The yeren (, "wild man") is a cryptid apeman reported to inhabit remote, mountainous regions of China, most famously in the Shennongjia Forestry District in the Hubei Province. Sightings of "hairy men" have remained constant since the Warring States Period circa 340 BCE through the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), before solidifying into the modern legend of the yeren. Generally, they are described as savage, strong, and fast-moving, living in mountain caves and descending only to raid villages in search of food or women.

Scientific interest in such apemen erupted in the 1950s and 60s in conjunction with pseudoscientific discoveries relating to Bigfoot and the yeti, but pressure by the Maoist government to leave behind these kinds of legends and folk stories repressed further interest in the yeren until its dissolution in 1976. Afterwards, large expeditions were launched by the Chinese Academy of Sciences to investigate alleged eyewitness accounts, footprints, hairs, and bodies as "yeren fever" took hold, with scientists working with an unprecedented reliance on citizen science. The yeren was often speculated to be a far removed human relative, such as Gigantopithecus or Paranthropus robustus. All forwarded evidence of the creature originated from known animals — namely bears, monkeys, and gibbons — and scientific interest waned by the late 1980s. Nonetheless, organized yeren research still persists, though no serious scientific institutions recognize such apemen.

The creature has become an artistic icon of wildness and nature, and was used in the wake of the Cultural Revolution to challenge sexually restrictive and egalitarian ideals, as well as to address deforestation and other environmental issues in China.

Antiquity
Oral traditions and literature of "wild men" () and similar creatures have persisted for millennia in Chinese folklore. Their oldest ostensible appearance in writing may lie in the Jiu Ge ("Nine Songs") by Qu Yuan who lived from 340 to 278 BCE in the state of Chu during the Warring States period. His 9th Song speaks of a "mountain spirit" (); these characters generally refer to a human figure. The mountain spirit has variously been interpreted as a humanlike creature clad in a fig leaf, a yaoguai (a demon), or an ogre. In 1982, Chinese paleoanthropologist Zhou Guoxing discovered a 2,000 year old lantern with an ornament apparently depicting a "hairy man" (), which similarly speaks to an ancient tradition surrounding wild men.

Written reports of "wildmen" become more frequent in the Tang dynasty (618–907 CE), though they are quite inconsistent in how visually human these creatures are. Other supposed early descriptions of hairy wildmen include:
The Yi Zhou Shu and Erya compiled in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE mention a fast-moving, long-haired creature using a character commonly translated as "baboon" () that supposedly ate people:

The Erya also mentions a creature using a character translated as "orangutan" (), an animal not native to China, or more generally "ape". In 139 BCE, Gao Yu described the xingxing in the Huainanzi as having the face of a human but the "body of a beast".
In 650 CE, Zhao Yanshou detailed a band of maoren who scaled a city wall.

On account of their "wild" nature, these creatures were often portrayed as lustful, capturing and raping villagers, the latter especially if the victim was female. Usually referred to as the jue (), these apemen purportedly lack females entirely and need to abduct and rape women to breed. The reverse is said for the "wild women" or "wild wives" () or sometimes xingxing, where they would abduct and sling men over their backs, carrying them up the mountain to wed.

The exact name "yeren" has typically been used in the mountains of the Shennongjia Forestry District in the Hubei Province, though the earliest written reports of the yeren are from Fang County  north of Shennongjia. In 1555, during the Qing dynasty, its local newspaper Fangxianzhi published a story about a group of yeren sheltering in nearby mountain caves which preyed on their dogs and chickens. In rural Hubei, the yeren were rumored to be the descendants of the runaway laborers conscripted to build the Great Wall of China. Other newspapers as well as Chinese natural history works, such as Li Shizhen's 1578 Compendium of Materia Medica, frequently mention yeren or similar apemen.

Description
Testimonies of the alleged creature typically agree the yeren walks upright and stands over  tall; is covered in tawny hair all over the body, especially long at the scalp; and has a face reminiscent of both an ape and a human. Other common descriptors include black-red hair, distended eyes, long arms hanging all the way down to the knees, and big feet. The yeren supposedly laughs when coming across a human.

Scientific interest

Mao era
Reported sightings of apemen increased during the 20th century, prompting small scientific investigations in the 1950s and 60s. The first such expeditions focused more on the yeti, a similar apeman cryptid from Tibet, funded by the Soviet Yeti Research Commission. The Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) headquartered in Beijing followed suit and included the yeti as part of its survey of Mount Everest in 1959. Prominent paleoanthropologist Pei Wenzhong communicated to Soviet colleagues a small collection of similar apeman reports across China. In 1962, another prominent paleoanthropologist, Wu Rukang, led an investigation of reports from the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture in the Yunnan Province, but dismissed them as a misidentified gibbon. Separately, Professor Mao Guangnian linked the yeti with the yeren. His interest in the topic began when he heard his colleague Wang Zelin's story of an apeman shot dead in 1940 while in the field on behalf of the Yellow River Water Control Committee.

During the Mao era (1949–1976) under chairman Mao Zedong, fervent government campaigns aimed to squash superstitious beliefs and to quell debates surrounding mysterious apemen. They believed stories of yeren, ghosts, and spirits would impair productivity, such as by scaring farmers from tending to their fields, and circulating such stories were sometimes punishable offenses. Scientific interest quickly dwindled and Guangnian became one of the only scientists researching the yeren. He used primarily recent scientific reports and ancient literature as opposed to contemporary eye witness accounts. Other scientists, such as Pei, ascribed apemen testimonies to scientific illiteracy and strong superstitious beliefs among villagers in these remote areas, though they remained supportive of further study. Guangnian, nonetheless, argued that, by studying yeren, he could replace superstitions with scientific fact. He speculated yeren are the source of Chinese ghost and spirit folklore, much like how manatees allegedly inspired some mermaid stories. Soviet historian Boris Porshnev suggested these apemen are a relict population of Neanderthals, but Guangnian believed the yeren were far too primitive, more likely a descendant of the giant Chinese ape Gigantopithecus.

Post-Mao "yeren fever"

In 1974, historian Li Jian, the vice secretary of the Prefectural Propaganda Department of Shennongjia recorded testimonies from locals regarding the yeren, the oldest occurring in 1945. This earned Li the nickname "The Minister of Yeren". His work attracted the attention of Liu Minzhuang, a professor at East China Normal University, as well as several IVPP scientists, in 1976. As the Mao Era ended on the downswing of the tumultuous Cultural Revolution, the taboo against superstitions diminished, and popular Western works regarding the yeti and the similar North American Bigfoot were translated into Chinese. Coupled with Li and Liu's work and increasing commercialization with newly wrought publishing freedoms, interest in apemen surged as "yeren fever" took hold. In subsequent years, Liu would become the most prominent worker on the yeren, earning the nickname "The Professor of Yeren".

In 1977, Zhou Guoxing along with military personnel, zoologists, biologists, and photographers launched a yeren expedition in Shennongjia on behalf of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (though the group size was probably counterproductive, generating too much noise). Subsequent expeditions comprising scientists, technicians, government officials, and local villagers collected alleged footprints, hair samples, and sightings of the yeren, published in scientific journals, pop science magazines, and newspapers. Yeren hunts effected an unprecedented involvement of untrained laypeople, and was by-and-large fueled by citizen science. In 1981, the China Wildman Research Society formed with the help of the famous Chinese paleoanthropologist Jia Lanpo, and offered a cash reward for a yeren body, ¥5,000 dead and ¥10,000 alive (at the time, $1,750 and $3,500).

Much like Guangnian, the majority of scientists worked to prove these apemen were undiscovered early offshoots of humanity rather than supernatural entities, while a minority maintained they were misidentified ordinary animals. The most popular candidates include a descendant of Gigantopithecus or an undiscovered Chinese variant of the African Paranthropus robustus (at the time considered to be gigantic like Gigantopithecus). Another notable hypothesis, though not the most popular among scientists, was that the yeren are a backwards and unevolved race of modern humans, often supported by racist comparisons with local ethnic minorities. In 1984, local Li Mingzhi, when detailing his yeren sighting, remarked that at first he, "thought it was a local Wa woman climbing the mountains to collect pig food." The yeren being a far removed human relative would have confirmed several popular Chinese theories of the time, which depended strongly on Marxism. Most notably is Friedrich Engels' concept of "labor created humanity", because, despite being bipedal with hands free to labor, the yeren did not organize into a laborious society and remained evolutionarily stagnant. It would also support the Out of Asia theory (that modern humans evolved in Asia) which was being overturned by the now-popular Out of Africa hypothesis. Consequently, hypothetical yeren society was often characterized using Marxist feminism, a polygynous and matriarchal one. Yeren were also sometimes ascribed feelings of love and familial bonding; for example, in 1976, a pregnant yeren was rumored to be searching for her "husband" in Shennongjia.

By the 1980s, whole books about the yeren were being published, and a substantial collection of such literature has since amassed. Some yeren hunters — generally men — dedicated their lives to the chase, leaving their families behind. In 1981, Li received funding by the Chinese Anthropological Society to found the Chinese Yeren Investigative Research Association. Four of their exhibitions that decade garnered audiences upwards of 400,000.

Conclusion

As all expeditions had failed to turn up convincing evidence, scientific interest plummeted by the late 1980s. Alleged bodies, hairs, and footprints actually came from various known animals, including humans, Himalayan brown bears, Tibetan blue bears, Asian black bears, macaques, goral, and serow. Purported "monkey boy" skulls, supposed evidence of yeren/human hybrids, actually belonged to fully human children who suffered spinocerebellar ataxia. Since they usually are reported to have occurred at a distance, eyewitnesses may have misidentified bears, gibbons, and monkeys. Additionally, many eyewitness accounts were likely completely fabricated or embellished.

Following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, the government began constricting private organizations and discouraged the ideas and observations of lay peoples (including on scientific matters). Concurring with this trend, in 1994, Li's Yeren Association was subsumed by the China Association for Science and Technology (though it is largely funded by members instead of governments), and was renamed the Strange and Rare Animals Exploration and Investigation Committee. Further study is still not ubiquitously reproved in Chinese academic circles, though mainstream academia does not consider the yeren to be real. One of the only academics left attempting to prove the creature's existence is American anthropologist Jeffrey Meldrum.

In popular culture
Owing to their mysterious yet humanlike atmosphere, the yeren became a popular symbol in fiction writing of wildness and savagery. Kidnapping stories from antiquity have inspired modern, though usually far less graphic, imaginative retellings. Among the more popular was Song Youxing's A Yeren Seeks a Mate which erotically described an attractive female yeren with big breasts and long hair, as such a subject is often portrayed both in literature and by eyewitnesses. It was particularly significant as the yeren was described as a loving wife (to an abducted husband) and mother, and the story juggles feminine sexuality with traditional family values, concepts under much discussion and evolution subsequent to the egalitarian and sexually conservative Mao Era. Ascribing such qualities to a normally savage subject makes for easy contrast with "civilized" people with differing values, popular in the midst of the "primitivism" trend of the 1970s and 80s in China, which celebrated "primitive" ethnic minorities. In Post-Mao China, the yeren became an ideal of humanity in its natural state, untainted by the malices and vices of civilization, especially in reference to the humanitarian crises of the Cultural Revolution.

Alongside the giant panda, the yeren was also used to spotlight environmental issues in China in the 1970s and 80s, specifically widespread deforestation which many researchers were worried would lead to the extinction of the yeren before it could be discovered. "Yeren fever" may have been at play, among many other factors, in the establishment of the Shennongjia National Nature Reserve in 1983.

Hubei capitalizes on the creature's infamy to attract tourists to remote villages within the province. A statue depicting a female yeren and her child exists within the nature preserve, serving as another popular tourist attraction.

See also
 Almas
 Bigfoot
 Hibagon
 Orang Mawas
 Orang Pendek
 Skunk ape

References

Further reading

Chinese folklore
Chinese legendary creatures
Hominid cryptids
Forest spirits

Yeren


Mutschach ist ein Gemeindeteil der Großen Kreisstadt Dinkelsbühl im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Die Einöde liegt am Mutschachgraben, ein linker Zufluss der Wörnitz, der dort zwei Weiher speist. Der Ort ist von Wald umgeben. Im Süden heißt das Waldgebiet Tigertwald. Die Staatsstraße 2220 führt nach Dinkelsbühl zur B 25 (1,9 km südwestlich) bzw. nach Witzmannsmühle (5,6 km nordöstlich).

Geschichte
Mutschach wurde früher auch Pulvermühle oder Muntschi oder Mutschacheröhlmühl genannt.

Die Fraisch über die Mutschach war strittig zwischen dem ansbachischen Oberamt Feuchtwangen, dem oettingen-spielbergischen Oberamt Dürrwangen und der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl. Die Grundherrschaft des Anwesens hatte die katholische Kirchenpflege der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Wassertrüdingen.

Im Jahr 1809 wurde Mutschach infolge des Gemeindeedikts dem Steuerdistrikt und der Munizipalgemeinde Dinkelsbühl zugeordnet.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und war ursprünglich nach St. Wendelin (Lehengütingen) gepfarrt, seit der ersten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts ist die Pfarrei St. Paul (Dinkelsbühl) zuständig. Die Katholiken sind nach St. Georg (Dinkelsbühl) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Dinkelsbühl)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung

Mutschach


Kızılay şu anlamlara gelebilir;

Kişiler
Abdurrahman Kızılay - Kerkük'lü bir Türk Halk Müziği sanatçısı
Furkan Kızılay - Türk sinema ve dizi film oyuncusu

Kurum ve şirket
 Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Kızılayı, Kuzey Kıbrıs'taki bir yardım kurumu
 Türk Kızılay, Türkiye'deki bir yardım kurumu
Kızılay Maden Suyu, Türk Kızılayına bağlı ve kaynağı Gazlıgöl'de olan maden suyu
 Uluslararası Kızılhaç ve Kızılay Hareketi

Yer
 Kızılay, Çankaya, Ankara ili semti
 Kızılay Meydanı, Ankara'da bulunan bir meydan
 15 Temmuz Kızılay Millî İrade (Ankara metrosu), Ankara'da bulunan bir metro istasyonu

Kızılay


La Ruta de Rhode Island 104, y abreviada R.I. 104 (en inglés: Rhode Island Route 104) es una carretera estatal estadounidense ubicada en el estado de Rhode Island. La carretera inicia en el Sur desde la  hacia el Norte en la Worrall Street en Woonsocket. La carretera tiene una longitud de 24 km (14.9 mi).

Mantenimiento
Al igual que las autopistas interestatales, y las rutas federales y el resto de carreteras estatales, la Ruta de Rhode Island 104 es administrada y mantenida por el Departamento de Transporte de Rhode Island por sus siglas en inglés RIDOT.

Cruces
La Ruta de Rhode Island 104 es atravesada principalmente por la  en Smithfield en North Smithfield en North Smithfield en North Smithfield.

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Página oficial de RIDOT

 Lista de Autopistas por estado
 Lista de sitios web de carreteras para cada estado

Carreteras estatales de Rhode Island
Condado de Providence

Ruta de Rhode Island 104


N. C. Karunya (Telugu: కారుణ్య, Hindi: कारुण्य; n. 1 de marzo de 1986, Hyderabad), es un famoso cantante y productor indio. Fue finalista en un popular programa llamado  Indian Idol (Season 2) difundido por Sony Entertainment de Televisión.

Biografía
Karunya nació el 1 de marzo de 1986 en la ciudad de Hyderabad, perteneciente de una familia de cantantes de música clásica.] A pesar de que ha estado en formación de sus tíos y tías paternos desde la edad de los cuatro años se dedicó a la música de Carnatic, comenzó su entrenamiento intensivo bajo su tauji N. C. Murthy, a la edad de 14 años. Sus estudios y una primera incursión en la música sus especialistas fueron Brahm Prakash DAV y Kanchan Bagh. Mientras que en la escuela, solía cantar canciones devocionales Durante la reunión de la mañana. Hizo su licenciatura en Ingeniería Electrónica y Comunicaciones.

Discografía
Interpretó temas musicales de playback para las siguientes películas como: Lage Raho Munnabhai, Ashok, Kantri, Shakti, Teenmaar, Chirutha, Orange, Sainikudu, Khaleja, Chandamama, Arundhati, Maryada Ramanna, Seema Sastry, Siddu from Sikakulam, Seema Tapakai, Dubai Seenu, Andari Bandhuvaya,Baladoorand Brahmigadi kadha.

Premios
 Ganó el premio a la Mejor Bharathamuni Cantante Masculino de reproducción Debut.
 Ganó el premio Vamsi-Berkeley a la mejor cantante de reproducción masculino.
 Ganó el premio Nandi del Gobierno de la AP para una canción cantada por el teleserialMelukolupu.
 Además, fue distinguido como la "Estrella Naciente jóvenes de la India" por el Subsecretario General de las Naciones Unidas Tharoor, Shashi en Nueva York.
 Además, fue distinguido como "uno de los talentos poco comunes de la Industria de la música india" por la prestigiosa organización IANT de Dallas.
 Recibió Santosham revista de cine "Mejor Cantante Playback Masculino del Año 2007 'por su canción enChirutha.
 Fue nominado en el "Mejor Cantante Masculino de reproducción" en los premios Filmfare 56o por su canción "Andamaina Kalala" de la películaBaladoor.
 Ganó el "Mejor cantante plaback masculino del año" premio en la Gran Baja Zune premios llevada a cabo por 92.7 FM BIG en asociación con la ETV por su canción "Sydney" de "Orange".
 Ganó el premio Filmfare a la "Mejor cantante masculino de reproducción-telugu" en la 58 ª Filmfare al sur premios por su canción "Sada Siva" de "Khaleja"
 Ganó el premio Santosham en el "Mejor cantante masculino-2010 reproducción de" categoría de nuevo por su canción "Sada Siva" de "Khaleja"

Nacidos en Hyderabad (India)
Cantantes masculinos de India

N. C. Karunya


واحد صفر  هو فيلم مصري من إنتاج عام 2009، من تأليف مريم نعوم، وإخراج كاملة أبو ذكري.

ملخص الأحداث
تدور أحداث هذا الفيلم في إطار درامي لسبعة شخصيات مختلفة منها سيدة تبحث عن حياتها من جديد من خلال طلاق معلق في المحاكم وتحدث هذه الأحداث كلها في يوم المباراة النهائية لمصر مع الكاميرون بكأس الأمم الإفريقية في غانا 2008، وتتوالى الأحداث.

الشخصيات

روابط خارجية

المصادر

 صفحة الفيلم في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

أفلام أحمد الفيشاوي
أفلام إلهام شاهين
أفلام إنتاج 2009
أفلام لطفي لبيب
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2009
أفلام نيللي كريم
أفلام حسين الإمام

واحد صفر (فيلم)


Neuses ist ein Gemeindeteil des Marktes Dürrwangen im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Das Dorf liegt in einer Waldlichtung. Im Südwesten liegt der Lichtenschlag, im Norden der Frickinger Wald, im Osten der Eichelgarten und im Südosten das Rappenholz. Im Ort entspringt der Rappengraben, der 1,5 km weiter östlich als rechter Zufluss in das Hühnerbächlein mündet, einen rechten Zufluss der Sulzach. Unmittelbar südöstlich grenzt das Flurgebiet Mauspoint an.

Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt über den Goschenhof zur Kreisstraße AN 42 bei Flinsberg (0,9 km nördlich) bzw. zu einer Gemeindeverbindungsstraße (2,1 km südlich) zwischen Hopfengarten und Dinkelsbühl. Weitere Gemeindeverbindungsstraßen führen nach Hellenbach (2,3 km südwestlich) und nach Hopfengarten (1,2 km südlich).

Geschichte
Die Fraisch über Neuses war umstritten. Sie wurde vom ansbachischen Oberamt Wassertrüdingen, vom oettingen-spielbergischen Oberamt Dürrwangen und von der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl beansprucht. Die Dorf- und Gemeindeherrschaft sowie die Grundherrschaft über alle Anwesen hatte die Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl. 1732 bestand der Ort aus 8 Anwesen und 1 Gemeindehirtenhaus. Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts gab es 10 Anwesen, allesamt dinkelsbühlisch (evangelische Kirchenpflege: 1 Gut; Hintere-Stuben-Pflege: 2 halbe Gütlein; katholische Kirchenpflege: 1 Gut; Siechenpflege: 4 halbe Hofgüter, 2 halbe Güter) und ein Gemeindehirtenhaus. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

1806 kam Neuses an das Königreich Bayern. Infolge des Gemeindeedikts wurde Neuses 1809 dem Steuerdistrikt Schopfloch und der Ruralgemeinde Lehengütingen zugeordnet. Mit dem Zweiten Gemeindeedikt (1818) entstand die Ruralgemeinde Neuses, zu der Flinsberg und Goschenhof gehörten. Sie war in Verwaltung und Gerichtsbarkeit dem Landgericht Dinkelsbühl zugeordnet und in der Finanzverwaltung dem Rentamt Dinkelsbühl (1919 in Finanzamt Dinkelsbühl umbenannt, seit 1973 Finanzamt Ansbach). Die Verwaltung übernahm 1862 das neu geschaffene Bezirksamt Dinkelsbühl (1939 in Landkreis Dinkelsbühl umbenannt). Die Gerichtsbarkeit blieb beim Landgericht Dinkelsbühl (1879 in das Amtsgericht Dinkelsbühl umgewandelt, das seit 1973 eine Zweigstelle des Amtsgerichtes Ansbach ist). Mit der Auflösung des Landkreises Dinkelsbühl im Jahr 1972 kam Neuses an den Landkreis Ansbach. Die Gemeinde hatte 1961 eine Gebietsfläche von 3,170 km². Im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde diese am 1. Januar 1971 nach Dürrwangen eingemeindet.

Einwohnerentwicklung
Gemeinde Neuses

Ort Neuses

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Wendelin (Lehengütingen) gepfarrt. Die Katholiken sind nach Maria Immaculata (Dürrwangen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Dürrwangen)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Ansbach)
Gemeindegründung 1818
Gemeindeauflösung 1970
Dorf

Neuses (Dürrwangen)


Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system via afferent nerve fibers. This information can be processed by the brain as proprioception. The responses of muscle spindles to changes in length also play an important role in regulating the contraction of muscles, for example, by activating motor neurons via the stretch reflex to resist muscle stretch.

The muscle spindle has both sensory and motor components.
 Sensory information conveyed by primary type Ia sensory fibers which spiral around muscle fibres within the spindle, and secondary type II sensory fibers
 Activation of muscle fibres within the spindle by up to a dozen gamma motor neurons and to a lesser extent by one or two beta motor neurons

Structure
Muscle spindles are found within the belly of a skeletal muscle. Muscle spindles are fusiform (spindle-shaped), and the specialized fibers that make up the muscle spindle are called intrafusal muscle fibers. The regular muscle fibers outside of the spindle are called extrafusal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles have a capsule of connective tissue, and run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers.

Composition
Muscle spindles are composed of 5-14 muscle fibers, of which there are three types: dynamic nuclear bag fibers (bag1 fibers), static nuclear bag fibers (bag2 fibers), and nuclear chain fibers.

Primary type Ia sensory fibers (large diameter) spiral around all intrafusal muscle fibres, ending near the middle of each fibre.
Secondary type II sensory fibers (medium diameter) end adjacent to the central regions of the static bag and chain fibres.
These fibres send information by stretch-sensitive mechanically-gated ion-channels of the axons.

The motor part of the spindle is provided by motor neurons: up to a dozen gamma motor neurons also known as fusimotor neurons. These activate the muscle fibres within the spindle. Gamma motor neurons supply only muscle fibres within the spindle, whereas beta motor neurons supply muscle fibres both within and outside of the spindle. Activation of the neurons causes a contraction and stiffening of the end parts of the muscle spindle muscle fibers.

Fusimotor neurons are classified as static or dynamic according to the type of muscle fibers they innervate and their effects on the responses of the Ia and II sensory neurons innervating the central, non-contractile part of the muscle spindle.
 The static axons innervate the chain or static bag2 fibers. They increase the firing rate of Ia and II afferents at a given muscle length (see schematic of fusimotor action below).
 The dynamic axons innervate the bag1 intrafusal muscle fibers. They increase the stretch-sensitivity of the Ia afferents by stiffening the bag1 intrafusal fibers.

Efferent nerve fibers of gamma motor neurons also terminate in muscle spindles; they make synapses at either or both of the ends of the intrafusal muscle fibers and regulate the sensitivity of the sensory afferents, which are located in the non-contractile central (equatorial) region.

Function

Stretch reflex
When a muscle is stretched, primary type Ia sensory fibers of the muscle spindle respond to both changes in muscle length and velocity and transmit this activity to the spinal cord in the form of changes in the rate of action potentials. Likewise, secondary type II sensory fibers  respond to muscle length changes (but with a smaller velocity-sensitive component) and transmit this signal to the spinal cord. The Ia afferent signals are transmitted monosynaptically to many alpha motor neurons of the receptor-bearing muscle. The reflexly evoked activity in the alpha motor neurons is then transmitted via their efferent axons to the extrafusal fibers of the muscle, which generate force and thereby resist the stretch.  The Ia afferent signal is also transmitted polysynaptically through interneurons (Ia inhibitory interneurons), which inhibit alpha motorneurons of antagonist muscles, causing them to relax.

Sensitivity modification
The function of the gamma motor neurons is not to supplement the force of muscle contraction provided by the extrafusal fibers, but to modify the sensitivity of the muscle spindle sensory afferents to stretch.  Upon release of acetylcholine by the active gamma motor neuron, the end portions of the intrafusal muscle fibers contract, thus elongating the non-contractile central portions (see "fusimotor action" schematic below).  This opens stretch-sensitive ion channels of the sensory endings, leading to an influx of sodium ions.  This raises the resting potential of the endings, thereby increasing the probability of action potential firing, thus increasing the stretch-sensitivity of the muscle spindle afferents.

How does the central nervous system control gamma fusimotor neurons?  It has been difficult to record from gamma motor neurons during normal movement because they have very small axons. Several theories have been proposed, based on recordings from spindle afferents.
1) Alpha-gamma coactivation.  Here it is posited that gamma motor neurons are activated in parallel with alpha motor neurons to maintain the firing of spindle afferents when the extrafusal muscles shorten.
2) Fusimotor set: Gamma motor neurons are activated according to the novelty or difficulty of a task.  Whereas static gamma motor neurons are continuously active during routine movements such as locomotion, dynamic gamma motorneurons tend to be activated more during difficult tasks, increasing Ia stretch-sensitivity.
3) Fusimotor template of intended movement.  Static gamma activity is a "temporal template" of the expected shortening and lengthening of the receptor-bearing muscle.  Dynamic gamma activity turns on and off abruptly, sensitizing spindle afferents to the onset of muscle lengthening and departures from the intended movement trajectory.
4) Goal-directed preparatory control.  Dynamic gamma activity is adjusted proactively during movement preparation in order to facilitate execution of the planned action. For example, if the intended movement direction is associated with stretch of the spindle-bearing muscle, Ia afferent and stretch reflex sensitivity from this muscle is reduced. Gamma fusimotor control therefore allows for the independent preparatory tuning of muscle stiffness according to task goals.

Development
It is also believed that muscle spindles play a critical role in sensorimotor development.

Clinical significance
After stroke or spinal cord injury in humans, spastic hypertonia (spastic paralysis) often develops, whereby the stretch reflex in flexor muscles of the arms and extensor muscles of the legs is overly sensitive.  This results in abnormal postures, stiffness and contractures. Hypertonia may be the result of over-sensitivity of alpha motor neurons and interneurons to the Ia and II afferent signals.

Additional images

Notes

References

External links

Sensory systems

Muscle spindle


Robert Poore Haythorne (2 December 1815 – 7 May 1891) was a Prince Edward Island politician and premier. He was born in England to a prominent family, his father having been mayor of Bristol on several occasions.

Haythorne arrived in Prince Edward Island at the age of 25 and, with his brother, acquired ownership of 10,000 ac (4,000 ha)  of land. When the land question became a major issue in the 1860s Haythorne who had been a progressive farmer and a reformer decided to sell his land to his tenants for $2.00/ac ($4.94/ha). His former tenants asked him to run for a seat on the legislative council (which was by then an elected body) in 1867 and he did so winning the seat as a Liberal. Haythorne joined the Liberal government of George Coles and became Premier in 1869 after Coles retired and his successor, Joseph Hensley accepted a judicial appointment.

Politically, Haythorne became skeptical of Canadian confederation and his government rejected pressure by the British to join Canada because he didn't see confederation as offering a solution to the land question. He favoured reciprocity with the United States as an alternative. Haythorne's majority in the legislature was cut to only four seats as a result of the 1870 election. The issue of school funding divided his government, Haythorne supported funding of separate schools leading to the resignation of several of his ministers and the fall of his government in the fall of 1870.

James Colledge Pope formed a coalition government with dissidents from Haythorne's Liberal party but Pope's government fell in 1872 when its railway policy almost bankrupted the colony. Haythorne's Liberals returned to power but had to commit to a promise to extend the railway to both ends of the island, a project with the colony could not afford. The financial situation forced Haythorne's government to send a delegation to Ottawa in February 1873 and seek terms for admission to Canadian confederation which would see the completion of the railway and the Canadian government assume the island's debts. Haythorne reached favourable terms including the taking over of the railway by the federal government, the assumption of the colonial debt, an $800,000 payment for the acquisition of proprietary lands in order to settle the land question by allowing land reform, and a promise of continuous steam communication with the mainland.

Haythorne had the legislature dissolved and ran an election on the terms of union with Canada. His Conservative rival, John Colledge Pope, outmanoeuvered Haythorne during the campaign, however, by promising that he could get even better terms. Pope's Tories were elected in April, persuaded Ottawa to increase the promised annual federal subsidy to the island by $25,000 and led the island into confederation on July 1, 1873.

Haythorne was named to the Senate of Canada in October 1873 where he supported free trade with the United States and was an active supporter of the federal Liberal party. He remained a Senator until his death in 1891.

External links

Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online

1815 births
1891 deaths
English emigrants to pre-Confederation Prince Edward Island
Canadian Anglicans
Canadian senators from Prince Edward Island
Liberal Party of Canada senators
Premiers of Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party MLAs
Prince Edward Island Liberal Party leaders
Colony of Prince Edward Island people

Robert Haythorne


Bitlis (Osmanlıca: بدليس Bidlis Kürtçe: Bedlîs,  Bağeş veya Bağağeş), Bitlis ilinin merkezi olan şehirdir. Merkez ilçeye bağlı üç bucak vardır. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer alan Bitlis'i, güneyden Siirt, batıdan Muş, kuzeyden Ağrı illeri ve doğudan Van Gölü çevreler. Bitlis, Kaleleri ve İslam eserleriyle önemli bir ildir. Bitlis merkez ilçe Sosyo-ekonomik gelişmişlik indeksinde Türkiye genelinde 359, il genelinde 1. sıradadır.

Tarihçe
Tarihçiler Bitlis tarihini değişik zamanlardan başlatmaktadırlar. 5000 yıllık, 7000 yıllık tarih gibi. Gerçekte Bitlis tarihi Neolotik Çağ dediğimiz Yenitaş dönemine kadar uzanmaktadır. Bitlis ve yöresinin yazılı tarih öncesi oldukça karanlıktır. En önemli nedenleri yüzeydeki buluntuların az olması ve bugüne kadar gerçekçi bir arkeolojik çalışma yapılmamasıdır. Bitlis ili sınırları içerisinde bulunan Süphan ve Nemrut Dağı dağlarındaki obsidyen (doğal cam yatakları), doğrudan olmasa bile dolaylı olarak bu yöre tarihinin Neolitik dönemine kadar çıktığını göstermektedir. Obsidyen yataklarından elde edilen doğal camın yontucu, kesici, kazıyıcı olarak çevredeki yerleşim yerlerinde kullanıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Yine yapılan çalışmalar sonucunda o döneme ait ticaret yolu Van Gölü'nün doğusundan güneye (bugünkü Van ili sınırları içerisinde bulunan Kalkolitik – Maden Dönemi – yerleşme alanı olan Tilkitepe), batıda ise Diyarbakır il sınırlarına (Ergani yakınındaki çanak-çömleksiz bir Neolitik yerleşme yeri olan Çayönü) dek uzanmaktadır.

Coğrafya
Bitlis geneli dağlar ve platolardan oluşmaktadır. Bu nedenle hayvancılığa daha elverişli bir kenttir. Karasal iklimi ise sert bir şekilde yaşadığından palmiye benzeri geniş yapraklı ağaçlar burada yetişemezler.

Kültür

Tarihi Yapılar

Kaleler

 Tatvan Kalesi
 Ahlat Kalesi
 Adilcevaz Kalesi
 Bitlis Kalesi
 Kef Kalesi

Camiler

 Ulu Cami-Bitlis
 Gökmeydan Cami
 Şerefiye Külliyesi Ve Cami
 Adilcevaz Tuğrul Bey Cami
 Ahlat İskender Paşa Cami

Medreseler

 İhlasiye Medresesi
 Yusufiye Medresesi

Tarihi Köprüler

 Narlıdere Köprüsü
 Ahlat Emir Bayındır Köprüsü

Hanlar

 El Aman Hanı
 Hazo Han
 Papşin Hanı

Türbeler

 Emir Bayındır Kümbeti
 Emir Ali Kümbeti
 Usta Şagirt Kümbeti
 Çifte Kümbet
 Abdurrahman Gazi Türbesi
 Şeyh Babo Kümbeti
 Küfrevi Türbesi
 Kalender Baba Kümbeti

Müze ve Ören Yeri

 Bitlis Etnografya Müzesi
 Ahlat Müzesi
 Ahlat Selçuklu Mezarlığı
 Ahlat Harabeşehir Kaya Evleri
 Aghperig Manastırı

Eğitim
Bitlis'te Bitlis Eren Üniversitesi adında bir üniversite bulunmaktadır. 17 lise, 34 ortaokul ve 84 ilkokul bulunmaktadır.

Ekonomi

Nüfus

Yerel yönetim

2014 yerel yönetim seçimlerini BDP'nin adayı Hüseyin Olan kazandı. 26 Kasım 2016 tarihinde İçişleri Bakanlığınca görevden uzaklaştırılan Bitlis Belediye Başkanı Hüseyin Olan'ın yerine, 27 Kasım'da Bitlis Valisi olan Ahmet Çınar başkanvekili olarak atandı.

Kardeş şehir
  Isparta Türkiye
  İstanbul Türkiye
  Bursa Türkiye
  Konya, Türkiye
  Samsun, Türkiye (2017)

Galeri

Ayrıca bakınız
Harkuşta

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Bitlis Valiliği
 Bitlis Belediyesi
 Bitlis Haber

Bitlis


Türkiye'nin Kemikli Balıkları: Türkiye faunası'na ait kemiklibalıklar (Osteichthyes) türleri.

 (T) Nesli tehlikedeki türler
 (E) Endemik türler
 (A) Av balıkları
 (Y) Yabancı türler

Sazanımsılar (Cypriniformes)

Sazangiller (Cyprinidae)

 Çapak balığı (Abramis brama)
 İnci balığı (Acanthalburnus microlepis) (A)
 Tahta balığı (Acanthobrama marmid)
 Tahta balığı (Acanthobrama mirabillis)
 Pseudophoxinus maeandricus
 Noktalı inci balığı (Alburnoides bipunctatus)
 İnci balığı (Alburnus albidus) (A)
 İnci balığı (Alburnus alburnus) (A)
 İnci balığı (Alburnus akili) (A)
 İnci balığı (Alburnus filippii) (A)
 Alburnus charusini (A)
 Alburnus coeruleus (A)
 İnci balığı (Alburnus heckeli) (A)
 İnci balığı (Alburnus orontis) (A)
 Kocaağız balığı (Aspius aspius)
 Sis balığı (Aspius vorax)
 Bıyıklı balık (Barbus capito) (A)
 Barbus esocinus
 Murza balığı (Barbus mursa)
 Murza balığı (Barbus plebejus)
 Bıyıklı balık (Barbus rajanorum) (A)
 Bıyıklı balık (Barbus subquineuneiatus) (A)
 Maya balığı (Barbus xanthopterus)
 Barilius mesopotamicus
 Tahta balığı (Blicca bjoerkna)
 Kara balık (Capoeta antalyensis)
 Siraz balığı (Capoeta barroisi)
 Siraz balığı (Capoeta capoeta)
 Eğirdir siraz balığı (Capoeta pestai) (E) (T)
 Siraz balığı (Capoeta tinca)
 Lekeki siraz balığı (Capoeta trutta)
 Carasobarbus luteus
 Havuz balığı (Carassius carassius)
 Japon balığı (Carassius auratus)
 Tatlısu kolyoz balığı (Chalcalburnus chacloides)
 Gümüş balığı (Chalcalburnus mossulensis)
 Gümüş balığı (Chalcalburnus sellal)
 İnci kefali (Alburnus tarichi) (E) (A)
 Karaburun balığı(Chondrostoma colchicum)
 Karaburun balığı(Chondrostoma cyri)
 Karaburun balığı(Chondrostoma nasus)
 Karaburun balığı(Chondrostoma regium)
 Cyprinion macrostomus
 Cyprinion tenuiradius
 Sazan (Cyprinus carpio) (A)
 Yapışkan Balık (Garra variabilis)
 Yağlıbalık (Garra rufa )
 Dere kaya balığı (Gobio gobio )
 Yağlıca(Gobio microlepidotus)
 Dere kaya balığı (Gobio hettitorum) (T) (E)
 Dere kaya balığı (Gobio persus)
 Hemigrammocapoeta kemali
 Hemigrammocapoeta sauvagei
 Kosswigobarbus kosswigi
 Ladigesocyris ghigii
 Leucalburnus kosswigi
 Laucalburnus satunini
 Leucaspius delineatus
 Ladigesocypris ghigii
 Leuciscus cephalus
 Kepenez (Leuciscus borystenicus) (A)
 Kepenez (Leuciscus cephalus) (A)
 Leuciscus cephaloides
 Leuciscus kurui
 Akbalık (Leuciscus lepidus) (A)
 Phoxinellus crassus
 Yağbalığı (Phoxinellus anatolicus)
 Otbalığı (Phoxinellus zeregii)
 Phoxinellus handlirschi
 Otbalığı(Phoxinus phoxinus)
 Psuedorasabora parva
 Acıbalık (Rhodeus sericeus amarus)
 Levkit Balığı(Rutilus frisii)
 Gördek Balığı(Rutilus rubilio)
 Kızılgöz Balığı (Rutilus rutilus)
 Gördek Balığı (Rutilus tricolor)
 Kızılkanat (Scardinus erythrophthalmus)
 Kadifebalığı (Tinca tinca) (A)
 Bıyıklı Balık (Tor canis) (A)
 Bıyıklı Balık(Tor grypus) (A)
 Eğrez Balığı (Vimba vimba)

Cobitidae

 Çöpçü balığı (Cobitis kellei)
 Çöpçü balığı (Cobitis elazigensis)
 Çöpçü balığı (Cobitis fahireae)
 Çöpçü balığı (Cobitis splendens)
 Çöpçü balığı (Cobitis simplicispinna)
 Çöpçü balığı (Cobitis vardarensis)
 Çöpçü balığı (Cobitis strumicae)
 Çöpçü balığı (Cobitis turcica)
 Çöpçü balığı (Sabanejewia aurata)
 Çöpçü balığı (Orthrias angorae)
 Çöpçü balığı (Orthrias argyrogramma)
 Çöpçü balığı (Orthrias frenatus)
 Çöpçü balığı (Orthrias insignis)
 Çöpçü balığı (Orthrias panthera)
 Çöpçü balığı (Orthrias tigris)
 Çöpçü balığı (Orthrias tschaiyssuensis)
 Çöpçü balığı (Seminemachelius lendli)
 Çöpçü balığı (Paracobitis malapterura)
 Çöpçü balığı (Turcinoemacheilus kosswigi)

Mersin balığımsılar (Acipenseriformes)

Mersin balığıgiller (Acipenseridae)

 Rus mersin balığı (Acipenser gueldenstaedti) (T)
 Şip balığı (Acipenser nudiventris) (T)
 Yıldızlı mersin balığı (Acipenser stellatus) (T)
 Kolan balığı (Acipenser sturio) (T)
 Mersin morinası (Huso huso) (T)

Esas Sardalyalar (Clupeiformes)

Sardalyalar (Clupeidae)

 Tirsi (Alosa caspia)
 Tirsi (Alosa fallax)
 Tirsi (Alosa pontica)
 Tirsi (Clupeonella cultriventris)
 Hint sardalyası (Dussumieria elopsoides)
 Akdeniz hamsisi (Etrumeus teres)
 Sardalya (Herklotsichthys punctatus)
 Bayağı sardalya (Sardina pilchardus)
 Kulaklı sardalya (Sardinella aurita)
 Benekli sardalya (Sardinella maderensis)
 Çaça (Sprattus sprattus)

Hamsiler (Engraulidae)

 Hamsi (Engraulis encrasicolus)

Işıldak balığıgiller (Gonostomatidae)

 Işıldak balığı (Cyclothone braueri)

Balta balığıgiller (Sternoptychidae)

 Balta balığı (Argyropelecus hemigymnus)
 Balta balığı (Maurolicus muelleri)

Photichthyidae

 Vinciguerria attenuata

Engerek balığıgiller (Chauliodontidae)

 Engerek balığı (Chauliodus sloani)

Pelikan balığıgiller (Stomiidae)

 Pelikan balığı (Stomias boa)

Alabalıklar (Salmonidae)

 Deniz alabalığı (Salmo trutta trutta) (T)
 Abant alabalığı (Salmo trutta abanticus) (T) (E)
 Karadeniz alabalığı (Salmo trutta labrax) (A)
 Kafkas alabalığı (Salmo trutta caspius) (A)
 Dağ alabalığı (Salmo trutta macrostigma) (A)
 Dere alabalığı (Salmo trutta forma fario) (A)
 Göl alabalığı (Salmo trutta lacustris) (A)
 Anadolu alabalığı (Salmo platycephalus) (T) (E)
 Gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) (A) (Y)

Camgözlüler (Argentidae)

 Gümüş balığı (Argentina sphyraena) (A)

Işıklı sardalyalar (Scopeliformes)

Filamentli zurna balığıgiller (Aulopidae)

 Filamentli zurna balığı (Aulopus filamentosus)

Iskarmozgiller (Synodontidae)

 Iskarmoz (Synodus saurus)
 Iskarmoz (Saurida undosquamis) (Y)

Yeşil gözlüler, Örümcek balıkları (Chlorophthalmidae)

 Yeşilgöz balığı (Chlorophthalmus agassizi)
 Örümcek balığı (Bathypterois mediterraneus)

Işıldak balığıgiller (Myctophidae)

 Işıldak balığı (Benthosema glaciale)
 Işıldak balığı (Ceratoscopelus maderensis)
 Işıldak balığı (Diaphus holti)
 Işıldak balığı (Diaphus metopoclampus)
 Işıldak balığı (Hygophum benoiti)
 Işıldak balığı (Lampanyctus crocodilus)
 Işıldak balığı (Lobianchia dofleini)
 Işıldak balığı (Myctophum punctatum)

Yalancı zarganagiller (Paralepididae)

 Yalancı zargana (Sudis hyalina)

Yayınbalığımsılar (Siluriformes)

Yılanbalıkları (Siluridae)

 Bayağı yayın balığı (Silurus glanis) (A)
 Mezopotamya yayın balığı (Silurus triostegus) (A)

Yılanbalığımsılar (Anguilliformes)

Yılanbalıkları (Anguillidae)

 Yılanbalığı (Anguilla anguilla) (A)

Mürenler (Muraenidae)

 Kahverengi müren (Gymnothorax unicolor)
 Müren (Muraena helena)

Xenocongridae

 Yalancı müren (Chlopsis bicolor)

Mığrılar (Congridae)

 Mığrı (Ariosoma balearicum)
 Mığrı (Conger conger)
 Mığrı (Gnathophis mystax)

 Yılankurdu balıkları (Ophichthidae)

 Yılankurdu (Dalophis imberbis)
 Mırmır yılankurdu(Echelus myrus)
 Yılankurdu (Ophichthus rufus)
 Dikenli yılankurdu (Ophisurus serpens)

 Zarganamsılar (Beloniformes)

 Zarganalar (Belonidae)

 Zargana (Belone belone) (A)
 Zargana (Belone svetovidovi) (A)
 Zargana (Tylosurus acus imperialis) (A)

 Zarganalar (Scomberesocidae)

 Zargana (Scomberesox saurus) (A)

 Uçanbalıklar (Exocoetidae)

 Uçan balık (Cheilopogon heterurus)
 Uçan balık (Hirundichthys rondeletii)
 Uçan balık (Parexocoetus mento)
 Akdeniz uçan balığı (Exocoetus volitans)

 Yarımgaga balıkları (Hemiramphidae)

 Çomak balığı (Hemiramphus far)
 Çomak balığı (Hyporhampus picarti)

 Dişli sazanlar (Cyprinodontiformes)

 Dişli sazangiller (Cyprinodontidae)

 Dişli sazan (Aphanius dispar) (E)
 Dişli sazan (Aphanius fasciatus) (E)
 Aphanius burduricus (E)
 Aphanius mento
 Aphanius villwockii (E)
Canlı doğuranlar (Poeciliidae)
 Lepistes (Poecilia reticulata) (Y)
 Gambusya, sivrisinek balığı (Gambusia affinis) (Y)

 Boru balıksılar (Syngnathiformes)

 Boru balıkları (Macrorhamphosidae)

 Boru balığı (Macroramphosus scolopax)

 Deniz İğneleri (Syngnathidae)

 Denizatı (Hippocampus hippocampus) (T)
 Denizatı (Hippocampus ramulosus) (T)
 Deniziğnesi (Nerophis ophidion)
 Deniziğnesi (Syngnathus abaster)
 Deniziğnesi (Syngnathus acus)
 Deniziğnesi (Syngnathus phlegon)
 Deniziğnesi (Syngnathus schmidti)
 Deniziğnesi (Syngnathus tenuirostris)
 Deniziğnesi (Syngnathus typhle)
 Deniziğnesi (Syngnathus variegatus)

 Fistularidae

 Çomak balığı (Fistularia commersonii)

 Dikencesiler (Gasterosteiformes)

 Dikenceler (Gasterosteidae)

 Dikence (Gasterosteus aculeatus)

 Mezgitsiler (Gadiformes)

 Fare Kuyruklular (Macrouridae)

 Fare balığı (Coelorhynchus coelorhynchus)
 Kılkuyruk fare balığı (Hymenocephalus italicus)
 Fare balığı (Nezumia aequalis)
 Fare balığı (Nezumia sclerorhynchus)
 Uzun burunlu fare balığı (Trachyrhynchus trachyrhynchus)

 Berlam balıkları (Merlucciidae)

 Berlam veya Barlam (Merluccius merluccius)

 Mezgitgiller (Gadidae)

 Pamukçuk balığı (Gadiculus argenteus)
 Mezgit (Merlangius euxinus) (A)
 Mezgit (Micromesistius poutassou) (A)
 Tavuk balığı (Trisopterus minutus capelanus)
 Gelincik (Antonogadus megalokynodon) (A)
 Gelincik (Gaidropsarus meditrraneus) (A)
 Gelincik (Gaidropsarus vulgaris) (A)
 Gelincik (Molva dipterygia macrophthalma) (A)
 Gelincik (Phycis blennoides) (A)
 Gelincik (Phycis phycis) (A)

 Moridae

 Mora moro
 Gadella maraldi

 Parlayan balıklar (Lampridiformes)

 Kurdele balıkları (Regalecidae)

 Kurdele balığı (Regalecus glesne)

 Kağıt balıkları (Trachipteridae)

 Kağıt balığı (Trachpterus trachypterus)
 Kağıt balığı (Zu cristatus)

 Lophotidae

 Lophotus lacepedei

 Beryciformes

 Kemikbaşlılar (Trachichthyidae)

 Kütük balığı (Hoplostethus mediterraneus) (Y)

 Asker balıkları (Holocentridae)

 Hindistan balığı (Sargocentrum rubrum) (Y)

 Zeiformes

 Dülger balıkları (Zeidae)

 Dülger balığı (Zeus faber) (A)

 Peri balıkları (Caproidae)

 Peri balığı (Capros aper)

 Levreksiler (Perciformes)

 Haniler (Serranidae)

 Berber balığı (Anthias anthias)
 Berber balığı (Callanthias ruber)
 Lahos (Epinephelus aeneus) (A)
 Lahos (Epinephelus costae) (A)
 Orfoz (Epinephelus caninus) (A)
 Orfoz (Epinephelus marginatus) (A)
 Orfoz (Ephinephelus haifensis) (A)
 Taş hanisi (Mycteroperca rubra)
 İskorpit hanisi (Polyprion americanus)
 Bayağı hani (Serranus cabrilla)
 Benekli hani (Serranus hepatus)
 Yazılı hani (Serranus scriba)

 Levrekler (Moronidae)

 Bayağı levrek (Dicentrarchus labrax) (A)
 Benekli levrek (Dicentrarchus punctatus) (A)

 Isparozlar (Teraponidae)

 Çizgili ısparoz (Pelates quadrilineatus)

 Kardinal balıkları (Apogonidae)

 Kardinal balığı (Apogon imberbis) (Y)
 Kardinal balığı (Apogon nigripinnis) (Y)
 Kardinal balığı (Epigonus telescopus) (Y)
 Kardinal balığı (Microichthys coccoi) (Y)

 Kurdele balıkları (Cepolidae)

 Kurdele balığı (Cepola macrophthalma)

 Lüferler (Pomatomidae)

 Lüfer (Pomatomus saltator) (A)

 İstavritler (Carangidae)

 İskender balığı (Alectis alexandrinus)
 Çatal balığı (Alepes djeddaba)
 Çıplak (Campogramma glaycos)
 Trakun balığı (Caranx crysos)
 Kral balığı (Caranx hippos)
 Kral balığı (Caranx rhonchus)
 Akya (Lichia amia)
 Kılavuz balığı (Naucrates ductor)
 Kral balığı (Pseudocaranx dentex)
 Sarı Kuyruk (Seriola dumerili)
 Yaladerma (Trachinotus ovatus)
 İstavrit (Trachurus mediterraneus) (A)
 İstavrit (Trachurus picturatus) (A)
 İstavrit (Trachurus trachurus) (A)

 Lambugalar (Coryphaenidae)

 Lambuga (Coryphaena hippurus)

 Balta balıkları (Bramidae)

 Balta balığı (Brama brama)

 Çatal balıkları (Lobotidae)

 Çatal balığı (Lobotes surinamensis)

 Ekşi balıklar (Leiognathidae)

 Ekşi balık (Leiognathus klunzingeri)

 Gargurlar (Haemulidae)

 Gargur (Pomadasys incisus)

 Gölge balıkları (Sciaenidae)
 Sarıağız (Argyrosomus regius)
 Eşkina (Sciaena umbra) (A)
 Minakop (Umbrina cirrosa)

 Gümüs sillagolar (Sillaginidae)

 Gümüş sillago (Sillago sihama)

 Barbunyagiller (Mullidae)

 Barbunya (Mullus barbatus) (A)
 Tekir (Mullus surmuletus) (A)
 Paşa barbunyası (Upeneus moluccensis) (A) (Y)
 Nil barbunyası (Upeneus pori) (A) (Y)

 Yaprak balıkları (Pempheridae)

 Yaprak balığı (Pempheris vanicolensis) (Y)

 Mercan balıkları (Sparidae)

 Kupes (Boops boops) (A)
 Sinagrit (Dentex dentex)
 Trança (Dentex gibbosus)
 Patlakgöz mercan (Dentex macrophthalmus)
 Fas mercanı (Dentex maroccanus)
 İsparoz (Diplodus annularis)
 Çizgili mercan (Diplodus cervinus)
 Sivriburun karagöz (Diplodus puntazzo)
 Sargos (Diplodus sargus)
 Karagöz (Diplodus vulgaris)
 Mırmır balığı (Lithognathus mormyrus)
 Melanur (Oblada melanura) (A)
 Yabani mercan (Pagellus acarne)
 Mandalgöz mercan (Pagellus bogaraveo)
 Kırma mercan (Pagellus erythrinus)
 Çizgili mercan (Pagrus auriga)
 Yallancı trança (Pagrus caeruleostictus)
 Fangri (Pagrus pagrus) (T)
 Salpa (Sarpa salpa)
 Çipura (Sparus aurata) (A)
 Sarıgöz (Spondyliosoma cantharus)

 İzmaritler (Centracanthidae)

 İstrangilos (Centracanthus cirrus)
 İzmarit (Spicara flexuosa) (A)
 Beyazgöz (Spicara maena)
 İstrangilos (Spicara smaris)

 Papaz balığıgiller (Pomacentridae)

 Papaz balığı (Chromis chromis) (Y)

 Lapinler (Labridae)

 Lapin (Acantholabrus palloni)
 Gelin balığı (Coris julis)
 Benekgöz çırçır (Ctenolabrus melus)
 Kikla (Labrus bergylta)
 Ördek balığı (Labrus bimaculatus)
 Lapin (Labrus merula)
 Lapin (Labrus viridis)
 Çırçır (Symphodus cinereus)
 Çırçır (Symphodus doderleini)
 Çırçır (Symphodus mediterraneus)
 Çırçır (Symphodus melanocercus)
 Çırçır (Symphodus melops)
 Çırçır (Symphodus ocellatus)
 Çırçır (Symphodus roissali)
 Çırçır (Symphodus rostratus)
 Çırçır (Symphodus tinca)
 Gün balığı (Thalassoma pavo)
 Ustura balığı (Xyrichthys novacula)

 Papağan balıkları (Scaridae)

 Papağan balığı (Sparisoma cretense)

 Kum balıkları (Ammodytidae)

 Gymnammodytes cicerelus Trakonyalar (Trachinidae)

 Varsam (Echiichthys vipera)
 Kum trakonyası (Trachinus araneus)
 Çarpan balığı (Trachinus draco)
 Trakonya (Trachinus radiatus)

 Göğebakanlar (Uranoscopidae)

 Tiryaki balığı (Uranoscopus scaber)

 Sokar balıklar (Siganidae)

 Sokar balık (Siganus luridus) (Y)
 Esmer sokar balık (Siganus rivulatus) (Y)

 Kalas balığıgiller (Gempylidae)

 Kalas balığı (Ruvettus pretiosus)

 Kılkuyru balığıgiller (Trichiuridae)

 Palas kabalığı (Lepidopus caudatus)
 Kılkuyruk balığı (Trichiurus lepturus)

 Uskumrugiller (Scombridae)

 Gobene balığı (Auxis rochei)
 Yazılı orkinos (Euthynnus alletteratus)
 Çizgili tonito (Katsuwonus pelamis)
 Ak palamut (Orcynopsis unicolor)
 Palamut (Sarda sarda) (A)
 Kolyoz (Scomber japonicus) (A)
 Uskumru (Scomber scombrus) (A)
 Palamut kolyozu (Scomberomorus commerson)
 Orkinos (Thunnus alalunga) (A)
 Orkinos (Thunnus thynnus) (A)

 İmparator balığıgiller (Luvaridae)

 İmparator balığı (Luvarus imperialis)

 Yelken balığıgiller (Istiophoridae)

 Yelken balığı (Tetrapturus belone)

 Kılıç balığıgiller (Xiphiidae)

 Kılıç balığı (Xiphias gladius) (A)

 Kaya balıkları (Gobiidae)

 Beyaz kaya balığı (Aphia minuta)
 Deltentosteus quadrimaculatus
 Altın kaya balığı (Gobius auratus)
 Gobius bucchichi
 Büyük kaya balığı (Gobius cobitis)
 Kızıl ağızlı kaya balığı (Gobius cruentatus)
 İnce kaya balığı (Gobius geniporus)
 Kömürcü kaya balığı (Gobius niger)
 Hortum kaya balığı (Gobius paganellus)
 Çizgili kaya balığı (Gobius vittatus)
 Knipowitschia caucasica
 Lesueurigobius friesii
 Lesueurigobius suerii
 Kurbağa kaya balığı (Mesogobius batrachocephalus)
 Neogobius cephalarges
 Neogobius eurycephalus
 Neogobius fluviatilis
 Neogobius gymnotrachelus
 Neogobius melanostomus
 Neogobius platyrostris
 Neogobius ratan
 Oxyurichthys papuensis
 Pomatoschistus bathi
 Pomatoschistus marmoratus
 Pomatoschistus minutus
 Pomatoschistus pictus adriaticus
 Tatlı su kaya balığı (Proterorhinus marmoratus)
 Thorogobius ephippiatus
 Saz kaya balığı (Zosterisessor ophiocephalus)

 Üzgün balıkları (Callionymidae)

 Üzgün balığı (Callionymus fasciatus)
 Üzgün balığı (Callionymus filamentosus)
 Üzgün balığı (Callionymus lyra)
 Üzgün balığı (Callionymus maculatus)
 Üzgün balığı (Callionymus pusillus)
 Üzgün balığı (Callionymus risso)
 Üzgün balığı (Synchiropus phaeton)

 Horozbinalar (Blenniidae)

 Horozbina (Aidablennius sphynx)
 Horozbina (Blennius ocellaris Linnaeus)
 Horozbina (Coryphoblennius galerita)
 Horozbina (Lipophrys adriaticus)
 Horozbina (Lipophrys basiliscus)
 Horozbina (Lipophrys canevai)
 Horozbina (Lipophrys dalmatinus)
 Horozbina (Lipophrys nigriceps)
 Horozbina (Lipophrys pavo)
 Horozbina (Lipophrys trigloides)
 Horozbina (Parablennius gattorugine)
 Horozbina (Parablennius incognitus)
 Horozbina (Parablennius rouxi)
 Horozbina (Parablennius sanguinolentus)
 Horozbina (Parablennius tentacularis)
 Horozbina (Parablennius zvonimiri)
 Horozbina (Petroscirtes ancylodon)
 Horozbina (Scartella cristata)

 Arı balıkları (Clinidae)

 Arı balığı (Clinitrachus argentatus)

 Karabaş balıkları (Tripterygiidae)

 Karabaş balığı (Tripterygion melanurus)
 Karabaş balığı (Tripterygion tripteronotus)
 Karabaş balığı (Tripterygion delaisi)

 Bythitidae

 Bellottia apoda Kayış balılları (Ophidiidae)
 Sarı kayış balığı (Parophidion vassali)
 Ophidion barbatum
 Ophidion rochei Carapidae

 Carapus acus Kara balıklar (Centrolophidae)

 Kara balık (Centrolophus niger)

 Yıldız balıkları (Stromaetidae)

 Yıldız balığı (Stromateus fiatola)

 Iskarmoz balığıgiller (Sphyraenidae)

 Iskarmoz (Sphyraena chrysotaenia)
 Iskarmoz (Sphyraena sphyraena)
 Turna balığı (Sphyraena viridensis)
 Turna balığı (Sphyraena flavicauda)
 Baraküda (Sphyraena barracuda)

 Kefaller (Mugilidae)

 Kefal (Chelon labrosus) (A)
 Kefal (Liza aurata) (A)
 Kafal (Liza carinataa) (A)
 Kefal (Liza ramada) (A)
 Kefal (Liza saliens) (A)
 Kefal (Mugil cephalus) (A)
 Kefal (Mugil soiuy) (A)
 Kefal (Oedalechilus labeo) (A)

 Atheriniformes

 Gümüşbalıkları (Atherinidae)

 Çamuka (Atherina hepsetus)
 Atherina boyeri
 Atherinomorus lacunosus Scorpaeniformes

 İskorpitgiller (Scorpaenidae)

 İskorpit (Helicolenus dactylopterus)
 İskorpit (Scorpaena elongata)
 İskorpit (Scorpaena maderensis)
 İskorpit (Scorpaena notata)
 Lipsoz (Scorpaena porcus)
 İskorpit (Scorpaena scrofa)

 Kırlangıç balıkları (Triglidae)

 Kırlangıç balığı (Aspitrigla cuculus)
 Kırlangıç balığı (Aspitrigla obscura)
 Kırlangıç balığı (Eutrigla gurnardus)
 Kırlangıç balığı (Lepidotrigla cavillone)
 Kırlangıç balığı (Lepidotrigla dieuzeidei)
 Kırlangıç balığı (Trigla lucerna)
 Öksüz balığı (Trigla lyra)
 Mazak (Trigloporus lastoviza)

 Peristediidae

 Dikenli öksüz balığı (Peristedion cataphractum)

 Uçan balıklar (Dactyloperidae)

 Uçan balık (Dactylopterus volitans)

 Pleuronectiformes

 Citharidae

 Citharus linguatula Kalkangiller (Scophthalmidae)

 Benekli pisi balığı (Lepidorhombus boscii)
 Lepidorhombus whiffiagonis
 Küçük pisi balığı (Phrynorhombus regius)
 Scophthalmus maeoticus
 Dişi kalkan (Scophthalmus maximus)
 Çivisiz kalkan (Scophthalmus rhombus)

 Bothidae

 Arnoglossus imperialis
 Arnoglossus kessleri
 Arnoglossus laterna
 Arnoglossus rueppelli
 Arnoglossus thori
 Bothus podas Pisi balıkları (Pleuronectidae)

 Pisi balığı (Platichthys flesus)

 Dil balıkları (Soleidae)

 Buglossidium luteum
 Dicologoglossa cuneata
 Microchirus azevia
 Benekli dil balığı (Microchirus ocellatus)
 Lekeli dil balığı (Microchirus variegatus)
 Monochirus hispidus
 Solea impar
 Solea kleinii
 Solea lascaris
 Solea nasuta
 Solea solea Cynoglossidae

 Cynoglossus sinusarabici
 Symphurus nigrescens Echeneiformes

 Vantuz balıkları (Echeneidae)

 Vantuz balığı (Echeneis naucrates) (Y)
 Vantuz balığı (Remora australis) (Y)
 Vantuz balığı (Remora remora) (Y)

 Tetraodontiformes

 Balistidae

 Balistes carolinensis Kirpi balıkları

 Kirpi balığı (Stephanolepis diaspros) (Y)

 Balon balıkları (Tetraodontidae)

 Balon balığı (Lagocephalus lagocephalus) (Y)
 Balon balığı (Lagocephalus spadiceus) (Y)
 Balon balığı (Sphoeroides pachygaster) (Y)
 Balon balığı (Lagocephalus suezensis) (Y)

 Molidae

 Ay balığı (Mola mola)
 Ranzania laevis Gobiesociformes

 Ördek balıkları (Gobiesocidae)

 Diplecogaster bimaculata
 Gouania wildenowi
 Lepadogaster candollei Lepadogaster lepadogaster lepadogaster Lophiiformes

 Fener balıkları (Lophiidae)

 Fener balığı (Lophius budegassa) (A)
 Fener balığı (Lophius piscatorius'') (A)

Kemikli balıklar
Kemikli balıklar

Türkiye'deki kemikli balıklar listesi


Sa Majesté Julio Djampou Tchatchouang est le chef des Bangoua, intronisé à la mort de son père.

Biographie

Enfance, éducation et débuts
Julio Djampou Tchatchouang est arrivé sur le trône des Bangoua, à l'âge de 21 ans. Il est intronisé le  janvier 2001.

Fonctions
Il est chef de , la seconde plus haute hiérarchie de chef traditionnel au Cameroun.

Il assume le rôle de gardien de la collection des objets cultuels et culturels du royaume. Pour cela, il s'est rendu en décembre 2021 en Allemagne pour prendre attache avec les gestionnaires des collections muséales et objets du patrimoine Bangoua en vue de leurs restitutions.

Il reçoit en audience et ennoblit.

Il promeut le rassemblement des sujets du royaume.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Chefferie de Bangoua

Chef traditionnel camerounais
Personnalité Bamiléké

Julio Djampou Tchatchouang


Aceasta este o listă a femeilor Eroi ai Uniunii Sovietice (în ); din cele 12.775 de persoane cărora li s-a acordat titlul, 95 au fost femei, dintre care 49 postum. A fost cel mai înalt titlu onorific și cea mai înaltă distincție a Uniunii Sovietice. Ordinul de Erou al Uniunii Sovietice era format din Ordinul Lenin și din Medalia Steaua de Aur cu certificat de eroism din partea Prezidiului Sovietului Suprem din Uniunea Sovietică. Cea mai mare parte a femeilor care au primit ordinul au fost răsplătite pentru faptele lor din timpul celui de-al doilea război mondial, ca personal militar al armatei sovietice sau ca partizani sovietici. Două femei-cosmonaut sovietice au fost răsplătite cu acest ordin: Valentina Tereșkova (prima femeie și primul civil care a zburat în spațiul cosmic) și  Svetlana Savitskaya (prima femeie care a realizat o activitate extravehiculară în spațiul cosmic). Svetlana Savitskaya a primit  Ordinul de Erou al Uniunii Sovietice la 27 august 1982 și la 29 iulie 1984 (de două ori). Aniela Krzywoń, o femeie soldat dintr-o altă armată (Batalionul 1 Polonez de Femei "Emilia Plater"), a primit post-mortem Ordinul de Erou al Uniunii Sovietice după ce a fost ucisă în luptă la 12 octombrie 1943.

Lista femeilor Eroi ai Uniunii Sovietice

Personal militar sovietic

Partizani sovietici

Cosmonauți sovietici

Personal militar străin

Note

Referințe
 Cottam, Kazimiera J.  Women in War and Resistance: Selected Biographies of Soviet Women Soldiers.  Newburyport, Mass.: Focus Publishing/R. Pullins Company, 1998.  .

  *femei

Listă de femei Eroi ai Uniunii Sovietice


Nasce Uma Rainha é um reality show brasileiro produzido pela Boutique Filmes para a Netflix. O programa é apresentado pelas drag queens Gloria Groove e Alexia Twister. A série conta com seis episódios que trazem Gloria e Alexia ajudando aspirantes a drags queens do reality, guiando-os na escolha de perucas, roupas e até mesmo dos próprios nomes artísticos. O programa foi lançado em 11 de novembro de 2020 na Netflix.

Enredo
Na série, Gloria Groove e Alexia Twister ajudam jovens com histórias diferentes a encontrar sua drag queen ou seu drag king interior. Ao lado de vários especialistas, a dupla usa seu amplo conhecimento para aconselhar os participantes, desde o processo de escolha do nome até a descoberta de talentos e autoconfiança, passando, claro, pela criação de figurinos e perucas. Além de celebrar a arte performática, o programa acompanha cada um dos aspirantes a drag em sua busca por identidade. E tudo isso culmina numa apresentação arrasadora.

Elenco

 Gloria Groove como apresentadora
 Alexia Twister como apresentadora
 Tiago Abravanel como ele mesmo
 Vini Nasci como ele mesmo
 Silvero Pereira como ele mesmo
 Mama Darling como ela mesma
 Ginger Moon como ela mesma
 Johnny Hooker como ele mesmo
 Larissa Luz como ela mesma

Episódios

1.ª temporada (2020)

Ligações externas

Programas de televisão do Brasil que estrearam em 2020
Programas de televisão em língua portuguesa
Reality shows do Brasil
Programas da Netflix
Gloria Groove
Programas de televisão com drag queens

Nasce Uma Rainha


In Malaysia, the Menteri Besar (Jawi: ; literally First Minister), colloquially referred to as MB, is the head of government of each of nine states in Malaysia with monarchs. For four states without a monarch, the title Chief Minister (Ketua Menteri; colloquially referred to as KM in Malay or CM in English), is used except for Sarawak where it uses Premier (Premier). The title "Menteri Besar" is usually untranslated in the English media in Malaysia, but is typically translated as 'Chief Minister' by foreign media. According to protocol, all Menteris Besar, Chief Ministers and Premier are styled Yang Amat Berhormat (abbreviated YAB), which means "The Most Honourable".

The nine hereditary rulers of the Malay states and the appointed governors of the other four states serve as constitutional and ceremonial heads of their states, while the state executive authority rests with the Menteris Besar, Chief Ministers and Premier. Following elections to the state legislative assembly, the Ruler or Governor usually invites the party (or coalition) with a majority of seats to form the state government. The Ruler or Governor appoints and swears in the Menteri Besar, Chief Ministers and Premier, whose executive council (or Cabinet in Sabah and Sarawak) are collectively responsible to the assembly. Based on the Westminster system, given that he retains the confidence of the assembly, the terms of Menteris Besar, Chief Ministers and Premier can last for the length of the assembly's life—a maximum of five years. There are no limits to the number of terms that the Menteri Besar, Chief Minister and Premier can serve.

Background
In most states within Malaysia, the office was created by the British colonial government in 1948, in tandem with the creation of the Federation of Malaya. However, Johor was the first state to create the Menteri Besar position, subject to Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri Johor (Johor State Constitution) enforced by Sultan Abu Bakar. This had made Johor the first Malay state to adopt a system of constitutional monarchy. After Malaya gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1957, the office bearer is appointed among the state legislative assembly members by the Sultans. The Menteri Besar, Chief Minister and Premier usually come from the party (or coalition) which commands a majority in the state assembly.

Relations between the Menteris Besar, Chief Ministers, Premier and other levels of government
For many decades, the First Ministers (Menteri Besar), Chief Ministers (Ketua Menteri) and Premier (Premier) met with each other and the Prime Minister at Mesyuarat Menteri-Menteri Besar, Ketua-Ketua Menteri dan Premier.

Selection process

Eligibility
By comparison, the thirteen state constitutions (Undang-undang Tubuh Negeri or Perlembagaan Negeri) have some similarities and also some differences in setting the principle qualifications one must meet to be eligible to the office of the Menteri Besar, Chief Minister and Premier.

A Menteri Besar or Ketua Menteri or Premier must be a Malaysian citizen, of at least 21 years of age and a member of state legislative assembly who commands the confidence of the majority of the members of the assembly. Upon appointment, he shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, business or profession that will cause conflict of interest.

For four states in Malaysia with governors (namely Penang, Malacca, Sabah and Sarawak), the office of Ketua Menteri and Premier are open to any Malaysian citizen regardless of their religion, ethnicity, and gender. However, citizens by naturalization or registration are still prohibited by state laws.

Election
The Menteri Besar, Chief Minister and Premier are elected through a majority in the state legislative assembly. This is procedurally established by the vote of confidence in the legislative assembly, as suggested by the Ruler (or Governor) of the state who is the appointing authority.

Oath
Since, according to the constitution, the Menteri Besar is appointed by the Ruler (or, in case of the Chief Minister and Premier, the Governor), the swearing-in is done before the Ruler (or Governor) of the state.

Remuneration
Remuneration of the Menteri Besar, Chief Minister, Premier as well as other members of the Executive Council (or Cabinet) and members of the state legislative assembly are to be decided by the respective state legislatures. Hence this varies from state to state according to their ordinance or enactment that amended by the state legislative.

Present Menteris Besar, Chief Ministers and Premier

Timeline

See also
 Opposition (Malaysia)

References

Chief ministers of Malaysian states
Government of Malaysia
Politics of Malaysia
State political office-holders in Malaysia
20th-century Malaysian politicians
21st-century Malaysian politicians

Heads of state governments of Malaysia


Shine may refer to:

Arts and entertainment

Film and television
 Shine (film), a 1996 Australian film based on the life of David Helfgott, a pianist
 Shine, a fictional character in the American animated TV series Shimmer and Shine

Literature
 Shine (Myracle novel), a 2011 novel by Lauren Myracle
 Shine, a 2013 novel by Candy Gourlay
 Shine (2020 novel), by Jessica Jung

Music
 Shine!, a musical based on the works of Horatio Alger

Bands
 Shine (Hong Kong group), a Hong Kong Cantopop duo
 Shine (Scottish band), folk trio of Alyth McCormack, Corinna Hewat and Mary Macmaster

Albums
 Shine (Trey Anastasio album), 2005
 Shine, by Average White Band, 1980
 Shine, by Sarah Bettens, 2007
 Shine (Mary Black album), 1997
 Shine (Bond album), 2002
 Shine (Meredith Brooks album), 2004
 Shine (compilation series), released by Polygram from 1995 to 1998
 Shine (Crime & the City Solution album), 1988
 Shine (Edenbridge album), 2004
 Shine (Elan album), 2008
 Shine (Estelle album), 2008
 Shine (Five Star album), 1991
 Shine (Frida album), 1984
 Shine, by Illinois, 2015
 Shine (Indica album), 2014
 Shine (J-Min EP), 2014
 Shine (Boney James album), 2006
 Shine (Kids in the Kitchen album), 1985
 Shine!, by Kyuss, 1996
 Shine (Cyndi Lauper album), 2004
 Shine (Daniel Lanois album), 2003
 Shine (Mary-Jess Leaverland album), 2011
 Shine (Luna Sea album), 1998
 Shine (Martina McBride album), 2009
 Shine (Pat McGee Band album), 2000
 Shine (Joni Mitchell album), 2007
 Shine (Kevin Moore album), 2010
 Shine (Mother Love Bone EP), 1989
 Shine (Anna Nalick EP),  2008
 Shine: The Hits, by Newsboys, 2000
 Shine (Anette Olzon album), 2014
 Shine (Daniel Peixoto EP), 2011
 Shine (Shaman's Harvest album), 2009
 Shine, by Helen Slater, 2010
 Shine (Wale album), 2017
 Shine, by The Wilkinsons, 2001
 Shine, by Pentagon, 2018

Songs
 "Shine" (1910 song), a popular song with lyrics by Cecil Mack and Lew Brown and music by Ford Dabney
 "Shine" (Vanessa Amorosi song), 2000
 "Shine" (Trey Anastasio song), 2005
 "Shine" (Aswad song), 1994
 "Shine" (Camouflage song), 2015
 "Shine" (Ima Castro song), 1996
 "Shine" (Pentagon song), 2018
 "Shine" (Collective Soul song), 1993
 "Shine" (De Toppers song), 2009
 "Shine" (Five Star song), 1991
 "Shine" (Waylon Jennings song), 1981
 "Shine" (Natália Kelly song), 2013
 "Shine" (Kids in the Kitchen song), 1985
 "Shine" (Cyndi Lauper song), 2002
 "Nexus 4/Shine", by L'Arc-en-Ciel, 2008
 "Shine" (Luna Sea song), 1998
 "Shine" (Krystal Meyers song)
 "Shine" (Motörhead song), 1983
 "Shine" (Sopho Nizharadze song), 2010
 "Shine" (Shannon Noll song), 2005
 "Shine" (Mike Oldfield song), 1986
 "Shine" (Rosemary's Sons song), 2002
 "Shine" (Gwen Stefani song), 2015
 "Shine" (Take That song), 2007
 "Shine" (Tolmachevy Sisters song), 2014
 "Shine" / "Ride On", by TVXQ, 2008
 "Shine" (Luther Vandross song), 2007
 "Shine" (Years & Years song), 2015
 "Shine", by 3 Doors Down from the various artists compilation album AT&T Team USA Soundtrack
 "Shine", by Aly & AJ from Into the Rush
 "Shine", by Aminé from OnePointFive
"Shine", by B'z from Brotherhood
 "Shine", by Babymetal from Metal Galaxy
 "Shine", by Bond from Shine
 "Shine", by Meredith Brooks from Bad Bad One
 "Shine", by Jeremy Camp from Reckless
 "Shine", by Dog's Eye View from Happy Nowhere
 "Shine", by Doja Cat from Hot Pink
 "Shine", by Hilary Duff from the self-titled album
 "Shine", by Edenbridge from Shine
 "Shine", by Estelle from Shine
 "Shine", by Everclear from Welcome to the Drama Club
 "Shine", by Fear, and Loathing in Las Vegas from New Sunrise
 "Shine", by Frida from Shine, 1984
 "Shine", by Gabrielle from Under My Skin
 "Shine", by Gotthard from Firebirth
 "Shine", by David Gray from A Century Ends
 "Shine", by Ben Harper from Call It What It Is
 "Shine", by Imogen Heap from iMegaphone
 "Shine", by James from The Night Before
 "Shine", by Junkhouse from Fuzz
 "Shine", by Lil Wayne from Lights Out
 "Shine", by Ira Losco from Butterfly
 "Shine", by Lovefreekz, 2004
 "Shine", by Madrugada from Industrial Silence, 1999
 "Shine", by Ricky Martin from Música + Alma + Sexo
 "Shine", by Romeo Miller, as Romeo, from Lottery
 "Shine", by the Mighty Lemon Drops, from World Without End
 "Shine", by Mr. Big from Actual Size, used as the ending theme for the anime Hellsing
 "Shine", by Newsboys from Going Public
 "Shine", by Anna Nalick from Shine EP
 "Shine", by Josh Ostrander, as Mondo Cozmo, from Plastic Soul
 "Shine", by Paradise Lost from Paradise Lost
 "Shine", by Quavo from Quavo Huncho
 "Shine", by Riot from Army of One
 "Shine", by Rollins Band from Weight
 "Shine", by Royce da 5'9" from Layers
 "Shine", by The Smith Street Band from More Scared of You Than You Are of Me
 "Shine", by Soulsavers from Angels & Ghosts
 "Shine", by the Stoneman Douglas Drama Club of Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School, 2018
 "Shine", by Strapping Young Lad from Alien
 "Shine (In Your Mind)", by The Apples in Stereo from Fun Trick Noisemaker
 "Shine", by Todrick Hall from Forbidden
 "Shine", by Sevendust from Animosity

Businesses and organizations
 Shine (charity), a British charity which supports people affected by spina bifida and hydrocephalus
 Shine Distillery and Grill, in Portland, Oregon, U.S.
 Shine FM (disambiguation), the name of several radio stations
 Shine Global, an American non-profit media company
 Shine Group, television production company
 Shine Group of Institutions, a college in Irba, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
 Shine TV, a British media production company
 Shine TV (New Zealand), a Christian TV channel
 Shine Lawyers, an Australian law firm
 SHINE Medical Technologies, an American company
 Shine Wrestling, an American women's wrestling promotion
 Shine, a website for women created in 2008 by Yahoo!
 SHINE, the online brand of the Chinese English-language newspaper Shanghai Daily
 Endemol Shine Group, formerly Sine Group, a Dutch-British TV production and distribution company

People
 Shine (surname), list of people with the surname
 Shine Begho (born 1985), Nigerian media personality
 Shine Louise Houston, an American pornographic filmmaker
 Shine Kuk (Son Yong Kuk, born 1993), a South Korean actress in the Philippines
 Shine (musician), a Burmese musician
 Shine Thura (born 1996), a Burmese footballer
 Shine Tom Chacko (born 1983), an Indian film actor
 Shines, a surname

Places
 Shine, Washington, U.S.

Other uses
 Shine (fundraising event), a British cancer charity event
 Shine (Singapore festival), a youth festival
 Shine (nightclub), in Belfast, Northern Ireland
 SHINE Awards ("Sexual Health in Entertainment"), annual media awards
 SHINE Expert System, a NASA/JPL software-development tool
 LG Shine, a mobile phone by LG Electronics
 NA61/SHINE, a particle physics experiment
 Dance shines, moves in Salsa

See also

 Shine On (disambiguation)
 Shining (disambiguation)
 Shiny (disambiguation)
 Shyne (born 1979), a Belizean rapper
 Hyperbolic sine (abbreviated sinh, pronounced "shine"), a mathematical function
 Moonshine, a slang term for high-proof distilled spirits
 "Shine, Jesus, Shine", a 1987 Christian song
 "Shine, Perishing Republic", a poem by Robinson Jeffers, 1925
 "Shine, Shine", a song by Barry Gibb, 1984
 Shinee, South Korean boy band

Shine


Carl Reiner () a fost un actor american de film, televiziune, și voce.

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1922
Nașteri pe 20 martie
Decese în 2020
Decese pe 29 iunie
Actori de voce americani
Actori de film americani
Actori de televiziune americani
Actori americani din secolul al XX-lea
Actori americani din secolul al XXI-lea

Carl Reiner


Arykanda, Antalya il sınırları Finike ilçesi yakınlarındaki Likya antik kent.Elmalı - Finike kara yolunun tam yarısında bulunan Arifköyünün Aykırıçay mahallesine yakın bir ören yeridir.

Tarihi
İlk yerleşme zamanına ait arkeolojik ve yazılı kaynaklara dayanan bilgi bulunamayan Arykanda'nın filolojik yönden yerli bir isim oluşu ile eski bir yerleşme yeri olduğu bilinmektedir. 'Anda' ekinden yola çıkarak, bu kentin MÖ 2.000 yılından itibaren var olduğu söylenebilir. Zamanın yerlileri Arykanda'ya 'Arykawanda' olarak adlandırdıkları bilinmektedir. Antik Kent'in tarihi hakkında en yeni araştırma ise Likya Antik Kentleri hakkında uzun süreli araştırma yapan Belgesel yönetmeni Tekin Gün, Arykanda Antik Kent ve çevresindeki arkeolojik bulgular ve nümismatik veriler bizi m.ö.2 binli yılların başlarında temellerinin atıldığını ve yerleşim izlerinin olduğuna işaret etmektedir.Likya dilinde Ary-ka-wanda diye anılan Kent,son yıllarda Limyra ve Patara'da ele geçen Geç Kalkolitik- Erken Bronz Çağı baltaları genel olarak bu bölgenin yoğun, olarak iskan edildiğini anlatmakta.Arkeolojik bulgular ve Nümismatik veriler ışığında bakılırsa, Kentte çıkan sikkeler üzerindeki betimlemeler,bazı yazıtlar Kent'in kuruluş tarihini İ.Ö. 2. yy'da Arykanda'nın Likya Birliğine dahil bir şehir olarak sikke bastığı bilinmekte.

Yerleşim
Arykanda kenti, Şahinkaya diye bilinen sarp bir kaya yüzeyinin dibinden başlayan, güneye eğimli arazi üzerinde yer almaktadır. Kentte en üst seviyede yer alan yapı, Şahinkaya'nın güney batı eteğindeki gözetleme kulesidir.

Arykanda'nın en üst teraslarından birinde tek taraflı oturma yerine sahip, koşu pisti belirli bir kısımdan sonra trapez şeklini alan bir stadion bulunmaktadır. Ortasına yakın yerdeki merdivenle aşağıdaki teraslara bağlanan stadionun bir altındaki terasta ufak, fakat çok iyi korunmuş tiyatro yer almaktadır. Tiyatronun alt terasında odeon ve buna ulaşan merdivenli yol vardır. Odeonun önündeki portiko, köşeli bir U harfi yaparak agorayı çevreler. Arykanda'da resmi ve özel yapıların kapladığı alanın birkaç katını nekropol kaplar.

Mimari yapılar

Doğu batı yönü

 Gözetleme Kulesi
 Ticaret Agorası
 Helios Tapınağı
 Meclis Binası
 Arşiv Yapı
 Sebastıon Kutsal Evi
Mağara Mezarlar
Su Sarnıcı

Araştırma
İlk Arkeolojik araştırma İngiliz araştırmacı Charles Fellows, 1838'de Arykanda ve çevresinde bulunan mezar-şapel yazıtlarını ve Nümismatik (sikke) verilere dayanarak Arykanda'yı keşfetmiştir.

Arykanda antik kentin kazılarında Prof.Dr. Cevdet Bayburtluoğlu'nun çok emeği geçmiştir. Ankara Üniversitesi öğretim üyesi Prof. Dr. Cevdet Bayburtluğlu ile özdeşen kent, onun arkeolojik çalışmaları sayesinde, bugün tarihi Likya (Işık diyarı) bölgesinin en güzel kentlerinin ziyaret etmemizi sağlar.

Nekropoldeki tonoz örtülü mezar odalarının dışında lahitlere de rastlanır. Birbirlerine teras görevi gören mezar binalarının en alt terasında ikinci katına kadar ayakta kalmış büyük bir hamam yer almaktadır.

Şehrin en ilginç kalıntılarından bir diğeri de Aykırıçay kaynağının bulunduğu yerde, kayalığın yüzündeki su yollarıdır.

Buluntular
Ören yeri Arikanda yerleşiminin 2018 yılı kazı sezonunda akropolis içinde yapılan çalışmalar, alanın kuzeyden sınırlayan dik kayalığın önündeki üst terasta yer alan konut, yüzeydeki izlerden doğu-batı yönünde anakayaya oyulmuş üç birimden oluştuğu görülmüştür. 6,47 x 8,32 m. ölçülerinde ve doğu-batı yönündeki dikdörtgen planlı orta birimin kazısı tamamlanmış olup doğu, kuzey ve batı yönlerinde anakayanın kesilmesi ile oluşturulmuş yapının güney duvarı kaba yonu taşlarla örülmüştür. Kuzeyden güneye doğru 2,52 m. ye kadar 880,56 m. kotunda mekânın anakaya zeminine ulaşılmış, mekânın anakaya zemininde kabzası bronz olan demir hançer ve hançerin hemen altında M.S.244-249 yılları arasına tarihlendirilen bronz Roma Eyalet sikkesi in-situ olarak bulunmuştur. 2,52 m. den 3,71 metreye kadar ise teras genişletilerek yakın çevreden alınan daha erken döneme tarihlenen buluntular ise zemin dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir. Zemin dolgusunda, örneklerini Lykia Bölgesi'nde Xanthos, Patara ve Hacımusalar Höyüğü'nün Hellenistik tabakalarından tanıdığımız iki bronz ok ucu ve on iki sikke ele geçmiştir. Bu sikkelerden dördü MÖ. 4. yüzyıla, ikisi MÖ. 3. yüzyıla ait olduğu ayrıca beş sikkenin MÖ. 1. yüzyıl, iki sikkenin MS. 2.- 3 yüzyıl ile tarihlendirilmektedir. Mekânın zemin dolgusunda ele geçirilen sikkelerden MÖ. 4. yüzyıla tarihlenenler Makedonia Krallığı, MÖ. 3. yüzyı' a tarihlenenler ise Ptolemaios ve Seleukos krallıklarına ait olarak tarihlendirilmiştir. Sikkelerle uyumlu olarak zemin dolgusunda tespit edilen seramikleri değerlendirdiğimizde de çoğunluğunun Geç Klasik ve Hellenistik Dönemde kullanılan siyah astarlı kaplara ait parçalar olduğu saptanmıştır. Mekânın taban kontekstinde ele geçirilen buluntular dikkate alındığında ise yapının Geç Hellenistik - Erken Roma Döneminde inşa edildiği ve MS. 3. yüzyıl sonuna kadar kullanımının devam ettiği anlaşılmaktadır.

Galeri

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Mimarlık Müzesi - Anadolu Antik Tiyatroları
 Lycian Turkey Arykanda Sayfası
 200 resimler

Likya antik kentleri
Antalya ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Finike
Türkiye'deki antik kentler
Eski piskoposluk bölgeleri
Türkiye'deki Antik Yunan sitler

Arikanda


An Pitcairnia vargasii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Roberto Vásquez ngan Pierre Leonhard Ibisch. An Pitcairnia vargasii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia vargasii


Rimska cesta koja se proteže uz rubna područja općina Dugopolja i Klisa je povijesni spomenik iz starorimskog razdoblja. Tematska pješačka staza je na predjelu Kurtovići - Klapavice, na ostatcima stare antičke cestovne prometnice (zaštićeno kulturno dobro). Očuvana cestovna dionica duga je oko dva kilometra odnosno 1,5 rimsku milju. Ostatci odgovaraju osnovnom pravcu rimskih cesta iz Salone, sjedišta rimske provincije Dalmacije. Trasa ceste išla je od Salone, preko prijevoja Klisa duž dugopoljske visoravni te se račvala kod zaseoka Kapele. Skretanje u jednom pravcu vodilo je ka Aequumu (današnjem Čitluku kod Sinja. Skretanje u drugom pravcu vodilo je ka vojnom logoru Pons Tiluri (današnji Gardun kod Trilja). Vjerojatno je ova prometnica funkcionirala kao kolna cesta do 7. stoljeća i velike seobe naroda koja je tad zahvatila prostor starorimske Dalmacije. Područje još nije do kraja arheološki istraženo. Područje rimske ceste na predjelu Podi-Zapad je zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Izvori

Zaštićene kopnene arheološke zone i nalazišta u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Rimske ceste u Hrvatskoj
Klis
Dugopolje

Rimska cesta (Dugopolje, Klis)


ملعب ريناتو دالارا  ملعب متعدد الاستخدامات لعدة رياضات يقع في مدينة بولونيا الإيطالية . يعتبر الملعب الرئيسي لمباريات نادي بولونيا . تم افتتاحه في 1927 ويتسع لحضور 38279 متفرج .

مراجع

تأسيسات سنة 1927 في إيطاليا
ملاعب الدوري الإيطالي
ملاعب رياضية اكتملت في 1927
ملاعب رياضية في بولونيا
ملاعب كأس العالم 1934
ملاعب كأس العالم 1990
ر
نادي بولونيا

ملعب ريناتو دالارا


Salomėja ist ein litauischer weiblicher Vorname, abgeleitet von Salome.

Namensträgerinnen
 Salomėja Nėris (1904–1945),  Dichterin
 Salomėja Zaksaitė (* 1985), Schachspielerin (WIM), Strafrechtlerin und Kriminologin

Weiblicher Vorname
Litauischer Vorname

Salomėja


Hanfbier ist eine Bezeichnung für unterschiedliche Biersorten aus Bestandteilen der Hanfpflanze.

Geschichte
Der heute für Bier fast ausschließlich verwendete Hopfen zählt zu den Hanfgewächsen (Cannabaceae), von denen mehrere Arten, auch die Hanf-Pflanze, schon früh zum Bierbrauen verwendet wurden. Historisch wurde Bier mit vielfältigen Zugaben, neben Hopfen und Hanf auch mit den Blättern des Gagelstrauchs, Schafgarbe, Gruit und weitere, zubereitet. Beim Hopfen gelang die Kultivierung etwa ab dem 8. Jahrhundert. Mit dem Wirken von Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179) fand das Wissen über die konservierende Wirkung von Hopfen große Verbreitung (eine Ausgrenzung des Hanfs als mögliches Rauschmittel aus religiösen Gründen könnte mit gespielt haben), so dass alle anderen gängigen Zugaben im Lauf mehrere Jahrhunderte stark zurückgedrängt wurden. Als eine deutliche Richtungsweisung, weg vom Hanf und hin zum Hopfen, markiert auch das Deutsche Reinheitsgebot (ausschließlich mit Hopfen, Malz und Wasser als Grundstoffe für Bier) von 1516 den vorläufig vollständigen Umbruch, selbst wenn es eigentlich nur ein Erlass und kein Gesetz war, und weiterhin eher verhindern sollte, dass der Weizen für Brot knapp wurde, während Gerstenbauern (Gerste für Gerstenmalz) Umsätze einbüßten.

Vor 100 Jahren lebte die alte Tradition des Hanfbieres wieder kurz auf, bis die Opiumgesetze und andere Verbote Hanf in den 1920er-Jahren illegalisierten. Am 17. März 1996 änderte die deutsche Bundesregierung die Cannabisgesetze, um die Verwendung der von der EU subventionierten Hanfpflanze zu ermöglichen.

Ende Sommer 1996 produzierte die Wädenswiler Brauerei Wädi-Brau-Huus das erste Schweizer Hanfbier. Die Nachfrage war so stark, dass andere Bierbrauereien für die Herstellung miteinbezogen wurden.
Im darauffolgenden Jahr wurde auch in Deutschland das Hanfbier turn gebraut.

Hanfbierarten
In Europa wird Hanfbier wie folgt genannt: Hanf-Bier-Mischgetränk aus Biobier und Biohanftrunk (D), Hemp Beer (UK), Bevanda a base di birra (I), Cerveza con cánamo (E), Biére au chanvre (F).

Sorten sind:
 Hanfblütenbier, dem Gebräu werden zerkleinerte Hanfblüten hinzugegeben (vor oder während des Brauvorgangs)
 Hanfblätterbier, wie Hanfblütenbier, nur mit Hanfblättern
Hanfextraktbier, dem Gebräu oder fertigem Bier wird ein Hanfextrakt beigemischt (auch nach dem Brauen)
Hanfölbier, wie Hanfextraktbier, nur mit ätherischem Hanföl
Hanfgeschmacksbier, z. B. wird das Brauwasser nur mit Hanf aromatisiert (ohne es beizumischen)
Hanfstarkbier

Eine neuseeländische Brauerei verkauft ein "Hanfbier", das lediglich durch Filter aus Hanffasern geleitet wurde.

Rechtliches

Deutschland
Aufgrund § 9 des deutschen Biergesetzes darf in Deutschland hergestelltes Hanfbier nicht in Deutschland als Bier verkauft werden. Bei Herstellung und Vertrieb in Deutschland dürfen nur Biermischgetränke als Hanfbier bezeichnet werden. Obwohl z. B. die Berliner Bier-Company ihr turn nach demselben Verfahren braute wie konventionelle Biere und hierfür auch Biersteuer abgeführt wurde, musste turn nach einer Klage des Brauerbundes vor dem Verwaltungsgericht bis 2012 in der Schweiz gebraut werden.

Auch andere deutsche Gerichte beschäftigen sich seitdem mit der Frage, ob das Deutsche Reinheitsgebot oder die Gewerbefreiheit höher zu bewerten ist. Der Rudolf Wahl KG aus Gundelfingen an der Donau wurde vom Freistaat Bayern die Herstellung und das Inverkehrbringen des alkoholhaltigen Hanftrunkes Cannabía niemals untersagt. Vielmehr beschäftigten sich die Gerichte erneut mit der gleichen Frage; Matthias Schillo, der gleiche Anwalt, der damals die Bier Company gegen den Brauerbund verteidigte, half erneut; mit der Folge, dass die Verhandlung auch eingestellt werden musste.

Mittlerweile akzeptieren "die Hüter des Reinheitsgebotes" die in Deutschland heute gebrauten Hanf-Bier-Getränke Cannabia und Cannabis Club Sud.

Vereinigte Staaten
Die amerikanische Bundesdrogenpolizei DEA wollte Anfang der 2000er Lebensmittel, die Hanf enthalten, als Marihuana einstufen. Hanfbier, das mit Industriehanf mit unter 0,3 % THC gewürzt wird, soll damit illegal werden.
Eine einstweilige Verfügung gegen das Inkrafttreten der Verordnung vom 9. September 2001 wurde vom US Court of Appeals des Ninth Circuit am 7. März 2002 erlassen.

Marketing
Das Presse- und Informationsamt der Bundesregierung setzte sich dafür ein, dass Turn auf der Expo 2000 ausgeschenkt werden durfte.

Im Flugzeug Air Force One des amerikanischen Präsidenten Bill Clinton wurde Hanfbier ausgeschenkt.

Literatur
 Ralf Hiener, Bettina Mack, Matthias Schillo, Stefan Wirner: Hanf – das Kochbuch. Mit Fotos von Ansgar Pudenz. Hädecke, Weil der Stadt 1998, ISBN 3-7750-0311-8.

Einzelnachweise

Hanf als Lebensmittel
Biermischgetränk
Biersorte

Hanfbier


An Puya maculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Puya maculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puya, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an.

Mabibilngan ini ha Ecuador. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puya

Puya maculata


Yogi har flere betydninger:
 Yogi - er en avanceret udøver af yoga.

Navn
 Yogi Berra
 Maharishi Mahesh Yogi

Andet
 Yogi Rock
 Yogi Tea
 Aerodyne Yogi

Yogi (flertydig)


3. etape af Vuelta a España 2018 gik fra Mijas til Alhaurín de la Torre 27. august 2018.

Elia Viviani vandt etapen, mens Michał Kwiatkowski forsvarede den røde førertrøje.

Etaperesultater

Samlet efter etapen

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Kombinationskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

03

3. etape af Vuelta a España 2018


El Chitala blanci (conocido también como pez cuchillo payaso, Navaja payaso, Navaja chitala, Cuchillo ocelado, Cuchillo ornado o Pez pluma payaso), es una especie de pez en la familia Notopteridae endémica de la cuenca del Mekong

Fue descrito por primera vez por Hamilton en 1822, y puede alcanzar un máximo de 155 mm.

Respecto al estado de conservación, se puede indicar que de acuerdo a la IUCN, esta especie puede catalogarse en la categoría de «casi amenazados (NT o LR/nt)», debido principalmente a la «alteración del hábitat provocada por las represas y el desarrollo de otras infraestructuras en el Mekong y sus grandes afluentes».

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Kottelat, M. 1996. Chitala blanci.
 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.  Consultado el 14 de noviembre de 2011.

Osteoglossiformes
Chitala
Peces de Asia

Chitala blanci


Dolichomastigales, manji red zelenih alga u razredu Mamiellophyceae. Pripadaju mu svega sedamšest vrsta morskih alga unutar dvije porodice. Ime reda došlo je po rodu Dolichomastix.

Porodice
 Crustomastigaceae Marin & Melkonian  2 vrste
 Dolichomastigaceae Marin & Melkonian   4 vrste

Izvori

Mamiellophyceae

Dolichomastigales


Robling ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Franz-Hubert Robling (* 1946), deutscher Rhetoriker
 Idwal Robling (1927–2011), walisischer Fußballspieler und Sportkommentator
 Lewis Robling (* 1991), walisischer Rugby-Union-Spieler

Robling


كريستينا أولدنبورغ (نيبورغ، 1522 - تورتونا، 1590) ابنة كريستيان الثاني ملك الدنمارك والنرويج والسويد وإيزابيلا هابسبورغ ، ابن شقيقة الإمبراطور شارل الخامس ، وكاترين أراغون أولى زوجات هنري الثامن ملك إنكلترا هي خالة والدتها.

مراجع

أميرات دنماركيات
أميرات سويديات
أميرات لورين
أميرات نرويجيات
أولدنبورغ
حاكمات في القرن 16
دنماركيون من أصل ألماني
دنماركيون من أصل إسباني
دنماركيون من أصل بلجيكي
دنماركيون من أصل نمساوي
دوقة لورين القرينة
رومان كاثوليك دنماركيون
مواليد 1521
وصيات على العرش
وفيات 1590
وفيات في ألساندريا

كريستينا أولدنبورغ


Somewhere in Time İngiliz Heavy Metal grubu Iron Maiden'ın altıncı stüdyo albümüdür. 29 Eylül 1986 tarihinde yayımlanmıştır. Powerslave ile Live After Death'in başarılarının ardından çıkan albüm, Iron Maiden'ın gitar synthesizerı kullandığı ilk albümüdür. Bir sonraki albüm olan Seventh Son of a Seventh Son ile birlikte bu özelliklerinden dolayı ayrı bir havaya sahiptirler. Grubun vokalisti Bruce Dickinson'ın World Slavery Tour sırasında yaptığı akustik albüm önerisi, grup tarafından reddedildiğinden, Bruce Dickinson'ın yazdığı materyaller albümde yer almaz ve vokalistin yazdığı hiçbir parça albümde bulunmaz. Adrian Smith'in yazdığı parçalar albümde çok büyük etkiye sahiptir. Smith'in yazdığı parçalardan ikisi, Wasted Years ile Stranger in a Strange Land albümden single olarak çıkmışlardır.

Albümdeki parçaların birçoğu sonraki yıllarda grubun konserlerinde yer almasa da Wasted Years ve zaman zaman "Heaven Can Wait" konserlerde kendilerine yer bulmuşlardır. Heaven Can Wait'in orta kısmındaki bölümünde seyirciler sahneye çıkarak gruba eşlik ederler.

Somewhere in Time, Iron Maiden'ın iki sene aranın ardından çıkarttığı bir albüm olmasıyla ayrı bir özelliğe sahiptir. Keza grup daha önce senede bir albüm çıkartmaktaydı. Iron Maiden bu albümden sonra hiçbir zaman senede bir albüm çıkartmadı.

Albümün adına da yansıdığı üzere, albümün teması zamandır. Parçalar zamanda yolculuk, zamanda arayışlar, bilimkurgu ve gelecekten bahseder. Yalnızca "Alexander the Great" geçmişi temel almaktadır ve Büyük İskender'e ithaf edilmiştir.

Albüm için yapılan turnenin adı Somewhere On Tour'dur.

Parça listesi

 "Caught Somewhere in Time" (Harris) – 7:25
 "Wasted Years" (Smith) – 5:07
 "Sea of Madness" (Smith) – 5:42
 "Heaven Can Wait" (Harris) – 7:21
 "The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner" (Harris) – 6:31
 "Stranger in a Strange Land" (Smith) - 5:44
 "Déjà Vu" (Murray/Harris) – 4:56
 "Alexander the Great" (Harris) – 8:37

1995 yeniden basım bonus CD

 "Reach Out"
 "Juanita"
 "Sheriff of Huddersfield"
 "That Girl"

Kadro

 Bruce Dickinson: Vokal
 Steve Harris: Bas Gitar
 Dave Murray: Gitar
 Adrian Smith: Gitar
 Nicko McBrain: Davul

Yapım
 Martin Birch – yapımcı, tonmayster, miksaj, teyp işletmeci
 Albert Boekholt – yardımcı tonmayster
 Ronald Prent – yardımcı tonmayster

Liste Performansları

Albüm

Tekliler

Albüm Kapağı

Albümün ön ve arka kapakları, grupla ilgili olaylara atıflarda bulunmakta olan detaylar içermektedir. Kapak aslında bir biyografi için hazırlanmıştır.

Ön Kapak

 Köşedeki sokak yazısında "Acacia" yazmaktadır. Bu, The Number of the Beast albümündeki "22 Acacia Avenue" parçasına atıftır.
 "Acacia" yazısının altında, ilk Iron Maiden albümü olan Iron Maiden'ın kapağı bulunmaktadır.
 Eddie'nin duruşu, Killers albümünün kapağındaki duruşunu andırmaktadır.
 Binaların üstünde bulunan Horus'un Gözü, Powerslave albümündeki aynı adlı parçaya bir atıftır.
 Eddie'nin altında görülebilecek dükkânda bir model durmaktadır. Bu modelin grubun eski vokalisti Paul Di'Anno olduğu düşünülmektedir.
 Eddie'nin ayağını yanında görülebilecek çöp kutusu, Iron Maiden albümünün kapağında da bulunmaktadır.

Arka Kapak

 23:58 yazan saat, Powerslave albümünden 2 Minutes to Midnight'a atıftır.
 Saatin altındaki Phantom Opera House, Iron Maiden albümündeki "Phantom of the Opera"'ya atıftır.
 Phantom Opera House'un altında "Bollocks again & again" yazmaktadır. Bu, Powerslave albümünün kapağında gizli bir şekilde çizilen Bollocks ifadesine atıftır.
 En sol taraftaki binada Aces High Bar yazmaktadır. Bu, Powerslave albümündeki Aces High'a atıftır.
 Aces High Bar'ın yanındaki spitfire uçağı, Aces High parçasında işlenen konudur.
 Aces High Bar'ın altında Sand Dune yazmaktadır. Bu, Dune romanından yola çıkılarak yazılan Piece of Mind parçası "To Tame a Land"'e atıftır.
 Arka plandaki piramitler, Powerslave albümünü temsil eder.
 Piramitlerin arasında bir azrail figürü vardır. Aynı figür, Piece of Mind parçası The Trooper'ın single kapağında da arka planda bulunur.
 Ancient Mariner Restaurant, Powerslave albümündeki "Rime of the Ancient Mariner"'a atıftır.
 Sol alttaki Ruskin Arms, Iron Maiden'ın ilk çaldığı yerlerden olan "The Ruskin Arms"'a atıftır.
 Ruskin Arms'ın üstündeki apartmanda bir kadın oturmaktadır. Bu, o güne kadar iki Iron Maiden parçasında (Charlotte the Harlot ve 22 Acacia Avenue) işlenen "Charlotte"'tur.
 Rainbow ve L'Amour yazıları Iron Maiden'ın çaldığı yerlere atıftır.
 Bradbury Towers'ın üstünden düşen İkarus, Piece of Mind parçası Flight of Icarus'a atıftır.
 Skor tabelasında West Ham 7-3 Arsenal yazmaktadır. Grubun kurucusu ve basçısı Steve Harris, West Ham United taraftarıdır.
 Bradbury Towers yazısının yanında Upton Park yazmaktadır. Upton Park, West Ham United'ın maçlarını oynadığı stadyumdur.
 Gypsy's Kiss yazısı, Steve Harris'in çaldığı ilk gruba atıftır.
 Long Beach Arena yazısı, Live After Death albümünün çoğunlukla kaydedildiği Long Beach Arena'ya atıftır.
 Grubun elemanları görünmektedir. Bruce Dickinson elinde Piece of Mind'a atıf olan bir beyin tutmaktadır. Nicko McBrain ise pilot lisansına sahip olduğundan pilotlar gibi giyinmiştir.
 En üstteki uzay aracı, Steve Harris'in favori grubu UFO'ya bir atıftır.
 Tehe's Bar, albümdeki Heaven Can Wait'in koro vokal bölümünün kaydedildiği bardır.
 Eddie'nin arkasında, Live After Death kapağındaki kedi bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

Heavy metal albümleri
Iron Maiden albümleri
1986 albümleri

Somewhere in Time (albüm)


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Moštenica enthält die neun nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützten Objekte in der Gemeinde Moštenica im Okres Banská Bystrica.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Mostenica


La France er en by med godt 26.500 indbyggere i et kommunefrit område i Anderson County, South Carolina i USA. La Frances postkontor blev grundlagt den 12. april 1872.

Geografi
La France ligger 232 moh. ved U.S. Route 76 og South Carolina Highway 28 16 km. nordvest for byen Anderson.

Byer i South Carolina

La France (South Carolina)


La Laguna Lo Custodio es una laguna ubicada en las faldas Cerro La Pólvora de la ciudad de Concepción, Chile.

Geografía
La ciudad de Concepción posee dos grupos de lagunas, uno al sur, que incluye las lagunas Chica de San Pedro de la Paz y la Grande de San Pedro de la Paz, y el sistema de lagunas al norte del Biobío, integrado por las lagunas Price, Redonda, Las Tres Pascualas, Lo Méndez, Lo Galindo, Lo Custodio y la Pineda.

Lo Custodio corresponde a una de las siete lagunas ubicadas en el Gran Concepción. Cercana a las lagunas Lo Méndez y Lo Galindo, es la menor de todas ellas, con una superficie de solo 3.4 ha, una profundidad menor a 1.5 m y un largo de 80 m.

La laguna, de origen fluvial-eólico, se formó aproximadamente entre 8000 y 6400 años atrás, desde las aguas del Río Biobío.

Referencias

Lo Custodio
Concepción (Chile)
Custodio

Laguna Lo Custodio


Das Rabattgesetz war ein deutsches Gesetz auf dem Gebiet des Wettbewerbsrechts. Es galt vom 1. Januar 1934 bis zum 25. Juli 2001.

Regelungsgehalt
Es regelte die Umstände, unter denen Einzelhändler gegenüber Verbrauchern Preisnachlässe einräumen durften. Insbesondere durfte gemäß § 2 der Rabatt bei Barzahlung 3 % des Warenpreises nicht überschreiten. Bei Abnahme einer größeren Menge oder mehrerer Stücke einer Ware konnte allerdings ein handelsüblicher Mengenrabatt gewährt werden, § 7.

Davon ausgenommen waren gewerbliche Kunden, Großverbraucher und Angestellte des eigenen Unternehmens, welchen gemäß § 9 Sonderpreise gewährt werden konnten.

Rechtspolitische Bedeutung
Das Gesetz wurde nach offizieller Begründung zum Schutz des Verbrauchers erlassen, um ihn vor unseriösen Fantasie- und Mondpreisen zu schützen. Stimmen in der juristischen Literatur sahen das Rabattgesetz aber auch als nicht demokratisch legitimiertes Element der "Mittelstandspolitik der NSDAP" und Teil einer dirigistischen Wirtschaftspolitik, die Wettbewerbsfreiheit der obrigkeitlichen Kontrolle unterordnete.

Es war von den Nationalsozialisten auch eingeführt worden, um die Attraktivität der Konsumgenossenschaften zu schmälern, die ihren Mitgliedern Rückvergütungen in Höhe von bis zu 10 % gewährten.

In den letzten Jahren der Geltungszeit wurde in der juristischen Literatur vermehrt eine Abschaffung des Rabattgesetzes gefordert. Der "Schutz des Menschen vor sich selbst" sei der deutschen Rechtsordnung nämlich grundsätzlich fremd und nicht ohne weiteres mit den Grundrechten des Grundgesetzes vereinbar.

Aufhebung
Die Aufhebung des Rabattgesetzes wurde, gemeinsam mit der Aufhebung der Zugabeverordnung, bereits 1993/94 geplant. Dieser Versuch scheiterte jedoch an der Kritik von Lobbygruppen des mittelständischen Handels sowie von Gewerkschaften. Erst Mitte 2000 wurde die Bundesregierung wieder darauf aufmerksam, als Branchenverbände bei einer Anhörung erklärten, dass dieses mit den Handelsbedingungen im Internet nicht vereinbar sei.

Durch das Gesetz zur Aufhebung des Rabattgesetzes und zur Anpassung anderer Rechtsvorschriften vom 23. Juli 2001 wurde das Rabattgesetz schließlich zum 25. Juli 2001 aufgehoben.

Trotz Aufhebung des Rabattgesetzes sind Händler nicht völlig frei in ihrer Rabattgestaltung, da die allgemeinen Vorschriften des Gesetzes gegen den unlauteren Wettbewerb (UWG) weiterhin Anwendung finden.

Siehe auch
 Buchpreisbindung

Weblinks
 Rabattgesetz bei Gesetzesweb.de

Einzelnachweise

Rechtsquelle (Zeit des Nationalsozialismus)
Rechtsquelle (20. Jahrhundert)
Wettbewerbsrecht (Deutschland)

Rabattgesetz