Sir Hugh Carleton Greene  (15 November 1910 – 19 February 1987) was a British television executive and journalist. He was director-general of the BBC from 1960 to 1969.

After working for newspapers in the 1930s, Greene spent most of his later career with the BBC, rising through the managerial ranks of overseas broadcasting and then news for the main domestic channels. He encountered opposition from some politicians and activists opposed to his modernising agenda, but under his leadership the BBC was recognised to be outperforming its commercial rival, ITV, and was awarded a second television channel (BBC 2) by the British government and authorised to introduce colour television to Britain.

After retiring from the BBC, Greene published several books, including a collaboration with his brother, the novelist Graham Greene, and made television programmes both for the BBC and ITV.

Background
Greene was born on 15 November 1910 in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, the youngest of four sons and the fifth of the six children of Charles Henry Greene, headmaster of Berkhamsted School, and his wife (and cousin), Marion Raymond, the daughter of the Rev Carleton Greene, vicar of Great Barford, with his mother being a cousin of the Scottish novelist Robert Louis Stevenson.     Among the couple's other children were Graham Greene, the novelist, and Raymond Greene, a Doctor of Medicine and a mountaineer. Greene was educated at Berkhamsted School and at Merton College, Oxford, where he obtained a second class in classical moderations (1931) and English (1933).

Before his undergraduate years at Merton, Greene had spent some time in Germany and, after graduating, he returned there, beginning his career as a journalist. He worked in Munich for two British publications, the Daily Herald and the New Statesman, and in 1934 he joined the Berlin office of The Daily Telegraph, becoming its chief correspondent in 1938. The writer of his entry in the Dictionary of National Biography, Colin Shaw, comments that Greene's direct witnessing of the Nazis deeply influenced him for the rest of his life, "teaching him to hate intolerance and the degradation of character to which the loss of freedom led". He was expelled from Germany in May 1939 in reprisal for the expulsion from London of a journalist and Nazi agent, Rudolf Rösel.

The Daily Telegraph sent Greene to Warsaw but his time there was brief. In September 1939, the Germans invaded Poland and he was forced to leave. As the war spread in Europe he reported from Romania, Bulgaria, Turkey, the Netherlands, Belgium and finally France, returning to Britain in June 1940, narrowly escaping the German army's arrival in Paris. After a few months in the Royal Air Force as a pilot officer in intelligence, he was released to join the BBC's German service, becoming its news editor. Throughout the war, the BBC remained committed to impartial and accurate reporting to enemy-occupied territories. In 1940, Greene was one of the first to undergo security clearance vetting by MI5 while working at the BBC, for MI5 suspected him to be a communist.

Early broadcasting career
At the end of the war the British government asked Greene to return to Germany as controller of broadcasting in the British-occupied zone. He established a peacetime radio service, Nordwestdeutscher Rundfunk, served as its first director-general and gave it a charter on the lines of the BBC. In 1948, the station was handed over to the German authorities and Greene returned to England. He was appointed head of the BBC's eastern European service in 1949, just before the Russians began to jam its broadcasts. In 1950, he was again seconded for government service, this time as head of emergency information services for the Federation of Malaya, helping to combat the efforts of communist insurgents. Among his assistants was the future prime minister of Singapore, Lee Kwan Yew, who became a close friend.

On his return to London, Greene resumed his work at the BBC. First, in 1952, as  assistant controller of overseas services, and then, in 1955, as controller. In 1956, Sir Norman Bottomley, director of administration and deputy to the director-general, Sir Ian Jacob, retired. Greene was appointed to succeed him; Shaw comments that this temporarily distanced him from any direct involvement with programmes, but clearly identified him as the potential successor to Jacob, who was due to retire in 1959.

After two years Greene was appointed to a newly-created post – director of news and current affairs. It was established in the wake of television's rise to overtake radio as the dominant broadcasting medium, and Greene's brief was "to secure overall co-ordination and editorial direction of topical output in both radio and television". In this role Greene encountered resistance to modernisation by key figures in the BBC news division, headed by Tahu Hole. The commercial Independent Television News (ITN), launched in 1955 was strongly outperforming the BBC in innovation, flair and audience numbers. Jacob backed Greene's modernising approach, and moved Hole to be director of administration. Among the reforms introduced by Greene was the abandonment of a restrictive and bureaucratic system for covering party politics. Before the 1959 general election he announced, "We are going to cover the election, nationally and locally, like any other news story – on the basis of news value", putting the BBC on a similar basis to ITN and the press.

BBC director-general
Greene's appointment to succeed Jacob was announced in 1959. It was received with widespread approval by BBC staff, partly because Greene was the first director-general to have risen through the ranks of BBC management, and partly because his transformation of news and current affairs coverage had impressed the programme makers and made them feel valued as they had not felt previously. He assumed the post on 1 January 1960. Early on, Greene abolished the position of director of news and current affairs, and appointed himself editor-in-chief. In that capacity, Shaw writes, he remained "a working journalist capable, when the need arose, of dealing expeditiously with those editorial issues that were referred to him". As director-general he led a modernisation of the BBC, increasing its audience after the creation of a rival commercial ITV television network (the first contractors were on air from September 1955) which had become much more popular than the BBC.

Soon after Greene's appointment, the government set up a committee of inquiry into broadcasting, chaired by the industrialist Sir Harry Pilkington. Greene pressed the BBC's case, arguing that the interests outside television of the commercial franchise holders constituted a conflict of loyalties with their public service obligations, and that the quality of programmes from commercial television was greatly inferior to that of the BBC's. The committee's report was highly favourable to Greene and the BBC, and despite pressure from the commercial television lobby, the government awarded the BBC the proposed third channel and introduction of colour television.

In a short history of the corporation, the BBC says of Greene's tenure, "he encouraged programme-makers to reflect the social changes and attitudes of the Sixties":

Greene was more frank in private:

Although under Greene's leadership the BBC caught up with and overtook commercial television in popularity among the British public as a whole, there were dissenting voices. Harold Wilson, who became prime minister in 1964, was less tolerant than his predecessors of the BBC's satire and lack of deference, and Mary Whitehouse, a campaigner who described herself as "an evangelical Christian and moral crusader", accused Greene of being "the devil incarnate" for allowing the broadcast of dramas with sexual content or bad language.

Greene ignored Mary Whitehouse, but he was vulnerable to Wilson's hostility. When the chairman of the BBC, Lord Normanbrook, died in 1967, his successor Lord Hill (hitherto chairman of the BBC's rival, the Independent Television Authority) was appointed reportedly at Wilson's request. Greene at that time held Hill in contempt. If, as was suspected at the time, Wilson's motive was to provoke Greene into resigning, the ploy almost succeeded, but Greene's advisers convinced him that if he resigned the whole board of management of the BBC would resign with him, leaving the corporation "at the mercy of its new master" as one colleague put it.

Greene and Hill established a working relationship that was uneasy but viable. Nonetheless, after a year Greene began to look forward to retirement. After more than eight years in post, he left in March 1969. To make it clear that the decision was his, rather than Hill's, the latter proposed that Greene should become a member of the BBC's board of governors. He did so, and served for two years before resigning, feeling that his presence was inhibiting his successor.

Later years

After he left the post of director general, Greene made some programmes for the BBC and also – causing some disapproval at the BBC –  for ITV. He edited several collections of stories about the rivals of Sherlock Holmes, collaborated with his brother Graham on Victorian Villanies (1984) and became chairman of Bodley Head, his brother's publisher. His lifelong hatred of totalitarianism and dictatorship led him to be active in campaigning against the military junta that ruled Greece after the coup of 1967. After civilian rule was reestablished, Greene was adviser to the Greek government on the constitution of broadcasting.

Personal life

Greene was married four times. In October 1934, he married Helga Mary (b. 1916), the daughter of Samuel Guinness, a banker, of London. They had two sons; the couple divorced in 1948. In September 1951, he married Elaine Shaplen (b. 1920), the daughter of Louis Gilbert, an accountant, of New York. They had two sons, and divorced in 1969. In May 1970, Greene married the German actress Tatjana Sais (1910–1981); they had lived together in the late 1940s. She died in 1981, and in December 1984, he married Sarah Mary Manning Grahame (b. 1941), a script supervisor from Australia. There were no children of the third and fourth marriages.

Greene died from cancer in King Edward VII's Hospital, London, on 19 February 1987.

Honours

Greene was appointed OBE in 1950 and knighted (KCMG) in 1964. He received honorary degrees from the University of East Anglia, the University of York and the Open University.  The West German government awarded him the Grand Cross of the Order of Merit in 1977.  In 1985 he received the Eduard Rhein Ring of Honour from the German Eduard Rhein Foundation for outstanding work related to the promotion of scientific research and of learning, the arts and culture. The road where the German radio station he helped to organise is located is now named after him (Hugh-Greene-Weg).

Publications
 The Spy's Bedside Book (ed., with Graham Greene, 1957)
 The Third Floor Front: A View of Broadcasting in the Sixties (1969)
 The Rivals of Sherlock Holmes: Early Detective Stories (ed., 1970)
 Cosmopolitan Crimes: More Rivals of Sherlock Holmes; US edition Foreign Rivals of Sherlock Holmes (ed., 1971)
 The Crooked Counties: Further Rivals of Sherlock Holmes (ed., 1973)
 The American Rivals of Sherlock Holmes (1976)
 The Pirate of the Round Pond and Other Strange Adventure Stories (ed., 1977)
 Victorian Villainies (ed., with Graham Greene, 1984)
Source: Who's Who.

Notes

References

Further reading

External sources

 Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library

1910 births
1987 deaths
Alumni of Merton College, Oxford
BBC executives
BBC Governors
English television executives
BAFTA fellows
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Officers of the Order of the British Empire
People educated at Berkhamsted School
People from Berkhamsted
Grand Crosses 1st class of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
20th-century English businesspeople
Royal Air Force personnel of World War II
Royal Air Force officers
Deaths from lung cancer in England
20th-century British journalists
New Statesman people
The Daily Telegraph people
British foreign correspondents
English expatriates in Germany
Directors-General of the BBC
Military personnel from Hertfordshire

Hugh Greene


All the Lost Souls er det andet studiealbum fra den britiske singer-songwriter James Blunt. Det blev udgivet d. 17. september 2007 som en opfølger til hans succesfulde debutalbum, Back to Bedlam, fra 2004. Den første single fra albummet var "1973", som blev spillet i radioen første gang d. 23. juli 2007.

Flere af sangene fra albummet blev spillet live til koncerter under Blunts turne i 2006, inklusive "1973", "I Really Want You", "Annie" og "I Can't Hear the Music". Han turneband, der bestod af Paul Beard (keyboard og baggrundsvokal), Ben Castle (guitar og baggrundsvokal), Malcolm Moore (basguitar og baggrundsvokal) og Karl Brazil (trommer og percussion), spillede alle med på dette album. Tom Rothrock var atter engang producer, ligesom han var på Back to Bedlam. Blunt sange også sangen "Same Mistake" under sin optræden ved Live Earth-koncerten i London. Albummet modtog blandede anmeldelser, men toppede som #1 i over 20 forskellige lande.

Spor
 Standard Edition
 "1973" (James Blunt / Mark Batson) – 4:40
 "One of the Brightest Stars" (James Blunt / Steve McEwan) – 3:11
 "I'll Take Everything" (Blunt / Eg White) – 3:05
 "Same Mistake" (Blunt) – 4:58
 "Carry You Home" (Blunt / Max Martin) – 3:56
 "Give Me Some Love" – 3:36
 "I Really Want You" (Blunt) – 3:30
 "Shine On" (Blunt) – 4:26
 "Annie" (Blunt / Jimmy Hogarth) – 3:25
 "I Can't Hear the Music" (Blunt) – 3:45

 Standard Digital Edition Bonus Tracks
 11. "I Really Want You" (Acoustic) – 3:28
 12. "1973" (Acoustic) – 4:42
 13. "Annie" (Live from Ibiza) – 3:41
 14. "Dear Katie" – 2:20
 15. "So Happy" – 3:36

 Deluxe Edition Bonus Tracks
 11. "Love, Love, Love" (Blunt) – 3:58
 12. "Cuz I Love You" (Live) – 3:25
 13. "Young Folks" (Live) – 2:58
 14. "Breakfast in America" (live Supertramp cover) – 4:03

 Deluxe Digital Edition Bonus Tracks
 15. "It Is My Song" (Duet with Laura Pausini) – 3:28
 16. "Je réalise" (Duet with Sinik) – 3:28

 UK Standard Edition Bonus DVD
 "In the Studio with James Blunt"
 "The Making of All the Lost Souls"
 "1973" (Video) – 4:15
 "Return to Kosovo" (Preview) – 2:18

 Australian Tour Edition Bonus DVD
 "Give Me Some Love" (Live From The MAX Sessions, Sydney)
 "I Really Want You" (Live From The MAX Sessions, Sydney)
 "So Long, Jimmy" (Live From The MAX Sessions, Sydney)
 "Carry You Home" (Live From The MAX Sessions, Sydney)
 "Wisemen" (Live From The MAX Sessions, Sydney)
 "Same Mistake" (Live From The MAX Sessions, Sydney)
 "1973" (Live From The MAX Sessions, Sydney)

 American Target Edition Bonus DVD
 "1973" (Video) – 4:15
 "1973" (Making of the Video) – 4:55

 Deluxe Edition Bonus DVD
 "Same Mistake" (Live at Abbey Road)
 "I'll Take Everything" (Live at Abbey Road)
 "1973" (Live at Abbey Road)
 "You're Beautiful" (Live in Paris)
 "Goodbye My Lover" (Live in Paris)
 "Carry You Home" (Live from the Sydney Opera House)
 "Wisemen" (Live in Ibiza)
 "One of the Brightest Stars" (Live in Ibiza)
 "1973" (Video)
 "Same Mistake" (Video)
 "Carry You Home" (Video)
 "I Really Want You" (Video)
 "Je Realise" (Video)
 "1973" (The Making of the Video)
 "Same Mistake" (The Making of the Video)
 "Carry You Home" (The Making of the Video)
 "I Really Want You" (The Making of the Video)
 "Return to Kosovo" (Documentary)
 "T5M Interview Special"

Hitlister

Referencer

James Blunt-album
Album fra 2007

All the Lost Souls


Iran uses three official calendar systems, including the Solar Hijri calendar as the main and national calendar, the Gregorian calendar for international events and Christian holidays, and the Lunar Hijri calendar for Islamic holidays.

In 2008, the Iranian government's English-language newspaper Iran Daily wrote that "[the] problem of too many annual public holidays has perpetually been a subject of concern," pointing out that the government would often declare "unofficial holidays [...] to allow extended weekends" around the national holidays. "[I]f official and unofficial holidays are added to weekends, almost half the year the country is holidaying! The serious issue of so many holidays should not be tolerated [...]"

Iran is one of the countries with the most public holidays in the world, with around 25 holidays. Many holidays' exact dates are determined by the Islamic calendar, and therefore their Gregorian dates vary from year to year.

See also
 Student Day (Iran)
 Iranian calendar
 Al-Quds Day, the last Friday before the end of Ramadan
 Iranian festivals
 List of observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar
 List of observances set by the Islamic calendar

References

Iran
Iranian culture
Society of Iran
Observances set by the Solar Hijri calendar
Holidays

Public holidays in Iran


An Cryptanthus zonatus in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Roberto de Visiani, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johann Georg Beer. An Cryptanthus zonatus in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cryptanthus, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cryptanthus

Cryptanthus zonatus


An Enteropogon monostachyos in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Vahl, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Karl Moritz Schumann och Adolf Engler. An Enteropogon monostachyos in nahilalakip ha genus nga Enteropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Nag-uusahan nga subspecies: E. m. africanus.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Enteropogon

Enteropogon monostachyos


L'Envol est un film franco-italo-allemand réalisé par Pietro Marcello, sorti en 2022.

Synopsis
Dans la campagne du nord de la France après la Première Guerre mondiale, Juliette, une jeune fille orpheline de mère, vit avec son père Raphaël, un vétéran bourru de la guerre. En raison de sa nature rêveuse qui la pousse à s'isoler, elle n'est pas appréciée des autres villageois, en particulier des hommes. Un jour, au bord de la rivière, une femme prédit que des « voiles écarlates » arriveront pour l'emmener loin de là : Juliette continue de l'espérer jusqu'au jour où la prophétie semble se réaliser, lorsqu'un bel aviateur lui tombe littéralement dessus du ciel.

Fiche technique

 Titre original et français : L'Envol
 Réalisation : Pietro Marcello
 Scénario : Pietro Marcello, Maurizio Braucci, Maud Ameline avec la collaboration de Geneviève Brisac, librement adapté de la nouvelle Les Voiles écarlates d'Alexandre Grine
 Musique : Gabriel Yared
 Photographie : Marco Graziaplena
 Costumes : Pascaline Chavanne
 Montage : Carole Le Page et Andrea Maguolo
 Sociétés de production : CG Cinéma, Avventurosa, Rai Cinema ; coproduction : Match Factory Production, Arte France Cinéma, Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (ZDF), Les Films du losange
 Société de distribution : Le Pacte (France)
 Pays de production : , ,
 Genre : drame
 Durée : 100 minutes
 Dates de sortie :
 France :  (Festival de Cannes - Quinzaine des réalisateurs) ;  (sortie nationale)
 Allemagne :  (Festival du film de Munich)

Distribution
 Juliette Jouan : Juliette
 Raphaël Thiéry : Raphaël
 Noémie Lvovsky : Adeline
 Louis Garrel : Jean
 Yolande Moreau : Yolande
 François Négret : Fernand
 Natascha Wiese : Carmel
 Ernst Umhauer : Renaud
 Lolita Chammah : la femme de Renaud
 Bernard Blancan : maître d'oeuvre chantier

Production

Accueil

Accueil critique
En France, le site Allociné propose une moyenne de , fondée sur  de presse.

Le film comptabilise  en  d'exploitation en France.

Distinctions

Sélections
 Festival de Cannes 2022 : Quinzaine des réalisateurs
 Festival du film de Munich 2022

Notes et références

Liens externes

Film français sorti en 2022
Film italien sorti en 2022
Film allemand sorti en 2022
Film dramatique français
Film dramatique italien
Film dramatique allemand
Film d'Arte
Adaptation d'une nouvelle russe au cinéma

L'Envol (film, 2022)


Curry ili kari zapadnjački je naziv za južnoazijska jela s gustim umakom zasnovanim na luku, đumbiru i češnjaku, koja se najčešće poslužuju s rižom. Curry je bogato začinjen kratko zaprženim sjemenkama kima, korijandra, goruščice i piskavice, kurkumom, čilijem i drugim lokalnim začinima, a u Južnoj Indiji može biti uključeno lišće curry-drveta, Murraya koenigii.

U tradicionalnim kuhinjama izbor začina za svako jelo iz skupine stvar je regionalne kulturne tradicije i osobnog ukusa. Takva jela imaju nazive koji se odnose na njihove sastojke, začine i metode kuhanja, ali se nikad ne nazivaju kari. Curry se može kuhati samo s povrćem ili može sadržavati proteine poput piletine, janjetine ili tofua. Neki se kariji kuhaju s malom količinom tekućine, dok su drugi tekući od značajnih količina umaka temeljenog na mesnom ili povrtnom temeljcu, kokosovu mlijeku, mliječnom vrhnju ili jogurtu, pireu od mahunarki, pirjanom luku.

Curry u prahu, komercijalno pripremljena mješavina začina koja se prodaje na Zapadu, prvi je put izvezena u Britaniju u 18. stoljeću kada su indijski trgovci prodali mješavinu začina, sličnu garam masali, britanskim kolonijalnim vladarima i vojsci koji su se vraćali u Britaniju.

Etimologija
Curry je anglizirani oblik tamilske riječi kaṟi, što znači umak ili dodatak za rižu koji koristi lišće stabla Murraya koenigii. Riječ kari također se koristi u drugim dravidskim jezicima: u malajalamu, kannadi i kodavi ima značenje "povrće ili meso bilo koje vrste, sirovo ili kuhano". Kaṟi su u portugalskoj kuharici iz sredine 17. stoljeća opisali članovi britanske Istočnoindijske kompanije koji su trgovali s tamilskim trgovcima duž koromandske obale u jugoistočnoj Indiji,  postajući poznat kao "mješavina začina... zvana kari podi ili curry-prah".
Prvo pojavljivanje u angliziranom obliku (napisano currey) bilo je u knjizi Hannah Glasse iz 1747. godine The Art of Cookery Made Plain and Easy.

Povijest
Arheološki dokazi iz Mohenjo-daroa  koji datiraju 2600 godina pr. n. e. upućuju na upotrebu mužara s tučkom za usitnjavanje začina –  gorušice, komorača, kima i mahuna tamarinda – kojima su aromatizirali hranu. Crni papar porijeklom je s indijskog potkontinenta i jugoistočne Azije, a poznat je u indijskoj kuhinji otprije barem 2000 godina pr. n. e.

Tri osnovna sastojka ljutog variva bili su đumbir, češnjak i kurkuma. Koristeći analizu zrna škroba arheolozi sa Sveučilišta Washington u Vancouveru uspjeli su identificirati ostatke drevnih začina kurkuma i đumbira i u zubima i u krhotinama keramike iskopanim u Indiji.

Osnivanje mogulskog carstva početkom 15. stoljeća također je utjecalo na neke karije, posebno na sjeveru. Još jedan utjecaj bilo je osnivanje portugalskog trgovačkog centra u Goi 1510. godine, što je rezultiralo uvođenjem čili papričica, rajčica i krumpira iz Amerika u Indiju.

Britanci su sva jela na temelju umaka objedinili u generički naziv curry. U englesku kuhinju uveden je iz anglo-indijske kuhinje u 17. stoljeću kad su se ljuti umaci dodavali običnom kuhanom mesu. Curry se prvi put služio u britanskim gostionicama od 1809. godine. S vremenom postaje sve popularniji, s velikim skokom u 1940-im i 1970-im godinama. Tijekom 19. stoljeća indijski radnici u britanskoj industriji šećera prenijeli su curry na Karibe.

Od sredine 20. stoljeća kariji mnogih nacionalnih stilova postali su popularni daleko od svojih korijena i sve više postaju dio internacionalne fusion-kuhinje.

Curry po dijelovima svijeta

Južna Azija

Indija je domovina karija. Mnoga su indijska jela zasnovana na kari-umaku u koji se dodaju različite vrsta povrća, leća ili mesa. Sadržaj karija i stil pripreme razlikuju se od regije do regije. Većina karija na bazi je vode, uz povremenu upotrebu mliječnih proizvoda i kokosova mlijeka. Kariji su obično gusti i ljuto začinjeni, a jedu se s rižom kuhanom na pari ili raznim indijskim kruhovima. Popularni rogan josh iz kašmirske kuhinje, rijetki je kari od janjetine s umakom crvenim od kašmirskog čilija i ekstraktom cvjetova biljke celosia (mawal). Goshtaba, velike janjeće okruglice kuhane u umaku od jogurta, još je jedno jelo iz skupine karija koje se povremeno nalazi u zapadnjačkim restoranima.

Kari u bengalskoj kuhinji uključuje plodove mora i svježu ribu. Sjemenke gorušice i gorušičino ulje dodaju se u mnoge recepte, također i mak. Iseljenici iz okruga Silhet u Bangladešu osnovali su curry-restorane u Britaniji, dok u Silhetu postoje restorani specijalizirani za indijsku hranu u britanskom stilu.

Istočna Azija
Kari se proširio i na druge regije Azije. Iako nije sastavni dio kineske kuhinje, curry-prah dodaje se nekim jelima na jugu Kine. Curry u prahu koji se prodaje u kineskim trgovinama ima dodatak zvjezdastog anisa i cimeta. Bivša portugalska kolonija Macau ima vlastitu kulinarsku tradiciju karija. Portugalski umak začinjen je curryjem i zgusnut kokosovim mlijekom.

Japanski curry obično se jede kao karē raisu — curry, riža, a često i ukiseljeno povrće, posluženi na istom tanjuru. Manje je ljut od indijskog curryja i curryja iz jugoistočne Azije, jer je više gulaš nego curry. Britanci su donijeli curry iz indijske kolonije u Britaniju i predstavili ga Japanu tijekom razdoblja Meiji (1868. – 1912.), nakon što je Japan okončao svoju politiku nacionalne samoizolacije (sakoku). Curry se u Japanu smatra zapadnjačkim jelom. Njegovo širenje po cijeloj zemlji pripisuje se upotrebi u japanskoj vojsci i mornarici. Mornarica  tradicionalno servira curry svakog petka za ručak, a mnogi brodovi imaju svoje recepte. Standardni japanski curry sadrži luk, mrkvu, krumpir, a ponekad i celer, te meso. Ponekad se dodaju naribane jabuke ili med za dodatnu slatkoću, a ponekad se umjesto njih koristi drugo povrće.

Curry je postao popularan u korejskoj kuhinji kada je prehrambena industrija Ottogi uvela curry-prah 1969. godine. Korejski curry, koji se obično poslužuje s rižom, karakterizira zlatnožuta boja kurkume.  Curry se može dodati korejskim jelima kao što je bokkeum-bap (pržena riža) ili sundubu-jjigae (gulaš od svilenog tofua), pržena piletina, povrtni stir-fry i salate.

Jugoistočna Azija
Malezijska je kuhinja u početku vjerojatno uključivala curry preko indijske populacije, no on je postao glavna namirnica malajskog i kineskog stanovništva. Malezijski curry obično koristi curry-prah bogat kurkumom, kokosovo mlijeko, ljutiku, đumbir, belacan (pastu od račića), čili papričicu i češnjak. Često se koristi i tamarind. Rendang je manje tekuć i sadrži uglavnom meso i više kokosovog mlijeka nego uobičajeni malezijski curry; spomenuo ga je u malajskoj literaturi 1550-ih Hikayat Amir Hamzah.

U burmanskoj kuhinji curry se naziva hin. Burmanski curryji općenito se sastoji od proteinske namirnice koja se kuha u osnovici curryja od aromatičnih tvari, uključujući ljutiku, luk, đumbir i češnjak, uz sušene začine poput kurkume, paprike i . Sušeni začini karakteristični su za ovu azijsku regiju, a kokosovo mlijeko rijetko se koristi.

Na Filipinima postoje dvije tradicije pripremanja curryja koje odgovaraju kulturnoj podjeli između hispaniziranog sjevera i indijaniziranog ili islamiziranoga juga. U sjevernim područjima najčešća je varijanta domaćeg jela ginataang manok (piletina kuhana u kokosovu mlijeku) s dodatkom curry-praha, poznata kao filipinski pileći curry. Druga sjevernofilipinska jela koja se mogu smatrati curryjem obično su ginataan (=kuhan s kokosovim mlijekom) varijante drugih autohtonih jela od mesa ili morskih plodova kao što su adobo, kaldereta i mechado, u koja se dodaje curry u prahu ili drugi neautohtoni, indijski začini.

U tajlandskoj kuhinji curry se naziva kaeng, a obično se sastoji od mesa, ribe ili povrća u umaku od paste od čilija, luka ili ljutike, češnjaka i paste od račića. Dodatni začini određuju vrstu curryja. Koriste se lokalni sastojci kao što su tajlandske čili papričice, listovi kaffir-limete, limunska trava, galangal. U centralnoj i južnoj tajlandskoj kuhinji često je kokosovo mlijeko, dok ga na sjeveru i sjeveroistoku uglavnom ne stavljaju u curry. Zbog upotrebe šećera i kokosova mlijeka tajlandski curryji obično su slađi od indijskih curryja. Na zapadu se neki od tajlandskih curryja opisuju bojom: za crveni curry koristi se crveni čili, u zelenom curryju nalazi se zeleni čili, a žuti curry – kaeng kari (doslovno: curry juha) sličniji je indijskom curryju, s upotrebom kurkume, kumina i drugih suhih začina. Nekoliko prženih tajlandskih jela također je začinjeno indijskim curry-prahom.

Afrika
Konzumacija curryja proširila se u Južnu Afriku s migracijom ljudi s indijskog potkontinenta u kolonijalnom dobu. Čini se da je južnoafrički curry nastao u KwaZulu-Natalu i Western Capeu, dok su se diljem zemlje krajem 20. i početkom 21. stoljeća razvili ekasi curry, obojeni curry i afrikaner curry. Durban ima najveću populaciju Indijaca izvan Indije na svijetu. Bunny chow ili set, južnoafrički standard, sastoji se od curryja od janjetine, piletine ili graha ulivenog u izdubljeni kruh koji se jede prstima, umakanjem komadića kruha.

Europa
Curry je vrlo popularan u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu, s gostionicama za curry (curry house) u gotovo svakom gradu. Često ga se naziva »usvojenim nacionalnim jelom«.  Procjenjuje se da je 2016. bilo 12 000 curry-housea koji su zapošljavali 100 000 ljudi, s godišnjom prodajom od približno 4,2 milijarde funta. Hrana koja se u njima poslužuje indijska je hrana kuhana prema britanskom ukusu, ali sa sve većom potražnjom za autentičnim indijskim stilovima. Restorani za curry činili su 2015. godine petinu poslovanja restorana u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu.

Galerija

Izvori

Hrana

Curry


Le Fonds national du cinéma de la république d'Azerbaïdjan (ARDFF)(en azéri:Azərbaycan Dövlət Film Fondu) est un fonds cinématographique créé sous l'égide de l'Association de production d'Azerkinovideo par ordre du cabinet des ministres d'Azerbaïdjan en date du 22 décembre 1993, opérant depuis 1994 et situé à Bakou.

Organisation
En 1999, le Fonds est élu membre de la Fédération Internationale des Archives du Film (FIAF).
La Fondation fonctionne conformément aux normes internationales basées sur les recommandations de la Fédération internationale des archives du film. La fondation, qui est en contact régulier avec le siège de la Fédération à Bruxelles, reçoit d'eux des informations sur les différents types de littérature cinématographique, l'organisation du travail d'archives dans le cinéma mondial et les innovations dans le développement de ce domaine.

Activité
L'activité de la Fondation comprend 5 directions principales :
Restauration et protection des films
Promotion du cinéma national et étranger
Collection de faits et matériels d'archives
Réalisation de travaux scientifiques et de recherche
Réalisation de travaux sur les relations internationales

Contenu
Le matériel cinématographique comptant 64 372 unités, environ 20 000 documents photographiques différents, environ 14 000 documents originaux et objets (scénarios littéraires et de réalisation de films, feuilles de montage, diplômes et prix, etc.) sont conservés dans le Fonds national du cinéma. Parallèlement, des recherches scientifiques sont menées sur les films. Les premières chroniques tournées il y a 119 ans, qui ont constitué la base du cinéma national azerbaïdjanais ("Feu de fontaine au pétrole à Bibiheybat" et "Fontaine de pétrole à Balakhani ", 1898) ont été extraites des archives cinématographiques françaises et conservées à l'ARDFF. Depuis 2008, une fois par un, le Fonds publie " Bulletin de film" sur les œuvres cinématographiques protégées par le Fonds du cinéma. Ces livres et bulletins sont envoyés aux membres de l'organisation par l'intermédiaire de la FIAF.

Promotion
L'une des principales directions du Fonds est la promotion des films nationaux et étrangers. Des soirées créatives et des anniversaires de personnalités du cinéma sont organisés sur la base du programme d'événements préparé à cet égard. Le catalogue de films sont publiés en azerbaïdjanais, russe et anglais, ainsi que des versions électroniques. Les négatifs et les positifs des documents photographiques du compositeur Gara Garayev, Fikret Amirov, Niyazi, Tofig Guliyev et Muslim Magomayev ont été apportés à la Fondation depuis la fédération de Russie, le Canada, la Géorgie et d'autres pays.

Musée
La fondation possède également un musée. Ce musée présente des expositions intéressantes de notre cinématographie, des dons faits au Fonds par des hôtes étrangers, des archives personnelles des célébrités. La Maison du cinéma pour enfants a été ouverte à l'ARDFF avec le soutien de la Fondation Heydar Aliyev.

Références

Fondation en Azerbaïdjan

Fonds national du cinéma azerbaïdjanais


23403 Boudewijnbuch este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
23403 Boudewijnbuch este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar de Tom Gehrels. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,41 ua, o excentricitate de 0,24 și o înclinație de 26,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 23001-24000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1971
Centura de asteroizi

23403 Boudewijnbuch


La cérémonie de remise des prix de l'Afrca Movie Academy Award 2020 s'est tenue le dimanche 20 décembre 2020 en ligne sur le site Web de l'AMAA en raison de la pandémie de Covid 19. La soirée de remise des prix a été animée par . Après la soumission des films, la date d'annonce du nominé a été décalée du 20 novembre au 30 novembre. était en tête avec 10 nominations, suivi de Deserance avec 10 nominations. a remporté le plus grand nombre de récompenses dont celle du Meilleur film dans une langue africaine, du Meilleur film et du Meilleur film nigérian .

Récompenses
Les gagnants sont listés en premier et mis en évidence en gras.

Références

Récompense de cinéma en 2020
2020 au Nigeria
Pages avec des traductions non relues
2020

16e cérémonie des Africa Movie Academy Awards


Def Jam Recordings (einfaldlega þekkt sem Def Jam) er bandarísk fjölþjóða tónlistarútgáfa í eigu Universal Music Group. Hún er staðsett í Manhattan, New York og sérhæfir aðallega í hipphopp, nútíma ryþmablús, sálar og popptónlist. Félagið á einnig deildir staðsettar í London (0207 Def Jam, áður Def Jam UK) og á ýmsum stöðum í Afríku (Def Jam Africa). Nokkrir listamenn sem hafa starfað hjá Def Jam eru meðal annars 2 Chainz, Big Sean, Jeezy, Justin Bieber, Lady Gaga, LL Cool J, Rihanna, og Snoop Dogg.

Tilvísanir

Tenglar

Bandarískar tónlistarútgáfur

Def Jam Recordings


CAF France, anciennement CFD Bagnères, est un constructeur français de matériel roulant ferroviaire basé à Bagnères-de-Bigorre, filiale de l'entreprise basque espagnole Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) basé à Beasain, au Pays basque. Elle était une filiale de la Compagnie de chemins de fer départementaux (CFD) de 1992 à 2010.

Au , le constructeur CAF dispose de deux usines en France :

 l'une héritée en 2010 de CFD à Bagnères-de-Bigorre, dans les Hautes-Pyrénées ;
 l'autre héritée en 2022 d'Alstom à Reichshoffen (Usine ferroviaire de Reichshoffen), dans le Bas-Rhin, en Alsace.

Historique

Origines

L'usine de l'entreprise Soulé implantée à Bagnères-de-Bigorre s'oriente vers le secteur ferroviaire pour la construction de voitures de voyageurs avec chaudron métallique. Le département ferroviaire réalise en 1928 les voitures de luxe des réseaux du Midi et de Paris-Orléans et travaille pour la SNCF dès 1936.

Soulé construit des autorails, dont les A2E à écartement standard pour le réseau breton en 1990, et les rames X 97050 à écartement métrique pour les Chemins de fer de Corse (CFC). Cinq unités ont été livrées en 1989 et deux unités en 1997.

1990 : reprise du département construction ferroviaire de Soulé
En 1992, la Compagnie de chemins de fer départementaux (CFD) reprend l'ancien département construction ferroviaire de la société Soulé à Bagnères-de-Bigorre, qui devient ainsi CFD Bagnères, filiale à 100 % du groupe CFD. Cette reprise lui permet de bénéficier des techniques de construction de voitures de chemin de fer et d'autorails.

Sous le nom de CFD Bagnères, la nouvelle société est choisie en 2006 pour construire les douze nouveaux autorails AMG 800 des CFC en service actuellement. Les Chemins de Fer de Provence ont également reçu 4 unités du même type avec une évolution du moteur V 8 Deutz, et la Société des chemins de fer tunisiens 10 exemplaires. La construction de matériel ferroviaire est désormais la principale activité de la CFD.

2008 : vente progressive à l'espagnol CAF

En mars 2008, 60 % du capital de CFD Bagnères sont cédés au constructeur ferroviaire espagnol CAF pour la somme de 8 millions d'euros. Le partenariat avec un plus gros constructeur ferroviaire est nécessaire du fait du gros carnet de commandes en cours pour CFD Bagnères, qui demande des cautions importantes pour assurer l'activité. Les 40 % restants sont détenus par la Compagnie de chemins de fer départementaux (CFD).

En 2010, à la suite d'un désaccord entre la holding et la société espagnole CAF concernant la gestion de CFD Bagnères, toujours sur fonds d'un plan de charges important et de garanties insuffisantes pour assurer une pérenité, la holding CFD exerce son option de vente sur les 40 % restants et reçoit de CAF 4,7 millions d'euros, ce qui met fin au partenariat entre CFD Bagnères et sa maison mère par accord signé le 6 décembre 2010. CFD Bagnères devient CAF France.

CAF France a gagné plusieurs contrats : les tramways de Besançon, Nantes et Saint-Étienne ou encore les rénovations des MI2N Altéo du RER A parisien et des rames MPL75 et MPL85 du métro de Lyon. Ces opérations ont été réalisées dans l'usine CAF (ex-CFD/Soulé) de Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrénées).

Le 24 octobre 2019, CAF a remporté l'appel d'offres lancé par la SNCF pour la fourniture de 28 rames Intercités. Ces nouveaux trains grandes lignes baptisés Confort200 puis Automotrice de moyenne et longue distance (AMLD) et fabriqués à Bagnères-de-Bigorre (Hautes-Pyrénées) et à Beasain (Pays basque espagnol), équiperont les lignes Paris - Clermont-Ferrand et Paris-Orléans-Limoges-Toulouse.

Le 24 novembre 2021, Alstom annonce qu'il cède son site de Reichshoffen en Alsace ainsi que les plateformes Alstom Coradia Polyvalent et Bombardier Talent 3 à CAF France, filiale du constructeur basque espagnol Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF).

Identité visuelle

Produits
Au , les nouveaux et anciens produits CAF France, CFD Bagnères et Soulé sont les suivants :

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste de constructeurs ferroviaires
 Bagnères-de-Bigorre
 Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles

Transport ferroviaire dans les Hautes-Pyrénées
Histoire des transports dans les Hautes-Pyrénées
Entreprise ayant son siège dans les Hautes-Pyrénées

CAF France


Der Gold Coast Highway ist eine Fernstraße im äußersten Südosten des australischen Bundesstaates Queensland. Er verbindet die Städte und Ortschaften entlang der Gold Coast und ist im Norden bei Helensvale an den Pacific Motorway (M1) und im Süden an den Pacific Highway (R1) angeschlossen.

An ihm liegen dicht besiedelte Orte mit hoher Bebauung, wie Surfers Paradise, Main Beach und Broadbeach und solche mit niedriger Bebauung, wie Palm Beach und Bilinga. Einkaufszentren gibt es in Southport, ein historisches Hotel in Mermaid Beach, niedrige Wohnbebauung in Miami und Leichtindustrie in Arundel. Currumbin Creek und der Burleigh-Head-Nationalpark bieten herrliche Ausblicke auf die Küste.

Geschichte
Diese Straße gehörte früher zum Pacific Highway. Damals lief der Warenverkehr zwischen Queensland und New South Wales entlang der Gold Coast. Heute verläuft der Pacific Highway auf der Strecke des Pacific Motorway ca. 8 km westlich der Küstenlinie.

Ausbauzustand und Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzungen
Der Gold Coast Highway ist fast auf seiner gesamten Länge vierspurig ausgebaut. Lediglich bei ''Labrador'' ist ein kurzes zweispuriges Stück und an einigen Stellen gibt es sechs Spuren (wovon meistens zwei Spuren für den öffentlichen Nahverkehr reserviert sind). Verkehrsunfälle sind meistens Auffahrunfälle an Ampelkreuzungen und Fußgängerüberwegen oder sind auf überhöhte Geschwindigkeit zurückzuführen. Bei Veranstaltungen ist der Highway bei Surfers Paradise oft verstopft, insbesondere beim Indy Racing Carnival, wenn er auf 2 Spuren reduziert wird.

Die Geschwindigkeit ist meistens auf 70 km/h begrenzt. In Palm Beach, Surfers Paradise und Labrador beträgt die Geschwindigkeitsbegrenzung 60 km/h, in Burleigh Heads 50 km/h und nördlich des Captain Cook Drive in Arundel 80 km/h.

Geplanter Ausbau
 Labrador: Zwischen der Government Road und der North Street entlang des Streckenabschnitts, der größtenteils Frank Street heißt: Der Highway soll innerhalb mehrerer Jahre von zwei auf vier Spuren verbreitert werden. 2007 wurde eine vierspurige Brücke über den Loders Creek fertiggestellt und in der Robert Street haben erst Arbeiten begonnen. Ziel ist eine durchgängig vierspurige Straße wie in Surfers Paradise mit schmalem Mittelstreifen Busspuren im Bereich der Ampeln.
 Broadbeach bis Miami: Busspuren, Fußgängerüberwege zu Bushaltestellen, Wendemöglichkeiten, Ampeln, Verkehrsschilder, Beleuchtung und ein Mittelstreifen sollen ergänzt werden. Der erste Bauabschnitt (Alexandra Avenue bis Hilda Street) wurde Mitte September 2008 fertiggestellt. Der zweite Bauabschnitt (Hilda Street bis Chairlift Avenue) war größtenteils im Juli 2009 fertig. Einige Arbeiten müssen noch ausgeführt werden.
 Tugun: Der schlimmste Flaschenhals in Tugun, wo der Gold Coast Highway 8 km nördlich von Coolangatta an den Pacific Highway angeschlossen ist, wurde im Juni 2008 mit der Eröffnung des Tugun Bypass beseitigt. Weitere Verbesserungen an dieser Stelle sind geplant.

Öffentlicher Nahverkehr
Seit 17. Dezember 2007 fährt zwischen Southport und Burleigh Heads am Tag alle fünf Minuten ein Bus und zwischen Southport und Tweed Heads (NSW) rund um die Uhr jede halbe Stunde. Die Buslinien werden von Surfside Buslines für TransLink betrieben. Streckenweise gibt es bereits eigene Busspuren auf dem Highway, die zu einer durchgehenden Strecke ausgebaut werden sollen. Das Schnellbahnsystem Gold Coast Rapid Trans System wird seit Anfang 2011 gebaut. Mehr als die Hälfte aller Strecken, die mit dem öffentlichen Nahverkehr an der Gold Coast zurückgelegt werden, laufen entlang des Highway.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Main Roads Web Cameras – Gold Coast Highway

Einzelnachweise

Straße in Queensland
Straße in New South Wales
Straße in Australien und Ozeanien

Gold Coast Highway


Die Irische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012 fand vom 4. bis 5. zum Februar 2012 in Dublin statt.

Austragungsort
Dublin, Baldoyle Badminton Centre

Finalergebnisse

Referenzen
http://tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=FA649E2E-42BB-403B-9925-3FC8C41877C0

2012
Badminton 2012
Badmintonwettbewerb in Dublin

Irische Badmintonmeisterschaft 2012


An Xylobium serratum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni David Edward Bennett ngan Eric Alston Christenson. An Xylobium serratum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Xylobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Xylobium

Xylobium serratum


Joseph Anthony Francis Quinn (Londres), mais conhecido como Joseph Quinn, é um ator britânico. Ele é mais conhecido pelo seu trabalho na televisão do Reino Unido, atuando em produções como Dickensian (2016), e as minisséries Howards End (2017) e Catherine the Great (2019). Ele também teve participações nas séries da BBC Os Miseráveis e Strike. Em 2022, Quinn recebeu reconhecimento mundial ao entrar para o elenco da quarta temporada da série Stranger Things, com o papel de Eddie Munson.

Biografia
Quinn nasceu em 1994 em Londres, Inglaterra. Criado em South London, ele frequentou a escola independente Emanuel School no período de 2007 a 2012; ele ganhou uma bolsa de estudos como parte de seu programa acadêmico de teatro. Posteriormente, Quinn estudou teatro na London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) e formou-se em 2015.

Após os estudos, Quinn foi escalado para o papel principal de Arthur Havisham na série de televisão da BBC One Dickensian. O programa estreou em dezembro de 2015. Nos anos seguintes, ele atuou nos palcos de Londres no National Theatre e em teatros da Off West End. Quinn estrelou em 2017 a série Howards End, interpretando Leonard Bast, um jovem bancário, ao lado de Hayley Atwell. No mesmo ano ele fez uma participação na série da HBO, Game of Thrones, interpretando um soldado dos Stark, Koner.

Em 2022, Quinn interpretou Eddie Munson na quarta temporada da série Stranger Things. Ele foi escalado em 2019 e as filmagens ocorreram em 2021.

Filmografia

Televisão

Filmes

Teatro

Ligações externas

Pessoas vivas
Naturais de Londres
Atores de televisão da Inglaterra
Atores de cinema da Inglaterra

Joseph Quinn


المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي  هي منظمة دولية غير ربحية مستقلة منوطة بتطوير العالم عن طريق تشجيع الأعمال والسياسات والنواحى العلمية وكل القادة المجتمعيين من أجل تشكيل الأجندة العالمية والإقليمية والاقتصادية. تأسست على يد أستاذ الأعمال كلاوس شواب عام 1971 في  التابعة لجنيف في سويسرا كما افتتحت في عام 2006 مكاتب إقليمية في العاصمة الصينية بكين ونيويورك في الولايات المتحدة.

عضوية المنتدى

المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي هو منظمة قائمة على العضوية، حيث تضم في عضويتها ألف من كبرى شركات العالم عادة ما تكون دورة رأس المال فيها أكبر من 5 مليار دولار أمريكي. هذه الشركات مصنفة ضمن أعلى الشركات في مجال عملها وتلعب دور القيادة في صياغة مستقبل صناعتها والمنطقة التي تعمل بها وتعتبر قلب نشاطات المنتدى ودعمها هو الأساس في إيجاد حلول عالمية مناسبة لتحسين وضعية العالم.

الشركاء الاستراتيجيون

مجموعة الشركاء الاستراتيجيين مكونة من مجموعة مختارة من مائة شركة قيادية في العالم تمثل مناطق ومجالات عمل مختلفة اختيرت حسب توافقها مع التزامات المنتدى في تحسين الحالة العالمية. هؤلاء الشركات يؤمنون بقوة تفاعل أصحاب المصالح المختلفين في قيادة التغيير الإيجابي والعمل عن قرب مع المنتدى للمساعدة في صياغة الأجندات العالمية والإقليمية وأجندات مجالات العمل.

شركاء الصناعة

وهي مجموعة من الشركات الأعضاء في المنتدى والتي تعمل بنشاط في تحقيق أهداف المنتدى على مستوى نطاقات العمل وهي تمتلك امتياز الوصول إلى شبكة أصحاب المصالح والخبراء في المنتدى، الشراكة تؤمن الرؤية الواضحة لصناعة القرارات الإستراتيجية في القضايا الهامة جداً ضمن الصناعة الواحدة أو القضايا المرتبطة بأكثر من صناعة. حق الوصول والرئية تسمع لشركاء الصناعة بالمساهمة في قيادة التغيرات الإيجابية من خلال هذه القاضايا للساهمة في عمل على دعم الجنسية العالمية للشركات.

شركاء النمو العالمي

تأسس مجتمع شركات النمو العالمي في المنتدى عام 2007 لتفعيل دور الشركات ذات معدل النمو العالي المرشحة لتصبح رائدة لصناعتها في المستقبل ولتصبح قادرة على قيادة قوى التغيير الاقتصادي والاجتماعي. بلغ عدد الشركات المدرجة في شركاء النمو العالمي في حزيران / يوليو 2013 أكثر من 370 شركة من أكثر من 60 دولة.

رواد التكنولوجيا

رواد التكنولوجيا هم شركات مهتمة بتطوير اختراعات تقنية تغيِّر حياة مستخدميها ولديها تأثير متوقع طويل الأمد على الأعمال والمجتمع. برنامج رواد التكنولوجيا في المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي يحدد الشركات عادة في مرحلة الإطلاق المهتمة بتصميم وتطوير وتطبيق تقنيات جديدة والتي يمكن أن يكون لها تأثير جوهري على الأعمال والمجتمع. رواد التكنولوجيا يجب أن يبرهنوا على القيادة في الرؤية ويظهروا إشارات نحو تحولهم إلى قادة كبار للسوق. كل سنة يختار المنتدى ى عدد من رواد التكنولوجيا من مئات المتقدمين.

الاجتماع السنوي

بالإضافة إلى الاجتماعات الإقليمية التي يقيمها المنتدى يقوم المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي بعقد اجتماع سنوي يستمر لخمسة أيام في منتجع دافوس الشتوي الواقع في المنطقة الشرقية من جبال الألب لمناقشة معظم القضايا الملحة التي تواجه العالم، بما في ذلك الصحة والبيئة. يحضر الاجتماع حوالي 2500 مشارك من حوالي 100 دولة حول العالم منهم كبار رجال الأعمال والشخصيات العامة كرؤساء الدول والحكومات والوزراء والسفراء إضافة إلى كبار المسؤولين في المنظمات الدولية ومشاركين من المجتمع المدني ووسائل الإعلام والمؤسسات الأكاديمية ومراكز الأبحاث والنقابات وحتى زعماء دينيين من مختلف الأديان.

مركز الثورة الصناعية الرابعة
في عام 2021م دُشِّنَ مركز الثورة الصناعية الرابعة بالشراكة مع المنتدى الإقتصادي العالمي (WEF)، وذلك على هامش أعمال المنتدى السعودي الأول للثورة الصناعية الرابعة، الذي تنظمه المدينة في مقرها بمشاركة مؤسس ورئيس مجلس إدارة المنتدى الإقتصادي العالمي البروفيسور كلاوس شواب وعدد من أصحاب السمو والمعالي الوزراء والمسؤولين، ونخبة من المتحدثين المحليين والدوليين.

يعد هذا المنتدى فرصة للدمج بين المواهب والتقنية لتقديم التنظيمات المحفزة على الإبتكار، حيث يوضح أهمية اجتماع المفكرين والفاعلين كالحكومات ورجال الأعمال والمؤسسات غير الحكومية لدعم هذا التفكير التنظيمي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

التاريخ الاقتصادي في القرن 21
الاقتصاد في 1971
تأسيسات القرن 20 في سويسرا
تأسيسات سنة 1971 في سويسرا
دافوس
مجموعات مناصرة
منظمات أسست في 1971
منظمات تمارس الضغط
منظمات مقرها في جنيف
مؤتمرات اقتصادية عالمية
مؤسسات مقرها في سويسرا

المنتدى الاقتصادي العالمي


Høn Station (Høn stasjon eller Høn stoppested) er en jernbanestation på Drammenbanen, der ligger i området Høn i Asker kommune i Norge. Stationen består af to spor med en øperron imellem og et trappehus i gulmalet træ. Den betjenes af lokaltog mellem Spikkestad og Lillestrøm.

Stationen åbnede som holdeplads 10. december 1930 men blev nedgraderet til trinbræt 1. januar 1971.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Drammenbanen
Etableret i 1930
Jernbanestationer i Asker

Høn Station


Wolfen es una película estadounidense de terror de 1981 dirigida por Michael Wadleigh y protagonizada por Albert Finney, Diane Venora, Gregory Hines y Edward James Olmos. Está basada en la novela de Whitley Strieber The Wolfen. El guion fue escrito por David Eyre, Eric Roth y Wadleigh.

Sinopsis
Un poderoso empresario de la construcción y heredero de una de las familias más ricas e influyentes de la Ciudad de Nueva York es brutalmente asesinado junto a su esposa y guardaespaldas. Dewey Wilson, un detective alejado de la policía de la ciudad es puesto en actividad nuevamente y encargado de descubrir al asesino. La investigación lo lleva en principio a sospechar que lo sucedido fue un crimen de odio cometido por nativos americanos que trabajan construyendo puentes. Sin embargo, la evidencia que el y su compañera Rebecca van hallando indica que el verdadero culpable se encuentra oculto en los barrios bajos y no ha sido visto por nadie, y además éste tiene los hábitos y el comportamiento de un animal salvaje, particularmente los de un lobo estadounidense/canadiense. Con el paso del tiempo continúan los asesinatos, y cuando logra atar todos los cabos, Wilson descubre no solo que quien busca es un ser extraordinario, sino además que la criatura está a la caza de quienes amenazan su territorio. Y Wilson es uno de ellos.

Reparto
 Albert Finney... Dewey Wilson
 Diane Venora... Rebecca Neff
 Edward James Olmos... Eddie Holt
 Gregory Hines... Wittington
 Tom Noonan... Ferguson
 Dick O'Neill... Warren
 Dehl Berti... Viejo indio
 Peter Michael Goetz... Ross
 Sam Gray... Alcalde
 Ralph Bell... Comisario de policía
 Max M. Brown... Christopher van der Veer
 Anne Marie Pohtamo... Pauline van der Veer
 Sarah Felder... Cicely Rensselaer
 Reginald VelJohnson... Asistente de la morgue
 Tom Waits... Propietario de bar borracho (no acreditado)

Temas
La película trata varios temas a través de la metáfora principal del monstruo que protagoniza el relato, el Wolfen. A través de esta figura, que es mayormente alegórica, el film critica el trato que Estados Unidos le da a los nativos americanos, el capitalismo salvaje y la paranoia antiterrorista.

Lanzamiento
La película fue lanzada en los Estados Unidos por Orion Pictures a través de Warner Bros., en julio de 1981. Fue lanzada a DVD en 2002.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Películas de Warner Bros.
Películas de monstruos
Películas de terror de Estados Unidos
Películas basadas en novelas
Películas de 1981
Cine de terror de los años 1980

Wolfen (película)


Von Wright [] ist der Name eines finnischen Adelsgeschlechtes, das auf den im 17. Jahrhundert nach Schweden emigrierten Schotten George Wright aus Dundee zurückgeht.

Bedeutende Namensträger
 Gebrüder von Wright: Wissenschaftler und Maler
 Magnus von Wright (1805–1868)
 Wilhelm von Wright (1810–1887)
 Ferdinand von Wright (1822–1906)
 Georg Henrik von Wright (1916–2003), Philosoph
 Johan von Wright (1924–2015), finnischer Tischtennisspieler, Philosoph und Forscher
 Moira von Wright (* 1957), Wissenschaftlerin

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Finnisches Adelsgeschlecht
Schwedisches Adelsgeschlecht

Wright (Adelsgeschlecht)


Georg Heinrich Borowski (1746-1801) fue un zoólogo, y economista germano.

Georg Heinrich Borowski fue profesor en el Departamento de Historia natural y de economía en la Universidad de Viadrina.

En 1781, describío científicamente a la Megaptera novaeangliae, bajo el apelativo de Balaena novaeangliae

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1789. Ideal einer praktisch-ökonomischen Landes-Akademie für die preußischen Staaten (Ideal de una academia de estado práctica y económica para los Estados de Prusia)

Libros
 . 1805. Abriss des praktischen Cameral- und Finanz-Wesens nach den Grundsätzen, Landes-Verfassungen und Landes-Gesetzen in königlich preussischen Staaten, oder, Preussische Cameral- und Finanz-Praxis (La demolición del sistema Cameral práctico y financiero basado en los principios, las constituciones y las leyes estatales en el Estado Real de Prusia, o, Cameral de Prusia y prácticas financieras). Volumen 1 de Langreo. Número 16227 de Goldsmiths'-Kress library of economic literature. 3° edición de In der Buchhandl. des K. Preuss. Geh. Commerzien-Raths Pauli, 487 pp. texto en línea

 ----------------------------. 1789. Die besten, Ein- und Ausländische Getreidearten, Futtergewächse, Fabrik- Gewürz- Färbe- und Oelpflanzen, in hundert verschiednen Arten: nach ihren Eigenschaften, Cultur, Nuzzen und Gebrauch besonders für Landwirte in Preußischen Landen und benachbarten Gegenden aus eignen Versuchen und ... (Los cereales más simples y los extranjeros, plantas forrajeras, la fabricación de tintura de especias, en centenares de diversos tipos: de acuerdo a sus características, cultivo, y el uso especialmente para los agricultores en las tierras de Prusia y las áreas adyacentes de la propia experiencia y ...). Editor Heße, 48 pp. texto en línea

 ----------------------------, . 1783. Gemeinnüzzige Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs: darinn die merkwürdigsten und nüzlichsten Thiere in systematischer Ordnung beschrieben und alle Geschlechter in Abbildungen nach der Natur vorgestellet werden (historia natural del reino animal, y en ellos los animales más extraños de interés en un orden sistemático, y todas las familias se describe en las ilustraciones son de naturaleza). Volumen 2. Editor G.A. Lange, 198 pp. texto en línea

 ----------------------------. 1775. Systematische Tabellen über die allgemeine und besondere Naturgeschichte (Tablas sistemática sobre la naturaleza general y específica de la historia natural). Editor Decker, 177 pp. texto en línea

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 BHL Digitised Gemmeinnnüzige Naturgeschichte des Thierreichs (1780- 1789)
Georg Heinrich Borowski, Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst and Daniel Friedrich Sotzmann :de:Daniel Friedrich Sotzmann

Naturalistas de Alemania del siglo XVIII
Zoólogos de Alemania del siglo XVIII
Profesores de la Universidad de Viena
Escritores en alemán
Nacidos en Königsberg
Fallecidos en Fráncfort del Óder

Georg Heinrich Borowski


Strontium Dog is a long-running British comics series starring Johnny Alpha, a mutant bounty hunter who lives in Earth's future. The series was created in 1978 by writer John Wagner (under the pseudonym T. B. Grover) and artist Carlos Ezquerra for Starlord, a short-lived weekly science fiction comic. When Starlord was cancelled, the series transferred to the British science fiction weekly 2000 AD. In 1980, Wagner was joined by co-writer Alan Grant, although scripts were normally credited to Grant alone. Grant wrote the series by himself from 1988 to 1990. Wagner revived the series after a ten-year hiatus in 2000. After Ezquerra's death in October 2018, the series was put in indefinite hiatus with no current plans for its continuation (other than some single-episode stories in special issues aimed at younger readers).

The series takes place in an imagined future after the Great Nuclear War of 2150. Due to nuclear fallout of strontium-90, humanity has an increased number of mutant births, most of whom have physical abnormalities but some of whom possess superhuman abilities. John Kreelman is born with white blank eyes and a mutant "alpha radiation" power that grants him greater perception, allowing telepathy and the ability to see through many surfaces. Facing discrimination, John Kreelman adopts the name "Johnny Alpha" and becomes a bounty hunter for the Search/Destroy Agency. Due to the origin of their mutation and their S/D badges, mutant bounty hunters are nicknamed "strontium dogs." A formidable bounty hunter, Johnny Alpha uses not only his mutant abilities in combat but also an array of high-tech gadgets and weapons.

Strontium Dog stories are often known for a bleak, minimalistic edge at times reminiscent of spaghetti westerns. Several stories veer into satire and overtly bizarre science fantasy. Johnny Alpha's adventures sometimes involve time travel (such as a mission to 1945 where he attempts to apprehend Adolf Hitler) or alternate dimension (including one that seems to be Hell). On several occasions, Johnny Alpha's time travel adventures to periods before the Great Nuclear War have featured him crossing paths with popular 2000 AD character Judge Dredd.

Series background
In the world of Strontium Dog, the Great Nuclear War of 2150 wipes out 70% of Britain's population, leading to a huge increase of mutant births due to exposure to nuclear fallout (strontium-90). The mutants of Strontium Dog differ from the usual depiction of mutants in American comics, such as those published by Marvel, in that they are generally afflicted with obvious physical abnormalities. Only a rare few are born with superhuman powers. These strontium-influenced mutants face a high degree of prejudice from average humans ("norms"). Born in 2150 to Diana Kreelman and her husband Nelson Bunker Kreelman, the boy Johnny Kreelman has mutant eyes that can increase his perception by channeling "alpha radiation", allowing telepathy and telekinesis, as well as the ability to see through most surfaces. A bigoted politician, Nelson gains popularity by drafting anti-mutant laws and creating the anti-mutant police force known as the Kreelers. Despised, abused, and hidden away by his father, Johnny Kreelman escapes his parents at a young age and adopts the name Johnny Alpha. He then joins the rising resistance group known as the Mutant Army and quickly becomes a valued leader, despite still being a teenager.

The Mutant Uprising of 2167 fails to overthrow the government. Despite this, Johnny Alpha blackmails his own father Nelson Kreelman, leading to the man's resignation and the disbanding of the Kreelers (though many members simply transfer into the local police force). Members of the Mutant Army are pardoned for their actions only on condition that they leave Earth forever. An orbital space-station is built and becomes the headquarters of the new Search/Destroy Agency, an organization that accepts contracts to hunt down criminals and threats deemed too dangerous for conventional law enforcement and "norms." The former Mutant Army members become galactic bounty hunters for the S/D Agency. Due to their "S/D" badges and the origins of their mutations, these bounty hunters are nicknamed "strontium dogs" by Earth people. This also leads the S/D orbital base to be nicknamed the Doghouse.

On Earth, new laws protect mutants from being hunted and targeted for extermination. However, they still face great prejudice from society and are segregating into ghettos, such as a large mutant settlement at Milton Keynes. In the cities of Earth, mutants have limited working opportunities and cannot own their own businesses. Several mutants succumb to societal pressures and poverty, while others join the S/D Agency as new bounty hunters. By 2180, Johnny Alpha is one of the most famous strontium dog bounty hunters.

Earth

Earth is rarely seen in the strip. When it is, the focus is often New Britain – Great Britain after a devastating nuclear war. It is much closer to modern-day Britain than Judge Dredd's Brit-Cit by the same writers, but contains areas of nuclear devastation such as the Greater London Crater and Birmingham Gap; areas known to survive include Salisbury (now a major area and political centre), Glasgow, Newcastle, Dover, Christchurch & Bournemouth (now a combined conurbation), Cardiff, Isles of Scilly, and Winchester. The flying building of Upminster contains both the parliament and the monarchy. In the sequel series Strontium Dogs, it was stated that Britain had a large empire of outer-space colonies.

The mutants of New Britain live in ghettos, isolated from the human population and living in poverty. Stories like Traitor To His Kind reveal some figures in the government, such as the First Lord of the Military (himself having a mutant daughter), make attempts to slowly improve the mutants' situation, but much of this goes unnoticed by the public. Many other figures in the government prefer to regress toward greater oppression or even attempted extermination of the mutant population.

Ireland is known to still exist, though little has been shown; the United States of America and Canada were both visited in The Mork Whisperer (2009); and the leader of a West African Mutant Republic was shown in The Final Solution. Antarctica was the setting of part of Outlaw, shown to have been turned into a tropical area with marshes and rainforests by the Rad Wars. The centre was Antarctic City (also the name of a megacity in Judge Dredd), with military and police matters handled by the Antarctic Militia.

In The Final Solution, the government is usurped by the New Church and the incumbent monarch killed; the first Strontium Dogs story had it that after the destruction of the New Church by the Strontium Dogs, a hastily assembled junta government exiled all mutants from Britain. Crossroads, in 2000 AD prog 898, revealed that Earth was in a severe political mess, with twenty six "minor wars", and the rest of the galaxy was cutting ties. The later strip The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha ignored all of this, instead having post-Church New Britain ruled by a more liberal government.

Dating
The first Strontium Dog stories in Starlord and 2000 AD were said to be set in the year 2180. During the Strontium Dog series published in 2000 AD, in-story events progressed were indicated as occurring in real time to publication. The story "Max Bubba" was published five years after the first Strontium Dog story and gave the date 2185 for its events. Similarly, the main Judge Dredd stories progress in parallel to the real time publication dates. Exceptions to this are some stories appearing in annual issues and summer specials that indicate they are revisiting earlier points of Johnny Alpha's life.

Despite this, there have been some dating discrepancies in the Strontium Dog series. The stories "The No-Go Job" and "The Final Solution" present a date of 2180 but are said to take place two years after the events in "Max Bubba." Likewise, the story "Judgement Day" gives the date 2178 even though it is set after the events in "Max Bubba.

Johnny Alpha
Strontium Dog stories focus on John Alpha, whose mutated eyes allow him to see through walls and read minds. Born in 2150, he is the son of Diana Kreelman and her husband Nelson Bunker Kreelman. Nelson is a bigoted politician who drafts the anti-mutant laws and gains power on the back of bigotry, creating the anti-mutant police force known as the Kreelers. Despised, abused and hidden away by his father, Johnny escapes at a young age and joins the Mutant Army, changing his name from Kreelman to Alpha and deciding to keep his father's identity secret. Johnny becomes one of the Mutant Army's key leaders, playing a major part in the mutant uprising of 2167 when he is only 17.

By the time he joins the Search/Destroy agency, Johnny Alpha is a highly skilled and dangerous fighter, adept at combining his mutant powers with hand-to-hand combat and weaponry. A sarcastic, cynical man, he none the less believes that innocent life must be protected or avenged, even if the odds are against you. Deeply loyal to friends, he can also be short on patience and quick to anger if plans go wrong or situations continue to worsen, but often this motivates him to improvise new solutions rather than simply stew in anger. A dogged bounty hunter determined to earn reward for his work, Johnny is also guided by a moral conscience. He won't give up pursuing a target if the job becomes difficult, but he might if he learns the target is a victim of greater evil. If he believes the cause is great enough, he may forego payment or decide not to accept it. In "The Doc Quince Case", learning new information convinces him to no longer pursue a man he's been hunting but instead to rescue and help the person. In "The Slavers of Drule," Johnny tracks down a group of slavers simply because he believes it is the right thing to do. Despite his morality, Johnny is not above vengeance for himself or those he considers family. A device he used on his own father caused Nelson Kreelman to be locked in a time-loop where he continuously relived his final moments, begging for his life.

Johnny has a "norm" sister called Ruth, who has a husband named Nigel and a daughter named Marci. Ruth and her family remain friendly to Johnny, even helping him blackmail Nelson Kreelman during the Mutant Army uprising of 2167. But during an early comic book adventure, Marci is abducted and almost killed by a criminal looking for revenge on Johnny. After this, Ruth forbids him from coming near her family again, only making contact with him afterward when she deems it absolutely necessary.

Nelson Kreelman had an affair, resulting in a half-brother to Johnny named Nelson Culliver. After the war, Culliver becomes head of the Anti-Mutant Squad at Scotland Yard. In "Traitor to His Kind", Culliver tries to have Alpha murdered, but is exposed and fired. Alpha decides to assassinate him, but relents on meeting his children.

During the course of his career as a Strontium Dog, Johnny Alpha becomes a formidable legend and even a hero to some. He is responsible for such legendary achievements as destroying the Wolrog homeworld, leading the mutant uprising on Earth, and bringing Adolf Hitler to the future to face trial. He becomes known for generously assisting mutants in trouble, such as when he donates a large sum of money to the Milton Keynes ghetto in "Mutie's Luck."

At times, Alpha has encountered the other popular 2000 AD character Judge Dredd by journeying into the past via time travel, but it is ambiguous whether Johnny Alpha's future world is the fate of Dredd's timeline or one of several possibilities.

Weapons/equipment and mutant abilities
Like all Search/Destroy agents, Alpha is armed with highly advanced technology. His usual equipment includes a variable-cartridge blaster, electrified brass knuckles, a short-range teleporter, a "time drogue" that can briefly "rewind" the last few minutes of time in the immediate area, and "time bombs" which can transport somebody minutes or hours forwards or backwards in time (by which time the planet has moved in its orbit, causing the victim to reappear in empty space).

Johnny Alpha has white, incandescent eyes and multiple mutant abilities. Most frequently, high-level alpha radiation emitted from his eyes allows Johnny to see through walls and other solid objects, or to read people's minds. He has also used his piercing stare to inflict severe headaches on his opponents, or to "suggest" illusions into their perceptions. Alpha has used this to save his life several times - in the stories "Judgement Day" and "Rage", Alpha made Sabbat the Necromagus and Max Bubba respectively believe that there were people behind them, distracting each long enough for Alpha to strike them.

Supporting cast

Johnny's original partner is Wulf Sternhammer, who is not a mutant but a normal human from Scandinavia; he became a Strontium Dog out of a sense of camaraderie with Johnny, and, despite the indignities, he viewed it as good work as it kept the galaxy "safe for decent people". A blunt and straightforward brawler, Wulf was far less prone to doubt and introspection and tried to bring his friend back in line when he had doubts. Ever since Starlord #5, Wulf wore the fur pelt of a Gronk that he'd befriended - the alien's custom was for people dear to them to wear their skin, so part of them would live on. Wulf acted a lot like a stereotypical Viking and it was eventually retconned that he was a Viking, accidentally brought into the 22nd century when Johnny was pursuing a criminal gang through time.

Early strips included the Gronk, the brother of the Gronk that Wulf had met earlier. It was a timid, metal-eating alien from the planet Blas, in the Gallego system (a tribute to the fantasy artist Blas Gallego). The Gronk provided medical back-up and constantly worried about its "poor heartses", and in "Outlaw" showed it could survive multiple heart attacks. A gag showed that "the Gronk" was the name for most of its species, causing problems when mail arrives for "the Gronk". In the Strontium Dogs spinoff, the Gronk transformed into a gun-toting highly aggressive soldier.

King Clarkie the Second, a thinly veiled parody of Prince Charles was the monarch for much of the strip, being deposed late in the series for his pro-mutant views. While presented as a buffoon in several strips, he was also essentially harmless and well-meaning.

Two allies who gained their own solo spin-off series were Middenface McNulty, a Scottish mutant raised in a ghetto/concentration camp called 'Shytehill' - presumably a reference to the Sighthill area of Glasgow - and whose head is covered with lumps; and Durham Red, a female agent whose mutation resembles vampirism and who is thus feared and despised by other mutants.

Feral, introduced in "The Final Solution", was a young, savage mutant. He initially despised the Strontium Dogs, who he saw as abandoning the mutants on Earth, but was inspired by the actions of Johnny Alpha. Feral witnessed Alpha's sacrifice in "The Final Solution", and in the original "Strontium Dogs" strips of the 1990s, he became first a rebel outlaw in the colony worlds and then a renowned SD Agent. In "The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha", this was ignored and he became a SD Agent soon after "The Final Solution" – due to his abrasive personality, he soon left and became an outlaw who tried to resurrect Alpha, only to give up. In this second timeline, he was executed for murder on an alien world.

In both the original series and the revival Alpha frequently encountered or worked alongside members of a mutant family known as the Stix Clan. All members male and female are identical in appearance, personality and dress sense. They all hail from a single town called Stixville on the planet Freedonia and are highly hostile to any outsiders. They often appear as antagonist to Alpha but at times have worked alongside him, however they usually double cross and betray him at some point showing only the slightest loyalty to other Stix. There is said to be only one good Stix, Father Phineas who is a Catholic priest, a genuinely good and kind person and thus unmentionable around the rest of the Clan.

The revival would introduce Negus, the First Lord of the Military, a stern-faced and middle-aged politician who would both hire Johnny and act as his Upminster contact. Negus was pushing for increased mutant rights, having a mutant daughter that he kept at home (something Johnny remarked as being a brave act for a man in Negus' position), though he still wanted to keep mutant and norm bloodlines separate.

Flashbacks to the pre-Wulf days of Johnny's life would introduce Precious Matson, a reporter from the mutant colony of Freedonia. A competent and dogged reporter, she became friends with Johnny and helped him against the terrorist leader Blood Moon. In "Life and Death", she began investigating the true events of Johnny's death and, with McNulty's aid, was able to resurrect him.

In 2018 "The Son" revealed that Wulf had had a son, Kenton Sternhammer, who joined the Search/Destroy Agency.

Major stories

Original run

"Portrait of a Mutant", a flashback story in 1981, filled in the background of the series and Johnny's role in the Mutant Army; it introduced Kreelman and the Kreelers, his quasi-official anti-mutant police. Kreelman drafted laws stating mutants were not allowed to work or own businesses, leading to them being forced from their homes into slums and eventually into being forced into labour camps; the only option for many mutants was to join the nationwide guerilla Mutant Army. An attack was launched on Upminster in 2167 as part of a general uprising, but the Army's leaders were forced to surrender in the face of mass mutant executions. Kreelman used this as an opportunity to push forward the extermination of all mutants; Johnny Alpha and the other leaders escaped (thanks to Johnny's sister and mother) and led the Mutant Army in a second major uprising to prevent genocide. The Prime Minister and King agreed to draft into law a better deal for mutants, and - after hearing Alpha was Kreelman's son from Ruth - blackmailed Kreelman into resigning. The mutant leaders were pardoned on condition they go into exile in space, leading to the creation of the Search/Destroy agency; the Kreelers were disbanded and replaced with a new police force. This changeover was depicted by a panel showing Kreelers, which was then repeated but with a different uniform, showing that the same people and attitudes remained. In the present day, bookending "Portrait", Johnny tracked his father down and activated a time device, causing his father to relive his final moments: begging for his life, forever.

In the story "Outlaw", Kreelman was later freed, and, in disguise, had himself appointed head of the Search/Destroy agency. He used his position to frame Johnny and other Mutant Army veterans for murder. Johnny was soon made aware of the truth and had no qualms about dragging his own father before the deceived mutants who gunned him down on the spot.

In the 1986 story "Max Bubba", a lengthy story explaining Wulf's origins, Wulf was killed off at the hands of Max Bubba and his gang. This led to the epic "Rage", in which Johnny remorselessly hunted down his partner's killers. After that Johnny either worked solo, or with Durham Red or Scottish mutant Middenface McNulty.

Johnny was killed off in 1990, sacrificing himself to save mutants from extermination at the hands of Kreelman's illegitimate son, Lord Sagan. Artist Carlos Ezquerra disagreed with the decision to kill him and refused to draw it, so Johnny's final adventures were illustrated by Simon Harrison and Colin MacNeil. John Wagner later admitted in Judge Dredd Megazine'''s Thrill Power Overload feature on the history of the comic that "killing off Johnny Alpha was a mistake [that] I'm doing my best to rectify." He later described it as "one of the big regrets of my career, probably the biggest."

Post-death and Strontium Dogs

The medium of time travel allowed him to make further appearances. In the 1991 Judge Dredd Annual John Wagner wrote and Colin MacNeil drew "Top Dogs", in which Johnny and Wulf travel back in time to Mega-City One in pursuit of a criminal, whilst encountering and only narrowly escaping Judge Dredd. Johnny and Dredd renewed acquaintances in 1992 in the Judge Dredd story "Judgement Day", written by Garth Ennis and drawn mainly by Ezquerra.

The supporting cast would gain their own spin-off strip Strontium Dogs in the 1990s, written by Garth Ennis and Peter Hogan. It was criticised by Ennis in the book Thrill Power Overload as being anticlimactic and that the lead, Feral, "was nowhere near as interesting as Johnny". The series was scrapped when David Bishop became [[Tharg the Mighty|2000 AD's editor]]. The first story, Monster starring Feral, revealed the Search Destroy Agency no longer existed and mutants had been driven off Earth by a hastily assembled UK junta government; colony worlds were also shown to be under military occupation and severely ill-treating mutants, with the alleged mutant resistance merely using their organisation to extort "liberation" taxes from mutants (an allegory for The Troubles in Northern Ireland, Ennis' home).

Ennis would bring back the Gronk in Return of the Gronk, turning him into an aggressive berserker: learning that Johnny Alpha was dead caused a heart attack which awakened his aggressive side of this one. The Gronk and Feral were teamed up, and went out for revenge against the necromancers who'd killed Alpha in The Darkest Star. In the process, Feral found out he was the son of the lead necromancer and both he and the Gronk discovered that the necromancers drew their power from torturing the people they had killed – including Johnny Alpha. To destroy the enemy, the Gronk killed the captives – including, at his friend's request, Alpha himself, who couldn't live on in such excruciating pain.

From prog 897, Peter Hogan became the regular writer on the strip and in prog 898 he resurrected the Search Destroy Agency: an agent named Bullmoose revealed that the Galactic Crime Commission had cut ties with Earth (who had pressed for the Agency to be closed and mutants purged), moved to Ganymede, and recreated the agency as they needed mutants to "clean their dirty laundry for them".

Durham Red was given her own solo series, written by Alan Grant, Peter Hogan and later Dan Abnett. This series continued after Strontium Dogs was cancelled.

Revival

In the Prog 2000 holiday special, published at the end of 1999, Johnny Alpha was revived by his original creators, Wagner and Ezquerra. The new stories were set before Johnny's death.

The first story, "The Kreeler Conspiracy", was based on a treatment Wagner had written for an aborted Strontium Dog TV pilot, and featured Johnny working solo, but Wulf returned in subsequent stories. Wagner introduced the concept that all previous stories were 'folklore' and the current series was the truth, giving him free rein to alter a number of details (such as giving Johnny an AI computer assistant and Kreelman having been President of a unified Earth government). This concept was dropped after "Conspiracy", with the later stories directly harkening back to the original run.

A subsequent story in 2004, "Traitor To His Kind" (progs 1406–1415), introduced Johnny's half-brother, head of a brutal police unit that dealt with mutant crimes. Hired by pro-mutant First Lord Negus, Johnny was sent to get a kidnapped King Clarkie back from mutant guerillas; loath though he was to do so, he knew elements within the government were trying to use this as an excuse to viciously crack down on mutants. Johnny and Wulf rescue the King, as well as uncovering a conspiracy in the Home Office to allow the kidnapping and subsequently fake the King's murder so as to provide a reason for mutant brutalisation. While this led to an improvement in the lives of mutants, all of it was behind the scenes and Johnny Alpha was branded a traitor by mutants for working against his kind.

The 2009 story Blood Moon retconned in a fanatical mutant rebel leader, William Blood Moon, who was responsible for civilian massacres and suicide bombings. Johnny had been seconded to him during the war, and swore vengeance for Moon having his friend Mardi killed as a suicide bomber; years later, before meeting Wulf, he and other former rebel leaders would hunt down Blood Moon to kill him for his continuing terrorist atrocities. Johnny would use a time bomb to take Moon back to the site of Mardi's bombing and executed him there.

The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha

In prog 1689, June 2010, Wagner and Ezquerra began a strip called The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha which took place following The Final Solution. The strip featured reporter Precious Matson trying to discover the true circumstances behind Johnny's death: the story explicitly stated itself to be a retcon and the "true" story of what happened, and diverged from The Final Solution when Precious revealed to Middenface McNulty that Johnny's body had been brought back by Feral (the original strip showed it destroyed and the remains left behind). Mutants remain on Earth, the S/D Agency still exists and has a new Doghouse satellite, and the UK government is said to be "apologists and mutie-lovers", ignoring Strontium Dogs.

Middenface and Precious went searching for the truth behind Johnny's death and the whereabouts of his body. In the process, they found out that Feral had taken the body on a quest for the Stone Wizards, immensely powerful entities that could bring Johnny back to life – but, as the cost would be his own life, he backed out and buried him instead. (Feral would end up executed during the story for unrelated crimes.) Precious and Middenface located the body and took it to the Stone Wizards, where McNulty offered to die so Johnny would live – the story ended with Johnny returning to life.

The story continued in three further installments from 2011 to 2014. Alpha discovered a conspiracy to secretly sterilise all mutants in New Britain. This revelation led to a new civil war, with Alpha leading the mutant faction.

After the conclusion of The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha, the series returned to its bounty-hunter premise. In The Son in 2018 a new character, Wulf Sternhammer's son Kenton, joined Johnny Alpha as a rookie Search/Destroy agent. This was the last Strontium Dog story to be illustrated by Carlos Ezquerra, who died later that year, and the last in the series to be written by John Wagner (as of July 2022). Other writers and artists have produced one-episode stories since, but no multi-part stories.

Hiatus
Since the death of artist Carlos Ezquerra in October 2018, the editor of 2000AD, Matt Smith, has said he is yet to decide whether the series should continue without Ezquerra. However he has said that spin off series set around popular supporting characters are in development. A story starring the Stix Clan was later published in the May 2019 Villains Takeover Special. In 2020 a one-episode story about Johnny Alpha as a child appeared in prog 2183, by Michael Carroll and Nick Brokenshire.

Crossover stories
Johnny Alpha has also appeared in three Judge Dredd stories, in which he travelled back in time to Dredd's era. The first was Top Dogs, written by John Wagner, which appeared in the Judge Dredd Annual 1991 (published in 1990). The second was Judgement Day, a 20-episode story written by Garth Ennis, which appeared in both 2000 AD and in the Judge Dredd Megazine in 1992. The third was By Private Contract in issue 2000 of 2000 AD in September 2016, also written by Wagner.

He also stars with Judge Dredd in the Big Finish audio book "Pre-Emptive Revenge", in their attempt to stop a nuclear dirty bomb from launching while trying to reach safety after a successful co-operative mission.

Publication
In 1987, Titan Books produced the first collected volume of Strontium Dog stories and others have appeared piecemeal over the years. Starting in 2007, Rebellion Developments released a complete run of collected Strontium Dog stories as the Search/Destroy Agency Files.
In 2008 Rebellion also began reprinting the new series of stories. Most of the post-"Final Solution" Strontium Dogs stories were collected in softback collections bagged with issues of the Judge Dredd Megazine.

All material from Max Quirxx to Journey into Hell written by John Wagner and illustrated by Carlos Ezquerra unless otherwise stated. All stories thereafter written by John Wagner and Alan Grant writing in partnership unless otherwise stated.Agency File 01 (336 pages, 2007, )
"Max Quirxx" (Starlord #1-2, 1978)
"Papa Por-ka" (Starlord #3–5, 1978)
"No Cure For Kansyr" (Starlord #6–7, 1978)
"Planet of the Dead"(Starlord #8–10, 1978)
"Two-Faced Terror!" (Starlord #12–15, 1978)
"Demon Maker" (Art: Brendan McCarthy 17; Ian Gibson 18–19; Starlord #17–19, 1978)
"The Ultimate Weapon" (Starlord #21–22, 1978)
"The Galaxy Killers" (2000 AD #86–94, 1978)
"Journey Into Hell" (2000 AD #104–118, 1979)
"Death's Head"  (2000 AD #178–181, 1980)
"The Schicklgruber Grab" (2000 AD #182–188, 1980)
"Mutie's Luck" (2000 AD #189, 1980)
"The Doc Quince Case" (2000 AD #190–193, 1980–81)
"The Bad Boys Bust" (2000 AD #194–197, 1981)Agency File 02 (288 pages, June 15, 2007, )
"Portrait of a Mutant" (2000 AD #200–206, 210–221, 1981)
"The Gronk Affair" (2000 AD #224–227, 1981)
"The Kid Knee Caper" (2000 AD #228–233, 1981)
"The Moses Incident" (2000 AD #335–345, 1983)
"The Killing" (2000 AD #350–359, 1984)
"Outlaw!" (2000 AD #363–385, 1984)Agency File 03 (384 pages, September 9, 2007, )
"The Big Bust Of '49" (2000 AD #415–424, 1985)
"The Slavers Of Drule" (2000 AD #425–436, 1985)
"Max Bubba" (2000 AD #445–465, 1985–86)
"Smiley's World" (2000 AD #466–467, 1986)
"Rage" (2000 AD #469–489, 1986)
"Incident on Mayjer Minor" (2000 AD #490–496, 1986)
"Warzone!" (2000 AD #497–499, 1986)
"Incident at the Back o' Beyond" (written by Alan Grant, art by Robin Smith; 2000 AD 1983 Annual)
"The Beast of Milton Keynes" (written by Alan Grant; 2000 AD Annual 1986)Agency File 04 (352 pages, January 15, 2008, )
"Bitch" (2000 AD #505–529, 1987)
"The Royal Affair" (2000 AD #532–536, 1987)
"A Sorry Case" (art by Colin MacNeil); (2000 AD #540–543, 1987)
"The Rammy" (2000 AD #544–553, 1987)
"The Stone Killers" (written by Grant alone; 2000 AD #560–572, 1988)
"Incident On Zeta" (written by Grant alone; plot suggested by Carlos Ezquerra; 2000 AD #573, 1988)
"The No-Go Job" (written by Grant alone; art by Simon Harrison; 2000 AD #580–587, 1988)
"Fever" (art by Kim Raymond; 2000 AD Annual 1987)
"Complaint" (2000 AD Annual 1988)
"Incident at the End of the World" (art by Keith Page; 2000 AD Annual 1991, 1990)
"Assault on Trigol 3" (written by Steve MacManus, art by Rob Moran; 2000 AD Sci-fi Special 1989)
"An Untold Tale of Johnny Alpha" (written by Peter Hogan, art by John Ridgway; 2000 AD Sci-fi Special 1992)The Final Solution (160 pages, May, 2008, )
"The Final Solution" (part 1 - written by Grant alone; art by Simon Harrison; 2000 AD #600–606, 615–621, 636–641, 645–647, 1988–89)
"The Final Solution" (part 2 - written by Grant alone; art by Colin MacNeil; 2000 AD #682–687, 1990)
"Incident at the Birth of the Universe" (written by Grant alone; art by Kev Walker; 2000 AD Winter Special 1988)
"The Town that Died of Shame" (written by Grant alone; art by Brendan McCarthy and Colin MacNeil; 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special 1988)
"Judge Dredd: Top Dogs" (art by Colin MacNeil; Judge Dredd Annual 1991, 1990)Judge Dredd: Judgement Day (written by Garth Ennis; art by Carlos Ezquerra, Peter Doherty, Dean Ormston and Chris Cunningham (credited as Chris Halls); 2000 AD #786–799 and Judge Dredd Megazine volume 2 #4–9, 1992) (various reprints)
"Night of the Blood-Freaks" (uncredited text story, in 2000 AD Annual 1981)

Revival

All stories written by John Wagner and illustrated by Carlos Ezquerra, except where otherwise indicated. Ezquerra's son Hector joined as inker and colourer for the stories from "Blood Moon" to "The Project". Initially, the revival comprised 'untold tales' all set prior to "The Final Solution".The Kreeler Conspiracy (September 2008, )
"The Kreeler Conspiracy" 2000 AD #2000, 1174–1180, 1195–1199 (1999–2000)
"The Sad Case" 2000 AD #2001 (2000)
"Roadhouse" 2000 AD #1300–1308 (2002)
"The Tax Dodge" 2000 AD #1350–1358 (2003)
"The Headly Foot Job" 2000 AD #1400–1403 (2004)Traitor to His Kind (July 2009, )
"Traitor To His Kind" 2000 AD #1406–1415 (2004)
"A Shaggy Dog Story" 2000 AD #2006, 1469–1472 (2005–06)
"The Glum Affair" 2000 AD #2008, 1567–1576 (2007–08)Blood Moon (January 2010, )
"Blood Moon" 2000 AD #2009, 1617–1628 (2008–09)
"The Mork Whisperer" 2000 AD #1651–1660 (2009)

All subsequent stories were set after "The Final Solution".The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha (July 2012, )
"The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha" 2000 AD #1689–1699 (2010)
"The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha: The Project" 2000 AD #2012, 1764–1771 (2011–12)
"What If...? Max Bubba Hadn't Killed Wulf," written by Alan Grant. 2000 AD #1772 (2012)The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha: Dogs of War (January 2015, )
"The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha: Mutant Spring" 2000 AD #2013, 1813–1821 (2012–13)
"The Life and Death of Johnny Alpha: Dogs of War" 2000 AD #2014, 1862–1870 (2013–14)Repo Men (March 2018, )
"The Stix Fix" 2000 AD #1924–1933 (2015)
"Repo Men" 2000 AD #1961–1971 (2015–2016)
"Durham Red: The Judas Strain," written by Lauren Beukes and Dale Halvorsen. 2000 AD 40th Anniversary Special (2017)
"Judge Dredd: By Private Contract" 2000 AD #2000 (2016) (collected in Judge Dredd: Guatemala, 2021)The Son (November 2022, )
"The Son" 2000 AD #2073–2081 (2018)
"Once Upon a Time in Der Vest", written by Rob Williams, art by Laurence Campbell and Dylan Teague, in 2000 AD #2212 (2020)
"Durham Red: The 'Nobody Wants This Job' Job", written by Alan Grant, art by Carlos Ezquerra, in 2000 AD #1785-1790 (2012)
"What If...? Max Bubba Hadn't Killed Wulf," written by Alan Grant, in 2000 AD #1772 (2012)
"Wulf Sternhammer: Valhalla", written by Mike Carroll, art by Patrick Goddard, in 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special 2019"Stix: Let Sleeping Dogs Lie", written by Matt Smith, art by Chris Weston, in 2000 AD Villains Special (2020)
Uncollected:
"Trial Run!" written by Alec Worley, art by Ben Willsher, in 2000 AD Regened: Free Comic Book Day (2018)
"Acceptable Losses", written by Michael Carroll, art by Nick Brokenshire and John Charles, in 2000 AD #2183 (2020)
"In the (Dead) Doghouse", written by Rob Williams, art by Staz Johnson and Chris Blythe, in 2000 AD #2300 (2022) (crossover with other stories in that issue and in Judge Dredd Megazine #448)

Spin-offs

Following "The Final Solution" there were a number of spin-off series, with Durham Red and Middenface McNulty (and later Young Middenface). In addition, Strontium Dogs focused on the other bounty hunters, especially The Gronk and Feral.Strontium Dogs:
 "Monsters" (written by Garth Ennis, with art by Steve Pugh, #750–761, 1991)
 "Dead Man's Hand" (written by Garth Ennis, with art by Simon Harrison, in 2000 AD Yearbook 1993, 1992)
 "Return of the Gronk" (written by Garth Ennis, with art by Nigel Dobbyn, in 2000 AD #817–824, 1993)
 "Angel Blood" (written by Igor Goldkind, with art by Jon Beeston and Colin MacNeil, in 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special 1993, June 1993)
 "How The Gronk Got His Heartses"  (written by Garth Ennis, with art by Nigel Dobbyn, in 2000 AD #850–851, 1993)
 "The Darkest Star" (written by Garth Ennis, with art by Nigel Dobbyn, in 2000 AD #855–866, 1993)
 "Crossroads" (written by Peter Hogan, with art by Nigel Dobbyn, in 2000 AD #897–899, 1994)
 "Fast Breeder" (text story written by John Smith, illustrations by Pauline Doyle, in 2000 AD Sci-Fi Special 1994)
 "Alphabet Man" (written by Peter Hogan, with art by Nigel Dobbyn, in 2000 AD #937–939, 1995)
 "High Moon" (written by Peter Hogan, with art by Mark Harrison, in 2000 AD #940–947, 1995)
 "The Mutant Sleeps Tonight" (written by Peter Hogan, with art by Simon Harrison, in 2000 AD #957, 1995)
 "Hate & War" (written by Peter Hogan, as Alan Smithee, with art by Trevor Hairsine, in 2000 AD #993–999, 1996)

Prior to "The Final Solution" there was an intermittent series of one-off stories called Tales From the Doghouse, featuring other S/D agents.Strontium Dog – Tales From the Doghouse:
 "Back-to-Front Jones" (in 2000 AD #578, 1988)
 "Tom 'Birdy' Lilley" (in 2000 AD #579, 1988)
 "Freddy 'Chameleon' Finegan" (in 2000 AD #612, 1989)
 "Edward "Spud" O'Riley" (in 2000 AD #613, 1989)
 "Maeve the Many-Armed" (in 2000 AD #617–618, 1989)
 "'Sting' Ray" (in 2000 AD #623–624, 1989)
 "'Froggy' Natterjack" (in 2000 AD #625, 1989)
 "Jerry 'Ratty' Cagney" (in 2000 AD #626, 1989)
 "Maeve the Many-Armed in: 'Niall of the Nine Sausages'" (in 2000 AD #636–638, 1989)
 "Chris 'Moosey' Day in: 'The Island'" (in 2000 AD #649, 1989)

In 2019 there was a story about another Strontium Dog called Stix.Stix: "Sleeping Dogs Lie" (written by Matt Smith, art by Chris Weston, in 2000 AD Villains Takeover Special, 2019)

In other media

Fan film
A fan film "Search/Destroy" premiered at 2000 AD's 40 Years of Thrill-Power Festival, on February the 11th 2017. John Wagner and Carlos Ezquerra both praised the film, which received 3 1/2 to 5 star reviews from several Sci-Fi and comic related outlets.

Computer games
In 1984, a computer game called Strontium Dog: The Killing was released by Quicksilva for the Sinclair ZX Spectrum.  In the game, (based on the storyline "The Killing" from progs 350–359,) Alpha has to rid the galaxy of all the 'vicious murderers' by roaming through a maze of corridors and rooms killing the murderers with his gun. The game was of extremely poor quality, with reviews of the period deriding it for poor graphics, a lack of playability and for being extremely boring.

The same year, Quicksilva released Strontium Dog: The Death Gauntlet, a side-scrolling shoot-em-up for the Commodore 64.

Board game

In 2018 Warlord Games released tabletop skirmish game called "Strontium Dog Miniatures Game".

Novels

In 2003, Black Flame started publishing official 2000 AD novels, including five featuring Strontium Dog. These were:

 Bad Timing (Rebecca Levene, June 2004 )
 Prophet Margin (Simon Spurrier, December 2004 )
 Ruthless (Jonathan Clements, April 2005 )
 Day of the Dogs (Andrew Cartmel, July 2005 )
 A Fistful of Strontium (Jaspre Bark and Steve Lyons, October 2005 )

Audio dramas
In recent years, Big Finish Productions have released a number of audio dramas with 2000 AD characters. These have mostly featured Judge Dredd, but three have starred Strontium Dog. In these Judge Dredd and Wulf Sternhammer are played by Toby Longworth and Johnny Alpha is played by Simon Pegg. The current list of Strontium Dog plays includes:

 3. Strontium Dog: Down to Earth by Jonathan Clements
 10. Strontium Dog: Fire from Heaven by Jonathan Clements
 16. Judge Dredd: Pre-Emptive Revenge by Jonathan Clements (taking place in the immediate aftermath of the Judge Dredd/Strontium Dog crossover story "Judgement Day")

Film
In the opening scene of the 2012 film Dredd,  one of the "mega blocks" of Mega-City One is named "Sternhammer".

FanzinesDogbreath is an unofficial small press comic produced by fans of the series.

In popular culture

In an episode of TV sitcom Spaced, an angry Mike tells his friend Tim to remember "whose shoulder you cried on" when Johnny Alpha was killed in 2000 AD. Tim's actor and Spaced co-author Simon Pegg later went on to play Johnny Alpha in the Big Finish Productions Strontium Dog audio plays.

See also

Middenface McNulty
Durham Red

References

External links
 Strontium Dog profile from 2000 AD website
 Strontium Dogs profile from 2000 AD website
 Tales From the Doghouse profile from 2000 AD'' website
 Strontium Dog Audio plays at bbc.co.uk
 www.strontiumdog.com - a fan-site

Reviews
Review of Strontium Dog Agency Files 1
Review of Strontium Dog Agency Files 2

Fictional bounty hunters
Fictional gunfighters in comics
Fictional mutants
2000 AD comic strips
2000 AD characters
1978 comics debuts
Comics characters introduced in 1978
Comics set in the 22nd century
Comics about time travel
Post-apocalyptic comics
Comics adapted into video games
Comics adapted into novels

Strontium Dog


Music from the Film More treći je studijski album Pink Floyda izdan 1969. godine.

Popis pjesama

Strana 1

  Cirrus Minor (Vokali Davida Gilmour-a) – 5:16 (Roger Waters)
  The Nile Song (Vokali Davida Gilmour-a) – 3:24 (Roger Waters)
  Crying Song (Vokali Davida Gilmour-a) – 3:25 (Roger Waters)
  Up the Khyber (Instrumental) – 2:07 (Nick Mason, Richard Wright)
  Green Is the Colour (Vokali Davida Gilmour-a) – 2:53 (Roger Waters)
  Cymbaline (Vokali Davida Gilmour-a) – 4:45 (Roger Waters)
  Party Sequence (Instrumental) – 1:10 (Roger Waters, Richard Wright, David Gilmour, Nick Mason)

Strana 2

  Main Theme (Instrumental) – 5:27 (Roger Waters, Richard Wright, David Gilmour, Nick Mason)
  Ibiza Bar (Vokali Davida Gilmour-a) – 3:17 (Roger Waters, Richard Wright, David Gilmour, Nick Mason)
  More Blues (Instrumental) – 2:13 (Roger Waters, Richard Wright, David Gilmour, Nick Mason)
  Quicksilver (Instrumental) – 7:03 (Roger Waters, Richard Wright, David Gilmour, Nick Mason)
  A Spanish Piece (Instrumental) – 1:00 (David Gilmour)
  Dramatic Theme (Instrumental) – 2:11 (Roger Waters, Richard Wright)

Albumi iz 1969.
Albumi Pink Floyda

Music from the Film More


اقتصاد الإنترنت Internet Economy يشير إلى ممارسة الأعمال التجارية في الأسواق من خلال البنية التحتية التي تقوم على شبكة الانترنت والشبكة العالمية. الإنترنت تختلف عن الاقتصاد التقليدي والاقتصاد في عدد من الطرق، بما في ذلك : الاتصالات، وتجزئة السوق، وتوزيع التكاليف والأسعار.

ضمن اقتصاد الإنترنت هناك مستوى لتداول الأعمال، إما بين الشركات بعضها البعض (B-B) أو ضمن مواقع الشركات نفسها المنتشرة عالمياً، أو بين الشركات والحكومات، أو بين الشركات والمستهلك (B-C). هذه التداولات المالية والتجارية ولدت ما يطلق عليه الأعمال الإلكترونية e-Business في قطاع الأعمال. وضمن هذه الأعمال الإلكترونية كما ذكرنا هناك عمليات التجارة الإلكترونية e-commerce وعمليات التسوق الإلكتروني e-Shopping في القطاع الاستهلاكي. وهذه التداولات جميعها تتضمن عمليات مالية/مصرفية أدت إلى انتشار ما يسمى بالأعمال المصرفية على الشبكة online banking وكذلك التعامل مع المصارف من خلال الحاسوب المنزلي و internet-banking أو اختصاراً e-banking أو الأعمال المصرفية الإلكترونية.

اقتصاد الإنترنت لم يمتلك بعد أدوات فاعلة ومتفق عليها للقياس والتحليل والمتابعة مثلما هو متبع في قطاعات الاقتصاد التقليدي الأخرى كالاقتصاد الزراعي والصناعي والسياحي وغيرها, ومرجع ذلك أنه ـ كما سبق القول ـ لا يزال اقتصادا حديثا في طور النشأة والتبلور ولم يظهر علي الساحة إلا منذ سنوات قليلة.

غوش (1998) ينص على أن الشركات لا يمكن تجنب اقتصاد الإنترنت.

المراجع

أنظمة اقتصادية
إنترنت

اقتصاد الإنترنت


An Schizostachyum arunachalensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni H.B. Naithani. An Schizostachyum arunachalensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Schizostachyum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Schizostachyum

Schizostachyum arunachalensis