The Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) is either of two classes of relatively small surface vessels designed for operations near shore by the United States Navy. It was "envisioned to be a networked, agile, stealthy surface combatant capable of defeating anti-access and asymmetric threats in the littorals", although their ability to perform these missions in practice has been called into question.

Littoral Combat Ships are comparable to corvettes found in other navies. The  and the  are the two LCS variants. Each is slightly smaller than the U.S. Navy's earlier  but larger than Cyclone-class patrol ships. Each has the capabilities of a small assault transport, including a flight deck and hangar for housing two SH-60 or MH-60 Seahawk helicopters, a stern ramp for operating small boats, and the cargo volume and payload to deliver a small assault force with fighting vehicles to a roll-on/roll-off port facility. Standard armaments include Mk 110 57 mm guns and RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missiles. They are also equipped with autonomous air, surface, and underwater vehicles. Possessing lower air defense and surface warfare capabilities than destroyers, the LCS emphasizes speed, flexible mission modules, and a shallow draft.

The first LCS, , was commissioned on 8 November 2008 in Veteran's Park, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The second ship, the trimaran , was commissioned on 16 January 2010, in Mobile, Alabama. In 2012, ADM Jonathan W. Greenert stated that the LCS would be deployed to Africa in place of destroyers and cruisers. In 2013 and 2014, the Navy's requirement for LCSs was progressively cut from 55 to 32 vessels in favor of a newly proposed frigate more capable of high-intensity combat. In late 2014, the Navy proceeded with a procurement plan for enhanced versions of the LCS and upgraded older ships to meet the program's 52-ship requirement; the modified LCS will be redesignated as FF, or frigate. In December 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter ordered the Navy to reduce planned LCS and FF procurement from 52 to 40 and downselect to one variant by FY 2019.

In July 2017, the Navy released a request for information for a new multi-mission guided-missile frigate that can perform the same roles as the LCS while having better offensive and defensive capabilities. Almost any existing design that can be adapted to FFG(X) requirements can be considered, extending beyond versions of the two LCS hulls. In April 2020, it was announced that Fincantieri Marinette Marine had won the contract with its FREMM multi-purpose frigate-based design.

Design features
The concept behind the Littoral Combat Ship, as described by former Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England, is to "create a small, fast, maneuverable and relatively inexpensive member of the DD(X) family of ships". The ship is easy to reconfigure for different roles, including anti-submarine warfare, mine countermeasures, anti-surface warfare, intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, homeland defense, maritime intercept, special operations, and logistics. Due to its modular design, the LCS will be able to replace slower, more specialized ships such as minesweepers and larger amphibious-type assault ships.

Most of the mission modules' functions are performed by carried vehicles such as helicopters or unmanned vehicles such as the Spartan Scout, AN/WLD-1 RMS Remote Minehunting System and MQ-8B Fire Scout as part of the Navy's goal to "unman the front lines". Performing functions such as sonar sweeps for mines or submarines as well as launching torpedoes against hostile submarines at a distance from the ship is less risky. Placing sensors on remote vehicles allows the LCS to exploit concepts such as bistatic sonar. DARPA's Tactically Exploited Reconnaissance Node (TERN) program aims to build a medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (MALE UAV) that can operate from LCS-2 and can carry a payload of  out to an operational radius of .

A 2010 report by the Pentagon's director of operational test and evaluation (DOT&E) found that neither design was expected to "be survivable in a hostile combat environment" and that neither ship could withstand the Navy's full ship shock trials. The Navy responded that the LCS is built to a Level 1+ survivability standard and that the ships will rely on warnings from networks and speed to avoid being hit, or if hit be able to limp to safety. ADM Jonathan Greenert said that the crew would "conduct an orderly abandon ship" if their ship was struck by enemy fire, an action that might not be necessary on other vessels in the same circumstances. The ships were designed to minimize vulnerability with modern automated damage control systems to perform its mission, then withdraw from the area under its own power.

The combat abilities of the LCS were said to be "very modest" even before the cancellation of the XM501 Non-Line-of-Sight Launch System. The Independence variant reportedly has better helicopter facilities and more internal space while the Freedom variant is said to be better able to launch and recover boats in high seas. Admiral Gary Roughead said that a mix of both types would be "operationally advantageous".

In April 2012, Chief of Naval Operations Greenert said, "You won't send it into an anti-access area"; rather, groups of two or three ships are intended to be sent into areas where access is jeopardized to perform missions like minesweeping while under the cover of a destroyer. The LCS's main purpose is to take up operations such as patrolling, port visits, anti-piracy, and partnership-building exercises to free up high-end surface combatants for increased combat availability. Navy Secretary Ray Mabus clarified that the ship could operate in combat areas while under the protection of other warships. The LCS's utility against high-tech enemies would be when working with and being covered by destroyers, like they do with aircraft carriers. With destroyers providing extended air and missile defense, the cheaper (one-fourth the cost of a destroyer) and more numerous LCS can sweep for mines and deploy more sophisticated submarine-detecting sonar. Following the decision to arm the LCS with anti-ship missiles, Navy wargames showed the adversary's risk calculus was radically changed, devoting more reconnaissance assets to trying to locate the smaller ships and sustaining heavier losses.

The ships are planned to have a 3:2:1 manning concept. That is three ship crews, and two hulls for each ship that is on station at any time. The other ship and other two crews who are not on deployment will either be preparing for deployment or in rotation in or out of theater. The result is a 50% reduction in ships and a 25% reduction in crews (and smaller crew sizes) than traditional deployment practices. The ships were predicted to fall short in manning. The Navy has deployed ships with berthing modules in the mission bays in order to carry the crew required for operations. However, the ships are designed with sufficient headroom to change from 2-high bunking to 3-high bunking, which would allow crew sizes of 100 if needed.

The LCS is the first USN surface combatant class in a generation to not use the Aegis Combat System, though Aegis-equipped variants have been offered to foreign customers. They have suffered from problems in their communications and radars and will require refits in these areas. Neither LCS class is able to defend itself effectively against anti-ship cruise missiles, which are commonly employed in the littorals, although they can disperse in shallow waters better than larger warships.

Mission modules

The LCS is reconfigured for various roles by changing mission packages, each of which includes mission module equipment (weapon systems, sensors, etc.), carried craft and mission crews. Modules include anti-submarine warfare (ASW), mine countermeasures (MCM), surface warfare (SUW), and special warfare missions. The MCM and SUW modules are planned to reach initial operating capability in Fiscal Year (FY) 2014, and the ASW module in FY 2016. Module changes were envisioned to allow a single LCS to change roles in a matter of hours at any commercial port, allowing it to rapidly optimize effectiveness against a threat. A report from the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (OPNAV) on a January 2012 sustainment wargame reportedly stated that, possibly for logistics reasons, the mission module changes may take as long as weeks, and that in the future, the Navy plans to use LCSs with a single module, with module changes being a rare occurrence. In 2014, Independence switched from mine to surface warfare modes in 96 hours on short notice.

In an announcement on 8 September 2016, the Navy revealed a radical change in operations and organization plans for the LCS. Of the 28 Flight 0 ships built or on order, the first four, two of each class, will be turned into training ships, and the remaining 24 will be divided into six divisions of four ships each: three divisions of the Freedom class based at Naval Station Mayport, Florida, and three divisions of the Independence class based at Naval Station San Diego, California. The new organization does away with the LCS's signature interchangeable mission module concept, with each division being tasked to fulfill one of the three mission sets. Crewing is also changed into a more simplified two-crew "blue/gold" model, like that used on submarines and minesweepers, where ships cycle to forward deployed locations with the two crews swapping roles every 4–5 months; aviation detachments will also deploy with the same LCS crew, creating an arrangement of a core 70-sailor crew to conduct the warfare mission and a 23-person air detachment.

Surface warfare
In addition to the ships' organic weapons systems, the surface warfare package includes two 30 mm gun systems, a counter-boat missile system, two 11-meter rigid hull inflatable boats (RHIBs), and weapons deployed from MH-60 helicopters and MQ-8 Fire Scout UAVs. The surface warfare mission module is intended to deal with small boats and is called the "best swarm killer in the surface fleet". It includes two 30 mm gun mission modules manufactured by Teledyne Brown Engineering, Inc. The Navy's proposed budget for FY 2015 includes funding for the Surface-to-Surface Missile Module (SSMM) for the first time.

In January 2011, the U.S. Navy recommended the selection of Raytheon's Griffin missile to replace the NLOS-LS missile, lowering the LCS's missile range from  to . The packages were to be deployed in sets of three, with 15 per set for a total of 45 missiles. Initial deployment of the Griffin was set for 2015, with a longer-ranged version to enter service around 2017; however, procurement was canceled after the missiles were judged as "too lightweight". An enhanced Griffin and the Sea Spear were considered likely competitors for the increment 2 missile. The Navy chose to integrate the millimeter wave radar-guided AGM-114L Hellfire missile to increase the LCS's standoff firepower and defense against swarming fast attack craft. Navy use of the Hellfire gives access to the U.S. Army's existing stockpile of 10,000 missiles. The Hellfire is an interim decision; the Navy is interested in developing a longer-range version. An LCS can carry 24 Hellfire missiles in its SSMM, using M299 vertical launchers mounted within a gas containment system; the SSMM design does not facilitate at-sea reloading. The Hellfire was slated to be operational aboard the LCS by 2017. A longer-range missile with an over-the-horizon (OTH) engagement capability was planned to defend against fast attack craft, ships, and patrol boats by 2020 as part of the surface warfare package Increment 4.

Norwegian company Kongsberg Defense & Aerospace proposed equipping LCSs with their radar-evading Naval Strike Missile, presenting scale models of the Freedom class with 12 NSMs and the Independence class with 18 NSMs. In July 2014, the Navy confirmed that it would test-launch the NSM from  to evaluate feasibility, the first time an LCS fired a surface-to-surface missile. The NSM has a range of , greater than the Harpoon anti-ship missile, but LCSs lack long-range fire control systems to detect targets at this distance. On 24 September 2014, the NSM was successfully fired at a mobile target. The LCS's modular design makes it possible to add weapons and sensors as part of the warfare suite. This could mitigate lethality criticism of the LCS, which is oriented toward asymmetric swarm boat threats rather than comparable surface combatants.

In September 2015, the Navy issued a directive to install an OTH missile on Freedom and Coronado for their next deployments in early and mid-2016. The exact missile was not specified, but sources say it will be both the Harpoon and NSM, each ship equipped with only one model of missile. The directive calls for up to eight missiles, likely in two quad packs, to be installed on box launchers as a standalone system without requiring full integration into the LCS combat system. On 19 July 2016, Coronado conducted a live-fire missile test of a Block 1C Harpoon missile; although the missile missed the target, the test validated the ability to launch Harpoon missiles from the forward deck of an LCS. In May 2018, the Navy selected the NSM as the LCS's OTH missile.

In January 2020, the Navy reported that a Lockheed Martin 150 kW High Energy Laser and Integrated Optical-dazzler and Surveillance (HELIOS) would be put on  for her upcoming deployment. The laser is part of a risk reduction effort to contribute to a layered laser defense effort and the LCS's lethality to counter fast-attack craft and UAS.

Anti-submarine module
The anti-submarine module had its focus changed from stationary to en-stride systems (while the ship is moving) that are useful in the open ocean as well as in coastal areas. One of the items to be added is a torpedo detection capability. Thales has sold one CAPTAS-4 low-frequency active sonar to the U.S. Navy to be towed behind the LCS, with a potential order of 25 units. The USN tested combination of this unit, derived from the Sonar 2087 on British Type 23 frigates, with the TB-37 Multi-Function Towed Array (MFTA) found on U.S. warships. , deployment of the ASW module was planned for 2016, with the 2013 sequestration cuts potentially pushing it back to 2017.

Submarine detection will be achieved on the LCS using a variable depth sonar (VDS) and the TB-37 MFTA. Both can passively listen or actively emit to analyze the returns. The VDS was originally planned to be the Raytheon AN/SQS-62, but the Navy canceled it in 2022 due to high risk, instead choosing the Thales CAPTAS-4 in 2023. The VDS will allow the LCS to detect diesel-electric submarines while on the move. Submarines can hide behind water layers based on how sound is refracted through the temperature, salinity, and pressure profile; a VDS can pierce layers better than hull-mounted sonars found on destroyers and cruisers. LCSs will also be fitted with a torpedo decoy system under development. To destroy submarines, an MH-60S helicopter will deploy the Mark 54 Lightweight Torpedo.

A wargame held by the Naval War College demonstrated the possibility of using the LCS in open water operations to assist carrier strike groups and guided-missile destroyers. The LCS was found to be more useful in open water operations than previously considered. The wargame found that an LCS operating the ASW package could perform the mission, which freed up a destroyer that would normally perform the mission to contribute to the lethality of the strike group. Submarine hunting ability is increased by the combination of a destroyer's towed array and hull-mounted sonar and an LCS's VDS.

In July 2015, the Navy awarded three contracts to reduce the weight of the package elements down to or below 105 metric tons total to meet mission package weight requirements. Since both elements are mature and fielded (the VDS on Royal Navy Type 23 frigates and MFTA on  and s), the systems cannot be overhauled, and other weight reduction ideas need to be implemented, such as lightening sensors and using composites in the handling system. Plans for the package shifted dramatically in 2011 when it was decided not to use the RMMV, used in the MCM package, in favor of an "in stride" capability. The ASW elements were chosen as cost-effective COTS sensors, so weight reduction needs by between 15 and 25 percent have been planned for since their selection for integration onto the LCS.

Mine countermeasure module

The Mine Countermeasure Module (MCM) is designed to provide minesweeping; remotely detecting and bypassing mines; and minehunting, detecting, and disabling. It was envisioned to perform "influence" minehunting via acoustic and magnetic signatures rather than contact or mechanical minehunting. The MCM includes the Airborne Laser Mine Detection system, the Airborne mine neutralization system, the AN/AQS-20A underwater towed sonar, the remote minehunting system, the Coastal Battlefield Reconnaissance and Analysis system, and the Knifefish, a Surface mine countermeasure unmanned undersea vehicle. Canceled module features include the Organic Airborne and Surface Influence Sweep System, and the Rapid Airborne Mine Clearance System. The final increment IV MCM will not have an EOD team or an in-stride capability to neutralize discovered mines; neutralization is preceded by post-detection mission analysis.

The first increment of the MCM included three systems: the helicopter-deployed airborne laser mine detection system (ALMDS); the airborne mine neutralization system (AMNS); and the remote minehunting system (RMS) composed of the remote multi-mission vehicle (RMMV) paired with the AQS-20A sonar. The ALMDS detects mines near the top of the water, and the RMS will detect them below the waterline. To destroy mines, the AMNS is lowered by the helicopter and guided by an operator on board to neutralize it. Increment two will be the coastal battlefield reconnaissance and analysis system (COBRA) mounted on the MQ-8B to search beaches and surf zones.

Increment three will involve adding the Fleet-class unmanned surface vessel (USV) with the unmanned surface sweep system (USSS), a cable towed behind the boat. Each LCS will carry two, and they will be used for both MCM and ASW. It will mimic the acoustic and magnetic signature of a ship to fool magnetic and influence mines into detonating; introduction is expected in 2017. The final increment will be the Knifefish unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) to find and detect buried mines in 2019.

In February 2016, the Navy announced they were halting procurement of the RMMV due to reliability issues, with the existing ten RMMVs to be upgraded to increase reliability. The upgraded RMMVs will be fielded in 2018, and testing will be conducted to see if the Fleet class common unmanned surface vessel (CUSV) can tow the AQS-20A, and if successful will be used for minehunting by 2020. If the Knifefish UUV can have its endurance increased, the vessel will take over the mission from both systems.

Irregular warfare and amphibious modules
The Navy included an irregular warfare package in its 2012 budget request to Congress.

Californian congressman Duncan D. Hunter wrote that the purchase of 55 LCS units was made at the cost of 10 fewer amphibious vessels. Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, General Joseph Dunford said in 2011 that the LCS is one of the platforms under consideration to help close the gap in amphibious shipping. In August 2014, USS Coronado demonstrated the ability to rapidly stage and deploy Marine Corps ground units, including operations by two Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadrons (HMLA) that conducted day and night deck-landing qualifications. The Independence-class LCS's features of high speed, a large flight deck to support UH-1Y Venom and AH-1W Super Cobra helicopters, and reconfigurable mission bay can support air and small-boat employment and delivery of ground and air forces; a small Marine ground unit can be carried within an embarked mission module. In 2014, Marine Corps General John M. Paxton, Jr. claimed several deficiencies in using an LCS for amphibious operations as a substitute platform for an amphibious assault ship, including the ability to operate in difficult sea states, survivability in contested waters, limited flight deck and berthing space, and command and control limitations.

In 2014, the U.S. Coast Guard began advocating the LCS as a tailor-made platform for drug interdiction missions. Under pressure from Navy vessels retiring, the Coast Guard will suffer a surface vessel shortage for intercepting smuggling ships in the Caribbean area, forcing the Navy to examine other platforms for drug interdiction. The Coast Guard noted that the LCS has previously performed this task, and pointed towards its high speed and embarked helicopters to run down fast smuggling boats; the Navy plans to base 10 Freedom-class ships at Naval Station Mayport, Florida which could be tasked to conduct interdiction missions.

Developmental history

Background
During the late 1990s, the U.S. Navy realized its Cold War-era cruisers and destroyers had been designed for open-ocean warfare and would be vulnerable in shallow coastal waters, where they would face dangers from high-speed boats, missile-firing fast-attack craft, small submarines, sea mines, and land and air-launched anti-ship missiles. The Navy's official solution was the DD-21, a large coastal warship that could absorb hits. Two Navy strategists, retired Captain Wayne Hughes and Vice Admiral Art Cebrowski, refined an opposing Streetfighter concept for a 1,000-ton small, specialized, and heavily armed vessel costing just $90 million (2001 dollars). Being small, light and numerous, the Streetfighter was envisioned as a "single-serving" ship to be abandoned once it suffered battle damage deemed "fatal" to the ship, made possible by its low cost. The concept of a manned expendable warship was contentious and the idea was not picked up. When Donald Rumsfeld was made Secretary of Defense in early 2001, he promised transformational approaches and doing jobs with fewer people. In October 2001, Cebrowski was assigned to head the Pentagon's new Office of Force Transformation, shortly after which Admiral Vernon Clark canceled the DD-21 and replaced it with a "family" of ships, including the littoral combat ship, being motivated to produce ships cheaper and faster to increase fleet size. Clark declared the LCS was his "most transformational effort" and number-one budget priority in 2003.

The Navy committed to the $15 billion (2003) program in advance of rigorous analysis or clearly defined purpose, appearance, or survivability. Proponents typically pointed to its speed, asymmetric littoral threats, and impact on the U.S. shipbuilding industry. The LCS suffered from requirements creep, adding more missions and equipment, potentially rendering it too complex and expensive to use. When it was decided the ship would not be expendable, the original concept of a small, cheap, simple coastal warship became bigger, more expensive, and more complicated, with a smaller crew due to automation. The task force assigned six different missions which had been previously performed by individual ships: submarine and mine hunting; combating small boats; intelligence gathering; transporting special forces; and counter-drug and piracy patrols. Each ship would be big enough to sail across the Pacific alone, embark a helicopter, have a minimum 40 knot top speed, and cost $220 million. The Navy was only willing to build one type of ship; the task force, realizing that it was virtually impossible for one vessel to fill all roles, advocated a large hull to cover the mission range through modularity, organic combat power, and unmanned systems. Empty space was left for weapon and sensor mission modules costing $150 million. When the first production contracts were awarded in 2004, no mission module worked outside of a laboratory. Fast, cheap construction was emphasized, solving problems with technology.

In 2003, the Navy launched its first experimental LCS, Sea Fighter, designated as fast sea frame or FSF-1. In 2005, the SWATH-hulled Sea Fighter entered service as an experimental vessel using mission modules. As the Oliver Hazard Perry, , and  classes were reaching the end of their lives, the U.S. Navy released the LCS requirement. In 2004, Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics and Raytheon submitted design proposals. It was decided to produce two vessels each (Flight 0) of the Lockheed Martin design (LCS-1 and LCS-3) and of the General Dynamics design (LCS-2 and LCS-4). After these are brought into service, and experience gathered on the design's usability and efficiency, the future design for the class would be chosen (Flight I). The ultimate decision was to fund both designs as two variants of the class. On 9 May 2005, Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England announced that the first LCS would be named . Her keel was laid down on 2 June 2005 at Marinette Marine, Marinette, Wisconsin. The contract to build the ship was managed by Lockheed's Maritime Systems and Sensors (MS2) division, directed by Fred Moosally. On 23 September 2006, LCS-1 was christened and launched at the Marinette Marine shipyard. On 19 January 2006, the keel for the General Dynamics trimaran, , was laid at the Austal USA shipyards in Mobile, Alabama. LCS-2 was launched 30 April 2008.

Budget overruns and deployments
In 2007, the U.S. Navy canceled contracts to build LCS-3 of Lockheed Martin and LCS-4 of General Dynamics and Austal USA, citing failure to control cost overruns. Subsequently, the Navy announced a new bidding process for the next three ships, the winner building two ships and the loser building one. In the 26 September 2008 U.S. presidential debate, Senator John McCain (R-AZ) cited the LCS as an example of botched contracting driving up costs unnecessarily. In March 2009, then-Secretary of the Navy Donald C. Winter announced that LCS-3 would be named  after Fort Worth, Texas, and the fourth ship would be named Coronado after Coronado, California. The contracts for LCS-3 and LCS-4 were renewed in early 2009.

In April 2009, the Navy announced its revised procurement plan that three ships be funded in the FY 2010 budget; officials also hinted that the Navy may not down-select to one design for further orders, pointing out complementary features of the two designs. Former Secretary of the Navy John Lehman called for fixed-price contracts to be adopted. Pressure mounted in Congress for the Navy to control the cost: in June 2009, during a hearing of the House Armed Services Seapower Subcommittee, Subcommittee Chairman Gene Taylor, D-Miss, said that other contractors would be keen to build LCS as the subcommittee added language requiring the Navy to open bidding if either lead contractor walked away from the offered $460 million fixed price contracts. In response, the Naval Sea Systems Command conducted a study on whether reducing the top speed requirement from 40 knots to 30 could help keep the ships under the price cap.

The Congress asked the Navy to study improvement programs on existing ships in place of the LCS program. In June 2009, Vice Admiral Barry McCullough, USN testified in a Senate Armed Services Committee meeting that the Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigates and Avenger-class minesweepers were too worn out to cover the gap if the LCS suffered further delays. Retired Admiral James Lyons, USN called for a $220 million common design with the U.S. Coast Guard's National Security Cutter (NSC) program to save costs and meet "limited warfare requirements". A Huntington-Ingalls study found that the NSC would be a better match for the listed mission set while lacking the LCS's mission modules to perform many missions.

In May 2012, Northrop Grumman Aerospace Systems released a study that showed seven LCS can more efficiently perform anti-piracy patrols in the Western Indian Ocean than a fleet of 20 conventional ships for a quarter of the cost. To help reduce cost of each ships, in September 2009, Navy Acquisition Chief Sean Stackley and Vice Admiral Barry McCullough indicated that only one contractor would be offered a fixed price contract in 2010 for up to ten ships, followed by an offer to build five additional ships of the same design as the first contract to the secondary builder. The Congress agreed with the Navy on this plan. On 23 August 2010, the U.S. Navy announced a delay in awarding the contract for 10 ships until the year's end.

FY 2010 budget documents revealed that the total costs of the two lead ships had risen to $637 million for Freedom and $704 million for Independence. On 16 January 2010, Independence was commissioned in Mobile, Alabama.

The Government Accountability Office (GAO) found that deploying the first two ships will delay the overall program because these two ships were not available for testing and development so changes may have to be made in the second pair of ships during construction instead of in advance. The U.S. Navy responded that "Early deployment brought LCS operational issues to the forefront much sooner than under the original schedule, some of which would not have been learnt until two years on."

In 2013, Under Secretary of the Navy Robert O. Work explained that cost overruns were partly due to the shipbuilders' bidding to American Bureau of Shipping commercial standards, the Navy changed this to Level I survivability standards for greater crew survivability, although the ships were not expected to operate after being hit. The Navy acknowledged that their failure to communicate clearly that the experimental and developmental nature of the first two ships caused a perception that the overall LCS program was in worse shape. A GAO report in July 2014 found that the annual cost to operate an LCS was $79 million, compared to $54 million to operate a larger frigate. Navy Secretary Ray Mabus pointed out that new vessels traditionally start off costing more to operate because of difficulties with building and testing ships simultaneously; GAO reports of new warships since the 1960s support this claim. As more littoral combat ships are built and enter service, Mabus said operational costs will decline to acceptable limits. On 2 November 2016 the Pentagon blocked publication of cost overruns on both designs.

On 2 December 2016, it was reported that the GAO was critical of the LCS's ability to complete a navy requirement of 30 consecutive days underway without a critical failure of one or more essential subsystems. DOT&E Michael Gilmore states that the current LCS fleet "have a near-zero chance" of meeting this requirement.

Building both designs
Instead of declaring a winner out of the two competing designs, the U.S. Navy in November 2010 asked the Congress to allow for the order of ten of each design. U.S. Senator Carl Levin (D-MI) said that the change was made because both bids were under the Congressional price cap. Pentagon press secretary Geoff Morrell said that unlike the possibility of splitting orders for projects like KC-X or the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136, the Pentagon had already paid the development cost for both designs so there was no further development required for both designs and have them compete for future orders.

In December 2010, the Government Accountability Office identified some problems with the designs including extremely long crew training time, unrealistic maintenance plans, and the lack of comprehensive risk assessment. On 13 December 2010, both production teams extended their contract offers until 30 December in order to give more time for the Navy to push through the plan. The Navy would be forced to award the contract to only one team if it failed to secure Congressional approval. The Navy budgeted $490 million for each ship while the Congressional Budget Office projected a cost of $591 million for each ship. Navy acquisition chief Sean Stackley testified to a Senate panel that the actual price range was $440 to $460 million.

A day before the offer's expiration, both Lockheed Martin and Austal USA received Navy contracts for an additional ten ships of their designs; two ships of each design being built each year between 2011 and 2015. Lockheed Martin's LCS-5 had a contractual price of $437 million, Austal USA's contractual price for LCS-6 was $432 million. On 29 December 2010, Department of Navy Undersecretary Sean Stackley noted that the program was well within the Congressional cost cap of $480 million per ship. The average per-ship target price for Lockheed ships is $362 million, Stackley said, with a goal of $352 million for each Austal USA ships. Government-furnished equipment (GFE), such as weapons, add about $25 million per ship; another $20 million for change orders, and "management reserve" is also included. Stackley declared the average cost to buy an LCS should be between $430 million and $440 million. In the fiscal year 2011, the unit cost was $1.8 billion and the program cost $3.7 billion.

In May 2012, Robert Work said that the two designs may each be best suited to different theaters, the LCS-1 design being better suited for the enclosed waters of the Middle East, while the LCS-2 design for the Pacific Ocean's open waters. In order to increase commonality, the Navy will force both types to use the same combat system electronics.

The handoff from General Dynamics to Austal of management for the Independence class led to a 13-month schedule slip as the company struggled with building the JHSV ships at the same facilities. In May 2013, the GAO called for a pause in ship construction until issues with the sea frames and modules were resolved. In August 2013, the USN revealed plans to reduce the procurement rate in 2016.

Operational issues
A 2012 report by Rear Admiral Samuel Perez, USN, found that the ships lacked the manpower and firepower to complete the missions required by regional combatant commanders. The report found that the LCS is "ill-suited for combat operations against anything but" small, fast boats not armed with anti-ship missiles. It also found that the excessive beam (width) of the trimaran Independence-class ships may pose a "navigational challenge in narrow waterways and tight harbors". The report also found that the contractor-based maintenance scheme for the ships had led to poorly supervised and unaccountable contractors leaving problems unresolved. As contract workers are required to be American, they must be flown out to any foreign ports visited by an LCS. A special panel was appointed to investigate "challenges identified". Twenty more bunks were installed to allow for a larger crew.

In 2013, Captain Kenneth Coleman, the U.S. Navy's requirements officer for the program, identified the LCS as being especially vulnerable to tactical aircraft armed with standoff anti-ship missiles. Vice Admiral Thomas H. Copeman III is reported to be considering an upsized "Super" LCS, with space to install needed firepower, because he noted that the 57 mm main gun was more suitable to a patrol boat than a frigate. Austal's vice president for sales, Craig Hooper, suggested that the ships should instead be used for UAV operations. Navy Secretary Ray Mabus has called the lack of identified missions for the LCS "one of its greatest strengths". The various modules all use the same Internet Protocol formats. In 2013 Congressional auditors found that the ships lacked robust communications systems and a USN review "uncovered classified deficiencies" in the ship's cyberdefenses.

At a hearing on 25 July 2013, the House Armed Services Committee's seapower subcommittee argued with Vice Admiral Richard W. Hunt on how the LCS would be employed if tensions with North Korea or China led to a confrontation in the Western Pacific. Hunt said the ships are designed in accordance with the Navy's survivability standards, and that the LCS would be used during the initial phase in the theatre and sense the environment before hostilities occur. Detractors claim the LCS is not survivable enough for long-range threats that China possesses; LCSs are built to the Navy's survivability category Level I+, higher than Level I patrol craft and mine warfare ships, but lower than the Level II Oliver Hazard Perry-class frigate they are replacing. The Navy has said the LCS was designed to pull out of combat upon sustaining damage. The baseline LCS seaframe designs, however, boast a better air and missile defense capability than the partially disarmed and now retired Perry class, which somewhat counters claims that LCS is "unsurvivable". Other observers suggest that the ships' lifecycle costs and resilience challenges result from the optimal-manning concept, which increases the Navy's dependence on contractors and diminishes opportunities to monitor and repair engineering systems during operations.

The deployment of USS Freedom was seen by the Navy as an opportunity to test the ship and operational concepts in the real-world. The Navy was about to conclude a war game at the Naval War College to examine ways of exploiting LCS capabilities in Western Pacific and other scenarios. Hunt added that the anti-submarine warfare (ASW) mission package would play an important role in protecting aircraft carriers and amphibious ships, and the mine countermeasures (MCMs) mission package would also provide necessary port security and waterway patrol capability following combat operations.

A Government Accountability Office report in April 2014 found that several U.S. 7th Fleet officials thought the LCS was more useful in the Persian Gulf, but not suitable in the Pacific theater as they lacked the speed, range, and electronic warfare capabilities. The first two vessels from each maker were found to be overweight and not meeting performance requirements for endurance or sprinting over 40 knots. Navy leaders contend that the LCS's shallow draft is well suited for Pacific operations due to the many shallow-water ports, typically difficult for larger warships to access. The GAO report recommended the Navy consider buying fewer ships of the type if its limitations prevent effective use in the Pacific theater. The GAO also found that both designs were overweight and underperforming.

Small surface combatant (SSC)

On 24 February 2014, Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel directed the Navy to submit alternative proposals for a new surface combatant comparable to a frigate that can operate in all regions under conflict conditions. In response to Pentagon direction to halt LCS purchases at 32 ships, the Navy is re-examining the vessels' role, such as whether they have enough protection and firepower to survive against advanced adversaries, and alternate proposals which included a modified LCS or a new platform. The Navy requires the class' roles of counter-mine, anti-submarine, and surface warfare provided by modules. Proponents point out that the LCS was not designed to function like destroyers but for littoral tasks like high-speed patrols and counter-piracy missions, moving at 40 knots and within shallow water where other ships cannot.

Hagel was concerned that the LCS would make up one-sixth of the Navy's 300-ship force. The 2013 DOT&E report on the two LCSs questioned their survivability as their requirements did not include features for sustained combat operations unlike other Navy surface combatants. A new ship class would need built-in anti-submarine and surface warfare mission features, as opposed to swappable mission modules. On 27 March 2014, Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert and Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus defended the LCS's survivability and the need for 52 small surface combatants before the Senate Armed Services Committee. Greenert explained that the LCS meets or exceeds survivability and recoverability standards, was as survivable as a frigate, and was more survivable than mine countermeasures and patrol craft; susceptibility has to be improved upon, and he would consider modifications to increase survivability and flexibility.

The navy continued to look into improvements for the last 20 ships of the 52-ship LCS procurement, that would increase the capabilities to that of a frigate. It was reported that the navy was considering four different options as "leading contenders" for the role of this new frigate. The first being the  (National Security Cutter), in use by the U.S. Coast Guard. Another being the group of three  variants of differing size, (both shorter and longer than the current Freedom class). The third was a once hinted at "international" version of the , that could be Aegis-equipped, and lastly, an American-built version of the Spanish Navy's F-100-class frigate.

On 30 April 2014, the Navy issued two requests for information (RFI) to industry to give the LCS task force follow-on designs to Flight 0 ship models. One RFI was for design concepts and information on cost and lethality, and the other was for specific systems and technologies. Mission areas consisting of anti-air, surface warfare, anti-submarine warfare, and mine countermeasure missions will offer a range of mission and capability options based on the threat environment that will drive design work and costs. Options for the proposed small surface combatant were a modified version of the LCS, an existing alternate ship design, or an entirely new design.

On the proposal's due date, ship designs were submitted by Lockheed Martin, Austal USA, Huntington Ingalls Industries, and General Dynamics Bath Iron Works, and separate combat systems proposals were submitted by Lockheed, Raytheon, and General Dynamics Advanced Information Systems (GD AIS); ship and combat systems responses were limited to 25 and 15 pages respectively. Lockheed's response was a variant of their Freedom-class LCS; different upgrades included an advised increase in length to , vertical launch systems for Standard Missile 2 missiles or the Standard Missile 6, and the SPY-1F Aegis radar or an Air Missile Defense Radar derivative. Austal USA submitted a modified Independence-class ship, adding permanently installed systems like a towed array sonar, torpedoes, vertical launch anti-submarine rockets, and aviation capability to support the MH-60 helicopter in place of mission modules. Like Lockheed's submission, it has a VLS for Standard missiles, a 76 mm gun in place of the 57 mm gun, and can take on an Aegis or ADMR radar. Huntington Ingalls submitted a larger, more heavily armed National Security Cutter. General Dynamics also made an unspecified response.

Results from the Navy task force on LCS upgrades, capabilities, costs, and alternative options were completed by 31 July 2014 for the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) to review. The Navy senior leadership briefed top Pentagon officials on proposals for the new SSC on 6 October 2014. A decision is to be made by February 2015 in advance of the 2016 budget submission. On 12 December 2014, a joint statement was issued by the Secretary of the Navy and Chief of Naval Operations endorsing SSCTF recommendations for a modified LCS to complement the planned 32 LCSs for a 52-strong Small Surface Combatant fleet.

On 11 December 2014, Hagel accepted the Navy's recommendation to base the 20 SSCs on more powerful versions of both existing LCS designs. The SSC shall have an improved 3D air defense radar, air defense decoys, better electronic warfare system, over-the-horizon anti-ship missiles, multi-function towed array sonar, torpedo defenses, additional armor, and displace less than Flight 0 vessels. The SSC will focus on anti-submarine and anti-surface warfare; mine countermeasures will be handled by existing LCSs. Although not designed for modularity, it will maintain the ability to carry mission modules and LCS mission package equipment, including 30 mm and 57 mm cannons (upgrading to a 76 mm gun would have had marginal benefits for increased costs), Hellfire missiles,  RHIBs, and the ASW variable-depth sonar. Current plans lack vertical launchers for Standard missiles; the SSC is planned to be able to operate alone. The over-the-horizon surface-to-surface missile will likely be in the Harpoon Block II class. Other enhancements include spaced armor, installation of Mk 38 Mod 2 25 mm chain guns, improved decoy systems, the SeaRAM missile interceptor, a "lite" version of the Surface Electronic Warfare Improvement Program (SEWIP), and improved signature management through degaussing. An SSC will cost $60–$75 million more than a Flight 0 LCS, with procurement beginning by 2019. Hagel also directed the Navy to study which improvements could be added to LCSs; completed ships cannot accommodate all changes, more can be added to incomplete ones, the final number and mix of each type has yet to be determined.

The decision was made on SSC upgrade features to prioritize over-the-horizon surface and ASW capabilities with a greater degree of self-defense, not anti-aircraft or missile defense, which will be left to large surface combatants. Although a 3D radar is included in the designs, a VLS was absent from the hulls, contrary to what naval experts suggested and industry submissions contained. Adding a vertical launch system was evaluated, but was determined to be too heavy and large and requiring long and costly changes; modular aspects of the ships may allow for the addition of the smaller Mk 56 VLS for the Evolved Sea Sparrow Missile. When emphasized on ASW, the ships will combine the fixed multi-function towed sonar array with the mission package's variable depth sonar to have "the most effective ASW sensor platform in the Navy". For SUW, the key addition is the inclusion of an over-the-horizon anti-ship missile; the Navy is looking at potential systems that could compete with the Harpoon Block II. Aside from lethality changes, the service also intends to have a common combat management system for both variants.

In January 2015, the Navy announced that the up-gunned LCS will be reclassified as a frigate, since the requirements of the SSCTF was to upgrade the ships with frigate-like capabilities. Hull designations will be changed from LCS to FF; existing LCSs back-fitted with modifications may also retroactively earn the FF label. The Navy is hoping to start retrofitting technological upgrades onto existing and under construction LCSs before 2019. In order to free up weight to include the new systems, the frigates will remove certain items from the LCS that will no longer be needed, such as the crane and other handling equipment needed to launch and recover the RMMV for the MCM mission package, which the frigate upgrade does not have. In order to accommodate the changes while using the same hull designs, the original LCS high sprint speed has been dropped for the frigate to optimize it for survivability and lethality; it will also deploy two 7-meter RHIBs rather than the 11-meter RHIBs previously used.

A report released in September 2015 indicated that the first 24 ships would retain the basic design principles of the LCS program, with upgrades where needed. This group would be considered "Block 0" and also retain the "LCS" designation, for the time being. Ships 25 through 32, "Block 1" would include significant upgrades and design changes, inline with the intended capabilities of the last 20 ships of the total 52-ship procurement, these being the new "Frigate" class. The new frigates will be larger, have increased defensive and survivability capabilities and more permanent missions packages, as opposed to the original modular design.

Reduced procurement and early retirement

On 14 December 2015, Secretary of Defense Ashton Carter ordered the Navy to reduce the planned procurement of LCS and FF ships from 52 to 40, and down-select to one variant by FY 2019. This cut is to reallocate funds to other priorities including buying more F-35C Lightning II and F/A-18E/F Super Hornet fighters, SM-6 missiles, accelerating Flight III Arleigh Burke-class destroyer DDG-51 acquisition, and expanding development of the Virginia Payload Module (VPM) for the Block V . Though fewer ships will be available in some instances, those needs will be met by higher-end ships to ensure forces in various fleets have the capabilities and posture to defeat potential advanced adversaries.

In February 2020, media reports stated that the U.S. Navy, as part of its fiscal 2021 budget, has proposed to retire the first four LCSs in 2021 as part of a cost-savings measure. If approved, these would be USS Freedom and USS Fort Worth from the Freedom class, and USS Independence and USS Coronado from the Independence class. This plan has yet to be approved by Congress.

On 18 June 2021, Naval News reported that, in a report to Congress, the Navy planned to inactivate Fort Worth, Coronado, Detroit and Little Rock in Fiscal Year 2022 and put them on the Out of Commission in Reserve (OCIR) list. In the final budget Congress forbade the Navy from retiring the three Freedom class ships in Fiscal Year 2022. By May 2022, the Navy shifted its plans to decommission nine LCS warships in Fiscal Year 2023, citing their ineffective anti-submarine warfare system, their inability to perform any of the Navy's missions, constant breakdowns, and structural failures in high-stress areas of the ships.

Foreign sales
Saudi Arabia and Israel both expressed an interest in a modified version of the Freedom variant, the LCS-I, but Israel dropped out of this project in favor of a new frigate design to be built in Israel. Interest by Saudi Arabia in LCS continues however. Media reports indicate that Saudi Arabia could buy two to four ships of Lockheed Martin's Freedom-class LCS variant as part of the Saudi Arabian Naval Expansion Program II—a program to modernize the nation's oldest warships operating in the Persian Gulf. On 22 May 2017, as part of an arms deal between the United States and Saudi Arabia, the acquisition of four Multi-Mission Surface Combatant (MMSC) ships based on the Freedom-class LCS was announced.

The Taiwanese navy has also shown interest in procuring U.S. littoral combat ships, to replace aging s.

Japan will design its own version of the Independence class. The warship concept was unveiled in the defense trade-show MAST Asia 2017.

The Royal Malaysian Navy has also built its littoral combat ship based on the Gowind-class design, named Maharaja Lela-class frigate.

List of littoral combat ships

, a total of 35 littoral combat ships are planned, including 16 Freedom-class ships and 19 Independence-class ships. Ships are assigned to either Littoral Combat Ship Squadron One, based in San Diego Ca., or Littoral Combat Ship Squadron Two, based in Mayport, Florida.

Note: The Navy has yet to place orders for 17th, 18th, and 19th Freedom-class variants. Should that occur, they will be entered on this list as "LCS-33", "LCS-35", and "LCS-37".

See also

 Sea Fighter (FSF-1), experimental USN littoral combat ship
 Project 22160-class patrol ship

 Type 056 corvette

 MEKO or "littoral combatant ship"
 Milgem-class corvette

 Doha-class corvette
 Fleet class USV – An unmanned surface vessel designed to be carried by the LCS, and used for MCM & ASW.
 iRobot Seaglider – UUV tested for use with Persistent Littoral Undersea Surveillance (PLUS) prototype system.
 Juliet Marine Systems Ghost, a proposed replacement for the LCS

References

Further reading

External links

Official U.S. Navy Littoral Combat Ship Class Fact File
GAO criticizes cost overruns First two LCSs to exceed budget of $472 million by more than 100 percent.
Press Release from Lockheed Martin Corporation on the launch of LCS-1 Freedom.
Defense Industry Daily LCS info, pictures, timeline, links to pages about LCS robot vehicles.
https://web.archive.org/web/20070623104736/http://peoships.crane.navy.mil/lcs/

Official Austal website
Press Release issued from the Department of Defense relating to the Stop Work order.
General Dynamic LCS cutaway view painting
Lockheed Day In The Life video
Lesson on How Not to Build a Navy Ship
Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) Pictures  Pictures at DefenceTalk
Littoral Combat Ship (LCS) News News at DefenceTalk

Ship types
Weapon development

Lockheed Martin
General Dynamics Mission Systems

Littoral combat ship


The Township of Georgian Bay is an area municipality of the District Municipality of Muskoka, in south-central Ontario, Canada. It is located on the Severn River, where it empties into the eponymous Georgian Bay. The municipal offices are at Port Severn.

This township is the administrative centre of the Moose Deer Point Ojibway First Nation reserve.

Local Government
Georgian Bay is governed by a mayor, two district councillors and four councillors, with each councillor representing each of the four municipal wards. The Mayor of Georgian Bay represents the town on the Muskoka County Council. As of the 2022 election, the elected council members are:

Mayor: Peter Koetsier

District Councillors:

 Wards 1 & 3: Brian Bochek
 Wards 2 & 4: Peter Cooper

Councillors:

 Ward 1: Steven Predko
 Ward 2: Stephen Jarvis
 Ward 3: Kristian Graziano
 Ward 4: Allan Hazelton

Communities

The township contains the communities of Bayview Park, Big Chute, Cedar Nook, Crooked Bay, Franceville, Go Home, Honey Harbour, Macey Bay, MacTier, Moon River, Potters Landing, South Bay, Wolverine Beach and Wood Landing.

Honey Harbour serves as a launching point to the "30,000 Islands" that make up the Georgian Bay geography. The islands, that are accessible from Honey Harbour, are dotted with hundreds to thousands of cottages.  The cottages serve mostly as summer residences.  Many very large cottages have been built recently, which has resulted in an increase in property values.  The economic cycle of Honey Harbour is tied to the cycle of the cottagers. Honey Harbour has a small grocery store ("Towne Centre" and Picnic Island Resort, which features its own general store and gas bar), a post office, a liquor store, a bakery, a Catholic church and school, a public elementary school, several small craft stores, a large resort (the "Delawana Resort"), and several marinas. In addition to cottages, there are multiple waterfront trailer park resorts. There are also numerous clean beaches lining both the shore and islands, inhabited by the diverse Ontario wildlife.

The double H's of Honey Harbour are a play on founder's name Harvey Hewitt of Pasadena, California. Hewitt was also the original pioneer and co-developer of Woolite.

Demographics
In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Georgian Bay had a population of  living in  of its  total private dwellings, a change of  from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of  in 2021.

Water bodies

 Gibson Lake
 Gloucester Pool
 Go Home Lake
 Six Mile Lake
 Severn River
 Georgian Bay
 Stewart Lake
 Bear Lake

Culture

Library
There are library branches in Honey Harbour and MacTier, and a satellite library branch in the new Township Community Services Building in Port Severn.  These libraries are popular destinations for recreational reading materials, DVDs, and tourist information. Services include information and reference services, access to full text databases, community information; internet access, reader's advisory services, programs for children, youth and adults, delivery to homebound individuals, interlibrary loan, and free downloadable audiobooks.

Items within the libraries' collection are business directories, phone books, maps, government publications, books, periodicals, genealogy, local history.

Transportation
Intercity motor coach service to MacTier is available through Ontario Northland along its Toronto–Barrie–Parry Sound–Sudbury route's local schedule; it is bypassed by express schedules, but still receives twice-daily service northbound and southbound.

See also
List of townships in Ontario

References

External links

Township municipalities in Ontario
Lower-tier municipalities in Ontario
Municipalities in the District Municipality of Muskoka

Georgian Bay, Ontario


Patronyme

 Andru Donalds (1974-), un chanteur jamaïcain ;
 Byron Donalds (1978-), un homme politique américain ;
 Luchy Donalds (1991-), une actrice nigériane.

Toponyme

 Donalds, ville américaine située en Caroline du Sud.

Donalds


The prime minister of the Cook Islands is the head of government of the Cook Islands, a self-governing territory in free association with New Zealand. The office was established in 1965, when self-government was first granted to the islands. Originally, the title "Premier" was used, but this was replaced by the title of "Prime Minister" in 1981.

List of officeholders
Key

See also
 Politics of the Cook Islands
 Monarchy in the Cook Islands
 King's Representative

References

External links
 World Statesmen – Cook Islands

Politics of the Cook Islands
Government of the Cook Islands
Cook Islands, List of Prime Ministers of

Prime Ministers

Prime Minister of the Cook Islands


An Polycycnis acutiloba in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Polycycnis acutiloba in nahilalakip ha genus nga Polycycnis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Polycycnis

Polycycnis acutiloba


é uma série de mangá japonesa escrita e ilustrada por Masakazu Ishiguro. É serializada na revista de mangá seinen da Kodansha, Monthly Afternoon, desde janeiro de 2018. Uma adaptação para anime da Production I.G está programada para estrear em abril de 2023.

Enredo
No mundo exterior, quinze anos se passaram desde um desastre sem precedentes que destruiu completamente a civilização moderna. Um grupo de crianças vive em uma instalação isolada do mundo exterior. Um dia, um deles, uma garota chamada Tokio, recebe uma mensagem que diz "Você quer sair?" Mimihime, outra garota que mora na mesma instalação, tem uma previsão e diz a Tokio chateada que duas pessoas virão de fora para salvá-la, uma das quais tem o mesmo rosto, enquanto o diretor da escola diz a ela que o lado de fora mundo é o inferno. Enquanto isso, um garoto chamado Maru, que se parece com Tokio, está viajando por um Japão devastado com uma garota chamada Kiruko, em busca do paraíso.

Personagens

Mídia

Mangá
Tengoku Daimakyou é escrito e ilustrado por Masakazu Ishiguro. É serializado na revista de [[Seinen|mangá seinen}} da Kodansha, Monthly Afternoon, desde 25 de janeiro de 2018.<ref></p></ref> A Kodansha reuniu seus capítulos em volumes tankōbon individuais. O primeiro volume foi lançado em 23 de julho de 2018; um vídeo promocional, dirigido por Tasuku Watanabe, para o primeiro volume foi lançado na mesma data. Em 22 de junho de 2023, nove volumes haviam sido lançados.

Na América do Norte, a série é licenciada para lançamento em inglês pela Denpa. O primeiro volume foi lançado em 31 de dezembro de 2019. No Brasil, o mangá foi intitulado O Paraíso Ilusório e é publicado pela Panini sob o selo da Planet Manga. O primeiro volume foi lançado em outubro de 2022, com os outros volumes sendo lançados de forma bimestral.

Anime
Uma adaptação para anime produzida pela Production I.G foi anunciada em 18 de outubro de 2022. A série será dirigida por Hirotaka Mori, com roteiros escritos por Makoto Fukami, desenhos de personagens feitos por Utsushita do Minakata Laboratory e música composta por Kensuke Ushio. Está programado para estrear em 1 de abril de 2023, na Tokyo MX e outras redes. A música tema de abertura, "Innocent Arrogance", é interpretada por BiSH, enquanto a música tema de encerramento, , é interpretada por ASOBI. A Disney Platform Distribution adquiriu a licença de distribuição do anime e transmitirá a série em todo o mundo no Disney+.

Outras mídias
Um guia oficial foi lançado em 22 de novembro de 2022. Inclui informações detalhadas sobre o cenário, história e personagens da série e uma entrevista com Ishiguro.

Recepção
Em dezembro de 2018, o mangá tinha mais de 130.000 cópias em circulação.

Tengoku Daimakyou ficou em primeiro lugar na classificação Kono Manga ga Sugoi! da Takarajimasha! de 2019 das 20 melhores séries de mangá para leitores do sexo masculino. Em dezembro de 2019, a revista Brutus listou Tengoku Daimakyou em sua lista de "Mangás Mais Perigosos", que incluía obras com os temas mais "estimulantes" e instigantes. Tengoku Daimakyou foi uma das obras recomendadas pelo júri no 24º e 25º Japan Media Arts Festival em 2021 e 2022, respectivamente.

Referências

Leitura adicional

Ligações externas

Séries de manga
Mangás de 2018
Séries de televisão de anime de 2023
Séries de anime baseadas em mangá
Animes e mangás de aventura
Mangás publicados pela Kodansha
Animes e mangás de mistério
Production I.G
Animes e mangás de ficção científica
Seinen

Tengoku Daimakyou


Solen er rød er en debatfilm fra 1972 instrueret af Bent Barfod efter manuskript af Elsa Gress, Jean Grandjean, Bent Barfod.

Handling
En film om miljø og forurening, der bl.a. spørger: "Kan jeg nøjes med at vide, at de er der? Vore selvskabte fjender, som vi ikke engang ved, hvordan ser ud, og som ikke slår igen med det samme..." og som slutter: "Det er senere, end du tror."

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Debatfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1972

Solen er rød


In geometry, a hypersurface is a generalization of the concepts of hyperplane, plane curve, and surface. A hypersurface is a manifold or an algebraic variety of dimension , which is embedded in an ambient space of dimension , generally a Euclidean space, an affine space or a projective space.
Hypersurfaces share, with surfaces in a three-dimensional space, the property of being defined by a single implicit equation, at least locally (near every point), and sometimes globally.

A hypersurface in a (Euclidean, affine, or projective) space of dimension two is a plane curve. In a space of dimension three, it is a surface.

For example, the equation

defines an algebraic hypersurface of dimension  in the Euclidean space of dimension . This hypersurface is also a smooth manifold, and is  called a hypersphere or an -sphere.

Smooth hypersurface

A hypersurface that is a smooth manifold is called a smooth hypersurface.

In , a smooth hypersurface is orientable. Every connected compact smooth hypersurface is a level set, and separates Rn into two connected components; this is related to the Jordan–Brouwer separation theorem.

Affine algebraic hypersurface

An algebraic hypersurface is an algebraic variety that may be defined by a single implicit equation of the form

where  is a multivariate polynomial. Generally the polynomial is supposed to be irreducible. When this is not the case, the hypersurface is not an algebraic variety, but only an algebraic set. It may depend on the authors or the context whether a reducible polynomial defines a hypersurface. For avoiding ambiguity, the term irreducible hypersurface is often used.

As for algebraic varieties, the coefficients of the defining polynomial may belong to any fixed field , and the points of the hypersurface are the zeros of  in the affine space  where  is an algebraically closed extension of .

A hypersurface may have singularities, which are the common zeros, if any, of the defining polynomial and its partial derivatives. In particular, a real algebraic hypersurface is not necessarily a manifold.

Properties
Hypersurfaces have some specific properties that are not shared with other algebraic varieties.

One of the main such properties is Hilbert's Nullstellensatz, which asserts that a hypersurface contains a given algebraic set if and only if the defining polynomial of the hypersurface has a power that belongs to the ideal generated by the defining polynomials of the algebraic set.

A corollary of this theorem is that, if two irreducible polynomials (or more generally two square-free polynomials) define the same hypersurface, then one is the product of the other by a nonzero constant.

Hypersurfaces are exactly the subvarieties of dimension  of an affine space of dimension of . This is the geometric interpretation of the fact that, in a polynomial ring over a field, the height of an ideal is 1 if and only if the ideal is a principal ideal. In the case of possibly reducible hypersurfaces, this result may be restated as follows: hypersurfaces are exactly the algebraic sets whose all irreducible components have dimension .

Real and rational points
A real hypersurface is a hypersurface that is defined by a polynomial with real coefficients. In this case the algebraically closed field over which the points are defined is generally the field  of complex numbers. The real points of a real hypersurface are the points that belong to  The set of the real points of a real hypersurface is the real part of the hypersurface. Often, it is left to the context whether the term hypersurface refers to all points or only to the real part.

If the coefficients of the defining polynomial belong to a field  that is not algebraically closed (typically the field of rational numbers, a finite field or a number field), one says that the hypersurface is defined over , and the points that belong to  are rational over  (in the case of the field of rational numbers, "over " is generally omitted).

For example, the imaginary -sphere defined by the equation

is a real hypersurface without any real point, which is defined over the rational numbers. It has no rational point, but has many points that are rational over the Gaussian rationals.

Projective algebraic hypersurface

A  of dimension  in a projective space of dimension  over a field  is defined by a homogeneous polynomial  in  indeterminates. As usual,  means that all monomials of  have the same degree, or, equivalently that  for every constant , where  is the degree of the polynomial. The  of the hypersurface are the points of the projective space whose projective coordinates are zeros of .

If one chooses the hyperplane of equation  as hyperplane at infinity, the complement of this hyperplane is an affine space, and the points of the projective hypersurface that belong to this affine space form an affine hypersurface of equation  Conversely, given an affine hypersurface of equation  it defines a projective hypersurface, called its , whose equation is obtained by homogenizing . That is, the equation of the projective completion is  with

where  is the degree of .

These two processes projective completion and restriction to an affine subspace are inverse one to the other. Therefore, an affine hypersurface and its projective completion have essentially the same properties, and are often considered as two points-of-view for the same hypersurface.

However, it may occur that an affine hypersurface is nonsingular, while its projective completion has singular points. In this case, one says that the affine surface is . For example, the circular cylinder of equation

in the affine space of dimension three has a unique singular point, which is at infinity, in the direction .

See also
 Affine sphere
 Coble hypersurface
 Dwork family
 Null hypersurface
 Polar hypersurface

References

 Shoshichi Kobayashi and Katsumi Nomizu (1969), Foundations of Differential Geometry Vol II, Wiley Interscience
 P.A. Simionescu & D. Beal (2004) Visualization of hypersurfaces and multivariable (objective) functions by partial globalization, The Visual Computer 20(10):665–81.

Algebraic geometry
Multi-dimensional geometry
Surfaces
Dimension theory

Hypersurface


Svijet

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Umjetnička djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 Ratko Petrić, hrvatski kipar († )

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Kiparstvo u 1941.


Stewart Maxwell (* 24. Dezember 1963 in Glasgow) ist ein schottischer Politiker und Mitglied der Scottish National Party (SNP).

Leben
Maxwell besuchte die King's Park Secondary School und das Glasgow College of Technology, wo er einen Bachelorabschluss in Sozialwissenschaften erlangte. Er ist verheiratet und Vater einer Tochter.

Politischer Werdegang
1992 trat Maxwell in die SNP ein. 1999 kandidierte er für den Regionalrat von East Renfrewshire, wurde jedoch nicht gewählt. Bei den Britischen Unterhauswahlen 2001 bewarb sich Maxwell um das Direktmandat des Wahlkreises Eastwood, erhielt jedoch nur 8,6 % der Stimmen und verpasste damit deutlich den Einzug in das Britische Unterhaus.

Bei den Schottischen Parlamentswahlen 2003 kandidierte Maxwell im Wahlkreis Eastwood, erhielt aber nur den vierthöchsten Stimmenanteil. Da Maxwell auch auf dem dritten Rang der Regionalwahlliste der SNP für die Wahlregion West of Scotland gesetzt war, erhielt er infolge des Wahlergebnisses eines von drei Listenmandaten für die SNP in dieser Wahlregion und zog erstmals in das Schottische Parlament ein. Im September 2004 wurde er zum stellvertretenden Parteisprecher für Gesundheit ernannt. Im Schattenkabinett der SNP war Maxwell zu dieser Zeit als stellvertretender Staatssekretär für Gesundheit vorgesehen. Ab September 2006 fungierte er dann als Parteisprecher für Kultur und Sport und nahm im Schattenkabinett der SNP die Position des Ministers für Sport, Kultur und Medien ein. Bei den Parlamentswahlen in den Jahren 2007 und 2011 konnte er seinen Stimmenanteil im Wahlkreis Eastwood zwar jeweils steigern, verpasste das Direktmandat in beiden Fällen jedoch deutlich. Sein Listenmandat für die Wahlregion West of Scotland, beziehungsweise 2011 West Scotland, verteidigte Maxwell. Nach den Wahlen 2007 wurde Maxwell zum Staatssekretär für Gemeinden und Sport ernannt und behielt diesen Posten bis Februar 2009.

Weblinks
 Eigene Netzpräsenz
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments
 Informationen der SNP

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Mitglied der Scottish National Party
Politiker (20. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1963
Schotte
Brite
Mann

Stewart Maxwell


Mert Onaran, 1983 doğumlu milli triathlet. EGE Üniversitesi Spor Yüksek Okulu 2006 mezunu. 1995 yılında yüzme, 1998 yılında triathlon sporuna başladı. ALTAY TRİATHLON takımı adına yarışıyor. İzmir'de kendi imkânlarıyla, yetersiz destekle triathlon yarışlarında Türkiyeyi temsil ediyor. Triathlon'u bıraktı ama hala türk triatlon takımı antrenörü.

Başarıları

 3 defa Gençler Türkiye Şampiyonu
 22 defa Etap Şampiyonluğu
 2002 Yılı Balkan Gençler 3.'sü
 2005 Yılı Türkiye Büyük Erkekler Şampiyonluğu
 2006 Yılı Türkiye Büyük Erkekler Şampiyonluğu
 2008 Yılı Pekin Olimpiyatlarında Türkiyeyi olimpiyatlarda temsil eden ilk triathlet olmuştur.

Türk erkek atletler
1983 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar

Mert Onaran


Greta Thunberg (Stockholm, 3. siječnja 2003.), švedska je okolišna aktivistica.

Godine 2018. pokrenula je "Školski štrajk za klimu" (šved. Skolstrejk för klimatet), koji je privukao svjetsku pažnju medija.

Životopis
Rođena je 3. siječnja 2003. godine u Stockholmu u umjetničkoj obitelji: majka joj je operna pjevačica Malena Ernman, a otac Svante Thunberg je glumac. Njezi djed Olof Thunberg također je glumac, ali i redatelj.

Nakon što je počela pokazivati potištenost u dobi od 11 godina, dijagnosticiran joj je Aspergerov sindrom – blaži oblik autizma.

Potaknuta požarima koji su se širili u Švedskoj, 20. kolovoza 2018. odlučila je iz prosvjeda ne otići na nastavu do predstojećih parlamentarnih izbora u Švedskoj 9. rujna. Nazvala je svoju akciju "Školski štrajk za klimu" (Skolstrejk för klimatet) i zatražila od švedskih vlasti poduzimanje mjera za smanjenje emisija ugljikova dioksida. Postigla je veliki uspjeh dijeljenjem svoje akcije na društvenim mrežama te je od rujna 2018. godine širom svijeta pokrenula akciju tijekom koje učenici petkom izostaju iz škole ili barem nose transparente sa zahtjevima za zaštitu okoliša, poznatu pod imenom "Petci za budućnost" (eng. "Fridays for Future").

U travnju 2019. godine Greti Thunberg omogućen je govor pred zastupnicima Europskoga parlamenta, a u rujnu 2019. godine u Ujedinjenim narodima.

U svibnju 2019. godine objavila je zbirku svojih govora o klimi pod nazivom No One Is Too Small to Make a Difference.

Izvori

Okolišni aktivisti
Švedski aktivisti

Greta Thunberg


Markus Happe (født 11. februar 1972 i Münster, Vesttyskland) er en tysk tidligere fodboldspiller (forsvarer).

Gennem sin karriere spillede Happe for de store Bundesliga-klubber Bayer Leverkusen, Schalke 04 og FC Köln. Med både Leverkusen og Schalke var han med til at vinde DFB-Pokalen.

Happe spillede ni kampe og scorede ét mål for det tyske U/21-landshold. Han repræsenterede dog aldrig landets A-landshold.

Titler
DFB-Pokal
 1993 med Bayer Leverkusen
 2001 og 2002 med Schalke 04

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Tyskland
Fodboldspillere fra FC Schalke 04
Fodboldspillere fra Bayer 04 Leverkusen
Fodboldspillere fra Kickers Offenbach
Fodboldspillere fra 1. FC Köln
Fodboldspillere fra SC Preußen Münster
Personer fra Münster

Markus Happe


Coalmont may refer to one of the following places:

United States
Coalmont, Colorado
Coalmont, Indiana
Coalmont, Pennsylvania
Coalmont, Tennessee

Canada
Coalmont, British Columbia

Coalmont


Christopher Wooh, né le  à Louvres en France, est un footballeur international camerounais, qui possède également la nationalité française. Depuis 2022, il évolue au poste de défenseur central au Stade rennais FC.

Biographie

En club

AS Nancy-Lorraine
Après des débuts à Chantilly, il rejoint l'AS Nancy-Lorraine en 2016, où il évolue d'abord avec les moins de 16 ans. Il effectue un transfert réalisé plusieurs années auparavant par son modèle, Clément Lenglet.

Il joue son premier match en Ligue 2 avec l'AS Nancy le 13 février 2021, lors de la réception de l'USL Dunkerque. Il entre en toute fin de match en remplacement de Vinni Triboulet (victoire 1-2). Le 15 mai 2021, lors de la dernière journée de la saison, il se met en évidence en inscrivant ses deux premiers buts lors de la réception d'Amiens, permettant à son équipe d'arracher le match nul. L'ASNL se classe huitième de Ligue 2 cette saison là.

RC Lens
Lors du mercato d'été 2021, il est courtisé par plusieurs clubs, notamment l'Eintracht Francfort, le Bayer Leverkusen, l'Olympique de Marseille, mais surtout le Stade rennais et le Racing Club de Lens. Il s'engage finalement avec le RC Lens, en signant un contrat de quatre ans. Il arrive gratuitement, étant en fin de contrat stagiaire à Nancy.

Il joue son premier match en Ligue 1 avec Lens le 8 août 2021, en étant titularisé lors d'un déplacement à Rennes (score : 1-1). Il est titulaire à onze reprises en championnat durant la saison.

Il commence la saison 2022-2023 en tant que remplaçant, quatrième dans la hiérarchie défensive d'une équipe qui a un système tactique incluant trois défenseurs sur le terrain. Dans les derniers jours du mercato estival, Wooh suscite l'intérêt de différents clubs pour un prêt ainsi qu'une offre d'achat de l'OGC Nice pour 6 millions d'euros, des demandes refusées par le RC Lens. À quelques heures de la clôture de ce mercato, le RC Lens reçoit une proposition d'achat du joueur émanant du Stade rennais FC.

Stade rennais FC
Convoité pour pallier le départ en prêt de Loïc Badé à la suite de la tentative rennaise avortée de recruter Sinaly Diomandé, Wooh s'engage pendant l'été 2022 au Stade rennais FC pour 4 ans contre une indemnité de transfert pour Lens de 9 ou 10 millions d'euros assorti de 15% d'une éventuelle plus-value sur un prochain départ. Wooh quadruple son salaire par rapport à son contrat lensois.

Sur le montant du transfert, son club formateur, l'AS Nancy-Lorraine, que Wooh avait quitté prématurément en refusant d'y signer son premier contrat professionnel, touche 20% de droit de mutation (selon l'article 261-2-b2 de la charte du football de la LFP), soit environ 2 millions d'euros versés par le RC Lens.

En sélection
En mars 2018 il participe au tour élite de l'Euro U17 avec l'équipe de France, sans entrer en jeu.

Le 13 mai 2022, il est présélectionné avec le Cameroun dans le cadre des éliminatoires de la Coupe d'Afrique des Nations 2023.

Le , il est sélectionné par Rigobert Song pour participer à la Coupe du monde 2022.

Palmarès
Avec le Racing Club de Lens, Christopher Wooh est vice-champion de France en 2023.

Statistiques

En sélection
{| class="wikitable alternance2" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;"
|+ Statistiques de Christopher Wooh au 12 septembre 2023
|-
! rowspan="2" |Saison
! rowspan="2" |Sélection
! colspan="4" |Phases finales
! colspan="3" |Éliminatoires
! colspan="3" |Matchs amicaux
! colspan="3" |Total
|-
! Compétition
!style="border-right-style:hidden;width:2em"|  !!style="width:2em"|  !!style="width:2em; border-left-style:hidden;" |
!style="border-right-style:hidden;width:2em"| M !!style="width:2em"| B !!style="width:2em; border-left-style:hidden;" |  Pd !!style="border-right-style:hidden;width:2em" |  M !!style="width:2em" |  B !!style="width:2em; border-left-style:hidden;" |  Pd !!style="border-right-style:hidden;width:2em" |  M !!style="width:2em" |  B !!style="width:2em; border-left-style:hidden;" |  Pd
|-
|2021-2022||rowspan="3" |  Cameroun||Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2021||-||-||-||1||0||0||0||0||0||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|1||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|0||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|0
|-
|2022-2023|| |Coupe du monde 2022||1||0||0||1||0||0||2||0||0||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|4||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|0||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|0
|-
|2022-2023|| |Coupe d'Afrique des nations 2023||-||-||-||1||1||0||0||0||0||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|1||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|1||bgcolor=#E5E5E5|0

Le tableau suivant liste les rencontres de l'équipe du Cameroun dans lesquelles Christopher Wooh a été sélectionné depuis le  jusqu'à présent :

Notes et références

Liens externes

Footballeur international camerounais
Footballeur français
Joueur de l'AS Nancy-Lorraine
Joueur du Racing Club de Lens
Joueur du Stade rennais
Naissance en septembre 2001
Naissance dans le Val-d'Oise

Christopher Wooh


Tietgens Begravelse er en film instrueret af Peter Elfelt.

Handling
Deltagerne i C.F. Tietgens begravelse ses ankommende og forladende Marmorkirken. Kronprins Frederik, prins Christian, Benny Dessau, Alberti, Deuntzer og andre medlemmer af regeringen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1901

Begivenheder i 1901
Stumfilm fra Danmark

Tietgens Begravelse


Up! is the fourth studio album by Canadian singer Shania Twain. It was released on November 19, 2002, by Mercury Nashville. As her first studio album in five years, three versions of the album were released: a pop version (red disc), a country version (green disc), and a version in the style of Indian film music (blue disc); all three discs feature distinctly identifiable picture labels (for example, Twain sports a cowboy hat on the green country disc). Up! spawned eight singles; "I'm Gonna Getcha Good!", "Up!", "Ka-Ching!", "Forever and for Always" "Thank You Baby!", "She's Not Just a Pretty Face" "When You Kiss Me", and "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing", with six of these being sent to country radio.

In the US, Up! debuted at No. 1 with sales of 874,000 copies. On September 23, 2004, the RIAA certified Up! at 11× Platinum, giving her the distinction of being the only female artist to have three consecutive diamond albums released in the United States. The album was promoted with interviews and television performances including the Super Bowl XXXVII halftime show. It was further promoted with the successful Up! Tour, which visited North America and Europe, and eight singles with each accompanied by a music video.

Up! was Twain's final studio album until 2017's Now and her final album to be produced by her then-husband, Robert John "Mutt" Lange.

Production
Writing and recording for the album took place across the world. According to the album booklet, Twain and Lange wrote and recorded in Berlin, Rome, Vienna, Paris, Avignon, Provence, Milan, Dublin, the Bahamas (at the famous Compass Point Studios), The Grenadine Islands, and Mumbai. For the blue international disc, the pair enlisted British-Asian music producers Simon and Diamond Duggal for production collaboration. Canadian folk music group Leahy provided group fiddles throughout the album.

Release and promotion
When the album was originally released, different regions received different versions of the album. North America received a two-disc set, containing the red disc and the green disc. Most international markets received a two-disc set, referred to as the "International Version," containing the red disc and the blue disc. Both two-disc versions contain a note from Shania offering free downloads of whichever set of mixes not included (e.g. a download of the blue version is offered with the red/green set), for a limited time on her website. Australia received both two-disc sets, with the red/green version being subtitled "U.S. Version". The album was later re-released in some territories as a single-disc set, containing only the red mixes, and an alternate cover with a red background.

The red and green versions were released on vinyl in the United States and Europe on October 14, 2016. They are sold separately, and are featured on translucent red and green vinyl, respectively. This marks the first time the green version was released physically in Europe.

Twain launched an extensive promotional tour for the album, starting in October 2002. Major events included the Super Bowl XXXVII halftime show, the 2002 and 2003 Country Music Association Awards, the 2003 American Music Awards, the 2003 Juno Awards, the 2003 ECHO Awards, the 2003 Billboard Music Awards, and the 2003 CMT Flameworthy Awards.

On October 2, 2002, Twain performed on the Dutch program TROS TV Show. On October 5 she appeared on Wetten, dass..?. On October 19 she appeared on the BBC show Parkinson and on France's Star Academy. On October 26 she filmed a mini-concert for CD:UK. On November 6, she launched the US leg of the promotional tour by opening the 2002 Country Music Awards. On November 24, Twain performed in Edmonton at the 2002 Grey Cup halftime show.

Twain embarked on the successful Up! Tour in September 2003.

Critical reception

Upon its release, the album received positive reviews from most music critics, based on an aggregate score of 72/100 from Metacritic. AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine rated it 4.5/5 stars, praising Twain for: "writing well crafted songs as universal anthems, so listeners can hear themselves within these tales." Erlewine further commented that: "The album had big, polished, multipurpose hooks and big, sweeping emotions. This is Super-Size pop, as outsized and grandiose as good pop should be", he concluded. Matthew Bjorke from About.com rated it four-stars out of five and said that: "This 19 track opus is sure to please most fans of both pop and modern country." The Blender review was also positive, saying that: "Twain's songs are never deep, but they have hooks tattooed on their skin and harmonies that glow like bar lights." Also with a positive review, Billboard said that: "[It's] quintessential Shania, light as vapor, sweet as sugar, rendered with personality and undeniable charisma. Expect precious metal." Andrew Lynch from Entertainment.ie rated it three-stars out of five and said that: "The songs, themselves, meanwhile, are as bland and one-dimensional as they were on the smash hit Come on Over, sassily upbeat stuff with a dash of girl power thrown in for good measure. A high proportion of them, however, are also infuriatingly catchy – suggesting that Twain may well have another global success on her hands."

Chris Willman from Entertainment Weekly was largely positive with the album, gaving an "A" grade for the album, comparing the album to "ABBA's  Gold without all the melancholy." He also complemented "the sheer exuberance and joy of craftsmanship in this double-Up!-manship don't feel like mercenary insincerity. They resemble something like actual generosity... not to put too fine a point on it." The PopMatters review was average, giving it six stars out of ten and saying that the album "got everything from dance numbers to ballads, and it's vintage Shania". The review further said that: "Up! is a sense of Twain trying – desperately trying at all levels – to touch everyone, to express universal truths by artificial means: beats, tempos, instruments, etc." The review concluded that: "Up! is too generic and emotionless for that level of diversity, but in a very real sense, Twain has taken country music to its next level of popularity where country and pop are virtually indistinguishable." Robert Christgau on his Consumer Guide Review praised the tracks "I'm Gonna Getcha Good! " and "Ka-Ching!". The Rolling Stone review was positive, rating it four-stars out of five and saying that: "Up! would be a knockout even if it were limited to its one disc of country music.... But the second, relentlessly kinetic pop disc is a revelation." Jennifer Nine from Yahoo! Music rated it six-stars out of ten, saying that: "'Up!' is not without its little oddities and delights." And concluded that: "'Up!' takes on its all-things-to-all-wallets mission with real appetite." Alanna Nash from Amazon was largely positive and concluded that: "There's something oddly hypnotic about much of this project, and it may be simply hearing what Shania can do when she abandons the pretense of being a country singer and concentrates on music. Call this a guilty pleasure—pop, country, or somewhere in between."

Commercial performance
Up! debuted at No. 1 on both the Billboard Top Country Albums chart and the all-genre Billboard 200, selling 874,000 copies in its first week of release. In its second week, it remained at the top spot on both charts, selling 623,000 copies. In its third week, sales were still strong enough to top both charts again, selling more than 317,000 copies and beating Tim McGraw's Tim McGraw and the Dancehall Doctors, which held the No. 2 spot for a second consecutive week. The album remained at No. 1 after its fourth week of release, selling more than 373,000 copies. Its last reign on the all-genre chart was after its fifth week. The album's five-week total alone stands at an estimated 2,646,000 units. The RIAA certified the album 11× platinum (Diamond), denoting shipments of 5.5 million in the United States; the RIAA counts each disc separately for certification purposes. It stayed in the Top 200 of the Billboard top 200 albums sales chart for more than 60 weeks.

The album was also certified diamond in Canada 17 days after its release date.

In 2007, the album's cover was listed on Maxims Sexiest Album Covers.

Track listing
All songs are written by Shania Twain and Robert John "Mutt" Lange. Track lengths correspond to the red, green and blue disc versions, respectively.

Singles chronology

United States
 "I'm Gonna Getcha Good!"
 "Up!"
 "Forever and for Always"
 "She's Not Just a Pretty Face"
 "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing"
 "When You Kiss Me"

Europe
 "I'm Gonna Getcha Good!"
 "Ka-Ching!"
 "Forever And For Always"
 "She's Not Just a Pretty Face"
 "Thank You Baby! (For Makin' Someday Come So Soon)
 "When You Kiss Me"
 "Up!"

United Kingdom
 "I'm Gonna Getcha Good!"
 "Ka-Ching!"
 "Forever and for Always"
 "Thank You Baby! (For Makin' Someday Come So Soon)"
 "When You Kiss Me / Up!" (Double A side)

Music videos
 "I'm Gonna Getcha Good!"
 "Up!"
 "Ka-Ching!"
 "Forever and for Always"
 "Thank You Baby! (For Makin' Someday Come So Soon)"
 "When You Kiss Me"
 "She's Not Just a Pretty Face"
 "It Only Hurts When I'm Breathing"

Personnel
Rakesh Chaurasia – flute
Cory Churko – slide guitar, soloist
Kevin Churko – programming
Sunil Das – sitar
Diamond Duggal – bouzouki, coral sitar, bass guitar, synthesizer guitar, keyboards, mandolin, percussion
Simon Duggal – bass guitar, darbouka, dholak, drum programming, keyboards, percussion, tabla
Paul Franklin – pedal steel guitar
Gavin Greenaway – string arrangements
The Irish Film Orchestra – strings
Robert John "Mutt" Lange – background vocals
Paul Leim – drums
Brent Mason – electric guitar
Mauro Pagini – background vocals
Chintoo Singh – rabab
Jatinder Thakur – violin
Michael Thompson – electric guitar, slide guitar
Shania Twain – lead vocals, background vocals
Sanjay Vyas – tabla
John Willis – banjo, bouzouki, acoustic guitar, mandolin
Jonathan Yudkin – cello, mandolin, violin

Charts

Weekly charts

Up! (Country Mixes)

All-time charts

Year-end charts

Certifications and sales

See also
 List of best-selling albums by women
 List of best-selling albums in Canada
 List of best-selling albums in the United States

References

2002 albums
Shania Twain albums
Mercury Nashville albums
Albums produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange
Canadian Country Music Association Album of the Year albums
Canadian Country Music Association Top Selling Album albums
Juno Award for Country Album of the Year albums

Up! (album)


Ernst Kräuter (* 13. März 1855 in Obertsrot; † 3. Juni 1915 in Freiburg im Breisgau) war ein Feilenhauer und badischer Landtagsabgeordneter.

Ernst Kräuter war der Sohn eines Sägers. Er erlernte nach dem Besuch der Volksschule den Beruf des Feilenhauers und arbeitete bis 1890 als Sägenfeilergeselle, ab 1878 in Freiburg. 1890 machte er sich selbständig und arbeitete bis 1912 als Sägenfeiler in Freiburg. Vom Juni 1912 bis zu seinem Tod war Kräuter Expedient der Volkswacht in Freiburg.

Er trat 1888 in die SPD ein, von 1890 bis 1900 war er Vorsitzender der SPD in Freiburg. 1905 wurde Kräuter in die Zweite Kammer des Badischen Landtags gewählt. Dieses Mandat übte er über zwei Legislaturperioden bis 1913 aus. Zwischen 1898 und 1907 kandidierte er dreimal erfolglos für den Reichstag.

Die badische Landtagsabgeordnete Luise Kräuter war seine Tochter.

Weblinks

 Redebeiträge von Ernst Kräuter im Badischen Landtag in den Digitalen Sammlungen der Badischen Landesbibliothek

Mitglied der Zweiten Kammer der Badischen Ständeversammlung
SPD-Mitglied
Person (Freiburg im Breisgau)
Deutscher
Geboren 1855
Gestorben 1915
Mann

Ernst Kräuter


The Last Song é um romance do escritor estadunidense Nicholas Sparks. Foi publicado em 2009 em inglês.

Uma adaptação cinematográfica do romance foi feita em 2010, estrelada por Miley Cyrus e Liam Hemsworth.

Sinopse
Veronica (Ronnie) Miller, de dezessete anos, experimenta uma mudança em sua vida quando seus pais se divorciam. Seu pai, Steve, decide mudar-se de Nova Iorque, cidade onde morava com Veronica e Kim, sua ex-mulher e mãe de Veronica, para Wilmington, Delaware. Três anos após o divórcio, Verónica sentiu ressentimento em relação aos pais e se isolou cada vez mais deles, principalmente do pai. Ao perceber isso Kim, sua mãe, decide que seria melhor para ela passar o verão em Wilmington com o pai.

Steve era um ex-pianista e professor, após sua transferência manteve uma vida tranquila na praia da cidade, esteve imerso na criação de uma obra musical, que se tornará a partitura especial de uma igreja local.

À medida que a história se desenrola, o tema do amor em suas muitas formas é abordado; o primeiro amor e o amor entre pais e filhos, tema muito presente nos romances de Nicholas Sparks. Também mostra como os relacionamentos mais sinceros podem causar mais danos, mas ao mesmo tempo ser muito satisfatórios onde o final termina com a morte de seu pai.

Notas

Livros de Nicholas Sparks
Romances em língua inglesa
Romances dos Estados Unidos de 2009

The Last Song (romance)


Alojz Knafelc (Šmihel pri Novom Mestu, 23. lipnja 1859. – Ljubljana, 26. travnja 1937.) - slovenski planinar i kartograf, izumitelj slovenske planinske markacije, koja se koristi i u drugim zemljama, uključujući i Hrvatsku.

Nakon srednje škole radio je kao nastavnik, a zatim kao planer, koji je bio uključen u izgradnju željeznice između Hrpelje i Kozine u Sloveniji. Kada je prebačen u Villach 1900., bio je jedan od osnivača ogranka Slovenskog planinarskog društva. Između 1906. i 1915. godine radio je u Trstu, a zatim do umirovljenja 1922. godine u Češkoj te u Zagrebu.

Godine 1922. postao je načelnik markacijskoga odsjeka Slovenskog planinarskog društva, 1923. sam je obojao cijeli Aljažev toranj na Triglavu, jedan od glavnih slovenskih simbola. Godinu dana kasnije napisao je upute za obilježavanje planinskih staza i smjerokaza. Knafelčev popis planinskih oznaka sastojao se od točno 466 znakova 1936. godine. Nacrtao je niz planinskih karti, uključujući karte Julijskih i Kamniških Alpa, te karte Bleda i Roža.

Knafelčeve oznake su bijele točkice okružene crvenim krugom. Njihova veličina je između 8 i 10 cm, dok je odnos crvene i bijele točke u poprečnom presjeku 1:2. Knafelčeva planinarska markacija koristi se na planinskim stazama po zemljama bivše Jugoslavije.

Pošta Slovenije je prigodom 150. obljetnice njegova rođenja izdala prigodnu poštansku marku s njegovim likom.

Galerija

Životopisi, Slovenija
Kartografi
Slovenski planinari

Alojz Knafelc


O Vicariato do Rito Ocidental de Antioquia () é um vicariato de Rito Ocidental de paróquias e missões "que adoram de acordo com as formas litúrgicas cristãs ocidentais tradicionais" dentro da Arquidiocese da América do Norte da Igreja Ortodoxa Grega de Antioquia.

Origens
O vicariato começou quando três paróquias da cismática Sociedade de São Basílio, sob o bispo Alexander Tyler Turner, foram canonicamente recebidas na Igreja Ortodoxa Grega de Antioquia pelo metropolita Antonio Bashir em 1961, após um período probatório de oito anos.

Turner foi recebido como arcipreste canônico como parte de sua conversão à Ortodoxia e serviu como o primeiro vigário geral, cargo que ocupou até sua morte.

Expansão
Após o conflito sobre a ordenação de mulheres dentro da Igreja Episcopal e a publicação da edição de 1979 da versão da Igreja Episcopal do Livro de Oração Comum, várias congregações examinaram a possibilidade de localizar outra comunhão com a qual estivessem mais ideologicamente alinhadas. A primeira igreja a ser recebida foi a igreja da Encarnação em Detroit, Michigan. Congregações adicionais se juntaram nas décadas seguintes, incluindo congregações que antes faziam parte da Igreja Evangélica Ortodoxa (muitas posteriormente mudaram para o Rito Bizantino).

Atualidade
O Vicariato do Rito Ocidental de Antioquia consiste em mais de vinte igrejas e missões em todas as dioceses dos Estados Unidos. O bispo auxiliar João Abdalah supervisiona o vicariato, assistido pelo vigário geral, Padre Edward Hughes. As paróquias de Rito Ocidental são incentivadas e devem ser ativas na diocese em que estão localizadas, e as funções episcopais são geralmente desempenhadas pelo bispo diocesano local.

Ligações externas

 Site oficial
Igreja Ortodoxa
Ortodoxia Ocidental
Igreja Ortodoxa Antioquina


En compétition automobile, les stands sont la partie d'un circuit ou du tracé d'une course comme un rallye automobile où a lieu l'entretien des véhicules concurrents pendant l'épreuve et où s'appliquent certaines pénalités. Durant les courses d'endurance comme les 24 Heures du Mans c'est également aux stands qu'ont lieu les relais, c'est-à-dire les changements de pilote sur un même véhicule.

Le stand au singulier désigne quant à lui la portion des stands allouée spécifiquement à une équipe ou écurie pour y déployer son personnel technique et son matériel.

Le fait, pour un pilote, de s'arrêter au stand de son équipe est couramment désigné par les termes anglais  ou français arrêt au stand et plus rarement par arrêt ravitaillement, au sens général du terme.

Origine du nom

Le nom provient du fait que chaque équipe ou écurie qui concourt y déploie un « stand » permettant d'abriter ses mécaniciens et son matériel, et aisément reconnaissable par le ou les pilotes.

Utilité technique

Parmi les opérations d'entretien les plus courantes effectuées au stand, on peut citer les changements de pneumatiques, l'entretien mécanique en général, le ravitaillement en carburant et le changement de pilote pour les courses les plus longues.

En Formule 1 et dans la plupart des courses automobiles en dehors de certains rallyes, il est interdit d'intervenir sur un véhicule engagé dans la course en dehors des stands.

Pénalités entraînant un passage ou un arrêt aux stands

Les pénalités entraînant un passage ou un arrêt au(x) stand(s) sont respectivement le drive-through (appelé ride-through en compétition moto) et le stop-and-go.

Accidents et mesures de sécurité

Il n'est pas rare que des arrêts au stand entraînent des accidents, comme par exemple une collision entre un véhicule et un mécanicien. Ainsi, André Lotterer a percuté un de ses mécaniciens lors de l'ePrix de Mexico (Formule E) en 2018, amenant des questions sur le bien-fondé de la suppression d'un temps minimum d'arrêt au stand, deux courses plus tôt. À l'issue de la même course, Daniel Abt estime que les arrêts au stand sont devenus « incroyablement stressants ».

Depuis 1994, pour des raisons de sécurité, la vitesse de circulation sur les stands est limitée à  par la FIA durant les Grands Prix de Formule 1, et elle peut être réduite à  selon le circuit.

Arrêts aux stands notables

Au Grand Prix automobile de Chine de 2011, le champion du monde Jenson Button s'est trompé de stand. Il s'est d'abord introduit sur le stand de l'écurie Red Bull Racing, avant de se rendre compte de son erreur et de rejoindre le stand McLaren, son écurie.

Un arrêt notable en Formule 1 est celui de Valtteri Bottas lors du Grand Prix de Monaco 2021 lorsque ses mécaniciens ne parviennent pas à desserrer l'écrou de sa roue avant droite, y compris en changeant de pistolet, ce qui le contraint à l'abandon. La roue a finalement pu être enlevée à l'usine Mercedes le mardi suivant.

Notes et références

Vocabulaire du sport automobile
Formule 1
Logistique

Stand (compétition automobile)