{{Ficha de transporte público
|nombre          =Línea Urquiza
|logo            = Eo circle orange letter-u.svg
|tamaño_logo     = 75px
|color_fondo     = orange
|color_texto     = white
|imagen          = J30 756 Hp Sargento Cabral, M.U.3907.jpg
|tamaño_imagen   = 275px
|pie_imagen      = <small> Coche eléctrico de la línea. <small>
|tipo            =
|sistema         =
|estatus         =En servicio
|ubicación       =   Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina
|área_abastecida = Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires
|inicio          = Estación Federico Lacroze
|fin             = Estación General Lemos
|estaciones_principales =
|líneas          = Ferrocarril General Urquiza (1 ramal)
|estaciones      = 23
|paradas         =
|frecuencia      =
|pasajeros       = 26.634.984
|inauguración    = 1870 (Tranvía)6 de abril de 1888 (Servicio urbano)
|clausura        =
|reapertura      =
|propietario     =  Ministerio de Transporte (100%)
|operador        = Metrovías
|reporte_marca   =
|características =
|depósitos       =
|flota           =
|longitud        =26 km
|longitud_red    =
|longitud_vía    =
|vías            =
|ancho_vía       =1435 mm
|electrificación =600 V DC, tercer riel
|alineación   = left
|estilo       = width:350px
|estilo_tabla =
|mapa_bs      =

{{BS3||eABZg+l|exCONTfq|||Ramal a Caseros}}

|mapa=Mapa detallado linea urquiza.jpg}}
La línea Urquiza es una de las siete líneas suburbanas de los Ferrocarriles metropolitanos de Buenos Aires.Ministerio del Interior y TransportePresidencia de la Nación

El tramo entre Federico Lacroze (CABA) hasta la Estación General Lemos (Partido de San Miguel) es el ramal U-22. Y desde la Estación Federico Lacroze hasta la Estación Rubén Darío (Partido de Hurlingham) es parte del ramal U-A.

 Servicios del ramal

Esta línea pertenece a la red nacional del ferrocarril General Urquiza, aunque en la actualidad no existe conexión física entre el ramal urbano y el ramal troncal a la Mesopotamia argentina debido a que fueron retirados, en el mes de marzo de 2018, de manera permanente los cruces con el Ferrocarril San Martín tanto el de la localidad de Hurlingham como el de Pilar en la Provincia de Buenos Aires, éstos eran vitales para poder conectar la Estación Federico Lacroze en la Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires con Posadas en la provincia de Misiones.

Presta servicios de pasajeros entre las estaciones Federico Lacroze, ubicada en el barrio porteño de Chacarita, y la estación General Lemos, de la localidad bonaerense de San Miguel.

Compone un total de veintitrés estaciones, partiendo de la ciudad de Buenos Aires y atravesando los partidos de General San Martín, Tres de Febrero, Hurlingham y San Miguel. El tramo entre las estaciones Campo de Mayo y General Lemos fue inaugurado en 1981.

En la estación Federico Lacroze existe una conexión con la línea B de subterráneos. El servicio es llevado a cabo por una flota de 108 coches Toshiba-Mitsubishi sobre vías electrificadas por tercer riel'' a 600 voltios de corriente continua.

Desde la nacionalización de la red ferroviaria su prestación corrió por cuenta de Ferrocarriles Argentinos, pasando en 1991 a FEMESA para ser entregada en concesión a la empresa Metrovías, quien gestiona la concesión del servicio de pasajeros del tren Urquiza desde el 22 de diciembre de 1993, tras la firma del decreto 2608 establecido en el marco de la privatización durante la presidencia del Dr. Carlos Saúl Menem, quien fijó un plazo de 20 años. Posteriormente, el entonces presidente de la nación firmó el decreto 393, el 21 de abril de 1994, que extendió la concesión hasta un plazo de 24 años, que concluyó el último día de 2017. El Ministerio de Transporte rechazó la solicitud de prórroga del vínculo y buscarán relicitar el servicio en un plazo de 18 meses aunque la empresa continuará brindando el servicio durante ese período.

A partir del 1 de octubre de 2021, esta línea ferroviaria podía volver a ser operada por manos estatales a través de Trenes Argentinos Operaciones pero tras la derrota del oficialismo en las elecciones legislativas de noviembre de 2021, se postergó por 18 meses más el pase a la SOFSE.

Operador
  Ferrocarriles Argentinos (1948-1991)
  FEMESA (1991-1994)
  Metrovías (1994-actualidad)
  Trenes Argentinos Operaciones (debía ser octubre de 2021, postergado por 18 meses más desde noviembre de 2021)

Estaciones

Imágenes

Referencias

Véase también
 Ramal Troncal Ferroviario
 Línea Belgrano Norte
 Línea Belgrano Sur
 Línea General Roca
 Línea Mitre
 Línea San Martín
 Línea Sarmiento
 Anexo:Estaciones de ferrocarriles metropolitanos de Buenos Aires

Enlaces externos
 Metrovías, operador de la línea
 http://trenurquiza.com.ar

Líneas ferroviarias urbanas y suburbanas de Buenos Aires
Bella Vista (Buenos Aires)
Partido de San Miguel

Línea Urquiza


Olaylar

Doğumlar
 Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix, Antik Roma'nın Julio-Claudian Hanedanı'na mensup kişi (ö. 62)

Ölümler

als:20er#22

22


E – mail (විද්‍යුත් තැපෑල) – Electronic mail යන්න කෙටි කිරීමක් වන අතර එය E – mail හෝ සරලව mail ලෙස නිතර සංක්ෂිප්තව භාවිතා කරන දත්ත ගබඩා කර යැවිය හැකි ක්‍රමයකි. එනම් විද්‍යුත් සන්නිවේදන පද්ධතිය හරහා පණිවුඩ තැනීමේ, යැවීමේ, ලබා ගැනීමේ හා ගබඩා කරගැනීමේ, මේ ක්‍රමයකි. E – mail යන පදය (නාම පදයක් හෝ ක්‍රියා පදයක් ලෙස) සරල තැපැල් හුවමාරු කෙටුම් පත (SMTP) මත පදනම් වූ අන්තර්ජාල E – mail පද්ධතියට ද X – 400 පද්ධතියට හා සංවිධානයක් තුළ සිටින අයට එකිනෙකා හා E – mail කිරීමට ඉඩ සකසා දෙන අන්තර්ජාල පද්ධති සදහා ද අදාල වේ. අභ්‍යන්තර ජාල, වැඩ කණ්ඩායම් සහයෝගීත්වයට උපකාරී E – mail සේවාව උදෙසා අන්තර් ජාල කෙටුම්පත් හෝ X – 400 කෙටුම්පත් යොදා ගනී. ස්වයං කැමැත්තෙන් යවන පණිවුඩ හෝ "ස්පෑම්" රාශියක් යැවීමට E – mail බහුලව භාවිතා කරන නමුත් අවස්ථා මත රදා පවතිමින් ස්වයංක්‍රීයව මෙම පණිවුඩ සමහරක් හෝ බහුතරයක් ලොප් කිරීම සදහා පෙරහන් ක්‍රමාලේඛයන් ඇත.

වි-තැපැල් හැඩකරන @ ලකුණ සැදුණු හැටි
ප‍්‍රාග් ඵෙතිහාසික යුගයෙන් පසු එළැඹි මධ්‍යතන යුගයේ වැසියෝ ඔවුන්ගේ දෛනික ජීවිතය හා බැඳුණු කාර්යයන්හි මුල්වූ විෂයයන් සඳහා විවිධ සලකුණු භාවිතා කර තිබේ. සන්නිවේදනය , හැඳින්වීම, තීරණය කිරීම, ගබඩා කිරීම සටහන් තැබීම සඳහා විවිධ ජ්‍යාමිතික හැඩ ඇති ලකුණු යොදා ගෙන ඇත.

එම යුගයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේ හා පෘතුග්‍රීසි වැසියෝ ස්කන්ධය නොහොත් බර තීන්දු කිරීම සදහා විශේෂ සලකුණක් හාවිතා කර ඇත. අද සෑම විද්‍යුත් තැපෑලකටම අනිවාර්ය වූ ( @) "ඇට්" යනුවෙන් හදුන්වන විශේෂ සලකුණ උපත ලබන්නේ එම යුගයේ ස්පාඤ්ඤයේදීය. සීමිත බරක් හැඳින්වීමට ඉහත සලකුණ යොදා ගෙන ඇත. එම බර ප‍්‍රමානය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් කිලෝ ග‍්‍රෑම් 11.3 පමණවේ.

පසු කලකදී විදේශ වෙළඳාමේ ව්‍යාප්තිය සමග ඉංග‍්‍රිසීන් විසින් ඇට් යන වචනයට ඉහත සලකුණ භාවිතා කිරීමට පුරුදු විය. ඉන්පසු ස්ථානයක් හදුන්වන සලකුනක් ලෙස සමාජ ගත වුයේය.  අන්තර්ජාලයේ උපත සමග ඒ හා බැඳුණු විද්යුත් තැපැල් පෙට්ටියක්ද බිහිවිය. 1971දී ඇමෙරිකානු ජාතික පරිගණක විශේෂඥයෙක් වන රේ තොම්ලින්සොන් විසින් ඉහත සලකුණ විද්යුත් තැපෑලට හඳුන්වාදී ඇත්තේය. වර්තමානයේ විද්යුත් තැපෑලක් හිමි සියල්ලෝ ඉහත සලකුණ භාවිතා කරති. අද එම සලකුණ නොමැති විද්යුත් තැපෑලක් නොමැති තරම්ය

ක්‍රියාවෙහි දළ විශ්ලේෂණය
දකුණු පස දැක්වෙන දළ රූප සටහන මගින් සිදුවීම් වල ප්‍රකෘති අනුපිළිවෙළ පෙන්නයි. මෙහිදී ඇලිස් නව පණිවුඩයක් ලිවීම ආරම්භ කරයි ඇගේ තැපැල් පරිශීලක ඒජන්තවරයා (MUA) භාවිතාකරමින්. ඇය තමන්ගේ  e-mail address ඇතුලු කරයි, ඉන්පසුව "යැවීම" බොත්තම ඔබයි.

 ඇයගේ MUA විසින් එම පණිවුඩය විද්‍යුත් තැපැල් හැඩහුරුවට   සකසා සරල පණිවුඩ හුවමාරු ප්‍රෝටෝකෝලය (SMTP)  මගින් එම පණිවුඩය ප්‍රාදේශීය පණිවුඩ හුවමාරු ඒජන්තවරයා   (MTA) ට යවයි, මෙම අවස්ථාවේදී smtp.a.org, ධාවනය වන්නේ   ඇලිස්ගේ අන්තර්ජාල සේවා සපයන්නා (ISP) මගිනි.

අන්තර්ජාලය

විද්‍යුත් තැපෑල


Sho Gokyu (født 11. juni 1983) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Cerezo Osaka og Yokohama FC.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Sho Gokyu


Der EBU Circuit 2005/2006 war die 19. Auflage dieser europäischen Turnierserie im Badminton.

Die Wertungsturniere

Weblinks
http://badminton.de/05-06-EBU-Circuit.607.0.html

Sportsaison 2005/06
2005

EBU Circuit 2005/06


In generative grammar, a parasitic gap is a construction in which one gap appears to be dependent on another gap. Thus, the one gap can appear only by virtue of the appearance of the other gap, hence the former is said to be "parasitic" on the latter. For example, in the example sentence in (1) the first gap is represented by an underscore ( __ ), and appears as a result of movement of the constituent which explanation to the beginning of the sentence. The second gap is represented by an underscore with a subscript p ( __p); this is the "parasitic gap".
{|
|-
|(1)|| Which explanation did you reject __ without first really considering  __p ?
|}

While parasitic gaps are present in English and some related Germanic languages, e.g. Swedish (see Engdahl 1983), their appearance is much more restricted in other, closely related languages, e.g. German and the Romance languages. Japanese linguistic scholar Fumikazu Niinuma has attempted to differentiate between parasitic gaps and coordination in his research, as he believes the two are often confused.

An aspect of parasitic gaps that makes them particularly mysterious is the fact they usually appear inside islands to extraction. Although the study of parasitic gaps began in the late 1970s, no consensus has yet been reached about the best analysis.

The phenomenon

The example sentences in (2) are normal declarative sentences that contain no gap at all. The sentences in (3), in contrast, contain two gaps, whereby the second gap is parasitic on the first; the parasitic gap is marked with a p-subscript. The sentences in (4) show that if there is no real gap (that corresponds to the bold-faced constituent), then the parasitic gap is not possible.
{|
|(2)
| colspan="2" |no gap
|-
|
|a.
| You reviewed that book without actually reading it.
|-
|
|b.
|They played that song repeatedly despite not liking it.
|-
|
|c.
|You bought that old bike in order to fix it up.
|}
{|
|-
|(3)
| colspan="2" |parasitic gap possible with real gap
|-
|
|a.
|What book did you review __ without actually reading __p?
|-
|
|b.
|Which song did they play __ repeatedly despite not liking __p?
|-
|
|c.
|Which old bike did you buy __ in order to fix __p up?
|}

{|
|-
|(4)
| colspan="2" |parasitic gap impossible without real gap
|-
|
|a.
|*You reviewed that book without actually reading __p.
|-
|
|b.
|*They played that song repeatedly despite not liking __p.
|-
|
|c.
|*You bought that old bike in order to fix __p up.
|}
The appearance of parasitic gaps in (3) appears to be reliant on syntactic movement (e.g. wh-movement or topicalization), and presents two challenges:

 The fact that there are two gaps but only one fronted wh-expression is a source of difficulty for the analysis of parasitic gap constructions. Why can one fronted wh-expression license two gaps?
 The fact that parasitic gaps usually appear inside extraction islands leads one to expect extraction from the site of the parasitic gap to be altogether impossible. Why do parasitic gaps ignore islands?.

History

Discovery
The phenomenon of parasitic gaps appears to have been discovered by John Robert Ross in the 1960s, but remained undiscussed until papers by Knut Tarald Taraldsen and Elisabet Engdahl explored the properties of the phenomenon in detail. The analysis of parasitic gaps was central to the development of the GPSG framework (Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar) in the mid 1980s, and this analysis was later refined  in the HPSG framework (Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar) of Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag. In the 1990s, a debate centered around the best theoretical analysis of parasitic gaps, namely extraction versus percolation. This debate culminated in a collection of essays edited by Peter Culicover and Paul Postal in 2001.

Controversy

Extraction gap versus proform
The theoretical analysis of parasitic gaps is not a settled matter by any means, since accounts of the phenomenon vary drastically. In very broad terms, there are two lines of analysis that one can pursue:

 The extraction analysis assumes that parasitic gaps are extraction gaps, and that parasitic gaps arise by way of the same basic mechanism that licenses "normal" extraction gaps. This sort of approach must augment the analysis of extraction gaps in some way in order to accommodate parasitic gaps under the same theoretical umbrella. Extraction analyses have the advantage that they immediately accommodate the simple observation that most parasitic gaps appear to be dependent on the occurrence of wh-movement or topicalization. Extraction analyses are challenged, however, by missing-object constructions, as noted above.
 The proform analysis assumes that parasitic gaps actually contain a covert element, this element having the status of definite proform. Proform analyses have the advantage that they immediately accommodate the simple observation that many parasitic gaps occur optionally; the covert proform has the option to be overt. Proform analyses are challenged, however, by the fact that most parasitic gaps occur in the immediate environment of wh-movement or topicalization, since they do not provide a clear basis for explaining this correlation.

Some analyses mix and match these two basic lines of analysis, although in general, both are well represented in the literature on parasitism and most accounts can be placed in the one or the other camp.

Licensing of real gap
The controversy regarding the licensing of parasitic gaps has also been widely debated as the phenomenon has continued to be researched. It is generally agreed upon that a real gap licenses a parasitic gap however, the required properties of this real gap have been widely debated. In 1994, Postal wrote a paper examining how the leftward extraction of clauses may be a general licensor for parasitic gaps while examining two theoretical approaches:

 P-Gap Licensing Restriction (PLR) suggests that the gaps that license parasitic gaps must be restricted in some way.
 PG=NP suggests that the licensors of parasitic gaps must be NPs/DPs.

On the basis of evidence from topicalization and object raising, Postal's 1994 paper concludes that true parasitic gaps are not licensed by rightward DP movement, but rather by leftward extraction of a clause. Overfelt 2016 argues against Postal's claim that rightward DP movement cannot license true parasitic gaps, and concludes that the licensors of true parasitic gaps are adjunction structures.

Some traits of parasitic gaps

Some of the central research issues that arise in the investigation of parasitic gaps include:
optionality: many parasitic gaps are optional
obligatoriness: some parasitic gaps are obligatory
missing object: the appearance of parasitic gaps in missing object constructions (also known as tough-movement)
parallelism: syntactic parallelism seems to promote the appearance of parasitic gaps

Often optional

Many parasitic gaps appear optionally. They are in non-complementary distribution with a pronoun, meaning that the speaker has the choice whether to employ the gap or not.  The example sentences in (5) contain typical parasitic gaps, whereas the ones in (6) use a pronoun instead of the gap. In other words, in these contexts, the parasitic gap is optional. Optionality like this suggests an analysis of parasitism in terms of ellipsis, since optionality is the primary trait of known ellipsis mechanisms.

{|
|-
|(5)
| colspan="2" |parasitic gap present
|-
|
|a.
|Which dish did you order __ after you tried __p?
|-
|
|b.
|Which movie will they like __ as soon as they see __p?
|}
{|
|-
|(6)
| colspan="2" |parasitic gap absent
|-
|
|a.
| Which dish did you order __ after you tried it?
|-
|
|b.
|Which movie will they like __ as soon as they see it?
|}

Sometimes obligatory

While many parasitic gaps occur optionally, other parasitic gaps occur obligatorily; this can be seen when the parasitic gap precedes the "real" gap. The example sentences in (7) are normal declarative sentences that contain no gap at all. The sentences in (8), in contrast, contain two gaps, with the parasitic gap preceding the real gap. We know that the first gap (the leftmost gap) in (8) is parasitic on the following gap because it, i.e. the leftmost gap, appears inside what is normally an extraction island (marked with square brackets). As for the sentences in (9) — which are strongly marginal (indicated by the double question mark notation ??) — they show that in a sense, the real gap can also be dependent on the parasitic gap. This aspect of parasitic gaps is related to weak crossover (WCO).  WCO occurs when a fronted expression is coreferential with an intermediate expression that appears between the fronted expression and the position of its gap.

{|
|-
|(7)
| colspan="2" |no gap
|-
|
|a.
| The rumor about the girl annoyed her.
|-
|
|b.
|If you get to know him, you will like Bill.
|}
{|
|-
|(8)
| colspan="2" |parasitic gap precedes real gap
|-
|
|a.
| Which girl did [the rumor about __p] annoy __?
|-
|
|b.
|Bill is the type of guy who [if you get to know __p], you will like __.
|}
{|
|-
|(9)
| colspan="2" |real gap marginal if parasitic gap absent; weak crossover violation
|-
|
|a.
|??Which girl did the rumor about her annoy __?
|-
|
|b.
|??Bill is the type of guy who if you get to know him, you will like __.
|}
In the big picture, one can simply note that parasitic gaps behave variably depending upon whether they precede or follow the "real" gap. When they precede the "real" gap, their appearance is usually obligatory.

Missing object

Much work on parasitism assumes that parasitic gaps are dependent on the existence of another gap. The assumption is that parasitic gaps are reliant on the mechanisms that license normal extraction gaps such as wh-movement and topicalization. This assumption is challenged, however, by so-called missing-object constructions, also known as tough-constructions or tough-movement. The example sentences in (10) lack gaps entirely. The sentences in (11) contain parasitic gaps despite the fact that neither wh-movement nor topicalization has occurred. These sentences illustrate a missing-object construction, since the verbs appreciate, understand, and get are transitive and should hence take an object. This object is missing, as marked by the gap on the left. Whatever the analysis of parasitic gaps ends up being in the long run, it will have to accommodate the facts involving missing objects illustrated here. Movement (wh-movement, topicalization) may not actually be the key factor licensing parasitic gaps.

{|
|-
|(10)
| colspan="2" |no gap||
|-
|
|a.
| It is easy to appreciate her after getting to know her.||
|-
|
|b.
|It is hard to understand this essay without reading it several times.
|
|-
|
|c.
|It will be tough to get the motor running without entirely rebuilding it.
|
|}
{|
|-
|(11)
| colspan="2" |parasitic gap despite lack of wh-fronting or topicalization||
|-
|
|a.
| She is easy to appreciate __ after getting to know __p.||
|-
|
|b.
|This essay is hard to understand __ without reading __p several times.
|
|-
|
|c.
|The motor will be tough to get __ running without entirely rebuilding __p.
|}

Show structural parallelism

Examining the examples of optional parasitic gaps produced above so far, one sees that in each case, a certain structural parallelism is present, where both the real gap and the parasitic gap bear the grammatical function of direct object. This parallelism is now explicitly illustrated using brackets. In each of these examples, the square brackets mark what appear to be parallel structures, similar to the type of coordinate structure found coordination. The brackets mark verb phrases (VPs), and the subordinator appearing between the brackets is functioning like a coordinator (i.e. and, or, or but). This parallelism may be a significant factor that is aiding the appearance of the parasitic gaps.

{|
|-
|(12)
| colspan="4" |structural parallelism:
|OBJECT
|
|
|OBJECT
|
|-
|
|a.
|Which manuscript
|did you
|[VP resubmit
|__ ]
|after
|[VP revising
|__p ]
|?
|-
|
|b.
|Which report
|did you
|[VP file
|__ ]
|without
|[VP reading
|__p ]
|?
|-
|
|c.
|Which old bike
|did he
|[VP buy
|__ ]
|in order to
|[VP fix up
|__p ]
|?
|-
|
|d.
|Which foods
|does he
|[VP fantasize about
|__ ]
|without
|[VP  ever eating
|__p ]
|?
|-
|
|e.
|Which girl
|did you
|[VP ask out
|__ ]
|before
|[VP meeting
|__p ]
|in person?
|}

When the real gap and the parasitic gap are not structurally parallel — as when the real gap bears the grammatical function of subject, while the parasitic gap bears the grammatical function of object — there is a significant drop in acceptability of the parasitic gap. The examples in (13) show that, in such contexts, parasitic gaps are all marginal to varying degrees.
{|
|(13)
| colspan="3" |structural non-parallelism:
|SUBJECT
|
|
|
|OBJECT
|
|-
|
|a.
|?
|Who
|[XP  __
|secretly supports John ]
|without
|[XP John secretly supporting
|__p
|back ]?
|-
|
|b.
|?
|Which girl
|[XP  __
|likes Billy ]
|without
|[XP Billy liking
|__p
|back ]?
|-
|
|c.
|?
|Which spy
|[XP  __
|escaped ]
|without
|[XP anyone first identifying
|__p
|]?
|-
|
|d.
|??
|Which explanation
|[XP  __
|had to be repeated ]
|for
|[XP us to finally get
|__p
|]?
|-
|
|e.
|??
|Which report
|[XP  __
|was filed ]
|without
|[XP any of us first reading
|__p
|]?
|}

The marginality of the examples in (13) correlates with the lack of syntactic parallelism. What exactly explains this drop in acceptability is not entirely clear, although it may have to do with ease of processing. Parallel structures are easier for humans to process, and hence parasitic gaps are facilitated by contexts that have a low processing load.

See also

Coordination
Crossover
Ellipsis
Syntactic movement
Topicalization
Tough movement
Verb phrase
Wh-movement

Notes

References

Chomsky, N. 1986. Barriers. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Cinque, G. 1990. Types of Ā-dependencies. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Contreras, H. 1984. A note on parasitic gaps. Linguistic Inquiry 15, 698–701.
Culicover, P. 2001. Parasitic gaps: A history. In Parasitic Gaps, ed. by P. Culicover and P. Postal, 3–68. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Culicover, P. 2013. Grammar and complexity: language at the intersection of competence and performance. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Culicover, P. and P. Postal (eds.) 2001. Parasitic gaps. The MIT Press.
Engdahl, E. 1983. Parasitic gaps. Linguistics and Philosophy 6, 5–34.
Fiengo, R. and R. May 1994. Indices and identity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Levine, R, T. Hukari, and M. Calcagno 2001. Parasitic gaps in English: Some overlooked cases and their theoretical implications. In Parasitic Gaps, ed. by P. Culicover and P. Postal, 181–222. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Munn, A. 2001. Explaining parasitic gap restrictions. In Parasitic Gaps, ed. by P. Culicover and P. Postal, 369–402. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Overfelt, J. 2016. Rightward DP-Movement Licenses Parasitic Gaps: A Reply to Postal 1994. Linguistic Inquiry, 127–146.
Postal, P. 1994. Parasitic and pseudo-parasitic gaps. Linquistic Inquiry 25, 63–117 [Reprinted in 2001 in Parasitic Gaps, ed. by P. Culicover and P. Postal, 253–313. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press].
Postal, P. 2001. Further Lacunae in the English parasitic gap paradigm. In Parasitic Gaps, ed. by P. Culicover and P. Postal, 223–253. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.
Ross, J. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Ph.D. Dissertation, MIT.
Ross, J. 1986. Infinite syntax! Norwood, NJ: ABLEX [Reprinted dissertation from 1967].
Williams, E. 1990. The ATB theory of parasitic gaps. The Linguistic Review 6, 265–279.
Yoshida, M., Hunter, T., & Frazier, M. 2015. Parasitic Gaps licensed by elided syntactic structure. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 33, 1439–1471.

Generative syntax
Syntactic transformation
Word order

Parasitic gap


Les tumulus de Vielle sont des monuments funéraires situés sur la commune de Vielle-Tursan, dans le département des Landes, en Gascogne. Ils sont datés approximativement de la fin du , au second âge du fer.

L'un d'eux, abritant entre autres la double sépulture d'un homme et d'une femme, a livré entre autres riche mobilier deux pièces portant des inscriptions ibères, une découverte unique dans cette région, et une cotte de mailles, unique en France pour cette époque.

Situation

Généralement cités comme les « tumulus de Vielle-Aubagnan », « de Vielle Aubagnan » voire « d'Aubagnan », ces tertres funéraires se trouvent dans le Tursan, dans le coin sud-est du département des Landes, en Aquitaine, avec les Pyrénées-Atlantiques à  au sud et le Gers à  à l'est. Pau est à  au sud, Mont-de-Marsan à  au nord. Ils sont sur la commune de Vielle-Tursan, sur la lande dite « Mesplède » entre Vielle à l'est et Aubagnan à l'ouest.

Historique des fouilles et études

Fouilles

En 1914 Pierre-Eudoxe Dubalen explore un premier tumulus, plus tard nomenclaturé comme « tumulus  », qui lui révèle entre autres deux sépultures, chacune avec des urnes déposées côte à côte : les tombes  (sépulture d'un homme) et  (sépulture d'une femme), accompagnées de mobilier dont la richesse indique des personnages de haut rang social.
Dubalen, conscient de l'importance de sa trouvaille, déplore le manque de moyens qui l'empêche de fouiller aussi correctement qu'il le voudrait.
En 1914 il annonce son exploration du tumulus par une lettre datée du 30 janvier (1914) à la Revue des Études Anciennes : il y joint une photographie de l'inscription , qu'il reproduit aussi dans cette lettre.

Il écrit également à Camille Jullian, alors professeur des Antiquités nationales au Collège de France, une lettre datée du 9 février 1914 (reproduite dans ), à laquelle il joint un moulage de la grande inscription. L'événement est signalé par les journaux parisiens, qui précisent que l'Académie a aussi reçu l'objet portant l'inscription : « la lamelle d'argent présentant une inscription en repoussé, sa description, et le moulage ». C'est la lamelle comportant les plus grands caractères.

Pierre Lummau (1882-1947), son directeur adjoint au musée Dubalen, reprend les fouilles du même tumulus en 1925.

En 1926 Dubalen publie l'exploration d'un autre tumulus de cet ensemble.

Les remembrements des années 1950-1970 et le développement de la culture du maïs amènent l'arasement du tumulus . Nous ne savons pas ce qu'il est advenu des autres tumulus de l'ensemble.

Études

G. Fabre mentionne en 1943 trois tumulus ayant fourni des urnes funéraires et décrit le contenu du tumulus , détaillant la cotte de mailles, et de nouveau en 1946.

René Lafon (1956) analyse l'inscription  ainsi que celle qu'il a découverte en compagnie de Maurice Prat.
La seconde inscription est découverte en 1956. Cette année-là, Lafon en fait une première publication.

Untermann 1961 et 1980 ?, la consécration pour le tumulus : Untermann inclut les inscriptions d'Aubagnan dans son œuvre magistrale Monumenta Linguarum Hispanicarum (vol. 2)

En 1976, Jean-Pierre Mohen replace l'inscription  dans son cadre exact, une phiale avec  en haut relief.

Roux et Coffyn récapitulent en 1985 les résultats des fouilles de Dubalen, une mise au point publiée au congrès de la Fédération historique du Sud-Ouest à Pau. Ils mettent en avant la cotte de mailles, objet unique en France ; et le casque dont les décorations montrent l'influence des apports celtes en Aquitaine.

Domingo Fletcher 1981

En 1990 Hébert publie une étude exhaustive des inscriptions ibères.

Gorrochategui 1984, 2002 et 2013.

Iglesias 2008, qui se défend vigoureusement contre l'attaque menée par Lakarra sur ses recherches concernant la question basco-ibérique.

Ruiz & Luján 2011.

Description générale, identification des tumulus

Les tumulus de Vielle-Aubagnan, au pluriel, désignent un ensemble de tumulus funéraires avec, à proximité, une enceinte possible détectée en 1984 par des prospections aériennes.

Le tumulus de Vielle-Aubagnan, au singulier, désigne le tumulus , le plus connu pour le mobilier unique qu'il a livré.

Nombre de tumulus et de sépultures

Le site a au moins quatre tumulus funéraires. Trois tumulus sont mentionnés par G. Fabre (1943) comme ayant fourni des urnes funéraires — ce qui ne dit pas s'il y a eu seulement trois tumulus ou plus de trois —; elle ajoute qu'il y a peu de renseignements sur les tumulus 1 et 2. Le quatrième tumulus est celui exploré par Dubalen en 1926, selon lui le plus grand de la région avec  de diamètre.

Fabre précise que selon un croquis de M. Dufourcet, le tumulus  a fourni à Dubalen 43 ensembles d'urnes formant sépulture, totalisant 75 à 80 urnes (il faut trois urnes pour une sépulture complète, nombre de ces 43 ensembles sont donc incomplets) ; ces nombres sont repris par Hébert (1990) qui ajoute que Lummau, ayant repris les fouilles du même tumulus en 1925, a recueilli encore  urnes. Soit un nombre minimum d'environ 65 sépultures pour le seul tumulus
Dubalen signale qu'environ 120 de ces ensembles funéraires à trois vases sont connus dans la région en 1914.

Dans les tombes d'hommes, des armes tordues et brisées sont placées contre le côté Est des urnes ; les bijoux des tombes de femmes sont disposés soit eux aussi à l'est des urnes, soit dans des coupes.

Nombre de tertres d'habitation

Dubalen (1914) précise que les tertres funéraires sont entourés de tertres d'habitation ; et que dans la région le nombre de ces derniers varie entre 10 et 25, sans indiquer le nombre exact pour le site de Mesplède. On peut toutefois supposer qu'il y a au moins 10 tertres d'habitations associés aux tumulus funéraires de Mesplède. Une autre question demeure : pourquoi Dubalen mentionne-t-il des tertres funéraires « entourés » d'habitations, alors que l'enceinte possible détectée en 1984 se trouve « à proximité » et donc n'entoure pas les tumulus ?

Tumulus

Le tumulus  a une forme conique. Selon Dubalen, son diamètre est de  pour une hauteur de  ; mais trente ans plus tard Fabre lui donne  de diamètre pour une hauteur de .

Grand tumulus

En 1926 Dubalen publie son exploration d'un autre tumulus du même ensemble, selon lui le plus grand de la région avec  de diamètre.

Il y trouve au centre une chambre funéraire en forme de rectangle allongé, de  de long sur  de large, faite de grandes dalles posées sur leur chant et séparée en deux parties inégales par une grande dalle verticale portant à la partie médiane de son sommet une rainure en arc de cercle fortement marquée. Un pavage de gros cailloux tapisse l'intérieur et le pourtour. La chambre funéraire ne contient ni ossement ni tesson de poterie.

Datation du tumulus 3

La sépulture est datée par son mobilier de l'époque du second âge du fer, et vraisemblablement de la fin du .

Mobilier du tumulus

Le centre du tumulus est occupé par deux urnes.

La présence d'armes indique une sépulture de guerrier.

seules inscriptions ibères
 Leur présence dans les Landes est particulièrement intrigante et elles ont fait l'objet d'une abondante littérature scientifique ; à ce jour les débats ont toujours cours quant à l'interprétation de cette découverte pour déterminer la part et les modalités de l'influence ibérique en Aquitaine avant la conquête romaine.

cotte de mailles unique en France pour cette époque

Ensembles funéraires

Dubalen (1914) décrit un monument funéraire composé de trois vases : un grand pot contenant des os calcinés sans trace de cendres et une petite urne emplie de cendres fines ; le bord supérieur de cette deuxième urne affleure celui de l'urne qui la contient. Ces deux vases sont recouverts par un troisième en forme de coupe et en position renversée sur les premiers, surmontée d'un caillou simplement posé dessus.

La double fosse du roi et de la reine est probablement la plus ancienne sépulture, étant placée sous toutes les autres.

La cotte de mailles

L'une des sépultures a livré une cotte de mailles faite de petits anneaux de fer et de bronze, avec de grandes plaques de bronze, dont l'encolure est bordée de ce qui est probablement un hausse-col en bronze se présentant sous la forme de morceaux de tôle de bronze. Certaines de ces tôles, ornées de cercles concentriques en relief, pourraient être des pièces de plaque de poitrine ou de cuirasse d'une armure.

Un bouton conique en bronze de  de diamètre, orné d'un rinceau d'S, est fixé par des rivets aux débris de la cotte de mailles.

Objets incrustés dans la cotte de mailles

À la cotte de mailles sont agglutinées diverses plaques de bronze et fibules, ainsi que des vestiges d'objets identifiés plusieurs dizaines d'années après comme des phiales (voir ci-dessous).

Une fibule de La Tène II adhère encore à un des fragments de la cotte de mailles. De grande taille, sa forme est la plus typique et la plus fréquente avec un ressort très développé et le pied redressé à angle droit ; mais ce dernier ne se termine pas par un bouton, comme pour la forme type du Hallstatt : il présente dans sa partie supérieure une cupule prolongée en languette. Les boules qui terminent le ressort sont ornées de motifs curvilignes qui évoquent la Tène. L'arc porte un carré avec, au centre et dans les angles, des cupules reliées par des traits longitudinaux gravés et pointillés. Ces cupules et celle du pied servaient peut-être de sertissage pour des décorations en perles d'émail, corail ou autre matériau.

Un mors de cheval en fer aurait été trouvé « dans la même tombe que la cotte de mailles ».

Phiale 1

Dubalen y voit une banderole en cercle comme un collier.

Son diamètre est de .

Les descriptions conjuguées de Dubalen (publication et lettre en 1914) donnent ces vestiges comme « une banderole d'argent formant un cercle enchâssée en partie dans [la] cotte de mailles », portant « au revers des traces de soudure d'or et sur l'endroit « une inscription en repoussé ». Des examens plus récents déterminent que ces pièces sont des fragments de deux coupes en argent, dites phiales, dont une rehaussée d'or.

un cercle en argent repoussé portant une inscription celtibérique (représenté fîg. 5, 1).

Les deux phiales étaient emboitées l'une dans l'autre et ont été écrasées par le poids de la terre.

Selon Hébert, la meilleure description des vestiges de la phiale  est donnée par Dubalen lui-même, dans une lettre du 9 février 1914 à Camille Jullian, ce dernier alors professeur des Antiquités nationales au Collège de France. Elle accompagne un moulage de la grande inscription.

Enfin une bande ornée elle aussi de motifs curvilignes, formant rinceau, rend plus sensible encore l'influence de l'art celtique de La Tène, déjà très nette dans les objets précédents (fig. 5, 4 et 5).

Dubalen (1914a) indique à propos de la pièce  que « la banderole d'argent qui porte l'inscription est ornée sur un bout par une tête de cerf avec ses bois, en repoussé ». Il y a là une confusion de sa part, car la tête de cerf est sur la pièce .

Phiale 2, phiale historiée

Cette phiale est dite historiée car elle porte des illustrations diverses.

Elle ressemblait à un taste-vin sans anse, de  de diamètre.
La prétendue clochette est l'ombiblic de la phiale, élément portant une tête de lion.
D'autres éléments épars portent des décorations : un lévrier, un groin de sanglier ou tête de cerf, le toit d'une cabane, un dessin interprété comme un bras étendu puis une ramure de cerf.

Elle a été brisée en 3 morceaux et restaurée par le musée du Louvre entre 1944 et 1956. La restauration  a surtout concerné la jonction avec les deux lettres inscrites sur un fragment détaché.

Le  René Lafon et Maurice Prat retrouvent au musée Dubalen une photo des deux pièces inscrites. Cette photo a de nouveau disparu depuis, voir .

Kimmig reproduit le dessin de la pièce , sans proposer d'interprétation.

Jean-Pierre Mohen a cependant inversé la position de la tête de l'animal de droite, qu'il a placée à gauche du personnage, ainsi qu'une autre figure qu'il décrit comme un bras tendu mais pour laquelle Hébert voit plutôt un bois de cerf. Mohen montre toutefois une épaule drapée et un bras replié, qui ont disparu sur la pièce restaurée.

Les vestiges de cette pièce se trouvent maintenant au musée Dubalen à Mont-de-Marsan.

Objets voisins

À côté de ces objets, Dubalen trouve des armes en fer brisées et brûlées, dont ;
 un pommeau d'épée en bronze et les restes tordus d'une lance ;
 non mentionné par la publication de Dubalen en 1914 mais indiqué par plusieurs auteurs, cette tombe inclut aussi un casque décoré d'un pommeau sommital — que Dubalen avait interprété comme une clochette — avec des garde-joues eux aussi décorés, de tradition celtique ;
 une lance tordue et repliée.

Le devenir du mobilier

Le mobilier a été dispersé et une part importante perdue, y compris le fragment de phiale dit « banderole » envoyé à Paris en 1914 et dont il ne reste en 1956 qu'une photographie vue par Lafon ; plusieurs dessins de son inscription ont toutefois été publiés (carnets de fouilles de Dubalen, Dubalen 1914a, Vidal 1927, , … Pour ce dernier, la meilleure reproduction est celle de André Vidal dans Nos Landes).

De la phiale  il reste le bord supérieur entier et la lamelle inscrite en gros caractères : ce que Dubalen appelle « banderole ».

Le fragment  a été perdu.

Seule une des quatre fibules à disques de type pyrénéen a été retrouvée, par Dominique Roux. Les urnes funéraires restantes ne sont pas identifiées.

Phiales et inscriptions : influence ibérique en Aquitaine avant la conquête romaine

Les phiales portent deux courtes inscriptions en caractères ibères, qui posent deux questions : leur lecture, et leur interprétation historique.

Jürgen Untermann (1980), Domingo Fletcher (1981) et  Jean-Claude Hébert (1990).

L'alphabet ibère, histoire

Cet alphabet est utilisé sur la côte levantine espagnole dès la fin du  pour la frappe des monnaies (mais il y est connu auparavant sur des plombs et des céramiques), sur la côte languedocienne au-delà de Narbonne, voire jusque dans la région de Toulouse car des monnaies à caractères ibères ont été frappées dans la région Volque-Tectosage qui en dépend, et à l'intérieur des terres principalement dans le bassin de l'Èbre.

Les inscriptions au présent

Lafon écrit en 1956 que l'inscription d'Aubagnan décrite par Dubalen « est ignorée de beaucoup de spécialistes des langues écrites en caractères ibères. Le mot — ou partie de mot ? — qui la compose ne figure pas dans le précieux lexique publié par M. Antonio Tovar en 1951, Léxico de las inscripciones ibéricas (celtibérico e ibérico).
Pourtant, en 2013 les inscriptions celtibères de Vielle-Aubagnan sont encore une découverte unique en Aquitaine. Ce sont les seules inscriptions connues de cette époque qui rattachent la présence ibère à une implantation locale et pas seulement à un simple passage. Car les seules autres inscriptions celtibères connues en Aquitaine sont celles des monnaies du trésor de Barcus (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, à environ  au sud-ouest de Vielle), dont toutes les pièces ont été frappées dans des ateliers hispaniques. Ce trésor est considéré comme celui d'un corps de troupe fuyant l'armée de Pompée lors de la guerre de Sertorius (-80 à -72), et n'est donc pas une preuve de la connaissance possible de la langue ibère par les indigènes de la région. Hébert note aussi l'existence de deux petits trésors monétaires trouvés en pays Basque, par quoi il pense peut-être à celui de Lekunberri (six pièces de bronze) et celui de Castets (une vingtaine de monnaies).

Débat sur l'origine des phiales

Ce débat est étroitement lié au langage des inscriptions.

Fletcher accepte une origine étrangère à la région pour les phiales : il les fait provenir de la région narbonnaise mais leur donne une origine alavène (en gros le bassin du Zadorra, affluent de rive gauche amont de l'Èbre) en se basant sur le mot anbaikar de l'une des phiales, qu'il rapproche de l'anthroponyme alavène Ambaicus.

Pour Joaquín Gorrochategui (1984), les inscriptions d'Aubagnan sont des « textes écrits sur des objets importés et donc totalement étrangers à la sphère culturelle et linguistique aquitanique ».

Les Ibères à proprement parler avaient également l'habitude d'incinérer leurs morts comme le rappelle Henri Gavel (1931: 229).

M. Momméja a montré à Dubalen « des vases absolument semblables trouvés près d'Agen » ; ce d'après quoi Dubalen conclut que « le même peuple a habité toute la région entre la Garonne et les Pyrénées ».

Leur présence dans les Landes est particulièrement intrigante et elles ont fait l'objet d'une abondante littérature scientifique ; à ce jour les débats ont toujours cours quant à l'interprétation de cette découverte pour déterminer la part et les modalités de l'influence ibérique en Aquitaine avant la conquête romaine.

J.-Cl. Hébert (1990) établit que les phiales ont probablement été fabriquées dans un atelier de la basse vallée de l'Èbre à la fin du .

Inscriptions de la pièce 1

Lecture de  : anbailku
Lecture de Untermann (1980, B.10) : anbaikar

Le fragment  a été interprété par J. Untermann comme l'expression d'un nom de personne étroitement apparenté avec les fréquents noms documentés dans le nord de l'Espagne, notamment dans la province d'Alava, Ambaicus, de la famille du nom de personne Ambatus, très commun dans la partie occidentale de la péninsule. Cette identification est lourde de conséquences, parce qu'Untermann en déduit qu'il y a eu une acculturation ibérique de la population du Sud-Ouest de la France, "qui adopta l'écriture ibère" ; autrement dit, la pièce aurait été écrite in situ par les indigènes de la région qui connaissaient l'écriture ibère et, par conséquent, il faudrait considérer le texte gravé sur la phiale comme appartenant à la langue indigène de la région

Lecture de  : a) binbaikar.

première inscription : AnBil, anPailCu etc.

Les inscriptions, difficiles à déchiffrer, sont interprétées comme des patronymes ; selon les différents spécialistes, la première inscription porte les mots « anbailku », « anbaikar » ou « binbaikar ».

Inscriptions de la pièce 2

Lecture de  : betiteen
Lecture de Untermann (1980, B.10) : ]titeeki[

Lecture de  : ?]kutiteegi[

Les inscriptions, difficiles à déchiffrer, sont interprétées comme des patronymes ; selon les différents spécialistes, la seconde inscription porte les mots « betiteen », « jtiteeki » ou « jkutiteegi ».

Ce fragment comporte cinq lettre dans un espace de .

J. Lafon propose la lecture « Pe Ti Te E N » avec le « N » couché.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Histoire des Landes

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Lien externe
 .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Vielle-Aubagnan
Site de l'âge du fer en France
Site préhistorique dans les Landes
Épigraphie aquitano-pyrénéenne
Site archéologique dans les Landes

Tumulus de Vielle-Aubagnan


Seiji Kawakami (født 20. juni 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Fujieda MYFC.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Seiji Kawakami


Rings of Saturn may also refer to:

Literature
The Rings of Saturn, a 1995 novel by the German writer W. G. Sebald

Music
'Rings of Saturn' (band), an American band
"Rings of Saturn", a song by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds from Skeleton Tree
Ring of Saturn (EP), an extended play by Goldie released in 1998

සෙනසුරු ග්‍රහ‍යාගේ වළලු (වක්‍රෝක්තිහරණය)


Pohela Boishakh (), is the first day of the Bengali calendar which is also the inspiration for official calendar of Bangladesh. This festival is celebrated on 14 April every year in Bangladesh and on either 14 or 15 April (depending on the variations in the traditional lunisolar calendar) in India in the states of West Bengal, Tripura, Jharkhand and Assam (Barak Valley) by Bengalis regardless of religious faith.

Celebration of Pohela Boishakh traces its roots back to the traditions of Old Dhaka's Mahifarash community during Mughal rule, as well as the proclamation of tax collection reforms of Akbar.

The festival is celebrated with processions, fairs and family time. The traditional greeting for Bengalis in the new year is  "Shubho Noboborsho" which is literally "Happy New Year". The festive Mangal Shobhajatra is organized in Bangladesh. In 2016, the UNESCO declared this festivity organized by the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka as a cultural heritage of humanity. It's the biggest Bengali festival of Bengalis in Bengali culture.

History and origin

Nomenclature
In Bengali, the word Pohela () means 'first' and Boishakh () is the first month of the Bengali calendar ( Pohela Boishakh). Bengali New Year is referred to in Bengali as Nobo Borsho (), where 'Nobo' means new and 'Borsho' means year.

Traditional roots

Mughal origin theory

The popular theory is that during Mughal rule, land taxes were collected from Bengali people according to the Islamic Hijri calendar. This calendar was a lunar calendar, and its new year did not coincide with the solar agricultural cycles. According to some sources, the festival was a tradition introduced in Bengal during the rule of Mughal Emperor Akbar to time the tax year to the harvest, and the Bangla year was therewith called Bangabda. Akbar asked the royal astronomer Fathullah Shirazi to create a new calendar by combining the lunar Islamic calendar and solar Hindu calendar already in use, and this was known as Fasholi shan (harvest calendar). According to some historians, this started the Bengali calendar. According to Shamsuzzaman Khan, it could be Nawab Murshid Quli Khan, a Mughal governor, who first used the tradition of Punyaho as "a day for ceremonial land tax collection", and used Akbar's fiscal policy to start the Bangla calendar.

According to Shamsuzzaman Khan, and Nitish Sengupta, the origin of the Bengali calendar is unclear. According to Shamsuzzaman, it is called Bangla shon or shaal, which are Arabic (سن) and Persian (سال) words respectively, suggests that it was introduced by a Muslim king or sultan." In contrast, according to Sengupta, its traditional name is Bangabda. It is also unclear, whether it was adopted by Alauddin Husain Shah or Akbar. The tradition to use the Bengali calendar may have been started by Husain Shah before Akbar. Regardless of who adopted the Bengali calendar and the new year, states Sengupta, it helped collect land taxes after the spring harvest based on traditional Bengali calendar, because the Islamic Hijri calendar created administrative difficulties in setting the collection date.

Vikramaditya origin theory

Some historians attribute the Bengali calendar to the 7th-century Indian king Shashanka. The term Bangabda (Bangla year) is found too in two Shiva temples many centuries older than Akbar era, suggesting that Bengali calendar existed before Akbar's time. Various dynasties whose territories extended into Bengal, prior to the 13th-century, used the Vikrami calendar. Buddhist texts and inscriptions created in the Pala Empire era mention "Vikrama" and the months such as Ashvin, a system found in Sanskrit texts elsewhere in ancient and medieval Indian subcontinent.

In rural Bengali communities of India, the Bengali calendar is credited to "Bikromaditto", like many other parts of India and Nepal. However, unlike these regions where it starts in 57 BCE, the Bengali calendar starts from 593 CE suggesting that the starting reference year was adjusted at some point.

Contemporary usage
In Bangladesh, the old Bengali calendar was officially modified in 1966 by a committee headed by Muhammad Shahidullah, making the first five months 31 days long and the rest 30 days each, with the month of Falgun adjusted to 31 days in every leap year. This was officially adopted by Bangladesh in 1987. Since then, the national calendar starts with, and the new year festival always falls on, 14 April in Bangladesh. In 2018–19, the calendar was amended again, with Falgun now lasting 29 days in regular years and to 30 days in leap ones, in an effort to more align with Western use of the Gregorian calendar. However, the date of the celebration, 14 April, was retained.

In India, however, The Bengali calendar is tied to the Hindu calendar system and is used to set the various Bengali Hindu festivals. For Hindus of West Bengal, the festival falls either on 14 or 15 April every year. The current Bengali calendar in use in the Indian states is based on the ancient Sanskrit astronomical text Surya Siddhanta. It retains the historic Sanskrit names of the months, with the first month as Baishakh.

Holiday customs

Visiting family and friends
During Pohela Boishakh, people  wear traditional attire, namely women clad in  saris and men dressed in kurta , visit their families and friends and spend time together. Pohela Boishakh is also known for uniting friends and family after a long time.

New year salutation

The celebration of Bengali new year Pahela Baishakh begins at dawn arranges by the cultural organisation Chhayanaut welcoming the year at Ramna Batamul under the banyan tree in the Ramna Park in Bangladesh.

Haal Khata

Haal Khata is a festival celebrated on the occasion of Pohela Boishakh in order to complete all the account reckonings of the last year and open a new ledger. It is observed by the Bengali businessmen, shopkeepers and traders. It signifies that every year starts with a new beginning.

Red-White Attire
On this occasion, males are seen wearing red or white Panjabi with traditional designs on them, imprinted or embroidered. Women and young ladies wear red and white saree with blouses and put on flower crowns on their heads. Girls also dress in salwar kameez. They are seen wearing traditional ornaments and accessories along with their dresses. It is thought that it is because the traditional ledgers used in Haal Khata had a red cover with white pages.

Baishakhi meal

In recent times, claiming it to be traditional in Bangladesh, Bengalis eat Panta Bhat or poitabhat, which is a rice-based dish prepared by soaking rice, generally leftovers, in water overnight. It is popularly eaten with Hilsa Fish and other curries.But many argue that it is not an age-old tradition and merely a trend. To stop overfishing and to repopulate the dwindling Hilsa population, around this time, fishing is banned.

Mangal shobhajatra

Baishakhi Rural Fair
It is a fair held by the locals of that area where many different things ranging from books to special dishes are sold. Traditionally, the fair was held under huge Banyan trees and traders from far across the areas would gather with their goods and toys in the fair. Some rides such as Nagordola (wooden Ferris wheel), are set for kids. Different types of traditional foods are sold out in the stalls such as Jilipi, Sandesh, Soan papdi, Batasha (a candy made of sugar or jaggery), Khoi (popped rice), Kadma (a candy made of sugar), and so forth. 'Bioscope', a form of the old movie projector, was also a part of the attraction for the youngsters back in days.

Locality

Bangladesh

The Bengali New Year is observed as a public holiday in Bangladesh. It is celebrated across religious boundaries by its Muslim majority and Hindu minority. According to Willem van Schendel and Henk Schulte Nordholt, the festival became a popular means of expressing cultural pride and heritage among the Bangladeshi as they resisted Pakistani rule in the 1950s and 1960s.

The day is marked with singing, processions, and fairs. Traditionally, businesses start this day with a new ledger, clearing out the old which often involves inviting loyal customers and offering sweetmeats to them. This festival is called Haal Khata. Singers perform traditional songs welcoming the new year. People enjoy classical Jatra plays. People wear festive dress with women desking their hair with flowers. White-red color combinations are particularly popular.

Bangladeshis prepare and enjoy a variety of traditional festive foods on Pohela Boishakh. These include panta bhat (watered rice), ilish bhaji (fried hilsa fish) and many special bhartas (pastes).

In Dhaka

The celebrations start in Dhaka at dawn with a rendition of Rabindranath Tagore's song "Esho he Boishakh" by Chhayanaut under the banyan tree at Ramna (the Ramna Batamul). An integral part of the festivities is the Mangal Shobhajatra, a traditional colourful procession organised by the students of the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka (Charukala). According to the history, the rudimentary step of Mangal Shobhjatra was started in Jessore by Charupith, a community organization, in 1985. Later in 1989 the Faculty of Fine Arts, University of Dhaka arranged this Mangal Shobhajatra with different motifs and themes. Now, the Mangal Shobhajatra is celebrated by different organization in all over the country.

The Dhaka University Mangal Shobhajatra tradition started in 1989 when students used the procession to overcome their frustration with the military rule. They organized the festival to create masks and floats with at least three theme, one highlighting evil, another courage, and a third about peace. It also highlighted the pride of Bangladeshi people for their folk heritage irrespective of religion, creed, caste, gender or age.

In recent years, the procession has a different theme relevant to the country's culture and politics every year. Different cultural organizations and bands also perform on this occasion and fairs celebrating culture are organized throughout the country. Other traditional events held to celebrate Pohela Boishakh include bull racing in Munshiganj, Boli Khela (wrestling) in Chittagong, Nouka Baich (boat racing), cockfights, pigeon racing.

In Chittagong
Pohela Boishakh celebrations in Chittagong involves similar traditions of that in Dhaka. The students of the fine arts institute of Chittagong University brings the Mangal Shobhajatra procession in the city, followed by daylong cultural activities.

At DC hill & CRB, a range of cultural programmes are held by different socio-cultural and educational organisations of the city. The Shammilito Pohela Boishakh Udjapon Parishad holds a two-day function at the hill premises to observe the festival, starting with Rabindra Sangeet recitations in the morning. In the late afternoon, through evening, Chaitra Sangkranti programme is held to bid farewell to the previous year.

At the Chittagong Shilpakala Academy, different folk cultures, music, dances, puppet shows are displayed.

India

Bengalis have historically celebrated Pohela Boishakh, and it is an official regional holiday in its states of West Bengal and Tripura. The day is also called Nabo Barsho.

West Bengal
Poila Boisakh has been the traditional New Year festival in the state, with the new year referred to as the Noboborsho. The festival falls on 14 or 15 April, as West Bengal follows its traditional Bengali calendar, which adjusts for solar cycle differently than the one used in Bangladesh where the festival falls on 14 April.

Notable events of West Bengal include the early morning cultural processions called Prabhat Pheri. These processions see dance troupes and children dressed up with floats, displaying their performance arts to songs of Rabindranath Tagore.

Tripura and Northeast India
Pohela Boishakh is a state holiday in Tripura. People wear new clothes and start the day by praying at the temples for a prosperous year. The day marks the traditional accounting new year for merchants. Festive foods such as confectionery and sweets are purchased and distributed as gifts to friends and family members.

The festival is also observed by the Bengali communities in other eastern states such as Assam and other parts of India.

Celebration in other countries

Bangladesh Heritage and Ethnic Society of Alberta in Canada celebrates its Heritage Festival (Bengali New Year) in a colorful manner along with other organizations. Bengali people in Calgary celebrate the day with traditional food, dress, and with Bengali culture. The Bangabandhu Council of Australia also hosts a Pohela Boishakh event at the Sydney Olympic Park.

See also
 Bengali culture
 Bengali Renaissance
 List of festivals in Bangladesh
 Culture of Bangladesh
 Festivals of West Bengal
 Pahela Falgun
 Haal Khata
 Bangal

Gallery

References

External links

 Pohela Boishakh 1425
 Modern Times in Bangladesh, H.W. van Schendel (2001)
 Pahela Baishakh Pahela Baishakh Utsab
 Shehab Uddin Pohela Boishakh photographs, State Library of Queensland. Photographs of Pohela Boishakh celebrations in Brisbane 28 May 2022.

Annual events in Bangladesh
April observances
Bangladeshi culture
Cultural festivals in Bangladesh
Culture of West Bengal
Festivals in West Bengal
Festivals in Assam
Festivals of Bangladeshi culture
Events in Bangladesh
Folk festivals in Bangladesh
Food and drink festivals in Bangladesh
Harvest festivals
Festivals in India
New Year in India
New Year celebrations
Public holidays in Bangladesh

Pohela Boishakh


Olympic Hockey Centre (Olympisches Hockeyzentrum) steht für folgende Wettkampfstätten:

 Olympic Hockey Centre in Athen (Olympische Spiele 2004), siehe Elliniko Olympic Complex #Olympic Hockey Centre
 Lee Valley Hockey Centre in London (Olympische Spiele 2012), siehe Riverbank Arena
 Centro Nacional de Hóquei Sobre Grama in Rio de Janeiro (Olympische Spiele 2016), siehe Olympiapark Deodoro #Centro Nacional de Hóquei Sobre Grama

Olympic Hockey Centre


An Fimbristylis borbonica in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Fimbristylis borbonica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Fimbristylis, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha R�union. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Fimbristylis

Fimbristylis borbonica


La Sociedad Europea de Física (en inglés, European Physical Society, EPS) es una organización sin ánimo de lucro cuyo propósito es promover la física y la labor de los físicos en Europa. Fue creada en 1968, y entre sus miembros se incluyen las sociedades nacionales de física de 41 países, y unos 3200 miembros individuales. La Sociedad Alemana de Física, la mayor organización de físicos en el mundo, es un miembro importante.

Una de sus principales actividades es la organización de conferencias internacionales. Su revista es Europhysics Letters; entre sus otras publicaciones se incluyen Europhysics News y la European Journal of Physics. Está organizada en 11 divisiones y 7 grupos.

Premios
La EPS otorga diversos premios, incluyendo el Premio EPS Europhysics. y el Premio Lisa Meitner.

Conferencias patrocinadas
La EPS organiza periódicamente las Europhysics Conferences sobre distintos campos de la física y, además, patrocina otros eventos (Sponsored Conferences) organizados por otras organizaciones afines, como la Conferencia Internacional de Estudiantes de Física en 2011.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 http://www.eps.org/ Sitio oficial de la European Physical Society

Organizaciones fundadas en 1968
Sociedades de Física
Suiza en 1968
Instituciones y organismos con sede en Ginebra

Sociedad Europea de Física


Benito Ramón Hermida Maldonado, né le  à Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle et mort le  à Madrid, est un jurisconsulte espagnol.

Ministre de la Paix et de la Justice de 1808 à 1810, il est le président provisoire des Cortes de Cadix lors de leur session constitutive du 24 septembre 1810.

Biographie

Il exerce comme juge criminel de la chancellerie de Grenade en 1768 et devient en 1786 le Président de l'audience de Séville. Conseiller de Castille et conseiller à la chambre du roi (1799), il participe à la défense de Saragosse contre les Français, par ses conseils et parvient à faire repousser la domination de Joseph Bonaparte.

Il est aussi connu pour l'invention d'une batterie flottante utile pour le transport et la manœuvre à laquelle deux hommes sont suffisants.

Publications

 Pensamiento militares de un paesano, Séville, 1809
 Exposé des Cortès, gouvernement et constitution du royaume de Navarre, Cadix, 1811
 Traduction du Paradis perdu de John Milton, Madrid, 2 vol, 1814

Notes et références

Liens externes

Personnalité politique espagnole du XIXe siècle
Naissance en octobre 1736
Naissance à Saint-Jacques-de-Compostelle
Décès en février 1814
Décès à Madrid
Décès à 77 ans

Benito Ramón Hermida Maldonado


Alexander Pope (21 Mayıs 1688 - 30 Mayıs 1744), 18'inci yüzyılın başlarındaki en büyük İngiliz şair olarak görülmektedir. Hicivli dizeleriyle ve Homer'i tercümesi ile tanınmıştı. Kahramanlık beyitleri üstüne bir uzmandı. En önemli eserleri 'Essay on Man' (Tanrının her şeyi bildiğini, onun zalim olarak görülmemesi gerektiğini anlatır) ve 'Essay on Criticism'dir. (Kötü eleştirinin kötü eserlerden daha zararlı olduğunu anlatır). Küçük yaşta tüberküloz hastalığına yakalandı ve çok acılar çekti. Bu yüzden ömür boyu kısa kaldı ve hiç evlenmedi.

 (1709) Pastorals
 (1711) An Essay on Criticism (Tenkit userine bir deneme)
 (1712) The Rape of the Lock (Saçın kâkülüne tecavüz)
 (1713) Windsor Forest (Vinsor ormanı)
 (1715-1720) Homeros'in İlyada destanının İngilizce'ye tercümesi
 (1717) Eloisa to Abelard
 (1717) Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady (Talihsiz bir kadının hatırasına mersiye)
 (1725-1726) Homeros'in Odysseia destanının İngilizce'ye tercümesi
 (1728) The Dunciad (Aptalların savaşı)
 (1727) Peri Bathous, Or the Art of Sinking in Poetry (Peri Bathus veya şiirin batırılma sanatı)
 (1734) Essay on Man (İnsan üzerine bir deneme)
 (1735) The Prologue to the Satires (Hicivlere bir giriş)

1688 doğumlular
1744 yılında ölenler
İngiliz şairler
Deistler
İngiliz vejetaryenler
Roma Katolik şairler
Birleşik Krallık'ta veremden ölenler
Hristiyan yazarlar
18. yüzyıl şairleri
17. yüzyıl şairleri
18. yüzyılda İngilizler
18. yüzyıl İngiliz erkek yazarlar
18. yüzyıl İngiliz yazarları
Roma Katolik yazarlar

Alexander Pope


Santa Croce e Purgatorio al Mercato je crkva u središtu trga Piazza Mercato u Napulju, Italija.

Na ovom mjestu postoji vjerski objekt od 13. stoljeća kada je Konradinu Švapskom odrubljena glava po naredbi Karla I. Anžuvinskog, 29. listopada 1268. godine. Na porfirnom stupu na tom mjestu pisalo je: Asturis ungue, leo pullum rapiens aquilinum; hic deplumavit acephalumque dedit što slobodno prevodi: Na vrhu Asture, lav je zgrabio orla, ovdje bez perja, dao mu je glavu . Ovdje se spominje hvatanje Konradina (orao) od strane Anžuvinca (Lava) kod Torre Astura, i kasnije odrubljivanje glave ovdje bez časti.

Godine 1786. rekonstruirao ju je Francesco Sicuro, a ponovno 1781. nakon požara koji je uništio trg i crkvu. Crkva je stradala u potresu 1980. godine i od tada je zatvorena. Izvorno su u crkvi bile slike Luce Giordana, ali su one prenesene u Museo Civico di Castel Nuovo.

Bibliografija

 Vincenzo Regina, Le chiese di Napoli. Viaggio indimenticabile attraverso la storia artistica, architettonica, letteraria, civile e spirituale della Napoli sacra, urednik Newton e Compton, Napulj, 2004.

Vanjske poveznice

Barokne građevine u Napulju

Santa Croce i Purgatorio al Mercato


Higher Than Heaven é o quinto álbum de estúdio da cantora e compositora inglesa Ellie Goulding, lançado em 7 de abril de 2023, através da Polydor Records. Higher Than Heaven gerou dois singles: "Easy Lover", lançado em 13 de julho de 2022, e "Let It Die", lançado em 19 de outubro de 2022.

Lista de faixas

Álbuns de 2023
Álbuns de Ellie Goulding
Álbuns lançados pela Polydor Records
Álbuns em língua inglesa

Higher Than Heaven


A disk array is a disk storage system which contains multiple disk drives.  It is differentiated from a disk enclosure, in that an array has cache memory and advanced functionality, like RAID, deduplication, encryption and virtualization.

Components of a disk array include:

 Disk array controllers
 Cache in form of both volatile random-access memory and non-volatile flash memory.
 Disk enclosures for both magnetic rotational hard disk drives and electronic solid-state drives.
 Power supplies
Typically a disk array provides increased availability, resiliency, and maintainability by using additional redundant components (controllers, power supplies, fans, etc.), often up to the point where all single points of failure (SPOFs) are eliminated from the design. Additionally, disk array components are often hot-swappable.

Traditionally disk arrays were divided into categories:

 Network attached storage (NAS) arrays
 Storage area network (SAN) arrays:
 Modular SAN arrays
 Monolithic SAN arrays
 Utility Storage Arrays
 Storage virtualization

Primary vendors of storage systems include Coraid, Inc., DataDirect Networks, Dell EMC, Fujitsu, Hewlett Packard Enterprise, Hitachi Data Systems, Huawei, IBM, Infortrend, NetApp, Oracle Corporation, Panasas, Pure Storage and other companies that often act as OEM for the above vendors and do not themselves market the storage components they manufacture.

References

Computer data storage
Fault-tolerant computer systems
RAID

Disk array


Kup Hrvatske u hokeju na travi za muškarce za 2020. godinu, odnosno ua sezonu 2019./20., je treći put zaredom osvojila "Zelina" iz Svetog Ivana Zeline. Kao posljedica pandemije COVID-19 u svijetu i Hrvatskoj, natjecanje je odigrano u rujnu 2020. godine, odnosno početkom sezone 2020./21.

Sudionici
 Concordia 1906 - Zagreb
 Jedinstvo - Zagreb
 Marathon - Zagreb
 Mladost - Zagreb
 Trešnjevka - Zagreb
 Zelina - Sveti Ivan Zelina
 Zrinjevac - Zagreb

Rezultati

Povezani članci
 Kup Hrvatske u hokeju na travi za muške
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2019./20.
 Kup Hrvatske u dvoranskom hokeju 2019.

Vanjske poveznice
 hhs-chf.hr, Hrvatski hokejski savez
 hhs-chf.hr, Kup Hrvatske za seniore i seniorke

Izvori

 drive.google.com HHS Dowload zone - Jesen 2020/2021, pristupljeno 7. prosinca 2021.
 hhs-chf.hr, Zelina osvojila Kup Hrvatske za 2020. godinu, objavljeno 29. rujna 2020., pristupljeno 7. prosinca 2021.

2020

Kup Hrvatske u hokeju na travi za muškarce 2019./20.


Dmitri Yevgenyevich Sychev (; born 26 October 1983) is a former Russian association footballer who played as a forward or as a midfielder. He was hailed by the international press as "The Russian Michael Owen", because of his pace, and was dubbed "the most sensational young Russian forward since Vladimir Beschastnykh". He was well known for his blinding pace and agility.

Early life
Sychev was born in Omsk, a city in south-central Russia. He spent his formative years at St. Petersburg's famous Smena football academy before joining FC Spartak Tambov, a second division club. At that time he played as a midfielder.

Club career

Spartak Moscow and Marseille
After having trials at clubs in FC Nantes and FC Metz, Sychev was picked up by FC Spartak Moscow in January 2002, where he scored eight goals in his first 12 matches, and it was during that time when he was transformed into a striker. With Spartak he reached the final of the 2002 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup. He scored 6 goals and finished second on the top scorer list, after coming in as a substitute in every match he played. He entered the symbolic top players list of the tournament.

In August 2002, Sychev announced he was quitting Spartak, by giving his employers three months' notice. Having already signed a five-year contract with the Russian club he was banned from football for four months by the Russian Professional Football League (RPFL).

After finishing this suspension, Sychev signed a five-year contract with Olympique de Marseille, rejecting an offer from FC Dynamo Kyiv. He was used as a midfielder, both left and right, but was usually a substitute during his time in France.

Lokomotiv Moscow

In January 2004, Sychev returned to Russia to join FC Lokomotiv Moscow on a four-year contract, where he scored twice on the opening day of the season. He went on to claim the Russian Footballer of the Year award in his first season back in the Russian Premier League. With the club, he won the 2004 Russian Premier League, the 2005 Russian Super Cup, the 2005 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup and 2007 Russian Cup. Sychev played mostly as a striker, except the period when Lokomotiv was coached by Anatoliy Byshovets and Rashid Rakhimov respectively. During those times, he was mainly employed as a midfielder. Sychev started playing again in his natural position with the appointment of Yury Syomin. In 2009, he was voted by Lokomotiv fans as the player of the season. In the 2012–13 season, under manager Slaven Bilić, Sychev lost his place in the line-up (only four games in the first half of season, including the national cup).

Loan spells
In March 2013, Sychev moved to FC Dinamo Minsk on loan until July of the same year.

In July 2013, after returning from Dinamo Minsk, Sychev moved to fellow Russian Premier League side FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod on a year-long loan deal. Sychev featured in 16 league games for Volga, failing to score in any of them, and returned to Lokomotiv Moscow at the end of the season following Volga's relegation to the Russian National Football League.

On 16 March 2015, Sychev moved to FC Okzhetpes on a season-long loan deal.

Pyunik
After over a year away from football, Sychev signed for FC Pyunik on 31 August 2019. On 6 December 2019, Sychev left Pyunik by mutual consent having failed to make a first team appearance for the club. On 10 December 2019, he announced his retirement from playing.

International career

Sychev was selected to play for the Russian national team at the 2002 FIFA World Cup, where he became the youngest player to appear for the Soviet Union or Russia at 18 years and 222 days. In the event, he scored a goal and set up other three in an otherwise disappointing Russian campaign. This goal made him the fourth youngest goalscorer in the FIFA World Cup.

Sychev was called up to Russia's squad for UEFA Euro 2008 in Austria and Switzerland. Despite playing as a striker at Lokomotiv Moscow, during Guus Hiddink's stint with the Russian national team, he was used as a midfielder. He won his last cap in 2010.

Personal life
Besides football, Sychev is a fan of ice hockey and his hometown team Avangard Omsk. He also likes tennis and billiards. Outside of sports, he plays the guitar and was seen rapping at the MTV Russia Music Awards ceremony in Moscow with national teammate Diniyar Bilyaletdinov.

Aside from his native Russian, Sychev also speaks English, French, and plans to learn more.

In 2007, Sychev received a degree from the Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism.

Sychev was in Danila Kozlovsky's directorial debut Coach which was released in 2018. Sychev portrayed Dodin, the player who scored the winning goal for his team.

Career statistics

Club

International

Statistics accurate as of match played 11 August 2010

International goals
Statistics accurate as of match played 23 May 2008

Honours

Club
Lokomotiv Moscow
 Russian Premier League: 2004
 Russian Cup: 2006–07
 Russian Super Cup: 2005
 Commonwealth of Independent States Cup: 2005

International
 UEFA European Football Championship Bronze medal: 2008

Individual
Lokomotiv Moscow
 Footballer of the Year in Russia (Sport-Express): 2004
 Footballer of the Year in Russia (Futbol): 2004

Notes

References

External links

 Player profile

1983 births
Living people
Footballers from Omsk
Russian men's footballers
Men's association football forwards
Men's association football midfielders
Russia men's youth international footballers
Russia men's under-21 international footballers
Russia men's international footballers
2002 FIFA World Cup players
UEFA Euro 2004 players
UEFA Euro 2008 players
Russian expatriate men's footballers
Expatriate men's footballers in France
Expatriate men's footballers in Belarus
Expatriate men's footballers in Kazakhstan
Russian Premier League players
Ligue 1 players
FC Spartak Tambov players
FC Spartak Moscow players
Olympique de Marseille players
FC Lokomotiv Moscow players
FC Dinamo Minsk players
FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players
FC Okzhetpes players
Russian State University of Physical Education, Sport, Youth and Tourism alumni
Russian podcasters

Dmitri Sychev


The West End is a neighbourhood in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, located between the Coal Harbour neighbourhood and the financial and central business districts of Downtown Vancouver to the east, Stanley Park to the northwest, the English Bay to the west, and Kitsilano to the southwest across the False Creek opening.

The West End is not to be confused with the West Side (which denotes the western half of the non-downtown part of Vancouver city to the south) or West Vancouver ("West Van"), a separate municipality (conversely, and to the confusion of some, "East Van", "the East End", and "the East Side" all denote East Vancouver).

The definition of the "official neighbourhood" of the West End, according to the city, is the area west of Burrard Street, east of Lost Lagoon, and south of West Georgia Street. Historically the term originated and remains used by Vancouverites to refer to everything from Burrard Street to Stanley Park, including the Stanley Park Neighbourhood west of Denman Street and the Coal Harbour Neighbourhood. Coal Harbour Neighbourhood is officially designated as west of Burrard and to the north of West Georgia, although the newly built areas between West Pender Street and the waterfront are expressly "Coal Harbour" and not considered part of the West End.

History
Like all of Vancouver, the West End was originally a forested wilderness. The area was purchased in 1862 by John Morton, Samuel Brighouse, and William Hailstone, three men known as the "Three Greenhorn Englishmen", or just the "Three Greenhorns", a nickname they earned from others who thought they were buying a massive plot of wild land at an inflated price. The men had plans to establish a brickworks on the shore of Coal Harbour, and their land claim was originally staked with the hopeful intent of mining for porcelain clays, but the grade of clay was not fine enough for that use. When those plans failed (a lack of transportation being a key factor) they sold a good portion of the area, by then known as the Brickmaker's Claim, to Victoria investors who in turn tried to promote its development as New Liverpool. The only thing that happened with that scheme was a subdivision plan registered with the Land Titles office in New Westminster. Another name used for the property was the Brighouse Estate (Brighouse as a name came to refer to a particular part of Richmond, where "Greenhorn" J. Morton also owned property). One of the partners, observant that brick was a valuable building commodity despite the abundance of timber in the region, moved the brick-clay operations to Sumas Mountain, establishing the community of Clayburn, now a neighbourhood of Abbotsford.

Later, with the arrival of the Canadian Pacific Railway, with its terminus at nearby Coal Harbour, the West End became Vancouver's first upscale neighbourhood, home to the richest railroad families. Many of these families lived along Georgia Street, known at that time as "Blue Blood Alley" for all the posh mansions built there. Later mansions (including the Davie mansion) were built in then remoter areas of the West End as the financial district's land values displaced the high-toned residences. This role was ultimately dropped with the increasing vogue for the upscale Shaughnessy neighbourhood, and as middle-class housing of various kinds began to fill out the West End. As the city grew, the West End became a transitory place for new arrivals from elsewhere in Canada, the United Kingdom, and later for immigrants from other countries, establishing a tradition of diversity. Following World War II, a significant German commercial community emerged along Robson Street, giving birth to the nickname Robsonstrasse, a name still occasionally used in marketing despite the loss of its original meaning.

Sex work displacement
West End residents have been very active in shaping their neighbourhood and maintaining its liveability. In the 1970s, residents banded together to calm traffic that was using the neighbourhood as a shortcut between downtown Vancouver and the suburbs of the North Shore, across the Lions' Gate Bridge. They also staged a successful, yet destructive "Shame the Johns" campaign to rid the West End of the sex work that was then visible in the neighbourhood. This campaign was formed by a group of politicians called the Concerned Residents of the West End (CROWE), prominently containing cisgender white gay men, who aided in the formation of a 1984 injunction granted by then-B.C. Supreme Court Justice Allan McEachern. This injunction banned sex workers from working west of Granville Street, which forcibly displaced them away from the relative safety and community support of Davie Street. Following this, they were forced into Yaletown, then Mount Pleasant, where they were repeatedly protested by "Shame the Johns vigilantes", down East Broadway, and eventually into the Downtown Eastside, where already vulnerable sex workers are more open to violence and abuse than ever before. These displacements were a worsened repetition of the early erasers that happened on Dupont and Alexander Street. Further, this displacement largely targeted transgender, two-spirit and First Nations women, replicated the colonial practices and dispossession of land from the Musqueam, Burrard, and Squamish First Nations.

Demographics

The West End is bordered by downtown on the one side, Stanley Park on the other and by water on two. The West End is home to a mixed population, old and young, of Canadians, immigrants and international transient residents. Like other downtown neighbourhoods, the West End is very densely populated. It is adjacent to the downtown core business and financial districts, with traffic calmed streets punctuated by concrete islands, sidewalk barricades, and mini-parks and many residential heritage buildings including The Manhattan, The Beaconsfield, The Beverly and The Queen Charlotte.

Close to 45,000 people of all ages, incomes, ethnicities, and sexual orientations live in the West End. The age group of 20–39 years consistently ranks the largest at 48%, followed by 40-64 at 34%, 65+ at 13% and under 19 at 6%. Containing 7.4% of the City's population, the West End welcomed 14% of new Vancouverites between 2001 and 2006. The West End is also home to Western Canada's largest LGBTQ community. Vancouver's gay village, called Davie Village, is centred primarily on Davie Street between Burrard and Bute.

The share of single-parent families in the West End is about 12%, compared to 17% for the City of Vancouver. Statistics also show that the West End is home to many children — the downtown peninsula now has more children than traditional family neighbourhoods such as West Point Grey or Kerrisdale. Lord Roberts Annex offers kindergarten to grade 3. The student population of Lord Roberts Elementary School (k-grade 7) represents 43 countries and 37 languages. King George Secondary School (grades 8-12) celebrated 100 years in 2014.

Amenities
The West End is particularly famous among visitors for Robson Street. It was historically known as the Robsonstrasse, for the postwar period when it was a hub for immigrants from Germany, and was home to owner operated boutiques, schnitzel houses and other bistro-style dining establishments until the 1980s when the transition to the current fashionable shopping and dining area stretching from Burrard Street to Jervis Street, began. Many restaurants and shops can also be found along Denman Street closer to Stanley Park, and Davie Street between Burrard and Jervis streets.

Numerous parks and beaches can be found throughout the West End including Alexandra Park, Cardero Park, Nelson Park, Stanley Park and Sunset Beach. These parks range in size from 0.22 hectares (Morton Park) to over 406 hectare (Stanley Park). A portion of the Stanley Park Seawall promenade runs along the waterfront from Burrard Bridge to Ceperly Park.

The area is also known for English Bay Beach, a large park on English Bay which is thronged during the annual Celebration of Light fireworks display each year mid-summer. St. Paul's Hospital, one of Vancouver's largest and oldest health facilities, sits at the neighbourhood's eastern edge on Burrard Street.

Community Centres in the West End include the Vancouver Aquatic Centre, West End Community Centre, Coal Harbour Community Centre and Barclay Manor. Depending on the centre, they offer swimming pools, gyms, fitness centres and an ice rink, as well as many meeting and all-purpose rooms for rent.

Accolade
On November 4, 2015, the Canadian Institute of Planners announced winners of its fifth annual Great Places in Canada contest. A jury of seven professional planners named the West End as the Great Neighbourhood. Juror Jaspal Marwah MCIP, RPP stated that "the West End makes it easy, safe and inviting for residents to walk and bike to work, to access thriving local businesses and to explore Vancouver's beaches, trails and Stanley Park. Transit access, traffic calming, street furniture, treed promenades, pocket parks and public spaces reflect a thoughtful approach to place-making. Home to the city's LGBTQ community, the West End's density is evenly matched by its diversity of residents, and by a strong commitment to creating an inclusive community that prioritizes affordable housing.

See also

Davie Village
The West End Journal

Notes

References

External links

Census Data on the West End
Historical article at City Website
 The Growing Pains of Vancouver - Internet radio documentary discussing the West End from 12'45" till 19'03".

Neighbourhoods in Vancouver
1862 establishments in the British Empire

West End, Vancouver


بيكوات هي قبيلة أمريكية أصلية تعيش في ولاية كونيتيكت الأمريكية. أفراد البيكوات الحديثون وذريتهم هم أعضاء في قبيلة ماشانتوكيت بيكوات المعترف بها اتحاديا، وأربع مجموعات أخرى معترف بها في ولاية كونيتيكت، وهنود براذرتاون في ويسكونسن. كانوا يتحدثون لغة بيكوات، وهي لهجة من لغة موهيجان-بيكوت التي انقرضت في أوائل القرن العشرين، على أن هناك جهودا جارية لإحيائها.

وكانت قبيلتا بيكوات وموهيجان سابقا مجموعة واحدة، ولكن انقسم الموهيجان في القرن السابع عشر عندما سيطر البيكوات على أغلب أراضي كونيتيكت الحالية. أدت التوترات المتصاعدة مع مستعمرات نيو إنغلاند إلى اندلاع حرب بيكوات بين عامي 1634-1638، ما أدى إلى تراجع عدد السكان البيكوات ونفوذهم؛ حيث قتل العديد من أفرادها أو تم استعبادهم أو تشتتوا. ظلت أعداد صغيرة من أفرادها في كونيتيكت، وتم تخصيص محميتين لهم، وأحدها في ماشانتوكيت عام 1666 وعلى نهر باوكاتوك في عام 1683؛ وعاش آخرون في مناطق أخرى ومع قبائل أخرى. في القرن الثامن عشر، انضم بعض المسيحيين من البيكوات مع أفراد عدة قبائل أخرى ليشكلوا هنود براذرتاون. ثم انتقلوا إلى غرب نيويورك في القرن التاسع عشر ثم إلى ولاية ويسكونسن.

انضمت معها قبيلة ماشانتوكيت في عام 1975 لتشكل قبيلة ماشانتوكيت بيكوات، والتي نالت اعترافا فيدراليا في عام 1983 كجزء من تسوية لمطالباتهم بالأراضي. في عام 1986 أنشأوا منتجع وكازينو فوكسوودس، وهو أحد أنجح الكازينوهات الهندية في البلاد. شكل أفراد اقبيلة على نهر بوكاتوك أمة بيكوات الشرقية القبلية، والتي تعترف بها ولاية كونيتيكت ولكن ليس معترف بها فدراليا. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، فإن أحفاد بيكوت مسجلون في قبيلة موهيجان المعترف بها فدراليا، وكذلك الأمة القبلية شغتيكيوك وأمة غولدن هيل بوغوسيت الهندية في كونيتيكت، وهنود براذرتاون في ولاية ويسكونسن، والتي تحظى أيضا باعتراف الولاية.

مراجع

بيكوات
أمريكيون أصليون
شعوب ألجونقويان
قبائل أمريكية أصلية في كونيتيكت
مجموعات عرقية في الولايات المتحدة

بيكوات


William James Farrer (3 April 184516 April 1906) was a leading English Australian agronomist and plant breeder. Farrer is best remembered as the originator of the "Federation" strain of wheat, distributed in 1903. His work resulted in significant improvements in both the quality and crop yields of Australia's national wheat harvest, a contribution for which he earned the title 'father of the Australian wheat industry'.

Early years

Farrer was born on 3 April 1845 in the town of Docker, Westmorland in the English north west (now Cumbria). The son of Thomas Farrer, a tenant farmer, and his wife Sarah William, William Farrer was selected for a scholarship at Christ's Hospital, London where he was awarded a gold and silver medal for mathematics and soon earned a scholarship to Pembroke College where, after earning a B.A. at Pembroke College, Cambridge in 1868, Farrer emigrated to Australia in 1870. A sufferer of tuberculosis, Farrer hoped to find Australia's drier warmer climate more agreeable to his then delicate medical condition.

Initially, Farrer lived with friends at Parramatta but was later employed as a tutor in Duntroon, then in regional New South Wales (now part of the Australian Capital Territory). In 1873 he published Grass and Sheep-farming A Paper: Speculative and Suggestive which dealt with the suitability of various soils for grasses and the scientific side of sheep-farming. After working as a tutor on George Campbell's sheep station at Duntroon, he qualified as a surveyor in 1875. Farrer worked for the Department of Lands in wheat growing districts of NSW from 1875 to 1886.

In 1882 Farrer married Henrietta Nina, the only daughter of Leopold Fane de Salis, the then Member of Parliament for Queanbeyan, NSW. Four years later De Salis gifted to Nina alone, 97 hectares of land. A farm rather than a station "Lambrigg" (named for Farrer's home district), formerly part of "Cuppacumbalong"", was located on the Murrumbidgee River, near Tharwa in the present day Australian Capital Territory. Farrer's initial attempts at establishing a vineyard were thwarted as the soil proved unsuitable and he turned his attention to wheat cultivation. His goal was to produce a good loaf of bread. He would consider himself a scientific gardener.

Lambrigg experiments

The Wheat leaf rust disease had a major impact on both the quality and yields of wheat harvests throughout the colonies. Farrer applied his scientific knowledge to developing wheat hybrids, initially applying cross-pollination techniques to create rust immune strains of wheat. He readily improvised using hairpins to transfer pollen until he could obtain forceps. His scientific experiments continued over 20 years, and consisted of long days of planting and developing wheat strains. He used Gregor Mendel's methods in his work. Frederick Bickell Guthrie developed small-scale procedures that emulated a flour-mill and bakehouse; Farrer used these to assess the yield from the wheat strains. The results of his experiments are recorded in handwriting notebooks.
To add to his knowledge of other breeders work he corresponded all over the world. He kept up a connection with a French wheat breeder, Henri Vilmorin, who was breeding wheat for dry areas. He also corresponded with plant breeders working in India.

Concurrently, Farrer worked on developing a strain of wheat that could resist bunt or smut-ball, another devastating enemy of wheat.

By selective breeding of varieties such as "Professor Blount's Hybrid No.38, Gypsum", Canadian Fife, Etawah and Purple Straw, Farrer aimed to produce a wheat cultivar that had the best qualities of each. Success in developing a rust-resistant, high-yielding strain greeted him in 1900, when a satisfactory series of wheat was finally obtained – the Federation strain, named after the imminent Federation of Australia. He then developed a series of other strains such as Canberra, Firbank, Cleveland, Pearlie White (named after a child in the neighbourhood who was very interested in his work) and Florence (resistant to flag smut). His successes led Farrer to become a wheat experimentalist with the NSW Department of Agriculture in 1898.

These wheat strains led to a major improvement to Australia's wheat industry within a few years. The Federation strain was released to Australian farmers in 1903 and resulted in a trebling of Australia's wheat harvest over a period of twenty years. Wheat export was to become a world class enterprise.

Death and legacy

Farrer died at his home "Lambrigg" near Tharwa, Australian Capital Territory on 16 April 1906 after suffering a major heart attack, and was buried on his property at dusk the next day.

In 1911 the Farrer Memorial Trust was established in his memory, initially providing scholarships for Agricultural studies. In 1936 the trust commenced awarding a medal for outstanding service to agricultural science. The first recipient of the medal was then Prime Minister of Australia and Tasmanian farmer, Joseph Lyons. A statue of Farrer was erected in Queanbeyan by the Federal government in 1935 and another at Lambrigg in 1938.

A suburb and a primary school in Canberra have been named in his honour. The school's logo is a wheat sheaf and the sports houses are named after his most famous types of wheat. An Australian electoral division has been named after him, and Farrer was also remembered on the reverse of the Australian two-dollar banknote issued in 1966 (now withdrawn). A specialist agricultural high school (Farrer Memorial Agricultural High School, Tamworth NSW) was named in his honour and continues to provide specialist agricultural education. There is also a hall of residence at Monash University named in his honour.

William Farrer is also remembered in Wagga Wagga with the Farrer Hotel and the Farrer Football League (Australian rules football).

References

Additional sources listed by the "Australian Dictionary of Biography":
A. Russell, William James Farrer, a Biography (Melb, 1949); E. J. Donath, William Farrer (Melb, 1970); Lone Hand, Sept 1910, p 419; Department of Agriculture (New South Wales), Science Bulletin, 1922, no 22; RAHSJ, 22 (1936–37), p 406; Australian Institute of Agricultural Science, Journal, 21 (1939), p 208; Records of the Australian Academy of Science, 4 (Nov 1978 – Apr 79), no 1, p 7.

External links

 William Farrer on the Australian $2 note (in circulation between 1966 and 1988)

1845 births
1906 deaths
20th-century Australian farmers
Australian agronomists
People from Westmorland
English emigrants to colonial Australia
Botanists active in Australia
19th-century Australian scientists
Australian horticulturists
Burials in the Australian Capital Territory

William Farrer


Now You See Me er en amerikansk film instrueret af Louis Leterrier. Jesse Eisenberg, Mark Ruffalo, Woody Harrelson, Mélanie Laurent, Isla Fisher, Dave Franco, Common, Michael Caine og Morgan Freeman ses i hovedrollerne.

Filmen havde premiere den 31. maj 2013 i USA. Trods blandede anmeldelser fra kritikerne, blev filmen en kæmpe succes, og efterfølgeren Now You See Me 2 udsendtes 9. juni 2016.

Medvirkende
 Jesse Eisenberg som Michael Atlas
 Mark Ruffalo som Dylan Rhodes
 Woody Harrelson som Merritt Osbourne
 Mélanie Laurent som Alma Vargas
 Isla Fisher som Henley
 Dave Franco som Jack
 Michael Caine som Arthur Tressler
 Morgan Freeman som Thaddeus Bradley
 José Garcia som Etienne Forcier
 Michael Kelly som Agent Fuller
 Common som Evans

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Amerikanske film fra 2013
Thrillerfilm fra USA
Kriminalfilm fra USA
Spionfilm

Now You See Me


Elena Ghiba Birta (n. 1801, Bichiș - d. ianuarie 1864, Pesta) a fost o filantroapă română, importantă protectoare a educației tinerimii românești din zona Aradului.

Biografie

Elena Ghiba Birta s-a născut în Bichiș (Bekes), mama ei fiind născută în Ineu. La doar 10 ani, rămasă orfană de ambii părinți, a plecat să locuiască cu rudele ei din Pâncota. Când s-a măritat, s-a mutat la Arad. După numai câțiva ani, a devenit văduvă, dar și-a păstrat numele Birta, dobândit la căsătorie.

În 1830, a început să lucreze servitoare la un oficiant cameral cu numele Emanuil Gogheru, loc de muncă unde a continuat timp de 33 de ani. La moartea stăpânului, ea a moștenit averea lui, dispunând de circa 150.000 florini austro-ungari.

Decesul
Elena Ghiba Birta a murit în ianuarie 1864, la Pesta, unde era tratată pentru o boală.

Moștenirea
Elena Ghiba Birta și-a scris testamentul cu un an înainte de moarte, testament prin care a făcut diferite donații. Una dintre donații a fost de 48.000 de florini pentru o fundație în numele ei, din care au fost acordate anual 12 burse de merit pentru studenții cu venituri mai mici. Numele ei va fi întotdeauna amintit ca o persoană care a ajutat studenții aflați în imposibilitatea de a plăti pentru studiile lor.

În Arad, vizavi de Colegiul Național "Elena Ghiba Birta", care îi poartă azi numele, se află bustul ei.

Referințe

Legături externe

Nașteri în 1801
Decese în 1864
Filantropi români
Românce din secolul al XIX-lea
Transilvăneni
Arădeni
Decese cauzate de boli

Elena Ghiba Birta


Shin Jong-hun (* 5. Mai 1989 in Seoul) ist ein ehemaliger südkoreanischer Boxer im Halbfliegengewicht.

Karriere
Shin Jong-hun gewann 2009 eine Bronzemedaille bei den Weltmeisterschaften in Mailand, nachdem er erst im Halbfinale gegen Dawid Airapetjan unterlegen war. Bei den Asienspielen 2010 schied er im Viertelfinale gegen Birschan Schaqypow aus.

2011 gewann er die Asienmeisterschaften durch einen Finalsieg gegen Pürewdordschiin Serdamba und startete anschließend bei den Weltmeisterschaften 2011 in Baku, wo er durch Siege gegen Ronald Serugo, Jérémy Beccu, Devendro Singh und Pürewdordschiin Serdamba das Finale erreichte und dort gegen Zhou Shiming verlor. Mit diesem Erfolg war er für die Olympischen Spiele 2012 in London qualifiziert, wo er im Achtelfinale mit 14:15 gegen Alexandar Alexandrow ausschied.

Darüber hinaus gewann er noch die Asienspiele 2014, unter anderem durch Siege gegen Devendro Singh, Mark Barriga und Birschan Schaqypow.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Boxer (Südkorea)
Olympiateilnehmer (Südkorea)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Teilnehmer an den Asienspielen (Südkorea)
Asienspielesieger (Boxen)
Asienmeister (Boxen)
Südkoreaner
Geboren 1989
Mann

Shin Jong-hun


Close Up 97 er en dokumentarfilm fra 1997 instrueret af Sohail A. Hassan efter manuskript af Sohail A. Hassan.

Handling
En præsentionsvideo som oplæg til konkurrencen CLOSE UP 97. Unge i filmmiljøer, deres drømme, hvem er de? Hvad vil de? Klip fra deres produktioner og nøglepersoner i filmmiljøet og deres holdninger til undergrunden.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1997

Close Up 97


Ezeli Hikmet. Kadim Hikmet, Aşkın Hikmet, Ezeli Felsefe, Kadim Felsefe veya Kalıcı Felsefe şeklinde kullanımları da bulunmaktadır. (latince ifadesiyle Sophia Perennis) Kaynağı itibarıyla ilahi olan ve insanlığın başlangıcından bu yana farklı coğrafyalarda yaşayan toplumların din ve/veya geleneklerinde anlatımını bulan evrensel, ebedi, metafizik ilkeleri işaret etmekte kullanılan kavram. Frithjof Shuon'un ifadesiyle Ezeli Hikmet; sürekli var olan ve sürekli varolacak olan "irfan", yani evrensel bilgidir.

Tarihçe
Ezeli Hikmet yorumcularına göre kaynağı tarih üstü olan ezeli hikmetin (sophia perennis/perennial philosophy) terim olarak batı dillerindeki ilk kullanımı gelenekten uzaklaşmanın yoğun olarak yaşandığı rönesans dönemine tekabül etmektedir. Agostino Steuco (1497-1548) tarafından terim De Perenni Philosophia adlı eserinde kullanılmıştır. 17. yüzyıla gelindiğinde terimin 17. yüzyıl filozofu Leibniz'da kullandığını görmekteyiz.

İslam dünyasında bu terimin karşılığı olarak kullanılan "el-Hikmetü'l-halide"nin Farsça'daki karşılığı Câvidan Hırad (Ezeli akıl)`ı bu adla bir eser vermiş olan İbn Miskeveyh (ö. 421/1030) kullanmıştır. İbn Miskeveyh terimi, devirden devire, ulustan ulusa değişmeyen, tarih ötesi bir hakikat; kendini çağlar boyu çeşitli kültür havzalarında daima tezahür ettiren bir hikmete işaret etmekte kullanmıştır.

Yirminci yüzyıla gelindiğinde Aldous Huxley kelimeye popülerlik kazandırmış ancak kelimenin metafizik uzantılarını eserlerinde derinliğine işleyen yazarlar René Guénon, Frithjof Schuon, Ananda Coomaraswamy, ve Seyyid Hüseyin Nasr gibi metafizikçiler olmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Tradisyonalizm
 Perennial Felsefe

Türkçedeki kaynakça
 Aldoux Huxley, Kalıcı Felsefe, İnsan Yayınları, 2004
 Kutluer,İlhan, İslam'ın Klasik Çağında Felsefe Tasavvuru, İz. Yayıncılık. İstanbul 1996.
 Nasr,Seyyid Hüseyin, Bir Kutsal Bilim İhtiyacı, İnsan Yay.İst.1995.
 Nasr,Seyyid Hüseyin, Bilgi ve Kutsal, İz Yayınclık, İstanbul, 1999.
 Schuon,Frithjof, Varlık,Bilgi ve Din, İnsan Yayınları İst. 1997.
 Schuon,Frithjof, İslam ve Ezeli Hikmet, İz Yayıncılık, İst.1998.
 Yılmaz,Hüseyin, Ezeli Hikmet ve Dinler,İnsan Yay. İstanbul 2003.

Dış bağlantılar
 Ezeli Hikmet
 ezeli hikmet ve din
 Dini Sınırları Aşmak
 Halidi Hikmet
 Defining Without Confining
 Paths to Transcendence
 Sophia Perennis
 Religio Perennis
 Regnabit
 Wikipedia
 Wisdom Books
 Tradisyonalizm

Metafizik
Mistisizm
Felsefi kavramlar
Tradisyonalizm

Ezeli Hikmet


Kar kazı (Anser caerulescens), ördekgiller familyasında Kuzey Kutup Bölgesi ve yakınlarında üreyen bir kaz türü.

Erişkinlerin genellikle bacakları ve gagası pembe, tüyleri yalnız kanat uçlarında siyah, öbür bölümlerinde beyazdır. Ama Anser caerulescens caerulescens alt türünde başı ve boynunun üst bölümleri beyaz, öbür bölümleri boz ve siyahımsı tüylerle kaplı olan bireylere rastlanır.

Kar kazları kışın Japonya ve ABD'nin doğu kıyılarına göç eder.

Galeri

Notlar

Dış bağlantılar

Anserinae
Kazlar
Carl Linnaeus tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Kar kazı


Michelle Butler-Emmett (* 4. März 1983 in Durban) ist eine südafrikanische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Michelle Butler-Emmett gewann 2011 die Damendoppelkonkurrenz bei den Namibia International gemeinsam mit Stacey Doubell. Dort siegten sie im Finale gegen Hadia Hosny und Rajae Rochdy mit 21-14 und 21-9. Bei den Badminton-Afrikameisterschaften 2012 gewannen beide Bronze im Doppel. Mit dem südafrikanischen Team konnte Butler-Emmett bei derselben Veranstaltung den Mannschaftstitel gewinnen.

Weblinks

https://results.gc2018.com/en/badminton/athlete-profile-n6006544-michelle-butler-emmett.htm

Badmintonspieler (Südafrika)
Teilnehmer an den Commonwealth Games (Südafrika)
Afrikameister (Badminton)
Teilnehmer an den Afrikaspielen (Südafrika)
Südafrikanischer Meister (Badminton)
Südafrikaner
Geboren 1983
Frau

Michelle Butler-Emmett


NGC 196 sau HCG 7B este o galaxie lenticulară situată în constelația Balena, membră a grupului NGC 192 (care include galaxiile NGC 173, NGC 196, NGC 197, NGC 201, NGC 237) și a grupului HCG 7 (care include galaxiile NGC 196, NGC 197, NGC 201). A fost descoperită în 28 decembrie 1790 de către William Herschel. De asemena, a fost observată încă o dată în 24 noiembrie 1827 de către John Herschel și în anul 1852 de către George Bond.

Note

Vezi și
 NGC 195
 NGC 197

Legături externe
 NGC 196 pe spider.seds.org
 NGC 196 pe WikiSky

Galaxii lenticulare
Obiecte NGC
Constelația Balena
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1790
Obiecte astronomice descoperite de William Herschel

NGC 196


يانوح هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء جبيل في محافظة جبل لبنان.

موقعها الجغرافي
تقع على علو 1200م فوق سطح البحر. تقع على منحدرات جبل جبة المنيطرة، خمسة كيلومترات شرق مدينة قرطبة على الضفة اليمنى لمجر نهر أدونيس، والمعرف اليو باسم نهر إبراهيم.

تاريخها
يقع في يانوح أثار «تل الخرايب» الذي يعود إلى القرن الثالث ماقبل الميلاد ويدل على وجود قرية قطرها 150 متر محاطة بسور دفاعي ومساحة سكنية تمتد صوب الجنوب. ويوجد حل التل مدافن تحت الأرض يحيطها حيطان مبنية بطوب متوازي الأضلاع. وتدل الأثار أن المنطقة كانت زراعية نشطة ما بين القرن الثالث عشر ما قبل الميلاد والقرن الرابع ما قبل الميلاد. كما وجدت أقدم الأثار الأرامية في لبنان على حجر محفور مكتوي عليه بالأرامية: «بيت الله» وعود لسنة 110 ق.م. شيد الرومان في يانوح معبد ديانا. وتم تدميره في الخقبة البيزنطية. ثم بنيت كنيسة مسيحية في القرن السابع م. ثم تحول المبنى إلى منسك. إزدهرت القرية أيام الأمويين، وخسرت بريقها أيام العباسيين. واشتوطنها الصليبيون فوصل عدد سكانخا إلى 3300 نسمة. وتوسعت المدينة سكنيا وزراعيا كما شيد كنيسة أضيفت للمنسك مما دفع البطريرك يوحنا عام 938 م. لجعلها المركز البطريركي. وسميت المكان باسم العذراء أنوش. وبعد المماليك، انتقل المركز البطريركي إلى ميفوق. في القرن الخامس عشر ميلادي، استوطنها الشيعة. ثم تركها أهلها إثر معارك القيسين واليزبكين لذلك تسميها الكنيسة باسم «الصحراء».

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قضاء جبيل
أماكن مأهولة في لبنان
الكنيسة الأنطاكية السريانية المارونية
تجمعات مارونية في لبنان
مدن لبنان

يانوح