The Hertford Union Canal or Duckett's Cut, just over  long, connects the Regent's Canal to the Lee Navigation in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets in East London. It was opened in 1830 but quickly proved to be a commercial failure. It was acquired by the Regents Canal Company in 1857, and became part of the Grand Union Canal in 1927.

History
Like its 1766 predecessor, the Limehouse Cut, the Hertford Union Canal was intended to provide a short-cut between the River Thames and the River Lee Navigation. It allowed traffic on the Lea heading for the Thames to bypass the tidal, tortuous and often silted Bow Back Rivers of the Lea via a short stretch of the Regent's Canal, and provided a short-cut from the Lea to places west along the Regent's Canal.

The canal was promoted by Sir George Duckett who succeeded in obtaining an Act of Parliament that gained its Royal Assent on 17 May 1824, entitled An Act for making and maintaining a navigable Canal from the River Lee Navigation, in the parish of St. Mary Stratford Bow, in the county of Middlesex, to join the Regent's Canal at or near a Place called Old Ford Lock, in the parish of St. Matthew Bethnal Green, in the said county of Middlesex. The Act authorised Duckett to borrow up to £50,000 to fund construction, and to charge tolls for using the canal, initially one shilling (£0.05) per ton of goods carried.

With Francis Giles appointed as engineer, the canal opened in 1830 and was for some years known as Duckett's Canal or Duckett's cut (or passage). It was not a  commercial success, and within a year offers to waive the tolls were being made. For several years around the 1850s it was unnavigable, as a dam was built across it to prevent the Regent's Canal losing water to it. After failed attempts to sell it in 1851, it was eventually acquired by the Regent's Canal Company and became a branch of that canal on 28 October 1857. The new owners removed the dam, and deepened and widened the channel. When the Grand Union Canal Company came into existence on 1 January 1929, it became part of that network. Today, it is maintained by the Canal & River Trust.

Route
The canal starts at Hertford Union Junction between Mile End Lock and Old Ford Lock on the Regent's Canal. It passes along the north of Bow Wharf, redeveloped in the 1990s with shops and bars, and after Grove Road, passes south of Lakeview Estate, completed in 1958. For much of the rest of its route it is bounded on the north by Victoria Park. The canal joins the Lee Navigation just above Old Ford Lock.

Many of the associated locks, bridges and other features around the canal date from the canal's opening in 1830, and are designated listed structures within a scheduled monument.

Locks

The locks on this canal have been collectively named Old Ford Three Locks, all lying within the district of Old Ford, but are now individually known as Hertford Union Top, Middle and Bottom locks. They are grouped together towards the north-eastern end, and descend approximately  from the Regent's Canal to the Lee Navigation. They are all single manual locks, and the largest craft that can use them have a length of 72 feet and a beam of 14 feet.

Proceeding west to east, the locks are:

Hertford Union Top Lock No. 1
This is lock No.1, and is  from the Hertford Union Junction with the Regent's Canal. It is to the south of Victoria Park, with the tail of the lock passing beneath a cast iron footbridge accessing the park from Parnell Road. It has a fall of .

The lock was designated a Grade II listed structure in 1990, and its bottom gates have rare cast iron balance beams. One of the adjacent cottages (No 3 Lock Cottages) is also a Grade II listed building.

Hertford Union Middle Lock No. 2
The middle lock has a fall of  The tail of the lock passes under Cadogan Terrace.

Hertford Union Bottom Lock No. 3
The lower lock has a fall of . It is just  from the junction with the River Lee.

The public house, now the "Top of the Morning", but then the Mitford Castle, by the ramp to the canal, on Wick Road, was where Thomas Briggs – the first victim of a railway murder – was taken to die from his wounds, in July 1864 (see Hackney Wick).

Transport
The nearest London Overground stations are Cambridge Heath at the western end or Hackney Wick at the eastern end.

The canal towpath is open to walkers and cyclists, without permit. At its eastern end, the towpath joins the Lea Valley Walk. At Hackney Wick, the Capital Ring crosses the canal; with section 13 proceeding north-west toward Stoke Newington and section 14, south-east via The Greenway towards Beckton District Park.  The towpath forms part of the "Limehouse Circuit" commencing at Limehouse Basin and utilising the Limehouse Cut, Lee Navigation, Regent's Canal and Hertford Union in a circular five-mile walk.

The Olympic Park was constructed to the east of the Lee Navigation. During the games, the Cut was closed to navigation and used for mooring visiting craft. In the legacy phase of the 2012 Summer Olympics, there is promised access to the Olympic Park and Bow Back Rivers.

See also
Canals of the United Kingdom
History of the British canal system

References

Canals in London
Transport in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Geography of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Canals opened in 1830
1830 establishments in England

Hertford Union Canal


Chocolate Starfish and the Hot Dog Flavored Water treći je studijski album američkog nu metal sastava Limp Bizkit. Album su 17. listopada 2000. objavile diskografske kuće Flip i Interscope Records.

Prvi dio naziva albuma (Chocolate Starfish) odnosi se na izgled anusa, dok je drugi dio (Hot Dog Flavored Water) interna fora koju je započeo gitarist Wes Borland kada je prilikom jedne turneje vidio boce vode s okusom i izjavio da im je okus nalik onome hot dogova.

Album je u prvih tjedan dana prodan u 1,050.000 primjeraka, zbog čega se odmah popeo na vrh glazbene ljestvice Billboard 200.

Popis pjesama

Albumi iz 2000.
Američki glazbeni albumi


O USS Curts foi uma fragata operada pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos e a vigésima nona embarcação da Classe Oliver Hazard Perry. Sua construção começou em julho de 1981 no Todd Pacific Shipyards em Los Angeles e foi lançado ao mar em março de 1982, sendo comissionado na frota norte-americana em outubro do ano seguinte. Era armado com um lançador de mísseis antinavio e terra-ar mais um canhão de 76 milímetros, tinha um deslocamento carregado de mais de quatro mil toneladas e alcançava uma velocidade máxima de 29 nós (54 quilômetros por hora).

O Curts foi colocado para atuar na Frota do Pacífico depois de entrar em serviço. Tensões no Oriente Médio causadas pela Guerra Irã-Iraque fizeram o navio ser enviado para a região, onde permaneceu de julho de 1987 até janeiro de 1988. Voltou para a área em outubro de 1990 depois do início da Guerra do Golfo, participando de várias operações navais no Golfo Pérsico até o início do ano seguinte. Alguns meses depois envolveu-se nos esforços de evacuação de emergência de pessoal não-essencial da Base Aérea de Clark nas Filipinas após a erupção do vulcão Pinatubo.

A embarcação passou por reformas em 1993 e voltou ao serviço no ano seguinte. Pela década seguinte o Curts passou a maior parte de seu tempo realizando exercícios pelo Oceano Pacífico junto com outros elementos da frota e também com marinhas estrangeiras aliadas, além de operações patrulha para conter o tráfico de narcóticos pelo Sudeste Asiático. A fragata foi descomissionada em janeiro de 2013 e colocada na reserva. Uma transferência para a Armada do México foi proposta em 2012, mas não ocorreu e ele foi afundado como alvo de tiro em 19 de setembro de 2020.

Ligações externas

Navios de 1982
Navios construídos na Califórnia
Fragatas da Marinha dos Estados Unidos
Navios afundados como alvos

USS Curts (FFG-38)


Reykjavík var íslenskt frétta- og auglýsingablað sem gefið var út í Reykjavík frá 24. febrúar árið 1900 til ársloka 1913. Það hóf göngu sína fyrst og fremst sem auglýsingarit en varð um tíma eitt útbreiddasta blað landsins og virkur þátttakandi í þjóðfélagsumræðunni.

Saga
Þorvarður Þorvarðarson prentari var útgefandi og ábyrgðarmaður Reykjavíkur fyrstu þrjú árin. Í byrjun voru auglýsingar meginefni blaðsins og útgáfan óregluleg en árið 1902 var það gert að vikublaði og fékk undirtitilinn fréttablað-skemmtiblað. Tók Jón Ólafsson að rita í það um bókmenntir og erlendar fréttir.

Átið 1903 komst blaðið í eigu nýs útgáfufélags og var Jón Ólafsson gerður að ritstjóra þess. Brot blaðsins var stækkað og upplagið aukið verulega. Reykjavík hafði þó alla tíð þá sérstöðu meðal íslensku blaðanna að það var að mestu borið upp af auglýsingum frekar en smásölu og áskrift. Það var því ódýrara en önnur blöð.

Við upphaf heimastjórnar varð Reykjavík eindregið málgagn Hannesar Hafstein, þar sem Jón Ólafsson hélt oftast um penna. Hann hvarf af ritstjórastjórastóli fyrst árið 1907 og svo endanlega árið 1909, en var þó aðal stjórnmálahöfundur blaðsins allt til loka.

Síðasta tölublað Reykjavíkur kom út þann 20. desember 1913 þegar það var sameinað Lögréttu, blaði Þorsteins Gíslasonar.

Tilvísanir og heimildir

Reykjavík (fréttablað)


Stig Andre van Eijk (Cali, Colombia, 21 de marzo de 1981) es un cantante y compositor noruego.

Stig Andre van Eijk nació en Colombia, a los nueve meses de edad fue adoptado por una familia noruega. Desde pequeño se interesó por la música y pronto aprendió a tocar el piano y la guitarra

Carrera
Stig Andre van Eijk se dio a conocer al ganar en 1999 el Melodi Grand Prix, preselección que en Noruega elige al representante en el Festival de Eurovisión, con su canción "Living My Life Without You", que él mismo escribió. En el Festival de la Canción de Eurovisión 1999 finalizó en 14.ª posición, tras coneguir 35 puntos.

Su álbum, Where I Belong, que fue lanzado en 1999, fue disco de oro (más de 30.000 copias vendidas) y alcancó el número 6 de las listas en Noruega. En 2000, fue nombrado "artista del año" en los premios "Hitawards 1999".

En 2001, colaboró con la asociación Constructors of Peace of Colombia, dedicada a la inclusión de la infancia y la juventud mediante el fútbol en Colombia. Grabando el tema con el que se recaudaron fondos. También ese año inauguró "B:", club underground en Bergen, que contaba con una banda que tocaba reggae, soul y funk. En 2003, compuso el tema "Once In a Lifetime" que fue interpretado por Heinz Winckler, la canción vendió 100.000 copias en Sudáfrica.

"StiGi," como ahora se le conoce, es ahora conocido como el cantante de la banda de reggae band "The Soul Express Orchestra".

Referencias

Cantantes masculinos de Noruega
Cantantes en noruego
Representantes de Noruega en Eurovisión
Participantes en Eurovisión 1999
Personas de Cali

Stig van Eijk


මූලික රෝහල - මොනරාගල, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පිහිටි රෝහලකි.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රෝහල්

මූලික රෝහල - මොනරාගල


محمد فهمي عبد المجيد مؤسس مستشفي المواساة الخيرية بالإسكندرية وهو والد الدكتور أحمد عصمت عبد المجيد الأمين العام السابق لجامعة الدول العربية. ولد بالإسكندرية في 7 سبتمبر 1890 وتوفي في 15 يناير 1943.

تأسيسه لمستشفي المواساة "
بدأت فكرة إقامة المستشفي بإقامة عمارة المواساة في عام 1930 بتكاليف بلغت 40,000 جنيه بهدف تنمية ايرادات الجمعية لتسهم في تأدية خدماتها الإنسانية الجليلة، وبخاصة إنشاء مستشفي أهلي بمدينة الإسكندرية يخصص قسم كبير منه لمعالجة الفقراء مجانا
 قامت جمعية المواساة الإسلامية الخيرية بالدعاية وتدبير المال اللازم له، وقد نجح محمد فهمي عبد المجيد في إضافة نص إلي قانون الجمعية يقضي بأن يكون من ضمن أغراضها معالجة المرضي وتحقيقا لذلك أصدرت الجمعية العمومية للمواساة قرارا في اجتماعها المنعقد بتاريخ1929/10/27 بإضافة هذا النص لقانون الجمعية ومن هنا كان إنشاء عمارة المواساة والاستعانة بإيرادها في بناء مستشفي المواساة
 صادف جهود محمد فهمي عبد المجيد العديد من الصعاب والعقبات لشراء قطعة أرض في المنطقة الواقعة بين محطة الشاطبي وشارع أبي قير، وتبلغ مساحتها 1850 م2 لبناء مستشفي المواساة، ولكن العقبات التي وضعت اجبرت الجمعية علي شراء قطعة الأرض الخلفية في 1931 /8/25
 نجحت جهود الجمعية في بناء المستشفي في نحو ثلاث سنوات بفضل همة واقدام وايمان وشجاعة القائمين علي جمعية المواساة وأصر محمد فهمي عبد المجيد أن يكون بناء المستشفي علي أحدث النظم، وأن يكون مثلا يحتذي به، وتحقيقا لهذا الإصرار سافر محمد فهمي عبد المجيد ومعه سكرتير الجمعية وأحد أصدقائه الأوفياء محمد سعيد جميعي الي ألمانيا للاطلاع علي أحدث المستشفيات بها وهو مستشفي مارتن لوثر، ليكون نموذجا لمستشفي المواساة ولجمعه لثلاثة عناصر أساسية هي المنفعة والبساطة والاقتصاد
 تم استدعاء المهندس الإخصائي الذي قام بتشييد مستشفي مارتن لوثر ببرلين، وهو الهر ارنست كوب، الذي حضر إلي الإسكندرية في1930/7/20، وعاين الأرض ووضع التصميمات الهندسية والرسومات التفصيلية الخاصة بالمستشفي
 1931/11/22 بدأت الأعمال لإنشاء مستشفي المواساة التي صادفها الكثير من الصعاب المالية اللازمة لتنفيذ هذا المشروع، الأمر الذي دفعها الي الحصول علي سلفة من بنك مصر لاستكمال إنشاء المستشفي، وتم رهن العمارة التي تمتلكها الجمعية ضمانا لهذه السلفة، والتي بلغت 30,000 جنيه مصري
 عجزت الجمعية عن الوفاء بسداد القسط الأول للسلفة في يونيو 1934, وبرغم محاولاتها الحصول علي مهلة في السداد فإن البنك أصر علي نزع ملكية العمارة التي تمتلكها جمعية المواساة وكان في تصرفه هذا مكرهاً علي هذا السلوك من القصر، الذي كان يرغب في ارساء مناقصة بناء المستشفي علي أحد أعوانه
 رفض فهمي عبد المجيد الخضوع بإعطاء مقاولة البناء لشخص معين.. فكانت أول ضربة وجهت للجمعية امتناع الملك السابق فؤاد عن حضور حفل وضع حجر الأساس للمستشفي وكانت الثانية صدور الأمر لبنك مصر باستعمال منتهي القسوة والشدة في معاملته للجمعية
 تمكنت الجمعية من الخروج من هذا المأزق بإصدار يانصيب علي العمارة، كان الأول من نوعهة في القطر المصري ونجح اليانصيب نجاحا منقطع النظير، وأقبل الناس عليه، وحقق للجمعية ربحا بلغ نحو 60,000 جنيه مصري، وسددت جميع الديون التي علي الجمعية لبنك مصر.
 عرضت الجمعية علي القصر أن يحضر الملك فؤاد حفلة رسمية تقام في نوفمبر 1935 لافتتاح المستشفي غير أن حاشيته أشارت عليه بعدم حضور هذا الحفل بدعوي أنه مشروع غير ناجح.

الافتتاح الرسمي
 عقب وفاة الملك فؤاد في 1936 /4/28 رأي رجال المواساة أن يسعوا لتصفية الجو بين الجمعية والقصر، وتم بالفعل إقامة حفل خيري في1936/10/3 تحت رعاية وحضور الملك فاروق ، كما تم افتتاح المستشفي رسميا في1936/11/12 وشاهد الملك جميع أقسام المستشفي وأجنحته والأجهزة فوق الحديثة المزودة به، ووجه ثناء لرجال المواساة وتقديرا خاصا للمرحوم محمد فهمي عبد المجيد علي ما بذلوه من جهود جبارة في اتمام مشروعهم العظيم، كما زارت الملكة نازلي والأميرات المستشفي وقدمن تبرعا له، وتوسعت أعمال المستشفي بإنشاء مستوصفات وتوسيع العيادة الخارجية، وإقامة مسجد المواساة الذي أنشئ عام1937 وبلغت تكاليفه10,000 جنيه.

صدامه مع رجال القصر والوفاة
 اراد رجال القصر استعمال المستشفي في علاج اسرهم مجانا، فرفض مجلس الإدارة وعندما اقامت الجمعية حفلة خيرية بمسرح الهمبرا (سينما الهمبرا بعد ذلك بشارع صفية زغلول وقد تم تحويلها لمعرض كتاب الآن) في أكتوبر من عام 1938 يحضرها الملك فاروق أصر رجال القصر علي منع محمد فهمي عبد المجيد رئيس الجمعية من القاء كلمة الترحيب، وصمموا علي أن يلقي الكلمة أحد أطباء المستشفي، وواجه مؤسس وبطل المواساة هذا التحدي بالامتناع عن حضور الحفلة واستقبال الملك وازاء هذا التحدي اجبر محمد فهمي عبد المجيد علي الاستقالة بل والغيت وظيفة وكيل عام مصلحة الجمارك التي كان يشغلها، وكان معني ذلك احالته إلي المعاش، وهو في سن التاسعة والاربعين، ثم توفي في 15 يناير 1943 وهو كسير القلب مهضوم الحق، ولكنه انصف بعد رحيل الملك فاروق، واقيم له تمثال نصفي ولوحة تذكارية عند مدخل المستشفي بشارع جمال عبد الناصر أمام كلية الهندسة.

المصادر
 محمد فهمي عبد المجيد.. وتجربة المواساة الرائدة
 محمد فهمى عبد المجيد (مؤسس جمعية المواساة الخيرية)

أشخاص من الإسكندرية
مواليد 1890
وفيات 1943

محمد فهمي عبد المجيد


Pýrgos, en , est un village du dème de Pangéo dans le district régional de Kavála en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace en Grèce.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du village s'élève à neuf habitants.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Village en Macédoine-Orientale-et-Thrace
Géographie de Kavála (district régional)

Pýrgos (Kavála)


කිරි වෙහෙර යන්නෙන් පහත දෑ අදහස් විය හැක:
 කිරි වෙහෙර, කතරගම - මහසෙන් රජ විසින් තැනුණු කතරගම පිහිටි, පුරාතන ස්ථූපයකි.
 කිරි වෙහෙර, පොළොන්නරුව - පොළොන්නරුව පිහිටි පුරාතන ස්ථූපයක් වේ. එය ලංකාතිලක ප්‍රථිමා මන්දිරයට උතුරු දෙසින් වන්නට ඉදිකොට තිබේ. අඩි 80ක් පමණ උසැති ස්ථූපය පොළොන්නරුවේ ආලාහන පිරිවෙනට අයත්ය.
 කිරි වෙහෙර, ලාහුගල - ලාහුගල පිහිටි පුරාණ විහාරයක් වේ.

වක්‍රෝත්තිහරණ පිටු

කිරි වෙහෙර


Bochum-Dahlhausen, Almanya'nın batısında Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaleti Bochum kentine bağlı bölge. 4,96 km2 yüzölçüme sahiptir. Toplam 56.444 nüfusa sahip olan Bochum-Südwest idari merkezine bağlıdır. Nüfusu 31.10.2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 13.360 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bochum-Dahlhausen bölgesinde kadınların payı yüzde 51,8, yabancı oranı ise yüzde 6,8 olarak saptanmıştır.

Bochum

Bochum-Dahlhausen


Aulus Atilius Caiatinus (or Calatinus;  258–241 BC) was a Roman general and statesman who achieved prominence for his military activities during the First Punic War against Carthage. As consul in 258 BC, he enjoyed several successes in Sicily, for which he later celebrated a triumph. He undertook further campaigning in Sicily both at sea and on land during a second consulship (254 BC) and then as dictator (249 BC), becoming the first Roman dictator to lead an army outside mainland Italy.

Atilius held the office of censor in 247, the crowning achievement of a public career at the time. He later dedicated temples to Spes and Fides at Rome.

Biography

Background and family
Aulus Atilius Caiatinus, or Calatinus, probably belonged to an aristocratic family from Campania which had been welcomed to Roman high society following the region's conquest by Rome during the Samnite Wars in the 4th century BC. The surname Caiatinus (or Calatinus) indicates that an ancestor came from, or held estates near, the Campanian town of Caiatia (or Calatia). The plebeian clan of the Atilii soon began attaining the highest offices of the Roman state, reaching a high point in its prestige around the time of the First Punic War (264–241 BC), with the successful careers of Atilius Caiatinus and several of his relatives (like Marcus Atilius Regulus and Gaius Atilius Bulbus).

Friedrich Münzer, in his influential study of the role of family relationships in Roman Republican politics, argued that this quick rise to prominence was the result of an alliance with the long-established patrician clan of the Fabii. Atilius Caiatinus himself seems to have been a maternal grandson of Fabius Rullianus, one of Rome's heroes during the Samnite Wars; his parents' marriage is one of the earliest recorded unions between patricians and plebeians. Oakley dated his birth around 300–295 BC.

First Punic War

Atilius was one of the two Roman consuls of 258 BC, his consular collegae was Gaius Sulpicius Paterculus. At the start of the campaigning season he was sent to Sicily to conduct the war against the Carthaginians there. Joining the previous year's consul, Gaius Aquillius Florus, he first went to  Panormus to draw out some Punic troops who had been wintering there, and, when this failed, he moved on to Hippana and promptly took it by storm. Atilius afterward resumed the siege of Mytistraton, which Florus had tried to take without success the previous year, and obtained its surrender after the Carthaginian garrison withdrew during the night. The city was plundered and burnt to the ground, its inhabitants slaughtered or enslaved.

The ancient sources go on to report a story which has Atilius being ambushed at a narrow mountain pass while on the way to attack Camarina, only to be saved by the self-sacrifice of a tribune and 300 men, who held the enemy off until Atilius could extricate his army from danger, though the historicity of this anecdote has been doubted. Camarina itself was taken, as was Enna, the latter through treachery. An attempt by Atilius to seize the island of Lipara ended in failure. His command in Sicily continued through 257 BC with his election (presumably ) to the office of praetor, though he and his fellow commander Cornelius Blasio, one of the consuls, seem to have accomplished nothing worth of note this year. For his successes in 258, Atilius celebrated a triumph back at Rome on 19 January 256 BC.

Atilius was elected consul for a second time in 254 BC, probably chosen for his experience. He and his colleague in office, Cornelius Scipio Asina, at the head of a newly built fleet, sailed to Sicily and took Cephaloedium by treachery, but their subsequent attack on Drepana was repulsed by the Carthaginian Carthalo. The Romans then captured Panormus and other towns, though only the consul Scipio later celebrated a triumph for these victories; Lazenby suggests that this was because the consuls split their forces, with Scipio in charge of Panormus, the main target, while Atilius led the unsuccessful attack on Drepana, perhaps as a diversion. The consuls then withdrew to Messana, and Atilius then to Rome, taking the fleet with him.

In 249 BC, Atilius was appointed dictator in the aftermath of the Roman disaster at the naval Battle of Drepana. His deputy or 'master of the horse' () was Lucius Caecilius Metellus. He was sent to Sicily, where he did not achieve anything remarkable, though this made him the first Roman dictator to lead an army outside of Italy.

Later life
Atilius was elected censor in 247 BC, as the plebeian counterpart to the patrician Aulus Manlius Torquatus Atticus. A factor in his election may have been his kinship to one of that year's consuls, Numerius Fabius. In the census conducted during their censorship 241,212 adult male Roman citizens were recorded. This was a sharp decline from the number recorded in the 252 BC census – 297,797 – indicating the heavy toll that the war with Carthage had taken on the Roman population.

In 241 BC Atilius mediated a dispute between two commanders, the proconsul Lutatius Catulus and the propraetor Valerius Falto, regarding whom should celebrate a triumph for the Roman victory at the Battle of the Aegates. T. Corey Brennan says that "there was simply no other man in Rome so qualified to judge" the dispute, with Atilius having had a distinguished career and obtained the highest military and state honors. Atilius seems to have ruled the case in favor of Catulus, though in the end both parties celebrated triumphs.

Atilius dedicated a temple to Spes in the Forum Holitorium and another to Fides on the Capitoline Hill. His tomb was located at the Porta Capena, and Cicero preserves part of his epitaph.

Notes

Citations

References

3rd-century BC deaths
3rd-century BC Roman consuls
3rd-century BC Roman praetors
Caiatinus, Aulus
Ancient Roman censors
Roman commanders of the First Punic War
Ancient Roman dictators
Ancient Roman triumphators
Year of birth unknown
Year of death uncertain

Aulus Atilius Caiatinus


Der Rotkehlspecht (Celeus loricatus) ist eine Vogelart aus der Familie der Spechte (Picidae). Dieser kleine und insgesamt überwiegend bräunliche Specht hat ein relativ kleines Verbreitungsgebiet, das vom zentralen Mittelamerika bis in den Nordwesten Südamerikas reicht. Die Art bewohnt fast ausschließlich feuchte bis nasse tropische Wälder der Niederungen und Vorberge. Die offenbar in allen Strata des Waldes gesuchte Nahrung besteht, soweit bekannt, aus Ameisen und Termiten sowie Früchten.

Die Art gilt als wenig häufig, der Weltbestand wird jedoch als stabil eingeschätzt und ernsthafte Gefährdungen sind derzeit nicht erkennbar. Der Rotkehlspecht wird von der IUCN daher als ungefährdet ("least concern") eingestuft.

Beschreibung
Rotkehlspechte sind kleine Spechte mit einer nicht sehr ausgeprägten Haube. Der Schnabel ist recht kurz, fast punktförmig zugespitzt, am First leicht nach unten gebogen und an der Basis schmal. Die Körperlänge beträgt etwa 19–23 cm, das Gewicht 74–83 g. Diese Spechte sind damit etwa so groß und schwer wie ein Mittelspecht. Die Art zeigt hinsichtlich der Färbung einen deutlichen Geschlechtsdimorphismus.

Bei Männchen der größten und nördlichsten Unterart C. l. diversus ist fast die gesamte Oberseite einschließlich Oberflügeldecken, Schirmfedern und Oberschwanzdecken auf kastanienbraunem Grund schmal schwarz gebändert. Der Bürzel zeigt diese Bänderung auf etwas hellerem Grund.
Die schwärzlichen Schwingen zeigen sehr breite rotbraune Bänder. Die Steuerfedern sind oberseits auf schwarzem Grund sehr breit zimtbeige bis weißlich gebändert. Die gesamte Unterseite des Rumpfes ist rötlich zimtfarben, zum Bauch hin wird die Grundfarbe heller. Die Brust zeigt auf diesem Grund eine kräftige, schwarze, schuppenartige Bänderung; auf Flanken und Bauch ist diese Bänderung eher pfeilspitzenartig. Die Unterflügeldecken sind rotbraun, die ebenfalls rotbraunen Schwingenunterseiten sind schwarz gebändert. Der Unterseite des Schwanzes ist wie die Oberseite gefärbt, aber insgesamt heller.

Fast der gesamte Kopf ist rotbraun-zimtfarben, Stirn, Oberkopf und Haube sind breit schwarz gestrichelt. Kinn, Kehle und Bartstreif sind schwarz mit roten Federspitzen, eine schwache Rotfärbung kann auch hinter und über den Augen vorhanden sein.

Der Schnabel ist grünlich gelb, der Schnabelfirst hornfarben. Beine und Zehen sind bräunlich grau. Die Iris ist rot.

Weibchen fehlen die roten Partien an Kinn, Kehle und Bartstreif, diese Bereiche sind wie der übrige Kopf rotbraun-zimtfarben.

Lautäußerungen
Der häufigste Ruf ist eine kräftige, leicht pfeifende und durchdringende Reihe von drei bis fünf Lauten wie "peee-peew-peu-pu, phet-phet-phet-phet" oder "wheeet, wheet, wheetit", die in Höhe und Amplitude auf- und absteigen. Dieser Ruf wird gelegentlich mit einem "chuweéoo" eingeleitet. Bei Erregung wird ein scharfes, absteigendes, rollendes, papageienähnliches Schwätzen geäußert. Die Trommelwirbel sind relativ langsam und kurz.

Verbreitung und Lebensraum
Dieser Specht hat ein relativ kleines Verbreitungsgebiet, das vom zentralen Mittelamerika bis in den Nordwesten Südamerikas reicht. Das Areal erstreckt sich von Nicaragua über Costa Rica und Panama bis in den Norden und Westen Kolumbiens und bis in den Nordwesten Ekuadors. Die Größe des Gesamtverbreitungsgebietes wird auf 298.000 km² geschätzt.

Die Art bewohnt fast ausschließlich feuchte bis nasse tropische Wälder und wird nur sehr selten in trockeneren Lebensräumen beobachtet. Gelegentlich besuchen diese Spechte Waldsäume, angrenzende halboffene Wälder, alte Sekundärwälder und Lichtungen. Rotkehlspechte sind weitgehend auf Niederungen und Vorberge beschränkt und kommen in Costa Rica und Panama von Meereshöhe bis in 760 m Höhe vor, in Kolumbien bis 1500 m Höhe.

Systematik
Winkler et al. erkennen vier wenig differenzierte Unterarten an, die zudem alle eine erhebliche individuelle Variabilität aufweisen:
 Celeus l. diversus Ridgway, 1914 – Nördlicher Teil des Verbreitungsgebietes, von Nicaragua bis in den Westen Panamas. Die größte Unterart, sie ist oben beschrieben.
 Celeus l. mentalis  Cassin, 1860 – Südlich an vorige Unterart anschließend, Panama und Nordwesten Kolumbiens. Kleiner als vorige Unterart, Unterseite heller und insgesamt schwächere schwarze Bänderung.
 Celeus l. loricatus  (Reichenbach, 1854) – Westen Kolumbiens und Westen Ekuadors. Ähnlich Celeus l. diversus, aber Oberseite etwas stärker gebändert, Unterseite dunkler und dichter gebändert.
 Celeus l. innotatus  Todd 1917 – Norden Kolumbiens. Ähnlich Celeus l. mentalis, aber dunkle Zeichnungen noch schwächer, Oberseitenbänderung sehr spärlich oder sogar völlig fehlend, dunkle Oberkopfstrichelung ebenfalls gelegentlich fehlend, Unterseite nur mit einigen dunklen Flecken auf der Brust.

Lebensweise
Rotkehlspechte werden meist einzeln oder in Paaren angetroffen und schließen sich nur selten gemischten Vogelschwärmen an. Die offenbar in allen Strata des Waldes gesuchte Nahrung besteht aus Ameisen und Termiten sowie Früchten. Die Nahrung wird häufig an Jungbäumen und Büschen und dünnen Stämmen, Zweigen und Ästchen gesucht. Diese Spechte hacken häufig und erlangen Nahrungsobjekte auch regelmäßig durch Ablesen.

Die Fortpflanzung erfolgt in Costa Rica von März bis Mai, in Kolumbien von Januar bis April. Die Höhlen werden von beiden Partnern in 6 bis 9 m Höhe im weichen Holz lebender oder frisch abgestorbener Bäume angelegt. Weitere Angaben zur Brutbiologie gibt es bisher nicht.

Bestand und Gefährdung
Schätzungen zur Größe des Weltbestandes liegen bisher nicht vor. Die Art gilt als wenig häufig, der Weltbestand wird jedoch als stabil eingeschätzt und ernsthafte Gefährdungen sind derzeit nicht erkennbar. Der Rotkehlspecht wird von der IUCN daher als ungefährdet ("least concern") eingestuft.

Quellen

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Hans Winkler, David A. Christie und David Nurney: Woodpeckers. A Guide to the Woodpeckers, Piculets and Wrynecks of the World. Pica Press, Robertsbridge 1995, ISBN 0-395-72043-5, S. 126–127 und 327–328.

Weblinks

Sonstige Weblinks

Spechte

Rotkehlspecht


Trostadt ist ein kleiner Ortsteil der Gemeinde Reurieth in Landkreis Hildburghausen in Thüringen.

Lage
Der Ortsteil Trostadt befindet sich im Werratal bei Hildburghausen.

Geschichte
776–796 wurde Trostadt erstmals urkundlich im Urkundenbuch vom Kloster Fulda erwähnt.

Am Ort entstand das hochmittelalterliche Kloster Trostadt. Nach der Reformation erfolgte die Säkularisation des Klosters, Trostadt wurde ein Gutshof. Herrschaftsmäßig gehörte der Ort im Amt Themar zunächst zur Grafschaft Henneberg, nach 1583 zu verschiedenen sächsischen Herzogtümern und von 1826 bis 1918 zu Sachsen-Meiningen. 1920 kam er zum Land Thüringen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Hildburghausen
Reurieth
Ersterwähnung im 8. Jahrhundert

Trostadt


Celelalte Cuvinte II este un album realizat de formația Celelalte Cuvinte și apărut în anul 1990 la casa de discuri Electrecord. Acest album, împreună cu Celelalte Cuvinte I și cu jumătatea de disc Formații rock 8, conturează stilul original Celelalte Cuvinte, creat pe parcursul anilor '80 și care, în prezent, constituie repertoriul clasic al formației.

Prezentare
Cele șapte piese prezente pe acest al doilea disc integral al formației aparțin perioadei de început a acesteia, fiind compuse între anii 1981 și 1984, înainte de realizarea pieselor ce alcătuiesc materialul primului album. Celelalte Cuvinte II a fost înregistrat în septembrie 1989, cu câteva luni înainte de Revoluție, fiind lansat la puțin timp după aceasta, la începutul anului 1990.

Stilul muzical de pe primul album se păstrează în linii mari și pe Celelalte Cuvinte II, disc ce se încadrează în aceeași zonă a muzicii progresive, fiind realizat în mod asemănător. Totuși, un element de noutate îl reprezintă apariția claviaturistului Tiberiu Pop. Acesta concerta cu formația încă din 1986, participând la concertul aniversar de 5 ani susținut la Casa Studenților din Timișoara, însă acest album marchează debutul său pe un material înregistrat al formației. Tiberiu Pop completează compozițiile cu partiturile sale de clape și își face simțită prezența încă de la prima piesă – "Fără cuvinte" – care începe cu un solo de claviaturi. "Fără cuvinte" are rolul de a introduce ascultătorul în atmosfera albumului și găzduiește recitativul lui Florian Pittiș la poezia "Seninătate" de Alexandru Philippide. Aceasta este cea de-a doua colaborare a lui Pittiș cu formația, după ce actorul a fost invitat și pe primul album, la piesa "Fântâna suspinelor". "Pârâul" și "Călătorii" reprezintă două momente de forță ale albumului, în care elementele muzicii vechi se împletesc cu cele hard rock, pe fondul unor partituri elaborate de bas și tobe. "Când mă uit în ochii tăi" este construită pe alternanța între pasajele ritmate și cele melodice, în stilul caracteristic trupei. Unul dintre momentele de vârf ale discului este "Nu-mi da tot într-o zi", o compoziție cu structură complexă, care include un solo de baterie. "Comoara", cu trimiteri spre zona muzicii preclasice, constituie una dintre piesele de rezistență din repertoriul formației. "Comoara" a fost ilustrată de o filmare realizată în 1990, în care membrii trupei apar în costume de epocă. Clipul a fost difuzat de Televiziunea Română în luna martie a aceluiași an, în cadrul emisiunii TeleTop, realizată de Petre Magdin, piesa ajungând până pe prima poziție a clasamentului. Albumul se încheie cu "Rămâi", un compoziție lirică pe versurile Otiliei Cazimir.

Datorită graficii, discul mai este cunoscut și ca "albumul cu pene". Materialul muzical a fost înregistrat cu aportul maestrului de sunet Theodor Negrescu, fiind produs de Romeo Vanica. Pe parcursul anului 1990 formația susține un turneu prin țară pentru promovarea albumului, ce include orașele Arad, Lipova, Timișoara, Cluj-Napoca, Reșița, Deva, Sibiu, Târgu Mureș și Drobeta-Turnu Severin.

Alte ediții și reeditări
Ediția apărută pe disc de vinil a fost însoțită de o ediție în format casetă audio, care include trei piese suplimentare: "Gong", "Iarna" (publicate în premieră) și "Despre suferințe de iarnă" (reluată de pe Formații rock 8 din 1985). O parte dintre piesele de pe Celelalte Cuvinte II au fost publicate pentru prima dată în format compact disc în 1996, odată cu editarea de către Electrecord a compilației Vinil Collection, unde materialul de pe discul de față este reluat parțial. Celelalte Cuvinte II a fost reeditat integral în format CD în 2006, cu ocazia aniversării a 25 de ani de existență a formației. Discul reeditat include, pe lângă materialul original de pe discul de vinil, piesele "Gong" și "Iarna".

Piese
 Fără cuvinte
 Pârâul
 Călătorii
 Când mă uit în ochii tăi
 Nu-mi da tot într-o zi
 Comoara
 Rămâi
 Gong (bonus)
 Iarna (bonus)

Muzică: Călin Pop (1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9); Marcel Breazu (3, 5)
Versuri: Alexandru Philippide (1); Marcel Breazu (2, 3, 5, 6); Călin Pop (4, 8, 9); Otilia Cazimir (7)

Personal
 Călin Pop – vocal, chitară, blockflöte
 Radu Manafu – chitară, voce
 Marcel Breazu – bas, voce
 Tiberiu Pop – claviaturi, voce
 Leontin Iovan – baterie, percuție
 Ovidiu Roșu – chitară, voce, sunet
 Florian Pittiș – recitativ la poezia "Seninătate" de Alexandru Philippide (1)

Înregistrări muzicale realizate în studioul Tomis–Electrecord, București, septembrie 1989.
Maestru de sunet: Theodor Negrescu. Postprocesare: Emil Mihai. Redactor muzical: Romeo Vanica. Grafică copertă față: Perja, G+G. Fotografii și grafică copertă spate: Tiberiu Katona.

Note

Bibliografie
 Pagina albumului Celelalte Cuvinte II pe site-ul Discogs.com
 Pagina albumului Celelalte Cuvinte II pe site-ul Rockmania.net
 Informații editate pe coperta spate a discului de vinil și a casetei audio Celelalte Cuvinte II (Electrecord, 1990)
 Plămădeală, Mihai. Recenzia albumului Celelalte Cuvinte II, articol publicat pe site-ul Muzici și faze  (12 august 2002)
 Constantinidi, Richard. Recenzia albumului Celelalte Cuvinte II, articol publicat pe site-ul ClickZoomBytes (27 septembrie 2012)
 Documentar "Celelalte Cuvinte... plus 25 de ani" realizat de Doru Ionescu pentru emisiunea Remix (TVR Cultural, 2008)
 Caraman Fotea, Daniela și Nicolau, Cristian. Dicționar rock, pop, folk... remix (ediția a II-a), Editura Humanitas Educațional, București, 2003. ISBN 973-50-0355-4
 Ionescu, Doru. Timpul chitarelor electrice. Jurnal de călătorie în arhiva TVR (Vol. 1, ediția I), Editura Humanitas Educațional, București, 2006. ISBN 973-689-063-5
 Ionescu, Doru. Club A - 42 de ani. Muzica tinereții tale (ediția I), Editura Casa de pariuri literare, București, 2011. ISBN 978-606-8342-02-3
 Grigoraș, Costin. Muzică prin gaura cheii. Retrospectivă a domeniului muzical din România, Editura Editrex, București, 2015. ISBN 978-973-99600-9-0
 Stratone, Nelu. Rock sub seceră și ciocan, Editura Hyperliteratura / Ariergarda, Timișoara, 2016. ISBN 978-606-93821-9-6

Legături externe
 Albumul Celelalte Cuvinte II pe YouTube

Albume Celelalte Cuvinte
Albume din 1990
Albume rock
Discuri Electrecord LP (30 cm)
Casete audio Electrecord
Discuri compact Electrecord
Discuri Electrecord cu muzică de divertisment

Celelalte Cuvinte II


بعد قيام ثورة يوليو، شُكلت لجنة سنة 1953 مكونة من خمسين من أبرز الشخصيات السياسية والثقافية والقضائية والعسكرية تحت قيادة رئيس الوزراء علي ماهر لوضع دستور جديد للبلاد. ولكن عندما قُدِمَت المسودة في سنة 1954 إلى مجلس قيادة الثورة تم تجاهلها وأُهمِلَت إلى أن عثر عليها المؤرخ صلاح عيسى بمعاونة كلاً من المستشار طارق البشرى والدكتور أحمد يوسف أحمد عميد المعهد العالى للدراسات العربية التابع لجامعة الدول العربية في صندوق كان قد وضع في أحد مخازن مكتبة المعهد.
يستند نص مشروع دستور 1954 إلى النسخة التي عثر عليها الكاتب والمؤرخ صلاح عيسى عام 1999، في صندوق المهملات، كان موضوعاً في بدروم مكتبة المعهد العالى للدراسات العربية، التابع للجامعة العربية، بمعونة من د. «أحمد يوسف أحمد» عميد المعهد، وقام صلاح عيسى بنشر المسودة في كتابه «دستور قي صندوق القمامة» في عام 2001. وهي نسخة يرجح المؤرخ طارق البشري أن تكون النسخة الشخصية الخاصة بالفقيه الدستورى عبد الرزاق السنهوري الذي كان عضواً بلجنة الخمسين التي وضعت الدستور، إذ كان هو الذي أشرف على تأسيس مكتبة المعهد العالى للدراسات العربية.

وهي نسخة مصفوفة بالآلة الكاتبة، على ورق أرز، ومجلدة بورق مقوى، ومعنونة بـ«نص المشروع قبل التعديلات التي أدخلتها لجنة الصياغة في يوليو وأغسطس 54».. وتتضمن شطباً وإضافة لعبارات وجمل، رجح ناشر الوثيقة أن تكون بخط عبد الرزاق السنهوري.. كما رجح أن يكون النص الذي نشره هو الصياغة الأخيرة للدستور، ووضع الكلمات والعبارات المشطوبة بين قوسين هلاليين ونضع الكلمات والعبارات المضافة داخل قوسين رأسيين.

مصادر

مراجع
 صلاح عيسى، «دستور في صندوق القمامة - قصة مشروع دستور 1954»، 303 صفحة.

دساتير مصر

مشروع دستور مصر 1954


Det Gamle Slot () er et slot i den centrale del af byen Stuttgart i delstaten Baden-Württemberg i det sydlige Tyskland. Slottets historie kan føres tilbage til en vandborg fra 900-tallet, og det nuværende slot i italiensk renæssancestil blev opført 1553-78. Det var residens først for greverne og siden hertugerne af Württemberg. I dag fungerer det som museumsbygning og huser Landesmuseum Württemberg. Slotskirken fungerer stadig som kirke.

Eksterne links
 Landesmuseum Stuttgarts hjemmeside

Slotte i Baden-Württemberg
Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Stuttgart

Det Gamle Slot (Stuttgart)


Neil Bartlett (15 September 1932 – 5 August 2008) was a chemist who specialized in fluorine and compounds containing fluorine, and became famous for creating the first noble gas compounds. He taught chemistry at the University of British Columbia and the University of California, Berkeley.

Biography
Neil Bartlett was born on 15 September 1932 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England. Bartlett's interest in chemistry dated back to an experiment at Heaton Grammar School when he was only eleven years old, in which he prepared "beautiful, well-formed" crystals by reaction of aqueous ammonia with copper sulfate. He explored chemistry by constructing a makeshift lab in his parents' home using chemicals and glassware he purchased from a local supply store.  He went on to attend King's College, University of Durham (which went on to become Newcastle University) in the United Kingdom where he obtained a Bachelor of Science (1954) and then a doctorate (1958) in the inorganic chemistry research group of Dr. P.L. Robinson.

In 1958, Bartlett's career began upon being appointed a lecturer in chemistry at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, BC, Canada where he would ultimately reach the rank of full professor. During his time at the university he made his discovery that noble gases were indeed reactive enough to form bonds. He remained there until 1966, when he moved to Princeton University as a professor of chemistry and a member of the research staff at Bell Laboratories.  He then went on to join the chemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley in 1969 as a professor of chemistry until his retirement in 1993.  He was also a staff scientist at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory from 1969 to 1999. In 2000, he became a naturalized citizen of the United States. He died on 5 August 2008 of a ruptured aortic aneurysm. He lived with his wife Christina Bartlett until his death. They had four children.

Research
Bartlett's main specialty was the chemistry of fluorine and of compounds containing fluorine.  In 1962, Bartlett prepared the first noble gas compound, xenon hexafluoroplatinate, Xe+[PtF6]−. This contradicted established models of the nature of valency, as it was believed that all noble gases were entirely inert to chemical combination. His discovery incited other chemists to discover several other fluorides of xenon: XeF2, XeF4, and XeF6.

Honors
In 1968 he was awarded the Elliott Cresson Medal.  In 1973, he was made a Fellow of the Royal Society (United Kingdom). In 1976 he received the Welch Award in Chemistry for his synthesis of chemical compounds of noble gases and the consequent opening of broad new fields of research in the inorganic chemistry.  He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1977. In 1979, he was honored as a Foreign Associate of the National Academy of Sciences. He was awarded the prestigious Davy Medal in 2002 for his discovery that the noble gases were not that noble after all. Previous recipients of the Davy Medal had included people as diverse as Robert Wilhelm Bunsen, the inventor of the Bunsen burner, and Albert Ladenburg, who suggested the existence of the compound prismane. In 2006, his research into the reactivity of noble gases was designated jointly by the American Chemical Society and the Canadian Society for Chemistry (CSC) as an International Historic Chemical Landmark at the University of British Columbia in recognition of its significance, "fundamental to the scientific understanding of the chemical bond." Bartlett was nominated for a Nobel Prize in Chemistry every year between 1963 and 1966  but did not get the Prize.

Hospitalization
In January 1963, Bartlett and his graduate student, P. R. Rao, were hospitalized after an explosion in the laboratory.  As they looked at what they thought might be the first crystals of XeF2, the compound exploded, getting shards of glass in the eyes of both men. According to Bartlett, he thought that the compound may have contained water molecules, and he and Rao took off their glasses to get a better look. They were both taken to the hospital for four weeks, and Bartlett was left with damaged vision in one eye. The last piece of glass from this accident was removed 27 years later.

References

Further reading

External links

1932 births
2008 deaths
Alumni of King's College, Newcastle
Deaths from aortic aneurysm
English chemists
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Fellows of the Royal Society
Inorganic chemists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Princeton University faculty
Academic staff of the University of British Columbia Faculty of Science
UC Berkeley College of Chemistry faculty
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities

Neil Bartlett (chemist)


Der Bahnhof Bingen (Rhein) Stadt ist nach dem Binger Hauptbahnhof der zweitgrößte Bahnhof in der rheinland-pfälzischen Stadt Bingen am Rhein. Der Bahnhof liegt an der linken Rheinstrecke von Koblenz nach Mainz. Des Weiteren zweigt hier die Rheinhessenbahn nach Worms ab.

Geschichte
Am 17. Oktober 1859 ging die linke Rheinstrecke zwischen Mainz und Bingen im Güterverkehr in Betrieb. An dieser liegt auch der Bahnhof Bingen (Rhein) Stadt. Betrieben wurde diese von der Hessischen Ludwigsbahn. Der Stadtbahnhof war früher ein Grenzbahnhof an der preußisch-hessischen Grenze.

Ein neues Empfangsgebäude wurde um 1880 errichtet. Als Anbau an das Empfangsgebäude entstand nach Entwurf des Architekten und Reichsbahn-Baubeamten Hans Kleinschmidt ein gleisüberspannendes Brückenstellwerk, das 1937 in Betrieb genommen wurde.

Unmittelbar vor dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs wurde der Bahnhof am 15. Februar 1945 noch mit dem Bahnhof Bingerbrück vereinigt.

Das Brückenstellwerk Bingen Stadt – Bnb sowie die drei Stellwerke Bingerbrück Ostturm – Bot, Bingerbrück Kreuzbach – Bkb und Bingerbrück Westturm – Bwt im benachbarten Binger Hauptbahnhof wurden am 3. Februar 1996 außer Betrieb genommen und durch das Zentralstellwerk Bf an der Eisenbahnbrücke in Bingen Hbf ersetzt. Heute steht das Stellwerk Bingen Stadt - Bnb unter Denkmalschutz.

Lage
Der Stadtbahnhof liegt zwei Kilometer östlich des Binger Hauptbahnhofs, direkt gegenüber dem historischen Hafenkran und zentral in der Stadt. Der Stadtbahnhof hat durch seinen angrenzenden Busbahnhof einen besseren Anschluss an den öffentlichen Busverkehr der Stadt als der Hauptbahnhof.

Gleise
Der Stadtbahnhof von Bingen besitzt vier Gleise an drei Bahnsteigen. Vom Hausbahnsteig an Gleis 1 fahren die Züge der Linie RB 26 zum Mainzer Hauptbahnhof über Gau Algesheim, Ingelheim, Heidesheim (Rheinhessen), Budenheim und Mainz-Mombach. Durch eine Unterführung gelangt man zum Bahnsteig mit den Gleisen 2 und 3. Von Gleis 2 fahren die Züge in Richtung Bingen Hbf sowie weiter über Bacharach, Oberwesel, St. Goar und Boppard Hbf nach Koblenz Hbf. Gleis 3 dient nur als Ausweichgleis für Überholungen langsamerer Züge. Östlich des Empfangsgebäudes liegt südlich von Gleis 1 ein Stumpfgleis mit Zugang am Hausbahnsteig. Dieses Gleis trägt die Gleisnummer 44. Von Gleis 44 fahren die Züge der Rheinhessenbahn nach Worms Hbf über Gensingen-Horrweiler, Armsheim, Alzey und Monsheim.

Der Bahnsteig an Gleis 44 ist der einzige Bahnsteig, der etwa 2011 auf eine Bahnsteighöhe von 55 cm ausgebaut wurde und damit barrierefrei ist. Die anderen drei Bahnsteige sind nicht barrierefrei, genauso wie die Unterführung.

Betrieb
Am Binger Stadtbahnhof halten fast ausschließlich Nahverkehrslinien. Hier hält die von trans regio betriebene MittelrheinBahn zwischen Mainz Hauptbahnhof und dem Bahnhof Köln Messe/Deutz. Am Stadtbahnhof beginnt die von der DB Regio AG betriebene Rheinhessenbahn nach Worms Hauptbahnhof. Vereinzelt hält hier auch die von SÜWEX betriebene Regional-Express-Linie RE 2 zwischen Koblenz Hauptbahnhof und Frankfurt (Main) Hauptbahnhof.

Busbetrieb
Der Busbahnhof des Bingener Stadtbahnhof ist der Anfangspunkt für viele regionale Buslinien des ORN und des Binger Stadtbuses. Der Busbahnhof verfügt über 8 Bussteige.

Weblinks

 Bingen (Rhein) Stadt auf bahnhof.de

Anmerkungen

Einzelnachweise

Bingen (Rhein) Stadt
Bingen (Rhein) Stadt
Stadtbahnhof
Stadtbahnhof
Stadtbahnhof
Industriekultur Rhein-Main (Bingen am Rhein)
Erbaut in den 1850er Jahren
Linke Rheinstrecke
Bahnstrecke Worms–Bingen Stadt
Verkehrsbauwerk im Landkreis Mainz-Bingen
Bingen (Rhein) Stadt

Bahnhof Bingen (Rhein) Stadt


"det underste land" med undertitlen "til fannie horst" er et dansk digt af Gustaf Munch-Petersen udgivet i digtsamlingen det underste land" i 1933 på Nyt Nordisk Forlag.

"det underste land" blev trykt i den surrealistiske kunstnersammenslutning Liniens første blad fra 1934, og digtet er betegnet som centalt denne kunstretning. Fannie Hurst, som nævnes i undertitlen (eller dedikationen), var en amerikansk forfatter, der skrev både socialrealistisk og følelsesbetonet om underklassen, og som var populær i 1930'erne. Munch-Petersen læste begejstret Hurst i begyndelsen af årtiet ifølge korrespondancen med moderen.

Digtet opfattes oftest som en længsel efter et fællesskab, hvor ydre bånd hverken står i vejen for psykisk eller fysisk bevægelse. Udtrykket er højtideligt med hyppige brug af 'o' som i 'o stor lykke' og med direkte opfordringer til læseren som 'i skulde gaa til det underste land –!'.

Digtet består af seks strofer med variende linjeantal (10, 9, 7, 8, 4, 7). Der anvendes kun små bogstaver, og af skilletegn anvender Munch-Petersen enkelte kommaer, et enkelt udråbstegn samt en række tankestreger.

"det underste land" er en del af lyrikantologien i Kulturkanonen fra 2006.

Referencer

Digte fra Danmark
Litteratur i 1933
Kulturkanonen

Det underste land


Holden ist ein Einschlagkrater im Osten der Mondvorderseite, am östlichen Rand des Mare Fecunditatis, unmittelbar südlich des Kraters Vendelinus.
Der Krater ist mäßig erodiert mit Terrassierung des inneren Walles, der Boden ist weitgehend eben.

Der Krater wurde 1935 von der IAU nach dem US-amerikanischen Astronomen Edward Singleton Holden offiziell benannt.

Weblinks

 Holden auf The-Moon Wiki

Einzelnachweise

Einschlagkrater (Mond)

Holden (Mondkrater)


An Pennisetum schweinfurthii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pilg.. An Pennisetum schweinfurthii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pennisetum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Pennisetum

Pennisetum schweinfurthii


Los Humble Bundle ("paquete modesto", en español, originalmente "Humble Indie Bundle") son paquetes de juegos, a menudo desarrollados por estudios independientes, que son distribuidos de forma en línea y cuyo precio es marcado por el propio comprador, pudiendo elegir la cantidad a pagar por los juegos ofrecidos, sea cual sea la cifra. Como forma de alentar a pagar un poco más, si se supera la media total de todo lo pagado por la descarga para las diferentes plataformas, ofrecen más contenido como juegos adicionales o bandas sonoras.

El dinero recaudado se destina a los creadores de la web, los desarrolladores de los diferentes juegos y organizaciones benéficas, incluidas Cruz Roja Americana, Child's Play, Electronic Frontier Foundation y charity: water; no obstante el comprador decide cómo se va a repartir el dinero entre los destinatarios.

A veces los juegos son multiplataforma, no tienen DRM y se pueden descargar directamente mediante descarga directa o torrent, Ubuntu Software Center o sincronizándolos con una cuenta de Steam.

Idea

La idea de crear estos paquetes proviene de Jeff Rosen, de Wolfire Games. Rosen explica que la idea se inspira en los paquetes de Steam, de lo que Rosen se ha dado cuenta de que muchas de sus ventas provienen del boca a boca a través de Internet. También de una iniciativa previa en la que se elegía el precio a pagar cuando se llevó a cabo con el juego World of Goo en su primer aniversario; se vendieron más de 57.000 copias que generaron unos 117.000 dólares como beneficios.

Rosen está relacionado con varios desarrolladores independientes de videojuegos, como por ejemplo Mikko Tarmia, compositor de la serie Penumbra (que también trabaja con Wolfire Games en el proyecto Overgrowth), Ron Carmel de 2D Boy, o Ryan Gordon, quien realizó los ports de Lugaru y Aquaria a Linux. Wolfire también se ha unido a Unknown Worlds Entertainment para ofrecer un paquete basado en su juego Natural Selection 2. Con estos lazos con otros desarrolladores, Rosen fue capaz de reunir el pack, utilizando como métodos de pago PayPal, Amazon Payments y Google Checkout para minimizar los costes de distribución y transferencias.

El pasado 13 de octubre de 2017 se dio a conocer que IGN había comprado Humble Bundle. No han trascendido los detalles de esta adquisición aunque en un comunicado, IGN ha relatado que Humble Bundle va a seguir operando de manera independiente.

Lista de juegos

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página oficial de Humble Bundle

Compilaciones de videojuegos
Videojuegos independientes
Plataformas de distribución de software

Humble Bundle


In statistics, an interaction may arise when considering the relationship among three or more variables, and describes a situation in which the effect of one causal variable on an outcome depends on the state of a second causal variable (that is, when effects of the two causes are not additive). Although commonly thought of in terms of causal relationships, the concept of an interaction can also describe non-causal associations (then also called moderation or effect modification). Interactions are often considered in the context of regression analyses or factorial experiments.

The presence of interactions can have important implications for the interpretation of statistical models. If two variables of interest interact, the relationship between each of the interacting variables and a third "dependent variable" depends on the value of the other interacting variable. In practice, this makes it more difficult to predict the consequences of changing the value of a variable, particularly if the variables it interacts with are hard to measure or difficult to control.

The notion of "interaction" is closely related to that of moderation that is common in social and health science research: the interaction between an explanatory variable and an environmental variable suggests that the effect of the explanatory variable has been moderated or modified by the environmental variable.

Introduction
An interaction variable or interaction feature is a variable constructed from an original set of variables to try to represent either all of the interaction present or some part of it. In exploratory statistical analyses it is common to use products of original variables as the basis of testing whether interaction is present with the possibility of substituting other more realistic interaction variables at a later stage. When there are more than two explanatory variables, several interaction variables are constructed, with pairwise-products representing pairwise-interactions and higher order products representing higher order interactions.

Thus, for a response Y and two variables x1 and x2 an additive model would be:

In contrast to this,

is an example of a model with an interaction between variables x1 and x2 ("error" refers to the random variable whose value is that by which Y differs from the expected value of Y; see errors and residuals in statistics). Often, models are presented without the interaction term , but this confounds the main effect and interaction effect (i.e., without specifying the interaction term, it is possible that any main effect found is actually due to an interaction).

In modeling

In ANOVA
A simple setting in which interactions can arise is a two-factor experiment analyzed using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).  Suppose we have two binary factors A and B.  For example, these factors might indicate whether either of two treatments were administered to a patient, with the treatments applied either singly, or in combination.  We can then consider the average treatment response (e.g. the symptom levels following treatment) for each patient, as a function of the treatment combination that was administered.  The following table shows one possible situation:

In this example, there is no interaction between the two treatments — their effects are additive.  The reason for this is that the difference in mean response between those subjects receiving treatment A and those not receiving treatment A is −2 regardless of whether treatment B is administered (−2 = 4 − 6) or not (−2 = 5 − 7). Note that it automatically follows that the difference in mean response between those subjects receiving treatment B and those not receiving treatment B is the same regardless of whether treatment A is administered (7 − 6 = 5 − 4).

In contrast, if the following average responses are observed

then there is an interaction between the treatments — their effects are not additive.  Supposing that greater numbers correspond to a better response, in this situation treatment B is helpful on average if the subject is not also receiving treatment A, but is detrimental on average if given in combination with treatment A. Treatment A is helpful on average regardless of whether treatment B is also administered, but it is more helpful in both absolute and relative terms if given alone, rather than in combination with treatment B. Similar observations are made for this particular example in the next section.

Qualitative and quantitative interactions
In many applications it is useful to distinguish between qualitative and quantitative interactions.  A quantitative interaction between A and B is a situation where the magnitude of the effect of B depends on the value of A, but the direction of the effect of B is constant for all A.  A qualitative interaction between A and B refers to a situation where both the magnitude and direction of each variable's effect can depend on the value of the other variable.

The table of means on the left, below, shows a quantitative interaction — treatment A is beneficial both when B is given, and when B is not given, but the benefit is greater when B is not given (i.e. when A is given alone).  The table of means on the right shows a qualitative interaction.  A is harmful when B is given, but it is beneficial when B is not given.  Note that the same interpretation would hold if we consider the benefit of B based on whether A is given.

The distinction between qualitative and quantitative interactions depends on the order in which the variables are considered (in contrast, the property of additivity is invariant to the order of the variables). In the following table, if we focus on the effect of treatment A, there is a quantitative interaction — giving treatment A will improve the outcome on average regardless of whether treatment B is or is not already being given (although the benefit is greater if treatment A is given alone). However, if we focus on the effect of treatment B, there is a qualitative interaction — giving treatment B to a subject who is already receiving treatment A will (on average) make things worse, whereas giving treatment B to a subject who is not receiving treatment A will improve the outcome on average.

Unit treatment additivity
In its simplest form, the assumption of treatment unit additivity states that the observed response yij from experimental unit i when receiving treatment j can be written as the sum yij = yi + tj. The assumption of unit treatment additivity implies that every treatment has exactly the same additive effect on each experimental unit. Since any given experimental unit can only undergo one of the treatments, the assumption of unit treatment additivity is a hypothesis that is not directly falsifiable, according to Cox and Kempthorne.

However, many consequences of treatment-unit additivity can be falsified. For a randomized experiment, the assumption of treatment additivity implies that the variance is constant for all treatments. Therefore, by contraposition, a necessary condition for unit treatment additivity is that the variance is constant.

The property of unit treatment additivity is not invariant under a change of scale, so statisticians often use transformations to achieve unit treatment additivity. If the response variable is expected to follow a parametric family of probability distributions, then the statistician may specify (in the protocol for the experiment or observational study) that the responses be transformed to stabilize the variance. In many cases, a statistician may specify that logarithmic transforms be applied to the responses, which are believed to follow a multiplicative model.

The assumption of unit treatment additivity was enunciated in experimental design by Kempthorne and Cox. Kempthorne's use of unit treatment additivity and randomization is similar to the design-based analysis of finite population survey sampling.

In recent years, it has become common to use the terminology of Donald Rubin, which uses counterfactuals. Suppose we are comparing two groups of people with respect to some attribute y.  For example, the first group might consist of people who are given a standard treatment for a medical condition, with the second group consisting of people who receive a new treatment with unknown effect.  Taking a "counterfactual" perspective, we can consider an individual whose attribute has value y if that individual belongs to the first group, and whose attribute has value τ(y) if the individual belongs to the second group.  The assumption of "unit treatment additivity" is that τ(y) = τ, that is, the "treatment effect" does not depend on y.  Since we cannot observe both y and τ(y) for a given individual, this is not testable at the individual level.  However, unit treatment additivity implies that the cumulative distribution functions F1 and F2 for the two groups satisfy
F2(y)  = F1(y − τ), as long as the assignment of individuals to groups 1 and 2 is independent of all other factors influencing y (i.e. there are no confounders).  Lack of unit treatment additivity can be viewed as a form of interaction between the treatment assignment (e.g. to groups 1 or 2), and the baseline, or untreated value of y.

Categorical variables
Sometimes the interacting variables are categorical variables rather than real numbers and the study might then be dealt with as an analysis of variance problem.  For example, members of a population may be classified by religion and by occupation.  If one wishes to predict a person's height based only on the person's religion and occupation, a simple additive model, i.e., a model without interaction, would add to an overall average height an adjustment for a particular religion and another for a particular occupation.  A model with interaction, unlike an additive model, could add a further adjustment for the "interaction" between that religion and that occupation.  This example may cause one to suspect that the word interaction is something of a misnomer.

Statistically, the presence of an interaction between categorical variables is generally tested using a form of analysis of variance (ANOVA). If one or more of the variables is continuous in nature, however, it would typically be tested using moderated multiple regression. This is so-called because a moderator is a variable that affects the strength of a relationship between two other variables.

Designed experiments
Genichi Taguchi contended that interactions could be eliminated from a system by appropriate choice of response variable and transformation. However George Box and others have argued that this is not the case in general.

Model size
Given n predictors, the number of terms in a linear model that includes a constant, every predictor, and every possible interaction is . Since this quantity grows exponentially, it readily becomes impractically large. One method to limit the size of the model is to limit the order of interactions. For example, if only two-way interactions are allowed, the number of terms becomes . The below table shows the number of terms for each number of predictors and maximum order of interaction.

In regression

The most general approach to modeling interaction effects involves regression, starting from the elementary version given above:

where the interaction term  could be formed explicitly by multiplying two (or more) variables, or implicitly using factorial notation in modern statistical packages such as Stata. The components x1 and x2 might be measurements or {0,1} dummy variables in any combination. Interactions involving a dummy variable multiplied by a measurement variable are termed slope dummy variables, because they estimate and test the difference in slopes between groups 0 and 1.

When measurement variables are employed in interactions, it is often desirable to work with centered versions, where the variable's mean (or some other reasonably central value) is set as zero. Centering can make the main effects in interaction models more interpretable, as it reduces the multicollinearity between the interaction term and the main effects. The coefficient a in the equation above, for example, represents the effect of x1 when x2 equals zero.

Regression approaches to interaction modeling are very general because they can accommodate additional predictors, and many alternative specifications or estimation strategies beyond ordinary least squares. Robust, quantile, and mixed-effects (multilevel) models are among the possibilities, as is generalized linear modeling encompassing a wide range of categorical, ordered, counted or otherwise limited dependent variables. The graph depicts an education*politics interaction, from a probability-weighted logit regression analysis of survey data.

Interaction plots

Interaction plots, also called simple-slope plots, show possible interactions among variables.

Example: Interaction of species and air temperature and their effect on body temperature

Consider a study of the body temperature of different species at different air temperatures, in degrees Fahrenheit. The data are shown in the table below.

The interaction plot may use either the air temperature or the species as the x axis. The second factor is represented by lines on the interaction plot.

There is an interaction between the two factors (air temperature and species) in their effect on the response (body temperature), because the effect of the air temperature depends on the species. The interaction is indicated on the plot because the lines are not parallel.

Example: effect of stroke severity and treatment on recovery

As a second example, consider a clinical trial on the interaction between stroke severity and the efficacy of a drug on patient survival. The data are shown in the table below.

In the interaction plot, the lines for the mild and moderate stroke groups are parallel, indicating that the drug has the same effect in both groups, so there is no interaction. The line for the severe stroke group is not parallel to the other lines, indicating that there is an interaction between stroke severity and drug effect on survival. The line for the severe stroke group is flat, indicating that, among these patients, there is no difference in survival between the drug and placebo treatments. In contrast, the lines for the mild and moderate stroke groups slope down to the right, indicating that, among these patients, the placebo group has lower survival than drug-treated group.

Hypothesis tests for interactions

Analysis of variance and regression analysis are used to test for significant interactions.

Example: Interaction of temperature and time in cookie baking

Is the yield of good cookies affected by the baking temperature and time in the oven? The table shows data for 8 batches of cookies.

The data show that the yield of good cookies is best when either (i) temperature is high and time in the oven is short, or (ii) temperature is low and time in the oven is long. If the cookies are left in the oven for a long time at a high temperature, there are burnt cookies and the yield is low.

From the graph and the data, it is clear that the lines are not parallel, indicating that there is an interaction. This can be tested using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The first ANOVA model will not include the interaction term. That is, the first ANOVA model ignores possible interaction. The second ANOVA model will include the interaction term. That is, the second ANOVA model explicitly performs a hypothesis test for interaction.

ANOVA model 1: no interaction term; yield ~ temperature + time

In the ANOVA model that ignores interaction, neither temperature nor time has a significant effect on yield (p=0.91), which is clearly the incorrect conclusion. The more appropriate ANOVA model should test for possible interaction.

ANOVA model 2: include interaction term; yield ~ temperature * time

The temperature:time interaction term is significant (p=0.000180). Based on the interaction test and the interaction plot, it appears that the effect of time on yield depends on temperature and vice versa.

Examples
Real-world examples of interaction include:
Interaction between adding sugar to coffee and stirring the coffee. Neither of the two individual variables has much effect on sweetness but a combination of the two does.
Interaction between adding carbon to steel and quenching. Neither of the two individually has much effect on strength but a combination of the two has a dramatic effect.
Interaction between smoking and inhaling asbestos fibres: Both raise lung carcinoma risk, but exposure to asbestos multiplies the cancer risk in smokers and non-smokers. Here, the joint effect of inhaling asbestos and smoking is higher than the sum of both effects.
Interaction between genetic risk factors for type 2 diabetes and diet (specifically, a "western" dietary pattern). The western dietary pattern was shown to increase diabetes risk for subjects with a high "genetic risk score", but not for other subjects.
Interaction between education and political orientation, affecting general-public perceptions about climate change. For example, US surveys often find that acceptance of the reality of anthropogenic climate change rises with education among moderate or liberal survey respondents, but declines with education among the most conservative. Similar interactions have been observed to affect some non-climate science or environmental perceptions, and to operate with science literacy or other knowledge indicators in place of education.

See also
 Analysis of variance
 Factorial experiment
 Generalized randomized block design
 Linear model
 Main effect
 Tukey's test of additivity

References

Further reading
Cox, David R. and Reid, Nancy M. (2000) The theory of design of experiments, Chapman & Hall/CRC.

External links

Credibility and the Statistical Interaction Variable: Speaking Up for Multiplication as a Source of Understanding
Fundamentals of Statistical Interactions: What is the difference between "main effects" and "interaction effects"?

Analysis of variance
Regression analysis
Design of experiments

Interaction (statistics)


Oğuz Aksaç, (4 Eylül 1974, Altındağ, Ankara -) Türk halk müziği sanatçısı.

Henüz lise yıllarında tanıştığı arkadaşı Mustafa Özarslan'la birlikte 1994 yılında  müzik çalışmalarına başladı ve Grup Çığ'ı kurdu. Grup Çığ ile 4 albüm çıkartan sanatçı 2004 yılının eylül ayında 4. albümü "MEVSİM"'i çıkardıktan sonra gruptan ayrılmıştır. Gruptan ayrılır ayrılmaz solo albüm çalışmalarına başlayan Oğuz Aksaç, 2005 yılının mart ayında "OĞUZNAME" isimli ilk solo albümünü piyasaya çıkarmıştır. Sanatçı ikinci solo albümü olan "DALGALAR" albümünü de 2007 yılının mart ayında çıkmıştır. Sanatçı bu albümünde daha önceki albümlerinde yapmadığı bir şeyi yapıp, kendi yazdığı bestelediği eserleri de okumuştur. Üçüncü solo albümü olan "GİZ"'i 2009 yılında çıkarttı.

Dört Grup Çığ albümünde bulunmuş ayrıca Grup Kızılırmak solisti İlkay Akkaya ile birlikte SALKIM SÖĞÜT 4 albümünü 2002 yılında çıkarmıştır. Bunun dışında da birçok ortak albümde yer alan sanatçı müzik çalışmalarına devam ediyor.

Diskografi
Grup Çığ
 1998: Çığ Türküleri
 2000: Yayla Çiçeği
 2002: Nida
 2004: Mevsim
Solo
 2005: Oğuzname
 2014: Oğuzname Dalgalar
 2009: Giz
 2013: Sevdadır
 2017: İğde Kokusu
 2018: Gökyüzü
 2021: Eyvah / Oğuzname 6
 2022: Seher Oldu

Ortak Albümler
 2002: Salkım Söğüt 4 (İlkay Akkaya ile birlikte)

Yer Aldığı Albümler
 2005: Şarkılar Yaşar
 2005: Dost Kervanı
 2009: Türkülerimiz Var Bizim
 2009: Aydın ÖZTÜRK Bestelerini Söylediler 2
 2010: Yola Yoldaş Olanlar

Dış bağlantılar

Resmi Sitesi :

Türk halk müziği ses sanatçıları
1974 doğumlular
Yaşayan insanlar

Oğuz Aksaç


New Years Day EP es el EP debut del grupo de Anaheim, California, New Years Day, lanzado en 2006 por el sello discográfico TVT Records.

Originalmente fue conocido como Razor EP, que era principalmente una versión digital disponible a través de los servicios de descarga como iTunes, aunque una versión en CD estaba también disponible en las actuaciones en vivo de la banda. Contiene tres canciones del álbum debut de la banda, My Dear, así como dos canciones de las mismas sesiones. El video musical debut de la banda para el primer sencillo "I Was Right" ganó un premio MTVU como "Mejor Artista Nuevo" en las encuestas y se añadió a la lista del canal.

Lista de canciones

Miembros
 Ashley Costello - cantante
 Keith Drover - guitarra, teclados, vocalista secundario
 Mike Schoolden - guitarra, vocalista secundario
 Adam Lohrbach - bajo, vocalista secundario
 Russell Dixon - batería

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial de la banda
 MySpace de New Years Day

EP de 2006
Álbumes en inglés

New Years Day EP


Donatian ist der Name folgender Heiliger:
 Donatian von Nantes († 289/304), französischer Märtyrer, siehe Donatian und Rogatian
 Donatian von Reims († 389?), Bischof von Reims

Donatianus ist das Cognomen folgender Personen:
 Marcus Caecilius Donatianus, römischer Offizier

Siehe auch:
 Donatus, männlicher Vorname

Donatianus


Der Åstrup Deelhøj (auch Dilhøj genannt) ist ein Ganggrab östlich von Vejle westlich von Åstrup und nordwestlich von Juelsminde in Jütland in Dänemark. Das Großsteingrab stammt aus der Jungsteinzeit etwa 3500–2800 v. Chr. und ist eine Megalithanlage der Trichterbecherkultur (TBK). Das Ganggrab ist eine Bauform jungsteinzeitlicher Megalithanlagen, die aus einer Kammer und einem baulich abgesetzten, lateralen Gang besteht. Diese Form ist primär in Dänemark, Deutschland und Skandinavien, sowie vereinzelt in Frankreich und den Niederlanden zu finden.

Beschreibung
Neolithische Monumente sind Ausdruck der Kultur und Ideologie neolithischer Gesellschaften. Ihre Entstehung und Funktion gelten als Kennzeichen der sozialen Entwicklung.

Der leicht ovale, im Osten beschädigte randsteinlose Grabhügel des Ganggrabes Deelhøj hat 16 bis 18 m Durchmesser und ist 3,5 m hoch. Der schmale Zugang liegt im Südosten. Das Gangende wird von flachen Platten gedeckt und besitzt zwei Schwellensteine. Die 1,7 m hohe Kammer besteht aus acht Trag- und einem Deckstein. Sie misst etwa 3,1 × 2,7 m. Die Räume zwischen den Orthostaten der Kammer sind mit Zwischenmauerwerk gefüllt. Die Anlage wurde 1870 und 1937 ausgegraben.

Siehe auch
 Nordische Megalitharchitektur
 Großsteingräber in Dänemark

Literatur
 Ingrid Falktoft Anderson: Vejviser til Danmarks oldtid. 1994, ISBN 87-89531-10-8, S. 118
 Karsten Kjer Michaelsen: Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid (= Politikens håndbøger.) Politiken, Kopenhagen 2002, ISBN 87-567-6458-8, S. 109
 Klaus Ebbesen: Danmarks megalitgrave. Band 2: Katalog. Attika, Kopenhagen 2008, ISBN 978-87-7528-731-4 Nr. 4152

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Bilder, Lage, Beschreibung (englisch)

Großsteingrab in der Region Midtjylland
Nordgruppe der Trichterbecherkultur
Bauwerk in Hedensted Kommune
Ganggrab
Kultstätte
Geographie (Hedensted Kommune)
Grabbau in Europa
Archäologischer Fundplatz in Europa

Åstrup Deelhøj


The Roe River runs from Giant Springs to the Missouri River near Great Falls, Montana, United States. The Roe River is only  long at its longest constant point, and had been named as the World's Shortest River by the Guinness Book of World Records before Guinness eliminated the category in 2006. Towards its mouth, the Roe is about  deep..

According to the latest data, the shortest river in the world is the Reprua, flowing in the Gagra District of the Republic of Abkhazia. Only 18 m (59 ft) long, it is one of the shortest rivers in the world and is said to be one of the coldest rivers on the Black Sea coast.

History
A successful campaign to get the Roe River recognized by the Guinness World Records as the shortest river in the world originated in 1987 with fifth-grade students of teacher Susie Nardlinger at Lincoln Elementary School in Great Falls. The river was unnamed at the time, so the students first had to petition the United States Board on Geographic Names to accept their proposed name, Roe River, then submit their proposal to Guinness. The children's name likely came from the Giant Springs Trout Hatchery adjoining the springs and which receives  of spring water per minute used in primarily raising rainbow trout from their own roe (eggs).  In 1988 future NFL football player Dallas Neil, then a student at the school, put in an appearance on The Tonight Show as part of this effort.

Previously, Oregon's D River was listed in Guinness World Records as the world's shortest river at . This title was contested in 1989 when Guinness named the Roe River as the world's shortest. Not to be deterred, the people of Lincoln City submitted a new measurement of the D River to Guinness of about  long, when marked at "extreme high tide".

At that time, Lincoln City's Chamber of Commerce described the Roe as a "drainage ditch surveyed for a school project".  Nardlinger shot back that the D was merely an "ocean water backup", pointed out that there was an alternative fork to the Roe which was only  long, and suggested that a new survey be conducted.

Guinness apparently never ruled on the dispute, leaving the claim by the Roe stand, but instead chose to no longer list a shortest river, possibly as a result of this ongoing dispute.

See also

List of rivers of Montana

References

External links
MontanaKids.com article on Roe River
Giant Springs State Park Montana State Parks

Rivers of Montana
Tributaries of the Missouri River
Rivers of Cascade County, Montana

Roe River


A Classe Illinois foi uma classe de couraçados pré-dreadnought operada pela Marinha dos Estados Unidos, composta pelo ,  e . Suas construções começaram em 1896 e 1897 nos estaleiros da Newport News Shipbuilding, William Cramp & Sons e Union Iron Works, sendo lançados ao mar em 1898 e comissionados em 1900 e 1901. O projeto da Classe Illinois foi mais direcionado para operações oceânicas do que seus predecessores, também incorporando um novo projeto das torres de artilharia de 330 milímetros que possuíam uma blindagem inclinada na frente e um melhor equilíbrio de peso para não afetar a estabilidade.

Os couraçados da Classe Illinois eram armados com uma bateria principal composta por quatro canhões de 330 milímetros montados em duas torres de artilharia duplas. Tinham um comprimento de fora a fora de 114 metros, boca de 22 metros, calado de sete metros e um deslocamento carregado de mais de doze mil toneladas. Seus sistemas de propulsão eram compostos por oito caldeiras a carvão que alimentavam dois motores de tripla-expansão, que por sua vez giravam duas hélices até uma velocidade máxima de dezesseis nós (trinta quilômetros por hora). Os navios também tinham um cinturão principal de blindagem que ficava entre 102 e 419 milímetros de espessura.

O Illinois e Alabama atuaram na Esquadra do Atlântico Norte, mas também brevemente na Europa em 1902. O Wisconsin serviu na Frota do Pacífico e na Frota Asiática. Os três participaram em diferentes momentos da viagem ao redor do mundo da Grande Frota Branca entre 1907 e 1909. Foram modernizados ao final da viagem e a partir de 1912 usados como navios-escola, sendo descomissionados em 1920. O Alabama foi afundado como alvo de tiro em 1921 e depois desmontado, enquanto o Wisconsin foi desmontado em 1922. O Illinois foi convertido em um arsenal flutuante para a Milícia Naval de Nova Iorque, função que exerceu até ser desmontado em 1956.

Projeto
O trabalho de design no que se tornou a classe Illinois começou em 25 de março de 1896, quando o contra-almirante J.G. Walker convocou um conselho para considerar futuros projetos de encouraçados. Na época, o único encouraçado moderno em serviço era o  de borda livre baixa; o encouraçado  de borda livre alta e a classe Kearsarge de borda livre baixa estava em construção. Como a Marinha tinha pouca experiência com encouraçados modernos, a questão era repetir um dos projetos de borda livre baixa, adequados para a defesa costeira, construir outro Iowa ou solicitar um novo projeto. O Walker Board determinou que outro projeto de encouraçado costeiro seria imprudente, uma vez que os Estados Unidos tinham costas longas e, portanto, os novos navios precisariam ter melhores qualidades de navegabilidade do que os projetos do Indiana ou Kearsarge.

Jogos de guerra conduzidos pela frota levaram o conselho a especificar um calado de não mais que sete metros para permitir que os navios entrassem nos portos relativamente rasos da Costa do Golfo. Essa limitação teve um efeito significativo no design; para alcançá-lo, o peso teria que ser reduzido ao mínimo, o que impedia a cópia total do projeto do Iowa, a menos que o armamento principal fosse reduzido de 330 a 305 milímetros. O conselho não estava disposto a fazer essa concessão e, portanto, seria necessário um novo projeto. Além disso, o conselho havia determinado que o canhão secundário de 203 milímetros era desnecessário, pois, embora pudesse penetrar na blindagem mais fina da casamata dos encouraçados inimigos, não conseguia lançar um projétil altamente explosivo através da blindagem. Em vez disso, o conselho decidiu que um novo canhão de disparo rápido de 152 milímetros seria superior. Também simplificaria o abastecimento de munição, já que haveria apenas um calibre secundário.

O conselho determinou que o layout da blindagem do projeto do Kearsarge era suficiente e o adotou sem alterações para os novos navios. Eles descartaram as torres sobrepostas do Kearsarge, porém, montando a maioria dos canhões secundários em uma bateria no meio do navio. Um novo design de torre para a bateria principal foi adotado; em vez das velhas torres redondas estilo  dos navios anteriores, o design do Illinois apresentava uma torre equilibrada com blindagem inclinada na face. Por ser equilibrado, evitaria que o navio tombasse quando a bateria fosse disparada para qualquer um dos lados, como era o caso do Indiana. O Congresso dos Estados Unidos autorizou três novos encouraçados em 10 de junho de 1896; o Bureau of Construction and Repair emitiu seus pedidos de licitação de várias empresas de construção naval americanas doze dias depois. Os contratos para os novos navios, a serem nomeados Illinois, Alabama e Wisconsin, foram concedidos em 28 de agosto.

Características gerais
Os navios da classe Illinois tinham 112 metros de comprimento na linha d'água e 114 metros de fora a fora. Eles tinham uma boca de 22 metros e um calado de 7,16 metros. Eles deslocavam 11 751 toneladas conforme projetado e até 12 450 em plena carga. Como construídos, eles foram equipados com mastros militares pesados, mas estes foram substituídos por equivalentes treliçados em 1909. Eles tinham uma tripulação de 40 oficiais e 496 homens alistados. A tripulação aumentou para 690 – 713 mais tarde em sua carreira. A direção era controlada com um único leme, e os navios tinham um raio de viragem de 331 metros a uma velocidade de doze nós (22 quilômetros por hora). A altura metacêntrica transversal dos navios era de 0,82 metros.

Os navios eram movidos por motores a vapor de expansão tripla de dois eixos avaliados em 16 mil cavalos de potência. O vapor era fornecido por oito caldeiras flamotubulares que eram canalizadas para um par de funis dispostos lado a lado. Eles foram os últimos navios da Marinha dos Estados Unidos a usar caldeiras flamotubulares; projetos subseqüentes mudaram para caldeiras aquatubulares mais eficientes e mais leves. Os motores geravam uma velocidade máxima de dezesseis (trinta quilômetros por hora), embora tenham excedido seu desempenho nominal nos testes, com Illinois atingindo 17,45 nós (32,32 quilômetros por hora) gerando 12 757 cavalos de potência. Os navios poderiam armazenar até 1 290 toneladas de carvão, o que lhes permitia navegar por 7 760 quilômetros a uma velocidade de cruzeiro de dez nós (dezenove quilômetros por hora).

Armamento
Os navios estavam armados com uma bateria principal de quatro canhões de calibre 330 milímetros, com 35 calibres de comprimento, em duas torres gêmeas na linha central, uma à frente e outra à ré. Essas armas dispararam projéteis de 510 kg com 230 kg de pólvora marrom, embora esta tenha sido substituída por uma carga de 82 kg de pólvora sem fumaça, que produzia uma velocidade de saída de 610 metros por segundo. Os canhões tinham um alcance de 11 400 metros, embora os regulamentos da Marinha prescrevessem abrir fogo a 7 300 metros; mesmo isso estava além do alcance em que os artilheiros da época podiam acertar com segurança. A uma distância de 1 800 metros, os projéteis podiam penetrar 510 milímetros de aço comum. Os canhões disparavam lentamente, exigindo 320 segundos entre os disparos para a recarga. Os canhões foram montados em torres Mark IV, que tinham um alcance de elevação de 15 a -5 graus. As torres exigiam que os canhões voltassem a 2 graus para carregamento. O armazenamento de munição era de 60 projéteis por arma.

A bateria secundária consistia em quatorze canhões Mark IV de 152 milímetros, com 40 calibres de comprimento, que foram colocados em casamatas no casco. Eles dispararam um projétil de 48 kg a uma velocidade inicial de 660 metros por segundo. Para defesa de curto alcance contra torpedeiros, eles carregavam dezesseis canhões de 57 milímetros montados em casamatas ao longo do lado do casco e seis 37 milímetros. Essas armas disparavam projéteis de 2,74 kg e 0,494 kg, respectivamente. Como era padrão para os navios capitais da época, a classe Illinois carregava quatro tubos de torpedo em lançadores acima da água, montados no casco. Eles foram inicialmente equipados com o design Mark II Whitehead, que carregava uma ogiva de 64 kg e tinham um alcance de 730 metros a uma velocidade de 27 nós (cinquenta quilômetros por hora).

Blindagem
Todos os três navios foram protegidos com blindagem Harvey; eles foram os últimos navios da Marinha dos Estados Unidos a depender inteiramente do aço Harvey. O cinturão blindado dos navios era de 419 milímetros de espessura sobre os depósitos e espaços de máquinas e reduzido para 241 milímetros na borda inferior. Reduzia gradualmente para 102 milímetros em direção à proa. Anteparas transversais de 305 milímetros de espessura conectavam ambas as extremidades do cinturão central e as barbetas da bateria principal. O convés blindado dos navios era de setenta milímetros de espessura na parte plana, com 76 milímetros nos lados inclinados para a frente; os lados inclinados para trás eram de 127 milímetros de espessura. A torre de comando tinha 254 milímetros de blindagem em seus lados com um telhado de 51 milímetros espessura.

As torres de canhão da bateria principal tinham 356 milímetros nas laterais e 76 nos telhados, enquanto as barbetas de suporte tinham 381 milímetros de blindagem em seus lados expostos. A porção das barbetas que ficavam atrás do cinturão blindado reduzia para 254 milímetros. A blindagem da bateria secundária consistia em chapas de aço com 152 milímetros de espessura nas paredes das casamatas, e a metade inferior da blindagem da casamata era apoiada por depósitos de carvão, o que aumentava o nível de proteção. Anteparas anti-estilhaços de 38 milímetros de espessura foram colocadas entre cada um dos canhões secundários para reduzir a possibilidade de um projétil desabilitar vários canhões.

Navios

Histórico de serviço

Desde o comissionamento, Alabama e Illinois serviram no Esquadrão do Atlântico Norte. Ambos os navios fizeram visitas à Europa durante o início de suas carreiras, e Illinois serviu como a nau capitânia do Esquadrão Europeu por um curto período de tempo em 1902. Ele acidentalmente encalhou fora de Oslo, na Noruega, em 1902 e retornou ao Esquadrão do Atlântico Norte em janeiro de 1903. O Wisconsin, tendo sido construído na costa oeste dos Estados Unidos, serviu na Frota do Pacífico como seu carro-chefe. Em 1903, ele foi transferido para a Frota Asiática, e lá permaneceu até o final de 1906, quando retornou à Califórnia.

O Illinois e o Alabama navegaram com a Great White Fleet em seu cruzeiro mundial que começou em dezembro de 1907. O Wisconsin juntou-se à frota depois de contornar a América do Sul em julho de 1908; o Alabama teve que deixar a frota devido a danos no motor que exigiam reparos. O Alabama foi destacado junto com o encouraçado ; os dois navios continuaram a viagem de forma independente em um itinerário bastante reduzido. O restante dos navios cruzou o Pacífico e parou na Austrália, nas Filipinas e no Japão antes de continuar pelo Oceano Índico. Eles transitaram pelo Canal de Suez e percorreram o Mediterrâneo antes de cruzar o Atlântico, chegando a Hampton Roads em 22 de fevereiro de 1909 para uma revisão naval com o presidente Theodore Roosevelt.

Os três navios foram modernizados após seu retorno em 1909; a partir de 1912, eles foram colocados na comissão de reserva e empregados como navios de treinamento para aspirantes da Academia Naval dos Estados Unidos e unidades da milícia naval. Eles continuaram nessa função durante a Primeira Guerra Mundial, na qual os Estados Unidos entraram em 6 de abril de 1917. Os navios treinavam o pessoal da sala de máquinas, guardas armados para navios mercantes e outras especialidades. Após a rendição alemã em novembro de 1918, a maioria dos encouraçados da Frota do Atlântico foi usada como transporte para transportar soldados americanos de volta da França. Os navios da classe Illinois não eram tão empregados, entretanto, devido ao seu curto alcance e tamanho pequeno, o que não permitia acomodações adicionais suficientes.

Os navios da classe Illinois serviram com a frota apenas brevemente após a guerra, ainda como navios de treinamento. Em 1920, todos eles foram desativados. O Wisconsin foi vendido para sucata em janeiro de 1922 e dividido para sucata. Em vez disso, Illinois foi convertido em um arsenal flutuante para a Milícia Naval de Nova York; renomeado como Prairie State em 1941, ele serviu nessa função até 1956, quando também foi vendido para sucata. O Alabama encontrou seu fim como navio-alvo para experimentos de bombardeio conduzidos pelo Serviço Aéreo do Exército dos EUA em setembro de 1921. Ele foi atingido por várias bombas, incluindo bombas de fósforo branco e bombas perfurantes de 910 kg, antes de finalmente afundar.

Referências

Bibliografia

Ligações externas

Classes de couraçados

Classe Illinois


بوعنان هي جماعة قروية في إقليم فجيج بجهة الشرق، وهي تبعد عن مدينة بوعرفة بـ 120 كلم، وتضم 035 10 نسمة، حسب الإحصاء العام للسكان والسكنى لسنة 2014.

التعليم
قائمة المؤسسات التعليمية في بوعنان:

 مجموعة مدارس عمر بن الخطاب
 مجموعة مدارس المسيرة الخضراء
 مجموعة مدارس زيري بن عطية
 مجموعة مدارس سيدي بوطيب
 إعدادية أبي عنان

الاقتصاد
تعتمد بوعنان في اقتصادها على عائدات المجال الرعوي بالخصوص، وكذا المجال الفلاحي الذي يشكل الركيزة الأساسية لأبناء المنطقة في حين يبقى النشاط التجاري ضعيفاً وغير مهيكل ويغلب عليه الطابع الموسمي، خصوصا في فترة الصيف التي تشهد رجوع أبناء المنطقة من المغاربة المقيمين بالخارج أو خلال الفترة الربيعية وفي الأعياد والمناسبات.

يعتبر منجم زلمو للباريتين الموجود في الجماعة القروية بوعنان، من بين أهم المناجم بإقليم فجيج، وترجع بداية هذا المنجم إلى سنة 1978، وتسهر على إستغلاله الشركة المغربية للباريتين (كومابار)، ولكن هذا المنجم يعرف عدة انتقادات بسبب عدم الإعتناء بظروف العمال وعدم تحسين ظروف عيشهم رغم المداخيل الكبيرة التي تحصل عليها الشركة من بيع معدن الباريتين.

الثقافة
تشتهر بوعنان بتنظيم مهرجان الثقافات الأصيلة، ويهدف هذا المهرجان إلى تثمين الموروث الثقافي المحلي والإقليمي والوطني، وتشجيع المبادرات المدنية في مختلف المجالات الثقافية والفنية والرياضية، والحفاظ على الثقافة الشعبية للواحات والقصور وترسيخ قيمها الإنسانية. كما تروم هذه التظاهرة الثقافية والفنية إبراز عناصر التسامح والتعدد في الثقافة الشعبية لواحات الجنوب الشرقي للمملكة، والنهوض بالاقتصاد الاجتماعي والتضامني وإدماج الشباب في التنمية الشاملة. ويتضمن برنامج هذه الدورة تنظيم ندوات، وعروض التبوريدة، ومعرض للمنتوجات المجالية، وأنشطة رياضية مختلفة، وفقرات فنية وترفيهية خاصة بالأطفال، وعروض مسرحية، إلى جانب أمسيات وسهرات فنية.

كما يوجد في منطقة بوعنان العديد من القصور التاريخية من بينها: قصر بن ياطي، قصر أورير، قصر الحيرش، قصر العباس، قصر تكوميت.

مراجع

جماعات قروية في الجهة الشرقية
أماكن مأهولة في إقليم فجيج
جماعات قروية في المغرب

بوعنان


An Eriachne semiciliata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael Lazarides. An Eriachne semiciliata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriachne

Eriachne semiciliata


Der Verband Insolvenzverwalter und Sachwalter Deutschlands (VID) ist ein Verein mit Sitz in Berlin. Ihm gehören derzeit über 460 Mitglieder an. Der Verband wurde im Jahr 2004 gegründet. Tätigkeitsschwerpunkte sind die Interessenvertretung gegenüber der Politik, die Weiterentwicklung der Qualität von Insolvenzverwaltungen und der Erfahrungsaustausch der Mitglieder untereinander. Im August 2021 ergänzte der Verband seinen Namen um den Zusatz Sachwalter.

Branchenbeschreibung

In Deutschland gibt es Schätzungen zufolge rund 2.000 Insolvenzverwalter. Hauptberuflich tätig als Unternehmensinsolvenzverwalter sind nur 500 bis 800.

Noch zum Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts war die Insolvenzverwalter-Branche von vielen kleineren Kanzleien oder einzelnen Personen geprägt, die das Konkurs-Geschäft eher nebenbei betrieben. Mit Inkrafttreten der Insolvenzordnung (InsO) im Jahr 1999 hat sich das Aufgabenfeld des Berufsstandes nachhaltig verändert hin zu einer sanierungsorientierten Insolvenzverwaltung. Die Sanierung von Unternehmen mit hunderten, manchmal tausenden oder gar zehntausenden Mitarbeitern erforderte die Bildung entsprechend spezialisierter Verwalterkanzleien. Die Insolvenzverwalter-Branche geriet deshalb in einem tiefgreifenden Wandel hin zu weiterer Professionalisierung und zu größeren Kanzleistrukturen.

Aufgaben und Ziele

Grundsätze ordnungsgemäßer Insolvenz- und Eigenverwaltung (GOI)

Mit den 2012 verabschiedeten Grundsätzen ordnungsgemäßer Insolvenzverwaltung (GOI) verpflichtet der VID seine Mitglieder zur Einhaltung professioneller Standards, die bisher nur teilweise gesetzlich geregelt sind. Zu diesen Standards gehören allgemeine Anforderungen an den Verwalter und sein Büro (Abschnitt II) und Regeln zum Verfahrensablauf (Abschnitt III). Unter den Regeln zum Verfahrensablauf finden sich Vorgaben u. a. zu
 Sicherungsmaßnahmen, Arbeitnehmerfragen, Gutachtenerstellung, Information von Gläubigern, Buchhaltungsregeln, Behandlung von Aus- und Absonderungsrechten und von Masseverbindlichkeiten, Vorgaben für Betriebsfortführungen, Vermögensverwertungen und Unternehmensveräußerungen sowie zu Eigenverwaltungen und Insolvenzplänen.
Ein gemeinsamer Kontenrahmen, der den Namen "SKR-InsO" tragen wird und aus dem bereits bekannten Datev-Kontenrahmen SKR–04 entwickelt wurde, wurde interessierten Softwareanbietern übermittelt, um eine Übernahme in die Standard-Softwareprogramme zu ermöglichen. Er wurde zuletzt 2014 aktualisiert.

Das vom VID zum Nachweis geforderte Zertifikat eines akkreditierten Zertifizierungsunternehmens und die gleichzeitig erlassene Prüfungsordnung zu den GOI sollen sicherstellen, dass der Nachweis ihrer Beachtung durch unabhängige Dritte und in einer bundesweit gleichmäßigen Prüfung geführt wird.

Deutscher Insolvenzverwalterkongress

Der Verband veranstaltet jährlich im Herbst den Deutschen Insolvenzverwalterkongress, der neben Insolvenzverwaltern und Insolvenzrichtern auch institutionellen Gläubigern, Sanierungsberatern, Wissenschaftlern und Rechtspolitikern offensteht.

Uhlenbruck-Preis
Der VID vergibt seit 2017 alle zwei Jahre im Rahmen des Deutschen Insolvenverwalterkongresses den Uhlenbruck-Preis. Der mit 5000 Euro dotierte Preis ehrt das Lebenswerk von Wilhelm Uhlenbruck durch die Prämierung herausragender wissenschaftlicher Dissertationen und Habilitationen, die sich mit der juristischen Diskussion des Insolvenzverfahrens, die durch Uhlenbruck stark geprägt wurde, befassen.
Der Jury gehören Georg Bitter, VID-Vorstandsmitglied Michael Bremen, Moritz Brinkmann und Christoph Paulus an.

 2017 wurde der Uhlenbruck-Preis an Friederike Schaal für ihre Dissertation zum Thema Die Haftung der Geschäftsführungsorgane einer insolvenzrechtlich eigenverwaltenden GmbH oder AG verliehen.
 2019 wurde der Uhlenbruck-Preis an Nicholas R. Palenker für seine Dissertation zum Thema Loan-to-own: Schuldenbasierte Übernahmen in Zeiten moderner Restrukturierungen und mangelnder Gläubigertransparenz (Lehrstuhl von Professor Christoph Paulus an der Humboldt-Universität) verliehen.
 2021 wurde der Uhlenbruck-Preis an Ivan B. Labusga für seine Dissertation zum Thema Insolvenzanfechtung von Austauschgeschäften (Lehrstuhl von Professor Jan Felix Hoffmann an der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität) verliehen.

Struktur

Mitglied des Berufsverbandes kann werden, wer in den letzten drei Jahren vor Aufnahme in den VID eine Tätigkeit als Insolvenzverwalter von Unternehmen, d. h. Personen- und Kapitalgesellschaften, ausgeübt hat. Der Nachweis dieser Tätigkeit ist durch Belegen von Bestallungsurkunden zu mindestens zehn eröffneten und zwei schlussgerechneten Unternehmensinsolvenzverfahren zu führen.

Der Vorstand setzt sich aus Insolvenzverwaltern zusammen. Ihm gehören an: Christoph Niering (Vorsitzender); Jutta Rüdlin; Robert Hänel; Axel W. Bierbach; Michael Bremen. Geschäftsführer des VID ist seit 2006 Daniel Bergner.

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Insolvenzrecht (Deutschland)
Berufsverband (Deutschland)
Verein (Berlin)
Gegründet 2004
Verein (Bundesverband)
Wirtschaftsverband (Deutschland)


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 İmparator Sujin, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 10. imparatoru (ö. MÖ 29)

Ölümler

MÖ 148