The sea otter (Enhydra lutris) is a marine mammal native to the coasts of the northern and eastern North Pacific Ocean. Adult sea otters typically weigh between , making them the heaviest members of the weasel family, but among the smallest marine mammals. Unlike most marine mammals, the sea otter's primary form of insulation is an exceptionally thick coat of fur, the densest in the animal kingdom. Although it can walk on land, the sea otter is capable of living exclusively in the ocean.

The sea otter inhabits nearshore environments, where it dives to the sea floor to forage. It preys mostly on marine invertebrates such as sea urchins, various mollusks and crustaceans, and some species of fish. Its foraging and eating habits are noteworthy in several respects. Its use of rocks to dislodge prey and to open shells makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools. In most of its range, it is a keystone species, controlling sea urchin populations which would otherwise inflict extensive damage to kelp forest ecosystems. Its diet includes prey species that are also valued by humans as food, leading to conflicts between sea otters and fisheries.

Sea otters, whose numbers were once estimated at 150,000–300,000, were hunted extensively for their fur between 1741 and 1911, and the world population fell to 1,000–2,000 individuals living in a fraction of their historic range. A subsequent international ban on hunting, sea otter conservation efforts, and reintroduction programs into previously populated areas have contributed to numbers rebounding, and the species occupies about two-thirds of its former range. The recovery of the sea otter is considered an important success in marine conservation, although populations in the Aleutian Islands and California have recently declined or have plateaued at depressed levels. For these reasons, the sea otter remains classified as an endangered species.

Evolution
The sea otter is the heaviest (the giant otter is longer, but significantly slimmer) member of the family Mustelidae, a diverse group that includes the 13 otter species and terrestrial animals such as weasels, badgers, and minks. It is unique among the mustelids in not making dens or burrows, in having no functional anal scent glands, and in being able to live its entire life without leaving the water. The only living member of the genus Enhydra, the sea otter is so different from other mustelid species that, as recently as 1982, some scientists believed it was more closely related to the earless seals. Genetic analysis indicates the sea otter and its closest extant relatives, which include the African speckle-throated otter, Eurasian otter, African clawless otter and Asian small-clawed otter, shared an ancestor approximately 5 million years ago.

Fossil evidence indicates the Enhydra lineage became isolated in the North Pacific approximately 2 million years ago, giving rise to the now-extinct Enhydra macrodonta and the modern sea otter, Enhydra lutris. One related species has been described, Enhydra reevei, from the Pleistocene of East Anglia. The modern sea otter evolved initially in northern Hokkaidō and Russia, and then spread east to the Aleutian Islands, mainland Alaska, and down the North American coast. In comparison to cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds, which entered the water approximately 50, 40, and 20 million years ago, respectively, the sea otter is a relative newcomer to a marine existence. In some respects, though, the sea otter is more fully adapted to water than pinnipeds, which must haul out on land or ice to give birth. The full genome of the northern sea otter (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) was sequenced in 2017 and may allow for examination of the sea otter's evolutionary divergence from terrestrial mustelids.

Taxonomy

The first scientific description of the sea otter is contained in the field notes of Georg Steller from 1751, and the species was described by Carl Linnaeus in his landmark 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. Originally named Lutra marina, it underwent numerous name changes before being accepted as Enhydra lutris in 1922. The generic name Enhydra, derives from the Ancient Greek en/εν "in" and hydra/ύδρα "water", meaning "in the water", and the Latin word lutris, meaning "otter". It was formerly sometimes referred to as the "sea beaver".

Subspecies
Three subspecies of the sea otter are recognized with distinct geographical distributions. Enhydra lutris lutris (nominate), the Asian sea otter, ranges across Russia's Kuril Islands northeast of Japan, and the Commander Islands in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the eastern Pacific Ocean, E. l. kenyoni, the northern sea otter, is found from Alaska's Aleutian Islands to Oregon and E. l. nereis, the southern sea otter, is native to central and southern California. The Asian sea otter is the largest subspecies and has a slightly wider skull and shorter nasal bones than both other subspecies. Northern sea otters possess longer mandibles (lower jaws) while southern sea otters have longer rostrums and smaller teeth.

Description

The sea otter is one of the smallest marine mammal species, but it is the heaviest mustelid. Male sea otters usually weigh  and are  in length, though specimens up to  have been recorded. Females are smaller, weighing  and measuring  in length. For its size, the male otter's baculum is very large, massive and bent upwards, measuring  in length and  at the base.

Unlike most other marine mammals, the sea otter has no blubber and relies on its exceptionally thick fur to keep warm. With up to , its fur is the densest of any animal. The fur consists of long, waterproof guard hairs and short underfur; the guard hairs keep the dense underfur layer dry. There is an air compartment between the thick fur and the skin where air is trapped and heated by the body. Cold water is kept completely away from the skin and heat loss is limited. However, a potential disadvantage of this form of insulation is compression of the air layer as the otter dives, thereby reducing the insulating quality of fur at depth when the animal forages. The fur is thick year-round, as it is shed and replaced gradually rather than in a distinct molting season. As the ability of the guard hairs to repel water depends on utmost cleanliness, the sea otter has the ability to reach and groom the fur on any part of its body, taking advantage of its loose skin and an unusually supple skeleton. The coloration of the pelage is usually deep brown with silver-gray speckles, but it can range from yellowish or grayish brown to almost black. In adults, the head, throat, and chest are lighter in color than the rest of the body.

The sea otter displays numerous adaptations to its marine environment. The nostrils and small ears can close. The hind feet, which provide most of its propulsion in swimming, are long, broadly flattened, and fully webbed. The fifth digit on each hind foot is longest, facilitating swimming while on its back, but making walking difficult. The tail is fairly short, thick, slightly flattened, and muscular. The front paws are short with retractable claws, with tough pads on the palms that enable gripping slippery prey. The bones show osteosclerosis, increasing their density to reduce buoyancy.

The sea otter presents an insight into the evolutionary process of the mammalian invasion of the aquatic environment, which has occurred numerous times over the course of mammalian evolution. Having only returned to the sea about 3 million years ago, sea otters represent a snapshot at the earliest point of the transition from fur to blubber. In sea otters, fur is still advantageous, given their small nature and division of lifetime between the aquatic and terrestrial environments. However, as sea otters evolve and adapt to spending more and more of their lifetimes in the sea, the convergent evolution of blubber suggests that the reliance on fur for insulation would be replaced by a dependency on blubber. This is particularly true due to the diving nature of the sea otter; as dives become lengthier and deeper, the air layer's ability to retain heat or buoyancy decreases, while blubber remains efficient at both of those functions. Blubber can also additionally serve as an energy source for deep dives, which would most likely prove advantageous over fur in the evolutionary future of sea otters.

The sea otter propels itself underwater by moving the rear end of its body, including its tail and hind feet, up and down, and is capable of speeds of up to . When underwater, its body is long and streamlined, with the short forelimbs pressed closely against the chest. When at the surface, it usually floats on its back and moves by sculling its feet and tail from side to side. At rest, all four limbs can be folded onto the torso to conserve heat, whereas on particularly hot days, the hind feet may be held underwater for cooling. The sea otter's body is highly buoyant because of its large lung capacity – about 2.5 times greater than that of similar-sized land mammals – and the air trapped in its fur. The sea otter walks with a clumsy, rolling gait on land, and can run in a bounding motion.

Long, highly sensitive whiskers and front paws help the sea otter find prey by touch when waters are dark or murky. Researchers have noted when they approach in plain view, sea otters react more rapidly when the wind is blowing towards the animals, indicating the sense of smell is more important than sight as a warning sense. Other observations indicate the sea otter's sense of sight is useful above and below the water, although not as good as that of seals. Its hearing is neither particularly acute nor poor.

An adult's 32 teeth, particularly the molars, are flattened and rounded for crushing rather than cutting food. Seals and sea otters are the only carnivores with two pairs of lower incisor teeth rather than three; the adult dental formula is . The teeth and bones are sometimes stained purple as a result of ingesting sea urchins.
The sea otter has a metabolic rate two or three times that of comparatively sized terrestrial mammals. It must eat an estimated 25 to 38% of its own body weight in food each day to burn the calories necessary to counteract the loss of heat due to the cold water environment. Its digestive efficiency is estimated at 80 to 85%, and food is digested and passed in as little as three hours. Most of its need for water is met through food, although, in contrast to most other marine mammals, it also drinks seawater. Its relatively large kidneys enable it to derive fresh water from sea water and excrete concentrated urine.

Behavior

The sea otter is diurnal. It has a period of foraging and eating in the morning, starting about an hour before sunrise, then rests or sleeps in mid-day. Foraging resumes for a few hours in the afternoon and subsides before sunset, and a third foraging period may occur around midnight. Females with pups appear to be more inclined to feed at night. Observations of the amount of time a sea otter must spend each day foraging range from 24 to 60%, apparently depending on the availability of food in the area.

Sea otters spend much of their time grooming, which consists of cleaning the fur, untangling knots, removing loose fur, rubbing the fur to squeeze out water and introduce air, and blowing air into the fur. To casual observers, it appears as if the animals are scratching, but they are not known to have lice or other parasites in the fur. When eating, sea otters roll in the water frequently, apparently to wash food scraps from their fur.

Foraging

The sea otter hunts in short dives, often to the sea floor. Although it can hold its breath for up to five minutes, its dives typically last about one minute and not more than four. It is the only marine animal capable of lifting and turning over rocks, which it often does with its front paws when searching for prey. The sea otter may also pluck snails and other organisms from kelp and dig deep into underwater mud for clams. It is the only marine mammal that catches fish with its forepaws rather than with its teeth.

Under each foreleg, the sea otter has a loose pouch of skin that extends across the chest. In this pouch (preferentially the left one), the animal stores collected food to bring to the surface. This pouch also holds a rock, unique to the otter, that is used to break open shellfish and clams. At the surface, the sea otter eats while floating on its back, using its forepaws to tear food apart and bring it to its mouth. It can chew and swallow small mussels with their shells, whereas large mussel shells may be twisted apart. It uses its lower incisor teeth to access the meat in shellfish.
To eat large sea urchins, which are mostly covered with spines, the sea otter bites through the underside where the spines are shortest, and licks the soft contents out of the urchin's shell.

The sea otter's use of rocks when hunting and feeding makes it one of the few mammal species to use tools. To open hard shells, it may pound its prey with both paws against a rock on its chest. To pry an abalone off its rock, it hammers the abalone shell using a large stone, with observed rates of 45 blows in 15 seconds. Releasing an abalone, which can cling to rock with a force equal to 4,000 times its own body weight, requires multiple dives.

Social structure

Although each adult and independent juvenile forages alone, sea otters tend to rest together in single-sex groups called rafts. A raft typically contains 10 to 100 animals, with male rafts being larger than female ones. The largest raft ever seen contained over 2000 sea otters. To keep from drifting out to sea when resting and eating, sea otters may wrap themselves in kelp.

A male sea otter is most likely to mate if he maintains a breeding territory in an area that is also favored by females. As autumn is the peak breeding season in most areas, males typically defend their territory only from spring to autumn. During this time, males patrol the boundaries of their territories to exclude other males, although actual fighting is rare. Adult females move freely between male territories, where they outnumber adult males by an average of five to one. Males that do not have territories tend to congregate in large, male-only groups, and swim through female areas when searching for a mate.

The species exhibits a variety of vocal behaviors. The cry of a pup is often compared to that of a gull. Females coo when they are apparently content; males may grunt instead. Distressed or frightened adults may whistle, hiss, or in extreme circumstances, scream. Although sea otters can be playful and sociable, they are not considered to be truly social animals. They spend much time alone, and each adult can meet its own hunting, grooming, and defense needs.

Reproduction and life cycle

Sea otters are polygynous: males have multiple female partners, typically those that inhabit their territory. If no territory is established, they seek out females in estrus. When a male sea otter finds a receptive female, the two engage in playful and sometimes aggressive behavior. They bond for the duration of estrus, or 3 days. The male holds the female's head or nose with his jaws during copulation. Visible scars are often present on females from this behavior.

Births occur year-round, with peaks between May and June in northern populations and between January and March in southern populations. Gestation appears to vary from four to twelve months, as the species is capable of delayed implantation followed by four months of pregnancy. In California, sea otters usually breed every year, about twice as often as those in Alaska.

Birth usually takes place in the water and typically produces a single pup weighing . Twins occur in 2% of births; however, usually only one pup survives. At birth, the eyes are open, ten teeth are visible, and the pup has a thick coat of baby fur. Mothers have been observed to lick and fluff a newborn for hours; after grooming, the pup's fur retains so much air, the pup floats like a cork and cannot dive. The fluffy baby fur is replaced by adult fur after about 13 weeks.

Nursing lasts six to eight months in Californian populations and four to twelve months in Alaska, with the mother beginning to offer bits of prey at one to two months. The milk from a sea otter's two abdominal nipples is rich in fat and more similar to the milk of other marine mammals than to that of other mustelids. A pup, with guidance from its mother, practices swimming and diving for several weeks before it is able to reach the sea floor. Initially, the objects it retrieves are of little food value, such as brightly colored starfish and pebbles. Juveniles are typically independent at six to eight months, but a mother may be forced to abandon a pup if she cannot find enough food for it; at the other extreme, a pup may be nursed until it is almost adult size. Pup mortality is high, particularly during an individual's first winter – by one estimate, only 25% of pups survive their first year. Pups born to experienced mothers have the highest survival rates.

Females perform all tasks of feeding and raising offspring, and have occasionally been observed caring for orphaned pups. Much has been written about the level of devotion of sea otter mothers for their pups – a mother gives her infant almost constant attention, cradling it on her chest away from the cold water and attentively grooming its fur. When foraging, she leaves her pup floating on the water, sometimes wrapped in kelp to keep it from floating away; if the pup is not sleeping, it cries loudly until she returns. Mothers have been known to carry their pups for days after the pups' deaths.

Females become sexually mature at around three or four years of age and males at around five; however, males often do not successfully breed until a few years later. A captive male sired offspring at age 19. In the wild, sea otters live to a maximum age of 23 years, with lifespans ranging from 10 to 15 years for males and 15–20 years for females. Several captive individuals have lived past 20 years, and a female at the Seattle Aquarium named Etika died at the age of 28 years. Sea otters in the wild often develop worn teeth, which may account for their apparently shorter lifespans.

Population and distribution

Sea otters live in coastal waters  deep, and usually stay within a kilometre ( mi) of the shore. They are found most often in areas with protection from the most severe ocean winds, such as rocky coastlines, thick kelp forests, and barrier reefs. Although they are most strongly associated with rocky substrates, sea otters can also live in areas where the sea floor consists primarily of mud, sand, or silt. Their northern range is limited by ice, as sea otters can survive amidst drift ice but not land-fast ice. Individuals generally occupy a home range a few kilometres long, and remain there year-round.

The sea otter population is thought to have once been 150,000 to 300,000, stretching in an arc across the North Pacific from northern Japan to the central Baja California Peninsula in Mexico. The fur trade that began in the 1740s reduced the sea otter's numbers to an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 members in 13 colonies. Hunting records researched by historian Adele Ogden place the westernmost limit of the hunting grounds off the northern Japanese island of Hokkaido and the easternmost limit off Punta Morro Hermosa about  south of Punta Eugenia, Baja California's westernmost headland in Mexico.

In about two-thirds of its former range, the species is at varying levels of recovery, with high population densities in some areas and threatened populations in others. Sea otters currently have stable populations in parts of the Russian east coast, Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and California, with reports of recolonizations in Mexico and Japan. Population estimates made between 2004 and 2007 give a worldwide total of approximately 107,000 sea otters.

Japan
Adele Ogden wrote in The California Sea Otter Trade that sea otter were hunted "from Yezo northeastward past the Kuril Group and Kamchatka to the Aleutian Chain". "Yezo" refers to the island of Hokkaido in northern Japan; the only confirmed sea otter population in Japanese territory is on the coast surrounding the town of Erimo, Hokkaido.

Russia
Currently, the most stable and secure part of the sea otter's range is Russia. Before the 19th century, around 20,000 to 25,000 sea otters lived near the Kuril Islands, with more near Kamchatka and the Commander Islands. After the years of the Great Hunt, the population in these areas, currently part of Russia, was only 750. By 2004, sea otters had repopulated all of their former habitat in these areas, with an estimated total population of about 27,000. Of these, about 19,000 are at the Kurils, 2,000 to 3,500 at Kamchatka and another 5,000 to 5,500 at the Commander Islands. Growth has slowed slightly, suggesting the numbers are reaching carrying capacity.

British Columbia
Along the North American coast south of Alaska, the sea otter's range is discontinuous. A remnant population survived off Vancouver Island into the 20th century, but it died out despite the 1911 international protection treaty, with the last sea otter taken near Kyuquot in 1929. From 1969 to 1972, 89 sea otters were flown or shipped from Alaska to the west coast of Vancouver Island. This population increased to over 5,600 in 2013 with an estimated annual growth rate of 7.2%, and their range on the island's west coast extended north to Cape Scott and across the Queen Charlotte Strait to the Broughton Archipelago and south to Clayoquot Sound and Tofino. In 1989, a separate colony was discovered in the central British Columbia coast. It is not known if this colony, which numbered about 300 animals in 2004, was founded by transplanted otters or was a remnant population that had gone undetected. By 2013, this population exceeded 1,100 individuals, was increasing at an estimated 12.6% annual rate, and its range included Aristazabal Island, and Milbanke Sound south to Calvert Island. In 2008, Canada determined the status of sea otters to be "special concern".

United States

Alaska
Alaska is the central area of the sea otter's range. In 1973, the population in Alaska was estimated at between 100,000 and 125,000 animals. By 2006, though, the Alaska population had fallen to an estimated 73,000 animals. A massive decline in sea otter populations in the Aleutian Islands accounts for most of the change; the cause of this decline is not known, although orca predation is suspected. The sea otter population in Prince William Sound was also hit hard by the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which killed thousands of sea otters in 1989.

Washington
In 1969 and 1970, 59 sea otters were translocated from Amchitka Island to Washington, and released near La Push and Point Grenville. The translocated population is estimated to have declined to between 10 and 43 individuals before increasing, reaching 208 individuals in 1989. As of 2017, the population was estimated at over 2,000 individuals, and their range extends from Point Grenville in the south to Cape Flattery in the north and east to Pillar Point along the Strait of Juan de Fuca.

In Washington, sea otters are found almost exclusively on the outer coasts. They can swim as close as six feet off shore along the Olympic coast. Reported sightings of sea otters in the San Juan Islands and Puget Sound almost always turn out to be North American river otters, which are commonly seen along the seashore. However, biologists have confirmed isolated sightings of sea otters in these areas since the mid-1990s.

Oregon
The last native sea otter in Oregon was probably shot and killed in 1906. In 1970 and 1971, a total of 95 sea otters were transplanted from Amchitka Island, Alaska to the Southern Oregon coast. However, this translocation effort failed and otters soon again disappeared from the state. In 2004, a male sea otter took up residence at Simpson Reef off of Cape Arago for six months. This male is thought to have originated from a colony in Washington, but disappeared after a coastal storm. On 18 February 2009, a male sea otter was spotted in Depoe Bay off the Oregon Coast. It could have traveled to the state from either California or Washington.

California

The historic population of California sea otters was estimated at 16,000 before the fur trade decimated the population, leading to their assumed extinction. Today's population of California sea otters are the descendants of a single colony of about 50 sea otters located near Bixby Creek Bridge in March 1938 by Howard G. Sharpe, owner of the nearby Rainbow Lodge on Bixby Bridge in Big Sur. Their principal range has gradually expanded and extends from Pigeon Point in San Mateo County to Santa Barbara County.

Sea otters were once numerous in San Francisco Bay. Historical records revealed the Russian-American Company snuck Aleuts into San Francisco Bay multiple times, despite the Spanish capturing or shooting them while hunting sea otters in the estuaries of San Jose, San Mateo, San Bruno and around Angel Island. The founder of Fort Ross, Ivan Kuskov, finding otters scarce on his second voyage to Bodega Bay in 1812, sent a party of Aleuts to San Francisco Bay, where they met another Russian party and an American party, and caught 1,160 sea otters in three months. By 1817, sea otters in the area were practically eliminated and the Russians sought permission from the Spanish and the Mexican governments to hunt further and further south of San Francisco. In 1833, fur trappers George Nidever and George Yount canoed "along the Petaluma side of [the] Bay, and then proceeded to the San Joaquin River", returning with sea otter, beaver, and river otter pelts.  Remnant sea otter populations may have survived in the bay until 1840, when the Rancho Punta de Quentin was granted to Captain John B. R. Cooper, a sea captain from Boston, by Mexican Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado along with a license to hunt sea otters, reportedly then prevalent at the mouth of Corte Madera Creek.

In the late 1980s, the USFWS relocated about 140 southern sea otters to San Nicolas Island in southern California, in the hope of establishing a reserve population should the mainland be struck by an oil spill. To the surprise of biologists, the majority of the San Nicolas sea otters swam back to the mainland. Another group of twenty swam  north to San Miguel Island, where they were captured and removed. By 2005, only 30 sea otters remained at San Nicolas, although they were slowly increasing as they thrived on the abundant prey around the island. The plan that authorized the translocation program had predicted the carrying capacity would be reached within five to 10 years. The spring 2016 count at San Nicolas Island was 104 sea otters, continuing a 5-year positive trend of over 12% per year. Sea otters were observed twice in Southern California in 2011, once near Laguna Beach and once at Zuniga Point Jetty, near San Diego. These are the first documented sightings of otters this far south in 30 years.

When the USFWS implemented the translocation program, it also attempted, in 1986, to implement "zonal management" of the Californian population. To manage the competition between sea otters and fisheries, it declared an "otter-free zone" stretching from Point Conception to the Mexican border. In this zone, only San Nicolas Island was designated as sea otter habitat, and sea otters found elsewhere in the area were supposed to be captured and relocated. These plans were abandoned after many translocated otters died and also as it proved impractical to capture the hundreds of otters which ignored regulations and swam into the zone. However, after engaging in a period of public commentary in 2005, the Fish and Wildlife Service failed to release a formal decision on the issue. Then, in response to lawsuits filed by the Santa Barbara-based Environmental Defense Center and the Otter Project, on 19 December 2012 the USFWS declared that the "no otter zone" experiment was a failure, and will protect the otters re-colonizing the coast south of Point Conception as threatened species. Although abalone fisherman blamed the incursions of sea otters for the decline of abalone, commercial abalone fishing in southern California came to an end from overfishing in 1997, years before significant otter moved south of Point Conception. In addition, white abalone (Haliotis sorenseni), a species never overlapping with sea otter, had declined in numbers 99% by 1996, and became the first marine invertebrate to be federally listed as endangered.

Although the southern sea otter's range has continuously expanded from the remnant population of about 50 individuals in Big Sur since protection in 1911, from 2007 to 2010, the otter population and its range contracted and since 2010 has made little progress. As of spring 2010, the northern boundary had moved from about Tunitas Creek to a point  southeast of Pigeon Point, and the southern boundary has moved along the Gaviota Coast from approximately Coal Oil Point to Gaviota State Park. A toxin called microcystin, produced by a type of cyanobacteria (Microcystis), seems to be concentrated in the shellfish the otters eat, poisoning them. Cyanobacteria are found in stagnant water enriched with nitrogen and phosphorus from septic tank and agricultural fertilizer runoff, and may be flushed into the ocean when streamflows are high in the rainy season. A record number of sea otter carcasses were found on California's coastline in 2010, with increased shark attacks an increasing component of the mortality. Great white sharks do not consume relatively fat-poor sea otters but shark-bitten carcasses have increased from 8% in the 1980s to 15% in the 1990s and to 30% in 2010 and 2011.

For southern sea otters to be considered for removal from threatened species listing, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) determined that the population should exceed 3,090 for three consecutive years. In response to recovery efforts, the population climbed steadily from the mid-20th century through the early 2000s, then remained relatively flat from 2005 to 2014 at just under 3,000. There was some contraction from the northern (now Pigeon Point) and southern limits of the sea otter's range during the end of this period, circumstantially related to an increase in lethal shark bites, raising concerns that the population had reached a plateau. However, the population increased markedly from 2015 to 2016, with the United States Geological Survey (USGS) California sea otter survey 3-year average reaching 3,272 in 2016, the first time it exceeded the threshold for delisting from the Endangered Species Act (ESA). If populations continued to grow and ESA delisting occurred, southern sea otters would still be fully protected by state regulations and the Marine Mammal Protection Act, which set higher thresholds for protection, at approximately 8,400 individuals. However, ESA delisting seems unlikely due to a precipitous population decline recorded in the spring 2017 USGS sea otter survey count, from the 2016 high of 3,615 individuals to 2,688, a loss of 25% of the California sea otter population.

Mexico
Historian Adele Ogden described sea otters are particularly abundant in "Lower California", now the Baja California Peninsula, where "seven bays...were main centers". The southernmost limit was Punta Morro Hermoso about  south of Punta Eugenia, in turn a headland at the southwestern end of Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay, on the west coast of the Baja Peninsula. Otter were also taken from San Benito Island, Cedros Island, and Isla Natividad in the Bay. By the early 1900s, Baja's sea otters were extirpated by hunting. In a 1997 survey, small numbers of sea otters, including pups, were reported by local fishermen, but scientists could not confirm these accounts. However, male and female otters have been confirmed by scientists off shores of the Baja Peninsula in a 2014 study, who hypothesize that otter dispersed there beginning in 2005. These sea otters may have dispersed from San Nicolas Island, which is  away, as individuals have been recorded traversing distances of over . Genetic analysis of most of these animals were consistent with California, i.e. United States, otter origins, however one otter had a haplotype not previously reported, and could represent a remnant of the original native Mexican otter population.

Ecology

Diet
High energetic requirements of sea otter metabolism require them to consume at least 20% of their body weight a day. Surface swimming and foraging are major factors in their high energy expenditure due to drag on the surface of the water when swimming and the thermal heat loss from the body during deep dives when foraging. Sea otter muscles are specially adapted to generate heat without physical activity.

Sea otters consume over 100 prey species. In most of its range, the sea otter's diet consists almost exclusively of marine benthic invertebrates, including sea urchins (such as Strongylocentrotus franciscanus and S. purpuratus), fat innkeeper worms, a variety of bivalves such as clams, mussels (such as Mytilus edulis), and scallops (such as Crassadoma gigantea), abalone, limpets (such as Diodora aspera), chitons (such as Katharina tunicata), other mollusks, crustaceans, and snails. Its prey ranges in size from tiny limpets and crabs to giant octopuses. Where prey such as sea urchins, clams, and abalone are present in a range of sizes, sea otters tend to select larger items over smaller ones of similar type. In California, they have been noted to ignore Pismo clams smaller than  across.

In a few northern areas, fish are also eaten. In studies performed at Amchitka Island in the 1960s, where the sea otter population was at carrying capacity, 50% of food found in sea otter stomachs was fish. The fish species were usually bottom-dwelling and sedentary or sluggish forms, such as Hemilepidotus hemilepidotus and family Tetraodontidae. However, south of Alaska on the North American coast, fish are a negligible or extremely minor part of the sea otter's diet. Contrary to popular depictions, sea otters rarely eat starfish, and any kelp that is consumed apparently passes through the sea otter's system undigested.

The individuals within a particular area often differ in their foraging methods and prey types, and tend to follow the same patterns as their mothers. The diet of local populations also changes over time, as sea otters can significantly deplete populations of highly preferred prey such as large sea urchins, and prey availability is also affected by other factors such as fishing by humans. Sea otters can thoroughly remove abalone from an area except for specimens in deep rock crevices, however, they never completely wipe out a prey species from an area. A 2007 Californian study demonstrated, in areas where food was relatively scarce, a wider variety of prey was consumed. Surprisingly, though, the diets of individuals were more specialized in these areas than in areas where food was plentiful.

As a keystone species

Sea otters are a classic example of a keystone species; their presence affects the ecosystem more profoundly than their size and numbers would suggest. They keep the population of certain benthic (sea floor) herbivores, particularly sea urchins, in check. Sea urchins graze on the lower stems of kelp, causing the kelp to drift away and die. Loss of the habitat and nutrients provided by kelp forests leads to profound cascade effects on the marine ecosystem. North Pacific areas that do not have sea otters often turn into urchin barrens, with abundant sea urchins and no kelp forest. Kelp forests are extremely productive ecosystems. Kelp forests sequester (absorb and capture) CO2 from the atmosphere through photosynthesis. Sea otters may help mitigate effects of climate change by their cascading trophic influence

Reintroduction of sea otters to British Columbia has led to a dramatic improvement in the health of coastal ecosystems, and similar changes have been observed as sea otter populations recovered in the Aleutian and Commander Islands and the Big Sur coast of California However, some kelp forest ecosystems in California have also thrived without sea otters, with sea urchin populations apparently controlled by other factors. The role of sea otters in maintaining kelp forests has been observed to be more important in areas of open coast than in more protected bays and estuaries.

Sea otters affect rocky ecosystems that are dominated by mussel beds by removing mussels from rocks. This allows space for competing species and increases species diversity.

Predators
Leading mammalian predators of this species include orcas and sea lions, and bald eagles may grab pups from the surface of the water. Young predators may kill an otter and not eat it. On land, young sea otters may face attack from bears and coyotes. In California, great white sharks are their primary predator but there is no evidence that the sharks eat them.

Urban runoff transporting cat feces into the ocean brings Toxoplasma gondii, an obligate parasite of felids, which has killed sea otters. Parasitic infections of Sarcocystis neurona are also associated with human activity. According to the U.S. Geological Survey and the CDC, northern sea otters off Washington have been infected with the H1N1 flu virus and "may be a newly identified animal host of influenza viruses".

Relationship with humans

Fur trade

Sea otters have the thickest fur of any mammal, which makes them a common target for many hunters. Archaeological evidence indicates that for thousands of years, indigenous peoples have hunted sea otters for food and fur. Large-scale hunting, part of the Maritime Fur Trade, which would eventually kill approximately one million sea otters, began in the 18th century when hunters and traders began to arrive from all over the world to meet foreign demand for otter pelts, which were one of the world's most valuable types of fur.

In the early 18th century, Russians began to hunt sea otters in the Kuril Islands and sold them to the Chinese at Kyakhta. Russia was also exploring the far northern Pacific at this time, and sent Vitus Bering to map the Arctic coast and find routes from Siberia to North America. In 1741, on his second North Pacific voyage, Bering was shipwrecked off Bering Island in the Commander Islands, where he and many of his crew died. The surviving crew members, which included naturalist Georg Steller, discovered sea otters on the beaches of the island and spent the winter hunting sea otters and gambling with otter pelts. They returned to Siberia, having killed nearly 1,000 sea otters, and were able to command high prices for the pelts. Thus began what is sometimes called the "Great Hunt", which would continue for another hundred years. The Russians found the sea otter far more valuable than the sable skins that had driven and paid for most of their expansion across Siberia. If the sea otter pelts brought back by Bering's survivors had been sold at Kyakhta prices they would have paid for one tenth the cost of Bering's expedition.

Russian fur-hunting expeditions soon depleted the sea otter populations in the Commander Islands, and by 1745, they began to move on to the Aleutian Islands. The Russians initially traded with the Aleuts inhabitants of these islands for otter pelts, but later enslaved the Aleuts, taking women and children hostage and torturing and killing Aleut men to force them to hunt. Many Aleuts were either murdered by the Russians or died from diseases the hunters had introduced. The Aleut population was reduced, by the Russians' own estimate, from 20,000 to 2,000. By the 1760s, the Russians had reached Alaska. In 1799, Tsar Paul I consolidated the rival fur-hunting companies into the Russian-American Company, granting it an imperial charter and protection, and a monopoly over trade rights and territorial acquisition.
Under Aleksander I, the administration of the merchant-controlled company was transferred to the Imperial Navy, largely due to the alarming reports by naval officers of native abuse; in 1818, the indigenous peoples of Alaska were granted civil rights equivalent to a townsman status in the Russian Empire.

Other nations joined in the hunt in the south. Along the coasts of what is now Mexico and California, Spanish explorers bought sea otter pelts from Native Americans and sold them in Asia. In 1778, British explorer Captain James Cook reached Vancouver Island and bought sea otter furs from the First Nations people. When Cook's ship later stopped at a Chinese port, the pelts rapidly sold at high prices, and were soon known as "soft gold". As word spread, people from all over Europe and North America began to arrive in the Pacific Northwest to trade for sea otter furs.

Russian hunting expanded to the south, initiated by American ship captains, who subcontracted Russian supervisors and Aleut hunters in what are now Washington, Oregon, and California. Between 1803 and 1846, 72 American ships were involved in the otter hunt in California, harvesting an estimated 40,000 skins and tails, compared to only 13 ships of the Russian-American Company, which reported 5,696 otter skins taken between 1806 and 1846. In 1812, the Russians founded an agricultural settlement at what is now Fort Ross in northern California, as their southern headquarters.
Eventually, sea otter populations became so depleted, commercial hunting was no longer viable. It had stopped in the Aleutian Islands, by 1808, as a conservation measure imposed by the Russian-American Company. Further restrictions were ordered by the company in 1834. When Russia sold Alaska to the United States in 1867, the Alaska population had recovered to over 100,000, but Americans resumed hunting and quickly extirpated the sea otter again. Prices rose as the species became rare. During the 1880s, a pelt brought $105 to $165 in the London market, but by 1903, a pelt could be worth as much as $1,125. In 1911, Russia, Japan, Great Britain (for Canada) and the United States signed the Treaty for the Preservation and Protection of Fur Seals, imposing a moratorium on the harvesting of sea otters. So few remained, perhaps only 1,000–2,000 individuals in the wild, that many believed the species would become extinct.

Recovery and conservation

During the 20th century, sea otter numbers rebounded in about two-thirds of their historic range, a recovery considered one of the greatest successes in marine conservation. However, the IUCN still lists the sea otter as an endangered species, and describes the significant threats to sea otters as oil pollution, predation by orcas, poaching, and conflicts with fisheries – sea otters can drown if entangled in fishing gear. The hunting of sea otters is no longer legal except for limited harvests by indigenous peoples in the United States. Poaching was a serious concern in the Russian Far East immediately after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991; however, it has declined significantly with stricter law enforcement and better economic conditions.

The most significant threat to sea otters is oil spills, to which they are particularly vulnerable, since they rely on their fur to keep warm. When their fur is soaked with oil, it loses its ability to retain air, and the animals can quickly die from hypothermia. The liver, kidneys, and lungs of sea otters also become damaged after they inhale oil or ingest it when grooming. The Exxon Valdez oil spill of 24 March 1989 killed thousands of sea otters in Prince William Sound, and as of 2006, the lingering oil in the area continues to affect the population. Describing the public sympathy for sea otters that developed from media coverage of the event, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service spokesperson wrote:

The small geographic ranges of the sea otter populations in California, Washington, and British Columbia mean a single major spill could be catastrophic for that state or province. Prevention of oil spills and preparation to rescue otters if one happens is a major focus for conservation efforts. Increasing the size and range of sea otter populations would also reduce the risk of an oil spill wiping out a population. However, because of the species' reputation for depleting shellfish resources, advocates for commercial, recreational, and subsistence shellfish harvesting have often opposed allowing the sea otter's range to increase, and there have even been instances of fishermen and others illegally killing them.

In the Aleutian Islands, a massive and unexpected disappearance of sea otters has occurred in recent decades. In the 1980s, the area was home to an estimated 55,000 to 100,000 sea otters, but the population fell to around 6,000 animals by 2000. The most widely accepted, but still controversial, hypothesis is that killer whales have been eating the otters. The pattern of disappearances is consistent with a rise in predation, but there has been no direct evidence of orcas preying on sea otters to any significant extent.

Another area of concern is California, where recovery began to fluctuate or decline in the late 1990s. Unusually high mortality rates amongst adult and subadult otters, particularly females, have been reported. In 2017 the US Geological Survey found a 3% drop in the sea otter population of the California coast. This number still keeps them on track for removal from the endangered species list, although just barely. Necropsies of dead sea otters indicate diseases, particularly Toxoplasma gondii and acanthocephalan parasite infections, are major causes of sea otter mortality in California. The Toxoplasma gondii parasite, which is often fatal to sea otters, is carried by wild and domestic cats and may be transmitted by domestic cat droppings flushed into the ocean via sewage systems. Although disease has clearly contributed to the deaths of many of California's sea otters, it is not known why the California population is apparently more affected by disease than populations in other areas.

Sea otter habitat is preserved through several protected areas in the United States, Russia and Canada. In marine protected areas, polluting activities such as dumping of waste and oil drilling are typically prohibited. An estimated 1,200 sea otters live within the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, and more than 500 live within the Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary.

Economic impact
Some of the sea otter's preferred prey species, particularly abalone, clams, and crabs, are also food sources for humans. In some areas, massive declines in shellfish harvests have been blamed on the sea otter, and intense public debate has taken place over how to manage the competition between sea otters and humans for seafood.

The debate is complicated because sea otters have sometimes been held responsible for declines of shellfish stocks that were more likely caused by overfishing, disease, pollution, and seismic activity. Shellfish declines have also occurred in many parts of the North American Pacific coast that do not have sea otters, and conservationists sometimes note the existence of large concentrations of shellfish on the coast is a recent development resulting from the fur trade's near-extirpation of the sea otter. Although many factors affect shellfish stocks, sea otter predation can deplete a fishery to the point where it is no longer commercially viable. Scientists agree that sea otters and abalone fisheries cannot exist in the same area, and the same is likely true for certain other types of shellfish, as well.

Many facets of the interaction between sea otters and the human economy are not as immediately felt. Sea otters have been credited with contributing to the kelp harvesting industry via their well-known role in controlling sea urchin populations; kelp is used in the production of diverse food and pharmaceutical products. Although human divers harvest red sea urchins both for food and to protect the kelp, sea otters hunt more sea urchin species and are more consistently effective in controlling these populations. E. lutris is a controlling predator of the red king crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) in the Bering Sea, which would otherwise be out of control as it is in its invasive range, the Barents Sea. (Berents otters, Lutra lutra, occupy the same ecological niche and so are believed to help to control them in the Berents but this has not been studied.) The health of the kelp forest ecosystem is significant in nurturing populations of fish, including commercially important fish species. In some areas, sea otters are popular tourist attractions, bringing visitors to local hotels, restaurants, and sea otter-watching expeditions.

Roles in human cultures

For many maritime indigenous cultures throughout the North Pacific, especially the Ainu in the Kuril Islands, the Koryaks and Itelmen of Kamchatka, the Aleut in the Aleutian Islands, the Haida of Haida Gwaii and a host of tribes on the Pacific coast of North America, the sea otter has played an important role as a cultural, as well as material, resource. In these cultures, many of which have strongly animist traditions full of legends and stories in which many aspects of the natural world are associated with spirits, the sea otter was considered particularly kin to humans. The Nuu-chah-nulth, Haida, and other First Nations of coastal British Columbia used the warm and luxurious pelts as chiefs' regalia. Sea otter pelts were given in potlatches to mark coming-of-age ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Aleuts carved sea otter bones for use as ornaments and in games, and used powdered sea otter baculum as a medicine for fever.

Among the Ainu, the otter is portrayed as an occasional messenger between humans and the creator. The sea otter is a recurring figure in Ainu folklore. A major Ainu epic, the Kutune Shirka, tells the tale of wars and struggles over a golden sea otter. Versions of a widespread Aleut legend tell of lovers or despairing women who plunge into the sea and become otters. These links have been associated with the many human-like behavioral features of the sea otter, including apparent playfulness, strong mother-pup bonds and tool use, yielding to ready anthropomorphism. The beginning of commercial exploitation had a great impact on the human, as well as animal, populations. The Ainu and Aleuts have been displaced or their numbers are dwindling, while the coastal tribes of North America, where the otter is in any case greatly depleted, no longer rely as intimately on sea mammals for survival.

Since the mid-1970s, the beauty and charisma of the species have gained wide appreciation, and the sea otter has become an icon of environmental conservation. The round, expressive face and soft, furry body of the sea otter are depicted in a wide variety of souvenirs, postcards, clothing, and stuffed toys.

Aquariums and zoos
Sea otters can do well in captivity, and are featured in over 40 public aquariums and zoos. The Seattle Aquarium became the first institution to raise sea otters from conception to adulthood with the birth of Tichuk in 1979, followed by three more pups in the early 1980s. In 2007, a YouTube video of two sea otters holding paws drew 1.5 million viewers in two weeks, and had over 22 million views . Filmed five years previously at the Vancouver Aquarium, it was YouTube's most popular animal video at the time, although it has since been surpassed. The lighter-colored otter in the video is Nyac, a survivor of the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill. Nyac died in September 2008, at the age of 20. Milo, the darker one, died of lymphoma in January 2012.

Current conservation
Sea otters, being a known keystone species, need a humanitarian effort to be protected from endangerment through "unregulated human exploitation". This species has increasingly been impacted by the large oil spills and environmental degradation caused by overfishing and entanglement in fishing gear. Current efforts have been made in legislation: the international Fur Seal Treaty, The Endangered Species Act, IUCN/The World Conservation Union, Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, and the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972. Other conservation efforts are done through reintroduction and zoological parks.

See also
 California Fur Rush

Notes

References

Citations

Cited works

External links

 Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) at the Integrated Taxonomic Information System
 Enhydra lutris (Linnaeus, 1758) at the World Register of Marine Species
 De Bestiis Marinis, or, The Beasts of the Sea (1751) (PDF), pp. 68–82, transcribed field notes from 18th-century German zoologist Georg Wilhelm Steller
 Precipice of Survival: The Southern Sea Otter  (Adobe Flash), a 48-minute program on the southern sea otter's history by the United States Geological Survey

Carnivorans of Asia
Carnivorans of North America
Endangered biota of Asia
Endangered fauna of California
Endangered fauna of North America
Endangered fauna of the United States
Extant Pleistocene first appearances
Fauna of California
Fauna of the Aleutian Islands
Fauna of the Pacific Ocean
Fur trade
Kuril Islands
sea otter
Mammals of Canada
Mammals of Russia
Mammals of Mexico
Mammals of Japan
Mammals of the United States
Marine mammals
sea otter
Pleistocene animals of North America
Pleistocene carnivorans
Quaternary mammals of Asia
Quaternary mammals of North America
sea otter
Tool-using mammals
Western North American coastal fauna
Semiaquatic mammals
Holarctic fauna
Articles containing video clips

Sea otter


Franz Josef Meinrad Merkel CSSp (* 22. September 1944 in Hardheim) ist ein deutscher Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter römisch-katholischer Bischof von Humaitá in Brasilien.

Leben
Franz Josef Meinrad Merkel wurde am 22. September 1944 in Hardheim geboren. Seine Eltern waren Franz und Thekla Merkel, der Vater von Beruf Volksschullehrer und Organist. Meinrad Merkel ist der jüngste von sieben Brüdern und einer Schwester. Fünf der Brüder studierten Theologie, für wiederum drei von ihnen mündete dieses Studium in der Priesterweihe. Neben Meinrad waren dies Carl (1936–2017), Professor an der Katholischen Universität Eichstätt, und Norbert (geb. 1938, Spiritaner u. a. in Menden (Sauerland) und im Kloster Knechtsteden).

Franz Josef Meinrad Merkel trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Spiritaner bei und empfing am 22. Mai 1971 die Priesterweihe. Während seines Studiums spezialisierte er sich auf Landwirtschaft in den Tropen und bereiste erstmals Brasilien. Anschließend wurde er Missionar im brasilianischen Grenzgebiet zu Peru. Von 1982 bis 1987 war er in der Pfarrseelsorge in Belo Horizonte tätig. Bevor er 1989 als Missionar und Pfarrer nach Bahia wechselte, war er für die Spiritaner zwei Jahre von Stuttgart aus für das Projekt Missionar auf Zeit tätig. Ab 1999 folgte noch eine kurze Tätigkeit in São Paulo.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 26. Juli 2000 zum Bischof von Humaitá in Brasilien. Der Bischof von Rio do Sul, José Jovêncio Balestieri SDB, spendete ihm am 15. Oktober desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren der Erzbischof von Porto Velho, Moacyr Grechi OSM und der Koadjutorprälat von Tefé, Sérgio Eduardo Castriani CSSp.

Am 12. August 2020 nahm Papst Franziskus das von Franz Josef Meinrad Merkel aus Altersgründen vorgebrachte Rücktrittsgesuch an.

Er ist seit 1967 Mitglied der katholischen Studentenverbindung KStV Frankonia-Straßburg Frankfurt am Main im KV.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Katholischer Missionar
Person (Hardheim)
Person (Humaitá, Amazonas)
Korporierter im KV
Spiritaner
Deutscher
Geboren 1944
Mann

Franz Josef Meinrad Merkel


Tom Scott kan henvise til flere personer:

Sport
 Tom Scott (canadisk fodboldspiller) (født 1951), optaget i Canadian Football Hall of Fame
 Tom Scott (træner) (1908–1993), coach of the North Carolina Tar Heels basketball program
 Tom Scott (fodboldspiller) (1904-1979), engelsk fodboldspiller
 Tom Scott (linebacker) (1930–2015), optaget i College Football Hall of Fame
 Tom Scott (offensive lineman) (født 1970), amerikansk fodboldspiller

Musik
 Tom Scott (komponist) (1912–1961), amerikansk komponist
 Tom Scott (musiker) (født 1948), amerikansk jazz saxofonist

Kunst
 Tom Scott (tegneserietegner) (født 1947), New Zealandsk tegneserietegner
 Tom Scott (maler) (1854–1927), skotsk maler

Andre
 Tom Scott (komiker), britisk entertainer og komiker
 Tom Scott (poet) (1918–1995), skotsk poet
 Tom Scott (lydtekniker), modtog en Academy Award for Best Sound i 1983 og 1984
 Tom Everett Scott (født 1970), American film, teater og tv-skuespiller
 Tom Scott (amerikansk forretningsmand), grundlage Nantucket Nectars

Tom Scott


Seynabou Mbengue, née le  à Diourbel (Sénégal), est une footballeuse internationale sénégalaise. Elle évolue au poste d'attaquante au Montauban FCTG.

Carrière

En club
Avec les Amazones de Grand-Yoff, elle réalise le doublé coupe-championnat sénégalais en 2019, et termine meilleure buteuse de la saison avec 12 réalisations.

En compagnie de sa coéquipière Adama Fall, elle rejoint ensuite le Valenciennes FC, tout juste promu en Régional 1 ( française). Avec le VAFC, elle inscrit 24 buts en une saison, avec notamment un quintuplé en coupe de France face à Beauvais.

Elle est alors recrutée par le FF Yzeure AA, qui évolue en deuxième division.

En sélection

Seynabou Mbengue joue en équipe du Sénégal.

Statistiques

Palmarès
 Amazones de Grand-Yoff

 Championnat du Sénégal : 2019
 Coupe du Sénégal : 2019

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mars 1992
Naissance à Diourbel
Footballeuse internationale sénégalaise
Joueuse du FF Yzeure Allier Auvergne

Seynabou Mbengue


الباير منطقة جبلية شمال مدينة اللاذقية السورية تمتاز بجمالها وطبيعتها الرائعة وهي أكبر منطقة خضار في سورية وفيها مركز الناحية بلدة ربيعة. وربيعة قرية من القرى السورية في شمال مدينة اللاذقية منطقة الباير وغالبية سكانها من التركمان  وهي أكبر منطقة غابات في سورية تحوي غابات الفرنلق الرائعة الجمال، وفي وسط الغابات قرى كثيرة منها ريحانة والروضة والكبير وغيرها، وتمتاز المنطقة بجمالها الرائع وسكانها الطيبيين وطبيعتها الخلابة.

غابات سوريا
محافظة اللاذقية

الباير


An Dendrobium moschatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Buch.-ham., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Olof Swartz. An Dendrobium moschatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dendrobium

Dendrobium moschatum


Ryu Ui-hyun, né le  à Séoul, est un acteur sud-coréen. Il est notamment connu grâce à ses rôles dans les séries A-Teen (2018), A-Teen 2 (2019) et Adult Trainee (2021).

Biographie

Filmographie

Cinéma

 2009 : Where is Ronny... : Chul-soo
 2009 : The Righteous Thief : Hong Moo-hyuk jeune
 2010 : The Recipe : Park-min jeune
 2010 : A Better Tomorrow : Kim Hyuk jeune
 2010 : The Man from Nowhere : le livreur
 2012 : Pacemaker : Joo Man-ho jeune
 2012 : Romance Joe : un garçon
 2014 : For the Emperor : Lee Hwan jeune
 2018 : Last Child : Oh Jung-seok

Séries télévisées

 2007 : New Heart
 2008 : Bitter Sweet Life
 2008 : You Stole My Heart
 2008 : Spotlight
 2008 : The Great King, Sejong
 2008 : Beethoven Virus
 2009 : High Kick Through the Roof
 2009 : Can Anyone Love
 2010 : Pink Lipstick : Park Jung-woo jeune
 2013 : The Queen's Classroom : Jo Yeon-hoo
 2016 : Shopping King Louie : Ko Bok-nam
 2017 : Naked Fireman : Oh Sung-jin jeune
 2018 : A-Teen : Cha Gi-hyun
 2019 : Can Love Be Refunded : Shrek
 2019 : A-Teen 2 : Cha Gi-hyun
 2019 : Beautiful Love, Wonderful Life : Moon Pa-rang
 2020 : Twenty Twenty : Cha Gi-hyun
 2020 : Strange School Tales : Kang Dong-hee
 2021 : River Where The Moon Rises : Tarasan
 2021 : Adult Trainee : Jaemin

Notes et références

Liens externes

Acteur sud-coréen du XXIe siècle
Naissance en avril 1999

Ryu Ui-hyun


The Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album was awarded from 1987 to 2011.  Until 1993 the award was known as the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Recording.

An award for Best Contemporary Folk Album was also presented.  Prior to 1987 contemporary and traditional folk were combined as the Best Ethnic or Traditional Folk Recording.

The award was discontinued in a major overhaul of Grammy categories. In 2012 this category was merged with Best Contemporary Folk Album to form the new Best Folk Album category.

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.

Recipients

References

Album awards
Grammy Awards for folk music


Lyd på liv er en portrætfilm fra 2006 instrueret af Katia Forbert Petersen, Iben Haahr Andersen efter manuskript af Katia Forbert Petersen, Iben Haahr Andersen.

Handling
80-årige Else Marie Pade er et af dansk musikhistories store fænomener, som har fået en renæssance blandt teknopublikummet. Pades musik har sin oprindelse i hendes livshistorie. Som barn var hun tit syg og sengeliggende. Hun lyttede til lydene omkring hende - på trappen, fra gården og fra stuen ved siden af. Her begyndte hendes lydunivers at tage form. Under anden verdenskrig blev Pade taget til fange af Gestapo og isolationsfængslet. I fængslet begyndte hun at komponere musik og kradsede noderne ned på væggene med sit hofteholderspænde. Da hun efter krigen hørte den franske avantgardes konkretmusik, gik det op for hende, at den mindede om de lyde, som hun havde hørt siden sin barndom, og at det var den musik, hun ville komponere. Hun blev den første dansker, som viede sit liv til konkret og elektronisk musik - men måtte vente næsten 50 år, før den blev anerkendt. Denne dokumentarfilm fortæller om Pades liv og lydunivers.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2006

Lyd på liv


Sheerness es una villa del distrito de Swale, en el condado de Kent (Inglaterra). Los ayuntamientos del distrito y del condado se reparten los servicios de la localidad, que está cubierta por dos circunscripciones: Sheerness East y Sheerness West.

Geografía
Sheerness encuentra en la esquina noroeste de la isla de Sheppey. Hacia el noroeste, a lo largo de la costa del estuario del Támesis, se extienden playas de arena. Al oeste el río Medway desemboca en el estuario. Entre el río y la parte suroeste de la localidad se ubica una zona de humedales conocida como The Lappel y al sur y el este hay marismas. Según la Oficina Nacional de Estadística británica, Sheerness tiene una superficie de 3,04 km².

Historia
La primera estructura de lo que hoy es Sheerness fue un fuerte construido por orden de Enrique VIII para prevenir que naves enemigas ingresen al Río Medway y ataquen Chatham. En 1666 el fuerte fue reforzado, pero antes de terminarlo fue destruido durante el raid holandés de 1667.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2001, Sheerness tenía 11 654 habitantes (49,08% varones, 50,92% mujeres) y una densidad de población de 3833,55 hab/km². El 26,02% eran menores de 16 años, el 67,84% tenían entre 16 y 74 y el 6,14% eran mayores de 74. La media de edad era de 34,73 años.

El 94,32% eran originarios de Inglaterra y el 2,56% de otras naciones constitutivas del Reino Unido, mientras que el 1,41% eran del resto de países europeos y el 1,72% de cualquier otro lugar. Según su grupo étnico, el 98% de los habitantes eran blancos, el 0,62% mestizos, el 0,84% asiáticos, el 0,21% negros, el 0,26% chinos y el 0,07% de cualquier otro. El cristianismo era profesado por el 72,2%, el budismo por el 0,21%, el hinduismo por el 0,15%, el judaísmo por el 0,04%, el islam por el 0,62%, el sijismo por el 0,12% y cualquier otra religión por el 0,26%. El 18,68% no eran religiosos y el 7,73% no marcaron ninguna opción en el censo.

Del total de habitantes con 16 o más años, el 34,1% estaban solteros, el 40,83% casados, el 4,28% separados, el 12,11% divorciados y el 8,69% viudos. Había 4868 hogares con residentes, de los cuales el 33,94% estaban habitados por una sola persona, el 14,54% por padres solteros con o sin hijos dependientes, el 27,72% por parejas casadas y el 11,47% sin casar, con o sin hijos dependientes en ambos casos, el 6,26% por jubilados y el 6,06% por otro tipo de composición. Además, había 296 hogares sin ocupar y 7 eran alojamientos vacacionales o segundas residencias.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Kent
Localidades portuarias del mar del Norte de Inglaterra

Sheerness


A MT-Propeller Entwicklung GmbH, fundada em 1980 por Gerd Muehlbauer, é uma fabricante de hélices de material compósito para aeronaves monomotor e bimotor, dirigíveis, túneis de vento e outras aplicações especiais.

A sede da empresa está localizada no aeroporto Straubing Wallmuhle, na Baviera, Alemanha.

Desenvolvimentos
Em 2010, a empresa desenvolveu um projeto de hélice especial para restaurações do North American F-82 Twin Mustang.

Aplicações

Instaladas de fábrica

Instaladas sob um STC

Instalado em veículos aéreos de combate não tripulados (UCAV)

Ligações externas

Empresas da Alemanha

MT-Propeller


Pravilo pet sekundi, ponekad poznato i kao pravilo 10 sekundi, mit o sigurnosti hrane, odnosno praznovjerje, prema kojemu je sigurno i dopušteno pojesti hranu koja je pala na tlo ako je se podigne s tla u roku od pet ili deset sekundi.

Bakteriolog, profesor Anthony Hilton s britanskog Sveučilišta Aston u Birminghamu, proveo je istraživanje o pravilu 5 sekundi i zaključio da se hrana može pojesti ako se brzo podigne. Dakako, naveo je da može postojati određeni stupanj rizika, ali da stupanj kontaminacije hrane bakterijama ovisi o vrsti poda na koju je hrana pala, vrsti hrane i vremenu provedenom na podu. Unatoč tome, istraživači upozoravaju da, bez obzira na brzinu kojom podignemo hranu koja je pala na pod, postoji vjerojatnost zaraze od raznih bakterija, što ovisi o bakterijama koje nam se nalaze na podu.

Isto istraživanje navodi kako se kruta i suha hrana, poput kolačića, biskvita, suhog tosta ili sendviča može podići s poda u roku od 30 minuta i pojesti bez opasnosti za ljudsko zdravlje. Iako se vjeruje da su tepisi osobito nečiste površine, pune grinja i bakterija, zapravo su mnogo manje rizične od pločica i laminata. Istraživanje je pokazalo i da ljepljiva hrana i vlažne namirnice nije preporučeno pojesti nakon podizanja s poda.

Usprkos tome što je istraživanje provedeno na Sveučilištu Aston djelomično potvrdilo ispravnost pravila 5 sekundi, neka prethodna istraživanja, poput onog Sveučilišta Rutgers, pokazala su da je moguć prijenos bakterija na hranu već za manje od jedne sekunde.

S druge strane, studija koju su proveli Miranda i Schaffner potvrdila je stav da je pravilo 5 sekundi mit te da konzumacija hrane koja je pala na pod značajno povećava rizik od unosa bakterija koje mogu biti uzročnici trovanja hranom. Njihovo istraživanje i pokusi su pokazali da se kontaminira bakterijama čak i hrana koja se vrlo brzo podigne iako su utvrdili da hrana nakuplja sve više bakterija što dulje stoji na podu.

Primjenom pravila 5 sekundi i konzumacijom hrane podignute s poda ljudi se izlažu zarazi Escherichijom coli i salmonelom. Obje bakterije mogu izazvati teške želučane tegobe, a u nekim slučajevima i smrtni ishod.

Istraživanjem koje je proveo 2007. godine dr. Paul Dawson pokazao je da nije toliko bitno koliko dugo hrana stoji na tlu, nego koliko se bakterija nalazi na površini na koju je pala hrana.

Bilješke

Praznovjerje
Urbane legende

Pravilo pet sekundi


Buchnera palustris est une espèce herbacée sud-américaine appartenant à la famille des Orobanchaceae (anciennement Scrophulariaceae).

Description
Buchnera palustris est une herbacée annuelle élancée, plus ou moins scabre. La tige est simple à peu ramifiée au sommet. Les feuilles sont linéaires entières, uninervées, un peu obovales pour les feuilles inférieures. L'inflorescence est en épi grêle terminal. Les fleurs sont sessiles alternes. Deux fois plus longue que le calice, la corolle est pourpre, en tube courbé, et à 5 lobes inégaux.

Répartition
On rencontre Buchnera palustris de l'Amérique centrale au Paraguay en passant par la Colombie, le Venezuela, le Guyana, le Suriname, la Guyane, le Pérou et le Brésil.

Écologie
Buchnera palustris pousse depuis le niveau de la mer jusqu'à  d'altitude, dans les savanes, les espaces ouverts le long des cours d'eau ruisseaux et sur les rives des lacs, sur des sol avec un horizon lessivé blanchi jusqu'à un engorgement par l'eau jusqu'à la surface. Elle fleurit en Guyane de mars à août.

Histoire naturelle
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Orobanchaceae
Scrophulariaceae (Cronquist)
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Buchnera palustris


Med skovlkutter er en film instrueret af Peter Rasmussen.

Handling
Billeder fra det lille fiskerleje Fjellebroen mellem Svendborg og Fåborg. Arbejdet på en skovlkutter, fangsten og filletteringen af torsk.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1950

Fiskeri
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Med skovlkutter


Dylan Rhodes O'Brien () este un actor american, cunoscut pentru rolul jucat în serialul "Teen Wolf" (Stiles), dar și pentru rolul din trilogia "Labirintul" (Thomas).

Filmografie

Film

Televiziune

Note

Nașteri în 1991
Actori de televiziune americani
Actori americani din secolul al XXI-lea
Oameni în viață

Dylan O'Brien


سيرج بيرديغو أو سيرج بردوغو (Serge Berdugo)، من مواليد مدينة مكناس.
سياسي مغربي يهودي مقيم في مدينة الدار البيضاء، يشغل منصب أمين عام مجلس الطوائف اليهودية بالمغرب. سبق له أن كان وزيراً للسياحة في المغرب بين سنوات 1993 و 1995 في عهد الملك الحسن الثاني. عمل مفوضاً بالبنك الوطني المغربي للتنمية الاقتصادية من سنة 1964 إلى 1968 حيث أصبح مديراً عاماً لشركة الأشغال الفلاحية والصناعية والعمومية. وفي سنة 1970 تولى منصب المتصرف الوحيد لشركة الدراسات والتمثيلية والمساهمات الصناعية. ليشغل بعد ذلك، ومنذ سنة 1982، منصب المتصرف المنتدب للشركة الشريفة للأشغال الإفريقية.

كما أنه كاتب عام لمجلس الطوائف اليهودية بالمغرب، ورئيس للتجمع العالمي لليهود المغاربة. في سنة 1979 أصبح ممثلاً للمغرب في المؤتمر العالمي لليهود. عينه العاهل المغربي الملك محمد السادس يوم 20 مارس 2006 بمدينة أكادير جنوب المغرب، في منصب سفير متجول للمغرب، لمساره المهني وتجاربه في مختلف جوانب الحياة الوطنية والدولية.

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص مغاربة في القرن 20
أشخاص من مكناس
سفراء المغرب
سياسيون مغاربة
سياسيون مغاربة يهود
محامون مغاربة
مغاربة في القرن 21
مواليد 1938
مواليد في مكناس
وزراء سياحة مغاربة
يهود مغاربة
يهود مغاربة في القرن 20
محامون مغاربة في القرن 20

سيرج بيرديغو


قائمة ببطولات ويمبلدون لسنة 1957:

فردي رجال

 ليو هاود هزم  أشلي كوبر . النتيجة: 6-2 4-6 7-5 6-4

فردي سيدات

 ألثا جبسون هزمت  دارلين هارد. النتيجة: 6-3, 6-1

مراجع

أحداث يونيو 1957 الرياضية في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث يوليو 1957 الرياضية في المملكة المتحدة
أحداث 1957 الرياضية في لندن
أحداث يوليو 1957 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 1957 الرياضية
كرة المضرب في 1957

بطولة ويمبلدون 1957


Atac în bibliotecă este un film românesc din 1993 regizat de Mircea Drăgan. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Șerban Ionescu, Cezara Dafinescu și George Motoi. Este ecranizarea unui roman omonim din 1983 scris de George Arion.

Rezumat

Andrei Mladin (Șerban Ionescu) este un tânăr ziarist de investigații la Flacăra, un tip glumeț animat de dorința de a face dreptate. El este îndrăgostit de Mihaela Comnoiu (Cezara Dafinescu). Pentru incriminarea sa, sunt comise două crime în apartamentul acestuia. Cu ajutorul poliției, dar și prin propriile cercetări, Andrei descoperă criminalul în persoana lui Matei, un traficant de bijuterii și monede vechi. Acesta a fost demascat de Andrei cu zece ani în urmă și dorește să se răzbune. Matei a realizat transferuri ilegale de bunuri peste graniță cu ajutorul mamei Mihaelei. Rudele logodnicei sale, Mihaela, au încercat și ele să-l despartă angajând chiar și trei bătăuși.

Distribuție

 Șerban Ionescu — Andrei Mladin, un tânăr ziarist de investigații la Flacăra
 Cezara Dafinescu — Mihaela Comnoiu, pianistă, iubita lui Andrei Mladin
 George Motoi — mr. Buduru, ofițer de poliție, o cunoștință mai veche a lui Andrei Mladin
 Dina Cocea — Magda Comnoiu (n. Hasnaș), mama Mihaelei, fostă arheoloagă
 Jean Constantin — "Bombă", spărgător salvat de la închisoare de Andrei Mladin, angajat la o întreprindere de electroaparataj
 Eugenia Bosânceanu — Maria, soția bătrânului Valentin Badea
 Ștefan Tapalagă — Valentin Badea, bătrânul care lucrează în vila fam. Comnoiu
 Alexandru Bindea — lt. Pahonțu, ofițer de poliție
 Rodica Popescu Bitănescu — soția traficantului Grigore Prislop
 Zephi Alșec — prof. dr. Paul Comnoiu, profesor de medicină, tatăl Mihaelei (menționat Zefi Alșec)
 Eugen Ungureanu — Marian Sulcer, actor, prieten și pretendent al Mihaelei
 Cristian Irimia — Matei Hasnaș, vărul Mihaelei, fost traficant de antichități
 Dorina Done — verișoara lui Matei Hasnaș
 Eusebiu Ștefănescu — ing. Ion Parfenie, fostul logodnic al Mihaelei
 Magda Catone — duduia Margareta, vecina lui Andrei Mladin
 Mihai Ciucă — Haralambie Necșulescu, fotoreporter la ziarul Flacăra, colegul lui Andrei Mladin
 Florin Busuioc — polițistul care-l supraveghează pe Mladin
 Mihai Vasile Boghiță — Ion Pandele, fost traficant de antichități
 Ion Albu — bătăușul lui Andrei Mladin
 Ion Chelaru — directorul ziarului Flacăra (nemenționat)

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 23.413 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei. Călin Căliman consideră că Mircea Drăgan a "clacat" cu acest film.

Trivia
Actrița  Cezara Dafinescu  are o apariție nud în acest film.

Note

Legături externe

 Atac în bibliotecă  la CinemaRx.ro
 Atac în bibliotecă  la Kanal D.ro

Vezi și
 Atac în bibliotecă (roman), 1983 - Editura Eminescu
 1993 în film

Filme din 1993
Filme regizate de Mircea Drăgan
Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme dramatice românești
Filme polițiste
Filme polițiste românești
Ecranizări de romane românești

Atac în bibliotecă (film)


An Taeniophyllum lobatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alick William Dockrill. An Taeniophyllum lobatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Taeniophyllum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Taeniophyllum

Taeniophyllum lobatum


رار  هو ملف مضغوط أو أرشيف أو حاوية بيانات، يحتوي على ملف أو أكثر من الملفات والمجلدات الأخرى بداخله. ويعتبر إحدى الصيغ التي يدعمها برنامج الوينرار ، وهو امتداد للملفات الخاصة بالبرنامج. كما أنه صيغة مسجلة لشركة البرنامج رارلاب . ويدعم ضغط الملفات، كشف الأعطال وإصلاحها، ومد الملفات (حَزّم ملف أو دَفق بيانات في عدة ملفات لها حجم معين، يمكن إعادة جمعها لإعادة تكوين الملف الأصلي لاحقًا).

صيغة الملف

إمتدادات أسماء الملفات المستخدمة من قبل رار هي rar. لمجموعة البيانات و rev. لمجموعة الاسترداد. النسخ السابقة من رار تقسم الأرشيفات الكبيرة إلى عدة ملفات أصغر منشأة «أرشيف متعدد المجلدات». تستخدم الأرقام في إمتدادات الملفات الصغيرة للاحتفاظ بالتسلسل الصحيح. يستخدم الملف الأول الإمتداد rar.، ثم r00. للثاني، ثم r01. وr02.، إلخ.

تطبيقات ضغط الرار والمكتبات (بما في ذلك واجهة المستخدم الرسومية لتطبيق WinRAR لنظام التشغيل ويندوز) هي برمجيات مملوكة لالكسندر روشال، الأخ الأكبر من يوجين روشال.

الحد الأدنى لحجم ملفات الرار هو 20 بايت. الحد الأقصى لحجم ملفات الرار هو 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 بايت، وهو 8 إكسبي بايت ناقص 1 بايت.

المبرمج

المبرمج روسي الجنسية يدعى يوجين روشال

التسمية

يرمز الاسم RAR إلى Roshal Archive

الإصدارات

يوجد على الأقل ستة إصدارات رئيسية وفرعية من صيغة رار. يعتقد أن الإصدارات الأولى RAR1.3 وخاصة RAR1.5 هي أساس الإصدارات الأحدث ولكن لا تتوفر أية وثائق عامة حول هذه الإصدارات المبكرة.

استخدامات ملفات الرار
يتم وضع الملفات في ملف رار لضغطها إلى حجم أصغر، مما يسمح بتنزيل الملفات المحتواة بشكل أسرع ويسهل إرسال ومشاركة هذه الملفات.

إنشاء ملفات الرار
يمكن إنشاء ملفات رار باستخدام البرامج التجارية مثل وينرار (ويندوز) ورار للاندرويد وسطر الأوامر (متوفر في ويندوز ودوس وماك أو اس ولينكس وفري بي إس دي)، وغيرها من البرامج التي لديها إذن مكتوب من الكسندر روشال أو التي تستخدم نص برمجي بموجب ترخيص من روشال. تحظر اتفاقيات ترخيص البرامج الهندسة العكسية.

برنامج لاستخراج ملفات الرار
يمكن لعدة برامج فك هذه الصيغة من الملفات.
 وينرار
 وين زيب
 رار لاب
 7 زيب
 زيب فري
 بي زيب
 زيب وير
 زيب ارشيفر
 ان ارشيفر

تحويل ملفات الرار
يمكن تحويل الرار من ملف له الإمتداد rar. إلى ملف مضغوط له إمتداد مثل 7Z، ZIP، LGH، TGZ، TAR، CAB أو أي من إمتدادات الأرشيفات الأخرى. لا يمكن تحويل ملف رار إلى ملف غير مضغوط مثل pdf أو mp3. بعض البرامج التي تستخدم للتحويل بين إمتدادات الملفات المضغوطة هي زامزار (Zamzar) وفايل زيق زاق (FileZigZag) وآي زارك (IZArc).

انظر أيضا

 قائمة بصيغ و امتدادات الملفات الارشيفية

المراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي (باللغة الإنجليزية)

أنساق ملفات أرشفة
اختراعات روسية
استحداثات متعلقة بالحواسيب في 1993

رار (صيغة ملف)


Le Rancourt British Cemetery (Cimetière britannique de Rancourt) est un cimetière militaire de la Première Guerre mondiale, situé sur le territoire de la commune de Bouchavesnes-Bergen, dans le département de la Somme, au nord-est d'Amiens.

Localisation
Ce cimetière militaire est situé au nord du village, à la limite du terroir de la commune de Rancourt dont il porte le nom. Il est implanté à une vingtaine de mètres de la  juste en face de la Nécropole nationale de Rancourt.

Histoire
Rancourt est resté aux mains des Allemands, dont il était un point stratégique sur leur ligne de ravitaillement, jusqu'au  , date à laquelle le  d'armée français reçut mission de s'en emparer ; ce qu'il fit, au prix de lourdes pertes humaines pour la  d'infanterie française. Le secteur  est resté aux mains des Alliés jusqu'au 24 mars 1918. Il a été repris par la 47è division bratannique (Londres) le  1918.
Le cimetière a été commencé par des unités de la division des gardes à l'hiver 1916-17, et utilisé à nouveau par les officiers funéraires des 12e et 18e divisions en septembre 1918.
Le cimetière militaire de Rancourt contient 90 sépultures et commémorations de la Première Guerre mondiale dont 17 ne sont pas identifiées.
Il y a aussi six sépultures d'aviateurs de la R.A.F dont l'avion a été abattu lors de la seconde guerre mondiale, le 21 mai 1940.

Caractéristique
Ce cimetière a un plan trapézoïdal.
Il est entouré d'un mur de briques.

Sépultures

Galerie

Liens internes
Liste des 139 sites funéraires et mémoriaux de la Première Guerre mondiale inscrits sur la liste du Patrimoine mondial de l'Unesco
 Cimetière militaire
 Liste des mémoriaux et cimetières militaires de la Somme
 Bataille de la Somme
 Commonwealth War Graves
 Rancourt

Notes et références

Cimetière militaire britannique en France
Lieu de mémoire de la Première Guerre mondiale dans la Somme
Cimetière dans la Somme

Rancourt British Cemetery


Amyris guianensis est une espèce d'arbre de Guyane, et appartenant à la famille des Rutaceae (familles des agrumes).

Taxonomie
Ce taxon jamais étudié, reste classé dans le genre Amyris, auquel il n'appartient probablement pas.

Statut
Amyris guianensis est une espèce déterminante ZNIEFF en Guyane.

Protologue
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose le protologue suivant :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

guianensis
Espèce de Rutaceae (nom scientifique)
Dicotylédone de Guyane
Arbre en Guyane
Plante décrite par Aublet

Amyris guianensis


Futbolnij klub Spartak Naltjik eller engelsk PFC Spartak Nalchik er en russisk fodboldklub fra byen Naltjik.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Kendte spillere
  Hannes Sigurðsson
  Aleksandrs Koļinko
  Darvydas Šernas
  Giedrius Žutautas
  Eugeniu Cebotaru
  Valeriu Ciupercă
  Viorel Frunză
  Stanislav Namașco
  Adnan Zahirović
  Mark Švets
   Otto Fredrikson

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Klubbens officielle hjemmeside

Fodboldklubber i Rusland
Etableret i 1935

Spartak Naltjik


Puchegger  ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Anton Puchegger (1878–1917), österreichischer Tierbildhauer
 Martin A. Puchegger (* 1978), österreichischer Meteorologe, Redakteur, Autor und Fernsehmoderator
 Patrick Puchegger (* 1995), österreichischer Fußballspieler

Puchegger


Anoplodesmus é um gênero de milípedes. É um dos gêneros mais ricos em espécies da família Paradoxosomatidae, com mais de 40 espécies descritas distribuídas desde a Índia e Nepal até a China e Sudeste Asiático, além das Ilhas Mascarenhas e Fiji.

Espécies

 Anoplodesmus affinis (Golovatch, 1990)
Anoplodesmus anichkini Golovatch & Semenyuk, 2010
Anoplodesmus anthracinus Pocock, 1895
Anoplodesmus aspinosus Chen, Golovatch, Mikhajlova & Chang, 2010
Anoplodesmus attemsi Verhoeff, 1930
Anoplodesmus attemsii Verhoeff, 1930
Anoplodesmus borealis Nguyen, 2010
Anoplodesmus chinensis Golovatch, 2013
Anoplodesmus cylindricus (Carl, 1935)
Anoplodesmus dasys (Chamberlin, 1920)
Anoplodesmus dyscheres Attems, 1898
Anoplodesmus elongissimus (Golovatch, 1984)
Anoplodesmus humberti (Carl, 1902)
Anoplodesmus inornatus (Humbert, 1865)
Anoplodesmus insignis Attems, 1936
Anoplodesmus kathanus (Chamberlin, 1921)
Anoplodesmus kelaarti (Humbert, 1865)
Anoplodesmus layardi (Humbert, 1865)
Anoplodesmus loebli Golovatch, 2000
Anoplodesmus luctuosus (Peters, 1864)
Anoplodesmus magnus Golovatch, 2015
Anoplodesmus malayanus Golovatch, 1993
Anoplodesmus martensi (Golovatch, 1990)
Anoplodesmus mirabilis Golovatch, VandenSpiegel & Semenyuk, 2016
Anoplodesmus obesus Pocock, 1895
Anoplodesmus perplexus (Golovatch, 1993)
Anoplodesmus pinguis Pocock, 1895
Anoplodesmus rufocinctus (Carl, 1932)
Anoplodesmus sabulosus Attems, 1898
Anoplodesmus saussurii (Humbert, 1865)
Anoplodesmus schawalleri  (Golovatch, 1990)
Anoplodesmus similis (Golovatch, 1990)
Anoplodesmus simplex (Humbert, 1965)
Anoplodesmus solenophorus Nguyen, 2010
Anoplodesmus solitarius Carl, 1909
Anoplodesmus spectabilis (Karsch, 1881)
Anoplodesmus spiniger Chen, Golovatch, Mikhajlova & Chang, 2010
Anoplodesmus splendidus (Verhoeff, 1936)
Anoplodesmus striolatus Pocock, 1895
Anoplodesmus subcylindricus (Carl, 1932)
Anoplodesmus tanjoricus (Pocock, 1892)
Anoplodesmus tarmani Mršić, 1996
Anoplodesmus thwaitesii (Humbert, 1865)
Anoplodesmus ursula (Attems, 1936)

Referências

Polydesmida

Anoplodesmus


أندريانا هي كلمة يتداولها شعب مدغشقر وهي تعني نبيل، وكانت تضاف إلى أسماء النبلاء والأمراء والملوك.

ألقاب النبلاء حسب البلد
ألقاب ملكية
ألقاب نبلاء
أنظمة ملكية سابقة في إفريقيا
تاريخ مدغشقر
ثقافة مالاغاشية
دول سابقة في إفريقيا
طبقات اجتماعية
مجتمع مالاغاشي
نبلاء أفارقة

أندريانا


معنى اسم أورنينا هي / الصوت الإلهي أو الصوت المقدس /
و قد وجد تمثال أور نانشي (معروفة أيضاً بأسم أورنينا) في مملكة ماري / حضارة اوجاريت وهي أول أنثى مغنية في التاريخ البشري و كانت مغنية|وموسيقية]] لمعبد عشتار في مملكة ماري

الخلفية
تم أكتشاف تمثال جالس مصنوع من الألباستر الأبيض في معبد عشتار الذي يعود لعصر السلالات الملكية الأولى في مملكة ماري حوالي عام 2645 قبل الميلاد، يظهر التمثال شخص موسيقي أسمه الوارد في النقش هو أور-نانشي، وهو اسم مذكر. وجنس التمثال غير واضح لأن الجذع يظهر ثدياً للإناث، على الرغم من أنه يمكن أن يكون رجلاً مخصياً.

يصور التمثال أور-نانشي جالستاً على وسادة مزينة مرتدية ثوباً مهدباً. ويبدو أن أور نانشي كانت فنانة في بلاط الملك إبل إيل.

جائزة اورينا
جائزة اورينا هي جائزة تمنح في مهرجان الأغنية السورية الذي يقام دوريا في مدينة حلب - سوريا ، ويمثل نسخة من تمثال أثري يمثل مغنية تعزف على آلة موسيقية اكتشفت في مملكة ماري على نهر الفرات .

مراجع

جوائز سورية
مملكة ماري
مهرجانات فنية في سوريا

اورنينا


بلدية كاربالو ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة لا كرونيا إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، و التي تقع في منطقة جليقية شمال غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 28.527 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2002).

مراجع

بلديات قرجيطة

كاربالو


Amanda Berenguer (* 24. Juni 1921 in Montevideo, Uruguay; † 13. Juli 2010) war eine uruguayische Schriftstellerin.

Berenguer war mit José Pedro Díaz verheiratet. Mit ihrem Mann leitete sie ab 1945 den Verlag La Galatea. 1968 gehörte sie zu den Gründern der Zeitschrift Maldoror.

Berenguer, die der Generación del 45 angehörte und der als Mitglied der Academia Nacional de Letras del Uruguay 85-jährig die Bezeichnung Académica de Honor zuerkannt wurde, veröffentlichte zahlreiche poetische Werke. 1940 begann sie ihre schriftstellerische Tätigkeit mit A través de los tiempos que llevan a la gran calma. Für das 1952 veröffentlichte El río erhielt sie den Ersten Preis des Ministerio de Instrucción Pública. Für ihr 1987 zunächst in Madrid und 1990 dann in Montevideo erschienenes Werk La dama de Elche wurde sie 1987 sowohl mit dem Ersten Preis der Intendencia Municipal von Montevideo als auch mit demjenigen des Uruguayischen Bildungs- und Kulturministeriums (MEC) ausgezeichnet. Ebenfalls wurde sie seitens der Fundación Banco Exterior de España dafür prämiert und erhielt schließlich im Rahmen der Zweitauflage auch noch den Premio Bartolomé Hidalgó. Auch Los Signos sobre la mesa brachte ihr 1987 mit dem Premio Reencuentro der Universidad de la República einen Preis ein. 2001 nahm sie als einzige eingeladene Repräsentantin Uruguays an einem in Chile abgehaltenen Treffen der Internationalen Dichtkunst teil, bei dem Autoren wie Ernesto Cardenal, Nicanor Parra, Juan Gelman, Adrianne Rich oder auch Raúl Zurita anwesend waren. Im Folgejahr erhielt sie den Goldenen Kerzenleuchter der B'nai B'rith. Berenguers Werke wurden ins Englische, Italienische, Französische und Portugiesische übersetzt.

Veröffentlichungen
 A través de los tiempos que llevan a la gran calma (1940)
 Canto hermético (1941)
 Elegía por la muerte de Paul Valéry (1945)
 El río (1952)
 La invitación (1957)
 Contracanto (1961)
 Quehaceres e invenciones (1963)
 Declaración conjunta (1964)
 Materia prima (1966)
 Dicciones (Tonaufnahme) (1973)
 Composición de lugar (1976)
 Poesía 1949-1979 (1980)
 Identidad de ciertas frutas (1983)
 La dama de Elche (1987)
 Los Signos sobre la mesa (1987)
 La botella verde (1995)
 El pescador de caña (1995)
 La estranguladora (1998)
 Poner la mesa del 3er (2002)
 Constelación del navío (2002)
 Las mil y una preguntas y propicios contextos (2005)
 Casas donde viven criaturas del lenguaje y el diccionario (2005)

Literatur
 Nuevo Diccionario de la Cultura Uruguaya von Miguel Ángel Campodónico, Librería Linardi y Risso, 2003, S. 46

Weblinks
 La gran poeta Amanda Berenguer falleció ayer y hoy será su velorio (spanisch) in El País vom 14. Juli 2010, abgerufen am 4. März 2012
 Falleció Amanda Berenguer (spanisch) vom 12. August 2010, abgerufen am 4. März 2012

Autor
Uruguayer
Geboren 1921
Gestorben 2010
Frau

Amanda Berenguer


Gianluigi "Gigi" Buffon (d. 28 Ocak 1978, Carrara, İtalya), İtalyan eski milli futbolcu. Buffon, Pelé'nin yaşayan en iyi 125 futbolcu listesine girmiştir. 2 Ağustos 2023'te aktif futbolculuk kariyerini sonlandırmıştır.

Kulüp kariyeri

Parma

Buffon 1991 yılında Parma altyapısında kalecilik kariyerine başladı. 19 Kasım 1995'te daha 17 yaşındayken Serie A'daki ilk maçına Milan karşısında çıktı ve maç 0-0 berabere bitti. Aynı sezon a takımda 8 maçta daha oynadı. 1996'da ikinci sezonunda tüm maçlarda oynadı. Kulüpteki dördüncü sezonunda UEFA Kupası'nı aldılar. 2001 yaz transfer sezonunda Juventus 32.6 milyon £ gözden çıkararak Buffon'u transfer etti. Ayrıca bu fiyatla en pahalı kaleci unvanını aldı.

Juventus

Buffon 2001 yazında Parma'dan Juventus'a geçti.

Juventus'taki ilk sezonunda, Buffon 45 resmî maçta ilk 11'de oynadı ve şampiyonlukta katkısı oldu. 2003'te, UEFA tarafından En değerli oyuncu ve En iyi kaleci ödüllerini aldı. Ayrıca Mart 2004'te Pelé tarafından yaşayan en iyi 125 futbolcu listesinde yer buldu. Kulüpteki üçüncü sezonunda, Buffon 38 maçta ilk 11'de görev aldı ve dördüncü sezonunda 48 maçta oynadı.

Ağustos 2005'te, Milan maçında, Buffon topu kaybeden Kaká ile çarpıştı ve omzu çıktı. Başarılı bir operasyondan sonra Kasım'da sahalara döndü ama bir maçta oynadıktan sonra başka bir sakatlık geçirerek Ocak ayına kadar oynayamadı. Buffon'un sakatlığında kaleci Christian Abbiati transfer edildi.

2006'da Calciopoli skandalı yüzünden Juventus zor günler geçirdi ve Buffon ile beraber diğer yıldız oyuncularını da satışa çıkarmak zorunda kaldı. Ancak,  Buffon hiçbir teklifi kabul etmedi ve Juventus'un küme düşürülmesine rağmen takımda kalmak istedi. Serie B'de oynamayı kabul etti.

Juventus Serie B'yi birincilikle bitirdi ve Serie A'ya geri döndü. Buffon kulüple olan sözleşmesini 2012'ye kadar uzattı.

Buffon 2007-08 sezonunda en iyi sezonunu geçirdi. Juventus lige geri döndüğü sezon üçüncü oldu ve UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi ön elemelerine katıldı. 2008-09 sezonunda birkaç kez sırtından ve kasıklarından sakatlık geçirdi. Eylül'den Ocak ayına kadar Juventus'un yedek kalecisi Alexander Manninger görev yaptı. Ligde 2010-11 sezonunun ilk yarısında sakatlığı yüzünden oynayamadı. İyileştikten sonra eski formuna tekrar kavuştu.

Üst üste 7 sene ligi şampiyon tamamlamayı başardı. 2014-15 ve 2016-17 sezonlarında Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde finale çıkmayı başardı. Finallerde ise Barcelona ve Real Madrid'e yenildi. Kariyeri boyunca hiç Şampiyonlar Ligini kazanamamıştır.

Paris Saint-Germain
2018-19 sezonunda ilk kez İtalya dışında bir takıma transferi gerçekleşti. 1 sezon oynama şansı bulduğu takımda 1 lig ve 1 süper kupa zaferi yaşayarak İtalya dışındaki ilk ve tek kupalarını kazandı. Şampiyonlar Ligi'nde ise son 16 turunda Manchester United'a elendi. Ertesi sezon tekrar Juventus'a geri döndü.

Millî takım kariyeri
Buffon millî takımdaki ilk maçına 29 Ekim 1997'de çıktı. As kaleci Gianluca Pagliuca'nın sakatlanmasıyla 1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası elemelerinde Moskova'daki Rusya maçında forma şansı buldu. 1998 Dünya Kupası'nda  çeyrek finale kadar geldiler ama finallerde kaleye Pagliuca geçti. Buffon Dünya Kupası sonrasında birinci kaleciliğe yükseldi ve Euro 2000'de birinci kaleci olarak kadroya dahil oldu ama turnuvadan sadece birkaç gün önce Norveç ile yapılan maçta eli kırıldı. Onun yerine Francesco Toldo kadroya alındı.

Buffon 2002 Dünya Kupası ve Euro 2004'te oynayabildi.

2006 Dünya Kupası finalleri boyunca Buffon sadece iki gol yedi ve 453 dakika gol yemedi. O golleri ise takım arkadaşı Cristian Zaccardo kendi kalesine attı ve finalde Zinedine Zidane penaltıdan attı. Fransa ile yapılan final maçı uzaltmalarla beraber 1-1 bitince penaltılara kaldı. David Trezeguet'nin şutu direkten döndü ve İtalya'ya kupayı getiren golü Fabio Grosso attı. Buffon turnuvanın sonunda Yaşin Ödülü'nü aldı. Buffon 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda beş penaltı kurtararak rekor kırdı.

Buffon, Fabio Cannavaro'nun sakatlanmasıyla Euro 2008'de kaptanlık görevini üstlendi. 13 Haziran'daki Romanya maçında Adrian Mutu'nun penaltısını kurtardı ve maç 1-1 bitti. İtalya'nın gruptan çıkma umutları devam etti. Fransa maçında hiç gol yemedi ve çeyrek finale yükseldiler. İspanya ile yapılan çeyrek final maçı penaltılara kaldı. Ama Buffon bir penaltı kurtarmasına rağmen 4-2 İspanya kazandı.

2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda, Paraguay maçında Buffon'un siyatik sinir ile ilgili sorunları vardı ve devre arasında oyundan çıkmak zorunda kaldı. Maç 1-1 berabere bitti.

Cannavaro'nun millî takımı bırakmasıyla Buffon, millî takımın kaptanı oldu.

Kişisel yaşamı
Gianluigi Buffon atletik bir ailenin çocuğu olarak doğdu: annesi, Maria Stella, bir disk atıcı; babası Adriano halterci; iki kız kardeşi Veronica ile Guendalina voleybol oyuncusu ve amcası Dante Masocco bir basketbol oyuncusuydu. Kaleci Lorenzo Buffon ise Gianluigi'nin dedesinin kuzeniydi.

Buffon, Çek manken Alena Šeredová ile evlidir ve iki oğulları var; Louis Thomas (d. 28 Aralık 2007) ve David Lee (d. 31 Ekim 2009). İlk çocuklarının adını Thomas N'Kono'dan almıştır.

Kariyer İstatistikleri

Kulüp

11 Eylül 2011'e kadar

1Diğer kupalar. Supercoppa Italiana da dahildir.

Millî takım

9 Eylül 2011'e kadar

|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||12||0
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||12||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||15||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||11||0
|-
|2010||2||0
|-
|2011||6||0
|-
|2012||6||0
|-
|2013||15||0
|-
|2014||8||0
|-
|2015||8||0
|-
|2016||3||0
|-
!Total||157||0
|}

Başarılar

Kulüp

Parma
 UEFA Kupası (1): 1998-99
 Coppa Italia (1): 1998-99
 Supercoppa Italiana(1) : 1999
Paris Saint-Germain
 Ligue 1 (1) : 2018-19
 Trophée des Champions (1) : 2018
Juventus
 Serie A (10)

 2001-02, 2002-03, 2011-12, 2012-13, 2013-14, 2014-15, 2015-16 2016-17 2017- 18, 2019-20
 Serie B (1): 2006-07
 Coppa İtalia (5): 2014-15, 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2020-21
 Supercoppa Italiana (6): 2002, 2003, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2020
 UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi ikinciliği (3): 2002-03, 2014-15, 2016-17

Millî takım

İtalya 21 Yaş Altı
 Avrupa 21 Yaş Altı Futbol Şampiyonası (1): 1996

İtalya
 FIFA Dünya Kupası (1): 2006

Kişisel

 Bravo Ödülü: 1999
 Avrupa'nın En İyi Kalecisi: 2003, 2016, 2017
 UEFA Yılın Futbolcusu: 2003
 UEFA Kulüp Futbolu Ödülleri En iyi Kaleci: 2003
 FIFA 100
 Yaşin Ödülü: 2006
 2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası En İyiler Takımı
 Avrupa Yılın Futbolcusu (Gümüş Top): 2006
 Serie A Yılın Kalecisi: 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2012, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017
 UEFA Yılın Takımı: 2003, 2004, 2006, 2016, 2017
 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası Turnuvanın Takımı: 2008
 FIFPro World XI: 2006, 2007, 2017
 IFFHS Dünyanın En İyi Kalecisi: 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007, 2017
 IFFHS Onyılın Kalecisi
 IFFHS Yirmibeş Yılın Kalecisi
 Avrupa'da Yılın kalecisi: 2015
 Altın Ayak Ödülü: 2016

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmî sitesi
 Footballistic'de Gianluigi Buffon profili ve istatistikleri

 Juventus'un resmi sitesinde Gianluigi Buffon profili
 ESPN profili

1978 doğumlular
İtalyan futbolcular
İtalya millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Parma Calcio 1913 futbolcuları
Juventus FC futbolcuları
1996 Yaz Olimpiyatları futbolcuları
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2006 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2008 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2009 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2010 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Buffon, Gianluigi
Yaşayan insanlar
2012 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
FIFA Dünya Kupası kazanan futbolcular
Kaleci futbolcular
2013 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2014 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
İtalya 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
2016 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Serie A futbolcuları
UEFA Kupası'nı kazanan futbolcular
1997 Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
Fransa'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
FIFA Century Club
İtalyan Roma Katolikleri
İtalyan gurbetçi futbolcular
Altın Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı İtalyan sporcular
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı futbolcular
İtalya Cumhuriyeti Liyakat Nişanı subayları
İtalyan Olimpiyat futbolcuları
Paris Saint-Germain FC futbolcuları
Serie B futbolcuları
Toskana doğumlu sporcular
1997 Akdeniz Oyunları sporcuları
İtalyan otobiyografi yazarları

Gianluigi Buffon


Mahamat Mahdi Ali (nascido no Chade, por volta de 1964 ou de 1969) é um opositor político do regime de Idriss Deby, foi membro de vários grupos armados rebeldes, fundador da Frente pela Alternância e Concórdia no Chade (FACT) criada em 2016.

Biografia
Refugiado político por mais de 25 anos na França, atuou no Partido Socialista Francês na federação PS de la Marne, em Champagne-Ardenne, onde estudou direito e economia.

No final da década de 1990, foi um dos líderes do grupo rebelde toubou, o Movimento pela Democracia e Justiça no Chade (MDJT). Ele foi o presidente da comissão do MDJT durante a reconciliação entre este último e as autoridades chadianas.

Retornando ao Chade em 2005, foi nomeado inspetor do Ministério de Infraestrutura.

Ele se juntou à União das Forças para a Democracia e o Desenvolvimento (UFDD), numa das muitas rebeliões chadianas com base no Sudão na época e esteve envolvido na Guerra Civil do Chade (2005–2010), e em março de 2009 tornou-se seu "Secretário-Geral".

Em março de 2016, Mahamat Mahdi Ali anunciou a criação de um novo grupo armado no extremo norte do Chade, no qual nomeou de Frente pela Alternância e Concórdia no Chade (FACT), afirmando ser o chefe de 9.000 homens.

Em 18 de janeiro de 2017, as autoridades francesas congelaram seus ativos financeiros, bem como os de Mahamat Nouri (do grupo rebelde UFDD), nos termos do Artigo L562-1 do código monetário e financeiro que prevê "o congelamento total ou parcial do fundos, instrumentos financeiros e recursos econômicos […] que pertençam a pessoas físicas ou jurídicas que cometam ou tentem cometer atos de terrorismo" devido à sua proximidade com islamistas. A imprensa francesa, no entanto, permaneceu cética quanto à qualificação de "terrorismo" de suas atividades. O líder rebelde, por sua vez, proclama a laicidade de sua luta, bem como seu esforço contra o jihadismo.

Políticos do Chade
Insurgência no norte do Chade

Mahamat Mahdi Ali


Um chef confeiteiro, chef pasteleiro ou pâtissier (; cujo feminino francês é pâtissière ) é um cozinheiro de linha de uma cozinha profissional, hábil na confecção de bolos, sobremesas, pães e outros assados. Eles são empregados em grandes hotéis, bistrôs, restaurantes, padarias e alguns cafés.

Deveres e funções

O chef pasteleiro faz parte da clássica brigade de cuisine em uma cozinha profissional e é o chef de linha do departamento de confeitaria.

As operações do dia-a-dia também podem exigir que o chef confeiteiro pesquise conceitos de receita e desenvolva e teste novas. Normalmente, o chef pasteleiro faz toda a preparação necessária das várias sobremesas com antecedência, antes de começar o jantar. O revestimento das sobremesas é geralmente feito por outro chef de linha, geralmente o garde manger, no momento do pedido. O chef pasteleiro costuma ser o responsável pelo cardápio de sobremesas, que, além das sobremesas tradicionais, pode incluir vinhos de sobremesa, bebidas de sobremesa especiais e pratos de queijo gourmet.

Espera-se também que os chefes de confeitagem entendam completamente seus ingredientes e as reações químicas que ocorrem ao fazer bolos finos. O tempo e as temperaturas precisos são extremamente importantes. Geralmente é preferível pesar os ingredientes (ou seja, com uma balança de cozinha) em vez de medir por volume (por exemplo, com um copo medidor), pois a pesagem inerentemente oferece resultados de cozimento muito mais consistentes.

Bibliografia

Chefs
Confeiteiros

Chef confeiteiro


Acianthera bahorucensis é uma espécie de orquídea nativa da República Dominicana .

Referências

bahorucensis
Plantas descritas em 1999
Flora da República Dominicana

Acianthera bahorucensis