Adolphus Egerton Ryerson (24 March 1803 – 19 February 1882) was a Canadian educator, author, editor, and Methodist minister who was a prominent contributor to the design of the Canadian public school system. Ryerson is considered to be the founder of the Ontario public school system.

An advocate against Christian sectarianism and control of Upper Canada by the wealthy Anglican elite, Ryerson staunchly opposed Clergy Reserves and promoted a system of free public education in Canada. Conversely, Ryerson was passionate about Christianization, favouring missionary work and protesting the removal of the Bible from Ontario schools.

Following his time as a missionary to the Mississaugas of the Credit River, Ryerson became founding editor of The Christian Guardian, and the first principal of Victoria College. He was appointed as Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada by Governor General Sir Charles Metcalfe in 1844, where he supported reforms such as creating school boards, making textbooks more uniform, and making education free. His extensive contributions to early education in Ontario led to him being memorialized with statues, and in the naming of several institutions and places in Ontario.

The controversial issue of Ryerson's involvement in the residential school system, is discussed below in the section .

Early years

Ryerson was born on 24 March 1803 in Charlotteville Township, Upper Canada, to Joseph Ryerson (1761–1854), a United Empire Loyalist, a Lieutenant in the Prince of Wales' American Volunteers from Passaic County, New Jersey, and Sarah Mehetable Ryerson (née Stickney). He was one of six brothers – George, Samuel, William, John, and Edwy. Samuel was the only one of Egerton's brothers to not enter the Methodist ministry.

Methodist missionary

He joined the Methodist Episcopal Church at 17, and was forced to leave home by his Anglican father. After leaving home, Ryerson worked as an usher in a London grammar school, before his father sent for him to return home. He did so and farmed for a small period of time before leaving again, this time to Hamilton to attend Gore District Grammar School. In Hamilton, he studied Latin and Greek with such fervor that he became ill with a fever that almost claimed his life. This enabled him to become a Methodist missionary or circuit rider. His first post was the York region surrounding Yonge Street. The circuit took four weeks to complete on foot or horseback, as it encompassed areas with roads in extremely poor condition. However, the experience gave Ryerson a first hand look at the life of the early pioneer.

Ryerson was appointed as a missionary to the Mississaugas of the Credit in 1826, while still on probation as a Methodist missionary. His journal records his feelings on arrival: "Sept. 16, 1826 —I have now arrived at my charge among the Indians. I feel an inexpressible joy in taking up my abode amongst them. I must now acquire a new language, to teach a new people." In an assembly, Ryerson explained to them the source of their misery: "I explained to the assembled Indians, the cause of their poverty, misery and wretchedness as resulting from them offending the Great Being who created them but who still loved them so much as to send His Son to save them and give them new hearts, that they might forsake their bad ways, be sober and industrious; not quarrel, but love one another, etc." Ryerson assisted them in building a church which doubled as a school. He was experienced as a farmer and taught them about crops and crop rotation, fencing, etc. They had decided that they had to learn farming and settle down, as their hunting and fishing grounds were depleted by white settlers.

On 16 December, he reported: "I have this week been trying to procure for the Indians the exclusive right of their salmon fishery, which I trust will be granted by the Legislature". At a meeting that same week an Ojibway chief addressed him: "Brother, as we are brothers, we will give you a name. My departed brother was named Cheehock; thou shalt be called Cheehock." Ryerson "returned him thanks in his own tongue, and so became initiated among them". The Legislature declined to support the Mississauga's claims to land and fishing grounds. According to the Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada report of May 2015, and noted that "he even learned their language, worked in the fields with the people of the settlement and became a life-long friend of future chief Kahkewaquonaby (Sacred Feathers), known in English as Peter Jones".

In 1826, sermons from John Strachan, Anglican Archdeacon of York, Upper Canada, were published asserting that the Anglican church was, by law, the established church of Upper Canada. Methodists were singled out as American and therefore disloyal. Money was requested of the crown to allow the Anglican church to maintain ties to Great Britain. As Ryerson was the son of a Loyalist, this was an abomination. He emerged as Episcopal Methodism's most articulate defender in the public sphere by publishing articles (at first anonymously) and later books that argued against the views of Methodism's chief rival John Strachan and other members of the powerful Family Compact.

Ryerson was also elected (by one vote) to serve as the founding editor of Canadian Methodism's weekly denominational newspaper, the Christian Guardian, established in York in 1829 and which was also Canada's first religious newspaper. Ryerson used the paper to argue for the rights of Methodists in the province and, later, to help convince rank-and-file Methodists that a merger with British Wesleyans (effected in 1833) was in their best interest. Ryerson was castigated by the reformist press at that time for apparently abandoning the cause of reform and becoming, at least as far as they were concerned, a Tory. Ryerson resigned the editorship in 1835 only to assume it again at his brother John's urging from 1838 to 1840. In 1840 Ryerson allowed his name to stand for re-election one last time but was soundly defeated by a vote of 50 to 1.

Educator
In April 1831, Ryerson wrote in The Christian Guardian newspaper,

This quote is a fore-telling of Ryerson's contribution to education in Upper Canada.

In 1836, Ryerson visited England to secure the charter for Upper Canada Academy. This was the first charter ever granted by the British Government to a Nonconformist body for an educational institution. When it was incorporated in 1841 under the name Victoria College Ryerson assumed the presidency. Victoria College continues to exist as part of the University of Toronto. Ryerson also fought for many secularization reforms, to keep power and influence away from any one church, particularly the Church of England in Upper Canada which had pretensions to establishment. His advocacy of Methodism contributed to the eventual sale of the Clergy Reserveslarge tracts of land that had been set aside for the "maintenance of the Protestant clergy" under the Constitutional Act of 1791. "In honour of his achievements on behalf of the Methodist Church, Egerton Ryerson received a Doctor of Divinity degree from the Wesleyan University in Connecticut and served as President of the Church in Canada from 1874 to 1878."

Such secularization also led to the widening of the school system into public hands. Governor General Sir Charles Metcalfe asked him to become Chief Superintendent of Education for Upper Canada in 1844 and remained in the position until 1876.

The Normal School at St. James Square was founded in Toronto in 1847, and became the province's foremost teacher's academy. It also housed the Department of Education as well as the Museum of Natural History and Fine Arts, which became the Royal Ontario Museum. The school operated by the Ontario Society of Artists at the Normal School would become the Ontario College of Art & Design. An agricultural laboratory on the site led to the later founding of the Ontario Agricultural College and the University of Guelph. St. James Square went through various other educational uses before it eventually became part of Ryerson University.

Ryerson University (later renamed Toronto Metropolitan University), Ryerson Press (McGraw-Hill Ryerson), and the Township of Ryerson in the Parry Sound District, Ontario, were named after him, as well as the small park, Ryerson Park, in the city of Owen Sound, at the northeast corner of 8th Street East and 5th Avenue East. There is also an intersection of two small streets in Toronto, Egerton Lane and Ryerson Avenue, between Spadina and Bathurst north of Queen Street West.

In 2017 the university was urged to change its name in response to a campaign in social media, student organizations and petitions. A process of consultation was engaged in.  A Standing Strong Task Force appointed by the president. It held hearings, accepted briefs and letters and in 2021, reported with a recommendation to drop the name Ryerson and permanently remove his statue from the campus. This was promptly accepted by the University's Board of Governors further consultations were held to determine the new name. In April 2022, the university announced the new name, Toronto Metropolitan University.

Legislation

Common School Act of 1846
Ryerson's study of educational systems elsewhere in the Western world led to three school acts, which would revolutionize education in Canada. His major innovations included libraries in every school, an educational journal and professional development conventions for teachers, a central textbook press using Canadian authors, and securing land grants for universities.

The Common School Act of 1846, was an act that had established the First General School Board, where it would consist of Seven Members, that would each have their own responsibilities. Ryerson set the groundwork for compulsory education, which is what it has become today, he ensured that curriculums were made and that teaching and learning materials were provided and delivered to Schools, in the result of the best possible education. Ryerson did not believe that white and Aboriginal children should be taught in the same schools due to their different civilization and their upbringings.

Superintendent of Schools for Canada West
Ryerson observed that previous educational legislation, most notably the Common School Act of 1843, was ineffective due to the limited powers of authority of the Superintendent of Schools. By comparing the office of the Superintendent to a corresponding office in New York State, namely the "State Superintendent", he noted that the 1843 Act allowed the Superintendent to draw up rules and responsibilities but no one was required to follow them. In his draft of the bill, he included several responsibilities of the Superintendent for Upper Canada: apportioning Legislature funds among the twenty district councils (in existence at that point in time), discouragement of unsuitable texts for classroom and school library usage (no common texts were the norm), provide direction for normal schools, prepare recommended plans for school houses and school libraries, dissemination of information, and annual reporting to the Governor General. This considerably expanded the role of Superintendent and placed significantly more responsibility upon the office.

Further, he established the first General Board of Education (the one established in 1823 was by order of the Lieutenant Governor not by legislation). The board consisted of the Superintendent and six other members nominated by the Governor General.

District superintendents
The bill provided provision for a new office, that of the District Superintendent. Ryerson recommended, although it did not become part of the legislation that followed from the 1846 bill, that as a savings measure the offices of Clerk of the District and District Superintendent be combined.

The District Superintendents became important civil servants, apportioning District School Funds in proportion of the number of students, teacher payment, visit all schools in their district; reporting on progress, advising teachers on school management, examining teachers' qualifications, revoking unqualified teachers, and preventing the use of unauthorized textbooks.

Common textbooks
Ryerson advocated for uniform school textbooks across Canada West. Again, benchmarking the New York system, he noted that an Act passed in 1843 gave the State Superintendent of Schools and county superintendents authority to reject any book in a school library. That system utilized University Regents to create a list of acceptable texts from which the schools purchased books. Ryerson did not propose absolute authority on book selection, rather, recommended that the Board of Education "make out a list of School Text Books, in each branch of learning that they would recommend, and another list they would not permit leaving Trustees to select from these lists."

Ryerson was also responsible for developing the first Ontario Readers for Canadian students to replace British, Irish and American textbooks.

Free schools
With the intent of providing education for all Canadian children, Ryerson began lobbying for the idea of free schools in 1846. His convictions on the matter were strengthened after studying systems of education in New York State and Massachusetts where financial provision for education was a cardinal one. Ryerson pointed out that, in Toronto alone, less than half of the 4,450 children in the city were regular school attendees.

In his Circular to the County Municipalities, in 1846, he argued the following:

Ryerson was also determined to provide education to those less privileged, as a means of improving the opportunities of all; or as he described it as the "only effectual remedy for the pernicious and pauperizing system which is at present. Many children are now kept from school on the alleged grounds of parental poverty." Ryerson was persuasive in his arguments such that principle for free education, in a permission form, was embodied into the School Law of 1850. Subsequent debate followed until 1871 when free school provision was included in the Comprehensive School Act of 1871.

Common School Act of 1850
The Common School Act updated 1847 legislation creating school boards across Canada West. It required that municipalities meet the funding needs stated by their local school board and allows for schools to be paid for through provincial and municipal funds alone, allowing individual boards to eliminate school fees but not making this compulsory. The Act also allowed for the creation of separate schools leading to provincially funded Catholic schools and to racially segregated schools.

The School Act of 1871
The School Act made elementary education compulsory and free up to age 12. The Act also created two streams of secondary education: high schools, the lower stream, and collegiate institutes, the higher stream. Extra funding was provided for collegiate institutes "with a daily average attendance of sixty boys studying Latin and Greek under a minimum of four masters."

Ryerson and residential schools
In 1847, Ryerson was asked by George Vardon, the British Assistant Superintendent General of Indian Affairs, for his ideas as to "the best method of establishing and conducting Industrial Schools for the benefit of the Aboriginal Indian Tribes." This was following the 1844 Bagot Report and the 1846 Conference of the Narrows, a conference to update indigenous communities on the establishment of manual labour day schools after Methodist and Ojibwe petitioning. The Methodists were given responsibility over the schools.

Vardon was anxious about the project's prospect. Ryerson replied with a five-page handwritten letter, later printed in 1898 as an appendix to a report on residential schools by the Indian Affairs Department. Ryerson rejected the term "manual labour schools," and his recommendations include academic studies not needed for mere "manual labour." Ryerson foresaw a system that would assimilate indigenous youth into Canadian and Christian society. He said that "It would be a gratifying result to see graduates of our Indian industrial schools become overseers of some the largest farms in Canada, nor will it be less gratifying to see them industrious and prosperous farmers on their own account." The academic subjects recommended were: reading, principles of the English language, arithmetic, elementary geometry, geography, history, natural history, agricultural chemistry, writing, drawing, vocal music, book keeping (especially farmers accounts), religion and morals. The schools were to be residential, involving eight to 12 hours a day of labour and two hours of instruction. The industrial schools should keep children from four to twelve years, be conducted in English, provide instruction in Christian religion and be run by Christian churches without government oversight. Unlike the promises made at the Conference of the Narrows, which envisioned schools run by indigenous instructors, "Ryerson ignored alternative visions and promises that saw Indigenous education as a pathway to equality and self-governance, instead recommending an educational system intended to turn Indigenous students into a racialized subservient class."

The term "residential school" does not appear in any of the major scholarly works on Ryerson: the two-volume Life and Letters by Sissons, or the three regular biographies (Burwash, Thomas and Damania) nor in Ryerson's own Story of My Life, edited by J. George Hodgins.  Books such as Chaiton and N. McDonald's Ryerson and His Times (1978) again do not mention the words, nor does a thesis on Ryerson's political views (Pearce, 1986). Sources of Ryerson's work in education, similarly, include no mention of residential schools (Putnam, 1912; Harris and Tremblay, 1960), nor the entry in the Dictionary of Canadian Biography (Gidney).

His recommendations were adopted by the Indian Affairs Department. By 1850, there were two major residential schools in Canada West: Alnwick, to serve northern and south-eastern bands in Alderville, and Mount Elgin, to serve south-western bands. Mount Elgin was to have been led by Peter Jones of the Mississaugas, but he was too ill to take up the task. The curriculum largely followed Ryerson's outline, which was itself in agreement with Methodists' plans to educate the indigenous. The daily schedule at Mount Elgin followed Ryerson's outline:

 5:00 am - bell rings, students rise, wash and dress
 5:30 am - Breakfast, then prayers
 6-9 am - Boys work on farm and girls work in house
 9-12 am - School
 12-1 pm - Lunch and recreation
 1-3:30 pm - School
 3:30 pm - Work on farm
 6 pm - Dinner and prayers
 Evening - In winter, boys in school, girls learn needlework
 9 pm - Bedtime
Source: MacLean 2005; table reproduced from p. 115

According to MacLean, the purpose of the schools was "to eradicate Ojibwa Culture. Instruction in Christianity was considered a primary means of effecting change and consisted not only of daily prayers and attendance at church, but also the memorization of long passages of Scripture." The residential school system would later expand as Canada expanded into the west. The Crown, and later Canada, accepted the provision of education in exchange for settlement lands under treaty. The consequences of the system, which ran for over a century, are well-known and formal apologies would later be made by the Government of Canada and the Pope of Rome.

Ryerson was not directly involved in the setup or running of the residential school system, involved as he was in the Common Schools of Canada West and Ontario and the Normal School. And Ryerson predeceased much of its development. Any further communications by Ryerson on the subject of indigenous instruction and its schools is not known. Secondary literature on Ryerson focuses on his role in the development of the Ontario public school system. This includes a two-volume Life and Letters (Sissons, 1937, 1947), and three biographies (Burwash, 1905; Thomas, 1969; and Damania, 1975). He had a direct role in the Ontario public education system, as described in several scholarly works on the subject.(Putman, 1912; Curtis, 1989 and 1992; Pearce, 2020);

There are opposing views on the accusations against Ryerson and the decision to rename Ryerson University, and other places named after him (Smith, 2017 and 2021; Stagg and Dutil, 2021; Stagg, 2022; McDonald, 2021 and 2023). Those opposed point out that Ryerson had spent time on a reserve, was sympathetic to the plight of the indigenous peoples, and died before the residential school system was developed. The "Friends of Egerton Ryerson" was formed in November 2021 to defend his reputation and oppose renaming of legacy sites. It now works for the restoration of his reputation.

On 8 June 2021, the town of Owen Sound, Ontario removed the name plaque of Ryerson Park. The park, named for Egerton Ryerson, will be renamed at the request of 1,000 residents of Owen Sound. The town pre-emptively removed the plaque to prevent its defacement and damage. A school named for Ryerson in Owen Sound was closed in 1990.

Ryerson statue
A bronze statue of Ryerson was commissioned after his death in 1882, paid for by public subscription. The artist was Hamilton MacCarthy a noted artist of bronze monumental statues. It was placed on the grounds of the Education Department, site of the old Normal School founded by Ryerson and the first teacher training college in Canada.  It was unveiled by the lieutenant-governor, Sir Alexander Campbell, on the Queen's birthday, 24 May 1889. The chancellors of four universities attended (Queen's, Trinity, McMaster and Victoria), the mayor of Toronto and other officials. There was a scripture reading and a hymn, "All People that on Earth do dwell."

In 1950, it was proposed to move the statue to Queen's Park by Keith Balfour, a Toronto mining company executive. The proposed move was opposed by the students of Ryerson Institute of Technology. The statue was cleaned annually by new students with toothbrushes as an initiation exercise.

On 18 July 2020, three people were arrested for splattering pink paint on the statue – in addition to two others of John A. Macdonald and King Edward VII at the Ontario Legislature – as part of a demand to tear down the monuments. Black Lives Matter Toronto claimed responsibility for the actions stating that "The action comes after the City of Toronto and the Province of Ontario have failed to take action against police violence against Black people." Three people were each charged with three counts of mischief under $5,000 and conspiracy to commit a summary offence; the charges were dropped the following year.

On 1 June 2021, following the discovery of soil disturbances at the Kamloops Indian Residential School, widely reported by the media as sites of 215 unmarked graves, the statue was vandalized again, this time with red paint. On 6 June, the statue was toppled, decapitated and thrown into Toronto Harbour; Ryerson University stated that the statue will not be restored or replaced. The head of the statue was subsequently placed on a pike at the Six Nations of the Grand River near Caledonia, Ontario.

After the events around the statue, on 8 June 2021, the town of Owen Sound, Ontario removed the name plaque of Ryerson Park. The park, named for Egerton Ryerson, will be renamed at the request of 1,000 residents of Owen Sound. The town pre-emptively removed the plaque to prevent its defacement and damage. A school named for Ryerson in Owen Sound was closed in 1990.

On 26 April 2022, Ryerson University announced its renaming to Toronto Metropolitan University. The statue's location has since been cleared and cleaned.

Personal life

Ryerson was married twice and had several children. In 1828, he married Hannah Aikman. She died in 1832, soon after the birth of their second child. Their children were John and Lucilla Hannah. John died of dysentery in 1835 at age six, and Lucilla died of consumption (tuberculosis) in 1849 at age 17.

In 1833, Ryerson married Mary Armstrong in York (Toronto). Together they had two children, Sophia in 1836 and Charles Egerton in 1847:
 Charles Egerton Ryerson (1847–1909) – secretary-treasurer and assistant librarian of Toronto; his children with Emily Eliza Beatty (1848–1947) were:
 Egerton Ryerson (1876–?), a missionary priest in Japan
 Edward Stanley Ryerson (1879–1963)
 Stanley Bréhaut Ryerson (1911–1998), historian and Communist politician
 Mary Ella Ryerson (1882–1983)
 Isabel Louise Ryerson (1884–1954)
 John Egerton Ryerson (1887–1916)
Sophia Ryerson Harris (1836–1898)

Ryerson retired in 1876. His book The Loyalists of America and Their Times on the United Empire Loyalists was published in 1881. He died on 19 February 1882 after an extended illness. Schools were closed and flags were lowered to half-staff in his honour. His funeral at the Metropolitan Wesleyan Methodist Church was attended by the Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario John Beverley Robinson, members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, officials of the Methodist Church and officials of Victoria College. He was buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto.

Ryerson lived nearby to the Normal School, at 171 Victoria Street just north of today's Dundas Street. After his death, the building was used by his son's family and eventually sold. In 1923, the building was extensively modified to allow the connection of Dundas Street in front and also for commercial use. It is not known if any of the original residence survives.

References

Further reading

Pearce, Colin (December 1988). "Canadian Journal of Political Science". 21 (4): 771–793.
Pearce, Colin D. The Political Principles of Egerton Ryerson. PhD thesis University of Toronto, 1986.

Ryerson University Aboriginal Education Council (August 2010). "Egerton Ryerson, The Residential School System and Truth and Reconciliation" (PDF). Ryerson.

Westfall, William. Two Worlds: The Protestant Culture of Nineteenth Century Ontario. Kingston: McGill-Queen's UP, 1989.

External links

 Early standard biography by Nathanael Burwash
 Conservation Treatment of Portrait of Egerton Ryerson

Selected works available online

 Dr. Ryerson's Reply to the Recent Pamphlet of Mr. Langton & Dr. Wilson on the University Question. Guardian Office, 1861.
 Copies of Correspondence between the Chief Superintendent of Schools for Upper Canada, and other persons, on the question of Separate Schools. Toronto: Lovell & Gibson, 1855.
 Ryerson University's Aboriginal Education Council. Egerton Ryerson, the Residential School System and Truth and Reconciliation. August, 2010.

Primary sources

 Sissons, C.B., ed. My Dearest Sophie: Letters of Egerton Ryerson to His Daughter. Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1955.
 Ryerson, Egerton; Canada. Dept. of Indian Affairs. Statistics respecting Indian schools with Dr. Ryerson's report of 1847 attached. Ottawa: Government Print. Bureau, 1898.

1803 births
1882 deaths
19th-century Methodist ministers
Canadian educators
Canadian Methodist ministers
Canadian people of Dutch descent
Canadian university and college chief executives
Converts to Methodism from Anglicanism
Education in Ontario
Methodist circuit riders
People from Norfolk County, Ontario
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)
Pre-Confederation Ontario people
Toronto Metropolitan University
Wesleyan University people
Burials at Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto

Egerton Ryerson


La escina, es una saponina o flebotónico fitoterápico extraído de la planta Aesculus hippocastanum (castaño de Indias). Como otros rutósidos y bioflavonoides, es una saponina que presenta actividad antiedematosa y antiexudativa con una leve acción sobre el tono del músculo liso de la pared venosa. Junto con la esculina, rutina y hesperidina integra los rutósidos flavonoides de frecuente empleo. Por su acción sobre venas y capilares disminuye la hiperpermeabilidad vascular, lo que mejora la hemodinamia  y reduce el edema de los miembros inferiores en los pacientes con varices.

La escina es una saponina grasa con acción hemolítica, de la cual existen dos variedades, la alfa y la beta-escina.

Referencias

Terpenos
Glucósidos

Escina


بصرة هو فيلم روائي مصري من تأليف وإخراج أحمد رشوان، عرض الفيلم في 20 أكتوبر، 2008.

قصة الفيلم
تدور قصة الفيلم حول مجموعة من الشباب المثقفين الذين يعيشون في مصر كأصدقاء، لهم طريقتهم في الحياة كتفكير وسلوك، يمتلكون الكثير من الطموح والفرح، لكن مع بداية حرب العراق تبدأ هذه الحرب بإلقاء ظلالها القاسية على المجموعة والحياة عموماً، فتمنع إحداهن من السفر إلى الخارج لمتابعة الدراسة، لتلقي مع اشتعالها علامات من الضوء على هذا الانهيار، ليس في بغداد والبصرة فحسب، بل وفي دواخل شخوص الفيلم حيث تسمع أصوات التحطم النفسي المريع للصورة عن بغداد والمقاومة، والذي يترك أثره على الحراك اليومي النفسي للممثلين، ما ينعكس نزقاً وتوتراً وقلقاً يبلغ ذراه بالموت وسقوط الرمز!

الشخصيات

روابط خارجية

المصادر
 صفحة الفيلم في قاعدة بيانات الأفلام العربية

أفلام مصرية إنتاج 2008

بصرة (فيلم)


Jared Joseph Leto ( ; born December 26, 1971) is an American actor and musician. Known for his method acting in a variety of roles, he has received numerous accolades over a career spanning three decades, including an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award. Additionally, he is recognised for his musicianship and eccentric stage persona as a member of the rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars.

After starting his career on the television series My So-Called Life (1994), Leto made his film debut in How to Make an American Quilt (1995) and gained critical attention for his performance in Prefontaine (1997). After supporting roles in The Thin Red Line (1998), Fight Club (1999), Girl, Interrupted (1999) and American Psycho (2000), he received praise for his lead role as a drug addict in Requiem for a Dream (2000). He then began focusing increasingly on music, returning to acting with Panic Room (2002), Alexander (2004), Lord of War (2005), Chapter 27 (2007), and Mr. Nobody (2009). His performance as a trans woman in Dallas Buyers Club (2013) earned him the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He has since starred in Suicide Squad (2016), Blade Runner 2049 (2017), The Little Things (2021), House of Gucci (2021), and Morbius (2022).

Leto is the lead vocalist, multi-instrumentalist and main songwriter for Thirty Seconds to Mars, a band he formed in 1998 with his older brother Shannon Leto. Its debut album, 30 Seconds to Mars (2002), was released to positive reviews but to limited commercial success. Its second album, A Beautiful Lie (2005), pushed the band into the public eye and the next releases, This Is War (2009) and Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013), received further critical and commercial success. It was followed by America (2018), which polarized critics upon release. The band has sold over 15 million albums worldwide.

Early life

Leto was born on December 26, 1971, in Bossier City, Louisiana, to Constance Leto (née Metrejon). His mother has Cajun ancestry. Leto is his stepfather's surname. His parents divorced when he was a child, and he and his older brother, Shannon, lived with their mother and their maternal grandparents, Ruby (Russell) and William Lee Metrejon. After he remarried, his father died by suicide when Jared was eight. Leto moved frequently with his family from Louisiana to different cities around the country. "My mom's father was in the Air Force," Leto has explained, "so moving around a lot was a normal way of life." Leto has two younger half-brothers from his father's second marriage.

Constance joined the hippie movement and encouraged her sons to get involved in the arts. Leto said he "was raised around a lot of artists, musicians, photographers, painters and people that were in theater," adding that "Just having the art communal hippie experience as a child, there wasn't a clear line that was drawn. We celebrated creative experience and creative expression. We didn't try and curtail it and stunt any of that kind of growth." Leto started playing music with his brother at an early age; his first musical instrument was a broken-down piano.

After dropping out briefly in the 10th grade, Leto decided to return and focus on his education at the private Emerson Preparatory School in Washington, D.C. He was interested in large-scale visual art and enrolled at the University of the Arts in Philadelphia. After developing an interest in filmmaking, he transferred to the School of Visual Arts in New York City. While he was a student there, he wrote and starred in his own short film, Crying Joy. He also attended the Corcoran School of the Arts and Design, now a part of George Washington University.

Career

1992–1999: Early acting roles, Prefontaine and Thirty Seconds to Mars

In 1992, Leto moved to Los Angeles to pursue a career in directing, intending to take acting roles on the side. He found minor roles on television shows but his first break came in 1994 when he was cast opposite Claire Danes as Jordan Catalano, her love interest, in the short-lived but well-reviewed ABC teen drama My So-Called Life. The show was praised for its portrayal of adolescence and, despite its cancellation after one season, gained a strong cult following. The same year, Leto made his television film debut starring alongside Alicia Silverstone in Cool and the Crazy, and landed his first film role in the 1995 drama How to Make an American Quilt. He later co-starred with Christina Ricci in The Last of the High Kings (1996) and got a supporting role in Switchback (1997).

In 1997, Leto starred in the biopic Prefontaine as Olympic hopeful Steve Prefontaine. To prepare for the role, Leto immersed himself in the runner's life, training for six weeks and meeting with members of his family and friends. He bore a striking resemblance to the real Prefontaine, also adopting the athlete's voice and upright running style. His portrayal received positive reviews from critics and is often considered his breakthrough role. Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle noted: "With hypnotic blue eyes and dirty blond hair, Leto captures the rock-star style Prefontaine affected, and he looks natural in fiery performances on the track, as well as off, where Pre affected a brash, confrontational style."

After landing the lead role of a British aristocrat in the 1998 drama Basil, Leto starred in the horror Urban Legend. It was poorly received by most critics, but was a financial success. That year, Terrence Malick cast Leto for a supporting role in the war film The Thin Red Line alongside Sean Penn and Adrien Brody. It garnered mostly positive reviews and was a moderate success. It received multiple awards and nominations, including seven Academy Award nominations; Leto shared a Satellite Award with the rest of the cast.

Leto formed the rock band Thirty Seconds to Mars in 1998 in Los Angeles, California with his brother Shannon. When the group first started, Jared Leto did not allow his position of Hollywood actor to be used in promotion of the band. Their debut album had been in the works for a couple of years, with Leto writing the majority of the songs. Their work led to a number of record labels being interested in signing Thirty Seconds to Mars, which eventually signed to Immortal Records.

In 1999, Leto played a gay high school teacher who attracts the attention of Robert Downey, Jr.'s character in Black and White, and had a supporting role in the drama Girl, Interrupted, an adaptation of the memoir of the same name by Susanna Kaysen. He then portrayed Angel Face in Fight Club (1999), a film adaptation of Chuck Palahniuk's novel of the same name, directed by David Fincher.

2000–2005: Requiem for a Dream, other roles, Panic Room and A Beautiful Lie
Leto played Paul Allen, a rival of Patrick Bateman, in the psychological thriller American Psycho (2000). Though the film polarized audiences and critics, Leto's performance was well received. The same year, he starred as heroin addict Harry Goldfarb in Requiem for a Dream, an adaptation of Hubert Selby, Jr.'s novel of the same name, directed by Darren Aronofsky and co-starring Ellen Burstyn, Jennifer Connelly, and Marlon Wayans. To prepare for his role, Leto lived on the streets of New York City and refrained from having sex for two months prior to shooting. He starved himself for months, losing 28 pounds to realistically play his heroin addict character. After the shooting of the film, Leto moved to Portugal and lived in a monastery for several months to gain weight. His performance received critical acclaim by film critics who notably praised the actor's emotional courage in portraying the character's physical and mental degradation. Peter Travers from Rolling Stone commented that Leto "excels by going beyond Harry's gaunt look to capture his grieving heart. His scenes with Ellen Burstyn as Sara, Harry's widowed mother, achieve a rare poignancy as son and mother drown in delusions."

Leto next appeared in the independent film Highway. Set in 1994, Jack Hayes (Leto) is caught with the wife of his employer, a Vegas thug, and flees to Seattle with his best friend, Pilot Kelvin) Jake Gyllenhaal, in the week preceding Kurt Cobain's suicide. Filming finished in early 2000, but the film was not released until March 2002 on home video formats, although originally scheduled for a theatrical release.

During this period Leto focused increasingly on his music career, working with producers Bob Ezrin and Brian Virtue on his band's debut album 30 Seconds to Mars, which was released on August 27, 2002, in the United States through Immortal and Virgin. It reached number 107 on the US Billboard 200 and number one on the US Top Heatseekers. Upon its release, 30 Seconds to Mars was met with mostly positive reviews; music critic Megan O'Toole felt that the band managed to "carve out a unique niche for themselves in the rock realm." The album was a slow-burning success, and eventually sold two million copies worldwide.

Leto returned to acting in 2002 with the thriller Panic Room, which marked his second teaming with director David Fincher. He played the supporting role of Junior, a burglar who terrorizes Jodie Foster's character Meg Altman. The film was well received by critics and became a financial success, grossing nearly US$200 million worldwide. Leto's next film was the 2004 biographical film Alexander, directed by Oliver Stone. He portrayed Hephaestion, the closest friend of Alexander the Great. The film failed in the United States; Stone attributed its poor reception to disapproval of the depiction of Alexander's bisexuality, but it succeeded internationally, with worldwide revenue of US$167 million.

The following year, Leto starred together with Nicolas Cage in the political crime thriller Lord of War. He played Vitaly, the younger brother of illegal arms dealer Yuri Orlov. The film was officially endorsed by the human rights group Amnesty International for highlighting the arms trafficking by the international arms industry. It was positively received by movie critics and was a moderate commercial success.

It took two years to record Thirty Seconds to Mars' second studio album A Beautiful Lie, with the band traveling to four different continents to accommodate Leto's acting career. A Beautiful Lie was released on August 30, 2005, in the United States. It has since been certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has reached platinum and gold status in several countries, with a sales total of over four million. The band heavily toured in support of the album and played at several major festivals, including Roskilde, Pinkpop, Rock am Ring, and Download.

2006–2008: Lonely Hearts, Chapter 27, and filmmaking

In 2006, Leto appeared in the neo-noir crime drama Lonely Hearts, the true story of the notorious "lonely hearts killers" of the 1940s, Raymond Fernandez and Martha Beck. Playing Fernandez, he co-starred with Salma Hayek who played the role Beck. The film received mixed reviews from critics; however, Leto's acting was widely praised; Heather Huntington from Reelz wrote that his "layered performance as the nattily dressing dandy with no remorse is truly impressive."

The same year, Leto directed the music video for "The Kill", a song by Thirty Seconds to Mars. At a press release, he stated that an "insanely obnoxious Danish albino" named Bartholomew Cubbins directed the video. He later explained his decision to direct with a pseudonym saying, "I really wanted people to be able to enjoy and experience the video without having any more preconceived notions or distractions, and just to let it be what it was. It wasn't important for me to lay claim to it in that way." Bartholomew Cubbins is a recurring character in the Dr. Seuss universe and one of Leto's favorite characters created by the writer. "The Kill" was inspired by themes of isolation and insanity present in the Stanley Kubrick-directed psychological horror film The Shining (1980). Leto said, "The idea of isolation, identity, and self discovery were all elements present in the song. I thought this light homage was a good starting point and it soon grew to include many more elements outside of Kubrick's original piece." The short film received a largely positive response and numerous accolades, including an MTV Video Music Award. Leto next directed a short film for "From Yesterday". It was filmed in the Forbidden City and became the first ever American music video shot in the People's Republic of China in its entirety. Hundreds of costumed extras were employed for the shoot, inspired by the empires of ancient Chinese dynasties. Leto drew inspiration from Bernardo Bertolucci's historical drama The Last Emperor (1987) as well as the work of Akira Kurosawa.

In 2007, Leto starred in the biographical film Chapter 27. He portrayed Mark David Chapman, a fanatic fan of The Beatles and the murderer of John Lennon. Leto prepared for his role by relying on interviews with Chapman and on audiotapes recorded by a librarian the actor met during a visit to the inmate's hometown. Leto gained 67 pounds to approximate the killer's physique. The abruptness of his weight gain gave him gout. He was forced to use a wheelchair due to the stress the sudden increase in weight put on his body. After the shooting of the film, he quickly went on a liquid diet. Chapter 27 premiered at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. Despite divided critical opinion on the film as a whole, Leto's performance was widely praised. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly considered his acting "a genuine transformation, as the actor submerges himself in Chapman's couch-potato flab and red-rimmed eyes. ... Leto disappears inside this angry, mouth-breathing psycho geek with a conviction that had me hanging on his every delusion."

Leto's next short film was "A Beautiful Lie" (2008), which he directed under the pseudonym of Angakok Panipaq. The music video was filmed 200 miles north of the Arctic Circle in Greenland. Determined to offset the impact that filming would have on the environment, Leto worked with the Natural Resources Defense Council to develop strategies that would minimize fuel consumption on the shoot. Upon release, "A Beautiful Lie" was met with widespread critical acclaim, resulting in various accolades, including the MTV Europe Music Award for Best Video. Proceeds from the video's sales benefited the Natural Resources Defense Council. The same year, Leto remixed a version of the song "The Only One" by The Cure for their extended play Hypnagogic States.

2008–2011: EMI lawsuit, This Is War, and Mr. Nobody

In August 2008, during the recording process of their third studio album, Thirty Seconds to Mars attempted to sign with a new label, prompting EMI (the parent label of Virgin), to file a $30 million breach of contract lawsuit. After nearly a year of legal battles, the band announced on April 28, 2009, that the suit had been settled following a defence based on the De Havilland Law. Thirty Seconds to Mars then signed a new contract with EMI and released their third album This Is War in December 2009 to critical acclaim. This Is War reached the top ten of several national album charts and earned numerous music awards.

Leto's next film was the 2009 science fiction drama Mr. Nobody, directed by Jaco Van Dormael. He portrayed the title role of Nemo Nobody, the last mortal on Earth after the human race has achieved quasi-immortality. His role required him to play various versions of his character, from 34 to 118 years old, spending six hours daily for the full make-up and adopting the voice of an old-aged man. Mr. Nobody premiered at the 2009 Venice Film Festival. Critical response praised the film's artistry and Leto's performance. Boyd van Hoeij from Variety felt that "his acting talent really comes into full view in his scenes as the last dying man on Earth. Despite too much old-age makeup, Leto nevertheless infuses the character with some real raw emotional power;" while Bruce Kirkland of Toronto Sun claimed that Leto gave "a marvelously full-blooded, brain-spinning, tour-de-force performance."

In 2009, Leto recruited scores of extras and all manner of surrealist street performers for the short film of "Kings and Queens", which features a critical mass movement founded with forward-thinking and eco-conscious intentions, through Los Angeles at night. The short film premiered on November 9, 2009, at the Montalban Theater in Los Angeles and was positively received. At the 2010 MTV Video Music Awards, "Kings and Queens" received four nominations, including Video of the Year and Best Direction, and went on to win Best Rock Video. Thirty Seconds to Mars began their Into the Wild Tour in February 2010 and was among the hardest-working touring artists of the year.

Leto filmed "Closer to the Edge" (2010), a short film featuring tour footage, fan commentary and pictures of Thirty Seconds to Mars from their youth, during the band's Into the Wild Tour. Critics lauded the simplicity of the video; James Montgomery from MTV wrote, "there's no denying the power of seeing tens of thousands of fans finding a simultaneous salvation, of a crowd of individuals becoming one. It's what rock and roll is supposed to be about, really: inclusion." In December 2011, Thirty Seconds to Mars entered the Guinness World Records for most live shows during a single album cycle, with 300 shows.

Leto's next project was "Hurricane" (2010), an experimental short film which explores personal demons and unlocking secret fantasies in what is believed to be a dream. Leto filmed it in New York City and described its concept as a "surrealistic nightmare dream-fantasy." Upon release, "Hurricane" garnered controversy and was initially censored due to its elements of violence. At the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards, the short film received three nominations in the categories of Best Direction, Best Cinematography and Best Editing.

2012–2013: Artifact; Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams and Dallas Buyers Club
In 2012, Leto made his directorial debut with the documentary film Artifact. It chronicles the modern music business as it charts the legal dispute between Thirty Seconds to Mars and record label EMI, after the band tried to exit its contract over a royalties dispute. Artifact was made on a limited budget provided by Leto and personal assistant Emma Ludbrook through the production company Sisyphus Corporation. It premiered at the 2012 Toronto International Film Festival where it received the People's Choice Award for Best Documentary. Critics praised the examination of the state of the modern music industry and its focus on the relationship between artists and record companies. The film received a limited theatrical release beginning November 23, 2013, before being released digitally on December 3, 2013.

Thirty Seconds to Mars released their fourth album, Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams, in May 2013 through Universal. The album was produced by Leto with previous collaborator Steve Lillywhite. It received generally positive reviews and reached the top ten in more than fifteen countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. Leto filmed the 2013 short film for "Up in the Air" at a now-defunct aerospace manufacturing building in Los Angeles, California. He described it as a "bizarre and hallucinogenic journey through an incredibly surreal landscape." The short film features several artists, including burlesque dancer Dita Von Teese, gymnasts McKayla Maroney and Jordyn Wieber, writer Neil Strauss and a number of animals. It garnered several awards, including the MTV Video Music Award for Best Rock Video, and competed at the 2013 Camerimage.

Leto described the concept of his next short film, "Do or Die" (2013), as a companion piece to "Closer to the Edge" (2010). It was filmed during the Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams Tour and features live footage of Thirty Seconds to Mars onstage as well as fan commentary. The same year, Leto directed the critically praised short film for "City of Angels", which premiered on October 12, 2013, at the Hollywood Bowl. The music video features a number of celebrities who join the three members of Thirty Seconds to Mars in sharing their visions about Los Angeles. Multiple monoliths and murals, including Michael Jackson and Marilyn Monroe impersonators, also appear, as well as homeless people hired by Leto himself for the video.

After a five years hiatus from filming, Leto returned to act in the drama Dallas Buyers Club (2013), directed by Jean-Marc Vallée and co-starring Matthew McConaughey. Leto portrayed Rayon, a drug-addicted transgender woman with AIDS who befriends McConaughey's character Ron Woodroof. In order to accurately portray his role, Leto lost 30 pounds, shaved his eyebrows and waxed his entire body. He stated the portrayal was grounded in his meeting transgender people while researching the role. During filming, Leto refused to break character. Dallas Buyers Club received widespread critical acclaim and became a financial success, resulting in various accolades for Leto, who was awarded the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role and a variety of film critics' circle awards for the role.

2014–2021: From Suicide Squad to America

In 2014, Leto premiered the documentary series Into the Wild, which tells the story behind the concert tour of the same name by Thirty Seconds to Mars that propelled the group into arenas around the world and was certified by the Guinness World Records as the longest running tour in the history of rock music. The series was produced by Leto and Emma Ludbrook and was released through the online platform VyRT. On November 3, 2015, it was announced that Thirty Seconds to Mars were working on their fifth studio album.

In December of that year, Warner Bros. confirmed that Leto would play the role of the Joker in Suicide Squad (2016), a supervillain film based on the comic book series of the same name. Leto received some attention for his method acting during the film's production. Fellow Suicide Squad cast member Will Smith, who played Deadshot in the film, stated that he had "never actually met Jared Leto", saying, "We worked together for six months and we've never exchanged a word outside of 'action!' and 'cut!' We've never said 'hello,' we've never said 'good day.' I've only ever spoken to him as Deadshot and him as the Joker. I literally have not met him yet... Not a single word exchanged off-camera. He was all in on the Joker."

Leto's method acting on Suicide Squad also reportedly involved sending unorthodox gifts to his fellow cast members, including live rats and bullets. His co-star Margot Robbie said that he gifted her a live rat, which she stated she kept as a pet until her landlord discovered it. Speaking with Vanity Fair, Viola Davis stated, "He did some bad things, Jared Leto did. He gave some really horrific gifts. He had a henchman who would come into the rehearsal room, and the henchman came in with a dead pig and plopped it on the table, and then he walked out. And that was our introduction into Jared Leto." In an interview with E! News at the film's premiere in 2016, Leto claimed that he also sent anal beads and used condoms to his co-stars, stating, "I did a lot of things to create a dynamic, to create an element of surprise, of spontaneity, and to really break down any kind of walls that may be there. The Joker is somebody who doesn't really respect things like personal space or boundaries."

In a 2021 interview with Entertainment Weekly, Leto claimed that the comments he made at Suicide Squad premiere were "in jest", and stated that, "there were no used condoms [...] Any of the very few gifts that were ever given were given with a spirit of fun and adventure and received with laughter, fun, and adventure. It's all filmed! They filmed it all! People were dying. We were just having a goof." Regarding the rat he reportedly gave Robbie, he stated, "The only gifts I ever gave Margot were cupcakes. I think I gave her a mouse, and some of the other guys got gifts that you'd get as a joke at a party." He also added, "I'm an artist at the end of the day. If I do something risky and you don't like it, basically, you can kiss my ass."

Suicide Squad opened to generally negative reviews from critics, but Leto's performance received some praise from critics despite his character's limited screen time. Following the film's release, Leto expressed interest in reprising his role as the Joker in future DC Extended Universe instalments. In October 2020, it was reported that Leto would reprise his role of the Joker in Zack Snyder's Justice League.

In April 2016, it was announced that Leto would appear in the film The Outsider (2018), directed by Martin Zandvliet. In August 2016, Thirty Seconds to Mars revealed they had signed to Interscope Records and confirmed that they were working on new music. That same month Leto was cast as the villain Niander Wallace in the 2017 film Blade Runner 2049, the sequel to Blade Runner. Leto later also appeared in 2036: Nexus Dawn, a promotional short film that takes place before Blade Runner 2049 directed by Luke Scott and co-starring Benedict Wong.

From May to September 2017, Thirty Seconds to Mars embarked on a North American tour with Muse and PVRIS. Thirty Seconds to Mars then performed at the 2017 MTV Video Music Awards featuring special guest Travis Scott. During the ceremony, Jared Leto received media attention for his tribute to musicians Chester Bennington and Chris Cornell, who both died earlier that year. In February 2018, the band officially announced the Monolith Tour with Walk the Moon, Misterwives, K. Flay, Joywave, and Welshly Arms. Thirty Seconds to Mars later confirmed America as title of their fifth album, which was released on April 6, 2018. The album received polarized reviews from critics and debuted at number two on the Billboard 200, becoming the band's highest entry on the chart. It was promoted with an accompanying documentary film, A Day in the Life of America, directed by Leto and released in January 2021 to general praise.

2021–present: The Little Things, House of Gucci and Morbius
Leto played suspected serial killer Albert Sparma in John Lee Hancock's 2021 film The Little Things. The film earned him nominations for a Golden Globe Award and Screen Actors Guild Award—both for Best Supporting Actor. Leto portrays fashion designer and business magnate Paolo Gucci in Ridley Scott's biographical crime drama film House of Gucci, for which he was nominated for a Satellite Award, Critics' Choice Movie Award and Screen Actors Guild Award.

He plays Adam Neumann alongside Anne Hathaway in Apple+'s 2022 WeCrashed about the rise and fall of the WeWork, for which he was nominated for a Best Actor in a Miniseries, Limited Series, or Motion Picture Made for Television. In November 2017, Sony Pictures announced plans for a film adaptation of Morbius, the Living Vampire, which is part of Sony's Spider-Man Universe. On June 27, 2018, it was announced that Leto would star, and Daniel Espinosa would direct. The film was released on 1 April 2022. On July 30, 2022, it was announced that Leto would star in a film directed by Justin Simien titled Haunted Mansion for Disney. The film is scheduled for release on July 28, 2023.

Upcoming projects
In September 2016, it was announced that Leto would play Andy Warhol in a biopic written by Terence Winter and produced by Michael De Luca. Leto later confirmed his portrayal as Warhol on his Instagram in August 2020.

In February 2017, it was announced that Leto would direct the thriller 77 for Paramount Pictures.

In August 2020, it was announced that Leto would star as the character Ares in the sequel to 2010's Tron: Legacy, titled Tron: Ares, which he later confirmed on his Instagram. Production for the third Tron film is set to begin in Vancouver on August 14, 2023, but was postponed indefinitely due to the 2023 Writers Guild of America and the 2023 SAG-AFTRA strikes.

On January 28, 2021, it was announced that Leto would star in a film directed by Darren Aronofsky titled Adrift, in their first project together since Requiem for a Dream.

On October 6, 2022, it was announced that Leto would play the late Chanel designer Karl Lagerfeld in a biopic. Leto will also produce the film.

Other work

Business ventures
After the strong relationship between Thirty Seconds to Mars and its audience, Leto launched the social media management and digital marketing company The Hive. It is based in Studio City, Los Angeles and focuses on creative community building. In recent years, it has expanded to other artists such as Jessie J and Semi Precious Weapons. In 2010, Leto launched The One and Only Golden Tickets, a full service company which operates worldwide and manages exclusive services for concerts, festivals, and events. In 2013, the company was renamed Adventures In Wonderland.

In 2011, Leto launched the online platform VyRT. Created as a live video streaming service, it also features social networking and official merchandise. Its idea came from some frustrating experiences Leto faced with Thirty Seconds to Mars in streaming their own live events. In June 2012, VyRT was awarded Best Online Concert Experience at the O Music Awards. In 2012, Leto became an investor in Surf Air, a California-based air service. He is also a funder for Reddit and Robinhood Markets.

Political views

In 2008, he supported the California Proposition 2 regarding the treatment of farm animals. In the 2008 presidential election, Leto supported Senator Barack Obama of Illinois. In 2012, he chaired a Gen44 event, a campaign set up by Obama to energize voters under 40. Leto is a gay rights activist. In October 2009, he raised money for the campaign against California Proposition 8, created by opponents of same-sex marriage to overturn the California Supreme Court decision that had legalized same-sex marriage. He spoke out in support of the LGBT rights group Freedom Action Inclusion Rights (FAIR). In May 2012, he expressed support after hearing that Barack Obama had endorsed same-sex marriage.

Philanthropy
Leto has been active in several charitable pursuits. He has been volunteering at the charity Art of Elysium, which helps children with serious medical conditions. He has supported the Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, a program specializing in type 1 diabetes research and care. In 2006, he created the cover art for the album 97X Green Room: Volume 2, which proceeds from the sales benefited The Nature Conservancy. In June 2008, he joined Habitat for Humanity to work with Thirty Seconds to Mars on a home being repaired and renovated through the Greater Los Angeles Area's "A Brush With Kindness" programme. He also supported Habitat for Humanity in Sentul, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Leto has supported Aid Still Required, a non-profit corporation committed to bringing attention and humanitarian aid to areas suffering from natural disasters or human crises. After the 2010 Haiti earthquake, he released a book of photographs taken during his trip to the Caribbean country in 2011, in a bid to raise funds for the earthquake-ravaged country. He has connected with and helped various organizations since arriving there, including J/P Haitian Relief Organization. Leto spent a year in Haiti during his childhood, and returned there in January 2011 to "reconnect" with his former home following the tremor of January 2010. On September 30, 2014, Leto hosted the event Haiti: The Journey Is the Destination in New York City, benefitting those affected by the 2010 earthquake in the Caribbean country. In February 2015, Leto was named a global ambassador for World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), supporting online fundraisers and leading one for his 47th birthday in 2018.

Personal life
He began dating actress Cameron Diaz in 1999 and the couple became engaged in 2000. In 2003, Leto and Diaz ended their four-year relationship. From 2015 to 2022, he was in a relationship with Russian model Valery Kaufman.

Filmography

Discography

Thirty Seconds to Mars studio albums
 30 Seconds to Mars (2002)
 A Beautiful Lie (2005)
 This Is War (2009)
 Love, Lust, Faith and Dreams (2013)
 America (2018)
 It's the End of the World but It's a Beautiful Day (2023)

See also
List of actors with Academy Award nominations
List of awards and nominations received by Jared Leto

Notes

References

Sources

External links

1971 births
Living people
20th-century American male actors
20th-century American musicians
20th-century American singer-songwriters
21st-century American businesspeople
21st-century American composers
21st-century American male actors
21st-century American musicians
21st-century American singer-songwriters
Alternative rock guitarists
Alternative rock singers
American documentary filmmakers
American environmentalists
American film producers
American humanitarians
American male film actors
American male guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
American male television actors
American male voice actors
American multi-instrumentalists
American music video directors
American photographers
American rock guitarists
Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners
Best Supporting Actor Golden Globe (film) winners
Film directors from Louisiana
Guitarists from Louisiana
Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male winners
American LGBT rights activists
Male actors from Louisiana
Method actors
NME Awards winners
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role Screen Actors Guild Award winners
People from Bossier City, Louisiana
Record producers from California
Record producers from Louisiana
School of Visual Arts alumni
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana
Thirty Seconds to Mars members
University of the Arts (Philadelphia) alumni
American people of French descent

Jared Leto


Anne Cabau, née le 4 septembre 1936 à Neuilly-sur-Seine et morte le  juillet 2018 dans le  arrondissement de Paris, est une gynécologue française. Ses travaux ont révélé en France les conséquences de l'exposition in utero de bébés au Diéthylstilbestrol (DES). Ce produit est prescrit en France depuis les années 1950 jusqu'en 1977 pour prévenir les fausses couches. Il provoque des malformations et stérilités chez les enfants qui ont été exposés.

Biographie

Jeune clinicienne gynécologue au début des années 1980, elle a complété sa formation aux États-Unis.
Assurant des consultations de gynécologie au centre médical de la mutuelle générale de l'Éducation nationale (MGEN), elle y suit des jeunes femmes souffrant d'infertilité et découvre que nombre d'entre elles présentent des anomalies de l'utérus. Informée des travaux américains sur les filles DES, en 1983 en accord avec ses confrères et la MGEN, elle lance une enquête par le biais du bulletin de la mutuelle tiré à un million d'exemplaires. L'objectif était de savoir si les femmes exposées  et en âge de procréer avaient eu des difficultés à avoir des enfants.
L'enquête révèle que les enfants exposés  en France présentent des anomalies génétiques et troubles de la fertilité dans les mêmes proportions qu'aux États-Unis.
L'enquête fait l'objet d'une couverture médiatique importante notamment dans un article du journal Le Monde qui fait date.

En 1996 elle ouvre bénévolement une consultation spécialisée à l'hôpital Saint-Vincent-de-Paul.

Les travaux ont contribué à la connaissance des perturbateurs endocriniens et à la levée d'un tabou selon lequel un produit prescrit aux mères afin de prévenir les risques de fausse couche ait pu avoir des effets néfastes sur les enfants qui y ont été exposés.

, a déclaré Nathalie Lafaye, secrétaire de l'association réseau DES.

Vie privée
Anne Cabau est l'arrière-petite-nièce du capitaine Dreyfus.

Œuvres
 Pour que l'enfant paraisse, Flammarion, 1990, réédition numérique Fenix.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 1936
Gynécologue français
Décès en juillet 2018
Médecin français du XXe siècle
Femme médecin française
Naissance à Neuilly-sur-Seine
Décès dans le 16e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 81 ans
Lanceur d'alerte en France

Anne Cabau


Die Rinderweide ist ein Naturschutzgebiet in der niedersächsischen Stadt Hessisch Oldendorf im Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont.

Das Naturschutzgebiet mit dem Kennzeichen NSG HA 058 ist 6,6 Hektar groß. Es ist Bestandteil des gleichnamigen FFH-Gebietes. Ein 3,4 Hektar großer Bereich wurde 1972 als Naturwaldreservat "Rinderweide" ausgewiesen. Im Westen grenzt es an das Naturschutzgebiet "Alte Teichanlage an der Rinderweide", nach Norden und Süden an das Landschaftsschutzgebiet "Hessisch Oldendorfer Wesertal/Süd". Das Gebiet steht seit dem 7. August 1980 unter Naturschutz. Zuständige untere Naturschutzbehörde ist der Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont.

Das Naturschutzgebiet liegt innerhalb des Naturparks Weserbergland Schaumburg-Hameln im Tal des Heßlinger Bachs südwestlich von Hessisch Oldendorf zwischen den Ortsteilen Friedrichsburg und Klein Heßlingen.

Das Naturschutzgebiet wird von einem feuchten Erlen-Eschen- und Eichen-Hainbuchenwald geprägt, durch den ein Quellhorizont verläuft. Die Hangflächen sind großflächig vermoort.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Naturschutzgebiet im Landkreis Hameln-Pyrmont
Waldschutzgebiet in Niedersachsen
Geographie (Hessisch Oldendorf)
Schutzgebiet (Umwelt- und Naturschutz) in Europa
Waldgebiet in Europa

Rinderweide (Naturschutzgebiet)


Trpimir Jurkić (Split, 17. ožujka 1963.) je hrvatski filmski, televizijski i kazališni glumac, dramski pisac i redatelj.

Životopis

Glumom se počinje baviti sredinom 1980-ih u Gradskom kazalištu mladih u Splitu, a Akademiju dramskih umjetnosti upisuju 1989. godine. Glumcem Hrvatskog narodnog kazališta u Splitu postaje 1993. godine. Nešto kasnije počinje pisati dramske tekstove. Njegova prva drama pod nazivom "Milosrdni Samaritanac" nagrađena je 1996. III nagradom za dramsko djelo "Marin Držić" Ministarstva kulture Republike Hrvatske.

Jurkić je jedini hrvatski scenski umjetnik koji je na Marulićevim danima osvojio tri glavne nagrade u dvije različite kategorije. Nagrađivan je i kao glumac i kao dramski pisac. Nagradu Marul za glumačka ostvarenja prvi put dobiva 1995. za ulogu Intrigala u predstavi "Ljubovnici" splitskog GKM-a. Godine 2002. po drugi put dobiva istu nagradu za ulogu Nikole u predstavi "Nosi nas rijeka" HNK Split. Nagradu Marul za izvedeni dramski tekst dobiva 2000. za predstavu "Kajin i Abel" izvedenu u HNK Split.

Na pozornici je 2007. godine uprizorio nagrađivanu dokumentarnu dramu "Zapisi iz nevremena", koja je nastala iz eseja, tekstova i razmišljanja don Branka Sbutege. Za ovu je monodramu dobio posebnu nagradu žirija na Međunarodnom festivalu glumca u Nikšiću. Od 2014. je vršitelj dužnosti ravnatelja Drame splitskog HNK.

Filmografija

Televizijske uloge
 "Područje bez signala" kao vlasnik kuće (2021.)
 "Novine" kao Nikola Martić (2016. – 2020.)
 "Patrola na cesti" kao Drago (2015.)
 "Emanuel Vidović" kao don Nikola Žiška (2015.)
 "Crno-bijeli svijet" kao Džindžer (2015.)
 "Glas naroda" kao Zvone Piteša (2014.)
 "Lud, zbunjen, normalan" kao Zulfa (2014.)
 "Tijardović" kao Niko Bartulović (2013.)
 "Loza" kao Šime Krstulović (2011. – 2012.)
 "Stipe u gostima" kao Joke (2009. – 2011.)
 "Mamutica" kao gazda (2008. – 2010.)

Filmske uloge
 "Marko" (kratki film) (2021.)
 "Zora" kao radnik #1 (2020.)
 "Sam samcat" kao Jošić (2018.)
 "Comic Sans" kao svećenik (2018.)
 "Behemot" (kratki film) kao Stanko (2017.)
 "Zvizdan" kao Ivanov/Lukin otac (2015.)
 "Priča o Mari iz Velog Varoša" kao doktor (2013.)
 "Nije sve u lovi" kao direktor (2013.)
 "Snig" kao Ante (2012.)
 "Onda vidim Tanju" (kratki film) kao Tanjin otac (2010.)
 "Kenjac" kao Iko (2009.)
 "Kino Lika" kao policajac (2008.)
 "Iza stakla" kao cestovni radnik (2008.)
 "Trešeta" kao Jure (2006.)
 "Oprosti za kung fu" kao mladić (2004.)
 "Anđele moj dragi" kao fra Krešimir (1995.)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 Trpimir Jurkić na teatar.hr

Hrvatski filmski glumci
Hrvatski kazališni glumci
Hrvatski televizijski glumci
Hrvatski kazališni redatelji
Dobitnici nagrade za dramsko djelo Marin Držić
Životopisi, Split

Trpimir Jurkić


Dozrijevanje ili starenje vina je prirodni proces oplemenjivanja u vinu u odgovarajućim posudama, radi poboljšanja senzorskih svojstava gotovog proizvoda.

Da bi se olakšano dozrijevalo, potrebno je sulfitirati vino pri prvom pretoku. Posuda u kojima se to sprovodi mora se očistiti i isprati od starog sumporenja zato što vino lako poprimi miris sumpora. Ne smije se prerano pretakati jer se time sprječava potpuno vrenje pa vino postaje sluzavo ili naknadno spontano fermentira. Da bi optimalno dozrijevalo, potrebno je mlado vino njegovati nadolijevanjem i sulfitiranjem. Pri proizvodnji običnih stolnih vina treba obaviti otvoreni pretok radi ubrzanja proces dozrijevanja vina (esterifikacija), djelovanjem alkohola i kiselina vina. Poželjni prirodni proces u dozrijevanju je razgradnja jabučne kiseline u mliječnu kiselinu. Proces se zbiva djelovanjem gljivica i bakterija koje se nalaze u moštu i mladom vinu. Takvom razgradnjom prekisela i neharmonična vina postaju "pitkija". Uz to ovaj proces smanjuje sadržaj acetaldehida, spoja velika afiniteta ka sumpornom dioksidu (SO2), čime se smanjuje potreba vina za sumporenjem. Poželjno je da se talože soli vinske kiseline (kalija i kalcija). Time se djelimice smanjuje višak ukupne kiseline u vinu te naknadna pojava taloga kristalića na dnu boce u buteljama. Proces se postiže djelovanjem niskih temperatura, -2 do 5°C, i mali proizvođači u svojim podruima zimi otvore prozore i vrata. Sasvim je dovoljno da temperatura padne ispod -4°C i tad se izluži vinski kamen, "birsa", i termolabilne vinske bjelančevine. Pri rashlađivanju vino se muti i povišene je boje. Velike vinarije pospješuju ubrzavaju proces taloženja tartarata rashladnim uređajima ili dodavanjem metavinske kiseline.

Atipično starenje vina

Izvori

Enologija

Dozrijevanje vina


المنتدى الإسلامي بالشارقة هو منتدى تابع لحكومة الشارقة المحلية بالشارقة في دولة الإمارات العربية المتحدة، تعمل على نشر الثقافة الإسلامية في المجتمع، بتنظيم دورات علمية شرعية للعامة «دورة مقاصد الشريعة، المدخل إلى المذاهب الأربعة».

أقسام المنتدى الإسلامي

 المكتبة وقسم البحوث

تعتبر المكتبة من الأقسام الرئيسة للمنتدى ، وتمتاز بالتخصص في العلوم الشرعية واللغة العربية ، والتاريخ الإسلامي وتعتمد على نظام تصنيف يسهل الوصول إلى المادة المطلوبة بيسر ويمكن عن طريق جهاز الحاسب الآلي البحث عن أي مرجع فهي تقدم خدماتها وتفتح أبوابها للزوار يومياً من الساعة الثامنة صباحاً إلى التاسعة مساءً عدا يوم الـجمعة ، ولا توجد أية شروط لارتيادها، كما يوجد نظام للإعارة الخارجية.

 قسم الحاسب الآلي

يقدم الحاسب الآلي برامج تدريبية متنوعة موجهة للمجتمع تشمل المهارات الأساسية في استخدام الحاسب الآلي، برامج متقدمة في الصيانة والبرمجة وبرامج مشتركة مع المؤسسات الأهلية والعامة، يشرف القسم على إصدار ومتابعة موقع المنتدى على الإنترنت.

 قسم الضيافـة

حرص المنتدى الإسلامي على تكامل أدواره المجتمعية تتضمن أهدافه مثالا متكاملا للمؤسسة الاجتماعية. يسمح المنتدى لأعضائه بالالتقاء والتجمع في إطار من التسهيلات والخدمات ذات النوعية الراقية والتي يراعى فيها الجوانب الشرعية لذا فإن قسم الضيافة في المنتدى يقيم مآدب في جو حميم وانضباط كامل إضافة إلى تنوع ورقي. استضاف كثير من مآدب وبرامج عدة للجهات الرسمية والأهلية، إضافة إلى إقبال الأفراد لتنظيم حفلات الزواج ومآدب الأفراح وبتكلفه تعد نسبيا منخفضة.

المراجع

ثقافة إماراتية
حكومة الشارقة

المنتدى الإسلامي بالشارقة


Ahrensbök Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Ostholstein iline bağlı bölge. 95,37 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 8.612 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Andreas Zimmermann tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.ahrensboek.de

Ostholstein iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Ahrensbök


Marcel Elphège "Little Beaver" Dionne (born August 3, 1951) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 18 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Detroit Red Wings, Los Angeles Kings and New York Rangers between 1971 and 1989. A prolific scorer, he won the Art Ross Trophy as the NHL's leading scorer in 1979–80, and recorded 50 goals or more in a season 6 times, and 100 points or more in a season 8 times during his career. Internationally Dionne played for the Canadian national team at two Canada Cups and three World Championships. Dionne was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992. In 2017 Dionne was named one of the '100 Greatest NHL Players' in history.

Junior career

Dionne played in the 1962, 1963 and 1964 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournaments with his Drummondville youth team. Dionne's first junior season was in 1968 for the Drummondville Rangers of the former Quebec Junior Hockey League, in which he scored over two goals a game in Drummondville's losing effort in the Memorial Cup playoffs.

When the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League formed in 1969, Dionne departed to play in the Ontario Hockey Association, then regarded as a higher-calibre level of competition, spending the next three seasons with the St. Catharines Black Hawks.  He became the league's preeminent star, winning scoring titles in 1970 and 1971 and adding a record 122 points in 43 playoff games.
Dionne's scoring feats were marred by one of the most infamous events in Canadian junior hockey during the 1971 Richardson Cup finals against the Quebec Remparts.  Following a riot in Quebec City after the penalty-filled fourth game of the series in which Dionne's Black Hawks' team bus was attacked by the mob, the fifth game was played at a neutral site, and the remainder of the series was not played due to fears of further violence.

Dionne finished his junior career by shattering the OHA's career scoring record, which was not broken until Dale McCourt did so in the 1977 season.  He was subsequently drafted in the first round (second overall, behind Rempart rival Guy Lafleur) by the Detroit Red Wings in the 1971 NHL Entry Draft.

NHL career

Detroit Red Wings
Dionne played his first four seasons with the Red Wings, where he was one of the few stars on an otherwise stagnant team that failed to make the playoffs.

Los Angeles Kings
Despite having teammates such as Alex Delvecchio and Mickey Redmond, Dionne's frustrations with losing were evident. His agent, Alan Eagleson pushed for more money. The owner of the Los Angeles Kings, Jack Kent Cooke, offered Dionne $300,000 per year. A deal was struck with the Red Wings and Dionne was traded for Terry Harper, Dan Maloney, cash, and draft picks; Dionne then signed with the Kings on June 23, 1975, and became their franchise player. At the time, it was the richest deal in hockey history.

During Dionne's time with the Los Angeles Kings, he played eleven and a half seasons and formed the famed "Triple Crown Line", centring Charlie Simmer and Dave Taylor. Despite Dionne's production during the regular season, he was frustrated with the Kings' lack of playoff success; they made the postseason from 1976 to 1982 but only advanced to the second round three times for a total of 43 playoff games. During the 1986–87 season, Dionne mentored the rookies of the Kings as Mickey Redmond had mentored him during his rookie years in Detroit. He took eventual Calder Trophy winner Luc Robitaille, Jimmy Carson and Steve Duchesne under his wing. As a fundraiser for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation in 1979, Dionne, Simmer, and Taylor recorded a song written by Alan Thicke, "Please Forgive My Misconduct Last Night," which appeared as the B side of "Hockey Sock Rock" by Phil Esposito and some of the New York Rangers.

Despite the rapport with the rookies, there was also a falling out with coach Pat Quinn; moreover, the aging Kings were on track to miss the playoffs. Dionne did not want to be part of a rebuilding project and either wanted an immediate upgrade to the roster or a trade to a contender. He was traded to the New York Rangers on March 10, 1987; the Kings did reach the playoffs in the season he was traded.

New York Rangers
Dionne played his remaining two and a half seasons there, where the Rangers lost in the first round of the playoffs twice and missed the playoffs once. He retired in 1989.

Retirement
In January 2004, Dionne was featured on a Canadian postage stamp. As part of the NHL All-Stars Collection, Dionne was immortalized along with five other All-Stars.

Dionne has homes in Niagara Falls, Ontario and Clarence Center, New York. He has maintained a large business and investment portfolio since his playing days, owning the Blue Line Diner in Niagara Falls, operating a sports memorabilia store in Buffalo and buying and selling real estate.

Achievements
During Dionne's first season for Detroit in 1972, he set an NHL record for scoring by a rookie with 77 points.  This record has since been surpassed.

Dionne's best season was 1979–80 when he had 137 points. That season, he was tied for the league lead in points with Wayne Gretzky. He was awarded the Art Ross Trophy for scoring two more goals than Gretzky, the only time he won the award. Dionne also won the Ted Lindsay Award (formerly called the Lester B. Pearson Award) in 1979 and 1980, and the Lady Byng Trophy in 1975 and 1977.

Dionne was the third of eight men to reach the 700-goal plateau, and currently ranks sixth among all-time goal scorers, with 731. He is ranked sixth in points, with 1771. He is tenth in career assists with 1,040. He was second in assists, goals, and points when he retired in 1989 (he is 70 goals, 9 assists, and 79 points behind Gordie Howe in all categories).  Dionne is the highest-scoring player to have never won the Stanley Cup.

He was also the last active player in the NHL to have participated in the 1972 Summit Series. Despite not playing in the 1972 Summit Series, he did play for Team Canada in the 1976 Canada Cup and the 1981 Canada Cup. For the 1976 Canada Cup, his linemates were Bobby Hull and Phil Esposito. He was also on a line with Lanny McDonald and Darryl Sittler and they were on the ice when the tournament winning goal was scored. While on the 1981 team, he was on a line with Wayne Gretzky and Guy Lafleur. Dionne also won a bronze medal in the 1978, 1983 and 1986 World Ice Hockey Championships. In the 1978 edition, he was named the top forward.

Dionne is third in the NHL for most 100+ point seasons. He has had eight 100+ point seasons in his NHL career, only behind Wayne Gretzky's fifteen 100+ point seasons and Mario Lemieux's ten 100+ point seasons.

Dionne was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame in 1992. In 1998, he was ranked number 38 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players, the highest-ranking player to have not won a Stanley Cup since 2001 when No. 14-ranked Ray Bourque won with the Colorado Avalanche. Dionne had not come close to doing so, as he never advanced beyond the second round of the playoffs. When the Los Angeles Kings finally reached the Stanley Cup finals in 1993, after advancing to and winning their first conference finals, Dionne gave Dave Taylor a congratulatory call.

The former Centre Civique arena in Drummondville was renamed Centre Marcel Dionne in his honour after his retirement.

Dionne's younger brother Gilbert also played in the NHL and won a Stanley Cup with the Montreal Canadiens in 1993. Gilbert is Marcel's junior by nineteen years.

Prior to the start of the 1993–94 season, Dionne helped to create local interest in the ECHL's newest franchise, the South Carolina Stingrays. With the help of some young players, Dionne gave an on-ice demonstration of the rules of hockey to the southern audience.

Dionne currently resides in Niagara Falls, Ontario, and owns Marcel Dionne Enterprises. He is an occasional member of the Buffalo Sabres Alumni Hockey Team despite never playing, or living there as a player. He is also a Royal Ambassador for the Kings organization.

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

International

Awards and honours

OHA
 1969–70 – Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy Winner
 1969–70 – OHA Second All-Star Team
 1970–71 – OHA First All-Star Team
 1970–71 – Eddie Powers Memorial Trophy Winner

NHL
 1974–75 – Lady Byng Trophy Winner
 1974–75 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
 1975–76 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
 1976–77 – Lady Byng Trophy Winner
 1976–77 – NHL first team All-Star
 1976–77 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
 1977–78 – Named Best Forward at the World Hockey Championships
 1977–78 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
 1978–79 – NHL second team All-Star
 1978–79 – Lester B. Pearson Award Winner
 1979–80 – NHL first team All-Star
 1979–80 – Lester B. Pearson Award Winner
 1979–80 – Art Ross Trophy Winner
 1979–80 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
 1980–81 – NHL second team All-Star
 1980–81 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
 1982–83 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
 1984–85 – Played in NHL All-Star Game
 1992 – Inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame

See also
 List of NHL statistical leaders
 Notable families in the NHL
 List of NHL players with 1000 points
 List of NHL players with 500 goals

References

External links

 Marcel Dionne's Official Homepage

1951 births
Living people
Art Ross Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey centres
Denver Rangers players
Detroit Red Wings captains
Detroit Red Wings draft picks
Detroit Red Wings players
Drummondville Rangers players
French Quebecers
Hockey Hall of Fame inductees
Ice hockey people from Quebec
Lady Byng Memorial Trophy winners
Lester B. Pearson Award winners
Lester Patrick Trophy recipients
Los Angeles Kings players
National Hockey League All-Stars
National Hockey League first-round draft picks
National Hockey League players with retired numbers
New York Rangers players
People from Clarence, New York
Sportspeople from Erie County, New York
Sportspeople from Drummondville
St. Catharines Black Hawks players

Marcel Dionne


Es kommt ein Tag ist ein deutscher Spielfilm aus dem Jahr 1950, bei dem Rudolf Jugert Regie führte. Das Drehbuch beruht auf der Novelle Korporal Mombour von Ernst Penzoldt. Für Maria Schell und Dieter Borsche war es ihr erster gemeinsamer Film. Sie waren das erste und erfolgreichste Traumpaar des Nachkriegsfilms.

Handlung
In der Nähe des französischen Städtchens St. Godard erschießt der deutsche Korporal Friedrich Mombour 1870 während des Deutsch-Französischen Krieges einen jungen französischen Leutnant. Er nimmt ein kleines handgeschriebenes Notenblatt an sich, das neben dem Gefallenen liegt.

Auf Befehl seiner vorgesetzten Dienststelle soll Mombour für sein Regiment in St. Godard Quartier machen. In der Stadt betritt er spontan ein Haus, dessen Bewohner wie er den Nachnamen "Mombour" tragen. Im Haus trifft er auf die ältere Dame des Hauses, die ihm erzählt, dass Angehörige ihrer Familie einst Frankreich verlassen haben und nach Deutschland ausgewandert seien, weil sie wegen ihres Glaubens verfolgt wurden. Friedrich nimmt erstaunt zur Kenntnis, dass er also ein Nachkomme der Hugenotten ist. Madame Mombour erzählt Friedrich von ihrem Sohn Gaston, der wie er Soldat ist. Sie hofft, ihn wiederzusehen. Die alte Dame ist sehr krank und wird von ihrer Tochter Madeleine liebevoll umsorgt. Friedrich und die junge Frau finden schnell Gefallen aneinander und bald verbindet sie ein inniges Verhältnis. Als Madeleine eines Abends eine kleine Komposition ihres Bruders spielt, erkennt Friedrich entsetzt, dass es sich um das Lied auf dem Notenblatt handelt, das er neben dem erschossenen Franzosen gefunden hatte. Er verlässt verzweifelt das Haus und irrt ziellos umher.

Madeleine sucht nach Friedrich und betritt dabei auch Gastons Zimmer, in dem sie das handgeschriebene Notenblatt des Bruders findet. Sie erkennt, dass sie den Mörder ihres Bruders liebt. Als Friedrich nach vielen Stunden zurück ins Haus kommt, ringt Madame Mombour mit dem Tode. Der Gedanke an ihren Sohn lässt sie nicht zur Ruhe kommen und so beschwört Madeleine Friedrich, der Mutter ihren letzten Wunsch zu erfüllen: Friedrich trifft in Gastons Uniform an Madame Mombours Bett, die nun glaubt, ihren Sohn gesund vor sich zu sehen und friedlich verstirbt. Kurz darauf nimmt der Krieg eine unerwartete Wendung: Die Franzosen beginnen einen Gegenangriff auf die Deutschen und Friedrich stürzt, alarmiert durch Schüsse, kopflos aus dem Haus, ohne daran zu denken, dass er Gastons Uniform trägt. Auf der Türschwelle trifft ihn eine von einem deutschen Soldaten abgefeuerte Kugel. Friedrich stirbt in Madeleines Armen, nachdem sich beide ihrer gegenseitigen Liebe versichert haben.

Produktion und Hintergrund
Das Drehbuch ist das Produkt einer Gemeinschaftsarbeit von Ernst Penzoldt, Rolf Thiele, Hans Abich, Fritz Graßhoff, Fritz Langs und seiner Ex-Frau Thea von Harbou. Penzoldt hatte seine Novelle Korporal Mombour in der Zeit des Zweiten Weltkriegs geschrieben. Für die Göttinger Filmaufbau-Gesellschaft stellte die Verfilmung des Stoffes 1950 ein Wagnis dar, da man in der westdeutschen Öffentlichkeit damit beschäftigt war, alle Themen, die auch nur annähernd etwas mit Krieg zu tun hatten, zu verdrängen. Pazifismus war nicht angesagt.

Produziert wurde der Film von der Göttinger Filmaufbau-Gesellschaft (Göttingen), die 1946 von Hans Abich und Rolf Thiele gegründet worden war. Die Dreharbeiten begannen am 27. Juni 1950 und endeten im August 1950. Gedreht wurde in Göttingen und in Bad Sooden-Allendorf sowie im Filmatelier Göttingen. Der Film hatte drei verschiedene Arbeitstitel: Einst kommt der Tag, Feinde, Korporal Mombour.

Die Bauten stammen von Walter Haag, die Kostüme entwarf Alfred Bücken, für den Ton war Heinz Martin verantwortlich.

Die Uraufführung des Films fand am 17. Oktober 1950 in dem Erstaufführungstheater Weltspiele in Hannover statt. Im Deutschen Fernsehen wurde der Film vom ZDF am 19. März 1967 erstmals ausgestrahlt.

Für Maria Schell war es ihr fünfter Film und ihre erste Rolle in einem bundesdeutschen Film. Für Dieter Borsche war es nach der Rolle des glaubensstarken katholischen Geistlichen in Nachtwache sein zweiter großer Auftritt in einem Film. Borsche spielt den Korporal in einer Art und Weise, die deutlich macht, wie sehr er unter seiner Schuld leidet. Jugerts Kameraführung trägt dazu bei, die sich zwangsläufig entwickelnde Tragödie zu unterstreichen. Die meist in Grautönen gehaltenen Bilder, die ihre französischen Vorbilder in den Filmen von Marcel Carné und Claude Autant-Lara finden, tun ihr Übriges. Maria Schell spielt ihre Rolle sehr ausdrucksstark und in einer schauspielerischen Qualität von hoher Güte. Sie lässt den Zuschauer fühlen, dass Madeleine von Anfang an ahnt, dass ihre Liebe nicht von Dauer sein wird. Sie versteht es, ihre Figur nicht in einem See voller Tränen versinken zu lassen und gibt ihr damit eine ganz eigene Tiefe. Maria Schell war die Entdeckung des Films und trug ganz entscheidend zu seiner Qualität bei. Dass der Film auch ein kommerzieller Erfolg wurde, ist in erster Linie der Schell zu verdanken. Sie wurde seinerzeit als Offenbarung gefeiert. In der Branche galt sie als konkurrenzloser Star. Allerdings wurde sie dann auch gnadenlos nach den Regeln des Kommerzes vermarktet. Auch vor ihrem Privatleben wurde nicht haltgemacht und ihre Affäre mit dem um zwanzig Jahre älteren (und noch dazu verheirateten) Kollegen Dieter Borsche ging groß aufgemacht durch die Presse.

Historischer Hintergrund: Der Deutsch-Französische Krieg von 1870 bis 1871 dauerte vom 19. Juli 1870 bis zum 10. Mai 1871. Ort des Geschehens: Frankreich und Rheinpreußen; Ausgang: Sieg Preußens und seiner deutschen Verbündeten; Frankreich tritt den Großteil des Elsass und einen Teil von Lothringen ab. Mit dem Frieden von Frankfurt wurde das Ende des Krieges besiegelt.

Hugenotten ist die etwa seit 1560 gebräuchliche Bezeichnung für die französischen Protestanten im vorrevolutionären Frankreich. Ab 1530 wurde die Glaubensausübung der Protestanten durch den katholischen Klerus und den König stark unterdrückt.

Kritiken

Literatur
 Ernst Penzoldt: Korporal Mombour. Erzählungen (=Reclams Universalbibliothek, Nr. 8217). Mit einem Nachwort von W. E. Süskind. Reclam, Stuttgart 1971, 60 S., ISBN 978-3-15-008217-1

Weblinks

 Es kommt ein Tag Illustrierte Film-Bühne Nr. 914
 Es kommt ein Tag Plakat zum Film

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1950
Deutscher Film
Filmdrama
Deutsch-Französischer Krieg im Film
Literaturverfilmung
Schwarzweißfilm
Rudolf Jugert

Es kommt ein Tag


Thoros al Edessei (uneori Theodoros, în armeană Թորոս կուրապաղատ, ) a fost un conducător armean de Edessa în timpul primei Cruciade. Thoros a fost un ofițer (curopalat) în timpul Imperiului Bizantin și locotenent al lui Philaretos Brachamios. Era armean, însă practica credința ortodoxă greacă.

Biografie
Cronica lui Matei din Edessa indică că "Thoros fiul lui Hethum" a fost instalat ca guvernator al Edessei de către Tutuș I, care la învins și ucis pe emirul Bouzan în 1094. Thoros a încercat imediat să preia controlul personal asupra orașului; când Yaghi-Shiyan, emirulul de Antiohia și Ridwan, și emirul de Alep, s-au refugiat în Edessa după ce au fost învinși de Malik Șah I, Thoros a încercat să-i ia captivi și să-i răscumpere. Ceilalți nobili din Edessa nu au fost însă de acord cu asta și aceștia au fost eliberați. Thoros a fortificat ulterior Edessa și înfrâns garnizoana turco-armeană a citadelei orașului. Turcii și ortochizii au asediat orașul timp de două luni, dar nu au reușit să-l captureze chiar după ce au pătruns prin zidurile orașului. Turcii s-au retras, iar Thoros a fost recunoscut ca conducător al orașului.

Fiind creștin ortodox grec, el nu era iubit de subiecții săi armeni din Edessa. El a rezistat atacurilor selgiucizilor, cu toate acestea, în 1098 a trebuit să ceară ajutor de la cruciații care erau ocupați în asediul Antiohiei.

Balduin de Boulogne venise la Edessa mai degrabă, decât să participe la asediu, încercând probabil să-și preia un teritoriu pentru el însuși și a capturat cetatea Turbessel. Thoros la invitat la Edessa pe Balduin și a făcut o alianță cu el în februarie 1098. Balduin l-a convins treptat pe Thoros să-l adopte ca fiu și moștenitor, dar după ce a făcut acest lucru, Balduin i-a atacat pe ofițerii lui Thoros și a asediat citadela orașului. Thoros a fost de acord să cedeze orașul și a planificat să fugă cu familia sa la Melitene, însă la scurt timp după aceea, pe 9 martie, a fost asasinat de locuitorii armeni ai orașului, posibil instigați la comanda lui Balduin, iar Balduin a devenit primul conte de Edessa.

Vezi și
 Comitatul de Edessa

Note

Bibliografie
 Steven Runciman, A History of the Crusades, vol. I: The First Crusade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press, 1951.
Armenia and the Crusades, Tenth to Twelfth Centuries: The Chronicle of Matthew of Edessa. Translated by Ara Edmond Dostourian. National Association for Armenian Studies and Research, 1993.
Fulcher of Chartres, A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem, 1095-1127, trans. Frances Rita Ryan. University of Tennessee Press, 1969.

Nașteri în secolul al XI-lea
Decese în 1098
Conți de Edessa
Creștini în Prima Cruciadă
Bizantini din secolul al XI-lea
Bizantini de origine armeană

Thoros al Edessei