Rebeca Mankita Flashehener (Ciudad de México, 29 de abril de 1969) es una actriz y comediante mexicana.

Biografía
Nació el 29 de abril de 1969 en la Ciudad de México y comenzó su carrera como actriz siendo muy joven, en 1987, en la telenovela de Carla Estrada Pobre señorita Limantour. De ahí pasa al cine donde actúa en películas de corte cómico, como Papito querido y Soy hombre y qué. En 1996,  vuelve a la televisión en la telenovela La sombra del otro en una participación especial como una prostituta. Luego concentró su carrera en televisión realizando destacadas participaciones en las telenovelas Sin ti, ¡Amigos x siempre!, Carita de ángel, Amar otra vez, La fea más bella y Al diablo con los guapos, entre otras. También participó en el programa de comedia La escuelita VIP y en unitarios como Mujer, casos de la vida real y La rosa de Guadalupe.

El 16 de septiembre de 2010, Rebeca sufrió un grave accidente automovilístico, cuando transitaba en su Jeep Sahara por la Carretera México-Cuautla. Un auto Dodge Neon color gris donde viajaba una familia compuesta por dos adultos y cuatro niños impactó de costado al vehículo que conducía Rebeca. Como resultado del choque, los dos adultos y cuatro niños fallecieron mientras que la actriz milagrosamente sólo resultó con heridas menores. Aun así, fue detenida y custodiada como la posible responsable del accidente, aunque después de los peritajes correspondientes, la Procuraduría General de Justicia del Estado de Morelos determinó que la actriz no tuvo culpa alguna en la tragedia.

La actriz se recuperó favorablemente después del accidente, a pesar de que, como ella contó, la mala experiencia nunca se le olvida.

Filmografía

Telenovelas
 Mi camino es amarte (2023) .... Loretta
 Contigo sí (2021) .... Josefina
 Ringo (2019) ... Susana Tamayo
 Enamorándome de Ramón (2017)  ... Emilia
 Pasión y Poder (2015-2016) .... Gabriela
La promesa (2014-2015) .... Josefina de Ildegarde
 Hasta el fin del mundo (2014-2015) .... Isadora Carbonell
 Qué pobres tan ricos (2013-2014) .... Genoveva "Beba" de la Garza
 Llena de amor (2010-2011) .... Mayela Santibáñez
 Soy tu dueña (2010) .... Dama de honor #5
 Al diablo con los guapos (2007-2008) .... Marlene
 Destilando amor (2007) .... Colette
 La fea más bella (2006-2007) .... Ana Leticia Villarroel
 Rebelde (2004) .... Deborah
 Amar otra vez (2003-2004) .... Peggy
 Velo de novia (2003) .... Yara
 ¡Vivan los niños! (2002-2003) .... Paola Paz de Molina
 Aventuras en el tiempo (2001) .... Violeta (Edad adulta)
 Carita de ángel (2000-2001) .... Marfil de los Cobos
 ¡Amigos x siempre! (2000) .... Amanda Naredo
 El privilegio de amar (1998-1999)
 Camila (1998) .... Natalia de Galindo
 Sin ti (1997) .... Katy
 La sombra del otro (1996) .... Cristal
 María la del barrio (1995-1996) ... La "Gata"
 Pobre señorita Limantour (1987) .... Caty

Series de TV
 Como dice el dicho
 La Rosa de Guadalupe
 Ciber-amor - Cecilia
 Amar por siempre - Vera
 Los perplejos (2005-2006) .... Rebeca
 Mujer, casos de la vida real (2001-2006) (19 episodios)
 La escuelita VIP (2004) .... Miss Mankita

Películas
 Luna de miel automática (2002)
 Parejas disparejas (2002)
 Serie la Vida Loca (5 películas)
 La última de todas
 De ladito me la risa (1998)
 No se puede con la risa (1998)
 La risa en bikini (1998)
 Más sabroso con la risa (1997)
 La risa por dentro (1997)
 Me ganó la risa (1997)
 La risa lo cura todo (1997)
 El taxista querendón (1997) .... Marisa
 La risa en vacaciones 9
 La risa en vacaciones 8
 La super risa en vacaciones 8 (1996)
 Soy hombre y qué (1993)
 Tratamiento de choque
 Una buena forma de morir
 Papito querido (1991)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Nacidos en Ciudad de México
Actrices de Ciudad de México
Actrices de televisión de México
Judíos de México

Rebeca Mankita


التطبيق القاتل أو البرنامج القاتل  هو مصطلح يطلق على البرنامج الذي يسبب  ظهوره ضجة شديدة، ويعتبر مفيداً جداً للمستخدمين، ويفاجيء كل المتنافسين في البرمجة، كمثال البريد الإليكتروني وVisiCalc كانا يعتبران تطبيقان قاتلان في وقت ظهورهما. بدأ المصطلح في الظهور بعد صدور لوتس 1-2-3، بسبب الإقدام على شرائه بطريقة مكثفة.

مصادر

 Killer Application

وصلات خارجية

تسويق ألعاب الفيديو
مصطلحات حوسبة

تطبيق قاتل


Plinski termometar ili tlačni termometar je vanjskim izgledom potpuno jednak živinom termometru. Osjetilo temperature je napunjeno tekućinom koja lako hlapi (na primjer eter kao što je dietil-eter), pošto tlak pare ovisi o temperaturi, mjerenjem tlaka izravno se mjeri temperatura. Izvedba je jeftinija od one sa živom ali ima nedostatak što je ljestvica nelinearna (nije ravna) i kad se pregrije, može se oštetiti. Za mjerenje temperature ulja ili stlačenog zraka, gdje se ne zahtijeva velika točnost i gdje nema opasnosti od pregrijavanja, plinski termometri se mogu koristiti bez većih problema.

Tlačni termometar služi uglavnom za mjerenje temperature u industriji u području od – 200 do + 600 °C. Plinski termometar najosjetljiviji je mjerni instrument za mjerenje temperature i može se koristiti za umjeravanje drugih termometara.

Bourdonov termometar
Bourdonov termometar se sastoji od spiralne metalne cijevi (kapilarne cijevi), ručice, ljestvice i kazaljke. Spiralna metalna cijev (koja se nalazi u termometru ili kućištu) je izvučena van i spaja se na sondu koja je (olovna, bakrena ili platinska), a punjena je najčešće živom. Ovo su stari termometri koji su se koristili najčešće za grijanje velikih prostorija (plastenici i staklenici, velike dvorane koje koriste centralno grijanje, i tako dalje) putem termogena (uređaji koji koriste instrumente plamenike za dovod i sagorijevanje goriva u njima). Ovaj termometar je sve više zamijenjen suvremenijim digitalnim termometrom.

Izvori

Mjerni instrumenti

Plinski termometar


Marysville Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Marysville Township (Marshall County, Kansas)
 Marysville Township (Miami County, Kansas)
 Marysville Township (Minnesota)

Marysville Township


The Territory é um documentário em longa-metragem coproduzido internacionalmente entre Brasil, Estados Unidos e Dinamarca e lançado em 2022, com direção assinada por Alex Pritz. A filmagem segue um jovem líder indígena do povo Uru-eu-wau-wau lutando contra fazendeiros, colonizadores e colonos que invadem uma área protegida da Floresta Amazônica.

Filmado em Rondónia, no norte do Brasil entre 2018 e 2020, o filme utiliza quase exclusivamente material de origem primária, incluindo filmagens produzidas diretamente pelos Uru-eu-wau-wau. Darren Aronofsky atua como produtor a partir da Protozoa Pictures.

O filme teve sua estreia mundial no Festival de Cinema de Sundance em 22 de janeiro de 2022. Foi lançado em cidades selecionadas nos Estados Unidos e Canadá em 19 de agosto de 2022, pela National Geographic Documentary Films e Picturehouse com um lançamento mais amplo a seguir. Sua presença em festivais internacionais incluiu uma série de indicações a prêmios e vitórias, incluindo em Sundance e Telluride. Os críticos elogiaram sua cinematografia, bem como o retrato autêntico da tensão entre povos indígenas e colonos no Brasil contemporâneo.

Ainda em 2022, adentrou a listra preliminar da 95.ª Premiação da Academia de Cinema de Hollywood - Oscar - na categoria de Melhor Documentário de Longa Metragem. Todavia, acabou não sendo indicado a cerimônia.

Sinopse
Rondônia. Brasil. No roteiro, é explorada a maneira na qual os indígenas da tribo Uru-eu-wau-wau lidam com as queimadas, disputas por territórios e sua força para tentar manter a Floresta Amazônica junto a ativistas ambientalistas. O contexto se dá após a eleição de Jair Bolsonaro, em que a tomada branca de terras indígenas é apresentada como um movimento quase legal, tacitamente incentivado pelo governo.

Lançamento
O filme teve sua estreia mundial no Festival de Cinema de Sundance de 2022 em 22 de janeiro de 2022. Pouco depois, a National Geographic Documentary Films adquiriu os direitos de distribuição do filme. Foi lançado nos Estados Unidos em 19 de agosto de 2022.

Recepção

Resposta da Crítica
No Rotten Tomatoes, o filme possui 97% de aprovação com base em 63 avaliações, com nota média de 8/10. O consenso dos críticos do site diz: "Visualmente impressionante, formalmente revigorante e, finalmente, enfurecedor, The Territory é um poderoso documentário de defesa com o coração de um thriller".Metacritic, que utiliza uma média ponderada, deu ao o filme uma pontuação de 83 em 100 com base em 17 críticos, indicando "aclamação universal".

Os críticos reconhecem que The Territory é um filme de defesa, e não um documentário estritamente desinteressado. O The New York Times observa em sua crítica que os indígenas e os colonos "recebem quantidades quase iguais de tempo na tela", mas que "Pritz não traça uma falsa equivalência entre os dois; na verdade, quanto mais tempo é gasto com os agricultores, mais alarmante se torna sua lacuna de compreensão em relação ao Uru Eu Wau Wau." A sensação de intimidade criada por retratos pessoais imediatos de perspectivas conflitantes é elogiada nas críticas, intensificada por visuais impressionantes e desenho de som. O LA Times denomina o filme como "um retrato emocionante de uma comunidade em perigo". Uma revisão mais crítica em RogerEbert.com reconhece a cinematografia, mas sugere que a narrativa herói-vilão arrisca a simplicidade e se torna monótona.

Ver Também

 Controvérsias envolvendo Jair Bolsonaro
 Povos indígenas do Brasil
 Desmatamento da Floresta Amazônica

Ligações Externas

Filmes do Brasil de 2022
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2022
Documentários do Brasil
Documentários dos Estados Unidos
Documentários da Dinamarca
Filmes sobre povos nativos do Brasil

The Territory


سيد إمام الشريف واسمه الجهادي عبد القادر بن عبد العزيز واسمه الحركي دكتور فضل يوصف بأنه شخصية رئيسية في الحركة الجهادية العالمية، وكتابه (العمدة في إعداد العدة) يعتبر مرجعاً جهادياً في مخيمات تدريب قاعدة الجهاد في أفغانستان، وقد وردت تقارير تفيد بأنه أول أعضاء المجلس الاستشاري الأعلى في القاعدة إلا أنه نفي ذلك مرارا وتكرارا في مقابلاته الإعلامية بعد أن خرج من السجن بعد ثورة 25 يناير، كما نفي أن يكون قد انضم إلي أي من التنظيمات سواء كانت جماعة الجهاد أو غيرها وقال إن دوره فيها لم يكن أكثر من دور استشاري شرعي في أغلب الأحيان بسبب صداقته لبعض من قيادات تلك التنظيمات . فهو حالياً يهاجم القاعدة وزعيمها أيمن الظواهري ودعا لوقف كل نشاطات الجهاد العنفية والمسلحة في الغرب وفي الدول الإسلامية بسبب ما يراه فقه الإستضعاف وعدم القدرة علي الإنجاز .

يُعتير سيد إمام من أحد أكثر المؤثرين في الحركة الإسلامية، وليس هذا التأثير من الناحية العسكرية ولكن من الناحية الشرعية والأدبية والفكرية .

النتاج الأدبي والمؤلفات
يعتر سيد إمام الشريف صاحب عدة كتب تركت أثراً كبيراً في الحركة الجهادية وهي:
 كتاب العمدة في إعداد العدة
 الجامع في طلب العلم الشريف
 النصيحة في التقرب إلي الله
 الإرهاب من الإسلام ومن أنكر ذلك فقد كفر
 أسرار تنظيم القاعدة
 نقد الشيعة

وغيرها من الكتب الكثيرة التي لم ينشر منها إلا القليل وأشهر الكتب المنشورة هي العمدة والجامع، وهذا الكتاب الثاني الجامع قد تعرض للتحريف من قبل أيمن الظواهري وإخفاء لبعض أجزائه حيث نشره أيمن الظواهري قديما تحت مسمي كتاب الهادي إلي سبيل الرشاد ونسبهُ إلي سيد إمام ولكن بعد تحريفه وهذا من أحد أهم أسباب الخلاف بين سيد إمام الشريف وبين أيمن الظواهري ولكن انتشر الكتاب الأصلي لسيد إمام بعد ذلك وأصبح معروفا مشهورا بين الناس واختفي تدريجيا كتاب الهادي الذي حرف فيه الظواهري كتاب الجامع.

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعضاء تنظيم القاعدة من مصر
إرهابيون مصريون
خريجو جامعة القاهرة
علماء الدراسات الإسلامية
مسلمون باحثون عن الإسلام في القرن 20
مصريون مغتربون في باكستان
مواليد 1369 هـ
مواليد 1950

سيد إمام


Noua Irlandă (cunoscută și ca Latangai; în limba tok pisin: Niu Ailan) este o insulă din arhipelagul Papua Noua Guinee, care are o suprafață de aproximativ 7.404 kilometri² și este populată de aproximativ 120.000 de oameni.

Legături externe

 Entry la Linköping University
 Persée : Archaeological survey in southern New Ireland
 Wallaby extinctions at the Macropodid frontier

Geografia Oceanului Pacific
Papua Noua Guinee

Noua Irlandă (insulă)


Ținutul Covurluiului a fost unul dintre ținuturile Principatului Moldova, făcând parte din Țara de Jos și având centrul administrativ la Galați. El se învecina la vest cu Ținutul Tecuciului, la nord cu Ținutul Tutova, la nord și nord-est cu Ținutul Fălciu, la est cu Ținutul Ismailului (ulterior cu raiaua Reni, din 1818 cu Ținutul Ismail al Basarabiei și după 1856 cu ținuturile Ismail și Cahul), la sud-est cu Dobrogea (cu granița pe fluviul Dunărea) și la sud cu ținuturile Slam Râmnic și Brăila (pentru o perioadă raiaua Brăila) din Muntenia.

Ținutul Covurluiului a existat de la începutul secolului al XV-lea și până în anul 1864, când ținuturile au fost desființate, iar teritoriul României a fost reorganizat în unități administrativ-teritoriale denumite județe.

Localizare
Ținutul Covurluiului se afla în sudul Moldovei, pe valea râului Covurlui, într-o zonă colinară de la marginea sudică a podișului Moldovei, ce coboară înspre Dunăre și Prut. Ea era delimitată de râurile Prut și Siret, precum și de fluviul Dunărea, întinzându-se în anumite perioade și în câmpiile de la est de Prut.

Teritoriul ținutului a variat în diferite perioade, cuprinzând orașul Galați și târgurile Drăgușeni și Oancea.

Istoric
Teritoriul de la vărsarea Siretului și Prutului în Dunăre a fost locuit în antichitate, aici existând un castru roman din vremea împăratului Traian (98-117), construit, probabil, pe locul unde se găsea la început o cetățuie dacică, întărită cu un val de pământ. Castrul se află pe înălțimea Tirighina de la Barboși, de lângă Galați, în apropiere de vărsarea Siretului în Dunăre, și este menționat de Dimitrie Cantemir astfel: "Nu departe de aici, la gura dinspre răsărit a Siretului, se văd ruinele unei cetăți foarte vechi, numită astăzi de locuitori Gherghina. Că această cetate a fost zidită pe vremea lui Traian se poate dovedi cu monezile dezgropate din dărâmături, ca și cu o lespede de marmură în care stă săpat: IMP. CAESARI DIV. FILIO NERVAE. TRAIANO. AGVSTO. GERM. DACICO. PONT. MAX. FEL. B. DICT. XVI. IMP. VI. CONS. VII. P. P. CALPVRINIO PVBLIO. MARCO. C. AVRELIO. RVFO."

Mai târziu, începând cu domnia lui Alexandru cel Bun (1400-1432), dar mai ales sub domnia lui Ștefan cel Mare (1457-1504), unii oșteni vrednici, care se remarcau în luptă, erau împroprietăriți aici cu scopul de a apăra hotarul sudic al Moldovei.

Prima atestare documentară a acestui ținut apare într-un act din 1 septembrie 1435, prin care voievodul Iliaș (fiul lui Alexandru cel Bun) îi comunica lui Vladislav, "iubitului Crai al Poloniei, Lituaniei, Rusiei și Domnitor al multor țări", că se împăcase cu fratele său Ștefan, căruia îi dăduse în stăpânire mai multe teritorii din partea de sud a țării, ce se aflau în Ținutul Vasluiului, Ținutul Tutova, Ținutul Covurluiului și Ținutul Tecuciului  ("…orașul Vaslui și ocolul ce ascultă de acest oraș, și ținutul de la Tutova și târgul Bârladului, cu tot ocolul, și morile Covurluiului și orașul Tecuciu, cu tot ocolul, și Oltenii…"). Documentul a fost publicat de istoricul Mihai Costăchescu în volumul Documente moldovenești înainte de Ștefan cel Mare. Ținutul Covurluiului a fost menționat ulterior în acte domnești ale lui Ștefan cel Mare și urmașilor săi, precum și în lucrarea Descriptio Moldaviae, scrisă în perioada 1714-1716 de cărturarul Dimitrie Cantemir.

Potrivit Cronicii moldo-polone, o versiune a vechiului Letopiseț de la 1566, Moldova avea în cea de-a doua jumătate a secolului al XVI-lea un număr de 24 de ținuturi: Bârlad, Tecuci, Tigheci, Lăpușna, Vaslui, Orhei, Soroca, Hotin, Cernăuți, Suceava, Iași, Fălciu, Covurlui, Horincea, Putna, Adjud, Tutova, Trotuș, Bacău, Roman, Neamț, Cârligătura, Hârlău și Dorohoi. Catastiful de câșle (1591) al lui Petru Șchiopul menționează numai 22 de ținuturi, ținutul Horincea fiind contopit cu ținutul Covurlui, iar ținutul Adjud cu ținutul Putna.

Aflat la granița Moldovei, ținutul Covurlui avea menirea de a apăra Moldova de atacurile turcilor și tătarilor. Pe aici treceau soliile moldovene către Constantinopol și tot pe aici intrau în țară domnii Moldovei, după ce fuseseră numiți de sultani. Ținutul Covurlui avea o mare importanță economică datorită amplasării sale la Dunăre, orașul-port Galați fiind tranzitat de numeroase corăbii ce plecau încărcate cu cereale și cherestea.

Potrivit lui Dimitrie Cantemir, Ținutul Covurluiului "și-a luat numele de la Valea Covurluiului, care, deși se întinde cale de opt ceasuri de mers, e totuși mereu seacă și numai arareori se umple cu apă". Centrul ținutului era la Galați, "un târg care nu bate la ochi printr-o arhitectură frumoasă sau prin mărime, dar este târgul cel mai vestit al întregii Dunări. De două-trei ori pe an sosesc aici nu numai corăbii din porturile Mării Negre, din Crimeia, din Trapezunt, Sinope, Țarigrad, ci și din Egipet și chiar corăbii din Barbaria, care pleacă de aici încărcate cu lemn din Moldova, cu stejar, corn, brad, precum și cu miere, ceară, sare, unt, silitră și grâu, din care toți locuitorii Moldovei trag mari foloase".

Reformele administrative introduse în secolul al XVII-lea de Constantin Mavrocordat a împărțit ținuturile în ocoale, numind în fruntea lor un pârcălab și un ispravnic. Pârcălabul avea atribuții administrative și fiscale, în timp ce ispravnicii aveau atribuții judecătorești și polițienești. Numărul ocoalelor a variat de la o perioadă la alta. În statistica Moldovei din 1803, extrasă din Condica Liuzilor, ținutul Covurlui era împărțit în patru ocoale: Horincea, Mijloc, Prut și Siret. Ținutul Covurluiului l-a avut ca pârcălab în 1833 pe postelnicul Ioan Cuza, iar apoi în 1856 și 1857 pe colonelul Alexandru Ioan Cuza, ales în ianuarie 1859 ca domn al Principatelor Unite.

Ținutul Covurluiului a fost desființat în anul 1864, în urma reformei administrative a Principatelor Române prin care s-au desființat toate ținuturile și s-au înființat județele. Teritoriul ținutului Covurlui a fost inclus în nou-înființatul județ Covurlui.

Note

Covurlui

Ținutul Covurluiului


In mathematics, a closure operator on a set S is a function  from the power set of S to itself that satisfies the following conditions for all sets
{| border="0"
|-
|
| (cl is extensive),
|-
|
| (cl is increasing),
|-
|
| (cl is idempotent).
|}

Closure operators are determined by their closed sets, i.e., by the sets of the form cl(X), since the closure cl(X) of a set X is the smallest closed set containing X. Such families of "closed sets" are sometimes called closure systems or "Moore families". A set together with a closure operator on it is sometimes called a closure space. Closure operators are also called "hull operators", which prevents confusion with the "closure operators" studied in topology.

History
E. H. Moore studied closure operators in his 1910 Introduction to a form of general analysis, whereas the concept of the closure of a subset originated in the work of Frigyes Riesz in connection with topological spaces. Though not formalized at the time, the idea of closure originated in the late 19th century with notable contributions by Ernst Schröder, Richard Dedekind and Georg Cantor.

Examples

The usual set closure from topology is a closure operator. Other examples include the linear span of a subset of a vector space, the convex hull or affine hull of a subset of a vector space or the lower semicontinuous hull  of a function , where  is e.g. a normed space, defined implicitly , where  is the epigraph of a function .

The relative interior  is not a closure operator: although it is idempotent, it is not increasing and if  is a cube in  and  is one of its faces, then , but  and , so it is not increasing.

In topology, the closure operators are topological closure operators, which must satisfy

for all  (Note that for  this gives ).

In algebra and logic, many closure operators are finitary closure operators, i.e. they satisfy

In the theory of partially ordered sets, which are important in theoretical computer science, closure operators have a more general definition that replaces  with . (See .)

Closure operators in topology

The topological closure of a subset X of a topological space consists of all points y of the space, such that every neighbourhood of y contains a point of X. The function that associates to every subset X its closure is a topological closure operator. Conversely, every topological closure operator on a set gives rise to a topological space whose closed sets are exactly the closed sets with respect to the closure operator.

Closure operators in algebra
Finitary closure operators play a relatively prominent role in universal algebra, and in this context they are traditionally called algebraic closure operators. Every subset of an algebra generates a subalgebra: the smallest subalgebra containing the set. This gives rise to a finitary closure operator.

Perhaps the best known example for this is the function that associates to every subset of a given vector space its linear span. Similarly, the function that associates to every subset of a given group the subgroup generated by it, and similarly for fields and all other types of algebraic structures.

The linear span in a vector space and the similar algebraic closure in a field both satisfy the exchange property: If x is in the closure of the union of A and {y} but not in the closure of A, then y is in the closure of the union of A and {x}. A finitary closure operator with this property is called a matroid. The dimension of a vector space, or the transcendence degree of a field (over its prime field) is exactly the rank of the corresponding matroid.

The function that maps every subset of a given field to its algebraic closure is also a finitary closure operator, and in general it is different from the operator mentioned before. Finitary closure operators that generalize these two operators are studied in model theory as dcl (for definable closure) and acl (for algebraic closure).

The convex hull in n-dimensional Euclidean space is another example of a finitary closure operator. It satisfies the anti-exchange property: If x is in the closure of the union of {y} and A, but not in the union of {y} and closure of A, then y is not in the closure of the union of {x} and A. Finitary closure operators with this property give rise to antimatroids.

As another example of a closure operator used in algebra, if some algebra has universe A and X is a set of pairs of A, then the operator assigning to X the smallest congruence containing X is a finitary closure operator on A x A.

Closure operators in logic
Suppose you have some logical formalism that contains certain rules allowing you to derive new formulas from given ones. Consider the set F of all possible formulas, and let P be the power set of F, ordered by ⊆. For a set X of formulas, let cl(X) be the set of all formulas that can be derived from X. Then cl is a closure operator on P. More precisely, we can obtain cl as follows. Call "continuous" an operator J such that, for every directed class T,

J(lim T)= lim J(T).

This continuity condition is on the basis of a fixed point theorem for J. Consider the one-step operator J of a monotone logic. This is the operator associating any set X of formulas with the set J(X) of formulas that are either logical axioms or are obtained by an inference rule from formulas in X or are in X. Then such an operator is continuous and we can define cl(X) as the least fixed point for J greater or equal to X. In accordance with such a point of view, Tarski, Brown, Suszko and other authors proposed a general approach to logic based on closure operator theory. Also, such an idea is proposed in programming logic (see Lloyd 1987) and in fuzzy logic (see Gerla 2000).

Consequence operators
Around 1930, Alfred Tarski developed an abstract theory of logical deductions that models some properties of logical calculi. Mathematically, what he described is just a finitary closure operator on a set (the set of sentences).  In abstract algebraic logic, finitary closure operators are still studied under the name consequence operator, which was coined by Tarski. The set S represents a set of sentences, a subset T of S a theory, and cl(T) is the set of all sentences that follow from the theory. Nowadays the term can refer to closure operators that need not be finitary; finitary closure operators are then sometimes called finite consequence operators.

Closed sets
The closed sets with respect to a closure operator on S form a subset C of the power set P(S). Any intersection of sets in C is again in C. In other words, C is a complete meet-subsemilattice of P(S). Conversely, if C ⊆ P(S) is closed under arbitrary intersections, then the function that associates to every subset X of S the smallest set Y ∈ C such that X ⊆ Y is a closure operator.

There is a simple and fast algorithm for generating all closed sets of a given closure operator.

A closure operator on a set is topological if and only if the set of closed sets is closed under finite unions, i.e., C is a meet-complete sublattice of P(S). Even for non-topological closure operators, C can be seen as having the structure of a lattice. (The join of two sets X,Y ⊆ P(S) being cl(X  Y).) But then C is not a sublattice of the lattice P(S).

Given a finitary closure operator on a set, the closures of finite sets are exactly the compact elements of the set C of closed sets. It follows that C is an algebraic poset.
Since C is also a lattice, it is often referred to as an algebraic lattice in this context. Conversely, if C is an algebraic poset, then the closure operator is finitary.

Pseudo-closed sets
Each closure operator on a finite set S is uniquely determined by its images of its pseudo-closed sets.
These are recursively defined: A set is pseudo-closed if it is not closed and contains the closure of each of its pseudo-closed proper subsets. Formally: P ⊆ S is pseudo-closed if and only if
 P ≠ cl(P) and
 if Q ⊂ P is pseudo-closed, then cl(Q) ⊆ P.

Closure operators on partially ordered sets
A partially ordered set (poset) is a set together with a partial order ≤, i.e. a binary relation that is reflexive (), transitive ( implies ) and antisymmetric ( implies a = b). Every power set P(S) together with inclusion ⊆ is a partially ordered set.

A function cl: P → P from a partial order P to itself is called a closure operator if it satisfies the following axioms for all elements x, y in P.
{| border="0"
|-
| x ≤ cl(x)
| (cl is extensive)
|-
| x ≤ y implies cl(x) ≤ cl(y)
| (cl is increasing)
|-
| cl(cl(x)) = cl(x)
| (cl is idempotent)
|}

More succinct alternatives are available: the definition above is equivalent to the single axiom

x ≤ cl(y) if and only if cl(x) ≤ cl(y)

for all x, y in P.

Using the pointwise order on functions between posets, one may alternatively write the extensiveness property as idP ≤ cl, where id is the identity function. A self-map k that is increasing and idempotent, but satisfies the dual of the extensiveness property, i.e. k ≤ idP is called a kernel operator, interior operator, or dual closure. As examples, if A is a subset of a set B, then the self-map on the powerset of B given by μA(X) = A ∪ X is a closure operator, whereas λA(X) = A ∩ X is a kernel operator. The ceiling function from the real numbers to the real numbers, which assigns to every real x the smallest integer not smaller than x, is another example of a closure operator.

A fixpoint of the function cl, i.e. an element c of P that satisfies cl(c) = c, is called a closed element. A closure operator on a partially ordered set is determined by its closed elements. If c is a closed element, then x ≤ c and cl(x) ≤ c are equivalent conditions.

Every Galois connection (or residuated mapping) gives rise to a closure operator (as is explained in that article). In fact, every closure operator arises in this way from a suitable Galois connection. The Galois connection is not uniquely determined by the closure operator. One Galois connection that gives rise to the closure operator cl can be described as follows: if A is the set of closed elements with respect to cl, then cl: P → A is the lower adjoint of a Galois connection between P and A, with the upper adjoint being the embedding of A into P. Furthermore, every lower adjoint of an embedding of some subset into P is a closure operator. "Closure operators are lower adjoints of embeddings." Note however that not every embedding has a lower adjoint.

Any partially ordered set P can be viewed as a category, with a single morphism from x to y if and only if x ≤ y. The closure operators on the partially ordered set P are then nothing but the monads on the category P. Equivalently, a closure operator can be viewed as an endofunctor on the category of partially ordered sets that has the additional idempotent and extensive properties.

If P is a complete lattice, then a subset A of P is the set of closed elements for some closure operator on P if and only if A is a Moore family on P, i.e. the largest element of P is in A, and the infimum (meet) of any non-empty subset of A is again in A. Any such set A is itself a complete lattice with the order inherited from P (but the supremum (join) operation might differ from that of P). When P is the powerset Boolean algebra of a set X, then a Moore family on P is called a closure system on X.

The closure operators on P form themselves a complete lattice; the order on closure operators is defined by cl1 ≤ cl2 iff cl1(x) ≤ cl2(x) for all x in P.

See also

Notes

References
 Garrett Birkhoff. 1967 (1940). Lattice Theory, 3rd ed. American Mathematical Society.
 Burris, Stanley N., and H.P. Sankappanavar (1981) A Course in Universal Algebra  Springer-Verlag.  Free online edition.
 Brown, D.J. and Suszko, R. (1973) "Abstract Logics," Dissertationes Mathematicae 102- 9-42.
 Castellini, G. (2003) Categorical closure operators. Boston MA: Birkhaeuser.
 Edelman, Paul H. (1980) Meet-distributive lattices and the anti-exchange closure, Algebra Universalis 10: 290-299.
 Ganter, Bernhard and Obiedkov, Sergei (2016) Conceptual Exploration. Springer, .
 Gerla, G. (2000) Fuzzy Logic: Mathematical Tools for Approximate Reasoning. Kluwer Academic Publishers.
 Lloyd, J.W. (1987) Foundations of Logic Programming. Springer-Verlag.
 Tarski, Alfred (1983) "Fundamental concepts of the methodology of deductive sciences" in Logic, Semantics, Metamathematics. Hackett (1956 ed., Oxford University Press).
 Alfred Tarski (1956) Logic, semantics and metamathematics. Oxford University Press.
 Ward, Morgan (1942) "The closure operators of a lattice," Annals of Mathematics 43: 191-96.
 G. Gierz, K. H. Hofmann, K. Keimel, J. D. Lawson, M. Mislove, D. S. Scott: Continuous Lattices and Domains, Cambridge University Press, 2003

 M. Erné, J. Koslowski, A. Melton, G. E. Strecker, A primer on Galois connections, in: Proceedings of the 1991 Summer Conference on General Topology and Applications in Honor of Mary Ellen Rudin and Her Work, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 704, 1993, pp. 103–125. Available online in various file formats: PS.GZ PS

External links
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: "Algebraic Propositional Logic"—by Ramon Jansana.

Universal algebra
Order theory

pl:Operator konsekwencji

Closure operator


Feride Çiçekoğlu, Türk senarist, yazar, mimar.

Hayatı
1951 yılında Ankara'da doğdu. Maarif Koleji ve Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi'nde okudu. Mimar olarak Fullbright bursu ile, Pennsylvania Üniversitesi'nde doktora tezini yazdı.

İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi'nde öğretim üyesi olarak görev yapan Çiçekoğlu, 12 Eylül askerî darbesinin ardından dört yıl cezaevinde kaldı. Cezaevinden çıktıktan sonra editörlük yaptığı Kalem yayınlarından ilk kitabı Caz Hüznün Müziği yayınlandı. Cezaevinde tanıdığı bir çocuğun yaşamını anlattığı ikinci kitabı Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar, filme alındı. Filmin çok beğenilmesi yeni kitapları yazmasına ve yeni filmlerin yolunu açtı. 1990 yılında senaryosuna katkıda bulunduğu Reise der Hoffnung (Türkçe: Umuda Yolculuk) filmi en iyi yabancı film dalında Oscar ödülüne layık görüldü.

1980-90 dönemini kapsayan on bir öyküden oluşan kitabı Sizin Hiç Babanız Öldü mü ile 1992 yılında Lebon Kültür Merkezi / Edebiyat Ödülünü kazandı. Halen İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi, sinema ve televizyon bölümünde öğretim görevlisidir.

Filmleri - Senaryo
 2009 Altın Kızlar
 2007 Parmaklıklar Ardında
 2000 Melekler Evi
 1996 Altın Kent İstanbul
 1991 Suyun Öte Yanı
 1990 Umuda Yolculuk
 1989 Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar
 1989 Baharın Bittiği Yer

Filmleri - Eserleri
 1989 Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar

Sanat Yönetmeni
 1989 Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar

Ödülleri
 1989, 26. Antalya Film Şenliği,  En İyi Senaryo, Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar
 1992- Lebon Kültür Merkezi (Lebon Cinema Clup) Edebiyat Ödülü, Sizin Hiç Babanız Öldü mü kitabı ile

Kitapları
 Şehrin İtirazı
 Vesikalı Şehir
 100'lük Ülkeden Mektuplar
 Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar
 Suyun Öte Yanı
 Sizin Hiç Babanız Öldü mü?

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140924053048/http://www.belgeler.com/blg/rjc/feride-iekolu-hayati-sanati-eserleri-feride-iekolu-her-life-her-art-her-works
 http://absm-bursa.blogspot.com/2008/11/1992-mays-yazar-adalet-aaolu-ve-oscar-l.html
 http://www.sinematurk.com/kisi.php?1398
 https://web.archive.org/web/20140924041939/http://www.edebik.com/yazar.php?sayfa=ayrinti&yazar_id=174

Türk senaristler
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
1951 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar
Ankara doğumlu bilim insanları
Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi öğretim üyeleri
20. yüzyıl Türk mimarları
21. yüzyıl Türk mimarları
20. yüzyıl Türk senaristleri
20. yüzyıl Türk kadın yazarları

Feride Çiçekoğlu


Aksu, Isparta ilinin bir ilçesidir.

İlçeye bağlı 13 köy bulunmaktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet: Aksu

Aksu, Isparta


La cluse de l'Arve est une cluse de France située en Haute-Savoie. L'Arve traverse l'anticlinal du Bargy, séparant la montagne de Chevran, qui se retrouve d'un point de vue géographique dans le massif du Giffre au nord-est, du reste du massif des Bornes auquel elle appartient d'un point de vue géologique au sud-ouest. Elle se situe au milieu de la vallée de l'Arve et a donné son nom à la ville de Cluses. Outre l'Arve, la cluse est franchie par la route départementale 1205, l'autoroute A40 et la ligne de La Roche-sur-Foron à Saint-Gervais-les-Bains-Le Fayet ; une sortie d'autoroute et l'autoport du Mont-Blanc se trouvent dans le cœur du pli de la cluse.

Dans un sens plus large, la cluse désigne le resserrement de la vallée de l'Arve entre Cluses en aval et le village d'Oëx sur la commune de Magland en amont, soit sur près de neuf kilomètres. Ce passage entre les massifs du Giffre et des Aravis a été élargi en vallée en auge lors du passage du glacier de l'Arve au cours des différentes glaciations.

Notes et références

Articles connexes
 Trouée d'Annecy
 Trouée des Marches
 Cluse de Voreppe

Arve
Cluses
Arve

Cluse de l'Arve


vjetrulja, u meteorologiji, je sprava za određivanje smjera vjetra. Sastoji se od vodoravne poluge koja se može okretati oko okomite osi. Na jednoj strani poluge je ploča aerodinamičkoga profila, koja polugu stalno zaokreće u smjeru vjetra, a na drugoj strani protuuteg i strelica koja pokazuje smjer odakle vjetar puše. Ispod okomite motke, oko koje se vjetrulja okreće, naznačene su četiri glavne strane svijeta ili samo smjer prema sjeveru.
 vjetrulja (navigacija), u pomorskoj navigaciji, je prikaz podjele obzora (horizonta) na 32 zrake (11,25°) s oznakom glavnih vjetrova. Služi za orijentaciju u prostoru, a kod kompasa i za određivanje kursa, azimuta i smjerova, procjenu smjera vjetra, valova i slčno. Kvadrantska podjela na stupnjeve (N i S – 0° E i W – 90°) uvedena je u 18. stoljeću, a kružna (N – 0° i 360°) nešto kasnije. U 19. stoljeću javlja se vjetrulja s engleskim oznakama strana svijeta. Najstarije vjetrulje u kompasima naših brodova imale su oznake 8 glavnih vjetrova: borea (sjever), greco (sjeveroistok), oriente (istok), scirocco (jugoistok), austro (jug), libeccio (jugozapad), ponente (zapad) i maestro (sjeverozapad). Sredinom 18. stoljeću zamijenjeni su: borea s tramontana, oriente s levante i austro s oštro; podjela je proširena i s 8 sporednih vjetrova koji su označivani nazivima dvaju obližnjih vjetrova, na primjer grecotramontana (sjever–sjeveroistok), grecolevante (istok-sjeveroistok) i tako dalje. U meteorologiji se upotrebljava i vjetrulja s 36 smjerova (N = 0 i 36, E = 9, S = 18 i W = 27).

Izvori

Vjetrulja (razdvojba)


وليام فرانسيس كوين  من مواليد 13 تموز - يوليو من سنة 1919 في روتشستر في ولاية نيويورك الأمريكية وتوفى في 28 من شهر آب - أغسطس من سنة 2006 في مدينة هونولولو عاصمة ولاية هاواي ينتمي إلى الحزب الجمهوري الأمريكي ويعد وليام فرانسيس كوين أول حاكم على هاواي بعدما أصبحت ولاية ما بين سنة 1959إلى سنة 1962. درس وليام فرانسيس كوين في جامعة سانت لويس في ولاية ميسوري الأمريكية شارك في الحرب العالمية الثانية في قوات بحرية الولايات المتحدة كوين كان حاكم إقليم هاواي ما بين 1957-1959. عندما أصبحت ولاية هاواي في سنة 1959، انتخب كوين حاكما للولاية وأصبح بذلك أول حاكم على جزر هاواي بعد انضمامها إلى الاتحاد الأمريكي وتجدر الإشارة بأن كوين كان كاثوليكيا حيث دفن في المقبرة التذكارية الوطنية لمنطقة المحيط الهادئ في هونولولو في ولاية هاواي.

مراجع

كاثوليك من ولاية نيويورك
أعضاء وسام كنيسة القيامة
أفراد البحرية الأمريكية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
أفراد عسكريون من روتشستر (نيويورك)
أمريكيون من أصل أيرلندي
جمهوريون من ولاية نيويورك
جمهوريون من ولاية هاواي
حكام منطقة في هاواي
حكام ولايات أمريكية من الحزب الجمهوري
حكام ولاية هاواي
خريجو جامعة سانت لويس
خريجو كلية هارفارد للحقوق
رومان كاثوليك أمريكيون
رومان كاثوليك في القرن 20
رومان كاثوليك في القرن 21
سياسيون أمريكيون
سياسيون أمريكيون في القرن 20
سياسيون من روتشستر (نيويورك)
سياسيون من هونولولو
ضباط بحرية الولايات المتحدة
محامون من روتشستر (نيويورك)
مواليد 1919
مواليد في روتشستر (نيويورك)
وفيات 2006
وفيات في هونولولو
كاثوليك من هاواي

وليام فرانسيس كوين


Anapis discoidalis é uma espécie de aranha araneomorfa da família dos anapídeos (Anapidae). É endêmica do estado do Pará, no Brasil. Em 2007, foi classificada como vulnerável na Lista de espécies de flora e fauna ameaçadas de extinção do Estado do Pará; e em 2018, sob a rubrica de "dados insuficientes" no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção do Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio).

Aranhas descritas em 1842
Anapis
Aracnídeos do Pará
Espécies citadas na lista Extinção Zero do Estado do Pará
Espécies citadas no Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameaçada de Extinção

Anapis discoidalis


An Carex hookeri in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Carex hookeri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Carex, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Carex

Carex hookeri


La route régionale 774 () est une route régionale allant de Kalajoki à Sievi en Finlande.

Présentation
La seututie 774 est une route régionale d'Ostrobotnie du Nord.
La route par du village Tynkä de Kalajoki, traverse Rautia et se termina à Jyrinki à environ  du centre de Sievi après un parcours de .

Entre Tynkä et Rautio la route suit la rivière Vääräjoki qui est un affluent du fleuve Kalajoki.

Parcours
Kalajoki
Tynkä
Typpö
Rautio
Sievi
 Sievi
Markkula
Jyrinki

Références

Annexes

Liens externes

Articles connexes
 Seututie

774
Transport à Kalajoki
Transport à Sievi

Seututie 774


خوسيه أنتونيو تشاموت ، من مواليد 17 مايو 1969 في كونسيبسيون دي أوروغواي في الأرجنتين، لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني سابق.

لعب مع منتخب الأرجنتين لكرة القدم منذ عام 1993 وحتى عام 2002، وشارك معهم في 43 مباراة وسجل هدفين.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب خوسيه تشاموت خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 7 أندية في عشرون موسمًا وسجل خلالها 5 أهداف ضمن 377 مباراة. حيث فاز في موسمين بالكأس ولم يفز بأي دوري.

خاض خوسيه تشاموت مسيرته مع نادي روزاريو سنترال في موسم 1988–89 في المرة الأولى واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم ثم في موسم 2004–05 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا طوالها في 63 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين. ثم انتقل إلى نادي بيزا في موسم 1990–91 واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم، حيث شارك في 87 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي فوجيا في موسم 1993–94 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 30 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي لاتسيو في موسم 1994–95 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 100 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي أتلتيكو مدريد في موسم 1998–99 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا في 45 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفًا واحدًا أيضًا. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى نادي إيه سي ميلان في موسم 1999–00 ليلعب معه أربعة مواسم، مشاركًا في 51 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. ليعود وينتقل من جديد، لكن هذه المرة إلى نادي ليغانيس في موسم 2003–04 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف أيضًا.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إيطاليا
أرجنتينيون فازوا بالميدالية الفضية الأولمبية
أرجنتينيون من أصل فرنسي
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من إنتري ريوس (محافظة)
أظهرة كرة قدم
حاصلون على ميداليات أولمبية في كرة القدم
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1996
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في إسبانيا
رياضيون أرجنتينيون مغتربون في إيطاليا
رياضيون من إنتري ريوس
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو أتلتيكو مدريد
لاعبو إيه سي ميلان
لاعبو بيزا
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الأرجنتيني
لاعبو روزاريو سنترال
لاعبو كأس العالم 1994
لاعبو كأس العالم 1998
لاعبو كأس العالم 2002
لاعبو كأس الملك فهد 1995
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون أولمبيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية أرجنتينيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1996
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إيطاليا
لاعبو كرة قدم من إنتري ريوس
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 1995
لاعبو لاتسيو
لاعبو منتخب الأرجنتين لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي فوجيا
لاعبو نادي ليغانيس
مواليد 1969
مواليد في كونسبسيون ديل أوروغواي (مدينة)

خوسيه تشاموت


The Scout Association is the largest Scouting organisation in the United Kingdom and is the World Organization of the Scout Movement's recognised member for the United Kingdom. Following the origin of Scouting in 1907, the association was formed in 1910 and incorporated in 1912 by a royal charter under its previous name of The Boy Scouts Association.

The association is the largest national Scout organisation in Europe, representing 35% of the membership of the European Scout Region.

, the association claimed to provide activities to 362,752 young people (aged 6-25) in the UK with over 141,659 adults leaders which is more than one adult for each 2.5 children. This represents a significant 22% decline from 464,700 young adults in 2018, despite commencing a programme for even younger children. Its programmes now include Squirrel Scouts (aged 4–6), Beaver Scouts (aged 6–8), Cub Scouts (aged 8–), Scouts (aged –14), Explorer Scouts (aged 14–18) and adult Network members (aged 18–25).

The association aims to provide "fun, adventure and skills for life and give young people the opportunity to enjoy new adventures, experience outdoors and take part in a range of creative, community and international activities, interact with others, make new friends, gain confidence and have the opportunity to reach their full potential". The organisation and its activities are regulated through its "Policy, Organisation and Rules" (POR).

The association is led by its Chief Scout, the television presenter, adventurer and author Bear Grylls, alongside a UK chief commissioner, Carl Hankinson, and chief executive, Matt Hyde. The association's joint presidents are the Duke of Kent and the Princess of Wales, and its patron was the late Queen Elizabeth II.

Open to all

Gender
From 1912 to 1967 the association's name was The Boy Scouts Association and until 1976 only boys were admitted to its programmes. In 1910, Baden-Powell had created an entirely separate organisation with different name, the Girl Guides, to keep girls out of his association. From December 1916, following the introduction of the association's Wolf Cubs programme for 8 to 10 year olds, in which Vera Barclay played a pivotal role, women were admitted to limited leadership roles working with young boys. In 1976 girls were allowed to join the Venture Scouts section for 16 to 20 year-olds. In 1991, the admission of girls to all the association's programme sections became optional and, since 2007 has been compulsory. , girls comprised 71% of all new recruits (approx. 2.5 girls for every boy) and made up 27% of all-age participants with a total of 99,989 female participants aged between 6 and 25 and 69,460 adult women were involved in leader roles (being more than 1 adult female for every 2 female young people).

While its founder, Baden-Powell vilified homosexuality and "deviants", the association's programs and leader roles are now open to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and other (LGBTQA+) young people and adults.

Faith
While originally requiring a promise of "Duty to God", the association's programmes and leader roles are now open to those of any faith or none, with variations to the Scout Promise to accommodate those of any religion or beliefs. Following criticisms of its original requirement for a commitment to God, in October 2013, the association announced that an alternative version of the promise would be available from January 2014 to admit those without a pronounced faith.

Disability
Baden-Powell was keen to allow young people with disabilities to take part in Scouting programmes. The Disabled Scout Branch (later called Extension Scouting) was formed in 1926. After the Second World War, specialist Agoonoree Scout camps were run to cater for those unable to camp with their own Scout Groups. Latterly, emphasis has been placed on integrating young people with disabilities into mainstream Groups. Flexibility is built-in to badge and award requirements for those with special needs and some Scout Counties and Areas have a specialist commissioner or adviser to support inclusion.

History

Formation
 For the origins of Boy Scouts and the Scout Movement before the formation of The Scout Association see Scouting.

The Boy Scouts Association was formed in 1910, in order to provide a national body in the United Kingdom which could organise and support the rapidly growing number of Scout patrols and troops, which had begun to form spontaneously following the publication of Scouting for Boys and The Scout magazine in 1908. It was also the wish of Baden-Powell to separate control of the Scout Movement from his book's publisher as it was felt it was not given the status it deserved as the publisher C. Arthur Pearson controlled much of Scouting.

1910 to 1920: growth

The association grew and spread to much of the British Empire. In 1910, the association approved special uniforms for Sea Scouts and formally adopted use of the name in 1912. On 4 January 1912, the association was incorporated throughout the British Empire by Royal charter for "the purpose of instructing boys of all classes in the principles of discipline loyalty and good citizenship".

Originally, the association's programs were for boys aged between 11 and 18. However, many girls and younger boys wanted to join in. In 1910, a separate organisation, the Girl Guides were created by Baden-Powell and his sister, Agnes, to provide a more "proper" programme of activities. In 1916, the association launched its Wolf Cubs, for boys aged 8 to 11. In 1918, the association launched its Rover Scouts for those over 18 who had grown out of Scouts but wanted to be remain connected.

During the First World War, more than 50,000 Scouts participated in some form of war work on the home front. Scout buglers sounded the "all clear" after air raids or air strike, others helped in hospitals and made up aid parcels; Sea Scouts assisted the Coastguard in watching the vulnerable East coast.

In 1920, the association organised the first World Jamboree, held in Olympia, London, together with an international conference for leaders which led to the formation, in 1922, of the International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement now called the World Organization of the Scout Movement, of which the association was a founding member.

The Boy Scouts Headquarters Gazette was first published in July 1909, as a publication for adult Scouters and administrators, alongside The Scout, a magazine for youth members which had been launched in April 1908.

1920 to 1967

In 1929, the association hosted the 3rd World Scout Jamboree at Arrowe Park in Cheshire; some 56,000 Scouts from 35 countries attended, making it the largest World Scout Jamboree to date. The first Gang Show, produced by Ralph Reader, opened at the Scala Theatre in London in October 1932. Following the outbreak of World War II, over 50,000 Scouts trained under the National War Service scheme. Tasks undertaken included police messengers and stretcher bearers. The Air Scout branch was launched in January 1941, allowing Scout Troops to specialise in activities related to aircraft and flying.

Baden-Powell, as the association's Chief Scout and chairman, continued to head and guide the association, going on world tours throughout the rest of his life until ill health caused him to retire to Kenya in 1938 where he died on 8 January 1941. He was succeeded as the association's Chief Scout by Lord Somers.

Starting in 1944, the Scout International Relief Service (SIRS) sent teams of Rovers and Scouters to continental Europe to provide humanitarian aid; ten SIRS teams worked at the recently relieved Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. After years of trial schemes, in 1946, the association launched its Senior Scout program for Boy Scouts aged fifteen to eighteen years to form separate patrols or troops, with age appropriate activities and badges. Scouts were prominent in their support of the 1948 Summer Olympics, playing leading roles in the open and closing ceremonies at Wembley Stadium and the sailing events at Torbay. The first Bob a Job Week took place in April 1949, in which Scouts did small tasks for the public in return for a "bob" - colloquial name for the shilling coin (5 new pence) - to raise funds for the association and for C. Arthur Pearson's fund for the blind. Over the association's history, some boys had been challenged to justify their membership because of their own or even their parents' religious or political beliefs. In the early 1950s, some Boy Scouts were dismissed or marginalized in their Scout Groups due to their involvement with the Young Communist League or related communist activities – the most high-profile case being that of Paul Garland from Bristol in 1954 which resulted in media reports and a debate in the House of Lords, where the association's Chief Scout, Lord Rowallan, defended the association's political and religious discrimination based on foreign communist regimes' antipathy to Scout organisations and the association's policy and Scout Promise requiring adherence to an organised religion and not accepting atheists. The matter was withdrawn without a division and it took 60 more years for the association to change its discriminatory policy and accept atheists. In 1957, to commemorate fifty years of Scouting and the centenary of Baden-Powell's birth, the association hosted the 9th World Scout Jamboree at Sutton Park in Birmingham.

1967 to 2001

The association's programmes went largely unchanged until it underwent a major review in the 1960s. The Chief Scouts' Advance Party was formed in 1964 and was sent to survey the association to see why membership numbers were falling. Their report was published in 1966 and changes were implemented later that year and throughout 1967. As a result, the word "boy" was dropped from the association's name which was changed to The Scout Association and major changes were made to the sections and their respective programmes. The youngest section were now named Cub Scouts, the Boy Scout section was renamed simply as the Scout section and the Senior Scouts and Rover Scout section was replaced with Venture Scouts for 16- to 20-year-olds. The uniform were also changed with the inclusion of optional long trousers for the Scouts, as opposed to the compulsory wearing of knee-length shorts, and the wearing of a Beret instead of the Campaign hat.

The Advance Party Report was not welcomed by all members and a rival report, A Boy Scout Black Paper, was produced in 1970 by The Scout Action Group. This provided alternative proposals for the development of the association and asked for groups that wished to continue to follow Baden-Powell's original scheme to be permitted to do so. The rejection of these proposals resulted in the formation of the Baden-Powell Scouts' Association.

Several developments were made over the following years, including the admission of girls, initially restricted to the Venture Scouts section in 1976, but from 1991 thanks to a young girl named Elizabeth Hainsworth, junior sections were allowed to become mixed as well, starting in Bradford, West Yorkshire and working its way throughout the U.K. Parents of children involved with the association in Northern Ireland also began to organise activities for children who were too young for Cubs. Initially, only the leaders of these activities, nicknamed Beavers, were members of the association, with the children participating not being enrolled by the association until it formally adopted the programme in 1986. In the late 1990s, a Muslim Scout Fellowship was formed, which by the end of 2007, had assisted the establishment of 13 Muslim Scout Groups in England and Wales.

Despite these and other changes, the association's enrolments fell into a decline through the 1990s with falling membership levels. This spurred a major review into the causes of the decline in 1999.

2001 to 2014

The association found itself competing for young people's time against many other extracurricular activities and schools themselves which were increasingly venturing into the same types of activities. In addition, adult leaders became concerned with the growing litigation culture in the UK and the negative stereotype as being old fashioned.

To keep up with trends and appeal to audience new generation, a new uniform, designed by Meg Andrew, was launched in 2001. The uniform included a variety of bold colours, with the younger sections wearing sweatshirts and activity trousers.

In 2002 the association launched its new vision towards 2012, which heralded another period of change. Venture Scouts programme was discontinued and two new sections were introduced: Scout Network for 18- to 25-year-olds, as well as Explorer Scouts for 14- to 18-year-olds. A new programme was introduced, complete with a new range of badges and awards covering a wider variety of topics such as Public Relations and Information Technology, developing practical and employability skills. The new badges drew mixed reactions from several public figures, with some praising the association for "moving with the times" and others feeling the changes went "against the Scouting ethos of Baden-Powell".

Further changes took place in 2003 when the association's Adult Training Scheme was relaunched to be more focused and targeted to the volunteers individual role as opposed to the more general training received before.

The association also began to change in its focus, with a renewed emphasis on outdoor adventure and it now offers over 200 fun and adventurous activities from abseiling and archery while also offering a wider range of development opportunities, from coding to music and drama. In 2004 the association appointed television presenter Peter Duncan as its Chief Scout, who was succeeded by adventurer Bear Grylls in July 2009. The first UK Chief Commissioner, Wayne Bulpitt was appointed on the same day, with a particular remit to support volunteers, grow and develop the association.

The association hosted several major events during this time including EuroJam in 2005, hosting 10,000 Scouts and Guides from 40 countries, the 21st World Scout Jamboree in 2007 as well as playing a major role in the centenary celebrations of Scouting that same year, with celebration events organised on Brownsea Island.

By 2010, census figures showed a strong upturn, with the association in April 2010 claiming its highest rate of growth in UK since 1972, with total claimed participation reaching just under half a million. In 2014, the association claimed an increase in youth membership of 100,000 in the ten years since 2004. In 2016 it claimed eleven years of consecutive growth and an increase in female membership, with 25% of participants now female in the 25 years since girls were first welcomed in 1976.

The association claims one of its biggest challenges is encouraging more adults to volunteer to reduce the number of young people on waiting lists (cited at around 40,000). However, by its reported figures (above) it has a high ratio of more than 1 adult volunteer to 4 participant young people (see above), and "young people" includes adults aged 18 to 25. The effort to attract new volunteers received a boost when the Duchess of Cambridge announced her intention to become a volunteer leader for the association with a Scout Group near her Anglesey home. In the decade up to 2014, the number of adult volunteers increased by 14,596 to a total of over 104,000.

2014 to present

A new Strategic Plan entitled Scouting for All was launched in 2014 to outline the association's focus to 2018. It proposed four key areas of activity: growth, inclusivity, youth-shaped Scouting and community impact. As part of this, in 2014, the association introduced the role of its national youth commissioner. The association's national youth commissioner works with its national leadership team; its chief executive, its Chief Scout, its chief commissioner and its chair of the board of trustees, to contribute to discussions on behalf of youth members and ensuring key changes are subject to youth consultation. Counties and district units were encouraged to appoint their own youth commissioners for young people to have an opportunity to influence their activities.

In October 2015, as part of the commitment to developing community impact, the association launched a three-year community impact project called "A Million Hands" to mobilise half a million Scouts to support four social issues chosen by their young people. Its aim is to build real and lasting relationships in communities that will enable young people to continue taking "social action" long into the future. The project works in partnership with six key charities; Mind, Alzheimer's Society, Leonard Cheshire Disability, Guide Dogs, Water Aid and Canal & River Trust to support the four key issues of dementia, disability, mental wellbeing and resilience and clean water and sanitation.

Also in 2015, Dr Ann Limb was appointed chair of the association, the first woman to hold the post. Already Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE), Limb was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2022 Birthday Honours for services to young people and philanthropy.

In September 2016, Tim Kidd replaced Wayne Bulpitt as the association's chief commissioner. Kidd has been involved with the association his whole life, starting as a Cub and then as a volunteer, in various leadership roles including Scout leader, district commissioner and county commissioner. In the 2016 Birthday Honours, Kidd received an OBE for services to young people.
Kidd's term will end in September 2021, with applications open for a replacement in September 2020.

Throughout 2016, the association celebrated the centenary of its Cub section, named Cubs100. Although Cubs began on an experimental basis in 1914, the centenary celebrations marked the launch of the fully developed Wolf Cub programme on 16 December 2016, a date which is regarded as the "official birthday of Cubs". Adventurer Steve Backshall was appointed Cubs100 Ambassador to raise the profile of the anniversary year. A range of events took place throughout 2016, from adventure camps to locally organised "promise parties" on 16 December itself, at which Cubs renewed their promises. One promise [arty in Kings Lynn was attended by the Duchess of Cambridge.

In May 2018, the association announced a new 'Skills For Life' strategy as its focus to 2023. Its objectives are similar (with the same outcomes of growth, inclusivity, youth shaped Scouting and community impact), however there is now more of a framework to develop and achieve the objectives. Alongside the new strategy launch, the association launched new branding to support the strategy and change the then 17-year-old logo. The major changes included a new typeface for documents and literature from the association, new colours with an updated corporate logo. This was introduced to the association on a two-year transition period.

As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, in March 2020, the association's face-to-face activities were suspended and weekly meetings had to be delivered through Zoom. To support this, the association launched an online package of activities called "the Great Indoors" and a national fund raising campaign called "Hike to the Moon" in aid of those affected by the crisis, as well as online briefings for adult leaders. Despite these initiatives, in May 2021 it was announced that membership numbers had fallen by over 100,000 (from 480,083 to 362,752), with the number of adult leaders falling from 156,000 in 2020 to just under 141,000. This was reported to be the largest drop in numbers since 1941. It prompted the association to launch the Good For You campaign which had an aim of recruiting 10,000 leaders as the association had noticed young people were returning to the association quickly but without sufficient adults to build capacity.

Announced as part of the Skills For Life strategic plan in May 2018, from 2019 the association trialled an early years programme section. The name initially chosen for the pilots, involving children aged 4–6 years, was Hedgehogs and involved a programme funded by the Department for Education and delivered either as an association-led programme, a parent-led programme or a partner-led early years programme. The aim of the pilot was to explore early years provision with children of this age and determine whether this is a route the association should take. The association decided to proceed with the pilot and the phased roll out of the section over a period of years until it was in a position to introduce the section formally, now under the name Squirrels, in September 2021. The name was chosen after field testing in communities underrepresented in the association's programs, and because of the support of the Northern Ireland Squirrel Association that subsequently merged into the association after 25 years of independent operation alongside the association in Northern Ireland. The name is also recognised by many due its links to the popular children's programme Hey Duggee. Squirrels wear a red sweatshirt uniform and meet in Dreys organised within Scout groups. The initial 200 dreys were targeted to areas previously under-served by the association including diverse areas and those comprising a high number of low income households.

Organisational structure
The association consists of between just 300 and 500 members, called the "council" in its incorporating charter. The majority of the council are elected by the council itself with the council or its board also appointing all its officers and all commissioner members. Even those nominated by Scout Counties to the council require previous appointment to their positions or approval by the council's board or officers appointed by the board.

The council elects a board, (called the board of trustees and formerly called the committee of the council), which manages the association, makes the policy and rules, nominates members of the council and makes all appointments within the association.

Officers and paid staff
The council elects the association's Chief Scout. Bear Grylls has been the association's Chief Scout since July 2009. The association's Chief Commissioner acts as its Deputy Chief Scout and appoints a team of commissioners who are responsible for programmes in their respective fields.

The board employ paid staff to implement their directions and policies. The chief executive is appointed to manage the work of the headquarters staff.

In 2014, the association created the roles of Youth Commissioner and Deputy Youth Commissioner to work with the national leadership team to advocate on behalf of youth participants.

Geographic divisions
The association is divided into national groupings for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. While the association in England is managed directly by the UK Headquarters, each of the other nations has its own Scout Council and administration. Each of national divisions is further broken up into local Counties for England and Northern Ireland, Areas for Wales, Regions for Scotland and a Balliwick in the case of Guernsey, which generally follow the boundaries of ceremonial counties. The County/Area/Region are usually broken down further into a number of Scout Districts which usually cover a town, some or all of a city or a section of a larger region such as the New Forest. These districts are made up of several Scout Groups.

Scout Groups
Scout Groups are local scout organisations registered with the association, and some are the direct descendants of the original Scout Patrols and Scout Troops. Groups can consist of one or more Beaver Colonies, Cub Packs, and Scout Troops and may also have one or more Scout Active Support Units, or an Explorer Scout Unit attached to it. Scout Groups only manage the first three sections, with Explorer Scouts and Scout Networks managed by the Scout District. Scout Groups are led by a Group Scout Leader whose main role is handling communication between the local District and the Section Leaders and ensuring the Scout Group meets the minimum standard required by the association.

Commissioners and committees
At all levels, Scout organisations are managed by executive committees. In Scout Group executive committees, Group Scout Leaders and Section Leaders also form part of the committee.

All leaders work as unpaid volunteers, of which there are around 120,000. In addition to this number, the association employs 198 full-time and part-time staff to support the work of its adult volunteers. Senior volunteers in The Scout Association are called 'Commissioners'. Every County/Area/Region and District is headed by a Commissioner who is responsible for ensuring the Districts/Groups under their jurisdiction meet the standards set by the association. They receive support from Growth and Development Officer in England, who are employed by the Regional Services Team and deployed locally to help support the association's objectives. Commissioners in the other nations receive support from Field Commissioners, employed and directed differently. District Commissioners report to the County/Area/Regional Commissioner, who in turn report to the UK Chief Commissioner.

Sections

Core sections
The association has six age programmes to cater for youth aged between 4 and 25 years of age:

The core five sections (Squirrels to Explorers) are each led by a Section Leader and aided by Assistant Leaders, Sectional Assistants, parent helpers and Young Leaders, who are Explorer Scouts trained in leadership techniques. Scout Networks are mainly member led, but are assisted by a Network Commissioner who ensures that the Network is working within the rules of the association. In addition to adult leadership, the association encourages its members themselves to take on positions of responsibility for their section meetings. This can be through responsibility for a group of members, such as the Patrol Leader and Assistant Patrol Leader in Scouts and Sixers and Seconders in Cubs, or through sectional forums to feedback on programmes. The Scout section also have the role of Senior Patrol Leader, usually someone about to move on to Explorers who overlooks all the patrols, and the members of the Explorer section are openly encouraged to run evenings and to plan their own meetings.

Air and Sea Scouts
Some Scout Groups offer special Scouting programmes called Air Scouts and Sea Scouts. Both programmes follow the same core programme in all sections but can add more aeronautical or nautical emphasis, with some Scout Troops or Explorer Scout Units choosing to seek to be recognised by the Royal Air Force or Royal Navy. In the United Kingdom there are approximately 400 Sea Scout Groups, of which about 25% (101 Groups) are Royal Navy recognised, whilst of 117 Air Scout Groups, 43 are recognised by the RAF. The number of Troops or Units that can be recognised in either scheme is strictly limited and recognition is only awarded to those which meet the requirements and pass an inspection by a service officer. Recognised Troops or Units are inspected biennially and only retain their recognised status if they have continued to meet the required standards.

Adult roles and appointments

The association's Patron was the late Queen Elizabeth II. The association's current joint presidents are the Duke of Kent and Princess of Wales.

Below these are the members of the association's Headquarters, including the association's Chief Scout, who is honorary head of the association and its public face, and its chief commissioner, who is in charge of the volunteers in the association and of the other commissioners. Below these are the commissioners for the nations, regions, counties, areas and districts, all of whom are assisted by deputies and assistant commissioners who can oversee and advise on a particular area of responsibility – for example an assistant district commissioner for Beaver Scouts particularly ensures that that section in the district is abiding to the association's rules. The final managerial role in the association is that of the Group Scout Leader and their deputy, who are both in charge of a local Scout group. All of these roles are uniformed and for those volunteer roles from County level downwards training is required in the basic values of the association, safety and child protection, inclusion and advanced managerial skills to achieve their Wood Badge.

At the local sectional level, a section is run by a Scout Leader, who is in overall charge of the section, and by Assistant Scout Leaders, who assist the Leader in their role. These roles are uniformed and also require training to achieve their Wood Badge, although their training content consists of the basic values of the association, inclusion, camping and Scout skills and administration. They are also required to complete First Aid, safety and child protection training every three years.

Below leaders are the uniformed role of Sectional Assistant and the non-uniformed role of Occasional Helper. The Sectional Assistant has to complete basic training consisting of the values of the association, safety and child protection only while an occasional helper is a non-uniformed role and requires only to have a criminal records check by the Disclosure and Barring Service. In addition, there are Young Leaders who must complete training in child protection and safety and then have the option to complete further modules on topics that mirror the adult training programme.

Adults can also become members of Scout Active Support Units that provide a variety of services to the association at group, district, county/area or national level. These units allow adults to support Association activities without having the full-time commitment of a leadership role.

Programme, badges and awards

Programme history
The youth programme has been developed from Baden-Powell's original Scout training scheme, which aimed to encourage personal achievement and provide a framework for the activities of the Scout Troop. In the Boy Scout section, this consisted of the award of badges for Tenderfoot, Second and First Class Scout and finally King's Scout, which were earned by passing tests in a wide variety of skills associated with the outdoors, health and good citizenship. With the creation of the Wolf Cub section in 1916, a similar system was devised, the awards being Tenderpad, First Star and Second Star, and an award called the Leaping Wolf was added later which required Cubs to move up to the Scout Troop. In parallel with this scheme, Cubs and Scouts were able to earn Proficiency Badges for specific skills and hobbies, an idea that Baden-Powell probably copied from Ernest Thompson Seton. The test requirements for Baden-Powell's scheme were revised in 1944 and again in 1958 without altering the basic structure.

The 1966 Advance Party Report recommended a wholly new Progressive Training Scheme; for Cub Scouts the Bronze, Silver and Gold Arrows, for Scouts the Scout Standard, Advanced Scout Standard and Chief Scout's Award and for the new Venture Scout Section, the Venture Award and the Queen's Scout Award which focused on long-term service and commitment as well as the completion of an expedition lasting four days and fifty miles. These changes were implemented in October 1967. From then on, the programme has been subject to regular revision; the Scout standards were replaced in 1984 by the Scout Award, Pathfinder Award and Explorer Award with a fully revised Chief Scout's Award. The Cub arrows were replaced in 1991 with the Cub Scout Award, Adventure Award and Adventure Crest Award. All these awards were replaced following the introduction of the Programme Review in February 2002. A new concept called the Balanced Programme replaced the previous scheme. Challenge Awards could be earned by participating in activities in various Programme Zones such as outdoors, fitness, community or international. Earning a certain number of Challenge Awards and the completion of a personal challenge led to the Bronze Chief Scout's Award for Beavers, Silver for Cubs and Gold for Scouts. Proficiency Badges were revised and renamed Activity Badges. In 2015, the programme was revised again following consultation within the association, the changes being called the Programme Refresh.

Award scheme
The previous Programme Zones have been replaced by three themes, being "outdoor and adventure", "world" and "skills". It is recommended for all sections that about 50% of the programme be devoted to outdoor and adventure skills and activities. The structure of Challenge Badges and Chief Scout's Awards has been retained but the content has been revised and made "more challenging". Beavers have to earn six Challenge Badges to Gain the Bronze Chief Scout's Award, Cubs seven for the Silver and Scouts nine for the Gold. The final three awards, The Chief Scout's Platinum and Diamond Awards and the King's Scout Award are available in the Explorer Scout and Scout Network sections. These three awards build on the requirements of The Duke of Edinburgh's Award at Bronze, Silver and Gold level respectively, consisting of a period of time volunteering in the local community, a prolonged physical activity, the advancement of a skill and the undertaking an expedition, allowing a participant to achieve both the DofE and the Scout award at the same time. In addition, these three awards do not have to be completed in order, and participants can skip straight to a specific award, although additional work is involved. Achieving the King's Scout Award is seen as a significant event on a national scale; recipients of the award are invited to join the St George's Day service at Windsor Castle the year after completing the scheme, and parade before King Charles III or his representative.

Awards for gallantry, meritorious conduct and good service
The Cornwell Scout Badge may be awarded to youth members who display "pre-eminently high character and devotion to duty, together with great courage and endurance". Any member of the association may be awarded the Gilt Cross or the Silver Cross for gallantry, or the Bronze Cross for "special heroism or action in the face of extraordinary risk". The Chief Scout's Commendation for Meritorious Conduct and the Medal of Meritorious Conduct may also be awarded to any member.  Adult members are awarded the Chief Scout's Length of Service Award which marks the number of years of service in any role. More distinguished good service by adult members may be marked by the award of a Commissioner's Commendation, the Chief Scout's Commendation for Good Service, the Award of Merit, the Silver Acorn or ultimately, the Silver Wolf, which is the unrestricted gift of the Chief Scout and is awarded for service of "a most exceptional nature".

Promise and law

Variation of a Scout Promise are made by all participants of the association from the Scout section upwards, including Leaders with variations for different faiths or for members from other countries, whose allegiance is pledged to the country and not the monarch:

:On my honour, I promise that I will do my best,
To do my duty to God and to the King,
To help other people,
And to keep the Scout Law.

For Squirrels, Beavers and Cubs, a simpler promise is used: Cub Scouts utilise the normal promise with the omission of the opening 'On my honour' and a change in the final line "to keep the Cub Scout Law", while Beaver Scouts and Squirrel Scouts use a different promise altogether:

:I promise to do my best,
To be kind and helpful,
And to love God.

In addition to the promise, there is a Scout Law which dictates what qualities a Scout should hold. The Scout Law is as follows:

A Scout is to be trusted.
A Scout is loyal.
A Scout is friendly and considerate.
A Scout belongs to the world-wide family of Scouts.
A Scout has courage in all difficulties.
A Scout makes good use of time and is careful of possessions and property.
A Scout has self-respect and respect for others.

This law is used for all sections except Cubs, Beavers and Squirrels. Beaver Scouts and Squirrel Scouts have no law, as these values are to be demonstrated through the meetings themselves. The Cub Scout law is different again:

:Cub Scouts always do their best,
think of others before themselves
and do a good turn every day.

The motto of the association, as with many other Scouting organisations, is 'Be Prepared'.

Variations of the promise
There are permitted variations to the original Scout Promise to accommodate those whose faith or national allegiance are different. The association expects that the phrases "...duty to God" and "...to love God" will be suitable for most faiths "including Christians, Hindus, Jews, Muslims and Sikhs". Muslims who have difficulty with the phrase "On my honour" because of the Islamic proscription of swearing oaths, are able to say "In the name of Allah, the Most Beneficent the Most Merciful…" instead if they prefer. Also, "...duty to Allah and to the King" may be used. Hindus and Buddhists may promise "...duty to my Dharma".

Foreign nationals resident in the United Kingdom are able to promise to do their "...duty to God and to the country in which I am now living", although British subjects must include the King in their promise.

In 2012 the association reviewed its fundamentals and launched a consultation to ask its members whether an alternative version of the Scout Promise should be developed for atheists and those unable to make the existing commitment. In 2013 it was announced that the consultation had led to the addition of an alternative promise for humanists and atheists. Taking effect on 1 January 2014, members can choose to replace "duty to God" with "to uphold our Scout values". The change has been welcomed by representatives of the Church of England, the Roman Catholic Church, the Free Churches Group and the British Humanist Association. The alternative promise takes the following form:

:On my honour, I promise that I will do my best,
To uphold our Scout values, to do my duty to the King,
To help other people,
And to keep the Scout Law.

Uniform

History of uniform
In Scouting for Boys, Baden-Powell recommended a distinctive and practical uniform that was "very like the uniform worn by my men when I commanded the South African Constabulary". This in turn, seems to have been derived from the dress adopted by Baden-Powell in the Second Matabele War of 1896, influenced by his friend and colleague, Frederick Russell Burnham. The original Boy Scout uniform consisted of a khaki shirt and shorts, a neckerchief or "scarf", campaign hat and a Scout staff. At the formation of the Wolf Cub section in 1916, Baden-Powell wanted to make the younger boys totally distinct from the older Boy Scouts; the result was a green woollen jersey, shorts, neckerchief and a green cricket cap with gold piping. In 1946, the new Senior Scout section were allowed to wear a maroon beret instead of the hat; a green beret became an option for the Boy Scout section in 1954.

In 1966, the Advance Party Report recommended a total redesign and modernisation of the uniform, commenting that there had been much criticism of "the Boer War appearance of our uniforms" and that the "wearing of shorts by members of the Movement is one of the most damaging aspects of our present public image". Although the Cub uniform barely changed, retaining short trousers, the Scout section were to wear a long sleeved dark green shirt and long trousers in a brownish colour described as "mushroom". Venture Scouts and male Scouters had identical khaki shirts and mushroom trousers, but the neckerchief was replaced by a tie, brown for Venture Scouts and green for Scouters. Female Scouters had a dark green dress and a cap similar to those worn by airline flight attendants at the time. These recommendations were accepted and implemented from October 1967.

Later amendments included khaki shirts for female Venture Scouts and Scouters, the abolition of all uniform headgear except Sea Scout caps and Air Scout berets, and black long trousers for Cubs as an option to shorts. A grey sweatshirt was introduced for the new Beaver Scout section in 1986 and a dark green sweatshirt replaced the Cubs' knitted jersey. The Scout uniforms of this era would feature on the Scout Association's Coat of Arms, which features two bearers wearing uniforms of the pre-Advance Party Report and some that were current at the time of the award in 1969. Certificates with the design would remain in use until May 2021.

In 2001, following a consultation process within the association, a new range of uniforms designed by Meg Andrews was launched on Founder's Day, 22 February.

Uniforms

Squirrel Scouts
Squirrel Scout uniform is a red sweatshirt, a neckerchief and a woggle.

Beaver Scouts
Beaver Scout uniform consists of a turquoise sweatshirt, a neckerchief and woggle. Uniform options decided on at the group level include navy blue shorts, a grey fleece jacket and a navy blue baseball cap. A navy blue skirt may be worn as a personal choice. Navy blue combat trousers (formally referred to as "activity trousers") and a turquoise polo shirt may be worn as activity dress.

Cub Scouts
Cub Scout uniform consists of a dark green sweatshirt, a neckerchief and a woggle identifying the cub's six (sub division of  a pack). Uniform options decided on at the group level include navy blue shorts, a grey fleece jacket, a navy blue jacket and a navy blue baseball cap. A navy blue skirt may be worn as a personal choice.  Navy blue combat trousers and a dark green polo shirt may be worn as activity dress.

Scouts
Scout uniform consists of a teal green long sleeved shirt or blouse, navy blue combat trousers (or navy blue skirt), group neckerchief, woggle and a Scout belt. Uniform options decided on at the group level include navy blue shorts, a grey fleece jacket, a navy blue jacket and a navy blue baseball cap.  Navy blue combat trousers and a teal green polo shirt may be worn as activity dress.

Sea Scout uniform is the same as the main Scout uniform except a dark blue jersey and/or a light blue shirt or blouse are worn. Sea Scouts wear a round seaman's cap with "Sea Scout" a "Sea Scout" tally band. An additional group option is for a lanyard with a bosun's call.

Air Scout uniform is the same as the main Scout uniform except that the shirt/blouse is light blue and a blue-grey beret is worn.

Explorer Scouts
As for Scouts, but with a beige shirt or blouse and the explorer Scout belt may be worn. The optional activity uniform polo shirt is beige.

Explorer Sea Scouts  wear similar uniforms except that a light blue shirt or blouse, smart navy blue trousers and a round seamans cap with "Explorer Sea Scout" tallyband or a white-topped officer's peaked cap (depending on group). The lanyard and bosun's call is an option decided at group level. Explorer Air Scouts wear the light blue shirt or blouse, smart navy blue trousers and a blue-grey beret. Explorer Sea Scouts and Air Scouts may wear a blue tie instead of the neckerchief, an additional activity uniform top option for both units is a navy blue sweatshirt.

Adult members (including Network)
As for Explorer Scouts, but with a shirt of a light khaki colour, described as "stone" which may be short sleeved. A tie may be worn by all adult members and smart trousers may be worn instead of combat trousers. The activity uniform top is a navy blue polo shirt, an optional navy blue sweatshirt or stone-coloured polo shirt may be worn instead.

Adult members in Sea Scout units wear uniforms similar to Sea Scout explorers except that the only headgear is the officers hat and an option of a tricorne hat for women. Adult members in Air Scout groups wear uniform identical to air Scout explorers.

Kilts

All members in Scotland or those entitled to do so by descent may wear a tartan kilt or skirt. This can be either their own tartan or the Scout tartan pattern; to be worn with a plain leather sporran, green knee-length socks and gartar tabs and black shoes. Members in Northern Ireland or those entitled to do so by descent may wear a saffron kilt or skirt. This should be worn with a plain leather sporran; traditional coloured plain socks; black or brown shoes (all members in a section should wear the same coloured socks and shoes). A tailored outer jacket may be worn with either kilt.

Finances
The association is a registered charity. The association's finances are collected through a variety of ways. Members pay for association programmes through an annual capitation or membership fee, and subscriptions to the local group, paid termly, monthly or weekly depending on local preference. The membership fee pays for member insurance and for the services and leader support provided by their district, country (or equivalent) and headquarters. The national membership fee for 2021–22, for all members under 18, is £36.50 (or £36.00 for prompt payment by 23 April 2021), an increase of £7.50 compared to the 2020-21 fee. Of this, £1.50 is a reserved contribution ring-fenced to support any Groups who cannot access funding. Subs are used to pay for the day-to-day running of activities, pay for materials and to finance the section's meeting place.

To lessen the burden on members, many Groups undertake local fundraising and utilise additional methods of funding, such as Gift Aid. In addition, headquarters operates several other ventures open to those outside of the association, the profits of which are returned to the association.

Scout Community Week
Scout Community Week is a campaign of the association and its biggest national fundraising event. It is a revival and updated version of the earlier "Bob-a-Job" Week (started in 1949) and later "Scout Job Week" in which Scouts were paid small sums of money for completing usually domestic tasks for local residents. The modern Scout Community Week involves Scouts from all sections of the association taking part in community work in exchange for a donation to the group. Re-introduced in 2012, the event has attracted media attention.

Commercial ventures
The association operates several ventures that offer an enhancement to its programmes but also services consumers outside its programmes. The profits are returned to the Scout Association to subsidise the running of the Scout programme and to reduce the burden of financing on the members themselves.

The Scout Adventures brand is run directly from within the Scout Association and is responsible for running a network of national activity centres open to members of Scouts and organisations outside of Scouts including schools and other youth groups. Its turnover and profits form part of the charitable activities of the association and contributed £4.9 million in the year up to 31 March 2020.

In addition, the Scout Association owns 100% of the following subsidiary companies which provide trading income to the association:
 Scout Shops Ltd trading as Scout Store sells Scout Association uniforms, equipment and gifts online and on the high street by supplying local Scout shops run mostly by Scout Districts. In the year up to 31 March 2020, it had a turnover of £9.4 million with their taxable profits of £3 million returned to the association.
 World Scout Shop Ltd sells similar merchandise and gifts to the Scout Store but to a global market along with exclusive world Scout items. It was created in 2011 at the 22nd World Scout Jamboree in Sweden and uses the same infrastructure as the Scout Store. In the year up to 31 March 2020, it had a turnover of £500,000 with their taxable profits of £30,000 returned to the association.
 Scout Insurance Services Ltd trading as Unity Insurance Services is an insurance broker providing insurance solutions tailored to the movement and other charities and similar non-profit organisations including Girlguiding. In the year up to 31 March 2020, it had a turnover of £2.4 million and a pre-tax profit of £1.2 million.
 Scout Insurance (Guernsey) Ltd. acts as the insurance underwriters for the association and Unity and paid its net profit pre-tax of £200,000 as a dividend to the association.
 Scout Services Ltd. manages the association's property, runs the conference centres located at Gilwell Park and 65 Queen's Gate and manages sponsorship and marketing for the association such as selling advertising space in member focused Scouting Magazine. In the year up to 31 March 2020, it had a turnover of £3.8 million and a pre-tax profit of £700,000. This subsidiary has been hit hard by the COVID-19 pandemic as the association announced the cessation of the printed Scouting Magazine, the closure of the Gilwell Park conference centre and the selling of the 65 Queen's Gate site.

Former commercial ventures include the Scout Holiday Homes Trust which operated ten properties across the UK catering for those with low incomes or disabilities between 1969 and 2011 when the assets were transferred to the independent Holiday Homes Trust which maintains some links with the Scouts.

Campsites

Across the country, over 900 campsites are owned by the association; usually they are owned and operated by a Scout District or County. These campsites are also used by others outside the association to gain additional income for the Scout county or district.

Twelve sites are branded and operated as Scout Adventure Centres, providing camping sites and affordable adventurous activities. These are Gilwell Park on the London/Essex border, Buddens in Dorset, Crawfordsburn in County Down, Downe in Kent, Fordell Firs in Fife, Great Tower in the Lake District, Hawkhirst in Northumberland, Lochgoilhead on Loch Lomond, Meggernie in Perthshire, Woodhouse Park in Gloucestershire, Youlbury in Oxfordshire and Yr Hafod in Snowdonia.

In addition to these sites, the association historically ran two conference centres, one within Gilwell Park, and another at a separate site in central London, Baden-Powell House. Baden-Powell House was an Association hostel, that provided cheap accommodation for central London trips. Both these facilities were closed in 2020 due to the financial pressures of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Relations with other organisations

Girlguiding UK
The Scout Association and Girlguiding UK are separate organisations, but were both founded by Robert Baden-Powell and share similar aims and methods. Co-operation between the association and GirlGuiding UK is encouraged at all levels. 'Joint Groups' of Scout and Guide units meeting separately in the same headquarters and operating under the same support structure are recognized and encouraged by both associations. It is also possible to have a 'Joint Unit', which may consist of Rainbow Guides and Beaver Scouts, or Brownie Guides and Cub Scouts, or Guides and Scouts. They meet together as a single unit, sharing leadership and facilities but individual members wear the uniform and follow the training programme of the association that they belong to. Members of Girlguiding UK are invited to join the United Kingdom Scout Contingent to participate in the World Scout Jamborees every four years.

The Scout Association in Ireland

The Scout Association of Northern Ireland co-exists in the province with Scouting Ireland which is the World Organization of the Scout Movement recognized association for the Republic of Ireland. The two associations have been increasingly working in partnership; they jointly run a project called "Scoutlink" which delivers citizenship and peace building programmes with a range of groups in Northern Ireland and the border counties of the Republic.

The Duke of Edinburgh's Award
The Scout Association is one of more than 2,600 "Licensed Organisations" that operate the Duke of Edinburgh Award Scheme. Scout participation in the scheme started in February 1959, having been unable to join the 1956 experimental launch due to the 1957 Golden Jubilee of Scouting events and the 1958 revision of the Scout badge programme.

Notable former Scouts

The association has had many notable past members, with the following selection being the best known:
 David Attenborough – broadcaster and naturalist
 David Beckham – England international footballer and former captain
 Tony Blair – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 Chris Bonington – mountaineer
 David Bowie – singer-songwriter, producer and actor
 Richard Branson – Virgin Group Founder
 Ronnie Corbett – actor and comedian who worked with Ronnie Barker in the British television comedy series The Two Ronnies
 Bear Grylls – adventurer and television personality and the association's Chief Scout
 John Major – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 Paul McCartney – singer/songwriter/bassist of the Beatles and Wings
 John Lennon – singer/songwriter of the Beatles attended the 3rd Allerton Scout Group in Liverpool.
 George Michael – singer/songwriter
 Cliff Richard – singer
 Keith Richards – guitarist and songwriter of the Rolling Stones
 Harold Wilson – former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

Scout Association overseas

History
Following the origin of Scouting, Scout organisations formed in many parts of the British Empire. Some of these organisations later became branches of The Boy Scouts Association after its formation. In other cases, The Boy Scouts Association started branches itself in parts of British Empire. The Boy Scouts Association's "Headquarters" in London was renamed "Imperial Headquarters" (IHQ). The Boy Scouts International Bureau was formed in 1920 and became fully functional under the International Conference of the Boy Scout Movement in 1922. Subsequently, The Boy Scouts Association branches in the Dominions of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, and South Africa were given the option of being "separately represented" with the Boy Scouts International Bureau, but chose instead to remain under IHQ control. Over time, many of the branches of The Scout Association became direct members of the World Organization of the Scout Movement; for instance, Scouts Canada in 1946 and The Scout Association of Hong Kong in 1977.

Overseas branches
The association has branches in the British overseas territories and Crown Dependencies, as well as some small independent nations.
Non-sovereign territories in which the association operates programmes include:

 Anguilla
 Bermuda
 Cayman Islands
 Falkland Islands (Groups are part of the British Scouting Overseas Area)
 Gibraltar

 Montserrat
 Saint Helena (Groups are part of the British Scouting Overseas Area)
 British Virgin Islands
 Turks and Caicos Islands
 Isle of Man

Sovereign countries in which the association operates programmes, as they are without independent Scouting organisations, include:
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Tonga
 Tuvalu
 Vanuatu

British Scouting Overseas
The UK Scout programme is also offered to British citizens living outside of the United Kingdom via the British Scouting Overseas (BSO) Area. BSO has 4 Scout "Districts" in Southern Europe, Middle East, Northern Europe and Rest of the World, and a total of 55 Scout Groups, in 26 countries.

British Scouting Overseas was formed, on 1 April 2012, from an amalgamation of the British Groups Abroad and British Scouts in Western Europe Scout "Areas". At that point, there were 5 districts in France & Iberia, Middle East, Benelux & Scandinavia, Germany and Rest of the World. Since that point, Benelux & Scandinavia has merged with Germany, to create the Northern Europe district. In June 2021, France & Iberia District transitioned into Southern Europe after the addition of a group in Italy.

See also

 World Organization of the Scout Movement

References

Further reading

External links

 The Scout Association Homepage
  Official British Scouting Overseas Webpage

1908 establishments in the United Kingdom
Organisations based in Essex
World Organization of the Scout Movement member organizations
Youth organizations established in 1908

The Scout Association


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