الطيران المدني هو إحدى فئتين رئيسيتين للطيران التي تمثل جميع الطيران غير العسكري، منها القطاعين الخاص والتجاري. معظم دول العالم هم أعضاء في المنظمة الدولية للطيران المدني والتي من خلالها يتم العمل على وضع معايير مشتركة وممارسات موصى بها للطيران المدني.

يتفرع الطيران المدني إلى فئتين:
 طيران المسافرين التجاري، بما في ذلك جميع الرحلات الجوية لنقل الركاب والشحن التي تعمل على خطوط ومواعيد منتظمة.
 الطيران العام، بما في ذلك جميع رحلات الطيران المدني الأخرى، خاص أم تجاري.

لدى كل أعضاء المنظمة الدولية للطيران المدني هيئة طيران مدني، والتي تشرف على:
 منح التراخيص للأفراد -- تنظيم التدريب الأساسي وإصدار التراخيص والشهادات.
 عمليات الطيران -- إجراء مراقبة السلامة للمشغلين التجاريين.
 صلاحية الطيران -- إصدار شهادات التسجيل وشهادات صلاحية الطيران للطائرات المدنية، والإشراف على سلامة منظمات الصيانة.
 المطارات -- تصميم وتشييد المطارات.
 خدمات الحركة الجوية -- إدارة المرور في المجال الجوي للبلد.

100 عام للطيران المدني

في يوم 1 يناير عام 1914 جلس الطيار توني يانوس في مقعد قيادة طائرة ثنائية الركاب تستطيع الإقلاع والهبوط على الماء. وكان بجواره العمدة السابق لمدينة سان بيترسبورج في فلوريدا ويدعى «ابرهام فايل» الذي كسب اقتراعا على الطيران معه بتكلفة 400 دولار أمريكي ليصبح أول راكب مدني في التاريخ ليعبر خليج تامبا في رحلة تستغرق 23 دقيقة . بهذا أصبح أبرهام فايل أول راكب مدني يطير بطائرة مدنية ويدفع لهذا الطيران 400 دولار. كانت تلك هي أول سفرية بالطيران المدني الذي تزايد خلال المئة سنة الماضية زيادة هائلة جعلت من الكرة الارضية عالماً صغيراً، وقربت القريب والبعيد.

وقد بدأ الطيرانلفعل في عام 1913 بين نورث كارولينا في مدينة كيتي هوك. ثم تبعه الجيش الإيطالي الذي قام بإلقاء القنابل من طائراته أثناء هجومه على ليبيا في عام 1911.

والآن يطير نحو 8 ملايين راكب يومياً في طائرات توصله إلى حيثما يريد. فقد نشأت مطارات في جميع أنحاء العالم وتطورت لاستقبال جميع أنواع الطائرات، ومنها ما يتسع إلى نحو 800 راكب مثل الإيرباص. ومن المنتظر زيادة عدد الركاب من 1و3 مليار مقعد خلال هذا العام إلى 3و3 مليار مقعد في العام القادم، وقد يصل إلى 4 مليارات مقعد في عام 2017. وهكذا تتطور الأمور بعد سيطرة الإنسان على الطبيعة، حيث بدأ ذلك بسيطرته على النار منذ نحو 30.000 سنة.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع المنظمة الدولية للطيران المدني

اقرأ أيضا

 طائرة دون طيار
 طيران عام

طيران مدني


Marano di Valpolicella ist eine nordostitalienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Verona in Venetien am Parco naturale regionale della Lessinia. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 14 Kilometer nordnordwestlich von Verona und ist Teil der Comunità montana della Lessinia.

Gemeindepartnerschaft
Marano di Valpolicella unterhält eine Partnerschaft mit der rheinland-pfälzischen Ortsgemeinde Appenheim (Deutschland).

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Venetien

Marano di Valpolicella


Najden Gerov (født 14. juni 1916 i Plovdiv, død 24. oktober 1989) var en bulgarsk komponist, pianist og journalist.

Gerov studerede komposition og klaver på American College i Sofia. Herefter arbejdede han som akkompagnatør på forskellige teatre og operaer i Sofia, bl.a. Varna Operaen. Gerov har skrevet tre symfonier, seks operaer, orkesterværker, kammermusik, scenemusik, korværker, balletmusik, filmmusik etc.

Udvalgte værker

 Symfoni nr. 1 (1977) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 2 (1979) - for orkester
 Symfoni nr. 3 (1980) - for orkester
 "Kaloyan" (1963) - filmmusik

Eksterne henvisninger

 Om Nayden Gerov på www.ubc-bg.com
 Om Nayden Gerov på www.musicweb-international.com

Komponister fra Bulgarien
Pianister fra Bulgarien
Journalister fra Bulgarien

Najden Gerov


L'Adelaide, RV 695 es un dramma per musica en tres actos con música de Antonio Vivaldi y libreto de Antonio Salvi. Se estrenó el 29 de diciembre, en el carnaval de 1735 en el Teatro Filarmonico de Verona.

La ópera contó con la participación de la contralto Anna Girò, y célebres cantantes como la soprano Margherita Giacomazzi (destinataria de la famosa aria Agitata da due venti) y los castrati Giovanni Manzuoli (o Manzoli) y Pietro Morigi (o Moriggi).

Personajes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Anna Bonitatibus canta el aria Agitata da due venti
Veronica Cangemi canta el aria Agitata da due venti
  Libreto (de la Raccolta drammatica de la Biblioteca Nazionale Braidense)

Óperas de Antonio Vivaldi
Óperas en italiano
Óperas de 1735
Óperas estrenadas en Verona

L'Adelaide


Konjičko drvorezbarstvo je kulturna baština drvorezbarstva, umjetnički zanat s dugom tradicijom u bosanskohercegovačkom gradu Konjic. Drvene rezbarije, koje uključuju namještaj, sofisticirane interijere i male dekorativne predmete, ističu se svojim prepoznatljivim ručno izrezbarenim motivima i ukupnim vizualnim identitetom. Rezbarenje je sastavni dio kulture lokalne zajednice, mjera ljepote i ugodnosti kućnog interijera i tradicija koja stvara osjećaj zajednice i pripadnosti. Ono igra važnu ulogu na razini lokalne zajednice u Konjicu, ali i diljem zemlje, pa i u zajednicama dijaspore.

To je također ekonomski održiv, društveno uključujući i ekološki održiv zanat kojim se bave različite etničke skupine i koji služi i kao instrument dijaloga i suradnje. Zanat je široko rasprostranjen među stanovnicima Konjica, a vlasnici obiteljskih radionica za rezbarenje drveta su najodgovorniji za očuvanje elementa, obučavanje učenika drvoprerađivača i popularizaciju zanata. Znanja i vještine prenose se prvenstveno kroz osposobljavanje novaka u radionicama, kao i kroz međugeneracijski prijenos unutar obitelji.

Zbog toga je konjičko drvorezbarstvo kao nematerijalna svjetska baština upisano na UNESCO-ov popis nematerijalne svjetske baštine u Europi 2017. godine, kao drugi element iz Bosne i Hercegovine upisan na UNESCO-ov "Reprezentativni popis nematerijalne kulturne baštine čovječanstva"

Povijest

Prije austrougarske vladavine u Bosni i Hercegovini, vještinu drvorezbarstva u konjički kraj, odnosno gornji tok rijeke Neretve (od Bijele do Grušče) donijeli su doseljeni zemljoradnici, drvorezbari iz Hercegovine.

Njihov centar bila su sela Grušča, Ribari, Čičevo i Bijela. Konjički su drvorezbari sudjelovali i na međunarodnim izložbama.

Proces nominacije Konjičkog drvorezbarstva započet je još 2014. godine, u suradnji Federalnog ministrastva kulture i sporta i lokalne zajednice u Konjicu koja baštini ovaj element.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

 E. Halimić, Konjičko drvorezbarstvo je definitivno evropsko kulturno naslijeđe, Dnevni Avaz, 30. lipnja 2018. (bos.)
 Može li konjičko drvorezbarstvo na UNESCO-ovu listu?, http://balkans.aljazeera.net (video) 2:55 min (bos.)
 UNESCO: Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity - 2017 (video) 10:20 min (bos.)

Nematerijalna svjetska baština u Europi
Bosanskohercegovačka kultura
Primijenjene umjetnosti

Konjičko drvorezbarstvo


بلدية كامبو دي كرايبتانا ، هي إحدى بلديات مقاطعة سيوداد ريال إحدى مقاطعات إسبانيا، والتي تقع في منطقة قشتالة لا منتشا وسط إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 14.314 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2007).

أعلام
 سارا مونتيل
 أنخيل أرتيجا
 لويس كوبوس

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في ثيوداد ريال
بلديات سيوداد ريال

كامبو دي كرايبتانا


James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie  (22 April 1812 – 19 December 1860), known as the Earl of Dalhousie between 1838 and 1849, was a Scottish statesman and colonial administrator in British India. He served as Governor-General of India from 1848 to 1856.

He established the foundations of the modern educational system in India by adding mass education in addition to elite higher education. He introduced passenger trains to the railways, the electric telegraph and uniform postage, which he described as the "three great engines of social improvement". He also founded the Public Works Department in India   To his supporters he stands out as the far-sighted Governor-General who consolidated East India Company rule in India, laid the foundations of its later administration, and by his sound policy enabled his successors to stem the tide of rebellion.

His period of rule in India directly preceded the transformation into the Victorian Raj period of Indian administration. He was denounced by many in Britain on the eve of his death as having failed to notice the signs of the brewing Indian Rebellion of 1857, having aggravated the crisis by his overbearing self-confidence, centralizing activity and expansive annexations.

Early life
James Andrew Broun-Ramsay was the third and youngest son of George Ramsay, 9th Earl of Dalhousie (1770–1838), one of Wellington's generals, who, after being Governor General of Canada, became Commander-in-Chief in India, and of his wife, Christian (née Broun) of Coalstoun, Haddingtonshire (East Lothian).

The 9th Earl was in 1815 created Baron Dalhousie of Dalhousie Castle in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, and had three sons, of whom the two elder died young.  James Andrew Broun-Ramsay, his youngest son, was described as small in stature, with a firm chiseled mouth and high forehead.

Several years of his early boyhood were spent with his father and mother in Canada. Returning to Scotland he was prepared for Harrow School, where he entered in 1825. Two years later he and another student, Robert Adair, were expelled after bullying and nearly causing the death of George Rushout, nephew of John Rushout, 2nd Baron Northwick. Until he entered university, Dalhousie's entire education being entrusted to the Rev. Mr Temple, incumbent of a quiet parish in Staffordshire.

In October 1829, he passed on to Christ Church, Oxford, where he worked fairly hard, won some distinction, and made many lifelong friends. His studies, however, were so greatly interrupted by the protracted illness and death in 1832 of his only surviving brother, that Lord Ramsay, as he then became, had to content himself with entering for a pass degree, though he was placed in fourth class of honours for Michaelmas 1833. He then travelled in Italy and Switzerland, enriching with copious entries the diary which he religiously kept up through life, and storing his mind with valuable observations.

Early political career

An unsuccessful but courageous contest at the general election in 1835 for one of the seats in parliament for Edinburgh, fought against such veterans as the future speaker, James Abercrombie, afterwards Lord Dunfermline, and John Campbell, future lord chancellor, was followed in 1837 by Ramsay's return to the House of Commons as member for Haddingtonshire. In the previous year he had married Lady Susan Hay, daughter of the Marquess of Tweeddale, whose companionship was his chief support in India, and whose death in 1853 left him a heartbroken man. In 1838 his father who died after a long illness, while less than a year later he lost his mother.

Succeeding to the peerage, the new earl soon made his mark in a speech delivered on 16 June 1840 in support of Lord Aberdeen's Church of Scotland Benefices Bill, a controversy arising out of the Auchterarder case, in which he had already taken part in the General Assembly in opposition to Dr Chalmers. In May 1843 he became Vice-President of the Board of Trade, Gladstone being President, and was sworn in as a privy counsellor. He was also given the honorary post of Captain of Deal Castle the same year.

Succeeding Gladstone as President of the Board of Trade in 1845, he threw himself into the work during the crisis of the Railway Mania with such energy that his health partially broke down under the strain. In the struggle over the Corn Laws he ranged himself on the side of Sir Robert Peel, and, after the failure of Lord John Russell to form a ministry he resumed his post at the board of trade, entering the cabinet on the retirement of Lord Stanley. When Peel resigned office in June 1846, Lord John offered Dalhousie a seat in the cabinet, an offer which he declined from a fear that acceptance might involve the loss of public character. Another attempt to secure his services in the appointment of president of the railway board was equally unsuccessful; but in 1847 he accepted the post of Governor-General of India in succession to Lord Hardinge, on the understanding that he was to be left in entire and unquestioned possession of his own personal independence with reference to party politics.

Governor-General of India
Dalhousie took charge of his dual duties as Governor-General of India and Governor of Bengal on 12 January 1848, and shortly afterwards he was honoured with the green ribbon of the Order of the Thistle. During this period, he was an extremely hard worker, often working sixteen to eighteen hours a day. The shortest workday Dalhousie would take began at half-past eight and would continue until half-past five, remaining at his desk even during lunch. During this period, he sought to expand the reach of the empire and rode long distances on horseback, in spite of having a bad back.

In contrast to many of the past leaders of the British Empire in India, he saw himself as an Orientalist monarch and believed his rule was that of a modernizer, attempting to bring the British intellectual revolution to India. A staunch utilitarian, he sought to improve Indian society under the prevalent Benthamite ideals of the period. However, in his attempt to do so he ruled with authoritarianism, believing these means were the most likely to increase the material development and progress of India. His policies, especially the doctrine of lapse, contributed to a growing sense of discontent among sectors of Indian society and therefore greatly contributed to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which directly followed his departure from India.

In 1849, under Dalhousie's command, the British captured the princely state of Punjab. In the process he captured the famous Koh-i-Noor diamond from the twelve-year old Punjabi Maharaja Duleep Singh. According to usual practise the treasury of Duleep Singh was considered war booty and Duleep Singh was forced to hand over the diamond. The Koh-i-Noor diamond was presented to Queen Victoria and displayed in 1851 and at the Dublin Exhibition in 1853 and the World's Fair in London in 1862. The diamond features in a number of, often contradictory ways. It was afterall war booty and old-fashioned plunder imperialism (Kinsey D.C. 2009, 392). Between 1858 and 1882 Duleep Singh, who was living in England at that time, reclaimed the Koh-i-Noor diamond arguing that it has been taken unjustly and without compensation.

He also commanded the Second Burmese War in 1852, resulting in the capture of parts of Burma. Under his reign, the British implemented the policy of 'lapse and annexation' which ensured that if a king did not have any sons for a natural heir, the kingdom would be annexed to the British Empire. Using this policy, the British annexed some of the princely states. The annexation of Awadh made Dalhousie very unpopular in the region. This and other callous actions of the governor-general created bitter feelings among the Indian soldiers in the British Army, which finally led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857. Dalhousie and the British called this uprising the 'Sepoy mutiny' – Sepoy being the common term for native Indian soldiers in British service. Dalhousie was an able administrator, though forceful and tough. His contribution in the development of communication — railways, roads, postal and telegraph services — contributed to the modernization and unity of India. His notable achievement was the creation of modern, centralized states.

Shortly after assuming his duties, in writing to the president of the Board of Control, Sir John Hobhouse, he was able to assure him that everything was quiet. This statement, however, was to be falsified by events almost before it could reach Britain.

Second Anglo-Sikh War
On 19 April 1848 Vans Agnew of the civil service and Lieutenant Anderson of the Bombay European regiment, having been sent to take charge of Multan from Diwan Mulraj, were murdered there, and within a short time the troops and sardars joined in open rebellion. Dalhousie agreed with Sir Hugh Gough, the commander-in-chief, that the British East India Company's military forces were neither adequately equipped with transport and supplies, nor otherwise prepared to take the field immediately. He afterward decided that the proper response was not merely for the capture of Multan, but also the entire subjugation of the Punjab. He therefore resolutely delayed to strike, organized a strong army for operations in November, and himself proceeded to the Punjab. With evidence that the revolt was spreading outwards, Dalhousie declared, "Unwarned by precedent, uninfluenced by example, the Sikh nation has called for war; and on my words, sirs, war they shall have and with a vengeance."

Despite the successes gained by Herbert Edwardes in the Second Anglo-Sikh War with Mulraj, and Gough's indecisive victories at Ramnagar in November, at Sadulpur in December, and at Chillianwala in the following month, the stubborn resistance at Multan showed that the task required the utmost resources of the government. At length, on 22 January 1849, the Multan fortress was taken by General Whish, who was thus set at liberty to join Gough at Gujarat. Here a complete victory was won on 21 February at the Battle of Gujrat, the Sikh army surrendered at Rawalpindi, and their Afghan allies were chased out of India. In spite of substantial attempts by Sikh and Muslim forces to polarize opposition through religious and anti-British sentiment, Dalhousie's military commanders were able to maintain the loyalty of troops, with the exception of a small number of Gurkah deserters. For his services the Earl of Dalhousie received the thanks of the Parliament and a step in the peerage, as Marquess.

The war being now over, Dalhousie, without specific instructions from his superiors, annexed the Punjab. Believing in inherent superiority of British rule over the "archaic" Indian system of rule, Dalhousie attempted to dismantle local rule, fulfilling the imperial goals of the Anglicizer Lord Bentinck. However, the province quickly became ruled by a group of "audacious and eccentric and often Evangelical pioneers". In an attempt to minimize further conflict, he removed a number of these officials, establishing what he believed to be a more logical and rational system in which the Punjab was systematically divided into districts and divisions, governed by District officers and Commissioners respectively. This lasting system of rule established governance through a young maharaja under a triumvirate of the Governor General.

Governance under the established "Punjab School" of Henry and John Lawrence was initially successful, partially due to the system of local cultural respect, while still maintaining British values against acts of widow burning, female infanticide, and burying of lepers alive by small segments of the Indian populace. However, Punjabi rule eventually came to be seen as despotic, largely because of the expansion of judicial system.  Although often unpredictable or despotic, many Indians in "rationalized" provinces preferred their previous native rule.

Second Burmese War
One further addition to the empire was made by conquest. The Burmese court at Ava was bound by the Treaty of Yandaboo, 1826, to protect British ships in Burmese waters. But there arose a dispute between the Governor of Rangoon and certain British shipping interests (the Monarch and the Champion).

The facts of the event were obscured by conflicts between colonial administrators reporting to the admirals of the navy, rather than the company or civil authorities.  The nature of the dispute was mis-represented to Parliament, and Parliament played a role in further "suppressing" the facts released to the public, but most of the facts were established by comparative reading of these conflicting accounts in what was originally an anonymous pamphlet, How Wars are Got Up in India; this account by Richard Cobden remains almost the sole contemporaneous account of who actually made the decision to invade and annex Burma.

In defending the pretext for invasion after the fact, Dalhousie quoted the maxim of Lord Wellesley that any insult offered to the British flag at the mouth of the Ganges should be resented as promptly and fully as an insult offered at the mouth of the Thames. Attempts were made to solve the dispute by diplomacy. The Burmese eventually removed the Governor of Rangoon but this not considered sufficient. Commodore Lambert, despatched personally by Dalhousie, deliberately provoked an incident and then announced a war.

The Burmese Kingdom offered little in the way of resistance. Martaban was taken on 5 April 1852, and Rangoon and Bassein shortly afterwards. Since, however, the court of Ava was unwilling to surrender half the country in the name of "peace", the second campaign opened in October, and after the capture of Prome and Pegu the annexation of the province of Pegu was declared by a proclamation dated 20 December 1853. To any further invasion of the Burmese empire Dalhousie was firmly opposed, being content to cut off Burma's commercial and political access to the outside world by the annexation. Some strangely spoke of the war as "uniting" territory, but in practice Arakan, Tenasserim and the new territories were still only linked in practical terms by sea.

By what his supporters considered wise policy he attempted to pacify the new province, placing Colonel Arthur Phayre in sole charge of it, personally visiting it, and establishing a system of telegraphs and communications. In practice, the new province was in language and culture very different from India. It could never successfully integrate into the Indian system. The result of the war was to add an expensive new military and political dependency which did not generate sufficient taxes to pay for itself. British Indian rule of Arakan and Tenasserim had been a financial disaster for the Indian Administration. Multiple times in the 1830s questions were raised about getting rid of these territories altogether. Why Dalhousie was so obsessed with increasing the size of a territory that did not generate sufficient revenue to pay for its own administration has never been explained.

One consequential factor of this war was Dalhousie's continuation of the requirement that Sepoys be forced to serve abroad. This created great discontent among Indian sepoys, because it violated the Hindu religious prohibition against travel. In fact, this resulted in the mutiny of several regiments in the Punjab. When this belief that the British were intentionally forcing caste breaking was combined with the widespread belief that the British were intentionally violating Hindu and Muslim purity laws with their new greased cartridges, the consequences (culminating in 1857), would prove to be extremely destructive.

Policies of reforms

Doctrine of Lapse

The most controversial and tainted 'reform' developed and implemented under Dalhousie was the policy of taking all legal (often illegal too) means possible to assume control over "lapsed" states.  Dalhousie, driven by the conviction that all India needed to be brought under British administration, began to apply what was called the doctrine of lapse. Under the doctrine, the British annexed any non-British state where there was a lack of a proper male lineal heir. Under the policy he recommended the annexation of Satara in January 1849, of Jaitpur and Sambalpur in the same year, and of Jhansi and Nagpur in 1853. In these cases his action was approved by the home authorities, but his proposal to annex Karauli in 1849 was disallowed, while Baghat and the petty estate of Udaipur, which he had annexed in 1851 and 1852 respectively, were afterwards restored to native rule. These annexations are considered by critics to generally represent an uneconomic drain on the financial resources of the company in India.

Educational reforms
Dalhousie had a strong personal commitment to the establishment of a national system of education in India. He ensured the successful administration of the provisions contained in the 1854 dispatch.

Dalhousie declared that no single change was likely to produce more important and beneficial consequences than female education. The Educational dispatch of 1854 favoured Women's education. There was shift in government policy under him from higher education for elite towards mass education for both . He along with Bethune are credited with changing policy in favour of Women's education. Dalhousie even personally supported the Bethune Women school from his own money set up by Bethune after his death. Before he left for England he took personal interest and introduced the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856, permitting widow remarriage which became an act after being approved by his successor, Lord Canning .

Development of infrastructure

Other measures with the same object were carried out in the Company's own territories. Bengal, long ruled by the Governor-General or his delegate, was placed under its own Lieutenant-Governor in May 1854. The military boards were swept away; selection took the place of seniority in the higher commands; an army clothing and a stud department were created, and the medical service underwent complete reorganization. A department of public works was established in each presidency, and engineering colleges were provided. An imperial system of telegraphs followed. The first link of railway communication was completed in 1855, and well-considered plans mapped out the course of other lines and their method of administration. Dalhousie encouraged private enterprise to develop railways in India for the good of the people and also to reduce absolute dependence on the government.  However, as an authoritarian, utilitarian ruler, Dalhousie brought the railways under state control-attempting to bring the greatest benefit to India from the expanding network.

In addition, the Ganges Canal was completed; and despite the cost of wars in the Punjab and Burma, liberal provision was made for metalled roads and bridges. The construction of massive irrigation works such as the 350-mile Ganges Canal, which contains thousands of miles of distributaries, was a substantial project that was particularly beneficial for the largely agricultural India.  In spite of damaging certain areas of farmland by increasing soil salinity, overall the individuals living along the canal were noticeably better fed and clothed than those who were not. Increasing irrigated area resulted in increase in population. Reforms to improve the condition of the increased population such as immunization and establishment of educational institutions were never implemented. This kept the population poor and bonded to agricultural activities promoting bonded labour.
Europeanization and consolidation of authority were the keynote of his policy. In nine minutes he suggested means for strengthening the Company's European forces, calling attention to the dangers that threatened the British community, a handful of scattered strangers; but beyond the additional powers of recruitment which at his entreaty were granted in the last charter act of 1853, his proposals were shelved by the home authorities as they represented yet more expense added to the cost of India. In his administration Dalhousie vigorously asserted his control over even minor military affairs, and when Sir Charles Napier ordered certain allowances, given as compensation for the dearness of provisions, to be granted to the sepoys on a system which had not been sanctioned from headquarters, and threatened to repeat the offence, the Governor-General rebuked him to such a degree that Napier resigned his command.

Dalhousie's reforms were not confined to the departments of public works and military affairs. He created an imperial system of post-offices, reducing the rates of carrying letters and introducing postage stamps. He created the department of public instruction; he improved the system of inspection of goals, abolishing the practice of branding convicts; freed converts to other religions from the loss of their civil rights; inaugurated the system of administrative reports; and enlarged the Legislative Council of India. His wide interest in everything that concerned the welfare of British economic interests in the country was shown in the encouragement he gave to the culture of tea, in his protection of forests, in the preservation of ancient and historic monuments. With the object of making the civil administration more European, he closed what he considered to be the useless college in Calcutta for the education of young civilians, establishing in its place a European system of training them in mufasal stations, and subjecting them to departmental examinations. He was equally careful of the well-being of the European soldier, providing him with healthy recreations and public gardens.

Civil Service reform
To the civil service he gave improved leave and pension rules, while he purified its moral by forbidding all share in trading concerns, by vigorously punishing insolvents, and by his personal example of careful selection in the matter of patronage. No Governor-General ever penned a larger number of weighty papers dealing with public affairs in India. Even after laying down office and while on his way home, he forced himself, ill as he was, to review his own administration in a document of such importance that the House of Commons gave orders for its being printed (Blue Book 245 of 1856).
Another consequential set of reforms, were those aimed at modernizing the land tenure and revenue system.  Throughout his time in office, Dalhousie disposed large landowners from portions of their estates. He also implemented policies attempting to end the rule of the zamindar tax farmers, as he viewed them as destructive "drones of the soil". However, thousands of smaller landlords had their holdings completely removed as did the relatively poor who leased small parcels of their land while farming the rest.  This was particularly significant as the sepoys were often recruited from these economic groups.
He introduced a system of open competition as the basis of recruitment for civil servants of the company and thus deprived the Directors of their patronage system under Government of India Act 1853.

Foreign policy

His foreign policy was guided by a desire to reduce the nominal independence of the larger native states, and to avoid extending the political relations of his government with foreign powers outside India. Pressed to intervene in Hyderabad, he refused to do so, claiming on this occasion that interference was only justified if the administration of native princes tends unquestionably to the injury of the subjects or of the allies of the British government. He negotiated in 1853 a treaty with the nizam, which provided funds for the maintenance of the contingent kept up by the British in support of that princes' authority, by the assignment of the Berars in lieu of annual payments of the cost and large outstanding arrears. The Berar treaty, he told Sir Charles Wood, is more likely to keep the nizam on his throne than anything that has happened for 50 years to him, while at the same time the control thus acquired over a strip of territory intervening between Bombay and Nagpur promoted his policy of consolidation and his schemes of railway extension. The same spirit induced him to tolerate a war of succession in Bahawalpur, so long as the contending candidates did not violate British territory.

He refrained from punishing Dost Mohammad for the part he had taken in the Sikh War, and resolutely to refuse to enter upon any negotiations until the amir himself came forward. Then he steered a middle course between the proposals of his own agent, Herbert Edwardes, who advocated an offensive alliance, and those of John Lawrence, who would have avoided any sort of engagement. He himself drafted the short treaty of peace and friendship which Lawrence signed in 1855, that officer receiving in 1856 the Order of the Bath as a Knight Commander in acknowledgement of his services in the matter. While, however, Dalhousie was content with a mutual engagement with the Afghan chief, binding each party to respect the territories of the other, he saw that a larger measure of interference was needed in Baluchistan, and with the Khan of Kalat he authorized Major Jacob to negotiate a treaty of subordinate co-operation on 14 May 1854.

The khan was guaranteed an annual subsidy of Rs. 50,000, in return for the treaty which bound him to the British wholly and exclusively. To this the home authorities demurred, but the engagement was duly ratified, and the subsidy was largely increased by Dalhousies successors. On the other hand, he insisted on leaving all matters concerning Persia and Central Asia to the decision of the queen's advisers. After the conquest of the Punjab, he began the expensive process of attempting to police and control the Northwest Frontier region. The hillmen, he wrote, regard the plains as their food and prey, and the Afridis, Mohmands, Black Mountain tribes, Waziris and others had to be taught that their new neighbours would not tolerate outrages. But he proclaimed to one and all his desire for peace, and urged upon them the duty of tribal responsibility. Nevertheless, the military engagement on the northwest frontier of India he began grew yearly in cost and continued without pause until the British left Pakistan.

The annexation of Oudh was reserved to the last. The home authorities had asked Dalhousie to prolong his tenure of office during the Crimean War, but the difficulties of the problem no less than complications elsewhere had induced him to delay operations. In 1854 he appointed Outram as resident at the court of Lucknow, directing him to submit a report on the condition of the province. This was furnished in March 1855. The report provided the British an excuse for action based on "disorder and misrule". Dalhousie, looking at the treaty of 1801, decided that he could do as he wished with Oudh as long as he had the king's consent. He then demanded a transfer to the Company of the entire administration of Oudh, the king merely retaining his royal rank, certain privileges in the courts, and a liberal allowance. If he should refuse this arrangement, a general rising would be arranged, and then the British government would intervene on its own terms.

On 21 November 1855, the court of directors instructed Dalhousie to assume the control of Oudh, and to give the king no option unless he was sure that his majesty would surrender the administration rather than risk a revolution. Dalhousie was in bad health and on the eve of retirement when the belated orders reached him; but he at once laid down instructions for Outram in every detail, moved up troops, and elaborated a scheme of government with particular orders as to conciliating local opinion. The king refused to sign the ultimatum (in the form of a "treaty") put before him, and a proclamation annexing the province was therefore issued on 13 February 1856.

In his mind, only one important matter now remained to him before quitting office. The insurrection of the Kolarian Santals of Bengal against the extortions of landlords and moneylenders had been severely repressed, but the causes of the insurrection had still to be reviewed and a remedy provided. By removing the tract of country from local rule, enforcing the residence of British officers there, and employing the Santal headmen in a local police, he created a system of administration which proved successful in maintaining order.

Return to Britain
Dalhousie, on 6 March 1856, set sail for England on board the Company's "Firoze," an object of general sympathy and not less general respect. At Alexandria he was carried by H.M.S. "Caradoc" to Malta, and thence by the "Tribune" to Spithead, which he reached on 13 May. His return had been eagerly looked for by statesmen who hoped that he would resume his public career, by the Company which voted him an annual pension of , and by the queen who earnestly prayed for the blessing of restored health and strength; conversely, the outbreak of the "Sepoy Mutiny" led to bitter attacks on the record of his policy, and to widespread criticisms (both fair and unfair) of his political interests and career. His health deteriorated in Malta and at Malvern, Edinburgh, where he sought medical treatment.  In his correspondence and public statements, he was careful not to assign blame or cause embarrassment to colleagues in government. During this period, John Lawrence, 1st Baron Lawrence invoked his counsel and influence. By his last wish, his private journal and papers of personal interest were sealed against publication or inquiry for fully 50 years after his death.

Legacy and commemoration
Established in 1854 by the British Empire in India as a summer retreat for its troops and bureaucrats, the hill station of Dalhousie was named after Lord Dalhousie who was Governor-General of India at that time.

References

Further reading

 Ghosh, Suresh Chandra. (2013) The History of Education in Modern India, 1757–2012 (4th ed.) pp 65–84.
 Ghosh, Suresh Chandra. Dalhousie in India, 1848–56: A Study of His Social Policy as Governor-General (New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1975).
 Gorman, Mel. (1971) "Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the establishment of the telegraph system in India." Technology and Culture 12.4 (1971): 581–601 online.

 Kinseay, Danielle C. "Koh-i-Noor: Empire, Diamonds, and the Performance of British Material Culture". Journal of British Studies, Apr., 2009, Vol. 48, No. 2, Special Issue on Material Culture (Apr., 2009), pp. 391–419. Cambridge University Press.

External links

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Polina Viktorovna Kuznețova (în ) (născută Polina Viktorovna Viahireva, pe 10 iunie 1987, în Șopokov, RSS Kirghiză) este o handbalistă din Rusia care joacă pentru GK Astrahanocika și echipa națională a Rusiei. Kuznețova este sora Annei Viahireva, componentă și ea a naționalei ruse.

În august 2016, Polina Kuznețova a făcut parte din selecționata Rusiei care a cucerit medalia de aur la Jocurile Olimpice de la Rio de Janeiro.

Palmares
Club
Campionatul Rusiei:
Câștigătoare: 2005, 2006, 2007, 2016
Finalistă: 2008, 2009, 2010

Cupa Rusiei:
 Câștigătoare: 2009, 2010

Liga Campionilor EHF:
 Câștigătoare: 2008

Cupa EHF:
 Câștigătoare: 2007

Trofeul Campionilor
 Câștigătoare: 2008
Finalistă: 2007

Echipa naționalăJocurile Olimpice:
 Medalie de aur: 2016Campionatul Mondial:
 Medalie de aur: 2005, 2007Campionatul European':
 Medalie de argint'': 2006

Distincții individuale
 Cea mai bună extremă stânga de la Jocurile Olimpice: 2016
 Cea mai bună extremă stânga de la Campionatul European: 2012
 Cea mai bună extremă stânga de la Campionatul Mondial: 2007
 Cea mai bună extremă stânga de la Bucharest Trophy: 2014

Note

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1987
Sportivi ruși în viață
Jucătoare de handbal din Rusia
Handbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de Vară 2016
Handbaliști la Jocurile Olimpice de Vară 2020
Handbaliști olimpici ruși
Medaliați olimpici cu aur ruși
Handbaliste câștigătoare ale Ligii Campionilor EHF Feminin

Polina Kuznețova


سايونارا زِتسبو سينسيه (さよなら絶望先生 وداعاً أيها المعلم اليائس) هو اسم سلسلة مانغا من تأليف كوجي كوميتا وسلسلة أنمي عرضت في اليابان من 7 يوليو 2007 إلى 23 سبتمبر 2007.<ref>{{استشهاد ويب|مسار=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-08-16/sayonara-zetsubo-sensei-manga-reportedly-bundles-original-anime|عنوان=Sayonara Zetsubō Sensei Manga Bundles Original Anime|ناشر=شبكة أخبار الأنمي|تاريخ=2009-08-16|تاريخ الوصول=2009-08-16| مسار أرشيف = https://web.archive.org/web/20170616185548/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2009-08-16/sayonara-zetsubo-sensei-manga-reportedly-bundles-original-anime | تاريخ أرشيف = 16 يونيو 2017 | وصلة مكسورة = no }}</ref>

 الموسم الثاني

في يناير 2008، تم عرض موسم ثاني لسلسلة الأنمي، تحت عنوان زوكو سايونارا زِتسبو سينسيه (俗・さよなら絶望先生 بذيء - وداعاً أيها المعلم اليائس) وانتهى عرضه في مارس 2008

 أوفا الأنمي
في يوليو 2008، تم إنتاج سلسلة أوفا للأنمي، تحت عنوان غوكو سايونارا زِتسبو سينسيه (獄・さよなら絶望先生 سجن - وداعاً أيها المعلم اليائس)

 الموسم الثالث

يتم الآن عرض الموسم ثالت للأنمي تحت عنوان زان سايونارا زِتسبو سينسيه (懺・さよなら絶望先生 اعتراف - وداعاً أيها المعلم اليائس'')

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أنمي أوفا 2008
أنمي أوفا 2009
أنمي ومانغا كوميدية
أنمي ومانغا هجائية
العبثية في الأدب
سلسلات مانغا
شافت (استوديو)
شونن مانغا
كتب هجائية
مانغا 2005
مجلات مصورة من كودانشا
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2007
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2008
مسلسلات أنمي متلفزة بدأ عرضها في 2009
مسلسلات أنمي مستندة إلى مانغا
مسلسلات تلفزيونية كوميدية يابانية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 2007
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 2008
مسلسلات تلفزيونية يابانية انتهت في 2009
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية كوميدية
مسلسلات رسوم متحركة تلفزيونية كوميدية في عقد 2000
تمييز ضد الكوريين في اليابان

سايونارا زتسبو سينسيه


حياة أو موت هو فيلم مصري عرض عام 1954، بطولة عماد حمدي ومديحة يسري، ومن إخراج كمال الشيخ.

قصة الفيلم
أحمد إبراهيم (عماد حمدي) الكائن بدير النحاس بمصر العتيقة موظف بسيط بإحدى الشركات الخاصة يعيش مع زوجته (مديحة يسري) وابنته الصغيرة سميرة (ضحى أمير)، تم الإستغناء عنه وذهب إلى الشركة لصرف مكافأة نهاية الخدمة خصوصاً والعيد على الأبواب وهو بدون عمل منذ شهرين ولكن المدير (عبد القادر المسيري) أجل صرف المكافأة لما بعد العيد، فباع ساعته واشترى لابنته فستان جديد، اقترحت عليه زوجته أن يقضوا العيد في بيت أبيها (عبد البديع العربي) وأمها (رفيعة الشال) ولكنه رفض مما أثار استياء زوجته فأخذت ابنتها وتركت البيت ولكن الابنة لم تتحمل ترك أبيها وحده فعادت إليه وجائته كريزة كلى فأعطى ابنته 25 قرشا لتحضر له دواء المغص التركيب من الصيدلية ولكنها وصلت للصيدلية أثناء الإغلاق لراحة الظهيرة واقترح عليها مساعد الصيدلي أن تذهب إلى صيدلية العتبة لأنها الوحيدة التي لا تغلق ظهرا، ووصلت بالترام للعتبة وقام الصيدلي (حسين رياض) بتحضير الدواء وطلب منها 25 قرشا ثمن الدواء فأعطته كل مامعها وهو 24 قرشا فقد ركبت الترام بقرش ووافق الصيدلي ولكن بعد خروجها اكتشف أنه وضع كمية أكبر من كبريتات النحاس القاتلة فأرسل مساعده (عبد المنعم بسيوني) في أثرها فلم يعثر عليها وخشى الصيدلي من العواقب فسوف يموت المريض من أول جرعة، ذهب الصيدلي إلى قسم البوليس فلم يجد تعاوناَ من الشاويش النوبتجي (توفيق صادق) فذهب إلى الحكمدارية حيث تصادف أن جميع القيادات كانت مجتمعه من أجل هروب أحد المجرمين الخطرين أسمه أحمد الضبع وعندما قال للضابط (عدلي كاسب) أنه جاء من أجل أحمد ظن أنه يقصد أحمد الضبع فأدخله للحكمدار (يوسف وهبي) الذي استمع لقصته وتعاطف معه وبدأوا عملية البحث عن الفتاة فقد علموا أنها جاءت مستقلة الترام وتركت مع النقود التذكرة فعلموا منها أنها ركبت من أول الخط واتصل الصيدلي بالطبيب الذي كتب الروشتة وعلم منه عنوان المريض وذهبوا إلى العنوان فوجدوه قد انتقل إلى دير النحاس وكلفت دوريات الشرطة بالبحث عن فتاة صغيرة تحمل زجاجه دواء، أما رحلة البنت في طريق العودة فكانت مثيرة ومحفوفة بالمخاطر خصوصا وهي لا تملك نقوداً وتجلى تعاون المصريين مع الصغيرة فقد أركبها الكمساري مجاناً بعض الوقت وقام صبي بتهريبها عندما وجد البوليس يقبض على الصغيرات وخطف منها أحد السكارى الزجاجة ولكن المارة استعادوها منه، وأخيراَ لجأوا إلى محطة الإذاعة حيث تم بث النداء التالي: "من حكمدار العاصمة إلى أحمد إبراهيم الكائن بدير النحاس لا تشرب الدواء الذي أرسلت ابنتك في طلبه، الدواء فيه سم قاتل الدواء، فيه سم قاتل حين سماعك هذه النشرة بلغ الحكمدارية"، واإستمعت زوجته للنداء فأسرعت إلى المنزل ووصلت أثناء تناوله الدواء فأزاحته عن فمه في اللحظة الأخيرة ووصل الحكمدار للاطمئنان وأعطاه الصيدلي زجاجة دواء مضبوطة.

طاقم التمثيل
 عماد حمدي: (أحمد إبراهيم)
 مديحة يسري: (زوجة أحمد إبراهيم)
 يوسف وهبي: (حكمدار العاصمة)
 حسين رياض: (الصيدلي)
 رشدي أباظة: (ضابط البوليس)
 ضحى أمير: (الطفلة سميرة)
 عدلي كاسب: (ضابط)
 أحمد الحداد: (الذي سُرق منه الخاتم)
 عز الدين شاكر
 عبد المنعم بسيوني: (مساعد الصيدلي)
 عبد القادر المسيري: (المدير)
 رفيعة الشال: (والدة الزوجة)
 عبد الغني النجدي: (البواب النائم)
 توفيق صادق: (صول القسم)
 عبد الحميد زكي: (الأسطى شلبي)
 محسن حسنين: (شلبي - العشيق)
 سيد المنشاوي
 أنور الخوام: (صبي القهوجي)
 سعاد فوزي: (الزوجة الخائنة)
 عبد المنعم إسماعيل: (الزوج المخدوع)
 علي عيسى: (الطفل)
 رشوان مصطفى
 فاروق علي: (راكب الدراجة)
 حسن أبو زيد: (السكران)
 شلاضيمو: (اللص)
 عبد البديع العربي: (والد الزوجة)
 حسين قنديل
 توفيق إسماعيل
 جورج عساف

فريق العمل
 إخراج: كمال الشيخ
 قصة: كمال الشيخ
 سيناريو: علي الزرقاني، كمال الشيخ
 حوار: علي الزرقاني
 مدير التصوير: أحمد خورشيد
 مونتاج: أميرة فايد
 إنتاج: لوتس فيلم (آسيا داغر)
 توزيع: لوتس فيلم (آسيا داغر)

جوائز الفيلم
دخل الفيلم في المسابقة الرسمية في مهرجان كان السينمائي 1955 وحاز على جائزة الدولة عام 1955 وكذلك على جائزة أحسن فيلم من المركز الكاثوليكي المصري عام 1954.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام تشويق وإثارة مصرية
أفلام حسين رياض
أفلام دراما مصرية
أفلام رشدي أباظة
أفلام عماد حمدي
أفلام مديحة يسري
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1954
أفلام مصرية بالأبيض والأسود
أفلام من إخراج كمال الشيخ
أفلام يوسف وهبي
أفلام عن صيادلة
أفلام تقع أحداثها في القاهرة

حياة أو موت (فيلم)


O polilogismo (do grego poly 'muitos' + logos ' lógica ') é a crença de que diferentes grupos de pessoas raciocinam de forma fundamentalmente diferente. . O termo é atribuído a Ludwig von Mises, que afirmou que descrevia o marxismo e outras filosofias sociais. No sentido Misesiano do termo, um polilogista atribui diferentes formas de "lógica" a diferentes grupos, que podem incluir grupos definidos por raça, gênero, classe ou época.

Tipos de polilogismo
De acordo com polilogistas, grupos diferentes pensam de maneira fundamentalmente distinta — usam "lógicas" diferentes para inferência dedutiva. O polilogismo normativo é a afirmação de que essas diferentes lógicas são igualmente válidas. O polilogismo descritivo é uma afirmação empírica sobre diferentes grupos, mas não necessariamente atribui a mesma validade a diferentes "lógicas". Ou seja, um polilogista descritivo pode insistir em uma lógica dedutiva universalmente válida mas ao mesmo tempo —por uma questão de odem empírica — afirmar que alguns grupos usam estratégias de raciocínio diferentes (incorretas).

Lógica proletária
O termo lógica proletária é por vezes visto como prova do polilogismo. O termo é geralmente atribuído a Joseph Dietzgen em sua Décima Primeira Carta sobre lógica. Dietzgen é o agora esquecido filosófico monista do século 19 que cunhou o termo materialismo dialético e foi elogiado por figuras comunistas como Karl Marx e VIadimir Lenin. Seu trabalho recebeu atenção moderna principalmente do filósofo Bertell Ollman. Como monista, Dietzgen insiste em um tratamento unificado da mente e da matéria. Como diz Simon Boxley, para Dietzgen "o pensamento é um evento tão material quanto qualquer outro". Isso significa que a lógica também tem um fundamento material.

Polilogismo racial
O polilogismo racial é frequentemente associado à era nazista. Exemplos modernos de suposto polilogismo racial atualmente são possíveis de encontrar, mas geralmente são falsos. Por exemplo, a juíza da Suprema Corte dos EUA, Sonia Sotomayor, foi acusada de polilogismo racial por afirmar que uma "latina sábia" poderia chegar a conclusões jurídicas diferentes de um homem branco. Embora seja geralmente aceite que a experiência de vida pode influenciar a capacidade de entender as implicações práticas de um argumento jurídico, foi sugerido que Sotomayor concordava com a ideia de que as latinas têm uma "lógica" única.

Referências

 Boxley, Simon, (2008), Red, Black and Green: Dietzgen's Philosophy Across the Divide. http://www.anarchist-studies-network.org.uk/documents/Conference%20Papers/Simon%20Boxley.doc
 Ollman, B. (1976) Alienação: Concepção de Marx do Homem na Sociedade Capitalista, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
 Ollman, B. (2003a) Ollman, B. (2003a) Dance of the Dialectic: Steps in Marx's Method, Chicago: University of Illinois Press
 Ollman, B. (2003b) 'Marx's Dialectical Method is more than a Mode of Exposition: A Critique of Systematic Dialectics' in Albritton, R. & Siloulidis, J. (Eds.) New Dialectics and Political Economy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
 Perrin, Pierre, "Economia hermenêutica: entre relativismo e polilogismo progressivo", Quarterly Journal of Austrian Economics, Volume 8, Número 3, 21-38,

Escola Austríaca
Teorias dedutivas

Polilogismo


El 4.º Cuerpo Mecanizado (4-й механизированный корпус) unidad militar del Ejército Rojo de la Unión Soviética.

Historia
Formada en julio de 1940, el cuerpo se formó en la composición del Distrito Militar Especial Kiev, como una entidad sobre el 6.º Ejército. El cuerpo estuvo estacionado en Lvov. Destruida en la Bolsa de Uman en agosto de 1941.

Formación del cuerpo
El mando del cuerpo de las tropas formaban parte de la región de Lviv basado en el 49.º Cuerpo de Rifles.
Conformadas del 53.º Regimiento de Motocicleta, 146.º Regimiento de Caballería y la 16.ª División de Caballería.
La 8.ª División de Tanques se formó sobre la base de la 24.ª Brigada Liger de Tanques. Además, la formación del 51.º Regimiento de Tanques, 54.º Batallones de Tanques de la 10.ª Brigada de Tanques.
El Regimiento de Rifles Motorizado y Obuses forman al 608.º Regimiento de Rifles Motorizado, 146.ª División de Rifles Motorizado y el 220.º Regimiento de Obús de la 7.ª División de Rifles Motorizado. En septiembre de 1940 el 8.º Regimiento de Obús recibió nuevos obuses de 152 mm howitzer M1938 (M-10) y tractores STZ-5. El Regimiento Mecanizado recibió el 20 de enero de 1941 los nuevos modelos de obuses de 122 mm howitzer M1910/30.
La 10.ª División de Tanques estuvo compuesta mayoritariamente de las tropas de la 23.ª Brigada Ligera de Tanques. Además, para completar la división y que será completada, incluirá al 57.º Batallón de Tanques, 62.º Batallón de Tanques, 222.º Compañía de Reconocimiento, 77.º Compañía de Comunicaciones, 312.º Compañía de Transporte de la 10.ª Brigada Pesada de Tanques, 257.º Regimiento de Rifles y el 280.º Regimiento Ligero de Artillería de la 7.ª División de Rifles y de la 146.ª División de Rifles.
La 81.ª División Motorizada sirvió también al cuerpo mecanizado. En enero de 1940 la división fue movilizada (al puesto 12 000). El 280.º Regimiento de Rifles, se disolvió o bien la 142.º Regimiento de Artillería, que forma parte de la división fue devuelto a la formación, regresando a la 79.ª División de Rifles.
A partir del 305.º Batallón de Tanques se formó el 53.º Regimiento de Tanques, nuevamente formar un batallón de la reparación.
El 11 de junio de 1940, la división se traslada al área de Zablotov, donde se convirtió en parte del 12.º Ejército, participando en la anexión de Besarabia y Bucovina.
El 11 de julio de 1940, la 81.ª División Motorizada se disolvió en Lviv, incluido en la formación del 4.º Cuerpo Mecanizado.
La fecha de finalización de la formación del cuerpo fijada inicialmente para el 30 de junio y luego el 9 de agosto de 1940.

En febrero de 1941 la composición del cuerpo produjo un cambio:
La 10.ª División de Tanques deja la formación y es asignada al 15.º Cuerpo Mecanizado, y trasladado a Lviv, y es sustituido por la 32.ª División de Tanques, sobre la base de la 30.ª Brigada Liegera de Tanques. El 20 de febrero de 1941 el cuerpo se componía 632 tanques.

Comandantes
Mijaíl Potapov - (4 de junio de 1940 - 17 de enero de 1941)
Andréi Vlásov - (17 de enero de 1941 - julio de 1941)
Vasili Volski

Comisario Político
Iván Vasilievich Zuev

Jefe de Estado Mayor
Aleksandr Alekseevich Martjan

Orden de Batalla
Formación del 1 de octubre de 1940:
8.ª División de Tanques
10.ª División de Tanques, en marzo de 1941 es asignada al 15.º Cuerpo Mecanizado y se sustituye por la 32.ª División de Tanques
32.ª División de Tanques (22 de junio de 1941)
81.ª División Mecanizada de Rifles se compone:
3.º Regimiento Motocicleta
441.º Regimiento del Cuerpo de Artillería
445.º Regimiento del Cuerpo de Artillería
184.º Batallón Independiente de Reconocimiento
48.º Batallón Independiente Motorizado
104.ª Escuadrilla del Cuerpo de Aviación

Formación del 18 de septiembre de 1942:
36.ª Brigada Mecanizada de Rifles
59.ª Brigada Mecanizada de Rifles
60.ª Brigada Mecanizada de Rifles
55.º Regimiento de Tanques
158.º Regimiento de Tanques

Véase también
Anexo:Unidades militares de la Unión Soviética de la Segunda Guerra Mundial
5º Cuerpo Mecanizado (Unión Soviética)

Referencias
The Organization and Order of Battle of Militaries in World War II: Volume V

Anexos:Segunda Guerra Mundial
Unidades militares de la Unión Soviética de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

4.º Cuerpo Mecanizado


Esta é uma lista de instituições de ensino de Macapá, capital do estado do Amapá, na Região Norte do Brasil, sendo o 51° município mais populoso do Brasil e o quinto mais populoso da Região Norte, com estimativa de 522.357 habitantes (IBGE/2020).

Macapá possui 17 escolas de educação infantil, ou seja, atendendo turmas de creche e pré-escola, todas elas são de competência municipal. Entre estas, as escolas que possui mais funcionários são a Escola Municipal de Educaçção Infantil AEIOU, a Escola Municipal de Educaçção Infantil Mundo da Criança e a Escola Municipal de Educaçção Infantil Pequeno Príncipe com 19 funcionarios. Dentre a escola que possui mais estudantes matriculados é a Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil Tia Madalena, bairro Beirol, que atende a 625 estudantes, de acordo com o último Censo Escolar, realizado em 2020. A cidade se destaca no ensino infantil, pela inauguração da Eco Creche Tio João, localizada no bairro das Pedrinhas, é a primeira instituição de ensino neste formato no Amapá e nas regiões Norte e Nordeste, e a terceira no Brasil, atrás apenas da Creche Hassis, em Florianópolis, e a Escola Municipal de Educação Infantil Porto Alegre, em Porto Alegre.

Lista

Ensino Infantil
Esta é a lista de escolas de Macapá que possuem turmas de educação infantil, ou seja, alunos de creche ou pré escola. Os dados de funcionários e estudantes estão de acordo com o Censo Escolar do ano de 2020. Naquele momento, até então ainda não havia sido concluída a construção da Creche Tio Markel, localizada no bairro Novo Horizonte, e a Creche Tia Eliana Azevedo, ambos inaugurados em 28 de dezembro de 2020, tendo o primeiro a capacidade para receber 150 e o segundo 376 crianças., bem como a Eco Creche Tio João, inaugurada em 28 de novembro de 2019, com capacidade para receber 400 crianças.

Ensino Fundamental e Médio
Esta é a lista de escolas de Macapá que possuem, ao menos, turmas de ensino fundamental. Estas instituições de ensino, por sua vez, podem abrangir os níveis creche, pré escola, séries iniciais do ensino fundamental (1º ao 5º ano), séries finais do ensino fundamental (6º ao 9º ano), ensino médio e EJA.

Ensino superior
Esta lista engloba as instituições de ensino superior da cidade de Erechim, as quais apresentam ao menos um curso de graduação disponível. Como o Censo Escolar não abrange o ensino superior, não é possível traçar o número de funcionários e estudantes que cada instituição atende.

Ligações externas

Educação em Macapá
Instituições de ensino

Lista de instituições de ensino de Macapá


(Abidjan) අයිවරි කෝස්ට් රටේ පෙර අගනුවර හා බටහිර අප්රිකාවේ විශාලතම වරායයි. 1986දී මෙහි 2,534,000ක් දෙනා විසූහ.

අබිජාන්


Dune er vísindaskáldsögumynd eftir David Lynch frá 1984, byggð á samnefndri skáldsögu Frank Herbert. Kyle MacLachlan lék aðalhlutverkið í myndinni, Paul Atreides, en aðrir leikarar voru meðal annars Patrick Stewart, Brad Dourif, Dean Stockwell, Virginia Madsen, José Ferrer, Sting, Linda Hunt og Max von Sydow. Eftir að hafa leitað hófanna hjá ýmsum leikstjórum, meðal annars Arthur P. Jacobs, Alejandro Jodorowsky og Ridley Scott, fékk Dino De Laurentiis Lynch til að leikstýra myndinni. Raffaella De Laurentiis var framleiðandi myndarinnar. Hljómsveitin Toto og Brian Eno sömdu lög fyrir myndina.

Stórtap varð á myndinni sem fékk auk þess slæma dóma hjá gagnrýnendum. Lynch lýsti því yfir að framleiðendur hefðu veitt honum takmarkað listrænt frelsi og ekki leyft honum að hafa umsjón með lokaklippingu myndarinnar. Í sumum útgáfum hefur nafni Lynch verið skipt út fyrir dulnefnið Alan Smithee. Samt sem áður hefur myndin eignast fastan aðdáendahóp og orðið költmynd með tíð og tíma, en skiptar skoðanir eru um ágæti hennar meðal helstu aðdáenda Lynch.

Ný mynd eftir bókinni, eftir Denis Villeneuve, var frumsýnd árið 2021.

Bandarískar kvikmyndir
Vísindaskáldsögumyndir
Kvikmyndir frumsýndar 1984

Dune (kvikmynd frá 1984)


An Liparis swenssonii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Frederick Manson Bailey. An Liparis swenssonii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Liparis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Liparis (Orchidaceae)

Liparis swenssonii


Roberto Bautista Agut (født 14. april 1988) er en spansk professionel tennisspiller, som hører til eliten i single. Han har vundet otte ATP-turneringer, hvoraf den største var sejren i Dubai Tennis Championships i 2018. Som sit bedste grand slam-resultat har han nået fjerde runde, hvilket han har gjort i alle fire turneringer flere gange, og desuden nåede han kvartfinalen i OL 2016. Sin bedste placering på verdensranglisten opnåede han i oktober 2017, hvor han lå som nummer 13. Han er spanier yngre end Rafael Nadal, der er nået i top-20.

Eksterne henvisninger

Tennisspillere fra Spanien

Roberto Bautista Agut


نوبخت الأهوازي عالم فلك فارسي من منطقة الأهواز، اشتهر بقيادته لمجموعة من الفلكيين الذين اقترحوا موقع بناء مدينة بغداد اعتمادا على حسابات فلكية، كما اشتغلت عائلته في تصميمها لاحقا. كان نوبخت زراداشتيا، فلما عمل مترجمًا في محاكم الدولة العباسية أسلم هو وأبناؤه.

المسيرة المهنيَّة
كان نوبخت الأبرز من بين منجمي بلاط الخليفة العباسي ابو جعفر المنصور. ارتقى إلى هذا المنصب بعد أن تنبأ بنجاح صعود المنصور إلى السلطة كخليفة. كان هناك منجمين آخرين داخل القصر، بما في ذلك ما شاء الله (د. 199/815 أو 204/820) وهم ساعدوا نوبخت في تحليله للنجوم في تحديد «أكثر تاريخ ووقت ميمون لتأسيس العاصمة الجديدة، المدينة المستديرة، (» مدينة السلام") "، التي تعرف تاريخيا باسم بغداد.

بينما كان جزءًا من بلاط المنصور، يُقال إن نوبخت تنبأ بشكل صحيح بفوز الخليفة على إبراهيم بن عبد الله الذي ثار مع أخيه على الحكم العباسي. بالإضافة إلى فوز المنصور، توقع نوبخت وفاة إبراهيم كذلك. وبحسب ما ورد إن نوبخت كان واثقا جدا في دقة حساباته التي اجراها وقد تطوع بأن يتم سجنه حتى يتم الإبلاغ عن نتائج اللقاء بين إبراهيم و «الجيش العباسي»، ووافق على إعدامه إذا كان مخطئًا.

يشتبه في أن جزءًا من مسيرة نوبخت المهنية كانت ترجمة الأعمال العلمية من اللغة البهلوية إلى اللغة العربية، وينسب إليه رسالة في أحكام أسرار النجوم («أطروحة حول أسرار علم التنجيم»، وهي مخطوطة غير منشورة) على الرغم من أن هذا الإسناد لا يزال غير مؤكد..

وهب المنصور للمنجم 2000 جريب (أحد المقاييس الإسلامية القديمة) من الأرض جنوب بغداد باعتبارها إقطاع (منح الأراضي التي قدمها الخليفة في مقابل الخدمة).

أحفاده
بالإضافة إلى كونه منجمًا عباسيًا مؤثرًا، يُعرف نوبخت بأنه أب وسلف لعائلة ناجحة جدًا في ظل الحكم العباسي وكجزء من البلاط - تشير مصادر مختلفة إلى نوبخت كان السلف المؤسس لسلالة من المنجمين البارزين داخل البلاط العباسي، بذلك ترقى بنجاح مكانة عائلته في البلاط العباسي.

وفقا شون أنتوني، فإن تراكم الثروة والمكانة الاجتماعية لدى نوبخت وضع عائلته في مثل هذا الموقف الذي سيصبحون فيه سيئ السمعة برعاية وتسلية مثقفي المجتمع العباسي.

بعض الأعضاء البارزين في هذه الأسرة هم:

 أبو سهل الفاضل بن نوبخت - الخليفة المباشر لنوبخت ومنجم القصر في خلأفقة المنصور، من المعروف أن أبو سهل كان أيضًا مترجم في خزانة الحكمة لأحد خلفاء المنصور، هارون الرشيد. ثلاثة من أبناء أبو سهل، عبد الله، إسماعيل، وأبو عباس فاضل، جميعهم خدموا كمنجمين للقصر في خلأفة المأمون وكانوا رعاة للشاعر أبو نواس واحتفظت عائلة نوبخت بالكثير من شعره.
 أبو سهل إسماعيل بن علي - أول أحفاد نوبخت يمكن تحديده بشكل حاسم على أنه ساهم في المذهب الشيعي. كان أبو سهل عالمًا دينًا بارزًا في المذهب الشيعي الإمامية، وعلى الرغم من أن الأسرة معروفة بولائها وتأثيرها على الشيعة الإثنا عشرية، يصعب تمييز علاقات الأسرة بالطائفة قبل مساهمات أبو سهل.
 الحسن بن موسى - ابن أخ أبو سهل، وهو أيضا عالم دين شيعي وفيلسوف وعالم فلك.
 أبو قاسم حسين بن روح ابن أبي بحر نوبخت - ربما كان من أبرز أعضاء عائلة نوبخت، أصبح ابن روح السفير الثالث أو نائب للإمام الثاني عشر محمد بن الحسن المهدي.

مراجع

أشخاص لم تذكر تاريخ الوفاة
أشخاص من الأهواز
أشخاص من الدولة العباسية في القرن 8
أشخاص من الدولة العباسية في القرن 9
إيرانيون في القرن 8
إيرانيون في القرن 9
زرادشتيون دخلوا في الإسلام
علماء فرس
علماء فلك في العصور الإسلامية الوسطى
فلكيو القرن 8
فلكيو القرن 9
فلكيون إيرانيون في القرن 8
فلكيون إيرانيون في القرن 9
فلكيون فرس من العصور الوسطى
فلكيون من الدولة العباسية
كتاب عرب في القرن 8
كتاب عرب في القرن 9
مترجمو القرن 8 م
منجمون في القرن 8
منجمون في القرن 9

نوبخت


Antonio de Ventimiglia Prades (*?,+1480) fue hijo de Giovanni I de Ventimiglia y de Agueda de Prades y Montcada, hija de Jaime de Prades, condestable de Aragón, almirante y virrey de Sicilia, y de su consorte, Juana de Montcada, hija de Marco Montcada, conde de Augusta, Adernó y Sclafani y de su primera mujer Juana de Peralta, hija del conde Ramón de Peralta y de su esposa la Infanta Isabel de Aragón, hija del rey Fadrique II de Sicilia y de Leonor, hermana de Luis, Obispo de Tolosa, hijos los dos del rey Carlos II de Nápoles y Sicilia y de María de Hungría.

Títulos
 XVI conde de Geraci.
 II marqués de Irache.
 Conde de Bitonto.
 Señor de Castelbuono, Tusa, Gangi, Santo Mauro e Pollina.
 Gran almirante del reino de Sicilia.
 Vicario general de Sicilia.
 Uso del lema por la Gracia de Dios (Dei gratia)

Biografía
Fue investido como II marqués de Irache el 22 de marzo de 1473, prestando juramento mediante procurador, tal y como su alta alcurnia exigía, ante el virrey López Ximenez de Urrea.

Era hábil en el manejo de armas y caballos, como demuestra su fama de "consumado giostrista", ya que acudía regularmente a cuantas giostras y juegos militares se presentaban a su alcance.

Su padre, Giovanni I de Ventimiglia, no dedicó demasiado tiempo a supervisar su patrimonio personal, tal y como pudo comprobar. Antonio heredó un considerable patrimonio, pero acompañado de una deuda colosal: todas las donaciones, dotes, herencias y demás disposiciones que su generoso padre había prometido en vida tendría que efectuarlas él mismo. Pero las arcas del marquesado estaban vacías.

Comienza su ejercicio con un asunto escabroso y que a punto estuvo, una vez más, de acabar definitivamente con la casa de Ventimiglia, y que afectó a su propio primogénito, Enrico: en 1472 resulta muerto en duelo su sobrino, Alfonso de Ventimiglia, a manos de Pietro de Benedictis, hijo del maestro secreto del regno di Sicilia Cristoforo De Benedictis. Ante la escasa voluntad de la justicia ordinaria para solventar la situación, el conde-marqués pidió amparo al rey.

A este punto cabe recordar que el feudo siempre había gozado del privilegio de Diritto di merum et mixtum inperium, es decir, plena y absoluta jurisdicción civil y penal; los Ventimiglia no solo configuraban su propia justicia: la aplicaban en el acto.

Pero la familia de Benedictis por aquel entonces ocupaban importantes cargos de confianza de la corona, y entre la conocida lentitud de la justicia y los retrasos intencionados, a finales de 1474 el conde no había tenido su compensación. Exasperados por la situación, Carlo Ventimiglia, el hermano de Alfonso, convence a su primo Enrico, el primogénito de la casa de Ventimiglia y futuro marqués, para ejecutar una acción punitiva sobre los Benedictis. Dicho y hecho, se desplazaron a Palermo para poner en marcha sus planes, que acabó con una verdadera masacre donde caen el padre y el hijo del ofensor.

La corona montó en cólera al conocer la noticia, y los agresores solo pudieron salvar sus vidas huyendo de la isla, iniciándose un tremendo contencioso entre la corona y la casa de Ventimiglia que casi acaba definitivamente con esta última. Finalmente, el 7 de octubre de 1475 obtuvieron el perdón real, en virtud de los altos servicios prestados siempre por la casa de Ventimiglia a la corona. Eso sí, a un precio exorbitante para la época, el verdadero rescate de un rey: la pena capital se canjeó por una multa de 10.000 Florines.

En general, las magníficas relaciones que había mantenido el anterior marqués de Irache con la corona se deterioraron de forma significativa, pero no solo a causa del actual titular, Antonio de Ventimiglia: en marzo de 1474, Fernando de Aragón el católico, recibió el juramento de vasallaje de la nobleza siciliana. Sin embargo, el nuevo monarca estaba dispuesto a recortar significativamente los privilegios que estos habían acumulado en las últimas generaciones, que en algunos casos, como era el de la familia Ventimiglia, los convertía de hecho en un estado dentro de otro estado. Para ello se serviría esencialmente de la justicia, como demostró en el caso de la venganza por la muerte de Alfonso Ventimiglia.

La fuerte multa impuesta a cambio del perdón supondría un durísimo golpe económico a la ya de por si maltrecha situación financiera de la casa marquesal, del que se repondrían muy a duras penas y muchos años más tarde, periodo durante el cual la casa de Ventimiglia perdería definitivamente la preeminencia de la que hasta entonces había gozado. Pero la reacción del marqués fue exactamente la contraria de la pretendida por la corona: la posición personal en su ámbito de influencia en los organismos del reino se inclinó cada vez más hacia modelos de tendencia autonomista, llegando a representar en el parlamento una sempiterna oposición hacia los intereses de la corona.

Cuando Joan de Cardona, conde de Prades y virrey del reino de Sicilia propuso la iniciativa Real de aplicar el impuesto del 10% sobre todas las actividades económicas, conocido popularmente como la décima, encabezó el rechazo general que se originó, y que poco a poco fue integrando tanto al resto de barones como al pueblo.

A pesar de lo incómoda que resultaba su postura para los planes de la corona, sus dotes militares le llevaron a que el virrey Spes le designase capitán general del ejército del reino de Sicilia, cuando en 1480 el emperador turco Mohamed II amenazó la integridad del reino. Reunió en su persona los máximos poderes posibles, muy por encima de cualquier otra autoridad.

Pocos meses más tarde, unos días antes del 13 de diciembre 1480 murió de improviso; no llegó a dejar testamento escrito.

Matrimonio y descendencia

En 1443 casó con Margaritha de Clermont-Lodéve Orsini, hija de Tristán de Clermont-Lodéve (1380 - 1432), conde de Copertino, y de su esposa la condesa Catalina Orsini, hija de Orsini del Balzo, príncipe de Taranto. Tuvieron los marqueses Antonio de Ventimiglia y Margarita de Chiaromonte (Chiaromonte, como es habitualmente conocida en los libros de historia, es la italianización de Clermont)  abundante descendencia, en algunos casos germen de futuras grandes casas nobles, tanto de Italia como de España:
 Enrico III de Ventimiglia Clermont-Lodéve, III marqués de Irache, que sigue.
 Giovanni Antonio Ventimiglia Clermont-Lodéve (+22 de abril de 1483), conde de Montesarchio, que casó con Isabel de Pisa.
 Bernal de Ventimiglia Pisa, fundador de la rama española de los Ventimiglia, origen de numerosas casas nobles más adelante. Conquistador de Málaga, alguacil mayor de la casa y corte de los reyes católicos (fue consejero personal de Fernando el católico) y del santo oficio. En 1494 es enviado por los Reyes Católicos a la isla de la Hispaniola como supervisor de las actividades de Colón quien realizaba su segundo viaje por América.  Como conquistador recibe varias tierras en Málaga.<ref> Libro del Repartimiento de Malaga, por Real cédula del 3 de marzo de 1490, refrendado por el secretario de los reyes Católicos Luis González.</ref> Testó el 16/12/1515 en Málaga ante Juan Moscoso. Caballero de Santiago (exp. 1784). Casó con Beatriz Rodríguez Enríquez (+1514). Sigue.
 Ferdinando de Ventimiglia Clermont-Lodéve.
 Raimondetta, que casó con su primo Giovanni Tomasso de Moncada, conde de Adernó, con sucesión:
 Guglielmo Raimondo de Moncada, conde de Caltanisetta, que casó con Contisella de Moncada, con sucesión:
 Isabella de Moncada (*1481,+1553), que casó en 1494 con Filippo de Ventimiglia, IV marqués de Irache.
 María de Ventimiglia Clermont-Lodéve, esposa de Artal Folch de Cardona, V conde de Collesano y gran chaciller de Sicilia.
 Leonor Folch de Cardona y Ventimiglia.
 Pedro II Folch de Cardona y Ventimiglia, VI conde de Collesano, señor de Naso y barón de Bellpuig, que casó con Susana Gonzaga, hija de Gian Francesco Gonzaga, conte de Sabonetta y su esposa, Antonia del Balzo.
 Giacomo, casó con Fiordiligi Ventimiglia (de la casa de los Barones de Regiovanni), heredera del feudo de Verbumcaudo.
 Eleonora, Signora di Verbumcaudo (1453), casó con Corrado Lancia, VIII barón de Longi.

Fuentes
 Dispensa matrimonial otorgada por el obispo de Catania, Guillermo, a Juan Tomás Moncada y a Raimondeta Ventimiglia parientes en cuarto grado de consanguinidad, y respectivamente hijos de Guillermo Ramón de Moncada, conde de Adernó, y de Antonio Ventimiglia, almirante de reino de Sicilia., Archivo Histórico Nacional sección Nobleza, Ref. ES.41168.SNAHN/ /MONCADA, CP.401, D.15, fechado en 12 de julio de 1462 en Catania (Sicilia, Italia).

 Memorial genealógico de Don Juan de Ventimiglia, elevado a S.M. en el año 1660, que consta en el expediente de pruebas formado en el año 1671 a don Lanceloto Fernando Castelli Marchesi, para su ingreso en la Orden de Santiago. (Sección de Órdenes Militares-Santiago-Año 1671- Exp. Num. 1722).

Línea de sucesión en el marquesado de Irache

 Alchimie finanziarie di una grande famiglia feudale nel primo secolo dell'età moderna, Orazio Cancila.
 Biblioteca Storica e Letteraria di Sicilia. Diari Della Cittā Di Palermo Dal Secolo XVI al XIX, Gioacchino di Marzo, ISBN 978-1-179-61803-6, Nabu Press 2011, Volume I.
 Repertorio degli atti della Cancelleria del Regno di Sicilia dal 1282 al 1377, Antonino Marrone.
 Castelbuono medievale e i Ventimiglia, Orazio Cancila, Palermo 2010, ISBN 978-88-902393-1-1, Cuaderno Num 12.
 Da Ferdinando il Cattolico a Carlo V: L'esperienza siciliana, 1475-1525 (Quaderni di scienze umane), Tomo II,  Carmelo Trasselli,  Editor: Rubbettino (1993), ISBN 10: 8872840260  ISBN 13: 9788872840269.
 Da Sichro a Castrum Bonum: alle origini di un borgo feudale.
 Esempi di Pittura siculo-catalana tra i nebrodi e le madonie: il maestro di Migaido.
 Fasti di Sicilia, descritti da Vincenzo Castelli, Principe di Torremuza, Volumen II, edita Giuseppe Pappalardo 1820 Messina.
 Felipe II y el  Gobierno de Italia, Manuel Rivero Rodríguez, Sociedad estatal para la conmemoración de los centenarios de Felipe II y Carlos V, ISBN 84-95146-10-X, Edita Closas-Orcoyen Paracuellos del Jarama 1998.
 Merum et mixtum imperium nella Sicilia feudale, Rossella Cancila.
 Repertorio della feudalita Siciliana (1282-1390), la famiglie feudali.
 Simone I Ventimiglia, marchese di Geraci (1485-1544), in Memoria, storia e identità, scritti per Laura Sciascia, Associazione Mediterranea, Palermo, ISBN 978-88-902393-4-2, Pag 114-144 .
 Storia generale della Sicilia, Francesco Ferrara.
 Gesta Francorum, a cura di H. Hagenmeyer, Heidelberg 189o, pp. 185 S., 317.

Enlaces externos

 Storiamediterránea, Quaderni Mediterranea, Ricerche storiche. A cura di Orazio Cancila (Cattedra di Storia Moderna c/o Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia de Palermo). Collana diretta da Rossella Cancila. Comitato scientifico: Walter Barberis, Orazio Cancila, Pietro Corrao, Domenico Ligresti, Aurelio Musi, Walter Panciera, Alessandro Pastore, Luis Ribot García, Angelantonio Spagnoletti, Mario Tosti.
 , Centro Studi Ventimigliani, dirigido por el professore Carlo Fisber Polizzi.
 , Manuscritos de la Casa Ventimiglia (Centro Studi Ventimigliani, dirigido por el professore Carlo Fisber Polizzi).
 Jaime de Prades.
 (Wikipedia en inglés) Bartolomeo d'Aragona.
 (Wikipedia en italiano) Raimondo Orsini del Balzo.

Notas y referencias

Condes de Geraci de la casa de Ventimiglia
Marqueses de Irache de la casa de Ventimiglia
Grandes almirantes de Sicilia
Almirantes de la Corona de Aragón
Almirantes de España del siglo XV
Casa de Altavilla
Nobles de Italia del siglo XV

Antonio de Ventimiglia


Octaviano Olympio (* 1860; † 1940) war der Anführer der Bürger von Lomé (Togo).

Leben
Octaviano Olympio war der Sohn von Francisco Olympio Silva, einem Sklavenhändler aus dem brasilianischen Bahia. Silva war 1850 im Alter von 17 Jahren nach Keta gekommen und dann nach Porto Seguro umgezogen. Danach legte er den Namen Silva ab und gründete ein Heim in Agoué. Ab 1865 wandelte er sich vom Sklavenhändler zum Pflanzer und normalen Händler. Seine Mutter war Constancia Talabi Pereira dos Santos, sie hatte noch sieben weitere Söhne von Silva.

Olympio wurde erst auf portugiesisch von einem katholischen Priester unterrichtet, danach setzte er seine Ausbildung in Nigeria und London fort. In London lernte er Grundlagen des Handels. Danach arbeitete er für das britische Handelshaus A. and F. Swanzy.

In den frühen 1880er Jahren begann sich ein neues englisch dominiertes Handelszentrum an der afrikanischen Westküste zu etablieren, damals bekannt als Bucht von Bey oder Be, heute ein Ortsteil von Lomé. Olympio und sein Bruder Chico wurden von ihrer Firma A. and F. Swanzy ausgewählt, 1882 dort eine Außenstelle zu errichten. Während Chico 1886 starb, wurde Olympio ein erfolgreicher Händler. Er arbeitete nicht nur für Swanzy, sondern auch für seine Familie. Er erwarb Land an der Marktstraße direkt hinter den europäischen Handelshäusern und setzte seine zwei älteren Schwestern Clara und Julia als Verkäuferinnen ein. Er begründete einen Handel mit den Hausa aus Salaga, dem späteren Gebiet der Goldküste.

1884 errichteten die Deutschen die Kolonie Togo. Ihre Verwaltung war zuerst in Baguida, dann in Anecho und zuletzt 1897 in Lomé angesiedelt. 1887 nutzte Olympio seinen Einfluss auf den neuen deutschen Gouverneur Jesko von Puttkamer, um diesen dazu zu bewegen, auch das Kpalime-Gebiet zu kontrollieren und so einen ungestörten Handel mit Hausa aus Ghana treiben zu können. Es ist sehr wahrscheinlich, dass es ihm dabei um billige Arbeitskräfte, wenn nicht sogar verschleierte Sklaverei ging.

1889 errichtete er seine erste Kokosnussplantage im Nordwesten der Stadt auf 90 ha Land mit 12.000 Palmen. Er war der erste Togoer, der aus seinen Kokosnüssen Kopra herstellte und exportierte. Er errichtete die erste und lange Zeit einzige Ziegelei von Lomé, die er mit Resten der Kopra-Herstellung befeuerte.

1892 war Olympio der prominenteste Bürger Lomés. Er hieß katholische Steyler Missionare willkommen und bat sie sofort, eine Schule zu eröffnen. In der gleichen Zeit trennte er sich von den Swanzy-Brüdern, bekam aber von ihnen noch einen Kredit, um sein Geschäft zu erweitern. 1903 hatte er eine Herde von 150 Rindern.

Zwischen 1909 und 1913 verdoppelte er sein Einkommen von rund 9.000 auf 21.000  Reichsmark jährlich. Er investierte das meiste seines Vermögens in Ländereien und diversifizierte es. 1914 wurde der Wert seiner Ländereien auf 750.000–1.000.000 Mark geschätzt. In der gleichen Zeit gingen unter den harschen deutschen Bestimmungen, wie hohen Import- und Exportzöllen, viele einheimische Händler unter. Die Deutschen waren sehr streng, sie peitschten 1891 sogar Olympio wegen Beleidigung aus. 1898 und im Folgejahr musste Olympio wegen Widerstand gegen die Steuerbehörden Strafen bezahlen. Diese Vorgehensweise bereiteten in Togo den ersten antikolonialistischen und nationalistischen Bestrebungen den Boden, die Olympio später anführte.

1909 richteten Olympio und Andreas Aku, ein Lehrer, Pastor und späterer Leiter der Ewe-Kirche, eine Petition an den deutschen Gouverneur Graf Julius von Zech. Sie forderten Gleichbehandlung für die Eingeborenen, Verbote eines vorläufigen Arrestes in Zivilrechtsstreitigkeiten, sowie die Möglichkeit, anstelle von Barvermögen auch Land als Kaution vor Gericht zu hinterlegen. In seinem Bericht an die Kolonialverwaltung des Deutschen Reiches befand Zech diese Forderungen als zu revolutionär, obwohl er die Petenten als loyale Deutsche darstellte. Seine deutschsprachige Antwort an Olympio hingegen war rassistisch begründet, dass Weiße den Schwarzen überlegen wären und deshalb anders behandelt werden müssten. Vier Jahre später, 1913, verfassten die eingeborenen Bürger erneut eine Petition, wieder war Olympios Unterschrift zu oberst. Diesmal war sie auf Deutsch verfasst und wurde an Wilhelm Solf gerichtet, den Leiter des Reichskolonialamtes. Olympio und siebzehn andere wurden daraufhin eingesperrt.

Mit dem Beginn des Ersten Weltkrieges zogen sich die Deutschen aus Togo zurück. Die Kolonie fiel zunächst an die Briten, welche sehr willkommen waren und die Einheimischen wieder zu Wohlstand kommen ließen. Olympio bestürmte das britische Außenministerium, britische Zeitungen und den Völkerbund während der Friedensverhandlungen am Ende des Weltkrieges mit Telegrammen und Eingaben, um den Einheimischen mehr Rechte zu verschaffen. Trotzdem kam Togo 1919 unter französischen Einfluss. Noch im Alter von 61 Jahren lernte er Französisch. 1922 errichteten die Franzosen einen Conseil des Notables (etwa "Rat der Namhaften") in Lomé mit Olympio (bis 1935) als einem der ersten Mitglieder. Der Rat einheimischer Bürger durfte in Kolonialangelegenheiten beraten. Später wurde er auch Mitglied im Conseil d'administration.

1924 reiste Olympio nach London und Paris. Er starb 1940 im Alter von 81 Jahren.

Olympio hatte 24 Kinder von verschiedenen Frauen. Sein ältester Sohn, Agostinho, wurde Farmer und Chef de Canton in Agoue 1937. Sein Sohn Pedro war der erste europäisch ausgebildete Arzt in Togo. Sein jüngster Sohn Luciano (Lucien Bebi) wurde Generalstaatsanwalt am togoischen Obersten Gericht. Olympios Neffe Sylvanus Olympio war der erste Präsident von Togo.

Ehrungen
 1925: Chevalier du Mérite agricole
 1927: Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur
 1931: Officier du Mérite agricole

Quelle:

Einzelnachweise

Mitglied der Ehrenlegion (Ritter)
Togoer
Geboren 1860
Gestorben 1940
Mann

Octaviano Olympio


James Kochalka (born May 26, 1967, in Springfield, Vermont) is an American comic book artist, writer, animator, and rock musician. His comics are noted for their blending of the real and the surreal. Largely autobiographical, Kochalka's cartoon expression of the world around him includes such real-life characters as his wife, children, cat, friends and colleagues, but always filtered through his own observations and flights of whimsy. In March 2011 he was declared the cartoonist laureate of Vermont, serving a term of three years.

Early life and early career
Kochalka grew up in Springfield, Vermont. He attended the Maryland Institute College of Art and has an MFA in painting.

His first published comics work was around 1994. He has cited cartoonist Daniel Clowes as being a key inspiration in leading him "towards a whole world of comics that [he] never knew existed." Kochalka strongly believes that simplicity is desirable in comics and says that "craft is the enemy", and has had public debates in print and online with other cartoonists who disagree with his position. Kochalka's "Craft Is the Enemy" essays were collected in the 2005 book The Cute Manifesto.

Career
Kochalka spent six years working in a Chinese restaurant in Winooski, Vermont, before leaving to devote his full energy to cartooning and music. His song "Hockey Monkey", recorded with the band The Zambonis, was the theme song for the Fox series The Loop.

Comics and graphic novels
Comic book writer/artist Frank Miller told SuicideGirls that he is a "big fan of James Kochalka," predicting Kochalka is "going to become more important and it's going to be fun watching that happen. He reminds me of me when I was six years old and I came into my mother's kitchen with a bunch of sheets of typing paper folded over and stapled in the middle that were covered with drawings and I said 'Mom this is what I'm going to do for the rest of my life.' I've learned a lot from people like Kochalka because they do stuff that shouldn't work but does."

Kochalka is prolific in his comics work. He told an interviewer in 2002 that he had created 2,000 pages of comics by the time he completed high school. His comics have earned him four Ignatz Awards (Outstanding Minicomic 1997, Outstanding Series 2002, Outstanding Online Comic 2003 and 2004), a Harvey Award (Best Online Comic 2006), and multiple nominations for the Eisner Award. His work is characterized by a simple drawing style, bright colors, and frequent appearances by cats, robots, elves, and monkeys.

Among his most widely disseminated works is a four-page story, "Hulk vs. the Rain", that originally appeared in black-and-white in an unauthorized alternative comic called Coober Skeber. The story was later redrawn in color by Kochalka for inclusion in Marvel's Incredible Hulk 2001 Annual. The first issue of his comic SuperF*ckers sold approximately 2,500 copies through Diamond Distributing. In 2002, Kochalka said that all 5,000 copies of the first printing of the Monkey vs. Robot graphic novel had sold out. There has since been a second printing, and in an interview in August 2006 Kochalka said that over 10,000 copies of Monkey vs. Robot have been sold to date.

Kochalka created the comic Impy And Wormer, which appeared in Nickelodeon Magazine.

In July 2012 Kochalka won the Eisner Award for his book Dragon Puncher 2: Dragon Puncher Island.

Kochalka's two primary publishers are Top Shelf Productions and Alternative Comics. He has also published numerous short stories in comics anthologies, self-published his own mini-comics, and published graphic novels through other publishers such as Black Eye, Slave Labor Graphics and Highwater Books. He also makes the SpongeFunnies in the SpongeBob Comics series of comics.

American Elf
For more than 14 years, from October 26, 1998 – December 31, 2012, Kochalka kept a daily diary comic strip. These strips have been published by Top Shelf Productions, first as The Sketchbook Diaries and then in collected form as American Elf. Kochalka told The Onion that he wrote the first diary entry while traveling by plane to the San Diego Comic-Con. Kochalka's friend and fellow cartoonist Brian Ralph was working on his comics on the flight, and Kochalka was inspired to begin cartooning on the plane as well. Kochalka created diary strips during the week of the convention, and committed to doing a diary strip every day. The strip finally ended on December 31, 2012, with one final epilogue-style strip titled "Am I alive?" published on March 23, 2013. Additionally, Kochalka published a tribute entry to his cat, Spandy, after her death in February 2014.

The book American Elf is a collection of Kochalka's daily diary strips, released in a large edition by Top Shelf Productions in Summer 2004, compiling five years of the daily diary strips and other supplemental material. A second volume was released in early 2007, collecting years six and seven of the daily strips in full color. A third volume followed in November 2008, collecting the years 2006 and 2007 in color.

Beginning in December 2007, Kochalka made all of his daily diary strip archives free for all readers; previously the archives had only been accessible to paying subscribers, with only the newest strip available for free. Under the relaunched "American Elf Supersite," all the archived strips dating back to 2002 were free for all readers, while paying subscribers receive access to other comics and MP3s. Kochalka reported on his blog that the site had received around 200,000 hits as a result of the change. Subsequently he opened the archives all the way back to the strip's beginning in 1998. As of 2017, those archives are no longer available, as the bulk of Kochalka's sketchbook diaries are sold in digital editions by Kochalka's publisher Top Shelf Productions.

SuperFuckers

SuperFuckers (censored as "SuperF*ckers", "SuperF***ers", or "Super'F'-ers") is an adult-rated comic book series published by Top Shelf Productions between 2005 and 2007. The series revolves around a collection of crude and rude superheroes who never actually do any superhero work. Frederator Studios approached Kochalka with the possibility of producing an animated cartoon based on the comics. After pitching the show around to various cable television networks, Frederator produced the series for distribution on its YouTube funded partner channel Cartoon Hangover. The series premiered on November 30, 2012. The first season consists of twelve five-minute episodes and follows closely to the comics.
The series features David Faustino in the lead role of Jack Krak, as well as Maria Bamford, Jaleel White, Veronica Belmont, Phil Morris, and Jeff B. Davis.
The series was directed by Fran Krause, written by Kochalka, and features the music of Anthony Davis and Dustin Pilkington of Best Fwends.

Glorkian Warrior
Glorkian Warrior is a series of books oriented at a younger audience. created by Kochalka and published by FirstSecond. The first (of three) is called Glorkian Warrior Delivers a Pizza. The second graphic novel, Glorkian Warrior Eats Adventure Pie was released in March 2015  and the third book The Glorkian Warrior and the Mustache of Destiny came out a year later.

The character was created by Kochalka and along with Pixeljam was made into a videogame called Glorkian Warrior: The Trials of Glork

Video games
In 2010 Kochalka and Pixeljam Games did a Kickstarter to fund James' idea for a game called Glorkian Warrior. March 13, 2014 the game, Glorkian Warrior: Trials of Glork, was released on the Apple App Store for iPad, iPhone, and iPod Touch devices. It is currently in development for Android, PC, Mac

Teaching
Kochalka was an instructor at the Center for Cartoon Studies, a cartooning school in White River Junction, Vermont that was founded by cartoonist James Sturm. Kochalka is part of the "Little Idiot Collective," a group of artists assembled by the musician Moby.

Music

Kochalka's band, James Kochalka Superstar, has released nine albums.

Spread Your Evil Wings and Fly was completed some time before its release in the fall of 2005; an online petition was launched to convince Kochalka's record label Rykodisc to release the CD. Over 500 people signed the petition demanding the album's release. It was followed by "Digital Elf" in 2009, "Good Morning, Glorkian Warrior" in 2015, "How To Tie A Tie On The Internet" in 2018, and "Eggs" in 2019. Additionally, two of Kochalka's other recordings have been released since, "Monkey Vs. Robot" and "Why Is The Sky Blue". Both hold copyrights from 1997 and 2005, respectively, and are listed on Spotify with those release dates.

Virtually all of Kochalka's CDs come packaged with his cartoons in the accompanying pamphlets, in some cases using the pamphlet as a full-length mini-comic.

Kochalka's best-known musical works are probably the songs "Pizza Rocket" and "Hockey Monkey", the music videos for which were shown on Nickelodeon's animation showcase series KaBlam!.

Rolling Stone named "Britney's Silver Can" one of "The 100 Best Songs of 2006".

The song "Hockey Monkey", which James co-authored with The Zambonis, was used as theme song of the Fox comedy, The Loop.

Kochalka was also in the band Jazzin' Hell, and contributed vocals as the character Frank Poole in the rock opera CD, ODYSSEY!

Moby sang back-up vocals on a seven-inch single from Kochalka's former band Jazzin' Hell, an outtake of which resurfaced on Kochalka's album Don't Trust Whitey.

Personal life
Kochalka lives in Burlington, Vermont with his wife Amy and their two sons, Eli and Oliver.

Bibliography

American Elf (limited edition hardcover; published by Top Shelf) (May 2004)
American Elf (softcover; published by Top Shelf) (2004)
American Elf Vol. 2 (softcover; published by Top Shelf) (Mar. 2007)
Atlas 1 (backup story; published by Drawn and Quarterly)
Bizarro Comics (wrote Hawkman story illustrated by Dylan Horrocks; DC Comics)
Bogus Dead (zombie anthology with two-page story by Jason Cooley and James Kochalka)
Conversation #1 (with Craig Thompson; published by Top Shelf) (May 2004)
Conversation #2 (with Jeffrey Brown; published by Top Shelf) (Aug., 2005)
Cute Manifesto, The (Aug. 2005; published by Alternative Comics)
Dragon Puncher (2010; Top Shelf)
Dragon Puncher Island (2011; Top Shelf)
Deadbear, Circus Detective (self-published hardcover)
Fancy Froglin's Sexy Forest (2003; published by Alternative Comics)
Fantastic Butterflies (2002; published by Alternative Comics and Highwater Books)
Fungus (2011; Retrofit Comics)
Fungus: The Unbearable Rot of Being (2014; Retrofit Comics / Big Planet Comics)
Horrible Truth About Comics, The (2001; published by Alternative Comics)
James Kochalka Superstar #1–11 (Self-published mini-comics)
Johnny Boo: The Best Little Ghost in the Whole World (Vol. 1) (Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo: Twinkle Power (Vol. 2) (2008; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo and the Happy Apples (Vol. 3) (2009; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo and the Mean Little Boy (Vol. 4) (2010; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo Does Something! (Vol. 5) (2013; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo Zooms to the Moon! (Vol. 6) (2014; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo Meets Dragon Puncher (2015; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo Goes Like This (Vol. 7) (2016; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo and the Ice Cream Computer (Vol. 8) (2018; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo is King! (Vol. 9) (2018; Top Shelf)
Johnny Boo and the Midnight Monsters (Vol. 10) (2019 (upcoming); Top Shelf)
Kissers (1999; published by Highwater Books)
Little Mister Man #1–3 (Slave Labor Graphics)
Magic Boy and Girlfriend (1998; published by Top Shelf)
Magic Boy and the Robot Elf (2003; published by Top Shelf)
Mechaboys (2018; published by Top Shelf)
Mermaid (1998; published by Alternative Comics)
Monica's Story (1999; published by Alternative Comics)
Monkey vs. Robot (Vol 1) (First Edition) (2000; published by Top Shelf; 2nd edition, in smaller size published in 2005 by Top Shelf)
Monkey vs. Robot (Vol 2): Crystal of Power (2003; published by Top Shelf)
Noisy Outlaws, Unfriendly Blobs, and Some Other Things (anthology featuring 12-page Kochalka story; 2005; published by McSweeney's)
Paradise Sucks (Black Eye Books)

Peanutbutter & Jeremy #1–4 (2000–2003; published by Alternative Comics)
Peanutbutter & Jeremy's Best Book Ever (Dec. 2003; published by Alternative Comics)
Perfect Planet and Other Stories, The (1999; published by Top Shelf)
Pinky & Stinky (2002; published by Top Shelf)
Quit Your Job (1998; published by Alternative Comics)
Reinventing Everything #1 (self-published mini-comic)
Reinventing Everything #2 (self-published mini-comic)
Sketchbook Diaries (Vol 1) (2003; published by Top Shelf)
Sketchbook Diaries (Vol 2) (2003; published by Top Shelf)
Sketchbook Diaries (Vol 3) (2003; published by Top Shelf)
Sketchbook Diaries (Vol 4) (Dec. 2003; published by Top Shelf)
Squirrelly Gray (Aug. 2007; published by Random House)
Sunburn (2000; published by Alternative Comics)
Sunturd (2003) (mini-comic written by Jason Cooley, same art as Sunburn)
SuperFuckers #1 (Mar. 2005; published by Top Shelf)
SuperFuckers #2 (Aug. 2005; published by Top Shelf)
SuperFuckers #3 (2006; published by Top Shelf)
SuperFuckers #4 (2007; published by Top Shelf)
Tiny Bubbles (1998; published by Highwater Books)
Top Shelf #1 (anthology title with Kochalka contribution; published by Top Shelf)
Top Shelf #5 (anthology title with Kochalka contribution; published by Top Shelf)
Top Shelf #6 (anthology title with Kochalka contribution; published by Top Shelf)
Top Shelf Asks the Big Questions (anthology title with Kochalka contribution; published by Top Shelf)
Triple Dare #1–2 (1998–2000; Published by Alternative Comics)
The Glorkian Warrior Delivers a Pizza (2014; First Second)
The Glorkian Warrior Eats Adventure Pie (2015; First Second)
The Glorkian Warrior and the Mustache of Destiny (2016; First Second)

Discography
Albums
1995, The True Story of James Kochalka Superstar (CD, Dot Dot Dash, DOT 7)
1996, 4-Track Egomaniac (cassette, self-release)
1997, Monkey vs. Robot (CD & comic book, Tarquin Records, TQ-018)
1998, Punk Ass Bitch [with Jason Cooley] (cassette, self-release)
1999, Kissers (bonus CD with graphic novel, Highwater Books)
1999, Carrot Boy The Beautiful (CD, Sudden Shame, SS024)
1999, Mermaid [with R Stevie Moore] (cassette, self-release)
2001, Don't Trust Whitey (CD, Tarquin Records, TQ-025)
2002, Hot Chocolate Superstar (download-only , Dangerfive Records)
2002, Danger Force Five Singles Club [with Colin Clary] (download-only, Dangerfive Records)
2004, Punky Brewskies [as Punky Brewskies, with Jason X-12] (cassette, Icebox Records IB3-001)
2006, Spread Your Evil Wings & Fly (CD, Rykodisc, RCD-10840)
2009, Digital Elf (CD, Top Shelf)
2012, Beautiful Man (download-only, self-release)
2018, How To Tie A Tie On The Internet (internet release, Kochalka Quality)
2019, Eggs (internet release, Kochalka Quality)

EPs
1992, Egg Hunt [with Jazzin' Hell] (7", Thicker Records, TQ-003)
1996, Bad Astronaut (7", Mustard Records, MUST001)
2012, I Am The Beast (download-only, self-release)

Singles
1994, "Superstar Rastafari" b/w "2000" [The Pants] (7", Split Records, SPL-004)

Compilations and Best-Of
1995, "Hot Dog Hot Rod Rider" from Good Citizen Vol 1 The Soundtrack to the Zine (CD, Good Citizen)
1996, "Ballbuster" (Headlock cover) from "Burlington Does Burlington, Vol 1 & 2" (CD, Good Citizen)
1997, "President Kochalka" from "Pop Pie" (Big Heavy World)
2003, "Even The Clouds Get High" from Rykodisc The Anthology (CD, Rykodisc)
2005, Our Most Beloved (CD, Rykodisc RCD 10678) (a best-of compilation packaged with a five-video DVD)
2006, Why is the Sky Blue? (download-only, Rykodisc/WEA) (a best-of compilation)
2010, Digital Elf/Kissers (LP re-release, Señor Hernandez Records)

References

External links
American Elf, Kochalka's webcomic
Official SuperF*ckers website

Official Glorkian Warrior website

American animators
American comic strip cartoonists
American comics artists
American comics writers
American rock musicians
American webcomic creators
Alternative cartoonists
Writers from Burlington, Vermont
Rykodisc artists
1967 births
Living people
People from Springfield, Vermont
Maryland Institute College of Art alumni
Ignatz Award winners
Ignatz Award winners for Outstanding Online Comic
Musicians from Burlington, Vermont
Artists from Burlington, Vermont

James Kochalka


Antje Schröder (* 2. September 1963) ist eine ehemalige deutsche Mittelstreckenläuferin, die sich auf die 800-Meter-Distanz spezialisiert hatte und für die DDR startete.

Bei den Leichtathletik-Weltmeisterschaften 1983 wurde sie Achte. Im selben Jahr wurde sie DDR-Vizemeisterin in der Halle und im Freien.

Antje Schröder startete für den SC Chemie Halle.

Persönliche Bestzeiten

 400 m: 54,27 s, 25. Mai 1983, Halle
 800 m: 1:57,57 min, 27. Juli 1983, Leipzig
 Halle: 2:00,5 min, 7. Januar 1984, Senftenberg (übergroße Bahn)
 1500 m: 4:11,36 min, 2. Mai 1984, Rijeka

800-Meter-Läufer (Deutschland)
Leichtathlet (DDR)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Frau
Geboren 1963

Antje Schröder


Paul Langerhans (1847 - 1888) var þýskur læknir. Frumuþyrpingar í brisi sem búa til beta-frumur sem búa til insúlín eru nefndar eftir honum, svonefndar Langerhans-eyjar.

Langerhans fæddist í Berlín 1847. Faðir hans var vel þekktur læknir og stjórnmálamaður. Hann lærði til læknis við Jenas-háskóla 1865–1866 og frá 1867 við Friedrich Wilhelm-háskólann í Berlín þar sem hann lauk examen-prófi 1869. Þegar á námsárunum gat hann sér nafns þegar hann með nokkurri hjálp frá kennara sínum, Julius Cohnheims, með aðferð sem Cohnheim þróaði að einhverju leyti þar sem gullklóríð litar taugaþræðina í smásjá 1867, tók eftir og gerði grein fyrir frumuþyrpingum í brisi sem síðan voru nefndar eftir honum. Þessar frumuþyrpingar framleiða beta-sellur sem framleiða aftur insúlín.

Að námi loknu starfaði hann á rannsóknarstofu Rudolf Virchows þar til hann 1870 ferðaðist til Mið-Austurlanda þar sem hann gerði mannfræðilegar athuganir. Hann sneri til baka síðar sama ár og starfaði þá sem herlæknir í fransk-prússneska stríðinu 1870–71. Eftir stríðið tók hann við prófessorsstöðu í meinafræði við Freiburg-háskóla.

Árið 1874 veiktist hann af berklum og þurfti að láta af störfum. Árið eftir flutti hann til Madeira. Eftir að hafa náð nokkrum bata tók hann að sinna læknastörfum í bænum Funchal á Madeira. Hann lést úr nýrnasjúkdómi 1888 og var grafinn í breska kirkjugarðinum í Funchal.

þýskir læknar

Paul Langerhans


Esin Eşkinat (d. 1979, Ankara), Türk çevirmen.

Orta öğrenimini TED Ankara Koleji'nde tamamladı. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi İngiliz Dili ve Edebiyatı'ndan mezun olan Esin Eşkinat, İngilizceden şu kitapları Türkçeye kazandırdı:

 1 Erkek Hakkında Nick Hornby Sel Yayıncılık, Haziran 2005
 Ve Ben Mutluyum A.L. Kennedy Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Mart 2005
 Dikkat! Saçınız Sizi Ele Veriyor! Rose Weitsz Aura Kitapları, Mart 2005
 İnferno: Rio Cehennemi Patricia Melo Agora Kitaplığı, Temmuz 2004
 Kadının Cennette Yeri Yok Neval El Saddavi Everest Yayınları, Şubat 2003
 Şeker Adası Ivonne Lamazares Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Haziran 2001
 Gözlemevi Hikâyeleri Edward Carey Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları Mart 2003

Türk çevirmenler
1979 doğumlular
TED Ankara Kolejinde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Yaşayan insanlar
Ankara doğumlular
İngilizceden Türkçeye çeviri yapanlar
Ankara doğumlu çevirmenler

Esin Eşkinat