Centro de promoción del conocimiento científico y tecnológico que desarrolla experiencias educativas en las áreas de innovación, ambiente, energía y astronomía.

Dentro de las principales iniciativas desarrolladas por La Fábrica de Tiempo se encuentran: Un museo itinerante de ciencia y tecnología, un parque temático de ciencia y tecnología, simposio de Ideas creativas "Tu Idea Vale", módulos de enseñanza por internet "e-learning".

Historia
La Universidad Tecnológica del Centro (UNITEC) liderada por el Rector César Peña Vigas en el año 2007 diseña el proyecto "Museo De Ciencia y Tecnología: La Fábrica de Tiempo", aprobado por el  Observatorio Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología e Innovación, cuyo objetivo era constituirse como un centro para la divulgación del conocimiento científico en el estado Carabobo

Es entonces, cuando se crea el primer Parque Temático de Ciencia y Tecnología itinerante, cuyo objetivo es poder difundir su misión entre diversas escuelas, universidades, centros comerciales, entre otros.
Hasta la fecha, se han realizado alrededor 2000000 experiencias educativas a través del uso de las exhibiciones itinerantes por parte de grupos familiares, visitas guiadas de escuelas y público en general

Filosofía
Considerando "la tierra" como una nave espacial, cuya existencia puede verse amenazada constantemente por causas internas (contaminación, guerras) y externas (destrucción del sol, choque de un asteroide), la fundación define cuatro áreas de conocimiento relevantes en las cuales se fundamenta para su gestión: siendo estas energía, ambiente, innovación y astronomía.

 Museo Itinerante de Ciencia y Tecnología "La Fábrica de Tiempo"

El museo itinerante de Ciencia y Tecnología presenta un conjunto de exhibiciones, interactivas y divertidas, las cuales a través de su interacción y un video interpretativo, explican  los principios científicos involucrados en cada experimento o exhibición.

Dentro de las exhibiciones que cuenta el museo se encuentran: Trasmisión de sonidos a través de parábolas, bicicleta generadora de energía, trasmisión de fuerza a través de poleas, transformación de energía utilizando el "Péndulo de Newton", viaje a la luna en réplica del Apolo 11, generación de arco eléctrico en la "Bobina de Tesla", bobillo fluorescente versus incandescente.

 Tu Idea Vale

Su objetivo es promover el conocimiento científico a través del desarrollo de experiencias educativas y divertidas, basadas en el principio "aprender haciendo". Este evento otorga reconocimiento a la inventiva de estudiantes y profesores al diseñar exhibiciones didácticas y divertidas englobadas en las áreas de innovación, energía, ambiente y astronomía. Con ello se busca apoyar la labor educativa de diversos colegios y universidades a nivel nacional, enfocándonos en 4 áreas: Astronomía, Energía, Ambiente e Innovación.

 Módulo E-Learing
La Fábrica de Tiempo, divulga conocimiento científico a través de su página web en la cual cuenta con un módulo e-learning, que mediante trivias y datos, enseñan sobre fenómenos científicos. Para ello se diseñaron juegos y cápsulas de conocimiento que clasifican los conocimientos en las áreas de innovación, ambiente, energía y astronomía.

Referencias
 Muñoz, Victor. (2011) Tu Idea Vale apoya la inventiva científica de los jóvenes.  Diario El Impulso. Barquisimeto, Estado Lara.
 UNITEC (2011). Coordinación de Promoción

Fundaciones de Venezuela

Fundación La Fábrica de Tiempo


අලිමංකඩ යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආර්ථික, යුදමය හා පාරිසරික වශයෙන් ඉතා ඉහළ වටිනාකමක් ඇති ප්‍රදේශයකි.
වන්නි මෙහෙයුමේ ඉතාමත් තීරණාත්මක සන්ධිස්ථානයක් පසු කරමින් යුද ඉතිහාසයේ අමරණීය සටහනක් තබමින් වසර 8 කට පසුව අලිමංකඩ ප්‍රදේශයේ බලය අල්ලා ගැනීමට යුද හමුදා භට පිරිස් 2009 ජන 9 උදෑසන සමත් විය.

පරන්තන් ප්‍රදේශයේ බලය අල්ලා ගත් යුද හමුදාවේ 58 වන සේනාංකයේ භට පිරිස් ඉන් අනතුරුව ඒ 9 මාර්ගය ඔස්සේ උතුරු දෙසට සිය මෙහෙයුම් ක්‍රියාත්මක කළේය. එමෙන්ම මුහමාලෙයි සහ කිලාලි ප්‍රදේශ වලින් මෙහෙයුම් ආරම්භ කළ යුද හමුදාවේ 53 වන සහ 55 වන සේනාංක දකුණු දෙසට මෙහෙයුම් දියත් කරමින් එල්.ටී.ටී.ඊ ත්‍රස්තවාදීන්ට දැඩි පීඩනයක් එල්ල කළේය.
කාලතුවක්කු, සන්නාහ සන්නද්ධ රථ මෙන්ම ගුවන් හමුදාවෙන් එල්ල වූ ගුවන් ප්‍රහාර හමුවේ ත්‍රස්තවාදීන් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් මිය ගොස් තවත් විශාල සංඛ්‍යාවක් තුවාල ලබා තිබේ. උතුරින් සහ දකුණින් එල්ල වූ දැඩි ප්‍රහාර හමුවේ කොටි ත්‍රස්තවාදීන්ට දැඩි හානි සිදු වූ අතර අවසානයේදී අලිමංකඩ අතහැර පලා යාමට ඔවුන්ට සිදු විය.

අලිමංකඩ යුදමය වශයෙන් ඉතාමත් වැදගත්කමක් උසුලන ස්ථානයකි. ඒ 9 (යාපනය - නුවර) මාර්ගයේ පිහිටා ඇති අලිමංකඩ යාපනය අර්ධද්වීපයට ප්‍රවේශ වීමට ඇති එකම ගොඩබිම් මාර්ගයයි. ත්‍රස්තවාදීන්ගේ සියලු සිහින බිඳ දමමින් ඔවුන්ට යාපනය අර්ධද්වීපයට ඇතුළු වීමට තිබූ එකම මාර්ගය ද මේ නිසා අහිමි වී ඇත.  අද දිනයේ දී අලිමංකඩ මුදා ගැනීමට භට පිරිස් සමත් විය.

අලිමංකඩ මුදා ගැනීමත් සමග ඒ 9 (යාපනය-නුවර) මාර්ගයේ සම්පූර්ණ බලය ආරක්ෂක හමුදා යටතට පත්විය.

මෙම වැදගත් ස්ථානය සිහිකැඳවීමට රාගම වෛද්‍ය පීඨයේ එක් නේවාසිකාගාරයක් අලිමංකඩ යනුවෙන් නම් කර ඇත.

තවදුරත්
ශ්‍රීලංකාවේ ස්ථාන නාම
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වනාන්තර

References

ශ්‍රීලංකාවේ වනාන්තර

අලිමංකඩ


Vilajet Hrvati, osmanska upravna jedinica na području današnje Republike Hrvatske. Sam naziv je prvi put korišten u popisu stanovništva iz 1528. – 1530. godine koji sadrži naznaku o prisutnosti hrvatskog etničkog elementa na navedenom području, kao i naznaku da je to područje prije pripadalo Hrvatskomu kraljevstvu.

Povijest
Nakon sloma hrvatsko-ugarske vojske i kraljevstva 1526. godine u bitci na Mohačkom polju, sudbina velikog dijela nekadašnjih zemalja Hrvatsko-Ugarske bila je zapečaćena. Tako se tijekom 1520-ih na udaru osmanskih snaga iz susjedne Hercegovine našla i Dalmacija, osobito dijelovi koji su priznavali vlast hrvatsko-ugarskoga kralja. Dalmatinsko zaleđe, za razliku od utvrđenih gradova na obali i otoka, koji su bili pod mletačkom vlašću, ubrzo pada pod vlast sultana. Od osvojenih teritorija potom se osniva tzv. Vilajet Hrvati, koji je obuhvaćao područje između Zrmanje do Cetine, i dijelove između Une i Velebita, u sastavu osmanske Bosne. Osnovan je na područjima osvojenim između 1522. i 1528. godine. Sjedište mu je bilo u Sinju, a tom je prigodom osnovan i kadiluk Skradin. Godine 1537. to se područje uklapa u veću upravnu jedinicu, sandžak. Dobio je ime po Klisu kao svome središtu, a obuhvaćao je i dio današnje BiH. U pojedinim vrelima taj sandžak kao i prethodeća mu jedinica nosi atribut hrvatskog (u pismu kliškog sandžak-bega Ferhada 1558.). Oko 1580., pak, područje sjeverozapadno od rijeke Krke izdvojeno je kao novoosnovani Krčki sandžak. Iako su oba sandžaka bila podređena bosanskomu beglerbegluku, čini se da je Krčki sandžak ostao u nekoj mjeri podređen Kliškom sandžaku.

Izvori

Daljnja literatura
 I. Mažuran: Hrvati i Osmansko carstvo, Golden marketing, Zagreb, 1998.

Vilajeti Osmanskog Carstva
Hrvatske zemlje pod osmanskom vlašću

Vilajet Hrvati


is an American-born Japanese former professional sumo wrestler and professional wrestler from Waimānalo, Hawaii. Joining sumo in Japan in 1988, he was trained by pioneering Hawaiian wrestler Takamiyama and rose swiftly up the rankings, reaching the top division in 1990. After two consecutive yusho or tournament championships in November 1992 and January 1993 he made history by becoming the first non-Japanese-born wrestler ever to reach yokozuna, the highest rank in sumo.

One of the tallest and heaviest wrestlers ever, Akebono's rivalry with the young Japanese hopefuls, Takanohana and Wakanohana, was a big factor in the increased popularity of sumo at tournament venues and on TV in the early 1990s. During his eight years at the yokozuna rank, Akebono won a further eight tournament championships, for a career total of eleven, and was a runner-up on thirteen other occasions, despite suffering several serious injuries. Although his rival yokozuna Takanohana won more tournaments in this period, their individual head-to-heads remained very close.

Akebono became a Japanese citizen in 1996, and after retiring in 2001 he worked as a coach at Azumazeki stable before leaving the Sumo Association in 2003. After an unsuccessful period as a K-1 fighter, he became a professional wrestler. In All Japan Pro Wrestling (AJPW) he has been a two-time Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion, two-time World Tag Team Champion, and two-time All Asia Tag Team Champion, as well as winning the 2015 Champion Carnival. In 2017, as a result of health problems, he became inactive from professional wrestling.

Early life
Chad Rowan was born on 8 May 1969 to Randolph and Janice Rowan, and is of Hawaiian descent. He grew up with two younger brothers, one of whom, Ola, also became a sumo wrestler for a brief period after Chad. He attended Kaiser High School, where he played basketball and became an All-Star center. He went to Hawaii Pacific University on a basketball scholarship, but sat out his freshman season.

Sumo career

Early career
Rowan was planning to study for a career in hotel management, but he had always been interested in sumo from watching television broadcasts. A family friend introduced him to Azumazeki Oyakata, the former Takamiyama, who also originally hailed from Hawaii. Azumazeki overcame his initial concerns that Rowan might be too tall and his legs too long for sumo and agreed to let him join his Azumazeki stable, founded in 1986. Rowan flew to Japan in early 1988. Adopting the shikona of Akebono, meaning "new dawn" in Japanese, he made his professional debut in March 1988. This entry cohort was one of the most successful ever, producing two other yokozuna, Takanohana and Wakanohana (sons of the popular champion from the 1970s, Takanohana Kenshi), as well as a great ōzeki, Kaiō.

Akebono rose rapidly through the ranks, equaling the record for the most consecutive kachi-koshi (majority of wins in a sumo tournament) from debut, reaching sekiwake before suffering his first make-koshi or losing record. He was promoted to jūryō in March 1990, the first sekitori from his stable, and to makuuchi in September of the same year. He made his top division debut in the same tournament as Wakanohana, as well as Takatōriki and Daishōyama. In the November 1990 tournament he was awarded his first special prize, for Fighting Spirit, and in January 1991 he earned his first gold star for defeating yokozuna Asahifuji. In March 1991 he defeated ōzeki Konishiki in the first ever match between two non-Japanese wrestlers in the top division.

Promotion
In 1992, after a year of 8–7 or 7–8 records near the top of the makuuchi division, Akebono suddenly came alive with a 13–2 record in January of that year, narrowly losing the top division championship to Takanohana. A second 13–2 record two tournaments later, in May, saw him win the top division championship for the first time, and with it promotion to ōzeki. After an injury during the summer, he went on to win consecutive championships in November 1992 and January 1993 to win promotion to yokozuna.

At the time of his promotion, the rank of yokozuna had been vacant for eight months (an exceedingly rare occurrence) and his promotion, despite the fact that he was the first foreign yokozuna, was welcomed by many. He had met the stipulation of winning two consecutive tournaments that had been mentioned by the Yokozuna Deliberation Council when turning down Konishiki the previous year, and was also seen as having conducted himself with the dignity and humility necessary for such an exalted rank. One commentator remarked, "He makes me forget he is a foreigner because of his earnest attitude towards sumo."

Yokozuna era
Akebono was a long-standing and strong yokozuna, lasting nearly eight years in the rank and winning the top division championship on a further eight occasions. His career highlights include the rare achievement of winning the top division championship in three consecutive tournaments, in 1993. In July 1993 he beat Takanohana and Wakanohana in consecutive matches to win the honbasho when all three ended up tied at the end of the 15-day tournament, and in May 1997 he defeated Takanohana twice on the final day, once in their regular match and once in a playoff, to win his first title in over two years. The competition between Akebono and Takanohana, who reached yokozuna himself in 1995, was said to be one of the great defining rivalries of postwar sumo. The two finished their careers with a 25–25 tie in bouts against one another. At the opening ceremony of the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano, a professional sumo wrestler was chosen to represent each of the competing countries and lead them into the stadium. After Takanohana fell ill, Akebono was given the honor of representing Japan in the opening ceremony. Akebono also led other sumo wrestlers in a ring cleansing ceremony at the Opening Ceremony (also meant to cleanse the stadium itself).

Akebono was quite susceptible to injury because of his height and weight. He suffered his first serious knee injury in May 1994 when, after winning his first ten matches of the tournament, he lost a bout to Takatōriki and fell awkwardly. He flew to Los Angeles and underwent career-saving surgery. From November 1998 to March 1999 he missed three successive tournaments due to a herniated disc in his lower back and faced calls for his retirement. However, after receiving the personal backing of the Chairman of the Japan Sumo Association, he scored a respectable 11–4 record in his comeback tournament in May 1999. In 2000 he enjoyed his first completely injury-free year since 1993 and won two tournaments, finishing as runner-up in three others. He won 76 bouts out of a possible 90, the best record of any wrestler that year.

Fighting style
Akebono was one of the tallest sumo wrestlers ever, at  tall, and also one of the heaviest with a peak weight of  in March 1999. He was also one of the most aggressive and ferocious sumo wrestlers. Despite having long legs, considered a disadvantage in sumo as it tends to make one top heavy and susceptible to throws, he covered for this by training exceptionally hard, and using his long reach to thrust his opponents out of the dohyō (ring). In his prime, he had incredible thrusting strength and on many occasions would blast lesser wrestlers out of the ring in one or two strokes using tsuppari techniques. His most common winning kimarite was oshi-dashi, a simple push out, and he also regularly won by tsuki-dashi, the thrust out. In later years he also used his reach to more often grab his opponent's mawashi, or belt, and then use his weight and power to force the opponent from the ring by yori-kiri. He liked a migi-yotsu, or left hand outside, right hand inside grip, and was fond of using his left hand to employ uwatenage, or overarm throw.

Retirement
After winning his eleventh top division title in November 2000, Akebono suffered another injury and, after sitting out the tournament in January 2001, he decided to retire rather than face a daunting struggle back to fighting fitness. After his retirement, he became a member (or elder) of the Japan Sumo Association as a coach, or oyakata, and worked with his former mentor in the Azumazeki stable. He helped train the Mongolian wrestler Asashōryū who also became a yokozuna, and Akebono instructed him on how to perform the dohyō-iri, or yokozuna ring-entering ceremony.

While an oyakata, Akebono also appeared in TV commercials and opened a restaurant called ZUNA.

In June 2013 he returned to Azumazeki stable for the first time since leaving the Sumo Association to oversee some training sessions as an assistant instructor.

Kickboxing and mixed martial arts career

Akebono left the Sumo Association in November 2003 to join K-1. The decision was influenced by financial problems due to the failure of his restaurant, among other financial difficulties. His koenkai, or supporters network, had dissolved after his marriage in 1998, depriving him of a valuable source of income. In addition, he earned far less as an oyakata than he had as a yokozuna. K-1 offered him a chance to clear his debts by fighting for them.

K-1

2003–2004
At the time of his debut, Akebono was involved in a highly publicized matchup at K-1 Premium 2003 against popular superheavyweight fighter Bob Sapp. The combined popularity of Sapp and Akebono attracted a crowd of 45,000 to the Nagoya Dome and granted the event a 43% viewership, making it the first time a combat sports event outdrew the NHK music festival Kōhaku Uta Gassen, Japan's traditionally biggest New Year show. The classical matchup of an American foreigner like Sapp against a Japanese national like Taro, a cultural contraposition, also gained comparisons with Japanese professional wrestling legend Rikidōzan in his bouts against The Sharpe Brothers. The match itself, however, was short and intense. Outweighing Sapp by over 150 pounds, Akebono pushed him towards the ring corners with energetic, fast punches, but his stamina fell minutes into the round. The more experienced Sapp then attacked him with low kicks and punching combinations to the head and body, knocking the yokozuna down twice before finishing him by KO at 2:58.

Some months later, Akebono followed with another high level match, this time against the famed Musashi. Akebono had improved his conditioning under Ray Sefo and Fai Falamoe and outweighed Musashi by more than twice his weight, so there was expectation about his performance. As expected, Akebono started strong, overwhelming Musashi with sumo charges against the ropes through the first round. However, the yokozuna would shock the crowd through unsportsmanlike conduct in the second, as he suddenly started unloading illegal hooks and rabbit punches on a seated Musashi when the latter slipped and fell. Referee Nobuaki Kakuda warned Akebono while the fight looked to be stopped in a DQ, but a still dazed Musashi insisted to keep on. The fight continued for the remnant time, but although Akebono achieved a significant offense, Musashi ultimately rallied up with punches and several kinds of kicks, controlling the exchanges. After Akebono ended the match with a new foul, a sumo throw, unanimous decision was given to his opponent.

After another decision loss against Chinese fighter Zhang Qingjun in South Korea, Akebono travelled to United States to fight American legend Rick Roufus in K-1 Las Vegas. During the fight, Roufus avoided being cornered by Akebono's pushes and counterattacked with kicks and punches, but it failed to damage the much bigger yokozuna. Again, Akebono showed an unsportsmanlike side when he tried repeatedly to throw Roufus out of the ring, leading referee Cecil Peoples to warn him. At one point, Akebono even pushed away Peoples himself. Due to the fouls and to Roufus's unceasant attacks, decision was given to the American.

The next month, Akebono faced Dutch striker Remy Bonjasky back in Japan. Ignored his opponent's signature high kicks, Akebono pressed with punches and pushes, but Bonjasky kept dodging and attacking, even landing a sharp kick to the head by springing from the top rope. The bout transpired this way until the third round, when Bonjasky scored a roundhouse kick that knocked Akebono out.

At the end of the year, Akebono had his mixed martial arts debut against Ultimate Fighting Championship pioneer Royce Gracie at K-1 Premium 2004. The bout was not easy to negotiate, as Royce demanded it to be refereed by John McCarthy, former UFC referee and Gracie's trainee, or he would not fight. Despite the legend status of Gracie, the yokozuna had trained now under famed personal trainer Maz Tanaka and would be Royce's biggest opponent, so it was believed he could overcome Royce's Brazilian jiu-jitsu groundwork by smothering him with his large size advantage. Come the match, Akebono charged towards Gracie and pushed him to the ground, where he passed his guard momentarily before the Brazilian escaped to his feet. Gracie then seized Akebono's arm and locked an omoplata/wrist-lock combination, which the yokozuna was forced to submit to. He stated to be disappointed with his own performance, citing "I did everything my trainers told me not to do."

2005–2006
In March 2005, Akebono was granted a place in the K-1 Korea Grand Prix, whose first round saw him facing Nobuaki Kakuda, a 44 years old Seidokaikan Karate fighter who usually refereed his matches. Through his usual strategy, Akebono surprisingly dominated the match, as Kakuda was unable to mount an offense. After wearing Kakuda down with knees and uppercuts while leaving him no space to counterattack, Akebono was given his first win by unanimous decision. He would advance round to face a fellow superheavyweight, Choi Hong-man, who had just defeated another former sumo wrestler in Wakashoyo. It would be the first time Akebono found an enemy capable to outwrestle him, given Choi's 350 pounds and strong ssireum background, and it showed when the Korean stopped Akebono's first charges, capitalizing too on his large reach to strike freely. However, the match was stopped at only 24 seconds when the yokozuna's corner threw the towel.

Akebono and Choi rematched in July at K-1 Grand Prix event in Hawaii. Akebono lasted longer, but he found the same problems as the first time, with Choi scoring repeated jabs from the safety of his reach while he blocked the sumo's push and charge style. Akebono was eventually knocked down, and although he resumed his attack, Choi knocked him out to end the match. Akebono then returned to MMA format to end the year, going against former comedian Bobby Ologun at K-1 Premium. The sumo champion neutralized Ologun's striking by taking him down and smothering him during the earlier rounds, but he was later stunned by a barrage of punches and controlled for the rest of the match, losing the decision.

In 2006, Akebono had his third mixed martial arts match against another Ultimate Fighting Championship veteran, Don Frye, at K-1's Hero's 5 event. As usual, Akebono used his size, charging through Frye's punches and clinching him against the ropes and corners. He controlled the first round, but became fatigued at the second, moment in which Frye came back with punches, dropping Akebono multiple times. After some ground and pound, Frye locked a guillotine choke for the win. A rubber match between Akebono and Choi Hong-man happened then, in which would be Akebono's last bout under kickboxing rules. The yokozuna tried his best to control the fight, but Choi did the same, delivering even a flying knee during the first round. At the last of the second round, the Korean landed a left hook that knocked Akebono out.

Akebono's last MMA match saw him meeting professional wrestler Giant Silva, another sizable opponent. The sumo started the match pushing Silva against the ropes, both of them almost falling out of the ring due to the combined weigh, but Silva interrupted his attack by locking a Kimura lock standing. Although they went to the mat with Akebono on top, Silva finally rolled him over and submitted him to the hold. With this last result, Akebono managed only one win in 14 bouts in his K-1 and mixed martial arts career. Because of this, he was referred to as "Makebono" (make meaning "lose" in Japanese) by some fight fans and magazines in Japan.

Rizin Fighting Federation
Akebono fought a rematch against Bob Sapp on 31 December 2015, at Rizin Fighting Federation Grand Prix event. He lost the fight by technical decision when a cut on his head could not be stemmed.

Professional wrestling career

World Wrestling Entertainment (2005)
On 31 March 2005, Akebono made an appearance on SmackDown! to accept the Big Show's challenge to a (kayfabe) sumo match at WrestleMania 21. Akebono made his wrestling debut later that night, defeating jobber Eddie Vegas. At WrestleMania 21, Akebono defeated Big Show with a koshinage, throwing him entirely out of the ring.

On 1 July, Akebono made an appearance in a house show in Japan to help Big Show during a match against Carlito after Carlito's bodyguard Matt Morgan had interfered. The next day, Akebono teamed with Big Show to defeat Carlito and Morgan in a tag team match.

All Japan Pro Wrestling (2005-2007)

On 4 August 2005, Akebono made his official wrestling debut in Japan, appearing at AJPW's Wrestle-1 event against the Great Muta in the first match of the Wrestle-1 Grand Prix Tournament, in a losing effort. the same month, it was announced that Akebono had been hired by AJPW and placed under the tutelage of Keiji Mutoh, the Great Muta's true identity. Akebono took on the role of Mutoh's enforcer and forming a tag team called "Mutoh Room" to combat the heel stable Voodoo-Murders. On 19 November, Akebono defeated Voodoo-Murders member Giant Bernard in a singles match. The same night, Akebono appeared in a match between The Great Muta and the imposter The Great Ruta to defend Muta from Voodoo-Murders, showing his own Muta impersonation called The Great Bono.

Later, Akebono and Mutoh competed in the Real World Tag League 2005, during the tournament, making it all the way to the finals, but were defeated by Team 3D. At the end of the year, Akebono won the Tokyo Sports award for "Rookie of the Year" and "Team of the Year" with Mutoh, who then stated that Akebono had successfully graduated from his lessons, and was then released from his contract to move to other companies and gain experience.

New Japan Pro Wrestling (2006–2007)
On 4 January 2006, Akebono appeared in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) alongside Yutaka Yoshie in a match against Black Strong Machine & Hiro Saito, coming out victorious. Later that month, Akebono competed for Pro Wrestling NOAH, teaming up with his old friend Takeshi Rikio to defeat Junji Izumida and Kenta Kobashi. After the match, Akebono announced that he had been hired by NJPW and was congratulated by Rikio, promising to team again in the future, which never happened due to Rikio having to retire due to his injuries in 2010.

In February, Akebono made his official debut in New Japan as an ally of Riki Choshu, defeating then IWGP Tag Team Champions Cho-Ten (Masahiro Chono and Hiroyoshi Tenzan). On 19 March, he faced Brock Lesnar for the IWGP Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated when Lesnar got the pinfall after hitting him with the title. Months later, after the championship had become vacant, Akebono participated in a tournament for it, defeating Hiroyoshi Tenzan in the first round, but being eliminated by Giant Bernard in the second.

In October, Akebono and Choshu participated in the 2006 G1 Tag League, advancing to the last round before losing to Takashi Iizuka and Yuji Nagata. In August 2007, Akebono participated in the G1 Climax tournament defeating the likes of Togi Makabe and Hiroyoshi Tenzan, but coming up short in the end. In October, Akebono and Masahiro Chono competed in the 2007 G1, beating Hirooki Goto and Milano Collection AT, Naofumi Yamamoto and Takashi Iizuka and Manabu Nakanishi and Yuji Nagata, but were eliminated in the final stage by Giant Bernard and Travis Tomko. During his stay at New Japan, Akebono began to show his comedic side and began imitating and parodying other fighters. On 13 September 2006, Akebono was presented with a tiger mask and the name of Bono Tiger to team with Tiger Mask IV. On 4 March 2007, he made a brief appearance in Michinoku Pro Wrestling as The Great Bonosuke, fighting on the side of The Great Sasuke wearing the same outfit. On 17 February 2007, Akebono briefly returned to All Japan Pro Wrestling to team with Toru Owashi against Jonidan (Nobutaka Araya) and SUMO Rikishi in an extravagant match between sumos, resulting in a win for his team. After training with Satoru Sayama (the original Tiger Mask) in MMA and pro wrestling, he returned to the New Japan ring to participate in the 2007 G1 Climax tournament. He defeated Togi Makabe and Hiroyoshi Tenzan but failed to progress to the semifinal stage.

Hustle (2007–2009)

Akebono debuted in Hustle in 2007, being the storyline son of Yinling and The Great Muta. Under the name Monster Bono, Akebono was introduced being unrealistically born from a giant egg before easily defeating RG in his first bout. After that, Monster Bono (who had a simple, childlike personality), under the control of his mother, entered the service of Takada Monster Army and competed against several other wrestlers in a winning streak. However, due to the constant abuse from Yinling, and wanting to meet his father, Monster Bono rebelled against it and left the Monster Army, changing his name to Bono-chan and allying with A-chan and Yoshie-chan to form a sumo-style face stable. Soon after, Yinling faced Bono-chan and demanded that he return to the Monster Army, but the outcome of the battle was a victory for Bono-chan, and Yinling (kayfabe) died under his weight. In retaliation to this, Toshiaki Kawada and Mr. Kawada (Toshiaki's elder father) scheduled a match between them and Bono and his father, The Great Muta, at Hustlemania 2008. Bono and Muta came victorious, but were attacked by The Esperanza, leading Muta to sacrifice himself to drag Esperanza to the underworld. Without his parents, Bono-chan changed his name to Bono-kun as a sign of maturity and joined the Hustle Army, making a promo based on that of Barack Obama campaign slogan "Yes, We Hustle". Later in Hustle Aid, before his scheduled match with Genichiro Tenryu against Arma & Geddon, Bono had a strange dream and transformed into The Great Bono, his last stage of maturity. After The Great Bono defeated their opponents with forcefulness, Hustle announced he was leaving to search for his father.

Dragon Gate (2008–2010)
On 21 September 2008, Akebono appeared in the Battle Royal of Dragon Gate's Storm Gate 2008 event, which was won by Akira Tozawa. Akebono made some more appearances, defeating the likes of Stalker Ichikawa, Don Fujii and Masaaki Mochizuki. That month, Akebono, Mochizuki and Fujii agreed to form a trio called Chou Zetsurins to face the team of World-1 (BxB Hulk, Masato Yoshino and PAC) for the Open the Triangle Gate Championship, but were defeated. On 14 October 2009, however, Chou Zetsurins finally won the titles, and defended them until May 2010, when they were defeated by Deep Drunkers (Kzy, Takuya Sugawara and Yasushi Kanda).

Pro Wrestling Zero1 (2009–2013)
In March 2009, Akebono appeared in Pro Wrestling Zero1 defeating Kohei Sato. Later, Akebono joined the Sword Army stable, led by Masato Tanaka. Akebono also participated in the Fire Festival 2009 defeating several other wrestlers, but failed to win in the end. After that, he formed an irregular team with Shinjiro Otani called Kazan, which defeated Masaaki Mochizuki & Masato Tanaka in the final round of the Furinkazan tournament, as well winning the NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship on 24 January 2010 before vacating them on December of that year. On 3 February 2013, Akebono teamed with Daisuke Sekimoto to win the vacant titles by defeating Kohei Sato and Zeus.

Return to AJPW (2008–2015)
Akebono returned to AJPW, allying himself with Ryota Hama. On 23 September 2009, Akebono and Hama, known collectively as S.M.O.P. (Super Megaton Ohzumo Powers), won the All Asia Tag Team Championship, defeating Minoru Suzuki and Nosawa Rongai. S.M.O.P. also participated in the 2009 World's Strongest Tag Determination League, finishing 5th out of 9 teams with four victories and four defeats. S.M.O.P. would only defend the title once before losing them 7 months later to Voodoo-Murders members Big Daddy Voodoo and TARU. After that, Akebono split with Hama and became the enforcer for the group Partisan Forces (Minoru Suzuki, Masakatsu Funaki and Taiyo Kea) to continue his feud with the Voodoo-Murders. Partisan Forces broke up in June 2011, so Akebono reformed S.M.O.P. with Hama. After having an unsuccessful shot at KENSO and The Great Muta for the vacant World Tag Team Championship, Akebono and Hama entered a short feud with Big Daddy and Mazada, whom they defeated on several occasions, and also competed in the 2011 Real World Tag League, receiving two more chances for the All Asia Tag Team Championship against Daisuke Sekimoto and Yuji Okabayashi, lost both times. S.M.O.P. finally regained the All Asia title by defeating Sekimoto and Okabayashi on 1 July 2012, but vacated them on 4 September 2012, due to Akebono being sidelined with pneumonia. In November 2012, Akebono debuted his masked alter ego "Brazo de Bono", based on Brazo de Plata. On 1 September 2013, Akebono signed a contract with All Japan, officially ending his freelancing days. On 11 September, Akebono entered the 2013 Ōdō Tournament and, in his first match under an All Japan contract, defeated former Triple Crown Heavyweight Champion Jun Akiyama, unveiling his new finishing maneuver, Yokozuna Impact, in the process. After wins over Low Ki and Bambi Killer, Akebono reached the finals, where, on 23 September, he defeated Go Shiozaki to win the tournament. On 27 October, Akebono defeated Suwama to win the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship for the first time. Akebono made his first successful title defense on 24 November against Joe Doering. His second successful defense took place on 3 January 2014, against Takao Omori. On 23 February, Akebono made his third successful title defense against Go Shiozaki. Akebono's fourth title defense took place on 18 March, when he defeated Kento Miyahara. In April, Akebono looked to enter a rare group of men who have won the Champion Carnival, while holding the Triple Crown Championship, but on 22 April, after securing the top spot in his block, Akebono was forced to pull out of the tournament and forfeit his two remaining matches, after being hospitalized with poor health. On 30 May, Akebono officially relinquished the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship due to his health issues. On 27 July, it was announced that Akebono had been appointed to All Japan's board of directors. Akebono wrestled his return match on 16 August. On 30 August, Akebono received his rematch for the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated by the defending champion, Joe Doering.

On 22 March 2015, Akebono won the World Tag Team Championship for the second time, when he and Yutaka Yoshie defeated Jun Akiyama and Takao Omori. On 25 April, Akebono defeated Suwama in the finals to win All Japan's premier tournament, the Champion Carnival. In the build-up to Akebono's challenge for the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship against Go Shiozaki, he and Yoshie lost the World Tag Team Championship to Shiozaki and Kento Miyahara on 6 May. On 21 May, Akebono defeated Shiozaki to win the Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship for the second time. Akebono eventually went on to lose the championship to Jun Akiyama in his third defense on 1 November 2015. The following day, it was announced that Akebono was leaving All Japan and once again becoming a freelancer, looking to return to martial arts. It was, however, also announced that he would continue working for All Japan as a freelancer.

Ōdō (2015–2017)
On 4 December 2015, Akebono announced he was forming a new company named Ōdō. He would serve as its president with the backing of Motoko Baba, the widow of All Japan founder Giant Baba. On 13 March 2016, Akebono made his debut for AJPW splinter promotion Wrestle-1, reuniting with SMOP partner Ryota Hama. Ōdō held its first event on 20 April in Korakuen Hall. The main event of the show saw Akebono, Ryota Hama and Taiyo Kea defeat Daisuke Sekimoto, Masato Tanaka and Yuji Okabayashi. In early June, Akebono took part in the Lucha Libre World Cup in Mexico. On 16 September, Ōdō formed a partnership with Pro Wrestling Zero1.

Akebono's last recorded match happened on 11 April 2017, for Dramatic Dream Team, where he teamed with Yasu Urano and Harashima and lost to fellow former Triple Crown champion Yoshihiro Takayama and his team with Yuto Aijima and Shigehiro Irie. Following Akebono's heart disability in April 2017 (below), and Motoko Baba's death on 14 April 2018, Ōdō became an inactive promotion.

Personal life

Akebono was born to Randy, a taxi driver of Irish and Native Hawaiian descent and Janice, an office worker of Cuban and Native Hawaiian descent. He became a Japanese citizen in 1996, giving up his American citizenship and changing his legal name from Chad Rowan to Akebono Tarō, as required by Japanese law. In regards to the change of citizenship he stated "Changing my nationality has nothing to do with who I am, just like I am still my mother's son even after I became a Japanese [citizen]."

At the end of 1996 he was engaged to Yu Aihara, a television tarento, but broke it off the following year. In February 1998, Akebono announced his engagement to Christiane Reiko Kalina, a teacher who is of Japanese and American descent. They married in September 1998 and have two sons and a daughter.

In April 2017 he was hospitalized after feeling unwell while on a wrestling tour in Kitakyushu. Early reports indicated that he had been placed in a medically-induced coma after suffering a cardiac condition, but his family later released a statement on Akebono's website criticizing "misleading" articles and saying he was undergoing treatment "due to a right leg cellulitis and an infection." A family spokesperson thanked Akebono's fans for their support, saying "The number of messages from around the world has been overwhelming." The Wrestling Observer Newsletter reported that the original story was in fact correct and that the cellulitis claim was a cover story for a serious heart issue.

Akebono's wife confirmed in March 2018 that her husband had suffered acute heart failure in the incident and was in a medically induced coma for two weeks. He lost nearly 130 pounds, much of it in muscle, and could not walk as of March 2018, requiring the use of a wheelchair. He was to begin intensive physical therapy. News regarding Akebono's health has been scarce. A news article from January 2, 2019 stated that he had lost use of his legs and suffers from partial memory loss. He was unable to remember his pro-wrestling days (after retirement from Sumo) and was for a short period unable to speak without the aid of his wife.

Although still unable to walk, he attended a memorial service for his former tsukebito Ushiomaru at Azumazeki stable in December 2019.

Career record

Kickboxing record

Mixed martial arts record

|-
|Loss
|0–4
|Paulo Cesar Silva
|Submission (kimura)
|K-1 PREMIUM 2006 Dynamite!!
|
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|1:02
|Osaka, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|0–3
|Don Frye
|Submission (guillotine choke)
|Hero's 5
|
|style="text-align:center;"|2
|style="text-align:center;"|3:50
|Tokyo, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|0–2
|Bobby Ologun
|Decision (unanimous)
|K-1 Premium 2005 Dynamite
|
|style="text-align:center;"|3
|style="text-align:center;"|5:00
|Osaka, Japan
|
|-
|Loss
|0–1
|Royce Gracie
|Submission (omoplata)
|K-1 PREMIUM 2004 Dynamite!!
|
|style="text-align:center;"|1
|style="text-align:center;"|2:13
|Osaka, Japan
|
|}
Legend:

Championships and accomplishments

Professional wrestling
 All Japan Pro Wrestling
 All Asia Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Ryota Hama
 Triple Crown Heavyweight Championship (2 times)
 World Tag Team Championship (2 times) – with Taiyo Kea (1) and Yutaka Yoshie (1)
 Champion Carnival (2015)
 2 January Korakuen Hall Heavyweight Battle Royal (2010, 2015)
 Ōdō Tournament (2013)
 Dragon Gate
 Dragon Gate Open the Triangle Gate Championship (1 time) – with Masaaki Mochizuki and Don Fujii
 DDT Pro-Wrestling
 KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Sanshiro Takagi and Toru Owashi
 Pro Wrestling Illustrated
 Ranked No. 115 of the top 500 wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2006
 Pro Wrestling Zero1
 NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship (3 times) – with Shinjiro Otani (1), Daisuke Sekimoto (1) and Shogun Okamoto (1)
 NWA Pan-Pacific Premium Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 World Heavyweight Championship (1 time)
 Furinkazan (2009) – with Shinjiro Otani
 Tokyo Sports
 Best Tag Team Award (2005)
 Best Tag Team Award (2009)
 Newcomer Award (2005)

Other accomplishments
 Black Belt
 1993 Competitor of the Year

See also
Glossary of sumo terms
List of non-Japanese sumo wrestlers
List of past sumo wrestlers
List of sumo record holders
List of sumo tournament top division champions
List of sumo tournament top division runners-up
List of the heaviest sumo wrestlers
List of yokozuna

References

External links

 AJPW profile

1969 births
Living people
American people of Native Hawaiian descent
Basketball players from Hawaii
Japanese male kickboxers
Japanese male professional wrestlers
Japanese male mixed martial artists
Japanese people of Native Hawaiian descent
Kickboxers from Hawaii
Mixed martial artists from Hawaii
Native Hawaiian professional wrestlers
Naturalized citizens of Japan
Sportspeople from Honolulu County, Hawaii
Professional wrestlers from Hawaii
Sumo people from Hawaii
Heavyweight kickboxers
Super heavyweight mixed martial artists
Yokozuna
American emigrants to Japan
American men's basketball players
Japanese sumo wrestlers
Mixed martial artists utilizing Sumo
Mixed martial artists utilizing wrestling
Mixed martial artists utilizing kickboxing
All Asia Tag Team Champions
World Tag Team Champions (AJPW)
Triple Crown Heavyweight Champions
KO-D 6-Man Tag Team Champions
Open the Triangle Gate Champions

Akebono Tarō


Reportagefilm Danmark er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1941.

Handling
En blanding af klip fra diverse ugerevyer fra 1940-1941:
1) Udsigt over Københavns tage (uden lyd).
2) Københavns Zoo har fået en girafbaby.
3) Dronning Alexandrine og kronprinsesse Ingrid deltager i Diakonissestiftelsens bazar. Dronningen har sin egen bod.
4) Fastelavn i København med tøndeslagning og karneval (Dansk Film-Avis nr. 546).
5) Christian X rider igennem København og hyldes paa sin 70 års fødselsdag (tysk ugerevy).
6) 100 særtog med danske arbejdere kører til Tyskland. Tog nr. 100 med ca. 600 arbejdere forlader Hovedbanegården.
7) Stabelafløbning på Aalborg Skibsværft - et chilensk passager- og fragtskib døbes "Angamos" og søsættes under stor festivitas.
8) Man har fundet landets ældste slægtsgårde, hvoraf de fleste ligger i Sønderjylland, navnlig på Als. Der afholdes en slægtsgårdsfest på Danebod Højskole. Handels- og kontoristforeningens Herrekor sang og besøgte dagen efter Dybbøl, hvor en krans blev lagt ned.
9) En dansk-tysk aftale om jernbane- og automobilforbindelsen over Rødby-Femern indgås. Trafikminister Gunnar Larsen underskriver.
10) UFA afholder filmkongres i Bellevue Teatret i Klampenborg. Filmjournalister fra samtlige af landets aviser er til stede.

Medvirkende

 Dronning Alexandrine
 Dronning Ingrid
 Kong Christian X

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentariske optagelser
Reportagefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1941

Reportagefilm Danmark


An Crepidium novoguineense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Marg., Szlach. ngan Kubala. An Crepidium novoguineense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Crepidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Crepidium

Crepidium novoguineense


La rue du Petit-Mouton est une voie publique de la commune française de Rouen. Située dans la partie est du centre-ville, elle appartient au quartier Carmes-Saint Maclou.

La rue figure parmi les plus étroites de Rouen.

Au , Simone de Beauvoir et Jean-Paul Sartre font de cette rue un lieu de rendez-vous de leurs assises.

Situation et accès
La rue du Petit-Mouton est située à Rouen. Elle débute à l'intersection de la rue de la République et se termine Place du Lieutenant-Aubert. Avec ses  de large, c'est la deuxième rue la plus étroite de Rouen.

Origine du nom

Historique
Au , la rue comporte à « l'enseigne du Petit-Mouton » l'une des deux  de Rouen.

En 1892, la rue du Petit-Mouton est présentée dans The Lancet comme insalubre, à l'image de bon nombre de rues à Rouen. Pour y remédier, la revue scientifique préconise d'en reconstruire les immeubles et d'en élargir la voirie.

En 1899, Léon de Vesly identifie une portion de l'ancienne muraille de la ville longeant la rue et ayant été mise au jour lors de travaux d'assainissement. En effet, à cette époque , ce qui lui confère un caractère .

Quelques décennies plus tard, Simone de Beauvoir continue cependant d'évoquer dans La Force de l'âge . Durant les années 1930, alors enseignante en philosophie au Lycée Jeanne-d'Arc, Beauvoir s'installe dans la rue du Petit-Mouton, à l'hôtel éponyme, sur la recommandation d'Olga Kosakiewicz, son élève. Cette dernière rejoint en 1935 sa chaperonne, dont elle devient l'amante. Jean-Paul Sartre, qui enseigne au lycée François  du Havre, y est régulièrement de passage.

Lors du bombardement de Rouen du , une bombe expose dans la rue du Petit-Mouton et la .

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
Au  se situe l'une des plus anciennes maisons de Rouen. L'hôtel du Petit Mouton se situe au 2 et 4 de la rue Petit-Mouton.

Aujourd'hui clos, il est, dans les années 1930, divisé en deux : les chambres de passe d'un côté, les pensionnaires de l'autre. Sa façade est dotée d'un encorbellement primitif.

Dans la littérature
 Pierre Thiry, Le Mystère du Pont Gustave-Flaubert, Édition du bicentenaire (1821-2021), N.p.: Books on Demand, 2021.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Petit Mouton

Rue du Petit-Mouton


Karen Keskulla Uhlenbeck (født 24. august 1942) er en amerikansk matematiker.

I 2019 blev Uhlenbeck den første kvinde til at vinde Abel-prisen for "banebrydende resultater indenfor geometriske partielle differentialligninger, gauge-teori og integrerbare systemer, og for hendes arbejdes grundlæggende indflydelse på analyse, geometri og matematisk fysik."

Uhlenbeck modtog sin BA (1964) fra University of Michigan  og derefter både MA (1966) og PhD (1968) fra Brandeis University, den sidste med PhD-afhandlingen The Calculus of Variations and Global Analysis.

Efter ophold ved MIT, Berkeley, og University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, flyttede Uhlenbeck til University of Illinois at Chicago i 1976, hvor hun blev tildelt en stilling som professor. Hun flyttede i 1983 til University of Chicago, hvor hun etablerede sig som en af sin generations mest fremtrædende matematikere, med interesser indenfor ikke-linære partielle differentialligninger, differentialgeometri, gauge-teori, topologisk kvantefeltteori og integrerbare systemer. Endelig blev Uhlenbeck i 1988 udpeget til at bestride Sid W Richardson Foundation Regents Chair-professoratet ved University of Texas i Austin.

Kilder

Personer fra Cleveland
Pages with unreviewed translations
Matematikere fra USA

Karen Uhlenbeck


Richard Aylett Buckner (* 16. Juli 1763 im Fauquier County, Colony of Virginia; † 18. Dezember 1847 in Greensburg, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1823 und 1829 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Richard Buckner genoss eine gute Grundschulausbildung. Im Jahr 1803 kam er in das Green County in Kentucky, wo er unter anderem als Lehrer beschäftigt war. Nach einem Jurastudium und seiner 1811 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Greensburg in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Außerdem wurde er Staatsanwalt im Green County. Politisch war Buckner Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei. In den Jahren 1813 und 1815 saß er als Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky. Später schloss er sich der Bewegung um John Quincy Adams und Henry Clay an, die in Opposition zu Andrew Jackson und dessen 1828 gegründeter Demokratischer Partei stand.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1822 wurde Buckner im achten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1823 die Nachfolge von James D. Breckinridge antrat. Nach zwei Wiederwahlen konnte er bis zum 3. März 1829 drei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Diese waren von den heftigen Diskussionen zwischen den Anhängern seiner Partei und denen von Andrew Jackson überschattet. Ab 1825 war Buckner Vorsitzender des Ausschusses, der sich mit privaten Landansprüchen befasste.

Bei den Wahlen des Jahres 1828 unterlag Buckner dem Demokraten Nathan Gaither. Im Dezember 1831 wurde er zum Berufungsrichter am Kentucky Court of Appeals ernannt; dieses Amt gab er aber schon nach kurzer Zeit wieder auf. Im Jahr 1832 bewarb er sich erfolglos um das Amt des Gouverneurs von Kentucky. Zwischen 1837 und 1839 war Buckner erneut Abgeordneter im Staatsparlament. In dieser Zeit wandte er sich der Whig Party zu. In den Jahren 1836 und 1840 gehörte er zu deren Wahlmännern bei den Präsidentschaftswahlen, die jeweils für William Henry Harrison stimmten. Von 1845 bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 1847 war Buckner als Richter tätig.

Richard Buckner war der Vater von Aylette Buckner (1806–1869), der zwischen 1847 und 1849 ebenfalls den Staat Kentucky im Kongress vertrat.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Mitglied der Demokratisch-Republikanischen Partei
Mitglied der United States Whig Party
Richter (Kentucky)
Staatsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1763
Gestorben 1847
Mann

Richard Aylett Buckner


WWE Championship je  svjetski naslov u teškoj kategoriji kreiran i promoviran od strane Američke  profesionalne hrvačke promocije WWE koji se nalazi na RAW brandu. To je jedna od dvije tiule u WWE, s WWE Universal Championship koja je kreirana za Raw brand kao rezultat WWE draft 2016. Trenutni prvak je Brock Lesnar, kojemu je to peto držanje.

Originalna svjetska titula za WWE promociju, je bila uspostavljena od nekadašnje World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) 25. travnja, 1963. kao WWWF World Heavyweight Championship, odvajanjem WWE-a od National Wrestling Alliance (NWA). Prvi prvak je bio Buddy Rogers. Od poćetka stvaranja titule, titula je promijenila mnoga imena u kompaniji, a titula se ujedinila s mnogim drugim titulama. To je jedna od najstarijih titula koja je trenutno aktivna u WWE i od početka se predstavlja kao promocionalna najprestižnija titula, s mnogim mečevima za koju je bila glavna na pay-per-view evenata, uključujući WWE-ov najveći event WrestleMania. Također je jedna od najprestižnijih titula u profesionalnom hrvanju.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Official WWE Championship Title History
 Wrestling-Titles.com: WWE Championship
 WWE Title Belts: A Guide to the Gold

Titule

WWE Championship


Chahar (Mongol: Цахар; chino: 察哈尔, pinyin: Cháhā'ěr), también conocido como Chaha'er, Chakhar o Qahar, fue una provincia de China desde 1912 hasta 1936, cubriendo un territorio que hoy es, en su mayoría, parte del este de Mongolia Interior.

Administración e historia

La provincia llevaba el nombre de los Chahar, un grupo tribal de los mongoles que viven en esa zona. Antes de la unificación de las tribus mongoles bajo Gengis Kan, el área había visto una intermitente influencia china sobre los nativos mongoles. Luego durante la dinastía Yuan (1271-1368), el área fue controlada de forma intermitente por China. En la dinastía Qing (1644-1912), Chahar todavía no era una provincia china, sino una "región especial" (Zhangyuan -张 垣 特区-), aunque Yao Xiguang propuso hacer de Chahar una provincia ya en 1908.

En 1913, el segundo año de la República de China, fue creada la Región Administrativa Especial de Chahar como una subdivisión de la provincia de Zhili, que contenía 6 banderas y 11 condados:

Zhāngbèi (張北)
Duōlún (多倫)
Gǔyuán (沽源)
Shāngdū (商都)
Bǎochāng (寶昌)
Kāngbǎo (康保)
Xīnghé (興和)
Táolín (陶林)
Jíníng (集寧)
Fēngzhèn (豐鎮)
Liángchéng (涼城)

En 1928 Chahar se convirtió en una provincia con capital en Zhangjiakou. En los últimos cinco condados en la lista anterior (a partir de Xinghe) se repartieron a la provincia de Suiyuan. Y diez condados fueron incluidos de la Subprefectura de Xuanhua (宣化府) del circuito Koubei (口北道), provincia de Hebei:

Xuānhuà (宣化)
Chìchéng (赤城)
Wànquán (萬全)
Huáilái (懷來)
Wèi (蔚)
Yángyuán (陽原)
Lóngguān (龍關)
Yánqìng (延慶)
Huái'ān (懷安)
Zhuōlù (涿鹿)

De 1937 a 1945 Chahar fue ocupada por Japón, y formó parte de Mengjiang, una región controlada por los japoneses dirigido por el príncipe mongol Demchugdongrub de la Alianza Shilingol. La Alianza Popular de Chahar contra el Ejército Japonés (察哈爾民眾抗日同盟軍) fue establecido en Kalgan el 26 de mayo de 1933 por Feng Yuxiang y Ji Hongchang.

En 1952, seis años después de que China se convirtió en comunista, la provincia fue abolida y fue repartida entre Mongolia Interior, la municipalidad de Pekín y Hebei.

Geografía

La provincia de Chahar quedó dividida de norte a sur por la Gran Muralla China, con el área norte más grande que el área sur; la capital Zhangjiakou era por mucho la mayor ciudad en población. Tenía una superficie de 278.957 km². El norte de Chahar era en su mayor parte una extensión del noreste del desierto de Gobi.

Fronteras

Norte: Xing'an
Norte y oeste: Mongolia
Oeste y sur: Suiyuan
Sur: Shanxi y Hebei
Este: Rehe y Liaobei

Referencias

Chahar
Estados y territorios fundados en 1912
Estados y territorios desaparecidos en 1936
Historia de Mongolia Interior
Geografía de Mongolia Interior

Provincia de Chahar


România participează la Jocurile Paralimpice de vară din 2016 din Rio de Janeiro, Brazilia, în perioada 7–18 septembrie 2016, cu o delegație de 11 sportivi care vor concura în cadrul a șase sporturi: atletism, ciclism, judo pentru nevăzători, natație, paracanoe, și tenis de masă. Este cea mai numeroasă delegație de până în prezent la această competiție.

Medaliați

Participanți

Note

Legături externe
 România la Jocurile Paralimpice de vară din 2016  pe rio2016.com

2016
Jocurile Paralimpice de vară din 2016


الجليدية هي كتلة ضخمة من الجليد، تتدفَّق ببطء على اليابسة، وقد يكون عمر الثلج آلاف السنين. وتتشكل المثالج في المناطق القطبيَّة الباردة، وكذلك في الجبال العالية حيث تساعد درجة الحرارة المنخفضة بهذه الأماكن على تكوُّن الثلج بكميات هائلة، ثم يتحول إلى جليد. تكون أرضيته من الثلج الصلب الجامد أما سطحه فيكون أقل كثافة، ويتراوح سمك معظم المثالج بين 100 إلى 3,000م. الثلج الصلب التحتي يتحرك حثيثا على الأرضية الصخرية ويفتتها، فيتكون ما يسمى بالأنقاض الحجرية لقاع مثلجة. تظهر تلك الأنقاض الصخرية في مجرى المثلجة في فصل الصيف على أطرافها المنخفضة الجنوبية.

الأسماء
ومن أسمائها أيضًا: المَجلدة والمَثلجة والمَجمدة والنهر الجليدي ونهر الجليد.

تكوَّن الجليدية

تبدأ الجليدات في التَّشكل عندما تتساقط كميات من الثلج في الشتاء، لايمكن أن تذوب وتتبخر خلال فصل الصيف. فيتراكم الثلج المتزايد تدريجيًا في طبقات، ويتسبب وزنه المتزايد في دمج البلورات الثلجية تحت السَّطح، مكوِّنة كريات حبيبية الشَّكل. ويزداد اندماج الكرَّيات بعد عمق 15م أو أكثر، وتكوِّن بلورات جليدية كثيفة. وتتحد هذه البلورات، لتُشكِّل جليداً مثلجاً. وفي آخر الأمر يصبح الجليد سميكاً لدرجة أنه يبدأ في التَّحرك، بتأثير من ضغط وزنه الهائل.

أنواع الجليدات
هناك نوعان رئيسيان من الجليدية :
الجليدية القارّيَّة، والجليدية الوادية. وهما يختلفان في الشكل والحجم والموقع.

الجليدية القارية ألواح من الجليد عريضة وسميكة جدًا، تغطي مساحات شاسعة من اليابسة، بالقرب من المناطق القطبيّة الأرضيَّة. فعلى سبيل المثال الجليدية القارية بجرينلاند وأنتاركتيكا، تدفن الجبال والهضاب، كما تخفي الملامح الأرضية تماماً، فيما عدا القمم الشاهقة. وتتحد هذه الجليدات عند المركز وتنحدر إلى الخارج في اتجاه البحر في جميع الاتجاهات.

الجليدية الواديَّة أجسام طويلة وضيقة من الجليد، تملأ وديان الجبال العالية. ويتحرك العديد منها، أسفل الوديان المنحدرة من أغوار مجوفة، على شكل زبدية واقعة بين القمم. وتتكون الجليدية الوادية، في جبال قرب خط الاستواء، مثل جبال شمال الأنديز بأمريكا الجنوبية، ولكن على ارتفاعات 4,500 م تقريبًا أو أكثر، كما تتشكل الجليدية الوادية، على ارتفاعات أقل بجبال الألب الأوروبية وبجبال الألب الجنوبية في نيوزيلندا، وفي بعض السلاسل الجبلية القريبة من القطبين.

خصائص بيئة الجليدية
تتميز بيئة الجليدية بانخفاض درجة الحرارة فيها إلى المستوى الذي يحد من نمو النباتات، كما يوقف التنوع الحيواني، وتتكون رواسب الجليدية عادة من الرواسب الفتاتية، التي يتراوح حجمها بين الكتل الضخمة التي تصل لحجم المنزل وحجم حبيبات الطفل، ولذا يندر وجود أحياء بها .

وتتميز رواسب الجليدية بأنها رديئة الفرز، كما أنها تحتوي على خليط غير متجانس من الفتات الصخري المتكون سواء بواسطة المثلجة نفسها، أو بواسطة المجاري المائية الناشئة عن انصهار الجليد، ويطلق على كل هذه الرواسب مصطلح المنجرفات الثلجية glacial drift ، وأما المنجرفات المثلجية غير المفروزة، والتي ترسبت مباشرة بعد ذوبان الجليد، والتي تحتوي على خليط من مختلف أحجام الكسرات الصخرية فيطلق عليها اسم الحريث till ، وتمثل هذه النوعية من الرواسب جزء يسيرا جدا من التتابع الطبقي للأرض، باستثناء رواسب العصور الجليدية في عصر البليستوسين.

أهمية رواسب الجليدية
تمدنا رواسب الجليدية بمعلومات مهمة عن ظروف المناخات الباردة القديمة، كما تستخدم بعض مظاهر التجوية لاستنتاج مسار انسياب كتل الجليد الضخمة، مثل وجود خطوط طولية ومتوازية تسمى الحزوز الجليدية glacial striations على السطح الخارجي لصخر الأساس الذي تتحرك فوقه المثلجة، ويشير إلى انزلاق جبل الجليد فوق المنحدر قبل ذوبانه الكلي، وينشأ عن ذوبان الجليد تراكم الفتات الصخري، الذي كانت تحمله المثلجة تحت المثلجة، أو على حوافها، ليتكون ما يعرف بـالركام الجليدي moraine ، ويحدد امتداده الأفقي الامتداد الأفقي للمثلجة .

هذا وقد سجلت حديثا رواسب الجليدية ضمن تتابعات العصر الكربوني في أقصى جنوب غرب مصر في هضبة الجلف الكبير، مما يشير إلى أن هذه المنطقة كانت جزءً من المنطقة القطبية، والتي كانت تغطي جزءً كبيرا من الصحراء الكبرى في ذلك الوقت.

أطول المَثْلَجَات (الأنهار الجليدية) في العالم.

انظر أيضاً

 جليدية مياج
 مون بلان
 جليدية بيوناساي
 كتل جليدية متحركة
 منطقة قريبة من القطب الجنوبي

مراجع

أجسام جليدية
أشكال الماء
أنهار جليدية
بيئة جبلية
تضاريس جليدية
علم الجليد
مسطحات جليدية

جليدية


USS Paul F. Foster (DD-964), named for Vice Admiral Paul F. Foster USN (1889–1972), is a  built by the Ingalls Shipbuilding Division of Litton Industries at Pascagoula, Mississippi. She was commissioned on 21 February 1976 and decommissioned on 27 March 2003. She is now ex-Paul F. Foster, serving as a Self Defense Test Ship for experimental U.S. Navy weapons and sensors.

History
As the initial Spruance-class destroyer assigned to the Pacific Fleet, Paul F. Foster had many milestone firsts, including successfully firing a NATO Sea Sparrow missile, demonstrating the feasibility of landing H-46 helicopters, and determining the operational limits of the SH-3 helicopter.

Operating out of San Diego, Paul F. Foster became the first Spruance-class destroyer to deploy to the Western Pacific in March 1978. The ship deployed again in 1979 and 1982, serving in the Indian Ocean and Western Pacific.

Paul F. Foster joined Destroyer Squadron Nine and moved to its new home port of Long Beach, California, in August 1983. She became the Navy's first "all electric destroyer" after major modifications at Long Beach Naval Shipyard, which included the addition of a fourth ship's service gas turbine generator.

On 29 August 1984, Paul F. Foster began its fourth Western Pacific deployment as Destroyer Squadron Nine's flagship, with then Desron Nine Commodore, T.O. Gabriel and his staff embarked aboard, leading a five-ship surface action group and participating in several major allied fleet exercises.

During a fifth deployment beginning in August 1986 with Desron Nine as part of the  Battle Group, Paul F. Foster was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for her performance in Operation Kernel Potlatch in the North Pacific and Bering Sea.

From July 1987 through July 1988, Paul F. Foster completed a regular overhaul at Northwest Marine Iron Works in Portland, Oregon. During the overhaul the ship received over 55 major ship alterations, including installation of the Mk 41 Vertical Launch System for Tomahawk cruise missiles, the AN/SQQ-89 Anti-Submarine Warfare Detection System, and facilities to employ the Navy's most sophisticated submarine helicopter, the LAMPS MkIII.

Paul F. Foster departed on its sixth Western Pacific/Indian Ocean deployment on 24 February 1989 in company with the  Battle Group. Conducting operations in the northern Arabian Sea, she was awarded the Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal.

1990 to 2003
On 8 December 1990, Paul F. Foster departed Long Beach on its seventh overseas deployment to the Persian Gulf in support of Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm.  The first ship to fire Tomahawk missiles against Iraqi targets from the Persian Gulf, she was instrumental in the liberation of Kuwait and in winning the campaign. Deploying for the eighth time on 20 July 1992, she returned to the Arabian Sea, where she operated in support of Persian Gulf Operations-Southern Watch while participating in numerous bilateral exercises with Persian Gulf Nations.

During the ship's ninth deployment, Paul F. Foster again served with the Carl Vinson Carrier Battle Group and was the first ship on the scene to provide assistance to a burning ocean tug, Glorious City, putting out the fire and saving its crew of seven.

Upon returning from deployment on 20 October 1994, Paul F. Foster entered into a regular overhaul at Long Beach Naval Shipyard where several of the latest technological weapons, sensors and engineering systems were added. A major change implemented during this overhaul was a retrofit of a berthing, to accommodate her first female crew members. After completion of overhaul, she moved to her new home port of Everett, Washington arriving November 1995.

During the ship's tenth deployment which began 21 February 1997, Paul F. Foster was a part of the multinational force during Persian Gulf Operations, enforcing United Nations sanctions against Iraq.

Paul F. Foster departed for her eleventh deployment on 27 January 1999. While serving as part of the Pacific Middle East Force, she participated in Operation Iron Siren, Eager Sentry, and Arabian Gauntlet. In addition, the ship conducted boarding's in support of United Nations sanctions against Iraq.

Paul F. Foster departed for her twelfth deployment on 11 January 2001, where the ship once again conducted numerous boarding operations in support of the United Nations sanctions against Iraq. Her thirteenth and final deployment began on 18 June 2002.

Decommissioning and Self Defense Test Ship role

Paul F. Foster was decommissioned on 27 March 2003. In 2004, Paul F. Foster was designated to replace ex- as a test ship for the Navy, a role she assumed in 2005. In support of this new role, the now ex-Paul F. Foster was assigned to Naval Surface Warfare Center, Port Hueneme Division. She is the only ship of her class that exists as of 2019, as all of her sister ships were either scrapped or sunk as targets upon decommissioning.

On 8 April 2011, Wired.com reported that ex-Paul F. Foster had successfully used the Maritime Laser Demonstrator for the first time in a sea-to-sea target test, sinking a small inflatable motorboat at a range of one mile in rough seas.

On 17 November 2011, ex-Paul F. Foster demonstrated the use of shipboard alternative fuel, while underway in the Pacific Ocean on a 50–50 blend of an algae-derived, hydro-processed algal oil and petroleum F-76. The ship arrived Thursday morning to the Naval Surface Warfare Center at Port Hueneme in Southern California after traveling for 17 hours on a maiden trip from San Diego.

On 18 July 2016, ex-Paul F. Foster performed a test launch of the LRASM Anti-ship missile from her Mark 41 Vertical Launching System while underway in the Pacific Ocean.

Gallery

Awards
According to the Navy unit Awards site, Paul F. Foster received the following awards:
 Combat Action Ribbon, 17 January 1991 to 28 February 1991, for Desert Storm.
 Navy E Ribbon, 3 awards, 1 July 1977 to 31 December 1978, 1 January 1991 to 31 December 1992 and 1 January 2002 to 31 December 2002.
 Navy Expeditionary Medal, 6 March 1980 to 31 March 1980 for Iran / Indian Ocean.
 Navy Unit Commendation, 17 January 1991 to 7 February 1991, for Desert Storm.
 Meritorious Unit Citation, 16 January 1987 to 2 February 1987.
 Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal, 5 awards, 22 April 1989 to 4 May 1989, for Persian Gulf and 22 May 1989 to 15 June 1989, 3 April 1997 to 30 to June 1997, 18 April 1999 to 17 July 1999, 28 February 2001 to 6 May 2001 for Bosnia.
 Southwest Asia Service Medal, 13 January 1991 to 19 April 1991.
 Kuwait Liberation Medal (Kuwait)

See also
 List of destroyers of the United States Navy

References

External links

Spruance-class destroyers
Cold War destroyers of the United States
Gulf War ships of the United States
1974 ships

USS Paul F. Foster


Gürpınar, Sinop ilinin Ayancık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Yerleşimin adı, 1968 yılı kayıtlarında Otça olarak geçmektedir. Gürpınar, 1991 yılında köy statüsü kazandı.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 81 km, Ayancık ilçe merkezine 26 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Ayancık belde ve köyleri

Gürpınar, Ayancık


An Stipa vickeryana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Joy Everett ngan Surrey Wilfrid Laurance Jacobs. An Stipa vickeryana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stipa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stipa

Stipa vickeryana


The Prussian Settlement Commission, officially known as the Royal Prussian Settlement Commission in the Provinces West Prussia and Posen (; ) was a Prussian government commission that operated between 1886 and 1924, but actively only until 1918. It was set up by Otto von Bismarck to increase land ownership by ethnically German Germans at the expense of ethnically Polish Germans, by economic and political means, in Prussia's eastern provinces of West Prussia and the Posen as part of his larger efforts aiming at the eradication of the Polish nation. The Commission was motivated by German racism.

The Commission was one of Prussia's prime instruments in the official policy of Germanization of the historically Polish lands of West Prussia (the former Royal Prussia) and the dissolved Grand Duchy of Posen. The Commission ultimately purchased 613 estates from ethnic German owners and 214 from ethnic Poles, functioning to more often bail out German debtors rather than fulfilling its declared national mission. By the end of its existence, a total of 21,886 German families (154,704 persons) out of a planned 40,000 had been settled. The Commission's activities had a countereffect in Poles using what has been termed "defensive nationalism", unifying "Polish nationalism, Catholicism and cultural resistance" and triggered countermeasures by the Polish minority. Efforts of new private initiatives by the minority of ethnically Polish Germans, but actually a majority in wide parts of Posen and West Prussia province, who founded the Prussian banks Bank Ziemski, Bank Zwiazku Społek Zarobkowych (Vereinsbank der Erwerbsgenossenschaften; cooperative central clearing bank) and local land acquisition cooperatives (spółki ziemskie) which collected private funds and succeeded to buy more latifundia from defaulted owners and settle more ethnically Polish Germans as farmers on the parcelled land than their governmentally funded counter-party. A big success of the Prussian activists for the Polish nation.

Nevertheless, this Polish success under difficult circumstances was little recognised, and after World War I, when the Second Polish Republic was established, new governmental Polish measures climaxed in the expropriation of Commission-owned lands and reversing Germanization. Some of the former colonists, then as ethnically German Poles part of the German minority in Poland, were active in a Nazi campaign of genocide against Poles during World War II.

Name
English translations include German Colonization Commission for Poznań, Prussian Colonization CommissionThe Royal Commission of Colonization for West Prussia and Posnania).
The majority of Polish sources translate the title as Colonization Commission rather than Settlement Commission, which is more politically charged.
The issue of translation is also connected to the fact that in 1904 the legal difference between settlement and colony was abolished in Prussia.

Background

Kingdom of Prussia
The Kingdom of Prussia during the partitions of Poland acquired West Prussia (, ) in 1772 and the later Province of Posen (, ) in 1793 and 1815. The Polish language was abolished as an official language and the German language was introduced. Frederick the Great hoped to replace Poles with Germans, placing Germans in most of the administration as well. Poles were portrayed as "backward Slavs" by Prussian officials who acted to spread the German language and culture. The lands of Polish nobility were confiscated and given to German nobles. The Prussian hold on Polish areas was somewhat weakened after 1807 when parts of its partition were restored to the Duchy of Warsaw. The power status of Prussia was dependent on hindering any form of Polish statehood and it didn't support Polish attempts at restoration of Poland during Congress of Vienna, when Prussia tried to obtain the Duchy of Warsaw or at least its western provinces. In 1815 the Prussian king made several guarantees in his speech to Poles in the newly formed Grand Duchy of Posen (created out of territories of Duchy of Warsaw) in regards to rights of the Polish language and cultural institutions.

However, in practice, the right to use Polish in courts and institutions was respected only until 1830. While the Poles constituted the majority of population in the area, they held only 4 out of 21 official posts of high level. Despite the colonizing actions between 1793 and 1806, in 1815 in Poznań only 11.1 per cent of the population was ethnically German. 5 After 1832 Poles could no longer hold high posts at the local administrative level (landrat). At the same time the Prussian government and Prussian King pursued Germanization of the administrative and judicial systems, while local officials enforced Germanization of the educational system and tried to eradicate the economic position of Polish nobility. The provincial parliament issued calls to ensure the right of use of the Polish language and called for the creation of Polish educational institutions as well as autonomy, but those requests were rejected by the Prussian state. In 1847 two hundred fifty seven Polish activists were imprisoned upon charges of conspiracy and eight of them were sentenced to death, the Spring of Nations, however, stopped their execution. The Frankfurt Parliament showed that the German delegates refused to accept the rights of non-German peoples and, while the Prussian government declared itself ready to discuss Polish concerns, it soon ordered the Prussian military to crush the freedom movement of Polish activists and peasants. Afterwards, the victorious Prussian government retreated from its earlier declarations of autonomy in the Greater Poland region.

Earlier settlement attempts by the Kingdom of Prussia

Prior to the Prussian Settlement Commission (established in 1886) the Kingdom of Prussia had made a number of attempts to settle ethnic Germans in regions inhabited by ethnic Poles.

Frederick the Great, who treated Poles with contempt and called them 'slovenly Polish trash', settled around 300,000 colonists in the eastern provinces of Prussia and aimed at a removal of the Polish nobility. Another colonization attempt aimed at Germanisation was pursued by Prussia after 1832.

German Empire
In 1871, the German Empire was founded with Prussia being the leading and dominating state. The advent of the Kulturkampf marked a period, when the Prussian government attempted to Germanise the Poles through language, schooling, and religious restrictions. Later, the increase in the sheer numbers of Poles led the government to a direct anti-Polish demographic policy.
The Polish population in the province of Posen (Poznań) made up for nearly 60% (1,049,000 Poles vs 702,000 Germans in 1890), and in West Prussia for one third of the population (484,000 Poles vs 949,000 Germans in 1890). By 1885, Prussia still faced difficulties digesting her "Polish provinces", and the "Polish Question" was one of the Reich's most pressing problems. The state itself was led by German nationalism and Bismarck viewed Poles as one of the chief threata to German power; as he declared The Polish question is to us a question of life and death and wanted Polish nation to disappear in private going as far as expressing his wish to exterminate Poles As a result, the Polish population faced economic, religious and political discrimination the Germanisation of their territories was promoted and in places where Poles and Germans lived a virtual apartheid existed.

In the late 19th century, an east-to west migration (Ostflucht) took place, in which parts of the population of the eastern provinces migrated to western, more prosperous territories.
The German government was concerned that Ostflucht would lower the percentage of Germans in the eastern regions. This event was used as pretext and justification presented to the international community for actions aiming at Germanisation of those provinces. In reality both Poles, Jews and Germans moved to richer western German provinces

Goals

The goals of the Commission were the financial weakening of Polish landowners, and ensuring Germanisation of Polish cities as well as rural areas. The destruction of Polish landownership combined with the fight against the Polish clergy (Kulturkampf) was to achieve the elimination of a Polish national identity. Polish landowners were regarded by Bismarck as the principal agitators for Polish nationalism, purchasing their estates and parceling them out to Germans in family-sized farms was intended to both disestablish this group and significantly increase the numbers of Germans in these areas.

The focus on land ownership was motived by the German "völkisch" idea that "where the German plough will plow, there German fatherland will arise". The settlement was to isolate Polish settlements in German inhabited areas by surrounding them with German settlements and spread German ones into Polish dominated areas to isolate specified Polish villages from the rest. The German settlements were to be always concentrated to provide a "barrier" to Polishness. While the Commission bought mostly German land, this was not interfering with the goal of increase of German presence, and buying a large tract of land from a single German owner to distribute it among many German colonists was perceived as beneficial to the goal. Of the colonists, 96.9% were Protestants as the Prussian authorities believed that 'the true German is a Protestant". The whole practice was new and unheard in Europe. Besides Ostflucht, the German government justified its action to the international community by labeling Poles as internal enemies of the state. Those attempts did not achieve much success. Bismarck himself said that the Poles who find themselves without land should "move to Morocco".

Funding

The funding for the Commission was:
 1886 100 million marks
 1898 100 million marks
 1908 150 million marks
 1913 500 million marks.

By 1914 the overall funding for the Commission was 955 million marks. Additional funds were awarded to assistance projects such crediting bankrupt German estates (125 million marks in 1908).

Due to operations of the Commission the price of land in Polish territories rose in response. The economical attempt to Germanise those areas failed and with the beginning of World War I German authorities and leading members of Commission started to look for new ways to secure German foothold on Polish territory.

Acquisitions settlement and land purchase

While the commission planned to settle up to 40,000 families in Posen and West Prussia, it only managed to settle a total of 21,866 families until 1914, bringing the number of German colonists to 154,000.

Acquisitions by 1901

From 26 April 1886 until 1 January 1901, the Settlement Commission purchased 147,475 ha (3.64% of the Province of Posen and 1.65% of West Prussia), and settled 4,277 families (about 30,000 persons). A publication from German Empire named Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon claimed that in 1905-1906 that only 2,715 families were not native to these provinces. After this, the original budget of 100,000,000 marks was exhausted.

Acquisitions by 1913

By 1913, the SC had bought up about 5.4% of the land in West Prussia and 10.4% in Posen. By then, 450 new villages were founded, a total area of 438,560 ha was purchased, of which 124,903 ha were purchased from Poles. In 1914, Germans owned 59% of land in Province of Posen, while making up for about 40% of population in 1890.

Overall

Throughout its 32 years of existence the Commission was able to buy 8% of the total land in Posen and West Prussia. Altogether, about 22,000 families were settled, bringing the number of German colonists to 154,000. 5,400 families were German arrivals taken from other parts of the partitioned Poland, Congress Poland (Russian Empire province) and Galicia (Austrian province).

Overall, the commission bought 828 estates (430,450 ha) for 443 million marks, 214 of those (115,525 ha) from Poles for 96,4 million marks, and the other 614 (314,926 ha) from Germans for 346,7 million marks. Further the commission bought 631 peasant farms (30,434 ha) for 44,5 million marks, 274 of those (11,152 ha) from Poles for 16,6 million marks and the other 357 (19,282 ha) from Germans for 27,9 million marks. Of the total of 955 million marks spent, about half (488 million marks) was spent for the actual land purchase, while the rest was spent for administration, parcellisation, infrastructure etc.

Origin of the settlers
To Germanise the region predominantly German military units were sent and later included in the region's population figures.
Germans from West Prussia and Greater Poland region who took part in the settlement process declined over time, while the number of Germans from the Russian Empire increased. In the first years (1886–90), locals from Greater Poland and West Prussia constituted 48% of the settlers while the proportion of Germans from Russia was below 1%, however in the years 1902–1906, locals only made up for 17% and Germans from Russia for 29% of the settlers.

Of those settled until the end of 1906, a quarter originated in Posen and West Prussia, another quarter in the neighboring provinces of East Prussia, Pomerania, Brandenburg, Saxony and Silesia, 30% from other parts of the German Empire and 20% from outside the empire, especially from Russia.

Impact on the ethnic composition

One of the chief aims of the Commission was to stop the restoration of Polish population in Germanised territories of Greater Poland which was restoring its numbers after drastic fall during initial Prussian takeover. While the Commission never fully realised its goals, it managed to weaken Polish influence.
In Greater Poland the Polish share of the population didn't reach its pre-1815 levels:

According to Władysław Kulski the Commission was only a part of the German efforts to eradicate Poles from territories conquered by Prussia from Poland;in addition to 154,000 colonists, Germany also settled 378,000 German military personnel and officials in Polish territories.

Legislation

As the economic approach showed to be a failure, various laws were enacted to promote the Settlement Commission's aims.

 1896: Land acquired from the commission could be sold freely only to the settler's next of kin: the commission's approval was required for any other sale.
 1904: The Prussian Government sought to restrict Poles from acquiring land, if this would interfere with the goals of the commission. Any new settlement required a building permit, even if it were only for renovation of an existing building to make it habitable. Local officials routinely denied these permits to Poles. The law faced international criticism and opposition from liberal groups concerned about private property rights. The Prussian Administrative High Court ended this legislation
 1908: The Prussian diet passed a law permitting the forcible expropriation of Polish landowners by the Settlement Commission. In 1912, four Polish large estates of 1,656 ha were expropriated. The law faced criticism from international community and liberals concerned about the free market rights. Additionally, the Austrian State Council, upon the request of the Poles, who enjoyed considerable autonomy and influence in Austro-Hungary, condemned the actions of German government. Rota, a patriotic poem by Maria Konopnicka was created as response to this law. According to historian Andrzej Chwalba, more than one newspaper in Europe wrote that Prussia was becoming a police state. In part due to those protests, the law's execution was delayed until 1914.
 1913: To prevent Poles redistributing their land to other Poles, a law was passed that forbade the dividing of private land without the agreement of the state.

Other measures in support of the Germanisation policy included:
 Ethnic Germans were favoured in government contracts and only they won them, while Poles always lost.
 Ethnic Germans were also promoted in investment plans, supply contracts.
 German craftsmen in Polish territories received the best locations in cities from authorities so that they could start their own business and prosper.
 Soldiers received orders that banned them from buying in Polish shops and from Poles under the threat of arrest.
 German merchantmen were encouraged to settle in Polish territories.
 Tax incentives and beneficial financial arrangements were proposed to German officials and clerks if they would settle in Polish inhabited provinces.

Polish countermeasures

The creation of the Commission stimulated Poles to take countermeasures, that gradually turned into a competition of the Polish minority against the German state with Poles running their own settlement banks and settlement societies, resulting in a "battle for soil" (Kampf um den Boden). In 1888 Teodor Kalkstein founded Bank Ziemski, supported by Poles from Austrian Galicia region. 1894 saw Polish intellectuals in cooperation with Polish farmers founding Spólka Rolników Indywidualnych. Ignacy Sikorski founded Bank Parcelacyjny in 1896. From 1890 till 1912 Polish enterprises, banks and associations grew in number and strength providing Poles with defence against the Germanisation of their land. The efforts to Germanise the region in fact strengthened the Polish nationalist movement and united Polish nationalism, Catholicism and cultural resistance among the Poles in Pomerania, Masuria and Silesia. For the Settlement Commission, these countermeasures led to a decreasing availability of purchasable Polish-owned land, in 1895 and all years following 1898, the vast majority of estates was purchased from Germans instead of Poles, and since 1902, the commission was able to acquire land from Poles "only rarely and only through a middleman".

Numerous initiatives proved to be more elastic and efficient then the large centralised German bureaucracy. A social understanding has risen among the Polish population that led to abandoning the class differences in order to defend national existence - the rich helped the poor to perform better in economy and were supported by the clergy in their actions. Rich nobility often sold their artistic heritage to invest in banking and financial enterprises, or to buy more land for Poles. This was viewed as moral and ethical behavior among the Polish population. Some Polish nationalists accused the Settlement Commission of being run by Germans and Jews, and distributed a leaflet in 1912 that warned "any Pole who buys from Jews and Germans undermines the existence of the Catholic Church and the Fatherland." Local newspapers attempted to intimidate residents who purchased goods from German and Jewish merchants by publishing their names in the paper and accusing them of "betray[ing]...their country."

As a result, the German initiative created the very thing it tried to eliminate in the first place, a Polish national awakening in the Greater Poland region (province of Posen) and feeling of Polish national unity.
Thus, faced with the inability to Germanise the Polish provinces by economic means led the German leaders and thinkers to consider pursuing extraordinary means. Catherine Epstein named Polish resistance to German methods as strengthening Polish nationalism and notes the similarity of Commission actions to the Nazis

First World War

Even before the First World War some Germans like Hans Delbrück or Chancellor Bernhard von Bülow proposed expelling Poles from eastern territories of Germany. With the coming of the war, those ideas begun to take real and determined form in the shape of plans to be realised after German victory and as consequence hegemony of Central and Eastern Europe. The idea of extraordinary measures was the result of the failed economic attempt to Germanise Polish provinces. Heads of the Settlement Commission were among the architects and supporters of those plans. The president of the Settlement Commission, Gense, was one of the chief supporters and planners of the so-called "Polish Border Strip" that envisioned expelling circa 2 million non-Germans (chiefly Poles and Jews) from 30,000 square kilometers of the would-be annexed territories from Congress Poland, which would then become Germanised. The Poles remaining in Germany who would refuse to become Germanised were to be "encouraged" to move to a planned German-run Polish puppet state established from the remains of Congress Poland.

Other notable names of Settlement Commission activists include Friedrich von Schwerin and industrialist Alfred Hugenberg who worked for and represented the Krupp family.

Outcome

The Settlement Commission's goal to Germanise Polish territories failed and with the fall of German Empire in 1918 (at the end of World War I), the Commission ceased to function by 1924. In 1919 its headquarters were taken over by Polish state as well as most of its territory. 3.9% (18,200 ha.) of all the land purchased remained in the hands of the Germans within the new borders of Germany. The Germanisation policies resulted in strong measures against the German settlers by the Polish state after World War I. The Polish state refused to recognize the ownership rights of most of the German settlers, about half of whom fled or were driven out of Poland. These actions of the Polish state were condemned by the Permanent Court of International Justice, ruling out in 1923 "that the position adopted by the Polish Government [...] was not in conformity with its international obligations.". By 1918, the total ethnic Polish population was greater than when the Commission began operations. Between 1918 and 1939, the German population in these areas declined by another 70%, and the land owned by Germans by 45%.

Influence on Nazism
Prussian policies of settlement and forced assimilation were an influence for German Nazi thinkers during their war in the East  Their plans were a renovation of the idea, this time however rather than colonize just the land purchased by Prussian Settlement Commission, Poles would be ethnically cleansed and murdered, and German colonists would occupy their place.
The Nazis planned also to form a Reich Settlement Commission to coordinate all internal colonization within German Reich, which was to be based on Prussian Settlement Commission. The plan was laid out by Nazi official Curt von Gottberg, who presented it to Himmler, and as reward was appointed as Land Registry Chief in Prague in June 1939

References

External links

See also
 Anti-Polonism
 Deutscher Ostmarkenverein
 Drzymała's wagon

Organizations of the German Empire
Germany–Poland relations
Prussian Partition
History of Poznań
Kingdom of Prussia
West Prussia
Politics and race
Racism in Germany
Settlement schemes in Europe
19th-century establishments in the Province of Posen
Germanization
Anti-Slavic sentiment

Prussian Settlement Commission


was a village located in Higashikamo District, east-central Aichi Prefecture, Japan.

As of April 1, 2004, the village had an estimated population of 5,593 and a population density of 48.9 persons per km². Its total area was 114.18 km².

Modern Shimoyama village was created on October 1, 1889.

On April 1, 2005, Shimoyama, along with the town of Fujioka, the village of Obara (both from Nishikamo District), and the towns of Asuke, Asahi, and Inabu (all from Higashikamo District), was merged into the expanded city of Toyota, and has ceased to exist as an independent municipality.

Dissolved municipalities of Aichi Prefecture
Toyota, Aichi

Shimoyama, Aichi


Tuşeti veya Tuşetya (Gürcüce: თუშეთი), Doğu Gürcistan'da tarihsel ve coğrafi bir bölgedir. Rusya içindeki Çeçenya ve Dağıstan kuzeyinde ve doğusunda, Gürcistan'ın tarihsel bölgeleri Kaheti ve Pşav-Hevsureti güneyinde ve batısında yer alır. Bölgede yaşayanlar Tuş olarak adlandırılır.

Tuşeti bölgesi, dağlık olması dolayısıyla tarih boyunca Gürcistan'ın en özgün bölgesi olarak kalmış ve bölgede yaşayan Tuşlar da Hristiyanlığı en geç kabul eden Gürcü kavmi olmuştur. Tuşeti bölgesi özgün kültürü ve özellikle de gözcü kuleleri ile anılmaktadır.

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar
National Park of Tusheti

Gürcistan'ın tarihî bölgeleri
Kuzey Kafkasya

Tuşeti


Bezirkul Sereth (în română Siret, în ruteană Seret) a fost un bezirk (bițârc-în graiul bucovinean) în Ducatul Bucovinei. Acesta cuprindea părți din estul Bucovinei. Reședința bezirkului era orașul Siret (Sereth). După Primul Război Mondial a devenit parte a României, iar în prezent este împărțit între România și Ucraina.

Istoric
Districtele politice moderne ale Monarhiei Habsbugice au fost create în jurul anului 1868 ca urmare a separării districtelor politice de cele judiciare. Bezirkul Siret a fost creat în 1868 din districtul judiciar Siret (Gerichtsbezirk Sereth).

În bezirkul Siret trăiau în anul 1869 46.929 de persoane, iar în 1900 numărul de locuitori a crescut la 60.743. Populația era formată în anul 1900 din: 26.155 vorbitori nativi de limba ruteană (43,06 %), 16.171 vorbitori nativi de limba română (26,62 %), 10.012 vorbitori nativi de limba germană (16,48 %) și 8.161 vorbitori nativi de alte limbi (13,44 %). Suprafața bezirkului era în anul 1900 de 518,80 km² și cuprindea un district judiciar cu 39 de comune și 24 Gutsgebieten (comunități private fără un consiliu local, gestionate de proprietarii acestora).

Localități
În anul 1910 bezirkul Siret era format din districtul judiciar Siret.

Gerichtsbezirk Sereth:
 Orașul Siret (Sereth în germană, Seret în ruteană)
 Bahrinești (Bahrinestie)
 Baineț (Baincze)
 Bălcăuți (Balkoutz)
 Băncești (Banczestie)
 Botoșanița Mare (Botuschanitza)
 Cerepcăuți (Czerepkoutz)
 Țibeni (Istensegíts)
 Fântâna Albă (Fontina Alba)
 Gărbăuți (Gerboutz)
 Grănicești (Graniczestie)
 Dornești (Hadikfalva)
 Calafindești (Kalafindestie)
 Cândești-Bucovina (Kindestie)
 Climăuți (Klimoutz)
 Mușenița (Muszenitza)
 Negostina (Negostina)
 Mănăstioara (Sankt Onufry)
 Oprișeni (Oprischeny)
 Rogojești (Rogoschestie)
 Gura Molniței (Molnicza/Gura Molnitza)
 Gropeni (Gropeny)
 Șerbăuți (Scherboutz)
 Sinăuții de Sus (Ober Synoutz)
 Sinăuții de Jos (Unter Synoutz)
 Stârcea (Stircze)
 Slobozia-Berlinți (Slobodzia Berlince)
 Tereblecea (Tereblestie)
 Vășcăuți (Waszkoutz am Sereth)
 Volcineț (Wolczynetz)

Referințe

Bibliografie
 k. k. Statistische Zentralkommission (Hrsg.): Orts-Repertorium des Herzogthums Bukowina. Auf Grundlage der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1869 bearbeitet. Cernowitz 1872
 k. k. Statistische Zentralkommission (Hrsg.): Special-Orts-Repertorium der Bukowina. Wien 1885
 k. k. Statistische Zentralkommission (Hrsg.): Special-Orts-Repertorium der Bukowina. Neubearbeitung auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. December 1890. Wien 1894
 k. k. Statistische Zentralkommission (Hrsg.): Gemeindelexikon der Bukowina. Bearbeitet auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1900. Wien 1907

Bucovina
Monarhia Habsburgică

Bezirk Sereth


{{Taxobox début | végétal | Turnera guianensis | Turnera_guianensis_Aubl._s.n._MNHN_P-P00778486.jpg |échantillon type de Turnera guianensis collecté par Aublet en Guyane | classification=Cronquist }}Turnera guianensis est une espèce d'arbrisseau, appartenant à la famille des Passifloraceae (anciennement des Turneraceae).

On la connaît sous le nom de Sauce au Venezuela.

 Description Turnera guianensis est une plante herbacée graminoïde, haute de , entièrement glabre, à tiges grêles, dressées, longitudinalement striées, à base ramifiée, devenant ligneuse.

Les feuilles sont espacées, avec le limbe aigu, étroitement linéaire, long de  pour  de largeur au maximum (les supérieures beaucoup plus petites en bractéoles portant les fleurs), à marges entière ou dentée, avec 1 paire de glandes discoïdes basales, mesurant .
Le pétiole mesure moins de  de long.
La nervure médiane est saillante.
Les nervures latérales sont réunies en une veine marginale.
Les stipules noirs, sont très réduits.

Les fleurs sont jaunes, hétérostyles, solitaires, insérées à l'aisselle des bractéoles supérieures, parfois regroupées au sommet des axes en grappes terminales pauciflores.
Le pédicelle est bien développé, adné au pétiole de la feuille sous-jacente (la partie libre est longue de ).
Les bractéoles sont longues de , avec quelques poils à l'extrémité.

Le calice est cylindrique, un peu contracté au-dessus de la base, long d'environ , totalement glabre à l'extérieur.
L'intérieur du tube est pubescent, aussi long ou légèrement plus court que les lobes lancéolés.
La corolle est composée de pétales jaunes, acuminés, très peu poilus, de forme obovale à spatulé, longs de .
Les filets sont légèrement épaissis et peu poilus dans la partie inférieure, longs de  dans les fleurs brévistylées, et de  dans les fleurs longistylées.
Les anthères sont ovales, obtuses, longues de  pour  de large.
L'ovaire est subglobuleux, glabre ou avec quelques poils à l'apex, contenant 8-18 ovules.
Le style est glabre, long de  chez les fleurs brévistylées, et de  chez les fleurs longistylées.

Les fruits sont des capsules sub-globuleuses, sub-glabres et lisses, mesurant  de diamètre, dépassant les bractéoles persistantes.
Les graines sont longues de  pour  de diamètre, alvéolées, et le bord des alvéoles nettement gibbeux, avec une strophiole étroite, deux fois moins longue que la graine
.

 Répartition Turnera guianensis est présent à Trinidad, au Venezuela (Bolívar, Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Guarico, Monagas), au Guyana, au Suriname, en Guyane, en Colombie amazonienne, et au nord du Brésil.

 Écologie Turnera guianensis pousse dans les savanes humides sur sol à engorgé jusqu'à la surface, autour de  d'altitude au Venezuela.

En Guyane, Turnera guianensis fleurit de mai à décembre.

 Protologues
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose le protologue suivant pour Turnera guianensis'' Aubl. :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des plantes décrites par Fusée-Aublet

Liens externes

Passifloraceae
Espèce d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Turnera guianensis