Criterio es una revista con información y notas de opinión de Argentina cuyo primer número apareció el 8 de marzo de 1928 con la dirección del abogado, político y periodista Atilio Dell'Oro Maini y es la publicación periódica más constante de la historia de la Argentina que se edita hasta la actualidad. Además de los comentarios realizados desde diversos puntos de vista sobre temas de actualidad política, social y económica hay secciones fijas de libros, cine, música, teatro y plástica. En sus comienzos la revista siguió una orientación nacionalista y de la doctrina católica así como de oposición al liberalismo y al comunismo. Su progresiva amplitud en las décadas siguientes coincidió con un contexto de renovación de las ideas católicas, en que la cuestión social y los debates en torno a los sistemas políticos se constituían en un tema de atención. De intención católica, la revista nunca formó parte ni tiene financiación de la Iglesia, lo cual contribuye a la independencia de sus contenidos.

Señalaba el diario La Opinión, cuando Criterio cumplió su 50 aniversario en 1978:   En el ámbito de las revistas de cultura hay por lo menos algunos ejemplos de realizaciones que nadie puede desconocer: en el área que llamaríamos "liberal", la mención de Nosotros y Sur es, en lo que va del siglo, obligada. Lo mismo podría decirse de una revista de orientación católica que acaba de cumplir su primer medio siglo y que constituye, sin duda, un irremplazable documento acerca de la evolución cultural, social y espiritual de la Argentina contemporánea; se trata, como es obvio, de Criterio.  Entre sus colaboradores se contaron Jorge Luis Borges, Homero Manzi, Francisco Luis Bernárdez, Baldomero Fernández Moreno, Leonardo Castellani, Ernesto Palacio, Manuel Gálvez, Ignacio Braulio Anzoátegui, Julio Irazusta, Julio Meinvielle, Basilio Uribe,  y José Luis Romero. También contó con importantes firmas del exterior como Gilbert K. Chesterton, Hans Urs von Balthasar, Gerardo Diego, Eduardo Frei Montalva, Jean Guitton, Jacques Maritain, Julián Marías, Gabriela Mistral, Giovanni Papini, Giovanni Sartori, entre otros.

También en sus últimas décadas ha contado con la colaboración de: Marcos Aguinis, Alberto Bellucci, Carlos Escudé, Tulio Halperín Donghi, Félix Luna, Hugo Mujica, Adolfo de Obieta, Olga Orozco, Luis Alberto Romero, María Sáenz Quesada, Jorge A. Sabato, Beatriz Sarlo, Kive Staiff y Vicente Zaspe, entre otros.

Orígenes
Fundada en 1928, la revista Criterio fue editada en la primera época por la editorial Surgo y estuvo dirigida por Atilio Dell'Oro Maini (que figuró en ese cargo sólo en el primer número), junto a un consejo editor conformado por Tomás Casares, Faustino Legón y Emiliano J. Mac Donagh. Anunciaba entre sus colaboradores argentinos a Jorge Luis Borges, Francisco Luis Bernárdez, Julio Irazusta, Alejandro Bunge, Julio Rey Pastor y Ricardo Molinari, ente otros, consignándose en ese primer número también la colaboración de Juan Zorrilla de San Martín, Ernesto Palacio y el crítico cinematográfico Ignacio Braulio Anzoátegui. Colaboraron como mecenas de la revista en sus comienzos las familias Pereyra Iraola, María de los Remedios Unzué de Alvear, Joaquin S. de Anchorena, Ernesto Bosch, Concepción Unzué de Casares, Carlos Indalecio Gómez, Rafael y Marcelino Herrera Vegas, Adelia María Harilaos de Olmos, Estanislada Anchorena de Paz y Adolfo Zuberbühler. Su segundo número incluyó artículos de Jorge Luis Borges, Manuel Gálvez, Luis V. Ochoa iniciaba su colaboración como crítico musical y a lo largo de su primer año de existencia incluirá las firmas de Emilio Pettoruti en pintura, Leopoldo Lugones, Eduardo Mallea, Lino Palacio, Norah Borges, Luis Abascal, Jean Aurenche, Antonio Cunill Cabanillas, María Teresa León. En Navidad de 1928 junto con la reseña de sus actividades la revista señala: Era difícil en nuestro medio ambiente encarar las cosas con seriedad. La gente huye de la profundidad para refugiarse en lo frívolo, liviano y superficial. Gimnasia dura la que Criterio ha obligado a hacer a sus lectores, pero esta breve experiencia nos llena de alegría y nos reafirma en el propósito sincero y tenaz de no desmayar en nuestra acendrada búsqueda de comunicación con la inteligencia de nuestro lectores.

De 1929 a 1932

La noche que al sur lo velaron, de Jorge Luis Borges, dio inicio a Criterio en el año 1929. En marzo, al cumplir su primer aniversario, se realizó un banquete cuya tarjeta costaba 70 pesos de la época y al que asistieron el general José Félix Uriburu, Emilio Ravignani, Tomás Casares, Rodolfo Irazusta, Jorge Luis Borges, Eduardo Mallea, Guillermo de Torre, Sixto Martelli, y el presidente de la editorial Surgo, Tomás Cullen.
En septiembre de 1929 publicó Monólogo contra tu recuerdo de Homero Manzione, quien pasaría a la fama como Homero Manzi. En noviembre de 1929 Atilio Dell'Oro Maini renunció a la dirección de Criterio y con su partida también se apartan de la publicación Ignacio B. Anzoátegui, César E. Pico, Ernesto Palacio, Alberto Prebisch, Víctor Delhez y Eudore Gallo Argerich, entre otros. Se designó a Enrique P. Osés como director. Antes, el 6 de septiembre, tiene lugar el golpe de Estado que depone a Hipólito Yrigoyen comandada por el general José Félix Uriburu. La revista no lo apoyó y en un editorial dijo que: Los socialistas son los que dan una buena nota de sentido común. En mitines de la oposición, socialistas independientes -con gran descontento de sus partidarios conservadores que los votaron en los pasados comicios- han proclamado su repudio a los métodos revolucionarios que se vienen propugnando y su intención decidida de llegar a soluciones dignas, por los caminos de la legalidad más absoluta. Y socialistas viejos, exactamente lo mismo. su leader en la Cámara ha dicho: Todo está clamando ahora en el país porque entremos de una vez en el orden, en la legalidad, en lo que es normal, en lo que ordena el sentido común.En 1931 Criterio anunció el nacimiento de una revista trimestral dirigida por Victoria Ocampo llamada Sur que ese publicó artículos antisemitas con las firmas de Vicente Balda y Alberto Molas Terán. Pero también un duro editorial contra el fascismo a la que define como "una tiranía sin límites". Criterio apoyó la candidatura Justo-Roca, en buena medida sustentada por la de Juan Julio Costa, miembro del consejo de redacción de la revista a diputado por el Partido Popular. Asimismo, ese año la revista apoyó la candidatura para el premio Nobel del escritor Manuel Gálvez. En mayo de 1932, en medio de una crisis económica de la publicación, Criterio dejó de publicar sus tapas con ilustraciones a todo color.

Polémica entre Lisandro de la Torre y Gustavo Franceschi, en 1937

El fundador del Partido Demócrata Progresista Lisandro de la Torre a principios de 1937 pronunció la conferencia Intermedio filosófico que planteaba preguntas que se dirigía a sí mismo y que traducen claramente su escepticismo filosófico.En los ratos de ocio –escribe por esos días a una amiga-, cuando resuelvo volver a las lecturas filosóficas que me atraían a los veinte años. Me entristece la impotencia  intelectual del hombre. En los albores de la historia dio, en relación con los problemas fundamentales, todo lo que es capaz de dar, y desde entonces rehace penosamente la tela de Penélope. Y en esa misma comprobación de su impotencia viene desde entonces.Está madurando su propia muerte cuando, a requerimiento de sus amigos, lo lleva a la tribuna del Colegio Libre de Estudios Superiores. Allí, ante dos mil espectadores, continúa ese monólogo que luego fuera impreso el 18 de mayo de 1937 por la Editorial Hemisferio.

El éxito de su conferencia Intermedio Filosófico decidió a Lisandro de la Torre a ocupar de nuevo la tribuna del Colegio Libre de Estudios Superiores y para la ocasión eligió como tema La cuestión social y los cristianos sociales, en donde analizó las encíclicas papales que sirven de fundamento teórico a la acción del socialcristianismo y las desmenuzó críticamente.

Monseñor Franceschi contestó a dicha conferencia trasladando la discusión al plano teológico,  al escribir, con el artículo Ante una diatriba publicado en Criterio del 26 de agosto de 1937. Lisandro de la Torre, como siempre polemista ardoroso, incisivo, denso de argumentos, contestó a su vez en El Diario y La Vanguardia, periódico del Partido Socialista, los días 1, 2, 14, 15, 28 y 30 de septiembre, y 11 y 12 de octubre, bajo el título general de La cuestión social y un cura.

Monseñor Franceschi contestó en Criterio y otros periódicos locales los días 9 y 23 de septiembre y 7 de octubre con tres artículos: Hombre, no te enojes...; ¿Enemigo que huye? y Los procedimientos de un polemista.

Sobre Gustavo Franceschi, director de Criterio entre 1932 y 1957

Monseñor Gustavo J. Franceschi nació en Francia el 28 de julio de 1881 y llegó a la Argentina siendo niño. Formó parte de distintas organizaciones socialcristianas y colaboró en la creación de sindicatos obreros cristianos que se oponían al comunismo. Fue asesor espiritual de la Acción Católica Argentina, y llevó adelante una gran labor intelectual escribiendo varios libros y multitud de artículos. Desde 1932 hasta su muerte en 1957 fue director de la Revista Criterio y en 1955 poco antes de su fallecimiento, impulsó la formación del Partido Demócrata Cristiano de la Argentina. Fue fundador y miembro de número de la Academia Argentina de Letras, en tanto que un sillón lleva su nombre en la Academia Nacional de Periodismo y otro en la Academia Argentina de Artes y Ciencias de la Comunicación. Franceschi falleció en Montevideo el 11 de julio de 1957.

Posición ante el golpe militar de 1976

En sus editoriales del mes de noviembre de 1975, la revista denunciaba "una anarquía política, económica y social" en el país, cuestionaba la actuación ética de la presidenta María Estela Martínez de Perón por las sospechas de corrupción que la envolvían y su abierta intención de frenar las investigaciones sobre su gobierno y afirmaba que "un cáncer está creciendo en torno a la presidencia". Señalaba como factores de una crisis "el continuo cambio de ministros, las intrigas de palacios, la incapacidad de Isabel" y la gravedad sin precedentes de la situación económica. La revista, sin embargo, no consideraba como solución un quiebre institucional sino que en ese mismo editorial dedicaba duras palabras a aquellos dirigentes que querían el golpe sin ser golpistas; y señalaba entre ellos a los integrantes del gobierno que recibirían "aliviados" el golpe para descomprimir la situación y salvar su propia posición.

Posición ante la violencia

Criterio rechazaba la metodología violenta de la guerrilla y el pensamiento socialista o marxista y aprobó la intervención de las Fuerzas Armadas, primero en Tucumán y luego en todo el país, para combatir la guerrilla, pero al mismo tiempo afirmaba que la solución no estaba en lo puramente militar sino también en la realización "de una buena política, de una buena economía y de una efectiva justicia social".
Afirmaba que la guerrilla intentaba atacar el pacto social de una comunidad civilizada y que sus integrantes eran unos criminales ya que nadie podía amparar la utilización de la violencia para resolver los problemas argentinos, y esa actitud por parte de las organizaciones guerrilleras era la responsable de haber puesto a la Argentina en pie de guerra.

Al referirse a la forma que debía utilizarse para combatir a la guerrilla, Criterio propiciaba aplicar el valor cristiano de respeto a la vida para excluir cualquier posibilidad represiva que favoreciere la muerte y la deshumanización del "enemigo", con lo cual rechazaba rotundamente una metodología represiva ilegal para combatir a la guerrilla como la que luego se aplicaría.

La legítima defensa frente a la subversión, aunque sea justa, no debe ser vista como un bien en sí mismo sino como un "mal necesario" que debía asumirse con "prudencia" y "moderación", concepto este último que implicaba el respeto por la vida del enemigo, hasta el extremo límite. La paz, afirmaba, no se construía matando, sino respetando la vida. Esto contrastaba con las palabras del propio teniente general Jorge Rafael Videla, que en octubre de 1975 aseguraba: "Si es preciso, en la Argentina deberán morir todas las  personas necesarias para lograr la paz del país". Minuciosamente argumentaba en cualquier criminal, por abyecto que fuera, subsistía un sustrato de humanidad, por eso es que desde la conciencia cristiana se rechazaba la tortura y el "exterminio" en la represión de la guerrilla y que, por respetables que fueran sus motivos, el fin no justifica los medios.

En el primer editorial de 1976, pocos días después que el ERP (Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo) intentara el 23 de diciembre de 1975 copar el regimiento 601 Domingo Viejo Bueno en Monte Chingolo, el editorialista mostraba su preocupación frente a un contexto donde la muerte pasaba a ser un hecho habitual y "aun deseado, particularmente para el adversario" (22-1-1976: 4). Y lo corroboraba descarnadamente a través de esta apreciación: "Es posible decir que el saldo impresionante (…) del episodio de Monte Chingolo, produjo en muchos un sentimiento de alivio: cien muertos son cien enemigos menos, y si fueron más mejor, cualquiera haya sido la manera de su muerte" (22-1-1976: 4).

En su editorial del 26-2-1976 Criterio propiciaba un juicio político a la presidenta para salvaguardar la democracia y evitar el golpe, o sea que sus críticas al gobierno estaban en función de demostrar que el golpe era evitable.

Editorial del 11 de marzo de 1976

En ese editorial Criterio se pronuncia expresamente contra un golpe de Estado que consideraba "previsible", aunque no inevitable, y afirma que las causas de la debilidad institucional provenían de  todos los actores sociales de relevancia para el país, y no sólo al gobierno peronista. La revista postula que hay solución dentro del régimen pero denuncia que las Fuerzas Armadas no sólo lo habían abandonado a su suerte sino que incluso habían contribuido a erosionarlo al anunciar a algunos dirigentes sus intenciones de derrocar al gobierno, lo que había desmoralizado a la oposición y abroquelado al peronismo en su papel de víctima, profundizando su inacción.

En la emergencia la gran responsabilidad, según el editorial, era de "las fuerzas empresarias y políticas que conforman el partido golpista. (Quienes) Incapaces de defender sus intereses y de alcanzar el poder por medios democráticos, golpean desde hace meses en los cuarteles en procura de la intervención militar". Señala la incapacidad del radicalismo para aportar soluciones y que la guerrilla también estaba buscando el golpe de Estado desde que el peronismo había accedido al poder.

Directores

En 1929 su director Atilio Dell'Oro Maini fue reemplazado por Tomás D. Casares, y Enrique Osés ejerció una dirección provisoria durante 1930 y 1931. Entre 1932 y 1957 su director fue Gustavo J. Franceschi, primero solo y luego compartiéndola con Luis R. Capriotti entre 1952 y 1955, y con Jorge M. Mejía a partir de esa fecha, quedando éste como director al morir Franceschi, en julio de 1957, hasta 1978. A continuación asume la dirección Rafael Braun, y entre de enero de 1990 y agosto de 1992 codirigieron Carlos A. Floria, Fermín Fèvre y Rafael Braun. En septiembre de 1992 retomó la dirección Rafael Braun hasta agosto de 1995, y en septiembre de ese año asume Carlos A. Floria hasta marzo del año siguiente. Entre marzo y octubre de 1996, el director fue Osvaldo D. Santagada; y desde noviembre de 1996 hasta la actualidad, José María Poirier. Los vicedirectores actuales son Maria Clara Lucchetti Bingemer, Doctora en Teología, profesora e investigadora en la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Río de Janeiro, y Lucio Florio, Doctor en Teología dogmática, profesor e investigador de la Pontificia Universidad Católica Argentina.

Cronología

1928-1929: Atilio Dell'Oro Maini
1929: Tomás D. Casares
1930 y 1931: Enrique Osés
1932 a 1952: Gustavo J. Franceschi
1952 a 1955: Gustavo J. Franceschi y Luis R. Capriotti
1955 a 1957: Gustavo J. Franceschi y Jorge M. Mejía
1957 a 1978: Jorge M. Mejía
1978 a 1990: Rafael Braun
1990 a 1992: Rafael Braun, Carlos A. Floria y Fermín Fevre
1992 a 1995: Rafael Braun
1995: Carlos A. Floria
1996: Osvaldo D. Santagada
1996: José María Poirier-Lalanne

Consejo de Redacción (2022)

Director
José María Poirier

Vicedirectores
Maria Clara Lucchetti Bingemer y Lucio Florio

Secretaria de redacción
Romina Ryan

Consejo de Redacción
Enrique Aguilar, María Bestani, Virginia Bonard, Diego Botana, Pablo De Vita, Vicente Espeche Gil, Alejandro Frere, Gustavo Irrazábal, Elena Kiyamu, Elena López Ruff, Ricardo Murtagh, Juan G. Navarro Floria, Carlos Newland, Arturo Prins, Elisa Goyenechea, Marcelo Resico y Ángela Sannuti.

Consultores
Pedro Antonini, Antonio M. Battro, Natalio Botana, Pablo Capanna, Bruno Forte (Chieti-Vasto), Carlos M. Galli, Olegario G. de Cardedal (Salamanca), Félix Duque (Madrid), Víctor M. Fernández, TRomas Halik (Praga),  Austen Ivereigh (Londres), Roberto Di Stefano, Santiago Kovadloff, Juan J. Llach, Laura Moreno (Madrid) y Rafael Velasco.

Premios y reconocimientos
Premio Santa Clara de Asís -1985-
Premio Santa Clara de Asís -1997-
Premio del Movimiento Familiar Cristiano -2004-
Premio Konex - Mención Especial -2007-
Premio Santa Clara de Asís -2012-
 Premio a la Trayectoria -2018- del Festival Internacional de Cine Religioso.
 Declaración "de interés cultural" por la Legisladura de la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires - 2021

Notas

Referencias

Argentina en 1928
Revistas de Argentina
Revistas en español
Revistas de interés general
Revistas culturales de Argentina
Publicaciones fundadas en 1928
Socialcristianismo en Argentina
Premio Santa Clara de Asís
Revistas de cine de Argentina
Revistas de cine
Cine de Argentina

Criterio (revista)


Edinho Baiano (født 27. juli 1967) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kyoto Purple Sanga.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Edinho Baiano


පීවීආර් රාජා (උපත 1985 ජූනි 1) යනු ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් තෙළිඟු චිත්‍රපටවල වැඩ කරන ඉන්දියානු චිත්‍රපට නිර්මාපකයෙකු සහ ගිටාර් වාදකයෙකි. තෙළිඟු භාෂාවෙන් වැඩිම කෙටි චිත්‍රපට සංඛ්‍යාවක් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කිරීම සඳහා ඔහු ඉන්දියා වාර්තා පොතේ ස්ථානයක් හිමි කර ගනී. ඔහු "කෙටි චිත්‍රපටවල විශාරදයා" ලෙස පිළිගැනේ.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

බාහිර සබැඳි

ජීවත්වන්නෝ
1985 උපත්

පීවීආර් රාජා


Pierre-René Lemas (* 23. Februar 1951 in Algier, damaliges französisches Département Alger, heute Algerien) ist ein hochrangiger französischer Beamter und bis April 2014 als Generalsekretär (secrétaire général) Leiter des Élysée-Palastes, der Behörde des französischen Staatspräsidenten. Mit der Regierungsumbildung folgte ihm Jean-Pierre Jouyet nach.

Leben

Pierre-René Lemas, Sohn eines Pied-noir, studierte am Institut d'études politiques in Paris sowie an der École nationale d'administration (ENA). An der ENA gehörte er dem gleichen Abschlussjahrgang an wie François Hollande (Voltaire 1980). Lemas wurde zunächst Unterpräfekt im Département Dordogne, anschließend im Département Val-de-Marne. 1983 trat er in das Kabinett des damaligen Innenministers Gaston Defferre ein, wo er, wie später auch im Kabinett von Pierre Joxe, vor allem mit der Dezentralisierung befasst war. Ab 1986 war Lemas dann in einer Vielzahl von Funktionen in unterschiedlichen Ministerien tätig, unterbrochen von einer zweijährigen Tätigkeit als Präfekt im Département Aisne (1992–1994). Lemas stieg dabei sukzessive in der Hierarchie auf.

Ab 2000 war er Generaldirektor für Verwaltung im Innenministerium. Anschließend wurde er vom damaligen Innenminister Nicolas Sarkozy zum Präfekten auf Korsika ernannt, wo er die aufgeheizte politische Stimmung zwischen Separatisten und Republikanern nach einem abgelehnten Referendum über ausgeweitete Autonomierechte der Region beruhigen sollte. Dies gelang ihm aber nur eingeschränkt, was zu seiner Versetzung in gleicher Funktion nach Lothringen führte. Dort wurde er 2007, wenige Tage nachdem die Rechte bei den Parlamentswahlen zwei Mandate in der Region verloren hatte, abberufen.

Lemas übernahm kurzzeitig die Leitung der Regierungszeitungen. Anschließend wechselte er in die Pariser Kommunalverwaltung als Generaldirektor der Gesellschaft für sozialen Wohnungsbau Paris Habitat.

Im November 2011 wurde Lemas auf Bitte von François Hollande Kabinettschef des neuen Präsidenten des französischen Senats, Jean-Pierre Bel. Am 15. Mai 2012 wurde er von François Hollande zum Generalsekretär des Kabinetts des französischen Staatspräsidenten ernannt. Diese Funktion gleicht der des Chefs des Bundeskanzleramts in Deutschland.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Beamter (Frankreich)
Franzose
Geboren 1951
Mann

Pierre-René Lemas


كوماك  هي قرية غير مضمنة في ولاية نيويورك الأمريكية.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حسب تعداد سنة 2000: 36,367 نسمة. ويبلغ عددهم حسب تقدير 2007 حوالي:36,500 نسمة.

التركيبة السكانية
حدّد مكتب تعداد الولايات المتحدة بيانات التركيبة السكانية لكوماك في تعداد الولايات المتحدة. في ما يلي، التركيبة السكانية حسب تعدادي 2000 و2010.

تعداد عام 2000
بلغ عدد سكان كوماك  بحسب تعداد عام 2000، وبلغ عدد الأسر  وعدد العائلات 10,172 عائلة مقيمة في المنطقة السكنية. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 11,824 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمنطقة السكنية بنسبة 94.43% من البيض و0.64% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.04% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و3.76% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.48% من الأعراق الأخرى و0.66% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و2.90% من الهسبانيين أو اللاتينيين من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 11,697 أسرة كانت نسبة 43.6% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 76.7% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 7.6% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 2.7% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 13% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 10.6% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 5.1% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 3.06، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.29.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 38.7 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 26.3% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 5.3% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 29.6% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 24.5% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 12.9% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. يوجد لكل 100 أنثى 96.7 ذكر، ويوجد لكل 100 أنثى في الثامنة عشر من عمرها فما فوق 92.8 ذكر.

بلغ متوسط دخل الأسرة في المنطقة السكنية 84,009 دولارًا، أما متوسط دخل العائلة فبلغ 88,406 دولارًا. وكان متوسط دخل الذكور 61,475 دولارًا مقابل 39,124 دولارًا للإناث. وسجل دخل الفرد الخاص بالمنطقة السكنية 30,840 دولارًا. وكانت نسبة 2% من العائلات ونسبة 2.8% من السكان تحت خط الفقر، وكان من هؤلاء نسبة 2.9% تحت سن الثامنة عشر ونسبة 4.5% في الخامسة والستين من العمر وما فوق.

تعداد عام 2010
بلغ عدد سكان كوماك 36,124 نسمة بحسب تعداد عام 2010، وبلغ عدد الأسر 11,907 أسرة وعدد العائلات 9,895 عائلة مقيمة في المنطقة السكنية. في حين سجلت الكثافة السكانية . وبلغ عدد الوحدات السكنية 12,138 وحدة بمتوسط كثافة قدره .
وتوزع التركيب العرقي للمنطقة السكنية بنسبة 91.57% من البيض و0.90% من الأمريكيين الأفارقة و0.10% من الأمريكيين الأصليين و5.43% من الأمريكيين ذوي الأصول الآسيوية و0.01% من سكان جزر المحيط الهادئ و0.80% من الأعراق الأخرى و1.18% من عرقين مختلطين أو أكثر و4.77% من الهسبانيون أو اللاتينيون من أي عرق.

بلغ عدد الأسر 11,907 أسرة كانت نسبة 42.2% منها لديها أطفال تحت سن الثامنة عشر تعيش معهم، وبلغت نسبة الأزواج القاطنين مع بعضهم البعض 72.3% من أصل المجموع الكلي للأسر، ونسبة 8% من الأسر كان لديها معيلات من الإناث دون وجود شريك، بينما كانت نسبة 2.8% من الأسر لديها معيلون من الذكور دون وجود شريكة وكانت نسبة 16.9% من غير العائلات. تألفت نسبة 14.5% من أصل جميع الأسر من عدة أفراد يعيشون في نفس المنزل ونسبة 9.2% كانت تتألف من شخص يعيش بمفرده يبلغ من العمر 65 عاماً أو أكثر. وبلغ متوسط حجم الأسرة المعيشية 2.99، أما متوسط حجم العائلات فبلغ 3.32.

بلغ العمر الوسطي للسكان 43.0 عاماً. وكانت نسبة 26% من القاطنين تحت سن الثامنة عشر، وكانت نسبة 6.3% بين الثامنة عشر والرابعة والعشرين عاماً، ونسبة 21.4% كانت واقعةً في الفئة العمرية ما بين الخامسة والعشرين والرابعة والأربعين عاماً، ونسبة 29.5% كانت ما بين الخامسة والأربعين والرابعة والستين، ونسبة 16.8% كانت ضمن فئة الخامسة والستين عاماً فما فوق. وتوزع التركيب الجنسي للسكان بنسبة 48.5% ذكور و51.5% إناث.

أعلام

 سامانثا براهاليس
 روزي أودونيل
 دانيلا هندرسون

المراجع

سميثتاون (نيويورك)
قرى صغيرة في مقاطعة سوفولك (نيويورك)
مدن ولاية نيويورك
مناطق إحصاء سكاني في مقاطعة سوفولك (نيويورك)
هنتنغتون (نيويورك)

كوماك (نيويورك)


Scrierea mayașă (cunoscută și ca: glifele mayașe, sau hieroglifele mayașe) este sistemul de scriere care era folosit de civilizația mayașă, fiind în prezent singurul sistem de scriere mesoamerican care a fost descifrat în totalitate. Cele mai vechi inscripții ce folosesc scrierea mayașă datează din secolul al III -lea î. e. n.. Scrierea mayașă a fost folosită până între secolele XVI și XVII e. n..

Scrierea mayașă folosește logograme ce sunt complementate de glife silabice, funcționând într-un mod asemănător cu scrierea japoneză. Scrierea mayașă a fost numită ca fiind "hieroglifică" de exploratorii europeni timpurii ai secolelor XVIII și XIX.

Limbile mayașe moderne folosesc alfabetul latin, în locul scrierii mayașe.

Limbi

În ziua de azi se cunoaște faptul că textele clasice (cum ar fi codicele)  au fost scrise de scribi, de obicei preoți mayași, într-o formă literară a limbii ch'olti (cunoscută și sub numele de limba mayașă clasică). E posibil ca elita mayașă să fi folosit limba asta ca limbă vehiculară în toate zonele vorbitoare de limbi mayașe din Bazinul Petén și din Peninsula Yucatán, în special limba yucatec. Există, de asemenea, dovezi care susțin că scrierea ar fi fost folosită și pentru scrierea altor limbi mayașe din Zonele Muntoase Guatemaleze. Totuși, dacă și alte limbi ar fi fost scrise, ele ar fi foat scrise de scribi ch'olti' și, prin urmare, elemente ch'olti'.

Structură

Scrierea mayașă constă într-un set de glife relativ elaborat, care erau uneori pictate laborios pe ceramică, pereți și pe hârtie de codice, sculptate în lemn sau piatră și modelate în stuc. Glifele sculptate și cele modelate urmau să fie pictate, dar pictura a supraviețuit rar. Aproximativ 90% din eșantioanele de scriere mayașă pot să fie citite și acum cu diferite grade de certitudine, suficient pentru a da o idee cuprinzătoare despre structura sa.

Vezi și
Diego de Landa
Iuri Knorozov

Civilizația Maya
Limbi mayașe
Sisteme de scriere

Scrierea mayașă


Milo Martin (Morges  6 de febrero de 1893 - Lausana 26 de julio de 1970) fue un escultor y grabador de medallas  suizo, oriundo del Cantón de Vaud.

Vida y obras
Originario de Sainte-Croix e hijo del grabador y litógrafo Émile Martin, Milo Martin estudió en Lausanne, Ginebra- en especial con Carl Albert Angst -  Roma y Florencia, pero no aprobaba los métodos de enseñanza en la escuela de arte y decidió trabajar solo. Se especializó en esculturas de desnudos y retratos realistas tradicionales, así como la creación de medallas.

Instalado en la Orangerie del Parc Mon-Repos, Milo Martin es autor de numerosas esculturas dispersas principalmente en la región de Lausana. Comenzó a viajar por diferentes países europeos, donde presentó sus obras en exposiciones internacionales (Bruselas, 1928; Ámsterdam, 1928; París, 1934; Viena, 1937; El Cairo y Alejandría, 1938; Nueva York, 1939-1940).

Recibió  numerosos premios: primer premio en el concurso nacional por la Medalla de la Exposición Nacional Suiza (Berna, 1913). Una medalla de plata en la competición de escultura de los Juegos Olímpicos de Ámsterdam  de 1928; fue superado por el francés Paul Landowski (oro) y superó al alemán Renée Sintenis (bronce). "laureles de oro" (Viena, 1937) . Recibió muchos encargos públicos y la dirección de 1931 a 1936, de la Comisión Federal de Bellas Artes. Marcó la escultura de la Romandía en el período de entreguerras.

Véase también
Suiza en los Juegos Olímpicos
Competencias de arte en los Juegos Olímpicos

Notas y referencias

Bibliografía
« Martin » en la base de datos del centenario
« Milo Martin » en el Diccionario histórico de Suiza en línea
Artículo dedicado a Martin del SIKART en línea.
 Formes et couleurs, nº 4 1941
 La XXe exposition nationale des beaux-arts photographie de la médaille de l'Exposition nationale suisse, Berne 1914, fotografía Paul Bonzon
 Dict. biogr. de l'art suisse, vol. 2, p. 683
 Apéndice en C.-F. Landry Milo Martin, sculpteur, Lausanne 1941
 Lausanne Patrie suisse, (A. B.) 1920, nº 689, p. 40-41 ver la misma revista nº 611, 1917, p. 42 y nº683, 1919, p. 283
 fotografía E. Gos, Lausanne Patrie suisse, (Edmond Bille) 1930, nº 1064, p. 478-479
Richard Stanton, The Forgotten Olympic Art Competitions, Trafford Publishing, 01/03/2001 - 412 páginas

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Suiza del siglo XX
1928]]
Artistas de Suiza
Nacidos en Morges
Fallecidos en Lausana

Milo Martin


Landskuld var leiga af jörð sem greidd var árlega. Skuldin var greidd í margs konar formi, svo sem smjöri, vaðmáli (sérstaklega á 14. öld) eða fiski.  Samkvæmt Grágás átti að greiða 10% leigu af jörðum. Landskuld var þó breytileg og lækkaði t.d. mikið vegna plágunnar miklu; sennilegasta skýringin er minni eftirspurn eftir jarðnæði.

Heimildir

Saga Íslands

Landskuld


Un Vehicul electric parțial hibrid este un vehicul electric hibrid — adică care are un sistem de propulsie convențional, format dintr-un motor cu ardere internă și un sistem de propulsie electric, format dintr-un motor electric — însă la care sistemul de propulsie electric nu poate propulsa de unul singur vehiculul, acesta nu poate funcționa în regim de vehicul electric.

Descriere
Sistemul de propulsie electric este format dintr-o mașină electrică reversibilă, care înlocuiește atât demarorul, cât și alternatorul. Asistând motorul cu ardere internă și oferind posibilitatea recuperării unei părți din energia de frânare, contribuie la îmbunătățirea performanțelor energetice ale vehiculului, cum ar fi economia de combustibil, la fel ca sistemul vehiculelor hibride, însă nu în aceeași măsură. În sistemul BAS Hybrid (belted alternator starter), folosit de General Motors, mașina electrică este instalată pe locul tradițional al alternatorului și antrenată prin cureaua care antrenează în mod obișnuit alternatorul. În mod obișnuit tensiunea de lucru este cea din sistemul "42 V".

Sistemul Honda Integrated Motor Assist integrează un motor electric cu magneți permanenți între volant și transmisie, sistem aplicat la modelele Honda Insight (1999–2006, 2009– ), Honda Civic (2003– ), Honda Accord (2005–2007) și CR-Z (2010– ).

Dacă sistemul electric asigură doar funcția de start-stop a motorului în perioadele de mers în gol, fără însă a oferi în mers posibilitatea suplimentării tracțiunii motorului cu ardere internă, vehiculul nu poate fi considerat nici măcar parțial hibrid. Exemple de astfel de vehicule care nu sunt de fapt hibride sau parțial hibride sunt modelele BMW MINI și 1-series, Smart Fortwo și Citroën C2 și C3.

Avantaje și dezavantaje
Comparate cu vehiculele electrice hibride, cele parțial hibride oferă unele beneficii ale soluției hibride, fără a încărca prețul vehiculului cu cel al instalării unui al doilea sistem de propulsie complet funcțional. Economia de combustibil va fi mai mică, iar posibilitatea recuperării energiei de frânare de asemenea mai mică.

Alți producători și modele
 Toyota Crown (versiunea 2002)
 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid (2005–2007)
 Saturn Vue Green Line (BAS Hybrid, 2007–2009)
 Saturn Aura Green Line (BAS Hybrid model 2007–2009)
 Chevrolet Malibu (BAS Hybrid model 2008–2010)
 Mercedes-Benz S400 BlueHybrid
 BMW ActiveHybrid 7
 Peugeot 308 e-HDi (din 2011, declarat de producător ca fiind microhibrid)
 Buick LaCrosse cu eAssist (2012-)
 Buick Regal cu eAssist (2012-)
 Buick Regal (2013 în America de Nord)
 Ferrari LaFerrari (2013-)
 Chevrolet Malibu cu eAssist (2014-)
 Chevrolet Impala cu eAssist (2014-)

Note

parțial hibrid

Vehicul electric parțial hibrid


An Cycnoches brachydactylon in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Cycnoches brachydactylon in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cycnoches, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Cycnoches

Cycnoches brachydactylon


එළකිරි සහ මී කිරි පොදුවේ ගව කිරි ලෙස හැඳින්වේ.

ගව කිරි

ගව කිරි


Russell Gregoire MacLellan (born January 16, 1940) is a Canadian politician who served as the 24th premier of Nova Scotia from 1997 to 1999.

Federal politics
He was first elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 1979 federal election for the riding of Cape Breton—The Sydneys and sat as a Liberal MP until 1997.

Provincial politics
In 1997, he became leader of the Nova Scotia Liberal Party and premier of the province after John Savage was forced to resign due to discontent within his party and sagging polls. MacLellan tried to revive the Liberal government's fortunes; he narrowly won a minority government in the 1998 election, but his government was defeated in a confidence vote in 1999 and then defeated in the resulting 1999 election.

On January 26, 2000, MacLellan announced he would step down as Liberal leader on June 30. He continued to sit as an MLA until resigning in October 2000.

After politics
Following his resignation, MacLellan returned to practising law, working for the Halifax-based law firm, Merrick Holm.

References

External links

1940 births
Canadian people of Scottish descent
Liberal Party of Canada MPs
Living people
Members of the House of Commons of Canada from Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia political party leaders
Nova Scotia Liberal Party MLAs
Politicians from Halifax, Nova Scotia
Premiers of Nova Scotia
University of King's College alumni
21st-century Canadian politicians

Russell MacLellan


The Province of Massachusetts Bay was a colony in New England which became one of the thirteen original states of the United States. It was chartered on October 7, 1691, by William III and Mary II, the joint monarchs of the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland, and was based in the merging of several earlier British colonies in New England. The charter took effect on May 14, 1692, and included the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the Plymouth Colony, the Province of Maine, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; the Commonwealth of Massachusetts is the direct successor. Maine has been a separate state since 1820, and Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are now Canadian provinces, having been part of the colony only until 1697.

The name Massachusetts comes from the Massachusett Indians, an Algonquian tribe. It has been translated as "at the great hill", "at the place of large hills", or "at the range of hills", with reference to the Blue Hills and to Great Blue Hill in particular.

History

Colonial settlement of the shores of Massachusetts Bay began in 1620 with the founding of the Plymouth Colony. Other attempts at colonization took place throughout the 1620s, but expansion of English settlements only began on a large scale with the founding of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628 and the arrival of the first large group of Puritan settlers in 1630. Over the next ten years, there was a major migration of Puritans to the area, leading to the founding of a number of new colonies in New England. By the 1680s, the number of New England colonies had stabilized at five; the Connecticut Colony, the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, and the Province of New Hampshire all bordered the area surrounding Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth. Massachusetts Bay, however, was the most populous and economically significant, hosting a sizable merchant fleet.

The colonies had struggles with some of the Indigenous inhabitants. The Pequot tribe was virtually destroyed in the Pequot War during the 1630s, and King Philip's War in the 1670s decimated the Narragansetts in southern New England. King Philip's War was also very costly to the colonists of New England, putting a halt to expansion for several years.

Massachusetts and Plymouth were both somewhat politically independent from England in their early days, but this situation changed after the restoration of Charles II to the English throne in 1660. Charles sought closer oversight of the colonies, and he tried to introduce and enforce economic control over their activities. The Navigation Acts passed in the 1660s were widely disliked in Massachusetts, where merchants often found themselves trapped and at odds with the rules. Charles II also viewed Massachusetts' issuing of coins as a treasonous act. However, many colonial governments did not enforce the acts themselves, particularly Massachusetts, and tensions grew when Charles revoked the first Massachusetts Charter in 1684.

In 1686, Charles II's successor James II formed the Dominion of New England which ultimately created a single political unit out of the British territories from Delaware Bay to Penobscot Bay. Dominion governor Sir Edmund Andros was highly unpopular in the colonies, but he was especially hated in Massachusetts where he angered virtually everyone by rigidly enforcing the Navigation Acts, vacating land titles, appropriating a Puritan meeting house as a site to host services for the Church of England, and restricting town meetings, among other sundry complaints. James was deposed in the 1688 Glorious Revolution, whereupon Massachusetts political leaders rose up against Andros, arresting him and other English authorities in April 1689. This led to the collapse of the Dominion, as the other colonies then quickly reasserted their old forms of government.

The Plymouth colony never had a royal charter, so its governance had always been on a somewhat precarious footing. The Massachusetts colonial government was re-established but it no longer had a valid charter, and some opponents of the old Puritan rule refused to pay taxes and engaged in other forms of protest.  Provincial agents traveled to London where Increase Mather was representing the old colony leaders, and he petitioned William III and Mary II to restore the old colonial charter.  The king refused, however, when he learned that this might result in a return to the religious rule.  Instead, the Lords of Trade combined the colonies of Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay into the Province of Massachusetts Bay.  They issued a charter for the Province on October 7, 1691, and appointed Sir William Phips as its governor.

Provincial charter
The new charter differed from the old one in several important ways. One of the principal changes was inaugurated over Mather's objection, changing the voting eligibility requirements from religious qualifications to land ownership.  The effect of this change has been a subject of debate among historians, but there is significant consensus that it greatly enlarged the number of men eligible to vote. The new rules required prospective voters to own £40 worth of property or real estate that yielded at least £2 per year in rent; Benjamin Labaree estimates that this included about three-quarters of the adult male population at the time. The charter also guaranteed freedom of worship, but only for non-Catholic Christians.

The second major change was that senior officials of the government were appointed by the crown instead of being elected, including governor, lieutenant governor, and judges.  The legislative assembly (or General Court) continued to be elected, however, and was responsible for choosing members of the Governor's Council.  The governor had veto power over laws passed by the General Court, as well as over appointments to the council.  These rules differed in important ways from the royal charters enjoyed by the other New England colonies.  The most important were that the General Court now possessed the powers of appropriation, and that the council was locally chosen and not appointed by either the governor or the Crown.  These significantly weakened the governor's power, which became important later in provincial history.

The province's territory was also greatly expanded beyond that originally claimed by the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies.  Their territories initially included mainland Massachusetts, western Maine, and portions of New Hampshire; this territory was expanded to include Acadia or Nova Scotia (then encompassing Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and eastern Maine), as well as what was known as Dukes County in the Province of New York, consisting of Nantucket, Martha's Vineyard, and the Elizabeth Islands.

Colonial era
In the aftermath of the revolt against Andros, colonial defenses had been withdrawn from the frontiers, which were then repeatedly raided by French and Indigenous forces from Canada and Acadia. Queen Anne's War broke out in 1702 and lasted until 1713.  Massachusetts Governor Joseph Dudley organized the colonial defenses, and there were fewer raids than previously. Dudley also organized expeditions in 1704 and 1707 against Acadia, a haven for French privateers, and he requested support from London for more ambitious efforts against New France. In 1709, Massachusetts raised troops for an expedition against Canada that was called off; troops were again raised in 1710, when the Acadian capital of Port Royal was finally captured.

Because of these wars, the colony had issued paper currency whose value was constantly in decline, leading to financial crises. This led to proposals to create a bank that would issue notes backed by real estate, but Governor Dudley and his successor Samuel Shute both opposed the idea. Dudley, Shute, and later governors fruitlessly attempted to convince the general court to fix salaries for crown-appointed officials. The conflict over salary reached a peak during the brief administration of William Burnet. He held the provincial assembly in session for six months, relocating it twice, in an unsuccessful attempt to force the issue.

In the early 1720s, the Indigenous Abenaki people of northern New England resumed raiding frontier communities, encouraged by French intriguers but also concerned over English encroachment on their lands. This violence was eventually put down by Acting Governor William Dummer in Dummer's War, and many Abenakis retreated from northern New England into Canada after the conflict.

In the 1730s, Governor Jonathan Belcher disputed the power of the legislature to direct appropriations, vetoing bills that did not give him the freedom to disburse funds as he saw fit, and this meant that the provincial treasury was often empty. Belcher was, however, permitted by the Board of Trade to accept annual grants from the legislature in lieu of a fixed salary. The currency crisis flared up again during his administration, resulting in a revival of the land bank proposal which Belcher opposed. His opponents intrigued in London to have him removed and the bank was established, but its existence was short-lived, for an act of Parliament forcibly dissolved it. This turned a number of important colonists against crown and Parliament, including the father of American Revolutionary War political leader Samuel Adams.

The next 20 years were dominated by war. King George's War broke out in 1744, and Governor William Shirley rallied troops from around New England for an assault on the French fortress at Louisbourg which succeeded in 1745. Louisbourg was returned to France at the end of the war in 1748, however, much to the annoyance of New Englanders. Governor Shirley was relatively popular, in part because he managed to avoid or finesse the more contentious issues which his predecessors had raised. The French and Indian War broke out in 1754, and Shirley was raised to the highest military command by the death of General Edward Braddock in 1755. He was unable to manage the large-scale logistics that the war demanded, however, and was recalled in 1757. His successor Thomas Pownall oversaw the remainder of the war, which ended in 1760.

Revolution

The 1760s and early 1770s were marked by a rising tide of colonial frustration with London's policies and with the governors sent to implement and enforce them. Both Francis Bernard and Thomas Hutchinson, the last two non-military governors, were widely disliked over issues large and small, notably Parliament's attempts to impose taxes on the colonies without representation. Hutchinson was a Massachusetts native who served for many years as lieutenant governor, yet he authorized quartering British Army troops in Boston, which eventually precipitated the Boston Massacre on March 5, 1770. By this time, Samuel Adams, Paul Revere, John Hancock, and others were actively opposing crown policies.

Parliament passed the Townshend Acts in 1767 and 1768 which the Americans referred to as the Intolerable Acts, and the Massachusetts General Court authorized a circular letter denouncing them as unconstitutional. Royal Governor Francis Bernard demanded that the General Court rescind the letter but they refused, so he dissolved it, which led to widespread violence and rioting throughout Boston. Royal officers fled to Castle William and the Crown authorized more troops to be sent to Massachusetts. The Sons of Liberty stated that they were prepared to take up armed resistance to the Royal Authorities, while more conservative elements of society desired a peaceful political solution.

Boston citizens resolved at a town meeting to have the towns of Massachusetts assemble in a convention, and delegates met at Faneuil Hall for six days in September, with Thomas Cushing serving as chairman. Many Patriot leaders were calling for armed resistance by this time, but the more moderate factions of the convention won out and military action was voted down.

The Sons of Liberty organized a meeting at the Old South Meetinghouse in 1773 in defiance of the Tea Act; thousands of people attended and Samuel Adams organized a protest at Boston harbor. Colonists stormed ships in the harbor and dumped the cargo of tea into the water, and the protest came to be known as the Boston Tea Party. General Thomas Gage replaced Hutchinson as royal governor in May 1774. He was well received at first, but his reputation rapidly became worse with the Patriots as he began to implement the Intolerable Acts, which included the Massachusetts Government Act, dissolved the legislature, and closed the port of Boston until reparations were paid for the dumped tea. The port closure did great damage to the Massachusetts economy and led to a wave of sympathetic assistance from other colonies.

The Intolerable Acts only increased the crisis in New England, as Boston colonists insisted that their constitutional rights were being destroyed. The New England colonies had democratic control of their own governments, dating all the way back to the founding of Plymouth Colony in 1620. The General Court lacked executive authority and authority over the militia, yet it still held significant power. The colonists had control over the treasury and spending and could pass laws. Anything passed by the assembly was subject to veto by the Royal Governor, but the General Court held control over spending and could withhold the pay of the Royal officials as leverage. This resulted in the Royal Governor being little more than a figurehead.

The royal government of the Province of Massachusetts Bay existed until early October 1774, when members of the General Court met in contravention of the Massachusetts Government Act and established the Massachusetts Provincial Congress which became the de facto government. Governor Gage continued an essentially military authority in Boston, but the provincial congress governed the rest of Massachusetts. War finally erupted in April 1775 at Lexington and Concord, which started the American Revolutionary War and the Siege of Boston. The British evacuated Boston on March 17, 1776, ending the siege and bringing the city under Patriot control.

On May 1, 1776, the General Assembly adopted a resolution declaring independence in the name of "The Government and People of the Massachusetts Bay in New England". This was followed by the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776, declaring the independence of all Thirteen Colonies.

Provincial Congress

Passage of the Massachusetts Government Act resulted in the dissolution of the General Court, so the colonists held conventions throughout Massachusetts. These conventions were organized by county and had delegates from each town. Each convention drafted resolutions which were to be sent to the Royal Governor in Boston; these differed from county to county, yet they had many similar themes and sentiments. The delegates insisted on reinstatement of their constitutional government, which had existed since the Mayflower Compact of 1620 and was reiterated in the Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company and the Massachusetts Charter. They declared their allegiance to King George III, but they stated that they would be absolved of that allegiance if he did not restore their constitutional rights and privileges. They declared that they would resist with force if those rights were not restored, and this included the total boycott of British goods, the disruption of local courts, and the kidnapping of royal officials.

Delegates from all the counties of Massachusetts met in Salem in October 1774 to reform their dissolved assembly. This new congress was to be the resumption of their constitutional government and a repudiation of the royal one in Boston. The congress selected John Hancock as its first president (then called chairman) and Benjamin Lincoln as clerk, and they installed judges, tax collectors, constables, and other officials. They also assumed control of the militia and instructed all towns in Massachusetts to train troops and elect new officers. An executive standing committee and a Committee of Safety were also instituted to govern when Congress was not in session.

The Provincial Congress went through different formations in its six years of existence, with shifting structures of authority and types of governance. The executive standing committee was replaced in the Second Congress with a renewed Committee of Safety which acted as the de facto governmental authority, in charge of the militia and governance in between sessions. The third Congress brought a return to legislative supremacy and a decrease in power of the executive. Joseph Warren was elected as the congress' second president and James Warren as its third.

Forming the Commonwealth

Calls for a constitutional convention began when the Provincial Congress was declared in 1774. With the pressures of the war and political uncertainty these efforts were postponed. Berkshire County in the far western part of Massachusetts Bay was exceptionally vocal in its desire to form a new constitution. In a dispatch to the Provincial Congress the delegates of Pittsfield rejected not only the royal colonial authorities but also the legitimacy of the previous charters with which the Provincial Congress claimed its legitimacy. The letter stated that the only political legitimacy a state or constitution could find would be with the people of a province. With Massachusetts Bay declaring independence from the Kingdom of Great Britain in May 1776 the push for a newly codified constitution increased.

In September 1776 the General Court petitioned the towns of Massachusetts Bay to put forth a vote on whether or not a convention should be called. In 1777 it was agreed that a convention would be formed to draft a new constitution. The General Court, which consisted of the Governor's Council and House of Representatives, decided to form a committee which would be tasked to write a constitution. In the winter of 1778 the General Court decided that the draft formulated from the constitutional committee would be put before the electorate of Massachusetts Bay and it would need to be accepted by 2/3rds of voters.

The first draft of the convention was rejected. In this first draft the state would consist of a legislature called the General Court which had two houses, a House of Representatives and an indirectly elected senate that would also serve as a governor's council. The Governor would not have the power of veto and would need to have any action confirmed by the Senate. There were some progressive elements of the constitution however, the Senate would be apportioned based on population and the House would no longer have a property requirement. Also a point of contention was that there was no Bill of Rights. When the vote was put before the populace it was rejected by an 83% to 17% margin.

In 1779 another question was put to the electorate. This time the people were asked if they favored another convention, apportioned by population, to meet and formulate a new draft of the constitution. The question passed by a 72% to 28% margin. This next convention met from September 1, 1779, to June 16, 1780. At the time the war was not going well for the Patriot forces. The Penobscot Expedition had ended in failure, and the Kingdom of France had yet to send its larger contingent of military support. Even amidst the political uncertainty the convention was assembled with 312 members.

John Adams wrote the draft of the new constitution and the convention accepted it with minimal amendments. The draft was then put to the various town meetings of the province. The town meetings were to decide on the constitution in pieces, rather than as a whole, and add any changes they thought were necessary. The Adams version was then accepted by the convention on June 15, 1780. In elections held in October 1780, John Hancock was elected the first Governor of Massachusetts along with representatives to the commonwealth's first General Court.

Politics

Provincial politics
The politics of the province were dominated by three major factions, according to Thomas Hutchinson, who wrote the first major history of colonial Massachusetts.  This is in distinction to most of the other colonies, where there were two factions.  Expansionists believed strongly in the growth of the colony and in a vigorous defense against French and Indian incursions; they were exemplified in Massachusetts by people such as Thomas Hancock, uncle to John Hancock, and James Otis, Sr.  This faction became a vital force in the Patriot movements preceding the revolution.  Non-expansionists were more circumspect, preferring to rely on a strong relationship with the mother country; they were exemplified by Hutchinson and the Oliver family of Boston.  This faction became the Loyalists in the revolutionary era.

The third force in Massachusetts politics was a populist faction made possible by the structure of the provincial legislature, in which rural and lower class communities held a larger number of votes than in other provinces.  Its early leaders included the Cookes (Elisha Senior and Junior) of Maine, while later leaders included revolutionary firebrand Samuel Adams. Religion did not play a major role in these divisions, although non-expansionists tended to be Anglican while expansionists were mainly middle-of-the road Congregationalist. Populists generally held either conservative Puritan views or the revivalist views of the First Great Awakening. Throughout the provincial history, these factions made and broke alliances as conditions and circumstances dictated.

The populist faction had concerns that sometimes prompted it to support one of the other parties.  Its rural character meant that they sided with the expansionists when there were troubles on the frontier.  They also tended to side with the expansionists on the recurring problems with the local money, whose inflation tended to favor their ability to repay debts in depreciated currency.  These ties became stronger in the 1760s as the conflict grew with Parliament.

The non-expansionists were composed principally of a wealthy merchant class in Boston.  They had allies in the wealthy farming communities in the more developed eastern portions of the province, and in the province's major ports.  These alliances often rivalled the populist party in power in the provincial legislature.  They favored stronger regulation from the mother country and opposed the inflationist issuance of colonial currency.

Expansionists mainly came from two disparate groups.  The first was a portion of the eastern merchant class, represented by the Hancocks and Otises, who harbored views of the growth of the colony and held relatively liberal religious views.  They were joined by wealthy landowners in the Connecticut River valley, whose needs for defense and growth were directly tied to property development.  These two groups agreed on defense and an expansionist vision, although they disagreed on the currency issue; the westerners sided with the non-expansionists in their desire for a standards-based currency.

Local politics
The province significantly expanded its geographical reach, principally in the 18th century.  There were 83 towns in 1695; this had grown to 186 by 1765.  Most of the towns in 1695 were within one day's travel of Boston, but this changed as townships sprang up in Worcester County and the Berkshires on land that had been under Indian control prior to King Philip's War.

The character of local politics changed as the province prospered and grew.  Unity of community during the earlier colonial period gave way to subdivision of larger towns.  Dedham, for example, was split into six towns, and Newburyport was separated from Newbury in 1764.

Town meetings also became more important in local political life.  As towns grew, the townspeople became more assertive in managing their affairs.  Town selectmen had previously wielded significant power, but they lost some of their influence to the town meetings and to the appointment of paid town employees, such as tax assessors, constables, and treasurers.

Geography

The boundaries of the province changed in both major and minor ways during its existence.  There was very thin soil land, and a rocky terrain. Nova Scotia, then including New Brunswick, was occupied by English forces at the time of the charter's issuance, but was separated in 1697 when the territory, called Acadia by the French, was formally returned to France by the 1697 Treaty of Ryswick.  Nova Scotia became a separate province in 1710, following the British conquest of Acadia in Queen Anne's War.  Maine was not separated until after American independence, when it attained statehood in 1820.

The borders of the province with the neighboring provinces underwent some adjustment.  Its principal predecessor colonies, Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth, had established boundaries with New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, but these underwent changes during the provincial period.  The boundary with New Hampshire was of some controversy, since the original boundary definition in colonial charters (three miles north of the Merrimack River) had been made on the assumption that the river flowed predominantly west.  This issue was resolved by King George II in 1741, when he ruled that the border between the two provinces follows what is now the border between the two states.

Surveys in the 1690s suggested that the original boundary line with Connecticut and Rhode Island had been incorrectly surveyed.  In the early 18th century joint surveys determined that the line was south of where it should be.  In 1713 Massachusetts set aside a plot of land (called the "Equivalent Lands") to compensate Connecticut for this error.  These lands were auctioned off, and the proceeds were used by Connecticut to fund Yale College.  The boundary with Rhode Island was also found to require adjustment, and in 1746 territories on the eastern shore of Narragansett Bay (present-day Barrington, Bristol, Tiverton and Little Compton) were ceded to Rhode Island.  The borders between Massachusetts and its southern neighbors were not fixed into their modern form until the 19th century, requiring significant legal action in the case of the Rhode Island borders.  The western border with New York was agreed in 1773, but not surveyed until 1788.

The province of Massachusetts Bay also laid a claim to what is now Western New York as part of the province's sea-to-sea grant. The 1780s Treaty of Hartford saw Massachusetts relinquish that claim in exchange for the right to sell it off to developers.

See also

American Revolution
History of Massachusetts
Historical outline of Massachusetts
List of colonial governors of Massachusetts

Notes

Further reading

 Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691–1776 (1923) online

 Bailyn, Bernard. The Ordeal of Thomas Hutchinson (Harvard University Press, 1974)
 Bailyn, Bernard, and Lotte Bailyn. Massachusetts Shipping, 1697–1714: A Statistical Study (Harvard University Press, 1959)
 Brown, B. Katherine. "Freemanship in Puritan Massachusetts". American Historical Review (1954): 865–883. in Jstor
 Cott, Nancy F. "Divorce and the changing status of women in eighteenth-century Massachusetts". William and Mary Quarterly: A Magazine of Early American History (1976): 586–614. in JSTOR

 Greven, Philip J. Four generations: Population, land, and family in colonial Andover, Massachusetts (Cornell University Press, 1972)

 Hull, N. E. H. Female Felons: Women and Serious Crime in Colonial Massachusetts (U of Illinois Press, 1987)

 Lockridge, Kenneth A. A New England Town: The First Hundred Years: Dedham, Massachusetts, 1636–1736 (New York: Norton, 1970)

 Maier, Pauline. "Coming to Terms with Samuel Adams". American Historical Review (1976): 12–37. in JSTOR

 Pestana, Carla Gardina. Quakers and Baptists in Colonial Massachusetts (Cambridge University Press, 2004)

 Zemsky, Robert. Merchants, Farmers and River Gods (1971)

External links
 500+ volumes of colonial records
 https://historyofmassachusetts.org/massachusetts-bay-colony-charter-revoked/

1776 disestablishments in the British Empire

Colonial United States (British)
British North America
Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas
Province of Massachusetts Bay
Pre-statehood history of Maine
Pre-statehood history of New Hampshire
Pre-Confederation Nova Scotia
Thirteen Colonies
States and territories established in 1691
Pre-Confederation New Brunswick
1691 establishments in the British Empire
History of the Thirteen Colonies

Province of Massachusetts Bay


Harold Adrian Walden (né à Ambala le  et mort le  à Leeds) est un footballeur anglais.

Il joue pour plusieurs clubs durant sa carrière : Halifax Town, Bradford City et Arsenal. Walden est également médaillé d'or avec l'équipe de Grande-Bretagne aux Jeux olympiques de 1912.

Carrière de joueur
Avant-centre, il commence sa carrière avec les clubs de Cliftonville et de Linfield en Irlande.

Il rejoint Halifax Town en octobre 1911 puis Bradford City deux mois plus tard.

Il dispute quatre saisons avec les Bantams et est le meilleur marqueur de la Ligue en 1911–12.

Cet été-là, il fait partie de l'équipe amateur anglaise qui représente la Grande-Bretagne au tournoi olympique de football, remportant la médaille d'or. Lors du tournoi, il dispute les trois matches et marque onze buts.

Walden entre dans l'armée en rejoignant le Cheshire Regiment en avril 1902 à l'âge de 14 ans et demi en tant que batteur et sert en Inde et en Irlande. Il joue pour l'armée de terre contre la marine en 1910 et 1911.

Il sert pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, pour le West Yorkshire Regiment, s'élevant au grade de capitaine.

Après la fin de la guerre, il rejoint Arsenal et joue six fois pour les Gunners. Il dispute deux rencontres contre Oldham Athletic marquant un seul but et quatre matches amicaux.

Après cette aventure londonienne, il revient à Bradford pour la saison 1920–21.

Vie privée
Après avoir pris sa retraite du football et de l'armée, il s'illustre dans la musique en tant qu'interprète, faisant des tournées en Angleterre, en Australie, en Chine et en Inde. Il fait ses débuts sur scène tout en jouant au football, en 1919.

Walden a également une carrière cinématographique mineure, notamment en jouant dans The Winning Goal, l'un des premiers films liés au football, en 1920. Walden joue également dans le film de 1948 Cup-tie Honeymoon.

Il enregistre aussi des disques 78 tours tels que "Ronnie the Robin" avec "And only me know why", avec le label Imperial et Arcadian Follies d'Ernest Binns, "Mother I'm a Soldier" et "Only me know why". sur Parlophone.

Il meurt en 1955 d'une crise cardiaque à la gare de Leeds. Il est enterré au cimetière Killingbeck RC à Leeds.

Palmarès
 Grande-Bretagne
 Jeux olympiques (1) :
  Or : 1912.

Références

Liens externes

Joueur du Linfield FC
Joueur du Cliftonville FC
Personnel de l'armée de terre britannique pendant la Première Guerre mondiale
Joueur de l'Arsenal FC
Joueur du Bradford City AFC
Joueur du Halifax Town AFC
Champion olympique britannique
Footballeur aux Jeux olympiques de 1912
Footballeur anglais
Naissance en octobre 1887
Naissance dans le Raj britannique
Décès en décembre 1955
Décès à 68 ans
Décès à Leeds

Harold Walden


جزيرة جيمس بوند أو كو تابو جزيرة تقع في خليج بان ناه بتايلاند، وقد أصبحت من المعالم السياحية الشهيرة بعد أن ظهرت في فيلم جيمس بوند الرجل ذو المسدس الذهبي سنة 1974 ولهذا يشار إليها باسم جزيرة جيمس بوند (ظهرت مرة أخرى في أحد أفلام جيمس بوند سنة 1997 بعنوان غدا لا يموت في خليج بان ناه) الجزيرة تبلغ 20 مترا طولا، وتبعد ب150 متر عن جزيرة كو خاو، للوصول لهذه الجزيرة يستعمل الكل الزوارق التي تصل بينها وبين بوكيت، كما توجد عدة أسواق في جوانب الجزيرة المشهورة، بوليوود صورت عدة أفلام بهذه الجزيرة من بينها فيلم Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai.

مراجع

جزر تايلاند
مسلات بحرية

كو تابو


Gary Roland Mills  (* 11. November 1961 in Northampton) ist ein ehemaliger englischer Fußballspieler und aktueller Trainer. Als Spieler gewann er mit Nottingham Forest den Europapokal der Landesmeister 1979/80.

Spielerkarriere

Nottingham Forest, Seattle Sounders und Derby County (1978–1987)
Gary Mills debütierte im Alter von nur 16 Jahren am 9. September 1978 für Nottingham Forest in der Football League First Division 1978/79. Im weiteren Saisonverlauf bestritt er noch drei Spiele (ein Tor) und beendete die Saison mit seiner Mannschaft als Vizemeister. Forest gewann zudem ohne den nicht in den Kader berufenen Gary Mills den Titel im Europapokal der Landesmeister 1978/79 (1:0 gegen Malmö FF). Neben dreizehn Spielen (ein Tor) in der Saison 1979/80 wurde der 18-jährige Mittelfeldspieler von Trainer Brian Clough für das Finale im Europapokal der Landesmeister 1979/80 nominiert. Mills kam von Beginn an zum Einsatz, ehe er in der 67. Minute für John O'Hare ausgewechselt wurde. Nottingham gewann die Partie mit 1:0 gegen den Hamburger SV und verteidigte damit seinen Titel im Landesmeisterpokal. Nach zwei weiteren Spielzeiten in Nottingham wechselte er in die NASL zu den Seattle Sounders und bestritt in den USA vierunddreißig Spiele (fünf Treffer). Nach einer Zwischenstation auf Leihbasis beim englischen Zweitligisten Derby County kehrte Gary Mills im Dezember 1983 nach Nottingham zurück.

In der Football League First Division 1984/85 bestritt er sechsundzwanzig Ligaspiele und erzielte vier Treffer. Nach zwei weiteren Spielzeiten mit insgesamt einundvierzig Ligaeinsätzen, verließ er zum zweiten Mal den Verein und wechselte am 14. August 1987 zum Stadtrivalen Notts County.

Notts County und Leicester City (1987–1996)
Mit County spielte Mills (46 Spiele/5 Tore) 1987/88 in der dritten Liga und verpasste als Tabellenvierter nur knapp den Aufstieg in die zweite Liga. Vor Ablauf der Football League Third Division 1988/89 wechselte der 27-Jährige am 2. März 1989 zu Leicester City. In Leicester etablierte sich Mills in den folgenden fünf Jahren als Stammspieler beim Zweitligisten. In der Saison 1991/92 erreichte er mit City als Tabellenvierter die Play-offs, verlor jedoch nach einem Erfolg über Cambridge United die Finalpartie mit 0:1 gegen die Blackburn Rovers. Ein Jahr später scheiterte der Verein erneut im Play-off-Finale, diesmal mit 3:4 gegen Swindon Town. Im dritten Play-off-Finale in Serie gelang Leicester City am 30. Mai 1994 mit 2:1 gegen Derby County der Aufstieg in die Premier League.

Nach nur einem Spiel in der Premier League 1994/95 wechselte der 32-jährige Gary Mills zu Notts County, für die er bereits von 1987 bis 1989 gespielt hatte. Mit County stieg Mills am Saisonende als Tabellenletzter aus der zweiten Liga ab. In der Saison 1995/96 erreichte er mit seiner Mannschaft als Tabellenvierter die Play-offs, verlor jedoch im Finale mit 0:2 gegen Bradford City. Nach der Saison beendete er im Alter von 34 Jahren seine Spielerkarriere, war jedoch in den folgenden Jahren noch für verschiedene Amateurvereine aktiv.

Trainerkarriere
Nachdem er zuvor bereits drei Amateurvereine trainiert hatte, übernahm Gary Mills am 7. Januar 2004 den Trainerposten beim Drittligisten Notts County, für den er bereits als Spieler aktiv gewesen war. Am Saisonende 2003/04 stieg er mit County als Vorletzter in die neugegründete viertklassige Football League Two ab. Nach ebenfalls unbefriedigenden Leistungen in der neuen Spielklasse wurde Mills am 4. November 2004 entlassen.

Am 13. Oktober 2010 übernahm er den englischen Fünftligisten York City. Nach einem achten Tabellenplatz in der ersten Spielzeit, führte Mills seine Mannschaft in der Saison 2011/12 auf den vierten Rang und erreichte nach einem Erfolg im Play-off-Finale über Luton Town den Aufstieg in die viertklassige Football League Two. Bereits acht Tage zuvor hatte sich der Verein durch ein 2:0 im Finale über den AFC Newport County die FA Trophy gesichert.

Am 2. März 2013 wurde Mills als Trainer des Viertligisten entlassen.

Titel und Erfolge
 Landesmeisterpokalsieger: 1980
 FA Trophy: 2012

Weblinks
 Spielerdaten von Gary Mills

 Spiele in der NASL
 Daten der einzelnen Spielzeiten
 Trainerdaten der soccerbase

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Nottingham Forest)
Fußballspieler (Seattle Sounders, NASL)
Fußballspieler (Derby County)
Fußballspieler (Notts County)
Fußballspieler (Leicester City)
Fußballtrainer (Notts County)
Fußballtrainer (York City)
Fußballtrainer (FC Gateshead)
UEFA-Champions-League-Sieger
Brite
Engländer
Geboren 1961
Mann

Gary Mills


Die Parlamentswahl in Slowenien 2008 fand am 21. September 2008 statt. Bei der Wahl wurden die Abgeordneten der Staatsversammlung neu bestimmt. 1,69 Millionen Wahlberechtigte konnten über 88 der 90 Sitze im Parlament entscheiden. Zwei Sitze waren für Vertreter der ungarischen und italienischen Minderheit reserviert.

Wahlsystem
Die Staatsversammlung wurde nach dem Verhältniswahlverfahren gewählt. Es gab eine Sperrklausel von 4 %. Die Legislaturperiode betrug 4 Jahre.

Wahlergebnis
Sieger der Wahl wurden die Sozialdemokraten (SD) mit 30,45 % und erhielten somit 29 von 90 Sitze im Parlament. Auf dem zweiten Platz landete die Slowenische Demokratische Partei (SDS) mit 29,26 %. Eindeutiger Wahlverlierer mit dem größten Absturz war die Liberaldemokratie Sloweniens (LDS).

Weblinks

 Offizielle Internetseite der Nationalen Wahlkommission (slowenisch, englisch, italienisch, ungarisch)
 Offizielle Internetseite der Staatsversammlung (slowenisch, englisch)

Siehe auch
 Wahlen in Slowenien
 Politisches System Sloweniens

Einzelnachweise

2008
Slowenien
Slowenische Geschichte (21. Jahrhundert)

Parlamentswahl in Slowenien 2008


Treća hrvatska nogometna liga je u sezoni 2018./19. igrana u tri skupine – "Istok", "Jug" i "Zapad", a sudjelovalo je ukupno 50 klubova.

Istok

Jug

Zapad

Unutrašnje poveznice
 1. HNL 2018./19.
 2. HNL 2018./19.
 4. rang HNL-a 2018./19.
 5. rang HNL-a 2018./19.
 6. rang HNL-a 2018./19.
 7. rang HNL-a 2018./19.
 8. rang HNL-a 2018./19.
 Hrvatski nogometni kup 2018./19.

Izvori

 rsssf.com, Hrvatska 2018./19., 3. HNL
 hns-cff.hr, 3. HNL Istok
 hns-cff.hr, 3. HNL Jug
 hns-cff.hr, 3. HNL Jug

2018-19
 3

3. HNL 2018./19.


The Fox sisters were three sisters from Rochester, New York who played an important role in the creation of Spiritualism: Leah (April 8, 1813 – November 1, 1890), Margaretta (also called Maggie), (October 7, 1833 – March 8, 1893) and Catherine Fox (also called Kate) (March 27, 1837 – July 2, 1892). The two younger sisters used "rappings" to convince their older sister and others that they were communicating with spirits. Their older sister then took charge of them and managed their careers for some time. They all enjoyed success as mediums for many years.

In 1888, Margaretta confessed that their rappings had been a hoax and publicly demonstrated their method. Despite their confession, the Spiritualism movement continued to grow in popularity.

Early years
In 1848, the two younger sisters – Catherine and Margaretta – lived with their parents John and Margaret, who were Methodists, in Hydesville, New York, a former hamlet that was part of the township of Arcadia in Wayne County, New York, just outside Newark. The girls had been born and raised "in or near Consecon, a tiny village in Prince Edward County, Ontario where their father owned a farm. The family moved to Hydesville, New York in 1847.

The house was reputed to be haunted,  yet is reported to have been a prank. (The sisters claimed in 1888 that they made the sounds by cracking their knuckles and other joints as well as other means. By that time, 40 years later, the sisters were famous mediums.) Margaretta Fox, in her later years noted that neighbors were sure that the house was haunted, reputedly after a man who had been murdered in the house by an (innocent) man named Bell.

Kate and Margaretta were sent to nearby Rochester during the excitement – Kate to the house of her sister Leah (now the married Leah Fox Fish), and Margaretta to the home of her brother David – and the rappings followed them. Amy and Isaac Post, a radical Quaker couple and long-standing friends of the Fox family, invited the girls into their Rochester home. Immediately convinced of the genuineness of the phenomena, they helped to spread the word among their radical Quaker friends, who became the early core of Spiritualists. In this way appeared the association between Spiritualism and radical political causes, such as abolition, temperance, and equal rights for women.

Emergence as mediums
On 14 November 1849, the Fox sisters demonstrated their spiritualist rapping at the  Corinthian Hall in Rochester. This was the first demonstration of spiritualism held before a paying public and inaugurated a long history of public events featured by spiritualist mediums and leaders in the United States and in other countries.

Kate and Margaretta became famous mediums and they held séances for hundreds of people. Many of these early séances were entirely frivolous, where sitters sought insight into "the state of railway stocks or the issue of love affairs."

Horace Greeley, the prominent publisher and politician, became a kind of protector for them, enabling their movement in higher social circles. Their public séances in New York in 1850 attracted notable people, including William Cullen Bryant, George Bancroft, James Fenimore Cooper, Nathaniel Parker Willis, Horace Greeley, Sojourner Truth and William Lloyd Garrison. Although Greeley watched over the sisters, the lack of parental supervision was pernicious, as both of the young women began to drink wine.

Criticism

Beginning in 1850, some critics concluded that the girls made the rappings themselves, including physician E. P. Longworthy, John W. Hurn, Reverend John M. Austin, and Reverend D. Potts. In 1851, the Reverend C. Chauncey Burr wrote in the New-York Tribune that by cracking toe joints the sounds were so loud, they could be heard in a large hall. In the same year, investigators from the University at Buffalo concluded that the raps were made by cracking joints of their body and that the raps would not occur if they had cushions under their feet.

In 1851, Mrs. Norman Culver, a relative of the Fox family, admitted in a signed statement that she had assisted them during their séances by touching them to indicate when the raps should be made. She also claimed that Kate and Margaretta revealed to her the method of producing the raps by snapping their toes and using their knees and ankles.

Charles Grafton Page, a patent examiner and patent advocate, had developed a keen eye for detecting fraudulent claims about science. In his book Psychomancy (1853), Page observed that the rapping sounds came from underneath the girls' long dresses. In 1857, the Boston Courier set up a prize of $500 to any medium who could demonstrate a paranormal ability to their committee. The Fox sisters made an attempt and were investigated by a committee which included the magician John Wyman. The committee concluded the raps were produced by bone and feet movements and thus the Fox sisters failed the challenge. A report by the Seybert Commission in 1887 stated that after investigating various mediums including Margaret; the phenomena could have easily been produced by fraudulent methods. The report noted that the raps were heard close to Margaret and a séance sitter, Professor Furness had felt pulsations in her foot.

Kate was examined by William Crookes, the prominent physicist, between 1871 and 1874, who concluded the raps were genuine. However, Crookes was described as gullible and the mediums he investigated were caught using trickery.

Harry Houdini, the magician who devoted a large part of his life to debunking Spiritualist claims, provided this insight:

Confession
Eager to harm Leah as much as possible, the two sisters traveled to New York City, where a reporter offered $1,500 if they would "expose" their methods and give him an exclusive on the story. Margaretta appeared publicly at the New York Academy of Music on October 21, 1888, with Kate present. Before an audience of 2,000, Margaret demonstrated how she could produce—at will—raps audible throughout the theater. Doctors from the audience came on stage to verify that the cracking of her toe joints was the source of the sound.

Margaretta told her story of the origins of the mysterious "rappings" in a signed confession given to the press and published in New York World, October 21, 1888. In it, she explained the Hydesville events.

Later career and recantation
Margaretta expanded on her career as a medium after leaving the homestead to begin her Spiritualist travels with her older sister, Mrs. Underhill. Margaretta used new methods of creating raps by using the muscles of their lower leg.

Pressured by the Spiritualist movement and her own dire financial circumstances, Margaretta recanted her confession in writing in November 1889, about a year after her exhibition. She had attempted to return to Spiritualist performances, but never again attracted the attention or paying clientele of the sisters' earlier careers.

Bones in childhood house
In 1904, remains were found in the cellar when a false wall fell down. The Boston Journal published a story about the discovery, claiming that it was the body of the supposed peddler, on November 22, 1904. However, the police at the time didn't open an investigation, as a physician who examined the bones found that it consisted of random bits of bones, including chicken bones, and concluded they had been placed there as a practical joke.

A few years later, a "peddler tin box" was claimed to have been found in the cellar along with the remains, although there is no mention of the box in earlier accounts of the finding. The remains and the tin box are now in the Lily Dale Museum. Skeptical researcher Joe Nickell concluded after researching the box that at least part of the bones were those of animals, a continuation of the hoax. There has been no confirmation that the peddler existed. The alleged false wall appears to be due to an expansion of the foundation, not the concealment of a secret grave.

Personal lives
Leah, on the death of her first husband, married a successful Wall Street banker. Margaretta met Elisha Kane, the Arctic explorer, in 1852. Kane was convinced that Margaretta and Kate were engaged in fraud, under the direction of their sister Leah, and he sought to break Margaretta from the group. Kane married Margaretta nonetheless, and she converted to the Roman Catholic faith. When Kane died in 1857, she returned to her activities as a medium.

Kate had traveled to England in 1871, the trip paid for by a wealthy New York banker, so she would not be compelled to accept payment for her services as a medium. The trip was apparently considered missionary work since Kate sat only for prominent persons, who would let their names be printed as witnesses to a séance. In 1872, Kate married H.D. Jencken, a London barrister, legal scholar, and enthusiastic Spiritualist. Jencken died in 1881, leaving Kate with two sons. In 1876, Margaretta joined her sister Kate, who was living in England.

Over the years, sisters Kate and Margaretta had developed serious drinking problems. Around 1888, they became embroiled in a quarrel with their sister Leah and other leading Spiritualists, who were concerned that Kate was drinking too much to care for her children. At the same time, Margaretta, contemplating a return to the Roman Catholic faith, became convinced that her powers were diabolical.

Kate died at her home, at 609 Columbus Avenue in New York City, on July 3, 1892. Less than a year later, Margaretta, deep in alcoholism, was living on charity as the sole tenant of an old tenement house at 456 West 56th Street. She was taken to the home of Spiritualist Mrs. Emily B. Ruggles, 492 State Street in Brooklyn, where she died on March 8, 1893.  All three sisters are interred in Brooklyn, New York: Margaretta and Catherine in Cypress Hills Cemetery, and Leah with the Fox family in Green-Wood Cemetery.

Legacy

Parapsychology
The Fox sisters have been widely cited in parapsychology and spiritualist literature. According to psychologists Leonard Zusne and Warren Jones, "many accounts of the Fox sisters leave out their confession of fraud and present the rappings as genuine manifestations of the spirit world." C. E. M. Hansel notes in 1989 that "remarkably, the Fox sisters are still discussed in the parapsychological literature without mention of their trickery."

In popular culture

 The Fabulist Fox Sister (2020 musical), by Luke Bateman and Michael Conley.
 The Foxes of Hydesville (2023 podcast), written & directed by Shawn Christensen and starring Carey Mulligan.

Notes

References

Further reading
 Chapin, David. (2004). Exploring Other Worlds: Margaret Fox, Elisha Kent Kane, and the Antebellum Culture of Curiosity. University of Massachusetts Press.
 Davenport, Reuben Briggs. (1888). The Death-Blow to Spiritualism: Being the true story of the Fox sisters, as revealed by the authority of Margaret Fox Kane and Catherine Fox Jencken. New York: G.W. Dillingham.
 Edinger, Ray. (2015). Love and Ice: The Tragic Obsessions of Dr. Elisha Kent Kane, Arctic Explorer. Savannah: Frederic C. Beil, Publisher.
 Hansel, C.E.M. (1989). The Search for Psychic Power. Prometheus Books.
 Houdini, Harry. (2011, originally published in 1924). A Magician Among the Spirits. Cambridge University Press.
 Mann, Walter. (1919). The Follies and Frauds of Spiritualism. Rationalist Association. London: Watts & Co.
 Natale, Simone (2016) Supernatural Entertainments: Victorian Spiritualism and the Rise of Modern Media Culture. University Park, PA: Pennsylvania State University Press. .
 Page, Charles Grafton. (1853).  Psychomancy: Spirit-Rappings and Table-Tippings Exposed. New-York: D. Appleton and Company.
 Stuart, Nancy Rubin. 2005. The Reluctant Spiritualist: The Life of Maggie Fox. New York, Harcourt.
 Wiseman, Richard. (2011). Paranormality: Why We See What Isn't There. Macmillan.
 Vincent Medina. 2016 Supernatural Existence: The Rise and fall of the Fox Sisters

External links
 The Fox Sisters: Communicating with the Beyond, Spiritualism and the Lily Dale Community by John H. Martin
 Boston Journal article from 1904 regarding the discovery of a body in the cellar of the Fox sisters' house.
 Photograph of Kate and Maggie Fox, New York, 1852. Thomas M. Easterly. From the Missouri History Museum.

19th-century occultists
American occultists
American spiritual mediums
Burials at Cypress Hills Cemetery
People from Rochester, New York
People from Wayne County, New York
Sibling trios

Fox sisters


Oseias de Madureira (São Bernardo do Campo),  é um político brasileiro, filiado ao PSD. Nas eleições de 2022, foi eleito deputado estadual por SP.

Deputados estaduais de São Paulo
Membros do Partido Social Democrático (2011)
Naturais de São Bernardo do Campo

Oseias de Madureira


Die Straße In Bethanien in der Kreisstadt Düren (Nordrhein-Westfalen) ist eine alte historische Innerortsstraße.

Lage

Die Straße führt von der Victor-Gollancz-Straße auf den Parkplatz auf dem Hoeschplatz. An der südlichen Straßenseite steht die denkmalgeschützte Marienkirche.

Die Straße lag früher innerhalb der Dürener Stadtbefestigung.

Geschichte

Die Straße "In Bethanien" liegt am ehemaligen Franziskanerkloster, welches 1470 auf den Namen der Maria von Bethanien konsekriert wurde. Die Klosterkirche wurde zum 1. Mai 1832 als Marienkirche eingeweiht. Am 15. November 1921 beschloss der Stadtrat den Ausbau der Straße. Von den Ausbaukosten in Höhe von 54.700 Mark zahlte die Kirchengemeinde anteilig 22.350 Mark. Zusätzlich musste sie der Stadt das zur Straße hin gelegene Grundstück unentgeltlich überlassen.

Siehe auch

 Liste der Straßen in Düren

Quellen

 Straßenliste auf der Webseite der Stadt Düren (PDF-Datei; 56 kB)
 Josef Geuenich: Die Dürener Straßennamen, Düren 1965, herausgegeben von der Stadt Düren und dem Dürener Geschichtsverein

Urbaner Freiraum in Düren
Straße in Düren

In Bethanien (Düren)


An Festuca superba in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Parodi ngan Anna Maria Türpe. An Festuca superba in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca superba


Chris Austin Hadfield (n. 29 august 1959) este un astronaut canadian retras, fiind de asemenea și primul canadian care a fost în spațiu. Inginer și fost pilot de luptă la Royal Canadian Air Force, Hadfield a fost în două misiuni spațiale și a fost comandant la International Space Station.

Legături externe
 Website oficial

Astronauți canadieni
Stația Spațială Internațională
Nașteri în 1959
Nașteri pe 29 august

Chris Hadfield


9167 Kharkiv este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
9167 Kharkiv este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul astrofizic din Crimeea de Liudmila Cernîh. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 3,14 ua, o excentricitate de 0,17 și o înclinație de 7,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 9001-10000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1987
Centura de asteroizi

9167 Kharkiv


أشكنان مدينة إيرانية في مقاطعة لامرد في محافظة فارس في جنوب إيران.

أصل كلمة أشكنان
وكانت تسمى قديماً (سودابكرد) وثم تحولت إلى أشكنان Ashkanan, Īshkanān من ملوك الاشكانية الذين حكموا إيران. وكذالك كانت تسمى أيضاً (سودابگرد) وهي مدينة فارسية قديمة سكانها من الفرس، وليس للمدينة منفذ على البحر، والمدينة تقع في الداخل خلف الجبال اقرب إلى مدينة لار وسكانها يتكلمون باللهجة الاجومية وهي لهجة تختلف عن الفارسيه يتكلمها أهل أشكنان وعوض (اوز) ولاروغيرها من المناطق المجاورة لها.

وتحيط بالمدينة عدة قرى ومدن مشهورة مثل لامرد لار وكراش وعوض، وجميعها تتبع محافظة فارس أو كما يعرف في تقسيم إيران الجغرافي تحت إقليم فارس.

السكان
يبلغ عدد سكان «مدينة اشكنان» 45000 نسمة حسب تعداد السكان لعام 2018 للميلاد. وهم خليط من السنة والشيعة.

المراجع

مراجع إضافية
 أطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران، تهران: گیتاشناسی: 1383.
 اقتداری لارستانی، احمد. لارستان کهن. تهران: شرکت انتشارات جهان معاصر، 1371.
 موقع تراث الكويت
 أطلس گیتاشناسی استان‌های ایران [Atlas Gitashenasi Ostanhai Iran] (Gitashenasi Province Atlas of Iran)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20101115194806/http://www.kuwaitturath.com/family.html

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لامرد
لر
مدن محافظة فارس

أشكنان


Raşitizm, çoğunlukla D vitamini eksikliğine bağlı olan, genellikle 6-18 aylık çocuklarda görülen kemik hastalığıdır. Kemik oluşumunun tam olmaması nedeniyle tedavisi geciktirilmiş, ihmal edilmiş hastalarda uzun kemiklerde şekil bozukluğu olur.

Günümüzde ender rastlanan bir hastalık olan, oysa 19. yüzyıl başlarında Kuzey Avrupa ülkelerinde doğan çocukların yaklaşık %90'ının 4 yaşına gelmeden ölmelerine yol açan raşitizm, omurga, kol ve bacak kemiklerinde biçim bozukluklarına yol açar. Başlıca nedeni güneş yetersizliğine bağlı D vitamini eksikliğidir. Çok ender rastlanan bir nedeni de, bazı böbrek borucukları hastalıklarıdır. D vitamini eksikliğinden kaynaklanan raşitizm, biçim bozuklukları bırakarak kendiliğinden iyileşme gösterir. D vitamini iyileşmeyi sağlasa da, doğuştan başlanarak 18. aya ya da 2 yaşına kadar D vitamini vermek yoluyla ortaya çıkmasını önlemek daha doğru bir yöntem olur.

Ayrıca kalsiyum kemiklerin yapısına da katılmaktadır.

Nedenleri
En önemli nedeni güneş yetersizliğine bağlı D vitamini eksikliğidir. Ayrıca, daha ender olmakla birlikte, bağırsaklardan yeterince D vitamini emilememesi de raşitizme neden olabilmektedir. D vitamini dışında kalsiyum ve fosfat minerali eksikliği de kemik gelişimini olumsuz yönde etkiler.

Çoğunlukla yeteri kadar güneş görmeyen, sıhhi olmayan, rutubetli, karanlık ve basık tavanlı evlerde yaşayan, yeteri kadar süt içmeyen (özellikle de anne sütü), yetersiz ve dengesiz beslenen çocuklarda görülür. Hastalık genellikle 2 yaşında, belirgin bir şekilde ortaya çıkar.

Tedavi
Deniz, kum veya güneş banyoları, kış aylarında da, haftada 3 kere ılık banyo yaptırmak yararlıdır.

Kaynakça

İskelet hastalıkları
Metabolik bozukluklar
Romatoloji hastalıkları
Endokrin hastalıkları
D vitaminleri

Raşitizm


El Museo Nacional de Artes Decorativas y Diseño () es un museo de Oslo, Noruega. Desde 2003 forma parte administrativamente del Museo Nacional de Arte, Arquitectura y Diseño.

Historia
El museo fue fundado en 1876, siendo uno de los primeros de su tipo en Europa, y su primer director fue Henrik A. Grosch. Desde 1904 compartió sede con la Academia Nacional de Artesanía e Industria de Arte en un edificio diseñado por Adolf Bredo Greve y Ingvar MO Hjorth.

Referencias

Sitio web: {

Enlaces externos

Museo Nacional de Arte, Arquitectura y Diseño
Museos de Oslo
Museos inaugurados en 1876
Arquitectura de Noruega del siglo XX
Arquitectura de 1904

Museo de Artes Decorativas y Diseño


The spotted nutcracker, Eurasian nutcracker, or simply nutcracker (Nucifraga caryocatactes) is a passerine bird slightly larger than the Eurasian jay. It has a much larger bill and a slimmer looking head without any crest. The feathering over its body is predominantly chocolate brown with distinct white spots and streaks (absent from most of the body in southern Asian populations, which are sometimes treated as a separate species, southern nutcracker N. hemispila). The wings and upper tail are virtually black with a greenish-blue gloss.

The spotted nutcracker is one of three currently-recognized species of nutcracker. The Kashmir nutcracker (Nucifraga multipunctata) was formerly considered a subspecies of the spotted. The other member of the genus, Clark's nutcracker (N. columbiana), occurs in western North America.

Taxonomy

The nutcracker was one of the many species originally described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae, and it still bears its original name Nucifraga caryocatactes. The scientific name is a reduplication; nucifraga is a Neo-Latin translation of German Nussbrecher, "nut-breaker" based on Latin nucis "nut", and frangere "to shatter", and caryocatactes based on Greek: karuon "nut", and kataseio "to shatter". The common English name nutcracker first appears in 1693 in a translation of a German travel guide, where it is a calque on the German name Nußknacker, as the bird was not recorded in England until 1753. Other Germanic languages have etymologically related names: Danish: nøddekrige; Dutch: notenkraker; Norwegian: nøttekråke; Swedish: nötkråka.

Subspecies
There are nine recognised subspecies

 nominate caryocatactes (Linnaeus, 1785) Scandinavia to northern and eastern Europe; Caucasus and northern Kazakhstan; winters to southern Russia
 macrorhynchos (Brehm, 1823) northern and northeastern Asia; irruptions to northern Iran, Korea and northern China; vagrant Turkey
 rothschildi (Hartert, 1903) Tian Shan and Dzungarian Alatau mountains, Kazakhstan and China
 japonica (Hartert, 1897) central and southern Kuril Islands, Hokkaido, Honshū and Hondo, Japan
 owstoni (Ingram, 1910) Taiwan
 interdicta (Kleinschmidt and Weigold, 1922) mountains of northern China (Liaoning)
 hemispila (Vigors, 1831) Himalayas (western Nepal to southern Kashmir)
 macella (Thayer and Bangs, 1909) eastern Himalayas to southern Tibet, western Nepal, northern Myanmar and southwest China
 yunnanensis (Ingram 1910) southeast China (Yunnan)

Some authors split this species into two, a northern species containing caryocatactes, japonicus, interdicta, rothschildi and macrorhynchos and a southern species including hemispila, yunnanensis, macella and owstoni, based on distinct plumage differences between the two groups.

Description

The spotted nutcracker is a dark brown, broad-winged, short-tailed corvid. Body plumage is mid-to-dark chocolate brown, heavily spotted with white on face, neck, mantle and underparts. It has a large white loral spot, a white eye-ring, blackish-brown cap extending onto the nape, dark blackish wings with a greenish-blue gloss, all white vent, and dark tail with white corners above and a white terminal band on the undertail. In flight, broad wings, white vent and short tail are noticeable; the flight undulating. The black bill is slender and rather long, sharply pointed, and varies in size amongst races. The iris, legs and feet are black.

Nutcrackers range from 32–38 cm in length (from tip of beak to tip of tail) and have a wingspan ranging from 49–53 cm.

The voice is similar to that of the Eurasian jay and is loud and harsh. It is described as kraak-kraak-kraak-kraak.

Behaviour

Feeding

The most important food resources for this species are the seeds (pine nuts) of various pines (Pinus sp.), principally the cold-climate (far northern and high altitude) species of white pine (Pinus subgenus Strobus) with large seeds: P. armandii, P. bungeana, P. cembra, P. gerardiana, P. koraiensis, P. parviflora, P. peuce, Siberian dwarf pine|P. pumila, P. sibirica and P. wallichiana. In some regions, where none of these pines occur, the seeds of spruce (Picea sp.) and hazel nuts (Corylus sp.) form an important part of the diet too. The forms that take hazel nuts have thicker bills for cracking their hard shells, with a special ridge on the inside of the bill edge near the base. If the shell is too hard, it holds the nut between its feet and hacks at it with its bill like a chisel.

A special adaptation is found in the tongue of the nutcracker. The tip of the tongue forks with two long pointed appendages which are keratinized into nail like surfaces. This is thought to help them handle and shell conifer seeds.

Surplus seed is always stored for later use and it is this species that is responsible for the sowing of new trees of their favoured pines, including the re-establishment of the Swiss pine (Pinus cembra) over large areas in the Alps of central Europe formerly cleared by man.

Various insects are also taken, and also small birds, their eggs and nestlings, small rodents and carrion such as roadkills. It digs out bumble bee and wasp nests avidly to get at the grubs.

Breeding

Nutcracker couples stay together for life and their territory expands between 20 and 30 acres. Nesting is always early in this species across its whole range, so as to make the best use of pine nuts stored the previous autumn. The nest is usually built high in a conifer (sometimes broadleaved trees are used) and usually on the sunny side. There are normally 2-4 eggs laid and incubated for 18 days. Both sexes feed the young which are usually fledged by about 23 days and stay with their parents for many months, following them to learn the food storage techniques essential for survival in their harsh environment.

Distribution
The spotted nutcracker has an extensive range forming a broad swathe east–west from Scandinavia right across northern Europe, Siberia and to eastern Asia, including Japan, inhabiting the huge taiga conifer forests in the north.

Three further disjunct populations occur in mountain conifer forests further south, one centered on the mountains of central and southeast Europe (the Alps, the Carpathians and the Balkan Peninsula mountains); another in the western Himalayas; and the third in western China seaboard and separated from the northern population by a relatively small gap in the north centre of China. See subspecies list above for race distributions. Some of the populations can be separated on bill size.

This species has a large range, extending over 10,000,000 km2 globally. It also has a large global population, with an estimate of between 800,000-1,700,000 individuals in Europe.

Spotted nutcrackers are not migratory, but will erupt out of range when a cone crop failure leaves them short of a food supply, the thin-billed eastern race macrorhynchos being the more likely to do this. Britain records very sporadic vagrants, but in 1968 over 300 nutcrackers visited Britain as part of a larger irruption into western Europe, probably due to a spell of early cold weather in Siberia.

References

External links

Spotted nutcracker videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection

spotted nutcracker
Birds of Eurasia
Birds of Russia
spotted nutcracker
spotted nutcracker

Spotted nutcracker


Leo Cornelio SVD (Kukkunje, 14 de março de 1945) é um religioso indiano e arcebispo católico romano emérito de Bhopal.

Leo Cornelio juntou-se aos Missionários Steyler e recebeu o sacramento da ordenação sacerdotal em 14 de novembro de 1972.

O Papa João Paulo II o nomeou Bispo de Khandwa em 3 de junho de 1999. O arcebispo de Nagpur, Abraham Viruthakulangara, o consagrou bispo em 8 de setembro do mesmo ano; Os co-consagradores foram Paschal Topno SJ, Arcebispo de Bhopal e George Marian Anathil SVD, Bispo de Indore.

Em 15 de junho de 2007, o Papa Bento XVI o nomeou Arcebispo de Bhopal. A posse ocorreu em 16 de setembro do mesmo ano. Em 4 de outubro de 2021, o Papa Francisco aceitou a renúncia de Leo Cornelio por motivos de idade.

Ver também

Arcebispos católicos da Índia

Leo Cornelio