Prograph is a visual, object-oriented, dataflow, multiparadigm programming language that uses iconic symbols to represent actions to be taken on data. Commercial Prograph software development environments such as Prograph Classic and Prograph CPX were available for the Apple Macintosh and Windows platforms for many years but were eventually withdrawn from the market in the late 1990s. Support for the Prograph language on macOS has recently reappeared with the release of the Marten software development environment.

History

Research on Prograph started at Acadia University in 1982 as a general investigation into dataflow languages, stimulated by a seminar on functional languages conducted by Michael Levin. Diagrams were used to clarify the discussion, leading to the insight: "since the diagrams are clearer than the code, why not make the diagrams themselves executable!"  Thus Prograph - Programming in Graphics - was born as a visual dataflow language. This work was led by Dr. Tomasz Pietrzykowski, with Stan Matwin and Thomas Muldner co-authoring early papers. From 1983 to 1985, research prototypes were built on a Three Rivers PERQ graphics workstation (in Pascal, with the data visualized as fireballs moving down datalinks), and a VAX with a Tektronix terminal, and an experimental compiler was programmed in an IBM PC. This work was continued at Technical University of Nova Scotia by Pietrzykowski and Dr. Philip Cox, including a version done in Prolog.

In 1985, work began on a commercialisable prototype on the Macintosh, the only widely available, low-priced computer with high-level graphics support available at the time. In early 1986, this prototype was taken over by The Gunakara Sun Systems (later renamed to TGS Systems) for commercialisation, TGS formerly being a consulting firm formed by Pietrzykowski at Acadia University. Working with Pietrzykowski and Cox, Terry Kilshaw hired and managed the original development team, with Jim Laskey as the lead developer. In 1987 Mark Szpakowski suggested the merger of object-orientation with visual dataflow, creating an "objectflow" system. After almost four years of development, the first commercial release, v1.2, was introduced at the OOPSLA conference in New Orleans in October 1989. This product won the 1989 MacUser Editor's Choice Award for Best Development Tool. Version 2.0, released in July 1990, added a compiler to the system.

TGS changed its name to Prograph International (PI) in 1990. Although sales were slow, development of a new version, Prograph CPX (Cross-Platform eXtensions) was undertaken in 1992, that was intended to build fully cross-platform applications. This version was released in 1993, and was immediately followed by development of a client-server application framework. Despite increasing sales, the company was unable to sustain operating costs, and following a failed financing attempt in late 1994, went into receivership in early 1995.

As the receivership proceeded, the  management and employees of PI formed a new company, Pictorius, which acquired the assets of PI. Shortly afterwards, development of a Windows version of Prograph CPX was begun. Although it was never formally released, versions of Windows Prograph were regularly made available to Prograph CPX customers, some of whom ported existing applications written in Macintosh Prograph, with varying degrees of success.

After management changes at the new company, emphasis shifted from tools development to custom programming and web application development. In April 2002 the web development part of the company was acquired by the Paragon Technology Group of Bermuda and renamed Paragon Canada. The Pictorius name and rights to the Prograph source code were retained by McLean Watson Capital, a Toronto-based investments firm which had heavily funded Pictorius. A reference to Pictorius appeared for a time on the former's Portfolio page, but has since disappeared. The Windows version of CPX was later released for free use, and was available for some time for download from the remnants of the Pictorius website (link below).

A group of Prograph users ("Prographers") calling themselves "The Open Prograph Initiative" (OPI) formed in the late 1990s with the goal of keeping Prograph viable in the face of OS advances by Apple and Microsoft. For a time, the group also sought to create a new open-source visual programming language to serve as Prograph's successor, but with the advent of Andescotia's Marten visual programming environment, participation in the group essentially ceased.

The Prograph language is supported by the Marten IDE from Andescotia Software.

Description
During the 1970s program complexity was growing considerably, but the tools used to write programs were generally similar to those used in the 1960s. This led to problems when working on larger projects, which would become so complex that even simple changes could have side effects that are difficult to fully understand. Considerable research into the problem led many to feel that the problem was that existing programming systems focused on the logic of the program, while in reality the purpose of a program was to manipulate data. If the data being manipulated is the important aspect of the program, why isn't the data the "first class citizen" of the programming language? Working on that basis, a number of new programming systems evolved, including object-oriented programming and dataflow programming.

Prograph took these concept further, introducing a combination of object-oriented methodologies and a completely visual environment for programming. Objects are represented by hexagons with two sides, one containing the data fields, the other the methods that operate on them. Double-clicking on either side would open a window showing the details for that object; for instance, opening the variables side would show class variables at the top and instance variables below. Double-clicking the method side shows the methods implemented in this class, as well as those inherited from the superclass. When a method itself is double-clicked, it opens into another window displaying the logic.

In Prograph a method is represented by a series of icons, each icon containing an instructions (or group of them). Within each method the flow of data is represented by lines in a directed graph. Data flows in the top of the diagram, passes through various instructions, and eventually flows back out the bottom (if there is any output).

Several features of the Prograph system are evident in this picture of a database sorting operation. The upper bar shows that this method, concurrent sort, is being passed in a single parameter, A Database Object. This object is then fed, via the lines, into several operations. Three of these extract a named index (indexA etc.) from the object using the getter operation (the unconnected getter output passes on the "whole" object), and then passes the extracted index to a sort operation. The output of these sort operations are then passed, along with a reference to the original database, to the final operation, update database. The bar at the bottom of the picture represents the outputs of this method, and in this case there are no connections to it and so this method does not return a value. Also note that although this is a method of some class, there is no self; if self is needed, it can be provided as an input or looked up.

In a dataflow language the operations can take place as soon as they have valid inputs for all of their connections. That means, in traditional terms, that each operation in this method could be carried out at the same time. In the database example, all of the sorts could take place at the same time if the computer were capable of supplying the data. Dataflow languages tend to be inherently concurrent, meaning they are capable of running on multiprocessor systems "naturally", one of the reasons that it garnered so much interest in the 1980s.

Loops and branches are constructed by modifying operations with annotations. For instance, a loop that calls the doit method on a list of input data is constructed by first dragging in the doit operator, then attaching the loop modifier and providing the list as the input to the loop. Another annotation, "injection", allows the method itself to be provided as an input, making Prograph a dynamic language to some degree.

Execution

The integrated Prograph development and execution environment also allowed for visual debugging. The usual breakpoint and single-step mechanisms were supported. Each operation in a data flow diagram was visually highlighted as it executed. A tooltip-like mechanism displayed data values when the mouse was held over a data-link when stopped in debug mode. Visual display of the execution stack allowed for both roll-back and roll-forward execution. For many users the visual execution aspects of the language were as important as its edit-time graphical facilities.

The most important run-time debugging feature was the ability to change the code on the fly while debugging. This allowed for bugs to be fixed while debugging without the need to recompile.

Critique

Several problems with the Prograph system are also evident in this method implementation.

Prograph code could be commented using labels. In initial versions, the majority of the included classes were unlabeled. It was often necessary to consult the documentation to determine the proper inputs to a method. This was largely addressed in subsequent versions, but the methods were never documented to the point that the comments explained how and why the methods worked.

Developers had to pay attention to routing of wiring, and to commenting inputs and outputs, to keep their diagrammatic code clean. In the Prograph Database Operation example above, two of the paths cross because one of the wires from the input bar must flow to a certain input on the update operation. This could be avoided by simply dragging and repositioning the 'indexA' and 'sort' icons to be inside the leftmost wire, but in general terms there was no way to avoid this sort of literal spaghetti code.

Another problem was a profusion of windows. When moving around the Prograph workspace, the IDE generally required a new window to be opened to see the contents of methods.

See also
Visual programming language
Spreadsheet 2000, a unique spreadsheet written in Prograph
LabVIEW, a graphical programming application.
PWCT

Further reading
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

References

External links
 Pictorius - Pictorius's home page, no longer even having a DNS record. The Prograph downloads could for a time still be found at https://archive.today/20010425093223/http://188.8.131.52/prograph.html, but this link now times out.
 Articles on Prograph - 10 articles on Prograph, covering history and language
 Prograph CPX - A Tutorial - an excellent article on the system, dating to shortly after the original release of Prograph CPX
 Visual Programming Languages: A Survey - includes a short overview of the Prograph system
 The Open Prograph Initiative - Home page of the group interested in creating an open source version of Prograph
 Visual Programming with Prograph CPX - Textbook on Prograph CPX
  - December 28, 2011 announcement of beta release of Marten.
  - The Computer Chronicles - Visual Programming Languages (1993)
Visual programming languages
Object-oriented programming languages
Multi-paradigm programming languages

Prograph


Bimini  is the westernmost district of the Bahamas and comprises a chain of islands located about  due east of Miami. Bimini is the closest point in the Bahamas to the mainland United States and approximately  west-northwest of Nassau. The population is 2,417 as of the 2022 census.

Geography

Bimini has three islands, North Bimini, South Bimini, and East Bimini. The largest islands are North Bimini and South Bimini. The District of Bimini also includes Cay Sal Bank, more than  further south, which is geographically not a part of the Bimini Islands but a separate unit. North Bimini is about  long and  wide. Its main settlement is Alice Town, a collection of shops, restaurants, and bars on a road known as "The King's Highway". The second major road is called Queens Highway and runs almost the length of the island parallel to Kings Highway.

As a low-lying island, rising sea levels may cause the entire island to become submerged.

South Bimini (pop. 182) houses an airstrip, South Bimini Airport, and offers a quiet alternative to the slow bustle of North Bimini. There is a small community of homes on South Bimini known as Port Royale. For many years, South Bimini tourists were limited to boaters because there were few accommodations other than private homes.

Because Bimini is close to Miami, Florida, many American anglers go to the islands by boat to fish or to enjoy the local nightlife. Scuba diving and snorkeling are also popular activities, as there are many shipwrecks in the area, such as the wreck of the , which ran aground in 1926 during a hurricane. The top of the ship is exposed to the air while the bottom half is submerged. Parts of the wreck were stripped over the years and some of the wood was used in the construction of the Compleat Angler Hotel and bar on North Bimini.

History
Bimini is home to several landmarks said to contain mystical properties of obscure origins. Much of the historical data about these places is speculative in nature, and experts in various fields have opined across the full spectrum of explanation. The most contentious of these sites is The Bimini Road. The first inhabitants on the island were the Lucayans, and the name Bimini means "two islands" or "the twins" in the Lucayan language.

During the period of Prohibition in the United States, Bimini was a favorite haven and supply point for the rum-running trade. Some claim that the term "the real McCoy" was applied to the rum provided by William S. McCoy, who used Bimini to transport whiskey to America during the Prohibition, although the phrase pre-dates the Prohibition Era – it is first recorded in the US in 1908 – and the phrase is the subject of numerous fanciful folk etymologies.

Chalk's International Airlines operated seaplane flights between Miami Harbor and the Bahamas from 1917, so the company was an island institution for generations. As goods on the island were expensive because of shipping costs, many locals used Chalk's flights to buy cheaper goods in Florida and take the goods to Bimini.

A seaplane operated by Miami Airways ditched into the sea off the coast of Bimini on March 22, 1922. All five passengers subsequently drowned. A Grumman Turbo Mallard of Flight 101 was en route to Bimini when it crashed on December 19, 2005, killing all 18 passengers and 2 crew; at least eleven of the passengers were Bimini residents.

On January 13, 2006, one of the more famous establishments in Bimini, the Compleat Angler Hotel, was destroyed by fire. The bar is remembered for the photographs and memorabilia of Ernest Hemingway that lined its walls and were lost in the fire, which also took the life of owner Julian Brown.

The final scene of the 1991 film The Silence of the Lambs was shot in Alice Town. The movie's producers thanked the Bahamas Film Production Bureau as well as the district of Bimini in the end credits.

The Fountain of Youth

Juan Ponce de León and his search for the Fountain of Youth included references to Bimini ("Beniny"). Arawak and/or Taíno spoke of a land called Beimini where the fountain could be found. Although the location was erroneously associated with the Bahamas, the natives referred to a location in the Gulf of Honduras. Although de León's expedition brought him to Florida, the fountain was rumored to exist within the shallow pools of South Bimini. Today there is a small freshwater well with a plaque commemorating the Fountain of Youth, on the road leading to the South Bimini Airport.

Found within the brackish mangrove swamp that covers  of the shoreline of North Bimini is The Healing Hole, a pool that lies at the end of a network of winding tunnels. During outgoing tides, these channels pump cool, mineral-laden fresh water into the pool. Because this well was carved out of the limestone rock by ground water thousands of years ago it is especially high in calcium and magnesium.

Endemic species
Bimini is home to several unique, endemic and threatened species. The Bimini Boa (Epicrates striatus fosteri), protected by Bahamian law, is the largest of the terrestrial reptiles on Bimini. The Bimini Ameiva (Ameiva auberi richmondi) is a very common, fast-moving lizard on the island. The smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) is one of the rarest fish in the world, sometimes listed as a critically endangered species by conservation groups.

The Bimini Biological Field Station (BBFS) has captured and recorded 13 species of sharks in the shallow waters around Bimini. However, the number of sharks around the island is higher, considering the sharks of the deep waters off Bimini's western shores. Along with the species featured below, the BBFS has witnessed and recorded captures of shortfin mako (Isurus oxyrinchus), bigeye thresher (Alopias superciliosus), spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), and sixgill (Hexanchus sp.) sharks .

Bimini Biological Field Station (Shark Lab)
The Shark Lab is a world-famous facility owned and operated by shark biologist Dr. Samuel Gruber. The Shark Lab offers internships in marine biology to people interested in shark research and the conservation of the ocean's ecosystems. Located on South Bimini Island, it has done much research regarding the lemon shark.

Notable residents
Ernest Hemingway lived on Bimini from 1935 to 1937, staying at the Compleat Angler Hotel. He worked on To Have and Have Not and wrote a few articles, but mostly he fished aboard his boat Pilar, trolling the deep blue offshore waters for marlin, tuna and swordfish. Hemingway was attracted to Bimini by tales of the incredible fishing available in the Gulf Stream, the legendary "river" of warm water that rushes north past the Bahamas. An Atlantic blue marlin with a mass of  caught off Bimini allegedly inspired Hemingway to write The Old Man and the Sea and Islands in The Stream.

While not a resident of the islands, Reverend Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. visited in 1964 and worked on his Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech while there.

South Bimini was home to Colonel Joseph C. Mackey, the founder of Mackey Airlines, which was later bought by Eastern Airlines. He built a home on the southern tip of South Bimini. This structure would become the Sunshine Inn and is currently a bar and restaurant, though the hotel was damaged by a hurricane and was subsequently demolished.

Among Port Royale's notable residents was Adam Clayton Powell Jr., who was excluded from the U.S. House of Representatives because of allegations that he misappropriated committee funds for personal use. He stayed in Bimini from January 1967 to April 1969 in self-imposed exile until the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the House had acted unconstitutionally when it excluded Powell, a duly elected member. In 1972, Powell died of cancer in Miami. Following his funeral in New York, his ashes were taken to Bimini and scattered in the waters surrounding the islands.

There is rumor of the famed Chicano civil rights lawyer, Oscar Zeta Acosta, of Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas fame potentially meeting his end after returning from the island of Bimini to Key Biscayne in 1974 during a failed attempt to smuggle drugs. According to the story told to Hunter S. Thompson, upon their boat nearly reaching the shoreline of the southern tip Key Biscayne, Acosta and his companions were ambushed when they suddenly found themselves surrounded by bright lights from boats that "appeared out of nowhere". Gunfire erupted and one of Acosta's companions was immediately killed by being shot in the head. Acosta, acting quickly, floored the boat's throttle and plowed into and over one of the ambusher's boats and, upon making it to shore, he grabbed a small suitcase likely containing drugs and ran off inland into the island. It is worth noting that the veracity of this story was deemed questionable by Thompson, as he had heard it secondhand from the individual whose boat Acosta had borrowed for the smuggling attempt. This came to represent one of a number of possible Acosta sightings that Thompson had been told of, which he would term "buffalo sightings", from all around the world following Acosta's official disappearance in 1974 under suspicious circumstances.

In May 1987, Colorado Senator Gary Hart's presidential bid was derailed after media reports exposed a relationship with model Donna Rice.  A well known photo of Rice sitting on Hart's lap on one of Bimini's docks was published by the National Enquirer after Hart suspended his presidential campaign.

Jody Weech, Miss Commonwealth Bahamas 1992, was from Bimini. She made the Top 10 in the Miss World contest in Sun City, South Africa. She received the title Miss World Caribbean.

Bimini Bay Resort controversy
In May 2008 marine conservationist Jean-Michel Cousteau criticized Bimini Bay Resort, now Resorts World Bimini by Hilton, calling it a "catastrophe" and announcing, "allowing Bimini Bay to continue with phase II would certainly strip this island paradise of its precious natural riches. Over time, visitors and residents alike will suffer the decline of economic, social and environmental prosperity."

See also
 Bimini Island Air
 Bimini Road

References

Further reading

External links

 Bimini Police Royal Bahamas Police
 Bimini Biological Field Station
 Save Bimini Association
 Nautical chart for Bimini and environs

Districts of the Bahamas
Islands of the Bahamas

Bimini


Eastern Beach est une banlieue de la cité d'Auckland, située dans l'île du Nord de la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Situation
Elle est localisée à l'est du centre de la ville d'Auckland, dans le ward d'Howick, l'une des  de la ville d'Auckland.

Municipalités limitrophes

Caractéristiques
L'une des attractions les plus marquantes est la plage, abritée par des palmiers, appelée Eastern beach, qui avec des températures estivales, attire des milliers de personnes venant des banlieues environnantes vers la plage, pour profiter de la douceur de l'eau et des aussi des magasins, ainsi que du parc situé à proximité immédiate.

À l'extrémité sud de la plage, il y a une rampe pour les bateaux  permettant l'accès à la zone maritime avec à ce niveau:une amplitude importante des marées et une zone dédiée spécifiquement pour le ski nautique, à proximité de la plage. Celle-ci était une zone très populaire pour les réunions dites « Pipi and Cockles», mais la sur-utilisation de la zone a abouti à leur interdiction sur la plage. C'est en fait une partie de la plage de la péninsule de Buckland.

Voir aussi

 Liste des villes de Nouvelle-Zélande

Notes et références

Liens externes
Macleans Tennis Club

Ville en Nouvelle-Zélande
Banlieue d'Auckland

Eastern Beach


Adolf Schmitt-Weigand (* 5. September 1934 in Freigericht) ist ein deutscher Verwaltungsjurist.

Leben
Schmitt-Weigand studierte Rechtswissenschaften, Volkswirtschaft, Publizistik sowie neuere Geschichte in Frankfurt am Main, Münster und Marburg. 1961 wurde an der Rechts- und Staatswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität in Münster zum Dr. jur. promoviert. Ab 1967 war er für den Hessischen Gemeindetag tätig. 1969 kam er zum Sparkassen- und Giroverband Hessen dessen Geschäftsführender Präsident er ab 1971 war. 1995 kündigte er wegen eines politischen Streits über die strategische Ausrichtung der Hessischen Landesbank und Vorwürfen unberechtigter Provisionszahlungen. In seiner Amtszeit fusionierte der Verband 1992 mit dem Thüringer Sparkassenverband zum heutigen Sparkassen- und Giroverband Hessen-Thüringen.

Schmitt-Weigand war mehrere Jahre Vorsitzender des Verwaltungsrats der Landesbank Hessen-Thüringen. 1989 wurde er ehrenamtlicher Vorsitzender der neu gegründeten Hessischen Sparkassenstiftung (heute: Sparkassen-Kulturstiftung Hessen-Thüringen). 1997 wurde er mit dem Verdienstkreuz 1. Klasse der Bundesrepublik Deutschland ausgezeichnet. Er ist seit 1960 mit Lucie (geb. Streb) verheiratet und hat drei Söhne.

Schriften
 Rechtspflegedelikte in der fränkischen Zeit, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1962 (Dissertation)
 Helmut Schlierbach, Adolf Schmitt-Weigand: Das hessische Sparkassenrecht, Kommunal- und Schul-Verlag, Wiesbaden, 1977 ISBN 978-3-88061-568-7
 Adolf Schmitt-Weigand, Werner Schindler: Das Recht der hessischen Sparkassenorganisation: Zusammenstellung der für die hessische Sparkassenorganisation wesentlichsten sparkassenrechtlichen und KWG-rechtlichen Bestimmungen, Deutscher Sparkassenverlag, Stuttgart, 1985

Literatur
 Adolf Schmitt-Weigand 70 Jahre. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 4. September 2004

Einzelnachweise

Jurist (Bankwesen)
Träger des Bundesverdienstkreuzes 1. Klasse
Deutscher
Person (Frankfurt am Main)
Geboren 1934
Mann

Adolf Schmitt-Weigand


O Tratado de Lodi, ou Paz de Lodi, foi um acordo de paz para pôr fim às Guerras na Lombardia entre a República Veneziana e o Ducado de Milão, assinado na cidade de Lodi em 9 de abril de 1454.

A relevância histórica do tratado reside em ter garantido à península italiana 40 anos de paz estável, favorecendo consequentemente o florescimento artístico e literário do Renascimento.

A situação política
Após a morte do Duque de Milão Filippo Maria Visconti em 1447, a República Ambrosiana Dourada foi proclamada em Milão. Os governantes decidiram confiar a defesa do estado recém-nascido a Francesco I Sforza. Este último, após três anos, proclamou-se duque de Milão. De fato, por algum tempo Veneza não abandonou suas ambições de se expandir para a Lombardia e assim forjou uma aliança com Afonso V de Aragão, rei de Nápoles, e o imperador Frederico III de Habsburgo, contra Francesco Sforza e seus aliados. Mas depois de apenas três anos chegaram as notícias da queda de Constantinopla. Este evento colocou em perigo a estrutura das possessões venezianas no Mar Egeu, então a Sereníssima decidiu colocar uma trégua temporária nas guerras na península, estipulando a paz de Lodi junto com outras potências italianas.

O tratado

Veneza e Milão concluíram a paz final em 9 de abril de 1454 na residência de Francesco Sforza em Lodi; o tratado foi ratificado pelos estados italianos mais poderosos, em primeiro lugar a República Florentina, que há muito se aliou a Milão graças ao relacionamento de longa data entre Cosimo de 'Medici e Francesco Sforza.

Após o tratado, o norte da Itália foi praticamente dividido entre os dois estados, apesar de alguns outros poderes persistirem: a Casa de Saboia, a República de Gênova, a Casa de Gonzaga e a Casa de Este. Estabeleceu também a sucessão de Francesco Sforza ao Ducado de Milão, a movimentação da fronteira entre os referidos estados no rio Adda, a afixação de sinais fronteiriços ao longo de toda a demarcação e o início de uma aliança que culminou na adesão, em épocas diferentes, à Liga Itálica. As terras de Asola, Lonato e Peschieracaiu sob os domínios da República de Veneza, frustrando as expectativas dos Gonzaga, que sempre almejaram esses lugares.

A relevância histórica do tratado
A importância do Tratado de Lodi consiste em ter dotado a península de uma nova estrutura político-institucional que, ao limitar as ambições particulares dos vários Estados, assegurou durante 40 anos um substancial equilíbrio territorial e o desenvolvimento do Renascimento.

Lourenço o Magnífico, na segunda metade do século XV, tornou-se o garante deste equilíbrio político, implementando a sua famosa "política de equilíbrio".

Veja também

 Ducado de Milão
 República de Florença
 República de Veneza

Leitura adicional

Referências

Tratados
Renascença italiana

Tratado de Lodi


فيما يلي قائمة شاغلي منصب رئيس وزراء جمهورية سورينام منذ عام 1949-1988. في عام 1988 ألغي منصب رئيس وزراء سورينام واستبدال بنائب الرئيس الذي يترأس مجلس الوزراء بحكم منصبه.

قائمة رؤساء الوزراء

ملاحظات

المراجع

روابط خارجية

 World Statesmen - Suriname

رؤساء وزراء سورينام
سياسيون سوريناميون
قوائم أصحاب مناصب سياسية في سورينام
س
قوائم متعلقة بسورينام

قائمة رؤساء وزراء سورينام


Lützerode ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Bertram IV. von Lützenrode (Gebhardshain), (-1589), 1537 Amtmann zu Burg Blankenberg
 Johann von Lützerode, Amtmann auf Burg Windeck 1561 bis 1586
 Karl August von Lützerode (1794–1864), sächsischer Gesandter nach Russland 1834–1838
 Olga von Lützerode (1836–1917), deutsche Krankenpflegerin, Stifterin, Gründerin und Leiterin des Clementinenhauses, eines Krankenhauses in Hannover

Lützerode steht für

 Lützerode (Adelsgeschlecht), niederadliges Geschlecht ursprünglich aus dem Westerwald

Lützerode


Plusieurs composés de l'oxygène, du vanadium et du strontium sont appelés vanadates de strontium, de formules :
  ;
  ou  ;
  ;
  (pyrovanadate) ;
  ou  (orthovanadate) ;
 .

Le composé  cristallise dans la structure pérovskite. Il fait partie des rares matériaux à la fois conducteurs de l'électricité et transparents dans le spectre visible, essentiels pour la fabrication de panneaux photovoltaïques et d'écrans tactiles, et à la différence de l'oxyde d'indium-étain (ITO) il peut être préparé à faible coût.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

strontium
Composé du strontium
Technologie d'affichage

Vanadate de strontium


Dresden Bombardımanı, Almanya'nın Dresden şehrinin 13 Şubat ile 15 Şubat 1945 arasında Amerikan Hava Kuvvetleri ve Kraliyet Hava Kuvvetleri tarafından bombalanması, II. Dünya Savaşı'nın tartışmalı olaylardan biridir.

Saldırının Nedenleri
II. Dünya Savaşı'nın sonuna varılıyordu. Müttefik Kuvvetler Komutanlığı, Sovyet birliklerinin doğudan ilerleyişini kolaylaştırmak amacıyla, Alman stratejik ve lojistik bölgelerini bombalamak ve Alman kuvvetlerine ikinci bir sorun vermek istiyordu. Bunu gerçekleştirmek üzere, hedefler seçildi. Hedefler arasında Berlin ve etrafındaki askeri mühimmat fabrikaları yanı sıra demiryolu hattı ile doğudaki lojistik ağının kalbini oluşturduğundan stratejik önemi yüksek olan tarihi Dresden şehri de vardı.

Sonuç
13 Şubat'ta başlayan saldırı, 15 Şubat'a kadar devam etti. Saldırı sona erdiğinde, Dresden tamamen yerle bir olmamıştı. Ancak, Müttefikler'in kullandığı bombalar arasında fosfor bombası da bulunmaktaydı. Bu yüzden, Dresden şehri bombalanma sona erdikten sonra günlerce yandı ve tahrip edildi. 28.410 binadan 24.866'sı yok oldu. Ayrıca insan kaybı düşük tahminlere göre 35,000, yüksek tahminlere göre ise 135,000'i aşıyordu. Dresden Tarih Komisyonu'nun 5 yıl boyunca arşivlerde, mezarlıklarda ve resmî belgelerde yaptığı araştırmanın raporunu 2010'un mart ayında yayınladı. Komisyonun raporuna göre ölü sayısının 25.000'den fazla olduğu açıklandı. Hayatını kaybedenlerin çoğu yanarak değil,ani ısınan havanın bölgedeki oksijeni emmesi nedeniyle boğularak ölmüştür.

Ayrıca bakınız
 ABD savaş suçları (II. Dünya Savaşı)
 Hiroşima ve Nagasaki'ye atom bombası saldırısı
 Tokyo Bombardımanı
 Savaş suçu

Filmler
 ''Dresden&& (ZDF ve EOS - Almanya, 2006) Resmî site

Kaynakça

Dresden Bombardımanı


Hipster er en betegnelse for en person, der ikke ønsker at være ligesom alle andre, og skiller sig ud på grund af sin tøj- og eventuelt livsstil. Denne definition problematiseres dog af at der er så mange hipstere, at man ikke skiller sig ud fra alle de andre hipstere. En hipster lader sig ikke påvirke af gængse modenormer, med undtagelse af dem der gør sig gældende for hipstertøj. Personer der karakteriseres som hipstere, hører ofte undergrundsmusik og iklæder sig tøj, der afviger fra normalen, eksempelvis tøj der virker gammeldags og ikke passer sammen, og som ofte er købt brugt. Hipster-kulturen er især populær blandt unge med en ironisk distance til det ordinære modebillede.

Oprindelse
Udtrykket stammer fra amerikansk-engelsk slang fra 1940'erne, hvor det oprindeligt var betegnelsen for en trendy person, der kunne lide jazz-musik.
I 1950'erne blev udtrykket blandt andet brugt af den amerikanske romanforfatter Jack Kerouac, om en person der var hip, som man primært sagde om beatgenerationen. Begrebet blev delvist erstattet af hippie i 1960'erne, men genopstod fra midten af 1990'erne som betegnelse for trendsættere og tilhængere af "hippe" subkulturer, som retromode, uafhængige film og musik, alternative tegneserier og andre ungdommelige populærkultur.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Den Danske Ordbog – hipster

Kultur

Hipster


Aleš Križan ()  un fost fundaș sloven de fotbal, care a jucat pentru echipe precum Maribor, Barnsley și Korotan Prevalje, dar și pentru echipa națională de fotbal a Sloveniei.

Križan a jucat cel mai mult în Anglia pentru Barnsley, care l-a adus de la Maribor. A jucat în Premier League 1997-1998 la clubul South Yorkshire, jucând în 12 meciuri ca titular. Barnsley a retrogradat după acel sezon și a mai jucat în doar un singur joc de campionat pentru Barnsley după ce John Hendrie a devenit antrenor, lipsind și din cauza unei accidentări la picior la începutul sezonului. El a părăsit echipa în 2000, la scurt timp după ce coechipierii lui au pierdut finala playoff-ului cu Ipswich Town. Tot în 2000 a semnat cu Maribor, pentru care a jucat doi ani, iar apoi a semnat cu Korotan Prevalje.

După ce sa retras din fotbalul profesionist, a jucat fotbal la nivel de amatori în Austria pentru SV Wildon și USV Mettersdorf.

Križan a strâns 25 de selecții pentru echipa națională a Sloveniei între 1993 și 1998. A debutat pentru națională într-un meci cu Islanda din 2 mai 1998.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Statistici la echipa națională

Fotbaliști internaționali sloveni
Fotbaliști ai Barnsley FC
Fotbaliști ai Premier League
Fotbaliști iugoslavi
Fundași
Fotbaliști sloveni
Sportivi sloveni în viață
Nașteri în 1971
Nașteri pe 25 iulie
Oameni din Maribor

Aleš Križan


Paula Lambert (* 26. April 1974 in München; eigentlich Susanne Frömel) ist eine deutsche Journalistin, Kolumnistin und Fernsehmoderatorin.

Leben
Frömel wurde 1974 in München geboren und wuchs in Bonn auf. Zwischen 1993 und 1994 besuchte sie das Musicians Institute in Los Angeles. 1994 zog sie nach Berlin, wo sie 1996 bis 1998 an der Axel-Springer-Akademie das journalistische Handwerk lernte. Im Jahr 1999 erreichte sie mit der Reportage "Frei und verloren zugleich – Ein Tag im Leben Berliner Straßenkinder" den zweiten Platz beim Axel-Springer-Preis. Die Reportage erschien in der Zeitung Die Welt, bei der Frömel zwischen 1998 und 2000 als Redakteurin arbeitete. Ab 2000 arbeitete Frömel als freie Journalistin unter anderem für Geo, Die Zeit, mare und Das Magazin.

Unter dem Namen "Paula Lambert" schreibt Frömel seit 2005 Kolumnen zum Thema Sexualität für das Männermagazin GQ. 2010 erschien ihr Sachbuch Keine Panik, ich will nur Sex: Auf der Suche nach dem Mann für jede Lage, worauf 2012 der Roman Eine Frau mit Penetrationshintergrund folgte.

Ab Juli 2012 war sie mit der sechsteiligen Reihe Im Bett mit Paula bei ZDFkultur auf Sendung. Im selben Monat wurde die Dokumentation Unter fremden Decken – Auf der Suche nach dem besten Sex der Welt mit Lambert und Thilo Mischke auf ProSieben ausgestrahlt. Im Juli 2013 war Lambert Gast in der Sextalkshow Heiß & Fettig!, in der Thilo Mischke als Moderator agierte.

Seit dem 8. November 2013 wird auf Sixx Paula Lamberts moderierte Sendung Paula kommt – Sex und gute Nacktgeschichten ausgestrahlt. Im Januar 2020 war sie einer der Coaches in der Sat.1-Sendung No Body is perfect – Das Nacktexperiment. Seit Mai 2020 moderiert sie auf Sixx die Sendung Tagesfrau. Im selben Jahr nahm sie als Kandidatin an der Kochshow MasterChef Celebrity auf Sky One teil und belegte den dritten Platz.

Seit 2022 bewirbt Paula Lambert das Unternehmen Weight Watchers.

Privatleben
Ihren Ehemann Matthias, der ebenfalls unter dem Künstlernamen Lambert auftritt, lernte sie 2009 kennen. Das Paar trennte sich 2020. Lambert ist Mutter von zwei Söhnen.

Filmografie
 2012: Roche & Böhmermann
 2012: Unter fremden Decken – Auf der Suche nach dem besten Sex der Welt
 2012: Im Bett mit Paula
 seit 2013: Playlist – Sound of my Life
 seit 2013: Paula kommt – Sex und gute Nacktgeschichten
 2013: Unter fremden Decken 2 – Die Suche nach dem besten Sex der Welt geht weiter
 2013: Heiß & Fettig!
 2014–2015: Promi Big Brother Late Night LIVE
 2015: Der Klügere kippt nach
 2015: Big Brother – Die Entscheidung LIVE
 2016: Kuttner plus Zwei
 2016: So kommt Deutschland
 2017: Für Emma und ewig
 2017: Dinner Party
 2018: Paula kommt … am Telefon
 2020: No Body is perfect – Das Nacktexperiment
 2020: Paula kommt – Auf der Suche nach der weiblichen Lust
 2020: Tagesfrau
 2020: MasterChef Celebrity
 2020–2021: Buchstaben Battle

Werke
 Keine Panik, ich will nur Sex. Auf der Suche nach dem Mann für jede Lage. Heyne, München 2010, ISBN 978-3-453-60147-5.
 Eine Frau mit Penetrationshintergrund. Roman. Piper, München 2012, ISBN 978-3-492-27456-2.
 Keine Angst, der will nur spielen. Der Männer-Report. Piper, München 2014, ISBN 978-3-492-30020-9.
 Finde dich gut, sonst findet dich keiner. Wie du lernst, dich selbst zu lieben, und dabei unwiderstehlich wirst. Heyne, München 2016, ISBN 978-3-453-60381-3.
 Paula kommt. Das ehrlichste Sex-Buch der Welt! Gräfe und Unzer, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8338-6397-4.
 Geh schon mal in dich, das Glück kommt dann nach. Heyne, München 2021, ISBN 978-3-641-26463-5.

Weblinks

 paulalambert.de

Einzelnachweise

Sachbuchautor
Roman, Epik
Journalist (Deutschland)
Zeitungsjournalist
Literatur (Deutsch)
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Pseudonym
Deutscher
Geboren 1974
Frau

Paula Lambert


Serge Titeux, né le  à Carpentras, est un joueur de rugby à XIII dans les années 1970, 1980 et 1990 évoluant au poste de pilier ou de deuxième ligne.

Formé au club d'Entraigues où il fait ses débuts en Championnat de France, Serge Titeux rejoint le club du Pontet avec lequel il domine le rugby à XIII français dans les années 1980 remportant deux titres de Championnat de France en 1986 et 1988 ainsi que deux titres de Coupe de France en 1986 et 1988 sous la houlette de Marius Frattini et des coéquipiers tels que Christian Maccali, José Giné, Marc Palanques, Thierry Bernabé, Denis Bergé et Patrick Rocci.

Repéré dès son jeune âge, il est convoqué en équipe de France cadet aux côtés Bernard Guasch, puis connaît par la suite dix sélections en équipe de France entre 1985 et 1987 prenant part à la Coupe du monde 1985-1988 et affrontant les meilleurs sélections mondiales de l'époque telles que l'Australie, la Grande-Bretagne et la Nouvelle-Zélande.

Biographie

Serge Titeux a été formé au club d'Entraigues et connaît des sélections en équipe de France cadet en 1976 aux côtés de Bernard Guasch

Son épouse a été la dirigeante du club de basket de Carpentras. L'un de ses fils, Ludovic, est joueur  à Avignon et arbitre de rugby à XIII.

Palmarès

 Collectif :
 Vainqueur du Championnat de France : 1986 et 1988 (Le Pontet).
 Vainqueur de la Coupe de France : 1986 et 1988 (Le Pontet).
 Finaliste du Championnat de France : 1985, 1987 et 1989 (Le Pontet).
 Finaliste de la Coupe de France : 1989 (Le Pontet) et 1992 (Carpentras).

Détails en sélection

En club

Notes et références

Liens externes

International français de rugby à XIII
Naissance en octobre 1960

Serge Titeux


Ločica ob Savinji je naselje u slovenskoj Općini Polzela. Ločica ob Savinji se nalazi u pokrajini Štajerskoj i statističkoj regiji Savinjskoj.

Naselje leži između Podvinske Struge i Savinje, a poznato je i po obližnjem arheološkom nalazištu istočno od naselja. Ovdje je u drugoj polovici 2. stoljeća n. Kr. izrastao veliki rimski vojni logor. Tlocrtne mjere logora bile su 543 m x 435 m. U zidinama su bila četvora ulazna vrata. Sam logor je imao pet velikih zgrada i bolnicu (nije potvrđeno). Naselje se u zadnje vrijeme širi, zbog toga krče šume, bisere prirode, a nove zgrade rastu u blizini. Ljudi iz većih gradova sve više doseljavaju u ovo mjesto.

Ime naselja
Ime naselja je 1953. godine promijenjeno iz Ločica u Ločica ob Savinji.

Stanovništvo
Prema popisu stanovništva iz 2018. godine naselje je imalo 987 stanovnika.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Naselja u Općini Polzela

Ločica ob Savinji


Indisk slangehalsfugl () er en slangehalsfugl, der lever i Asien, fra Pakistan til det østlige Indonesien.

Eksterne henvisninger
  Netfugl.dk
  Avibase - the world bird database

Slangehalsfugle
Fugle fra Sydasien
Fugle fra Sydøstasien

Indisk slangehalsfugl


Raipur district is a district in the Chhattisgarh state of India. Its administrative headquarters is the city of Raipur. The district is rich in mineral resources and there are many wildlife sanctuaries. With a population of 2 million, it is the most populous district of Chhattisgarh.

History

Raipur district, like the rest of the Chhattisgarh plain, was once known as Dakshina Kosala and considered to be under Maurya Empire. In Arang near Raipur, a Gupta inscription dated to the 6th century CE shows Gupta hegemony over the region. In the 7th century CE, the region was ruled by a Buddhist kingdom in Bhandak in modern-day Maharashtra and was described by Xuanzang. A branch of this family later migrated to Sirpur in present-day Mahasamund district, and later took control of the entirety of Dakshina Kosala. This kingdom's prosperity reached its height with Tivaradeva. His son inscribed almost all temples in Sirpur. They were later ousted by the Sharabpuriyas, who took control of the rest of Chhattisgarh and ruled for several centuries.

The Haihayas or Kalachuris, who claimed descent from the Chedis, later took control of the region in the early 9th century. The Haihaiya ruled Mughatunga was the first of the dynasty to rule Chhattisgarh, and his grandson set up the capital in Ratanpur, modern Bilaspur district. Their territory included modern Raipur. The Kalachuris controlled the region from Ratanpur the next three centuries, building many temples throughout their kingdom. By the 12th century, many small portions of their realm were given as fiefdoms to minor princes of the family and their power declined. The Haihaiyas of the Raipur branch then began to gain strength: one of their kings conquered 18 , or forts, of the enemy - lending an etymology to Chhattisgarh, the 36 forts. They ruled until the reign of Amar Singh Deva in 1741.

In the mid-16th century, Kalyan Singh, current ruler of Raipur, took audience with Akbar and was rewarded with the title of Raja and other high titles. This was the first Muslim influence in Chhattisgarh, which would always remain limited. By the early 18th century, the Kalachuris had become the overlords of a large number of divided petty chiefdoms, but with little authority. The Kalachuri ruler Raghunath Singh was the final independent ruler from Ratanpur, and in 1740 the Maratha general Bhaskar Pant invaded the region. A despondent, heirless Singh did not put up much resistance, and the Marathas took the region with little loss. Raghunath Singh continued ruling as a Maratha vassal. In 1745, Raghunath Singh died and Pant installed Mohan Singh, a loyal Maratha vassal from the dynasty, on the throne, where he ruled until 1758 when his son Bhimbaji took control with Maratha support. Bhimbaji ruled virtually independently of Nagpur, but his brother Venkoji who succeeded him was far less interested in administration than Nagpur court politics. Although a subah, a governor, was appointed by Venkoji to administer the region for him, this was resisted and real administration of the region was done by Bhimaji's widow Anandi Bai and a council of ministers. After Anandi Bai's death in the early 19th century, the region was ruled by a series of governors under a very loose control of Nagpur and often exploited the office to become rich. After the Third Anglo-Maratha war in 1818, a British colonel administered the region. British accounts claim the people were  'oppressed' by the Marathas, especially their pindari raids. The country returned to rule by subahs from Nagpur in 1830, but Raipur was too remote to have much contact with the government. This continued until the annexation of Nagpur under the Doctrine of Lapse in 1854.

Amar Singh, the ruler of Raipur, continued ruling without Maratha interference until 1750. On his death, the Maratha government confiscated his holdings but later returned it to his son, whose family continued to hold revenue rights until Independence.

Geography
It is situated between 22° 33' N to 21°14'N Latitude and 82° 6' to 81° 38'E Longitude. It occupies the south eastern part of the upper Mahanadi River valley and the bordering hills in the south and the east. The district is located on the Chhattisgarh plain, the areas near the hills being split off when the district was trifurcated.

The district borders Baloda Bazar district to the north, Mahasamund district to the east, Gariaband and Dhamtari districts to the south, and Durg and Bemetara districts to the west.

The Mahanadi River is the principal river of this district.

Divisions

Raipur district is administratively divided into 4 Tehsils and 4 development blocks. It comprises one Lok Sabha Constituency (Raipur) and 9 Vidhan Sabha (Chhattisgarh Assembly) constituencies. The chief crop of this region is paddy. There are more than 50 large and middle scale industries in this district which have offered employment to over 10,000 people.

Villages

Khairjhiti

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Raipur district has a population of 2,160,876. This gives it a ranking of 211th in India (out of a total of 640). The district has a population balls density of  . Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 34.65%. Raipur has a sex ratio of 983 females for every 1000 males, and a literacy rate of 76.43%. 1,276,652 (59.08%) live in urban areas. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes make up 16.60% and 4.30% of the population respectively.

Languages

At the time of the 2011 Census of India, 61.77% of the population in the district spoke Chhattisgarhi, 25.16% Hindi, 3.21% Odia, 1.94% Sindhi, 1.33% Marathi, 1.28% Bengali and 1.01% Urdu as their first language.

Bhunjia, spoken by approximately 7000 Bhunjia Adivasis.

Culture

Chhattisgarhi is the local language that most of the people in this area converse in. Raut Nacha, Dewar Nacha, Panthi & Soowa, Padki and Pandwani are some of musical styles and dance dramas. Pandwani is a famous musical way of singing Mahabharata in this region.

Women are fond of 'Kachhora' a typical manner of wearing saree. Women wearing 'Lugda' (saree) and 'Polkha' (blouse) with set of ornaments are symbolic of tradition and heritage of Chhattisgarh. Various decorative items used by women are Baandha (necklace made of coins) and silver necklace 'suta', 'Phuli' for nose, 'Bali' and Khuntis for ears, 'Ainthi' (of silver worn on forearm), Patta, Choora (bangles), Kardhani on waist (a belt like thing made of silver), Pounchhi a ring for upper arm and Bichhiya worn on toes. Men also decorate themselves with Koundhi (necklace of beads) and Kadhah (bangle) for occasions like dances.

Gouri-Goura, Surti, Hareli, pola and Teeja are the main festivals of this area. Celebrated in the month of 'Shravan' Hareli is a mark of greenery. Farmers worship farm equipment and cows on this occasion. They place branches and leaves of 'Bhelwa' (a tree resembling cashew tree and found in the forests and villages of this district) in the fields and pray for good crop. People also hang small Neem branches at the main entrance of houses on this occasion to prevent occurrence of seasonal diseases. Baigas start teaching medicinal techniques to their disciples starting from Hareli for fifteen days (till panchami the next day of Ganesh Chaturthi). On this day, they examine their disciples for medical skills and if they satisfied with their performance, then traditionally they gives the acceptance to practice medicine. Disciples who fail in such examination continue to learn techniques in subsequent years till they succeed to be recognized.

Children play 'gedi' (walking on bamboo) from the festival of hareli to pola. They display various feats on gedi and participate in gedi race. Hareli is also beginning of festivals for Chhattisgarhi people. Pola and Teeja follow Hareli. People celebrate POLA by worshipping Bullocks. Bull race is also a major event of the festival. Children play with Nandia-Bail (Nandi the Vahan of Lord Shiva) idols made of clay and fitted with clay wheels. Teeja is the festival of women. All married women pray for the welfare of their husbands on this occasion. The custom is to perform this prayer at the parents' place of the women . They eagerly wait for this occasion to come to spend some time at their birth places in festive and devotional mood. The feeling of togetherness and social harmony is filled in every festival and art of Chhattisgarh culture.one and only midday newspaper jantaserishta published from capitol city raipur sine 10 years

Champaran (Chhattisgarh) is a small town in the district that has religious significance as the birthplace of the Saint Vallabhacharya.

References

External links

 wildlife sanctuaries of Raipur District

Districts of Chhattisgarh

Raipur district


පොලිමරේස් දාම ප්‍රතික්‍රියා () යනු DNA සාම්පලයක් වර්ධනය කරගැනීම සඳහා භාවිතා කරන රසායනාගාර ක්‍රමවේදයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

DNA spiking
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Selector-technique

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

 PCR Animation maxanim.com
 OpenPCR Open-source PCR thermalcycler project
 US Patent for PCR
 OpenWetWare
 What is PCR plateau effect? YouTube tutorial video
 GeneWarrior Online PCR Primer design tool
 History of the Polymerase Chain Reaction from the Smithsonian Institution Archives
  Computer exercise. Design of PCR and PCR-RFLP experiments

Molecular biology
පොලිමරේස් දාම ප්‍රතික්‍රියා
Laboratory techniques
DNA profiling techniques
Amplifiers
Hoffmann-La Roche
ජෛව තාක්ෂණය
Molecular biology techniques
ඇමෙරිකානු නව නිපැයුම්

පොලිමරේස් දාම ප්‍රතික්‍රියා


ශ්‍රීමත් ජේම්ස් චැඩ්වික් CH FRS (20 ඔක්තෝබර 1891 – 24 ජූලි 1974) යනු, ඔහු විසින් නියුට්‍රෝනය සොයාගැනීම වෙනුවෙන්,  භෞතික විද්‍යාව සඳහා නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගයෙන් සම්මාන ලද  ඉංග්‍රීසි ජාතිකයෙකි.

විද්‍යාඥයෝ
රසායන විද්‍යාව
1891 උපත්
1974 මරණ

ජේම්ස් චැඩ්වික්


Robert Durrer (* 24. Juli 1836 in Stans; † 4. Dezember 1889 ebenda) war ein Schweizer Jurist und Politiker.

Leben und Beruf
Der Sohn des Kirchmeiers Anton Albert Durrer besuchte von 1847 bis 1854 das Kapuzinergymnasium Kollegium St. Fidelis in Stans und die Stiftsschule Maria Einsiedeln und 1854, um besser Französisch zu lernen, die Jesuitenschule in Porrentruy.

Er studierte Philosophie am Jesuitenkolleg in Dole in Frankreich. Als dort die Cholera ausbrach, setzte er das Studium in Freiburg und St. Gallen fort. Sodann studierte er Rechtswissenschaften an den Universitäten München und Göttingen. In Göttingen schloss er sich 1856 der Burschenschaft Hannovera an. Von hier aus unternahm er eine Bildungsreise nach Hamburg und an die deutsche Nordseeküste. Er kehrte nochmals nach München zurück und schloss 1858 dort das Studium ab.

Er absolvierte ein Rechtspraktikum bei Nationalrat Johann Joseph Müller in St. Gallen, ehe er sich als Anwalt in Stans niederliess. Bald darauf gehörte er dem Gemeinderat an, wo er für das Schul- und Armenwesen zuständig war. Seinem Wirken war es zu verdanken, dass Stans ein neues Waisenhaus erhielt. 1862 wurde er Landratsmitglied des Kantons Nidwalden. Dieses Gremium wählte ihn zum Präsidenten des Polizeigerichts. Nach dem Tode seines Vaters übertrug man ihm dessen Amt als Kirchmeier, eines hohen ehrenamtlichen Verwaltungspostens der katholischen Kirchengemeinde in Stans. 1868 wurde er zum Landeshauptmann (Verteidigungsminister des Kantons Nidwalden) bestellt. Als solcher wirkte er 1871 bei der Internierung französischer Soldaten der Bourbaki-Armee in Stans mit. Nachdem ihn 1872 der Bundesrat zum eidgenössischen Unterarchivar gewählt hatte, trat er in den eidgenössischen Dienst ein. Die Tätigkeit in Bern füllte ihn jedoch nicht aus. Deshalb begab er sich bald wieder nach Stans. 1874 wählte der Landrat ihn zum Polizeidirektor. Als sein Schwager, der bisherige Nationalrat 1874 verstarb, kandidierte er erfolgreich für die Nachfolge und gehörte 15 Jahre als Mitglied der katholisch-konservativen Fraktion bis zu seinem Tode dem Nationalrat an. Dort trat er vornehmlich für die Verbesserung der ökonomischen Belange in ländlichen Gegenden der Schweiz ein.

Seine vom Katholizismus geprägte Weltanschauung kam z. B. dadurch zum Ausdruck, dass er sich – wenn auch erfolglos – gegen die Einführung der Zivilehe aussprach oder verhindern wollte, dass junge Frauen, die keinem kirchlichen Orden angehören, den Beruf der Krankenschwester ergreifen konnten. 1875 wurde Robert Durrer zum Landammann (Regierungspräsident) des Kantons Nidwalden gewählt. Dieses Amt bekleidete er bis zu seinem Tode, allerdings nur achtmal, da er gemäss den verfassungsrechtlichen Bestimmungen jedes zweite Jahr diese Funktion mit dem Amt des Landesstatthalters (stellvertretender Regierungspräsident) tauschen musste. Auf kantonaler Ebene geht insbesondere die Novellierung der Verfassung im Jahr 1877 auf ihn zurück. Auch sorgte er für eine Überarbeitung des Schulgesetzes, was zu einer bedeutsamen Verbesserung des Schulwesens im Kanton Nidwalden führte.

Sein Sohn Robert Durrer wurde Kunsthistoriker, Archivar und Kantonsrichter.

Literatur
 Helge Dvorak: Biographisches Lexikon der deutschen Burschenschaft. Band I: Politiker, Teilband 7: Supplement A–K, Winter, Heidelberg 2013, ISBN 978-3-8253-6050-4. S. 265–266.
 Nidwaldner Volksblatt. 14. Dezember 1889, S. 2.
 Nidwaldner Volksblatt. 21. Dezember 1889, S. 2.
 Nidwaldner Kalender. Nr. 32 (1891), S. 16–18.
 Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz. Deutsche Ausgabe, 2. Band, Basel/Egnach 1924, S. 769

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Nationalrat (Nidwalden)
Regierungsrat (Nidwalden)
Landrat (Nidwalden, Person)
Kommunalpolitiker (Kanton Nidwalden)
Rechtsanwalt (Schweiz)
Archivar (Schweiz)
Burschenschafter (19. Jahrhundert)
Schweizer
Geboren 1836
Gestorben 1889
Mann

Robert Durrer (Politiker)


Mange romfirmaer i Flensborg har været beskæftiget med import af sukker og rom fra Dansk Vestindien.
Flensborg var den største romby i Europa og er især kendt for forskæring af brun jamaikarom. Forskåret rom (Rum-Verschnitt) er en blanding af importeret brun rom (melasse), vand og brændevin lavet på kartofler fra Angel.

De kendteste romhuse er:

Toldpakhuset
Skibbroen 39.
Fra 1842/43 til 1960'erne lagerkælder for romfade til prøvetagning.
Nu har Flensborg Søfartsmuseum til huse i bygningen og giver oplysninger om rommens historie i Flensborg.

Pott
Nystaden 2 (Neustadt) over for Nørreport. Fra 1923 Augustagade 3-5.
Pott-rom er grundlagt 1878 i et beboelseshus af firmaet H.H. Pott (Hans Hinrich Pott) fra 1848, men blev solgt til Henkell Sekt i 2006.

Sonnberg

Skibbroen 16/17 på hjørnet til Nygade (Neue Straße).
Dette er Flensborgs ældste romhus grundlagt i 1781 af H.C. Henningsen. Overtaget i 1901 af Heinrich Sonnberg.
Bygningen huser nu Hansens Bryggeri, der er ølbryggeri og spisested oprettet i 1990'erne.

Boddel Rum er et varemærke fra Sonnberg. Boddel er det plattyske ord for flaske.

Johannsen

Mariegade 6-8.
Johannsen Rum er fra 1878 og eksisterer stadig.

Herm. G. Dethleffsen
Holm 39.
Hermann G. Dethleffsen overtog i 1881 Carl G. Andresens spiritushandel. I 1907 opkøbtes Bommerlunder snaps og sidenhen rommærkerne Balle, Hansen, J.C. Schmidt, Hermann C. Andresen og Sonnberg.

Hansen Rom
Angelbogade 30-32 / Friedrich-Ebert-Str. 2.
H. Hansen Jr. fra 1868.
Huset i Angelbogade, hvor firmaet Hansen Rom havde til huse 1909-1964, er nu revet ned.
Firmaet er et af de kendteste, men er nu opkøbt af Herm. G. Dethleffsen.

Matz
Nørregårdender 1 (Norderhofenden), tidl. Hotel Flensburger Hof.
Hans Jürgen Matz havde romhandel fra 1866. Bygningen er fra 1890.

Asmussen
Grundlagt 1860 i Flensborg af H.C. Asmussen.
Ejes nu af Nordbrand i Nordhausen i Harzen.

Balle
Fremstillet af Ole Christian Balle i Flensborg fra 1779. Hans firma var fra 1717, som er det årstal, der står på nutidens etiket.

A. Nissen
J.F. Clausens efterfølger, grundlagt 1855.

Holborn
Holborn-Rum-Company etableret i Flensborg i 1925 og senere flyttet til Rinteln.  Holborn GS (Grog Spezialität).

Braasch Rum
Rødegade 26-28 (Rote Straße).
Grundlagt 1998 af udlært romforskærer Walter Braasch. Udgør sammen med Johannsen Rum de to eneste romhuse, der endnu har adresse i Flensborg. De øvrige mærker videreføres andetsteds. Hos Braasch kan man besøge et lille gratis rommuseum.

Noter

Romhuse
Fødevarevirksomheder fra Tyskland

Flensborgske romhuse


Kırköy, Ankara ilinin Kızılcahamam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Mahallenin eski adı Karaköy'dür. Ankara iline 72 km, Kızılcahamam ilçesine 12 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Dış bağlantılar
 Kırköy resmi websitesi

Kızılcahamam'ın mahalleleri

Kırköy, Kızılcahamam


Mittelwerk GmbH a fost o fabrică subterană secretă folosită de Germania nazistă în cel de-al doilea război mondial pentru producerea rachetelor V-1 și V-2. Fabrica a fost săpată într-o mină de gips abandonată în muntele Kohnstein, din apropierea orașului Nordhausen, Germania. Până în 1945, aproximativ 900 de rachete au fost asamblate aici în fiecare lună.

La Mittelwerk lucrau în subteran deținuți din lagărul nou de muncă Dora-Mittelbau creat aici, prizonieri de război sovietici și francezi, precum și civili, în mare parte evrei polonezi.

La Kohnstein exista o exploatare minieră încă din anul 1917, având deja mai multe tunele rezultate în urma săpăturilor. Sistemul de tunele fusese început din 1934, de către  societatea minieră austriacă Österreichisches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung (WIFO) care construise aici un complex de clădiri, depozite de stocare (cel mai mare depozit de produse petroliere, combustibil și ulei din Germania), hale de producție și tabere de prizonieri.

În octombrie 1940, Ministerul Armamentului din Berlin a aprobat extinderea facilităților de la Mittelwerk, prin realizarea a două tunele mari, conectate la intervale regulate de tuneluri mai mici.

Până la sfârșitul anului 1943, erau deja realizate 46 de astfel de tunele, ce măsurau în total 20 km, iar prin cele două tunele principale, s-au montat două căi ferate.

Lucrul la Mittelwerk a început în data de 28 august 1943, atunci când primele camioane cu deținuți ajungeau în lagărul Dora-Mittelbau, provenind din lagărul de la Buchenwald. Întregul complex de la Mittelwerk se afla sub directa răspundere a generalului de brigadă SS Hans Kammler.

Facilitățile de la Mittelwerk

Sistemul de tunele
Principalele construcții de la Mittelwerk erau cele două tunele mari A și B, fiecare de aproximativ 1170 m lungime, și care erau conectate cu mai multe tuneluri mai mici corespunzătoare halelor de producție: Halle 1-20 (Nordwerk), aflate în partea de nord a complexului, destinate producției de motoare cu reacție pentru avioanele Messerschmitt Me 262 și Junkers; Halle 21-42 (Mittelwerk 1), fabricării și asamblării rachetelor V-2; Halle 43-46 (Mittelwerk 2) erau destinate fabricării rachetelor V-1.

În Halle 39 rachetelor V-2 li se aplicau mai multe variante de camuflaj, și însemnate numerele de serie ale acestora.

În Halle 41, se găsea o incintă de 50 m înălțime, dotată cu o macara de mare tonaj, unde rachetele erau ridicate la verticală, alimentate, și testate. Încărcăturile explozive nu erau atașate la rachete decât înainte de lansare.

Tunelul A era folosit și pentru transportul pieselor, subansamblelor și materialelor necesare asamblării rachetelor, precum și ca spațiu de depozitare pentru rachetele construite.

Tunelul B era folosit doar pentru transportul rachetelor asamblate, pregătite pentru livrare pe calea ferată. Acestea erau transportate de la Mittelwerk la locurile de lansare, majoritatea aflate în Franța și Olanda.

Alte construcții
Mittelwerke  dispunea și de alte 4 facilități ce aparțineau de Institutul Nordhausen, toate lucrând la producția rachetelor V-1și V-2: Fabrica Nr.1 aflată la Sommerda, cu laboratoare de cercetare, Fabrica Nr.2 Montania, la Nordhausen, asamblare sisteme de propulsie, Fabrica Nr.3 la Kleinbodungen, experimentare și testare pentru V-2, Fabrica Nr.4 la Sonderhausen, integrare sisteme de control al zborului pentru V-2. Toate acestea au fost utilizate după război de către sovietici.

Au fost construite și mai multe mici depozite și ateliere de lucru in jurul Mittelwerk, unde erau stocate piese voluminoase (motoare și corpuri de racheta, secțiuni de fuzelaj, rezervoare de combustibil, etc) sau instrumente sensibile la umiditate.

Au existat și altele facilități nefinalizate, unele subterane, precum cele de la Vorwerk Mitte, Lehesten, sau Redl-Zipf, Austria.

În prezent, lângă fosta fabrică Mittelwerk, a fost ridicat un monument în amintirea celor 60 000 de oameni închiși, și a celor aproximativ 20 000 de deținuți care au pierit. Vizitatorii pot face un tur al muzeului, în care încă se mai găsesc piese ale rachetelor.

Revista After the Battle menționează despre rachetele de la Mittelwerk: "V-1 și V-2 sunt singurele arme a căror fabricare a luat un tribut de vieți omenești mai mare decât cel pe care l-a luat detonarea lor".

Note

Vezi și
Lagăr de concentrare

Legături externe

 Mittelbau GmbH - Mittelbau KZ
 Thirdreichruins - Mittelwerk
 Hitlers Raketentunnel Mittelwerk Documentar YouTube

Al Doilea Război Mondial
Clădiri și structuri din Germania
Companii din industria de apărare din Germania
Wehrmacht

Mittelwerk


Biyokimya, bitki, hayvan ve mikroorganizma biçimindeki bütün canlıların yapısında yer alan kimyasal maddeleri ve canlının yaşamı boyunca sürüp giden kimyasal süreçleri inceleyen bilim dalıdır.

Biyokimyanın amacı her şeyden önce, hücrenin temel bileşenleri olan protein, karbonhidrat, lipit gibi organik bileşiklerin ve yaşamsal önem taşıyan kimyasal tepkimelerde en büyük rolü oynayan DNA nükleik asitlerin, vitaminlerin ve hormonların yapısal ve nicel çözümlemesini yapmaktır. Canlılardaki protein bileşimi, besinlerin enerjiye dönüşmesi, kalıtsal özelliklerin kimyasal mekanizmalarla iletilmesi gibi yaşam süreçlerinin araştırılması da yine biyokimyanın ilgi alanına girer

Canlılara ilişkin bilim dalları uğraşmakta olan her fakültede (tıp, eczacılık, biyoloji, ziraat, veteriner vs.) bir biyokimya kürsüsü de bulunur. İnsan sağlığıyla ilgili bilimler de iki alanda incelenir: 1. Temel biyokimya 2. Klinik biyokimya.

Klinik biyokimya laboratuvar uzmanlığı ise, klinik laboratuvar bilimi ve teknolojisinin hasta bakımı için kullanıldığı bir tıp disiplini olup, sağlık ve hastalıktaki biyokimyasal mekanizmaları, hastalıkların önlenmesi, tanı ve ayırıcı tanı, prognoz ve tedavinin izlenmesindeki testleri, laboratuvar sonuçlarının tıbbi yorumlarını, klinisyenlere konsültasyonunu ve laboratuvar tanıyı içeren, tıbba ve kliniğe özgün bir laboratuvar bilimi ve uzmanlık alanıdır.

21. yüzyılın biyolojik bilimler ve biyoteknoloji çağı olacağı kabul edilmektedir. Bilim ve teknolojinin amacı sağlıklı bir çevre ve sağlıklı bir yaşamdır. Bu nedenle bugün hayal bile edilemeyecek olanakların insanlığın hizmetine sunulmasında en büyük pay gelecekte bu meslek üyelerinin olacaktır. Son yılların Nobel bilim ödüllerinin büyük oranda biyokimyasal çalışmalara verilmiş olması bunun en güzel kanıtıdır. İş olanaklarının, biyokimya, biyoteknoloji ve gen teknolojisinde gözlenen gelişmelere paralel olarak yoğunlaşması gelişmiş ülkelerde yayınlanan bilimsel dergilerdeki iş ilanlarının büyük bir kısmının bu alanlara yönelik oluşu ile kanıtlanmaktadır

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Türk Biyokimya Derneği
 Biyokimyagerler Derneği
 Ege Üniversitesi Biyokimya Bölümü
 Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Biyokimya Bölümü
 Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Biyokimya Bölümü
 GATA Tıbbi Biyokimya
 Selçuk Üniversitesi-Montana State University Biyokimya Lisans Programı

Tıp bilimleri

Biyokimya


بلدية ألونسوتيجي  هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة بيسكاي، التي تقع في منطقة الباسك شمالي إسبانيا.

أعلام

 أندوني غويكيوتكسيا

وصلات خارجية
 موقع رسمي
 ALONSOTEGI in the Bernardo Estornés Lasa - Auñamendi Encyclopedia (Euskomedia Fundazioa) (بالإسبانية)

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بيسكاي
بلديات بيسكاي

ألونسوتيجي


U zoološkoj nomenklaturi specifični naziv (također specifični epitet ili epitet vrste ) je drugi dio (drugi naziv) unutar znanstvenog naziva vrste (dvojno nazivlje). Prvi dio imena vrste naziv je roda ili generički naziv.

 Primjer
 Znanstveno ime za ljude je Homo sapiens, što je naziv vrste, koji se sastoji od dva imena: Homo je " generičko ime " (ime roda), a sapiens je "specifično ime".

Povijesno gledano, to nije uvijek bilo tako. Carl Linnaeus, koji je formalizirao dvojno nazivlje, izričito je razlikovao specifična, generička i trivijalna imena. Generičko ime bilo je rod, prvo u dvojnom nazivlju, trivijalno ime bilo je drugo ime u binomu, a specifičan pravi naziv za kombinaciju njih dvoje. Na primjer dvojni naziv tigra, Panthera tigris.:
 generičko ime = Panthera
 trivijalno ime = tigris
 specifično ime = Panthera tigris

To je bila pravilna upotreba od 18. stoljeća do kraja 20. stoljeća, iako se činilo da mnogi autori nisu svjesni razlika između trivijalnih i specifičnih imena, a nedosljedna i pogrešna uporaba čak se pojavila i u Međunarodnom pravilniku o zoološkoj nomenklaturi.

Gramatika naziva vrsta
Gramatički, dvojno nazivlje (i trojni nazivlje također)  se mora tretirati kao da je riječ o latinskoj frazi, bez obzira iz kojeg su jezika riječi izvorno preuzete. (To dijelom opravdava popularnu upotrebu izraza "latinsko ime" umjesto ispravnijeg izraza "znanstveni naziv".) Gramatički (koristeći latinsku gramatiku), određeno se ime mora pridržavati određenih konvencija. Određeni naziv može se oblikovati kao:

 Imenica u apoziciji uz naziv roda, na primjer, znanstveno ime lava, Panthera leo. U tim se slučajevima riječ za rod i riječ za vrstu ne moraju nužno slagati u rodu. Imena vrsta koja su imenice u apoziciji ponekad su narodni naziv organizma na latinskom ili starogrčkom ili naziv (specifičan ili generički) drugog organizma kojem sam organizam sliči.
 Imenica u genitivu (tj. pripadnost).
 To je često kod parazita: Xenos vesparum ("Stranac osa").
 U genitivu se često koriste vlastite imenice koja su imena ljudi i mjesta. Primjerice, naziv koelakanta, Latimeria chalumnae što znači "Latimeria Chalumne", referenca je na područje u blizini ušća rijeke Chalumna u Indijski ocean, gdje je koelakant prvi put pronađen, odnosno njegov tipski lokalitet.
 Pridjev koji se mora složiti u slučaju i spolu s rodom: Felis silvestris ("šumska mačka").

Razlike u odnosu na botaniku
U botaničkoj nomenklaturi, "naziv" se uvijek odnosi na cijelo ime (vrste ili na neki drugi način), dok se u zoološkoj nomenklaturi može odnositi na bilo koji dio binomena. Tako je Hedera helix (obični bršljan, engleski bršljan) naziv vrste; Hedera je ime roda; ali spirala je specifični epitet, a ne specifično ime.

Izvori

Sistematika

Specifični naziv (zoologija)


Elfar Freyr Helgason (født 27. juli 1989) er en islandsk professionel fodboldspiller, der spiller for Breiðablik i den islandske Úrvalsdeild som forsvarsspiller.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Island
Fodboldspillere fra Breiðablik UBK
Fodboldspillere fra AEK Athen
Fodboldspillere fra Stabæk Fotball
Fodboldspillere fra Randers FC
Fodboldspillere fra AC Horsens

Elfar Freyr Helgason


حكيم الإسلام الشيخ «طنطاوي جوهري» (1870 - 1940م) العالم الفيلسوف صاحب «الجواهر في تفسير القرآن الكريم»، من العلماء الموسوعيين الذين جمعوا بين علوم كثيرة يبدو بعضها متناقضا، فكان من علماء الأزهر، وصاحب منهج تفسيري في كتابه «الجواهر» حول العلاقة بين آيات القرآن والعلم، وله إسهامات في الكتابة عن الموسيقى، وكان من دعاة السلام العالمي، ومن المناضلين الوطنيين ضد الاستعمار ومن المنضمين لغالبية الحركات والجمعيات الإسلامية التي نشأت في تلك الفترة من التاريخ، ووصفه الزعيم مصطفى كامل بأنه «حكيم الإسلام».

الميلاد
ولد «طنطاوي جوهري» في قرية «كفر عوض الله حجازي» التابعة لمحافظة الشرقية بمصر سنة (1287 هـ- 1870م).

التعليم
 أرسله والده إلى كتاب القرية لحفظ القرآن الكريم، ولما أتم الحفظ ازداد ولعه بالعلم فالتحق بالأزهر، وبعد سنوات قضاها في الأزهر وقعت أحداث الثورة العربية فاضطر لأن يرجع إلى قريته سنة 1882م.
 عاد إلى القاهرة مرة أخرى بعد أن تم القضاء على العرابيين والتحق بمدرسة دار العلوم عام 1889م وفيها تفتحت آفاقه على ثقافات أوسع، فقد هزته دراسات العلوم الطبيعية والفلك وغيرها من العلوم التي لم يكن يدرسها في الأزهر، ويقول عن ذلك: «كنت في هذه المدرسة أقرأ ما يروي ظمأ روحي» تخرج من دار العلوم سنة 1893م.
 عكف على تعلم اللغة الإنجليزية حيث أتقنها وترجم بعض كتبها ومنها مؤلفات اللورد "افبوري" كما ترجم أعمالا لبعض الشعراء الإنجليز.

العمل
 عين «جوهري» مدرسا بمدرسة دمنهور الابتدائية، وتنقل بين عدد من المدارس منها المدرسة الخديوية حيث بقى فيها عشر سنين (من سنة 1900 إلى سنة 1910م)
 عين الشيخ «طنطاوي» مدرسا للتفسير والحديث سنة 1911م بمدرسة دار العلوم وذلك حين تولي «أحمد باشا حشمت» نظارة المعارف العمومية.
 اختير ضمن هيئة التدريس بالجامعة المصرية الأهلية ليلقي بها محاضرات في الفلسفة الإسلامية وفي ذلك الحين رشح لتولي منصبٍ قضائيٍ لكنه لم يقبل.
 بعد إعلان الحرب العالمية الأولي سنة 1914م نقله الإنجليز إلى المدارس الثانوية حيث انتقل إلى مدرسة العباسية الثانوية بالإسكندرية، وهناك كون جمعية من الطلاب أسماها «الجمعية الجوهرية» كان لها أثرها في بث الوعي القومي والثقافي بين الشباب السكندري.
 في أكتوبر سنة 1917م دعي إلى القاهرة للتدريس بالمدرسة الخديوية ثانية.
 في عام 1919 -أثناء المظاهرات التي قامت ضد الإنجليز- قام البوليس بتفتيش مسكنه لما عرف من وطنيته، ولمقالاته التي كان ينشرها في جريدة "اللواء" عن الأمم المستعبدة والأمم المستضعفة ووسائل الإصلاح.

أشهر تلاميذه
تتلمذ على يد الشيخ طنطاوي جوهري عددٌ من أبرز الشخصيات السياسية والأدبية والفنية، خصوصاً إبان فترات تدريسه بالمدرسة الخديوية ومن أبرزهم إبراهيم رمزي ومحمد لطفي جمعة.

الجواهر والتفسير العلمي للقرآن والعلوم العصرية
في سنة 1922م انقطع الشيخ طنطاوي عن التدريس لبلوغه السن القانونية للمعاش لكنه استطاع أن يهب وقته كله لكتابة تفسيره «الجواهر» الذي عمل لإنجازه دون توقف من سنة 1922 إلى سنة 1935. حيث يقع كتاب «الجواهر في تفسير القرآن الكريم» في نحو ستة وعشرين جزءا وكان قد نشر شذرات متفرقة منه باسم «التاج المرصع بجواهر القرآن والعلوم».
 يتحدث في مقدمة التفسير عن البواعث التي دفعته لتأليفه فيقول: «أما بعد فإني خلقت مغرما بالعجائب الكونية معجبا بالبدائع الطبيعية مشوقا إلى ما في السماء من جمال وما في الأرض من بهاء وكمال آيات بينات وغرائب باهرات، ثم إني لما تأملت الأمة الإسلامية وتعاليمها الدينية ألفيت أكثر العقلاء وبعض جلة العلماء عن تلك المعاني معرضين، وعن التفرج بها ساهين لاهين فقليل منهم من فكر في خلق العوالم وما أودعت من الغرائب فأخذت أؤلف لذلك كتابي».
 سمى تفسيره «الجواهر في تفسير القرآن الكريم» لأنه يجعل الجوهرة بدل الباب أو الفصل والجوهرة يتفرع عنها الماسة الأولى والماسة الثانية وهكذا.
 طريقته في تفسير القرآن أن يبدأ بالتفسير اللفظي للآيات التي يعرض لها ثم يتلوه بالشرح والإيضاح، أي أنه يشرح متوسعا في الفنون العصرية المتنوعة.
 كان يضع في تفسيره كثيرا من صور النباتات والحيوانات ومناظر الطبيعة وتجارب العلوم بقصد التوضيح والبيان.
 كان لهذا التفسير في الشرق الأقصى وفي إيران بوجه خاص سمعة طيبة وشهرة واسعة النطاق وقد قالت عنه مجلة الجمعية الآسيوية الفرنسية: «إن الشيخ طنطاوي رجل فيلسوف حكيم بمقدار ما هو عالم دين، وبهاتين الصفتين قد فسر القرآن الذي أثبت أنه دين الفطرة بما هو أكثر ملائمة للطباع البشرية وموافقة للحقائق العلمية والنواميس الطبيعية».
كما كان له مؤلفات أخرى منها:
 الزهرة في نظام العالم والامم
 النظام والإسلام
 مذكرات في ادبيات اللغة العربية
 نهضة الامم وحياتها
 ميزان الجواهر في عجائب الكون

عنايته بالموسيقى
عني الشيخ طنطاوي بالموسيقى وتحدث عنها حديث الخبير بها وربطها بالفكر الإسلامي. فتحدث عن موقف الإسلام من الأغاني والفنون وكان يقول: «إن الموسيقى المسموعة باب من أبواب الموسيقى المعقولة» وأورد في تفسيره كثيرا من النوادر والحوادث الشخصية التي كانت الموسيقى حافزا له فيها على ارتياد مواطن جديدة من النشاط الفكري.

عنايته بالسلام العالمي
 أولى «طنطاوي» اهتماما خاصا بالسلام العالمي ووضع نظرية في هذا المجال استمدها من مفاهيم القرآن، وخلاصة رأيه فيها أن «سياسة الأمم إن لم يكن بناؤها على حساب كحساب العلوم فإن النوع الإنساني سيحل به الدمار ولا يستحق البقاء».
 جعل علوم الرياضة والفلك والنبات والكيمياء والتشريح وعلم النفس وسيلة توصل إلى حل مشكلة السلام العام، وله كتابان وجههما إلى العالم في هذا الشأن هما: «أين الإنسان» وصاغه على هيئة رواية سياسة فلسفية تناول فيها آراء عدد من الفلاسفة مثل «الفارابي» و«ابن طفيل» و«توماس مور»، وكتاب «أحلام في السياسة وكيف يتحقق السلام العام».

الترشح لنوبل
 رشح عام 1939م بكتابيه هذين إلى الدوائر الغربية لنيل جائزة نوبل للسلام، رشحه للجائزة الدكتور علي مصطفى مشرفة بوصفه عميدا لكلية العلوم والدكتور عبد الحميد سعيد عضو البرلمان والرئيس العام لجمعية الشبان المسلمين وأخذت وزارة الخارجية بهذا الترشيح وأرسلت مؤلفاته إلى البرلمان النرويجي مشفوعة بتقرير عن جهوده في سبيل العلم والسلام وشهادات علماء إنجلترا وفرنسا وإيطاليا وألمانيا في قيمة هذه المؤلفات، لكن وفاة الشيخ «طنطاوي» حالت دون إتمام الأمر لأن جائزة نوبل لا تمنح إلا للأحياء فقط.

طنطاوي جوهري في عيون العلماء
 أولى الباحثون الغربيون اهتماما كبيرا بطنطاوي جوهري وتحدثوا عن مؤلفاته وآثاره؛ فاهتم البارون "كراديفو" به في كتابه "مفكرو الإسلام" ووصفه بأنه واحد من المصلحين الذين ربطوا بين جوهر الإسلام وبين النهضة الحديثة، يقول "كراديفو": إن الأزهر أظهر ثلاثة مصابيح: محمد عبده ورفاعة الطهطاوي وطنطاوي جوهري".
 ذكره «تشارلز آدمز» في كتابه «الإسلام والتجديد في مصر» كواحد من تلاميذه في مدرسة التوفيق بين المدنية الغربية والإسلام.
 قال عنه الدكتور ريتشارد هارتمان: «إن طنطاوي جوهري يسير على نهج الإمام محمد عبده في فهمه أن الإسلام هو دين العقل والفهم لا التقليد، وأن العلم إذا أحسن فهمه يصبح أداة صالحة لفهم الدين».
 المستشرق الإيطالي الشهير «سانتيلانه» يقول في كتابه «صدى صوت المصريين في أوروبا» والذي نشر عام 1911م: «ليس هناك بمصر من يجهل الشيخ طنطاوي جوهري، فهو ذلك الكاتب النحرير والمحرر الشهير، ذلك الإنسان ذو العقل الكبير؛ بل أحد رؤساء الحركة السياسية والاجتماعية التي انتشرت في طبقات الشعب الإسلامي كافة تحت اسم الجامعة الوطنية».
 قال الأستاذ العلامة "كريستيان جب": إن كتاب "أين الإنسان" يبحث في أعقد المشكلات العالمية بحثا عجزت أوروبا إلى اليوم عن الإتيان بمثله. وقال: "إني أعلن أن خير كتاب أخرج للناس في هذا الشأن هو كتاب "أين الإنسان" الذي يرسم للعالم بأسلوب فلسفي عميق الطريق المستقيم إلى السلام الدائم الذي رسمه الله في قوله تعالى "يا أيها الناس إنا خلقناكم من ذكر وأنثى وجعلناكم شعوبا وقبائل لتعارفوا".

علاقته بجماعة الإخوان المسلمين
 التقي الشيخ «طنطاوي جوهري» مع حسن البنا الذي عرض عليه - لفضله - أن يكون مرشداً للإخوان إلا أن الشيخ بتواضعه رفض ذلك وبايع حسن البنا وقد اختير الشيخ طنطاوي ليكون ممثلاً عن إخوان القاهرة في مجلس شورى الإخوان، والذي عُقد في الفترة من يوم السبت 11 من ذي الحجة 1353 هـ الموافق 16 مارس 1935م حتى يوم الإثنين 13 من ذي الحجة 1353 هـ الموافق 18 مارس 1935م، وتولى رئاسة تحرير "صحيفة الإخوان المسلمين"، والتي صدر العدد الأول منها في 22 صفر 1352 هـ الموافق 15 يونيو 1933م، وكان أول مقال فيها للشيخ بعنوان: «إلى القراء الكرام».
 قال له بعض العلماء: كيف تقبل وأنت العالم الجليل أن تكون تابعًا لمدرس أقل شأنًا منك؟ فردَّ عليه بقوله: لو تعلمون عن هذا الشخص ما أعلم ما ملكتم إلا أن تبايعوه على نصرة الإسلام، ثم قال: "إن حسن البنا في نظري مزاج عجيب من التقوى والدهاء السياسي، إنه قلب عليّ وعقل معاوية، وإنه أضفى على دعوة اليقظة عنصر "الجندية"، ورد إلى الحركة الوطنية عنصر "الإسلامية".
 خُصِّص له في المركز العام للإخوان المسلمين درسٌ في تفسير القرآن الكريم، كان يفسر القرآن بالعلوم الحديثة، وهو لون لم يكن مألوفًا في ذلك الوقت، وكان الرجل بارعًا في التفسير وفي الإقناع؛ حيث كان على قدم راسخة في التفسير وفي العلوم الكونية معًا.
 ينسب إليه أنه كان أول من احتضن أول مجموعة من طلبة الجامعة وأرشدهم إلى طريق دعوة الإخوان المسلمين؛ ففي 1933م- وأثناء زيارة الإمام البنا للوجه البحري- قامت مجموعة من طلاب المدارس العليا بزيارة الشيخ طنطاوي جوهري، وكانت تتألف من خمسة طلاب ينتمون إلى الكليات الجامعية المختلفة.

التكريم
يوجد نهج بإسمه في حي العمران في ولاية أريانة بتونس.

الوفاة
 توفي الشيخ طنطاوي جوهري في صباح يوم الجمعة 3 من ذي الحجة 1358 هـ الموافق 12 يناير سنة 1940م وقد نعته الصحف كصحيفة (المقطم) و (الشبان المسلمين) و (الإخوان المسلمين).

مصادر

 طنطاوي جوهري.. الحكيم داعية السلام
 تفسير القرآن الكريم للشيخ طنطاوي جوهري

تت

إخوان مسلمون مصريون
دعاة مصريون
علماء دين سنة مصريون
كتاب وكاتبات مصريون
مسلمون إصلاحيون
مفكرون إسلاميون
مفكرون مصريون
مواليد 1287 هـ
مواليد 1870
وفيات 1358 هـ
وفيات 1940

طنطاوي جوهري


بلدية الزَّنْبُوج أو (نقحرة: أكويتشال) ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة بطليوس، التي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، والتي تقع في غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 5.344 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية
أماكن مأهولة في بطليوس
بلديات بطليوس

أكويتشال