Facial perception is an individual's understanding and interpretation of the face. Here, perception implies the presence of consciousness and hence excludes automated facial recognition systems. Although facial recognition is found in other species, this article focuses on facial perception in humans.

The perception of facial features is an important part of social cognition. Information gathered from the face helps people understand each other's identity, what they are thinking and feeling, anticipate their actions, recognize their emotions, build connections, and communicate through body language. Developing facial recognition is a necessary building block for complex societal constructs. Being able to perceive identity, mood, age, sex, and race lets people mold the way we interact with one another, and understand our immediate surroundings.

Though facial perception is mainly considered to stem from visual intake, studies have shown that even people born blind can learn face perception without vision. Studies have supported the notion of a specialized mechanism for perceiving faces.

Overview
Theories about the processes involved in adult face perception have largely come from two sources; research on normal adult face perception and the study of impairments in face perception that are caused by brain injury or neurological illness.

Bruce & Young model

One of the most widely accepted theories of face perception argues that understanding faces involves several stages: from basic perceptual manipulations on the sensory information to derive details about the person (such as age, gender or attractiveness), to being able to recall meaningful details such as their name and any relevant past experiences of the individual.

This model, developed by Vicki Bruce and Andrew Young in 1986, argues that face perception involves independent sub-processes working in unison.

 A "view centered description" is derived from the perceptual input. Simple physical aspects of the face are used to work out age, gender or basic facial expressions. Most analysis at this stage is on feature-by-feature basis.
 This initial information is used to create a structural model of the face, which allows it to be compared to other faces in memory. This explains why the same person from a novel angle can still be recognized (see Thatcher effect).
The structurally encoded representation is transferred to theoretical "face recognition units" that are used with "personal identity nodes" to identify a person through information from semantic memory. Interestingly, the ability to produce someone's name when presented with their face has been shown to be selectively damaged in some cases of brain injury, suggesting that naming may be a separate process from being able to produce other information about a person.

Traumatic brain injury and neurological illness
Following brain damage, faces can appear severely distorted. A wide variety of distortions can occur – features can droop, enlarge, become discolored, or the entire face can appear to shift relative to the head. This condition is known as prosopometamorphopsia (PMO). In half of the reported cases, distortions are restricted to either the left or the right side of the face, and this form of PMO is called hemi-prosopometamorphopsia (hemi-PMO). Hemi-PMO often results from lesions to the splenium, which connects the right and left hemisphere. In the other half of reported cases, features on both sides of the face appear distorted.

Perceiving facial expressions can involve many areas of the brain, and damaging certain parts of the brain can cause specific impairments in one's ability to perceive a face. As stated earlier, research on the impairments caused by brain injury or neurological illness has helped develop our understanding of cognitive processes. The study of prosopagnosia (an impairment in recognizing faces that is usually caused by brain injury) has been particularly helpful in understanding how normal face perception might work. Individuals with prosopagnosia may differ in their abilities to understand faces, and it has been the investigation of these differences which has suggested that several stage theories might be correct.

Brain imaging studies typically show a great deal of activity in an area of the temporal lobe known as the fusiform gyrus, an area also known to cause prosopagnosia when damaged (particularly when damage occurs on both sides). This evidence has led to a particular interest in this area and it is sometimes referred to as the fusiform face area (FFA) for that reason.

It is important to note that while certain areas of the brain respond selectively to faces, facial processing involves many neural networks which include visual and emotional processing systems. For example, prosopagnosia patients demonstrate neuropsychological support for a specialized face perception mechanism as these people (due to brain damage) have deficits in facial perception, but their cognitive perception of objects remains intact. The face inversion effect provides behavioral support of a specialized mechanism as people tend to have greater deficits in task performance when prompted to react to an inverted face than to an inverted object.

Electrophysiological support comes from the finding that the N170 and M170 responses tend to be face-specific. Neuro-imaging studies such as PET and fMRI studies have shown support for a specialized facial processing mechanism as they have identified regions of the fusiform gyrus that have higher activation during face perception tasks than other visual perception tasks. Theories about the processes involved in adult face perception have largely come from two sources: research on normal adult face perception and the study of impairments in face perception that are caused by brain injury or neurological illness. Novel optical illusions such as the flashed face distortion effect, in which scientific phenomenology outpaces neurological theory, also provide areas for research.

Difficulties in facial emotion processing can also be seen in individuals with traumatic brain injury, in both diffuse axonal injury and focal brain injury.

Early development
Despite numerous studies, there is no widely accepted time-frame in which the average human develops the ability to perceive faces.

Ability to discern faces from other objects
Many studies have found that infants will give preferential attention to faces in their visual field, indicating they can discern faces from other objects.

 While newborns will often show particular interest in faces at around three months of age, that preference slowly disappears, re-emerges late during the first year, and slowly declines once more over the next two years of life.
 While newborns show a preference to faces as they grow older (specifically between one and four months of age) this interest can be inconsistent.
Infants turning their heads towards faces or face-like images suggest rudimentary facial processing capacities.
The re-emergence of interest in faces at three months is likely influenced by a child's motor abilities.

Ability to detect emotion in the face

At around seven months of age, infants show the ability to discern faces by emotion. However, whether they have fully developed emotion recognition is unclear. Discerning visual differences in facial expressions is different to understanding the valence of a particular emotion.

Seven-month-olds seem capable of associating emotional prosodies with facial expressions. When presented with a happy or angry face, followed by an emotionally neutral word read in a happy or angry tone, their event-related potentials follow different patterns. Happy faces followed by angry vocal tones produce more changes than the other incongruous pairing, while there was no such difference between happy and angry congruous pairings. The greater reaction implies that infants held greater expectations of a happy vocal tone after seeing a happy face than an angry tone following an angry face.
By the age of seven months, children are able to recognize an angry or fearful facial expression, perhaps because of the threat-salient nature of the emotion. Despite this ability, newborns are not yet aware of the emotional content encoded within facial expressions.
Infants can comprehend facial expressions as social cues representing the feelings of other people before they are a year old. Seven-month-old infants show greater negative central components to angry faces that are looking directly at them than elsewhere, although the gaze of fearful faces produces no difference. In addition, two event-related potentials in the posterior part of the brain are differently aroused by the two negative expressions tested. These results indicate that infants at this age can partially understand the higher level of threat from anger directed at them. They also showed activity in the occipital areas.

 Five-month-olds, when presented with an image of a fearful expression and a happy expression, exhibit similar event-related potentials for both. However, when seven-month-olds are given the same treatment, they focus more on the fearful face. This result indicates increased cognitive focus toward fear that reflects the threat-salient nature of the emotion. Seven-month-olds regard happy and sad faces as distinct emotive categories.
 By seven months, infants are able to use facial expressions to understand others' behavior. Seven-month-olds look to use facial cues to understand the motives of other people in ambiguous situations, as shown in a study where infants watched the experimenter's face longer if the experimenter took a toy from them and maintained a neutral expression, as opposed to if the experimenter made a happy expression. When infants are exposed to faces, it varies depending on factors including facial expression and eye gaze direction.
 Emotions likely play a large role in our social interactions. The perception of a positive or negative emotion on a face affects the way that an individual perceives and processes that face. A face that is perceived to have a negative emotion is processed in a less holistic manner than a face displaying a positive emotion.
While seven-month-olds have been found to focus more on fearful faces, a study found that "happy expressions elicit enhanced sympathetic arousal in infants" both when facial expressions were presented subliminally and in a way that the infants were consciously aware of the stimulus. Conscious awareness of a stimulus is not connected to an infant's reaction.

Ability to recognize familiar faces
It is unclear when humans develop the ability to recognize familiar faces. Studies have varying results, and may depend on multiple factors (such as continued exposure to particular faces during a certain time period).

Early perceptual experience is crucial to the development of adult visual perception, including the ability to identify familiar people and comprehend facial expressions. The capacity to discern between faces, like language, appears to have broad potential in early life that is whittled down to the kinds of faces experienced in early life.
The neural substrates of face perception in infants are similar to those of adults, but the limits of child-safe imaging technology currently obscure specific information from subcortical areas like the amygdala, which is active in adult facial perception. They also showed activity near the fusiform gyrus,
Healthy adults likely process faces via a retinotectal (subcortical) pathway.
Infants can discern between macaque faces at six months of age, but, without continued exposure, cannot do so at nine months of age. If they were shown photographs of macaques during this three-month period, they were more likely to retain this ability.
Faces "convey a wealth of information that we use to guide our social interactions". They also found that the neurological mechanisms responsible for face recognition are present by age five. Children process faces is similar to that of adults, but adults process faces more efficiently. The may be because of advancements in memory and cognitive functioning.
Interest in the social world is increased by interaction with the physical environment. They found that training three-month-old infants to reach for objects with Velcro-covered "sticky mitts" increased the attention they pay to faces compared to moving objects through their hands and control groups.

Ability to 'mimic' faces
A commonly disputed topic is the age at which we can mimic facial expressions.

Infants as young as two days are capable of mimicking an adult, able to note details like mouth and eye shape as well as move their own muscles to produce similar patterns.
However, the idea that infants younger than two could mimic facial expressions was disputed by Susan S. Jones, who believed that infants are unaware of the emotional content encoded within facial expressions, and also found they are not able to imitate facial expressions until their second year of life. She also found that mimicry emerged at different ages.

Neuroanatomy

Key areas of the brain

Facial perception has neuroanatomical correlates in the brain.

The fusiform face area (BA37— Brodmann area 37) is located in the lateral fusiform gyrus. It is thought that this area is involved in holistic processing of faces and it is sensitive to the presence of facial parts as well as the configuration of these parts. The fusiform face area is also necessary for successful face detection and identification. This is supported by fMRI activation and studies on prosopagnosia, which involves lesions in the fusiform face area.

The occipital face area is located in the inferior occipital gyrus. Similar to the fusiform face area, this area is also active during successful face detection and identification, a finding that is supported by fMRI and MEG activation. The occipital face area is involved and necessary in the analysis of facial parts but not in the spacing or configuration of facial parts. This suggests that the occipital face area may be involved in a facial processing step that occurs prior to fusiform face area processing.

The superior temporal sulcus is involved in recognition of facial parts and is not sensitive to the configuration of these parts. It is also thought that this area is involved in gaze perception. The superior temporal sulcus has demonstrated increased activation when attending to gaze direction.

During face perception, major activations occur in the extrastriate areas bilaterally, particularly in the above three areas. Perceiving an inverted human face involves increased activity in the inferior temporal cortex, while perceiving a misaligned face involves increased activity in the occipital cortex. No results were found when perceiving a dog face, suggesting a process specific to human faces. Bilateral activation is generally shown in all of these specialized facial areas. However, some studies show increased activation in one side over the other: for instance, the right fusiform gyrus is more important for facial processing in complex situations.

BOLD fMRI mapping and the fusiform face area
The majority of fMRI studies use blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast to determine which areas of the brain are activated by various cognitive functions.

One study used BOLD fMRI mapping to identify activation in the brain when subjects viewed both cars and faces. They found that the occipital face area, the fusiform face area, the superior temporal sulcus, the amygdala, and the anterior/inferior cortex of the temporal lobe all played roles in contrasting faces from cars, with initial face perception beginning in the fusiform face area and occipital face areas. This entire region forms a network that acts to distinguish faces. The processing of faces in the brain is known as a "sum of parts" perception.

However, the individual parts of the face must be processed first in order to put all of the pieces together. In early processing, the occipital face area contributes to face perception by recognizing the eyes, nose, and mouth as individual pieces.

Researchers also used BOLD fMRI mapping to determine the patterns of activation in the brain when parts of the face were presented in combination and when they were presented singly. The occipital face area is activated by the visual perception of single features of the face, for example, the nose and mouth, and preferred combination of two-eyes over other combinations. This suggests that the occipital face area recognizes the parts of the face at the early stages of recognition.

On the contrary, the fusiform face area shows no preference for single features, because the fusiform face area is responsible for "holistic/configural" information, meaning that it puts all of the processed pieces of the face together in later processing. This is supported by a study which found that regardless of the orientation of a face, subjects were impacted by the configuration of the individual facial features. Subjects were also impacted by the coding of the relationships between those features. This shows that processing is done by a summation of the parts in later stages of recognition.

The fusiform gyrus and the amygdala
The fusiform gyri are preferentially responsive to faces, whereas the parahippocampal/lingual gyri are responsive to buildings.

While certain areas respond selectively to faces, facial processing involves many neural networks, including visual and emotional processing systems. While looking at faces displaying emotions (especially those with fear facial expressions) compared to neutral faces there is increased activity in the right fusiform gyrus. This increased activity also correlates with increased amygdala activity in the same situations. The emotional processing effects observed in the fusiform gyrus are decreased in patients with amygdala lesions. This demonstrates connections between the amygdala and facial processing areas.

Face familiarity also affects the fusiform gyrus and amygdala activation. Multiple regions activated by similar face components indicates that facial processing is a complex process. Increased brain activation in precuneus and cuneus often occurs when differentiation of two faces are easy (kin and familiar non-kin faces) and the role of posterior medial substrates for visual processing of faces with familiar features (faces averaged with that of a sibling).

The object form topology hypothesis posits a topological organization of neural substrates for object and facial processing. However, there is disagreement: the category-specific and process-map models could accommodate most other proposed models for the neural underpinnings of facial processing.

Most neuroanatomical substrates for facial processing are perfused by the middle cerebral artery. Therefore, facial processing has been studied using measurements of mean cerebral blood flow velocity in the middle cerebral arteries bilaterally. During facial recognition tasks, greater changes occur in the right middle cerebral artery than the left. Men are right-lateralized and women left-lateralized during facial processing tasks.

Just as memory and cognitive function separate the abilities of children and adults to recognize faces, the familiarity of a face may also play a role in the perception of faces. Recording event-related potentials in the brain to determine the timing of facial recognition showed that familiar faces are indicated by a stronger N250, a specific wavelength response that plays a role in the visual memory of faces. Similarly, all faces elicit the N170 response in the brain.

The brain conceptually needs only ~50 neurons to encode any human face, with facial features projected on individual axes (neurons) in a 50-dimensional "Face Space".

Cognitive neuroscience

Cognitive neuroscientists Isabel Gauthier and Michael Tarr are two of the major proponents of the view that face recognition involves expert discrimination of similar objects (See the Perceptual Expertise Network). Other scientists, in particular Nancy Kanwisher and her colleagues, argue that face recognition involves processes that are face-specific and that are not recruited by expert discriminations in other object classes (see the domain specificity).

Studies by Gauthier have shown that an area of the brain known as the fusiform gyrus (sometimes called the fusiform face area because it is active during face recognition) is also active when study participants are asked to discriminate between different types of birds and cars, and even when participants become expert at distinguishing computer generated nonsense shapes known as greebles. This suggests that the fusiform gyrus have a general role in the recognition of similar visual objects.

The activity found by Gauthier when participants viewed non-face objects was not as strong as when participants were viewing faces, however this could be because we have much more expertise for faces than for most other objects. Furthermore, not all findings of this research have been successfully replicated, for example, other research groups using different study designs have found that the fusiform gyrus is specific to faces and other nearby regions deal with non-face objects.

However, these findings are difficult to interpret: failures to replicate are null effects and can occur for many different reasons. In contrast, each replication adds a great deal of weight to a particular argument. There are now multiple replications with greebles, with birds and cars, and two unpublished studies with chess experts.

Although expertise sometimes recruits the fusiform face area, a more common finding is that expertise leads to focal category-selectivity in the fusiform gyrus—a pattern similar in terms of antecedent factors and neural specificity to that seen for faces. As such, it remains an open question as to whether face recognition and expert-level object recognition recruit similar neural mechanisms across different subregions of the fusiform or whether the two domains literally share the same neural substrates. At least one study argues that the issue is nonsensical, as multiple measurements of the fusiform face area within an individual often overlap no more with each other than measurements of fusiform face area and expertise-predicated regions.

fMRI studies have asked whether expertise has any specific connection to the fusiform face area in particular, by testing for expertise effects in both the fusiform face area and a nearby but not face-selective region called LOC (Rhodes et al., JOCN 2004; Op de Beeck et al., JN 2006; Moore et al., JN 2006; Yue et al. VR 2006). In all studies, expertise effects are significantly stronger in the LOC than in the fusiform face area, and indeed expertise effects were only borderline significant in the fusiform face area in two of the studies, while the effects were robust and significant in the LOC in all studies.

Therefore, it is still not clear in exactly which situations the fusiform gyrus becomes active, although it is certain that face recognition relies heavily on this area and damage to it can lead to severe face recognition impairment.

Face advantage in memory recall
During face perception, neural networks make connections with the brain to recall memories.

According to the Seminal Model of face perception, there are three stages of face processing:

 recognition of the face
 recall of memories and information linked with that face
 name recall

There are exceptions to this order. For example, names are recalled faster than semantic information in cases of highly familiar stimuli. While the face is a powerful identifier, the voice also helps in recognition.

Research has tested if faces or voices make it easier to identify individuals and recall semantic memory and episodic memory. These experiments looked at all three stages of face processing. The experiment showed two groups of celebrity and familiar faces or voices with a between-group design and asked the participants to recall information about them. The participants were first asked if the stimulus was familiar. If they answered yes then they were asked for information (semantic memory) and memories (episodic memory) that fit the face or voice presented. These experiments demonstrated the phenomenon of face advantage and how it persists through follow-up studies.

Recognition-performance issue
After the first experiments on the advantage of faces over voices in memory recall, errors and gaps were found in the methods used.

For one, there was not a clear face advantage for the recognition stage of face processing. Participants showed a familiarity-only response to voices more often than faces. In other words, when voices were recognized (about 60–70% of the time) they were much harder to recall biographical information but very good at being recognized. The results were looked at as remember versus know judgements. A lot more remember results (or familiarity) occurred with voices, and more know (or memory recall) responses happened with faces. This phenomenon persists through experiments dealing with criminal line-ups in prisons. Witnesses are more likely to say that a suspect's voice sounded familiar than his/her face even though they cannot remember anything about the suspect. This discrepancy is due to a larger amount of guesswork and false alarms that occur with voices.

To give faces a similar ambiguity to that of voices, the face stimuli were blurred in the follow-up experiment. This experiment followed the same procedures as the first, presenting two groups with sets of stimuli made up of half celebrity faces and half unfamiliar faces. The only difference was that the face stimuli were blurred so that detailed features could not be seen. Participants were then asked to say if they recognized the person, if they could recall specific biographical information about them, and finally if they knew the person's name. The results were completely different from those of the original experiment, supporting the view that there were problems in the first experiment's methods. According to the results of the followup, the same amount of information and memory could be recalled through voices and faces, dismantling the face advantage. However, these results are flawed and premature because other methodological issues in the experiment still needed to be fixed.

Content of speech
The process of controlling the content of speech extract has proven to be more difficult than the elimination of non facial cues in photographs.

Thus the findings of experiments that did not control this factor lead to misleading conclusions regarding the voice recognition over the face recognition. For example, in an experiment it was found that 40% of the time participants could easily pair the celebrity-voice with their occupation just by guessing. In order to eliminate these errors, experimenters removed parts of the voice samples that could possibly give clues to the identity of the target, such as catchphrases. Even after controlling the voice samples as well as the face samples (using blurred faces), studies have shown that semantic information can be more accessible to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices.

Another technique to control the content of the speech extracts is to present the faces and voices of personally familiar individuals, like the participant's teachers or neighbors, instead of the faces and voices of celebrities. In this way alike words are used for the speech extracts. For example, the familiar targets are asked to read exactly the same scripted speech for their voice extracts. The results showed again that semantic information is easier to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices.

Frequency-of-exposure issue
Another factor that has to be controlled in order for the results to be reliable is the frequency of exposure.

If we take the example of celebrities, people are exposed to celebrities' faces more often than their voices because of the mass media. Through magazines, newspapers and the Internet, individuals are exposed to celebrities' faces without their voices on an everyday basis rather than their voices without their faces. Thus, someone could argue that for all of the experiments that were done until now the findings were a result of the frequency of exposure to the faces of celebrities rather than their voices.

To overcome this problem researchers decided to use personally familiar individuals as stimuli instead of celebrities. Personally familiar individuals, such as participant's teachers, are for the most part heard as well as seen. Studies that used this type of control also demonstrated the face advantage. Students were able to retrieve semantic information more readily when recognizing their teachers faces (both normal and blurred) rather than their voices.

However, researchers over the years have found an even more effective way to control not only the frequency of exposure but also the content of the speech extracts, the associative learning paradigm. Participants are asked to link semantic information as well as names with pre-experimentally unknown voices and faces. In a current experiment that used this paradigm, a name and a profession were given together with, accordingly, a voice, a face or both to three participant groups. The associations described above were repeated four times.

The next step was a cued recall task in which every stimulus that was learned in the previous phase was introduced and participants were asked to tell the profession and the name for every stimulus. Again, the results showed that semantic information can be more accessible to retrieve when individuals are recognizing faces than voices even when the frequency of exposure was controlled.

Extension to episodic memory and explanation for existence
Episodic memory is our ability to remember specific, previously experienced events.

In recognition of faces as it pertains to episodic memory, there has been shown to be activation in the left lateral prefrontal cortex, parietal lobe, and the left medial frontal/anterior cingulate cortex. It was also found that a left lateralization during episodic memory retrieval in the parietal cortex correlated strongly with success in retrieval. This may possibly be due to the hypothesis that the link between face recognition and episodic memory were stronger than those of voice and episodic memory. This hypothesis can also be supported by the existence of specialized face recognition devices thought to be located in the temporal lobes.

There is also evidence of the existence of two separate neural systems for face recognition: one for familiar faces and another for newly learned faces. One explanation for this link between face recognition and episodic memory is that since face recognition is a major part of human existence, the brain creates a link between the two in order to be better able to communicate with others.

Self-face perception
Though many animals have face-perception capabilities, the recognition of self-face is phenomenon has been observed to be unique to only a few species. There is a particular interest in the study of self-face perception because of its relation to the perceptual integration process.

One study found that the perception/recognition of one's own face was unaffected by changing contexts, while the perception/recognition of familiar and unfamiliar faces was adversely affected. Another study that focused on older adults found that they had self-face advantage in configural processing but not featural processing.

In 2014, Motoaki Sugiura developed a conceptual model for self-recognition by breaking it into three categories: the physical, interpersonal, and social selves.

Mirror test
Gordon Gallup Jr. developed a technique in 1970 as an attempt to measure self-awareness. This technique is commonly referred to has the mirror test.

The method involves placing a marker on the subject in a place they can not see without a mirror (e.g. ones forehead). The marker must be placed inconspicuously enough that the subject does not become aware that they have been marked. Once the marker is placed, the subject is given access to a mirror. If the subject investigates the mark (e.g. tries to wipe the mark off), this would indicate that the subject understands they are looking at a reflection of themselves, as opposed to perceiving the mirror as an extension of their environment. (e.g., thinking the reflection is another person/animal behind a window)

Though this method is regarded as one of the more effective techniques when it comes to measuring self-awareness, it certainly not perfect. There are many factors at play that could have an effect on the outcome. For example, if an animal is biologically blind, like a mole, we can not assume that they inherently lack self awareness. It can only be assumed that visual self-recognition, is possibly one of many ways for a living being to be considered as cognitively "self aware".

Gender

Studies using electrophysiological techniques have demonstrated gender-related differences during a face recognition memory task and a facial affect identification task.

In facial perception there was no association to estimated intelligence, suggesting that face recognition in women is unrelated to several basic cognitive processes. Gendered differences may suggest a role for sex hormones. In females there may be variability for psychological functions related to differences in hormonal levels during different phases of the menstrual cycle.

Data obtained in norm and in pathology support asymmetric face processing.

The left inferior frontal cortex and the bilateral occipitotemporal junction may respond equally to all face conditions. Some contend that both the left inferior frontal cortex and the occipitotemporal junction are implicated in facial memory. The right inferior temporal/fusiform gyrus responds selectively to faces but not to non-faces. The right temporal pole is activated during the discrimination of familiar faces and scenes from unfamiliar ones. Right asymmetry in the mid-temporal lobe for faces has also been shown using 133-Xenon measured cerebral blood flow. Other investigators have observed right lateralization for facial recognition in previous electrophysiological and imaging studies.

Asymmetric facial perception implies implementing different hemispheric strategies. The right hemisphere would employ a holistic strategy, and the left an analytic strategy.

A 2007 study, using functional transcranial Doppler spectroscopy, demonstrated that men were right-lateralized for object and facial perception, while women were left-lateralized for facial tasks but showed a right-tendency or no lateralization for object perception. This could be taken as evidence for topological organization of these cortical areas in men. It may suggest that the latter extends from the area implicated in object perception to a much greater area involved in facial perception.

This agrees with the object form topology hypothesis proposed by Ishai. However, the relatedness of object and facial perception was process-based, and appears to be associated with their common holistic processing strategy in the right hemisphere. Moreover, when the same men were presented with facial paradigm requiring analytic processing, the left hemisphere was activated. This agrees with the suggestion made by Gauthier in 2000, that the extrastriate cortex contains areas that are best suited for different computations, and described as the process-map model.

Therefore, the proposed models are not mutually exclusive: facial processing imposes no new constraints on the brain besides those used for other stimuli.

Each stimulus may have been mapped by category into face or non-face, and by process into holistic or analytic. Therefore, a unified category-specific process-mapping system was implemented for either right or left cognitive styles. For facial perception, men likely use a category-specific process-mapping system for right cognitive style, and women use the same for the left.

Ethnicity

Differences in own- versus other-race face recognition and perceptual discrimination was first researched in 1914. Humans tend to perceive people of other races than their own to all look alike:

This phenomenon, known as the cross-race effect, is also called the own-race effect, other-race effect, own race bias, or interracial face-recognition deficit.

It is difficult to measure the true influence of the cross-race effect.

A 1990 study found that other-race effect is larger among White subjects than among African-American subjects, whereas a 1979 study found the opposite. D. Stephen Lindsay and colleagues note that results in these studies could be due to intrinsic difficulty in recognizing the faces presented, an actual difference in the size of cross-race effect between the two test groups, or some combination of these two factors. Shepherd reviewed studies that found better performance on African-American faces, White faces, and studies where no difference was found.

Overall, Shepherd reported a reliable positive correlation between the size of the effect and the amount of interaction subjects had with members of the other race. This correlation reflects the fact that African-American subjects, who performed equally well on faces of both races in Shepherd's study, almost always responded with the highest possible self-rating of amount of interaction with white people, whereas white counterparts displayed a larger other-race effect and reported less other-race interaction. This difference in rating was statistically reliable.

The cross-race effect seems to appear in humans at around six months of age.

Challenging the cross-race effect
Cross-race effects can be changed through interaction with people of other races. Other-race experience is a major influence on the cross-race effect. A series of studies revealed that participants with greater other-race experience were consistently more accurate at discriminating other-race faces than participants with less experience. Many current models of the effect assume that holistic face processing mechanisms are more fully engaged when viewing own-race faces.

The own-race effect appears related to increased ability to extract information about the spatial relationships between different facial features.

A deficit occurs when viewing people of another race because visual information specifying race takes up mental attention at the expense of individuating information. Further research using perceptual tasks could shed light on the specific cognitive processes involved in the other-race effect. The own-race effect likely extends beyond racial membership into in-group favoritism. Categorizing somebody by the university they attend yields similar results to the own-race effect.

Similarly, men tend to recognize fewer female faces than women do, whereas there are no sex differences for male faces.

If made aware of the own-race effect prior to the experiment, test subjects show significantly less, if any, of the own-race effect.

Autism

Autism spectrum disorder is a comprehensive neural developmental disorder that produces social, communicative, and perceptual deficits. Individuals with autism exhibit difficulties with facial identity recognition and recognizing emotional expressions. These deficits are suspected to spring from abnormalities in early and late stages of facial processing.

Speed and methods
People with autism process face and non-face stimuli with the same speed.

In neurotypical individuals, a preference for face processing results in a faster processing speed in comparison to non-face stimuli. These individuals use holistic processing when perceiving faces. In contrast, individuals with autism employ part-based processing or bottom-up processing, focusing on individual features rather than the face as a whole. People with autism direct their gaze primarily to the lower half of the face, specifically the mouth, varying from the eye-trained gaze of neurotypical people. This deviation does not employ the use of facial prototypes, which are templates stored in memory that make for easy retrieval.

Additionally, individuals with autism display difficulty with recognition memory, specifically memory that aids in identifying faces. The memory deficit is selective for faces and does not extend to other visual input. These face-memory deficits are possibly products of interference between face-processing regions.

Associated difficulties
Autism often manifests in weakened social ability, due to decreased eye contact, joint attention, interpretation of emotional expression, and communicative skills.

These deficiencies can be seen in infants as young as nine months. Some experts use 'face avoidance' to describe how infants who are later diagnosed with autism preferentially attend to non-face objects. Furthermore, some have proposed that children with autism's difficulty in grasping the emotional content of faces is the result of a general inattentiveness to facial expression, and not an incapacity to process emotional information in general.

The constraints are viewed to cause impaired social engagement. Furthermore, research suggests a link between decreased face processing abilities in individuals with autism and later deficits in theory of mind. While typically developing individuals are able to relate others' emotional expressions to their actions, individuals with autism do not demonstrate this skill to the same extent.

This causation, however, resembles the chicken or the egg dispute. Some theorize that social impairment leads to perceptual problems. In this perspective, a biological lack of social interest inhibits facial recognition due to under-use.

Neurology
Many of the obstacles that individuals with autism face in terms of facial processing may be derived from abnormalities in the fusiform face area and amygdala.

Typically, the fusiform face area in individuals with autism has reduced volume. This volume reduction has been attributed to deviant amygdala activity that does not flag faces as emotionally salient, and thus decreases activation levels.

Studies are not conclusive as to which brain areas people with autism use instead. One found that, when looking at faces, people with autism exhibit activity in brain regions normally active when neurotypical individuals perceive objects. Another found that during facial perception, people with autism use different neural systems, each using their own unique neural circuitry.

Compensation mechanisms
As autistic individuals age, scores on behavioral tests assessing ability to perform face-emotion recognition increase to levels similar to controls.

The recognition mechanisms of these individuals are still atypical, though often effective. In terms of face identity-recognition, compensation can include a more pattern-based strategy, first seen in face inversion tasks. Alternatively, older individuals compensate by using mimicry of other's facial expressions and rely on their motor feedback of facial muscles for face emotion-recognition.

Schizophrenia

Schizophrenia is known to affect attention, perception, memory, learning, processing, reasoning, and problem solving.

Schizophrenia has been linked to impaired face and emotion perception. People with schizophrenia demonstrate worse accuracy and slower response time in face perception tasks in which they are asked to match faces, remember faces, and recognize which emotions are present in a face. People with schizophrenia have more difficulty matching upright faces than they do with inverted faces. A reduction in configural processing, using the distance between features of an item for recognition or identification (e.g. features on a face such as eyes or nose), has also been linked to schizophrenia.

Schizophrenia patients are able to easily identify a "happy" affect but struggle to identify faces as "sad" or "fearful". Impairments in face and emotion perception are linked to impairments in social skills, due to the individual's inability to distinguish facial emotions. People with schizophrenia tend to demonstrate a reduced N170 response, atypical face scanning patterns, and a configural processing dysfunction. The severity of schizophrenia symptoms has been found to correlate with the severity of impairment in face perception.

Individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder have been found to have even more impairment in face and emotion perception than individuals with just schizophrenia. These individuals struggle to identify anger, surprise, and disgust. There is a link between aggression and emotion perception difficulties for people with this dual diagnosis.

Data from magnetic resonance imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging has shown that a smaller volume of the fusiform gyrus is linked to greater impairments in face perception.

There is a positive correlation between self-face recognition and other-face recognition difficulties in individuals with schizophrenia. The degree of schizotypy has also been shown to correlate with self-face difficulties, unusual perception difficulties, and other face recognition difficulties. Schizophrenia patients report more feelings of strangeness when looking in a mirror than do normal controls. Hallucinations, somatic concerns, and depression have all been found to be associated with self-face perception difficulties.

Other animals
Neurobiologist Jenny Morton and her team have been able to teach sheep to choose a familiar face over unfamiliar one when presented with two photographs, which has led to the discovery that sheep can recognize human faces. Archerfish (distant relatives of humans) were able to differentiate between forty-four different human faces, which supports the theory that there is no need for a neocortex or a history of discerning human faces in order to do so. Pigeons were found to use the same parts of the brain as humans do to distinguish between happy and neutral faces or male and female faces.

Artificial intelligence

Much effort has gone into developing software that can recognize human faces.

This work has occurred in a branch of artificial intelligence known as computer vision, which uses the psychology of face perception to inform software design. Recent breakthroughs use noninvasive functional transcranial Doppler spectroscopy to locate specific responses to facial stimuli. The new system uses input responses, called cortical long-term potentiation, to trigger target face search from a computerized face database system. Such a system provides for brain-machine interface for facial recognition, referred to as cognitive biometrics.

Another application is estimating age from images of faces. Compared with other cognition problems, age estimation from facial images is challenging, mainly because the aging process is influenced by many external factors like physical condition and living style.The aging process is also slow, making sufficient data difficult to collect.

Nemrodov
In 2016, Dan Nemrodov conducted multivariate analyses of EEG signals that might be involved in identity related information and applied pattern classification to event-related potential signals both in time and in space. The main target of the study were:

 evaluating whether previously known event-related potential components such as N170 and others are involved in individual face recognition or not
 locating temporal landmarks of individual level recognition from event-related potential signals
 figuring out the spatial profile of individual face recognition

For the experiment, conventional event-related potential analyses and pattern classification of event-related potential signals were conducted given preprocessed EEG signals.

This and a further study showed the existence of a spatio-temporal profile of individual face recognition process and reconstruction of individual face images was possible by utilizing such profile and informative features that contribute to encoding of identity related information.

Genetic basis
While many cognitive abilities, such as general intelligence, have a clear genetic basis, evidence for the genetic basis of facial recognition is fairly recent. Current evidence suggests that facial recognition abilities are highly linked to genetic, rather than environmental, bases.

Early research focused on genetic disorders which impair facial recognition abilities, such as Turner syndrome, which results in impaired amygdala functioning. A 2003 study found significantly poorer facial recognition abilities in individuals with Turner syndrome, suggesting that the amygdala impacts face perception.

Evidence for a genetic basis in the general population, however, comes from twin studies in which the facial recognition scores on the Cambridge Face Memory test were twice as similar for monozygotic twins in comparison to dizygotic twins. This finding was supported by studies which found a similar difference in facial recognition scores and those which determined the heritability of facial recognition to be approximately 61%.

There was no significant relationship between facial recognition scores and other cognitive abilities, most notably general object recognition. This suggests that facial recognition abilities are heritable, and have a genetic basis independent from other cognitive abilities. Research suggests that more extreme examples of facial recognition abilities, specifically hereditary prosopagnosics, are highly genetically correlated.

For hereditary prosopagnosics, an autosomal dominant model of inheritance has been proposed. Research also correlated the probability of hereditary prosopagnosia with the single nucleotide polymorphisms along the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR), suggesting that these alleles serve a critical role in normal face perception. Mutation from the wild type allele at these loci has also been found to result in other disorders in which social and facial recognition deficits are common, such as autism spectrum disorder, which may imply that the genetic bases for general facial recognition are complex and polygenic.

This relationship between OXTR and facial recognition is also supported by studies of individuals who do not have hereditary prosopagnosia.

Social perceptions of faces
People make rapid judgements about others based on facial appearance. Some judgements are formed very quickly and accurately, with adults correctly categorising the sex of adult faces with only a 75ms exposure and with near 100% accuracy. The accuracy of some other judgements are less easily confirmed, though there is evidence that perceptions of health made from faces are at least partly accurate, with health judgements reflecting fruit and vegetable intake, body fat and BMI. People also form judgements about others' personalities from their faces, and there is evidence of at least partial accuracy in this domain too.

Valence-dominance model
The valence-dominance model of face recognition is a widely-cited model that suggests that the social judgements made of faces can be summarised into two dimensions: valence (positive-negative) and dominance (dominant-submissive). A recent large-scale multi-country replication project largely supported this model across different world regions, though found that a potential third dimension may also be important in some regions and other research suggests that the valence-dominance model also applies to social perceptions of bodies.

See also

 Apophenia, seeing meaningful patterns in random data
 Autism
 Capgras delusion
 Cognitive neuropsychology
 Cross-race effect
 Delusional misidentification syndrome
Emotion perception
 Facial expression
 Facial recognition system
 Fregoli delusion
 Gestalt psychology
 Hollow-Face illusion
 Nonverbal learning disorder
 Pareidolia
 Prosopagnosia
 Social cognition
 Social intelligence
 Super recogniser

References

Further reading
 Bruce, V. and Young, A. (2000) In the Eye of the Beholder: The Science of Face Perception. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

External links
 Face Recognition Homepage
 Science Aid: Face Recognition
 FaceResearch – Scientific research and online studies on face perception
 Face Blind Prosopagnosia Research Centers at Harvard and University College London
 Face Recognition Tests – online tests for self-assessment of face recognition abilities.
 Perceptual Expertise Network (PEN) Collaborative group of cognitive neuroscientists studying perceptual expertise, including face recognition.
 Perception Lab at the University of Western Australia
 Perception Lab at the University of St Andrews, Scotland
 The effect of facial expression and identity information on the processing of own and other race faces by Yoriko Hirose, PhD thesis from the University of Stirling
 Global Emotion Online-Training to overcome Caucasian-Asian other-race effect
 Some People Are Great At Recognizing Faces. Others...Not So Much – Hidden Brain podcast

Face perception
Attention
Cognition
Vision

Face perception


Kylie Kristen Jenner () este o personalitate de televiziune americană, femeie de afaceri, antreprenoare, model și personalitate social media. Ea este cunoscută pentru apariția în reality-show-ul "Keeping Up With The Kardashians" începând din 2007 până în prezent și pentru celebrul brand de cosmetice "Kylie Cosmetics".

Educație
Jenner a urmat școala Sierra Canyon, unde a fost membră a echipei de majorete. Din 2012, a fost înscrisă într-un program de educație la domiciliu din care a absolvit cu o diplomă de liceu de la școala Laurel Springs din Ojai, California.

Cariera
În 2007, împreună cu părinții ei și cu surorile Kourtney, Kim, Khloe, Kendall și fratele ei Rob, au creat emisiunea "Keeping Up With The Kardashians" care le-a adus acestora un mare succes, făcându-i cea mai cunoscută familie din Statele Unite.
Pe lângă emisiunea pe care o are cu familia ei, Jenner a participat și în alte emisiuni cum ar fi "Kourtney and Kim Take Miami", "Khloé & Lamar", "Kourtney and Kim Take New York", and "Kourtney and Khloé Take The Hamptons" etc.

Viața personală
Jenner și rapperul Travis Scott au împreună o fiică, Stormi Webster, născută în februarie 2018. Jenner, anterior, a fost într-o relație cu rapperul Tyga între 2014 și 2017. Kylie a ținut mereu un cerc strâns de prieteni, care, de altfel o include și pe Jordyn Woods, înainte ca Tristan Thompson (partenerul lui Khloe Kardashian la timpul acela) să o înșele pe Khloe cu Woods. În luna mai 2019, Jordyn Woods a părăsit casa lui Kylie, după incidentul cu Tristan Thompson.

În martie 2019, Forbes a inclus-o pe Kylie Jenner pe lista bilionarilor. Apare cariera ei TV care a început cu Keeping Up With The Kardashians, averea lui Jenner vine și de la compania ei de machiaje, Kylie Cosmetics, în valoare de $800 milioane.

Tatăl ei, înainte numit Bruce Jenner, a devenit femeie în urma unei operații de schimbare de sex iar de atunci se numește Caitlyn Jenner.

Filmografie
Seriale
 2007 - prezent
Keeping up with the Kardashian - 158 de episoade
 2010 -2013
Kourtney and Khloe Take Miami - 2 episoade
 2014 -prezent
Kourtney and Khloe Take Hamptons - 1 episod
 2014 -
Deal with it - 1 episod

2014 -

Ridiculousness - 1 episod

2015 - 2016

I Am Cait - 3 episoade

2015 -

Kingin' with Tyga - 1 episod

2

Life Of Kylie - MAIN CAST

Filme

2018 - Ocean's 8

Apariți în videoclipuri muzicale

 2013 - "FIND THAT GIRL" - Boy Band Project - love interest

 2014 - "RECOGNIZE" - PARTYNEXTDOOR featuring Drake - herself

 2014 - "BLUE OCEAN" - Jaden Smith - herself

 2015 - "STIMULATED" - Tyga - love interest

 2015 - "DOPE'D UP" - Tyga - love interest

 2015 - "IM YOURS" - Justine Skye featuring Vic Mensa - karaoke singer

 2016 - "COME AND SEE ME" - PARTYNEXTDOOR - love interest

 2018 "STOP TRYING TO BE GOD" - Travis Scott - golden angel

Note

Legături externe

Frați celebri
Nașteri în 1997
Fotomodele din Statele Unite ale Americii
Personalități de televiziune din SUA
Oameni în viață

Kylie Jenner


Koki Machida (født 25. august 1997) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kashima Antlers.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Koki Machida


Aceasta este o listă de filme franceze din 1918:

Note

Legături externe
 Filme franceze din 1918 la Internet Movie Database
 Filme după an la Cinema-francais.fr

Filme din 1918
franceze
Liste de filme franceze

Listă de filme franceze din 1918


Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar, yönetmenliğini Tunç Başaran'ın yaptığı 1989 yapımı uzun metrajlı Türk sinema filmi. Çekimleri Ankara Merkez Kapalı Ceza ve Tutukevi'nde gerçekleşti. Film, 62. Akademi Ödülleri'nde Türkiye'nin yabancı dilde en iyi film dalında Akademi Ödülü aday adayı olarak seçilmiştir.

Konusu
Beş yaşındaki bir çocuğun gözüyle kadınlar hapishanesinin ve sevginin öyküsüdür anlatılan. Küçük Barış'ın (Ozan Bilen) bu dört duvar arasında ne suçu vardır ki? Oysa esrardan tutuklanan annesi değil midir? Barış henüz algılayamadığı bir garip dünyanın içinde, her yanı soğuk ve sağır duvarlarla çevrili bir hapishane avlusunda gökyüzünü ve özgürlük uçurtmalarını gözlemektedir. İnci Abla'sı (Nur Sürer), Özgürlüğüne kavuştuktan sonra bir gün uçurtma olup geri döneceğine söz vermemiş midir?

(Agah Özgüç'ün 100 Filmde Türk Sineması kitabından)

Oyuncular
 Ozan Bilen - Barış
 Nur Sürer - İnci
 Füsun Demirel - Fatma
 Rozet Hubeş - Zeynep
 Güzin Özipek - Sultan teyze
 Özlem Savaş - Hayat kadını
 Güzin Özyağcılar - Selma
 Yasemin Alkaya - Filiz
 Meral Çetinkaya - Safinaz
 Hale Akınlı - Sümbül
 Ömer Çolakoğlu - Asker
 Nurettin Şen - Barış'ın babası
 Sabriye Kara - Selma Tarcan
 Ayla Arslancan
 Emel Çeviren
 Gönül Demirkol
 Gülizar Tunç
 Özlem Üstüner - Döne
 Sevgi Sakarya
 Ayben Erman

Ödülleri
 10. Akdeniz Ülkeleri Film Festivali, En İyi 2. Film
 26. Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, En İyi Görüntü Yönetmeni, Erdal Kahraman
 26. Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, En İyi Senaryo, Feride Çiçekoğlu
 26. Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, En İyi Kadın Oyuncu, Nur Sürer
 26. Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali, En İyi Film Tunç Başaran
 8. Uluslararası İstanbul Film Festivali, En İyi Türk Filmi Tunç Başaran

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Beyazperde´de Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar
 Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar, IMDB
 Sinemalar´da Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar
 www.sinematurk.com
 TSA´de Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar

1989 çıkışlı Türk filmleri
Tunç Başaran'ın yönettiği filmler
Türk politik dram filmleri
Altın Portakal Ödülü sahipleri
12 Eylül Darbesi ile ilgili filmler
Türk hapishane filmleri
Ankara'da çekilmiş filmler
Feride Çiçekoğlu'nun senaryosunu yazdığı filmler
Konusu Ankara'da geçen filmler
Altın Portakal En İyi Film Ödülü kazanan filmler
1980'lerde Türkçe filmler
Erdal Kahraman'ın görüntülediği filmler
1989 çıkışlı dramatik filmler

Uçurtmayı Vurmasınlar


In Hindustani classical music, the jor (Hindi: जोर, ; also spelt jod and jhor) is a formal section of composition in the long elaboration (alap) of a raga that forms the beginning of a performance. It comes after alap and precedes jhala, the climax. Jor is the instrumental equivalent of nomtom in the dhrupad vocal style of Indian music. Both have a simple pulse but no well-defined rhythmic cycle.

Origin and terminology
Jor (or jod) is an instrumental interpretation of nomtom which is an introductory style that is characterised by its modest rhythm and lack of rhythmic cycle (also known as tal). Jor is present in most Hindustani classical music through the raga, as an articulate and rapid pulse that the alap transitions into, followed by jhala.

In Hindustani music

Indian classical music is divided into 2 sections: Hindustani and Carnatic Music. Both musical styles inhabit the core traditions of India culture, and are portrayed as one of the most prestigious types of music.  These two traditional types of music are both defined by the Sanskrit term "sangita" which refers to the fusion of all the elements, of song, instrumental music and dance. Hindustani Music is primarily found in the Northern areas of India, Bangladesh and Pakistan. The oral nature of North Indian Music allows for expressive communication between the performers and audience. Raga and Dhrupad are the two main forms of Hindustani classical music and form the prominent structure of Indian Classical Music. The musical section of Jor is prominent in Raga and follows the cyclical and linear progression of Hindustani music.

Raga

The concept of Raga (Rag) can be divided into 5 different components as proposed by Nazir Ali Jairazbhoy:
 Scale
 Ascending and descending line
 Transilience
 Emphasised notes and register
 Intonation and obligatory embellishments

Raga is derived from Sanskrit, a classical language from South Asia, and is defined as "the act of colouring and dyeing." Amongst Indian Classical Music, raga is identified as the basic melodic framework and acts as a communication medium for two musicians. In the Raga there is a constant interplay between what is learnt from the performance, what is known and what is continued through improvisation. A raga utilises a particular scale and combines it with prototypical melodic patterns, creating combinations of tonic intervals which evoke unique emotions.

A typical raga composition is shown as sequences of events, starting with the alap and followed by the gat. A performance of raga depends on the balance between the melody and the way the audience and performer engage with the material. The Jor is situated between the Alap and Jhala, commonly known as the instrumental Alap-Jor-Jhala-Gat format. This framework details the unmetered instrumental structure of the Raga, which is performed with a regular pulse and over a wider melodic range. This format is the foundation of Dhrupad as was introduced into the West in the 20th century.

In a full performance, the Raga can be split into three sections, the alap, jor and jhala. Jor and Alap acts as equivalents to one another, and the Jhala is a fast and unaccompanied part where the Jor is accelerated to reach a peak/climax. Within the Jor and Jhala, a pulse can be heard throughout. These sections, especially Jor is described as not a beat nor a rhythm but a movement that helps the Raga gain momentum in the beginning of the piece. The frameworks and methods employed may vary according to whether the raga is performed by a vocalist or an instrumentalist.

Dhrupad

Dhrupad is another form of Raga that is older and restricts the Alap, Jor and Jhala sections in such a way that is heard more frequently in present day. This genre of Indian Music formed the foundation for the Alap-Jor-Jhala-Gat structure to be welcomed to the West in the 20th Century. In Dhrupad, its distinctive feature is the climatic beginning in comparison to Raga's ascending composition. The word Dhrupad meaning 'fixed verse' refers to the complex opening section (Alap) allowing the other sections to grow and expand.

It is common in Dhrupad, for the Alap to be extended and unaccompanied, similar to most instrumental genres in Norther Indian music. It also focuses on a longer and more structured version of the alap-jor section. In comparison to Khayal, there is a clear structural division between the opening of Raga-alap and Jor. The Jor section in Dhrupad can be heard by its increasingly articulated and rapid pulse. Within this section, Jor follows the most common rhythmic cycle in Dhrupad, being the twelve beat.  The theme of intensification is prominent as the subsequent switch from the alap to jor, is identified as more rhythmic once it reaches the Jor section. A common instrument utilised throughout Dhrupad, in the jor, is the Rudra Vina, a string instrument that evokes a melodic rhythm.

A study conducted by Napier, portrays that the end point of the Dhrupad is the articulation of the last note played in the Alap during the Jor section. It also notes that there is a large sectionalisation in the Dhrupad that is obvious in Jor as the consistency in regard to rhythmic composition is hard to recognise in Dhrupad.

Structure

Rhythm
An instrumental performance of jor comprises sitarist who will pluck certain notes on a guitar or another instrument, with a consistent rhythm. A vocal performance of Jor will show a vocalist singing each phrase in equal time. A recording of two Raga performances conducted by Dhaeambir Singh Dadhyalla, indicated that Jor, along with Alap, lasts for 5 minutes which reduced the amount of tempo change throughout the beginning section.

An experiment conducted by Will, Clayton, Wertheim, Leante, Berg shows that the pulse progression in the Jor and Alap sections of Raga are distinctively different. The alap shows that there are at least nine different pulse rates, whilst in Jor there are only three. These characteristics in the Jor that distinguish it from the other sections are what creates different responses from audiences.

In the 3-section format of the Raga, Alap-Jor-Jhala, Jor and Alap can share similarities in its composition and rhythmic style. However, Jor contains distinctive features which makes it stand out in the Raga. Jor in comparison to the Alap, is usually slow in its introduction into the Raga, but continuously builds until it reaches a fast tempo. This allows a steady transition into the Jhala, as it continues the quickened beat set by Jor. Alap is solely defined by its free rhythm, whereas Jor is limited to its regular pulse following a simple beat pattern which can be elaborated in some cases. As the Raga progresses, Jor acts as the link between the Alap and Jhala as it applies the melody introduced in the Alap and expands it through to the Jhala. The utilisation of Gamak throughout Jor, which consists of a pattern of three notes exploring a wider range or octave. Another difference between the two opening sections is the freedom granted to Jor as it moves between different pulses and speeds, whilst still focusing on certain smaller parts within the song.

Transition
The transition between the three section, alap-jor-jhala, is continuous and each part builds from its predecessor.  Jor (literal meaning, "join") acts the second introduction after the alap, within a raga performance. It follows a similar structure to alap, with a shift in rhythmic style. As the Raga transitions into the Jor, the pulse is introduced by the melody instrumentalist. The Jor utilises the features of scale and patterns in the previous section (Alap) and improvises to create a new variation of these features. During jor, the performance must maintain a steady pulse with the exclusion of drums, which remains the same throughout Alap, Jor and Jhala.

In musical notation, jor follows the same notes as alap, with a constant steady beat between each. Narayan states that Jor is the "faster portion of alap, with rythmn," but deviates from Alap through its ability to concentrate on smaller sections or notes throughout the Raga. The distinction between alap and jor is made between the increase in regularity in the jor in comparison to previous alap section. Similarly, the basic sound sequence in this section is formed by chikari events to evoke a prominent timbral-rhythmic pattern.  The relationship between the two, forms the definition of a bridge that is connected with the light characteristics of alap and followed by the controlled design of the raga, where the drums decide the join into the arrangement. The theme formed in the introduction of the Alap, is continued to Jor, where the drums and rhythmic beats are excluded, and the chosen melodic instrument is strummed at an accelerated pace or the performer increases the phrasing of each syllable.

References

Formal sections in music analysis
Hindustani music terminology

Jor (music)


An Leptochloa malayana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Charles Edward Hubbard, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Pieter Jansen och Jan Frederik Veldkamp. An Leptochloa malayana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Leptochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Leptochloa

Leptochloa malayana


Helvidije (Helvidius; Helvetije) bio je autor djela napisanog prije 383., u kojem je iznio mišljenje da Marija, majka Isusova, nije ostala djevica doživotno. Prema Helvidiju, biblijsko spominjanje "sestara" i "braće" Isusa Krista znači da je Marija imala spolne odnose s Josipom te još djece nakon čudesnog začeća i rođenja Isusovog. Svoje je mišljenje podupro spisima Tertulijana i Viktorina.

Jeronim je na to odgovorio djelom Vječno djevičanstvo blažene Marije, u kojem je napisao da su spomenute sestre i braća djeca Josipa i njegove prve supruge ili Isusovi sestrične i bratići u prvom koljenu – djeca Marijine rođakinje Elizabete te sestre i braća Ivana Krstitelja. Dok je Jeronim pisao ovo djelo, i on i Helvidije bili su u Rimu, a Damaz I. je bio biskup Rima.

Poveznice
Isusova braća
Antidikomarijaniti

Izvori i bilješke

.
Marija (majka Isusova)

Helvidije


L'avenue des Louvresses est une voie de communication située à Gennevilliers.

Situation et accès
Elle se trouve dans la zone d'activité de l'ancienne usine à gaz de Gennevilliers. Son tracé prend la forme d'un L avec deux ronds-points permettant de faciliter la circulation automobile. En outre l'avenue est accessible par la sortie 5.1 de l'autoroute A86, une bretelle permet de rejoindre l'un des deux ronds-points susnommés.

L'avenue des Louvresses est desservie par :
Deux lignes de bus aux stations Ormeteau et ZAC des Louvresses .

En outre plusieurs entreprises de la zone affrètent à destination de leurs employés des bus privés afin de rejoindre la gare RER de Gennevilliers et la station de métro Les Courtilles.

Origine du nom
Louvresses est le nom d'un lieudit. Louvresse est un ancien mot du patois picard qui signifie louve.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 ZAC Des Louvresses.

Les entreprises suivantes se trouvent installées dans l'avenue :

 aux numéros 3/5 se trouvent deux hôtels du groupe international Accor, l'un sous enseigne Ibis budget et l'autre Mercure.
 au numéro 4 se trouve le siège de Thales SIX GTS France, spécialiste des systèmes de communications encryptés civils et militaires.
 aux numéros 27/29 se trouve le siège du Groupe Up, spécialiste des facilités de paiement alimentaire auprès des employés.

Notes et références

Louvresses

Avenue des Louvresses


بلدية بولوب , هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة اليكانتي. جنوب شرق إسبانيا. يبلغ عدد سكانها 3.636 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
بلديات مقاطعة بلنسية
نبلاء

بولوب


Leonard Roberts, (d. 17 Kasım 1972, St. Louis) Amerikalı oyuncudur.

De Paul Üniversitesi Tiyatro bölümünden mezun oldu. Drumline ve Buffy the Vampire Slayer dizilerinde rol alarak ekranla tanıştı. D.L Hawkins karakteri ile Heroes'ta sahne almıştır.

Filmografi

Ayrıca bakınız
Heroes (dizi)

Kaynakça

1972 doğumlular
St. Louis, Missouri doğumlular
Amerikalı tiyatro oyuncuları
Amerikalı erkek dizi oyuncuları
Yaşayan insanlar
Afrikalı Amerikalı erkek oyuncular

Leonard Roberts


Rosalie Riesener, dite aussi Rosalie Pillaut, née le  à Paris et morte le  à Paris , est une peintre française.

Biographie
Élève de son père Léon Riesener, Rosalie Riesener expose au Salon en 1865, 1866 et 1877, au Salon des artistes français en 1880 et 1881 et au Salon de la Société nationale des beaux-arts entre 1896 et 1898. Elle expose essentiellement des portraits, notamment au pastel.

Elle fréquente d'autres artistes femmes, comme Berthe Morisot, Mary Cassatt, Marcello ou encore Julia Daudet.

Après son mariage avec le compositeur Léon Pillaut, elle se consacre à son foyer. Sa production reste essentiellement dans le cercle familial.

Plusieurs de ses œuvres sont conservées au château de Saint-Germain-de-Livet.

Annexes

Bibliographie
 Collectif, Delacroix-Riesener, du romantisme à l'impressionnisme, musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Lisieux, 2005.
 Collectif, Léon Riesener, du romantisme à l'impressionnisme, musée d'Art et d'Histoire de Lisieux, 2010.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Peintre française
Peintre français du XIXe siècle
Peintre pastelliste
Peintre portraitiste français
Naissance en mars 1843
Naissance dans l'ancien 2e arrondissement de Paris
Décès en juin 1913
Décès dans le 16e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 70 ans

Rosalie Riesener


Albéric Boivin est un physicien, chercheur et professeur à l'Université Laval né le 11 février 1919 à Baie-Saint-Paul et décédé à Québec le 8 août 1991.

Biographie

Albéric Boivin s'inscrivit à la Faculté des Sciences de l'Université Laval en 1940.  Il y compléta un baccalauréat, une maîtrise et un doctorat. Il fit partie de la première cohorte de diplômés en physique en 1944 avec Fernand Bonenfant, Claude Geoffrion et Georges Hall. Il commença à enseigner dès la fin du baccalauréat et devint professeur titulaire en 1955.

Il fut un spécialiste en optique avec un intérêt également pour l'astronomie et fit partie du groupe de chercheurs à l'origine du Centre d'optique, photonique et laser (COPL) ainsi que de l'Observatoire du Mont Cosmos.

Distinctions

Prix Acfas Léo-Pariseau (sciences biologiques et sciences de la santé) 1967
Bourse Guggenheim 1969
Professeur émérite 1988

Références

Liens externes

Étudiant de l'Université Laval
Professeur à l'Université Laval
Physicien québécois
Astrophysicien canadien

Albéric Boivin


Villar - Manuelas børn er en film instrueret af Eva Koch.

Handling
Villar en en personlig historie og en menneskelig fortælling, der også har almen karakter. Fortællingen bygger på min egen families historie - min mor, Chris Haslund Koch er født i Villar del Cobo, der ligger i provinsen Teruel i Spanien. Installationen skal give et billede af Europa i en tid, der knapt er forbi. Den skal give et billede på en historie, der gentager sig - under den Spanske Borgerkrig sejlede man børn til Rusland - nu tager vi imod børn fra Jugoslavien.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2002

Kortfilm fra Danmark

Villar - Manuelas børn


Pequeños gigantes puede referirse a:

Pequeños gigantes (México), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos mexicano.
Pequeños gigantes (Colombia), programa infantil y concurso de talentos colombiano.
Pequeños gigantes (Costa Rica), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos de Costa Rica.
Pequeños gigantes (Argentina), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos de Argentina.
Pequeños gigantes (Perú), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos peruano.
Pequeños gigantes (Paraguay), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos paraguayo.
Pequeños gigantes (Ecuador), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos ecuatoriano.
Pequeños gigantes (Panamá),  programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos panameño.
Pequeños gigantes (Uruguay), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos uruguayo.
Pequeños gigantes (España), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos español.
Pequeños gigantes (Chile), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos chileno.
Pequeños gigantes (Portugal), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos portugués.
Pequeños gigantes (Italia), programa de telerrealidad y concurso de talentos italiano.

Pequeños gigantes


මූලික රෝහල් - වර්ගය A යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජයේ රෝහල් වර්ගයකි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

මූලික රෝහල් - වර්ගය A


Un glonte pentru general (titlul original: El chuncho, quien sabe?) este un film western italian, realizat în 1966 de regizorul  Damiano Damiani. Acțiunea se petrece în Mexic în anul 1917, pe fondul războiului civil, a luptelor dintre rebeli și armata guvernului.

Conținut

Un misterios american pe nume El Niño se alătură in timpul unui atac asupra unui tren, bandei condusă de El Chuncho. Bandiții jefuiesc arme, ca să le vândă apoi revoluționarilor. Important pentru Chuncho este în primul rând prin asta să se îmbogățească el însuși. După diferite masacre, unde s-a capturat în special o mitralieră valoroasă, banda părăsește un sat de revoluționari lăsându-i fără apărare, pentru a vinde armele capturate, generalului Elias, conducător al revoluției, a cărui ascunzătoare era greu de găsit. În drum spre acesta, El Niño se îmbolnăvește grav de malarie, El Chuncho îl salvează, însă căutând după medicamente în bagajul lui Niño, găsește un glonte de aur care nu i se pare de loc bătător la ochi. După sosirea în tabără, generalul îi reproșează lui El Chuncho, faptul că satul pe care l-a părăsit, a fost complet măcelărit de către soldați. El Chuncho își recunoaște vina și cere ca să fie executat de propriul său frate. El Niño îl împușcă pe generalul Elias de la mare distanță, îndeplinind astfel misiunea pentru care de fapt a venit. În plus, îl împușcă și pe fratele lui El Chuncho, acesta supraviețuind astfel. Constatându-se faptul că generalul a fost ucis de un glonte de aur, este dovada pentru El Niño față de angajatorul său că a reușit complotul de ucidere a generalului Elias. Pe de altă parte, prin asta El Chuncho își dă seama că El Niño s-a folosit de el ca să îl poată găsi pe general. Oare sunt încheiate acum toate socotelile?

Distribuție

Coloana sonoră
 Ya Me Voy
 En La Sierra
 La Fusilacion
 Peones
 Fiesta En San Miguel
 Quien Sabe
 Al Tren!
 Quien Sabe (chitară)
 Ya Me Voy (final)

Vezi și
 Listă de filme străine până în 1989

Referințe

Legături externe

Filme din 1966
Filme western
Filme în limba italiană
Filme regizate de Damiano Damiani

Un glonte pentru general


Rachel Anne McKendry (1973- ) est une chimiste britannique qui effectue des recherches sur les nanotechnologies et particulièrement en lien avec les télécommunications, les mégadonnées, les maladies infectieuses et la santé publique. Elle s'intéresse aux systèmes d'alerte précoce pour les épidémies ou maladies transmissibles, basés sur l'intelligence artificielle et utilisant les réseaux sociaux ou la téléphonie mobile.

Formation
Rachel McKendry obtient son diplôme de chimie de l'université de Durham en 1994, puis elle obtient son doctorat à l'université de Cambridge en 1999 avec sa thèse Chemical force microscopy.

Carrière et recherches
Rachel McKendry commence par travailler comme chercheuse postdoctoral au Laboratoire de recherches d'IBM à Zurich (Suisse) puis retourne au Royaume-Uni à l'Université College de Londres. Elle y reçoit une bourse de recherche Dorothy Hodgkin de la Royal Society.

Elle dirige une équipe de recherche interdisciplinaire à l'intersection de la nanotechnologie, des télécommunications, des Big data, des maladies infectieuses et de la santé publique. En 2015, elle présente un Tedx Talk à Exeter sur "L'avenir numérique de la santé publique", dans lequel elle discute des systèmes d'alerte précoce des épidémies - du Syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère ( SRAS) à Ebola - en cours de développement sur le modèle de Google Flu Trends, basé sur des données sociales anonymisées, les conversations de milliards d'utilisateurs de smartphones et d'autres appareils numériques dans le monde.

Ses domaines de recherche comprennent des matériaux quantiques pour la détection ultrasensible des virus, des nanocapteurs en porte-à-faux pour la détection phénotypique de la résistance aux antimicrobiens et un apprentissage approfondi pour soutenir l'assurance qualité et l'aide à la décision des tests rapides sur le terrain. Rachel McKendry dirige également un examen des technologies numériques dans la réponse mondiale de la santé publique au COVID-19.

Rachel McKendry est directrice chez i-Sense, une large collaboration de recherche interdisciplinaire créée en 2013 pour développer des systèmes de détection d'alerte précoce des maladies infectieuses financée par le britannique .

En 2014, elle est la lauréate du prix Rosalind-Franklin pour .

En juin 2021, elle cosigne dans Nature une publication scientifique de l'institut de nanotechnologies de l'University College de Londres (UCL) dans laquelle l'apprentissage profond et l'immunochromatographie sont utilisés pour améliorer les diagnostics de VIH dans des zones rurales d'Afrique du Sud.

Reconnaissance

 2009 : prix et médaille Clifford-Paterson de l'Institute of Physics.
 2014 : Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award.
 2014 : prix Rosalind-Franklin.

Publications
Rachel McKendry est l'auteur ou le coauteur de nombreux articles de recherches, dont :

  avec V. Turbé, C. Herbst, T. Mngomezulu. et al., (2021) Deep learning of HIV field-based rapid tests, dans Nature Medicine 27, 1165–1170
  avec G. Rees, I. J. Cox, A. Johnson, M. Edelstein, A. Eland et M.M. Stevens, Share mobile and social-media data to curb COVID-19, dans Nature, 580(7801), 29, 2020
  avec Joseph W. Ndieyira, Natascha Kappeler, Stephen Logan, Matthew A. Cooper, Chris Abell, Gabriel Aeppli, Surface-stress sensors for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of active free drugs in human serum, dans Nature nanotechnology 9, no. 3, 2014, pp. 225-232.
 avec Natascha Kappeler, Good vibrations for bad bacteria, dans Nature Nanotechnology 8, 483–484, 2013 Lire en ligne

Références

Liens externes

Chimiste britannique
Femme chimiste
Naissance en 1973
Étudiant de Jesus College (Cambridge)
Étudiant de l'université de Durham
Professeur à l'University College de Londres

Rachel McKendry


Durante as frustradas invasões britânicas ao Vice-reino do Rio da Prata os espanhóis capturaram seis bandeiras e um estandarte dos britânicos, que continuam em poder de Argentina até a atualidade. Em 27 de junho de 1806, durante a Primeira Invasão Inglesa, as tropas do Reino Unido ao comando do general William Beresford atacaram e conquistaram Buenos Aires, a capital vice-reino. O capitão de navio (equivalente a Capitão de mar e guerra) Santiago de Liniers à frente de tropas alistadas em Montevideo e voluntários locais recuperou a cidade para a monarquia espanhola em 12 de agosto de 1806. Nesse dia os soldados do vice-reino capturaram quatro bandeiras das tropas britânicas e um estandarte. Mantidos em caráter de troféus de guerra até a atualidade, as quatro bandeiras conservam-se no Convento de Santo Domingo e o estandarte no Museu Nacional do Cabildo e a Revolução de Maio, ambos em Buenos Aires.

Durante a Segunda Invasão Inglesa as forças britânicas renderam-se em Buenos Aires em 7 de julho de 1807, perdendo dois dias antes duas bandeiras que se exibem no altar da Virgem de Nossa Senhora do Rosário do Milagre, na parte superior da basílica de Santo Domingo, na cidade de Córdoba.

Bandeiras conservadas no Convento de Santo Domingo de Buenos Aires

No convento de Santo Domingo e basílica de Nossa Senhora do Rosário em Buenos Aires, depois do altar da nave lateral, encontram-se em exibição duas bandeiras pertencentes ao 1° e ao 2° batalhão do Regimento n.º 71 Highlanders, uma unidade escocesa do Exército Britânico. Acham-se ali também duas bandeiras da Marinha Real Britânica, uma correspondente a um Real Batalhão de Marina (os Royal Blues) e outra a um estandarte naval que os ocupantes britânicos içavam no mastro do parque da Praça de touros no Retiro.

As duas bandeiras do Regimento n.º 71 Highlanders foram reconquistadas em 5 de julho de 1807 no convento de Santo Domingo pelas forças do general Robert Craufurd, sendo uma delas arvorada nele brevemente até a rendição e subsequente recaptura das bandeiras pelos soldados do vice-reino em Montevidéu.

O rei de Espanha dispôs em 12 de abril de 1807 conceder a Montevidéu o título de Muito Fiel e Reconquistadora, e que ao Escudo de suas Armas, possa acrescentar as bandeiras Inglesas abatidas que obteve em dita reconquista. Por essa razão foram acrescentadas ao escudo da cidade 4 bandeiras britânicas abatidas.

Em 1815 —ratificado por real ordem 21 de março de 1816— o rei Fernando VII de Espanha concedeu a Luis Liniers, filho de Santiago, que: acrescente o herdeiro a suas armas as quatro bandeiras que tomou seu pai. Em 1828 o rei dispôs ao respeito: que são dois do regimento num. 71, a do Terço de Marinha, que é um Jaque em fundo vermelho, e a dos Riffles, colorada, com uma caveira negra.

Referências

Troféus de guerra

Bandeiras britânicas das invasões inglesas conservadas pela Argentina


Telkwa est un village situé dans la province de la Colombie-Britannique, dans le centre.

Notes et références

Municipalité en Colombie-Britannique

Telkwa


An Haworthia diversicolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Triebner ngan Karl von Poellnitz, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni M. Hayashi. An Haworthia diversicolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Haworthia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Haworthia

Haworthia diversicolor


Die Liste der denkmalgeschützten Objekte in Demandice enthält das eine nach slowakischen Denkmalschutzvorschriften geschützte Objekt in der Gemeinde Demandice im Okres Levice.

Denkmäler

Legende

Einzelnachweise

!
Demandice


Wan Zack Haikal (født 28. januar 1991) er en malaysisk fodboldspiller.

Malaysias fodboldlandshold

|-
|2012||9||3
|-
|2013||1||0
|-
|2014||0||0
|-
|2015||6||0
|-
|2016||3||0
|-
|2017||6||0
|-
!Total||25||3
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Malaysia

Wan Zack Haikal


Harmondsworth es una localidad del Municipio de Hillingdon, cercana al Aeropuerto de Londres-Heathrow. Se encuentra al sur de West Drayton, cerca de Harlington, Hayes, Heathrow, Longford, Sipson y Yiewsley.

Historia

El nombre de Harmondsworth proviene del inglés antiguo Heremōdes worþ, que significa "el cercamiento de Heremōd". El pueblo se menciona en el Libro Domesday, un registro inglés de ciudades (similar a los censos actuales) que data de finales del . Los lugares más notables de Harmondsworth son la iglesia de Santa María, con partes que datan del , y la colecturía más grande de Gran Bretaña, construida enteramente sin clavos.

Originalmente Harmondsworth era una parroquia: el primer registro del nombre data del año 780 d.C., cuando Offa de Mercia le garantizó unas tierras a su sirviente Aeldred.

Gobierno

Gobierno local
Entre 1894 y 1930, Harmondsworth era una parroquia civil, ubicada en el distrito rural Staines. Más tarde, fue trasladada al distrito urbano de Yiewsley y West Drayton. La parroquia, que también albergaba a Sipson, Longford, Heathrow y Perry Oaks, se fusionó con Yiewsley y West Drayton en 1949. El gobierno local le concedió otra muestra de reconocimiento al pueblo al transferirlo al Municipio de Hillingdon, en Gran Londres, cuando Middlesex fue abolido en 1965. En la actualidad se encuentra en el distrito electoral de Heathrow, cuyos miembros eligen a tres intendentes para Hillingdon.

Gobierno nacional
La Dirección de Fronteras del Reino Unido (UK Border Agency) tiene dos centros de expulsión de inmigrantes, el Centro de Expulsión de Inmigrantes de Colnbrook y el Centro de Expulsión de Inmigrantes de Harmondsworth en el pueblo.

Economía y educación

British Airways tiene su sede central en el edificio Waterside, en Harmondsworth. El edificio abrió oficialmente en 1998.

El único centro educativo de Harmondsworth es la Escuela Primaria de Harmondsworth. En lo que respecta al transporte, el pueblo está comunicado por la estación ferroviaria de West Drayton, inaugurada en 1838.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Berkhofer, Robert III. (2004) Day of Reckoning: Power and Accountability in Medieval France, Filadelfia, pp. 166-68
 Sherwood, Philip. (1999) Heathrow: 2000 Years of History. The History Press ISBN 978-0752450862

Enlaces externos
 Harmondsworth Moor en el sitio web oficial del Municipio de Hillingdon (en inglés)

Barrios de Londres
Hillingdon

Harmondsworth


Adolf Bechtold (1926-2012), joueur de football allemand.
 Gottfried Bechtold (1947-), sculpteur autrichien.
 John Bechtold, avocat et homme politique américain.
 Karl K. Bechtold avocat, officier de marine et homme politique américain.

Bechtold


Playa Gwangalli (en coreano: 광안리 해수욕장) es una playa en Busan, Corea del Sur. Se encuentra en Suyeong-gu, de la Ciudad Metropolitana de Busan, al oeste de la playa de Haeundae. Se encuentra dentro de una cueva atravesada por el puente Gwangan y cubre 82.000 metros cuadrados en una longitud de 1,4 kilómetros y una anchura de 25 a 110 metros, en una curva en forma de media luna de arena fina. Al lado están unos callejones con restaurantes, tiendas de café, y discotecas. Debido a su popularidad, los funcionarios municipales están presionando para que se mejore la calidad del agua en las playas.

La playa está cerca del centro de Busan Yachting utilizado para las competiciones de vela de los Juegos Olímpicos de Seúl 1988.

Véase también
Playa Forti
Playa Fulong
Playa Gipy
Playa Gurteen

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre la playa

Playas de Corea del Sur

Playa Gwangalli


Este artículo trata sobre la estación de la línea Púrpura y Marrón. Para las estaciones en las líneas Azul y Roja, véase: Chicago (línea Roja) y Chicago (línea Azul).

Chicago es una estación en las líneas Marrón y Púrpura del Metro de Chicago. La estación se encuentra localizada en 300 West Chicago Avenue en Chicago, Illinois. La estación Chicago fue inaugurada el 31 de mayo de 1900.  La Autoridad de Tránsito de Chicago es la encargada por el mantenimiento y administración de la estación. La línea Púrpura opera solamente durante las horas pico de lunes a viernes.

Descripción
La estación Chicago cuenta con 2 plataformas laterales y 2 vías.

Conexiones
La estación es abastecida por las siguientes conexiones de autobuses:
 Rutas del CTA Buses: #11 Lincoln/Sedgwick, #66 Chicago (Servicio Owl)

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Estación Chicago
 Líneas y estaciones del Metro de Chicago

Estaciones de Metro de Estados Unidos inauguradas en 1900
Estaciones de la línea Marrón (Metro de Chicago)
Estaciones de la línea Púrpura (Metro de Chicago)

Chicago (Metro de Chicago)


Ytterbium(III)-oxid ist eine chemische Verbindung aus der Gruppe der Oxide.

Vorkommen
Ytterbium(III)-oxid kommt natürlich in Spuren im Mineral Gadolinit vor. Es wurde 1878 von Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac aus diesem isoliert.

Gewinnung und Darstellung
Ytterbium(III)-oxid lässt sich durch Reaktion von Ytterbium mit Sauerstoff gewinnen.

Es kann auch durch thermale Zersetzung von Ytterbiumcarbonat oder Ytterbiumoxalat bei Temperaturen um 700 °C gewonnen werden.

Eigenschaften

Ytterbium(III)-oxid ist ein weißes Pulver. Wie die anderen dreiwertigen Oxide der schwereren Lanthanoide kristallisiert es in einer kubischen Lanthanoid-C-Struktur. Es reagiert mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff oder heißer Salzsäure zu Ytterbium(III)-chlorid.

Verwendung
Ytterbium(III)-oxid wird als Zusatz für spezielle Legierungen und dielektrische Keramikwerkstoffe, als Katalysator und in Spezialgläsern verwendet. Es kann auch als Zusatz für Kohlenstoff-Elektroden von Lichtbogenlampen verwendet werden, die ein sehr helles Licht erzeugen.

Einzelnachweise

Ytterbiumverbindung
Oxid

Ytterbium(III)-oxid


The Thanhouser Company (later the Thanhouser Film Corporation) was one of the first motion picture studios, founded in 1909 by Edwin Thanhouser, his wife Gertrude and his brother-in-law Lloyd Lonergan. It operated in New York City until 1920, producing over a thousand films.

Corporate history
Edwin Thanhouser constructed a studio in New Rochelle, New York. The company thrived under his leadership and by the summer of 1910, it had established itself as the best of the independents in the industry. Frank E. Woods of the American Biograph Company would pen an editorial in The New York Dramatic Mirror as "The Spectator", praising the Thanhouser company to this effect.

It was sold to Mutual Film Corporation on April 15, 1912, for $250,000. Charles J. Hite took charge.

On January 13, 1913, a fire destroyed the main facility in New Rochelle; much equipment and many costumes and negatives of films in production were lost. However, subsidiary studios that had been set up were able to meet distributors' needs while it was being rebuilt.

After Hite's death in an automobile accident, the company continued for another five years. After a period of floundering under inexperienced leadership, Edwin Thanhouser was hired to take charge, but he could not recreate the success of his earlier years. The film industry had evolved and was more competitive by this time, and although films featuring star Florence La Badie were still successful, other ventures were not. La Badie left Thanhouser Corporation in 1917, only weeks before her own death on October 13, 1917, due to injuries sustained in an automobile accident in late August. In 1920, Thanhouser Corporation was liquidated.

Releases of 1910

The Thanhouser Company's first release was The Actor's Children on March 15, 1910. The plot focused on a family of theater actors who struggle to pay the rent. While the parents are out, their kids are left out on the street where they dance to the music of an organ grinder. They are later rescued by a theater manager and are reunited with their parents at the theater. The film's conclusion is an example of the deus ex machina dramatic technique, which Lonergan used to conclude many scenarios. Though it was the first release, it was not the first film to be produced; the first film produced was The Mad Hermit. Produced in the autumn of 1909, The Mad Hermit would not be released until August 1910. According to Lloyd Lonergan, the first script he wrote was for Aunt Nancy Telegraphs, which was shot in December 1909 but never released.

The next release would be an adaptation of Augusta Jane Evans's novel St. Elmo. The Thanhouser version of St. Elmo would bring the company some recognition and would prove to be a success, but the film is also presumed lost. Thanhouser would release two more original scenarios, She's Done it Again and Daddy's Double, before attempting two productions on the same reel. Released on April 15, 1910, A 29-Cent Robbery was included with The Old Shoe Came Back, a short comedy filler subject. The main subject, A 29-Cent Robbery, was the debut of Marie Eline, soon to be famously known as the "Thanhouser Kid". Two more split reels would follow before the release of Jane Eyre. Productions adapted from novels included Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale, Marie Corelli's Thelma and Mary Jane Holmes's Tempest and Sunshine.

More adaptations of classic works, like Uncle Tom's Cabin, would be interspersed with several original scenarios like The Mermaid and The Restoration. On August 9, The Mad Hermit was released and Edwin Thanhouser's fears of it being an amateur production were unfounded. Films in the autumn included novel plots like Dots and Dashes, where Morse code facilitates a man's escape from a safe. As Halloween approached, the company released The Fairies' Hallowe'en, a trick film geared towards child audiences. A Thanksgiving Surprise would also be released in time for Thanksgiving.

The winter of 1910 saw more adaptations of classics and short stories, including Paul and Virginia, John Halifax, Gentleman, Rip Van Winkle and The Vicar of Wakefield. Love and Law was released on December 17, it was to be the first of four films in the "Violet Gray, Detective" series though it was originally billed as part of the "Thanhouser Detective Series". Previously Thanhouser had released another film about a woman reporter who uncovered a political corruption in The Girl Reporter and a young woman who does the same in A Dainty Politician. Thanhouser would also release Looking Forward, an adaptation of James Oliver Curwood's story, where a young chemist awakes a century later to a world run by women. The last release of the year was Hypnotized, focusing on a traveling show with an ill-intentioned hypnotist.

Filmography

Thanhouser produced over 1,000 silent films. Among these were:
 The Cry of the Children:  Selected in 2011 by the National Film Preservation Board of the Library of Congress for inclusion in the National Film Registry, which recognizes films for their cultural, historical and aesthetic significance. The Film Preservation Board described this two-reel melodrama from 1912, part of which was filmed in a working textile mill, as a "key work" in relation to the U.S. movement for child labor reform in the years before World War I. According to the Film Preservation Board, an "influential critic of the time" called it "the boldest, most timely and most effective appeal for the stamping out of the cruelest of all social abuses."
 The Evidence of the Film:  A 15-minute film from 1913, among the 25 films selected for the National Film Registry in 2001
 When the Studio Burned:  On January 13, 1913 (three days after the release of The Evidence of the Film), the main facility of the Thanhouser studio in New Rochelle, New York burned to the ground.  Most of the negatives in the studio's film library were saved.  However, in the scramble to save lives, business files and the film library, none of the company's cameramen were able to set up their equipment until after the studio was a smoldering ruin.  Thanks to Thanhouser's recent acquisitions of production facilities in Los Angeles and Chicago, the studio was able to produce this 14-minute fictional film about the fire.  The film, which included many of the studio's stars appearing as themselves recreating their escape from the fire, was released on February 4, 1913.

References

External links

 Thanhouser Company Film Preservation, Inc. web site
 Thanhouser Film Corp., American Film Institute
 Thanhouser Film Archive- The Silent Film Channel
The Thanhouser Studio collection, Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences

1909 establishments in New York (state)
1920 disestablishments in New York (state)
Mass media companies established in 1909
Mass media companies disestablished in 1920
Silent film studios
Defunct American film studios
Entertainment companies based in New York City
Companies based in New Rochelle, New York
Culture of New Rochelle, New York
Entertainment companies established in 1909
Film production companies of the United States

Thanhouser Company