The Oregon Coast is a coastal region of the U.S. state of Oregon. It is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to its west and the Oregon Coast Range to the east, and stretches approximately  from the California state border in the south to the Columbia River in the north. The region is not a specific geological, environmental, or political entity, and includes the Columbia River Estuary.

The Oregon Beach Bill of 1967 allows free beach access to everyone.  In return for a pedestrian easement and relief from construction, the bill eliminates property taxes on private beach land and allows its owners to retain certain beach land rights.

Traditionally, the Oregon Coast is regarded as three distinct sub–regions:
 The North Coast, which stretches from the Columbia River to Cascade Head.
 The Central Coast, which stretches from Cascade Head to Reedsport.
 The South Coast, which stretches from Reedsport to the Oregon–California border.

The largest city is Coos Bay, population 16,700 in Coos County on the South Coast. U.S. Route 101 is the primary highway from Brookings to Astoria and is known for its scenic overlooks of the Pacific Ocean. Over 80 state parks and recreation areas dot the Oregon Coast. However, only a few highways cross the Coast Range to the interior: US 30, US 26, OR 6, OR 22,US 20, OR 18, OR 34, OR 126, OR 38, and OR 42.  OR 18 and US 20 are considered among the dangerous roads in the state.

The Oregon Coast includes Clatsop County, Tillamook County, Lincoln County, western Lane County, western Douglas County, Coos County, and Curry County.

Geography

The Oregon Coast is divided into three different regions based on their geological formations: the North Coast, Central Coast, and South Coast. Three primary landforms appear along its shoreline: sea cliffs, beaches, and stacks. Minor land variation, city size, and socioeconomic differences between the North and Central regions cause division between them to be made along geological lines.

North Coast

The North Coast, which stretches from the Columbia River to Cascade Head, possesses longer stretches of unbroken beach (due to silt deposits washed southwards from the Columbia River), a higher concentration of logging zones, and larger, but less frequent sandbar-enclosed bays.  Astoria serves as a staging ground for ships entering and leaving the Columbia River, because of the dangerous Columbia Bar. Ships wishing to make the passage require the aid of specially trained bar pilots. Along the coast are the cities of Seaside, Cannon Beach and Tillamook.  Seaside and Cannon Beach lie directly on the Pacific Ocean, whereas Tillamook lies inland along Tillamook Bay. Because of the low lands that exist on this region of coast, flooding is an annual problem, especially in the winter, when storms push in from the North Pacific. Tillamook is particularly affected by these yearly floods, because of its location on a major floodplain. Sandstone cliffs occur rather sporadically in this region. This is due to relatively slow uplift rates as well as fairly constant sediment wash from the Columbia River. Future uplift from the subduction of the Juan de Fuca plate will eventually create sandstone cliffs similar to those found further south and north. The North Oregon Coast is also a part of the Graveyard of the Pacific.

The weather on the North Coast is moderate. The average low in the winter is just under , while the high temperature is just above . The average high reaches its peak in early September at . The most rain occurs in November and December averaging over  each month. July and August are the driest averaging under  of rain each month. Most days are cloudy or partly cloudy throughout the year. The summer has the most sun with approximately half the days sunny or partly cloudy.

Central Coast

The Central Coast, which extends from Cascade Head to Reedsport, while similar to the North Coast, possesses fewer sandy beaches, more sea cliffs and terraces, and a greater number of bays. Several small urban areas exist in this region. Among these are the cities of Lincoln City, Depoe Bay, Newport, Waldport, and Yachats. Because the usable lands of the region are squeezed between the mountains and the ocean, most urban areas are relatively small but are still larger than those of the South Coast region. The southernmost area of Central coast is the intermediary zone for this region and the more mountainous South Coast region. Exposed sandstone cliffs are also common along the beaches and highway. Local sandstones of the Central Coast were uplifted during the Neogene Era. Higher layers of exposed sandstone are often varying shades of orange, and are often quite soft to the touch, often being very brittle, and relatively easily eroded. Lower exposed layers, though less frequent, reveal harder sandstone deposits. Unlike the higher layers, they are often gray-brown in color and hard in comparison. This lower sandstone often breaks off in large, squared chunks.

The weather on the central coast is similar to that of the north coast except the frequency of sunny or partly cloudy days is higher in the summer, approaching 75%.

South Coast

The South Coast region, which extends from Reedsport to the California border, is distinct from the North and Central Coast regions because of its mountainous nature, due to tectonic uplift and terrane accretion in ancient times. Much of the coastline in this region is made up of sea cliffs and miles of beaches.  Among the landscape of the region exists the Oregon Dunes. There are seven incorporated cities on the south coast: Reedsport, North Bend, Coos Bay, Bandon, Port Orford, Gold Beach, and Brookings. Cape Blanco, which is approximately  north of Port Orford, is the westernmost point in Oregon. Cape Blanco extends further west than any point of land in the contiguous United States (lower 48 states) except Cape Alava, in Washington. Though the landforms of the region are relatively consistent, the South Coast shows a change in ecology. It is in this region that the western redcedar and Sitka spruce forests give way to the more southerly coast redwood, Port Orford cedar, and Douglas-fir forests, which also include the northern extent of Oregon Myrtle trees (aka California Bay Laurel).

The weather on the south coast is similar to that of the north and central coasts except the frequency of sunny or partly cloudy days is higher in the summer, approaching 90%.

Communities

Cities

 Astoria
 Bandon
 Bay City
 Brookings
 Cannon Beach
 Coos Bay
 Coquille
 Depoe Bay
 Florence
 Garibaldi
 Gearhart
 Gold Beach
 Lincoln City
 Manzanita
 Nehalem
 Newport
 North Bend
 Port Orford
 Reedsport
 Rockaway Beach
 Seaside
 Tillamook
 Waldport
 Warrenton
 Wheeler
 Yachats

Census-designated places and unincorporated communities
 Agate Beach
 Arch Cape
 Barview (Coos County)
 Barview (Tillamook County)
 Bayside Gardens
 Beverly Beach
 Brighton
 Brownsmead
 Cape Meares
 Carpenterville
 Charleston
 Cooston
 Gardiner
 Glasgow
 Gleneden Beach
 Harbor
 Heceta Beach
 Hobsonville
 Hunter Creek
 Idaville
 Jeffers Garden
 Kernville
 Knappa
 Langlois
 Lincoln Beach
 Manhattan Beach
 Miles Crossing
 Mohler
 Navy Heights
 Neahkahnie Beach
 Nedonna Beach
 Nesika Beach
 Neskowin
 Netarts
 Ocean Park
 Oceanside
 Ophir
 Oretown
 Otter Rock
 Pacific City
 Pistol River
 Sandlake
 Seal Rock
 Searose Beach
 South Beach
 Sunset Beach
 Surf Pines
 Svensen
 Tierra Del Mar
 Tolovana Park
 Wedderburn
 Winchester Bay
 Yaquina

Former communities
 Bayocean
 Cutler City
 Delake
 Eastside
 Empire
 Flavel
 Fort Stevens
 Frankport
 Hammond
 Lexington
 Nelscott
 Oceanlake
 Roads End
 Skipanon
 Taft
 Wecoma Beach

Ecology

Because of the Oregon Coast's physical complexity, many different species of plant and animal can be found in the region, both terrestrial and marine in nature. However, past human interaction has caused a decline in several species of animal along the coast, such as the sea otter. Strict regulations as well as modern human aid has seen a return of some species in recent years.

The Oregon Coast is the location of the Oregon Coast National Wildlife Refuge Complex, which consists of six wildlife refuges, covering , spread over a distance of .

Land

Due to several factors, including climate, weather, and terrain, there is a great variety of plants within the coast region. In some areas, large trees are uncommon. This is because severe winter storms and poor soil limit the growing height of many species. Shore pine (Pinus contorta subsp.contorta) are common in these areas. However several species of fir, pine, and cedar can be found, including a few endemic species, such as the Port Orford cedar (Chamaecyparis lawsoniana). Because of this, logging has been a historically viable trade for the region. In the North Coast region near Astoria, and in Lincoln County, large tracts of land are second and third generation woodland, having been logged and replanted in the past.

Because of the salt carried inland by constant onshore winds, only the hardiest varieties of small plant can thrive close to shore. Coastal strawberry and Pacific silverweed are common along the coast due to their reproductive advantages and salt tolerance.

Like many forested regions of the western United States and Canada, many large species of animal can be found in the woods of the region. Most common are the Roosevelt elk and black-tailed deer, as well as bobcats and North American cougar. All four species, though common now, were uncommon in the past, having moved more heavily into the region with the beginning of timber harvest. Likewise, smaller species, including nutrias and Virginia opossum can also be found, as well as the Townsend's mole, which inhabits many lowland and floodplain areas.

Marine

The marine ecology of the Oregon Coast is some of the most diverse in the world.  More than 29 species of marine mammals make their home on the Oregon Coast, including several species of seal, including the Steller's sea lion and harbor seal, as well as the less common northern elephant seal and California sea lion. The Sea Lion Caves near Florence, and the bay front in Newport are the best places to see Steller's sea lions and harbor seals, though they can be observed in many other places. Seal pups can sometimes be seen on sandy beaches resting. Signs are often posted on beaches warning of this, as the law prohibits disturbing them. Formerly, populations of sea otter could be found on the coast. However, fur hunters have wiped out the Oregon populations. Prior to the sighting in February 2009 in Depoe Bay, no sea otters had been sighted in over 103 years. Occasionally, large Humboldt Squid wash up onto the beaches after following warm currents which dissipate leaving the squid to die of hypothermia.

Several species of whale can be observed in the waters near shore, especially during migration in late December and late March, such as gray whale, orca, and humpback whale. Harbor porpoises are also relatively common. Because of this, whale watching is a common tourist attraction along the coast. Tour boats often take passengers on whale watching tours, though it is possible to do so from shore. It is sometimes the case that whale carcasses are beached on Oregon shores. One such beaching, which occurred near Florence in November, 1970, was handled by blowing it up using dynamite. This has become the well-known exploding whale incident.

Tidepools, which occur frequently along Oregon's rocky shores, are unique, contained ecosystems housing up to many hundreds of species of animal. Red, green, and brown algae are common sights. Many species of invertebrates can also be found in these coastal tidepools, and include sponges, sea anemones, mussels, sea stars, limpets, crabs, shrimp, barnacles, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. Sunset Bay State Park, near Coos Bay, and Strawberry Hill, near Yachats, are among the largest collections of tidepools and are popular places for exploring them.

Also common along the coast are kelp forests and rock reefs. Both areas harbor much of Oregon's marine life, including many species of fish, such as the numerous species of rockfish, flatfish, and greenlings. Because these areas provide a shelter from oceanic currents, these zones share many invertebrate species with the onshore tidal zone. Because of the rich diversity of life, most animal species along the Oregon coast depend on these keystone zones for survival.

Coastal birds

Many varieties of birds make their home on the Oregon Coast. Because of the variety of birds found in the area, bird watching is a common pastime. Birds along the Oregon Coast can be divided into four categories:
 Seabirds spend most of their lives at sea and are adapted to ocean life. Some even sleep in the water, though they must all return to land to lay their eggs. Their diets consist mostly of small fish, squid, shellfish, and crustaceans. Species of seabirds on the Oregon Coast include the common murre, tufted puffin, marbled murrelet, the black oystercatcher, auklets, many varieties of cormorants, the western gull, and glaucous-winged gull. Many seabird species are endemic and found nowhere else.
 Shorebirds, unlike seabirds, do not have webbed feet and spend their lives on the shore foraging for food, eating worms, insect larvae, amphipods, copepods, crustaceans, and mollusks. Among the types of shorebirds on the Coast are the western and least sandpiper, dunlin, whimbrel, the semipalmated and western snowy plover, and killdeer.
 Many birds of prey live on the coast, eating small birds, rodents, and small mammals. These include the bald eagle, barn owl, and osprey.
 Waterfowl also make their homes in the freshwater areas around the Coast. These are the many varieties of ducks and geese in the area.

Sharks

The Oregon coastal waters are known to have 16 species of shark present:
 Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus)
 Blue shark (Prionace glauca)
 Broadnose sevengill shark
 Brown catshark (Apristurus brunneus)
 Brown smooth-hound shark (Mustelus henlei) south coast only
 Common thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus)
 Filetail catshark (Parmaturus xaniurus) central and south coast only
 Leopard shark (Triakis semifasciata)
 Longnose catshark (Apristurus kampae) south coast only
 Pacific angelshark (Squatina californica)
 Salmon shark (Lamna ditropis)
 Shortfin mako shark (Isurus oxyrinchus)
 Soupfin shark (Galeorhinus galeus)
 Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias)
 Tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier)
 White shark (Carcharodon carcharias)

There are one or two shark bites reported along the Oregon coast each year, mostly boats and surfing boards being tasted.  Every few years—a total of 25 since 1900—a human is bitten.  Every Oregon victim has survived. The last was Joseph Tanner, October 10, 2016.

History

It is generally accepted that the first indigenous peoples arrived in the region around 11,000–13,000 years ago, likely drawn by the rich natural resources of the area. However, very little is known about these early peoples, as very few archeological sites exist from before 3,500 years ago. Several tribes and language families would eventually form along the coast. Major groups included the Clatsop, Tillamook, Alsea, Siuslaw, Coos, and Coquille. The lifestyles of these tribes were very similar and sometimes interlinked, with the defining differences being the languages they spoke. Because of the abundance of food in the region, most settlements were permanent. Many of the tribes subsisted primarily on seafoods such as clams, salmon, and seals, as well as berries.

European exploration (1775–1811)
European exploration of the Oregon Coast began in the 18th century as Spanish mariners sailed northward from Mexico to explore and later stake claim to the region, led by explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa's claim of the entire Pacific and shores in the name of the Spanish Crown. The earliest expedition recorded along the Pacific Northwest coast, however, was led by Spaniard Juan José Pérez Hernández aboard the sloop Santiago in 1774. Pérez's findings were kept a secret and much of the credit for his findings went to later explorers. Pérez's expedition was followed soon after by the 1775 expedition led by Bruno de Heceta and Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, in which Pérez served as pilot. These further explorations led to many discoveries along the Oregon and Washington Coasts. Heceta Head was later named after Bruno de Heceta.

At the same time as the Spanish expeditions, British mariners also began to explore the region, led by explorers Sir Francis Drake in the 16th century and later by James Cook and George Vancouver in the 18th century. British expeditions made many discoveries in the region. Drake called the area New Albion, though the exact location of New Albion remains a mystery. Vancouver would make the most extensive explorations of the region during his expeditions.

Meanwhile, American Captain Robert Gray, aboard the sloop Washington, visited the Oregon Coast in his 1788 voyage to the west coast of the Americas. In August, 1788, Gray attempted to gain entrance to the mouth of the Columbia. However, Gray accidentally grounded the Washington on a sand bar, and the ship was attacked by natives, in which one crew member was killed and the mate wounded. Gray returned in 1792 aboard the Columbia, where he met with British Captain Vancouver off the Strait of Juan de Fuca. Gray mentioned the river to Vancouver, which Gray had named the Columbia. Vancouver quietly dismissed this claim by Gray, thinking that the Columbia was a part of the Juan de Fuca Strait. Vancouver was loath to later admit Gray's correct discovery of the Columbia River.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

In 1803, with the successful purchase of the Louisiana Territory from France, President Thomas Jefferson ordered an expedition to the west coast, which was led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. The Lewis and Clark Expedition reached the Oregon Coast in early winter of 1805, where they built Fort Clatsop near present-day Astoria. During their stay at Fort Clatsop, the Corps of Discovery made many observations about the landscape and local life, as well as establishing relations with the local Clatsop Indians. The expedition began their return trip to Washington D.C. in March 1806. The Lewis and Clark Expedition would have long-lasting effects for the Pacific Northwest and began the settlement of the U.S. west coast, even though heavy settlement of the Oregon Coast would not come until half a century later.

Pioneer settlement (1811–1859)
A few years later, in 1811, employees of John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company set up a trading post at the mouth of the Columbia River and set up the first permanent U.S. settlement – Astoria. However, the settlement was not as profitable as Astor had hoped it would be.  It was sold to the British North West Company in 1812 and became part of its Columbia District. In 1838, Charles Wilkes, on a voyage commissioned by U.S. Congress, landed on the Oregon Coast and raised the American flag. British claims were slowly lost with the increasing number of pioneers traveling to Oregon along the Oregon Trail, and 8 years later, the Oregon Treaty was signed with Britain, ending the half-century claims to Oregon and the Oregon Coast by the British.

1860–present

After Oregon attained statehood in 1859 and the completion of railroads throughout the Coast Range, development of land quickly began along many of the Coasts bays and rivers. Logging and commercial fishing soon became the primary industries in the area, and several ports were built to facilitate both industries. In 1870, the first lighthouse at Cape Blanco was built and was soon followed by both the Yaquina Bay Light and Yaquina Head Light in 1871 and 1873, respectively. The last Coast Guard operated light, Cape Arago Light, was built in 1934.

However, in 1874, Oregon State Land Board began to sell public tidelands to private landowners. Soon, resorts were built alongside the beaches in towns such as Seaside, Newport, and Rockaway Beach. The completion of railroads from the primary population centers in the Willamette Valley, the beginnings of tourism started along the coast.

In 1911, governor Oswald West was elected on the promise to reclaim Oregon's beaches as public land. Though the legislature favored the privatization of these lands, West was able to make an argument for public ownership based on the need for transportation, and in 1913, the Oregon legislature declared the entire length of the ocean shore from the Columbia to California as a state highway. Legislators also created the State Highway Commission, which began the construction of U.S. Route 101 along the coast. The Parks and Recreation Department, a branch of the highway commission, bought land for 36 state parks along the coastal highway, an average of one every . With the completion of the highway-and-parks system, coastal tourism skyrocketed. Recent years have seen a drop in both the logging and fishing industries, due mainly to changes in the U.S. economy as well as changes in regulations governing the harvest of fish and timber.

1967 Oregon Beach Bill

Oregon's public lands claim was challenged in 1966, when a motel owner fenced off beach area for the private use of his guests. Responding to citizen complaints, state legislators put forward the Oregon Beach Bill, proposing to reestablish the beaches' status as public land. Concerns about private property rights threatened the bill's passage. In response, Governor Tom McCall staged a dramatic media event on May 13, 1967, flying two helicopters to the beach with a team of surveyors and scientists. The ensuing media coverage resulted in overwhelming public demand for the bill, which passed and was signed by McCall on July 6, 1967.

The Beach Bill declares that all "wet sand" within  vertical feet of the low tide line belongs to the state of Oregon. In addition, it recognizes public easements of all beach areas up to the line of vegetation, regardless of underlying property rights. The public has "free and uninterrupted use of the beaches," and property owners are required to seek state permits for building and other uses of the ocean shore. While some parts of the beach remain privately owned, state and federal courts have upheld Oregon's right to regulate development of those lands and preserve public access.

Tourism

Due to its scenery, wildlife, and history, the Oregon Coast is a popular travel destination. Hiking, sport fishing, cycling, kite flying, scuba diving, surfing, sandboarding, and boating are common activities for visitors to the region. Historic areas, such as Fort Clatsop, Battle Rock, and Oregon's lighthouses are all popular sites for visitors. The Oregon Coast is also known for its scenic areas, such as Cape Perpetua, Cape Blanco and Cape Arago. Likewise, each region has its own distinct draws in addition to those found throughout the state, such as the Astoria Column in Astoria, the Oregon Coast Aquarium in Newport, and Mount Emily outside Brookings. The South Coast's commercial airport is the Southwest Oregon Regional Airport in North Bend and the Central Coast is served by the Newport Municipal Airport.

Beaches

Oregon's beaches are popular destinations for visitors. Horse riding, clam digging, and surfing are popular activities. Certain beaches are host to events such as Seaside's Beach Volleyball Tournament and finish for the Hood to Coast race or Lincoln City's glass float hunt. Because of many headlands along the Oregon Coast, beaches vary in length from dozens of miles to less than a quarter of a mile. Though less common, surf fishing also occurs along sections of the beach. However, not all Oregon beaches are sand beaches. Large surf-smoothed stones are common and several stone beaches exist. Some beaches are also shrinking, due partially to human interactions and partly to invasive species of plant such as European Beachgrass.

Lighthouses

Another popular destination for visitors is Oregon's historic lighthouses, most of which date to before 1900. Because the Oregon and Washington coasts have been traditionally thought of as some of the most dangerous seas in the world, several lighthouses and a lightship were commissioned to aid sailors in navigating. Of the original 12 lights, nine are still in use. However, in recent years, two private lights, Pelican Bay Light and Cleft of the Rock Light have been built, with permission from the Coast Guard. Both lights, along with Cape Arago Light, are private property.

Outdoor activities

The Oregon Coast is also host to many recreational activities. Hiking, camping, sport fishing, and cycling are the most common activities and are ubiquitous to the Oregon Coast. Sport fishing has traditionally been the primary outdoor recreational activity along the Oregon Coast, and is a major industry in several of Oregon's port cities, especially Astoria, Newport, and Coos Bay. Because of this, Oregon has strict regulations concerning the harvest of fish for sport. Charter boats usually take groups out for half day and full day fishing trips for Chinook salmon, Coho salmon, and Pacific halibut.

However, several other activities, many of which are more local than others, take place throughout the coast region of the state, several of which occur in the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area. Most common are All-terrain vehicles and sandboarding. Many equipment rental and specialty shops exist to cater to these activities. Horse riding is also a common pastime along many beaches and dunes along the coast, and several horse trails exist in the nearby forests.

Surfing and bodyboarding are also common sports along the beaches of the Oregon Coast. Both occur nearly year-round, regardless of weather or water temperature.

The coast is home to several excellent golf courses. Among them is the Bandon Dunes ranked by Golf Digest as the 6th best public golf course in the U.S in 2015/2016, up from 7th in 2009

Historic sites

Many historical sites dot the Oregon Coast. The most prominent is that of Fort Clatsop outside of Astoria, which was the site of the Lewis and Clark Expeditions winter stay on the Oregon Coast in 1805–1806, as well as the nearby Peter Iredale which was grounded on the Clatsop Spit 100 years later in September 1906. However, over  years of deterioration have destroyed much of the original ship. Now only a small portion remains above the sand. Both are part of the Lewis and Clark National Historical Park along with Fort Stevens.

Further south outside Tillamook sits the Tillamook Air Museum, which is housed in one of the two former military blimp hangars of the former Naval Air Station Tillamook. The structure was originally known as "Hangar B" and was part of a pair of hangars built by the U.S. Navy in 1942. "Hangar A" was destroyed by a fire in 1992. However, the concrete pilings that held the massive hangar doors erect still stand.

Along the coast just south of Cape Arago are several parks that were formerly the location of early homesteaders, as well as the former Seven Devil's Trail. The homesteaders eventually abandoned their claims in favor of living closer to the nearby rural villages and towns. Today, nothing remains of these small farms and ranches, though several state parks mark their locations. However, south at Cape Blanco sits the Patrick Hughes House. The Hughes House is now a part of Cape Blanco State Park.

Located in Port Orford just south of Cape Blanco is the famous Battle Rock, which was the site of a major battle between local natives and members of an 1851 expedition led by Captain William Tichenor in order to begin railroad construction. Today, visitors can climb Battle Rock, though this is discouraged as frequent climbing has begun to erode the sandstone seastack. Also in Port Orford is the Port Orford Heads State Park, which is the location of the original Coast Guard lifeboat station. The station is now a museum for the historic station and maritime history, including the 1942 Lookout Air Raid.

Finally, Oregon has the distinction of being the only U.S. state (Hawaii and Alaska did not attain statehood until 1959) to receive hostile action during World War II, being both shelled and bombed.

The first attack, which took place the night of June 21, 1942, occurred at Fort Stevens when a Japanese submarine I-25 surfaced offshore, and fired 17 rounds at the fort. However, Fort Stevens took no damage in the attack. The second attack took place two and a half months later when the I-25 surfaced off Cape Blanco, the night of September 9, 1942. Launching a small "Glen" seaplane, and using the Cape Blanco Light as a guide, pilot Nobuo Fujita and copilot Okuda Shoji dropped a series of incendiary bombs in the forests at Mount Emily with the intention of starting several forest fires in the area. Though the fires did not become the major infernos that the Japanese intended, the bomb site is now on the National Register of Historic Places as the Wheeler Ridge Japanese Bombing Site. Fujita returned in 1962 and gave his family's 400-year-old sword to the city of Brookings. He was made an honorary citizen of Brookings days before his death in September 1997. His sword is now on display at the Brookings Public Library.

Economy
The coast is Oregon's top tourist destination. In the mid-1980s, the coast's economy was dependent on natural resources.  Limits placed on logging and fishing caused further decline.  As of the late 2000s, tourism and retirement have provided economic growth.  As of 2006, roughly 210,000 people live on the Oregon Coast.  The economy is still dependent on natural resources, but the largest contributions to personal income are retirement based and "unidentified".  The top three industries are timber, fishing, and tourism.  The coast is poorer than the state average, with average income per capita $24,112 vs. $32,812.

Gallery

See also
 List of bridges on the Oregon Coast
 List of Oregon shipwrecks
 Oregon Coast Trail
 Steamboats of the Oregon Coast

References

External links

 Oregon Coast guide from Travel Oregon (the Oregon State Tourism Commission)
 The North Coast Explorer from Oregon State University
 Guided lighthouse tour from Travel Oregon
 Oregon Coast Visitors Association
 A 1940 Oregon Coast Tour from the Oregon State Archives
 Gallery of Historic Photos
 Oregon & Washington Coast Guide- A collection of articles and links related to the Pacific NW Coast.

Regions of Oregon

Oregon Coast


Un supermarché coopératif est un magasin dans lequel les clients sont aussi cogérants du supermarché. Les projets de ce genre sont souvent participatifs, ce qui signifie que les tâches de gestion et de maintenance quotidiennes du magasin sont effectuées bénévolement par des coopérateurs. Contrairement aux supermarchés coopératifs non participatifs, il faut être coopérateur pour pouvoir acheter dans le magasin.

Autriche
Différents Foodcoops se sont formés à travers l'Autriche. Les achats se font principalement en ligne par Foodsoft. C'est une application accessible par le navigateur. Chaque membre d'une Foodcoop doit travailler en bénévolat quelques heures par mois pour la Foodcoop. Les produits commandés sont livrés par le grossiste (produits biologiques, régionaux) une fois par semaine. Les membres de chaque Foodcoop viennent récupérer leurs produits une fois par semaine dans l'entrepôt de leur Foodcoop. Ils paient leurs produits en ligne et contribuent une certaine somme d'argent par an pour l'administration de la Foodcoop. Des réunions de membres sont organisées de deux fois par an jusqu'à une fois par mois (dépendant des Foodcoops) afin de discuter des besoins des membres et de la Foodcoop.

Belgique
 Beescoop, à Schaerbeek, très connecté aux réseaux français et notamment à La Louve.
 L'Epi, à Uccle Bruxelles-Capitale.
 Le Pédalo, à Ixelles, ouvert en septembre 2021.
 Bab'l market à Woluwé-Saint-Pierre
 Bloumcoop à Forest
 L'épicerie de la coopérative du Chant des Cailles à Watermael-Boisfort
 Wandercoop à Anderlecht
 Coopéco, à Marchienne-au-Pont.
 Oufticoop, à Liège.
 Vervicoop, à Verviers, plus de 300 coopérateurs en 2018.
 WooCoop, à Waterloo, ouvert en octobre 2017.
 Poll'n à Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve
 Macavrac à Wavre
 Coquelicoop à Jurbise

Espagne
Différents groupes de travail se sont créés à Barcelone, Saragosse et Manresa.

 Som Alimentació, à Valence, ouvert en 2020.
 El Arbol del Pan, à Madrid.

États-Unis
 Park Slope Food Coop, à New York. Fondée en 1973.

France

Ouverts en taille supermarché
 La Louve, à Paris 18 (75), le premier supermarché coopératif et participatif français, qui a donné l'impulsion générale pour la France. A ouvert en novembre 2016.
 SuperQuinquin, à Lille (59). Un premier supermarché transitoire ouvre en  à Lille et qui compte  en 2018.
 La Cagette, à Montpellier (34), ouvre ses portes dans un local de 400 m2 en .
 Lalouet'Coop, à Les Herbiers (85), ouvre un local de 400 m2 en  avec 300 coopérateurs.
 La Fourmilière, à Saint-Étienne (42), ouvre en  et compte 300 m2 de surface de vente. Il est animé par 650 coopérateurs en .
 Scopéli, à Nantes (44), ouvre en  et compte 440 m2 de surface de vente à Rezé. Il compte 1500 coopérateurs un an après son ouverture.
 La Gabare, à Olivet (45), près d'Orléans, ouvre en  et compte 550 m2 de surface de vente.
 Les Grains De Sel, à Paris 13 (75), ouvre en  et compte 620 m2.
 La Coop sur Mer, à Toulon (83), ouvre en  et compte 420 m2 de surface de vente. Il atteint les 1000 coopérateurs en .
 Le Super Cafoutch à Marseille (13), ouvert dans un nouvel espace (600 m2) en septembre 2022. Il a aujourd'hui (avril 2023) 1500 membres

Ouverts en taille épicerie

 Cocorico'Coop, à Villers-Cotterêts (02), ouvert en 2019.
 Haricocoop, à Belleu (02)
 L'aontraide, à Laon (02), ouvert en 2020.
 La Meute, à Grasse dans les Alpes-Maritimes (06).
 Nice Coop, à Nice (06), comptait 200 coopérateurs en décembre 2019.
 Super Cafoutch, à Marseille
 Coop'in en Bourg, à Ecuras (16).
 Hêtre Solidaire Coop, à Ruelle sur Trouve (16).
 La Roch'coop, à Puilboreau, dans l'agglomération de La Rochelle;
 Court Circuit 21 à Chenôve (21) (agglomération de Dijon)
 T'as meilleur temps !, à Besançon (25).
 Cooptopia, à Saint-Jean en Royans (26).
 Ti Coop, à Brest (29).
 La Chouette Coop, à Toulouse (31).
 SuperCoop, à Bordeaux (33).
 La Coopé, à Langon (33), ouvert en janvier 2022.
 La Coop Singulière, à Sète (34). Ouvert en avril 2018.
 La Crèmerie, à Clapiers (34).
 Breizhicoop, à Rennes (35).
 L'éléfàn, à Grenoble (38). Ouvert en 2017.
 La Cambuse, à Lons le Saunier (39).
 La Coop du Coin, à Saint-Nazaire (44).
 La Grande Epicerie Générale, à Nancy (54).
 La Coop des Vénètes, Séné (56). Ouvert en 2021.
 Graoucoop, à Metz (57). Ouvert en avril 2021.
 La Clac, à Creil (60). Ouvert en 2019 et qui compte 300 coopérateurs en 2020.
 CompiCoop, à Compiègne (60).
 La Coop des Dômes, à Clermont-Ferrand (63).
 L'Alternateur, à Sauxillanges (63).
 Otsokop, à Bayonne (64), société coopérative d'intérêt collectif créée en 2015.
 CoopAlim, à Strasbourg (67), ouvert en 2018 au 7 rue Kageneck.
 Les Oies Sauvages, à Colmar (68), ouvert en 2017.
 Demain, à Lyon, a ouvert en octobre 2019 au 2 place des Pavillons (69). En février 2023, Demain déménage de Gerland à Villeurbanne, pour s'installer dans un lieu hybride dans le quartier Gratte-Ciel de Villeurbanne : la Melting Coop rassemble un café et une épicerie bio de proximité.
 Eko-Syst'M, à Chambéry (73), ouvert en 2018.
 Alpar, à Annecy (74), créé en 2018.
 Les 400 coop, à Paris 11 (75).
 Coopaparis, à Paris ( arrondissement) (75).
 La mouette, au Havre (76).
 Coop'In, à Melun (77). Ouvert en avril 2021.
 Cooplicot, à Moret-sur-Loing (77).
 Le Chaudron, Le Chesnay (78).
 Le Peuplié, à Amiens (80).
 Gem la Coop, Avignon (84).
 Le Baudet, à Poitiers (86).
 La Gennevilloise, à Gennevilliers (92).
 La Caravane, à Montreuil (93).
 Solibio, à l'Ile-Saint-Denis (93).
 Dionycoop, à Saint-Denis (trois boutiques sur la ville), (93).
 Coopali, à Champigny-sur-Marne (94).
 Coqueli'Coop à Cachan (94).
 La Coop'Cot, à Créteil (94).
 La Source, Paris 20 (75)
 Pop la Coop à Marly-le-Roi (78)

Projets
 Le Troglo, à Tours (37).
 Nevers Coop – La Cocotte, à Nevers (58).
 Les fourmis sarthoises – Super Coop, au Mans (72).
 Kissikol, à Rouen (76).
 Valcoop, à Noisiel (77).

Anciens lieux
 Coquelicoop à Fresnes (94), ouvert en 2020, placé en liquidation en 2023.

Italie
 Camilla coop, à Bologne.

Suisse
 Chez Emmy à Saint-Blaise, dans le Canton de Neuchâtel.
 Le Nid, à Genève ;
 Co-é-Sion, à Sion (Valais) ;
 Système B à Neuchâtel ;
 Epicoop à Vevey ;
 épicentre à Boudry ;
 La Brouette à Lausanne ;
 La Fève à Meyrin ;
 Le Local à Nyon ;
 Epi'Vrac à Charmey ;
 Le Radis à Bex.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Frédéric Carluer-Lossouarn, L'aventure des premiers supermarchés, Paris : Éd. Linéaires - Éditions du Boisbaudry, 2007 -  .

Articles connexes
 Commerce de détail
 Groupement d'achat service épicerie
 Supermarché coopératif

Lien externe
 Carte interactive de magasins coopératifs en France sur supermarches-cooperatifs.fr

Supermarchés coopératifs
Supermarché
Coopérative

Liste des supermarchés coopératifs


Bryce Dallas Howard (n. 2 martie 1981) este o actriță și regizoare americană. Este fiica lui Ron Howard, debutând în filmul Numai tată să nu fii! regizat de tatăl său. Este cunoscută pentru filmele Satul (2004), Doamna din apă (2006), Cum vă place (2006), pentru care a primit o nominalizare la Globurile de Aur, Saga Amurg: Eclipsa (2010), Culoarea sentimentelor (2011), 50/50 (2011) și Jurassic World (2015).

Note

Legături externe

 Bryce Dallas Howard Network

Nașteri în 1981
Nașteri pe 2 martie
Actori americani

Bryce Dallas Howard


John Barry Clemens (nacido el  en Dayton, Ohio) es un exjugador de baloncesto estadounidense que disputó once temporadas en la NBA. Con 1,98 metros de estatura, lo hacía en la posición de alero.

Trayectoria deportiva

Universidad
Jugó durante cuatro temporadas con los Battling Bishops de la Universidad de Ohio Wesleyan, en las que promedió 20,3 puntos y 13,1 rebotes por partido. Tras promediar 23 puntos y 14,7 rebotes en su última temporada fue elegido Jugador Más Valioso de la Ohio Athletic Conference, acabando su carrera como líder histórico de anotación tanto de su universidad como de la conferencia.

Profesional
Fue elegido en la vigésimo segunda posición del Draft de la NBA de 1965 por New York Knicks, donde jugó una temporada, en la que promedió 5,4 puntos y 2,6 rebotes por partido.

Al año siguiente no fue protegido por su equipo ante el Draft de Expansión que se produjo ante la llegada de nuevos equipos a la liga, siendo elegido por Chicago Bulls. Allí jugó 3 temporadas, siendo la más destacada la 1967-68, en la que promedió 9,3 puntos y 4,8 rebotes por partido.

En 1969 fue traspasado, junto con Bob Boozer a Seattle SuperSonics, a cambio de Bob Kauffman y una futura tercera ronda del draft. En los Sonics jugó 3 temporadas como suplente del propio Boozer, destacando su primer año en el que promedió 8,3 puntos y 4,1 rebotes por partido.

En 1972 fue traspasado nuevamente, junto con Lenny Wilkens a Cleveland Cavaliers a cambio de Butch Beard. En los Cavs actuó como suplente de John Johnson, perdiendo protagonismo paulatinamente, promediando en su segunda y última temporada en el equipo sólo 5,5 puntos y 2,3 rebotes por partido.

En 1974 se produjo un nuevo Draft de Expansión, siendo elegido por New Orleans Jazz, quienes automáticamente lo traspasaron a Portland Trail Blazers a cambio de Rick Roberson. Allí jugaría sus dos últimas temporadas como profesional, siendo uno de los últimos jugadores del banquillo.

Estadísticas de su carrera en la NBA

Temporada regular

Playoffs

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Ficha de Barry Clemens en ultimatenba.com

Nacidos en Dayton (Ohio)
Baloncestistas de Ohio
Baloncestistas de la NBA
Baloncestistas de los Ohio Wesleyan Battling Bishops
Baloncestistas de los New York Knicks
Baloncestistas de los Chicago Bulls
Baloncestistas de los Seattle Supersonics
Baloncestistas de los Cleveland Cavaliers
Baloncestistas de los Portland Trail Blazers

Barry Clemens


Ernst Georg von Hasselbach (* 26. November 1905 in Straßburg; † nach 1959) war ein deutscher Schauspieler, Drehbuchautor und Filmproduzent.

Leben
Hasselbach arbeitete ab 1933 als Schauspieler und Regisseur beim Theater, ehe er als Drehbuchautor und Chefdramaturg zur Bavaria Film in München wechselte. 1941 übernahm er die gleiche Funktion bei der Terra-Filmkunst in Berlin. Nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg wurde Hasselbach zunächst Lizenzträger der Studio 45 Film-GmbH, später der Cordial-Film GmbH.

Als Drehbuchautor schrieb er die Vorlagen zu Filmen wie Arthur Maria Rabenalts Nächte am Nil mit Sonja Ziemann in der Hauptrolle, die Lessing-Verfilmung Das Fräulein von Barnhelm mit Käthe Gold in der Titelrolle sowie dem Kriminalfilm Unser Wunderland bei Nacht. Hasselbach arbeitete auch mehrfach unter dem Pseudonym E.G. von Rhodde. Für das Drama Hab' Sonne im Herzen zeichnete er 1953 auch als Produzent verantwortlich.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1934: Eine Frau, die weiß, was sie will
 1935: Mein Leben für Maria Isabell
 1935: Lärm um Weidemann
 1935: Der Ammenkönig
 1936: Familienparade
 1936: Dahinten in der Heide
 1937: Autobus S
 1938: Das Geheimnis um Betty Bonn
 1938: Das Mädchen mit dem guten Ruf (mit Axel Eggebrecht)
 1938: Schatten über St. Pauli
 1939: Gold in New Frisco (mit Axel Eggebrecht)
 1940: Das Fräulein von Barnhelm
 1944: Melusine
 1945: Der Fall Molander
 1947: Und finden dereinst wir uns wieder…
 1949: Anonyme Briefe
 1949: Nächte am Nil
 1959: Unser Wunderland bei Nacht

Literatur
 Herrmann Degener (Begründer), Walter Habel (Hrsg.): Wer ist wer? Das deutsche who's who. 14. Ausgabe, Arani 1962, S. 530.

Weblinks

Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Theaterregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Filmproduzent
Deutscher
Geboren 1905
Gestorben im 20. oder 21. Jahrhundert
Mann

Ernst Hasselbach


The Devils is a name for:

 The Devils (play), the 1960 play by John Whiting based on the book The Devils of Loudon (1952) by Aldous Huxley
 The Devils (film), the 1971 Ken Russell film
 The Devils (band), a 2000s pop music project of Nick Rhodes and Stephen Duffy
 The New Jersey Devils, a National Hockey League team
 The Devils (2002 film), a 2002 French drama film

The Devils is also an alternate name or translation for:
 Demons (Dostoevsky novel) or The Possessed, an 1872 novel by Russian writer Fyodor Dostoevsky
 Les Diaboliques (film), a 1955 film by Henri-Georges Clouzot

See also
 Devils

The Devils


ගින්නෙන් උපන් සීතල යනු සිනෙප්‍රෝ  ලංකා ඉන්ටර්නැෂනල් වෙනුවෙන් අනුරුද්ධ ජයසිංහ විසින් අධ්‍යක්ෂණය කෙරුණු සහ චමත්ක පීරිස් විසින් නිෂ්පාදිත ශ්‍රී ලාංකික මාක්ස්වාදී විප්ලවවාදී රෝහණ විජේවීර පිළිබඳ 2019 සිංහල  චරිතාපදානමය චිත්‍රපටයකි. කමල් අද්දරාරච්චි සහ සුලෝචන වීරසිංහ යන චිත්‍රපට තරු විසින් ප්‍රධාන චරිත රඟපෑවේ ජගත් මනුවරණ සහ සුජීව ප්‍රියලාල් සමගිනි. සංගීත රචනය නදීක ගුරුගේ විසින් විය.

ගින්නෙන් උපන් සීතල


Danemarca este o țară cu o cultură bogată, ce se remarcă prin realizări științifice și culturale. Probabil cel mai faimos danez este de fapt un personaj literar englez: Hamlet, personajul piesei cu același nume de William Shakespeare, al cărui decor este castelul real Kronborg în Helsingør, la nord de Copenhaga. Un alt danez binecunoscut este Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875), cunoscut în Danemarca drept H. C. Andersen, un autor cunoscut mai ales pentru poveștile sale pentru copii, precum Noile straie ale împăratului, Mica sirenă, și Rățușca cea urâtă.

Descoperirile astronomice ale lui Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), enunțarea de către Ludwig A. Colding (1815–1888) a principiului conservării energiei, inițial neglijată, precum și contribuțiile lui Niels Bohr (1885–1962) în domeniul fizicii atomice dovedesc gama largă de realizări științifice ale danezilor. Eseurile filosofice ale lui Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), povestirile lui Karen Blixen (sub pseudonimul Isak Dinesen), (1885–1962), piesele de teatru ale lui Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754), autorii moderni cum ar fi Herman Bang și laureatul Premiului Nobel Henrik Pontoppidan, precum și poezia densă și aforistică a lui Piet Hein (1905–1996), au adus țări recunoaștere internațională. După jumătatea anilor 1990, filmele daneze au atras atenția lumii, în special cele asociate cu Dogme 95, ca cele ale lui Lars Von Trier, Thomas Vinterberg, Søren Kragh-Jacobsen și Lone Scherfig, culminând cu câștigarea premiului Oscar pentru cel mai bun film străin, In a Better World, în 2011. Cele mai de succes seriale au fost Borgen și Forbrydelsen. Cel mai cunoscut compozitor danez de muzică clasică este Carl Nielsen. Printre cele mai cunoscute formații se numără Aqua, D-A-D, The Raveonettes, Michael Learns to Rock, Alphabeat, Medina, Oh Land, Kashmir și Mew. Lars Ulrich, bateristul formației Metallica, a devenit primul muzician danez introdus în Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Copenhaga este centrul mai multor atracții, între care Grădinile Tivoli, Palatul Amalienborg (palatul familiei regale daneze), Palatul Christiansborg, Catedrala din Copenhaga, Castelul Rosenborg, Opera, Biserica lui Frederik (Biserica de Marmură), Muzeul Thorvaldsens, Rundetårn, Nyhavn și Mica Siernă.

Note

Legături externe
 Date despre cultura daneză

Cultură
Danemarca

Cultura Danemarcei


El Rodeo es una colonia del oriente de la Ciudad de México, ubicada en la alcaldía Iztacalco. Abarca un área de 215 mil metros cuadrados y un perímetro de 2 mil 500 metros lineales ocupando el 0.93% de la superficie total de Iztacalco, con lo cual constituye la décima colonia más pequeña de esta.

Sus límites territoriales son al norte con calle Sur 8-B, al poniente con Eje 4 Oriente Río Churubusco, al sur con Río Amarillo y Río Altar y finalmente al oriente con Oriente 217. Las colonias circundantes son al norte y oriente con Agrícola Oriental; al poniente con Granjas México y Ex-Ejido de la Magdalena Mixhuca,
al sur con Paseos de Churubusco y al suroriente con Real del Moral, estas dos últimas en colindancia con Iztapalapa.

Demografía
La colonia El Rodeo tiene una población total de más de 5 mil habitantes en un área de 215 mil metros cuadrados, teniendo una densidad de 300 personas por hectárea. Es una colonia primordialmente habitacional con uso de suelo predominante mixto.

No se tiene registro de personas en marginación o pobreza extrema y las familias de clase socioeconómica media baja son mayoría, aunque también puede encontrarse de clase media.

Servicios
La colonia cuenta con todos los servicios de urbanización (agua, electricidad, drenaje, alumbrado público, casillas de policía, etc.) además se encuentran en la colonia varias zonas escolares y un mercado público. Cuenta con varios parques de uso público, en especial el parque central considerado como el más grande de la zona.edit: no cuenta con ningún parque.

Transporte
Si bien no se encuentra en el denominado primer cuadro del Distrito Federal, la colonia El Rodeo se encuentra bien comunicada ya que ubica en la intersección del Eje 4 Oriente Río Churubusco y el Eje 4 Sur Av. San Rafael Atlixco, donde también posee varias opciones de transporte público que facilitan el movimiento dentro de ella.

Asimismo, la estación El Rodeo de la Línea 2 del Metrobús de la Ciudad de México es la única que se encuentra en operación en la zona, sirviendo también para otras colonias cercanas.

Problemática
Según autoridades delegacionales, la colonia presenta problemas con el suministro de agua, específicamente por ser una zona con servicio intermitente y por presentar mala calidad del agua suministrada. Además está clasificada como una zona de la delegación que presenta problemas de hacinamiento urbano y presencia de viviendas con materiales precarios, esto debido al nulo mantenimiento y abandono por las autoridades delegacionales ante los problemas geológicos y en parte, a los sismos ocurridos dentro de la capital mexicana.

Geografía física

Límites

Referencias

Iztacalco
Localidades históricas de Ciudad de México
Agrícola Oriental, Colonia
Agrícola Oriental, Colonia
Colonias de México

Colonia El Rodeo


James Anderson (født 23. maj 1739, død 15. oktober 1808) var en skotsk agerbrugsforfatter og socialøkonom.

Oprindeligt landmand gjorde Anderson sig ved sine skrifter på agrikulturkemiens, jordbundslærens og jordrenteteoriens område så fortjent, at han 1777 udnævntes til æresdoktor ved Universitetet i Aberdeen. Navnlig må han nævnes som fader til den herskende jordrentelære, der særlig er knyttet til David Ricardos navn, og som denne senere — om end på en noget anden måde — nærmere udformede.

Kilder

Personer fra Edinburgh
Nationaløkonomer fra Storbritannien
Agrikulturkemikere
Kemikere fra Storbritannien
Landmænd
Forfattere fra Skotland
Faglitterære forfattere fra Storbritannien
Engelsksprogede forfattere
Briter i 1700-tallet
Briter i 1800-tallet

James Anderson (nationaløkonom)


"Break My Soul" é uma canção da cantora e compositora norte-americana Beyoncé, gravada para seu sétimo álbum de estúdio Renaissance (2022). Foi escrita e produzida pela própria cantora ao lado de Tricky Stewart e The-Dream, com escrita adicional fornecida por Jay-Z, Adam Pigott, Big Freedia, Allen George e Fred McFarlane. A canção foi lançada em 20 de junho de 2022 como o primeiro single do álbum.

Antecedentes
Em uma entrevista à British Vogue em junho de 2022, Beyoncé anunciou seu sétimo álbum de estúdio, Renaissance, com lançamento previsto para 29 de julho, e o chamou de "seu projeto musical mais ambicioso até o momento". O título da canção e sua data de lançamento foram revelados através das biografias das redes sociais da cantora em 20 de junho de 2022; nenhum outro anúncio foi feito. Vários serviços de streaming, incluindo Spotify e Apple Music, confirmaram imediatamente a notícia.

"Break My Soul" foi revelada como o título do primeiro single do álbum. Originalmente planejada para ser lançada à meia-noite no horário do leste de 21 de junho para coincidir com o solstício de junho de 2022, a canção foi lançada no serviço de streaming de música Tidal e no YouTube duas horas antes, em 20 de junho. "Break My Soul" marca o primeiro single de Beyoncé de um álbum de estúdio solo em seis anos.

Robin S. disse ao programa matinal Good Morning Britain que só descobriu que "Show Me Love" havia sido sampleada quando seu filho ligou para ela para dizer que ela estava nos principais assuntos no Twitter. Ela disse aos anfitriões que estava grata e aberta a colaborar com Beyoncé no futuro. A amostragem também levou a cantora a ser inundada com pedidos de gravadoras, corporações e outros artistas para licenciar as gravações master da canção para vários propósitos. Robin S. elogiou ainda mais Beyoncé por reconhecer e apreciar sua música, chamando-a de "um dos maiores elogios de todos os tempos".

Estrutura musical
O escritor da Pitchfork, Matthew Strauss, descreveu a música como "uma música de dança que se destina a marcar o início de uma nova era com novos hinos". Mikael Wood, do Los Angeles Times, chamou a faixa de "uma jam house ao estilo da década de 1990", com letras que conectam a música "explicitamente às suas raízes nas comunidades negras e queer". Liricamente, a faixa mostra Beyoncé "usando sua voz mais rouca para descrever uma busca pela libertação de um trabalho esmagador...". No refrão, "[o] título é invertido" enquanto Beyoncé canta "Você não vai quebrar minha alma". A faixa contém uma interpolação de "Explode", de Big Freedia, e "Show Me Love", sucesso da década de 1990 por Robin S.

Histórico de lançamento

Canções de 2022
Singles de 2022
Canções gravadas por Beyoncé
Canções compostas por Tricky Stewart
Canções compostas por The-Dream
Canções compostas por Beyoncé
Canções produzidas por Tricky Stewart
Canções produzidas por The-Dream
Canções compostas por Jay-Z
Canções produzidas por Beyoncé

Break My Soul


An Fuirena incrassata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Stanley Thatcher Blake. An Fuirena incrassata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fuirena, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fuirena

Fuirena incrassata


O bombicol é um feromônio liberado pela mariposa do bicho-da-seda para atrair parceiros. É também o feromônio sexual da mariposa da seda selvagem (Bombyx mandarina). Descoberto por Adolf Butenandt em 1959, foi o primeiro feromônio a ser caracterizado quimicamente.

Quantidades minúsculas deste feromônio podem ser usadas por acre de terra para confundir os insetos machos sobre a localização de suas parceiras. Assim, pode servir como isca em armadilhas para remover os insetos de forma eficaz sem pulverizar as culturas com grandes quantidades de pesticidas. Butenandt nomeou a substância após o nome latino da mariposa Bombyx mori.

In vivo, parece que o bombicol é o ligante natural para uma proteína de ligação de feromônio, BmorPBP, que acompanha o feromônio ao receptor de feromônio.

Biossíntese

O bombicol é conhecido por ser derivado de acetil-CoA através do acil graxo C-16 palmitoil-CoA. O palmitoil-CoA é convertido em bombicol em etapas que envolvem dessaturação e modificação redutiva do carbono carbonílico. Em comparação com outros feromônios do Tipo I, a biossíntese de bombicol não precisa de encurtamento de cadeia ou qualquer outro tipo de modificação do grupo hidroxila terminal.

Uma enzima dessaturase, codificada pelo gene Bmpgdesat1 (Desat1), produz o monoeno (11Z)-hexadecenoil-CoA bem como o dieno (10E,12Z)-10,12-hexadecadienoil-CoA. Essa dessaturase é a única enzima necessária para catalisar essas duas etapas consecutivas de dessaturação.

O precursor de bombicol acil (10E,12Z)-10,12-hexadecadienoato é encontrado principalmente como um éster de triacilglicerol nas gotículas lipídicas citoplasmáticas das células da glândula de feromônio da mariposa. E quando as fêmeas adultas emergem de suas pupas, o neurohormônio PBAN (neuropeptídeo ativador da biossíntese de feromônios) começa a sinalizar eventos que ajudam a controlar a lipólise dos triacilgliceróis armazenados, liberando (10E,12Z)-10,12-hexadecadienoato para sua final modificação redutiva. O mecanismo de liberação lipolítica de (10E,12Z)-10,12-hexadecadienoato de triacilgliceróis não é completamente conhecido, mas os genes codificadores de lipase candidatos foram identificados.

Feromonas

Bombicol


Saranthe composita é uma espécie de planta do gênero Saranthe e da família Marantaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1902 por Karl Moritz Schumann.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie terrícola e herbácea.

Descrição
Erva rosulada, ereta com inflorescência em sinflorescência 1-2 nodal, com 2-4 florescências por nó. Florescência composta. Componentes da florescência com brácteas espatáceas vermelhas.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Bahia, Espírito Santo, Paraíba , Pernambuco e Rio de Janeiro.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de floresta estacional semidecidual.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Fraga, F.R.M. Saranthe  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Saranthe composita no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil
 Saranthe composita no portal do Centro Nacional de Conservação da Flora (Brasil)

Saranthe
Plantas descritas em 1902
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Saranthe composita


Die Puezhütte (, ) ist eine Schutzhütte des Club Alpino Italiano in den Dolomiten.

Lage und Umgebung
Die Puezhütte befindet sich auf dem Gebiet der Gemeinde Wolkenstein in Gröden in Südtirol, Italien. Sie liegt auf  Höhe am Fuß des Puezkofels oberhalb des Langentals, eines Seitentals von Gröden, im Naturpark Puez-Geisler.

Die Hütte dient als Stützpunkt für Klettertouren und Wanderungen in der umliegenden Puezgruppe. Am einfachsten erreichbar ist sie durch das Langental, das sich von Wolkenstein aus in nordöstliche Richtung heraufzieht. Gegen Westen ist über die Sielesscharte (Furcela Forces de Siëles) ein Übergang zur Regensburger Hütte möglich und über Nives- und Roa-Scharte erreicht man die Geislergruppe. Auf dem Weg nach Norden gelangt man zur Antersasc-Alm in einem Seitental von Campill. In südliche Richtung kommt man zur Ciampëi-Scharte, von der aus man nach Corvara absteigen kann oder das Gardenacia-Hochplateau mit dem Lech de Crespëina erreicht. Gegen Osten führen mehrere Wege nach Abtei im Gadertal.

Geschichte

Die Sektion Ladinia des Deutschen und Österreichischen Alpenvereins (DuÖAV) erbaute von 1887 bis 1889 eine sehr kleine Hütte, die nach der umliegenden Alm benannt wurde. 1910 erfolgte ein Ausbau. Nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg wurde die Hütte vom italienischen Staat enteignet und 1924 der Sektion Bozen des Club Alpino Italiano (CAI) übergeben, der sie renovierte und 1934 wieder in Betrieb nahm. Anfang der 1980er Jahre wurde wenige Meter nordwestlich der alten Hütte ein Neubau errichtet, dessen Eröffnung am 8. August 1982 gefeiert wurde.

Karten
 Casa Editrice Tabacco 030 Brixen – Villnössertal – Bressanone – Val di Funes (1:25.000)
 Casa Editrice Tabacco 07 Alta Badia – Arabba – Marmolada (1:25.000)
 Casa Editrice Tabacco 05 Gröden – Seiseralm – Val Gardena – Alpe di Siusi (1:25.000)

Weblinks

 Website der Puezhütte

Einzelnachweise

Alpenhütte in Südtirol
Puezgruppe
Naturpark Puez-Geisler
Wolkenstein in Gröden
Erbaut in den 1980er Jahren
Ehemalige Schutzhütte des Deutschen Alpenvereins

Puezhütte


Park Vitturi nalazi se u mjestu Kaštel Lukšiću, Grad Kaštela.

Opis
Park Vitturi smješten je uz istočni rub renesansnog naselja Kaštel Lukšić, a pripadao je osnivačima naselja. Pretpostavlja se da je park u 18.st. osnovao Radoš Antonio Michieli-Vitturi, osnivač Agrarne akademije u Kaštel Lukšiću. Park je sačuvan u originalnoj površini, a sam perivoj projektiran je u duhu klasicizma. Perivoj je do danas doživio stanovite preinake, međutim glavnina originalnih biljaka i danas raste u perivoju (lovor, čempresi, i bor). U parku su sačuvane i renesansno-barokne broderije od šimšira. Povijesni park Vitturi jedan je od rijetkih spomenika dalmatinske povijesne hortikulture.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4309 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - kulturno-povijesna cjelina, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "uređene zelene površine".

Izvori

Zaštićene uređene zelene površine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Kaštel Lukšiću
Parkovi u Hrvatskoj

Park Vitturi u Kaštel Lukšiću


Hitit İmparatorluğu (kırmızı), Mısır İmparatorluğu (yeşil) ile sınır komşusu.

Kadeş, (Antik Mısır dilinde: Kode / bugün Telen-Nebi Mind), Suriye'nin Humus şehrinde, Asi Nehri kıyısında antik kent. Eski Mısır kaynaklarından ilk kez III. Tutmosis'in (hd MÖ 1504-1450) Filistin'deki Megiddo'da Kadeş prensi önderliğindeki bir ayaklanmayı bastırması dolayısıyla sözü edilir.

Kadeş, Hitit egemenliğine girinceye (Milattan Önce yaklaşık 1370) değin Mısır'ın ileri karakollarından biriydi. 13. yüzyıl boyunca Suriye'ye doğru Mısır yayılmasının izlediği yol üzerinde stratejik konumunu korudu. Mısır firavunu I. Seti kenti ele geçirdi. Kadeş daha sonra II. Ramses ile Hitit kralı II. Muvatalli arasındaki ünlü savaşa (Milattan Önce 1286; bazı kaynaklara göre Milattan Önce 1299) sahne oldu. II. Ramses'in savaşı kazandığını ilan etmesine karşın, savaş gerçekte iki devlet arasında silah bırakışmasıyla sonuçlanmıştı. Deniz Halklarının istilası (MÖ y. 1200) üzerine Kadeş tarihten silindi.

Kaynakça

Ayrıca
 Kadeş Savaşı
 Kadeş Antlaşması

Suriye'deki arkeolojik sitler
Amarna mektupları
Kenan kentleri

Kadeş


Genetik mühendisliği, canlıların kalıtsal özelliklerini değiştirerek, onlara yeni işlevler kazandırılmasına yönelik araştırmalar yapan bilim alanıdır. Bu uygulamalarla uğraşan bilim insanlarına "genetik mühendisi" denir. Genetik mühendisleri, genlerin yalıtılması, çoğaltılması, farklı canlıların genlerinin birleştirilmesi ya da genlerin bir canlıdan başka bir canlıya aktarılması gibi çalışmalarla uğraşırlar. Genetik mühendisliği için, rekombinant DNA teknolojisi, gen klonlaması, DNA klonlaması, genetik maniplasyon/modifikasyon veya gen ekleme (splays) birçok bilim insanınca eş anlamlı olarak kullanılabilmektedir.

Genetik mühendisliği etki alanı son derece geniş bir meslek, bilim ve mühendislik dalı olup, genlerle yapılabilen uygulamalar, çalışmalar anlamına gelmektedir. Birçok bilim dalına ait bilgilerin ve çeşitli özel tekniklerin, canlılarla ilgili temele ve uygulamaya ait sorunların çözülmesi için genellenecek olursa, moleküler biyoloji hakkındaki bilgimizin artmasına yardım eden çok etkili bir araştırma aracıdır.

Gregor Mendel genetiğin ve bu bilimle ilgili yapılan çalışmaların kurucusu olarak kabul edilip, "Genetiğin Babası" olarak anılmaktadır.

Tanım ve amaç
Genler, bir organizmanın özelliklerini belirleyen kimyasal bilgiyi taşır. Genler değiştirilerek bir organizmaya istenilen özellikler kazandırılabilir.

Genetik mühendisliği, genetik analiz yapmak ya da istenilen özellikte canlıları geliştirmek amacıyla, bir tür içinde veya farklı türlere ait organizmaların genleri üzerinde planlı olarak yapılan ve canlılardan sağlanan tıp bilimi işlemlerini kapsamaktadır. Bu teknoloji, en genel biçimiyle, insanlar tarafından belli bir amaca yönelik olarak genetik materyal üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar olarak tanımlanabilir. Böyle geniş bir tanım, bitki mikroorganizma ıslahı ve hayvan ıslahını ve bu bağlamda genetiği ve moleküler biyolojiyi kapsamaktadır.

Genetik uygulamalar temelde insanlar açısından ekonomik bakımdan önemli canlıları ve onların ürünlerinin iyileştirilmesini kapsar. Buna ait ilk bilinen örnekler, yabani bitki, hayvan, insan ve diğer türleri kullanılmaktaydı. Hatta insanlar göçebe yaşam tarzından kurtulduktan sonra, hiçbir bilimsel bilgi olmadan sadece gözlemleriyle doğada meydana gelen mutasyonları ve çeşitlilikleri sonucu ortaya çıkan değişik özellikteki bitki mikroorganizma ve hayvanlar içinde amaçları için en uygun, özellikteki olanlarını bulmuş ve ıslahını yapmışlardır.

Tarihçe

Islah ile ilgili ilk uygulamaların yaklaşık 17.000 yıl kadar önce Nil vadisinde başladığı sanılmaktadır. Çağlar boyu süregelen, önceleri tamamen gelenek ve görgüye dayanan, sonraları da özellikle genetiğin ilerlemesiyle, bu bilim dalından elde edilen bilgiye dayanarak yapılan uygulamalar sadece doğal çeşitlenme işleyişlerini temel almış ve kontrollü döllenmeyi ardışık seçilime bağlamıştır. Bu yüzden canlılarda istenilen özelliklerin eldesi sadece tür içinde kısıtlı kalmış ve büyük ölçüde rastlantıya dayanmıştır. Bu kısıtlanmayı kırmak isteyen araştırmacılar, özellikle bitki ıslahçıları çeşitli teknikler geliştirerek doğal olarak eşleşmeyen türler arasında gen aktarımları yapmayı ve bunların sonucunda çeşitliliği oluşturmayı başarmışlardır. Bu nedenle klasik ıslahçıların dışında bu şekilde çalışan araştırmacıların ilk gen mühendisleri oldukları kabul edilebilir.

1960'lı yıllarda somatik hücrelerin birbirleriyle kaynaşabildiklerinin bulunmasıyla, belli bir amaca yönelik çeşitlilik çalışmalarına yön ve hız kazandırmıştır. Genetiğin bir alt dalı olarak gelişen somatik hücre genetiğine dayanarak gen aktarımı çalışmaları somatik hücre düzeyinde, eşeyli üremenin dışındaki yollarla da yapılmaya başlanmıştır.

1970'li yılların başında ise; temel ve teknik bilginin birikimiyle, istenilen amaca uygun gen kombinasyonu yapılası çalışmaları moleküler (nükleik asit) düzeyine indirilmiş ve günümüzde genetik mühendisliği denince akla gelen rekombinant DNA teknolojisinin temelleri atılmıştır. Bu teknoloji genetik mühendisliğindeki en etkili ve çarpıcı gelişmedir.

2010 yılında J. Craig Venter Enstitüsü, ilk sentetik bakteriyel genomu üretip, onu DNAsı olmayan bir bakterinin içine enjekte ettiklerini duyurdu. Böylece Synthia bakterisi dünyanın ilk sentetik yaşam formu oldu..

Uygulamalar

Genetik mühendisliği, bilim insanlarının genleri bir organizmadan alıp diğerine aktarmalarına imkân veren bir teknolojidir. Bu teknoloji; nükleik asit hibridizasyon, rekombinant DNA, PCR, RNA,hücre kültürü ve monoklonal antikor tekniklerini içerir.

Genetik mühendisliği, biyoteknolojinin doğrudan bir alt dalı olmayıp, ayrı bir teknolojidir. Fakat modern biyoteknolojinin uğraşlarının hemen hepsinde, özellikle son yıllarda, biyoteknoloji gelişimine büyük katkılar sağlamaktadır.

Bunlardan en başarılı ve yaygın olan DNA tekniğinde, in vitro koşullarda; nükleik asit moleküllerinde kesme (restrüksiyon) enzimlerinin kullanılmasıyla, DNA'nın istenilen bölgesinin kesilip çıkarılması ve kesilen parçanın ligaz enzimi kullanılarak "vektör" adı verilen taşıyıcıya yapıştırılması işlemleri uygulanır. Daha sonra plazmid bakteri içine yerleştirilerek rekombinant DNA'nın normal hücresel aktivitesine devam etmesi sağlanır. Bu teknolojiyle, genlerin ait oldukları canlının genomundan yalıtılması ve çoğaltılmasına, yapı ve işlevlerinin araştırılmasına, değişik türlere ait canlılara aktarımına ve ürünlerin daha verimli şekilde eldesine olanak verilmektedir.

Genetik mühendisliğinin çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlar iki yönde değerlendirilebilir:
 Bilimsel katkı
Temelde moleküler biyolojiyle doğan bu teknolojiyle, hiç bilinmeyen pek çok konu aydınlatılmıştır. Netice de moleküler biyoloji ve genetik mühendisliği karşılıklı olarak birbirlerini geliştirmektedirler.
 Uygulama alanlarına katkı
Genetik mühendisliğinin uygulama alanlarının başında endüstri gelmektedir. Çeşitli endüstriyel ürünlerin (ilaç, besin vb.) istenilen nitelikte ve miktarda eldesi için yapılan çalışmalar bu teknolojinin daha da gelişmesine neden olmuştur. Tıpta özellikle kalıtsal hastalıklarının tanısının yapılmasında, tarım ve hayvancılıkta istenilen özelliklerdeki ürünlerin eldesinde, çevre kirliliğin önlenmesi, madencilik gibi pek çok alanda yine genetik mühendisliği kullanılmaktadır.

Bugün, genetik mühendisliğinin bitki ve hayvanlarda uygulanmasıyla daha iyi ve sağlıklı yiyecekler, daha güvenli temiz bir çevre ve sağlık alanındaki gelişmeler insanlara sunulmuştur. Günümüzde büyük bir hızla gelişen bu teknoloji, özellikle gelişmiş ülkelerde bir yarış halini almıştır. Hemen hemen tüm çevreler 21. yüzyılın "biyoloji çağı" olacağı görüşünü, büyük ölçüde moleküler düzeyde ve biyoteknolojide genetik mühendisliği tekniklerinin gelişmeleriyle ilişkilendirmektedir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Rekombinant DNA
 Gen çoğaltımı (klonlaması)
 Gen yalıtımı (izolasyonu)
 Gen seçilimi (seleksiyonu)
 Gen aktarımı
 Gen aktarımlı canlılar

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 İzmir Biyotıp ve Genom Merkezi , Gen Hedefleme ve Transgenik Modeller Platformu
 TÜBİTAK MAM GEN MÜHENDİSLİĞİ ve BİYOTEKNOLOJİ ENSTİTÜSÜ
 ODTÜ Biyoloji ve Genetik Topluluğu
 BBSRC - Genetik modifikasyonun arkasındaki bilim - (İngilizce)
 Genetik mühendisliğine giriş - (İngilizce)

Genetik mühendisliği


الجَنَف أو الزَّوَر  هو حالة مرضية تصيب العمود الفقري وتسبب له انحراف (ميلان) من جهه إلى جهة، واستدارة الفقرات أيضا بهذا الاتجاه بحيث لا يكون فيها العمود الفقري عموديا. وفي هذه الحالة تتشكل عدة انحناءات أيضا تحت تأثير ثقل الجسم التي تشكل في بعض الأحيان شكل حرف (S).

استدارة الفقرات المصاحبة للانحناء تكون دائما بحيث يكون فيها جسم الفقرة  موجها باتجاه الجهة المحدبة للتقعر وتكون النواتئ الشوكية للفقرات  موجهة إلى الجهة المقعرة.

عادةً ما يسبب الجنف الالم عند البالغين وكبار السن. ويظهر في الصورة الشعاعية العمود الفقري اما على شكل حرف "S" أو حرف "C". وعادةً مايصنف على أنه عيب ولادة أثناء الولادة ، أو مجهول السبب  أو نادراً جداً على أنه مشكلة في  متطورة من أمراض أخرى مثل السنسنة المشقوقة، والشلل الدماغي، ضمور العضلات الشوكي أو الصدمة البدنية. والجنف يمكن أن يصيب جميع الفقاريات وحتى الأسماك يكمن أن تصاب به. وقد عولجت أول إصابة بهذا المرض وصفت من قبل الطبيب الاغريقي أبقراط.

التسمية
الاسم العربي الفصيح هو الجَنَف، وثمة من يُسمي المرض بشرحه مثل: انحراف العمود الفقري جانبياً أو الميلان الجانبي في العمود الفقري أو انحناء الصلب إلى الجانب أو احديداب جانبي في السيساء أو اعوجاج العمود الفقري أو الانحناء الجانبي في العمود الفقري

المصطلحات
تقسم أنواع انحراف العمود الفقري على حسب نوع الميلان. ويوضع في الحسبان أيضاً شدة الميلان وزاوية انحرافه.
 جنف أيمن : وهو ان يكون العمود الفقري مائل إلى جهة اليمين فقط.
 جنف ايسر : ويكون في حالة الميلان إلى اليسار فقط.
 جنف بنيوي : (قد يطلق على الحالات المجتمع بها النوعين الأولين، أو يستخدم للإشارة ان العمود الفقري يحتوي على أكثر من ثلاث زوايا) وفيه يوجد انحناء في الفقرات الصدرية وانحناء آخر منفصل في الفقرات القطنية. ويكونان عكس بعضهما في اتجاه الانحناء، أي إذا كان الجنف الصدري أيمن يكون القطني أيسر والعكس.

تصنيف الجنف
ينقسم الجنف إلى قسمين رئيسيين، هما:

جنف غير بنيوي (غير عضوي)

وهنا لا يوجد خلل في فقرات الظهر، ولكن يمكن أن يكون الانحناء نتيجة لشد عضلي أو ألم ناتج عن انزلاق غضروفي أو التهابات، ويمكن أن يكون نتيجة لوجود فرق في طول الساقين ويُسمى بالجنف الوضعي، وهذا الانحناء يختفي عندما ينحني الشخص للأمام في وضعية الركوع.

جنف بنيوي (عضوي)

في هذه الحالة يوجد خلل وتشوهات في فقرات العمود الفقري. وينقسم هذا النوع بدوره إلى أربعة اقسام، هي:

الجنف الغامض (مجهول السبب)

ويُشكل 80% تقريبا من حالات الجنف عامة (أي أكثرها انتشاراً). ويحدث في عامة الناس بنسبة 2-4 %.
وهو عموماً يُصيب الإناث أكثر من الذكور، وغالباً يكون الانحناء فيه صدرياً وإلى اليمين.

ينقسم هذا النوع من الجنف بدوره إلى ثلاثة أنواع وهي:

جنف الرضع مجهول السبب
 يظهر قبل سن الثالثة.
 غالباً يكون الانحناء صدرياً وإلى اليسار، استثناء لعامة الجنف مجهول السبب.
 يُصيب الذكور أكثر من الإناث، بخلاف الجنف مجهول السبب عموماً.
 تتراوح نسبة الشفاء التلقائي (أي تزول الحالة دون تدخل طبي) في هذا النوع من 20% إلى 92% من الحالات.

جنف الأطفال مجهول السبب
 يظهر في السن بين 3 إلى 10 سنوات.
 يُصيب الإناث أكثر من الذكور، ويكون الانحناء الغالب هو صدري أيمن.
 نسبة الشفاء التلقائي، في هذ النوع تصل إلى 7% من الحالات.
 زاوية الانحناء تتقدم (تزيد) في تقريباً 95% من الحالات، و64% يحتاجون لعمل عملية جراحية للحالة.

جنف المراهقين مجهول السبب
 يظهر في السن بعد 10 سنوات.
 أكثر أنواع الجنف الغامض حدوثاً، وكذلك أكثر أنواع الجنف حدوثاً عموماً (كل حالات الجنف أياً كان نوعها وسببها).
 يُصيب الإناث أكثر من الذكور، ويكون الانحناء الغالب صدرياً أيمن.

الجنف الولادي (الخَلقي)

وهذا النوع يولد الطفل به، وأسبابه كثيرة وهنا فقط الناتجة عن شذوذ في تكوّن فقرات العمود الفقري:
 وجود فقرة أو فقرات إسفينية، حيث يكون هناك نقص جزئي في تكوّن ونمو إحدى جانبي الفقرة.
 وجود (شِقة) نصف فقرة؛ حيث يكون هناك نقص كلي في تكوّن ونمو إحدى جانبي الفقرة.
 وجود فشل أحادي الجانب في تفصص الفقرات، حيث يكون هناك فشل في تفصص بعض الفقرات في أحد جانبي العمود الفقري مما يؤدي إلى كون الفقرات منفصلة في جانب وملتحمة في الجانب الآخر، وتُسمى بالقضيب الولادي.
 وجود فشل ثنائي الجانب في تفصص الفقرات، حيث يكون هناك فشل في تفصص بعض الفقرات في كلا جانبي العمود الفقري مما يؤدي إلى كون الفقرات ملتحمة مع بعضها وتُسمى الحالة كتلة (تكتل) الفِقار.

كما أن هناك حالات أخرى وراثية عديدة تسبب الجنف نذكر منها تكوّن العظام الناقص والذي يُصيب عامة عظام الجسم، متلازمة مارفان وبعض حالات القزم.

الجنف العصبي العضلي

وأسبابه تكون إما شلل في العضلات نتيجة أمراض في الأعصاب، أو ضعف في هذه العضلات أو تكوينها.
- مثال على الحالات العصبية هو الشلل الدماغي، شلل الأطفال.
- مثال على الحالات العضلية هو الحَثَل العضلي، والونىَ العضلي الولادي.
وهذه الأمراض إما ولادية (خلقية أو وراثية) وإما مكتسبة.

الجنف القطني التنكسي

وهو انحراف جانبي يتجاوز 10 درجات ويحدث عادة في المنطقة الصدرية القطنية أو المنطقة القطنية من العمود الفقري بعد العقد الرابع أو الخامس من العمر في مرضى لم يكن لديهم تاريخ مرضي سابق للجنف، ويُنظر إليه كنوع من الأمراض التنكسية أكثر منه كنوع من أنواع الجنف.

الجنف الثانوي

وينتج عن عوامل أو أمراض مثل :
 بعد العمليات الجراحية.
 بعد الإصابات التي تؤدي إلى كسور في الفقرات.
 بعد التشعيع (العلاج بالأشعة السينية) أياً كان السبب.
 بعد الأخماج (الالتهابات) ومثال على ذلك إصابة فقرات الظهر بالسل
 السرطانات التي تُصيب الفقرات وتُحطمها

الأسباب
يعد هذا المرض من أمراض مراحل النمو، ينشأ وتسوء حالته في مراحل نمو الجسم في مرحلة البلوغ على سبيل المثال

معظم حالات انحراف العمود الفقري في المراهقين تكون مجهولة السبب ولا يوجد أسباب واضحة له. أسباب الجنف غير معروفة بالتأكيد، لكن يتفق أغلب أطباء العمود الفقري ان العامل الجيني له علاقة بالمرض، من حيث تأهب العمود الفقري جينياً لتطور الجنف. والجنف أشيع في الاناث أكثر منه في الذكور بمعدل 4 أضعاف. ويوجد غالباً عند المصابين بالشلل الدماغي، ولكنه يختلف عن الشكل الذي هو عليه في الحالات المولده بالانحراف. وفي بعض الحالات، يوجد الانحراف في العمود الفقري بسبب عيب ولادة في فقرات العمود الفقري. وأحياناً، يتطور الجنف عند المراهقين بسبب شذوذ في الفقرات -بمعنى تكون سليمة عند الولادة ولكن لها القابلية على الانحراف والشذوذ.

بوجه عام، الأسباب في ماهو نسبته 80% يكون مجهول السبب. أما ال 20% الباقية فعادةً تكون بسبب امراض الأعصاب، أمراض العضلات، امراض الأربطة، مشاكل نمو العظام. وقد يكون السبب أحيانا الحوادث في مرحلة ما بعد الحادث، وبسبب الندب الكبيرة أيضا التي تعيق النمو إلى حد ما كعمليات القلب عند الأطفال، أو اختلاف طول إحدى الساقين.

انتشار المرض
انحرافات  الأقل من 10° تصيب 3-5 من 1000 شخص. وبالنسبة للإنحرافات أقل من 20° فهي تقريباً متساوية في الإناث والذكور. أما الانحرافات الأكبر من 20° فهي تصيب شخص واحد من بين 2500 شخص. وبشكل عام، تصاب 2% من الإناث بالمرض. بينما يصاب 0.5% من الذكور.

الأعراض والعلامات
كثيراً ما يسبب الانحراف في العمود الفقري آلام أثناء فترة البلوغ، خصوصاً إذا ترك الانحراف من دون معالجة -جراحة أو علاج طبيعي. ولكن، أغلب التقارير تشير إلى أن العمليات الجراحيه لتصحيح انحراف العمود الفقري هي غالباً لاتزيل الألم بشكل كامل ولكنها لغرض التجميل ومنع الميلان من الزيادة والتقوس. وحيث أن الآلم يمكن أن تزول بتمرين العضلات لتأخد شكل العمود الفقري. أعراض وعلامات الانحراف تشمل أيضاً:
 عدم انتظام الجهاز العضلي على جانب من العمود الفقري.
 بروز سنام -أو أكثر في حالة أكثر من انحراف- وظهور عظم الكتف.
 اختلاف وعدم انتظام في مستوى الكتف والقفص الصدري والفخذ.
 في الإناث، اختلاف وعدم تناسق في الثدي.
 اختلاف في مسافة الذراعين -بين اطراف الاصابع والكتف.
 أحياناً، تصبح ردة فعل الاعصاب بطيئة.
 عدم تناسق الاكتاف والجسم بشكل عام.
 ميلان الرأس جانبياً.
 التعب بسهولة أثناء بذل المجهود البدني.

تشخيص المرض
يتم التشخيص بالفحص السريري والأشعة.

قياس زاوية الانحناء

طريقة قياس زاوية الانحناء من الأشعة والتي تُسمى طريقة كوب وكذلك يُطلق على الزاوية زاوية كوب. وتُقاس من الصورة الشعاعية بالطريقة التالية:
 تعيين الفقرات التي تحدد الطرف العلوي والطرف السفلي للانحناء. وهذه الفقرات هي أشد فقرات الانحناء ميلاناً تجاه الجهة المُقعرة للانحناء.
 بعد تعيين الفقرتين، يُرسم خط مستقيم يمر بالطرف العلوي للفقرة العلوية للانحناء وخط مستقيم آخر يمر بالطرف السفلي للفقرة السفلية للانحناء.
 تُحسب الزاوية التي تقع عند تقاطع هذين الخطين وهي زاوية الانحناء.

وكذلك بالأشعة يمكن معرفة ما إذا كان الجنف (الانحناء) بنيوي أو مُعاوض (تعويضي)، الانحناء المُعاوض يحدث نتيجة للانحناء البنيوي ليتوازن الجسم. تُأخذ صورة أشعة للشخص وهو منحني جانبياً لليمين وأخرى وهو منحني جانبياً لليسار، مما يؤدي إلى اختفاء الانحناء المُعاوض ولكن الانحناء البنيوي يظل. وهذه الطريقة كذلك تفيد في معرفة مرونة العمود الفقري لدى المريض.

علاج المرض

علاج الجنف يعتمد على شدة درجة زاوية الانحناء ونوع الجنف، مثلاً الجنف الثانوي يكون العلاج بالدرجة الأولى موجه ضد المرض المُسبب للجنف. توجد علاجات تحفظية (مُحافظية) وإذا فشلت لا يوجد علاج سوى العملية الجراحية.

والعمل الجراحي يقوم على وضع جهاز مفصلي من المعدن بالإضافة إلى أحد اضلع المريض الذي يقطع إلى قطع تساعد ياضافتها إلى الجهاز بتقويم الفقرات وتخفف من حدة انحناء العمود الفقري ولكن بدرجة معينة.
كما نرى في الصورة جانبا.

علاج الجنف الغامض الطفولي حسب درجة زاوية الانحناء
 إذا كانت زاوية الانحناء أقل من °25، تتم مُتابعته وحساب زاوية الانحناء في الأشعة السينية X-Ray على فترات زمنية مُنتظمة.
 إذا كانت زاوية الانحناء أكبر من °25، يتم استخدام الحزام لتصحيح الانحناء وهناك أنواع متعددة منه.
 تصحيح الانحناء جراحياً يتم بعد فشل العلاج التحفظي (الطرق السابقة) وزيادة درجة زاوية الانحناء.

مضاعفات
تقدّر مخاطر الخضوع للجراحة بنسبة 5%. قد تكون المضاعفات: التهابات الأنسجة اللينة، أو التهابات عميقة، مشاكل في التنفس، نزيف، إصابات عصبية. ولكن وفقاً لأحدث الأدلّة إن ّ معدّل حدوث المضاعفات أكبر بكثير.
بعد خمس سنوات من الجراحة 5% يحتاجون إلى إعادة العملية وحتى اليوم ليس واضح ما يمكن توقّعة من جراحة العمود الفقري على المدى البعيد.

الحمل والجنف
بحسب دراسة سويدية إن الإنجاب أكثر من مرة قبل سن 23 قد يسبب إصابة المرأة بالجنف.

أما حالات الحمل بعد العقد الثالث من العمر فلا يجب الخوف فيها من الإصابة بمرض الجنف.
و بالنسبة لعملية الولادة بشكل عام لا توجد تأثيرات سلبية معروفة للجنف على عملية الولادة أو الحمل. وقد تختلف من حالة إلى أخرى فعند بعض المريضات اللواتي يعانون من بعض أنواع الجنف التي قد تمتد إلى الفقرات العجزية ففي هذه الحالة قد يؤثر على عملية الولادة.

علم الأوبئة
إن هذه الحالة تصيب حوالي 7 ملايين أشخاص في الولايات المتحدة. إن التواء العمود الفقري بعشرة درجات أو أقل يصيب 1.5-3% من الأشخاص. إن نسبة الأشخاص الذين يصابون بالتواء أقل من 20 درجة هي متساوية بين الذكور والإناث. هي أكثر شيوعاً في مرحلة الطفولة المتأخرة، وبخاصة لدى الفتيات.

انظر أيضاً
 ميلان فقري جانبي حدابي
 العمود الفقري
 الفقرات الصدرية
 الفقرات القطنية

مراجع

ملاحظات

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع العربي لإصابات الحبل الشوكي والعمود الفقري - Scoliosis

اضطرابات خلقية في الجهاز العضلي الهيكلي
اعتلالات الظهر المشوهة
جراحة العظام
عظام العمود الفقري

جنف


BonVenture ist ein sozialer Venture Capital Fonds. Die BonVenture Gruppe nutzt als erste Beteiligungsgesellschaft im deutschsprachigen Raum das Prinzip des sozial verantwortlichen Risikokapitals, um Sozialunternehmer bzw. Social Businesses zu unterstützen, ein ökologisches oder gesellschaftsliches Problem zu lösen und gleichzeitig ein finanziell tragfähiges Geschäft aufzubauen.

Tätigkeit
Als High Impact Investor fördert die BonVenture Gruppe seit 2003 Social Entrepreneurship. BonVenture macht es dabei zur Bedingung, dass diese Sozialunternehmen gesellschaftliche Probleme mit innovativen, multiplizierbaren Konzepten lösen. BonVenture unterstützt Sozialunternehmen durch sozial verantwortliches Risikokapital sowie, insbesondere auch durch Beratung, Mentoring und Netzwerkkontakte. Der Auswahl- und Betreuungsprozess folgt dem Ansatz von Venture Capital Programmen. BonVenture ist als einzige deutsche Fondsgesellschaft als European Social Entrepreneurship Funds (EuSEF) bei der BaFin registriert und damit der sozialen Wirkung der Investments auch gesetzlich verpflichtet.

BonVenture arbeitet daran mit, den Impact Sektor (auch: Mission Investing) weiterzuentwickeln. Dazu steht BonVenture in engem Austausch mit Wirtschaft, Wissenschaft und den verschiedenen Akteuren des Sozialsektors. BonVenture zählt zu den Mitautoren des 2010 veröffentlichten Social Reporting Standards (SRS), der die Transparenz im sozialen Sektor fördert. Die Gesellschaft ist Unterzeichnerin der Initiative Transparente Zivilgesellschaft. 2022 schließt Bonventure seinen neuen Fonds Bonventure IV. Sowohl institutionelle als auch private Investoren beteiligen sich an dem Fonds. Die ursprüngliche Zielsumme lag bei 35–40 Millionen Euro, eingesammelt werden konnten 50 Millionen Euro.

Arbeitsweise gemäß der Impact Investierens
BonVenture operiert auf der Basis des Impact Investierens und verfolgt das Prinzip einer doppelten Rendite; d. h. sowohl Finanzrendite für ihre Anleger als auch das Erreichen von Wirkungszielen für die Umwelt oder die Gesellschaft (auch: Sozialrendite). Im Sinne des Drei-Säulen-Modells (auch: Triple Bottom Line) ist das Ziel ein möglichst hoher sozialer, ökologischer oder gesellschaftlicher Mehrwert (Social Impact).

Auswahl unterstützter Projekte
 abgeordnetenwatch.de – Öffentliche Online-Plattform für den Austausch mit Politikern
 Ashoka Deutschland – Förderung von Sozialunternehmertum
 Chancenwerk – Bessere Bildungschancen durch ein innovatives Mentorenprogramm an Schulen
 Dialogmuseum – Rollentausch zur Integration sehbehinderter und blinder Menschen
 Followfood – Verbesserung der Transparenz im Fischfang durch die Einführung von "Tracking Codes"

Literatur
 P. Heister (2010): Finanzierung von Social Entrepreneurship durch Venture Philanthropy und Social Venture Capital, ISBN 978-3-8349-2641-8.
 E. Stahl, S. Lülf (2010): Venture Philanthropy aus Sicht eines professionellen Intermediärs, in: Philipp Hoelscher, Thomas Ebermann, Andreas Schlüter (Hrsg.): Venture Philanthropy in Theorie und Praxis, ISBN 978-3-8282-0506-2.

Weblinks
 Offizieller Internetauftritt von BonVenture

Einzelnachweise

Venture-Capital-Gesellschaft
Beteiligungsgesellschaft
Initiative Transparente Zivilgesellschaft
Finanzdienstleister (München)

BonVenture


A stellar black hole (or stellar-mass black hole) is a black hole formed by the gravitational collapse of a star. They have masses ranging from about 5 to several tens of solar masses. The process is observed as a hypernova explosion or as a gamma ray burst. These black holes are also referred to as collapsars.

Properties
By the no-hair theorem, a black hole can only have three fundamental properties: mass, electric charge, and angular momentum. The angular momentum of a stellar black hole is due to the conservation of angular momentum of the star or objects that produced it.

The gravitational collapse of a star is a natural process that can produce a black hole. It is inevitable at the end of the life of a massive star when all stellar energy sources are exhausted. If the mass of the collapsing part of the star is below the Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff (TOV) limit for neutron-degenerate matter, the end product is a compact star – either a white dwarf (for masses below the Chandrasekhar limit) or a neutron star or a (hypothetical) quark star. If the collapsing star has a mass exceeding the TOV limit, the crush will continue until zero volume is achieved and a black hole is formed around that point in space.

The maximum mass that a neutron star can possess (without becoming a black hole) is not fully understood. In 1939, it was estimated at 0.7 solar masses, called the TOV limit. In 1996, a different estimate put this upper mass in a range from 1.5 to 3 solar masses. The maximum observed mass of neutron stars is about  for PSR J0740+6620 discovered in September, 2019.

In the theory of general relativity, a black hole could exist of any mass. The lower the mass, the higher the density of matter has to be in order to form a black hole. (See, for example, the discussion in Schwarzschild radius, the radius of a black hole.) There are no known stellar processes that can produce black holes with mass less than a few times the mass of the Sun. If black holes that small exist, they are most likely primordial black holes. Until 2016, the largest known stellar black hole was  solar masses. In September 2015, a rotating black hole of  solar masses was discovered by gravitational waves as it formed in a merger event of two smaller black holes. , the binary system 2MASS J05215658+4359220 was reported to host the smallest-mass black hole currently known to science, with a mass 3.3 solar masses and a diameter of only 19.5 kilometers.

There is observational evidence for two other types of black holes, which are much more massive than stellar black holes. They are intermediate-mass black holes (in the center of globular clusters) and supermassive black holes in the center of the Milky Way and other galaxies.

X-ray compact binary systems

Stellar black holes in close binary systems are observable when the matter is transferred from a companion star to the black hole; the energy released in the fall toward the compact star is so large that the matter heats up to temperatures of several hundred million degrees and radiates in X-rays.  The black hole, therefore, is observable in X-rays, whereas the companion star can be observed with optical telescopes. The energy release for black holes and neutron stars are of the same order of magnitude. Black holes and neutron stars are therefore often difficult to distinguish.

However, neutron stars may have additional properties. They show differential rotation, and can have a magnetic field and exhibit localized explosions (thermonuclear bursts). Whenever such properties are observed, the compact object in the binary system is revealed as a neutron star.

The derived masses come from observations of compact X-ray sources (combining X-ray and optical data). All identified neutron stars have a mass below 3.0 solar masses; none of the compact systems with a mass above 3.0 solar masses display the properties of a neutron star. The combination of these facts makes it more and more likely that the class of compact stars with a mass above 3.0 solar masses are in fact black holes.

Note that this proof of the existence of stellar black holes is not entirely observational but relies on theory: we can think of no other object for these massive compact systems in stellar binaries besides a black hole.  A direct proof of the existence of a black hole would be if one actually observes the orbit of a particle (or a cloud of gas) that falls into the black hole.

Black hole kicks
The large distances above the galactic plane achieved by some binaries are the result of black hole natal kicks. The velocity distribution of black hole natal kicks seems similar to that of neutron star kick velocities. One might have expected that it would be the momenta that were the same with black holes receiving lower velocity than neutron stars due to their higher mass but that doesn't seem to be the case, which may be due to the fall-back of asymmetrically expelled matter increasing the momentum of the resulting black hole.

Mass gaps
It is predicted by some models of stellar evolution that black holes with masses in two ranges cannot be directly formed by the gravitational collapse of a star. These are sometimes distinguished as the "lower" and "upper" mass gaps, roughly representing the ranges of 2 to 5 and 50 to 150 solar masses (), respectively. Another range given for the upper gap is 52 to 133 .  has been regarded as the upper mass limit for stars in the current era of the universe.

Lower mass gap
A lower mass gap is suspected on the basis of a scarcity of observed candidates with masses within a few solar masses above the maximum possible neutron star mass. The existence and theoretical basis for this possible gap are uncertain. The situation may be complicated by the fact that any black holes found in this mass range may have been created via the merging of binary neutron star systems, rather than stellar collapse. The LIGO/Virgo collaboration has reported three candidate events among their gravitational wave observations in run O3 with component masses that fall in this lower mass gap. There has also been reported an observation of a bright, rapidly rotating giant star in a binary system with an unseen companion emitting no light, including x-rays, but having a mass of  solar masses. This is interpreted to suggest that there may be many such low-mass black holes that are not currently consuming any material and are hence undetectable via the usual x-ray signature.

Upper mass gap
The upper mass gap is predicted by comprehensive models of late-stage stellar evolution. It is expected that with increasing mass, supermassive stars reach a stage where a pair-instability supernova occurs, during which pair production, the production of free electrons and positrons in the collision between atomic nuclei and energetic gamma rays, temporarily reduces the internal pressure supporting the star's core against gravitational collapse. This pressure drop leads to a partial collapse, which in turn causes greatly accelerated burning in a runaway thermonuclear explosion, resulting in the star being blown completely apart without leaving a stellar remnant behind.

Pair-instability supernovae can only happen in stars with a mass range from around 130 to 250 solar masses () (and low to moderate metallicity (low abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium – a situation common in Population III stars)). However, this mass gap is expected to be extended down to about 45 solar masses by the process of pair-instability pulsational mass loss, before the occurrence of a "normal" supernova explosion and core collapse. In nonrotating stars the lower bound of the upper mass gap may be as high as 60 . The possibility of direct collapse into black holes of stars with core mass > 133 , requiring total stellar mass of > 260  has been considered, but there may be little chance of observing such a high-mass supernova remnant; i.e., the lower bound of the upper mass gap may represent a mass cutoff.

Observations of the LB-1 system of a star and unseen companion were initially interpreted in terms of a black hole with a mass of about 70 solar masses, which would be excluded by the upper mass gap.  However, further investigations have weakened this claim.

Black holes may also be found in the mass gap through mechanisms other than those involving a single star, such as the merger of black holes.

Candidates

Our Milky Way galaxy contains several stellar-mass black hole candidates (BHCs) which are closer to us than the supermassive black hole in the galactic center region. Most of these candidates are members of X-ray binary systems in which the compact object draws matter from its partner via an accretion disk. The probable black holes in these pairs range from three to more than a dozen solar masses.

Extragalactic
Candidates outside our galaxy come from gravitational wave detections:

The disappearance of N6946-BH1 following a failed supernova in NGC 6946 may have resulted in the formation of a black hole.

See also
 Black holes in fiction
 Supermassive black hole
 Rogue black hole

References

External links

Black Holes: Gravity's Relentless Pull  Award-winning interactive multimedia Web site about the physics and astronomy of black holes from the Space Telescope Science Institute
 Black hole diagrams

Heaviest Stellar Black Hole Discovered in Nearby Galaxy, Newswise, 17-Oct-2007

+
Compact stars

Stellar black hole


Das Generic Model of Psychotherapy (dt. Allgemeines Modell der Psychotherapie) von David Orlinsky und Kenneth I. Howard ist ein auf empirischen Ergebnissen basierendes Modell aus dem Bereich der Psychotherapieforschung. Es dient der Integration der Ergebnisse einer Vielzahl von einzelnen Studien aus dem Bereich der Prozess-Ergebnis-Forschung in einen einheitlichen konzeptuellen Rahmen. Es wurde erstmals 1986 veröffentlicht und seitdem kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt.

Inhalt

Allgemeines
Psychotherapie kann als Interaktion zwischen (üblicherweise zwei) Personen (Patient und Therapeut) verstanden werden, die in einem bestimmten kontextuellen Rahmen stattfindet. Diese Interaktion wird beeinflusst durch das Leben und die Persönlichkeit sowohl des Patienten als auch des Therapeuten. Weitere Kontextfaktoren sind z. B. die therapeutische Umgebung (treatment setting, z. B. Klinik, private Praxis), das Versorgungssystem (service delivery system, z. B. Krankenversicherung), andere soziale Institutionen innerhalb oder außerhalb des Versorgungssystems (other social institutions, z. B. Familien des Patienten und des Therapeuten, gemeinnützige Institutionen, Gerichte) sowie soziale, ökonomische oder politische Ereignisse/Trends (currents of change, z. B. Ferienzeit, wirtschaftliche Rezession, nationale Krisen). Zudem haben kulturelle normative Vorstellungen (über die normale Persönlichkeit, adäquate emotionale Erlebens- bzw. Ausdrucksformen, Normen der Kommunikation, Art und Gründe von Abweichung (Pathologie), die richtige Art zu Helfen etc.) einen wichtigen Einfluss auf das therapeutische Geschehen. Somit üben sowohl individuelle als auch kollektive Kontextfaktoren einen Einfluss auf den therapeutischen Prozess aus (input).
Umgekehrt übt das therapeutische Geschehen auch einen Einfluss nicht nur auf das Leben und die Persönlichkeit des Patienten aus (outcome), sondern auch auf den Therapeuten, die Gesellschaft etc. (output).

Das psychotherapeutische Handlungssystem (psychotherapeutic action system), d. h. alle Interaktionen zwischen Patient und Therapeut während der therapeutischen Sitzungen (sowie das damit zusammenhängende Verhalten und Erleben außerhalb der Sitzungen), wird als Therapieprozess (treatment process) bezeichnet. Davon abgegrenzt wird der empirisch zu beobachtende Veränderungsprozess (change process).

Ausgehend von der damaligen Forschungsliteratur wurden 1986 fünf Aspekte beschrieben. Weiterentwicklungen der sequentiellen Analyse zeitlicher Prozesse bzw. Abfolgen führten 1994 dazu, dass das Modell um einen sechsten Aspekt ergänzt wurde:
 Formale Beziehung ("therapeutic contract", normativer bzw. organisatorischer Aspekt)
 Therapeutische Aktivitäten ("therapeutic operations", technischer bzw. prozeduraler Aspekt)
 Informelle Beziehung ("therapeutic bond", interpersoneller Aspekt)
 Selbstbezogenheit ("self-relatedness", intrapersoneller bzw. reflexiver Aspekt)
 unmittelbare Einflüsse der Sitzung ("in-session impacts", klinischer bzw. pragmatischer Aspekt)
 zeitliche Muster ("temporal patterns", sequentieller Aspekt, zeitliche Abfolge)

1. Formale Beziehung (Therapeutic Contract)
Hier wird zum einen der normative Rahmen beschrieben, in dem sich Patient und Therapeut bewegen, z. B. soziale Rollen bzw. Normvorstellungen (etwa, wie sich ein idealer Patient bzw. ein idealer Therapeut zu verhalten hat). Diese sind auf Therapeutenseite z. B. durch die Therapieausbildung und Supervision beeinflusst, auf Patientenseite z. B. durch Fernsehen, Filme, oder Erzählungen aus dem privaten Umfeld.
Zudem werden Rahmenbedingungen wie z. B. die therapeutische Ausrichtung des Therapeuten (Psychoanalyse, Verhaltenstherapie etc.) beschrieben.

 Contractual provisions beschreibt die formalen therapeutischen Vereinbarungen, d. h. (die i. d. R. mit der therapeutischen Orientierung zusammenhängenden) Behandlungsziele, Methoden (z. B. Einzel-, Gruppen-, Paar-, Familientherapie), Anzahl der Sitzungen pro Woche, finanziellen Vereinbarungen etc.

 Contractual implementation bezeichnet die konkreten Verhaltensweisen, die zur Durchführung der Vereinbarungen ausgeführt werden (z. B. das Vereinbaren von Therapiezielen, die Erfüllung der "Normen" durch den Patienten, der Umgang mit Vertrags- bzw. Normverletzungen etc.)

2. Therapeutische Aktivitäten (Therapeutic Operations)
Therapeutische Aktivitäten können (rollenabhängig) beschrieben werden als
 Problempräsentation (problem presentation): der Patient muss eine Möglichkeit haben, sein Problem mitzuteilen
 Verständnis des Therapeuten (expert understanding): der Therapeut muss seine professionellen Fähigkeiten und sein Expertenwissen einsetzen, um das Problem des Patienten zu erfassen
 Intervention des Therapeuten (therapist intervention): der Therapeut muss auf o. g. Basis einen Vorschlag machen, wie mit dem Problem umgegangen werden kann
 Kooperation des Patienten (patient cooperation): der Patient muss sich in irgendeiner Weise aktiv bei der Umsetzung des Vorschlags beteiligen bzw. kooperieren

3. Informelle Beziehung (Therapeutic Bond)
Hier werden die informellen und interpersonellen Aspekte der Beziehung zwischen Patient und Therapeut qualitativ beschrieben, z. B. durch
 die Qualität der Zusammenarbeit (collaborative teamwork), basierend auf der persönlichen Involviertheit (personal investment, d. h. das Ausmaß, in dem Patient oder Therapeut ihre Rolle ausfüllen) oder der Koordination der Interaktionen (interactive coordination, d. h. wie gut oder schlecht ihre Handlungen aufeinander abgestimmt sind).
 die Qualität des persönlichen Rapports (personal rapport), basierend auf dem emotionalen Ausdruck (expressive attunement, d. h. wie effektiv und empathisch sie kommunizieren) und der affektiven Einstellung zueinander (affective attitudes, d. h. wie stark und wie positiv bzw. negativ sie füreinander empfinden).

4. Selbstbezogenheit (Participant Self-Relatedness)
Beschrieben werden Aspekte wie Selbstwahrnehmung, Selbstkontrolle und Selbstwert von Patient und Therapeut, die bei jeder Interaktion eine Rolle spielen (z. B. Wahrnehmung und Erzeugung von physiologischer Erregung, Stimmungen, Wünschen, Absichten; Ausübung von Selbstkontrolle bei Handlungsimpulsen; Wahrnehmung von Selbstwirksamkeit etc.), sowie die (intuitive bzw. unbewusste) Wahrnehmung dieser Vorgänge beim Interaktionspartner. Negative Aspekte von Selbstbezogenheit in der Therapie wären z. B. Abwehr oder Einengung, positive Aspekte z. B. Offenheit oder Zufriedenheit.

5. Unmittelbare Einflüsse der Sitzung (In-session Impacts)
Beschrieben werden unmittelbare kurzfristige, positive oder negative, Auswirkungen einer Therapiesitzung. Positive Beispiele beim Patienten sind z. B. Einsicht in Zusammenhänge ("insight"), Katharsis, Lösung interpersoneller Konflikte, Erfahrung der Selbstwirksamkeit, Zunahme von Hoffnung etc. Es kann jedoch auch zu negativen Auswirkungen wie z. B. Verwirrung, Beschämung, oder Angst kommen. Auch für Therapeuten können positive oder negative Auswirkungen von Therapiesitzungen beschrieben werden (z. B. Selbstwirksamkeits- vs. Frustrationserleben, berufliche Weiterentwicklung vs. Burnout).

6. Zeitliche Muster (Temporal Patterns)
Bis zu den frühen 1990er Jahren spielte hier lediglich die Therapiedauer (zeitlich oder Sitzungszahl) eine Rolle. Verbesserte statistische Möglichkeiten führten seitdem vermehrt zur Untersuchung zeitlicher Muster innerhalb der Sitzungen (session development), aufeinanderfolgender Sitzungen (treatment stage) oder einer ganzen Therapie (treatment course).

Bedeutung
Dieses Modell ist nach Klaus Grawe ein "Markstein in der Entwicklung der psychotherapeutischen Prozessforschung".S. 152–153

Einzelnachweise

Psychotherapie
Forschung

Generic Model of Psychotherapy