Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen (; born 5 August 1968) is a French lawyer and politician who ran for the French presidency in 2012, 2017, and 2022. A member of the National Rally (RN; previously the National Front, FN), she served as its president from 2011 to 2021. She has been the member of the National Assembly for the 11th constituency of Pas-de-Calais since 2017. She currently serves as parliamentary party leader of the National Rally in the Assembly, a position she has held since June 2022. Le Pen has been widely described as being far-right on the political spectrum.

She is the youngest daughter of former party leader Jean-Marie Le Pen and the aunt of former FN MP Marion Maréchal. Le Pen joined the FN in 1986. She was elected as a regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais (1998–2004; 2010–2015), Île-de-France (2004–2010) and Hauts-de-France (2015–2021), a Member of European Parliament (2004–2017), as well as a municipal councillor of Hénin-Beaumont (2008–2011). She won the leadership of the FN in 2011, with 67.6% of the vote, defeating Bruno Gollnisch and succeeding her father, who had been president of the party since he founded it in 1972. In 2012, she placed third in the presidential election with 17.9% of the vote, behind François Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy. She launched a second bid for the presidency at the 2017 election. She finished second in the first round of the election with 21.3% of the vote and faced Emmanuel Macron of centrist party En Marche! in the second round of voting. On 7 May 2017, she conceded after receiving approximately 33.9% of the vote in the second round. In 2020, she announced her third candidacy for the presidency in the 2022 election. She came second in the first round of the election with 23.2% of the votes, thus qualifying her for the second round against Macron, although she went on to lose in the second round to Macron, receiving 41.5% of the votes.

Le Pen has led a movement of "de-demonisation of the National Front" to soften its image, including limited expulsion of members accused of racism, antisemitism or Pétainism. She expelled her father from the party in August 2015, after he made fresh controversial statements. While liberalizing some political positions of the party by revoking its opposition to same-sex partnerships, its opposition to unconditional abortions, and its support for the death penalty, Le Pen still advocates many of the same historical policies of her party, with particular focus on strong anti-immigration, nationalist and protectionist measures. She is supportive of economic nationalism, favoring an interventionist role of government, and is opposed to globalization and multiculturalism. Le Pen supports limiting immigration and banning ritual slaughter. Le Pen has made supportive comments of Vladimir Putin and Russia in the past, advocating closer cooperation before the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; she strongly condemned the war in Ukraine, but stated Russia "could become an ally of France again" if it ends.

Le Pen was featured by Time as one of the 100 most influential people in the world in 2011 and 2015. In 2016, she was ranked by Politico as the second-most influential MEP in the European Parliament, after President of the European Parliament Martin Schulz.

Early life and education

Childhood
Marion Anne Perrine Le Pen was born on 5 August 1968 in Neuilly-sur-Seine, the youngest of three daughters of Jean-Marie Le Pen, a Breton politician and former paratrooper, and his first wife, Pierrette Le Pen. She was baptized on 25 April 1969 at La Madeleine Church in Paris. Her godfather was Henri Botey, a relative of her father.

Le Pen has two sisters: Yann and Marie Caroline. In 1976, when Marine was eight, a bomb meant for her father exploded in the stairwell outside the family's apartment as they slept. The blast ripped a hole in the outside wall of the building, but Marine, her two older sisters and their parents were unharmed.

She was a student at the Lycée Florent Schmitt in Saint-Cloud. Her mother left the family in 1984 when Marine was 16. Le Pen wrote in her autobiography that the effect was "the most awful, cruel, crushing of pains of the heart: my mother did not love me." Her parents divorced in 1987.

Legal studies and work
Le Pen studied law at Panthéon-Assas University, graduating with a Master of Laws in 1991 and a Master of Advanced Studies (DEA) in criminal law in 1992. Registered at the Paris bar association, she worked as a lawyer for six years (1992–1998), appearing regularly before the criminal chamber of the 23rd district court of Paris which judges immediate appearances, and often acting as a public defender. She was a member of the Paris Bar until 1998, when she joined the legal department of the National Front.

Personal life
Le Pen was raised Roman Catholic. In 1995, she married Franck Chauffroy, a business executive who worked for the National Front. She has three children with Chauffroy (Jehanne, Louis, and Mathilde). After her divorce from Chauffroy in 2000, she married Eric Lorio in 2002, the former national secretary of the National Front and a former adviser to the Regional election in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. The couple divorced in 2006.

From 2009 until 2019, she was in a relationship with Louis Aliot, who is of ethnic French Pied-Noir and Algerian Jewish heritage. He was the National Front general secretary from 2005 to 2010, then the National Front vice president. She has lived in La Celle-Saint-Cloud with her three children since September 2014. She has an apartment in Hénin-Beaumont. In 2010, she bought a house with Aliot in Millas.

Early political career

1986–2010: Rise within the National Front
Marine Le Pen joined the FN in 1986, at the age of 18. She acquired her first political mandate in 1988 when she was elected a Regional Councillor for Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In the same year, she joined the FN's juridical branch, which she led until 2003.

In 2000, she became president of Generations Le Pen, a loose association close to the party which aimed at "de-demonizing the Front National". She became a member the FN Executive Committee () in 2000, and vice-president of the FN in 2003. In 2006, she managed the presidential campaign of her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen. She became one of the two executive vice-presidents of the FN in 2007, with responsibility for training, communication and publicity.

In the 2007 parliamentary election, she contested Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency but came second behind incumbent Socialist MP Albert Facon.

2010–11: Leadership campaign
Early in 2010, Le Pen expressed her intention to run for leader of the FN, saying that she hoped to make the party "a big popular party that addresses itself not only to the electorate on the right but to all the French people".

On 3 September 2010, she launched her leadership campaign at Cuers, Var. During a meeting in Paris on 14 November 2010, she said that her goal was "not only to assemble our political family. It consists of shaping the Front National as the center of grouping of the whole French people", adding that in her view the FN leader should be the party's candidate in the 2012 presidential election. She spent four months campaigning for the FN leadership, holding meetings with FN members in 51 departments. All the other departments were visited by one of her official supporters. During her final meeting of the campaign in Hénin-Beaumont on 19 December 2010, she claimed that the FN would present the real debate of the next presidential campaign. Her candidacy was endorsed by a majority of senior figures in the party, including her father.

On several occasions during her campaign she ruled out any political alliance with the Union for a Popular Movement. She also distanced herself from some of Jean-Marie Le Pen's most controversial statements, such as those relating to war crimes, which was reported in the media as attempts to improve the party's image. While her father had attracted controversy by saying that the mass murder of Jews in gas chambers during the Holocaust was "a detail of the history of World War II", she described genocide as "the height of barbarism".

In December 2010 and early January 2011, FN members voted by post to elect their new president and the members of the central committee. The party held a congress at Tours on 15–16 January. On 16 January 2011, Marine Le Pen was elected as the new president of the FN, with 67.65% of the vote (11,546 votes to 5,522 for Bruno Gollnisch), and Jean-Marie Le Pen became honorary chairman.

Controversy

Marine Le Pen received substantial media attention during the campaign as a result of comments, made during a speech to party members in Lyon on 10 December 2010, in which she compared the use of public streets and squares in French cities (in particular rue Myrha in the 18th arrondissement of Paris) for Muslim prayers with the Nazi occupation of France. She said:

Her comments were much criticised. Government spokesman François Baroin characterized her remarks as racist and xenophobic. The Representative Council of French Jewish Institutions (CRIF), the French Council of Muslim Faith (CFCM) and the International League against Racism and Anti-Semitism (LICRA) condemned her statement, and groups including MRAP (Movement Against Racism and for Friendship between Peoples) and the French Human Rights League (LDH) declared their intention to lodge a formal complaint. The imam of the Great Mosque of Paris and former president of the CFCM, Dalil Boubakeur, said that, while her parallel was questionable and to be condemned, she had asked a valid question.

Le Pen's partner Louis Aliot, a member of the FN's Executive Committee, criticized "the attempted manipulation of opinion by communitarian groups and those really responsible for the current situation in France". On 13 December 2010, Le Pen reasserted her statement during a press conference at the FN headquarters in Nanterre. After Jean-François Kahn's comments on BFM TV on 13 December 2010, she accused the Élysée Palace of organising "state manipulation" with the intention of demonizing her in public opinion.

On 15 December 2015, a Lyon court acquitted her of "inciting hatred", ruling that her statement "did not target all of the Muslim community" and was protected "as a part of freedom of expression".

"De-demonisation" of the FN
Le Pen has pursued a policy of "de-demonisation" of her party, to reform its image away from the extremism associated with her father, the former leader of the party and to increase the appeal of the party to voters. This has included policy reform and personnel replacement, including the expulsion of her own father from the party in 2015. Measures aimed at de-demonisation have included dropping all references to World War II or to the French colonial wars are absent from her speeches, which is often looked on as a generation gap. and distancing herself from her father's views.

Bernard-Henri Lévy, a strong opponent of the FN, described Le Pen's leadership of it as "far-right with a human face". The measures have also attracted criticism from former allies as making the party too mainstream, abandoning long-held policies and ignoring grassroots support.

In a 2010 RTL interview, Le Pen stated that her strategy was not about changing the FN's program but about showing it as it really is, instead of the image given to it by the media in the previous decades. The media and her political adversaries are accused of spreading an "unfair, wrong and caricatural" image of the National Front. She refuses the qualification of far-right or extreme-right, considering it a pejorative term: "How am I party of the extreme right? ... I don't think that our propositions are extreme propositions, whatever the subject".

In 2014, the American magazine Foreign Policy mentioned her, along with four other French people, in its list of the 100 global thinkers of the year, underlining the way she "renovated the image" of her party, which had become a model for other right-wing parties in Europe after her success in the European elections. At a European level, she stopped the alliance built by her father with some right-wing extremist parties and refused to be part of a group with the radical Jobbik or the neo-Nazi Golden Dawn. Her transnational allies share the fact that they have officially condemned antisemitism, accepted a more liberal approach toward social matters, and are sometimes pro-Israel such as the Dutch PVV. French historian Nicolas Lebourg concluded that she is looked upon as a compass for them to follow while maintaining local particularities.

While other European populists embraced Donald Trump's candidacy in the 2016 U.S. presidential election, she said only, "For France, anything is better than Hillary Clinton". However, on 8 November 2016, she posted a tweet congratulating Trump on his election.

Her social program and her support of SYRIZA in the 2015 Greek general elections led Nicolas Sarkozy to declare her a far-left politician sharing some of Jean-Luc Mélenchon's propositions. President François Hollande said she was talking "like a leaflet of the Communist Party". Éric Zemmour, then known as a journalist for the conservative newspaper Le Figaro, wrote during the 2012 presidential election that the FN had become a left-wing party under the influence of adviser Florian Philippot. She has also relaxed some political positions of the party, advocating for civil unions for same-sex couples instead of her party's previous opposition to legal recognition of same-sex partnerships, accepting current abortion laws, and withdrawing the restitution of the death penalty from her platform.

Despite Le Pen's attempts to make the National Front more palatable to the international community, the party and Le Pen herself continue to attract criticism: German Chancellor Angela Merkel has said she "will contribute to make other political forces stronger than the National Front"; Israel still holds a negative opinion of her party; and former Brexit Party leader Nigel Farage – himself a frequent critic of Islam and immigration – has said, "I've never said a bad word about Marine Le Pen; I've never said a good word about her party".

Leadership of the National Front 2011-2022

First steps as a New leader: 2011

As a president of the Front National, Marine Le Pen currently sits as an ex officio member among the FN Executive Office (8 members), the Executive Committee (42 members) and the Central Committee (3 ex officio members, 100 elected members, 20 co-opted members).

During her opening speech in Tours on 16 January 2011, she advocated to "restore the political framework of the national community" and to implement the direct democracy which enables the "civic responsibility and the collective tie" thanks to the participation of public-spirited citizens for the decisions. The predominant political theme was the uncompromising defence of a protective and efficient state, which favours secularism, prosperity and liberties. She also denounced the "Europe of Brussels" which "everywhere imposed the destructive principles of ultra-liberalism and free trade, at the expense of public utilities, employment, social equity and even our economic growth which became within twenty years the weakest of the world". After the traditional Joan of Arc march and Labour Day march in Paris on 1 May 2011, she gave her first speech in front of 3,000 supporters.

On 10 and 11 September 2011, she made her political comeback with the title "the voice of people, the spirit of France" in the convention center of Acropolis in Nice. During her closing speech she addressed immigration, insecurity, the economic and social situation, reindustrialization and 'strong state'. During a demonstration held in front of the Senate on 8 December 2011, she expressed in a speech her "firm and absolute opposition" to the right of foreigners to vote. She regularly held thematic press conferences and interventions on varied issues in French, European and international politics.

First presidential candidacy: 2011–2012

On 16 May 2011, Marine Le Pen's presidential candidacy was unanimously approved by the FN Executive Committee. On 10 and 11 September 2011, she launched her presidential campaign in Nice. On 6 October 2011, she held a press conference to introduce the members of her presidential campaign team.

In a speech in Paris on 19 November 2011, Le Pen presented the main themes of her presidential campaign: sovereignty of the people and democracy, Europe, re-industrialisation and a strong state, family and education, immigration and assimilation versus communitarianism, geopolitics and international politics. At a press conference on 12 January 2012, she presented a detailed assessment of her presidential project, and a plan to reduce France's debt. At another press conference on 1 February 2012, she outlined her policies for the overseas departments and territories of France. Many observers noted her tendency to focus on economic and social issues such as globalization and delocalisations, rather than immigration or law and order, which had until then been the central issues for the FN. On 11 December 2011, she held her first campaign meeting in Metz, and from early January to mid-April 2012, she held similar meetings each week in the major French cities. On 17 April 2012, between 6,000 and 7,000 people participated part in her final campaign meeting, held at the Zenith in Paris.

On 13 March 2012, she announced that she had collected the 500 signatures required to take part in the presidential election. On 19 March 2012, the Constitutional Council approved her candidacy, and those of nine competitors. On 22 April 2012, she polled 17.90% (6,421,426 votes) in the first round, finishing in third position behind François Hollande and incumbent president Nicolas Sarkozy. She achieved better results, in both percentage vote-share and number of votes, than her father had in the 2002 presidential election (16.86%, 4,804,772 votes in the first round; 17.79%, 5,525,034 votes in the run-off).

Le Pen polled first in Gard (25.51%, 106,646 votes), with Sarkozy and Hollande polling 24.86% (103,927 votes) and 24.11% (100,778 votes) respectively. She also came first in her municipal stronghold of Hénin-Beaumont (35.48%, 4,924 votes), where Hollande and Sarkozy polled 26.82% (3,723 votes) and 15.76% (2,187 votes) respectively. She achieved her highest results east of the line from Le Havre in the north to Perpignan in the south, and conversely she won fewer votes in western France, especially cities such as Paris, overseas and among French citizens living abroad (5.95%, 23,995 votes). However, she polled well in two rural departments in western France: Orne (20.00%, 34,757 votes) and Sarthe (19.17%, 62,516 votes).

Her highest regional result was in Picardy (25.03%, 266,041 votes), her highest departmental result in Vaucluse (27.03%, 84,585 votes), and her highest overseas result in Saint Pierre and Miquelon (15.81%, 416 votes).

She achieved her lowest regional result in Île-de-France (12.28%, 655,926 votes), her lowest departmental result in Paris (6.20%, 61,503 votes), and her lowest overseas result in Wallis and Futuna (2.37%, 152 votes).

French sociologist Sylvain Crépon, who analysed the social and occupational groups of the FN voters in 2012, explained: "The FN vote is made up of the victims of globalisation. It is the small shopkeepers who are going under because of the economic crisis and competition from the out-of-town hypermarkets; it is low-paid workers from the private sector; the unemployed. The FN scores well among people living in poverty, who have a real fear about how to make ends meet." Crépon also analysed the increase of the FN vote in "rural" areas and the recent sociological changes in these areas made up of small provincial towns and new housing-estate commuter belts built on the distant outskirts of the cities: "The rural underclass is no longer agricultural. It is people who have fled the big cities and the inner suburbs because they can no longer afford to live there. Many of these people will have had recent experience of living in the banlieues (high immigration suburbs) – and have had contact with the problems of insecurity." Commentators also pointed that there were more young people and women voting for the party in 2012.

On 1 May 2012, during a speech delivered in Paris after the traditional Joan of Arc and Labor Day march, Le Pen refused to back either Sarkozy or Hollande in the run-off on 6 May. Addressing the party's annual rally at Place de l'Opéra, she vowed to cast a blank ballot and told her supporters to vote with their conscience, saying: "Hollande and Sarkozy – neither of them will save you. On Sunday I will cast a blank protest vote. I have made my choice. Each of you will make yours." Accusing both candidates of surrendering to Europe and financial markets, she asked: "Who between Francois Hollande and Nicolas Sarkozy will impose the austerity plan in the most servile way? Who will submit the best to the instructions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the European Central Bank (ECB) or the European Commission?".

Electoral results: 2012–2016
Following the increase in support for the FN in the presidential election, Le Pen announced the formation an electoral coalition to contest the June 2012 parliamentary elections called the Blue Marine Gathering. Standing as a candidate in the Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, Le Pen won 42.36% of the vote, well ahead of the Socialist representative Philippe Kemel (23.50%) and far-left candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon (21.48%). She was defeated in the second round with 49.86% and filed an appeal with the Constitutional Council, which was rejected despite an observation of some irregularities. Nationally, the FN had two lawmakers elected: Le Pen's niece Marion Maréchal and Gilbert Collard.

In 2014, Le Pen led the party to further electoral advances in the municipal and senatorial elections: eleven mayors and two senators were elected, with the FN entering the upper chamber for the first time.

On 24 May 2014, the FN received the most votes in the European elections in France, with a 24.90% share. Marine Le Pen came in first place in her North-West constituency with 33.60%. 25 FN representatives were elected to the European Parliament from France. They voted against the Juncker Commission when it was formed in July 2014. One year later, Le Pen announced the formation of Europe of Nations and Freedom, a parliamentary grouping composed of the National Front, the Freedom Party of Austria, Lega Nord of Italy, the Dutch Party for Freedom, the Congress of the New Right from Poland, the Flemish Vlaams Belang of Belgium, and British independent MEP Janice Atkinson, formerly of UKIP. Le Pen's first attempt to assemble this grouping in 2014 had failed due to UKIP and the Sweden Democrats refusing to join, as well as some controversial statements from her father, Jean-Marie Le Pen. Le Pen sat on the commission for international trade. In 2016, Politico ranked her as the second most influential MEP after Martin Schulz.

In April 2015, Le Pen's father gave two interviews including controversial statements about World War II and about minorities in France, causing a political crisis in the FN. Marine Le Pen organised a postal vote to ask FN members to change the party's statutes to expel her father. J-M Le Pen pursued his movement and the justice cancelled the vote. On 25 August, the FN executive office voted to expel him from the party he had founded forty years earlier. Marine's dependence on her closest adviser, Florian Philippot, a former left-wing technocrat, was observed. The party instigated a purge to expel the members who had opposed the changes within the FN under Marine Le Pen's leadership.

Le Pen subsequently announced her candidacy for the presidency of the regional council of Nord-Pas-de-Calais-Picardie in the 2015 regional elections, though she expressed her regret over the proximity of these elections to the next presidential election. On 6 December, she finished first with 40.6% of the vote, but the Socialist candidate (third with 18.12%) withdrew and declared support for her right-wing opponent Xavier Bertrand, who won with 57.80% of the vote. Her niece Marion also lost, under similar circumstances, by a smaller margin.

Second presidential candidacy: 2016–2017

Leading candidate in polls

Marine Le Pen announced her candidacy for the 2017 French presidential election on 8 April 2016. She appointed FN Senator David Rachline as her campaign manager. The FN had difficulty finding funding because of the refusal of French banks to provide credit. Instead, the FN borrowed 9 million from the First Czech-Russian Bank in Moscow in 2014, despite European Union sanctions placed on Russia following the annexation of Crimea. In February 2016, the FN asked Russia for another loan, this time of 27 million, but the second loan was not paid.

Political analysts suggested that Le Pen's strong position in opinion polls was due to the absence of a primary in her party (consolidating her leadership), the news of the migrant crisis and terrorist attacks in France (reinforcing her political positions) and the very right-wing campaign of Nicolas Sarkozy in the Republican primary (enlarging her themes). In a 2016 interview with the BBC, Le Pen said that Donald Trump's victory in the US presidential election would help her, saying that Trump had "made possible what had previously been presented as impossible". However, she said she would not officially launch her campaign before February 2017, waiting for the results of the Republican and Socialist primaries, and preferred to keep a low media profile and use thematic think tanks to expand and promote her political program. As a result, her rare media appearances attracted large audiences (2.3 million viewers for Vie politique on TF1 on 11 September 2016 and 4 million for Une ambition intime on M6 on 16 October).

The FN's communications also received media attention: a new Mitterrand-inspired poster depicting her in a rural landscape with the slogan "Appeased France" was a response to surveys indicating that she remained controversial for large parts of the French electorate. Satirical treatment of this poster led to the slogan being changed to: "In the name of the people". Meanwhile, the FN logo and the name Le Pen were removed from campaign posters.

Le Pen launched her candidacy on 4 and 5 February 2017 in Lyon, promising a referendum on France's membership of the European Union if she could not achieve her territorial, monetary, economic and legislative goals for the country within six months renegotiation with the EU. Her first campaign appearance on television, four days later, received the highest viewing figures on France 2 since the previous presidential election (16.70% with 3.7 million viewers). Her 2017 presidential campaign emphasized Le Pen as a softer, feminine figure, with a blue rose as a prominent campaign symbol.

Campaign

On 2 March 2017, the European Parliament voted to revoke Le Pen's immunity from prosecution for tweeting violent imagery. Le Pen had tweeted an image of beheaded journalist James Foley in December 2015, which was deleted following a request from Foley's family. Le Pen also faced prosecution for allegedly spending EU Parliament funds on her own political party; the lifting of her immunity from prosecution did not apply to the ongoing investigation into the misuse of parliamentary funds by the FN.

Le Pen met with several incumbent heads of state including Lebanon's Michel Aoun, Chad's Idriss Déby, and Russia's Vladimir Putin.

The ground floor of the building which housed Le Pen's campaign headquarters was targeted by an arson attempt during the early morning of 13 April 2017.

In 2017, Le Pen argued that France as a nation bore no responsibility for the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup, in which Paris policemen arrested Jewish citizens for deportation to Auschwitz as part of the Holocaust. She repeated a Gaullist thesis according to which France was not represented by the Vichy regime, but by Charles de Gaulle's Free France.

On 20 April 2017, in the wake of a shooting targeting police officers which was being treated as a suspected terrorist attack, Le Pen cancelled a planned campaign event. The next day, she called for the closure of all "extremist" mosques, a remark that was criticised by Prime Minister Bernard Cazeneuve, who accused her of attempting to "capitalise" on the incident. She also called for the expulsion of hate preachers and people on the French security services' watch list, and the revocation of their citizenship. The Guardian said the attack could serve as "ammunition" for right-wing candidates in the election, including Le Pen.

On 21 April 2017, United States President Donald Trump wrote on Twitter that the shooting would have "a big effect on the presidential election." Later that day, Trump said that Le Pen was the "strongest on borders, and she's the strongest on what's been going on in France." Meanwhile, former US President Barack Obama phoned Emmanuel Macron to express his support.

Second round

Le Pen won 21.3% of the vote (7.7 million votes) in the first round of the election on 23 April 2017, placing her second behind Macron, who received 24.0%, meaning that they would face each other in the run-off on 7 May. On 24 April 2017, the day after the first round of voting, Le Pen announced that she would temporarily step down as the leader of the FN in an attempt to unite voters. "The President of the Republic is the president of all the French people, they must bring them all together," she said.

After progressing to the second round, she said that the campaign was now "a referendum for or against France" and tried to convince those voting for the hard-left candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon to support her. This choice was later criticised by those in her party who believed that she had abandoned François Fillon's voters in spite of their conservative and anti-immigration stance. On 1 May 2017, a video emerged of Le Pen copying sections of a speech by Francois Fillon word-for-word.

In the first days of the second round campaign, the gap in opinion polls began to narrow. On 25 April, Le Pen went to Amiens in an unexpected visit to meet workers at the Whirlpool factory while Macron was in a meeting with local officials at the same time, with Le Pen receiving a positive welcome. Macron then also visited the factory workers, but was booed by a hostile crowd.

Le Pen was generally regarded as the loser of the televised debate between the two candidates. Her performance was strongly criticised by politicians, commentators, and members of her own party, and described as a "sabotage" by conservative journalist Éric Zemmour. Le Pen herself subsequently acknowledged that she had "misfired" during the debate. In the following days, she began to slip in opinion polls.

On 7 May, she conceded defeat to Emmanuel Macron. Her vote share of 33.9% was lower than any polls had predicted, and was attributed to her poor performance in the debate. She immediately announced a "full transformation" of the FN in the following months.

Member of the National Assembly: 2017–present
On 18 May 2017, Le Pen announced that she would run as a candidate at the parliamentary elections in the Pas-de-Calais's 11th constituency, in her fifth attempt to be elected as a deputy. She received just under 46% of the vote in the first round, and won the second with just under 58% against Anne Roquet of En Marche. She became a member of the Foreign Affairs Committee in the National Assembly. She then resigned as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP).

In 2019, it was reported that Le Pen no longer wants France to leave the European Union, nor for it to leave the euro currency. Instead, it was reported she and her party wants to change the EU bloc from the inside along with allied parties.

On 4 July 2021, she was elected again to lead the National Rally with no opposing candidate.

Third presidential candidacy and legislative election: 2022

In January 2020, Le Pen announced her third candidacy for president of France in the 2022 presidential election. On 15 January 2022, she launched her campaign.

In February 2022, during Le Pen's presidential campaign, Stéphane Ravier, the only Senator from her political party, publicly endorsed her far-right presidential rival Éric Zemmour.

During the first round of the election, Le Pen won second place, with 23.15% of the votes. On 22 April, she participated in a televised debate against Macron. She was defeated in a run-off against Emmanuel Macron on 24 April: on this occasion, she obtained 41.45% of the votes, the highest share of the vote for a nationalist candidate in French history.

During the 2022 French legislative election which followed soon after, she led her party into winning its highest number of seats in the National Assembly since its founding, RN eventually becoming the largest opposition party in Parliament. Days later, she was elected by acclamation as leader of the parliamentary National Rally party in the Assembly, a position she currently holds.

Standing down
In November 2022 Le Pen stood down from chairing the National Rally. She was succeeded by Jordan Bardella who had previously acted as the party's interim leader during her presidential campaign.

Political positions

Immigration and multiculturalism
Le Pen and the RN advocate a tough line on immigration, believing that multiculturalism has failed, and argue for the "de-Islamisation" of French society. Le Pen has called for a moratorium on legal immigration. She would repeal laws allowing illegal immigrants to become legal residents, and has argued that benefits provided to immigrants be reduced to remove incentives for new immigrants. Following the beginning of the Arab Spring and the European migrant crisis, she called for France to withdraw from the Schengen Area and reinstate border controls.

She supports restrictions on ritual slaughter.

Economic policy
On energy, Le Pen advocates a policy of energy independence for France, with a strong emphasis on support for nuclear and hydroelectric power. Le Pen is strongly opposed to wind energy due to its intermittency, tax burden in utility bills and impact on the landscape and built heritage.  She is proposing a moratorium on new wind energy development on both sea and land from 2022 and the eventual dismantling of all current wind turbines. Le Pen favours protectionism as an alternative to free trade. She supports economic nationalism, the separation of investment and retail banking, and energy diversification, and is opposed to the privatization of public services and social security, speculation on international commodity markets, and is opposed to the Common Agricultural Policy.

Le Pen is opposed to globalization, which she blames for various negative economic trends, and opposes European Union supranationalism and federalism, instead favouring a loosely confederate 'Europe of the Nations'. As of 2019, she no longer advocates for France to leave the EU or euro currency; she had previously called both for France to leave the Eurozone and for a referendum on France leaving the EU. She has been a vocal opponent of the Treaty of Lisbon, and opposes EU membership for Turkey and Ukraine. She proposes the replacement of the World Trade Organization and the abolition of the International Monetary Fund.

Foreign policy
On foreign policy, Le Pen has criticised Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. She also criticised the privileged relations that France maintains with countries such as Qatar and Saudi Arabia, which she said are helping to fund and arm Islamist fundamentalists, while encouraging closer ties with the United Arab Emirates and Egypt, which she said "fight fundamentalism". She has said to believe that Ukraine has been "subjugated" by the United States. She was strongly critical of NATO policy in the region, of Eastern European anti-Russian sentiment, and of threatened economic sanctions. In response to the 2022 invasion of Ukraine, Le Pen criticized Russia's action despite her previous pro-Russia stance. She advocated welcoming Ukrainian refugees fleeing the war. She has stated that if elected she would remove France from NATO's integrated military command. In October 2023, she condemned Hamas' actions during the Israel–Hamas war and expressed her support to Israel and its right to self-defense.

Other issues
Regarding feminism, Le Pen often says she identifies as a feminist in the context of defending women's rights and improving women's lives, although she is critical of what she calls "neo-feminism", which she characterises as women going to war against men.

Media image

National media

Le Pen's appearances on television and radio have played an important role in her political career, and her political activities are regularly covered in the French media.

During an appearance on the programme Mots croisés (Crossed Words) on France 2 on 5 October 2009, Le Pen quoted sections of Frédéric Mitterrand's autobiographical novel The Bad Life, accusing him of having sex with underage boys and engaging in sex tourism, and demanding his resignation as Minister of Culture. According to French political commentator Jérôme Fourquet, the Mitterrand case was Le Pen's media breakthrough.

Le Pen appeared several times on À vous de juger (You Be The Judge), a political discussion show on France 2 hosted by journalist and commentator Arlette Chabot. In her first appearance, on 14 January 2010, Marine Le Pen appeared opposite Éric Besson, Minister of Immigration, Integration, National Identity and Mutually Supportive Development.

In her first appearance as a main guest on À vous de juger, on 9 December 2010, she was questioned on economic, social and immigration issues by Chabot and political commentator Alain Duhamel; she then took part in debates, first with the socialist Mayor of Évry Manuel Valls and then Rachida Dati, Minister of Justice. The broadcast was viewed by 3,356,000 viewers (14.6% of the television audience), the highest viewing figures for 2010 and the fourth highest since the series first aired in September 2005.

In December 2010, French journalist Guillaume Tabard described Le Pen as the "revelation of the year", and as "first an electoral phenomenon" and "a media phenomenon after".

À vous de juger was replaced on France 2 by Des paroles et des actes (Words and Acts), hosted by journalist and anchorman David Pujadas. In her first appearance as a main guest on 23 June 2011, Le Pen appeared opposite Cécile Duflot, national secretary of The Greens. The broadcast was viewed by 3,582,000 viewers (15.1% of the television audience.

Le Pen has also appeared on Parole directe (Direct Speech) on TF1, hosted by Laurence Ferrari and political commentator François Bachy. Her first appearance as a sole guest on 15 September 2011 was viewed by an average of 6 million viewers (23.3% of the television audience) with a peak of 7.3 million in the second half of the programme.

International media
Le Pen has appeared in the news media of other European countries, Russia, the Middle East, and the United States. She appeared on Quebec web-radio station Rockik in December 2008, Radio Canada in May 2010, and the Israeli radio station 90FM in March 2011. In March 2011, she appeared on the front cover of The Weekly Standard magazine. She spoke to international journalists at a press conference on 13 January 2012, organised by the European American Press Club.

On 21 April 2011, she was featured in the 2011 Time 100 with a commentary from Vladimir Zhirinovsky, leader of the far-right Liberal Democratic Party of Russia and vice chairman of the State Duma.

In October 2011, she launched her book "Pour que vive la France" in Verona, Italy, and met Assunta Almirante, the widow of Giorgio Almirante, leader of the far-right Italian Social Movement (MSI).

In February 2013, she spoke at the Cambridge Union Society, the debating society of the University of Cambridge. Her appearance sparked controversy, with anti-fascist group Unite Against Fascism opposing her invitation on a No Platform basis and organising a demonstration outside the venue, attended by around 200 people. The protests were supported by numerous Cambridge societies, including Cambridge University Students' Union and Cambridge University Labour Club; other groups, such as the Cambridge Libertarians, supported her invitation.

Elections contested

European elections
In the 2004 European Parliament election, Le Pen led the FN list in the Île-de-France constituency. The list polled 8.58% (234,893 votes), winning one of fourteen available seats.

In the 2009 European parliament election, Le Pen led the FN list in the North-West France constituency. The party polled 10.18% (253,009 votes), the highest FN vote share of French constituencies, and won one of the ten seats. The FN's constituency list received its highest regional result in Picardy (12.57%, 63,624 votes), its highest departmental result in Aisne (13.40%, 19,125 votes), and its highest municipal results in Pas-de-Calais: Hénin-Beaumont (27.92%, 1,799 votes), Courcelles-lès-Lens (26.57%), Noyelles-Godault (24.72%).

Parliamentary elections

Paris in 1993
Le Pen first stood for parliament in the 1993 legislative election, in Paris' 16th constituency (17th arrondissement of Paris). She finished third with 11.10% (3,963 votes), and Bernard Pons (UDR) was re-elected as the MP with 63.14% (22,545 votes) in the first round.

Lens in 2002
She stood in the 2002 election in Pas-de-Calais' 13th constituency, Lens, an economically deprived socialist stronghold. Le Pen polled 24.24% (10,228 votes) in the first round, qualifying for the run-off against socialist Jean-Claude Bois, in which Le Pen received 32.30% (12,266 votes); Bois was re-elected as the MP with 67.70% (27,510 votes).

Hénin-Beaumont in 2007

In the 2007 election, Le Pen and her substitute Steeve Briois stood for the FN in the Pas-de-Calais' 14th constituency, Hénin-Beaumont, a former coal mining area with high unemployment. Le Pen expressed the view that due to unemployment, offshoring and insecurity, the constituency symbolised the major problems of France. Le Pen's campaign committee was led by Daniel Janssens, who had previously served for 24 years as the socialist deputy mayor of Leforest.

Le Pen finished second of fourteen candidates in the first round with 24.47% (10,593 votes), behind incumbent Socialist MP Albert Facon with 28.24% (12,221 votes). Le Pen was the only FN candidate in France to qualify for the run-off. After the first round, Le Pen was endorsed by Gaullist politicians Alain Griotteray and Michel Caldaguès and the souverainiste MEP Paul-Marie Coûteaux.

In the run-off, Le Pen received 41.65% (17,107 votes), and Facon was re-elected as the MP with 58.35% (23,965 votes). Her strongest results came in Courcelles-lès-Lens (48.71%), Noyelles-Godault (47.85%), and Hénin-Beaumont (44.54%, 4,729 votes). According to political analysts, Le Pen's strong showing in the constituency was a result of economic and social issues like de-industrialization, unemployment and a feeling of abandonment, rather than immigration or security.

Hénin-Beaumont in 2012
In the 2012 election, Le Pen, now leader of the FN, stood in Pas-de-Calais' 11th constituency, which now contained Henin-Beaumont following redistricting, where she had got her best results in the presidential election. Her opponents were Philippe Kemel and Jean-Luc Mélenchon. She finished first in the first round on 10 June 2012, with 42.36% (22,280 votes), and was defeated in the second round by Philippe Kemel.

In 2014, the Criminal Court of Bethune found Marine Le Pen guilty of electoral fraud, for producing and distributing flyers during the 2012 election purporting to be from electoral opponent Jean-Luc Mélenchon, calling for 'Arab' votes. She was ordered to pay a 10,000 fine.

Regional elections

Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 1998

In the 1998 elections, she was included in the FN list in Nord-Pas-de-Calais and was a regional councillor for six years (1998–2004).

Île-de-France in 2004

In the 2004 elections, she led the FN regional list in Île-de-France and the departmental list in Hauts-de-Seine.

Her list polled 12.26% (448,983 votes) in the first round and achieved 10.11% (395,565 votes) with fifteen councillors elected in the run-off.

Le Pen led the regional group for five years, stepping down in February 2009 to concentrate on the European election campaign in the North-West France constituency. A member of the standing committee, she led opposition to the left-wing regional executive managed by Jean-Paul Huchon.

Nord-Pas-de-Calais in 2010

In the 2010 elections, Marine Le Pen led the FN regional list in Nord-Pas-de-Calais and the departmental list in Pas-de-Calais.

In the first round, her list polled 18.31% (224.871 votes) and finished in third position in Nord-Pas-de-Calais. In Pas-de-Calais, her list polled 19.81% (96,556 votes), ahead of the UMP (15.91%, 77,550 votes), and won by a large margin in Hénin-Beaumont (39.08%, 2,949 votes). Le Pen's list achieved the second-highest result of FN regional lists in the country, behind her father Jean-Marie Le Pen's list in Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, which received 20.30% (296,283 votes). In Pas-de-Calais, she received a higher share of the vote than Jean-Marie Le Pen had received in the first round of the 2002 presidential election (18.41%, 135,330 votes).

In the run-off, her list polled 22.20% (301,190 votes) in Nord-Pas-de-Calais, finishing in third position. Eighteen FN councillors were elected among the 113 of Nord-Pas-de-Calais' regional council. Le Pen's list had the second highest vote share of FN regional lists in France, behind Jean-Marie Le Pen's list which received 22.87% (387,374 votes) with 21 councillors elected. In Pas-de-Calais, her list polled 24.37% (130,720 votes), finishing ahead of the UMP (22.63%, 121,365 votes), and achieved its highest municipal results in Hénin-Beaumont (44.23%, 3,829 votes) and Courcelles-lès-Lens (40.60%). Her list achieved the second-highest departmental FN result in the country behind Vaucluse (26.54%). Her regional vote share and the vote share in Pas-de-Calais were higher than those of Jean-Marie Le Pen in the run-off of the 2002 presidential election (21.89%, 445,357 votes; 22.17%, 170,967 votes).

Le Pen's success in these elections reinforced her internal position within the FN. As a member of the standing committee and a president of the regional group (Front National/Gathering for the Nord-Pas-de-Calais), she led opposition to the left-wing regional executive managed by Daniel Percheron.

Municipal elections

Hénin-Beaumont in 2008

Since 2001, Gérard Dalongeville has been the Mayor of Hénin-Beaumont, an economically deprived town in a former coal mining area.

A municipal councillor since 1995, Steeve Briois led the FN list with Marine Le Pen in second position. The FN list came second with 28.53% (3,650 votes) in the first round and achieved 28.83% (3,630 votes) with five councillors elected in the run-off.

Following the election, Briois and Le Pen sat in opposition against the re-elected mayor Gérard Dalongeville and his first vice-mayor Marie-Noëlle Lienemann.

2009 Hénin-Beaumont by-election
A municipal by-election was held in Hénin-Beaumont on 28 June and 5 July 2009. As in 2008, Steeve Briois was the FN top candidate with Le Pen in second position.

The FN list led by a large margin after the first round, with 39.33% (4,485 votes), and received 47.62% (5,504 votes) in the run-off, with eight councillors elected, though the FN again failed to win the municipality.

Briois, Le Pen and the six other FN councillors formed the opposition against the new mayor Daniel Duquenne and his successor Eugène Binaisse.

On 24 February 2011, Le Pen resigned as a municipal councillor because of the law on the accumulation of mandates ("cumul des mandats"). In a letter entitled "I stay in Hénin-Beaumont!", she expressed the view that her political activities would be more effective for the city at regional and European levels than in the municipal council.

Political mandates

Local mandates
 Regional councillor of Nord-Pas-de-Calais: (15 March 1998 – 28 March 2004); since 26 March 2010: member of the standing committee, leader of the FN group.
 Regional councillor of Île-de-France (28 March 2004 – 21 March 2010): member of the standing committee, leader of the FN group until February 2009.
 Municipal councillor of Hénin-Beaumont (23 March 2008 – 24 February 2011).

European mandates
Member of the European Parliament in the Île-de-France constituency (20 July 2004 – 13 July 2009): Non-Inscrits (20 July 2004 – 14 January 2007/14 November 2007 – 13 July 2009); Identity, Tradition, Sovereignty (15 January 2007 – 13 November 2007).
 Member: Committee on Culture and Education (21 July 2004 – 14 January 2007/15 January 2007 – 30 January 2007), Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (31 January 2007 – 13 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Israel (15 September 2004 – 13 March 2007/14 March 2007 – 13 July 2009)
 Substitute: Committee on Internal Market and Consumer Protection (21 July 2004 – 14 January 2007/31 January 2007 – 13 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Australia and New Zealand (15 March 2007 – 13 July 2009)

Member of the European Parliament in the North-West France constituency: Non-Inscrits (14 July 2009 – 16 June 2015); ENF
 Member: Committee on Employment and Social Affairs (since 16 July 2009), Delegation to the ACP-EU Joint Parliamentary Assembly (since 16 September 2009)
 Substitute: Committee on International Trade (since 16 July 2009), Delegation for relations with Canada (16 September 2009 – 14 November 2010)

Bibliography
 À contre flots, Jacques Grancher, 2006  (autobiography)
 Pour que vive la France, Jacques Grancher, 2012, 260 pages

References

External links

 Fan Club of Marine Le Pen in France
 Profile on the European Parliament's official website

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1968 births
Living people
20th-century French lawyers
Articles containing video clips
Candidates in the 2012 French presidential election
Candidates in the 2017 French presidential election
Candidates in the 2022 French presidential election
Critics of Islamism
Deputies of the 15th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
French nationalists
French anti-communists
French critics of Islam
French feminists
French people of Breton descent
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Feminist critics of feminism
20th-century French women lawyers
Marine
Members of the Regional Council of Hauts-de-France
MEPs for Île-de-France 2004–2009
MEPs for North-West France 2009–2014
MEPs for North-West France 2014–2019
21st-century women MEPs for France
National Rally (France) MEPs
Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University alumni
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Members of Parliament for Pas-de-Calais
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Marine Le Pen


Roland Koch (born 24 March 1958) is a German jurist and former conservative politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). He was the 7th Minister President of Hesse from 7 April 1999, immediately becoming the 53rd President of the Bundesrat, completing the term begun by his predecessor as Minister President, Hans Eichel, until his resignation on 31 August 2010. During his time in office, Koch was widely regarded as one of Chancellor Angela Merkel's main rivals within the CDU.

Early life and education

Koch was born in Frankfurt am Main. He studied law and graduated in  1985. In 1979, Koch became the youngest person to hold the office of chairman of the CDU  in Main-Taunus district.

Political career

From 1983 until 1987 he was vice-chair of the federal youth organization of the CDU.
In 1987 Koch was elected to the legislature of Hessen.
From 1989 until 1997 he was also a member of the Main-Taunus district council and parliamentary leader of the local CDU group.
In 1991 he became vice-chair of the CDU parliamentary group, and in 1993 its chair. Until then Koch had been a city council member in his hometown of Eschborn.
From 1998 onward, he was chair of the Hessian CDU.

Minister-President of Hesse, 1999-2010
In the state elections in 1999, the CDU began collecting signatures to document the resistance in the population to plans of the federal government to make dual citizenship easier for foreigners to obtain. Because some people viewed this as "collecting signatures against foreigners", this campaign was portrayed as "xenophobic". Koch won the election and displaced the incumbent, Hans Eichel. Under his leadership, the CDU achieved the best result for the party there in 60 years.

In 2003, Koch and Peer Steinbrück, the Social Democrat premier of North Rhine Westphalia, together drew up a plan to reduce tax breaks and subsidies, including those on coal by 12 percent over several years. The subsidies were a particularly sensitive issue in North Rhine-Westphalia, where most of the coal mines are located.

Ahead of the 2004 German presidential election, Koch publicly endorsed Wolfgang Schäuble as the Christian Democrats's candidate to succeed incumbent President Johannes Rau.

Under the leadership of party chairwoman Angela Merkel, Koch was elected vice-chairman of the CDU in November 2006, alongside Jürgen Rüttgers, Annette Schavan and Christian Wulff. By 2007, he and Rüttgers, his counterpart from the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, agreed on approving a merger of their respective state-owned banks, WestLB and Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen (Helaba). WestLB was eventually broken up in 2012 after years of losses and controversy.

Prior to the Hesse state election of 2008 Koch was once again accused of using xenophobic tactics by pledging to get tough on youth crime, which is concentrated among immigrant and minority groups. In the course of the election he lost his party's majority in the Hessian Parliament, but remained acting Minister President as his SPD challenger Andrea Ypsilanti was unable to form a government.
Since none of the parties was able to build a majority coalition, they decided to give the voters another chance to produce a workable result.

In the January 2009 election the FDP made significant gains which allowed Koch to form a conservative-liberal coalition government, reelecting him as the Minister President of the State of Hesse. Ahead of the 2009 federal elections, he was tipped as a potential finance or economics minister in a coalition government of CDU/CSU and FDP.

In his capacity as Minister-President, Koch held various other positions, including the following:
 Fraport, Chairman of the Supervisory Board (1999-2003)
 ZDF, Member of the Board of Directors (2002-2011)
 Hessische Kulturstiftung, Chairman of the Board of Trustees

On 25 May 2010 Koch announced his withdrawal from the political scene. At the time, he said he had informed Merkel of his plan to leave politics more than a year before. He resigned as Minister-President of Hesse on 31 August 2010. He hinted that he was departing politics in order to become active in the business world.

Political positions
Koch was seen as a rhetorically gifted politician; critics have accused him of populism.
A sometimes polarizing figure on his party's right, Koch proved to be one of the main defenders of business and financial interests within his party. In 2010, Koch and Merkel clashed over budget cuts, as Koch proposed cutbacks in education and research that Merkel opposed. He also suggested that a law passed to provide a guaranteed child-care facilities for children under 3 would have to be reconsidered. In his final years as Minister-President, he largely worked smoothly with Merkel. Ahead of the Christian Democrats' leadership election in 2018, Koch publicly endorsed Friedrich Merz to succeed Angela Merkel as the party's chair.

On foreign policy, Koch forged a friendship with the Dalai Lama and supported the self-determination of Tibet.

Life after politics
On 29 October 2010, Koch was announced as designated chief executive officer of Bilfinger Berger, Germany's second-largest builder. In the following years, he orchestrated a reshuffle at the company away from civil engineering and construction in favor of higher-margin industrial services. During his tenure, Bilfinger Berger also agreed with the United States Department of Justice in 2013 to pay $32 million to resolve U.S. criminal charges that it bribed Nigerian officials to obtain contracts on a gas project in the African nation. In August 2014, he stepped down from the position on mutually agreed terms after he took responsibility for two profit warnings.

In 2015, Koch opened a law firm in Frankfurt. In addition, he has been holding a variety of paid and unpaid positions since leaving active politics, including:
 Ludwig Erhard Foundation, Chairman of the Board (since 2020)
 Konrad Adenauer Foundation (KAS), Member of the Board of Trustees
 American Chamber of Commerce in Germany (AmCham Germany), Member of the Board of Directors
 Dussmann Verwaltungs AG, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2017)
 Vodafone Germany, Member of the Supervisory Board (since 2015)
 UBS Deutschland, Chairman of the Supervisory Board (2011–2021)
 German Tuberous Sclerosis Association, Patron (since 2010)
 Rheingau Musik Festival, Chairman of the Board of Trustees
 Senckenberg Nature Research Society, Member of the Board of Trustees
 Städel Museum, Member of the Board of Trustees

Koch was a CDU delegate to the Federal Convention for the purpose of electing the President of Germany in 2017 in 2022.

Recognition
 2018 – Alfred Dregger Medal

Controversy
In February 2018, Bilfinger announced it would sue Koch and other former executives of the company for at least 100 million euros ($123 million) in damages for alleged breaches of duty in compliance and mergers.

Personal life
His father Karl-Heinz Koch was a politician in Hessen. Koch and his wife Anke have two sons. He is a Roman Catholic.

References

External links

Homepage of Roland Koch

Christian Democratic Union of Germany politicians
1958 births
Living people
Presidents of the German Bundesrat
Politicians from Frankfurt
German Roman Catholics
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Ministers-President of Hesse

Roland Koch


Upornaya  es una stanitsa del raión de Labinsk del krai de Krasnodar, en el sur de Rusia. Está situada en la orilla izquierda del río Chamlyk, tributario del Labá, afluente del Kubán, 36 km al sureste de Labinsk y 174 km al sureste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai.  Tenía 3 172 habitantes en 2010

Es cabeza del municipio Upornenskoye.

Historia

La localidad fue fundada en 1859. Su nombre, que significa "terco", hace referencia al carácter de la lucha que estaba librando el Imperio ruso contra el Imanato de Shamil en Chechenia y Daguestán. Hasta 1920 perteneció al otdel de Labinsk del óblast de Kubán. Entre 1939 y 1953 fue centro administrativo del raión de Upornaya.

Demografía

Composición étnica

De los 3 307 habitantes que había en 2002, el 90.4 % era de etnia rusa, el 3.1 % era de etnia ucraniana, el 2 % era de etnia armenia, el 0.4 % era de etnia bielorrusa, el 0.3 % era de etnia tártara, el 0.2 % era de etnia georgiana, el 0.2 % era de etnia azerí, el 0.1 % era de etnia alemana y el 0.1 % era de etnia gitana

Enlaces externos y referencias

Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
Este artículo es en parte una traducción de su correspondiente en la edición en ruso de Wikipedia, Упорная.
Información sobre el municipio en un sitio web no oficial del raión .
Mapa topográfico soviético en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Labinsk del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1859

Upornaya


Cristina Laslo (født 10. april 1996 i Cluj-Napoca) er en kvindelig rumænsk håndboldspiller, der spiller for CS Gloria Bistrița-Năsăud i Liga Naţională og Rumæniens kvindehåndboldlandshold.

Hun blev udtaget til landstræner Adrian Vasiles trup ved VM i kvindehåndbold 2021 i Spanien, hvor det rumænske hold blev nummer 13.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldspillere fra Rumænien
Håndboldspillere fra ŽRK Budućnost
Håndboldspillere fra CS Minaur Baia Mare (kvindehåndbold)
Håndboldspillere fra CSM Corona Brașov (kvindehåndbold)

Cristina Laslo


Ragnhild Pohanka (31 de maio de 1932 - 18 de novembro de 2021) foi uma política sueca. Membro do Partido Verde e mais tarde do Partido da Esquerda, ela serviu no Riksdag de 1988 a 1991 e novamente de 1994 a 1998.

Em 1984, Ragnhild Pohanka e Per Gahrton foram nomeados os primeiros porta-vozes do Partido Verde sueco.

Políticos da Suécia
Mortos em 2021
Nascidos em 1932

Ragnhild Pohanka


بولشايا مارتينوفكا  هي مدينة في مقاطعة روستوف أوبلاست في روسيا.

مراجع

مدن مقاطعة روستوف
مواقع ريفية في مقاطعة روستوف

بولشايا مارتينوفكا


Jeofizik, yerfiziği olarak da bilinir, fiziğin temel ilkelerinden yararlanılarak, hidrosferi ve atmosferi de içerecek biçimde Dünya'nın araştırılmasını konu edinen yer bilimleri dalı. Jeofizik tarihi insanoğlunun bilimsel merakını giderme ile ilişkili "kuramsal" problemlerle ve yerin doğal kaynaklarından yarar sağlama ile yer kaynaklı afetlerle ilişkili "pratik" problemlerle ilişkili olarak gelişmiştir.

Jeofizik, Yerküre ve onun etrafındaki uzay çevresinin fiziksel özellikleri ve fiziksel süreçleri ile bunların analizi için nicel yöntemlerin kullanımı ile ilişkili doğa bilimidir. Jeofizik terimi ile bazen sadece katı Yerküre uygulamaları kastedilir: Yerküre'nin biçimi, onun gravite ve manyetik alanı, iç yapısı ve bileşimi, dinamiği ve levha tektoniğinde bunların yüzeydeki dışavurumu, magmaların üretimi, volkanizma ve kayaç oluşumu. Ancak modern jeofizik organizasyonları daha geniş bir tanımı kullanır ki bunlar; kar ve buzu içerecek biçimde su döngüsü, atmosferin ve okyanusların akışkan dinamiği, iyonosferde ve manyetosferde elektrik ve manyetizma, Güneş-Yer ilişkileri, Ay ve diğer gezegenlerle ilişkili benzer problemleri de kapsamaktadır.

Jeofizik sözcüğünün doğuşu
Jeofizik anlamına gelen Almanca "Geophysik" sözcüğü, bilindiği kadarıyla, ilk olarak 1844'te J. Fröbel  tarafından kullanılmıştır.

Jeofizik sözcüğü 1834 ile 1880 yılları arasında dönemin çeşitli yazılı eserlerinde görünür. Fröbel tarafından yazıldığı sanılan fakat Meyers Grosses Conversationslexikon adlı eserde anonim bir "Geophysik" maddesi vardır . 1863'te Adolph Muhry (1810-1888) sözcüğü meteoroloji ve klimatoloji ile ilişkili olarak kullanır. 1870'lerde, Georg von Neumayer (1826-1909) sözcüğü okyanusları içerecek şekilde ve Ferdinand von Richthofen (1833-1905) katı Yerküre'yi içerecek şekilde kullanır. İngilizcede, İtalyancada ve büyük olasılıkla diğer dillerde ilişkili terimler vardır. Herschel "terrestrial physics" sözcüğünü kullanır (Herschel, 1840). Angelo Secchi (1818-1878), Ernesto Sergent ve Francesco Denza (1834-1894) ve diğer İtalyanlar "fisica terrestre" terimini tercih ederler. Secchi (1879) ve Sergent (1868) öğrencileri için "physical terrestrial" konuları sunarlar. Denza (1882) özel olarak meteorolojiyi yer fiziğinin (terrestrial physics) bir bölümü olarak tartışır. Türkçede "Arzi Fiziki" sözcüğü jeofizik sözcüğünün karşılığı olarak ilk olarak "Arzi Fiziki Kandilli Rasathanesi" olarak 1920'lerde görünür.

Jeofizik dalları
Türkiye'deki üniversitelerde Uygulamalı Jeofizik, Yerfiziği ve Sismoloji Ana Bilim Dallarında eğitim yapılmaktadır. Son yıllarda özellikle zemin etütlerinde, petrol, doğal gaz ve jeotermal aramacılığında jeofiziğin kullanım alanları her geçen gün artmaktadır.

 Sismoloji (Depremlerin büyüklük ve şiddetlerinin belirlenmesi ve elastik dalga kuramı)
 Gravite ve jeodezi (Yer'in gravite alanı ve Yer'in biçimi ve boyutu)
 Atmosfer bilimleri; ki izleyen alanları kapsar: Atmosfer Elektriği ve Yer Manyetik Alanı (İyonosfer, Van Allen Kuşağı, Tellürik Akımlar vb. içerecek biçimde) Meteoroloji ve Klimatoloji, Her ikisi de iklim çalışmalarını kapsar. Aeronomi, atmosferin fiziksel ve kimyasal yapısı.
 Jeotermik ve jeotermal (Yer ısısı, ısı akısı, Volkanoloji ve sıcak noktalar)
 Hidroloji (yer altı ve yüzey suyu, bazen glasiyolojiyi de kapsar)
 Fiziksel oşinografi
 Tektonofizik (Yerküre'deki jeolojik süreçler)
 Jeodinamik (Yer içinin Dinamik İncelenmesi)
 Arama ve mühendislik jeofiziği
 Jeofizik Mühendisliği
 Glasiyoloji/Buzul bilimi
 Petrofizik / Kaya fiziği
 Uygulamalı jeofizik
 Mineral fiziği
 Arkeojeofizik (Arkeoloji jeofiziği)

Uygulama alanları
 Levha tektoniği ve deprem araştırmaları
 Sismik yöntemlerle karada ve denizde jeolojik yapıların araştırılması
 Jeolojik zamanlardaki yer manyetik alanının belirlenmesi
 Yer altı kaynaklarının araştırılması
 Çevre jeofiziği
 Arkeolojik araştırmalar
 Atmosfer ve uzay araştırmaları
 Termal alan araştırmaları
 Geoteknik / Zemin araştırmaları

Kullanılan başlıca yöntemler
 Gravite
Yer altı yapılarının çekim özelliğini inceler. Yer çekimi ivmesinin dünyanın her noktasında farklı olmasından yararlanarak yer içini modeller.
 Manyetik
Yer altı yapılarının manyetik özelliklerini inceler. Özellikle metalik cevherlerin bulunmasında, arkeojeofizik ve tektonik araştırmalarda sıklıkla kullanılmaktadır.
 Sismoloji
Depremlerin özelliklerini ve yerin derinliklerini inceler.
 Sismik
Yer altı yapılarının sismik hız değişimlerini inceler.
 Yer Radarı (Ground Penetrating Radar-GPR)
Özellikle yer yüzeyine yakın derinliklerde bulunan, ortamın geneline göre farklı fiziksel özellikler gösteren alanların belirlenmesinde kullanılır. Temelde kullanılan cihaz, bir verici (Transmitter) ve bir alıcı (Receiver) antenle kayıtçıdan oluşur. Yer içine gönderilen yüksek frekanslı dalgaların yansıma ve kırılmalara uğrayarak yer içinden geri dönüşleri kaydedilir. Son olarak elde edilen veriler sismik veri işleme tekniklerine benzer bir teknikle işlenerek yer altının yapısı ortaya çıkarılır. Türkiye'de kullanımı son yıllarda oldukça yaygınlaşan bu yöntemin en önemli avantajı son derece ayrıntılı bilgilere ulaşılabilmesidir. Ancak bir dezavantaj olarak, sadece sığ aramalarda kullanılabilir; çünkü yüksek frekanslar, yer içindeki iletken ortamlarda kolayca atenüasyona uğrayarak derinlere ulaşamazlar.
 Elektrik
Yer altı yapılarının elektrik iletkenlik özelliklerini inceler,
 Elektromanyetik
Yer altı yapılarının elektrik iletkenlik ve elektomanyetik özelliklerini inceler,
 Jeomanyetizma
Uzaydaki ve yer yüzündeki manyetik alanın özelliklerini inceler,
 Paleomanyetizma
Geçmiş dönemlerdeki yer manyetik alanının değişimlerini inceler,
 Radyometrik ve jeotermik
Yer altının radyoaktif ve ısı özelliklerini inceler,
 Kuyu logları
Sondaj kuyularında yapılan gravite, manyetik, radyometri, elektrik, akustik vb. jeofizik yöntemlerdir.
 Yüzey Nükleer Manyetik Rezonans (SNMR)
Atom çekirdeğinin (temel olarak çekirdekte bulunan protonun) manyetik özelliklerinden yararlanarak, yer altının su içeriğini ve hidrolik geçirgenliğini derinliğin fonksiyonu olarak verebilen yeni bir yöntemdir.

Kaynakça

Jeofizik


A Basílica de Notre-Dame é uma igreja católica na cidade de Friburgo, na Suíça. Dedicada a Nossa Senhora, foi elevada à categoria de basílica menor em 1932 por Pio XI. Depende da diocese de Lausanne, Genebra e Friburgo.

História e Descrição

Esta igreja românica data do início do século XII e fica ao lado da ponte Zaehringen. É, portanto, a igreja mais antiga da cidade. Entre 1467 e 1525, ocorreram importantes obras, incluindo a instalação de uma torre na torre do sino, a reparação da cabeceira pentagonal com abside semicircular. São Pedro Canísio fundou aqui a congregação da Virgem. Levou o título de colegiado em 1728 (agregado à Basílica de São João de Latrão) seu clero tornando-se cônegos. A igreja pertenceu ao hospital Bourgeois por muito tempo antes de ser entregue à diocese em 1884. A fachada neoclássica foi construída entre 1785 e 1787 e a nova torre data deste período, assim como a decoração interior. A igreja nas últimas décadas ameaçou entrar em colapso por causa da negligência. O trabalho finalmente conseguiu salvá-la. A Fundação Basílica de Notre-Dame, criada em 1968 e que se tornou sua proprietária, agora supervisiona sua conservação. Foi completamente restaurado entre 1990 e 2011.

No seu interior encontra-se um notável presépio napolitano do século XVIII.

A administração da igreja foi confiada desde 29 de junho de 2012 (Festa de São Pedro e São Paulo) por Dom Morerod à Fraternidade Sacerdotal de São Pedro sob a liderança hoje do Padre Arnaud Evrat.

Referências

Ligações externas

 Site oficial da basílica
Basílicas da Suíça

Basílica de Nossa Senhora de Friburgo


Gary Michael Louris (born March 10, 1955) is an American guitarist, singer, and songwriter of alternative country and pop music. He was a founding member of the Minneapolis-based band the Jayhawks and their principal songwriter and vocalist after the departure of Mark Olson. Louris is often credited with the band's subsequent move from folk-country toward a more progressive, pop sound.

Biography

Early life
Gary Louris grew up in Toledo, Ohio, where he took piano lessons before becoming a guitarist as a teenager. He graduated from St. John's Jesuit High School in 1973. Louris received a BA in Architecture from the University of Minnesota School of Architecture in 1977.

1985–present: The Jayhawks
The Jayhawks were formed in 1985 in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Louris had formerly played guitar in a rockabilly band, Safety Last. On May 13, 2003, the Jayhawks appeared on the Late Show with David Letterman and performed "Save It for a Rainy Day", from their "Rainy Day Music" CD. The Jayhawks recorded seven albums before going on indefinite hiatus in 2005.

In 2011 the Jayhawks reunited and recorded a new album, Mockingbird Time. The lineup consisted of Mark Olson, Gary Louris, Marc Perlman, Karen Grotberg, and Tim O'Reagan. At that time Louris said, "Our goal is to make the best Jayhawks album that's ever been done". Eighteen songs were recorded, 16 of them new, but only 12 are included on the record. The band toured in support of the album.

Olson left The Jayhawks again in late 2012 and the band went on another short hiatus. They reformed in early 2014 to support the reissues of 3 Jayhawks albums released between 1997 and 2003. After a year of touring with most of the 1997 lineup the band announced that they would be working on a new studio album, Paging Mr. Proust, which was released on April 29, 2016 on Thirty Tigers.

2005–present: Solo career
Louris is also a member of the intermittent Midwest musical collective Golden Smog; other members have included fellow Jayhawk Marc Perlman, Jeff Tweedy of Wilco, Dave Pirner and Dan Murphy from Soul Asylum, Kraig Johnson of Run Westy Run and Chris Mars of the Replacements.

In spring 2005, Louris and Olson toured together, billed as "From the Jayhawks: An Evening with Mark Olson & Gary Louris, Together Again."

He co-wrote the song "Jealous of the Moon" with Chris Thile in 2005, and it appeared on the Nickel Creek album Why Should the Fire Die?. Louris is also a songwriter on the 2006 Dixie Chicks album Taking the Long Way.

Louris wrote and performed "Every Word," the theme song for the 2006 documentary Wordplay.

In 2008, Louris released his first solo album, Vagabonds. The album was produced by Black Crowes frontman Chris Robinson.
Of Vagabonds, Louris said in an interview, "It wasn't my intention to recapture the '70s or anything, that's just what comes out when I sing....Once we got the band together for the sessions, it actually reminded me of how the Jayhawks were when we started out. The music is new and exciting for them, and it was good for me to feed off of that." Vagabonds was recorded in Laurel Canyon, which is famous for being the center of the 1970s' singer-songwriter scene.

Robinson also produced a collaboration between Louris and his former Jayhawks bandmate Mark Olson. The album, Ready for the Flood, was released in November 2008 (January 2009 in the U.S.).

Louris continued to play occasional solo shows even during periods of Jayhawks activity. In 2015, Louris formed a side project called Au Pair with Durham musician Django Haskins from the band The Old Ceremony. They released an album, One Armed Candy Bear, in November 2015 on Thirty Tigers followed by a handful of live shows.

Personal life
Louris married Stephanie Stevenson in October 2020.

Equipment
A 1967 Gibson SG guitar – shown in the picture – reputed to have been formerly owned by lead guitarist John King of the Litter is now owned and frequently used by Louris in the Jayhawks and Golden Smog. The guitar was owned from 1977 to 1986 by Kevin Waddick. Chris Osgood, at the time the guitarist of the punk trio the Suicide Commandos, suggested that Waddick buy the guitar and later informed Louris that it was for sale.

Louris also uses a Martin 00-18V acoustic guitar.

Discography

With the Jayhawks
The Jayhawks (1986), also known as the Bunkhouse Tapes
Blue Earth (1989)
Hollywood Town Hall (1992)
Tomorrow the Green Grass (1995)
Sound of Lies (1997)
Smile (2000)
Rainy Day Music (2003)
Live from the Women's Club (Volumes One and Two)
Mockingbird Time (2011)
Live at The Belly Up (2015)
Paging Mr. Proust (2016)
Back Roads and Abandoned Motels (2018)
XOXO (2020)

With Safety Last
 Struck by Love (1983, Twin/Tone Records)

With Golden Smog
 On Golden Smog (1992)
 Down by the Old Mainstream (1996)
 Weird Tales (1998)
 Another Fine Day (2006)
 Blood on the Slacks (2007)

Solo
 Vagabonds (2008)
 Acoustic Vagabonds (2008)
 Jump for Joy (2021)

With Mark Olson
 Ready for the Flood (2008)

With Au Pair
 One Armed Candy Bear (2015)

Guest appearances
 Many Great Companions: Song Revisited with Guitar and a Few Friends by Dar Williams (2010): guitar and vocals on seven tracks

References

External links
Official website

Patreon page
Official MySpace page
Interview and live performance on TV Show Corporate Country Sucks
The Heart of the Jayhawks. Paste Magazine. Accessed January 3, 2009.
American Songwriter article
Metro Active article
Live Daily article

American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American country singer-songwriters
American male singer-songwriters
Singer-songwriters from Ohio
American alternative country singers
Rykodisc artists
1955 births
Living people
Guitarists from Ohio
20th-century American guitarists
Musicians from Toledo, Ohio
Golden Smog members
Country musicians from Ohio
20th-century American male musicians
New West Records artists
Thirty Tigers artists

Gary Louris


Šimo Žepić, Ivo Grgić i Muhamed Borogovac bio je glazbeni trio izvođača izvorne glazbe s područja Živinica. Koncem 1969. godine objavili su gramofonsku ploču "Kad zapjeva Šimo i Ivica". 1970. godine izašla je pod etiketom PGP RTB, naslova Pjesme iz Bosne.

Dvojac Šimo Žepić i Ivica Grgić poslije su 1988. objavili album.

Ivica Grgić preminuo je 25. studenoga 2017. godine. Bio je posljednji član izvorne skupine Šimo i Ivica.

Diskografija
 Kad zapjeva Šimo i Ivica, EP, PGP RTB
 Poslušajte, mila braćo, mene, EP 11082, PGP RTB
 Poslušajte, mila braćo, mene, EP 11004, PGP RTB, studeni 1970.
 Pjesme iz Bosne, EP, PGP RTB, 1970.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
YouTube Šimo i Ivica - Na Toplici, Kanal Mićo Babić

Kultura Hrvata Bosne i Hercegovine
Živinice
Bosanskohercegovački glazbeni sastavi


Lycka (dt. "Glück, Fröhlichkeit") ist ein Album von Benny Andersson und Björn Ulvaeus, die später zu Mitgliedern der Popgruppe ABBA wurden. Es erschien im November 1970 und blieb bis heute das einzige gemeinsame Album der beiden Musiker, die ihre Karriere zu zweit bereits 1972 zugunsten der späteren Popgruppe aufgaben.

Entstehungsgeschichte

Benny Andersson und Björn Ulvaeus begannen ihre musikalische Zusammenarbeit bereits 1966, als sie beide noch jeweils einer anderen Gruppe angehörten. So war Andersson Mitglied der Hep Stars, während Ulvaeus bei den Hootenanny Singers als Sänger und Gitarrist auftrat. Letztere Gruppe fertigte ihre Aufnahmen bereits seit ihrer Gründung 1963 bei Polar Music an. Dadurch lernte nun auch Andersson den späteren ABBA-Manager Stig Anderson kennen, der von den beiden als Songschreiber viel hielt und ihre Zusammenarbeit begrüßte. Er sah in dem Komponisten-Duo eine Hoffnung, schwedische Popmusik auch außerhalb des Landes populär zu machen. Obgleich Lycka ein alleiniges Album der Musiker Andersson und Ulvaeus war, bildete es einen der Ursprünge in der Vorgeschichte von ABBA.

Eines ihrer ersten größeren Projekte war 1969 die Produktion des Soundtracks zur Fortsetzung des 1967 veröffentlichten Films Inga mit Marie Liljedahl in der Hauptrolle, der auf dem internationalen Markt einen überraschenden Erfolg gefeiert hatte. Hierfür steuerten sie unter anderem die Songs She's My Kind Of Girl und Inga Theme bei, die beide im März 1970 zunächst in Schweden auf einer Single veröffentlicht wurden. Im Jahr 1969 verließ Andersson die Band The Hep Stars, der er seit 1964 angehört hatte, während Ulvaeus zwar weiterhin Mitglied der Hootenanny Singers blieb, seine Aktivitäten innerhalb der Gruppe allerdings bis auf unbestimmte Zeit einstellte. Beide wollten sich verstärkt gemeinsamen Projekten widmen. Etwa zur selben Zeit machten sowohl Andersson als auch Ulvaeus Bekanntschaft mit ihren späteren Partnerinnen Agnetha Fältskog und Anni-Frid Lyngstad, die beide ebenfalls im Musikgeschäft tätig waren. Bei ersten Probegesängen zusammen stellten Andersson und Ulvaeus eine willkommene Harmonie fest, sodass sie ihre Partnerinnen recht bald in ihre Musikproduktionen miteinbezogen. So gilt das im Juni 1970 aufgenommene Lied Hej Gamle Man als erstes Lied, in dem alle zukünftigen vier ABBA-Mitglieder zu hören sind. Dabei sind Fältskog und Lyngstad allerdings lediglich im Hintergrund als Background-Sängerinnen zu hören.

Als erste Single der Aufnahme-Sessions, die zwischen Juni und September 1970 stattfanden, erschien im Frühherbst 1970 das Lied Lycka mit Hej Gamle Man als B-Seite und erreichte Platz 5 der schwedischen Verkaufscharts. Viele der Beteiligten führten diesen Erfolg später auf Hej Gamle Man und das Mitwirken von Fältskog und Lyngstad zurück. Lyngstad merkte dazu später an: "In einer Art war es die Geburt von ABBA. Ich glaube nicht, dass es so ein Hit geworden wäre, wenn Agnetha und ich nicht drauf gewesen wären." (Originaltext: "It was the birth of ABBA in a way. I don't think it would have become such a hit if Agnetha and I hadn't been on it.") Stig Anderson war zudem bemüht, einige Lieder des Albums anderweitig zu vermarkten, indem er sie verschiedenen Musikkünstlern zum Covern anbot. So fertigte beispielsweise die ebenfalls bei Polar Music unter Vertrag stehende Sängerin Lena Andersson unter dem Titel "Language of Love" eine englische Version von Livet Går Sin Gång an. Lyngstad interpretierte das Titelstück Lycka auf ihrem Debütalbum Frida im Jahr 1971, während eine englische Version von Kära Gamla Sol 1975 unter dem Titel "Roly-Poly Girl" vom Duo Svenne & Lotta veröffentlicht wurde.

Darüber hinaus fertigten Andersson und Ulvaeus selbst von einigen ihrer Songs deutsche Texte an, die in Deutschland als Single erschienen. Mit dem Lied Det kan ingen doktor hjälpa wurden sie 1971 bei den Melodifestivalen abgelehnt. Den nächsten Erfolg erlebten Andersson und Ulvaeus im Februar 1972 als She's My Kind of Girl in Japan als Single veröffentlicht wurde und die dortigen Charts stürmte. Dieser Erfolg spornte die Künstler dazu an, weitere Popsongs auf Englisch komponieren. So nahmen sie im März 1972 als Duo einerseits Santa Rosa und Merry-Go-Round, andererseits mit ihren Lebensgefährtinnen ihren ersten Song als Gruppe People Need Love auf, der im Juni des Jahres als Single veröffentlicht wurde und Platz 3 der schwedischen Tio-i-Topp-Charts sowie Platz 17 der kombinierten Single- und Album-Charts erreichte. Als B-Seite wurde hierfür Merry-Go-Round verwendet, das ebenso in einer schwedischen Sprachversion aufgenommen und bereits im April 1972 als "Björn & Benny" Single veröffentlicht worden war.

Titelliste

Seite A
 Lycka ("Glück") – 3:05
 Nånting Är På Väg ("Etwas ist am Weg") – 2:17
 Kära Gamla Sol ("Liebe alte Sonne") – 2:24
 Det Där Med Kärlek ("So ist es mit der Liebe") – 2:59
 Välkommen In I Gänget ("Willkommen in der Bande") – 3:08
 Lilla Du, Lilla Vän ("Kleines Du, kleiner Freund") – 2:48

Seite B
 Hej Gamle Man! ("Hallo alter Mann") – 3:20
 Liselott ("Liselotte") – 2:55
 Kalles Visa ("Kalles Lied") – 2:34
 Ge Oss En Chans ("Gebt uns eine Chance") – 3:38
 Livet Går Sin Gång ("Das Leben dauert seine Zeit") – 3:50

Bonustracks auf der CD-Veröffentlichung 2006

 12. She's My Kind Of Girl (veröffentlicht im März 1970 als Single Polar POS 1096)
 13. Inga Theme (B-Seite der vorherigen Single Polar POS 1096)
 14. Det Kan Ingen Doktor Hjälpa ("Dafür gibt es keine Kur") (veröffentlicht im Juni 1971 als Single Polar POS 1130)
 15. På Bröllop ("Auf einer Hochzeit") (B-Seite der vorherigen Single Polar POS 1130)
 16. Tånk Om Jorden Vore Ung ("Stell dir vor, die Welt wäre jung") (veröffentlicht im Sept/Okt 1971 als Single Polar POS 1140)
 17. Träskfolket ("Holzpantoffel-Leute") (B-Seite der vorherigen Single Polar POS 1140)
 18. En Karusell ("Ein Karussell") (veröffentlicht im April 1972 als Single Polar POS 1154)
 19. Att Finnas Till  ("Leben") (B-Seite der vorherigen Single Polar POS 1154)
 20. Hey, Musikant (veröffentlicht 1971 als Single BASF/CORNET CQA 444)
 21. Was Die Liebe Sagt (B-Seite der vorherigen Single BASF/CORNET CQA 444)
 22. Love Has Its Ways (veröffentlicht im November 1972 als Single EPIC ECPA 49 in Japan)
 23. Rock'n Roll Band (B-Seite der vorherigen Single EPIC ECPA 49)
 24. Merry-Go-Round (veröffentlicht im Juni 1972 als Single EPIC ECPA 16 in Japan)
 25. To Live With You (englische Version von Lycka, Demoband 1975)

Veröffentlichungen und Charterfolge
Das Album "Lycka" erschien gegen Ende des Jahres 1970 und wurde unter dem Namen "Björn & Benny" veröffentlicht. Für die beiden Künstler war es allerdings wenig zufriedenstellend, da es sich nicht in den schwedischen Albumcharts platzieren konnte. Lediglich einige der Singleauskopplungen gelangten in diverse schwedische Hitparaden wie Svensktoppen.

Weblinks
 Geschichte und Hintergrund-Infos des Albums Lycka auf der Offiziellen ABBA-Website (engl.)

Einzelnachweise

Album 1970
Album (Folk Rock)
Benny Andersson
Björn Ulvaeus

Lycka (Album)


Antoine Roussel (* 21. November 1989 in Roubaix) ist ein französischer Eishockeyspieler, der seit Juli 2022 den Status eines sogenannten Free Agents besitzt. Zuvor verbrachte der Flügelstürmer unter anderem sechs Jahre bei den Dallas Stars, drei Spielzeiten bei den Vancouver Canucks sowie eine bei den Arizona Coyotes aus der National Hockey League (NHL).

Karriere
Antoine Roussel begann seine Karriere als Eishockeyspieler in der Nachwuchsabteilung der Dragons de Rouen. Von dort wechselte er nach Kanada zu den Saguenéens de Chicoutimi, für die er von 2006 bis 2010 in der Juniorenliga LHJMQ aktiv war. Allerdings wurde der Stürmer nie gedraftet, sondern unterzeichnete zur Saison 2010/11 als Free Agent einen Vertrag bei den Providence Bruins in der American Hockey League. Parallel bestritt er 13 Spiele für deren Kooperationspartner Reading Royals aus der ECHL. Zur Saison 2011/12 wechselte er innerhalb der AHL zu den Chicago Wolves. Im Juli 2012 wurde er von den Dallas Stars aus der National Hockey League mit einem Zweijahresvertrag ausgestattet.

Sein Debüt in der NHL gab Roussel am 1. Februar 2013 beim Spiel gegen die Phoenix Coyotes und erzielte dabei auch den ersten Treffer seiner NHL-Karriere. Er war erst der achte in Frankreich geborene Spieler, der ein Spiel in der NHL absolvierte.

Nach sechs Jahren in Dallas wurde sein auslaufender Vertrag im Sommer 2018 nicht verlängert, sodass er im Juli 2018 einen Vierjahresvertrag bei den Vancouver Canucks unterzeichnete. Vor Erfüllung dessen wurde er allerdings im Juli 2021 samt Loui Eriksson, Jay Beagle, einem Erstrunden-Wahlrecht für den NHL Entry Draft 2021, einem Zweitrunden-Wahlrecht für den NHL Entry Draft 2022 sowie einem Siebtrunden-Wahlrecht für den NHL Entry Draft 2023 an die Arizona Coyotes abgegeben. Im Gegenzug erhielten die Canucks Oliver Ekman Larsson und Conor Garland.

International
Für Frankreich nahm Roussel im Juniorenbereich an der U18-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft der Division I 2006 sowie der U20-Junioren-Weltmeisterschaft der Division I 2009 teil. Im Seniorenbereich stand er erstmals bei der Weltmeisterschaft 2012 im Aufgebot seines Landes. Auch bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2013, 2014, als er in das All-Star-Team des Turniers gewählt wurde und gemeinsam mit dem Russen Sergei Plotnikow zweitbester Torschütze hinter dessen Landsmann Wiktor Tichonow war, und 2015 spielte er für die Franzosen in der Top-Division.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2014 All-Star-Team der Weltmeisterschaft

Karrierestatistik
Stand: Ende der Saison 2021/22

International
Vertrat Frankreich bei:

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Eishockeynationalspieler (Frankreich)
Eishockeyspieler (Saguenéens de Chicoutimi)
Eishockeyspieler (Chicago Wolves, AHL)
Eishockeyspieler (Reading Royals)
Eishockeyspieler (Providence Bruins)
Eishockeyspieler (Texas Stars)
Eishockeyspieler (Dallas Stars)
Eishockeyspieler (Vancouver Canucks)
Eishockeyspieler (Utica Comets, 2013–2021)
Eishockeyspieler (Arizona Coyotes)
Franzose
Geboren 1989
Mann

Antoine Roussel


Sakızlı Ahmed Esad Paşa (1828, Sakız - 1875, İzmir), Osmanlı devlet adamı. Abdülaziz'in saltanatında iki dönem sadrazamlık yapmıştır. Darüşşafaka'nın kurucularındandır. Sanat tarihçi Celal Esad Arseven'in babasıdır.

Hayatı
1828 yılında Sakız Adasında doğdu. Sakız Müftüsü Süleyman Bey'in oğlu olup, Müşir Kâzım Paşa'nın ağabeyidir. 1852 yılında Işıklar Askerî Lisesi'nden, 1858 yılında ise kurmay yüzbaşı olarak Harp Akademisi'nden mezun oldu. Harp Akademisi'nde iken Fuat Paşa'nın dikkatini çekti. Fuat Paşa'nın sadrazam olmasından sonra Esat Bey Paris Ataşemiliterliğine ve Mekteb-i Osmanî Müdürlüğüne tayin edildi. Sultan Abdülaziz'in Fransa seyahatinde Padişaha takdim edildi ve tuğgeneralliğe yükseltildi. Paris sefaretinde çalıştı. Paris dönüşünde Cemiyet-i Tedrisiyye-i İslâmiye'ye (şimdiki adıyla Darüşşafaka Cemiyeti) katıldı. Cemiyet kurucuların büyük bir okul kurma düşüncelerine katılarak, bu okulun Paris civarında görüp incelediği kız ve erkek yetimlerine özgü yatılı bir okul olan Pritanée Militaire de la Flèche benzeri bir okul olmasını önerdi. Yanında okulun planını, öğrencilerin kılık kıyafetiyle ilgili çizimleri ve öğretim programını da getirmişti. Önerisi kurucularca kabul gördü ve Darüşşafaka kuruldu.

Ahmed Esad Paşa 1868 yılının Aralık ayında İşkodra valiliğine atandı. Bu görevi 1870 yılının Ağustos ayına kadar sürdürdükten sonra Hassa ordusu komutanı oldu. 1871 yılında Serasker oldu. Bu görevi 1872 yılında Sivas valiliği, Bahriye Nazırlığı ve ikinci bir defa seraskerlik izledi. 1873 yılının Şubat ayında Tophane müşiri oldu.

1873'te Konya valiliği görevini sürdürürken, 1290 kıtlığı olarak bilinen büyük kuraklık döneminde, Konya Mevlevi Dergâhı Postnişini Mahmut Sadrettin Çelebi ile birlikte aç ve çaresiz kalan halka yardım amaçlı çabalarıyla Sultan Abdülaziz'in dikkatini çekti.

Bu çalışmalarının sonucu olarak Abdülaziz'in saltanat döneminde 15 Şubat 1873 - 15 Nisan 1873 ve 26 Nisan 1875 - 26 Ağustos 1875 tarihleri arasında iki dönem -toplam beş ay yirmisekiz gün- sadrazamlık yaptı. Bu iki sadrazamlık görevi arasında Tophane müşirliği, Konya ve Suriye valilikleri ve ikinci bir defa Bahriye Nazırlığı görevlerini yürüttü.

Sadrazamlık da yaptığı 1875 yılı içerisinde yine kısa bir süre için önce Nafia Nazırlığı'na sonra da İzmir (Aydın) Valiliğine tayin edildi. Resmi bir ziyarete gittiği Denizli'de yorgunluk kahvesi içtikten sonra, kahveye konan zehirden hastalanarak hayatını kaybetti. Suçlu olarak kahveyi pişiren zenci köle hemen asıldı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Buz, Ayhan (2009) "Osmanlı Sadrazamları", İstanbul: Neden Kitap, ISBN 978-975-254-278-5
 Danişmend, İsmail Hâmi (1971),Osmanlı Devlet Erkânı, İstanbul: Türkiye Yayınevi
 Kuneralp, Sinan (1999) Son Dönem Osmanlı Erkan ve Ricali (1839 - 1922) Prosopografik Rehber, İstanbul:ISIS Press, ISBN 9784281181.
 İnal, İbnülemin Mehmet Kemal, (1964) Son Sadrazamlar 4 cilt, Ankara: Millî Eğitim Basimevi, (Dergah Yayinevi 2002) (Google books ,
 Tektaş, Nazim (2002), Sadrâzamlar Osmanlı'da İkinci Adam Saltanatı, İstanbul:Çatı Yayınevi (Google books:

1828 doğumlular
Işıklar Askerî Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Mekteb-i Harbiye'de öğrenim görenler
Mekteb-i Erkân-ı Harbiye'de öğrenim görenler
Osmanlı mareşalleri
Osmanlı sadrazamları
Osmanlı Konya valileri
Osmanlı İşkodra valileri
Osmanlı Şam valileri
Osmanlı Sivas valileri
1875 yılında ölenler
Zehirlenerek ölenler
Suikast sonucu ölen Osmanlılar
Suikast sonucu ölen vezirler
Suikast sonucu ölen siyasetçiler
İzmir'de ölenler
Emir Sultan Türbesi'ne defnedilenler

Ahmed Esad Paşa


Le Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 101 ou VMFAT-101 était un escadron d'entraînement composé de 38 F-35 Lightning du Corps des Marines des États-Unis et servant d'escadron de remplacement de la flotte. Connu sous le nom de "Flying Nightmares", il est basé au  Marine Corps Air Station Miramar en Californie et relève administrativement  du commandement de Marine Aircraft Group 11 (MAG-11) et la 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing (3rd MAW).

L'escadron a assumé la lignée du Marine Attack Squadron 513 (VMA-513) qui était à l'origine connu sous le nom de "Night Fighters" créé pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale.

Historique

Seconde Guerre mondiale

Le Marine Attack Squadron 513 a été activé le  au Marine Corps Auxiliary Field Oak Grove, en Caroline du Nord équipé du  F6F Hellcat et transféré au Marine Corps Air Facility Walnut Ridge en Arkansas en septembre 1944. En décembre, le VMA-513 a déménagé au Marine Corps Auxiliary Air Station Mojave, en Californie, où il a été renommé VMF(CVS)-513. Le 15 juin 1945, il a quitté San Diego, Californie, à bord de l' et a participé à des opérations de transport dans le Pacifique. De plus, ils ont fourni un appui aérien rapproché à la 3e division des Marines pendant la bataille d'Okinawa, au Japon.

Guerre de Corée

Avant la guerre de Corée, le VMF-513 a opéré à partir de la Marine Corps Air Station El Toro et l'escadron a été renommé VMF(N)-513 ("Night Fighters"). En août 1950, l'escadron s'est déployé au Japon sous le contrôle opérationnel de la Fifth Air Force. Au cours de l'été 1952, le VMF(N)-513 reçoit le F3D Skyknight, le premier avion à réaction de l'escadron. l'unité escorta les bombardiers B-29 qui subissaient de nombreuses pertes lors de raids nocturnes au-dessus de la Corée du Nord.

Après la guerre, l'escadron a opéré à partir du Naval Air Facility Atsugi, au Japon. Le 26 juillet 1958, le VMF-513 a reçu l'avion F4D Skyray. En octobre 1962, Le VMF(AW)-513 a été transféré au MCAS El Toro, Californie. Les nouveaux Flying Nightmares formés sur la base ont reçu le tout nouveau F-4 Phantom II au début de 1963 et la plupart des pilotes ont suivi leur formation de transition au NAS Miramar voisin, à l'escadron de remplacement de la Marine.

Années 1960 - 1980
Le , l'escadron a été renommé VMFA-513. En juin 1965, les Nightmares ont remplacé le  à la base aérienne de Da Nang, au sud du Vietnam. En août 1965, le VMFA-513 a soutenu le 7e Régiment de Marines dans l'opération Starlite (la première opération américaine majeure de la guerre).

L'escadron a piloté le F-4B "Phantom" jusqu'au 30 juin 1970. Puis il a été équipé du Hawker Siddeley Harrier dès 1971. Lors de sa réaffectation à la 1st Marine Aircraft Wing, le VMA-513 a embarqué sur l' pour le Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni. En novembre 1976, le VMA-513 est retourné aux États-Unis et a été affecté au Marine Combat Crew Readiness Training Group 10 au Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, Arizona (rebaptisé Marine Aircraft Group 13 le 1er octobre 1987). En 1987, L'escadron a reçu l'AV-8B Harrier II amélioré.

Guerre du Golfe

En février 1991, le VMA-513 s'est déployé pour l'opération Tempête du désert et opération Bouclier du désert , employant leurs nouveaux Harrier II à l'appui du . Tout au long des années 1990 et au début du 21ème siècle, l'escadron a continué à soutenir les unités expéditionnaires maritimes à bord des navires pour des déploiements normaux de six mois dans le Pacifique occidental et le golfe Persique.

Guerre mondiale contre le terrorisme
D'octobre 2002 à septembre 2003, le VMA-513 s'est déployé sur la base aérienne de Bagram, en Afghanistan, pour des opérations de combat à l'appui de l'opération Enduring Freedom utilisant le nouveau module de ciblage Litening II. Le VMA-513 a soutenu de nombreuses opérations américaines et de la coalition qui ont conduit à la capture ou à la destruction de nombreuses forces ennemies d'Al-Qaïda et des talibans. Il a aussi effectué des missions de combat à l'appui de l'opération Iraqi Freedom (OIF) et des opérations dans la Corne de l'Afrique.

En février 2006 les Flying Nightmares ont de nouveau été déployés sur la base aérienne Al-Asad, en Irak, pour fournir un appui aérien rapproché aux unités terrestres dans la région de l'Irak.

Déclassement et remise en service
Le 12 juillet 2013, le VMA-513 a été mis hors service après 69 ans de service. Les avions restants de l'escadron ont été transférés à l'escadron jumeau, le VMA-214.

L'escadron a été remis en service le  sous le nom de Marine Fighter Attack Training Squadron 502 (VMFAT-502), le deuxième escadron de remplacement de la flotte (FRS) du Corps des Marines.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Fleet Replacement Squadron
 Organisation de l'United States Marine Corps

Liens externes
  VMFAT-502 - Site Seaforces.org
  VMFAT-502 USMC

Training squadron de l'United States Marine Corps
Fighter attack squadron de l'United States Marine Corps

VMFAT-502


Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days er et action-RPG computerspil lavet af Square Enix og h.a.n.d. til Nintendo DS. Det er det femte spil i Kingdom Hearts-serien, hvis handling finder sted lige efter det første spil og fører videre til Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories. Spillet udkom i 2009 (9. Oktober for EU).

Man følger Roxas. En dreng som er medlem i Organization XIII og er venner med en anden medlem: Axel. Der kommer en ny medlem ved navn Xion og de bliver rigtig gode venner.

Spillet blev lavet af Tetsuya Nomura med hjælp af Tomohiro Hasegawa. Nomura ville lave et spil til Nintendo DS og da de havde valgt et sytem og sagt at Roxas skulle være hovedpersonen focuserede de på gameplay. De ville have at det blev ligesom de andre spil i serien men det var et problem fordi at Nintendo DS ikke havde mange knapper som man kunne bruge til at spille med. Efter dens udkom fik spillet en masse god kritikerne pga. gameplay, grafik og også historien som den følger. Der er blevet lavet manga og noveller af spillet og der udkom også en soundtrack til den i Japan.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

358/2 Days
Computerspil fra 2009
Nintendo DS-spil

Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days


Biserica Franciscană din Mediaș este un monument istoric și de arhitectură.

Istoric
Mănăstirea a fost întemeiată anterior anului 1444. Într-o nișă de pe latura estică a absidei corului s-a conservat o inscripție cu anul 1400. Mănăstirea medievală a avut hramul sfintei Elisabeta de Turingia.

În pofida protestului franciscanilor, a fost înmormântat aici mercenarul Aloisio Gritti.

În anul 1556, în urma reformei protestante, călugării au fost alungați din Mediaș de către conducerea orașului.

În secolul al XVIII-lea, după instaurarea dominației austriece, mănăstirea a fost retrocedată franciscanilor în anul 1721, după lungi tratative. Consiliul orășenesc a fost convins cu ajutorul contelui Damian Hugo von Virmond, comandantul militar al Transilvaniei, să cedeze edificiile ordinului franciscan. Preluarea acestora a avut loc în data de 19 noiembrie 1721.

Principalul susținător material al mănăstirii a fost Ioan Haller, guvernatorul Transilvaniei.

În anul 1759 episcopul romano-catolic Sigismund Stoica a renunțat la scaunul episcopal de Alba Iulia și s-a stabilit în mănăstirea franciscană din Mediaș, căreia i-a făcut mai multe donații.

Imagini

Note

Bibliografie

Biserici romano-catolice din România
Monumente istorice din județul Sibiu
Fondări în 1444
F
Biserici din județul Sibiu
Biserici din secolul al XV-lea din România
Mănăstiri franciscane din România

Biserica Franciscană din Mediaș


Yenidoğan, Samsun ilinin Tekkeköy ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Samsun iline 35 km, Tekkeköy ilçesine 21 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Tekkeköy'ün mahalleleri

Yenidoğan, Tekkeköy


ڤستا  هي إلهة رومانية عذراء، وهي إلهة الموقد والبيت والعائلة. لا يعرف الكثير عنها وليس لها شخصية مميزة على عكس الآلهة الرومانية الأخرى، وليس لها صور ولم تذكر في الأساطير. يرمز لوجودها بالنار المقدسة التي تحرق في موقدها ومعابدها. تشبه الإلهة هيستيا في الأساطير الإغريقية لكنها أهم منها. تقول الأساطير أن الإلهة فستا هي التي علّمت الشعب الروماني القديم كيفية استعمال النار. وكانوا يبنون لها أمام بيوتهم معبداً صغيراً ضمنه نار مشتعلة تكريماً لها. كانت هياكلها منتشرة في الإمبراطورية الرومانية ولكن أعظم هياكلها بني في مدينة روما، مركزه بين الكابيتول وجبل بالاتين. أما أعيادها فكانت تقوم على مرحلتين: الأولى في آذار، والثانية تمثل العيد الأهم بين 7 و15 حزيران، حيث تقام أعياد شعبية، وخلال هذه الفترة، تنذر العذارى نذورها. وكان يقوم على خدمتها كاهنات عذارى يعينهنّ كبير كهنة روما، يدعين الفيستال.

مراجع

آلهة رومانية
إلهات رومانيات
إلهات عذراوات
شخصيات في الأساطير الرومانية
هيستيا

فستا