg in La Iruela, einer Gemeinde in der spanischen Provinz Jaén der Autonomen Region Andalusien, die im Mittelalter errichtet wurde. Die Burg, die auf einem Bergrücken steht, ist seit 1985 ein geschütztes Baudenkmal (Bien de Interés Cultural).

Geschichte und Beschreibung
Die Burg ist arabischen Ursprungs und war während der Reconquista mehrmals Schauplatz kriegerischer Auseinandersetzungen. 1231 wurde sie von den Christen endgültig zurückerobert.

Von der Anlage sind heute noch der größte Teil des Hauptturmes sowie zwei teilweise zinnenbewehrte Mauereinfriedungen vorhanden.

Literatur
 Reinhart Wolf. Mit Texten von Cees Nooteboom: Castillos, Burgen in Spanien. Schirmer/Mosel Verlag, München 2001, ISBN 3-8296-0026-7

Weblinks

 Castillo de la Iruela bei der Gemeinde La Iruela (spanischer Text)
 Castillo de la Iruela (spanischer u. englischer Text)

La Iruela
La Iruela
Kulturdenkmal in der Provinz Jaén
La Iruela
Bauwerk in der Provinz Jaén

Castillo de la Iruela


Die BBC-Bergen-Klasse ist eine acht Mehrzweckschiffe umfassende Schiffsklasse der Leeraner Reederei Briese Schiffahrt, wobei die Schiffe langfristig an die Tochterfirma BBC Chartering verchartert sind. Die Schiffe wurden auf verschiedenen chinesischen Werften gebaut.

Einzelheiten
Die knapp 130 m langen Mehrzweckfrachter weisen bei einem Maximaltiefgang von 7,0 m eine Tragfähigkeit von 8.000 dwt auf. Die Schiffe sind mit zwei jeweils 80 t (SWL) tragfähigen Kränen vom Hersteller NMF ausgestattet und weisen eine verstärkte Tankdecke auf, die mit bis zu 20 t/m² belastet werden darf. Bei einem Radius von bis zu 30 m vom Kranmittelpunkt aus beträgt das SWL jeweils noch 30 t.

Durch ihren verhältnismäßig geringen Tiefgang und ihre bordeigenen Kräne, können die Schiffe der BBC-Bergen-Klasse auch relativ kleine Häfen ohne entsprechende Suprastruktur anlaufen.

Der Laderaum dieser Schiffe fasst 11.500 m³, die Decksladefläche beträgt 1.175 m². Auf den Schiffen finden maximal 455 Standardcontainer Platz.

Angetrieben wird dieser Schiffstyp von einem 3.000 kW starken Sechszylinder-Dieselmotor von MaK. Bei der dadurch erzielten Höchstgeschwindigkeit von 14 kn werden circa 11 t HFO verbraucht.

Die Schiffe

Alle Schiffe wurden nach Städten benannt, die mit B beginnen und unter der Flagge von Antigua & Barbuda in Fahrt gesetzt.

Weblinks
 Flottenliste auf der Website von Briese Schiffahrt
 Flottenliste auf der Website auf BBC Chartering

Einzelnachweise

Frachtschiffstyp
Motorschiff

BBC-Bergen-Klasse


stratégie française énergie-climat.
 SFEC THIRODE SA, société créée par l'ingénieur et industriel français Roger Thirode.

SFEC


Die Goldene Himbeere 1997 (engl.: 17th Golden Raspberry Awards) wurde am 23. März 1997, dem Vorabend der Oscarverleihung, im Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel in Hollywood, Kalifornien, verliehen.

Der Film Striptease erhielt insgesamt sechs Goldenen Himbeeren, inklusive der Auszeichnung für den schlechtesten Film. Zuvor war Striptease bereits am häufigsten nominiert worden.

Erst- und bis heute einmalig wurde der Joe Eszterhas Award für den Film mit dem schlechtesten Drehbuch, der trotzdem mehr als 100 Millionen US-Dollar einspielte, verliehen. Preisträger wurden Michael Crichton und Anne-Marie Martin für ihr Drehbuch für den Katastrophenfilm Twister.

Preisträger und Nominierungen
Es folgt die komplette Liste der Preisträger und Nominierten.

Weblinks
 17th Raspberry Awards auf imdb

1997
Preisverleihung 1997
Filmjahr 1997
Preisverleihung in Los Angeles
Film (Los Angeles)
Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel

Goldene Himbeere 1997