Sir Robert Edward Russell (born 31 March 1946) is a former Liberal Democrat politician in the United Kingdom who was the Member of Parliament for Colchester from 1997 to 2015. He was first elected at the 1997 United Kingdom general election and won subsequent re-election in 2001, 2005 and 2010; he was defeated in 2015 United Kingdom general election by the Conservative candidate and Colchester MP Will Quince.

Russell was knighted for public service in the 2012 New Year Honours. He holds the ceremonial position of High Steward of Colchester.

Career
Prior to his first  election to the House of Commons, Russell was a councillor representing New Town ward continuously from 1978 to 2002. He was originally elected as a Labour Party candidate before defecting to the Social Democratic Party in 1981, and then standing as a Liberal Democrat candidate from 1988 onwards. He held a dual mandate of Member of Parliament and councillor from 1997 to 2002.

He was leader of Colchester Borough Council  until 1991, having previously served as Mayor of Colchester for the year 1986–87.

Prior to standing as parliamentary candidate for the Liberal Democrats, Russell stood unsuccessfully for Parliament for Colchester in 1979 as a Labour candidate.

Russell was the Liberal Democrats' spokesman on Culture, Media and Sport from 2002 to 2005, when he was replaced by Don Foster. He was a member of the Liberal Democrat Shadow Defence team until the formation of the Conservative – Liberal Democrat Coalition Government on 11 May 2010, at which point he became a backbencher.

At the 2010 general election Russell's majority was 6,982 votes (15.1%). In 2011, Russell was a member of the special Select Committee set up to scrutinise the Armed Forces Bill which was passed.

During his period in parliament, Russell was a member of the Beveridge Group, vice-chair of the All Party Parliamentary Flag Group and sat on the Defence Select Committee.

Following his defeat at the 2015 general election, he was appointed the High Steward of Colchester (also known as High Sheriff of Colchester), a position he currently holds. He stood at the 2017 general election as the Liberal Democrat candidate for his former seat, but slumped to third place.

Causes
Russell is known for supporting unusual causes, such as petitioning the House of Commons for the return of Young's bitter to the Strangers' Bar. He spoke out against celebrity tax exiles, including Lewis Hamilton. He campaigned against the 1996 sale of Ministry of Defence housing to Annington Homes and for soldiers' housing to be improved.

Controversy
In December 2010, a reply that Russell wrote to a constituent who was concerned about the cost of the upcoming Royal Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton was published. In it, Russell told the constituent to "get a life and stop whinging". In 2011, he followed this up with a contentious letter to a member of the public who had asked whether he would lend support to Colchester's new Visual Arts Facility (later to become Firstsite). Referring to alleged implications that he did not support the arts as "Rubbish[,] man!", Russell accused those in support of Firstsite as "expecting the council to fund their social life".

Russell caused further controversy in February 2012, when another letter he had written to a constituent appeared in the press. Russell responded to the constituent's query as to what would happen if sufficient funds for a new Royal yacht could not be raised by stating, "Are you serious? Don't you have more important things in your life to be worried about without bothering me with this?"

Expenses
In 2012, Russell was found to have broken parliamentary expenses rules after claiming more than £70,000 over seven years for an office owned by a company in which he was a major shareholder. He was found to have acted in good faith, but was found to be in "clear breach" of the rules. Russell apologised, stating: "I have not personally made a financial gain from the arrangements. Rather I have made a significant personal contribution to provide an office which is fit for purpose at no additional cost to the public purse."

Other interests
Russell is a former season ticket holder for Colchester United football club, and wrote the foreword for a history of the club.

References

Sources
LibDem website biography
LibDem Shadow Ministerial Team
www.publicwhip.org.uk

External links
Bob Russell MP official constituency website
Profile at the Liberal Democrats

Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Party (UK) councillors
Social Democratic Party (UK) politicians
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
UK MPs 2010–2015
Politicians from London
1946 births
Living people
Councillors in Essex
Mayors of Colchester
Knights Bachelor
Labour Party (UK) parliamentary candidates
Leaders of local authorities of England
Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors

Bob Russell (British politician)


Conceição do Almeida es un municipio brasileño del estado de Bahía. Su población estimada en 2004 era de 17.863 habitantes.

Hidrografía
 Río Mucambo
 Río Jaguaripe

Carreteras
BR 101 y BR 242

Administración
 Prefecto: Adailton Campos Sobral (2009/2012)
 Viceprefecto: Dr. Armando Neves
 Presidente de la cámara: Claudio Rodolfo Borges Coni (2011/2012)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Conceição do Almeida


«Guns for Hire» es una canción de la banda australiana de hard rock AC/DC, proveniente de su álbum de estudio Flick of the Switch, lanzado en 1983. Fue escrita por Angus Young, Malcolm Young y Brian Johnson, y también fue lanzada como sencillo junto con la canción "Landslide" como lado B.

Guns For Hire se diferencia de otras canciones de AC/DC, ya que al comienzo de la canción, el guitarrista Angus Young produce una serie de rápidos martilleos en medio de varias pausas. Después de varias veces, el resto de la banda entra en juego.

Guns for Hire fue la canción de apertura de la gira que siguió en apoyo de Flick of the Switch, pero nunca ha sido tocada en cualquier otra gira de AC/DC desde entonces.

Lista de canciones

Personal
 Brian Johnson – vocalista
 Angus Young – guitarra solista
 Malcolm Young – guitarra rítmica, coros
 Cliff Williams – bajo, coros
 Phil Rudd – batería

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 AC/DC Central Lyrics
 Perfil Oficial en YouTube
 Sitio Web Oficial

Sencillos de 1983
Sencillos de AC/DC
Canciones de AC/DC
Canciones de 1983
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de hard rock

Guns for Hire


Jack Michael Martínez Ramírez (nacido el 12 de octubre de 1981 en Santo Domingo) es un baloncestista dominicano. Fue miembro del seleccionado nacional de República Dominicana. Es un ala-pívot de 2,03 metros, que también puede desempeñarse como pívot. Ha jugado en diversos países entre los que se incluyen República Dominicana, Venezuela, Puerto Rico, Italia, México, Francia, España, Chile y Argentina.

Trayectoria deportiva

Primero años
Asistió a la escuela secundaria Artesia High School, ubicada en Lakewood, California donde jugó junto a Jason Kapono y Jon Stefansson, hasta que se descubrió que los jugadores extranjeros del equipo escolar habían sido reclutados ilegalmente por el entrenador Wayne Merino.

Equipos
 San Lázaro, Distrito Nacional (2000)
 Universidad Complutense de Madrid (2001)
 San Lázaro, Distrito Nacional (2001)
 Provincial Llanquihue (2001-2002)
 JL Bourg Basket (2002)
 Panteras de Miranda (2002)
 San Lázaro, Distrito Nacional (2002)
 Paris Basket Racing (2003)
 Madre Vieja, San Cristóbal (2004)
 Provincial Llanquihue (2005)
 CDP, Santiago (2005)
 Atléticos de San Germán (2005)
 Roseto Sharks (2005-2006)
 Panteras del Distrito Nacional (2006)
 Scafati Basket (2006-2007)
 Teramo Basket (2007)
 Cocolos de San Pedro de Macorís (2007)
 Cocodrilos de Caracas (2008)
 Mets de Guaynabo (2008)
 Grises de Humacao (2008)
 Halcones Rojos Veracruz (2008-2009)
 Espartanos de Margarita (2009)
 Cocodrilos de Caracas (2010)
 Halcones Xalapa (2010)
 Cocolos de San Pedro de Macorís (2010)
 La Villa, La Vega (2010)
 Cocodrilos de Caracas (2011)
 Cocolos de San Pedro de Macorís (2011)
 Club San Martín de Corrientes (2011-2012)
 Cocodrilos de Caracas (2012)
 Cocolos de San Pedro de Macorís (2012)
 Guaros de Lara (2013)
 Capitanes de Arecibo (2013)
 Trotamundos Carabobo (2014)
 Leones de Santo Domingo (2014)
 Trotamundos Carabobo (2015)
 Metros de Santiago (2016)
 Caciques de Humacao (2016)

Premios y galardones
 Líder en rebotes del Baloncesto Superior Nacional: 2005
 Líder en rebotes de la Lega Basket Serie A: 2005-2006
 Líder en rebotes de la Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional de México: 2008-2009
 Líder en rebotes de la Liga Nacional de Básquet: 2011-2012
 Líder en rebotes de la Liga Nacional de Baloncesto: 2012
 Equipo Todos Estrellas de la Liga Nacional de Baloncesto: 2010 y 2012

Selección nacional
Martínez hizo su debut en el seleccionado nacional en el año 2001. Fue nombrado MVP del torneo Centrobasket 2004 que se realizó en Santo Domingo, donde su equipo consiguió la medalla dorada tras derrotar a Puerto Rico en la final.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en la LNB de Francia
 Perfil en la BSN de Puerto Rico
 Perfil en Latinbasket

Baloncestistas de República Dominicana
Baloncestistas de la selección de la República Dominicana
Baloncestistas de la Lega Basket Serie A
Baloncestistas de la Liga Nacional de Baloncesto Profesional de México
Baloncestistas del JL Bourg-en-Bresse
Baloncestistas de los Halcones Rojos Veracruz
Baloncestistas del Universidad Complutense
Baloncestistas de los Atléticos de San Germán
Baloncestistas de los Cocodrilos de Caracas
Baloncestistas de los Guaros de Lara
Baloncestistas del Scafati Basket
Baloncestistas del Teramo Basket
Baloncestistas de los Grises de Humacao
Baloncestistas del Club San Martín de Corrientes
Baloncestistas de los Halcones UV Xalapa
Baloncestistas de los Cocolos de San Pedro de Macorís
Baloncestistas de los Leones de Santo Domingo
Baloncestistas de los Metros de Santiago
Nacidos en Santo Domingo

Jack Michael Martínez


Herbert Norman Schwarzkopf (; August 28, 1895 – November 25, 1958) was the first superintendent of the New Jersey State Police. He is best known for his involvement in the Lindbergh kidnapping case. He was the father of General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., the commander of all Coalition forces for Operation Desert Shield/Storm.

Early life
Schwarzkopf was born in Newark, New Jersey, to Julius George Schwarzkopf and Agnes Sarah Schmidt, of Germany. He graduated from Barringer High School. He received an appointment from Walter I. McCoy to attend the United States Military Academy at West Point, graduated in 1917 and served in World War I.

Career

Military service and New Jersey State Police
After receiving a commission as a second lieutenant in the cavalry, Schwarzkopf was sent to Europe as part of the American Expeditionary Forces. He was gassed with mustard gas, making him susceptible to respiratory illnesses for the rest of his life. During the occupation, he served as a provost marshal, partially because of his organizational skills and partially because of his fluency in German, due to his German heritage.

After returning to the United States with the rank of colonel, Schwarzkopf was appointed in 1921 by New Jersey Governor Edward I. Edwards to head the newly formed New Jersey State Police. He personally trained the first 25 state police troopers and organized the state police into two troops: a northern troop, utilizing motorcycles, to patrol the Mafia-controlled narcotics, whiskey, rum-running, and gambling rings in the New York City area; and a southern troop, with troopers on horseback, to crack down on moonshiners. He left the force in 1936 after being relieved of his duty by a governor with whom he frequently clashed.

Lindbergh kidnapping

On the evening of March 1, 1932, Colonel Schwarzkopf, then 37, and the first chief of the New Jersey State Police, was among the officials called to the East Amwell residence of Charles Lindbergh, following the kidnapping of his 20-month-old son, Charlie. He arrived on the scene with his second-in-command, Major Charles Schoeffel, and established a police command post in the three-car garage on the side of Lindbergh's house opposite the nursery, but he found it impossible to protect the area from contamination.

Further complicating the investigation was the fact that the controlling Lindbergh used his fame and influence to exert authority over matters, which meant that Schwarzkopf had to essentially work around him, despite ostensibly being in charge of the investigation, a fact for which Schwarzkopf has been criticized by experts such as FBI profiler and author John E. Douglas. Schwarzkopf requested a list of all the employees who worked on Lindbergh's house, which was constructed following Charlie's birth, as well as those who worked in the house and at Next Day Hill, the palatial Englewood estate of Lindbergh's inlaws, Dwight and Elizabeth Morrow, where the Lindberghs stayed during the week prior to the completion of their own home.

Although they stayed in the incomplete home only on weekends, they did not return to Next Day Hill by Tuesday, March 1, because Charlie was ill. Schwarzkopf believed the kidnappers were local and nonprofessional, based on their apparent familiarity with the Lindbergh house, the location of the nursery from which the infant Charlie was abducted, and the relatively modest ransom request of $50,000.

Schwarzkopf suspected gang involvement, as kidnapping was a common criminal enterprise during the Great Depression, and wanted to contact members of the underworld, but during the course of the investigation, John F. Condon, a 72-year-old retired Bronx schoolteacher, became an intermediary between Lindbergh and the kidnappers after he placed an ad in Home News, to which the kidnappers responded. Schwarzkopf wanted to place a trace on Condon's telephone, but Lindbergh overruled him, and setting up a trap would have been made difficult or impossible by Lindbergh's management of the case.

Schwarzkopf reluctantly agreed to keep law enforcement away from the arranged ransom drop. Although the man to whom Condon gave the ransom money in Saint Raymond's Cemetery in the Bronx on April 2 gave Condon a note describing a boat where Charlie could be found, no such boat was found. When Charlie's skeletonized corpse was found by a truck driver on May 12, Schwarzkopf inspected the shallow grave, four miles from the Lindbergh home, whose lights were visible from the site. Following the identification of the corpse as Charlie, and the determination from the level of decomposition that he was killed immediately after abduction, Schwarzkopf informed Charlie's nursemaid, Betty Gow, and Elizabeth Morrow, who then informed Charlie's mother, Anne Lindbergh. Charles Lindbergh's need for control over the case was now over, and by the time the case had been months old, and trails had gone cold, Schwarzkopf was the target of widespread and recurring criticism. Following the suicide of Violet Sharpe, a maid for the Morrows who had been acting suspiciously before the incident and during its investigation, some, such as Violet's sister, Emily Sharpe, accused Schwarzkopf and Jersey City Police Department investigator Harry Walsh of harassing her to death with their rough interrogations, but experts such as Douglas have disputed that notion.

To test the theory of how the baby was abducted and then killed early on, Schwarzkopf had duplicates constructed of the makeshift ladder used to climb into Charlie's second-story nursery window and the ransom letter, and reenacted the crime himself. The 165-pound Schwarzkopf carried a sandbag weighing the same as Charlie down the ladder, and when he stepped onto the highest rung of the lower portion of the wooden ladder (which, like the real one, consisted of two hinged sections and a third one attached at the crime scene), the side rail split, just like on the real ladder. Schwarzkopf dropped the bag, and it struck the cement windowsill of the library, echoing the massive skull fracture that served as Charlie's cause of death. Schwarzkopf had the written communications in evidence sent to graphologists, who concluded that they were all written by one person, most likely German in origin.

In late 1932, Schwarzkopf was contacted by New York psychiatrist Dudley D. Schoenfeld, who concluded from the kidnapper's written notes that the perpetrator was a mechanically inclined, 40-year-old German suffering from dementia paralytica, caused by a sense of powerlessness; this is now considered an impressive early example of criminal profiling. Schwarzkopf also had pieces of the ladder analyzed by wood specialist Arthur Koehler, who determined from four extra nail holes that rail sixteen of the ladder, unlike the wood used to make the rest of the ladder, had been previously used for some other purpose. Koehler presumed that the kidnapper ran out of lumber and cannibalized whatever wood was on hand for that rail, explaining the disparity. Koehler concluded on November 19, 1933 that side rails twelve to fifteen came from the National Lumber and Millwork Company in the Bronx.

Investigation of bills from the ransom money that turned up in circulation led to the September 19, 1934, arrest of Bruno Hauptmann, a 35-year-old German skilled carpenter who once worked at National Lumber and Millwork, which was ten blocks from Hauptmann's residence. By matching grain patterns and nail holes, Koehler determined that rail sixteen had been removed from Hauptmann's attic, which was missing a floorboard, and featured nail holes in four successive joints, where it would have been hammered down. Hauptmann was tried and convicted for murder and was executed on April 3, 1936.

Return to US Army
In 1936, Schwarzkopf was dismissed from the New Jersey State Police after a personality clash with Governor Harold G. Hoffman and then for a short time narrated the radio program Gang Busters (he can be heard in the March 28, 1941, episode The Case of the Nickel and Dime Bandits) before he returned to active duty in the US Army with the onset of World War II.

Schwarzkopf was posted to Iran in 1942 through the efforts of Mohammad Vali Mirza Farman Farmaian and was assigned with organizing the Iranian national police after the British-Soviet intervention that made Iran an Allied protectorate. His recruits, the Gendarmerie, were active in suppressing the Soviet-inspired attempt to destabilize Iran by backing separatists in Azerbaijan and Mahabad. For his work in Iran, Schwarzkopf was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal.

After World War II, he was promoted to brigadier general and in the late 1940s was sent to occupied Germany to serve as provost marshal for the entire US sector.

Before retiring from the Army in 1953 with the rank of major general, Schwarzkopf was sent by the Central Intelligence Agency as part of Operation Ajax (correct name TPAjax, TP meaning Soviet-backed Tudeh Party of Iran),  to convince the self-exiled Iranian monarch, Mohammad Reza Shah, to return and seize power. Schwarzkopf went so far as to organize the security forces he had trained to support the Shah, and in so doing, he helped to train what later became known as the SAVAK.

Schwarzkopf was appointed by New Jersey Governor Robert B. Meyner to "examine and investigate the management by Harold G. Hoffman," a former governor of the state and director of the division of employment security.  Both Schwarzkopf and Hoffman were active members of the Adventurers' Club of New York.

Death
Major General Schwarzkopf died in 1958 from complications of lung cancer and is buried at West Point Cemetery, on the grounds of the United States Military Academy.

Personal life
Schwarzkopf was married to Ruth Alice (née Bowman) (1900–1976), a registered nurse from West Virginia. Ruth was a housewife who was distantly related to Thomas Jefferson. Together, they had one son, Norman Schwarzkopf Jr., and two daughters, Sally and RuthAnn.

Schwarzkopf was a Freemason. He was a member of St. John's Lodge #1 of Free and Accepted Masons, Newark, New Jersey, where he was raised to the Sublime Degree of Master Mason.

Military awards
  Army Distinguished Service Medal
  Purple Heart
  World War I Victory Medal with four service stars
  Army of Occupation of Germany Medal
  American Defense Service Medal
  American Campaign Medal
 European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal with four service stars
  World War II Victory Medal
  Army of Occupation Medal with "Germany" clasp
  National Defense Service Medal

See also

 Adventurers' Club of New York
 German American

References

Further reading

External links

1895 births
1958 deaths
American people of German descent
American expatriates in Iran
American state police officers
Barringer High School alumni
United States Military Academy alumni
United States Army generals
Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)
United States Army personnel of World War I
Burials at West Point Cemetery
People from Newark, New Jersey
Military personnel from New Jersey
Lindbergh kidnapping
United States Army generals of World War II
United States Army Cavalry Branch personnel

Norman Schwarzkopf Sr.


A  was a high ranking samurai in the direct service of the Tokugawa shogunate of feudal Japan. While all three of the shogunates in Japanese history had official retainers, in the two preceding ones, they were referred to as . However, in the Edo period,  were the upper vassals of the Tokugawa house, and the  were the lower vassals. There was no precise difference between the two in terms of income level, but a  had the right to an audience with the , whereas  did not. The word  literally means "origin of the flag", with the sense of 'around the flag', it is described in Japanese as 'those who guard the flag' (on the battlefield) and is often translated into English as "bannerman". Another term for the Edo-era  was , sometimes rendered as "direct shogunal ", which serves to illustrate the difference between them and the preceding generation of  who served various lords.

History
The term  originated in the Sengoku period. The term was used for the direct retainers of a lord; as the name suggests, the men who were grouped "around of the flag". Many lords had ; however, when the Tokugawa clan achieved ascendancy in 1600, its  system was institutionalized, and it is to that system which is mainly referred to now when using the term.

In the eyes of the Tokugawa shogunate,  were retainers who had served the family from its days in Mikawa onward. However, the ranks of the  also included people from outside the hereditary ranks of the Tokugawa house. Retainer families of defeated formerly  grand families like the Takeda, Hōjō, or Imagawa were included, as were cadet branches of lord families. Also included were heirs to lords whose domains were confiscated, for example Asano Daigaku, the brother of Asano Naganori, local power figures in remote parts of the country who never became ; and the families of Kamakura and Muromachi periods  (Governors): some of these include the Akamatsu, Besshō (branch of the Akamatsu), Hōjō, Hatakeyama, Kanamori (branch of the Toki), Imagawa, Mogami (branch of the Ashikaga), Nagai, Oda, Ōtomo, Takeda, Toki, Takenaka (branch of the Toki), Takigawa, Tsutsui, and Yamana families. The act of becoming a  was known as .

Many  fought in the Boshin War of 1868, on both sides of the conflict.

The  remained retainers of the main Tokugawa clan after the fall of the shogunate in 1868, and followed the Tokugawa to their new domain of Shizuoka. The  lost their status along with all other samurai in Japan following the abolition of the domains in 1871.

Ranks and roles

The division between  and , especially amongst  of lower rank, was not rigid, and the title of  had more to do with rank rather than income rating. In the context of an army, it could be compared to the position of an officer. Throughout the Edo period,  held the distinction that if they possessed high enough rank, they had the right to personal audience with the  (these  were known as ). All  can be divided into two categories, the , who took their incomes straight from Tokugawa granaries, and the , who held land scattered throughout Japan. Another level of status distinction amongst the  was the class of , men who were heads of  families and held provincial fiefs, and had alternate attendance () duties like the . However, as  were men of very high income in terms of the spectrum of  stipends, not all  had the duty of alternate attendance. The dividing line between the upper  and the '—the domain lords who were also vassals of the Tokugawa house—was 10,000 .

At the beginning of the 18th century, about 5,000 samurai held the rank of , over two thirds of which had an income of less than 400 koku and only about 100 earned 5,000 koku or more. A  with 500 koku had 7 permanent non-samurai servants, 2 sword-men, 1 lancer, and 1 archer on standby.

Infrequently, some  were granted an increase in income and thus promoted to the rank of .  One example of such a promotion is the case of the Hayashi family of Kaibuchi (later known as Jōzai han), who began as  but who became  and went on to play a prominent role in the Boshin War, despite their domain's relatively small size of 10,000 .

The term for a  with income of about 8,000  or greater was  ("greater ").

The  who lived in Edo resided in their own private districts and oversaw their own police work and security. Men from  ranks could serve in a variety of roles in the Tokugawa administration, including service in the police force as  inspectors, city magistrates, magistrates or tax collectors of direct Tokugawa house land, members of the  council, and many other positions.

The expression  was in popular use to denote their numbers, but a 1722 study put their numbers at about 5,000. Adding the  brought the number up to about 17,000.

Famous
Famous  include Jidayu Koizumi, Nakahama Manjirō, Ōoka Tadasuke, Tōyama Kagemoto, Katsu Kaishū, Enomoto Takeaki, Hijikata Toshizō, Nagai Naoyuki, and the two Westerners William Adams and Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn.

and the martial arts
 patronized the development of the martial arts in the Edo period; many of them were involved in the running of  in the Edo area and elsewhere. Two  who were directly involved in the development of the martial arts were Yagyū Munenori and Yamaoka Tesshū. Munenori's family became hereditary sword instructors to the .

In popular culture
 appeared as figures in popular culture even before the Edo era ended. Recent depictions of  include in the TV series , the manga , and Osamu Tezuka's manga . The real-time strategy video game series Age of Empires features  in its Age of Empires III: The Asian Dynasties expansion, again in Age of Empires IV as Samurai Bannermen, in both games they are especially powerful variants of the samurai.

Notes

References
 Bolitho, Harold. (1974). Treasures Among Men: The Fudai Daimyo in Tokugawa Japan. New Haven: Yale University Press. ; OCLC 185685588
 Nussbaum, Louis Frédéric and Käthe Roth. (2005). Japan Encyclopedia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. ; OCLC 48943301
 Ogawa, Kyōichi (2003). . Tokyo: Kōdansha. ()
 Ooms, Herman (1975). Charismatic Bureaucrat: a Political Biography of Matsudaira Sadanobu, 1758–1829. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ()
 Sasama, Yoshihiko (1995). . Tokyo: Kashiwa-shobō.

Hatamoto


Sebastian Croft (nascido em 16 de dezembro de 2001) é um ator inglês. Ele começou sua carreira como ator mirim no palco antes de fazer sua estréia na televisão como o jovem Ned Stark em Game of Thrones (2016). Ele recebeu uma indicação ao BAFTA Children's Award por seu papel como Atti em Horrible Histories: The Movie – Rotten Romans (2019).

Início da vida
Croft nasceu em 16 de dezembro de 2001. Ele começou a ter aulas de atuação na filial Abingdon-on-Thames de Stagecoach quando tinha 7 anos. Ele frequentou a Dragon School para a escola preparatória e a St Edward's School, Oxford para GCSEs. Ele recebeu o A-Level em inglês, filosofia e cinema.

Filmografia

Cinema

Televisão

Vídeo musical

Vida pessoal
Croft tem dislexia. Para o Mês do Orgulho LGBT em 2022, Croft twittou que "criou uma camiseta com dois dinossauros gays se beijando, lembrando a todos que o Queer sempre esteve aqui". Todo o dinheiro dessas vendas irão para Choose Love e Rainbow Railroad – duas instituições de caridade que ajudam refugiados LGBT – de acordo com Croft.

Ligações externas

Atores do Reino Unido

Sebastian Croft


Rock Machine, auch The Rock Machine M.C. ist eine Outlaw Motorcycle Gang mit sechs kanadischen, sechs US-amerikanischen, acht australischen sowie vier deutschen Chaptern. Der Motorcycle Club wurde 1986 von Salvatore Cazzetta gegründet, einem früheren Freund von Maurice Boucher, Präsident des Hells-Angels-Charters in Québec. Rock Machine stand im Mittelpunkt eines erbitterten Rockerkrieges mit den Hells Angels in den 1990er Jahren um den Drogenmarkt in Montreal. Weitere Gangs waren in den siebenjährigen Konflikt verwickelt, in dem es zu 160 Toten und zahllosen Verletzten kam.

Nachdem Rock Machine zahlenmäßig unterlegen war, wurde der Club im Januar 2000 zu einem "Probationary Chapter" der Bandidos. 2007 wurde Rock Machine wieder unabhängig. Der neu formierte Club behauptet keine kriminellen Aktivitäten mehr zu verfolgen und nur noch ein Club begeisterter Motorradfahrer zu sein.

Vorgeschichte
1982 waren Salvatore Cazzetta und Maurice Boucher Mitglieder einer Motorradgang der White-Supremacy-Bewegung, die sich selbst "SS", als Anspielung auf die SS nannte. Als Anführer dieser in Pointe-aux-Trembles auf der Île de Montréal beheimateten Gang sollten beide Mitglieder der Hells Angels werden. Doch als im März 1985 fünf Hells-Angels-Mitglieder im Streit um die Veruntreuung von Drogengeldern in Lennoxville hinterhältig ermordet wurden, entzweiten sich die beiden ehemaligen Freunde. Während Boucher bei den Hells Angels rasch aufstieg, gründete Cazetta zusammen mit seinem Bruder Giovanni Rock Machine. Anders als die Hells Angels trugen Rock Machine keine Kutten, um sich untereinander kenntlich zu machen, sondern trugen Ringe mit einem Adler als Geheimzeichen. Rock Machines Clubmotto ist: "À la vie à la mort". Mittlerweile wird ein Adlerkopf als offizielles Logo geführt.

Zunächst herrschte Frieden zwischen den beiden Motorradclubs. Polizeibeamte glaubten, dies lag vor allem an Cazzettas Verbindungen zur Mafia in Québec.

Rockerkrieg von Québec

1994 wurde Cazzetta auf einer Pitbull-Aufzuchtstation festgenommen, als er 11 Tonnen Kokain importiert haben soll. Nachdem Cazzetta so eine Zeit lang aus dem Verkehr gezogen war, begannen die Hells Angels Druck auf den wesentlich kleineren Club auszuüben. Dabei ging es vor allem um die Kontrolle des Drogenmarkts in Montreal. Rock Machine gründete daraufhin eine "The Alliance" (dt. 'die Allianz') genannte Vereinigung, die Beziehungen zur kanadischen Mafia unterhielt und eine Reihe von unabhängigen Dealern umfasste.

Boucher benutzte sogenannte "Puppet Clubs", Marionettenclubs, die als Stellvertreter für die Hells Angels kämpften. Am 14. Juli 1994 wurden zwei Mitglieder dieser Clubs von Verbündeten von Rock Machine erschossen. Ein brutaler Straßenkrieg, der sieben Jahre andauern sollte, fand so seinen Anfang.

Im August desselben Jahres starb der 11 Jahre alte Daniel Desrochers bei der Detonation einer gegen Rock Machine gerichteten Autobombe, die per Fernsteuerung gezündet wurde. Einen Monat später wurde das erste Vollmitglied der Hells Angels auf dem Parkplatz eines Einkaufszentrums erschossen. Als Vergeltungsmaßnahmen wurden am Tag seiner Beerdigung in der Umgebung neun Bomben gezündet.

Bandidos
Auf Grund dieser lang anhaltenden Auseinandersetzung arrangierte sich Rock Machine mit den Bandidos in Texas. 2000 wurde Rock Machine in einem "Patch Over" Teil der Bandidos und war sieben Jahre Teil dieses Clubs. Während dieser Zeit schlossen sich viele Rock-Machine-Mitglieder ihren früheren Feinden von den Hells Angels an, da nicht alle Mitglieder Vollmitglied bei den Bandidos geworden waren, darunter Paul Porter, Nelson Fernandes und Bruce Doran. Diese wurden Teil eines Nomads-Charter der Hells Angels von Québec. Fernandes starb jedoch wenige Monate später an Krebs, und Doran gab seine Colours zurück, so dass nur Porter länger in der Rockerszene aktiv blieb. Allerdings vermuten einige Mitarbeiter von Bundesbehörden, dass Doran immer noch als Rocker aktiv ist und seinen Rückzug nur als Tarnung angekündigt habe.

Bruch mit den Bandidos und Neuanfang
Am 8. April 2006 kam es zum sogenannten "Shedden-Massaker", bei dem acht Bandidos von Mitgliedern ihrer eigenen Bande getötet wurden. Die Leichen wurden auf einer Farm in Shedden in der Provinz Ontario gefunden. Die nachfolgenden Ermittlungen führten zur Auflösung des Bandidos-Chapters in Kanada im Oktober 2007. Zwar versuchten einige Bandidos Mitglieder zu bleiben, doch die Beziehungen zwischen ihnen und den US-amerikanischen Chaptern war erschüttert. Insbesondere misstrauten die Kanadier den US-amerikanischen Bandidos hinsichtlich der Beteiligung und deren Rolle bei den Morden.

The Rock Machine gab seine Neugründung im April 2008 bekannt, als sich einige desillusionierte und wütende Ex-Bandidos trafen und die Rock Machine Canada Nomads gründeten. Ursprünglich nur als Provokation gegenüber den US-Bandidos und deren nationalem Präsident Jeffrey Pike gedacht, entwickelte die Reaktivierung eine Eigendynamik und Rock Machine verbreitete sich in Kanada, den Vereinigten Staaten und Australien. Mittlerweile sind auch vier Chapter in Deutschland vertreten.  Mit der Neugründung sollten auch die kriminellen Aktivitäten eingestellt werden. Der Club behält sich mittlerweile vor, straffällig gewordene Mitglieder auszuschließen.

Am 21. Juli 2011 betraten zehn Mitglieder einen Stripclub in Montreal, der zu den Hells Angels gehört. Die symbolische Geste ließ verschiedene Gerüchte über eine Neuauflage des Bikerkriegs entstehen, der bisher aber nicht Realität wurde.

Deutschland
2010 strebte man ein eigenes Chapter in Deutschland an und diesbezüglich wurden Verhandlungen mit den Australiern aufgenommen. Noch im gleichen Jahr wurde ein Probationary-Chapter errichtet, das schließlich 2011 zum ersten offiziellen Chapter des MCs wurde. Es gründeten sich daraufhin noch vier weitere Chapter.

Nach einer Schießerei in der Türsteherszene in Neu-Ulm am 16. Dezember 2012 mit einem Toten und einem Schwerverletzten wurden die Täter als Mitglieder des Rock Machine MC identifiziert. Zuvor gab es bereits eine weitere Auseinandersetzung zwischen Anhängern der Rock Machine und dem Chapter der Bandidos, das in Ulm ansässig ist. Die Mitglieder des Chapters sind mittlerweile nicht mehr im MC.

Der Rock Machine MC in Deutschland ist zerstritten, so übernahm ein hinausgeworfenes Mitglied die offizielle Seite des Clubs und postet in dessen Namen. Ein anderes ehemaliges Mitglied hat einen eigenen Club mit dem Namen Rock Machine gegründet, das ein falsches Logo (blaues statt rotes Auge) trägt.

Symbole
 08 in einer Raute: steht für die Neugründung 2008
 A.L.V.A.L.M.:  À la vie à la mort = "Wie im Leben, so im Tod" (Clubmotto)
 Colour: Das Colour des Clubs ist ein schwarz-platin Adlerkopf mit einem roten Auge.
 Founding Father: Gründer des MCs auf einem Kontinent.
 National President: Rock Machine führt einen Länderpräsidenten.
 Nomads: im Gegensatz zu den anderen Clubs sind die Nomads bei Rock Machine besonders privilegiert. Es handelt sich dabei um die "Offiziere" des Clubs. Sie können einem Chapter angehören.
 No Surrender Crew: In den Jahren, in denen Rock Machine offiziell aufgelöst war, existierte in Kanada eine Art Geheimbund ohne Kutte und nicht als MC.
 RMF – FRM: Rock Machine Forever – Forever Rock Machine
 World Chapter: Fünf Männer leiten derzeit die sogenannten World-Chapter, die nach Kontinenten aufgeteilt sind. Diese Mitglieder tragen einen goldenen Adler.

Literatur
 Edward Winterhalder: Out in Bad Standings: Inside the Bandidos Motorcycle Club – The Making of a Worldwide Dynasty, Blockhead City Press 2005
 Edward Winterhalder und Wil De Clercq: The Assimilation: Rock Machine Become Bandidos – Bikers United Against the Hells Angels Toronto: ECW Press 2008

Weblinks
 Webpräsenz (engl.)

Einzelnachweise

Internationale Organisation
Organisation (Kanada)
Outlaw Motorcycle Gang
Bandidos
Gegründet 1986

Rock Machine


Masparrito est la capitale de la paroisse civile de Masparrito de la municipalité de Cruz Paredes dans l'État de Barinas au Venezuela.

Références

Localité dans l'État de Barinas

Masparrito (Venezuela)


Glazbena pedagogija predstavlja specijaliziranu granu pedagogije i muzikologije koja proučava načine (metodiku) i ciljeve glazbenog naučavanja djece i mladih u svrhu poboljšanja istoga. Temelj je svakog glazbenog obrazovanja i metoda poduke u glazbenim školama, preko koje se učenicima prenose znanja solfeggija, harmonije, polifonije (tzv. glazbenoteorijski predmeti), komornog i zborskog pjevanja te sviranja (muziciranja).

Među poznatijim hrvatskim glazbenim pedagozima ističu se Rudolf Matz...

Među poznatije svjetske pedagoge ubrajaju se Carl Orff (Orffov instrumentarij, Orffova metoda), Leonard Bernstein...

Pedagogija
Muzikologija

Glazbena pedagogija


مينا آنّا ماريا ماتسيني ( Mina Anna Maria Mazzini) (بوستو أرسيتسيو، 25 مارس 1940) مغنية إيطالية.

فنانة ذات شهرة دولية ومن بين الأصوت الأكثر تقديراً في موسيقى البوب العالمية، تمثل نقطة مرجعية لجميع المغنيات. يمتد تاريخها الفني الطويل والناجح منذ نهاية الخمسينات وحتى اليوم ولا تزال تتطور، صوتها ذو طابع واضح يتميز بالقوة والتمدد.

وصلت خلال سنوات الستينات والسبعينات إلى شهرة شعبية لا مثيل لها على مستوى البلاد، ولم يصل إلى مستواها أحد. لم تظهر للعامة منذ عام 1978، مواصلة إنتاج الاسطوانات، الأقراص المضغوطة، تقديم البرامج الإذاعية وكتابة الافتتاحيات وغيرها من الفقرات لبعض المجلات والصحف.

في عام 2001 كـًرّمت بإعطائها وسام استحقاق الجمهورية من قبل الرئيس كارلو أتزيليو تشامبي.

خلال حياتها المهنية أصدرت أكثر من 1000 أغنية .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بوستو أرسيتسيو
أشخاص من كريمونا
إيطاليون مهاجرون إلى سويسرا
سويسريون متجنسون
مغنو بلوز
مغنو بوب إيطاليون
مغنو جاز إيطاليون
مغنو ريذم أند بلوز إيطاليون
مغنو سوينغ
مغنون إيطاليون باللغة الإنجليزية
مغنون إيطاليون في القرن 20
مغنون إيطاليون في القرن 21
مغنون باللغة الألمانية في إيطاليا
مغنون باللغة الألمانية من سويسرا
مغنون باللغة الإسبانية في سويسرا
مغنون باللغة الإسبانية من إيطاليا
مغنون باللغة الإنجليزية من سويسرا
مغنون باللغة الإيطالية من سويسرا
مغنون باللغة الفرنسية من إيطاليا
مغنون باللغة الفرنسية من سويسرا
مغنون باللغة اليابانية
مغنون باللغة اليابانية في إيطاليا
مغنون سويسريون في القرن 20
مغنون سويسريون في القرن 21
مغنيات إيطاليات
مغنيات إيطاليات في القرن 20
مغنيات إيطاليات في القرن 21
مغنيات جاز
مغنيات سويسريات في القرن 20
مغنيات سويسريات في القرن 21
ممثلات إيطاليات
مواليد 1940
مواليد في بوستو أرسيتسيو
موسيقيو روك أند رول
موسيقيون من كريمونا
مغنو بلوز إيطاليون

مينا (مغنية)


Valie Export también VALIE EXPORT (Linz, 17 de mayo de 1940) su nombre de nacimiento es Waltraud Lehner y después de su boda Waltraud Höllinger es una artista feminista austríaca. Su trabajo incluye video instalaciones, performances, cine expandido, animaciones de ordenador, fotografía, escultura y publicaciones sobre arte contemporáneo. Es una de las artistas pioneras en analizar las políticas de género. En su creación se abordan temas como la identidad, el sexo y el cuerpo como modo de expresión y lenguaje.

Trayectoria
Hasta los 14 años fue educada en un convento y más tarde estudió en la Escuela de Artes y Oficios de Linz.

Sus inicios artísticos estuvieron vinculados al accionismo vienés de los años 60, un movimiento formado en su mayor parte por hombres, y que tenía en el propio cuerpo el campo de formulación artística esencial, con la realización de performances que buscaban sacar de su comodidad a una sociedad austriaca que se había vuelto a acomodar en la normalidad con gran rapidez una vez finalizada la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Debido al machismo imperante del accionismo vienés, pasará a enmarcar su obra dentro de lo que denominó como "accionismo feminista".

Su identidad como mujer y la búsqueda de un camino personal, la llevó a entrar de lleno en reflexiones acerca del papel que había desempeñado históricamente la mujer en la historia del arte, y como los esquemas patriarcales habían definido de una manera determinada la identidad femenina incorporándose de lleno en los postulados de un arte feminista.

En 1967 inventa y adopta su nombre artístico "VALIE EXPORT", un concepto y logotipo que le dará nombre el resto de su carrera y que debe ir escrito con letras mayúsculas. Rechazando los apellidos de su padre y esposo, coge el término de una marca de cigarrillos.

En uno de sus primeros trabajos, su rostro ocupaba con una fotografía (Selbsproträt, 1968) un paquete de cigarrillos cuyo logotipo había sido manipulado y con una leyenda en latín y alemán "Semper et ubique, Immer und Uberall" (siempre y ubicua), una forma de significarse como una mujer cuya impronta es fruto de su voluntad y no de la imagen sexista que la iconografía occidental construía de ellas.

Su trabajo es relevante dentro de la historia del arte feminista gracias a sus "performances de guerrilla".

Desde 1995/1996 es catedrática de performance multimedia en la Academia de Media Kunst|Kunsthochschule für Medien de Colonia, Alemania.

En junio de 2023 la galería Albertina de Viena presentó una gran retrospectiva de la artista con obras que abarcan desde las primeras acciones feministas pioneras de EXPORT hasta sus provocativas actuaciones e instalaciones y el grupo conocido como Body Configurations (1972-1982), en el que trabajó constantemente durante muchos años.

Obra
 Splitscreen - Solipsismus (1968)
 INTERRUPTED LINE (1971)
 ...Remote…Remote... (1973)
 Mann & Frau & Animal (1973)
 Adjungierte Dislokationen (1973)
 Invisible Adversaries (Unsichtbare Gegner, 1976)
 Menschenfrauen (1977)
 Syntagma (1983)
 The Practice of Love (Die Praxis der Liebe, 1984)
 I turn over the pictures of my voice in my head (2008)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Valie Export

Artistas contemporáneos
Académicos de la Academia Europea de Ciencias y Artes
Nacidos en Linz

Valie Export


ශ්‍රී ලාංකා යෝනක, යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට ආවේණික ජනවර්‍රගයකි. ශ්‍රී ලංකා මුස්ලිම් ජාතිකයන් අතර බහුතර ජනවර්‍රගයා, යෝනකවරැන් ය. සමස්ථ ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජනගහනයෙන් 8% පමණ වන ඔවුන්, බහුතරත්වයෙන් 3 වෙනි ස්ථානය හිමි වේ. ඔවුන් ඉස්ලාම් ආගමේ බැතිමතුන්ය. ඔවුන්ට ආවේණික භාෂාව අර්වි භාෂාව ලෙස හැදින්වේ.

ඉතිහාසය
ක්‍රි.පූ 3 වෙනි ශතවර්ෂය වන විට ඉන්දියාවේ, කේරල සහ මලබාර් හි පිහිටි වරායන්, ජාත්‍යන්තර නාවික වෙළඳ තොටුපොළවල්ය. මෙම තොටුපොළ දෙක හරහා අරාබි-චීන නැව් මාර්ග හැසිරවීම, අරාබිය හා සමීප සම්බන්ධතා ඇති පව්ල් කීපයකට භාර වී තිබුණි. එවකට දකුණු ඉන්දියාවේ, චේර, චෝල සහ පාන්ඩ්‍ය ජාතිකයන් අතර ගැටම් නිසා පීඩා වූ අරාබි-චීන නැව් මාර්ග හැසිරවීමට විකල්පයක් ලෙස වත්මන් කොළඔ වරාය සහ ගාලු වරාය තෝරාගත් මෙම පව්ල්, කොළඔ, ගාල්ල සහ කෝට්ටේ අවට ප්‍රදේශයෙහි ජනපද පිහිටුවන ලදී.

ක්‍රි.ව. 8 වෙනි සියවස වන විට අරාබි දේශයේ ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මය ව්‍යාප්ත වීමත් සමග අරාබි-චීන නැව් මාර්ග වෙත අවදානම වැඩිවිය. මෙම කාළය තුල කේරල වරාය පසු කොට සෘජුව කොළඔ සහ ගාලු වරායන් භාවිතා කල නැව් සංඛ්‍යාවද ඉහල ගොස් තිබුණි. වරාය සේවා වර්ධනය සඳහා අරාබි දේශයෙන් කාරමිකයන් පැමිණ, කොළඔ, බේරැවල, ගාල්ල, සහ මඩකලපුව ආශ්‍රිත ජනපද තුල පදිංචි වූහ. ඇතැම් අරාබි වෙළඳ පව්ල්, ලංකාව තම ව්‍යාපාරික මූලස්ථානය කොට බේරැවල සහ පුත්තලම් ප්‍රදේශයේ පදිංචි වූහ.

එවකට ලංකාවේ පැවති සිංහල රාජධානින්ද, උතුරැ ප්‍රදේශයේ පැවති දමිළ රාජධානියද, ස්වාදීණව අරාබි දේශය සමඟ සම්බන්ධ තීබූ අතර, රාජ අනුග්‍රහයෙන් ඒ ඒ රාජධානීන් තුළ පදිංචි වූ අරාබි පව්ල්ද සිටියහ.

සංස්කුෘතිය
යෝනක සංස්කුෘතිය, ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මයෙන් සහ වෙරළබඩ අරාබි සංස්කුෘතියෙන් පෝෂණය වී ඇත. ලංකාවේ අනෙකුත් සමාජයන් සේ කුල ක්‍රමයක් නොතිබීම විශේෂිත කරැණකි. වාසගමක් වෙනුවට පියාගේ නම භාවතා කිරීමද ඔවුන්ගෙ සංස්කුෘතියේ ලක්ෂණකි.

සාම්ප්‍රදායික වස්ත්‍ර
අත්දිග කමිසයක් සහ කබායක් සමඟ සරමක් ඇඳීම පුරෂයන්ගේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ඇදුමයි. මුල් අවදියේ පුරැෂයන් සූරත් තොප්පිය නැමති හිස් වැස්මක් පැළඳූහ. පසුව සූරත් තොප්පිය වෙනුවට තුර්කීය ෆෙස් තොප්පිය පැළදීම ජනප්‍රිය විය.

යොන්ලිය, හිසකෙස් ආවර්ණය වනසේ හිජාබ් නැමති හිස් පැළඳුම අඳිති.

ආහාර කැවිලි
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවට මුලින්ම කෝපි වගාව හදුන්වාදුන්නේ යෝනකවරැන්ය. ක්‍රි.ව 15 සිවසෙහි ආරාබිවරැන් කෝපි පැන සොයාගත් අතර එම කාළය තුල, ලංකාවෙන් කෝපි සහ පුවක් අපනයනය වූ බවට සාධක ඇත.  පෘතුගීසින් ලංකාවට පැමිණීමනේ පසු, මරක්කලම් නැව් වලින් කෝපි, කරාබුනැටි, සහ කරැඳු පොතු කොල්ලකෑ බවට සදහන් වී ඇත.

වත්මන් යොන් ප්‍රජාව තුළ තේ පැන් සංග්‍රහය වෙනුවට කෝපි සංග්‍රාහ පැවැත්වීම, කෝපි හා බැඳි ඉතිහාසය හේතුවේ.

තක්කඩි, යෝනකවරැන්ට ආවනෙික ආහාරයකි. කුලුබඩු සමඟ සාදන මස් හොද්දක් තුල තිරිඟු පිටි ගුලි තැම්බීමෙන්, ක්ෂණික ලෙස සාදා ගත හැකි ආහාරයකි. සාම්ප්‍රදායික ලෙස හරක් මස් යොදාගෙන ඇතත්, වත්මන් කාළයේ විවිධ මාංශ වර්ග භාවිතා වේ.

ධර්මය
යෝනකවරැන් ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මය අදහනෝය. ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මයේ සුන්නි භේදයට අයත් මොවුන්ට ශියා භේදයෙන් පැවතෙන ලාකෂණ කීපයක්ද තිබේ. සූෆි ඉස්ලාමීය පංතියට අයත් මොවුන්ගේ අනුග්‍රහයෙන් ලංකාවට සූෆි දූතයන් කිහිපයක් පැමිණෙන ලදී. එසේ ආපු දූතයන් අතුරින් අබ්දුල් ඛාධිර් අල් ජීලානි නැමති සුප්‍රකට සූෆි පඬිවරයා ලංකාවට පැමිණීම විශේෂයි.

ක්‍රි.ව 8 වෙනි සිවස තුළ ඉස්ලාම් ධර්මය ලංකාවට ප්‍රචාරය විය. බේරැවල සහ කොළඔ වරාය ආවට ප්‍රථම මුස්ලිම් පල්ලි මුල්කර යෝනකවරැන්ට ඉස්ලාම් ධර්ම දේශනා පැවැත්විය. පෘතුගීසීන් සකසූ සිතියම් කහිපයක කොළඹ පල්ලිය සදහන් වේ. කොළඔ වරාය අත්පත් කර ගන්නා විට පෘතුගීසින් වරායට ගිණි තැබීමෙන් මෙම පල්ලියද විනාශ විය.

භාෂාව
යෝනකවරැන්ට ආවේණික භාෂාව අර්වි භාෂාවයි. අරාබි සහ මලයාලම් වචන වලින් සමන්විත වූ අර්වි, අරාබි අක්ෂර සහ හෝඩිය භාවිතා කරයි.

වත්මන් යෝනකවරැ බහුභාෂිතයන් වන අතර ඉංග්‍රීසි, සිංහල, අරාබි, දමිළ යන භාෂා භාවිතා වේ.

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වාර්ගික කණ්ඩායම්
මුස්ලිම් ජනවර්ග
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉස්ලාම් දහම
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික මුස්ලිම්වරු
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික යෝනකවරු

ශ්‍රී ලාංකික යෝනකවරු


The California towhee (Melozone crissalis) is a bird of the family Passerellidae, native to the coastal regions of western Oregon and California in the United States and Baja California  and Baja California Sur in Mexico.

The taxonomy of this species has been debated. At the higher level, some authors place the towhees in the family Fringillidae. Within the group, there has been debate about whether the distinction between this species and the similar canyon towhee (Melozone fuscus) should be at the specific or subspecific level. The two species used to be grouped together as the brown towhee, yet today they are identified separately, especially because of their differing feather coloration, and the canyon towhee's dark central breast spot. The two populations are quite isolated from each other, and molecular genetics seems to have settled the matter in favour of two distinct species for the present. On the other hand, there seems to be little distinction between the northern and Baja Californian populations within M. crissalis.  Nowadays, scientists consider the Abert's towhee as the California towhee's closest relative due to closely aligned DNA and patterns.

Taxonomy
Some authorities use Pipilo crissalis or Pyrgisoma crissale to refer to the California towhee, although the most widely regarded classification is Melozone crissalis.  The difference arises between the distinct classifications the bird has due to its close proximity to other Passerellidae.

Etymology
The classification of this bird follows the quinarian system popularized in the early 19th century to better identify birds.  The term Melozone crissalis was developed by Nicholas Vigors in 1839, an Irish politician and zoologist who popularized the quinarian system around the world.

Appearance
The California towhee's coloring is dull brown overall with light rust undertail covert feathers and buff or rust-colored streaks at the throat. There is little sexual dimorphism.

California towhees have the short, rounded wings of a sparrow, as well as a long tail and thick beak which is used for cracking seeds. However, the towhees are larger and bulkier than sparrows. Both sexes of towhee generally grow to be 8.3-9.8 inches (21–25 cm) in length, with a wingspan of about 11.4 inches (29 cm). They weigh 1.3-2.4 oz (37-67 g). The California towhee's color pattern is matte brown all around, barring a rusty patch beneath its tail and around its bill. This is true of both females and males.

It is around  in length, and has a noticeably long tail of . Its appearance suggests a large, plain sparrow. Males weigh from , with an average of , while females weigh from , with an average of . Among standard measurements, the wing chord is , the bill is  and the tarsus is .

Distribution and habitat
This bird's natural habitat is California's brush, chaparral, open woodlands, and along streams adjacent to desert slopes. It has widely adapted to parks and gardens and is found throughout Baja California, as well.  They can be found along the North Pacific coastline from Southern Oregon, USA to Baja California, Mexico.  The California towhee is a non-migratory bird and they only change their homes when finding a mate.

As these birds are of Least Concern in their natural habitats, they do not face any imminent threats to their livelihood.  According to the National Audubon Society, the three biggest threats to the California towhee are fire weather, spring heat waves, and urbanization.  Fire weather may affect this towhee because they tend to hide in shrubbery.  If these birds are found in a very densely forested area during a wildfire, they would definitely be under threat, but due to their reproductive patterns, their general population would remain largely unaffected.  Spring heat waves affect populations by increasing the temperature, decreasing the supply of water and other resources, and can affect food chains.  This would affect the California towhee, but once again, not enough for the entire population to move into the Not Threatened bracket.  Urbanization may seem like the greatest threat to all species, however, this bird species has adapted well to living among and near people.

Currently, the California towhee's range will not decrease or increase, however, if global warming continues at the same or a more rapid pace, their range and population may be greatly reduced.  If the temperature of their range increases between 1.5 and 3.0 °C during the summertime, they would gain at least a 2% range in available habitat, yet that still means they would have to migrate upwards.  If the temperature of their range increases between 1.5 and 3.0 °C during the winter, they would lose at least 20% of their range and at most 77% of their range.  This highlights the fragility of the balance of their ecosystems, especially considering that they are not migratory birds.

Aside from the wild habitat they traditionally live in, they also find comfort among rural and suburban area.  This shows they are either reluctant to give up their given range or that they enjoy a greater quality of life within less densely populated human settlements.

Behavior and ecology
The California towhee feeds on the ground or in low scrub where it prefers a variety of seeds, grasses, and herbs. When eating grass seeds, towhees can strip all seeds off at once using its beak. During breeding season, the California towhee supplements its diet with insects such as grasshoppers and beetles. Additionally, they may eat snails, millipedes, and spiders. It is most often seen traveling or feeding singly or in pairs. It is very active on the ground. The California towhee uses a "double-scratch" maneuver when foraging, looking beneath leaves by lunging forward and hopping backwards, using its feet to scratch the ground and reveal food. Additionally, it visits feeders, often eating the millet that other birds disdain. Able to run rapidly for short distances, it keeps in constant contact with its mate—perhaps forming lifelong pairs.

While the towhee is seen drinking freely in the wild and in captivity, in drier habitats their water needs may be met mostly via feeding on insects and succulent foods.

The call consists of a single-note sound that different people hear as  or  and the song consists of a long repeating series ended with a trill.

Nesting
Nests are typically found in low branches or shrubs about 0.5 to 4 m (1.6 to 13.1 ft) above ground. The nest is a bulky cup made of twigs, stems, grasses, and hair, and is constructed by female towhees.

The female incubates the nest of 2 to 4 eggs alone for 11–14 days. Eggs are laid from March through September with shells that are slightly glossy and pale bluish white with some brownish flecks concentrated mostly on the larger end. At the time of hatching, the young have sparse down feathers. Young leave the nest after 6–11 days.

The California towhee breeding season lasts from early April to early August, peaking in late May or early June. Towhees may raise 2-3 broods each year.

Conservation
Within the half century of 1966–2015, the population of the California towhee was stable, with a slight decline in population due to increased temperatures and urbanization.  The organization, Partners in Flight estimates that 61% of actively breeding California towhees live in the United States, while the remainder live in Baja California, Mexico.  This bird has a global breeding population of around nine million birds spread across this range, making them a minimally threatened species.  While the species in general is not under threat, a sub-species of the California towhee in the Inyo mountains of Eastern California was previously down to around 200 breeding birds in the late 1990s.  They had been mostly displaced by increasing agricultural projects and destruction of habitat to accommodate these projects.

Because the California towhee is generally known to be a less threatened bird, these Inyo California towhees were not receiving the conservation efforts to be able to sustainably recover their populations and recover lost habitats.  If trends had continued, they might have required to have been repopulated by local wildlife sources, however, in 2001 the Bureau of Land Management enacted a reform to reduce mining, livestock agriculture, and general habitat displacement practices which has helped aid this subspecies to over 700 living birds today.  Although significant progress has been made, they still must be protected against human interventions and feral burros.

Relationship with humans
California towhees have adapted to human presence in California. As suburbs and cities were developed in the state, towhees have moved into parks in lowland towns, as well as backyards with appropriate shrubbery. Consequently, they are found eating garden produce, such as apricots, plums, and peas.

Because they are ground foragers, California towhees are more likely to be attracted by feed spread on the ground than in hanging feeders.

Gallery

References

Further reading
Kunzmann, M. R., K. Ellison, K. L. Purcell, R. R. Johnson, and L. T. Haight. 2002. California Towhee (Pipilo crissalis). In The Birds of North America, No. 632 (A. Poole and F. Gill, eds.). The Birds of North America, Inc., Philadelphia, PA.

Sauer, J. R., D. K. Niven, J. E. Hines, D. J. Ziolkowski Jr., K. L. Pardieck, J. E. Fallon, and W. A. Link (2017). The North American Breeding Bird Survey, Results and Analysis 1966–2015. Version 2.07.2017. USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Laurel, MD, USA.

External links

California towhee Species Account – Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 - Audubon Guide to North American Birds
California towhee - Pipilo crissalis - USGS Patuxent Bird
 - Cornell Lab of Ornithology
 Identification InfoCenter

California towhee
Native birds of the West Coast of the United States
Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands
California towhee
California towhee

California towhee


A final da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior de 2023 foi a 53.ª final da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior, também conhecida como "Copinha", torneio anual de futebol para jogadores com idade até vinte anos, organizado pela Federação Paulista de Futebol (FPF). Ela foi realizada em 25 de janeiro de 2023, quarta-feira, no Estádio do Canindé, em São Paulo, Brasil, e apitada por Fabiano Monteiro dos Santos. O jogo foi disputado entre uma equipe paulista e uma mineira: o  e o , que buscavam ambos a sua segunda conquista da competição. Os paulistas venceram os mineiros por 2–1 e sagraram-se bicampeões consecutivos.

Tanto Palmeiras quanto América chegaram à decisão vencendo todos os seus jogos no torneio. Passaram para a fase eliminatória como líderes de seus grupos na primeira fase; os paulistas no grupo três, e os mineiros no grupo dezoito. No mata-mata, o Palmeiras passou por , , , Floresta-CE e  até chegar à final. O América, por outro lado, eliminou o CSP-PB, o , o , o , e finalmente, o .

Assim como na decisão de 2022, a final não pôde ser realizada no estádio do Pacaembu, como é de costume no torneio, devido obras. Segundo o vice-presidente da FPF, o ex-jogador de futebol Mauro Silva, a intenção inicial era de que a partida fosse realizada no Allianz Parque, estádio do Palmeiras, mas devido questões operacionais, o estádio não estaria disponível para receber a partida. Em 23 de janeiro, a FPF comunicou que a final seria disputada no estádio do Canindé, domínio da .

Após ter aberto o placar aos dezessete minutos com o atacante Kevin, o Palmeiras sofreu o gol de empate aos 38, com o também atacante Renato Marques cobrando pênalti. A partida seguiu empatada até os acréscimos do segundo tempo, quando, numa cobrança de escanteio vinda da direita, o meio-campista palmeirense Patrick tocou a bola de cabeça para as redes, decretando a vitória e o bicampeonato da equipe palestrina.

Para veículos da imprensa e figuras ligadas ao Palmeiras, o título evidenciou um trabalho nas categorias de base do alviverde paulista instaurado em 2013, na gestão do então presidente Paulo Nobre. Kevin foi eleito o craque do torneio, enquanto Patrick recebeu o prêmio de melhor jogador da final e Ruan Ribeiro foi o artilheiro do torneio, com nove gols. Do lado do América, o Coelho foi, pelo segundo ano consecutivo, o clube mineiro a chegar mais longe na competição. Dias após a final, a diretoria anunciou que vários jogadores da equipe haviam sido promovidos para o elenco profissional.

Antecedentes e caminhos até a final
Os dois times buscavam o seu segundo troféu da competição. O Palmeiras havia chegado à sua quarta final e, após ter sido vice em 1970 e 2003, conquistou a edição de 2022 em cima do , e defendia seu título. Já o América Mineiro havia chegado à sua segunda decisão de Copinha; a outra havia sido em 1996, onde sagrou-se campeão ao vencer o . A última vez que palestrinos e americanos se enfrentaram pela Copinha foi pela quarta fase da edição de 2016, quando os mineiros venceram por 5–4 nos pênaltis, após a partida ter terminado por 1–1 no tempo normal.

Ambas as equipes chegaram para o confronto com cem por cento de aproveitamento. Sorteado no grupo três e com sede em São José do Rio Preto, o Palmeiras fez sua estreia no torneio em 3 de janeiro, ao vencer a  por 2–0. Seguiram-se então duas vitórias, contra o  e o , ambos times da cidade. Na fase eliminatória, os paulistas passaram por , novamente Juazeirense, e então o  antes de rumar para Santo André e eliminar o  pelas quartas de final da competição. Nas semifinais, venceu o , em partida que foi realizada no Allianz Parque, estádio do Palmeiras, em São Paulo, e garantiu a vaga para a final da Copinha pelo segundo ano seguido.

O América Mineiro, por sua vez, foi sorteado no grupo dezoito e teve sua sede em Assis. Sua estreia no torneio foi em 4 de janeiro, quando venceu o  por 3–1. Derrotou na sequência a  e o , time local, para se classificar como líder do seu grupo. Ainda em Assis, a equipe mineira eliminou o  e rumou para Marília, onde passou pelo . Em Barueri, venceu o  nas oitavas de final e o , nas quartas. Finalmente, derrotou o Santos na Vila Belmiro, em Santos, pelas semifinais, e chegou à segunda final de Copinha da sua história.

 Legenda:  Vitória —  Empate —  Derrota

Pré-jogo

Local e data

Segundo regulamento do torneio, a final precisa ser realizada no aniversário da cidade de São Paulo, que é dia 25 de janeiro. Tradicionalmente, o Estádio do Pacaembu é definido como palco da partida; entretanto, o recinto passava por reformas na época, sendo impossibilitado, pelo segundo ano seguido, de receber o prélio.

De acordo com o vice-presidente da FPF, o ex-jogador Mauro Silva, a entidade conversou com o Palmeiras sobre a possível utilização do Allianz Parque para o jogo; contudo, questões operacionais devido a shows da banda estadunidense Backstreet Boys no estádio nos dias 27 e 28 de janeiro impediram sua disponibilidade. Eventualmente, em 23 de janeiro, a FPF emitiu nota determinando que a final seria realizada no Canindé, estádio da Portuguesa de Desportos, às 15h30 (horário de Brasília) de 25 de janeiro. Esta seria a sexta vez que o Canindé receberia a final de Copinha, tendo ocorrido também nas edições de 1979, 1984, 1995, 1997 e 2002.

Arbitragem
A FPF selecionou Fabiano Monteiro dos Santos para liderar a equipe de arbitragem que apitaria a partida. Dos Santos seria auxiliado por Raphael de Albuquerque Lima e Henrique Perinelli Oliveira, com Gabriel Henrique Meira Bispo sendo o quarto árbitro. O VAR seria comandado por Márcio Henrique de Góis.

Destaques e desfalques dos times
O Palmeiras, comandado pelo técnico Paulo Victor Gomes, inicialmente não tinha desfalques e iria com força máxima para o confronto, mas, momentos antes da partida, foi confirmado que o lateral-esquerdo Ian foi cortado devido lesão na coxa direita, e seria substituído por Gustavo Mancha. Com 28 gols marcados ao longo da competição, os destaques principais do time eram o atacante Kevin, o volante Pedro Lima e o atacante Ruan Ribeiro, artilheiro da competição, com oito gols até então. Gomes atribuiu a evolução da base palestrina com a chegada do coordenador João Paulo Sampaio em 2015.

Mairon César, técnico do América, também tinha todos os seus titulares à disposição para o jogo. Autor de 22 gols no torneio, o time americano tinha entre seus principais jogadores o goleiro Cássio, o zagueiro Júlio, e os atacantes Luan Campos, Renato Marques e Adyson. Curiosamente, dentre os titulares do time mineiro, três já tinham passagem pelas categorias de base do Palmeiras: o zagueiro Jonatan, o meio-campista Breno, e o supracitado atacante Luan Campos. O diretor de futebol Fred Cascardo, que foi coordenador de base do América entre 2019 e 2022, afirmou que melhoras internas refletiram nos bons resultados para as categorias de base.

Partida

Primeiro tempo
A final da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior de 2023 começou às 15h30 (horário de Brasília) embaixo de sol, para um público de 17.552 presentes, com a grande maioria sendo torcedores do alviverde paulista. Presentes nas tribunas estavam Dudu e Leila Pereira, atacante e presidente do Palmeiras, respectivamente.

O time mineiro pressionou e tomou as iniciativas ofensivas nos primeiros minutos do jogo, mas o Palmeiras logo equilibrou a disputa e fez a primeira investida perigosa da partida aos nove minutos, quando Kevin deu passe em profundidade dentro da área para o meia-atacante Vitinho, que chutou cruzado, na saída do goleiro americano Cássio, mas a bola passou rente à trave esquerda. A resposta do América veio dois minutos depois, quando o atacante Theo tentou dois arremates dentro da área após receber passe de Adyson, mas eles foram bloqueados pela zaga palmeirense.

Aos dezessete, o Palmeiras abriu o placar. Gustavo Mancha lançou Vitinho em velocidade na área pela esquerda; o meio-campista cruzou rasteiro para o meio da área, onde o centroavante Ruan Ribeiro desviou de pé direito para o gol. Foi o nono gol de Ribeiro na Copinha. Depois do gol feito, o Palmeiras tentou buscar a administração do resultado devido ao calor, enquanto o América aumentou a pressão em busca do gol de empate. E a resposta americana não demorou para chegar: aos 26, Adyson pegou sobra de fora da área e finalizou de pé esquerdo; o goleiro palmeirense Aranha desviou levemente o arremate com a mão direita e a bola rebateu no travessão, com a zaga palmeirense afastando depois.

Depois de uma parada na partida para reidratação dos jogadores aos 27 minutos, o ritmo do jogo caiu. Até que, aos 38, o América teve um pênalti marcado ao seu favor: Adyson fez jogada pela direita, perto da linha de fundo, quando sofreu falta, dentro da área, do meio-campista palmeirense Léo, que levou cartão amarelo. O atacante Renato Marques cobrou no canto esquerdo e o goleiro Aranha defendeu, porém o árbitro Fabiano Monteiro dos Santos ordenou uma nova cobrança, já que na primeira, ele não havia apitado autorizando a batida. Marques então mudou a direção do chute cobrando no meio do gol e empatando a partida para a equipe mineira; Aranha pulou no canto direito. Esse acabou sendo o último lance de destaque do primeiro tempo.

Segundo tempo
O Palmeiras realizou a primeira alteração no jogo ao trocar Léo pelo também meio-campista Patrick. Entretanto, a alteração pouco fez efeito, já que o América começou melhor a segunda etapa, pressionando a defesa palmeirense em busca do gol da virada. O time americano chegou a marcar um gol aos cinco minutos, após o lateral-esquerdo Paulinho finalizar dentro da área após cobrança de escanteio, mas foi marcado impedimento do atacante Luan Campos na jogada e o gol foi anulado. Aos poucos, o Palmeiras se reorganizou na partida e levou perigo aos dezessete minutos, quando Kevin arrematou de fora da área, de pé direito, e a bola bateu na trave direita do gol de Cássio.

O calor e o desgaste natural dos jogadores diminuíram novamente o ritmo da partida, e as chances de gol de ambas as equipes foram ficando mais escassas. Aos 37, o América chegou com perigo quando Paulinho arriscou chute cruzado de fora da área, de pé esquerdo, que passou à trave esquerda do goleiro Aranha. Cinco minutos depois, o Palmeiras respondeu com Daniel, que havia entrado no lugar de Kevin; o atacante recebeu lançamento em profundidade pela direita e finalizou cruzado, com a bola atravessando a área, rente à trave direita.

A partida se encaminhava para os minutos finais, com o árbitro assinalando cinco minutos de acréscimo; se continuasse empatada, o troféu seria decidido em uma disputa de pênaltis. Entretanto, aos 47, o Palmeiras chegou ao gol da vitória. Após um escanteio batido pela direita e um arremate palmeirense que foi bloqueado pela zaga americana dentro da pequena área, a bola foi na direção de Patrick, que cabeceou no canto direito da meta de Cássio, recolocando o alviverde paulista na frente no placar. O América não teve tempo de criar chances para buscar o empate, e Fabiano Monteiro dos Santos apitou o fim da partida aos 52 minutos do segundo tempo.

Detalhes

Pós-jogo e reações

Com a vitória, o Palmeiras conquistou a Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior pela segunda vez, defendendo a conquista de 2022. Foi a sexta vez na história do torneio em que houve um bicampeão consecutivo; a última havia sido em 2013 e 2014, onde o Santos havia alcançado tal feito. Para veículos da imprensa, o título do alviverde evidenciou um trabalho de reestruturação que foi instaurido no Palmeiras em 2013, na gestão do então presidente Paulo Nobre, e comandada pelo então coordenador Erasmo Damiani (e, mais tarde, por João Paulo Sampaio). A opinião foi corroborada pelo técnico Paulo Victor Gomes, pelo próprio Paulo Nobre, e pelo treinador do time profissional, Abel Ferreira. De acordo com o jornal O Globo, o fato do Palmeiras dispor de tecnologias para gerar novos talentos também contribuiu para o sucesso.

O alviverde paulista liderou as premiações individuais da Copinha. O atacante Ruan Ribeiro foi o artilheiro da competição com nove gols, enquanto o meia Patrick recebeu o prêmio de melhor jogador da final. Outro jogador que teve destaque foi o atacante Kevin, que foi eleito o craque do campeonato; ele afirmou projetar ser promovido ao elenco profissional, assim como Endrick, jogador também oriundo da base, campeão da Copinha em 2022. À Gazeta Esportiva, os três jogadores dividiram os méritos da conquista com o elenco.

O América foi, pelo segundo ano consecutivo, o clube mineiro a chegar mais longe na Copinha. Três dias após a final, a diretoria comunicou que o goleiro Cássio, o zagueiro Júlio, o lateral-direito Mateus Henrique, o meia Breno e os atacantes Adyson, Luan Campos e Renato Marques haviam sido promovidos para o elenco profissional; Breno e Cássio, inclusive, tiveram seus vínculos com o Coelho renovados até o fim de 2025. Por outro lado, o meia Theo, que tinha contrato até o dia 31 de janeiro de 2023, acabou não tendo seu vínculo renovado e deixou o clube. Para o portal ge, Luan Campos foi eleito um dos destaques do torneio; outros votados foram Renato Marques e Cássio.

2023
Partidas da Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras
Futebol de 2023 em São Paulo

Final da Copa São Paulo de Futebol Júnior de 2023


برج المتحدة هو برج تابع لشركة أبراج المتحدة القابضة افتتح في عام 2012م يتكون من 59 طابقاً ستخصص الأدوار العليا من البرج للمكاتب التجارية وللشركات الاستثمارية، بينما سيكون باقي البرج شققا سكنية، على أن تكون الأدوار الخمسة الأولى عبارة عن مجمع تجاري يضم العديد من الأسواق المختلفة و مواقف للسيارات.

محتويات المشروع

ستخصص الأدوار العليا في البرج للمكاتب التجارية والشركات الاستثمارية، بينما سيكون باقي البرج شققا سكنية راقية، بمواصفات وتشطيبات فاخرة، على أن تكون الأدوار الأولى عبارة عن مجمع تجاري يضم العديد من الأسواق المختلفة ومواقف للسيارات، تيسيراً على قاطني ومرتادي البرج.
كما يحتوي برج المتحدة على مركز لرجال الأعمال (Business Center)، ستقدم فيه جميع الخدمات المتميزة، كما يضم أيضاً مركزاً صحياً ورياضياً مزوداً بأحدث الأجهزة المختلفة (Health Club)، كما سيتم إدخال أحدث وأفضل نظام طوارئ من أجل سلامة رُواد البرج، الذي سيكون مدعوماً بأحدث وأرقى أساليب الخدمات، وتقنيات المعلومات الذكية العالمية والحديثة، من إنترنت واستقبال للقنوات التلفزيونية الفضائية لتوفير جميع وسائل الراحة.

المراجع

 مقال مكتوب بموقع الجريدة الكويتي.
 موقع معلومات مباشر

متحدة
مدينة الكويت

برج المتحدة


A field guide is a book designed to help the reader identify wildlife (flora or fauna or funga) or other objects of natural occurrence (e.g. rocks and minerals). It is generally designed to be brought into the "field" or local area where such objects exist to help distinguish between similar objects. Field guides are often designed to help users distinguish animals and plants that may be similar in appearance but are not necessarily closely related.

It will typically include a description of the objects covered, together with paintings or photographs and an index. More serious and scientific field identification books, including those intended for students, will probably include identification keys to assist with identification, but the publicly accessible field guide is more often a browsable picture guide organized by family, colour, shape, location or other descriptors.

History
Popular interests in identifying things in nature probably were strongest in bird and plant guides. Perhaps the first popular field guide to plants in the United States was the 1893 How to Know the Wildflowers by "Mrs. William Starr Dana" (Frances Theodora Parsons). In 1890, Florence Merriam published Birds Through an Opera-Glass, describing 70 common species.  Focused on living birds observed in the field, the book is considered the first in the tradition of modern, illustrated bird guides. In 1902, now writing as Florence Merriam Bailey (having married the zoologist Vernon Bailey), she published Handbook of Birds of the Western United States.  By contrast, the Handbook is designed as a comprehensive reference for the lab rather a portable book for the field. It was arranged by taxonomic order and had clear descriptions of species size, distribution, feeding, and nesting habits.

From this point into the 1930s, features of field guides were introduced by Chester A. Reed and others such as changing the size of the book to fit the pocket, including colour plates, and producing guides in uniform editions that covered subjects such as garden and woodland flowers, mushrooms, insects, and dogs.

In 1934, Roger Tory Peterson, using his fine skill as an artist, changed the way modern field guides approached identification. Using color plates with paintings of similar species together – and marked with arrows showing the differences – people could use his bird guide in the field to compare species quickly to make identification easier. This technique, the "Peterson Identification System", was used in most of Peterson's Field Guides from animal tracks to seashells and has been widely adopted by other publishers and authors as well.

Today, each field guide has its own range, focus and organization.  Specialist publishers such as Croom Helm, along with organisations like the Audubon Society,  the RSPB, the Field Studies Council, National Geographic, HarperCollins, and many others all produce quality field guides.

Principles

It is somewhat difficult to generalise about how field guides are intended to be used, because this varies from one guide to another, partly depending on how expert the targeted reader is expected to be.

For general public use, the main function of a field guide is to help the reader identify a bird, plant, rock, butterfly or other natural object down to at least the popular naming level. To this end some field guides employ simple keys and other techniques: the reader is usually encouraged to scan illustrations looking for a match, and to compare similar-looking choices using information on their differences. Guides are often designed to first lead readers to the appropriate section of the book, where the choices are not so overwhelming in number.

Guides for students often introduce the concept of identification keys. Plant field guides such as Newcomb's Wildflower Guide (which is limited in scope to the wildflowers of northeastern North America) frequently have an abbreviated key that helps limit the search. Insect guides tend to limit identification to Order or Family levels rather than individual species, due to their diversity.

Many taxa show variability and it is often difficult to capture the constant features using a small number of photographs. Illustrations by artists or post processing of photographs help in emphasising specific features needed to for reliable identification. Peterson introduced the idea of lines to point to these key features. This passage was written by his wife, Virginia Marie Peterson, in the preface to one of his field guides:

Field guides aid in improving the state of knowledge of various taxa. By making the knowledge of experienced museum specialists available to amateurs, they increase the gathering of information by amateurs from a wider geographic area and increasing the communication of these findings to the specialists.

Notes

References

External links
 Field Guides from the Encyclopedia of Life.

Biological literature
Natural history
Wild animals identification
Reference works

Field guide


عامر علي (25 ديسمبر 1977-) هو ممثل سوري.

حياته ومشواره المهني
ولد في مصياف، نشأ وترعرع في دمشق خريج المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية (دمشق) عام 2001، قدّم أول وقوف له أمام الكاميرا كان في المسلسل التاريخي «صلاح الدين الأيوبي» للمخرج حاتم علي، قدم عدد من الأعمال التاريخية المتتابعة، نظراً لما تميز به من مواصفات خاصة تاهله للتالق في هذه الادوار كالصوت القوي وإجادة اللغة العربية الفصحى، وركوب الخيل

أعماله

في التلفزيون
 (2001): صلاح الدين الأيوبي.
 (2002): هولاكو
 (2002): ردم الأساطير
 (2004): أبو الطيب المتنبي
 (2004):الطارق
 (2005): الظاهر بيبرس
 (2005): أبو زيد الهلالي
 (2005): نزار قباني
 (2005): الزيزفون
 (2007): عنترة بن شداد
 (2007): أسير الأنتقام
 (2007): رسائل الحب والحرب
 (2008): وحوش وسبايا
 (2008): الحصرم الشامي2
 (2009): صدق وعده
 (2009): الحصرم الشامي3
 (2009): سحابة صيف
 (2009): قاع المدينة
 (2010): سقوط الخلافة
 (2010): هي دنيتنا
 (2010): قيود الروح
 (2011): ملح الحياة
 (2012): أرواح عارية
 (2012): عمر
 (2013): قمر الشام
 (2013): خواتم
 (2014): الحب كله خماسية استعدادا للرحيل
 (2014): قمر شام
 (2015): خيبر
 (2015): فارس وخمس عوانس
 (2015): حرائر
 (2015): ضحايا خماسية التؤام
 (2016): عابرو الضباب
 (2016): مذنبون أبرياء
 (2016): صدر الباز
 (2016): مدرسة الحب (ثلاثية: لحظة صمت، نور العين، أسوار)
 (2017): بقعة ضوء 13
 *(2017): ع فرد مخدة
 (2018):وحدن
 (2018):روزنا
 (2019):حرملك
 (2019):نبض
 (2020):حرملك 2

في السينما
 (2008):حسيبة.
 (2010): رحاب.
 (2012): الموت حبا.
 (2013): مريم.
 (2015): روز.
 (2015): الأم.
 (2016): الأب.
 (2016): رد القضاء.
 (2017): على سطح دمشق.
 (2019): دم النخل.

في الدوبلاج
 صوت " حسان " المسلسل التركي " الغريب
 صوت أخ عاصي المسلسل التركي «عاصي»
 صوت البطل «سليم» المسلسل التركي «جنان»
 صوت «سنتياغو» المسلسل المكسيكي «دانيلا».

في المسرح
 (2018): وطني

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون وممثلات سوريون
مواليد 1398 هـ
مواليد 1977

عامر علي


Las Primarias del Partido Republicano de 2012 en Tennessee se hicieron el 6 de marzo de 2012 en el llamado Supermartes. Las Primarias del Partido Republicano fueron unas Primarias, con 58 delegados para elegir al candidato del partido Republicano para las elecciones presidenciales de Estados Unidos de 2012.  En el estado de Tennessee estaban en disputa 58 delegados.

Elecciones

Resultados

Véase también
 Primarias presidenciales del Partido Republicano de 2012

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Destino 2012 en Univision (en español)
 Calendario de las Primarias en Tennessee (en inglés)
 Primarias y Primarias en CNN (en inglés)
 Candidatos a las Primarias (en inglés)

2012
Tennessee


Signalet er en dansk propagandafilm fra 1951 instrueret af Svend Aage Lorentz efter eget manuskript.

Handling
Appel om at respektere advarselssignalet ved jernbaneoverskæringerne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Propagandafilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1951

Signalet (dokumentarfilm)


Die ursprünglich romanische Dorfkirche in Zittow ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Kirchengebäude in Zittow, einem Ortsteil der Gemeinde Leezen im Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Das Bauwerk gehört zur Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirchengemeinde Zittow-Retgendorf in der Propstei Wismar im Kirchenkreis Mecklenburg der Evangelisch-Lutherischen Kirche in Norddeutschland.

Geschichte

Das Kirchspiel Zittow (Zuttecowe, Zittekowe) wurde von 1211 bis 1220 im Rahmen der Besiedlung des Gebietes östlich des Schweriner Sees durch deutsche Einwanderer gegründet. 1251 hatte das Schweriner Domkapitel bedeutende Besitzrechte mit acht Hufen am Dorf Zittow und dessen See, den zwei dem Dom verpflichtete Fischer in seiner ganzen Ausdehnung befischten. 1286 wurde Domherr Simon als Pleban von Zittow genannt. Das Patronat der Kirche aber schenkte Gunzelin III., Graf von Schwerin, dem Domkapitel im fernen Riga.

Streit über Privilegien, Rechte und über das Patronat der Kirche gab es 1326 zwischen dem Grafen Nicolaus von Schwerin auf der einen und dem Bischof, Propst, Dekan und dem Kapitel auf der anderen Schweriner Seite. Die Zittower Verhältnisse konnten nach Jahren beigelegt werden. Der Erzbischof mit dem Domkapitel von Riga überließen erst 1520 das Patronat von Zittow dem Antoniterkloster Tempzin. 1587 hatte dann Herzog Christoph zu Gadebusch, Administrator des Stifts Ratzeburg das Patronat. Später sind die jeweiligen Gutsherren vom Nachbarort Cambs die Patronatsherren. Nach den von Lützow und von Stralendorff folgten die von Pentz und von Raben auf Raben Steinfeld.
1632 erwarb der Hof- und Kanzleirat bei Wallenstein, Henning von Halberstadt auf Cambs das Patronat, das 1650 an Oberst Helmuth von Plessen auf Cambs überging. Ab 1818 hatte die Familie Johann Peter Heinrich Diestel neben Cambs auch das Kirchenpatronat von Zittow. Bis 1889 besaßen die Familie Diestel elf Güter in der nähern Umgebung.

Cambs, Rampe, Brahlstorf, Leezen und Langen Brütz gehörten im Mittelalter sämtlich zum Kirchspiel Zittow.

Baugeschichte
Mit dem Kirchenbau wurde Mitte des 13. Jahrhunderts begonnen. Der Chor war schon 1261 unter Dach, doch das Langhaus war erst hundert Jahre später nutzbar.
Der hölzerne Vorgängerturm wurde während des Schwedisch-brandenburgischen Krieges im Jahre 1675 durch schwedische Truppen stark beschädigt. Erst 1698 wurde mit dem bestehenden quadratischen Westturm aus Backsteinen begonnen.

In der Nacht vom 28. zum 29. August 1810 schlug der Blitz in den Kirchturm ein und das Feuer vernichtete die Turmspitze, die Turmuhr, Teile des Glochenstühls, die Orgel und die Orgelempore. Auch die beiden Glocken waren zerschmolzen. Erst 1819 wurde der Turm durch Wariner Maurer und Zimmerleute, nun etwas niedriger, wieder aufgebaut und mit der alten Wetterfahne von 1699 bestückt. In der im Turmknopf eingelassenen Urkunde schreibt der damalige Pastor Hoeffler: Freylich ist der Turm nicht so schön wie er war, allein der Herr Patronus und ich waren der Meynung, dass es besser sey, Glocken, Uhr und Orgel wieder herzustellen, als alles Geld in die Luft zu baueun.

Bei den umfassenden Sicherungsmaßnahmen sowie Sanierungs- und Restaurierungsarbeiten seit 1990 an den Fassaden, dem Dach mit dem Dachstuhl und dem Turm der Kirche wurden bis 2002 auch im Innern der Fußboden erneuert, die Bänke neu gestaltet und mit einer Bankheizung versehen, die Empore nach historischen Befunden restauriert und der Altarraum nach der Farbfassung von 1230 ausgemalt.

Die feierliche Einweihung der Zittower Dorfkirche fand am 23. Juni 2002 statt.

Gebäude

Die Dorfkirche ist ein einschiffiger Feldsteinbau mit sorgfältig behauenen Eck- und Kantensteinen. Ältester Teil ist der aus lagenhaft versetzten Feldsteinen errichtete einjochige gewölbte Rechteckchor gleicher Breite von 1261 mit der Nordsakristei. Die Seitenwände haben Zwillingsfenster mit schrägen Laibungen und in der Ostwand des Chores befindet sich eine frühgotische Dreifenstergruppe aus schmalen gestaffelten Spitzbogenfenster. Darüber steht ein schlichter Blendengiebel aus Backstein.
Das gewölbte Langhaus, auch aus Feldsteinen, wurde erst 1361 fertiggestellt. Die Seitenfenster sind in jüngerer Zeit stark verändert worden, vermutlich während der Umbauten zwischen 1450 und 1460. Der damaligen Bautechnik bei Feldsteinkirchen geschuldet, wurden auch in Zittow die beiden äußeren Ostecken des Chors und die beiden Westecken des Kirchenschiffs nachträglich mit geböschten Stützpfeilern versehen. An der Nordseite entstand, ebenfalls in Feldstein, die Sakristei. Die südliche Vorhalle, die heute die schöne spitzbogige Priesterpforte mit dem für ihre Entstehungszeit typischen Kämpferband verdeckt, ist sicher spätgotischen Ursprungs, ihr Giebel ist über einen Zahnfries als horizontales Schmuckband mit einfachen Blenden gefüllt.

Beim Bau des Langhauses gab es wahrscheinlich eine Planänderung, denn sichtbar gebliebene Mauerverzahnungen lassen vermuten, dass ein breiter angelegtes Kirchenschiff geplant war. Tatsächlich ausgeführt wurde aber nur ein zweijochiger Bau in der Breite des Chores und in wesentlich schlichterem Feldsteinmauerwerk. Der Chor und das Langhaus haben ein Satteldach, das 1974 mit neuen Biberschwanzdachziegeln eingedeckt wurde. Vermutlich muss das Kirchendach bis ins 19. Jahrhundert mit Mönch-und-Nonnen-Ziegeln eingedeckt gewesen sein, denn um 1890 sollen sich an mehreren Stellen noch Mönchsziegel erhalten haben.

Der mächtige aus Backsteinen bestehende quadratische Westturm wurde nach dem Verlust des hölzernen Vorgängers von 1689 bis 1699 errichtet. Das frühbarocke Westportal mit ausdrucksvoller Rustikarahmung aus Quadern und Ziegeln im Wechsel, darüber die Inschriftentafel mit Stifterwappen datiert von 1689. Es sind die Wappen der Plessen, Oertzen, und Lepel. Die später beidseitig zugesetzten Ochsenaugen sind frühbarockes Formengut.

Der Kirchturm wurde 1810 von einem Blitz getroffen und das Feuer vernichtete den Turmaufbau, der wahrscheinlich höher und in Form einer doppelten Laterne ausgebildet war. 1819 hatte man den etwas aus der Achse gerückten dreigeschossigen Turm wieder hergerichtet und mit einem flachen Pyramidenhelm bekrönt.

Innenausstattung
Im Innern der Kirche sind sowohl der Chor als auch das Langhaus gewölbt, der Chor mit einem hoch ansteigenden Kreuzrippengewölbe aus der Bauzeit der Kirche, das Schiff mit zwei Kreuzgratgewölben vom Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts. Zuvor hatte das Schiff seit seiner Errichtung wahrscheinlich eine Flachdecke, wie die Reste einer mittelalterlichen Quaderbemalung an den jetzt über den Gewölben im Dachraum sichtbaren Partien der Seitenwände erkennen lassen.
Chor und Langhaus sind durch einen spitzbogigen Triumphbogen getrennt.

Nach dem Brand von 1810 sind wesentliche Teile der Ausstattung erneuert worden. 1832 wurde auf der Westseite des Langhauses die Empore eingebaut worden. 1913 erfolgte der Einbau einer Warmluftheizung. Dazu hatte man einen Schacht durch den Altarraum verlegt und die sich darunter befindende Krypta geöffnet. Die entnommenen Wappenschilder und Beschläge der einstigen Särge wurden danach zu Beleuchtungskörpern umgearbeitet.

Während der Erneuerung des Fußbodens im Chorraum hatte man im Winter 2002 die Krypta wieder geöffnet. Sie hat die Größe des Altarraumes und ist in der Mitte geteilt. In der nördlichen Raumhälfte wurde die Familie Helmuth von Plessen beigesetzt. Dieser Raum wurde in den Jahren zwischen 1685 und 1700 ausgemalt. Unter den in guter Qualität erhaltene Wand- und Deckenbemalungen sind auch ein Auferstehungsbild, mehrere Engelsköpfe und zahlreiche Schriften.

Mittelalterliche Ausmalung

Bei den restauratorischen Untersuchungen wurde 1986 festgestellt, dass die mittelalterlichen Bemalungen von Wänden und Gewölben in der zweiten Fassung aus der ersten Hälfte des 13. Jahrhunderts noch vollständig erhalten sind. Diese Fassung ist mit der ersten identisch und es wurden weitere Farbfassungen aus verschiedenen Jahrhunderten gefunden. Bei der 2000 bis 2002 durchgeführten Restaurierung wurden einige Schaufenster angelegt, die ursprüngliche Weihekreuze und Mariendarstellungen zeigen.

Gut erhaltene Wandmalereien des 17. Jahrhunderts konnten bei der Öffnung eine Krypta während der Fußbodenarbeiten gefunden werden.

Kanzel und Patronatsgestühl
Von den Prinzipalstücken der Ausstattung stammt die Kanzel aus dem Jahre 1669. Der Kanzelkorb ist mit den gemalten Wappen der adligen Patronatsfamilien und Bibelzitaten geschmückt und an seinem Gesims finden sich daneben kleine geschnitzte Maskenköpfe.
Die sechs aufgemalten Wappen gehören zu den von Lepel, von Oertzen, von Holstein, von Halberstadt und von Plessen. Mitglieder dieser Familien sind in der Kirche beigesetzt worden.

Auch das an der Chornordseite stehende, von Oberst Helmuth von Plessen gestiftete zweigeschossige Patronatsgestühl wurde 1669 eingebaut. Dessen Brüstungen sind ebenfalls mit reichen Renaissanceornament sowie mit Wappenmalereien und den Initialen der Adelsfamilien bedeckt. HE. V. H, I. V. H, HE. V. E, OL. V. OR, D. I. V. E, G. E. V. L. Die Namen sind: Henning von Halberstadt auf Cambs, Herzoglich Mecklenburgischer Geheimer Rat war mit Ilsabe von Holstein, der Tochter des Amtshauptmannes Henning von Holstein auf Ankershagen. Der Oberst und Chef eines Kaiserlichen Kürassier-Regiments, Helmuth von Plessen, seit 1635 vermählt mit Oelgard von Oertzen, der Tochter des Jasper von Oertzen auf Roggow, starb im Jahre 1694. Er war im schwedischen und französischen Sold und leistete drei Kaisern, Ferdinand II., Ferdinand III. und Leopold I. gute Kriegsdienste.
Ihm folgte als Besitzer von Cambs, Buchholz, Zittow und Brahlstorf, sein Sohn, der spätere Geh. Rath und Kammerpräsident Dietrich Joachim von Plessen, der seit 1697 mit Elenore Gertrud von Lepel, einer Tochter des Burchard Hartwig von Lepel auf Grambow, vermählt war. Zwischen dem Patronatsgestühl und Ostwand des Chores steht noch, aber kaum beachtet, ein mittelalterlicher Beichtstuhl.
Ein weiterer Patronatsstuhl steht jetzt an der gegenüberliegenden Südwand des Chores.

Epitaph
An der Südwand des Chores ließ Dietrich Joachim von Plessen 1711 ein sehr großes aus Holz geschnitztes, einst mit Wappen geschmücktes Epitaph für seine Eltern anbringen. Es handelt sich um den Oberst Helmuth von Plessen, Erbherrn auf Cambs und Buchholz, Zittow, Raben Steinfeld, Godern und Pinnow als Patron der Kirche und seine Gemahlin Oelgard von Plessen, geb. von Oertzen, die mit 76 Jahren 1711 gestorben war.
1939 wurde das Epitaph unter Mitwirkung des ehemaligen Pastors und Kirchenregierungsrat Edmund Albrecht zur Gedenktafel für die Gefallenen des Ersten Weltkrieges aus den Dörfern der Kirchgemeinde umgestaltet.

Vorhanden sind noch weitere vier Gedenktafeln, drei mit Inschriften von Kindern des Oberst Helmuth von Plessen. Eine für Helmuth von Plessen, geb. 3. Oktober 1666 in Cambs und dort am 13. Juni 1685 gestorben. Die andere für Eleonore von Plessen, geb. 24. März 1671 in Cambs, verh. am 17. Juni 1690 in Cambs mit dem Mecklenburgischen Hofmeister Ernst Christoph von Koppelow, gest. am 3. März 1691 in Zittow. Die dritte Gedenktafel ist für Ludwig Reimar von Plessen, geb. am 13. Juli 1674 in Cambs und dort gestorben am 13. Oktober 1691 und am 25. Oktober in der Kirche zu Zittow bestattet.

Altar
Der Altaraufsatz wurde 1832 vom Patron Johann Peter Heinrich Diestel gestiftet. Der mit neutestamentlichen Darstellungen auf einer hochaufgebauten Holzwand, die mit vorgesetzten Säulen in klassizierenden Stil geschmückt war, wurde 1901 wieder beseitigt. Von dem Altar von 1669 ist noch das an der nördlichen Längswand befestigte Kruzifix erhalten geblieben.
1901 wurde ein neues, von Maria Bloch aus Berlin gemaltes Altarbild mit einer Kreuzigungsszene aufgestellt. Die dort dargestellten Personen der Volksmenge tragen Gesichtszüge der Stifter und Patronen. Während der Neugestaltung des Altars 1930 wurde es entfernt und seit 1939 durch ein einfaches Altarkreuz ersetzt. Das Altarbild hängt jetzt im Turmraum.

Die reich verzierte Taufschale von Messing, eine Treibarbeit 1659, war ein Geschenk von Oelgard von Plessen geb. von Oertzen auf Roggow. Den Holzständer als Fünte gestaltete 1955 Franz Rädlein aus Dresden. Antependien in den liturgischen Farben für die Kanzel und den Altar wurden von 1963 bis 1965 angeschafft.

Orgel

Nachdem am 29. August 1810 durch Blitzschlag im Turm auch die Orgel beschädigt worden war, baute 1829 der Orgelbaumeister Friedrich Friese, damals noch in Parchim ansässig, eine neue Orgel (15 Register, ein Manual und ein angehängtes Pedal) unter Verwendung alter Teile und Register ganz im Stile des Barocks. Im Orgelbauvertrag war u. a. vermerkt: "Mit dem Herrn Orgelbauer Friese in Parchim haben wir unterschriebenen Patonus, Prediger und Kirchenjuraten folgenden Contract geschlossen, daß er für die hiesige Kirche eine ganz neue Orgel von 14 Stimmen, einem feyen Pedal und einem Clavier verfertige und in hiesiger Kirche aufstelle …alles dieses wird von dem Orgelbauer Herrn Friese auf Treu und Glauben verfertigt, die erforderlichen Materialien von uns und zugethan und er verspricht dieses Orgelwerk, wenn nicht eher, doch gewiß zu Johannis des Jahres 1829 fertig in die Kirche zu Zittow zu liefern, wozu ihm vier Wagen von hieraus zugesandt werden …"
Der Orgelprospekt ist in Empireform ausgeführt.

Zu Kriegszwecken wurden 1917 die im Prospekt stehenden Prinzipalpfeifen aus Zinn ausgebaut und sind 1919 nur notdürftig durch Zinkpfeifen ersetzt worden.

Während der umfassenden Renovierung der Orgel ab 1981 stellte man fest, dass die beiden Zungenstimmen ebenso wie Sesquialtera und Mixtur fehlten. Nach Jahren konnten durch die Orgelbaufirma Voigt aus Bad Liebenwerda die schadhaften Teile sachgerecht rekonstruiert und fehlende nach Originalvorbildern ersetzt werden.

Grabplatten
Grabplatte aus Sandstein für Johann von Barner aus Zaschendorf. Mit Auferstehungsrelief unter einem Rundbogen und je vier Wappenbildern an beiden Seiten, von denen nur noch das Bülow'sche und Plessen'sche zu erkennen sind. Der abgetretenen Inschrift lässt sich entnehmen, dass im Jahre 1606 Chim Berner und Hausfrau Anna Sperling diesen Stein ihrem seligen Vater Johann Be(a)rner haben legen lassen. Der Renaissancestein lag vor dem Altar und wurde 1930 an die Ostwand hinter dem Altar angebracht.

Grabstein für Pastor Dietrich Helmuth Joachim Sprengel, war in Zittow und Langen Brütz 38 Jahre lang Pastor und starb am 15. Januar 1792.

Glocken
Die Zittower Kirche hatte zwei Glocken, die beim Kirchturmbrand 1810 zerschmolzen sind. Mit der Errichtung eins neuen Pyramidendachhelms ließen 1819 der Patron Johann Peter Heinrich Diestel und der Pastor J. C. Höffler in Lübeck zwei neue Glocken gießen. Der Glockengießer ist unbekannt.

Auf der größeren Glocke von 1,19 Metern Durchmesser stand der lateinische Spruch: PRECES JUBEO. FESTUN ANNUNCIO. FUNERA PLANGO. Diese wurde 1914 zu Kriegszwecken eingeschmolzen. Die etwas kleinere, heute noch vorhandene Glocke von 1,05 Metern Durchmesser enthält in lateinischer Schrift die Mitteilung, dass beide Glocken im Jahre 1810 durch Blitzschlag vernichtet wurden: NOS CAMPANE. IGNE DISSOLVTAE 1810. RENOVATE 1819.

Einer Sage nach sollen die beiden Glocken von zwei adligen Damen gestiftet worden sein. Nach ihnen hießen sie Äulgatt und Susan, so berichtet zumindest die mündliche Überlieferung. Zu den beiden beim Blitzschlag 1810 zerstörten und geschmolzenen Glocken gehört folgende Sage: Im Juni waren Zittower Kinder zum Baden am Camser See. Als die beiden großen Steine, auf denen ihre Kleider lagen, sich bewegten und miteinander sprachen, liefen die Kinder nach Hause, um das Erlebte ihren Eltern zu erzählen. Als die Eltern vor den schnell herbeigeeilten Menschen die Kleider der Kinder von den Steinen nahmen, lagen darunter zwei wunderschöne Glocken. Sie waren an die Oberfläche des Cambser Sees gekommen und wollten sich sonnen. Ohne es zu ahnen, wurden sie von den Kindern am Zurückgehen gehindert. Ein reicher Zittower Bauer kam mit seinem Fuhrwerk und vier Pferden, um die Glocken aufzuladen. Se sall'n för de Riken gahn, sie sollen für die Reichen sein und kein Armer durfte Hand anlegen. Doch die Pferde wollten nicht, der Reiche fiel vom Wagen mit dem Kopf auf die Deichsel und war sofort tot. Inzwischen hatte sich ein armer Bauer mit seinen Ochsen am See eingefunden, spannte seine Ochsen vor das Fuhrwerk und rief: So, in Gotts Naam, vör arm un rik toglick So, in Gottes Namen, für arm und reich zugleich. Daraufhin ruckten die Ochsen an und zogen die Glocken zur Zittower Kirche, wo sie alsbald auf gehangen wurden und zur Freude aller Einwohner erklangen.

Pastoren
Namen und Jahreszahlen bezeichnen die nachweisbare Erwähnung als Pastor.

 erwähnt 1251 Domherr Simon
 erwähnt 1375 Rektor Johann von Stiten
 erwähnt 1446 Marquardus Mulsow
 1551–1587 Gerhard Piel
 1587–1616 Johann Knickenberg
 1617–1631 Heinrich Schomann
 1632–1638 Johann Koch
 1639–1666 Johannes Wolff (Joachim Wulf)
 1667–1702 Joachim Siggelkow
 1702–1726 Friedrich Wetzstein
 1730–1755 Thomas Matthias Sprengel
 1755–1792 Dietrich Helmuth Joachim Sprengel
 1792–1843 Johann C. Höffler
 1843–1863 Johann Penckow
 1864–1900 Heinrich Wolff
 1900–1927 Franz Karnin
 1927–1934 Edmund Albrecht
 1934–1943 Friedrich Seifert
 1945–1947 Roderich Mekler
 1947–1965 Alfred Rütz
 1965–2003 Hans Schliemann
 2003 aktuell Matthias Staak

Heutige Kirchengemeinde
Zittow mit Kirche gehört zur Kirchengemeinde Zittow-Retgendorf mit den Ortsteilen Ahrensboek, Alt Schlagsdorf, Brahlstorf, Buchholz mit Kirche, Flessenow, Holdorf, Karnin, Kleefeld, Langen Brütz mit Kirche, Neu Schlagsdorf, Leezen, Liessow, Panstorf, Rampe, Retgendorf mit Kirche, Rubow und Tessin.

Literatur
 Friedrich Schlie: Die Kunst- und Geschichts-Denkmäler des Grossherzogthums Mecklenburg-Schwerin. II. Band: Die Amtsgerichtsbezirke Wismar, Grevesmühlen, Rehna, Gadebusch und Schwerin. Schwerin 1898. (Neudruck 1992), ISBN 3-910179-06-1, S. 652–656.
 Friedrich Lisch: Die Kirche zu Zittow. MJB 14 (1856), S. 282, 283.
 Horst Ende: Dorfkirchen in Mecklenburg. Berlin 1978, S. 102, 150.
 Horst Ende: Die Denkmale des Kreises Schwerin. Schwerin 1985, S. 24.
 Horst Ende: Kirchen in Schwerin und Umgebung. Berlin 1989, ISBN 3-374-00840-2, S. 161–164, 195–196.
 Georg Dehio: Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. München, Berlin 2000, ISBN 3-422-03081-6, S. 731.
 ZEBI eV., START eV.: Dorf- und Stadtkirchen im Kirchenkreis Wismar-Schwerin. Bremen, Rostock 2001, ISBN 3-86108-753-7, S. 151–152.

Quellen

Gedruckte Quellen
 Mecklenburgisches Urkundenbuch (MUB)
 Mecklenburgische Jahrbücher (MJB)

Ungedruckte Quellen
 Landeshauptarchiv Schwerin (LHAS)
 LHAS 5.12-3/1 Mecklenburg-Schwerinsches Ministerium des Innern.
 LHAS 5.12-4/3 Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Domänen und Forsten, Abt. Siedlungsamt. Kreis Schwerin.
 LHAS 5.12-7/1 Mecklenburg-Schwerinsches Ministerium für Unterricht, Kunst, geistliche und Medizinalangelegenheiten.
 Nr. 4681 Küsterschule Zittow 1767–1903.
 Nr. 7862 Stelleneinkommen der Pfarre zu Zittow 1900–1921.
 Nr. 8260 Geistliche der Pfarre zu Zittow 1900–1921.
 Nr. 8730 Zittow, Die Pfarre, Stellenbesetzungen, Bauten und Friedhöfe 1925–1927.
 Landeskirchliches Archiv Schwerin (LKAS)
 LKAS, OKR Schwerin, Kirchenbücher Zittow 1660–1792, 1793–1859, 1860–1891.
 LKAS, OKR Schwerin, Specialia Abt. 4. Zittow
 Nr. 2, 3, Das Patronat über die Kirchen Zittow, Langen Brütz und die Kapelle zu Cambs, Ordnung und Vermögensverhältnisse, Vererbpachtungen von Ländereien 1836–1862, 1863–1929.
 Nr. 4, Kirchen und Schulwege von Rampe und Cambs nach Zittow 1832–1835.
 Nr. 8–10, Klagen des Pastors Sprengel und des Kirchenjuraten zu Zittow wider den Geheimrat von Moltzahn, Grafen von Plessen zu Ivenack auf Herausgabe der Kirchengelder, Obligationen, Rechnungen und sonstige Schriften der drei Kirchen Zittow, Cambs und Langen Brütz. 1764–1777, 1777–1778, 1779–1836.
 Nr. 11–14, Akten der Kommission in Sachen des Generalmajors von Plessen als Patron der Kirchen zu Zittow, Cambs und Langen Brütz wegen Untersuchung und Abhelfung der bei diesen Kirchen sich hervorgegebenen Unordnungen. 1769–1772, 1772–1773, 2773–1777, 1777–1802.
 Nr. 22, Gehaltsaufbesserungen der Pastoren Sprengel und Hoeffler in Zittow. 1773–1818.
 Nr. 31, Bitte des Predigers Sprengel zu Zittow um Konzession zum Zittower Torfstechen auf dem Ramper Moor. 1785.
 Nr. 33–35, Separation und Permution des Pfarr- und Küsterackers zu Zittow. 1807–1827, 1928–1942, 1943–1961.
 LKAS, OKR Scjwerin, Landessuperintendentur Schwerin, Specialia alt
 Nr. 415, 416, Zittow, Langen Brütz, Cambs und Zaschendorf, Bauten und Orgel 1836, 1857–1866.
 Nr. 419, Schulen und Anstellung der Lehrer 1832–1917.
 Nr. 767, Patronatsverhältnisse, Bauverpflichtungen des Gutes Cambs als Patron der Kirche zu Zittow. 1700-1937.
 LKAS, OKR Schwerin, Ämter und Kreise, Patronatsbauakten. Nr. 107, Kirchliche Bauten in Zittow. 1930–1949.
 LKAS, OKR Schwerin, Pfarr- und Dorfchroniken in Mecklenburg. Nr. 8, 100 Jahre Pfarrgeschichte Zittow, 1864 bis 1965 mit der Pfarrchronik für die Jahre 1947 bis 1965 von Rektor i. R. Dr. Alfred Rütz, 1968–1969.

Weblinks

 Geschichte und Fotos (abgerufen am 11. März 2012)

Siehe auch
 Liste der Baudenkmale in Leezen (Mecklenburg)

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude in Europa
Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Ludwigslust-Parchim
Kirchengebäude der Propstei Wismar
Feldsteinkirche
Erbaut in den 1230er Jahren
Dorfkirche Zittow
Dorfkirche Zittow
Zittow

Dorfkirche Zittow