A speedometer or speed meter is a gauge that measures and displays the instantaneous speed of a vehicle. Now universally fitted to motor vehicles, they started to be available as options in the early 20th century, and as standard equipment from about 1910 onwards. Other vehicles may use devices analogous to the speedometer with different means of sensing speed, eg. boats use a pit log, while aircraft use an airspeed indicator.

Charles Babbage is credited with creating an early type of a speedometer, which was usually fitted to locomotives.

The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888 and was originally called a velocimeter.

Operation
The speedometer was originally patented by Josip Belušić (Giuseppe Bellussich) in 1888. He presented his invention at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris. His invention had a pointer and a magnet, using electricity to work.
German inventor Otto Schultze patented his version (which, like Belušić's, ran on eddy currents) on 7 October 1902.

Mechanical
Many speedometers use a rotating flexible cable driven by gearing linked to the vehicle's transmission. The early Volkswagen Beetle and many motorcycles, however, use a cable driven from a front wheel.

Some early mechanical speedometers operated on the governor principle where a rotating weight acting against a spring moved further out as the speed increased, similar to the governor used on steam engines. This movement was transferred to the pointer to indicate speed.

This was followed by the Chronometric speedometer where the distance traveled was measured over a precise interval of time (Some Smiths speedometers used 3/4 of a second) measured by an escapement. This was transferred to the speedometer pointer. The chronometric speedometer is tolerant of vibration and was used in motorcycles up to the 1970s.

The electric speedometer was invented by the Croatian Josip Belušić in 1888, and was originally called a velocimeter.

When the vehicle is in motion, a speedometer gear assembly turns a speedometer cable, which then turns the speedometer mechanism itself. A small permanent magnet affixed to the speedometer cable interacts with a small aluminium cup (called a speedcup) attached to the shaft of the pointer on the analogue speedometer instrument. As the magnet rotates near the cup, the changing magnetic field produces eddy current in the cup, which itself produces another magnetic field. The effect is that the magnet exerts a torque on the cup, "dragging" it, and thus the speedometer pointer, in the direction of its rotation with no mechanical connection between them.

The pointer shaft is held toward zero by a fine torsion spring. The torque on the cup increases with the speed of rotation of the magnet. Thus an increase in the speed of the car will twist the cup and speedometer pointer against the spring. The cup and pointer will turn until the torque of the eddy currents on the cup are balanced by the opposing torque of the spring, and then stop. Given the torque on the cup is proportional to the car's speed, and the spring's deflection is proportional to the torque, the angle of the pointer is also proportional to the speed, so that equally spaced markers on the dial can be used for gaps in speed. At a given speed, the pointer will remain motionless and point to the appropriate number on the speedometer's dial.

The return spring is calibrated such that a given revolution speed of the cable corresponds to a specific speed indication on the speedometer. This calibration must take into account several factors, including ratios of the tail shaft gears that drive the flexible cable, the final drive ratio in the differential, and the diameter of the driven tires.

One of the key disadvantages of the eddy current speedometer is that it cannot show the vehicle speed when running in reverse gear since the cup would turn in the opposite direction – in this scenario, the needle would be driven against its mechanical stop pin on the zero position.

Electronic

Many modern speedometers are electronic. In designs derived from earlier eddy-current models, a rotation sensor mounted in the transmission delivers a series of electronic pulses whose frequency corresponds to the (average) rotational speed of the driveshaft, and therefore the vehicle's speed, assuming the wheels have full traction. The sensor is typically a set of one or more magnets mounted on the output shaft or (in transaxles) differential crown wheel, or a toothed metal disk positioned between a magnet and a magnetic field sensor. As the part in question turns, the magnets or teeth pass beneath the sensor, each time producing a pulse in the sensor as they affect the strength of the magnetic field it is measuring. Alternatively, particularly in vehicles with multiplex wiring, some manufacturers use the pulses coming from the ABS wheel sensors which communicate to the instrument panel via the CAN Bus. Most modern electronic speedometers have the additional ability over the eddy current type to show the vehicle's speed when moving in reverse gear.

A computer converts the pulses to a speed and displays this speed on an electronically controlled, analogue-style needle or a digital display. Pulse information is also used for a variety of other purposes by the ECU or full-vehicle control system, e.g. triggering ABS or traction control, calculating average trip speed, or increment the odometer in place of it being turned directly by the speedometer cable.

Another early form of electronic speedometer relies upon the interaction between a precision watch mechanism and a mechanical pulsator driven by the car's wheel or transmission. The watch mechanism endeavours to push the speedometer pointer toward zero, while the vehicle-driven pulsator tries to push it toward infinity. The position of the speedometer pointer reflects the relative magnitudes of the outputs of the two mechanisms.

Virtual Speeedometer
A virtual speedometer is a computer-generated tool that displays the current speed of a vehicle or object. The virtual speedometer typically calculates the object's speed based on the distance it travels over time. Such speedometers are programmed using programming languages such as HTML, CSS, and Javascript. The program uses the mobile device's GPS module.

Consistent use of the GPS module on mobile devices can result in faster battery drain. Furthermore, virtual speedometers calculate speed by measuring the distance and time between two points using GPS signals. However, various environmental factors such as weather conditions, terrain, and obstructions can interfere with the accuracy of these signals and result in inaccurate speed readings.

Bicycle speedometers

Typical bicycle speedometers measure the time between each wheel revolution and give a readout on a small, handlebar-mounted digital display. The sensor is mounted on the bike at a fixed location, pulsing when the spoke-mounted magnet passes by. In this way, it is analogous to an electronic car speedometer using pulses from an ABS sensor, but with a much cruder time/distance resolution – typically one pulse/display update per revolution, or as seldom as once every 2–3 seconds at low speed with a  wheel. However, this is rarely a critical problem, and the system provides frequent updates at higher road speeds where the information is of more importance. The low pulse frequency also has little impact on measurement accuracy, as these digital devices can be programmed by wheel size, or additionally by wheel or tire circumference to make distance measurements more accurate and precise than a typical motor vehicle gauge. However, these devices carry some minor disadvantages in requiring power from batteries that must be replaced every so often in the receiver (and sensor, for wireless models), and, in wired models, the signal is carried by a thin cable that is much less robust than that used for brakes, gears, or cabled speedometers.

Other, usually older bicycle speedometers are cable driven from one or other wheel, as in the motorcycle speedometers described above. These do not require battery power, but can be relatively bulky and heavy, and may be less accurate. The turning force at the wheel may be provided either from a gearing system at the hub (making use of the presence of e.g. a hub brake, cylinder gear, or dynamo) as per a typical motorcycle, or with a friction wheel device that pushes against the outer edge of the rim (same position as rim brakes, but on the opposite edge of the fork) or the sidewall of the tire itself. The former type is quite reliable and low maintenance but needs a gauge and hub gearing properly matched to the rim and tire size, whereas the latter requires little or no calibration for a moderately accurate readout (with standard tires, the "distance" covered in each wheel rotation by a friction wheel set against the rim should scale fairly linearly with wheel size, almost as if it were rolling along the ground itself) but are unsuitable for off-road use, and must be kept properly tensioned and clean of road dirt to avoid slipping or jamming.

Error
Most speedometers have tolerances of some ±10%, mainly due to variations in tire diameter.  Sources of error due to tire diameter variations are wear, temperature, pressure, vehicle load, and nominal tire size. Vehicle manufacturers usually calibrate speedometers to read high by an amount equal to the average error, to ensure that their speedometers never indicate a lower speed than the actual speed of the vehicle, to ensure they are not liable for drivers violating speed limits.

Excessive speedometer errors after manufacture can come from several causes, but most commonly is due to nonstandard tire diameter, in which case the error is:

Nearly all tires now have their size is shown as "T/A_W" on the side of the tire (See: Tire code), and the tires.

For example, a standard tire is "185/70R14" with diameter = 2*185*(70/100)+(14*25.4) = 614.6 mm (185x70/1270 + 14 = 24.20 in). Another is "195/50R15" with 2*195*(50/100)+(15*25.4) = 576.0 mm (195x50/1270 + 15 = 22.68 in). Replacing the first tire (and wheels) with the second (on 15" = 381 mm wheels), a speedometer reads 100 * ((614.6/576) - 1) = 100 * (24.20/22.68 - 1) = 6.7% higher than the actual speed. At an actual speed of 100 km/h (60 mph), the speedometer will indicate 100 x 1.067 = 106.7 km/h (60 * 1.067 = 64.02 mph), approximately.

In the case of wear, a new "185/70R14" tire of 620 mm (24.4 inch) diameter will have ≈8 mm tread depth, at legal limit this reduces to 1.6 mm, the difference being 12.8 mm in diameter or 0.5 inches which is 2% in 620 mm (24.4 inches).

International agreements
In many countries the legislated error in speedometer readings is ultimately governed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) Regulation 39, which covers those aspects of vehicle type approval that relate to speedometers. The main purpose of the UNECE regulations is to facilitate trade in motor vehicles by agreeing on uniform type approval standards rather than requiring a vehicle model to undergo different approval processes in each country where it is sold.

European Union member states must also grant type approval to vehicles meeting similar EU standards. The ones covering speedometers are similar to the UNECE regulation in that they specify that:

 The indicated speed must never be less than the actual speed, i.e. it should not be possible to inadvertently speed because of an incorrect speedometer reading.
 The indicated speed must not be more than 110 percent of the true speed plus  at specified test speeds. For example, at , the indicated speed must be no more than .

The standards specify both the limits on accuracy and many of the details of how it should be measured during the approvals process. For example, the test measurements should be made (for most vehicles) at , and at a particular ambient temperature and road surface. There are slight differences between the different standards, for example in the minimum accuracy of the equipment measuring the true speed of the vehicle.

The UNECE regulation relaxes the requirements for vehicles mass-produced following type approval. At Conformity of Production Audits the upper limit on indicated speed is increased to 110 percent plus  for cars, buses, trucks, and similar vehicles, and 110 percent plus  for two- or three-wheeled vehicles that have a maximum speed above  (or a cylinder capacity, if powered by a heat engine, of more than ). European Union Directive 2000/7/EC, which relates to two- and three-wheeled vehicles, provides similar slightly relaxed limits in production.

Australia
There were no Australian Design Rules in place for speedometers in Australia before July 1988. They had to be introduced when speed cameras were first used. This means there are no legally accurate speedometers for these older vehicles. All vehicles manufactured on or after 1 July 2007, and all models of vehicle introduced on or after 1 July 2006, must conform to UNECE Regulation 39.

The speedometers in vehicles manufactured before these dates but after 1 July 1995 (or 1 January 1995 for forward control passenger vehicles and off-road passenger vehicles) must conform to the previous Australian design rule. This specifies that they need only display the speed to an accuracy of ±10% at speeds above 40 km/h, and there is no specified accuracy at all for speeds below 40 km/h.

All vehicles manufactured in Australia or imported for supply to the Australian market must comply with the Australian Design Rules. The state and territory governments may set policies for the tolerance of speed over the posted speed limits that may be lower than the 10% in the earlier versions of the Australian Design Rules permitted, such as in Victoria. This has caused some controversy since it would be possible for a driver to be unaware that they are speeding should their vehicle be fitted with an under-reading speedometer.

United Kingdom

The amended Road Vehicles (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986 permits the use of speedometers that meet either the requirements of EC Council Directive 75/443 (as amended by Directive 97/39) or UNECE Regulation 39.

The Motor Vehicles (Approval) Regulations 2001 permits single vehicles to be approved. As with the UNECE regulation and the EC Directives, the speedometer must never show an indicated speed less than the actual speed. However, it differs slightly from them in specifying that for all actual speeds between 25 mph and 70 mph (or the vehicles' maximum speed if it is lower than this), the indicated speed must not exceed 110% of the actual speed, plus 6.25 mph.

For example, if the vehicle is actually traveling at 50 mph, the speedometer must not show more than 61.25 mph or less than 50 mph.

United States
Federal standards in the United States allow a maximum 5 mph error at a speed of 50 mph on speedometer readings for commercial vehicles. Aftermarket modifications, such as different tire and wheel sizes or different differential gearing, can cause speedometer inaccuracy.

Regulation in the US
Starting with U.S. automobiles manufactured on or after 1 September 1979, the NHTSA required speedometers to have a special emphasis on 55 mph (90 km/h) and display no more than a maximum speed of 85 mph (136 km/h). On 25 March 1982, the NHTSA revoked the rule because no "significant safety benefits" could come from maintaining the standard.

GPS

GPS devices can measure speeds in two ways:

 The first and simpler method is based on how far the receiver has moved since the last measurement. Such speed calculations are not subject to the same sources of error as the vehicle's speedometer (wheel size, transmission/drive ratios). Instead, the GPS's positional accuracy, and therefore the accuracy of its calculated speed, is dependent on the satellite signal quality at the time. Speed calculations will be more accurate at higher speeds when the ratio of positional error to positional change is lower. The GPS software may also use a moving average calculation to reduce error. Some GPS devices do not take into account the vertical position of the car so will under-report the speed by the road's gradient.
 Alternatively, the GPS may take advantage of the Doppler effect to estimate its velocity. In ideal conditions, the accuracy for commercial devices is within 0.2–0.5 km/h, but it may worsen if the signal quality degrades.

As mentioned in the satnav article, GPS data has been used to overturn a speeding ticket; the GPS logs showed the defendant traveling below the speed limit when they were ticketed. That the data came from a GPS device was likely less important than the fact that it was logged; logs from the vehicle's speedometer could likely have been used instead, had they existed.

See also
Airspeed indicator
Hubometer
Tachometer
Taximeter

References

External links

Autoblog: Gauging changes

Measuring instruments
Speed sensors
Vehicle parts
Vehicle technology
Croatian inventions

Speedometer


David Morris Miner (born December 23, 1962) is a former Republican member of the North Carolina House of Representatives. who represented the state's thirty-sixth House district, including constituents in Wake County. Miner was elected to six terms in the North Carolina House of Representatives from 1992 to 2004. He was chairman of the North Carolina House Finance Committee.  Politically, Miner was an original Bush Pioneer in the 2000 campaign. Miner was elected in 1985 as National Chairman of the College Republican National Committee and served until 1987. He then joined the Jack Kemp for President campaign as a regional political director. In 1989 he founded Americans for a Balanced Budget, a citizen grassroots advocacy group. He served as chairman of the group until 2000.

In 2003, Miner founded The Resources Group, Inc., a government affairs company based in Cary, North Carolina.

References

External links
 Bailey & Dixon Solutions, LLC

|-

|-

Members of the North Carolina House of Representatives
Living people
1962 births
21st-century American politicians

David M. Miner


لوبادوتماكوسلاكوغاليوكرانيوليبسانودريميبوتريماتوسيلفيوكارابومليتوكاتاككيمنوكيكلبيكوسيبوباتوبريسترالكتريونوبتوكباليوغكوبليولاغويوسيرايوبابيتراغانوبتروغون اسم أكلة خيالية مذكورة في كوميديا إكليسيازوسي لأرسطوفانيس. سجلت في كتاب جينيس للأرقام القياسية على أنها أطول كلمة وردت في كتاب أدب وتتكون من 171 حرفا.

أطول كلمة إغريقية
كتبت كلمة لوبادو...بتروغون في ستة أبيات كاملة، وكانت هناك ثلاث طرق لكتابة تلك الكلمة:

وصف الوجبة
كان الطبق عبارة عن فريكاسي يحتوي على 16 مكونًا على الأقل من الحلو والحامض، بما في ذلك ما يلي:

 سمك شرائح
 Fish of the صفيحية الخياشيم الغضروفية subclass (a قرش or ray)
 Rotted قرشيات or قرش head
 A generally sharp-tasting dish of several ingredients grated and pounded together
 سلفيوم, possibly a kind of كلخ كبير, now believed extinct
 A kind of سرطان, جمبري, or جراد المياه العذبة
 عسل poured down
 كيدميات (or سمنية)
 A kind of sea fish or شحرور as topping
 ورشان مألوف
 حمام مستأنس
 دجاج
 The roasted head of غطاس صغير
 قواع, which could be a kind of طائر or a kind of sea hare
 New wine boiled down
 جناح و/أو زعانف السمك

انظر أيضا
 أطول الكلمات
 Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis
 أنتيديسايستابلشمينتيريانيزم
 توماتا
 سوبركاليفراجيليستيسإكسبيادوشيوس
 فأسقيناكموه
 قصور جارات الدرق الكاذب الكاذب
 مملبينتابي

المراجع

أريستوفان
أطعمة ومشروبات خيالية
كلمات طويلة
كلمات وعبارات إغريقية
كوميديا إغريقية
مسجلون في موسوعة غينيس للأرقام القياسية
مطبخ يوناني قديم

لوبادوتماكوسلاكوغاليوكرانيوليبسانودريميبوتريماتوسيلفيوكارابومليتوكاتاككيمنوكيكلبيكوسيبوباتوبريسترالكتريونوبتوكباليوغكوبليولاغو...


Lucia Scherzberg (* 1957 in Frankfurt am Main) ist eine deutsche römisch-katholische Theologin.

Leben

Scherzberg studierte Katholische Theologie und Pädagogik an den Universitäten Freiburg und Münster. Mit ihrer Dissertation Sünde und Gnade in der Feministischen Theologie wurde sie 1991 an der Katholisch-Theologischen Fakultät der Westfälischen Wilhelms-Universität Münster promoviert. Von 1986 bis 1996 war sie Wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin und Wissenschaftliche Assistentin am Ökumenischen Institut der Universität Münster und leitete kommissarisch die Arbeits- und Forschungsstelle Feministische Theologie an der Katholisch-Theologischen Fakultät. Zwischen 1990 und 2004 arbeitete sie als Lehrbeauftragte an verschiedenen Universitäten, kirchlichen Hochschulen und Fachhochschulen in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz. Unter anderem hatte sie von 1999 bis 2001 die Lehrstuhlvertretung im Fach Systematische Theologie an der Freien Universität Berlin inne. 2001 erfolgte ihre Habilitation über Karl Adam im Fach Dogmatik an der Katholisch-Theologischen Fakultät Tübingen. Seit 2003 ist sie Professorin für Systematische Theologie an der Universität des Saarlandes.

Ihre Forschungsschwerpunkte sind "Aufarbeitung der Vergangenheit" in der katholischen Theologie sowie Theologische Frauenforschung im Blick auf systematisch-theologische Fragen.

Scherzberg ist seit 2006 Mitherausgeberin der  Zeitschrift theologie.geschichte. Zusammen mit Michael Hüttenhoff leitet sie zudem die Ökumenische Forschungsstelle für Kirchen- und Theologiegeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts an der Universität des Saarlandes.

Schriften

 Schwarze Theologie in Südafrika. Zum ökumenischen Stellenwert einer kontextuellen Theologie, Frankfurt a. M. / Bern 1982, ISBN 978-3-8204-7207-3.
 Sünde und Gnade in der Feministischen Theologie, Mainz 1991 (Diss. Münster 1990), 2. Aufl. Mainz 1992 (Übers. ins Portugies., Petrópolis 1996), ISBN 3-7867-1576-9.
 Grundkurs Feministische Theologie, Mainz 1995, ISBN 3-7867-1868-7.
 Kirchenreform mit Hilfe des Nationalsozialismus. Karl Adam als kontextueller Theologe, Darmstadt 2001 (Habilitationsschrift Tübingen 2001), ISBN 3-534-15893-8.
 Karl Adam und der Nationalsozialismus, Saarbrücken 2011, ISBN 978-3-86223-036-5. (online)

Herausgeberschaften

 Theologie und Vergangenheitsbewältigung. Eine kritische Bestandsaufnahme im interdisziplinären Vergleich, Paderborn 2005.
 (zusammen mit August H. Leugers-Scherzberg) theologie.geschichte. Zeitschrift für Theologie und Kulturgeschichte 1 (2006)ff.
 Vergangenheitsbewältigung im französischen Katholizismus und deutschen Protestantismus, Paderborn u. a. 2008.
 Gemeinschaftskonzepte im 20. Jahrhundert zwischen Wissenschaft und Ideologie, Münster 2010.
 (Hrsg.) mit Christine Büchner, Christine Jung, Bernhard Nitsche: Kommunikation ist möglich. Theologische, ökumenische und interreligiöse Lernprozesse. Festschrift für Bernd Jochen Hilberath. Ostfildern 2013, ISBN 3-7867-2993-X.

Weblinks
 Literatur von und über Lucia Scherzberg im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
 uni-saarland.de

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Theologe (20. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Theologe (21. Jahrhundert)
Deutscher
Geboren 1957
Frau

Lucia Scherzberg


Počasni bleiburški vod ili skraćenica PBV  (njem. Bleiburger Ehrenzug) udruga je koja nastoji podržati i njegovati sjećanje na žrtve odavanjem dostojne počasti svim nedužnim žrtvama jugokomunističkog pokolja u Bleiburgu. Sjedište udruge se nalazi u gradu Klagenfurtu, a posjeduje i podružnicu u Zagrebu.

Mladi austrijski povjesničar dr. Florian Thomas Rulitz, autor knjige The tragedy of Bleiburg and Viktring, o tim događajima kaže: "Bleiburški pokolj svibnja 1945. godine je najveći zločin nad hrvatskim narodom u povijesti Hrvatske". Prema britanskim izvorima tamo su se našli oko 200.000 vojnika i 500.000 civila, bježeći u Korušku. Komunistički, partizanski izvori navode da je u području Bleiburga bilo razoružano i uništeno 150.000 domaćih izdajnika'".

Povijest

PBV su 1951. godine u tajnosti utemeljili prognani Hrvati Ante Mikrut, Nikola Martinović i Franjo Vranjković, koji su pukom srećom preživjeli Bleiburšku tragediju 1945. godine, u izbjegličkom kampu u Klagenfurtu.
U krugu osnivača bio je i Ilija Abramović, poslije rizničar, predsjednik i počasni predsjednik. Svake godine od 1952. godine Hrvati iz cijele Europe i inozemstva posjećuju godišnju ceremoniju obilježavanja koju organizira PBV na spomen obilježju na Loibacher Feldu u Bleiburgu. Godine 1957. PBV je podigao spomen-kamen na vojnom groblju u blizini Völkermarkt-a za hrvatskog generala Tomislava Rolfa.

Krajem 1965. godine članovi PBV-a kupili su zemljište od 2.016 m2 na Loibacher Feldu, gdje su svake godine održavali komemoracije za hrvatske žrtve. Uz suglasnost austrijskih vlasti PBV je tu izgradio spomen-kamen za žrtve pokolja u Bleiburgu od 1985. do 1987. godine. Spomenik je obnovljen i proširen od studenoga 2004. godine i danas se sastoji od natkrivenog oltara, središnjeg spomen-kamena usred visokih smrekovih stabala i još jedne spomen-ploče. Daljnja spomen-obilježja podigli su PBV u Ulrichsbergu, St. Veitu i Bad Eisenkappelu.

Počasni Bleiburški vod i pod cijenu svojih života u teškim jugokomunističkim vremenima očuvao je uspomenu na Bleiburšku tragediju.

Svečanosti sjećanja, smještene samo tri kilometra od državne granice komunistička Jugoslavija doživljavala je kao provokaciju jer se tada smatralo da su tamo otkriveni simboli neovisne Hrvatske koji su bili strogo zabranjeni u Jugoslaviji. PBV i godišnja komemoracija hrvatskih žrtava bili su meta jugoslavenske tajne službe UDBE. Nakon toga je uslijedilo nekoliko napada eksplozivima protiv antikomunističkih skupova, a 17. veljače 1975. godine i ubojstvo 65-godišnjeg Nikole Martinovića, suosnivača PBV-a te glavnog organizatora njege hrvatskih grobova i kulture sjećanja u Austriji.

Ubojstvom Martinovića u svojoj cvjećarnici u Klagenfurtu komunistički režim Tita dokazuje koliko je značajno pitanje žrtava Bleiburga bilo za jugoslavenski režim.

Nakon raspada Jugoslavije Hrvatski sabor postao je pokrovitelj godišnjih obreda komemoracije PBV-a, u kojima su bez iznimke bili prisutni predsjednik Hrvatskog sabora ili njegov zamjenik i predstavnici vlasti. Predsjednici vlade Ivica Račan i Ivo Sanader osobno su posjetili spomen-mjesto i položili vijence. Predsjednici Franjo Tuđman i Stjepan Mesić poslali su predstavnike ili vijence. Na komemorativnim događajima sudjeluju i službeni predstavnici Parlamenta BiH, te predstavnici Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini. Molitve govore i predstavnici Islamske zajednice Republike Hrvatske a 2005. godine osobno i veliki muftija Hrvatske Ševko Omerbašić.

Vanjske poveznice
 Službena stranica udruge
 prilog na youtubeu

Izvori

udruge
Aktivizam u Hrvatskoj
Međunarodne nevladine organizacije

Počasni bleiburški vod


Oxigenul lichid este oxigenul aflat în stare lichidă, la o temperatură foarte scăzută. Este un lichid de culoare albastră cu o densitate de 1141 g/l (puțin mai dens decât apa), cu un punct de topire de −218,79 °C și cu un punct de fierbere de −182,96 °C.

Este produs prin distilare fracționată din aer lichid. Este parțial miscibil cu ozonul lichid.

Proprietăți fizice
Oxigenul lichid are un raport de destindere de 1:861 sub pragul 1 de atmosferă (100 kPa și 20°C), dar din acest motiv, este folosit în anumite aeronave comerciale și militare ca sursă transportabilă de oxigen pentru respirație.

Datorită naturii sale criogenice, oxigenul lichid poate face ca materialele pe care le atinge să devină fragile. Oxigenul lichid este totodată un agent oxidant foarte puternic: materialele organice vor arde rapid și energic în oxigen lichid. Mai mult, dacă sunt înmuiate în oxigen lichid, unele materiale, cum ar fi brichetele de cărbune, negrul de fum, pot detona imprevizibil din surse de aprindere, cum ar fi flăcări, scântei sau lovituri ușoare. Produsele petrochimice, inclusiv asfaltul, prezintă adesea acest comportament.

Vezi și

 Aer lichid
 Azot lichid

Referințe

Bibliografie
 Constantin D. Albu, Maria Brezeanu, Mică enciclopedie de chimie, Editura Enciclopedică Română, 1974, p 38

Oxigen
Lichide
Tehnica frigului

Oxigen lichid


Marianne Rasmussen (* 21. März 1972) ist eine ehemalige dänische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Marianne Rasmussen gewann bis 1990 in Dänemark vier Nachwuchstitel, bevor sie 1991 erstmals international bei den Erwachsenen siegte. Neben diesem Sieg bei den Norwegian International wurde sie im gleichen Jahr auch Zweite bei den Austrian International. 1992 gewann sie die Polish International und die Dutch Open.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen

Badmintonspieler (Dänemark)
Geboren 1972
Frau
Däne

Marianne Rasmussen


Robert Bradley Hawley (* 25. Oktober 1849 in Memphis, Tennessee; † 28. November 1921 in New York City) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1897 und 1901 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Robert Hawley besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat einschließlich des Christian Brothers' College. Im Jahr 1875 zog er nach Galveston in Texas, wo er in den folgenden 20 Jahren im Handel und im Handwerk arbeitete. Von 1889 bis 1893 war er Vorsitzender des Bildungsausschusses von Galveston. Politisch schloss sich Hawley der Republikanischen Partei an. Im Jahr 1890 war er zeitweise Vorsitzender des regionalen republikanischen Parteitages in Texas. Außerdem nahm er als Delegierter an mehreren Republican National Conventions teil.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1896 wurde Hawley im zehnten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1897 die Nachfolge von Miles Crowley antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl konnte er bis zum 3. März 1901 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. In diese Zeit fiel der Spanisch-Amerikanische Krieg von 1898. Im Jahr 1900 verzichtete Hawley auf eine weitere Kandidatur.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus gründete Hawley die Firma Cuban-American Sugar Co. und wurde deren Präsident. Er starb am 28. November 1921 in New York und wurde in Galveston beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied der Republikanischen Partei
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1849
Gestorben 1921
Mann

Robert B. Hawley


Eşcinsel Erkekler,  Türkiye'de erkek eşcinselliği üzerine çıkan ilk kurgu-dışı kitaptır. Kitapta 25 röportaj derlenmiştir. Gerek yüz yüze gerek de internet üzerinden gerçekleştirilen bu röportajlarda eşcinsel erkekler; kendilerini, çocuklarını, aile ilişkilerini, iş ve eğlence yaşamlarını, sorunlarını, özlemlerini, acılarını ve sevinçlerini anlatmışlardır.

Kitapta eşcinselliğini açık, kısıtlı ve saklı yaşayanlar, evli ya da boşanmış erkekler, eşraf oğulları, 'solcu - Kürt - Alevi' gibi defalarca azınlıklarla, sadece evli erkeklerle birlikte olanlar, eşcinsel olmadığını iddia eden ama sadece eşcinsellerle yatanlar, toplumu bilinçlendirmeyi Aktüel ya da Hürriyet'e bırakmamak gerektiğini düşünenler, Ajda Pekkan'ı idolleştiren ya da gay'leri çift kişilikli ve güvenilmez bulanlar gibi kişiliklere yer verilmiştir.

Kitabın yazrı Murat Hocaoğlu, kitabın yazılış amacını ön sözde, şöyle ifade etmiştirː  "Türkiye'deki  eşcinsel  erkeklerin  toplumsal  bir resminin  belirlenebilmesi  ve  giderek  netleşebilmesi  için.."

"Umarım  bu  çalışma,  amaçladığım  gibi,  hepimizi  kuşatan  anlamdaralmalarının    içinde,    toplumsal    bir    örnekleşme    projelerinin    baskısı    altında,    sesi çıkmayanların,  sözü  anlaşılmayanların  söylemine  küçük  bir  katkı  sağlar.  Milli  orijin,  dinsel,siyasal inanışlar, cinsel kimlik ve eğilimler, yaşam biçimleri vs. vs. Adına ne derseniz deyin,ne istiyor ve neyi savunuyor olursa olsun, tek birinsanın hikayesine sırtımızı dönersek, sesiniduymazdan   gelirsek,   sadece   güç   ilişkileri   kuracağımıza   inanıyorum.   Tek   bir   insanın hikayesinde bile, hayatımızı anlamlandırmak için birçok şey olduğunu biliyorum. Bu çalışmada o hikayeleri aradı."

Kitabın Bölümleri
 Karım Bana, Bense Bir Erkeğe Âşığım
 İyi Bir Babayım, Oğlum Beni Seçti
 Sadece Ünlü Değilsiniz
 Eşcinsel Beraberlik Daha Fazla şiddet İçeriyor
 Solcu, Kürt, Alevi ve Eşcinselim
 Kişisel Olan Politiktir, Sözü Şiarımız Olmalı
 Erkek Sevgilisine Şiir Yazan Padişahlar Vardı
 Travestilerle Ayrı Uçlardayız
 Jigololar Genellikle Varoş Çocukları
 Ellerinde Bıçak ve Elektrik Kablosu Vardı
 Eşcinsel Cinayetinde Katil, Kurban Konumuna Getiriliyor
 Evli Olmayan Bir Erkekle Beraber Olmam
 Eşcinsel Değilim, Sadece Eşcinsellerle Yatıyorum
 Eşcinsel Olduğumu Açıklayarak Kendi Sorunum Olmaktan Çıkardım
 Cinsel Kimliğimi Saklamak Zorundayım
 Gay'ler Çift Kişilikli ve Güvenilmezdir
 Eşcinsel Politikayı Görünür Kıldık
 Gay Olduğunu Açıklamak, Yatak Odası Sırlarını İfşa Etmek Değil
 Toplumu Bilinçlendirmeyi Aktüel veya Hürriyet'e Bırakamayız
 Özgürlüğü Kendi Aramızda Arıyoruz
 Gay'ler Toplumla Gizli Bir İşbirliği İçinde
 Eşcinseller Hayatlarını Yalan Üzerine Kuruyor
 Gay'lerin İdolü Ajda Pekkan
 Eşcinsellik İster İstemez Politikanın Konusu

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Metis Kitap

Kurgusal olmayan kitaplar
2002 kitapları
Türk LGBT romanları
Türkiye kitapları
Türkiye ile ilgili kitaplar
2000'lerde Türkçe kitaplar

Eşcinsel Erkekler


Nöteborg may refer to:
 The Swedish name for Shlisselburg, a town in Kirovsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia
 Battle of Nöteborg, 1702, one of the first sieges of the Great Northern War, when Russian forces captured the Swedish fortress of Nöteborg
 Siege of Nöteborg, 1656, a siege during the Russo-Swedish War (1656–58)
 Treaty of Nöteborg, 1323, a peace treaty signed at Orekhovets (Swedish: Nöteborg); the first settlement between Sweden and Novgorod Republic regulating their border

Nöteborg


Rathjensdorf Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Plön iline bağlı belediye. 11,79 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 31 Aralık 2015 itibarıyla yaklaşık 489 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 41 kişilik bir nüfus yoğunluğuna sahiptir. Belediye Başkanlığı Uwe Koch tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.rathjensdorf.de

Kaynakça

Plön iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Rathjensdorf


El primer ministro de Guyana es la autoridad administrativa del poder ejecutivo y jefe del gabinete de Guyana, nombrado por el Presidente y aprobado por el Parlamento. En Guyana, el Presidente es el Jefe del Estado y la suprema autoridad del ejecutivo (jefe de gobierno) según se establece en el artículo 89 del Capítulo VIII de la Constitución.

Jefes de Gobierno

Ministro en Jefe

 Cheddi Jagan (Partido Progresista del Pueblo, 1953-1961)

Premieres

 Cheddi Jagan (Partido Progresista del Pueblo, 1961-1964)
 Forbes Burnham (Congreso Nacional del Pueblo, 1964-1966)

Primeros Ministros

 Forbes Burnham (Congreso Nacional del Pueblo, 1966-1980)
 Ptolemy Reid (Congreso Nacional del Pueblo, 1980-1984)
 Desmond Hoyte (Congreso Nacional del Pueblo, 1984-1985)
 Hamilton Green (Congreso Nacional del Pueblo, 1985-1992)
 Sam Hinds (Congreso Nacional del Pueblo, 1992-1997)
 Janet Jagan (Partido Progresista del Pueblo, 1992-1997)
 Sam Hinds (Congreso Nacional del Pueblo, 1997-1999)
 Bharrat Jagdeo (Partido Progresista del Pueblo, 1999)
 Sam Hinds (Congreso Nacional del Pueblo, 1999-2015)
 Moses Nagamootoo (APNU-AFC, 2015-2020)
 Mark Phillips (Partido Progresista del Pueblo, 2020-actualidad)

Véase también
 Presidente de Guyana

Referencias

Primeros ministros de Guyana
Historia de Guyana

Primer ministro de Guyana


Fídjibúar, líka þekktir sem iTaukei eða frumbyggja Fídjibúar eru íbúar Fídjí. Aðaltungumál þeirra er fídjíska.

Svæði eftir fjölda fólks

Heimildir

Fídjí

Fólk í Eyjaálfu
Pólýnesíubúar
Melanesíubúar

Fídjibúar


Katolička Crkva u Somaliji dio je Katoličke Crkve, pod duhovnim vodstvom pape i kurije u Rimu.

Oko 100 stanovnika Somalije su katolici. Tijekom kolonijalnog razdoblja, 1950. bilo je oko 8500 vjernika (0,7%), gotovo svi iz Italije.

Somalija ima jednu katoličku biskupiju Mogadishu, koja je izravno pod Svetom Stolicom. Posljednji biskup Mogadishua Salvatore Colombo, ubijen je 1989.  Od 1990. godine, biskup Giorgio Bertin je apostolski upravitelj. Biskupi iz Somalije su članovi Biskupske konferencije arapskih teritorija. Predsjednik Biskupske konferencije nadbiskup Pier Battista Pizzaballa O.F.M., apostolski upravitelj latinskog patrijarhata u Jeruzalemu.

Apostolski delegat za Somaliju je nadbiskup Luigi Bianco, ujedno i apostolski nuncij u Džibutiju i Etiopiji.

Izvori

Somalija
Religija u Somaliji

Katolička Crkva u Somaliji


Yerleşim yeri
 Kuvâ-yi Milliye, Karesi, Balıkesir ili Karesi ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Teşkîlât ve dernekler
 Kuvâ-yi Milliye, İstiklâl Harbi'ndeki Türk direniş örgütlenmeleri ve güçlerine verilen ad
 Kuvâ-yi Seyyâre, Kuvâ-yi Milliye'nin bir kolu
 Kuvâ-yi İnzibâtiye, İstiklâl Harbi sırasında İstanbul Hükûmetinin Kuvâ-yi Milliye'ye karşı kurduğu askerî teşkîlât
 Kuvayı Milliye Derneği, 2005 tarihinde kurulan bir dernek

Diğer
 Kuvâ-yi Milliye ve Cumhuriyet Âbidesi, Manisa'da bir âbide

Kuvayımilliye (anlam ayrımı)


Qasim ibn Muhammad () var søn af den islamiske profet Muhammad. Han blev født til Muhammads første kone, Khadija efter hun gav fødsel til hans førstefødte søn Zainab.

Han blev født i 598 og døde før hans to års fødselsdag (600 eller 601). Han på begravet på Jannatul Mualla Kirkegården i Mekka, Saudi-Arabien.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Prophet Family Tree

Muhammed-familien

Qasim ibn Muhammad


Trobojnica (španj. Tricolor, tal. Tricolore) oblik je zastave s trobojnim vodoravnim ili okomitim dizajnom. Tijekom povijesti trobojnice su često bile smatrane simbolima revolucije i slobode čije su boje odražavale pojedine vrline, vrijednosti ili težnje nekog naroda.

Najpoznatija trobojnica je francuska zastava, dok je najstarija trobojnica koja je još službeno i danas u potrebi nizozemska zastava.

Povijest
Prve trobojnice nastale su u drugoj polovici 16. stoljeća, kao simbol slobode, republikanizma i/ili revolucije. Njima su se služili nizozemski republikanski pobunjenici protiv vlasti španjolske krune. Iduća slavna trobojnica uvedena je povodom Francuske revolucije 1789., a zatim se proširila na francuske klijentske države u Italiji i Švicarskoj. Značano su popularizirane tijekom vala revolucija koji je 1848. i 1849. zahvatio gotovo čitavu Europu, iako su pojedine trobojnice, poput njemačke, nastale već ranije u 19. stoljeću.

Podjele
Postoji više podjela trobojnica po različitim obilježjima, najčešće položaju boja i samim bojama.

Prema položaju boja, odnosno njihovom pružanju dijele se na vodoravne i okomite trobojnice.

Podjele prema bojama najćešće uključuju:

 europske trobojnice, koje se djiele na tzv. "plave" i "zelene" (ovisno o prvoj boji, dok su druge dvije crvena i bijela);
 slavenske trobojnice (zastava slavenskih zemalja s pretežno plavom, crvenom i bijelom bojom);
 afričke (panafričke) trobojnice, s tzv. sveafričkim bojama: zelenom, crvenom i crnom;
 arapske trobojnice, s tzv. svearapskim bojama: crvenom, zelenom, bijelom i crnom.

Primjeri

Izvori

Zastave

Trobojnica


Alice Augusta Ball (24. júlí 1892 – 31. desember 1916) var bandarískur efnafræðingur sem er þekktust fyrir að hafa fundið upp nýja meðferð við holdsveiki ("Ball-aðferðina") í upphafi 20. aldar. Hún var fyrsta konan og fyrsti þeldökka manneskjan sem lauk mastersprófi við Hawaii-háskóla og líka fyrsta konan og fyrsta þeldökka manneskjan sem gegndi prófessorsstöðu í efnafræði.

Ball fæddist í Seattle í Bandaríkjunum. Faðir hennar var ritstjóri dagblaðsins The Coloured Citizen og móðurafi hennar var frægi ljósmyndarinn James Presley Ball. Sumir höfundar hafa velt fyrir sér hvort vinna afa hennar og móður við framköllun og prentun ljósmynda hafi haft áhrif á efnafræðiáhuga Alice Ball. Hún lauk bachelor-gráðu í efnafræði við Washington-háskóla 1912 og í lyfjafræði tveimur árum síðar. Hún lauk mastersgráðu í efnafræði við Hawaii-háskóla með rannsóknum á efnafræði og virkum efnum í jurtinni kava. Á Hawaii var þá stór holdsveikranýlenda á eyjunni Molokai og Ball var fengin til að þróa meðferð byggða á chaulmoogra-olíu sem vitað var að virkaði gegn holdsveiki, en var þeim erfiðleikum bundin að hún virkaði illa sem áburður, var svo bragðvond að sjúklingar ældu henni oftast upp, og var ekki hægt að gefa með sprautu. Ball fann aðferð til að einangra estra úr olíunni sem höfðu sömu virkni og var hægt að gefa í æð. Hún veiktist hins vegar og dó árið 1916, aðeins 24 ára gömul, hugsanlega úr klóreitrun eftir kennslu í notkun gasgríma. Annar kennari við skólann, Arthur L. Dean, eignaði sér rannsóknir hennar og kenndi aðferðina við sjálfan sig. Ball-aðferðin var besta meðferðin sem í boði var við holdsveiki þar til sýklalyf voru fundin upp á 5. áratug 20. aldar. Það var ekki fyrr en undir lok 20. aldar að hún hlaut viðurkenningu fyrir rannsóknir sínar.

Tilvísanir

Bandarískir efnafræðingar
Bandarískir lyfjafræðingar

Alice Ball


Aderus Laticepts é uma espécie de inseto Coleoptera|coleóptero pertencente  a família Aderidae. Foi descrita cientificamente por George Charles Champion em 1890.

Distribuição geográfica
Habita no México e Guatemala.

Referências

laticeps
Coleópteros do México
Insetos descritos em 1890
Espécies descritas por George Charles Champion
Coleópteros da América Central

Aderus laticeps


An Tillandsia makrinii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lieselotte Hromadnik. An Tillandsia makrinii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Tillandsia

Tillandsia makrinii


C/2020 F8 (SWAN), ili komet SWAN, je komet koji je otkrio astronom M. Mattiazzo na slikama koje je snimila SWAN kamera 25. ožujka 2020. na svemirskoj letjelici Solar Heliospheric Observer (SOHO).

Kao i svi kometi, SWAN oslobađa zeleni rep jer se ugljik i cijanid unutar kometa ioniziraju kada se komet približava našoj zvijezdi domaćinu. Komet je bio vrlo difuzan, nema vidljivu jezgru i nije bio komet kojeg su mogli primijetiti neiskusni promatrači. Vjerojatno se raspao nakon perihela.

Orbita
Centar malih planeta navodi orbitu kao povezanu sa , S vrlo kratkim trodnevnim promatračkim lukom JPL navodi komet kao hiperbolički s ekscentričnošću 1,1± 0,2, ali potreban je duži promatrački luk da bi se riješile nesigurnosti i znalo je li orbitalni period dug tisućama ili milijunima godina.

Nagib staze mu iznosi 110°, a to znači da se giba u suprotnom smjeru od smjera kojim jezde planeti, ali i to da prilazi ravnini ekliptike skoro okomito.

12. svibnja 2020. komet je prošao na udaljenosti oko 0,576 AJ od Zemlje. Sjaj mu se za tu prigodu prognozirao na m = 2,8. Oko 27. svibnja 2020. komet je došao do perihela na 0.43 AJ od Sunca.

Galerija

Izvori

Vanjske povrznice
 C/2020 F8 (SWAN) – Seiichi Yoshida
 C/2020 F8 (SWAN) – JPL
 C/2020 F8 (SWAN)  – AiM-Project

Kometi

C/2020 F8 (SWAN)


Et knudeproblem er en dansk oplysningsfilm fra 1959 med instruktion og manuskript af Henning Carlsen.

Handling
Bind en knude på lommetørklædet op til jul, og husk således at sende juleposten i god tid. Inspireret af Robert Masinghams "A Knotty Problem".

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Henning Carlsen
Oplysningsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1959

Et knudeproblem


Hubertus Blaumeiser (1954.), njemački svećenik i teolog, crkveni dužnosnik, stručnjak za formaciju svećenika, predavao na Papinskom sveučilištu Gregoriana, savjetnik je u Kongregaciji za katolički odgoj. Djela: Kao što je otac mene ljubio i dr. Akademik je i jedan od vodećih znanstvenih autoriteta na temu Lutera.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(eng.) Claritas - Journal of Dialogue and Culture '"Re-formatio"  The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century and Church Ref' by Hubertus Blaumeiser

Njemački rimokatolički teolozi
Njemački katolički svećenici

Hubertus Blaumeiser


Regimentul 73 Infanterie a fost o unitate de nivel tactic din rezerva armatei permanente care s-a constituit la 14/27 august 1916, prin mobilizarea unităților și subunităților de infanterie din cercul de recrutare Tulcea, din cadrul Comandamentului V Teritorial. Regimentul a făcut parte din organica Brigăzii 40 Infanterie. La intrarea în război, Regimentul 73 Infanterie a fost comandat de locotenent-colonelul Dumitru Sachelarie. Regimentul 73 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare pe frontul românesc, pe toată perioada războiului, între 14/27 august 1916 - 28 ocotmbrie/11 noiembrie 1918.

Drapelul de luptă al regimentului a fost decorat cu cea mai înaltă distincție de război, Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III:
"Pentru vitejia și avântul cu care au luptat ofițerii, subofițerii și soldații regimentului în crâncenele lupte din Bulgaria și de pe frontul Predeal, ce au avut loc in 1916. S-au distins în mod strălucit, în zilele de 18-20 septembrie când a concurat de aproape la înfrângerea forțelor bulgare de la Riahovo, Mah-Laia și Mah-Para (Flăinanda), precum și în luptele pentru apărarea sectorului dintre Cota 1297 și Muntele Piatra Arsă, lupte în care au dat dovadă de înalte virtuți ostășești. Acest eroic regiment luptând cu numeroase forțe inamice, a cucerit punctul Predeluș și Muntele Susaiu; iar de la 9 octombrie 1916 a dat lupte furioase pentru apărarea Văii Cerbului; apoi, pe Muntele Dihamul și Cleștelui, până in ziua de 22 noiembrie, când a luptat pe Muntele Clăbucetul și de pe care a fost retras pentru reorganizare cu un efectiv redus, prin lupte pentru Patrie și Rege, la mai puțin de 200 de viteji."
Înalt Decret no. 323 din 22 ianuarie 1919

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1916

Campania anului 1917

Comandanți

Decorații
  Ordinul "Mihai Viteazul", clasa III

Note

Bibliografie

 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial, Editura Militară, București, 1987
 ***, România în primul război mondial'', Editura Militară, 1979

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1917)

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Regimentul 73 Infanterie (1916-1918)


Bright Sheng (apellido Sheng, pinyin Shèng Zōngliàng; nacido el 6 de diciembre de 1955 en Shanghái, China) es un compositor, director y pianista sino-estadounidense. Ha vivido en los Estados Unidos desde el año 1982 y trabaja en la facultad de la Universidad de Míchigan.  En 1999, la Casa Blanca le encargó componer una pieza en honor del Primer Ministro chino Zhu Rongji en una cena de estado organizada por el Presidente Bill Clinton. En noviembre de 2001, Sheng recibió una Beca MacArthur.  Sheng es el primer compositor de la New York City Ballet.

La segunda sílaba del nombre de pila de Sheng, Liang, se puede traducir más o menos como "luces brillantes," motivo por el cual "Bright" es el nombre que escogió como nombre de pila en inglés.

Las composiciones de Sheng han sido interpretadas por la mayor parte de las orquestas estadounidenses, así como muchas de Europa y Asia, incluyendo la Filarmónica de Nueva York, Orquesta Sinfónica de Boston, Orquesta Sinfónica de Chicago, Orquesta de Filadelfia, Orquesta Sinfónica de Seattle, Orquesta de París, Orquesta Real del Concertgebouw, Orquesta Filarmónica de Tokio y la Sinfónica Nacional de China.  Algunos de los más destacados intérpretes de la música de Sheng han sido Leonard Bernstein, Yo-Yo Ma, Peter Serkin, Kurt Masur, Emanuel Ax, Leonard Slatkin, Robert Spano, David Zinman, y Neeme Järvi. Entre los más destacados maestros de Sheng se encuentran Leonard Bernstein y Chou Wen-Chung.

Composiciones destacadas
 Never Far Away, un concierto para arpa, estreno mundial (2008) por Yolanda Kondonassis y la Sinfónica de San Diego.
 Nanking! Nanking!, una trenodia sobre la masacre de Nankín.
 Red Silk Dance
 Madame Mao, encargo de la Ópera de Santa Fe, donde se estrenó en 2003.
 China Dreams.
 The Silver River (1997), una ópera estrenada en Santa Fe, Nuevo México.
 Four Movements for Piano Trio
 The Song of Majnun
 Seven Tunes Heard in China, para violonchelo solo.
 The Nightingale and the Rose''

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Página web oficial de Bright Sheng

Becarios MacArthur
Compositores de música clásica de China del siglo XX
Compositores de música clásica del siglo XXI de China
Compositores de ballet
Compositores de ópera

Compositores de la República Popular China
Compositores de Estados Unidos

Directores de orquesta de la República Popular China
Directores de orquesta de Estados Unidos
Músicos clásicos del siglo XX de China

Músicos clásicos del siglo XXI de la República Popular China
Nacidos en Shanghái

Bright Sheng


كيمياء النانو  هو علم جديد يهتم بالخصائص الفريدة المرتبطة بتجمعات الذرات أو الجزيئات على نطاق فردي وجماعي للذرات أو الجزيئات. وبهذا المستوى فإن تأثيرات الكم قد يكون لها أثر وأهمية كبيرة، أيضاً يصبح تنفيذ الطرق المبتكرة للتفاعلات الكيميائية ممكناً.

وهو علم الأدوات، التقنيات، ومنهجيات التصنيع «التحضير» الكيميائي، التحليل الكيميائي، والتشخيص الكيميائي الحيوي، والتي تُعمل على مستوى النانولتر إلى الفيمتولتر.

تستخدم كيمياء النانو الكيمياء التحضيرية (التصنيعية) لتكوين اللبنات النانومترية النطاق بحسب الرغبة من حيث الشكل، الحجم، تكوين وتركيب السطح، الشحنة والوظيفة وذلك مع هدف اختياري للسيطرة على التجميع الذاتي من هذه اللبنات في مختلف أطوال النطاق.

كيمياء النانو تستخدم أشباه الموصلات التي توصل الكهرباء بصورة خاصة بها لتفي بالغرض. كما أن أشباه الموصلات هي أصغر بكثير من أشباه الموصلات العادية للقيام بالعمليات على مستوى النانو.

انظر أيضا
 تقانة نانوية
 مقياس نانومتري
 مسحوق الحديد النانوي
 تقنية النانو الخضراء
 روبوتات النانو
 تطبيقات الطاقة لتقنية النانو
 شبكة نانوية

مراجع

تقنية النانو
كيمياء
مواد نانوية
فروع الكيمياء

كيمياء النانو


Ogün Temizkanoğlu (d. 6 Ekim 1969, Almanya),  Türk eski millî futbolcu, teknik direktör. Trabzonspor, Fenerbahçe, Konyaspor ve Türkiye millî futbol takımında Defans mevkiinde görev almıştır.

Kariyeri

Kulüp kariyeri
Almanya'da futbol oynamaya başlayan futbolcu, oradan Trabzonspor`a transfer oldu; 1989-1999 yılları arasında Trabzonspor, 1999-2003 yılları arasında Fenerbahçe, 2003-2004 sezonunda Konyaspor, 2004-2005 sezonunda Akçaabat Sebatspor formalarını giydi. Ayrıca Ogün Fenerbahçe'de 2000-2003 yılları arasında kaptanlık yaptı. Ogün futbolu 2005 sezonu sonunda Akçaabat Sebatspor'da bıraktı.

29 Eylül 2005 tarihinde Türkiye Futbol Federasyonu Profesyonel Futbol Disiplin Kurulu (PFDK), 2004-2005 sezonundaki Akçaabat Sebatspor-Kayserispor maçında yaşanan yasa dışı bahis skandalına adı karışan futbolcuya 12 ay spordan men cezası verdi. Futbolcunun itirazı üzerine yapılan duruşmalı toplantı sonucu Tahkim Kurulu, 2 Aralık 2005 tarihinde cezayı suça iştiraki sabit olmadığından kaldırdı.

Millî takım kariyeri
1990 yılında İzmir'de İrlanda ile golsüz berabere kalınan A millî maçıyla ilk kez millî forma ile tanıştı. 1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nda ve 2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nda forma giyen Ogün; 76 defa A millî formayı, 5 defa da ümit millî formayı giydi. Millî formayla 5 gol attı.

Teknik direktörlük kariyeri
Ogün Temizkanoğlu 2012 yılında Bayanlar A millî takımı teknik direktörlüğü Görevine Getirildi. Millî Futbolcu aynı zamanda 2008-2011 yılları arasında U-18 Erkek millî takımı teknik direktörlüğünü de yaptı.

2016 Elazığspor ile anlaşma sağladı.

Başarıları

Kulüp takımları başarıları
Trabzonspor ile
Türkiye Kupası: 1991-92, 1994-95
Başbakanlık Kupası: 1994, 1996
Cumhurbaşkanlığı Kupası: 1995

Fenerbahçe ile
Süper Lig: 2000-01

Millî takım başarıları
 Akdeniz Oyunları İkinciliği
 1991 -

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1969 doğumlular
Türk erkek futbolcular
Türk teknik direktörler
Türkiye 21 yaş altı millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Türkiye millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
Defans futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Trabzonspor futbolcuları
Fenerbahçe SK futbolcuları
Konyaspor futbolcuları
Akçaabat Sebatspor futbolcuları
Süper Lig futbolcuları
1991 Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Gölcükspor teknik direktörleri
Türkiye kadın millî futbol takımı teknik direktörleri
Elazığspor teknik direktörleri
Şanlıurfaspor teknik direktörleri
1. Lig teknik direktörleri
Türk Akdeniz Oyunları futbolcuları
Gümüş Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı Türk sporcular
Akdeniz Oyunları madalyalı futbolcular

Ogün Temizkanoğlu


Bienal, Fransızca "her bir diğer yıl" anlamına gelen ve iki yılda bir düzenlenen etkinliklere verilen addır. Çoğunlukla kültürel veya sanatsal faaliyetler için kullanılan bir terimdir. En eski bienal 1895'ten beri düzenlenen Venedik Bienali'dir.

Türkiye'de de 1987 yılından beri düzenlenen ve her iki senede bir tekrarlanan Uluslararası İstanbul Bienali bulunmaktadır.

Dünyada düzenlenen belli başlı uluslararası bienaller şunlardır:

 Kore: Gwangju Biennale
 Brezilya: Bienal de São Paulo
 Avustralya: Biennale of Sydney
 İspanya: Bienal de Valencia
 Senegal: Dak'Art, la Biennale de l'art africain contemporain
 Almanya: Documenta (Kassel)
 İtalya: la Biennale di Venezia
 Türkiye: İstanbul Bienali Sinopale Uluslararası Çanakkale Bienali Mardin BienaliAdıyaman Komagenne Bienali
 Küba: Bienal de La Habana
 Mali: Rencontres de la photographie africaine de Bamako

Kaynakça

Bienal


أولريكه دريسنر
شاعرة ألمانية، كبرت كإبنة لمهندس معماريّ في مدينة ميونيخ الألمانيّة، وبعد حصولها على شهادة البكالوريا درست بمنحة من مؤسسة مكسيميليانيوم علوم الحقوق وعلوم اللغة الإنكليزيّة واللغة الألمانيّة والفلسفة في جامعات ميونيخ وسالامانجا وأوكسفورد.

حياتها
 من مواليد ، ميونيخ
 منذ 1989 حتّى 1993 كانت مساعدة علميّة لدى مؤسسة ميونيخ للفيلولوجيا الألمانيّة.
 1992 حصلت على إجازة الدكتوراه على أطروحتها عن موضوع يخص الثقافة واللغة في القرون الوسطى.
 1993 تخلّت عن مسيرتها العلميّة لصالح عملها ككاتبة.
 منذ 1994 تعيش كاتبة حرّة في برلين.
 منذ 1999 عضو في مركز – P.E.N.- في ألمانيا.
 2008 عملت كبروفيسور شعرٍ في جامعة مدينة بامبيرغ.

في المقام الأوّل تكتب أورليكه دريسنر الشّعر والنثر القصصي، بالإضافة إلى ذلك فإنّها تعمل مع الفنّانين وزملائها الكتّاب في مشاريع ما يطلق عليه " تمازج الفنون"، حيث فيها تدخل نصوص دريسنر مع التعابير الفنيّة على سبيل المثال النحت، فنّ الأكشن والموسيقى في علاقات مثيرة.

حصلت الشّاعرة على العديد من الجوائز عن أعمالها، من بينها جائزة هولدرلين التشجيعيّة وجائزة بيوت الأدب.

أعمالها
عناوين فرديّة
 دروب خلال عوالم محكيّة، فرانكفورت أم ماين 1993
 دارات ذاكرة، فرانكفورت أم ماين 1995
 Anis-o-trop، هامبورغ 1997
 أسفار تحت جفون العيون، كلاغينفورت 1999
 خلايا مستأجرة لأجل اللّيل، ميونيخ 2001
 أبو الهول المزرورق، برلين 2002 (بالاشتراك مع لوتار زيروزت)
 البائنة، ميونيخ 2002
 Hot Dogs، ميونيخ 2004
 البرق المدبب، ميونيخ 2005
 ألعاب، ميونيخ 2005
 دارات ذاكرة، إعادة صياغة، ميونيخ 2008
 أمكنة ملموسة، ميونيخ 2008

وصلات خارجية

لقراءة شعرها: باللغة العربية

مصادر
موقع دريسنر دوت دي إي

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
شاعرات ألمانيات
كاتبات ألمانيات
مواليد 1962
مواليد في ميونخ

أولريكه دريسنر


Milano-Torino 2018 var den 99. udgave af cykelløbet Milano-Torino. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour-kalenderen og blev arrangeret 10. oktober 2018. Løbet blev vundet af franske Thibaut Pinot fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
Jakob Fuglsang kørte for
Mikkel Frølich Honoré kørte for
Niklas Eg kørte for

Resultater

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Milano-Torino 2018


معركة نورماندي أو حملة نورماندي من الممكن أن تعني:
 عملية أوفرلورد - حملة الحلفاء الغربية في فرنسا من 6 يونيو - 25 أغسطس 1944.
 غزو نورماندي، أو "عملية نيبتون" - الجزء المبدأي من أوفرلورد ، من 6 يونيو لمنتصف يوليو 1944.
 إنزالات نورماندي، يوم 6 يونيو 1944.
 عملية كوبرا، الخروج من نورماندي ، بدءاً من 25 يوليو 1944.

فرنسا في 1944
عمليات ألمانيا العسكرية في الحرب العالمية الثانية
عملية أوفرلورد
معارك وعمليات الولايات المتحدة في الحرب العالمية الثانية

حملة نورماندي (توضيح)


Insomnia (titlu original: Before I Wake, cunoscut și ca Somnia) este un film american din 2016 regizat de Mike Flanagan. Este creat în genurile thriller de groază. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Kate Bosworth, Thomas Jane și Jacob Tremblay. Scenariul este scris de Mike Flanagan și Jeff Howard.

Prezentare

După ce băiețelul lor a decedat, un cuplu înfiază un copil orfan. Dar acesta are o abilitate specială: visele și coșmarurile sale se manifestă fizic, în realitate.

Distribuție

Producție
Filmările au început la 11 noiembrie 2013, în Fairhope, Alabama. La 12 decembrie, au fost făcute filmări la Academia Barton. Filmările au fost finalizate la 16 decembrie 2013. Coloana sonoră a fost creată de Danny Elfman și The Newton Brothers.

Lansare și primire
A avut încasări de 3,3 milioane $.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și

Filme din 2016
Filme americane
Filme în limba engleză
Filme regizate de Mike Flanagan
Filme de groază din anii 2010
Filme thriller din anii 2010
Filme Netflix
Filme Intrepid Pictures
Filme Relativity Media
Filme de fantezie întunecată

Insomnia (film)


El Castillo de la Universidad de Boston es una mansión propiedad de la Universidad de Boston, ubicado en la bahía de carreteras del Estado.

El castillo fue construido originalmente como residencia de William Lindsey (1858-1922), un prominente empresario de Boston que hizo su fortuna con un sistema patentado de cartuchos de correas del Ejército británico utilizados durante la Guerras de los Bóeres. Los planos fueron elaborados en 1904 y se terminó la construcción en 1915 a un costo de más de 500.000 dólares.

Poco después de la terminación del edificio, la hija mayor de Lindsey se casó en la mansión, aunque ella y su esposo más tarde serían asesinados en su luna de miel, después de que el barco fue torpedeado por un submarino alemán. Lindsey desconsolada, más tarde construyó el magnífico Lindsey Leslie Memorial Chapel en la Iglesia Emmanuel de Newbury Street en memoria de su hija.

Galería

Véase también
 Castillo
 Palacio

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial del castillo

Castillos de Estados Unidos
C

Castillo de la Universidad de Boston


Taarof, T'aarof, Ta'aruf oder Tarof (persisch: تعارف, von arabisch: التعارف, al-taarof, 'Kennenlernen') ist eine zeremonielle Höflichkeitsform in der persischen bzw. iranischen Alltagskultur, die das gesellschaftliche und soziale Miteinander bestimmt und das Verhalten untereinander in der täglichen Interaktion von Iranern prägt. Durch Taarof, eine Art den eigenen Willen zu verleugnen, um dem Gegenüber zu gefallen und gleichzeitig dem Gegenüber ein gutes Gefühl zu geben bzw. Anerkennung zuteilwerden zu lassen, kann in der Interaktion zwischen zwei Personen die gegenseitige Verpflichtung und soziale Rolle in der Aktion bestimmt werden. Höflichkeit, Ehrerbietungen, Angebot und Übergabe materieller Werte sowie Gefälligkeiten sind wesentliche Merkmale von Taarof. Taarof kann sowohl eine linguistische Ebene als auch eine aktive Handlungsebene beinhalten. Oberflächlich betrachtet wirkt Taarof wie eine übertriebene Form der orientalischen Höflichkeit, die oft von Außenstehenden missverstanden werden kann. Eine verbreitete Beschreibung von Taarof ist die einer zeremoniellen Unaufrichtigkeit. Taarof ist ein universelles iranisches Kulturphänomen und unabhängig von Religion, Weltanschauung, ethnischer Zugehörigkeit oder Sprache. Taarof und die daraus resultierende sprachliche Mehrdeutigkeit und Höflichkeit prägen die iranischen Sprachen und den Alltag.

Soziale und kulturelle Grundlagen

Die iranische Gesellschaft zeichnet sich durch eine stark hierarchisch geprägte Sozialstruktur aus. Dies begründet sich in der geschichtlichen Entwicklung als eine semifeudal und aristokratisch geprägte Gesellschaft, in der soziale Ränge zum Hauptaspekt der Rollenfindung in der zwischenmenschlichen Interaktion werden. Der soziale Status wird bestimmt durch eine Reihe von Faktoren, wie Abstammung, Besitz, Macht, aber auch Alter oder Bildung, sowie religiöse Faktoren wie Haddsch oder besondere Frömmigkeit. Da der hieraus entstehende soziale Rang des Einzelnen stets neu bestimmt wird, je nachdem, mit wem er interagiert, ist er dynamisch. Taarof ist ein universelles iranisches Kulturphänomen und unabhängig von Religion, Weltanschauung, ethnischer Zugehörigkeit oder Sprache. Alltägliche Taarofhandlungen, wie das Offenhalten von Türen und Bestehen darauf, nach dem Gegenüber hindurch zu gehen oder das Anbieten von Ehrungen und Komplimenten durchziehen das iranische Leben im Alltag. Taarof wird oftmals als eine zeremonielle Unaufrichtigkeit beschrieben, die jedoch nicht böswillig geschieht. Vielmehr liegt dem der Wunsch nach höflicher Gestik und Erhöhung des Gegenüber zugrunde. Loeb kennzeichnet als wesentliche vier Kennzeichen von Taarof Höflichkeit, das Zeremoniell, das Angebot und die Übergabe. William Beeman beschreibt Taarof als aktive ritualisierte Verwirklichung sozialer Ränge.

Es ergeben sich grundsätzlich zwei Interaktionsmöglichkeiten, eine gleichgestellte Interaktion und eine nicht gleichgestellte, die sich im jeweils anderen Verhalten der Beteiligten widerspiegelt. In der nicht gleichgestellten Interaktion unterscheidet sich die Herangehensweise danach, ob die Kommunikation vom Niedriger- zum Höhergestellten oder umgekehrt verläuft. Da der soziale Rang immer abhängig vom Gegenüber ist und situativ neu bestimmt wird, müssen die Beteiligten alle Varianten der Interaktion und des daraus resultierenden Taarof beherrschen. Curzon beschrieb 1892 seine diesbezügliche Beobachtung als Phänomen, dass dieselbe Person je nach sozialem Kontext und Interaktionspartner hochmütig oder unterwürfig auftreten würde. Das Reflektieren und die Einhaltung der sozialen Ränge sowie das korrekte Verhalten innerhalb dieser Rollen sind für die Beteiligten sowohl ethisch als auch durch soziale Normen und Etikette gesteuert. Eine Verletzung derselben würde für die jeweilige Person einen Gesichtsverlust bedeuten, die Einhaltung derselben dient der Gesichtswahrung und Ehrvermehrung. Das Vortäuschen abweichender sozialer Ränge zum Erreichen bestimmter strategischer Ziele ist hierbei ein oft verwendetes Mittel. Fliegt es auf, ist es mit Gesichtsverlust verbunden, gelingt es, gilt es als besonders clever.

Die Unsicherheit und Instabilität sozialer Ränge und Verflechtungen sowie die Unklarheit über Absichten und strategische Interaktionsziele des Gegenüber führt zu einer grundsätzlich misstrauischen Grundhaltung gegenüber Personen außerhalb des direkten persönlichen Umfelds im Iran. Nur in engen persönlichen Beziehungen innerhalb von Familien und dem direkten Umfeld sind soziale Ränge über längere Zeit stabil und die Absichten des Gegenüber berechenbar.

Strategische Aspekte

Im sozial streng reglementierten Umgang miteinander kann Taarof zur Durchsetzung bestimmter strategischer Ziele verwendet werden. Während die nicht gleichgestellte Interaktion immer eine "von unten nach oben" oder "von oben nach unten" Richtung aufweist, die eine unterschiedliche Herangehensweise erfordert, ist eine gleichgestellte Interaktion gekennzeichnet von rangmäßig horizontaler Interaktion. Diese ist gekennzeichnet durch den Aufbau von interessensbezogenen Freundschaften, sogenannten dowrehs (Runden), innerhalb derer Höflichkeiten, Freundschaftsdienste und materielle Werte sowie gegenseitige Gefallen im Rahmen von partibazi (Parteinahme bis hin zu offener Vetternwirtschaft und Nepotismus) erfolgen. Dieses Verhalten gilt im Iran auch keinesfalls als anrüchig, sondern als ganz normal und legitim. Materielle Werte im Sinne von Taarof können Kleinigkeiten wie Speisen und Getränke aber auch großzügige Geldgeschenke zu besonderen Anlässen wie Hochzeiten sein.

Bei nicht gleichgestellten Interaktionen verfolgen die Beteiligten unterschiedliche Ziele. Während der ranghöhere Beteiligte eine Verpflichtung zu Großzügigkeit und Gewährung von Gefallen und Werte im Sinne eines Noblesse oblige empfindet, sind seine Bitten von Anordnungscharakter, jedoch ohne sprachlich zu einem Befehl zu werden. Der rangniedere Beteiligte empfindet seine Aktivitäten als Verpflichtung dem Ranghöheren gegenüber und formuliert seine Bitten im Sinne von Petitionen als Bittsteller. Materielle Gaben, wie das Anbieten von Speisen werden als selbstverständliche Verpflichtung im Sinne eines Tributes angeboten.

Man kann durch Taarof auf verschiedene Weise ehrvoll handeln, wenn Gefälligkeiten oder Gaben angeboten werden:

 Man akzeptiert die Gabe oder den Gefallen von einem Ranghöheren nach sehr großem Protest letztendlich doch.
 Man leitet das Angebot einer Gabe oder eines Gefallens um an einen Ranghöheren, der schließlich akzeptiert.
 Man bietet eine angebotene Gabe oder Gefälligkeit einem Rangniederen an. Nimmt er sie an, gewinnt man durch die gezeigte Großzügigkeit an Ehre, lehnt er final ab, kann man die Gabe oder Gefälligkeit annehmen, ohne als gierig zu gelten.

Je nach strategischem Ziel der Interaktion kann es für die Beteiligten sinnvoller sein, sich rangmäßig unterzuordnen, um sein Gegenüber in eine ranghöhere Position zu bringen, in der die Nichterfüllung einer Bitte nicht ohne Gesichtsverlust möglich ist. Eine andere Variante ist, mit Hilfe eines Dritten den eigenen Rang so hoch anzusetzen, dass die Erfüllung von Wünschen vom Gegenüber als obligat verpflichtend angesehen wird. Das soziale Spiel bei der Findung der Rangordnung kann sehr ausgeklügelt sein und von linguistischen Feinheiten und Finessen durchzogen, die dem ungeübten Ohr als reiner Austausch von Höflichkeit erscheinen. Diese Ausnutzung der Rangfindungsphase zur Vortäuschung eines falschen sozialen Rangs, um daraus Vorteile zu ziehen, wird als Zerangi (Cleverness) bezeichnet und kann, geschickt in Verhandlungen verwendet, ebenfalls ehrvoll und hoch angesehen sein.

Das Anbieten von Gaben, auch wenn diese nicht tatsächlich angeboten werden sollen, ist Teil des sprachlichen und kulturellen Miteinander. Die erste Antwort nach einem Preis bei Gütern oder Dienstleistungen lautet daher oft "Ghabeleh shoma ra nadareh" (Wörtlich: "Es ist Ihrer nicht würdig", Es ist umsonst für Sie). Erst nach ausreichendem Protest wird ein Preis genannt. Es erfordert ausreichend Kenntnis der linguistischen Feinheiten der Sprache, um ab einem gewissen Punkt erkennen zu können, ob ein Angebot ernsthaft gemeint ist. Die Frage, ob es nur Taarof oder ein ernsthaftes Angebot sei ("Taarof nist?" Ist [es] kein Taarof?) gehört zum normalen Miteinander, wobei oftmals auch diese Frage im Rahmen von Taarof einfach bejaht wird. Oberflächlich betrachtet wirkt Taarof dadurch wie eine übertriebene Form von orientalischer Höflichkeit, die von Außenstehenden missverstanden werden kann. Die Feinheiten von Taarof beinhalten teilweise ausgesprochen blumige und kunstvolle Redewendungen und geben in ihrer Mehrdeutigkeit den iranischen Sprachen eine deutliche und typische Prägung. Zusammen mit der generellen Höflichkeit und Gastfreundschaft als prägende Elemente der iranischen Kultur sind sie wesentliches Merkmal des iranischen Alltagslebens und erschweren zusätzlich das Erkennen der Ernsthaftigkeit eines Angebotes.

Linguistische Aspekte

Die persische Sprache kennt neben den zeitlichen Konjugationsformen auch eine reflexive Konjugation, mit der sich der Sprecher in der Interaktion mit anderen selbst herabsetzen oder das Gegenüber erhöhen kann. Das Spiel mit feinen Nuancen der Sprache ermöglicht dem Sprecher sehr kunstvolle und blumige Metaphern zu verwenden und mit ihnen zu punkten. Auch die Interaktion von oben nach unten bedient sich dabei ausgesuchter Höflichkeit, ist weniger selbst herabsetzend, sondern eher gönnerhaft und das Gegenüber erhöhend.

Taarof-typische Konjugationen von Verben beinhalten immer je nach Richtung der Kommunikation eine selbstherabsetzende oder das Gegenüber erhöhende Option.
Beispielsweise wird das Verb goftan (Persisch: گُفْتَن, sagen) bei selbstreferentieller Verwendung in selbst herabsetzender Weise zu arz kardan (عرض کردن, respektvoll erwähnen/sagen), bei Sätzen, die das Gegenüber betreffen, jedoch das Gegenüber erhöhend zu farmudan (فرمودن, Befehlen). Im ungleichen Dialog zwischen zwei Personen wäre der Ablauf wie folgt:

 Person A sagt etwas.
 Person B fragt nach: "Ce farmudid?" (Wörtlich in etwa: Was befahlt Ihr?)
 Person A antwortet: "Arz kardam ke …" (Wörtlich etwa: Ich erwähnte respektvoll, dass …)

Die Kommunikation zwischen gleichgestellten Interaktionspartnern würde ohne selbst herabsetzende oder den Gegenüber erhöhende Elemente auskommen, und liefe wie folgt ab:

 Person A sagt etwas.
 Person B fragt nach: "Ce gofti?" (Was sagtest Du?)
 Person A antwortet: "Goftam ke …" (Ich sagte, dass …)

Einfaches Beispiel
Es wird eine Einladung zum Essen ausgesprochen, obwohl der Kühlschrank leer ist und man eigentlich keine Zeit hat. Der Taarof kennende Eingeladene würde dann dankend ablehnen.

Anschauungsbeispiele

Einzelnachweise

Kultur (Iran)
Umgangsform
Persische Phrase
Wikipedia:Artikel mit Video

Taarof


Des élections municipales partielles ont lieu en 1975 en France.

Bilan

Résultats en nombre de maires

Élections

Arras (Pas-de-Calais)

La Garenne-Colombes (Hauts-de-Seine)

Grenade (Haute-Garonne)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

1975
France, municipales
1975 en France

Élections municipales partielles françaises de 1975


Pottþétt 9 er geislaplata sem kom út árið 1997 og tilheyrir Pottþétt safninu þ.e. safnplötum sem innihéldu vinsælustu löginn á hverju tímabili fyrir sig. Upphaf platnanna má rekja til útgáfufyrirtækjanna Spors og Skífunnar, þar sem bæði fyrirtækin komu sínu vinsælasta efni að. Fyrsta Pottþétt platan kom út árið 1995 en gjarnan komu út þrjár safnplötur á ári.

Hljómplötur gefnar út árið 1997

Pottþétt 9


" die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebenen " (usual English translation: "On the Number of Primes Less Than a Given Magnitude") is a seminal 9-page paper by Bernhard Riemann published in the November 1859 edition of the Monatsberichte der Königlich Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin.

Overview
This paper studies the prime-counting function using analytic methods. Although it is the only paper Riemann ever published on number theory, it contains ideas which influenced thousands of researchers during the late 19th century and up to the present day. The paper consists primarily of definitions, heuristic arguments, sketches of proofs, and the application of powerful analytic methods; all of these have become essential concepts and tools of modern analytic number theory.

Among the new definitions, ideas, and notation introduced:
The use of the Greek letter zeta (ζ) for a function previously mentioned by Euler
The analytic continuation of this zeta function ζ(s) to all complex s ≠ 1
The entire function ξ(s), related to the zeta function through the gamma function (or the Π function, in Riemann's usage)
The discrete function J(x) defined for x ≥ 0, which is defined by J(0) = 0 and J(x) jumps by 1/n at each prime power pn. (Riemann calls this function f(x).)

Among the proofs and sketches of proofs:
Two proofs of the functional equation of ζ(s)
Proof sketch of the product representation of ξ(s)
Proof sketch of the approximation of the number of roots of ξ(s) whose imaginary parts lie between 0 and T.

Among the conjectures made:
The Riemann hypothesis, that all (nontrivial) zeros of ζ(s) have real part 1/2. Riemann states this in terms of the roots of the related ξ function,  That is,  (He was discussing a version of the zeta function, modified so that its roots are real rather than on the critical line.)

New methods and techniques used in number theory:
Functional equations arising from automorphic forms
Analytic continuation (although not in the spirit of Weierstrass)
Contour integration
Fourier inversion.

Riemann also discussed the relationship between ζ(s) and the distribution of the prime numbers, using the function J(x) essentially as a measure for Stieltjes integration. He then obtained the main result of the paper, a formula for J(x), by comparing with ln(ζ(s)). Riemann then found a formula for the prime-counting function (x) (which he calls F(x)). He notes that his equation explains the fact that (x) grows more slowly than the logarithmic integral, as had been found by Carl Friedrich Gauss and Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt.

The paper contains some peculiarities for modern readers, such as the use of Π(s − 1) instead of Γ(s), writing tt instead of t2, and using the bounds of ∞ to ∞ as to denote a contour integral.

References

External links
Riemann's manuscript
Ueber die Anzahl der Primzahlen unter einer gegebener Grösse (transcription of Riemann's article)
On the Number of Prime Numbers less than a Given Quantity (English translation of Riemann's article)

1859 documents
Analytic number theory
Mathematics papers
1859 in science
Works originally published in German magazines
Works originally published in science and technology magazines
Bernhard Riemann


La Guyana Football Federation (GFF) National Super League fue la primera división de fútbol en Guyana, es organizada por la Federación de Fútbol de Guyana.

El campeonato se jugaba con un sistema de todos contra todos a 2 vueltas, el equipo campeón tiene como premio el formar parte en el Campeonato de Clubes de la CFU.

La liga se jugó por última vez en la temporada 2014/15 luego de que la Federación de Fútbol de Guyana creara la GFF Elite League en el año 2015.

Equipos para la Temporada 2014/15

Palmarés

Títulos por club

Véase también
 Copa de Guyana
 Selección de fútbol de Guyana
 GFF Elite League

Enlaces externos
 Guyana - List of Champions
 Página de la GFF
 Temporada 2012

Guyana
Fútbol en Guyana

GFF Superliga


Pjevajte Gospodu pjesmu novu je hrvatska crkvena pjesmarica za liturgijsku glazbu. Liturgijska pjesmarica izdana je odobrenjem biskupske konferencije. Izdaju ju Institut za crkvenu glazbu KBF u Zagrebu i HKD sv. Ćirila i Metoda.<ref name="Pjevajte">Portal za župnu katehezu Pjevajte gospodinu pjesmu novu: hrvatska liturgijska pjesmarica. Izdanje »SV. CECILIJE«, časopisa za duhovnu glazbu. Zagreb, 2010.</ref> Doživjela je nekoliko izdanja, počevši od 1985. godine.

 Namjena
Namijenjena je puku (župnim, sjemenišnim i samostanskim zajednicama) kao glavni glazbeni priručnik za liturgijsko slavlje Euharistije, sakramenata i blagoslovina kroz blagdane i vremena crkvene godine; za pučke i privatne pobožnosti, hodočašća, kateheze i obiteljska slavlja. Usvaja zdrava načela hrvatskih cecilijanaca te želi dati svoj prilog ostvarivanju obnove bogoslužja na polju glazbe.

 Povijest
Prvo izdanje priredila je Komisija imenovana od BKJ na Institutu za crkvenu glazbu KBF u Zagrebu. Izdana je odobrenjem BKJ br. 2/BK - 83 od 10. siječnja 1983. Odgovorni urednik je mo. Anđelko Milanović, glavni urednik je mo. Izak Špralja, liturgijski urednik je dr. Vladimir Zagorac te tehnički urednici
Josip Korpar i mo. Ante Krešo Samardžić. Izdanje je »SV. CECILIJE«, časopisa za duhovnu glazbu, a suizdavači su
Institut za crkvenu glazbu KBF u Zagrebu i Hrvatsko književno društvo sv. Ćirila i Metoda u Zagrebu. Izdana je na Bogojavljenje u Zagrebu 1985. godine. Uz Pavlinsku pjesmaricu, Cithara octochorda, Pjesmarica Đure Vejkovića te Hrvatski crkveni kantual, koji su i danas biseri hrvatskog duhovnog nasljeđa, Pjevajte Gospodu pjesmu novu pridružila se tom nizu. Sve su odraz bogate tradicije hrvatskoga crkvenog pučkog pjevanja što pokazuje koliko je važan čimbenik kulturnoga i duhovnog bića Hrvata.

 Sadržaj
Priređene Ponuđene jedinice prireditelj je napravio uglavnom za jednoglasno i dvoglasno pučko pjevanje. Manja količina građe namijenjena je troglasnom, odnosno četveroglasnom mješovitom zboru, odnosno puku i zboru. Priređivač je nakanio ponuditi što više jedinica iz hrvatske liturgijsko-glazbene baštine te novonastale skladbe skladane za obnovljeno bogoslužje na materinskom hrvatskom jeziku. Izbor skladba obuhvaća prikladne tekstovno-glazbene oblike za bogoslužje: psalme, himne, popijevke, antifone itd. Sukladno odrednicama Drugoga vatikanskog sabora, izabrane glazbene jedinice obogaćane su jednostavnim gregorijanskim napjevima, koji su tradicionalno pjevanje opće Crkve rimskog obreda, te napjevima hrvatskoga liturgijskoga glazbenog folklora, tradicionalnog pjevanja Crkve u Hrvata.

Jedinice su u načelu poredane ovim redom, osim ponekad, kad je radi praktičnosti malo promijenjen poredak da bi jedinice koje se odnose na isti blagdan ili isto otajstvo bile zajedno:
 liturgijski tekstovi Misala, Časoslova i Obrednika;
 psalmi za slobodnu uporabu;
 himni;
 popijevke.

Većina napjeva ima instrumentalni uvod i zaključnu kadencu. Dio predigra i završetaka skladatelji su priredili za Novu crkvenu pjesmaricu i za Pjevajte Gospodu pjesmu novu, a dio je preuzet iz zbirke Predigre za orgulje ili harmonij pučkim popijevkama Hrvatskog crkvenog kantuala'' Albe Vidakovića iz 1969., odnosno iz zbirka crkvenih popjevaka. Neke jedinice nemaju predigru ni završetak. Jedina uloga predložena instrumentalnog uvoda kod otpjevnih psalama i poklika (npr. aleluja) jest intonacija i ne ponavlja se tijekom izvođenja. Izmjenično pjevanje obilno je zastupljeno.

Liturgijski tekstovi uzimaju se za blagdane ili dane za koje su određeni. Skladane ulazna pjesma i pričesne pjesme nedjelja kroz godinu mogu se rabiti i za neku drugu nedjelju istoga vremena. Bilo koje nedjelje ili svagdana pojedinih vremena mogu se uzeti zajednički otjevni psalmi tih vremena. Himni su primarno komponirani za slaviti Časoslov, zbog čega ih treba uzimati u časovima molitve za koje su određeni. Može ih se uporabiti i za misne pjesme (ulazna, prinosna, pričesna ili zahvalna pjesma nakon pričesti) u vremenu kojem pripadaju. Za ine liturgijske čine poput sakramenata i blagoslovina također ih se može uzeti i baš za takvu uporabu su probrani neki tekstovi himana. Popijevke su odobrene za liturgijsku uporabu. Može ih se rabiti kao ulazne, darovne i pričesne pjesme u liturgijskom vremenu za koje su određene ili kao pjesme u slavljenju sakramenata i blagoslovina, ako su sadržajem prikladne za to. Ispred himana navedeni psalmi kao pjesme izjednačuju se u uporabi s popijevkama.

Dodatak sadrži popijevke koji ne zadovoljavaje kriterijima za liturgijsku uporabu, ali mogu služiti u neliturgijskim slavljima: pučkim i privatnim pobožnostima, hodočašćima, katehetskim i obiteljskim slavljima.

Harmonizacija napjeva
U izdanju iz 1983. predloženo dvoglasje dionice, nagovijestilo je novu harmonizacijsku obradu većeg dijela hrvatskih dotadašnjih liturgijskih popjevaka. U izdanju iz 2010. zadržane su harmonizacije napjeva iz prethodnih zbirka u onim jedinicama u kojima je napjev predložen u jednoglasju, tj. kad je slučaj da je isti autor napjeva i harmonizacije pa je bila moguća harmonijska prilagodba.

Pri instrumentalnoj pratnji pučkog pjevanja, mora se razlikovati gregorijanske napjeve od pučkih popjevaka. Prve se mora redovito pratiti tišim registrima jer time napjev dolazi do puna izražaja, dok harmonijska pratnja tek podržava napjev. Punijom zvučnošću glazbala prati se pučke popijevke da bi do puna izražaja došli i napjev i harmonijsko suzvučje koje daje nužni sjaj i poticaj pučkom pjevanju.

Voditelj pjevanja (orguljaš/ica), harmonijskom se pratnjom služi imajući u vidu različita doba liturgijske godine, odnosno različita slavlja, repertoar popjevaka te način pjevanja zajednice vjernika u kojoj predvodi liturgijsko pjevanje. Odnosno, valja prilagoditi sviranje liturgijskom »trenutku«.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 PGPN na stranicama Varaždinske biskupije
 PGPN na stranicama Hrvatskoga društva crkvenih glazbenika
 PGPN u Internet Archive

Hrvatske crkvene pjesmarice

Pjevajte Gospodu pjesmu novu


Thames est une petite localité dans la province de Buenos Aires, en Argentine. Elle est située dans le partido d'Adolfo Alsina.

Géographie
Thames se situe à  au sud-ouest de Buenos Aires et à  au nord-ouest de Carhué, chef-lieu du partido. La localité est proche de la frontière entre la province de Buenos Aires et la province de La Pampa (environ ). Aucun cours d'eau ne traverse Thames.

Transports
La localité est reliée à Villa Maza et Rivera par le chemin provincial secondaire 001-07. Thames disposait d'une liaison ferroviaire avec Catriló et Rivera par le Chemin de fer Domingo Faustino Sarmiento (ligne Huinca Renancó-General Pico-Catriló-Darregueira).

Toponymie
Le nom de la localité rend hommage à José Ignacio Thames (), un des signataires de la déclaration d'indépendance de l'Argentine.

Histoire

La gare de la localité est inaugurée en 1908.

Population et société

Thames comptait  en 2001, mais a été considérée comme population rurale dispersée durant le recensement de 2010. Elle dépend de la délégation municipale de Villa Maza, représentée par Fernando Volpe.

On trouve une école à Thames. Après la fermeture de la gare dans les années 1970, le village s'est fortement dépeuplé et de nombreux commerces et services ont fermé.

Économie

Sports

Football

Culture et loisirs

Patrimoine culturel et touristique

 Ancienne gare de la localité, inaugurée en 1908.

Personnalités

Notes et références

Liens externes
  Carte détaillée de la province de Buenos Aires
  Site officiel du partido d'Adolfo Alsina, section dédiée à Villa Maza, dont dépend Thames
  site officiel du partido.
 Coordonnées :

Ville dans la province de Buenos Aires
Division administrative fondée en 1908

Thames (Buenos Aires)


Marcel Langiller (f. 2. júní 1908 - 25. desember 1980) var franskur knattspyrnumaður sem keppti með franska landsliðinu um tíu ára skeið, þar á meðal í fyrstu heimsmeistarakeppninni árið 1930.

Ævi og ferill
Langiller fæddist í Charenton-le-Pont, úthverfi Parísar árið 1908. Hann hóf sem táningur að leika með CA Paris-Charenton og átti félagið eftir að fylgja honum alla tíð. Árið 1928 komst liðið alla leið í úrslit franska bikarsins en tapaði þar fyrir Parísarliðinu Red Star, sem kunnast er fyrir að vera stofnað af fótboltafrumkvöðlinum Jules Rimet.

Sumarið 1928 gekk Lagiller til liðs við Langiller til liðs við Excelsior AC frá Roubaix og lék þar til 1933. Hann kvaddi með því að tryggja félaginu sinn fyrsta og eina titil með sigri á nágrönnunum og erkifjendunum í RC Roubaix í bikarúrslitunum þar sem Lagiller var meðal markaskorara. Næst lá leið hans til Red Star í eina leiktíð, þar sem Rauða stjarnan fór með sigur af hólmi í 2. deild og komst á ný í deild þeirra bestu. Frá 1935-37 lék Langiller með AS Saint-Étienne uns hann sneri aftur til uppeldisfélagsins til að ljúka ferlinum.

Landsleikir Lagiller urðu 30 á árabilinu 1927 til 1937. Mörkin urðu sjö, þar af tvö á móti Englandi, sem þótti sérstakt keppikefli á þessum árum. Hann var meðal leikmanna Frakka í knattspyrnukeppni ÓL 1928 þar sem liðið mátti sætta sig við að fara heim eftir tap í fyrsta leik gegn Ítölum.

Frakkar voru meðal örfárra Evrópuþjóða sem létu sig hafa ferðalagið langa á heimsmeistarakeppnina í Úrúgvæ 1930. Frakkland mætti Mexíkó í opnunarleik þar sem Lagillier skoraði eitt mark og hafði áður lagt upp fyrsta mark HM-sögunnar fyrir félaga sinn Lucien Laurent. Sigurinn í fyrsta leiknum dugði þó skammt því Frakkar töpuðu næstu tveimur leikjum og féllu úr keppni. Lagillier var ekki í landsliðshópnum á HM 1934.

Að síðari heimsstyrjöldinni lokinni hélt Lagillier áfram að starfa fyrir CA Paris-Charenton sem átti í vaxandi fjárhagserfiðleikum. Hann var stjórnarformaður félagsins árið 1963 þegar það þurfti að taka þá erfiðu ákvörðun að hætta atvinnuknattspyrnu og skrá félagið sem áhugamannalið. Lagillier lést í París árið 1980, 72 ára að aldri.

Heimildir

Franskir knattspyrnumenn

Marcel Langiller


වසර  607 (DCVII) යනු ජූලියානු දින දසුන ප්‍රකාර,   ඉරිදා දිනයකින් ඇරඹෙන සාමාන්‍ය අවුරුද්දක් (බැඳිය විසින් මුළු දින දසුන දක්වනු ඇත) විය. මෙම වසර සඳහා 607 යන නාමය භාවිත වීම ඇරඹුනේ මුල් මධ්‍යතන යුගයේදී, වසර නම් කිරීම සඳහා යුරෝපයේ ප්‍රචලිත භාවයට පත් ක්‍රමය ලෙසින් ක්‍රිස්තු වර්ෂ දින දසුන් යුගය ඇරඹීම හා සමගය.

ග්‍රෙගරි දිනදසුනේ අවුරුදු

607


Crkva Gospe od Dobrića u Splitu grkokatolička je sakralna građevina koja se nalazi nedaleko od Voćnog trga na adresi Dobrić 2.

Opis dobra
Podigao ju je u neoromaničkom stilu 1868. godine kanonik Ivan Manger, prema nacrtima arhitekta Emila Vechiettija. Nalazi se u predjelu Dobrić koji je ime dobio po izvoru pitke ( "dobre") vode u neposrednoj blizini crkve. Prilagodivši se urbanističkim datostima jugozapadnoga dijela grada, sjeverno i istočno pročelje crkve sljubljeno je sa susjednim zgradama. Na mramornom oltaru iz 1877. nalazi se ikona Gospe Kliške koja je u stariju crkvu (koja se nalazila na mjestu današnje, zbog čega se i nova crkva naziva uskočkom crkvom) donesena nakon pada tvrđave Klis 1537. godine. Crkva je obnovljena 1987. godine.

Nakon više godina povremenog bosloslužja crkva je 2021. dana na stalnu upotrebu Križevačkoj eparhiji, nakon čega je u njoj osnovana grkokatolička Župa Krista Spasitelja te se u toj crkvi gotovo svakodnevno odvija bogoslužje po istočnom obredu.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3422 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificiranog kao sakralna graditeljska baština.

Izvori

Literatura

 Vilogorac, Inga, Splitske crkve, Spomenička baština, Ex libris, Split-Zagreb, 2005.

Gospa od Dobrića
Gospa od Dobrića
Gospa od Dobrića

Crkva Gospe od Dobrića


As competições de hipismo nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023 em Santiago, Chile, estão sendo realizadas de 22 de outubro a 3 de novembro de 2023 na Escola de Equitação Regimiento Granaderos, em Quillota. Eventos nas disciplinas de adestramento, CCE e saltos, cada uma com um evento individual e um por equipes, serão realizados.

Todas as três disciplinas servem como qualificação para os Jogos Olímpicos de 2024 em Paris, na França.

Qualificação

Um total de 150 vagas para cavaleiros e amazonas (44 no adestramento, 46 no CCE e 60 nos saltos) estavam disponíveis para classificação. Um máximo de 12 competidores poderiam competir por um Comitê Olímpico Nacional entre todos os eventos (máximo de quatro por disciplina), onde se classificaram através de diversos eventos qualificatórios e pelos respectivos rankings.

Nações participantes
Um total de 25 CONs qualificaram ginetes nas competições de hipismo, com o número de competidores representado em parênteses.

Medalhistas

Quadro de medalhas

Ver também
Hipismo nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2024

2023
Hipismo
Pan-Americanos

Hipismo nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 2023


Oscilator armonic se poate referi la:

 Oscilator armonic (în mecanica clasică)
 Oscilatorul armonic liniar (cuantic)
 Oscilatorul armonic liniar cuantic (metoda algebrică)
 Oscilatorul armonic liniar cuantic (metoda analitică)
 Oscilatorul armonic liniar cuantic (metoda polinomială)

Vezi și
 Oscilator electronic.

Oscilator armonic (dezambiguizare)


Maurice Cliquennois, né le  à Emmerin (Nord) et mort le  à Rochefort (Charente-Maritime),  est un clarinettiste français.

Biographie
Maurice Cliquennois a étudié au conservatoire de Paris en même temps que Henri Druart (1935).

On lui attribue un son typé  propre à l'école française de clarinette qu'il perpétue au sein de l'Orchestre National de France.

Il crée le concerto pour clarinette et orchestre de Pierre Wissmer le 25 juin 1962 avec l'Orchestre National de France sous la direction d'Albert Wolff à l'ORTF.

Il a enregistré avec Fernand Dufrene les Chôro n°2 pour flûte et clarinette d'Heitor Villa-Lobos(15 mai 1958 - EMI C 153 – 14090).

Enregistrements (sélection)
Beethoven : Quintette pour piano et vents en mi bémol majeur, Op. 16 avec Quintette à vent de l'Orchestre national de la Radiodiffusion française, Jean Françaix, Jules Goetgheluck, Maurice Cliquennois, René Plessier, Louis Courtinat (Paris : Pathé Marconi, 1953)
 Heitor Villa-Lobos : Chôro n°2 pour flûte et clarinette avec Fernand Dufrene, (EMI C 153 – 14090, 1958)
 Hector Berlioz : Symphonie fantastique, par l'orchestre National de la RTF dirigé par André Cluytens; Clarinette solo : Maurice Cliquennois (Warner Classics, Enr. 1955)
 Darius Milhaud : 	2 Sketches, Op. 227b (1941) avec Basson – René Plessier, Clarinette – Maurice Cliquennois, Ensemble – Quintette à vent de l' Orchestre National de la Radiodiffusion Française, , Flûte – Fernand Dufrène, Cor – Louis Courtinat, Hautbois – Jules Goetgheluck (UK: Erato, coffret 10 CD, 2014)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Clarinettiste classique français
Naissance en octobre 1913
Naissance dans le département du Nord
Décès à 84 ans
Décès à Rochefort (Charente-Maritime)
Décès en novembre 1997

Maurice Cliquennois


Valeria Volodymyrivna Bondarenko (; ) este o fostă jucătoare de tenis din Ucraina, sora mai mare a jucătoarelor Alona Bondarenko și Kateryna Bondarenko.

În cariera sa, Bondarenko a câștigat opt titluri la dublu. Ca profesionistă, cea mai bună clasare a sa a fost locul 189, câștigat pe 16 august 2004.

Bondarenko s-a retras din tenis în 2008.

Finale ale Federației Internaționale de Tenis

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1982
Jucătoare de tenis ucrainene
Sportivi ucraineni în viață
Oameni din Krivoi Rog

Valeria Bondarenko


Fashion TV, moda kanalıdır. 1996 yılında Fransa'da Michel Adam Lisowski tarafından kurulmuştur. 24 saat boyunca yayın yapmaktadır.

Digiturk
Turkcell TV+
Moda kanalları
1996'da kurulan televizyon kanalları ve istasyonları

Fashion TV


Thomas Attwood (getauft 23. November 1765 in London; † 28. März 1838 ebenda) war ein englischer Komponist und Organist.

Leben
Er studierte in Neapel bei Gaetano Latilla und bis 1787 in Wien bei Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Die Studien, die Attwood bei Mozart absolvierte, sind erhalten und im Rahmen der Neuen Mozart-Ausgabe ediert. 1795 wurde er Organist der St Paul's Cathedral in London und 1796 Hofkomponist. Ab 1821 war er als Organist in verschiedenen Hofämtern tätig. Attwood schrieb 19 Opern klassizistischer Haltung, Orgelwerke und Kammermusik.

Daneben trat er auch als Cellist auf, so bei einem Konzert am 2. März 1796, bei dem auch George Bridgetower und Charles Hague mitwirkten.

Werke
 The Prisoner (J. Rose nach J. M. Boutet de Monvel), musical romance 3 Akte (1792 London)
 The Mariners (S. Birch), musical entertainment 2 Akte  (1793 London)
 The Adopted Child (S. Birch), musical farce 2 Akte (1795 London)
 The Smugglers (S. Birch), musical drama 2 Akte (1796 London)
 The Castle of Sorrento (H. Heartwell), comic opera 2 Akte (1799 London)

Literatur

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Klassik)
Klassischer Organist
Musiker (London)
Komponist (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Schüler von Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Engländer
Brite
Geboren 1765
Gestorben 1838
Mann

Thomas Attwood (Komponist)


Teicoplanina este un antibiotic din clasa glicopeptidelor, fiind utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene. Este alcătuită dintr-un amestec de nouă molecule. Printre infecțiile care pot fi tratate se numără: endocardite, infecții ale oaselor (osteomielite), pneumonie, infecții complicate cutanate și ale țesuturilor moi și colita pseudomembranoasă datorată infectării cu Clostridium difficile, când aceasta nu răspunde la metronidazol (alternativ la vancomicină). Căile de administrare disponibile sunt orală, intravenoasă și intramusculară.

Utilizări medicale

Reacții adverse

Note

Vezi și
 Vancomicină
 Dalbavancină
 Ramoplanină

Antibiotice glicopeptidice

Teicoplanină


Pusling har flere specialiseringer:
 Pusling
 Pusling (film)

Se også
 Gnom
 Pygmæ
 Dværg

Pusling (flertydig)


Van Lottum ist der Name folgender Personen:
 John van Lottum (* 1976), niederländischer Tennisspieler
 Noëlle van Lottum (* 1972), französische Tennisspielerin

Van Lottum


Voronezh Oblast () is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Voronezh. Its population was 2,308,792 as of the 2021 Census.

Geography
Voronezh Oblast borders internally with Belgorod Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Lipetsk Oblast, Tambov Oblast, Saratov Oblast, Volgograd Oblast and Rostov Oblast and internationally with Luhansk Oblast in Ukraine.

Voronezh Oblast is located in the central belt of the European part of Russia, in a very advantageous strategic location, transport links to the site going to the industrial regions of Russia. Within the radius (12 hours of driving 80 km/h) 960 kilometers around Voronezh more than 50% of the population Russia, and 40% in Ukraine live.

The area of the region - 52.4 thousand km2, which is about one third of the whole area of Central Black Earth Region. The length of the region from north to south - 277.5 km, and from west to east - 352 km. Much of the area is steppe, among the predominant soil fertile soil black earth.

Main rivers

The oblast has 738 lakes and ponds in 2408, in 1343 the river flows over 10 km long. The main river is the Don, 530 of its 1,870 km flows through the area, forming a drainage area of 422,000 square kilometers.

Don
Voronezh
Bityug
Khopyor

Climate

The climate in the region is temperate continental, with an average January temperatures of , and with an average July temperatures of . Average annual temperature varies from  in the north to  in the south. Precipitation varies from  in the northwest to  in the southeast.

History
The oblast was established on June 13, 1934.

On 21 May 1998 Voronezh alongside Amur, Ivanovo, Kostroma Oblast, and the Mari El Republic signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy. This agreement would be abolished on 22 February 2002.

Kostyonki, which is located within the Voronezh Oblast, is known for high concentration of cultural remains of anatomically modern humans from the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic era. The first and oldest camp rights in Europe.
A layer of Campanian volcanic ash from about 40,000 years ago has been found above some of the finds, showing that "unknown humans" inhabited the site before this. The earliest directly dated human remains from this site are dated to 32,600 ± 1,100 14C years and consist of tibia and fibula, with traits classifying the bones to European early modern humans.

In 2009, DNA was extracted from the remains of a male hunter-gatherer who lived 40,000 years BP and died aged 20–25.  His maternal lineage was found to be U2. He was buried in an oval pit in a crouched position and covered with red ochre.

Administrative divisions

Economy
The structure of Voronezh Oblast the industrial-agrarian. As part of the industry is dominated by mechanical engineering, power systems engineering, food industry, processing industry of agricultural raw materials, they account for 4/5 of the total volume of industrial output. Industry specialization of the region is the food industry (27%), second place is occupied by engineering and metalworking (23%), third place - power (18%).

Industry of the region specializes in the production of machine tools, oil and gas equipment, rocket engines, metal bridge structures, press-forging and mining equipment, electronic equipment, passenger aircraft Airbus.

The largest companies in the region include Sozvezdie (revenues of $ million in 2017), Molvest (dairy industry; $ million), Voronezhsintezkauchuk (Sibur group; $ million), the Russian branch of COFCO Group ($ million).

Agriculture

Voronezh Oblast is a major supplier of agricultural products.  For the first time in the history of farming region in 2011 produced record crops: sugar beet (factory) - 6,992 thousand. Tons (3.9 times more than in 2010) and sunflower - 1,002 thousand tons (2, 4 times more than in 2010)
2014 Voronezh Oblast ranked first in Russia in terms of gross harvest of potatoes, in farms of all categories have been collected 1.757 million tons of potatoes.

In general, the profile of agriculture - with crops of sunflowers and grain crops, dairy and beef cattle, pigs. Beet, sugar beet industry in Voronezh Oblast in terms of gross production of sugar beets and making sugar beet is one of the largest in the country. In 2014, sugar mills were produced 495.1 ths. tons of sugar.

Milk production in Voronezh Oblast in 2013 increased by 1.8% - up to 755,700 tons. In 2014 it increased by 4.2% to ↗788 000 tons, according to this indicator Voronezh Oblast takes first place in the Central Federal District. Milk yield per cow dairy herd in 2014 increased by 10.9% and amounted to 5545 kg.

Politics

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Voronezh CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Voronezh Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Voronezh Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

Demographics

Population:

Vital statistics for 2022:
Births: 17,272 (7.6 per 1,000)
Deaths: 35,366 (15.5 per 1,000)

Total fertility rate (2022):
1.23 children per woman

Life expectancy (2021):
Total — 69.49 years (male — 64.74, female — 74.26)

Settlements

Religion

According to a 2012 survey 62% of the population of Voronezh Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, and 3.4% are unaffiliated Christians. In addition, 21.5% of the population deems itself to be "spiritual but not religious", 6% is atheist, and 7.1% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.

Notable people
 Pavel Cherenkov, co-recipient of the 1958 Nobel Prize in Physics
 Alexandra Pavlovna Biryukova, 2nd woman appointed to the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

See also
List of Chairmen of the Voronezh Oblast Duma

References

Notes

Sources

External links

 Official website of Voronezh Oblast
Central Eurasian Information Resource: Images of Voronezh Oblast - University of Washington Digital Collections

States and territories established in 1934
1934 establishments in Russia
Oblasts of Russia

Voronezh Oblast