Email spam, also referred to as junk email, spam mail, or simply spam, is unsolicited messages sent in bulk by email (spamming). The name comes from a Monty Python sketch in which the name of the canned pork product Spam is ubiquitous, unavoidable, and repetitive. Email spam has steadily grown since the early 1990s, and by 2014 was estimated to account for around 90% of total email traffic.

Since the expense of the spam is borne mostly by the recipient, it is effectively postage due advertising. Thus, it is an example of a negative externality.

The legal definition and status of spam varies from one jurisdiction to another, but nowhere have laws and lawsuits been particularly successful in stemming spam.

Most email spam messages are commercial in nature. Whether commercial or not, many are not only annoying as a form of attention theft, but also dangerous because they may contain links that lead to phishing web sites or sites that are hosting malware or include malware as file attachments.

Spammers collect email addresses from chat rooms, websites, customer lists, newsgroups, and viruses that harvest users' address books. These collected email addresses are sometimes also sold to other spammers.

Overview
At the beginning of the Internet (the ARPANET), sending of commercial email was prohibited.  Gary Thuerk sent the first email spam message in 1978 to 600 people. He was reprimanded and told not to do it again. Now the ban on spam is enforced by the Terms of Service/Acceptable Use Policy (ToS/AUP) of internet service providers (ISPs) and peer pressure.

Spam is sent by both otherwise reputable organizations and lesser companies. When spam is sent by otherwise reputable companies it is sometimes referred to as Mainsleaze. Mainsleaze makes up approximately 3% of the spam sent over the internet.

Spamvertised sites
Many spam emails contain URLs to a website or websites. According to a Cyberoam report in 2014, there are an average of 54 billion spam messages sent every day. "Pharmaceutical products (Viagra and the like) jumped up 45% from last quarter's analysis, leading this quarter's spam pack. Emails purporting to offer jobs with fast, easy cash come in at number two, accounting for approximately 15% of all spam email. And, rounding off at number three are spam emails about diet products (such as Garcinia gummi-gutta or Garcinia Cambogia), accounting for approximately 1%."

Spam is also a medium for fraudsters to scam users into entering personal information on fake Web sites using emails forged to look like they are from banks or other organizations, such as PayPal. This is known as phishing. Targeted phishing, where known information about the recipient is used to create forged emails, is known as spear-phishing.

Spam techniques

Appending

If a marketer has one database containing names, addresses, and telephone numbers of customers, they can pay to have their database matched against an external database containing email addresses. The company then has the means to send email to people who have not requested email, which may include people who have deliberately withheld their email address.

Image spam

Image spam, or image-based spam, is an obfuscation method by which text of the message is stored as a GIF or JPEG image and displayed in the email. This prevents text-based spam filters from detecting and blocking spam messages. Image spam was reportedly used in the mid-2000s to advertise "pump and dump" stocks.

Often, image spam contains nonsensical, computer-generated text which simply annoys the reader. However, new technology in some programs tries to read the images by attempting to find text in these images. These programs are not very accurate, and sometimes filter out innocent images of products, such as a box that has words on it.

A newer technique, however, is to use an animated GIF image that does not contain clear text in its initial frame, or to contort the shapes of letters in the image (as in CAPTCHA) to avoid detection by optical character recognition tools.

Blank spam
Blank spam is spam lacking a payload advertisement. Often the message body is missing altogether, as well as the subject line. Still, it fits the definition of spam because of its nature as bulk and unsolicited email.

Blank spam may be originated in different ways, either intentional or unintentionally:
 Blank spam can have been sent in a directory harvest attack, a form of dictionary attack for gathering valid addresses from an email service provider. Since the goal in such an attack is to use the bounces to separate invalid addresses from the valid ones, spammers may dispense with most elements of the header and the entire message body, and still accomplish their goals.
 Blank spam may also occur when a spammer forgets or otherwise fails to add the payload when they set up the spam run.
 Often blank spam headers appear truncated, suggesting that computer glitches, such as software bugs or other  may have contributed to this problem—from poorly written spam software to malfunctioning relay servers, or any problems that may truncate header lines from the message body.
 Some spam may appear to be blank when in fact it is not. An example of this is the VBS.Davinia.B email worm which propagates through messages that have no subject line and appears blank, when in fact it uses HTML code to download other files.

Backscatter spam

Backscatter is a side-effect of email spam, viruses, and worms. It happens when email servers are misconfigured to send a bogus bounce message to the envelope sender when rejecting or quarantining email (rather than simply rejecting the attempt to send the message).

If the sender's address was forged, then the bounce may go to an innocent party. Since these messages were not solicited by the recipients, are substantially similar to each other, and are delivered in bulk quantities, they qualify as unsolicited bulk email or spam. As such, systems that generate email backscatter can end up being listed on various DNSBLs and be in violation of internet service providers' Terms of Service.

Legal countermeasures

If an individual or organisation can identify harm done to them by spam, and identify who sent it; then they may be able to sue for a legal remedy, e.g. on the basis of trespass to chattels. A number of large civil settlements have been won in this way,  although others have been mostly unsuccessful in collecting damages.

Criminal prosecution of spammers under fraud or computer crime statutes is also common, particularly if they illegally accessed other computers to create botnets, or the emails were phishing or other forms of criminal fraud.

Finally, in most countries specific legislation is in place to make certain forms of spamming a criminal offence, as outlined below:

European Union
Article 13 of the European Union Directive on Privacy and Electronic Communications (2002/58/EC) provides that the EU member states shall take appropriate measures to ensure that unsolicited communications for the purposes of direct marketing are not allowed either without the consent of the subscribers concerned or in respect of subscribers who do not wish to receive these communications, the choice between these options to be determined by national legislation.

United Kingdom
In the United Kingdom, for example,  unsolicited emails cannot be sent to an individual subscriber unless prior permission has been obtained or unless there is a pre-existing commercial relationship between the parties.

Canada
The 2010 Fighting Internet and Wireless Spam Act (which took effect in 2014) is Canadian legislation meant to fight spam.

Australia
The Spam Act 2003, which covers some types of email and phone spam. Penalties are up to 10,000 penalty units, or 2,000 penalty units for a person other than a body corporate.

United States
In the United States, many states enacted anti-spam laws during the late 1990s and early 2000s. All of these were subsequently superseded by the CAN-SPAM Act of 2003, which was in many cases less restrictive. CAN-SPAM also preempted any further state legislation, but it left related laws not specific to e-mail intact. Courts have ruled that spam can constitute, for example, trespass to chattels.

Bulk commercial email does not violate CAN-SPAM, provided that it meets certain criteria, such as a truthful subject line, no forged information in the headers. If it fails to comply with any of these requirements it is illegal. Those opposing spam greeted the new law with dismay and disappointment, almost immediately dubbing it the "You Can Spam" Act.

In practice, it had a little positive impact. In 2004, less than one percent of spam complied with CAN-SPAM, although a 2005 review by the Federal Trade Commission claimed that the amount of sexually explicit spam had significantly decreased since 2003 and the total volume had begun to level off. Many other observers viewed it as having failed, although there have been several high-profile prosecutions.

Deception and fraud
Spammers may engage in deliberate fraud to send out their messages. Spammers often use false names, addresses, phone numbers, and other contact information to set up "disposable" accounts at various Internet service providers. They also often use falsified or stolen credit card numbers to pay for these accounts. This allows them to move quickly from one account to the next as the host ISPs discover and shut down each one.

Senders may go to great lengths to conceal the origin of their messages. Large companies may hire another firm to send their messages so that complaints or blocking of email falls on a third party. Others engage in spoofing of email addresses (much easier than IP address spoofing). The email protocol (SMTP) has no authentication by default, so the spammer can pretend to originate a message apparently from any email address. To prevent this, some ISPs and domains require the use of SMTP-AUTH, allowing positive identification of the specific account from which an email originates.

Senders cannot completely spoof email delivery chains (the 'Received' header), since the receiving mailserver records the actual connection from the last mailserver's IP address. To counter this, some spammers forge additional delivery headers to make it appear as if the email had previously traversed many legitimate servers.

Spoofing can have serious consequences for legitimate email users. Not only can their email inboxes get clogged up with "undeliverable" emails in addition to volumes of spam, but they can mistakenly be identified as a spammer. Not only may they receive irate email from spam victims, but (if spam victims report the email address owner to the ISP, for example) a naïve ISP may terminate their service for spamming.

Theft of service
Spammers frequently seek out and make use of vulnerable third-party systems such as open mail relays and open proxy servers. SMTP forwards mail from one server to another—mail servers that ISPs run commonly require some form of authentication to ensure that the user is a customer of that ISP.

Increasingly, spammers use networks of malware-infected PCs (zombies) to send their spam. Zombie networks are also known as botnets (such zombifying malware is known as a bot, short for robot). In June 2006, an estimated 80 percent of email spam was sent by zombie PCs, an increase of 30 percent from the prior year. An estimated 55 billion email spam were sent each day in June 2006, an increase of 25 billion per day from June 2005.

For the first quarter of 2010, an estimated 305,000 newly activated zombie PCs were brought online each day for malicious activity. This number is slightly lower than the 312,000 of the fourth quarter of 2009.

Brazil produced the most zombies in the first quarter of 2010.  Brazil was the source of 20 percent of all zombies, which is down from 14 percent from the fourth quarter of 2009. India had 10 percent, with Vietnam at 8 percent, and the Russian Federation at 7 percent.

Side effects
To combat the problems posed by botnets, open relays, and proxy servers, many email server administrators pre-emptively block dynamic IP ranges and impose stringent requirements on other servers wishing to deliver mail. Forward-confirmed reverse DNS must be correctly set for the outgoing mail server and large swaths of IP addresses are blocked, sometimes pre-emptively, to prevent spam. These measures can pose problems for those wanting to run a small email server off an inexpensive domestic connection. Blacklisting of IP ranges due to spam emanating from them also causes problems for legitimate email servers in the same IP range.

Statistics and estimates
The total volume of email spam has been consistently growing, but in 2011 the trend seemed to reverse. The amount of spam that users see in their mailboxes is only a portion of total spam sent, since spammers' lists often contain a large percentage of invalid addresses and many spam filters simply delete or reject "obvious spam".

The first known spam email, advertising a DEC product presentation, was sent in 1978 by Gary Thuerk to 600 addresses, the total number of users on ARPANET was 2600 at the time though software limitations meant only slightly more than half of the intended recipients actually received it. As of August 2010, the number of spam messages sent per day was estimated to be around 200 billion. More than 97% of all emails sent over the Internet in 2008 were unwanted, according to a Microsoft security report.  MAAWG estimates that 85% of incoming mail is "abusive email", as of the second half of 2007. The sample size for the MAAWG's study was over 100 million mailboxes. In 2018 with growing affiliation networks & email frauds worldwide about 90% of global email traffic is spam as per IPwarmup.com study, which also effects legitimate email senders to achieve inbox delivery.

A 2010 survey of US and European email users showed that 46% of the respondents had opened spam messages, although only 11% had clicked on a link.

Highest amount of spam received
According to Steve Ballmer in 2004, Microsoft founder Bill Gates receives four million emails per year, most of them spam.  This was originally incorrectly reported as "per day".

At the same time Jef Poskanzer, owner of the domain name acme.com, was receiving over one million spam emails per day.

Cost of spam
A 2004 survey estimated that lost productivity costs Internet users in the United States $21.58 billion annually, while another reported the cost at $17 billion, up from $11 billion in 2003. In 2004, the worldwide productivity cost of spam has been estimated to be $50 billion in 2005.

Origin of spam

Because of the international nature of spam, the spammer, the hijacked spam-sending computer, the spamvertised server, and the user target of the spam are all often located in different countries.  As much as 80% of spam received by Internet users in North America and Europe can be traced to fewer than 200 spammers.

In terms of volume of spam: According to Sophos, the major sources of spam in the fourth quarter of 2008 (October to December) were:

The United States (the origin of 19.8% of spam messages, up from 18.9% in Q3)
China (9.9%, up from 5.4%)
Russia (6.4%, down from 8.3%)
Brazil (6.3%, up from 4.5%)
Turkey (4.4%, down from 8.2%)

When grouped by continents, spam comes mostly from:
Asia (37.8%, down from 39.8%)
North America (23.6%, up from 21.8%)
Europe (23.4%, down from 23.9%)
South America (12.9%, down from 13.2%)

In terms of number of IP addresses: the Spamhaus Project ranks the top three as the United States, China, and Russia, followed by Japan, Canada, and South Korea.

In terms of networks: , the three networks hosting the most spammers are ChinaNet, Amazon, and Airtel India.

Anti-spam techniques

The U.S. Department of Energy Computer Incident Advisory Capability (CIAC) has provided specific countermeasures against email spamming.

Some popular methods for filtering and refusing spam include email filtering based on the content of the email, DNS-based blackhole lists (DNSBL), greylisting, spamtraps, enforcing technical requirements of email (SMTP), checksumming systems to detect bulk email, and by putting some sort of cost on the sender via a proof-of-work system or a micropayment. Each method has strengths and weaknesses and each is controversial because of its weaknesses. For example, one company's offer to "[remove] some spamtrap and honeypot addresses" from email lists defeats the ability for those methods to identify spammers.

Outbound spam protection combines many of the techniques to scan messages exiting out of a service provider's network, identify spam, and taking action such as blocking the message or shutting off the source of the message.

Email authentication to prevent "From:" address spoofing became popular in the 2010s.

Collateral damage

Measures to protect against spam can cause collateral damage. This includes:

The measures may consume resources, both in the server and on the network.
When legitimate messages are rejected, the sender needs to contact the recipient out of channel.
When legitimate messages are relegated to a spam folder, the sender is not notified of this.
If a recipient periodically checks his spam folder, that will cost him time and if there is a lot of spam it is easy to overlook the few legitimate messages.

Methods of spammers

Gathering of addresses

In order to send spam, spammers need to obtain the email addresses of the intended recipients. To this end, both spammers themselves and list merchants gather huge lists of potential email addresses. Since spam is, by definition, unsolicited, this address harvesting is done without the consent (and sometimes against the expressed will) of the address owners. A single spam run may target tens of millions of possible addresses – many of which are invalid, malformed, or undeliverable.

Obfuscating message content
Many spam-filtering techniques work by searching for patterns in the headers or bodies of messages. For instance, a user may decide that all email they receive with the word "Viagra" in the subject line is spam, and instruct their mail program to automatically delete all such messages. To defeat such filters, the spammer may intentionally misspell commonly filtered words or insert other characters, often in a style similar to leetspeak, as in the following examples: , , , , . This also allows for many different ways to express a given word, making identifying them all more difficult for filter software.

The principle of this method is to leave the word readable to humans (who can easily recognize the intended word for such misspellings), but not likely to be recognized by a computer program. This is only somewhat effective, because modern filter patterns have been designed to recognize blacklisted terms in the various iterations of misspelling. Other filters target the actual obfuscation methods, such as the non-standard use of punctuation or numerals into unusual places. Similarly, HTML-based email gives the spammer more tools to obfuscate text. Inserting HTML comments between letters can foil some filters. Another common ploy involves presenting the text as an image, which is either sent along or loaded from a remote server.

Defeating Bayesian filters
As Bayesian filtering has become popular as a spam-filtering technique, spammers have started using methods to weaken it. To a rough approximation, Bayesian filters rely on word probabilities. If a message contains many words that are used only in spam, and few that are never used in spam, it is likely to be spam. To weaken Bayesian filters, some spammers, alongside the sales pitch, now include lines of irrelevant, random words, in a technique known as Bayesian poisoning.

Spam-support services
A number of other online activities and business practices are considered by anti-spam activists to be connected to spamming.  These are sometimes termed spam-support services: business services, other than the actual sending of spam itself, which permit the spammer to continue operating. Spam-support services can include processing orders for goods advertised in spam, hosting Web sites or DNS records referenced in spam messages, or a number of specific services as follows:

Some Internet hosting firms advertise bulk-friendly or bulletproof hosting. This means that, unlike most ISPs, they will not terminate a customer for spamming. These hosting firms operate as clients of larger ISPs, and many have eventually been taken offline by these larger ISPs as a result of complaints regarding spam activity. Thus, while a firm may advertise bulletproof hosting, it is ultimately unable to deliver without the connivance of its upstream ISP. However, some spammers have managed to get what is called a pink contract (see below) – a contract with the ISP that allows them to spam without being disconnected.

A few companies produce spamware, or software designed for spammers. Spamware varies widely, but may include the ability to import thousands of addresses, to generate random addresses, to insert fraudulent headers into messages, to use dozens or hundreds of mail servers simultaneously, and to make use of open relays. The sale of spamware is illegal in eight U.S. states.

So-called millions CDs are commonly advertised in spam. These are CD-ROMs purportedly containing lists of email addresses, for use in sending spam to these addresses. Such lists are also sold directly online, frequently with the false claim that the owners of the listed addresses have requested (or "opted in") to be included. Such lists often contain invalid addresses. In recent years, these have fallen almost entirely out of use due to the low quality email addresses available on them, and because some email lists exceed 20GB in size. The amount you can fit on a CD is no longer substantial.

A number of DNS blacklists (DNSBLs), including the MAPS RBL, Spamhaus SBL, SORBS and SPEWS, target the providers of spam-support services as well as spammers. DNSBLs blacklist IPs or ranges of IPs to persuade ISPs to terminate services with known customers who are spammers or resell to spammers.

Related vocabulary
Unsolicited bulk email (UBE)
A synonym for email spam.
Unsolicited commercial email (UCE)
Spam promoting a commercial service or product. This is the most common type of spam, but it excludes spams that are hoaxes (e.g. virus warnings), political advocacy, religious messages, and chain letters sent by a person to many other people. The term UCE may be most common in the USA.
Pink contract
A pink contract is a service contract offered by an ISP which offers bulk email service to spamming clients, in violation of that ISP's publicly posted acceptable use policy.
Spamvertising
Spamvertising is advertising through the medium of spam.
Opt-in, confirmed opt-in, double opt-in, opt-out
Opt-in, confirmed opt-in, double opt-in, opt-out refers to whether the people on a mailing list are given the option to be put in, or taken out, of the list. Confirmation (and "double", in marketing speak) refers to an email address transmitted e.g. through a web form being confirmed to actually request joining a mailing list, instead of being added to the list without verification.
Final, Ultimate Solution for the Spam Problem (FUSSP)
An ironic reference to naïve developers who believe they have invented the perfect spam filter, which will stop all spam from reaching users' inboxes while deleting no legitimate email accidentally.

History

See also

Address munging
Anti-spam techniques
Botnet
Boulder Pledge
CAUCE
CAN-SPAM Act of 2003
Chain email
Direct Marketing Associations
Disposable email address
Email address harvesting
Gordon v. Virtumundo, Inc.
Happy99
Junk fax
List poisoning
Make money fast, the infamous Dave Rhodes chain letter that jumped to email.
Netiquette
news.admin.net-abuse.email newsgroup
Nigerian spam
Project Honey Pot
Pump-and-dump stock fraud
Shotgun email
SPAMasterpiece Theater
Spamusement!
Spambot
SpamCop
Spamhaus
Spamtrap
Spamware
Spider trap
SPIT (SPam over Internet Telephony)

References

Further reading
.
Sjouwerman, Stu; Posluns, Jeffrey, Inside the spam cartel: trade secrets from the dark side, Elsevier/Syngress; 1st edition, November 27, 2004. .

External links
Spam info
.

Spam reports
.

Government reports and industry white papers
.
The Electronic Frontier Foundation's spam page which contains legislation, analysis, and litigation histories
Why Am I Getting All This Spam? Unsolicited Commercial Email Research Six Month Report by Center for Democracy & Technology from the author of Pegasus Mail and Mercury Mail Transport System – David Harris
.

Advertising
Advertising by medium
Email
Digital marketing
Marketing techniques
Online advertising
Promotion and marketing communications
Spamming
Internet fraud

Email spam


McNiven ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Julie McNiven (* 1980), US-amerikanische Schauspielerin
 Steve McNiven (* 1967), kanadischer Comicautor

McNiven


රජ කරන රැජින යනු රජ පදවියට සමාන කාන්තා රාජ්‍ය පාලකයායි. ඇය ඇගේම අයිතියෙන් යුතුව රාජ්‍ය පාලනය කරන්නී ය. මෙය රජ කරන රජුගේ බිසව වන වල්ලභ රැජින හෝ ළමා පාලකයාගේ භාරකාරයා වන, තාවකාලිකව එම ස්ථානයේ වැඩබලන රාජ්‍යාධිකාරී රැජින යන පදවි දෙකට වඩා වෙනස් ය. රජ කරන අධිරාජිනිය යනු ස්වකීය අයිතියෙන් යුතුව අධිරාජ්‍යයක් පාලනය කරන රාජ්‍ය පාලිකාවකි

ලොව බලවත්ම රැජින වන්නේ II එලිසබත් රැජිනයි

රජ කරන රැජිනක ස්වෛරී බලයන්ට හිමිකම් කියන්නී ය. වල්ලභ රැජිනක සිය සැමියාගේ පදවි නාමවලට හිමිකම් කියන නමුත්, සිය සැමියාගේ ස්වෛරීභාවය භුක්ති විඳින්නේ නැත. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් රජ කරන රැජිනකගේ සැමියා සිය භාර්යාවගේ පදවිය, තත්ත්වය හෝ ස්වෛරීභාවයට හිමිකම් නොකියයි. කෙසේනමුත් වල්ලභ රජ සංකල්පය අධ්‍යතන හෝ සම්භාව්‍ය යුගවල දී නොඇසූවකි.

වැන්දඹු රැජින යනු රජකුගේ වැන්දඹුවයි. මව් රැජින යනු රජකරන රාජ්‍යේශයාගේ මෑණියන් වන වැන්දඹු රැජිනකි.

ඉතිහාසය

පුරාතන ඊජිප්තුව, පුරාතන පර්සියාව, ආසියානු සහ පැසිෆික් සංස්කෘතීන්වල ද, ඇතැම් යුරෝපීය රටවල පවා රාජ්‍ය පාලිකාවනට රජ හෝ පාරාවෝ වැනි එයට අනුරූප පදවි භාවිතා විය. මෙහි දී ඇතැම්විට ලිංගය වැදගත් නොවන පදවි නාම භාවිතා කෙරුණු අතර, ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල ලිංගය සැලකීමේ දී වදනේ පුරුෂ ලිංග ස්වරූපය ද භාවිතා කොට ඇත. බයිසැන්ටයින් අයිරින් අධිරාජිනිය ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල දී ඇයව බැසිලිසා (βασίλισσα), 'අධිරාජිනිය' වෙනුවට බැසිලියස් (βασιλεύς), 'අධිරාජයා' ලෙස හඳුන්වාගෙන ඇත. පෝලන්තයේ ජැඩ්විගා අභිෂේක කෙරුණේ රෙක්ස් පොලෝනියේ, පෝලන්තයේ රජ ලෙසයි.

ජුදා රාජධානියේ ඩේවිඩික රජවරුන් අතර ඇතලියා නම් තනි රජ කරන රැජිනක පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු හමුවේ. නමුත් හීබෲ බයිබලය ඇය සිහසුන පැහැරගත්තකු ලෙස ඍණාත්මක අයුරින් සලකා ඇත. පුසකාලීනව හැස්මෝනියානු රැජිනක වූ සැලෝමි ඇලේකසැන්ඩ්‍රා (ෂ්ලොම් ට්ෂියන්) අතිශයින් ජනප්‍රිය විය.

ජාතියේ අනුප්‍රාප්ති අනුපිළිවෙල අවසර දේ නම් රාජ්‍යෙශයකුට අනුප්‍රාප්තියට පත් විය හැක. රාජධානි, රැජිනිධානි, ගෝත්‍රික නායක පදවි සඳහා අනුප්‍රාප්ති ක්‍රමවේද ඇති අතර, රජ කරන රජු හෝ රාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලය උරුමකරුවකු නම් කරන විට, වැඩිමලාගෙන් බාලයාට උපත පරිදි ප්‍රථමජන්මාධිකාරිය ඇතිවිට රජ හෝ ප්‍රධානියාගේ රාජ්‍යාධිකාරී වීම සහ එයට ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ අයුරින් බාලයාගෙන් වැඩිමලාට පරිදි රාජ්‍යාධිකාරීත්වය හිමි වන අන්තජත්වය වැනි පිළිවෙත් ද්කනට ලැබිණි. අනුප්‍රාප්ති අවකාශය මව් පෙළපතින්, පිය පෙළපතින් හෝ දෙදෙනාගෙන්ම ලැබිය හැකි අතර, කලාතුරකින් ඡන්දයක් පවත්වා තෝරාගැනීම ද සිදු වේ. අනුප්‍රාප්ති අයිතිය ස්ත්‍රී පුරුෂ දෙපාර්ශ්වයටම හෝ පුරුෂයන්ට පමණක් හෝ ස්ත්‍රීන්ට පමණක් සීමා විය හැක.

පසුකාලීන මධ්‍යතන යුගයේ සිට විසිවන සියවස දක්වා යුරෝපීය රාජාණ්ඩුවල බොහෝ දර්ශීය අනුප්‍රාප්ති පුරුෂ-රුචි ප්‍රථමජන්මාධිකාරයක් විය. එනම් අනුප්‍රාප්තිය චක්‍රීකරණය වූයේ පුත්‍රයන් හරහා උපත අනුව ය. ඔවුන්ගෙන් පසුව දියණියන් හෝ මුණුපරන් ද අනුප්‍රාප්තිය ලබා ඇත. ඓතිහාසිකව බොහෝ රාජ්‍යවල ස්ත්‍රීනට අනුප්‍රාප්තිය තහනම් කළ අතර, ස්ත්‍රී පෙළපත් සඳහා ද අවසර ලබා නොදුන්නේ සැලික නීතිය අනුව ය. මෙය වර්තමානයේ ඇතැම් රාජ්‍යවල තවමත් දක්නට ලැබේ. නිදසුනක් ලෙස ප්‍රංශයේ කිසිදු රජ කරන රැජිනියක සිට නැත. මාරියා තෙරේසා නම් එකම රැජිනක පමණක් ඔස්ට්‍රියාව පාලනය කොට තිබේ. පහත ලැයිස්තුවෙහි දක්වා ඇති පරිදි, පුළුල්ව හඳුනන රජ කරන රැජිනියන් බොහෝ දෙනා යුරෝපීය රාජාණ්ඩු පාලනය කළ තැනැත්තියක් වේ.

20වන සියවසේ අග කාලයේ සහ 21වන සියවසේ මුල් කාලයේ ස්වීඩනය, නෝර්වේ, බෙල්ජියම්, නෙදර්ලන්තය, ඩෙන්මාර්කය, ලක්සම්බර්ග් සහ එක්සත් රාජධානිය විසින් සිය පණත් පරම ජන්මාධිකාරිත්වය මත පදනම්ව සංශෝධනය කොට ඇත. ඇතැම් අවස්ථාවල දී නීතිය පැනවෙන සමයේ පෙළපතෙහි වූ ජනයාගේ ජීවිත කාලය තුළ මෙම වෙනස්කම් ක්‍රියාවට නොනැංවේ.

2011දී, පොදුරාජ්‍ය මණ්ඩලීය රාජධානි 16ක් එක්ව පුරුෂ-අභිරුචි ප්‍රථමජන්මාධිකාරීත්ව පාලනය ඉවත් කිරීමට එකඟ වී ඇත. සුදුසු ව්‍යවස්ථා සම්පාදනයක් පැමිණි විට, මෙමගින් අර්ථ ගැන්වෙන්නේ විලියම් කුමරුන්ට පළමුව දියණියක වුවහොත්, ඔහුගේ බාල පුත්‍රයා ඔහුගේ උරුමකරු නොවන බවයි.

නැගෙනහිර ආසියාව
චීනයේ චීන රජ කරන අධිරාජිනිය බවට පත් වූ සේටියෑන් චෞ රාජවංශය පිහිටුවූයේ ඇගේ පුත්‍රයින් ධුරයෙන් පහකිරීමෙනි. කෙසේනමුත්, වැදගත් කරුණක් වන්නේ වූ අධිරාජිනිය හුවාංඩි (皇帝, "අධිරාජයා") යන්න භාවිතා කොට තිබීමයි. බොහෝ යුරෝපීය ප්‍රභවවල මෙය රජ කරන අධිරාජිනියක ලෙස නොව ස්ත්‍රී අධිරාජයා ලෙස අර්ථ දක්වා ඇත. මීට සමානව මෙම යුගයට දශක කිහිපයකට පෙර කොරියාවේ සිල්ලාහි සොන්දොක් රැජින සහ සිල්ලාහි ජින්දොක් රැජින විසින් තමන්ව හැඳින්වීමට යෝවං (여왕, "ස්ත්‍රී රජ") යන වදන භාවිතා කොට ඇත. ඔවුන් රජුගේ හෝ අධිරාජයාගේ භාර්යාව සඳහා යෙදෙන "වල්ලභ රැජින" ලෙස සාමාන්‍යයෙන් පරිවර්තනය කෙරෙන වංබි (왕비) යන යෙදුම භාවිතා කොට නැත.

වර්තමානයේ ජපානයේ කපුරු සිහසුන කාන්තාවන්ට අකැප වුව ද, ජපන් ඉතිහාසය පුරා රජ කරන අධිරාජිනියන් අට දෙනකු සිට ඇත. මේ නිසා සිංහලෙන් "රජ කරන අධිරාජිනිය" යැයි භාවිතා කළ හැකි ජොසෙයි තෙන්නෝ (女性天皇, "කාන්තා අධිරාජකීය පාලකයා") යන ජපන් භාෂා වදන මේ සඳහා භාවිතා වේ. කෝගෝ (皇后) යන්න වල්ලභ අධිරාජිනියන් සඳහා යෙදේ.

වර්තමාන රාජ්‍ය කරන රැජිනියන්

රජ කරන රැජිනියන් ලැයිස්තුව

මේවාත් බලන්න
 රජ
 අනුප්‍රාප්ති අනුපිළිවෙල
 වල්ලභ රැජින
 රාණි
 රාජ්‍යාධිකාරී
 සැලික නීතිය
 සුල්තානා

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

වැඩිදුර කියවීමට
 ; මෙමගින් යුරෝපයේ පූර්ණ රාජ්‍යේශ අධිකාරීත්වය ලද ස්ත්‍රීන් 30 දෙනකු පිළිබඳ අද්‍යයනය කෙරේ.

බාහිර සබැඳි
කාලය පුරා රජ කළ රැජිනියෝ

අධිකාරී තත්ත්ව

ලිංගය
රාජකීය පදවි නාම
මාතෘමූලිකත්වය

රජ කරන රැජින


Astragalus crassicarpus es una  especie de planta herbácea perteneciente a la familia de las leguminosas. Se encuentra en Norteamérica.

Distribución
Es una planta herbácea perennifolia que se encuentra en  Norteamérica en Canadá y Estados Unidos.

Taxonomía
Astragalus crassicarpus fue descrita por  Thomas Nuttall y publicado en Catalogue of New and Interesting Plants Collected in Upper Louisiana n. 6, en el año 1813.
Etimología
Astragalus: nombre genérico derivado del griego clásico άστράγαλος y luego del Latín astrăgălus aplicado ya en la antigüedad, entre otras cosas, a algunas plantas de la familia Fabaceae, debido a la forma cúbica de sus semillas parecidas a un hueso del pie.

crassicarpus: epíteto latíno que significa  "con fruto grueso".
Variedades aceptadas
Astragalus crassicarpus var. berlandieri Barneby
Sinonimia
Astragalus carnosus Pursh
Astragalus carnosus Nutt.	Astragalus caryocarpus Ker.Gawl.	Astragalus crassicarpus Fraser Cat. ex DC.	Astragalus crassicarpus var. paysonii (E.H.Kelso) Barneby	Astragalus crassicarpus var. trichocalyx (Torr. & A.Gray) Gleason	Astragalus mexicanus var. trichocalyx (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Fernald	Astragalus prunifer Rydb.	Astragalus succulentus Richardson	Astragalus succulentus var. paysonii E.H. Kelso	Astragalus trichocalyx Nutt. ex Torr. & A. GrayGeoprumnon crassicarpum (Nutt.) Rydb.	Geoprumnon succulentum (Richardson) Rydb.	Geoprumnon trichocalyx (Nutt. ex Torr. & A. Gray) Rydb.	Tragacantha caryocarpa'' (Ker. Gawl.) Kuntze

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Fraser, Cat. pl. Upper Louisiana no. 6.  1813

 USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov).

crassicarpus
Flora de Estados Unidos
Flora de Canadá occidental
Flora de América del Norte continental
Plantas descritas en 1813
Plantas descritas por Nuttall

Astragalus crassicarpus


Gunzweiler ist der Name folgender Orte:

 Gunzweiler, deutscher Name von Guntzviller, Gemeinde im Département Moselle, Frankreich
 Gunzweiler (Wüstung), Wüstung im Landkreis Kaiserslautern, Rheinland-Pfalz

Gunzweiler


Renato Negri (n. 10 iunie 1968, Reggio Emilia, Italia)  este un organist italian.

Renato Negri a absolvit Conservatorul Arrigo Boito în Parma la clasa de orgă a prof. Stefano Innocenti. A urmat cursuri de improvizație liturgică la Roma în cadrul Conferinței Episcopale Italiene și a participat la numeroase cursuri de măestrie cu profesorii: Harald Vogel și Andre Isoir organizate de Conservatorul din Pistoia. A fost preșidentele Asociației Organiștilor Liturgici din Italia (1998-2007).

Din anul 1995 până în 2001 a fost organist titulare, Kapelmaestru al Bisericii San Francesco da Paola din Reggio Emilia. În anul 2005 a luat naștere Festivalul Soli Deo Gloria, la inițiativa Departamentului de Cultură al Municipiului din Reggio Emilia și al Oficiului de Cultură și Patrimoniu din Dieceza de Reggio Emilia-Guastalla. Festivalul este cel mai mare festival de orgă din Italia; Renato Negri fiind directorul artistic al acestuia.

De-alungul timpului festivalul a avut ca invitați numeroși muzicieni: Gustav Leonhardt, Simon Preston, Ton Koopman, Trevor Pinnock, Andreas Staier, Bob van Asperen, Sigiswald Kuijken, Patxi Montero, Ottavio Dantone, Jürgen Essl, Christophe Rousset, Daniel Oyarzabal, Olga Pashchenko, Marco Rizzi, Christoph Hammer, Jean Guillou, Michel Chapuis, André Isoir, Olivier Latry, Michael Radulescu, Roberto Cognazzo, Daniel Chorzempa, Wolfgang Rübsam, Pierre Bardon, Pierre Hantaï, Hopkinson Smith, Gabriele Cassone, Wijnand van de Pol, Enrico Gatti, Bruce Dickey, Pieter-Jan Belder, Rudolf Ewerhart, Bruce Dickey, James Goettsche.
Din anul 2006 este organistul titular în Teatrul Municipal Romolo Valli unde există o orgă Montesanti (1815) unde Renato Negri a înregistrat câteva CD-uri cu lucrări din creația lui Johann Sebastian Bach cu corul din Friuli Venezia Giulia și orchestra Capella Savaria din Ungaria.

Pe 23 decembrie 2012 a jucat în San Felice sul Panaro în biserica din Rivara grav afectată de cutremure în mai 2012.
În 2017, Renato Negri a făcut un turneu în Europa Centrală, jucând în importante biserici din Austria și Cehia și participând la festivalul Timorgelfest din Timișoara.

În prezent Renato Negri este profesor de orgă la Institutul de Studii Muzicale din Reggio Emilia și Castelnovo ne' Monti, fiind colaborator pe probleme de management și organizator a mai multor evenimente culturale la aceeași instituție.

În scopuri educaționale și de diseminare, el organizează concerte pe organul virtual Hauptwerk.

Referințe

Legături externe
Site-ul personal

Nașteri în 1968
Organiști italieni

Renato Negri


An Neottia taizanensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Noriaki Fukuyama, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Dariusz Lucjan Szlachetko. An Neottia taizanensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neottia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Neottia

Neottia taizanensis


Ilija Tot (Zenica, 1938.), hrvatski vojni zapovjednik u Domovinskom ratu
Rođen je 1938. u Zenici, otac Josip, majka Marija. 1956. odlazi u Francusku gdje se javlja u Legiju stranaca. Nakon 27 godina vojne službe odlazi u mirovinu s činom satnika.

Po izbijanju rata vraća se u Hrvatsku i dragovoljno pristupa Hrvatskoj vojsci u kojoj staje na čelo bojne Frankopan. Osim osnutka jedne od prvih elitnih postrojbi u hrvatskoj njegovom zaslugom i zaslugom njegove supruge Božene u Hrvatsku je dopremljeno na tone naoružanja i streljiva.

Čin

 adjudant-chef, Légion étrangère
 satnik Legije stranca
 pukovnik HV

Dužnosti

 zapovjednik bojne Frankopan

Izvori

Hrvatski vojni zapovjednici u Domovinskom ratu

Ilija Tot


Jenkins est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Crow Wing, dans le Minnesota. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de  : 217 hommes et 253 femmes.

Références

Liens externes

Ville au Minnesota
Localité dans le comté de Crow Wing

Jenkins (Minnesota)


ටූපැක් අමාරු ෂාකූර් (  ; ජාතක නාමය ලසීන් පැරිෂ් කෘක්ස්; 1971 ජූනි 161996 සැප්තැම්බර් 13), ටූපැක් 2පැක් මැකියාවේලි සහ මැකාවෙලි, යන වේදිකා නාමයන්ගෙන්ද හැඳින්වූ දිවංගත ඇමරිකානු රැප් සංගීතවේදියෙක් හා නළුවෙකි. 2007 වසර වන විට පමණක්, ෂාකූර්ගේ සංගීත නිර්මාණ ලොවපුරා මිලියන 75ක ප්‍රමාණයක් අලෙවිවී තිබේ. ඔහුගේ ද්විත්ව තැටි ඇල්බම අතර වන ඕල් අයිස් ඔන් මී සහ ග්‍රේටස්ට් හිට්ස් ඇල්බමයන් එක්සත් ජනපදයේ හොඳින්ම-අළෙවිවූ සංගීත ඇල්බම. අතරට ඇතුළත්ය. ඔහු ලොව එදාමෙදාතුර බිහිවූ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම කලාකරුවන්ගෙන් අයෙක් බවට අන්තර්ජාතික සඟරා බොහොමයකින් ශ්‍රේණිගතකොට ලැයිස්තුගත කර ඇත. රෝලින් ස්ටෝන් හි ටූපැක් ෂාකූර් ලොව බිහිවූ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම කලාකරුවන් 100 දෙනා අතුරින් 86 වන ස්ථානයට ශ්‍රේණිගත කොට ඇත.  ඔහු නිත්‍යවශයෙන් ලොව ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨතම රැප් සංගීතවේදීන්ගෙන් අයෙක් බවට සදාකාලිකව ශ්‍රේණිගත කොට ඇත, එමෙන්ම එදාමෙදාතුර  බිහිවූ වඩාත් ආනුභාවසම්පන්න රැප් සංගීතවේදීන් අතරින් එක් අයෙක් වේ.

ෂාකූර් ඔහුගේ වෘත්තිමය දිවිය ආරම්භ කළේ රෝඩී, උපස්ථ නර්තන ශිල්පියෙකු, හා උත්සව අවස්ථා මෙහෙයවන්නෙකු ලෙස ඒකාන්තර හිප් හොප් කණ්ඩායමක් වූ ඩිජිටල් අන්ඩර්ග්‍රවුන්ඩ් හා කටයුතු කිරීමෙනි, එහි ප්‍රතිඵලයක් ලෙස ඔහු ඒකල කලාකරුවෙක් බවට පත්විය. ෂාකූර්ගේ ගීත බහුතරයක තේමාවන් දෝලනයවූයේ එක්සත් ජනපදයේ අභ්‍යන්තර නගරවල ජනතාව මුහුණදුන් ප්‍රචන්ඩත්වය, නැතිබැරිකම් හා වර්ගවාදය ඇතුළු අනෙකුත් සමාජ ගැටළු වටාය. ඔහුගේ මව හා පියා දෙපලමත්, පවුලේ තවත් සාමාජිකයින් කිහිප දෙනෙකුත් එක්සත් ජනපදයේ බ්ලැක් පැන්තර් පාර්ටියේ ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයින් වූහ, කුඩාකල සිටම ඔවුන්ගෙන් ආභාශය ලැබූ ෂාකුර්ගේ ගීත තුළ මැනවින් එය දැකගත හැකිය. ඔහුගේ වෘත්තිය දිවියේ පසු කාලයේදී, ඊස්ට් කෝස්ට් - වෙස්ට් කෝස්ට් හිප් හොප් ප්‍රතිරෝධයේදී ඔහු සිය හඬ අවදි කරමින් එයට දායක වූයේ වෙනත් රැප් සංගීතවේදීන්, සංගීත නිෂ්පාදකවරුන්, සහ රෙකෝර්ඩ් ලේබල් (වාණිජමය සංගීත සන්නාම ආයතන)වල සාමාජිකයින් හා ගැටෙමිනි. එයින් වඩාත් කැපී පෙනුනේ  ද නෝටෝරියස් බී.අයි.ජී. සහ සංගීත සන්නාම ආයතනයක් වන බෑඩ් බෝයි රෙකෝර්ඩ්ස්. සමග වූ කලහයයි.

1996 සැප්තැම්බර් 7 දින, ෂාකූර් ධාවනය වන මෝටර් රථයකින් එල්ල වන මරණීය වෙඩි ප්‍රහාරයකට ලක්වූයේය. ඒ ලාස් වේගාස් හි ෆ්ලැමින්ගෝ පාර හා කෝවල් වීදිය හරහා වැටෙන ලාස් වේගාස්, නෙවාඩා.හීදිය. අනතුරින් පසු දකුණු නෙවාඩා සරසවි වෛද්‍ය මධ්‍යස්ථානයට ඇතුළත් කෙරෙන ෂාකූර්, දින හයක් පුරා ප්‍රථිකාර ලබමින් සිට මරණයට පත් විය.

දිවියේ මුල්සමය

ෂාකූර් උපත ලැබුවේ 1971 ජුනි මස 16 වැනිදා, නිව් යෝර්ක් නගරයයේ මෑන්හැට්න්හි කොටසක්වන නැගෙනහිර හාර්ලෙම් හිදීය. ඔහුගේ ජාතක නාමය (මුල්ම නම) වූයේ 'ලසීන් පැරිෂ් කෘක්ස්'ය, නමුත් 1972දී ඔහුව අවසාන ඉන්කා අධිරාජයාට පසුව නම් කරන ලදී. එනම් 18 වන සියවසේ ස්පාඥ්ඥ පාලනයට එරෙහිව ස්වදේශික ජනතාවගේ කැරැල්ලට නායකත්වය දීමෙන් පසු ඝාතනයට ලක් කළ විප්ලවවාදී ටූපැක් අමාරු IIට පසුවය.

ඔහුගේ මව, අෆේනි ෂාකූර් (ජාතක නාමය ඇලිස් ෆේ විලියම්ස්), සහ ඔහුගේ පියා, බිලී ගාලන්ඩ්, 1960 දශකයේ අග භාගයේ සිට 1970 මුල්භාගය වනතුරු නිව් යෝර්ක් හි බ්ලැක් පැන්තර් පාර්ටි (බ්ලැක් පැන්තර් පක්ෂය)හි ක්‍රියාකාරී සාමාජිකයින් වූහ. ටූපැක් බිහිවන්නේ ඔහුගේ මව "නිව් යොර්ක් හිදී එක්සත් ජනපද ආණ්ඩුවට සහ නිව් යොර්ක් මංසලකුණුවලට එරෙහි කුමන්ත්‍රණය"ක නියැලුනි යැයි ගොණු කරනට යෙදුණු පැන්තර් 21 නඩුවේ ඇයට එල්ලකර තිබූ චෝදනා 150කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයකින් නිදහස් වීමෙන් මසකට පසුවය.

ෂාකූර්ගේ මුල්විය ගෙවුනේ කළුජාතික විමුක්ති සේනාව සමග සම්බන්ධ පුද්ගලයින් අතරේ සහ බරපතල අපරාධ පිළිබඳ දෝෂිත හා බන්ධනාගාරගත වූ පුද්ගලයින් අතරය. ඔහුගේ ඇපකාර පියා, එල්මර් "ජෙරනිමෝ" ප්‍රැට්, උසස් නිලයක බ්ලැක් පැන්තරයෙකු වූ අතර, ඔහු 1968දී මංකොල්ලයක් අතරතුර සිදුවූ පාසල් ගුරුවරයෙකු ගේ ඝාතනයකට දෝෂිත පුද්ගලයෙකි, එසේ වුවත් එම දණ්ඩනය පසුකලකදී පරදවන ලදී. ඔහුගේ සුළුපියා, මුටුළු, 1982 වසරේ ආරම්භයේ සිට වසර හතරක් එෆ්බීඅයිහි වඩාත් අවශ්‍යකරන පලායිතයින් අතරට ඇතුළත්ව සිටින ලදී. මුටුළු අවශ්‍යකර තිබුනේ ඔහුගේ සහෝදරිය වන (ජොආන් චෙසිමාර්ඩ් නමින්ද හඳුනන) අස්සාටා ෂාකූර්ට නිව් ජර්සි හි සිරගෙයකින් පැනයාමට උදව් කළේ යන චෝදනාවටය. ඇය සිරගත කර තිබුනේ 1973දී පොලිස් භටයෙකු ඝාතනය කිරීමේ චෝදනාවකටය. මුටුළු 1986දී කොටුවූ අතර,  1981 දී සන්නාහ බ්‍රින්ක්ස් ට්‍රක් රථයක් මංකොල්ලකෑම පිළිබඳ චෝදනාවට සිරගත කරන ලදී. එම මංකොල්ලකෑමේදී පොලිස් නිලධාරීන් දෙදෙනෙකු සහ ආරක්ෂකයෙකු ඝාතනයට ලක්විය. ෂාකූර්ට ඔහුට වසර දෙකක් බාල අර්ධ සහෝදරියක වූ, ස්කෙයිවා, හා වැඩිමහල් සුළු සහෝදරයෙක් ද සිටියේය. ඒ පසුකාලීනව ඔහුගේ සංගීත නිර්මාණ බොහොමයක ද පෙනී සිටි මොප්‍රිම් "කොමානි" ෂාකූර්ය.

වයසර අවුරුදු 12 දී, Shakur enrolled in Harlem's 127th Street Repertory Ensemble and was cast as the Travis Younger character in the play A Raisin in the Sun, which was performed at the Apollo Theater. In 1986, the family relocated to Baltimore, Maryland. After completing his second year at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, he transferred to the Baltimore School for the Arts, where he studied acting, poetry, jazz, and ballet. He performed in Shakespeare plays, and in the role of the Mouse King in the ballet The Nutcracker. Shakur, accompanied by one of his friends, Dana "Mouse" Smith, as his beatbox, won many rap competitions and was considered to be the best rapper in his school. He was remembered as one of the most popular kids in his school because of his sense of humor, superior rapping skills, and ability to mix with all crowds. He developed a close friendship with a young Jada Pinkett (later Jada Pinkett Smith) that lasted until his death.

සම්බන්ධිත යොමු

ටූපැක් ශාකූර්


De Lateral dele af nakkebenet (også kaldet exoccipitals) er placeret på siderne af foramen magnum.

Referencer

Skelet

Laterale dele af nakkebenet


Park County is the name of three counties in the United States:

Park County, Colorado
Park County, Jefferson Territory
Park County, Montana
Park County, Wyoming

Park County


NGC 6814 je prečkasta spiralna galaktika u zviježđu Orlu.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 6814
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 6814 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 6800 - 6849

6814

NGC 6814


Centaurium capense, manja zeljasta biljka iz roda kičice, porodica sirištarki. Raste po pustinjskim krajevima poluotoka Baja California i otoka Isla Socorro u Meksiku.

Cvjetovi ružičaste boje imaju pet latica. Vrsta je opisana prvi puta 1973.

Izvori

Sirištarke
Flora otočja Revillagigedo
Flora Baja Californie Sur
Flora Colime

Centaurium capense


An Helictotrichon imberbe in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Jan Frederik Veldkamp. An Helictotrichon imberbe in nahilalakip ha genus nga Helictotrichon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Helictotrichon

Helictotrichon imberbe


An Guzmania fawcettii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carl Christian Mez. An Guzmania fawcettii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Guzmania, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Jamaica. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Guzmania

Guzmania fawcettii


طريق أبيان (باللاتينية والإيطالية: Via Appia) هو من أوائل الطرق الرومانية المهمة والاستراتيجية في الجمهورية الرومانية، وما زال صالحًا للاستعمال حتى اليوم. سُمِّي باسم أبيوس كلوديوس كايكوس، إداري روماني
بدأ تشييده في 312 ق.م وامتد على طول 212 كم متجها نحو الجنوب في جزيرة إيطاليا، ثم زيد في طوله ليصل 377كم وهو ما زال موجودا حتى اليوم للعلم انه يمتد على حدود قبور مشاهير الرومان.

مراجع

طرق
طرق رومانية
طرقات في إيطاليا
النقل في بازيليكاتا
النقل في كامبانيا
النقل في لاتسيو
تأسيسات القرن 4 ق م في إيطاليا
تأسيسات عقد 310 ق م
تأسيسات القرن 4 ق م في الجمهورية الرومانية
النقل في بوليا
ملاعب ألعاب قوى أولمبية
ملاعب الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1960
طرقات رومانية في إيطاليا

طريق أبيا


Sigi o Siggi fue un legendario caudillo vikingo de la protohistoria de Escandinavia en la Era de Vendel (), ancestro de la dinastía de los Völsung y los burgundios en particular. En la saga Völsunga se le menciona como «uno de los hijos de Odín», y también aparece como hijo de Odín en Nafnaþulur.

Sigi fue proscrito por matar a un thrall (esclavo) que le había superado en una cacería. Con ayuda de Odín, escapó y tuvo éxito en sus incursiones vikingas, hasta el punto de convertirse en rey de Hunaland, un territorio que pudo comprender el imperio franco (Hugones o Hugas) como el territorio de los hunos. Ya en su vejez, fue asesinado por los hermanos de su esposa que buscaban apoderarse del trono. Le sucedió su hijo Rerir que vengó su muerte.

Sigi también aparece en la Edda prosaica, donde se cita como monarca de Frankland:

El tercer hijo de Odín se llama Sigi, y su hijo Rerir. Estos son los primeros monarcas que gobernaron lo que hoy llaman Frankland; y por lo tanto de ellos descienden la casa de aquellos conocidos como Völsungs.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Byock, Jesse L. (trans.). c1990. The Saga of the Volsungs: the Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer. Berkeley and Los Angeles, Calif. ; London: University of California Press. First published: 1990. ISBN 0-520-23285-2.

Enlaces externos
 Saga Völsunga Trad. William Morris y Eirikr Magnusson.

Reyes vikingos legendarios
Hunos
Hijos de Odín

Sigi


تشير أسماء القدس إلى الأسماء المتعددة التي عرفت بها مدينة القدس وأصل الكلمة في لغات مختلفة، حيث تنوعت مُسماياتها من لغة لأخرى، بل وتنوعت أيضاً في اللغة الواحدة حيث قد تحصل القدس على الكثير من الأسماء الملقبة بها في لغة واحدة فقط، في حين تتنوع هذه الأسماء في معانيها ومنحنى الأسباب التي لقبت بذلك فهي لها أسماء من منظور ديني وتاريخي وأسطوري وكل ذلك فقط في لغة واحدة، ففي اللغة العربية وحدها هنالك الكثير من المسميات لها مثل: (اَلْـقُـدْس، اَلْـقُـدْس الـشَّـرِيْـف، بَـيْـت الْـمُـقَـدَّس، بَـيْـت الْـمَـقْـدِس، إِيْـلْـيَـاء، مُـرِيَّـا أو مُـرَيَّـا)، أما في اللغة العبرية ووبحسب المدراش اليهودي فإن «القدس لها 70 اسمًا»، تم تجميع القوائم من 72 اسمًا عبرانيًا مختلفًا للقدس في الكتاب المقدس اليهودي.

اليوم، تسمى المدينة باسمين: (القدس (بالعربية) و أورشليم ). حيث ينعتها البعض وخصوصًا المسلمين بالاسم العربي (اَلْـقُـدْس) أو (بَـيْـت الْـمَـقْـدِس)، أما في بقية أنحاء العالم تُنعت بالاسم العبري (أورشليم: יְרוּשָׁלַיִם)، حيث يعتقد أنه اشتقاق لاسم أقدم بكثير، تم تسجيله في وقت مبكر في العصر البرونزي الأوسط، والذي تم إعادة تفسيره مرارًا وتكرارًا في علم أصول اللغة الشعبية، ولا سيما باللغة اليونانية التوراتية، حيث جاء العنصر الأول من الاسم مرتبطًا  (الأبطال، «مقدسون»).

الأسماء المبكرة

يُعتقد أن هذا الاسم ذُكِر في الهيروغليفية حيث يتم أحيانًا تحديد مدينة تسمى روساليم في نصوص الإبادة في مملكة مصر الوسطى (القرن التاسع عشر قبل الميلاد) على أنها القدس على الرغم من أن هذا الأمر واجه بعض التحديات والإنتقادات.

في الكتاب المقدس فإن أورساليم هي الأكثر استخداما؛ ولذلك أورساليم الاسم المستخدم في معظم أنحاء العالم الغربي. وقد ظهر في الشكل العبري التوراتي يروشليم ( الذي اعتمد في الكتاب المقدس اليونانية كما  أو )، وفي الأناجيل المسيحية المبكرة مثل السريانية () وكذلك اللاتينية ( أو ).أما باللغة العربية، فقد وُجِد هذا الاسم بصيغة ()وهو الاسم العربي الذي روجت له الحكومة الإسرائيلية.

اسم «شاليم»، سواء كان اسم بلدة أو إله (حيث يعتقد أنه إله لأنه ذُكر اسم سومري أكادي (شليم) الإله الكنعاني لغروب الشمس والعالم السفلي وكذلك الصحة والكمال) ، مشتق من نفس الجذر (سلم : س - ل - م) مثل كلمة «شالوم (العبرية)»، والتي تعني السلام،   بحيث يصبح التفسير الشائع للاسم الآن «مدينة السلام»   أو«دار السلام».

سَـالِـم
تم العثور على اسم شاليم / سالم (שלם سالم) في رواية ملكي صادق في تكوين 14:18: وأتى ملكي صادق ملك سالم بالخبز والنبيذ: وكان كاهن الله العلي (علیون).

ويتضح أن اسم سالم يشير إلى القدس في مزمور 76: 2 الذي يستخدم «سالم» كموازي لـ «صهيون» قلعة القدس. نفس التعريف تم بواسطة جوزيفوس والترجمات الآرامية للكتاب المقدس.

صهيون
جبل صهيون  كان في الأصل اسم التل حيث تقف قلعة اليبوسيين، ولكن تم تطبيق الاسم لاحقًا على جبل الهيكل إلى الشمال من القلعة.

منذ عصر الهيكل الثاني، تم تطبيق الاسم على تل فقط إلى الجنوب الغربي من المدينة المسورة. لا يزال هذا التل الأخير معروفًا باسم جبل صهيون اليوم. من وجهة نظر المنفى البابلي (القرن السادس قبل الميلاد)، تم استخدام صهيون كمرادف لمدينة القدس ككل.

أسماء أخرى

 مُـرِيَّـا أو مُـرَيَّـا كان جبل موريا (الآن جبل الهيكل) جزءًا من مدينة ييفوس (يبوس، انظر قضاة 19:10) التي يسكنها اليبوسيون. وفقا للكتاب المقدس، تم بيع هذه الأرض للملك داود من قبل أرنان (اليبوسي) مقابل ثمن الشراء الكامل (ستمائة شيكل من الذهب).حيث ذُكر في الكتاب المقدس (من اجل بناء مذبح في البيدر للتضحية في البقاء في الطاعون الذي زاره الله على إسرائيل. بنى سليمان فيما بعد المعبد هناك. كان المعقل اليبوسي في ذلك الوقت يسمى صهيون الذي استولى عليه داود بالقوة، وبعد ذلك بدأت تسمى مدينة داود).
 الكتاب المقدس العبرية מוריה
 الكتاب المقدس اليوناني Μώριας
 الكتاب المقدس موريا اللاتينية
 اللغة العربية مُـرِيَّـا أو مُـرَيَّـا
 العبرية מוֹרִיָּה
 مدينة داوود
 مدينة يبوس
 مدينة الملك العظيم
 أريئيل
 إيلياء

بالإسلام
إن الأسماء الإسلامية لها هي من أصل عربي وهي اَلْـقُـدْس،اَلْـقُـدْس الـشَّـرِيْـف،بَـيْـت الْـمُـقَـدَّس،بَـيْـت الْـمَـقْـدِس، اَلْـبَـلَاط

الاسم العربي الحديث للقدس هو اَلْـقُـدْس القدس ، ويمكن تتبع أول استخدام مسجل له حتى القرن التاسع الميلادي، بعد مائتي عام على الفتح الإسلامي للمدينة. قبل استخدام هذا الاسم، كانت الأسماء العربية المستخدمة للقدس إِيْـلْـيَـاء (من الاسم اللاتيني إيليا) و بَـيْـت الْـمَـقْـدِس (بيت المقدس) أو بَـيْـت الْـمُـقَـدَّس (بيت المقدس).

القدس هو الاسم العربي الأكثر شيوعًا للقدس ويستخدم من قبل العديد من الثقافات المتأثرة بالإسلام.

أما بَـيْـت الْـمُـقَـدَّس أو بَـيْـت الْـمَـقْـدِس فإنها كما القدس أصلها عربي لكنها أقل استخدامًا على الرغم من أنها ظهرت بشكل أكثر شيوعًا في المصادر الإسلامية المبكرة.

وبالنسبة لـ اَلْـبَـلَاط فإنها نادرا ما تستخدم

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

القدس.. اسماً وتاريخاً وذاكرة

أصل تسميات الأسماء الجغرافية
القدس
تاريخ القدس
ثقافة القدس

أسماء القدس


Als Small Five ( für "kleine Fünf") bezeichnen Forscher und die Nationalparkverwaltungen Wattenmeer die fünf bedeutsamsten Tiere im Wattenmeer. Sie sind das Werbesymbol für das Weltnaturerbe Wattenmeer.

Gemeint sind der Wattwurm (Arenicola marina), die Gemeine Herzmuschel (Cerastoderma edule), die Gemeine Strandkrabbe (Carcinus maenas), die Gemeine Wattschnecke (Hydrobia ulvae) und die Nordseegarnele (Crangon crangon).

Diese Tiere tragen wesentlich zum Umsatz von Biomasse bei. Sie fressen kleinstes Plankton und Algen, die im Wasser und auf der Oberfläche des Wattes leben. Anderseits dienen sie als Nahrungsgrundlage für Vögel und Fische.

Siehe auch
Big Five (Safari)

Weblinks
 Nationalpark Wattenmeer, Small Five

Einzelnachweise

Wattenmeer (Nordsee)
Umwelt- und Naturschutz (Nordsee)

Small Five (Wattenmeer)


ESPN 3 es un canal de televisión por suscripción latinoamericano de origen estadounidense lanzado el 14 de noviembre de 2011, que emite contenido deportivo.

Programación
La programación de ESPN 3 está dividida en cuatro bloques:

 ESPN 3.0: Está dedicado a los deportes de acción, es decir los deportes extremos tanto de verano como de invierno, así como los de aventura, surf y running.
 ESPN Compact: Es el bloque dedicado a llevar a los televidentes los mejores resúmenes de diversas competencias del fútbol de Europa, rugby, torneos de la ATP, polo, golf, entre otros eventos deportivos transmitidos por la cadena televisiva.
 ESPN Now: Espacio en el cual se emiten eventos deportivos y programas en vivo, dedicados al fútbol de las ligas europeas, el ciclismo, el boxeo, el baloncesto, etc.
 ESPN Series: Está enfocado a las series, documentales, películas deportivas, deportes universitarios, momentos olímpicos y programas de ESPN.

Para la señal Norte, el canal empezó a mostrar el bottomline durante todo el día en la parte inferior de la pantalla, con resultados en directo de todos los deportes, al igual que sus canales hermanos ESPN e ESPN 2.

Señales
Las tres señales son emitidas nativamente en alta definición, en simultáneo con la señal de resolución estándar.

 Señal Norte: emitida para México, Centroamérica y República Dominicana. Sus horarios de referencia corresponden a los de Ciudad de México (UTC-6/-5 DST), San José (UTC-6) y Santo Domingo (UTC-4).
 Señal Argentina: disponible únicamente para Argentina. Sus horarios de referencia corresponden a los de Buenos Aires (UTC-3), Bogotá/Lima (UTC-5) y Santiago (UTC-4/-3 DST). Para la programación local, usa el horario propio.
 Señal Sur: disponible para Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela. Sus horarios de referencia corresponden a los de Buenos Aires (UTC-3), Bogotá/Lima (UTC-5) y Santiago (UTC-4/-3 DST).

Eventos deportivos

Logotipos

Véase también
 ESPN Inc.
 ESPN
 ESPN 2
 ESPN 4
 ESPN Extra
 ESPN Premium
 ESPN Brasil
 ESPN Caribe
 ESPN Deportes

Referencias

Enlaces externos

ESPN
Canales de televisión por suscripción de Latinoamérica
The Walt Disney Company Latin America
Canales de televisión deportivos
Canales y estaciones de televisión fundados en 2011

ESPN 3 (Latinoamérica)


Définition et épidémiologie

Le lupus est une maladie auto-immune systémique qui peut toucher plusieurs organes. L'atteinte rénale (aussi
appelée « glomérulonéphrite lupique » car touchant le « glomérule » qui est la structure interne du rein) est une
inflammation du rein causée par le lupus. Cette complication - qui survient chez près de la moitié (40 %) des patients
atteints de lupus systémique [1, 2] - peut être présente dès le début de la maladie ou apparaitre secondairement
pendant le suivi.
Cette atteinte rénale comporte plusieurs stades (il existe 6 classes de glomérulonéphrites lupiques selon la
classification ISN/RPS 2003 [2-4] ), et la phase terminale - qui touche 4-10% des patients avec une atteinte rénale [2,
5] - reste une préoccupation pour tous les patients lupiques en raison de sa sévérité (handicap, décès). Cependant,
les études montrent qu'une prise en charge rapide et adaptée réduit considérablement le risque de dommages
irréversibles [2, 6-11] .

Prise en charge

 Au cours du lupus, préserver la fonction rénale à long terme nécessite d'une part une détection précoce de l'atteinte rénale, et d'autre part de mettre en place le plus rapidement possible une stratégie thérapeutique adaptée.
 Il est donc très important, pour tous les patients atteints de lupus, de faire suivre régulièrement l'état de leur fonction rénale (protéinurie 24h, sédiments urinaires, biopsie rénale si nécessaire) par une équipe médicale spécialisée.

Biopsie rénale

Deux types d'examens permettre de suivre l'évolution de la maladie lupique en général et plus particulièrement l'état de la fonction rénale :
 Des examens biologiques (prélèvement sanguin et/ou urinaire)
 Des examens histologiques plus poussés (prélèvement par biopsie d'une petite quantité de tissus ou d'organe suspecté d'être touché)

Au cours du lupus, l'atteinte rénale peut demeurer « silencieuse » car il n'y a malheureusement pas ou peu de corrélation entre les signes cliniques (visibles de l'extérieur) et la présence d'anormalités histologiques du rein (visible uniquement au microscope sur une biopsie). C'est pour cette raison que, si une atteinte rénale est suspectée (à la suite d'un examen biologique anormal : protéinurie élevée ou présence de sédiments urinaires), la biopsie rénale - un acte invasif réalisé sous anesthésie - reste un examen fondamental pour l'évaluation et la prise en charge de la glomérulonéphrite lupique [2, 12, 13].

 Seule la biopsie rénale permet d'identifier la classe histologique de la glomérulonéphrite lupique (classification ISN/RPS 2003 [2-4]) et par la suite de mettre en place un traitement adapté [2, 12, 14, 15].
 En effet, le choix des traitements dépend à la fois de la classe histologique identifiée (classification ISN/RPS 2003 [2-4]) et de l'activité de la maladie lupique.

Traitements

Les traitements médicamenteux permettent de contrôler la maladie et de préserver la fonction rénale : par conséquent de diminuer le nombre de cas, la mortalité et de préserver la fertilité (le lupus touchant principalement des femmes en âge de procréer).
 Il faut d'abord noter que les traitements de « base » du lupus (l'hydroxychloroquine par exemple) ont démontré un rôle « protecteur » pour prévenir l'apparition de l'atteinte rénale et sa rémission.
 En cas de glomérulonéphrite lupique, la plupart des formes peuvent être traitées efficacement avec des glucocorticoïdes et un immunosuppresseur (mycophénolate mofétil le plus souvent, mais aussi l'azathioprine, le cyclophosphamide, le tacrolimus et/ou les inhibiteurs de calcineurine dans certains cas).
 En cas de glomérulonéphrite lupique réfractaire aux traitements conventionnels (association glucocorticoïdes et immunosuppresseurs), des biomédicaments (ou traitements ciblés) peuvent constituer une alternative. Cependant, à ce jour, aucun biomédicament n'a montré d'efficacité formelle sur la glomérulonéphrite lupique au cours d'un essai clinique randomisé contrôlé. Néanmoins certains biomédicaments, ayant prouvé leur efficacité dans d'autres formes de lupus ou de maladie auto-immune (comme le rituximab ou le belimumab), peuvent être prescrits de façon dérogatoire, hors de leur AMM, pour traiter une glomérulonéphrite lupique réfractaire.
 Par ailleurs, la recherche clinique thérapeutique est très active dans ce domaine du lupus. L'efficacité de nouveaux médicaments est actuellement en cours d'évaluation dans des essais cliniques internationaux pour traiter spécifiquement la glomérulonéphrite lupique : la voclosporine (NCT02141672, NCT03021499, NCT03597464), le belimumab (NCT01639339), le rituximab (NCT02260934), l'obinutuzumab (NCT04221477, NCT02550652), l'anifrolumab (NCT02547922), le secukinumab (NCT04181762) ou des inhibiteurs de la tyrosine-kinase 2 (NCT03943147). Mis à part la voclosporine qui fait partie de la classe des immunosuppresseurs (inhibiteurs de calcineurine), tous ces biomédicaments agissent sur une cible précise impliquée dans la pathogenèse de la glomérulonéphrite lupique (c'est-à-dire le processus responsable du développement de la maladie) : les lymphocytes B et T (cellules du système immunitaire) ou l'interféron alpha (signal produit par les cellules du système immunitaire).

Bibliographie

 Hoover PJ, Costenbader KH. Insights into the epidemiology and management of lupus nephritis from the US rheumatologist's perspective. Kidney international 2016; 90: 487-92
 Gasparotto M, Gatto M, Binda V et al. Lupus nephritis: clinical presentations and outcomes in the 21st century. Rheumatology 2020; 59: v39-v51.
 Bajema IM, Wilhelmus S, Alpers CE et al. Revision of the International Society of Nephrology/Renal Pathology Society classification for lupus nephritis: clarification of definitions, and modified National Institutes of Health activity and chronicity indices. Kidney international 2018; 93: 789-96.
 Weening JJ, D'Agati VD, Schwartz MM et al. The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. Kidney international 2004; 65: 521-30.
 Hanly JG, O'Keeffe AG, Su L et al. The frequency and outcome of lupus nephritis: results from an international inception cohort study. Rheumatology 2016; 55: 252-62.
 Cameron JS. Lupus nephritis. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN 1999; 10: 413-24.
 Croca SC, Rodrigues T, Isenberg DA. Assessment of a lupus nephritis cohort over a 30-year period. Rheumatology 2011; 50: 1424-30.
 Mak A, Cheung MW, Chiew HJ et al. Global trend of survival and damage of systemic lupus erythematosus: meta-analysis and meta-regression of observational studies from the 1950s to 2000s. Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism 2012; 41: 830-9.
 Moroni G, Vercelloni PG, Quaglini S et al. Changing patterns in clinical-histological presentation and renal outcome over the last five decades in a cohort of 499 patients with lupus nephritis. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2018; 77: 1318-25.
 Tektonidou MG, Dasgupta A, Ward MM. Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients With Lupus Nephritis, 1971-2015: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-Analysis. Arthritis & rheumatology 2016; 68: 1432-41.
 Ward MM. Changes in the incidence of endstage renal disease due to lupus nephritis in the United States, 1996-2004. The Journal of rheumatology 2009; 36: 63-7.
 Mittal B, Rennke H, Singh AK. The role of kidney biopsy in the management of lupus nephritis. Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension 2005; 14: 1-8
 Zabaleta-Lanz M, Vargas-Arenas RE, Tapanes F et al. Silent nephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2003; 12: 26-30.
 Bihl GR, Petri M, Fine DM. Kidney biopsy in lupus nephritis: look before you leap. Nephrology, dialysis, transplantation : official publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association 2006; 21: 1749-52
 Giannico G, Fogo AB. Lupus nephritis: is the kidney biopsy currently necessary in the management of lupus nephritis? Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology : CJASN 2013; 8: 138-45.

Lien externe
 AFL - Association française du lupus et autres maladies auto-immunes

Maladie auto-immune
Maladie en néphrologie

Glomérulonéphrite lupique


Austin Deasy (26 August 1936 – 10 June 2017) was an Irish Fine Gael politician who served as Minister for Agriculture from 1982 to 1987. He served as a Teachta Dála (TD) for the Waterford constituency from 1977 to 2002. He was a Senator from 1973 to 1977, after being nominated by the Taoiseach.

Early life
Deasy was born in Dungarvan, County Waterford in August 1936. He was educated at Dungarvan CBS, before studying at University College Cork. He qualified as a secondary school teacher in 1963. Immediately after graduating, Deasy joined the teaching staff of St. Augustine's College in Dungarvan.

Political career

Early career
Deasy was elected as a Fine Gael member of both Dungarvan Urban District Council and Waterford County Council in 1967, positions he held until 1983. He was chairman of the latter body from 1980 to 1981, before reclaiming his seat on the Urban District Council from 1994 to 1999. Deasy was also a member of the South East Health Board, Waterford Harbour Commissioners and Waterford Vocational Education Committee.

He contested the 1969 general election, as a Fine Gael candidate for Waterford. However, he finished fifth in the three-seat constituency. Deasy finished in fifth position again when he stood as a candidate in the same constituency at the 1973 general election.

Deasy was selected as a candidate for the Cultural and Educational Panel for the subsequent election to Seanad Éireann in 1973. However, he was once again unsuccessful. In spite of this, he was appointed to the Seanad as one of Taoiseach Liam Cosgrave's nominees.

TD
Deasy contested his third general election in 1977. He was successful in being elected that time, taking the third seat in the newly expanded constituency and finishing ahead of his running mate Edward Collins. Fine Gael returned to opposition following that election, however, Deasy was immediately appointed to the Front Bench as Spokesperson for Fisheries. In a 1979 reshuffle, he became Spokesperson for Transport, Communications and Technology, a position he held until early 1981, when he ceded the Communications and Technology elements of his brief.

Following the formation of a Fine Gael-Labour coalition government in 1981, Deasy was one of several Front Bench spokespersons who were unlucky not to be appointed to cabinet or as a Minister of State.

The collapse of the coalition government in 1982, saw Deasy return to Garret FitzGerald's Front Bench as Spokesperson on Foreign Affairs.

The formation of a new Fine Gael-Labour coalition in 1982, saw Deasy being appointed as Minister for Agriculture. During his four-year tenure in the position he was seen as an effective Minister.

In 1988, Deasy resigned from the Fine Gael Party, in protest against Alan Dukes' Tallaght Strategy, in which Fine Gael would support the minority Fianna Fáil government on budgetary related issues. The following year Deasy tried unsuccessfully to remove Dukes as leader. Deasy called the agreement treacherous and said he could support any party who expressed confidence in Fianna Fáil or Charles Haughey. This was widely seen as the actual opinion of a majority of Fine Gael TD's and Senators. When the agreement had broken between Fine Gael and Fianna Fáil, Deasy agreed to return to Fine Gael. Upon his return in 1991, he was appointed to the front bench, after John Bruton became leader. Deasy later resigned again due to the financial difficulties the party was facing. In 2000, Deasy introduced an unsuccessful motion of no confidence in Bruton.

Deasy was succeeded as TD by his son, John Deasy.

Personal life and death
In 1961 Deasy married Kathleen Keating, and they had four children. After a short illness, Deasy died at University Hospital Waterford on 10 June 2017, at the age of 80.

See also
Families in the Oireachtas

References

1936 births
2017 deaths
Fine Gael TDs
Members of the 13th Seanad
Members of the 21st Dáil
Members of the 22nd Dáil
Members of the 23rd Dáil
Members of the 24th Dáil
Members of the 25th Dáil
Members of the 26th Dáil
Members of the 27th Dáil
Members of the 28th Dáil
Local councillors in County Waterford
Alumni of University College Cork
Ministers for Agriculture (Ireland)
Irish schoolteachers
People from Dungarvan
Nominated members of Seanad Éireann
Fine Gael senators

Austin Deasy


Silfursóley (fræðiheiti: Ranunculus aconitifolius) er blóm af sóleyjaætt sem upprunnin frá Mið-Evrópu.

Á Íslandi finnst hún í yfirgefnum görðum og yfirleitt afbrigðið R. a. cv. ´Flore Pleno'.

Tilvísanir

Sóleyjaætt
Plöntur á Íslandi

Silfursóley


An Nassella ibarrensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Carl Sigismund Kunth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Simon Laegaard. An Nassella ibarrensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Nassella, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo diri gud kababarak-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Nassella

Nassella ibarrensis


الطريق الوطنية رقم 7 أو ط و7 طريق رئيسية تونسية تصل بين مدينة تونس والحدود التونسية الجزائرية غرب مدينة طبرقة، وهي تمرّ بالمدن والقرى التالية على التوالي:
 مدينة تونس،
 باردو،
 وادي الليل،
 بجاوة،
 السعيدة،
 الجديدة،
 ماطر،
 غزالة،
 سجنان،
 ،
 طبرقة.

الطرقات الوطنية - تونس

الطريق الوطنية رقم 7 (تونس)


Francesco Minerva (31 January 1904 – 23 August 2004) was an Italian Roman Catholic prelate; at his death he was the second-oldest living bishop in the Roman Catholic Church, after Corrado Bafile. He was also one of its longest-serving priests, having been ordained on 16 April 1927.

Biography
Minerva was born at Canosa di Puglia. He graduated in theology at the Pontifical Lateran University and, later, in law at the University of Bari.
Pope Pius XII named  Minerva bishop of Nardò in 1948 and in 1950 transferred him to the somewhat larger diocese of Lecce. While his successor in Nardò, Corrado Ursi, went on to become Archbishop of Naples and a Cardinal, Minerva continued in Lecce, which was elevated to an archdiocese in 1980, and retired in 1981.

He died at Canosa di Puglia in 2004. He is buried in the Cathedral of San Sabino in that city.

Notes and references

1904 births
2004 deaths
People from Canosa di Puglia
Bishops in Apulia
Participants in the Second Vatican Council
20th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops
Italian centenarians
Men centenarians

Francesco Minerva


SM UC 2 (Originalbezeichnung S. M. "UC 2") war ein dieselelektrisches U-Boot des Typs UC I (Projekt 34) der deutschen Kaiserlichen Marine, das im Ersten Weltkrieg zum Einsatz kam. Es gehörte zur Serie UC 1, der ersten speziell als Minenleger konstruierten Klasse von U-Booten in Deutschland. UC 2 ging während seiner zweiten Feindfahrt am 2. Juli 1915 verloren.

Geschichte
UC 2 wurde von der Hamburger Vulkanwerft gebaut. Das Boot mit der Baunummer 46 lief dort am 12. Mai 1915 vom Stapel. Bereits fünf Tage später, am 17. Mai 1915, konnte UC 2 in Dienst gestellt werden. Erster und einziger Kommandant war Oberleutnant zur See Karl Mey. Wie die meisten Boote seiner Klasse war UC 2 der U-Flottille Flandern als Teil des Marinekorps Flandern unterstellt und kam von Zeebrügge aus zum Einsatz.

Auf seiner zweiten Feindfahrt ging UC 2 am 2. Juli 1915 im Seegebiet vor Great Yarmouth auf der Position  verloren. Das unter Wasser befindliche Boot wurde vom Dampfschiff Cottingham gerammt und daraufhin mit Schleppnetzen gesucht. Gegen 21.40 Uhr kam es zur Explosion einer von UC 2 gelegten Mine. Am Folgetag wurde das Wrack des Bootes von einem britischen Taucher entdeckt. Es blieb unklar, ob UC 2 erst durch den Rammstoß der Cottingham versenkt wurde oder zuvor auf eine eigene Mine lief und bereits zerstört auf Grund lag. Beim Untergang von UC 2 starb die gesamte 15-köpfige Besatzung. Während seiner zwei Unternehmungen war das Boot ohne Erfolg geblieben.

Das Wrack von UC 2 wurde im Laufe des Jahres 1915 durch die Briten gehoben. In der Folge wurde es auf der Themse und verschiedenen anderen Orten öffentlich zur Schau gestellt und schließlich abgewrackt.

Literatur

Weblinks
 UC 2 auf uboat.net (englisch)

Fußnoten

Militär-U-Boot (Kaiserliche Marine)
Militärschiff für den Minenkrieg (Kaiserliche Marine)
U-Boot im Ersten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust im Ersten Weltkrieg
Schiffsverlust 1915
AG Vulcan Hamburg

UC 2 (Schiff, 1915)


A eleição presidencial venezuelana de 1988 foi realizada em  e a disputa eleitoral ficou mais uma vez concentrada nos candidatos dos dois partidos majoritários da política venezuelana durante o período denominado Quarta República: o ex-presidente Carlos Andrés Pérez, da Ação Democrática (AD), e o ex-deputado Eduardo Fernández, do Comitê de Organização Política Eleitoral Independente (COPEI).

Com uma participação do eleitorado venezuelano no pleito alcançando 81.92%, Carlos Andrés Pérez sagrou-se vencedor da disputa após obter  votos, o que correspondeu a 52,89% dos votos válidos, e derrotar Eduardo Fernández, que por sua vez, obteve , o equivalente a 40,40% dos votos válidos.

Resultados eleitorais

Eleições na Venezuela
Venezuela
Eleição

Eleição presidencial na Venezuela em 1988


B.A.P (, ein Akronym für Best Absolute Perfect) ist eine südkoreanische Boygroup, die 2012 von TS Entertainment gegründet wurde. Die Gruppe debütierte offiziell am 26. Januar 2012 mit der Single Warrior.
Der offizielle Fanclub-Name der Gruppe lautet Baby.

Bandgeschichte
Im Januar 2012 wurde die Reality-Show Ta-Dah, It's B.A.P beim koreanischen Sender SBS MTV ausgestrahlt. Die Show arbeitete mit dem Konzept, die B.A.P-Mitglieder seien Außerirdische von einem anderen Planeten, die nun auf der Erde seien, um deren Planeten Mato zu retten. Am 26. Januar 2012 debütierte die Gruppe mit ihrer ersten Single Warrior; am 2. Februar 2012 erschien das gleichnamige Album. Die EP belegte Platz 10 in den Billboard-Welt-Album-Charts. Warrior wurde in Südkorea in zwei Tagen mehr als 10.000 Mal verkauft.

Am 27. April 2012 veröffentlichten sie das Album Power. Kurz nach der Veröffentlichung waren 30.000 Exemplare des Albums ausverkauft. Auch dieses Album erreichte Platz 10 in den Billboard-Welt-Album-Charts. Am 13. Oktober 2012 trat B.A.P erstmals in den USA auf.

Am 2. März 2013 erreichte ihr drittes Album One Shot Platz 1 der Billboard-Welt-Album-Charts. Im selben Monat kündigte B.A.P an, Konzerte in Los Angeles, San Francisco, Washington, D.C. und New York City zu geben. Alle 10.000 Sitzplätze waren innerhalb von einer Stunde ausverkauft.

Im Februar 2016 wurde die fünfte EP namens Carnival veröffentlicht, die sechs Songs enthält. Im März 2016 veröffentlichte B.A.P. ihr erstes japanisches Studioalbum namens Best. Absolute. Perfect. mit dreizehn neuen Liedern. Von April bis Juli fand gab die Gruppe Konzerte in den USA, Kanada, Mexiko, Italien, Finnland, Deutschland, Polen, Australien, Neuseeland, im Vereinigten Königreich und Russland.

Im August veröffentlichte B.A.P. ihre fünfte Single mit dem Titel Put 'Em Up. Im November wurde das Album Noir mit dem Titelsong Skydive veröffentlicht. Die Gruppe belegte damit erneut die Spitze der Billboard-Welt-Album-Charts. Im März 2017 veröffentlichte B.A.P den Song Rose. Dies war das erste Comeback mit Bang Yong-guk, der für vier Monate lang eine Pause eingelegt hatte.

Am 23. August 2018 gab TS Entertainment bekannt, dass Yongguk sich entschieden habe seinen Vertrag nicht zu verlängern und die Agentur und B.A.P zu verlassen. Die Gruppe wird mit den verbliebenen fünf Mitgliedern weitermachen. Zelo verließ die Gruppe im Dezember 2018. TS Entertainment gab dazu am 24. Dezember bekannt, dass Zelos Vertrag am 2. Dezember ausgelaufen sei und er sich entschieden habe B.A.P und die Agentur zu verlassen.

Am 18. Februar 2019 wurde gemeldet, dass auch die restlichen vier Mitglieder ihre Verträge nicht verlängert und die Agentur verlassen haben. Jongup und Daehyun erklärten noch am gleichen Tag in einem Interview, dass B.A.P nicht aufgelöst sei. Derzeit konzentrieren sich alle Mitglieder auf Soloprojekte und wollen später wieder als Gruppe zusammenarbeiten.

Mitglieder

Diskografie

Auszeichnungen

Preisverleihungen (Auswahl)
2012
 Golden Disc Awards – Rookie Award
 Melon Music Awards – Rookie of the Year
 Mnet Asian Music Awards – Mnet PD's Choice Award

2013
 Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards – New Artist of the Year (Male Group)
 Seoul Music Awards – Bonsang Award für One Shot

2014
 MTV Europe Music Award
 Best Korean Act
 Best Japan and Korea Act
 Japan Gold Disc Awards
 Best New Artist
 Best 3 New Artist

2015
 Gaon Chart K-Pop Awards – Hot Trend Award

2016
 Asia Artist Awards – Best Entertainer Award (Male Group Category)
 MTV Europe Music Awards – Best Korean Act

2017
 Soribada Best K-Music Awards – Bonsang Award

Musik-Shows
B.A.Ps Siege bei Musik-Shows:

Weblinks
 Offizielle Webseite

Einzelnachweise

Boygroup
Südkoreanische Idol-Gruppe

B.A.P


Tangiwai is a  census area and a small rural community in the Ruapehu District of the Manawatū-Whanganui region of New Zealand's North Island. It is located east of Ohakune and Rangataua and west of Waiouru on State Highway 49. In 2018 37.5% of the area's 1,281 residents worked in agriculture, forestry and fishing and 7.1% in manufacturing.

The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "weeping water" for .

New Zealand's worst rail accident, the Tangiwai disaster, occurred near Tangiwai on 24 December 1953. The Whangaehu River rail bridge collapsed beneath a Wellington-to-Auckland express passenger train. The locomotive and first six carriages derailed into the river, killing 151 people. The subsequent Board of Inquiry found that the accident was caused by the collapse of the tephra dam holding back nearby Mount Ruapehu's crater lake, creating a large lahar in the Whangaehu River, which destroyed one of the bridge piers at Tangiwai only minutes before the train reached the bridge. A memorial has been built at the accident site.

Tirorangi Marae and Rangiteauria meeting house is located in the Tangiwai area. It is a traditional meeting ground of the Ngāti Rangi hapū of Ngāti Rangihaereroa, Ngāti Rangiteauria and Ngāti Tongaiti.

Demographics
Tangiwai statistical area, which includes Rangataua and which surrounds but does not include Raetihi, Ohakune and Waiouru, covers  and had an estimated population of  as of  with a population density of  people per km2.

The statistical area had a population of 1,281 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 54 people (4.4%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 87 people (−6.4%) since the 2006 census. There were 492 households, comprising 675 males and 606 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.11 males per female. The median age was 40.0 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 279 people (21.8%) aged under 15 years, 210 (16.4%) aged 15 to 29, 642 (50.1%) aged 30 to 64, and 150 (11.7%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 78.2% European/Pākehā, 34.0% Māori, 2.6% Pacific peoples, 2.6% Asian, and 1.2% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 10.1, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 55.0% had no religion, 31.9% were Christian, 4.4% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.2% were Buddhist and 1.2% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 126 (12.6%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 198 (19.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $30,500, compared with $31,800 nationally. 141 people (14.1%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 606 (60.5%) people were employed full-time, 144 (14.4%) were part-time, and 39 (3.9%) were unemployed.

Timber

George Syme & Co ran a saw mill to cut totara, rimu, matai and kahikatea, linked to the station by a  tramway from 1908 until 1930. The mill burnt down in 1926.

Karioi state forest was set up in November 1926, with  set aside for forestry, and taken on by New Zealand Forest Service from 31 March 1927. It stretches about  north east from Tangiwai onto the southern slopes of Ruapehu. By March 1931, over 10.7m trees had been planted on , for £56,524, 15s 10d. Most of the planting was on land with cobalt deficiency and therefore considered unsuitable for farming, though it also included at least  of flax. Trees have been harvested since the late 1960s. Winstone Pulp International (WPI) bought  of Waimarino Forest in 1989 and cutting rights to  of Karioi Forest in 1990.

Sawmill
To cut the timber, MSD Spiers built Tangiwai Sawmill beside the railway station in 1966. It was bought by nearby pulp mill owner, Winstone Pulp International Ltd (WPI), in 1993 and upgraded to mill over  a year, using  of logs, a planer, optimiser, dry-sheds, kilns and a  wood waste heat plant, added in 2001. In April 2008, Ernslaw One Ltd purchased WPI. Ernslaw One owned by the Malaysian Tiong Family, bought WPI for $117,293,314. WPI employed about 300 staff. At 30 September 2006, its forest crop was valued at $83m and its fixed assets at $38.7m. It earned $131m, but lost $10.1m. Ernslaw One also has forests and mills in Gisborne, Naseby and Tapanui.

Pulp mill
A further use for the timber was the pulp mill, though it had a troubled beginning. It produces  a year when running a single-shift. It is mainly used for newsprint and paperboard, much of it exported through New Plymouth, then CentrePort Wellington and now Napier. A  bark furnace and a heat exchanger recover  of heat from steam for drying the pulp, electricity and LPG supplying the other energy. Excess heat is used to dry timber from the sawmill. In 2004 the mill had 145 staff.

In 1976 Winstone and Chonju Paper Manufacturing, a Samsung subsidiary, built a thermo-mechanical pulp mill, almost  north of the sawmill. In 1978 the first load of logs was delivered to the mill. At least 70% of the pulp was to go to Chonju, but, when the mill came on stream in 1979, prices for pulp and newspaper had fallen and the pulp was of variable quality. In 1981 the mill was caught up in the Think Big debate, when the government took $10m in preference shares and made a $5m loan. Losses that year were $7.133m and rose to $11m. Later in 1981 H.W. Smith Ltd, a company linked with Brierley Investments Ltd, increased its 10% holding in Winstone to 24.9% and to 27% in 1983. Brierley gained full control of Winstone when the government sold its interests. The last remaining director from the Winstone family, Donald, retired. In early 1988, Fletcher Challenge bought Winstone for $444m. Karioi was sold within months to a Hong Kong investment company. The current name of Winstone Pulp International Ltd was adopted. WPI was sold to Ernslaw One group in 2008.

References

Populated places in Manawatū-Whanganui
Ruapehu District
Forests of New Zealand

Tangiwai


Biserica "Schimbarea la Față" din Almașu Mare, județul Alba, datează din anul 1822.. Biserica se află pe noua listă a monumentelor istorice sub codul LMI 2010: .

Istoric și trăsături
Edificiul, ridicat în secolul al XIX-lea (1822-1826), din ziduri de piatră și bolți de cărămidă,  se compune dintr-o absidă hexagonală, naos dreptunghiular, turn clopotniță cu trei nivele, cu foișor de lemn la partea superioară și coif piramidal de tablă.  Pridvorul de pe fațada de vest a turnului a fost adăugat ulterior. În interior biserica a fost pavată cu lespezi de piatră.

Pictura veche, realizată de Para Vasile Zugrav, în 1835, se mai păstrează doar în altar, restul interiorului fiind pictat la o dată recentă (1990-1994). Remarcabil este iconostasul, placat cu icoane pe sticlă de Făgăraș, realizate între anii 1834 și 1835, de Ioan Pop Zugrav, chemat în zonă de preotul de atunci al bisericii, Aron Oprea.
.

Note

Vezi și
 Almașu Mare, Alba
 Schimbarea la Față

Imagini din exterior

Imagini din interior

Monumente istorice din județul Alba
Biserici din secolul al XIX-lea din România
Biserici cu hramul Schimbarea la Față

Biserica „Schimbarea la Față” (Suseni) din Almașu Mare


Convingerile politice ale lui Adolf Hitler au fost prezentate de către istorici și biografi cu o oarecare dificultate. Deși scrierile și metodele sale au fost deseori adaptate la context, au existat niște idei constante precum antisemitismul, anticomunismul, antiparlamentarismul, Lebensraum, credința în superioritatea "rasei ariane" și o formă de ultranaționalism german. Hitler a menționat că lupta sa este împotriva iudeo-marxismului.

Perspectivele sale politice s-au dezvoltat pe parcursul a trei etape:
 Perioada de dinaintea Primului Război Mondial, trăită în sărăcie la Viena și München, moment în care a început să citească pamfletele presei naționaliste și antisemite neavând încredere în partidele politice și ziarele mainstream;
 Ultimele luni ale Primului Război Mondial, când Germania era pe punctul de a pierde războiul, perioadă în care Hitler și-ar fi dezvoltat ultranaționalismul și dorința de a salva țara din mâna inamicilor săi interni și externi;
 Anii 1920, perioadă în care își face intrarea pe scena politică și în care își redactează lucrarea. Hitler a renunțat la cetățenia austriacă pe 7 aprilie 1925 și a obținut-o pe cea germană abia șapte ani mai târziu, fapt care i-a permis să candideze pentru o funcție publică. Acesta a fost influențat de Benito Mussolini, prim-ministrul Italiei.

Din multe puncte de vedere, Adolf Hitler înglobează "forța personalității în viața politică". A reprezentat un element esențial în formarea "atractivității" idologiei naziste. Atât de importante erau perspectivele acestuia încât au afectat imediat politicile Germaniei Naziste. Hitler și-a asumat funcția de Führerprinzip ("Lider suprem").  Acesta vedea în structura partidului și ulterior în cea a guvernului o piramidă cu el - liderul infailibil - în vârful acesteia.

Hitler considera că forța "voinței" era decisivă în determinarea cursul politic al unei națiuni. Dat fiind faptul că acesta a fost numit "lider al Reich-ului german pe viață", el "îngloba puterea supremă a statului și, ca reprezentant al poporului german", rolul său era acela de a determina "forma și structura Reich-ului". Pentru a-și îndeplini scopul, motivațiile sale politice constau dintr-o ideologie care combina antisemitismul tradițional german și austriac cu o doctrină rasială fundamentată pe elemente de darwinism social și ideile lui Friedrich Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer, Richard Wagner, Houston Stewart Chamberlain, Arthur de Gobineau, Alfred Rosenberg, Paul de Lagarde, Georges Sorel, Alfred Ploetz și alții.

Referințe

Bibliografie

 Bessel, Richard. Nazism and War. New York: Modern Library, 2006. ISBN 978-0-81297-557-4
 Binion, Rudolph. Hitler among the Germans. Dekalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press, 1991. ISBN 978-0-87580-531-3
Bracher, Karl D. The German Dictatorship: The Origins, Structure, and Effects of National Socialism. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970. ISBN 978-0-27583-780-8
Deuerlein, Ernst. "Hitlers Eintritt in die Politik und die Reichswehr." Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 7. Jahrg., 2. H. (Apr., 1959): 177–227. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH (and its subsidiary Akademie Verlag GmbH). Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30197163
Domarus, Max. Hitler Speeches and Proclamations, 1932–1945. Vols. 1-4. Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci, 1990. ISBN 0-86516-228X
Fest, Joachim C. Hitler. Orlando, FL.: Harcourt, 2002 [1973]. ISBN 978-0-15602-754-0
Fleming, Gerald. Hitler and the Final Solution. Berkeley și Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1994. ISBN 0-520-06022-9
 Gellately, Robert. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. New York: Vintage Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-40003-213-6
 Grunberger, Richard. The 12–Year Reich: A Social History of Nazi Germany, 1933–1945. New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1971. ASIN: B00C4Y7ROM
 Grunfeld, Frederic. The Hitler File: A Social History of Germany and the Nazis, 1918-45. New York: Random House, 1974. ISBN 978-0-29776-799-2
 Haffner, Sebastian, The Meaning of Hitler. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2004 [1978]. ISBN 978-0-67455-775-8
 Heiden, Konrad. The Führer. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2002 [1944]. ISBN 0-7858-1551-1
 Hildebrand, Klaus. The Foreign Policy of the Third Reich. Berkeley și Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1973. ISBN 978-0-52002-528-8
 Hildebrand, Klaus. The Third Reich. Londra și New York: Routledge, 1984. ISBN 0-04943033-5
 Hillgruber, Andreas. "Die "Endlösung" und das deutsche Ostimperium als Kernstück des rassenideologischen Programms des Nationalsozialismus." Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte 20. Jahrg., 2. H. (Apr., 1972): 133–153. Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH (and its subsidiary Akademie Verlag GmbH). URL stabil: https://www.jstor.org/stable/30197201.
 Hillgruber, Andreas. Germany and the Two World Wars. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981. ISBN 0-674-35321-8
 Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf. Boston: Ralph Manheim, 1943 [1925]. Au fost citate de asemenea următoarele edișii: Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Londra: Hurst și Blackett Ltd., 1939./ Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. New York: Reynal & Hitchkock, 1941./ Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. Londra: Hutchinson, 1969./ Hitler, Adolf. Mein Kampf. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1971.
 Jäckel, Eberhard. Hitler's Worldview: A Blueprint for Power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981 [1969]. ISBN 0-674-40425-4
 Joll, James. Europe since 1870. New York: Penguin, 1978. ISBN 978-0-14021-918-0
Kaplan, Robert D. The Revenge of Geography. New York: Random House, 2012. ISBN 978-1-40006-983-5
Kater, Michael. Hitler Youth. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004. ISBN 978-0-67401-496-1
Klöss, Erhard, ed. Reden des Führers. Politik and Propaganda Adolf Hitlers, 1922–1945. Munich: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1967. ASIN: B0035ZBVNM
Koonz, Claudia. The Nazi Conscience. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. ISBN 978-0-67401-842-6
Lukács, Georg. Die Zerstörung der Vernunft. Berlin: Aufbau-Verlag, 1954. ASIN: B000YE60WY
Lukacs, John. The Hitler of History. New York: Random House, 1997. ISBN 978-0-37570-113-9
 McDonough, Frank. Hitler and Nazi Germany. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999. ISBN 978-0-52159-502-5
 Meinecke, Friedrich, trans. by Sidney Fay. The German Catastrophe. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950. ASIN: B000NWQLLM
Mosse, George L. The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich. New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964. ASIN: B000OKVU6E
Mosse, George L. Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism. New York: Harper & Row, 1980. ISBN 0-06-090756-8
 Neumann, Franz. Behemoth: Structure and Practice of National Socialism. Londra: Frank Cass Publishers, 1967 [1942]. ISBN 978-0-06131-289-2
 Nicholls, David. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000. ISBN 978-0-87436-965-6
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Rees, Laurence. Hitler's Charisma: Leading Millions into the Abyss. New York: Vintage Books, 2012. ISBN 978-0-30738-958-9
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Stern, Fritz. The Politics of Cultural Despair: A Study in the Rise of the Germanic Ideology. Berkeley și Londra: University of California Press, 1974. ISBN 0-520-02626-8
Stern, J. P. Hitler: The Führer and the People. Berkeley și Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1992 [1975]. ISBN 978-0-52002-952-1
 Stephenson, Jill. Women in Nazi Germany. Londra și New York: Longman, 2001. ISBN 978-0-58241-836-3
 The History Place: The Rise of Adolf Hitler
Turner, Henry Ashby. German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. Oxford și New York: Oxford University Press, 1985. ISBN 978-0-19503-492-9
Victor, George. Hitler: The Pathology of Evil. Washington D.C.: Potomac Books, 2007. ISBN 978-1-57488-228-5
Williamson, David G. The Third Reich. 3rd edition. London: Longman Publishers, 2002. ISBN 978-0-58236-883-5
Wistrich, Robert S. Hitler and the Holocaust. New York: Modern Library Chronicles, 2001. ISBN 0-679-64222-6

Adolf Hitler
Anticomunism
Antisemitism
Extremism de dreapta


قلعة السليف هي إحدى القلاع العمانية التي تقع في ولاية عبري ، محافظة الظاهرة .شيدها الإمام سلطان بن سيف اليعربي . تتكون من عدة مباني ومنازل ويحيطها سور به عدة أبراج عالية ويمر أسفل القلعة فلج كما بها مسجد وبئر للمياه. وتقف شامخة فوق بلدة السليف على سفح جبل يدعى بجبل شنبوه .

وهي عباره عن حصن به سبع أبراج و أشهرها برج الريح . و يعد الحصن مقر إقامه في أغلبها لقبائل العزور والمناذره وبني لمك التي تتمركز في قرية السليف . ومعظم بيوت الحصن لأبناء قبائل العزور والمناذرة وبني لمك ومن أشهر الملاك للبيوت الأثريه فيها " بيوت المغفور لهم بإذن الله سالم بن سعيد العزري و شيخان بن سالم العزري وهلال بن محمد العزري و بدر بن سالم المنذري وعلي بن سالم المنذري وحمد بن علي المنذري وعلي بن سليمان اللمكي ومحمد بن سليمان اللمكي "

المصادر والمراجع
 الدکتور:ادوارد، هندرسون، " (ذکریات عن دولة الإمارات و سلطنة عمان) "، مطبعة موتیف ایت للنشر، مطبعة راشد، عجمان عام 1988 للميلاد.
 السلطان:قابوس، البوسعیدي،  موسوعة  دلیل الأعلام: مسقط، عام 1998 للميلاد.
 المعمری، بن معتوق، سالم ،.(«عمان 92») عام 1992 میلادی للميلاد.
 الدکتور:القاسمی، سلطان، بن محمد ،  «(تقسیم الإمبراطوریة العُمانیة)»  ،. الطبعة الثانية، دبی: عام 1989 للميلاد.
 عمان فی عام 1986(عام الحصاد والتراث) إصدار وزارة الإعللام.
 الباحث والأديب أ. اللمكي،بن عامر، سعيد،الشاعر

مواضيع متعلقة
 قلاع وحصون عمان

آثار عربية
قلاع في سلطنة عمان

قلعة السليف


Wolfartsweier er en bydel i den tyske by Karlsruhe, Baden-Württemberg. Byen er beliggende sydøst for Karlsruhe centrum og syd for bydelen Durlach.

Wolfartsweier blev for første gang nævnt i 1261 som "Wolvolderswilere". Den lokale kirke, Jakobskirken, er første gang nævnt i 1329. Åen Wettersbach løber gennem byen via en undergrundskanal. I Wolfartsweier er der et rådhus, en protestantisk og katolsk kirke samt et udendørs svømmebad.

Wolfartsweier er en del af sporvognsnettet, der styres af Karlsruher Verkehrsverbundes (KVV). Byen er koblet på linje 2 og 8. Derudover kører busserne 107, 47, 24 og 27 til Wolfartsweier. Motorvejen, A5, går forbi i udkanten af byen.

Karlsruhe

Wolfartsweier


Elizabeth Marie Tallchief (obiteljsko ime na osage jeziku: Ki He Kah Stah Tsa; Fairfax, Oklahoma, SAD, 24. siječnja 1925. – Chicago, SAD, 11. travnja 2013.) bila je američka balerina. Ona se smatra američkom prvom velikom prima balerinom, i bila je prva autohtona Amerikanka koja je držala taj rang.

Elizabeth Marie Tallchief, poznata kao "Betty Marie" prijateljima i obitelji, rođena je od oca pod imenom Alexander Joseph Tall Chief, pripadnika Osage Indijanaca, i njegove žene, Ruth Porter, škotsko-irskog porijekla. Porter je upoznala Tall Chiefa, udovca, dok je posjećivala svoju sestru, koja je bila kućna pomoćnica njegove majke u to vrijeme.

Skoro od svoga rođenja, Elizabeth Tallchief bavila se plesom, počevši s formalnom nastavom u trećoj godini. Kada joj je bilo osam godina, njena obitelj preselila se iz rodne kuće u Fairfaxu u Oklahomi u Los Angeles u Kaliforniji da bi ona i njena mlađa sestra imale bolje mogućnosti za razvoj baletne karijere.

Sa 17 godina preselila se u New York u potrazi za pozicijom u velikoj baletnoj grupi, a po nagovoru svojih nadređenih uzela je umjetničko ime Maria Tallchief. Sljedećih pet godina provela je s baletnom grupom "Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo", gdje je upoznala legendarnog koreografa Georgea Balanchinea. Balanchine je 1946. godine kao jedan od osnivača formirao "New York City Ballet", a Tallchief je postala prva zvijezda ove baletne grupe.

Smatra se prvom značajnom američkom prima balerinom. Bila je prva autohtona Amerikanka koja je imala taj rang. Do smrti je ostala usko vezana za svoje nasljeđe Osage Indijanaca, govoreći protiv stereotipa i zabluda o Indijancima u mnogim prilikama. Bila je aktivna u radu neprofitne organizacije "Amerika za indijske prilike" i bila je direktorica "Nagrade indijanskog vijeća za postignuća".

U prosincu 2012. Tallchief je polomila svoj kuk. Umrla je 11. travnja 2013 od komplikacija nastalih od te povrede.

Galerija

Izvori

Balerine
Američki umjetnici
Osage

Maria Tallchief


ألفريد توماس «فريدي» هايمور  (ولد 14 فبراير 1992) هو ممثل إنكليزي، معروف بدوره في العثور على نيفرلاند (2004) وتشارلي ومصنع الشوكولاتة (2005) وأوغست راش (2007) وسجلات سبايدرويك (2007). و جسد دور نورمان بيتس في مسلسل نزل بيتس (2013). وهو الآن يجسد حالياً دور شون ميرفي في مسلسل الطبيب الجيد (2017)

السيرة الذاتية
هايمور ولد لعائلة تمتهن الفن، أمه سيو لاتيمار عميلة موهوبة ومن أبرز زبائنها دانيال رادكليف وأميلدا ستونتون، وأبوه إدوارد هايمور ممثل، يعيش في لندن وحاليًا يدرس في مدرسة Highgate School.

السيرة المهنية
هايمور بدأ بالتمثيل في أدوار قصيرة على شاشات التلفزة في السابعة من عمره. وفي فيلمين هايمور مثل مع أفراد من عائلته. فأخوه بيرتي مثّل معه في أحد الأفلام دور أخيه وتحديدًا في فيلم Women Talking Dirty.
و أيضًا أبوه مثل معه بدور أبيه في فيلم Jack and the Beanstalk وكذلك فيلم The Real Story.
وفي عام 2004 حصل على دوره المهم في فيلم Finding Neverlands وذلك بدور Peter.
وبسبب هذا الدور في هذا الفيلم حصل هايمور على العديد من الجوائز والعروض.
وفي العام 2005 حصل على دور Charlie Bucket في فيلم Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (تم أخذ هذا الفيلم من رواية في كتاب تم تؤليفه من قبل Roald Dahl), وكان (هايمور) قد لاقي الثناء من قبل نجم هذا الفيلم Johnny Depp الذي أعجب بتمثيله في فيلم Finding Neverlands وقد كان معجبًا بأداء الممثل الصغير.
هايمور ظهر ثانية في فيلم August Rush مع الممثلين with Keri Russell, Jonathan Rhys Meyers و روبن ويليامز. والقصة كانت عن عبقري في الموسيقى يدعى Evan Taylor (و الذي فيما بعد أُعطي دور ثانوي باسم August Rush) و رحلته الطويلة في إيجاد والديه بعد أن انفصل والديه منذ ولادته. هذا الفيلم لاقى رواجًا كبيرًا في العام 21 نوفمبر 2007.
استلم هايمور الدور الرئيسي في The Spiderwick Chronicles، والذي كان مبنيًا على مجموعة من قصص الأطفال والذي تم إصداره في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية عام 2008. لعب أيضًا دور American Twins وهما الأخوان simon grace و jared grace مع Sarah Bolger والتي لعبت دور أختيهما Mallory Grace.
و كذلك أدى أداء صوتي في Arthur and the Invisibles, هايمور أيضًا مثل بصوته في The Golden Compass وكذلك في Arthur and the Invisibles و Astro Boy.

الحياة الشخصية
في 2010، تم قبول هايمور في كلية إيمانويل عند جامعة كامبريدج لدراسة الإسبانية والعربية.

الأعمال

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص متعلمون في مدرسة هايغيت
أشخاص من كامدن تاون
أشخاص من هايغيت (لندن)
خريجو كلية ايمانويل (كامبريدج)
كتاب سيناريو إنجليز
مغتربون إنجليز في الولايات المتحدة
مغتربون إنجليز في إسبانيا
ممثلو أداء صوتي إنجليز
ممثلو أفلام إنجليز
ممثلو أفلام من لندن
ممثلو ألعاب فيديو إنجليز
ممثلو تلفزيون إنجليز
ممثلون أطفال إنجليز
ممثلون إنجليز في القرن 20
ممثلون إنجليز في القرن 21
ممثلون بريطانيون مغتربون في الولايات المتحدة
منتجو تلفزيون إنجليز
منتجون سينمائيون إنجليز
مواليد 1412 هـ
مواليد 1992
مواليد في كامدن تاون

فريدي هايمور


La Plaza Antelminelli es una plaza de la ciudad toscana de Lucca. Se ubica a continuación de la Plaza San Martín, donde se encuentra la Catedral del mismo nombre. El nombre deriva de las antiguas casas Antelminelli que fueron arrasadas en 1301 para dar paso a la plaza.

En el centro de la plaza existe una zona rodeada de columnas de mármol que se hallan unidas por cadenas, a partir de las cuales se deriva también el nombre de "Plaza de los hierros." Dentro de esta zona se halla una fuente que en 1832 Lorenzo Nottolini diseñado y construyó. La fuente fue construida en mármol y tiene una forma circular. El agua era suministrada originalmente a partir del Acueducto Nittolini, el cual traía el agua desde las montañas cercanas.

Arquitectura de Toscana
Lucca

Plaza Antelminelli


Bayanhongor, Bajanchongor ou Bayan Khongor é a capital da província de Bayanhongor, na Mongólia. Tem 31731 habitantes (2020), dos quais mais de 99% são calcas. Foi elevada a cidade em 1963.

Cidades da Mongólia

Bayanhongor (cidade)


The Southwest Mountains of Virginia are a mountain range centered on Charlottesville, parallel to and geologically associated with the Blue Ridge Mountains, which lie about 30 miles (50 km) to the west. Some of the more prominent peaks include Carters Mountain, Fan Mountain, Brush Mountain, Peters Mountain, Walton's Mountain, and Hightop Mountain.

Geography
The Southwest Mountains are not particularly large. They are one of the easternmost ranges in Virginia (along with the geologically associated Bull Run Mountains and Catoctin Mountain) and the viewshed for the Blue Ridge Mountains through Nelson and Albemarle Counties.

The range bisects Nelson, Albemarle, and Orange counties. A portion of the Southwest Mountains in Albemarle County has been designated a Rural Historic District by the National Park Service, though none of the range is designated as state or national parkland. Mineral resources of soapstone and vermiculite continue to be mined here.

Geology
The Southwest Mountains are underlain by a belt of Catoctin greenstone, which forms the eastern edge of the Blue Ridge anticlinorium. The Catoctin Greenstone belt extends north into Maryland and also supports the Bull Run and Catoctin Mountains. The basalt flows which were metamorphosed to greenstone were deposited during the latest Precambrian age and first uplifted during Grenville Orogeny then again during the Alleghenian Orogeny, in which they were also transported westward to their present location.

History and culture

In its designation as a Virginia historical landmark, the Virginia Board of Historic Resources described the northern Albemarle portion of the Southwest Mountains as "some of the Piedmont's most pristine and scenic countryside." They went on:

Characterized by undulating pastures, winding roadways, forested hills, and small hamlets, the district contains a broad range of 18th-, 19th- and early 20th-century rural architecture, reflecting the evolving cultural patterns of more than 250 years of settlement.

The estates of Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and James Monroe are all located within the Southwest Mountains, as are many non-presidential estates, including Castle Hill.

These mountains were at one time also referred to as the "Chestnut Mountains". The plateaux of the Southwest Mountains in southern Albemarle were once referred to as the "Green Mountains."

Virginia Governor James Barbour, who lived in Orange County, wrote in 1835:

Let us, the inhabitants of the South-West Mountains, rejoice and be grateful that our benefits greatly preponderate over our ills. And so far as my testimony goes, resulting from actual observation of near one-third of the entire circumference of the earth, I feel no hesitation in declaring that I deem them the most desirable abode I have ever seen.

References

Mountain ranges of Virginia
Landforms of Albemarle County, Virginia
Landforms of Charlottesville, Virginia

Southwest Mountains


Gao kan henvise til:
 Gao (by i Mali) – en by i cerclen Gao i regionen Gao i Mali
 Gao (cercle) – en cercle i regionen Gao i Mali
 Gao (region) – en region i Mali
 Gao (Yibin) – et byområde i Yibin i provinsen Sichuan i Kina

Gao