මෙය එක් එක් රටවල දේශපාලන පක්ෂ ලැයිස්තුවට සබැඳියාවක් සහිතව වගුවක ආකාරයට පිලියෙළ කර ඇති හා කවර පක්ෂ ක්‍රමයක් එක් එක් රටෙහි ප්‍රමුඛ ලෙස පවතීද යන්නද දක්වන රට අනුව දේශපාලන පක්ෂයන්හි දළ විශ්ලේෂණයකි .  දේශපාලන පක්ෂයක් යනු  සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මැතිවරණවලට මුහුණ දී බලයට පත්වීමේ අභිලාෂය සහිතව   කිසියම් මූලධර්මයකට දායක වෙමින් හෝ විශේෂ කරුණු නාරණා මත පදනම් වී හෝ පිහිටුවා ඇති  දේශපාලන සංවිධානයකි  .  එක් එක් රට යටතේ විවිධ පක්ෂ පිළිබඳ විස්තර වෙන් වශයෙන් ලබා ගත හැකි වන පරිදි ලැයිස්තු ගත කර ඇත.

අ

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|අබ්ගාසියාව || • || || || || එක්සත් අබ්ගාසියාව, අම්ට්සාකාරා, අයිටයිරා || 2007 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"| අසර්බයිජාන් || || || • || || නව අසර්බයිජාන් පක්ෂය || 2010 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය
|}

ආ

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|ආලන්ඩ් දිවයින්|| • || || || || ආලන්ඩ් වෙනුවෙන් ලිබරල්වරුන්, ආලන්ඩ් මධ්‍ය පක්ෂය || 2007 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මැතිවරණය
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"| ආර්ජන්ටිනාව || • || || || || ජයග්‍රහණය සඳහා පෙරමුණ (FPV) - සාධාරණත්ව පක්ෂය (PJ) ||2009 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මැතිවරණය  2011 මහා මැතිවරණය
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"| ආර්මේනියාව || • || || || || ආර්මේනියානු ජනරජ පක්ෂය || 2007 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය
|}

ඇ

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානය  || • || || || || (නොමැත) || 2009 ජනාධිපතිවරණය2010 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|ඇල්බේනියාව || • || || || || ඇල්බේනියාවේ ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී පක්ෂය, එකමුතුව සඳහා සමාජවාදී ව්‍යාපාරය, ඇල්බේනියාවේ රිපබ්ලිකන් පක්ෂය || 2009 පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණය
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|ඇල්ජීරියාව || • || || || || ජාතික විමුක්ති පෙරමුණ, ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදය සඳහා ජාතික ජනහමුව|| 2007  ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මැතිවරණය2009 ජනාධිපතිවරණය
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|ඇමරිකානු සැමෝවා ||colspan=5| (සැබෑ දේශපාලන පක්ෂ නොමැත) || 2006 ව්‍යවස්ථාදායක මැතිවරණය
|}

ඈ

|}

ඉන්දියාව

|}

ඊ

|}

උ

|}

ඌ

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ඍ

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ඍ

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එ

|}

ඒ

|}

ඓ

|}

ඔ

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"| ඔස්ට්‍රියාව || • || || || ||
|}

ඕ

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"| ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාව || • || || || ||
|}

ඖ

|}

ක

|}

A

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|ඇමරිකානු සැමෝවා || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|ඇන්ඩෝරා || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|ඇන්ගෝලාව || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Anguilla || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Antigua and Barbuda || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Aruba || • || || || ||
|}

B

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Bahrain || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Bangladesh || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Barbados || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Belarus || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Belgium || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Belize || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Benin || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Bermuda || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Bhutan || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Bolivia || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Bosnia and Herzegovina || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Botswana || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Brazil || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|British Virgin Islands || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Brunei || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Bulgaria || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Burkina Faso || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Burma || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Burundi || • || || || ||
|}

C

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Cambodia || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Cameroon || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Canada || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Cape Verde || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Cayman Islands || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Central African Republic || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Chad || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Chile || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|China || || || || • ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Colombia || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Comoros || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Congo (Brazzaville) || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Congo (Kinshasa) || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Cook Islands || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Costa Rica || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Côte d'Ivoire || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Croatia || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Cuba|| || || || • ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Cyprus || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Czech Republic || • || || || ||
|}

D

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Denmark || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Djibouti || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Dominica || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Dominican Republic || • || || || ||
|}

E

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|East Timor || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Ecuador || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Egypt || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|El Salvador || • ||  || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Equatorial Guinea || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Eritrea || || || || • ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Estonia || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Ethiopia || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|European Union || • || || || ||
|}

F

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Falkland Islands || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Faroe Islands || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Fiji || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Finland || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|France|| • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|French Polynesia || || || • || ||
|}

G

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Gabon || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Gambia || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Georgia || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Germany || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Ghana || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Gibraltar || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Greece || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Greenland || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Grenada || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Guam || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Guatemala || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Guernsey || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Guinea || || || • || ||
|-
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| style="text-align:left"|Guinea-Bissau || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Guyana || || • || || ||
|}

H

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Haiti || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Honduras || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Hong Kong || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Hungary || • || || || ||
|}

I

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Iceland || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|India || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Indonesia || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Iran || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Iraq || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Ireland || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Israel || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Italy || • || || || ||
|}

J

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Jamaica || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Japan || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Jersey || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Jordan || • || || || ||
|}

K

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Kazakhstan || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Kenya || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Kiribati || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Kosovo || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Kuwait || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Kyrgyzstan || • || || || ||
|}

L

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Laos || || || || • ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Latvia || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Lebanon || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Lesotho || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Liberia ||•  || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Libya || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Liechtenstein || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Lithuania || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Luxembourg || • || || || ||
|}

M

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Macau || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Macedonia || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Madagascar || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Malawi || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Malaysia || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Maldives|| || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Mali || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Malta || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Man || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Marshall Islands || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Mauritania || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Mauritius || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Mayotte || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Mexico || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Micronesia || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Moldova || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Monaco || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Mongolia || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Montenegro || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Montserrat || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Morocco || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Mozambique || || • || || ||
|}

N

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Nagorno Karabakh || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Namibia || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Nauru || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Nepal || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Netherlands || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Netherlands Antilles || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|New Caledonia || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|New Zealand || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Nicaragua || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Niger || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Nigeria || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Niue || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Norfolk Island || || || || ||•
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|North Korea || || || || • ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Northern Marianas || || • || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Norway || • || || || ||
|}

O

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Oman || || || || || •
|}

P

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Pakistan || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Palau || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Palestinian National Authority || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Panama || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Papua New Guinea || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Paraguay || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Peru || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Philippines || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Pitcairn Islands || || || || || •
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Poland || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Portugal || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Puerto Rico || • || || || ||
|}

Q

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Qatar || || || || || •
|}

R

|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Romania || • || || || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Russia || || || • || ||
|-
!
| style="text-align:left"|Rwanda || || || • || ||
|}

S

|-
!
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| style="text-align:left"|San Marino || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|São Tomé and Príncipe || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Saudi Arabia || || || || || •
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| style="text-align:left"|Senegal || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Sierra Leone || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Singapore || || || • || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Slovakia || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Slovenia || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Solomon Islands || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Somalia || || || || || •
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| style="text-align:left"|Somaliland || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|South Africa || || || • || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|South Korea || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|ශ්‍රී ලංකාව || || • || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Trinidad and Tobago || || • || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Tunisia || || || • || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Turkey || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Turkmenistan || || || || • ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Turks and Caicos || || • || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Tuvalu || || || || || •
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U

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| style="text-align:left"|Uganda || || || • || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Ukraine || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|United Arab Emirates || || || || || •
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| style="text-align:left"|United Kingdom || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|United States || || • || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Uruguay || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Uzbekistan || • || || || ||
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V

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| style="text-align:left"|Vanuatu || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Vatican City || || || || || • ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Venezuela || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Vietnam || || || || • ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Virgin Islands of the United States || || • || || ||
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W

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| style="text-align:left"|Wallis and Futuna || • || || || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Western Sahara || || || || • ||
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Y

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| style="text-align:left"|Yemen || || || • || ||
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Z

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| style="text-align:left"|Zambia || || || • || ||
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| style="text-align:left"|Zimbabwe || || || • || ||
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References

See also: List by regions and sub-regions

See also
 List of basic political science topics
 List of democracy and elections-related topics
 List of frivolous parties
 List of election results
 List of national leaders

External links
 Political resources on the net
 Leftist Parties of the World  - Detailed resource for left-leaning parties (large and small) in each country

See also
 List of basic political science topics
 List of democracy and elections-related topics
 List of frivolous parties
 List of organizations
 List of election results
 List of national leaders

External links
 Political resources on the net
 Leftist Parties of the World  - Detailed resource for left-leaning parties (large and small) in each country

ඡන්ද විමසීම්
ලැයිස්තු

රට අනුව පාලක දේශපාලන පක්ෂ ලැයිස්තුව


Colony Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Colony Township (Adams County, Iowa)
 Colony Township (Delaware County, Iowa)
 Colony Township (Kansas), im Greeley County
 Colony Township (Missouri), im Knox County

Colony Township


An Kobresia cuneata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Georg Kükenthal. An Kobresia cuneata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Kobresia, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Kobresia

Kobresia cuneata


In music notation, dal segno (, , ), often abbreviated as D.S., is used as a navigation marker. From Italian for "from the sign", D.S. appears in sheet music and instructs a musician to repeat a passage starting from the sign shown at right, sometimes called the segno in English.

Two common variants:
D.S. al coda instructs the musician to go back to the sign, and when Al coda or To coda is reached jump to the coda symbol.
D.S. al fine instructs the musician to go back to the sign, and end the piece at the measure marked fine.

Al segno indicates that the player should go to the sign. Da capo al segno (D.C. al Segno), "From the beginning to the sign (𝄋)."

In operas of the 18th century, dal segno arias were a common alternative to da capo arias which began with an opening ritornello, which was then omitted in the repeat (the sign being placed after the ritornello).

Encoding
The segno sign is encoded in the Musical Symbols block of Unicode as .

See also
Coda
Da capo
Fermata
Repeat sign

References

Musical notation
Italian words and phrases

Dal segno


The Satanic Bible is a collection of essays, observations, and rituals published by Anton LaVey in 1969. It is the central religious text of LaVeyan Satanism, and is considered the foundation of its philosophy and dogma. It has been described as the most important document to influence contemporary
Satanism. Though The Satanic Bible is not considered to be sacred scripture in the way that the Christian Bible is to Christianity, LaVeyan Satanists regard it as an authoritative text as it is a contemporary text that has attained for them scriptural status. It extols the virtues of exploring one's own nature and instincts. Believers have been described as "atheistic Satanists" because they believe that God and Satan are not external entities, but rather projections of an individual's own personality—benevolent and stabilizing forces in their life. There have been thirty printings of The Satanic Bible, selling over a million copies.

The Satanic Bible is composed of four books: The Book of Satan, The Book of Lucifer, The Book of Belial, and The Book of Leviathan. The Book of Satan challenges the Ten Commandments and the Golden Rule, and promotes Epicureanism. The Book of Lucifer holds most of the philosophy in The Satanic Bible, with twelve chapters discussing topics such as indulgence, love, hate, and sex. LaVey also uses the book to dispel rumors surrounding the religion. In The Book of Belial, LaVey details rituals and magic. He discusses the required mindset and focus for performing a ritual, and provides instructions for three rituals: those for sex, compassion, or destruction. The Book of Leviathan provides four invocations for Satan, lust, compassion, and destruction. It also lists the nineteen Enochian Keys (adapted from John Dee's Enochian keys), provided both in Enochian and in English translation.

There have been both positive and negative reactions to The Satanic Bible. It has been described as "razor-sharp" and "influential". Criticism of The Satanic Bible stems both from qualms over LaVey's writing and disapproval of the content itself. LaVey has been criticized for plagiarizing sections, and accusations have been made that his philosophies are largely borrowed. Attempts have been made to ban the book in schools, public libraries, and prisons, though these attempts are somewhat rare.

History

There are multiple stories of the birth of The Satanic Bible. In the introduction to the 2005–present edition, High Priest Peter H. Gilmore describes LaVey as having compiled The Satanic Bible on his own from monographs he had written about the Church of Satan and its rituals. Gilmore lists a number of people who influenced LaVey's writings: Ayn Rand, Friedrich Nietzsche, H. L. Mencken, the members of the carnival with whom LaVey had supposedly worked in his youth, P. T. Barnum, Mark Twain, John Milton, and Lord Byron.

LaVey's estranged daughter Zeena Schreck, in an exposé about both her father's religion and past, attributes the birth of The Satanic Bible to a suggestion by Peter Mayer, a publisher for Avon. According to Schreck, Mayer proposed that LaVey author a Satanic Bible to draw from the popularity of the 1968 horror film Rosemary's Baby, which had caused a recent rise in public interest in both Satanism and other occult practices. Schreck states that, aided by Diane Hegarty, LaVey compiled a number of writings he had already been distributing: an introduction to Satanism, a number of short essays, a guide to ritual magic, and articles he had previously published in The Cloven Hoof, a Church of Satan newsletter.

Either to meet length requirements set by the publisher or out of agreement with the ideas, LaVey and Hegarty borrowed heavily from writings by other authors. These included a social Darwinist book published in 1890 entitled Might Is Right by Ragnar Redbeard, as well as Dee's Enochian keys from Aleister Crowley's The Equinox, modified to replace references to Christianity with those to Satan. Some accuse LaVey of paraphrasing the Nine Satanic Statements from Rand's Atlas Shrugged without acknowledgement, though others maintain that LaVey was simply drawing inspiration from the novel. LaVey later affirmed the connection with Rand's ideas by stating that LaVeyan Satanism was "just Ayn Rand's philosophy, with ceremony and ritual added".

Publication history
Originally published in paperback by Avon in 1969, The Satanic Bible has had thirty printings and has never gone out of print. A hardcover edition was published by University Books that same year but has now been out of print for decades. In 2015, William Morrow published a new hardcover edition of the book combined in a single volume with its companion work, The Satanic Rituals, and marketed under a special arrangement by Rabid Crow Arts and Graphics. The main content has not changed throughout the editions, although the dedication was removed after several printings and the introduction has changed several times. The Sigil of Baphomet has been printed on the cover since the original publication. The Satanic Bible has sold over one million copies since its initial release. It has also been translated into Danish, Swedish, German, Spanish, Finnish and Turkish.

Content

Dedication
Though it is no longer included in current printings of The Satanic Bible, early printings included an extensive dedication to various people whom LaVey recognized as influences. LaVey's primary dedication was to Bernardino Nogara (misprinted as "Logara"), Karl Haushofer, Grigori Rasputin, Basil Zaharoff, Alessandro Cagliostro, Barnabas Saul (John Dee's first scryer), Ragnar Redbeard, William Mortensen, Hans Brick, Max Reinhardt, Orrin Klapp, Fritz Lang, Friedrich Nietzsche, W. C. Fields, P. T. Barnum, Hans Poelzig, Reginald Marsh, Wilhelm Reich, and Mark Twain. The secondary dedication named Howard Hughes, James Moody, Marcello Truzzi, Adrian‐Claude Frazier, Marilyn Monroe, Wesley Mather, William Lindsay Gresham, Hugo Zacchini, Jayne Mansfield, Frederick Goerner, C. Huntley, Nathanael West, Horatio Alger Jr., Robert E. Howard, George Orwell, H. P. Lovecraft, Tuesday Weld, H. G. Wells, Sister Marie Koven, Harry Houdini, Togare (LaVey's pet lion), and the Nine Unknown Men from The Nine Unknown.

Introductions
Throughout the various printings of The Satanic Bible, it has included introductions by various authors. The first edition (in print from 1969 to 1972) included an excerpt from an article by Burton H. Wolfe, an investigative journalist and biographer of LaVey, entitled "The Church that Worships Satan". Wolfe provides an extensive biography of LaVey and a history of the Church of Satan. He mentions Rosemary's Baby as contributing to the popularity of Satanism, though he does not claim LaVeyan Satanism to have directly influenced its creation. From 1972 until 1976, the introduction to The Satanic Bible was a piece by Michael A. Aquino, who later went on to found the Temple of Set with a number of members of the Church of Satan. He gives a detailed analysis of the Satanic philosophies, and dispels myths about LaVeyan Satanism. He explains that it is not "devil worship", and that LaVeyan Satanists in fact reject the worship of external gods completely. He too provides a brief background on LaVey, explaining how LaVey brought some of the knowledge he had acquired while working with the circus to his religion. Wolfe again wrote the introduction for the 1976 to 2005 editions of The Satanic Bible. It included some of the same content as the 1969 version, with an expanded biography of LaVey and more information on the various conflicts between other religions and LaVeyan Satanism. Since 2005, The Satanic Bible has contained an introduction written by Gilmore, High Priest of the Church of Satan. In this introduction, he discusses his discovery of LaVeyan Satanism and his relationship with LaVey. He then goes on to provide a detailed biography of LaVey and addresses allegations that LaVey falsified much of the story of his own past. The introduction also provides a history of The Satanic Bible itself, as well as that of two other books by LaVey: The Satanic Witch and The Satanic Rituals.

Preface
LaVey explains his reasons for writing The Satanic Bible in a short preface. He speaks skeptically about volumes written by other authors on the subject of magic, dismissing them as "nothing more than sanctimonious fraud" and "volumes of hoary misinformation and false prophecy". He complains that other authors do no more than confuse the subject. He mocks those who spend large amounts of money on attempts to follow rituals and learn about the magic shared in other occult books. He also notes that many of the existing writings on Satanic magic and ideology were created by "right-hand path" authors. He tells that The Satanic Bible contains both truth and fantasy, and declares, "What you see may not always please you, but you will see!"

Prologue
The prologue to The Satanic Bible begins by discussing the concept of gods, good and evil, and human nature. It includes the Nine Satanic Statements:

The Nine Satanic Statements outline the basic ideology of LaVeyan Satanism, and have become some of the guiding principles of LaVeyan Satanism. They also served as a template for later publications by LaVey, such as his 1987 "Nine Satanic Sins". Ayn Rand's influence on LaVeyan Satanism is apparent in the Nine Satanic Statements, leading some, namely Nikolas Schreck, to assert that the Statements are simply unacknowledged paraphrase of Rand's thoughts. These accusations have been disproved, however.

The Book of Satan
Much of the first book of The Satanic Bible is taken from parts of Redbeard's Might Is Right, edited to remove racism, antisemitism, and misogyny. It challenges both the Ten Commandments and the Golden Rule, advocating instead a tooth-for-tooth philosophy. LaVey, through Redbeard, strongly advocates social Darwinism, saying, "Death to the weakling, wealth to the strong!" Humans are identified as instinctually predatory, and "lust and carnal desire" are singled out as part of humans' intrinsic nature. The Book of Satan suggests a hedonistic outlook, saying, "I break away from all conventions that do not lead to my earthly happiness." Indulgence is endorsed, and readers are encouraged to make the most of their lives. It criticizes both law and religious principles, instead suggesting doing only what makes one happy and successful. LaVey continues to denounce other religions, and he rails against what he considers to be arbitrary definitions of "good" and "evil". Religion is criticized as a man-made construct, and the reader is urged to question everything and destroy any lies that he or she uncovers. Long-standing lies that are believed to be irrefutable truths are identified as the most dangerous. The last part of The Book of Satan is an adaptation of the Christian Beatitudes, changed to reflect the principles of LaVeyan Satanism.

The Book of Lucifer
The Book of Lucifer contains the majority of the philosophy of The Satanic Bible. It details how Christianity has taught that God is good and Satan is evil, and presents an alternate view. It describes that the concept of Satan, used synonymously with "God", is different for each LaVeyan Satanist, but that to all it represents a good and steadying force in their life. Believers have been called "atheistic Satanists" because of this lack of belief in external gods, but others identify as antitheistic. Satan is seen to LaVeyan Satanists not as "an anthropomorphic being with cloven hooves, a barbed tail, and horns", but as a force of nature that has only been described as evil by other religions. Satan is viewed as a metaphor or a symbol, not as a being to be worshipped.

LaVey rejects the idea of prayer, instead urging Satanists to take action to fix a situation instead of asking for a solution. The seven deadly sins are advocated, on the basis that they all lead to personal pleasure. He says that Satanism is a form of "controlled selfishness", in the sense that doing something to help another will, in turn, make one happy. The Golden Rule is again mentioned, and LaVey suggests altering it from "Do unto others as you would have them do unto you" to "Do unto others as they do unto you" so that if someone is treated poorly, he or she can respond viciously. The Book of Lucifer also contains a list of "The Four Crown Princes of Hell" (Satan, Lucifer, Belial, and Leviathan) and of seventy-seven "Infernal Names", representations of Satan from various cultures and religions. They are the names that, according to LaVey, are most useful in Satanic rituals.

The Book of Lucifer contains a long chapter titled "Satanic Sex", discussing Satanism's view on sexual activity as well as misconceptions surrounding these views. He denies the belief that sex is the most important element in LaVeyan Satanism, and that participation in orgies or other promiscuous behavior is forced. He explains that sexual freedom is encouraged, but only in the sense that believers should be free to explore their own sexualities as they please, without harming others. Along with the rumors regarding Satanic views on sex, LaVey also addresses those about animal and human sacrifice. He explains that the only time a LaVeyan Satanist would perform a human sacrifice would be to accomplish two goals: to "release the magician's wrath" as he or she performed a curse, and to kill someone who deserved to die. He considers the action of hurting another person a request to be destroyed and explains that the Satanist is morally required to grant this request in the form of a curse. LaVey also says that a Satanist would never sacrifice a baby or an animal, as they are pure carnal beings and considered to be sacred. In The Book of Lucifer, LaVey outlines LaVeyan Satanism's views on death. He explains that one who has lived a full life will dread death and that this is the way it should be. He also does not agree with the idea of reincarnation. He encourages a strong will to live, comparing it to animals' instincts to fight viciously for their lives. Suicide is discouraged except in cases of euthanasia, where it would end extreme suffering. Because the Satanist is considered their own god, birthdays are celebrated as the most important holidays. Following one's birthday in importance are Walpurgisnacht and Halloween. Solstices and equinoxes are also celebrated.

The Book of Belial
The third book of The Satanic Bible describes rituals and magic. According to Joshua Gunn, these are adapted from books of ritual magic such as Crowley's Magick: Elementary Theory. The Satanic Rituals, published by LaVey in 1972, outlines the rituals more precisely, and contains the entire text of the Black Mass. LaVey begins The Book of Belial by defining magic as "The change in situations or events in accordance with one's will, which would, using normally accepted methods, be unchangeable." He explains that some of the rituals are simply applied psychology or science, but that some contain parts with no scientific basis.

LaVey explains that, in order to control a person, one must first attract their attention. He gives three qualities that can be employed for this purpose: sex appeal, sentiment (cuteness or innocence), and wonder. He also advocates the use of odor. In the Book of Belial, he discusses three types of rituals: those for sex, compassion, and destruction. Sex rituals work to entice another person; compassion rituals work to improve health, intelligence, success, and so on; destruction rituals work to destroy another person. LaVey advocates finding others with whom to practice Satanic rituals in order to reaffirm one's faith and avoid antisocial behavior. He particularly advocates group participation for destruction rituals, as compassion and sex rituals are more private in nature. LaVey goes on to list the key components to successful ritual: desire, timing, imagery, direction, and "The Balance Factor" (awareness of one's own limitations). Details for the various Satanic rituals are explained in The Book of Belial, and lists of necessary objects (such as clothing, altars, and the symbol of Baphomet) are given.

The Book of Leviathan
The final book of The Satanic Bible emphasizes the importance of spoken word and emotion to effective magic. An "Invocation to Satan" as well as three invocations for the three types of ritual are given. The "Invocation to Satan" commands the dark forces to grant power to the summoner, and lists the Infernal names for use in the invocation. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of lust" is used for attracting the attentions of another. Both male and female versions of the invocation are provided. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of destruction" commands the dark forces to destroy the subject of the invocation. The "Invocation employed towards the conjuration of compassion" requests protection, health, strength, and the destruction of anything ailing the subject of the invocation. The rest of The Book of Leviathan is composed of the Enochian Keys, which LaVey adapted from Dee's original work. They are given in Enochian and also translated into English. LaVey provides a brief introduction that credits Dee and explains some of the history behind the Enochian Keys and language. He maintains that the translations provided are an "unvarnishing" of the translations performed by the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn in the 1800s, but others accuse LaVey of simply changing references to Christianity with those to Satan.

Themes

God and Satan
The Satanic Bible often uses the terms "God" and "Satan" interchangeably, except when referring to the concepts of these as viewed by other religions. LaVey also occasionally uses the term "God" to refer to other religions' views of God, and "Satan" or synonyms to refer to the idea of god as interpreted by LaVeyan Satanism, as when he writes, "When all religious faith in lies has waned, it is because man has become closer to himself and farther from 'God'; closer to the 'Devil.'" Throughout The Satanic Bible, the LaVeyan Satanist's view of god is described as the Satanist's true "self"—a projection of their own personality—not an external deity. Satan is used as a representation of personal liberty and individualism. Satan is also used as a metaphor for the ideas connected with the early Christian view of Satan or the serpent: wise, defiant, questioning, and free-thinking. LaVey discusses this extensively in The Book of Lucifer, explaining that the gods worshipped by other religions are also projections of man's true self. He argues that man's unwillingness to accept his own ego has caused him to externalize these gods so as to avoid the feeling of narcissism that would accompany self-worship.

Though at some points LaVey refers to Satan as a physical being, this is intended to encourage the Satanist's "rational self-interest."

Science
Many of the ideas in The Satanic Bible suggest a secular, scientific view of the world. However, some of these ideas continue beyond present-day secularism by implying that various occult forces are not supernatural, but rather thus far undiscovered by science. These forces are said to be manipulable by the practitioner of LaVeyan Satanism, a trait of the religion that has been compared with Christian Science and Scientology.

James Lewis argues that scientific themes are so prevalent in The Satanic Bible because LaVey was appealing to the authority of science to legitimize Satanism as a religion.

Human nature and social Darwinism
Social Darwinism and the concept of "human nature" are ideas that are prevalent throughout The Satanic Bible. LaVey describes Satanism as "a religion based on the universal traits of man," and humans are described throughout as inherently carnal and animalistic. Each of the seven deadly sins is described as part of human's natural instinct, and are thus advocated. Social Darwinism is particularly noticeable in The Book of Satan, where LaVey plagiarizes portions of Redbeard's Might Is Right, though it also appears throughout in references to man's inherent strength and instinct for self-preservation. LaVeyan Satanism has been described as "institutionalism of Machiavellian self-interest" because of many of these themes.

Influence
The Satanic Bible is recognized as one of the key texts of modern Satanism. The Church of Satan requires that people accept "LaVey's principles" before becoming members of the church. Many other Satanist groups and individual Satanists who are not part of the Church of Satan also recognize LaVey's work as influential. Many Satanists attribute their conversions or discoveries of Satanism to The Satanic Bible, with 20% of respondents to a survey by James Lewis mentioning The Satanic Bible directly as influencing their conversion.
In Gilmore's introduction, he lists a number of novels and films supposedly influenced by The Satanic Bible and LaVeyan Satanism. These include the novels Rosemary's Baby by Ira Levin and Our Lady of Darkness by Fritz Leiber, as well as films such as Rosemary's Baby, The Devil's Rain, The Car, and Dr. Dracula. Others have lauded The Satanic Bible as heavily influential on metal and rock bands, such as Black Sabbath, Venom, Slayer, King Diamond, and Marilyn Manson.

Reception
Richard Metzger describes The Satanic Bible as "a razor-sharp, no-bullshit primer in natural and supernatural law." David G. Bromley calls it "iconoclastic" and "the best-known and most influential statement of Satanic theology." Eugene V. Gallagher says that Satanists use LaVey's writings "as lenses through which they view themselves, their group, and the cosmos." He also states: "With a clear-eyed appreciation of true human nature, a love of ritual and pageantry, and a flair for mockery, LaVey's Satanic Bible promulgated a gospel of self-indulgence that, he argued, anyone who dispassionately considered the facts would embrace." The philosophy it presents has been described as "strident libertarianism" and "an obvious distillation of ideas common among members of the United States counter-culture in the 1960s." Joshua Gunn argues that the significance of The Satanic Bible as an occult item owes to its status as a "totem or a fetishized object in popular culture", not the philosophy contained within. He argues that many erroneously categorize the content of The Satanic Bible as evil and depraved from the minimalist, dark cover design (composed of a purple Sigil of Baphomet and white text on the front, and a photo of LaVey superimposed over the Sigil of Baphomet on the back), the verbose, overblown style of the text, and the presence of the word "Satan" in the title. Contrary to this belief, he says, the philosophy presented by LaVey is "neither offensive nor surprising."

Zeena Schreck has criticized The Satanic Bible as a financial endeavor suggested by Avon publisher, Mayer. She maintains that it contains large amounts of falsified information about LaVey's past, and that much of the book is plagiarized from Redbeard's Might Is Right, Dee's Enochian Keys, and Rand's Atlas Shrugged. Chris Mathews, in Modern Satanism: Anatomy of a Radical Subculture, describes The Satanic Bible as "hastily prepared" and cynical. Both Mathews and a 1971 article in Newsweek compare the ideologies presented in The Satanic Bible to Nazism: containing "unremitting focus on social elitism, appeals to force, and scorn for egalitarian principles". Israel Regardie criticized LaVey's alteration of the Enochian Keys in The Book of Leviathan as stupid and of lower quality than the original Keys.

The Satanic Bible has also received a large amount of criticism from people and organizations who find its content to be dangerous. Much of this criticism came during the period of "Satanic panic," when Satanic ritual abuse was feared to be epidemic. Much of this media coverage, however, has been denounced as "uncritical and sensationalized." Tom Harpur condemns the book as "blasphemous" and "socially seditious," and blames it for causing an increase in gruesome violence, ritual abuse, and other obscene acts. Critics have also accused The Satanic Bible of encouraging violence and murder, particularly in young people considered to be impressionable. Dawn Perlmutter criticizes it for providing adolescents with bad messages and messages that can be easily misinterpreted. Possession of The Satanic Bible has been used by some studies to identify adolescents who are antisocial, and some warn that possession of the book is a warning sign of emotional issues. The Council on Mind Abuse took a very negative view of The Satanic Bible. Former Executive Director Rob Tucker warned parents to look for The Satanic Bible in their children's bedrooms, saying, "You have to help the child fight this obsession like any other addiction" and "It's like giving drugs to a kid who is already on the edge." Attempts to ban the book from schools and public libraries have been made in various places around the world, and bans or limitations on the book in prisons have been repeatedly challenged in court. However, opposition to The Satanic Bible has rarely led to its removal; these bans are rare. The book was banned in South Africa from 1973 to 1993.

Notes

References

Bibliography

External links

1969 non-fiction books
Books involved in plagiarism controversies
Censored books
Censorship in South Africa
Church of Satan
Counterculture of the 1960s
English-language books
Libertarian books
Obscenity controversies in literature
Seven deadly sins in popular culture
Works by Anton LaVey
Avon (publisher) books
Religious controversies in literature

The Satanic Bible


An Cymbidium tortisepalum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Noriaki Fukuyama. An Cymbidium tortisepalum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cymbidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. t. longibracteatum
 C. t. tortisepalum

Mga kasarigan

Cymbidium

Cymbidium tortisepalum


Arthur Henrique Ramos de Oliveira Melo (), cunoscut și ca Arthur,

Note

Legături externe

 Arthur Melo la site-ul Juventus F.C.
 Arthur Melo la site-ul Premier League

Nașteri în 1996
Fotbaliști brazilieni
Fotbaliști internaționali brazilieni
Mijlocași
Fotbaliști ai FC Barcelona
Fotbaliști ai lui Juventus
Fotbaliști ai FC Liverpool
Fotbaliști ai Fiorentinei

Arthur Melo


Alfred Irénée du Pont (* 12. Mai 1864; † 28. April 1935) war ein US-amerikanischer Industrieller, Investor und Philanthrop. Als Mitglied der einflussreichen Du Pont-Familie war Alfred du Pont zunächst in der Führung des Familienbetriebs tätig, der Schießpulver-Fabrik E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (besser bekannt als Du Pont oder DuPont) in Delaware. Im Streit ausgeschieden, begann Alfred eigene Geschäfte zu machen und investierte in Grundstücke und Banken in Florida. Bei seinem Tod hinterließ er ein Vermögen von mehreren Millionen, das meiste davon im Alfred I. duPont Testamentary Trust.

Leben
Alfred Du Pont wurde im Brandywine-Tal in Delaware geboren. In diese Gegend war sein Ur-Urgroßvater Pierre Samuel Dupont de Nemours mit seinen Söhnen nach der Französischen Revolution ausgewandert. Alfreds Eltern waren Eleuthère Irénée du Pont II. und Charlotte Shepard Henderson; er hatte zwei ältere Schwestern und zwei jüngere Brüder. Als Alfred 13 war, wurde seine Mutter nach einem hysterischen Anfall in eine Psychiatrische Anstalt eingewiesen und starb innerhalb einer Woche. Einen Monat später starb der Vater an Tuberkulose. Die zu Vollwaisen gewordenen Kinder wollten nicht voneinander getrennt werden. Die Mädchen blieben am Familiensitz Swamp Hall, während Alfred auf Internate geschickt wurde: zunächst auf die religiöse Shinn Academy in New Jersey, zwei Jahre später dann auf die Phillips Academy in Andover (Massachusetts). Nach Schulabschluss schrieb sich Alfred am Massachusetts Institute of Technology ein; Zimmergenosse war sein Cousin T. Coleman du Pont.

Familienunternehmen
1884 begann Alfred in der Schießpulver-Fabrik seiner Familie zu arbeiten. Aus dieser Zeit stammen die meisten seiner mehr als 200 Patente.

1887 heiratete er seine Cousine Bessie Gardner (1864–1949), mit der er vier Kinder hatte. 1889 übernahm Eugene du Pont die Leitung des Unternehmens und benannte es um in E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. Alfred du Pont war Teilhaber, aber nicht Mitglied der Geschäftsführung.

Als Eugene du Pont 1902 starb, wurde Coleman du Pont Präsident der Firma, Pierre S. du Pont Schatzmeister und Executive Vice President, während Alfred du Pont als Vice President die Schwarzpulver-Produktion verantwortete.

Scheidung und Neuheirat
Bei einem Jagdunfall 1906 verlor Alfred ein Auge und ließ sich von seiner ersten Frau Bessie scheiden, vertrieb sie und die gemeinsamen Kinder aus Swamp Hall und ließ den Familiensitz zerstören. Im Jahr darauf heiratete Alfred Mary (Alicia) Heyward Bradford (* 1875), eine frisch geschiedene Cousine zweiten Grades. Diese war zuvor mit Alfreds Sekretär George Amory Maddox verheiratet gewesen.

Alfred adoptierte Bradfords Tochter Alicia Maddox und ließ für seine neue Familie von den berühmten Architekten Carrère and Hastings ein fünfstöckiges Anwesen in Wilmington (Delaware) errichten, die Nemours Mansion and Gardens. Zwei Kinder aus seiner neuen Ehe starben früh.

Seine Verwandten und Geschäftspartner Coleman und Pierre du Pont solidarisierten sich mit Alfreds erster Frau. Als Alfred das Familienunternehmen 1914 aus gesundheitlichen Gründen verließ, entwickelte sich zudem eine juristische Auseinandersetzung um eine Umschichtung von Anteilen, durch die sich Pierre du Pont zum Mehrheitseigner der Firma gemacht hatte.

Alfred du Pont begann stattdessen in Zeitungen zu investieren und nutzte seine Macht als Verleger, um eine Präsidentschaftskandidatur von Coleman zu verhindern wie auch die Wiederwahl von Henry A. du Pont in den US-Senat. Nach einem schlechten Geschäft war er nahezu bankrott, als im Januar 1920 auch noch seine Frau starb. Zusätzlich zu seiner Sehbehinderung war Alfred fast taub.

Die zwanzig Jahre jüngere Jessie Dew Ball hatte Alfred kennengelernt, als sie 14 Jahre alt war, und sie hatten seitdem miteinander Kontakt gehalten. Alfred warb um die nach Kalifornien gezogene Grundschullehrerin. Am 22. Januar 1921 heirateten sie.

Ball du Pont nahm Denise, Alfreds Tochter aus zweiter Ehe an, und kittete das Verhältnis zu seiner Familie. Ihr jüngerer Bruder Edward Ball begann 1923 für seinen Schwager zu arbeiten, zog nach Delaware und verwaltete Alfreds Vermögen.

Umzug nach Florida und Vermächtnis
Nachdem Pierre du Pont 1925 zum Steuer-Kommissar von Delaware ernannt wurde, zogen Alfred, Jessie und Edward 1926 nach Jacksonville (Florida) und ließen sich dort dauerhaft nieder. Alfred erwarb ein Grundstück am St. Johns River und ließ ein Anwesen mit 25 Zimmern errichten. Seine Frau nannte es Epping Forest, nach der Siedlung in Virginia von Mary Ball Washington, einer Verwandten.

Nach kleineren Immobiliengeschäften in Florida wandte Alfred du Pont sich dem Bankgeschäft zu und erwarb einen Anteil an der Florida National Bank (FNB) in Jacksonville. Als er 1935 im Alter von 70 Jahren starb, wurde sein Vermögen auf mehr als 56 Millionen US$ geschätzt; nach Vermögenssteuern von $30 Millionen verblieben $26 Millionen, die in einen Trust unter der Kontrolle von Ball du Pont und ihrem Bruder flossen. 1939 wurde der Trust mit $72 Millionen bewertet; 1981 mit $2 Milliarden und 2006 mit $4,5 Milliarden.

Nach Alfred ist ein Journalisten-Preis der Columbia University benannt.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 1902 New Owners

US-Amerikaner
Unternehmer (Vereinigte Staaten)
DuPont
Geboren 1864
Gestorben 1935
Mann

Alfred I. du Pont


Erula (sardinski e galurski: Èrula) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 457 metara i ima 745 stanovnika. Prostire se na 39,31 km2. Gustoća naseljenosti je 19 st/km2.Susjedne općine su: Chiaramonti, Ozieri, Perfugas, Tempio Pausania i Tula.

Izvori

Općine u pokrajini Sassari

Erula


Olaylar
 1815 - Napolyon Bonapart, Waterloo Savaşı'nda İngiliz ve Prusya ordularına yenildi. Yenilgi, Fransa ile Avrupa devletleri arasında 23 yıl süren savaşa son verdi. Napolyon, 22 Haziran'da ikinci kez tahttan çekildi.
 1847 - Macar besteci ve piyanist Franz Liszt, Padişah Abdülmecit'e sarayda konser verdi.
 1873 - Kadın hakları savunucusu Susan B. Anthony, 1872 ABD Başkanlık seçimlerinde oy kullanmaya teşebbüs ettiği için 100 dolar para cezasına çarptırıldı.
 1881 - Üç İmparator Birliği, bu kez yazılı olarak yenilendi.
 1919 - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Anadolu ve Rumeli Millî Teşkilatı'nın birleştirilmesi hakkında genelge yayınladı.
 1922 - Ziya Gökalp, Diyarbakır'da "Küçük Mecmua"yı çıkarmaya başladı.
 1927 - Hukuk Usulü Muhakemelerine İlişkin Kanun kabul edildi.
 1928 - Havacı Amelia Earhart, bir uçak ile Atlantik Okyanusu'nu geçen ilk kadın oldu.
 1939 - Bursa ve Mersin elektrik tesisleri devletleştirildi.
 1940 - II. Dünya Savaşı: Sovyetler Birliği Baltık ülkelerini işgal etmeye başladı.
 1941 - Türk-Alman Saldırmazlık Antlaşması imzalandı.
 1948 - BM İnsan Hakları Komisyonu'nca, Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Bildirgesi hazırlandı. 10 Aralık 1948'de Paris'te yapılan Genel Kurul toplantısında oylanarak kabul edildi.
 1952 - Warwickshire, İngiltere'de bir test sürüşü sırasında kaza yapan sürücü Cameron Earl hayatını kaybetti;Bu Formula 1'de ilk ölümlü kaza olarak tarihe geçti
 1953 - Mısır'da 74 yıllık İngiliz egemenliğinin sona ermesiyle, Cumhuriyet ilan edildi.
 1979 - Sovyetler Birliği Başkanı Leonid Brejnev ve Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Başkanı Jimmy Carter, Viyana'da, stratejik silahların sınırlandırılması konulu SALT II anlaşmasını imzaladılar.
 1982 - 12 Eylül Darbesi'nin 18. idamı: 20 Haziran 1976'da 16 yaşındaki Tuncay Abbas adlı çocuğu tecavüz edip öldüren Ednan Kavaklı idam edildi.
 1988 - Başbakan Turgut Özal, Ankara Atatürk Spor Salonu'nda yapılan ANAP Büyük Kongresi'nde, Kartal Demirağ'ın silahlı saldırısında elinden yaralandı.
 1992 - Hırvat Savunma Konseyi Birlikleri (HVO), Mostar'ı işgal etmeye başladı.
 1992 - Sağlık hizmetlerinden ücretsiz yararlanacak dar gelirlilere verilecek "Yeşil Kart" uygulaması TBMM'de kabul edildi.
 1993 - Azerbaycan Cumhurbaşkanı Ebulfez Elçibey, Bakü'yü terk etti. Haydar Aliyev Azerbaycan Cumhurbaşkanı oldu.
 1995 - Çeçen lider Şamil Basayev, Budyonnovsk kenti hastanesine baskın yaptı; 1000'den fazla Rus'u rehin aldı. Böylece Rusya, savaşı durdurma ve görüşmeleri başlatma taleplerini kabul etti.
 1997 - Başbakan Necmettin Erbakan, REFAHYOL olarak da bilinen RP-DYP koalisyon Hükûmeti'nin istifasını, Cumhurbaşkanı Süleyman Demirel'e sundu.
 2022 - Hindistan ve Bangladeş'te şiddetli muson fırtınalarının neden olduğu yıldırım çarpması ve toprak kayması sonucu 207 kişi öldü.
 2023 - OceanGate şirketine ait bir denizaltısı, Titanic'in enkazını gezerken Atlas Okyanusu'nda kayboldu. 22 Haziran tarihinde ABD Sahil Güvenliği denizaltının enkazına ulaştı: 5 kişi öldü.

Doğumlar
 1332 - V. İoannis, Bizans İmparatoru (ö. 1391)
 1511 - Bartolomeo Ammannati, bir İtalyan mimar ve heykeltıraştı (ö. 1592)
 1517 - Ōgimachi, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 106. İmparatoru (ö. 1593)
 1757 - Gervasio Antonio de Posadas, Arjantinli bir politikacıydı (ö. 1833)
 1799 - William Lassell, bir İngiliz tüccar ve gök bilimci (ö. 1880)
 1812 - Ivan Goncharov, Rus gazeteci ve yazar (ö. 1891)
 1833 - Manuel del Refugio González Flores, Meksikalı askerî general ve liberal politikacı (ö. 1893)
 1840 - Frances Ann Stewart, Avustralya asıllı Yeni Zelandalı aktivist (ö. 1916)
 1845 - Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran, Fransız doktor (ö. 1922)
 1868 - Miklós Horthy, Macar asker ve siyasetçi (ö. 1957)
 1882 - Georgi Dimitrov, Bulgar siyasetçi (ö. 1949)
 1884 - Édouard Daladier, Fransız siyasetçi (ö. 1970)
 1886 - George Mallory, İngiliz dağcı (ö. 1924)
 1901 - Anastasiya Nikolayevna Romanova, Rus İmparatorluğu Çar II. Nikolay'ın ve eşi Aleksandra Fyodorovna'nın en küçük kızıdır (ö. 1918)
 1907 - Frithjof Schuon, Tradisyonalizm akımının kurucusu metafizikçi, ressam, şair, yazar ve tasavvuf önderi (ö. 1998)
 1913 - Robert Mondavi, Amerikan şarap yapımcısı (ö. 2008)
 1918 - Jerome Karle, Amerikalı kimyager (ö. 2013)
 1918 - Franco Modigliani, İtalyan asıllı Amerikalı iktisatçı ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 2003)
 1920 - Lode Van Den Bergh, Belçikalı yazar ve eğitimci (ö. 2020)
 1924 - George Mikan, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbol oyuncusudur (ö. 2005)
 1926 - Philip B. Crosby, Amerikalı kalite uzmanı (ö. 2001)
 1927 - Paul Eddington, İngiliz oyuncu (ö. 1995)
 1929 - Jürgen Habermas, Alman felsefeci, sosyolog ve siyaset bilimci
 1931 - Fernando Henrique Cardoso, Brezilyalı sosyolog ve siyasetçi
 1932 - Dudley Herschbach, Amerikalı kimyager
 1933 - Nusret Pezeşkiyan, İranlı nörolog, psikiyatrist ve psikoterapist (ö. 2010)
 1936 - Denny Hulme, Yeni Zelandalı eski Formula 1 pilotu (ö. 1992)
 1936 - Ronald Venetiaan, Surinamlı öğretmen ve siyasetçi
 1937 - Vitali Jolobov, Sovyet kozmonot
 1937 - Jay Rockefeller, bir Amerikan politikacıdır
 1937 - Bruce Trigger, Kanadalı akademisyen, arkeolog, antropolog ve etnotarihçidir
 1940 - Mirjam Pressler, Alman roman yazarı ve çevirmen (ö. 2019)
 1941 - Tekin Aral, Türk karikatürist (ö. 1999)
 1941 - Roger Lemerre, Fransız futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1942 - Roger Ebert, Amerikalı film eleştirmeni ve senaryo yazarı (ö. 2013)
 1942 - Paul McCartney, İngiliz şarkıcı ve The Beatles'ın üyesi
 1942 - Thabo Mvuyelwa Mbeki, Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti eski devlet başkanı
 1943 - Raffaella Carrà, İtalyan şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1944 - Salvador Sánchez Cerén, El Salvadorlu Politikacı
 1944 - Ömer Kavur, Türk film yönetmeni, yapımcı ve senarist (ö. 2005)
 1946 - Fabio Capello, İtalyan eski futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1947 - Hanns Zischler, Alman oyuncu
 1948 - İlhan Şeşen, Türk müzisyen ve oyuncu
 1949 - Peggy Lukac, ABD doğumlu Alman oyuncu
 1949 - Jarosław Kaczyński, Polonyalı politikacı ve Başbakan
 1949 - Lech Kaczyński, Polonyalı politikacı ve Cumhurbaşkanı (ö. 2010)
 1952 - Isabella Rossellini, İtalyan oyuncu
 1958 - Mazlum Çimen, Türk besteci, keman sanatçısı, balet ve oyuncu
 1959 - Aline Kiner, Fransız kadın gazeteci ve roman yazarı (ö. 2019)
 1964 - Hüseyin Köroğlu, Türk tiyatro, sinema ve dizi oyuncusu
 1964 - Uday Hüseyin, Saddam Hüseyin'in oğlu (ö. 2003)
 1972 - Anu Tali, Estonyalı orkestra şefi
 1974 - Kenan İmirzalıoğlu, Türk aktör
 1974 - Vincenzo Montella, İtalyan eski millî futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1976 - Alana de la Garza, Amerikalı aktris
 1976 - Bilgehan Demir, Türk spor spikeri, gazeteci ve yapımcı
 1976 - Maksim Galkin, Rus tiyatro, sinema, dizi oyuncusu ve sunucu
 1976 - Blake Shelton, Amerikalı country müzik müzisyeni, şarkıcı ve söz yazarı
 1977 - Kaja Kallas, Estonyalı Politikacı
 1978 - Sarah Adler, Fransız oyuncu
 1981 - Marco Streller, İsviçreli eski futbolcu
 1982 - Nadir Belhadj, Cezayirli futbolcu
 1982 - Marco Borriello, İtalyan futbolcu
 1985 - Matías Abelairas, Arjantinli futbolcu
 1986 - Richard Gasquet, Fransız tenisçi
 1986 - Richard Madden, İskoç oyuncu
 1986 - Meaghan Rath, Kanadalı film ve televizyon dizisi oyuncusu
 1987 - Omar Arellano, Meksikalı futbolcu
 1987 - Ezgi Asaroğlu, Türk oyuncu
 1988 - İslam Slimani, Cezayirli millî futbolcu
 1989 - Pierre-Emerick Aubameyang, Fransa doğumlu Gabonlu millî futbolcu
 1991 - Willa Holland, Amerikalı oyuncu ve model
 1994
Shion Niwa, Japon futbolcu
Miran Kibe, Japon futbolcu
Takuya Iwanami, Japon futbolcu
Andrew Rowsey, Amerikalı basketbolcu
 1997 - Amine Harit, Fransa doğumlu Faslı millî futbolcu

Ölümler
 741 - III. Leon, Bizans İmparatoru (d. 685)
 1164 - Schönau'lu Elisabet, Alman Benediktin rahibe ve vizyoner (d. 1129)
 1234 - Chūkyō, Japonya'nın geleneksel veraset düzenine göre 85. imparatoru (d. 1218)
 1464 - Rogier van der Weyden, Flaman ressam (d. 1399)
 1864 - Giovanni Battista Bugatti, Papalık Devletleri'nin infazcısı ve celladı (d. 1779)
 1902 - Samuel Butler, İngiliz yazar (d. 1835)
 1917 - Titu Maiorescu, Rumen akademisyen, avukat, edebiyat eleştirmeni, estetik akımcısı, felsefeci, çocuk eğitmeni, politikacı ve yazar (d. 1840)
 1922 - Jacobus Kapteyn, Hollandalı astronom (d. 1851)
 1928 - Roald Amundsen, Norveçli kâşif (d. 1872)
 1936 - Maksim Gorki, Sovyet-Rus yazar (d. 1868)
 1937 - Gaston Doumergue, Fransız devlet adamı (d. 1863)
 1957 - Necip Akar, Türk eczacı ve sanayici (Gripin'in üreticisi) (d. 1904)
 1959 - Ethel Barrymore, Amerikalı sinema, tiyatro oyuncusu ve En İyi Yardımcı Kadın Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahibi (d. 1879)
 1959 - Nijat Sirel, Türk heykeltıraş (d. 1898)
 1964 - Giorgio Morandi, İtalyan ressam (d. 1890)
 1968 - Nikolaus von Falkenhorst, Nazi Almanyası döneminde Heer generali (d. 1885)
 1971 - Paul Karrer, İsviçreli organik kimyacı (d. 1889)
 1973 - Roger Delgado, İngiliz aktör (d. 1918)
 1974 - Georgi Jukov, Sovyet mareşali (d. 1896)
 1975 - Hugo Bergmann, İsrailli filozof (d. 1883)
 1980 - Terence Fisher, İngiliz film yönetmeni (d. 1904)
 1980 - Kazimierz Kuratowski, Polonyalı matematikçi ve mantıkçı (d. 1896)
 1982 - Curd Jürgens, Alman aktör (d. 1915)
 1982 - Djuna Barnes, Amerikalı modernist yazar (d. 1892)
 1982 - John Cheever, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1912)
 1983 - Muna Mahmudnizad, İran'da asılan İranlı Bahai (d. 1965)
 1997 - Héctor Yazalde, Arjantinli eski millî futbolcu (d. 1946)
 1999 - Ali Tantâvi, Suriyeli bilim insanı (d. 1909)
 2005 - Nuri İyem, Türk ressam (d. 1915)
 2006 - Vincent Sherman, Amerikalı film yönetmeni (d. 1906)
 2007 - Vilma Espín, Kübalı devrimci, feminist ve kimya mühendisi (d. 1930)
 2008 - Jean Delannoy, Fransız senarist ve film yapımcısı (d. 1908)
 2010 - Michael Verdi, Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi (d. 1980)
 2010 - José Saramago, Portekizli yazar ve Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahibi (d. 1922)
 2010 - Okan Demiriş, Türk besteci ve orkestra şefi (d. 1942)
 2010 - Mübariz İbrahimov, Azerbaycan Silahlı Kuvvetleri'nin askeri, Azerbaycan ulusal kahramanı (d. 1988)
 2011 - Clarence Clemons, Amerikalı müzisyen ve oyuncu (d. 1942)
 2013 - Michael Hastings, Amerikalı gazeteci ve yazar (d. 1980)
 2014 - Stephanie Kwolek, Amerikalı kimyager (d. 1923)
 2016 - Paul Cox, Hollandalı-Avustralyalı senarist ve film yapımcısı (d. 1940)
 2016 - Sverre Kjelsberg, Norveçli şarkıcı, guitarist, bassist, besteci ve söz yazarı (d. 1946)
 2017 - Hans Breder, Alman-Amerikalı sanatçı (d. 1935)
 2017 - Pierluigi Chicca, İtalyan eskrimci (d. 1937)
 2018 - Walter Bahr, Amerikalı emekli futbolcudur (d. 1927)
 2018 - Leon Allen White (bilinen adıyla: Big Van Vader) Amerikalı profesyonel güreşçi ve eski Amerikan Futbolu oyuncusu (d. 1955)
 2018 - XXXTentacion, Jamaika kökenli Amerikalı şarkıcı ve söz yazarı (d. 1998)
 2019 - Stephen Blaire, Roma Katolik Kilisesi'ne bağlı ABD'li piskopostur (d. 1941)
 2020 - Tibor Benedek, Macar su topu oyuncusu (d. 1972)
 2020 - Mihail İgnatyev, 2010-2020 yılları arasında Çuvaş Cumhuriyeti Başkanı olarak görev yapan Çuvaş siyasetçi (d. 1962)
 2020 - Dame Vera Lynn, İngiliz kadın şarkıcı ve aktris (d. 1917)
 2021 - Lamia Abbas Amara, Iraklı şair ve eğitimci (d. 1929)
 2021 - Giampiero Boniperti, eski İtalyan futbolcudur (d. 1928)
 2021 - Emma Roca Rodríguez, Katalan kökenli İspanyol kayakçı ve uzun mesafe koşucusu (d. 1973)
 2021 - Milkha Singh, Hint kısa mesafe ve engelli koşucusu (d. 1929)
 2022 - Constantin Eftimescu, Rumen futbolcudur (d. 1952)
 2022 - Uffe Ellemann-Jensen, Danimarkalı liberal siyasetçi (d. 1941)
 2022 - Mark Shields, Amerikalı siyasi yorumcu, gazeteci ve köşe yazarı (d. 1937)
 2022 - Ilka Soares, Brezilyalı akris ve model (d. 1932)

Tatiller ve özel günler
 Kraliçe Annenin Doğum Günü (Kamboçya)

0618
18

18 Haziran


La prima de negociación es una partida que forma parte del Patrimonio Neto, y que surge cuando un ente compra sus propias acciones, para evitar un daño grave y luego las vende nuevamente.

La diferencia (pérdida de valor) entre el valor de compra y el valor de venta da lugar a la prima de negociación. La compra se realiza para reducir el capital del ente, de manera transitoria y de forma excepcional. Esta operación se encuentra avalada por el artículo número 220, de la Ley de Sociedades Comerciales.

Esta cuenta, se expone, de acuerdo a las Normas Contables Profesionales Argentinas, como parte de los aportes de los propietarios, dentro del patrimonio neto.

Referencias

Resoluciones Técnicas de la F.A.C.P.C.E
Ley de Sociedades Comerciales

Prima de negociación


Lago Gaberoun (en árabe: قبر عون, también escrito con las variantes ortográficas: Gaber Awhn, Gabr Awhn, y Gabraun) es un oasis con un gran lago situado en los distritos de Wadi Al Hayaa  y Sabha en la región de Fezzan del Sahara libio, en el suroeste del país africano de Libia.

Un campamento turístico rudimentario se encuentra en la costa noreste, incluyendo un patio abierto, cabañas para dormir y una tienda de recuerdos (atendido por tuaregs) en el invierno. El lago es muy salado, la natación puede ser agradable a pesar de los crustáceos de agua salada. Los mosquitos son abundantes, sobre todo en verano. El período de octubre a mayo se considera el mejor momento para visitarlo porque el clima es más suave.

Véase también
 Geografía de Libia
 Geografía de África

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de localización

Lagos de Libia

Lago Gaberoun


La Ligue des nations de la CONCACAF 2022-2023 est la deuxième édition de la Ligue des nations organisée par la Confédération de football d'Amérique du Nord, d'Amérique centrale et des Caraïbes. Elle oppose les équipes nationales masculines des 41 associations membres lors d'une phase de groupes avancée, en raison de la Coupe du monde 2022, du  au  et une phase finale en .

Format
Le format de la compétition est identique à l'édition précédente. Ainsi :
 Les 41 associations membres de la CONCACAF participent à la compétition ;
 Les équipes sont réparties en trois ligues, A-B-C, en fonction de leurs performances lors de la phase de groupe de la Ligue des nations 2020-2021. La répartition est la suivante :
 Douze équipes en Ligue A (les 8 meilleures équipes de la Ligue A 2019-2020 + 4 promues de Ligue B) ;
 Seize équipes en Ligue B (les 4 équipes reléguées de la Ligue A 2019-2020 + 8 équipes non promues de la Ligue B + 4 promues de Ligue C) ;
 Treize équipes en Ligue C (les 4 équipes reléguées de la Ligue B 2019-2020 + 9 équipes non promues de la Ligue C) ;
 La Ligue A est divisée en quatre groupes de trois équipes. La Ligue B est divisée en quatre groupes de quatre équipes. La Ligue C est divisée en un groupe de quatre et et trois groupes de trois équipes.
 Les quatre vainqueurs de groupes de la Ligue A sont qualifiés pour la phase finale de la Ligue des nations, qui a lieu en , avec deux demi-finales, un match pour la troisième place et une finale. Un pays hôte sera désigné par la CONCACAF parmi les équipes finalistes ;
 Les équipes sont également soumises à un système de promotion et de relégation à une division supérieure ou inférieure. Dans la ligue A, les quatre dernières équipes de chaque groupe sont reléguées. Dans la ligue B, les quatre gagnants de chaque groupe sont promus, tandis que les dernières équipes de chaque groupe sont reléguées. Dans la ligue C, les quatre gagnants de chaque groupe sont promus. Mais avec le changement de format pour l'édition 2023-2024, les relégations sont annulées.

Calendrier
Le calendrier de la phase de groupes de la Ligue des nations est annoncé par la CONCACAF le . La deuxième édition de la compétition début lors de la fenêtre internationale de  avec 68 matches de la phase de groupes, suivis de 34 en .

Participants
Les 41 associations membres de la CONCACAF prennent part à la Ligue des nations 2022-2023.

Ligues

Composition des ligues

Ligue A

Phase de groupes
Légende des classements

Groupe A

Groupe B

Groupe C

Groupe D

Phase finale de la Ligue des nations

Classement
Les quatre équipes sont classées en fonction de leurs résultats en phase de groupes pour déterminer les affrontements en demi-finale. La première tête de série joue la quatrième tête de série et la deuxième tête de série joue la troisième tête de série

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Tableau

Ligue B

Le Nicaragua était initialement qualifié en tant que vainqueur du groupe C de la Ligue B pour la Gold Cup 2023 et également promu en Ligue A pour la prochaine édition, mais a été disqualifié en raison de l'alignement d'un joueur inéligible. La Trinité-et-Tobago, deuxième du groupe C qui s'était initialement qualifié pour les éliminatoires de la Gold Cup 2023 se qualifie directement pour la compétition et est promue en Ligue A. L'Antigua-et-Barbuda récupère la place de la Trinité-et-Tobago dans les éliminatoires en tant que meilleur

Légende des classements

Groupe A

Groupe B

Groupe C

Groupe D

Ligue C

Légende des classements

Groupe A

Groupe B

Groupe C

Groupe D

Classement général
Légende des classements

Promotions

Meilleurs buteurs

Notes et références

Ligue des nations de la CONCACAF
Saison 2022-2023 de football


The Economic Cooperation Foundation (ECF, Heb.: הקרן לשיתוף פעולה כלכלי) was founded by Dr. Yair Hirschfeld (the initiator of the Oslo Peace Process), together with former Minister of Justice, Dr. Yossi Beilin at the end of 1990 as a non-profit, non-governmental track II think tank, whose objectives are to build, maintain and support Israeli-Palestinian and Israeli-Arab cooperation in the political, economic, and civil society spheres in support of creating a sustainable Permanent Status based on a two-state solution. Based in Tel-Aviv, the ECF is led today by Dr. Hirschfeld, Dr. Beilin and its Treasurer Mr. Boaz Karni. Dr. Nimrod Novik is Chairman of the ECF Executive Board.

Over the years, ECF has developed a unique network of intimate relations with all the relevant players – Israel, Palestine, Egypt, Jordan, America, Europe, and others. In turn, this has enabled the ECF to create coalitions, design concepts, suggest creative solutions and build structures that have been translated into agreed-upon agendas and specific proposals. These, in turn, have offered policy makers, local, regional and international players practical tools, mechanisms, ideas and means to facilitate progress in practical as well as political issues related to the strengthening of the peace process.

ECF's professional input can be found in every initiative for Palestinian-Israeli peace since the inception of the Oslo Process. The ECF initially began and led the secret talks in Oslo, Norway that resulted in the signing of the Declaration of Principles (DOP) in September 1993. The 'Architects of Oslo', then developed the 'Beilin–Abu Mazen Understanding', the first jointly developed detailed concept of a comprehensive Permanent Status Understanding between Israel and a Palestinian State.

Though not officially affiliated, Dr. Yossi Beilin as well as other members of ECF were central to the drafting of the Geneva Accord, the most detailed proposal for a Permanent Status Accord negotiated by those with close relations to both the Israeli and Palestinian political establishments.  ECF also played a noticeable role in preparing for the Israeli Disengagement Plan from Gaza and parts of the northern West Bank in August–September 2005. The best known ECF contribution was in facilitating the successful purchase of the settlers greenhouses, which were then be turned over to the Palestinians in order to provide an economic outlet for the struggling Palestinian economy. Despite the destruction of many of these by Arab groups, these greenhouses have provided a critical employment opportunity for nearly 3000 Palestinians, from the 4000 who had previously been employed there, and serve as a first step in the expansion of the Palestinian agricultural export industry, the most viable economic sector for the Palestinians.

References

External links

Non-governmental organizations involved in the Israeli–Palestinian peace process
Israeli disengagement from Gaza
Foundations based in Israel
1990 establishments in Israel
Organizations established in 1990

Economic Cooperation Foundation


An Gaimardia fitzgeraldii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ferdinand von Mueller ngan Rodw.. An Gaimardia fitzgeraldii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Gaimardia, ngan familia nga Centrolepidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Gaimardia

Gaimardia fitzgeraldii


عين بوسوار هي إحدى القرى اللبنانية من قرى قضاء النبطية في محافظة النبطية.

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
موقع اتحاد بلديات اقليم التفاح

قرى جبل عامل
مدن لبنان

عين بوسوار


Joannes Leo Africanus (; născut al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi, în arabă: حسن  ابن محمد الوزان الفاسي) a fost un diplomat și autor Berber originar din  Al-Andalus, cunoscut pentru cartea sa, Descrittione dell'Africa ("Descrierea Africii"), despre geografia Magrebului și Văii Nilului. Această carte a fost considerată de către cercetătorii europeni drept cea mai sigură descriere a continentului african dinainte de perioada colonizării europene.

Biografie

Cea mai mare parte a informațiilor despre viața lui Leon Africanul provine din note autobiografice din scrierile sale. S-a născut în preajma anului 1494 la Granada și a primit numele al-Hasan, fiu al lui Muhammad. Data nașterii sale a fost estimată pornind de la vârsta declarată de acesta la momentul diverselor evenimente istorice. Familia lui s-a mutat la Fez la puțin timp după nașterea sa. La Fez a studiat la Universitatea din al-Qarawiyyin (sau al-Karaouine, în altă ortografiere). Tânăr fiind, l-a însoțit pe unchiul său într-o misiune diplomatică, ajungând până la Timbuctu (c. 1510), care pe atunci era parte a Imperiului Songhai. În 1517, pe când se întorcea dintr-o misiune diplomatică la Constantinopole ca reprezentant al sultanului din Fez, Muhammad II, s-a aflat în portul Rosetta în timpul cuceririi Egiptului de către otomani. Și-a continuat călătoria prin Cairo și Asuan, străbătând Marea Roșie pentru a ajunge în Peninsula Arabă, unde ar fi îndeplinit pelerinajul la Mecca.

Pe drumul de întoarcere spre Tunis, în 1518, a fost capturat de corsari spanioli, fie lângă insula Djerba, fie, mai probabil, lângă Creta. A fost dus la Roma și, apoi, a fost închis în sediul Cavalerilor Ioaniți din Rodos. În această perioadă, captivii musulmani cărora nu li se plătea o răscumpărare munceau ca sclavi în galerele creștinilor, dar când răpitorii săi și-au dat seama de inteligența și importanța sa, a fost mutat la Castelul Sant'Angelo din Roma și apoi a fost prezentat Papei Leon X. A fost eliberat după puțină vreme și i s-a oferit o pensie pentru a-l convinge să rămână la Roma. În 1520, a fost botezat în Bazilica Sfântul Petru, luând numele Johannes Leo de Medicis (Giovanni Leone în italiană). În limba arabă, el a preferat să traducă acest nume ca Yuhanna al-Asad al-Gharnati ("Ioan Leul din Granada"). Este probabil că Leon Africanul a fost primit la curtea papală fiindcă Papa se temea de o posibilă invazie a Siciliei și Italiei de Sud de către turci, astfel că avea nevoie de un colaborator care să furnizeze informații de preț asupra Nordului Africii.

Leon Africanul a părăsit Roma după moartea Papei Leon X în 1521 și a petrecut următorii trei sau patru ani călătorind prin Italia, probabil de teama suspiciunilor venite dinspre noul papă, Adrian VI. În timp ce locuia la Bologna, a scris un vocabular medical arab-ebraic-latin, din care s-a păstrat doar partea arabă, și o gramatică a limbii arabe, din care s-a păstrat doar un fragment de opt pagini. S-a întors la Roma în 1526, sub protecția noului papă Clement VII, vărul lui Leon X. Potrivit lui Leon Africanul, în același an și-a terminat lucrarea despre geografia Africii, care a fost publicată în italiană sub numele Della descrittione dell'Africa et delle cose notabili che iui sono, per Giovan Lioni Africano în 1550 de către editorul venețian Giovanni Battista Ramusio. Cartea s-a bucurat de un succes deosebit și a fost retipărită de cinci ori. De asemenea, a fost tradusă în alte limbi - versiuni în franceză și latină au fost publicate în 1556, iar o versiune englezească a fost publicată în 1600. Varianta în latină, care conținea numeroase erori de traducere și nu numai, a fost baza traducerii în limba engleză.

Despre ultima parte a vieții sale există mai multe teorii incerte. Potrivit uneia, a trăit la Roma până la moartea sa în jurul anului 1550, anul în care a fost publicată Descrierea Africii. Această teorie se bazează pe o aluzie indirectă dintr-o prefață mai târzie a cărții. Altă teorie susține că a plecat de la Roma cu puțin timp înainte de jaful orașului de către trupele lui Carol Quintul, în 1527. S-ar fi întors în Nordul Africii și ar fi trăit la Tunis până la moartea sa, după 1550. Această teorie se bazează pe scrierile orientalistului german Johann Albrecht Widmannstetter, care a sosit în Italia vrând, dar nereușind, să-l călătorească la Tunis pentru a-l cunoaște pe Leon, care s-ar fi convertit înapoi la islam. Este posibil și ca Leon să fi părăsit Tunisul, după ce acesta a fost capturat de Carol Quintul în 1535, și să fi revenit în Maroc, unde încă avea rude, fiind a doua patrie a sa după Granada. Această variantă pornește de la presupunerea că Leon, după ce a plecat din Granada, nu ar mai fi vrut să trăiască sub stăpânire spaniolă, și de la dorința sa, consemnată în "Descrierea Africii" de a se întoarce în țara sa "cu ajutorul lui Dumnezeu".

Istoricitatea călătoriei în Africa
Este puțin probabil ca Leon să fi vizitat toate locurile pe care le descrie, astfel că o parte din informațiile pe care le transmite ar fi provenit de la alți călători. În special este dubitabil că ar fi vizitat ținuturile Hausa și Bornu; se poate chiar să nu fi traversat Sahara niciodată, bazându-se în schimb pe informații de la călătorii pe care i-a întâlnit în Maroc. Istoricul Pekka Masonen a susținut că erorile cercetătorilor moderni, care au interpretat cartea lui Leon drept un itinerariu, au perpetuat ideea că acesta a vizitat toate locurile descrise.

Leon a vizitat Timbuctu în perioada în care era un oraș islamic înfloritor și un centru de învățare faimos, găzduind numeroși scriitori și învățați și având, de asemenea, o mare moschee, cu o bibliotecă de renume. Numele orașului urma să ajungă proverbial în Europa, ca metaforă pentru un oraș inaccesibil. Prosperitatea sa venea din comerțul cu produse africane, aur, bumbac și sclavi, precum și cărți islamice.

Numele
Unul din manuscrisele lui Leon care s-au păstrat, un fragment din dicționarul medical arab-ebraic-latin pe care l-a scris pentru medicul evreu Jacob Mantino, conține un autograf arab al autorului - Yuhanna al-Asad al-Gharnati ("Ioan Leul diin Granada"), o traducere a numelui său de botez, Ioan-Leon, Johannes Leo (în latină) sau Giovanni Leone (în italiană). A primit și numele de familie Medici, cel al sponsorului său, Papa Leon X.  În același manuscris apare și numele său original, al-Hasan ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi, Muhammad al-Wazzan fiind numele tatălui său, iar al-Fasi desemnând orașul de proveniență.

Lucrări

"Descrierea Africii", publicată în 1550 de Giovanni Battista Ramusio, este cea mai cunoscută operă a lui Leon.

De asemenea, a scris un vocabular medical arab-ebraic-latin pentru medicul evreu Jacob Mantino. A scris și o traducere în arabă a Epistolelor Sf. Pavel, datată ianuarie 1521, al cărei manuscris se află actualmente la Biblioteca Estense din Modena. Altă lucrare care s-a păstrat este o enciclopedie a 25 de autori islamici majori și 5 autori evrei. A fost elaborată la Roma înainte ca Leon să plece în 1527 și a fost publicată pentru prima oara în latină de Johann Heinrich Hottinger in 1664. Spre deosebire de "Descrierea Africii", această lucrare biografică nu a fost popularizată în Europa. Conține și informații eronate, probabil pentru că Leon nu a avut acces la sursele relevante pe când locuia în Italia și s-a bazat exclusiv pe memorie.

În "Descrierea Africii", el și-a exprimat intenția de a scrie alte cărți - o descriere a locurilor importante din Orientul Mijlociu și alta a locurilor importante din Europa. Intenționa să scrie și o prezentare a credinței islamice și o istorie a Africii de Nord. Niciuna dintre aceste cărți nu s-a păstrat, însă, și nici măcar nu există vreo dovadă că le-a finalizat. Este posibil ca munca sa să fi fost întreruptă de întoarcerea în Africa de Nord.

Referințe în media
O relatare fictivă a vieții sale este romanul "Leon Africanul", de scriitorul francez de origine libaneză Amin Maalouf, care umple lacunele din biografia lui Leon și îl plasează pe acesta în mijlocul evenimentelor de seamă ale vremii.

BBC a produs în 2011 un film documentar despre viața lui numit "Leo Africanus: A Man Between Worlds". A fost prezentat de Badr Sayegh și regizat de Jeremy Jeffs. Filmul urmează traseul lui Leon, de la Granada, prin Fez și Timbuctu, până la Roma.

S-a sugerat că Leon Africanul ar putea fi sursa de inspirație a lui William Shakespeare pentru crearea personajului Othello.

Referințe

Surse

 Text also available here.

 The first translation into English.
 Internet Archive: Volume 1 (pp. 1–224), Volume 2, Volume 3 (pp. 669–1119); Geographical index. The original text of Pory's 1600 English translation together with an introduction and notes by the editor.

Lecturi suplimentare

 A scholarly translation into French with extensive notes.
 pages 272–291 contain a translation into English of Leo Africanus's descriptions of the Middle Niger, Hausaland and Bornu. Corresponds to Épaulard 1956 Vol II pages 463–481.

Legături externe

Leo Africanus; A Man Between Worlds – BBC
Hassan Al Wazzan aka Leo Africanus
Site devoted to Leo Africanus.
Interactive map of Leo Africanus' travels in Sub-Saharan Africa created in the Harvard Worldmap platform.
"Travels into the Inland Parts of Africa: Containing a Description of the Several Nations for the Space of Six Hundred Miles up the River Gambia" features an English translation of work by Africanus, dating from 1738

Nașteri în anii 1490
Decese în anii 1550
Scriitori berberi
Geografi ai secolului al XVI-lea

Leon Africanul


Eltham est une banlieue de Melbourne, dans l'État de Victoria, en Australie, à 20 kilomètres au nord-est du quartier central des affaires Sa zone de gouvernement local est le Comté de Nillumbik. Lors du recensement de 2016, Eltham comptait 18 314 habitants.

Références

Liens externes

Quartier de Melbourne

Eltham (Victoria)


Tecnología Avanzada en Transporte S.A. (TATSA) Es una fábrica de carrocerías y chasis de autobuses y camiones. La empresa es propiedad de GoldBus. La empresa empieza a operar en el año 2005, el objetivo comercial era diseñar, construir y comercializar vehículos destinados al transporte , en las diversas ramas tanto a nivel carretera o ferroviaria, dispuestos tanto para pasajeros como de carga.
En 2013 debido a los inconvenientes con la tragedia de Once y problemas financieros y judiciales cierra la empresa. Años más tarde la empresa Gold Bus compró TATSA y próximamente empezará con la producción de chasis o carrocerías de colectivos de esta empresa.

Ubicación

TATSA actualmente opera con tres plantas distribuidas en Argentina, Estados Unidos y Uruguay. Desde 2005, empieza a producir en la planta industrial de Argentina que se ubica en el partido de San Martín, provincia de Buenos Aires, cuyo predio ocupa 14.000 metros cuadrados. En el año 2010, adquiere una planta en Fort Valley, estado de Georgia, en los Estados Unidos de América.  En el año 2011, empieza la producción en la planta de Maldonado, Uruguay, en la localidad de Pan de Azúcar.

Producción
La facturación de TATSA en el mercado local ascendió en 2009 a $ 98 millones, mientras que para el año 2010 el presupuesto de ventas anunció una facturación de $ 200 millones, con una producción que alcanzará las 485 unidades anuales. Ese mismo año, TATSA alcanzó las 1000 unidades de ómnibus producidos.

En el Metropolitano de la ciudad de Lima operan varios buses de TATSA co-fabricados con King-Long, construyendo su primer autobús articulado

En 2011, TATSA firmó un acuerdo con Eaton Corporation para empezar a producir 5 unidades prototipo de bus híbrido para transporte público de pasajeros, para luego establecer un plan de producción de 20 (veinte) unidades adicionales. El objetivo es empezar a proveer al mercado más de 1.500 unidades híbridas en los próximos diez años con un valor total del acuerdo de más de USD 100 millones. Así se convirtió en la primera fabricante integral de buses híbridos en Latinoamérica. La provincia de San Luis fue la primera en adquirir estos buses híbridos. Entre 2007 y 2015 el país ha recibido importantes inversiones extranjeras para exportar chasis a otros países. La empresa peruana Motores Diésel Andinos (Modasa) dispuso fabricar carrocerías para ómnibus de media y larga distancia en Argentina, con una inversión de u$s30 millones. La última incursión en este tipo de negocios es la de la empresa Andesmar,  para vender su producción de chasis y carrocerías a Chile. Otro caso similar es el de la empresa de transporte Flechabus, que invertirá $50 millones para levantar una planta de carrocerías de micros para su flota y así sustituir unidades que provienen de Brasil.

Según la Ministra de Industria y Producción de la República Argentina, Débora Giorgi, TATSA junto con las empresas Volvo y Claas, se comprometieron a rubricar acuerdos de equilibrio de balanza comercial para 2012 con el Estado Nacional, que comprometieron inversiones por 67 millones de dólares. TATSA exportará el año que viene buses y chasis a carrozar por más de 21 millones de dólares a República Dominicana, Uruguay, Perú y México, y nueces a Italia.
El bus Puma tasta D12 fue uno de sus peores modelos.

Los Tatsa en muchas ocasiones fueron adquiridos por empresas de transporte, como ser el caso de Saeta (Empresa Salteña), sin atender los dictámenes técnicos que desaconsejaban la compra de esas unidades por su elevado consumo de combustible, altos costos de mantenimiento y excedidas dimensiones y pesos.

Cierre
El escenario empeoró con el cierre de Tatsa, luego de que el dueño de esa planta de Buenos Aires, Claudio Cirigliano, terminara condenado por la tragedia ferroviaria de Once.

Productos

Buses

Autobuses para Argentina
 D 8
 D 9.4 (2005-2006)
 D 9.8 MIDIBUS (2009-2013)
 D 10.5 (2006-2011)
 GNC 10.5 (2007)
 D 12 (2006-2013, 2016)
 D 12H (Bus híbrido) (2009-2012)
 GNC 12 (2009-2012)
 D 12 MEDIS (2008-2013, 2016-2017)
 D 13.20 MEDIS (2010-2012)
 D 10.5F (2008-2012)
 D 12F (2009-2012)
 Bus Articulado en conjunto con King Long

Autobuses para Perú
 TATSA Autobús articulado 6 Cilindros

Autobuses para Estados Unidos
 D9.2 MIDIBUS USA
 TRANSIT LF 40 6 Cilindros

Autobuses para Uruguay
 D8 4 Cilindros (Exportado a Argentina)
 D12.0 CAMIONES DIESEL 11990 kg GVW 170 hp (exportado a Argentina)

Camiones
 D12.0 CAMIONES DIESEL 11990 kg GVW 170 hp

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Tatsa - sitio oficial.

Fabricantes de camiones de Argentina
Fabricantes de autobuses de Argentina

Tecnología Avanzada en Transporte S.A.


Nabospionen er en dansk børnefilm fra 2017, instrueret af Karla Bengtsson.

Medvirkende
Simone Edemann Møgelbjerg som Agathe 'AC' Christine (stemme)
Oliver Bøtcher Herlevsen som Vincent (stemme)
Kristine Sloth som Sanne (stemme)
Anne-Grethe Bjarup Riis som Vincents mor (stemme)
Søs Egelind som Varanen (stemme)
Tommy Kenter som Kiosk-Arne (stemme)
Dar Salim som Vincents far (stemme)
Albert Rudbeck Lindhardt som Vincents bror
Viggo Bengtson som Bertil (stemme)
Harald Kaiser-Hermansen som Skaterdreng (stemme)
Mille Lunderskov som Selfiepige (stemme)
Annevig Schelde Ebbe som GPS-stemme

Eksterne henvisninger

Animationsfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2017
Børnefilm fra Danmark
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)

Nabospionen


Pol Rocamora Badía (nacido el 18 de noviembre de 1991 en Rialp, Lérida), es un esquiador español retirado de esquí alpino-slalom.

Trayectoria

Categorías inferiores
En categorías inferiores ha logrado varias victorias y podios en slalom gigante y eslalon, consiguiendo un total de dos podios en los Campeonatos de España Junior.

En categoría Junior ha disputado el Mundial de 2011, logrando como mejor resultado un 39.º puesto en el slalom.

Retiro
En noviembre de 2014, a sus 24 años, ha decidido finalmente colgar las botas ante el nulo apoyo que ha recibido para continuar su carrera deportiva con el equipo español, donde ha estado las últimas cuatro temporadas. La falta de recursos económicos para seguir adelante, le obliga a retirarse de la competición.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil de Pol Rocamora en la página oficial de la FIS (en inglés)

Esquiadores alpinos de España
Deportistas de Cataluña

Pol Rocamora


Die evangelisch-lutherische Ihlower Kirche steht im ostfriesischen Ort Ihlowerfehn, Gemeinde Ihlow. Das heutige Bauwerk wurde im Jahre 1902 im Stil des Historismus errichtet.

Geschichte

Der Ort wurde 1780 als Fehnkolonie gegründet. Der Name "Ihlower Vehn" ist 1804 erstmals belegt und geht auf das benachbarte Kloster Ihlow zurück.

In kirchlicher Hinsicht gehörte Ihlowerfehn von 1780 bis 1790 zur Kirchengemeinde Weene und von 1790 bis 1898 zur Kirchengemeinde Bangstede. Die Moorkolonisten aus Ludwigsdorf schlossen sich Weene an.

Ab den 1870er Jahren entstand Streit über die Höhe der kirchlichen Abgaben an Bangstede. Die Synode gewährte die Gründung einer eigenen Gemeinde und die Einrichtung einer Pfarrkollaboratur für den Hilfsgeistlichen Siefkes, der am 19. Dezember 1898 eingesetzt wurde. Die Gottesdienste wurden Sonntagmorgens in den Schulen von Ihlowerfehn und Ludwigsdorf abgehalten. Die Gründung der eigenständigen Kirchengemeinde Ihlow erfolgte am 22. Juni 1899.

Wegen der unzureichenden Platzverhältnisse in den Schulen wurde bald die Errichtung eines turmlosen "Betsaales mit Pfarrwohnung" geplant. Die Ihlower erreichten jedoch, dass eine größere Kirche mit Turm genehmigt wurde. Die Grundsteinlegung der Ihlower Kirche fand am 6. August 1901 und die Einweihung am 9. Februar 1902 statt. Ende März 1902 wurde die Pfarrkollaboratur in eine eigenständige Pfarrstelle umgewandelt, am 29. April 1902 das Pfarrhaus fertiggestellt und im Mai 1902 Pastor Siefkes eingeführt. Ein Anbau am Pfarrhaus im Jahr 1912 diente als Lehrsaal für die Konfirmanden, die bis dahin in einem Raum der Pastorenwohnung unterrichtet wurden. In den Jahren 1988 bis 1989 wurde ein größeres Gemeindehaus errichtet, das mittels eines Durchgangs an die Nordseite der Kirche angebaut wurde.

Ende der 1960er Jahre wurde die Kirche renoviert und dem damaligen Zeitgeschmack angepasst. Außerdem erhielt die Kirche eine Fußbodenheizung. Diese wurde 2019 durch eine neue Heizungsanlage mit Heizkörpern unter den Bänken ersetzt.

Die Kirchengemeinde umfasst heute etwa 2500 Gemeindeglieder und gehört dem Kirchenkreis Aurich an.

Baubeschreibung
Die Saalkirche im Stil des Historismus aus Backstein mit einem Satteldach und eingebauten Westturm wird durch zahlreiche weiße Blenden und Rundbogenfriese geprägt.

Die Außenwände werden an den Langseiten durch je drei spitzbogige Fenster und durch markant abgetreppte Strebepfeiler gegliedert, die bis zum  Rundbogenfries unter der Traufe reichen. Das westliche letzte Feld weist zwei schmale Rundbogen-Blenden auf und ist ohne Fries gestaltet.

Aufwändig ist die Westseite gestaltet. Der eingebaute und leicht hervortretende Turm dient zugleich als Eingang. Über dem profilierten Portal mit seinen Flügeltüren ist ein rundbogiges Blendfeld angebracht, in dem zwei Rundbögen und eine Rundblende eingearbeitet sind. In mittlerer Höhe ziert eine große Rosette in Form einer Blende den Turm. Flankiert wird der Turm in mittlerer Höhe von jeweils drei Rundbogenblenden, die das ganze Giebeldreieck ausfüllen. Die inneren beiden werden im unteren Bereich von kleinen Fenstern durchbrochen. Der Turm hat ein quer stehendes Satteldach, das von einem hölzernen Dachreiter bekrönt wird. Das Geläut besteht aus zwei Glocken. An der Westseite des Turms findet sich der gleiche Rundbogenfries wie beim Schiff. Die Schallarkaden an der Süd- und Nordseite sind von drei schmalen Blendennischen und kleinen Rundblenden umgeben.

Der eingerückte schmale Choranbau mit Satteldach wird an der Ostseite durch drei Blendnischen verziert, die im unteren Bereich von kleinen Fenstern durchbrochen sind. Neun weiße, zur Mitte aufsteigende Blendnischen füllen das ganze östliche Giebeldreieck aus. In der Mitte sind nebeneinander vier kleine Fenster angebracht.

Innenausstattung

Der Innenraum, der etwa 400 Besuchern Platz gewährt, erhält durch die einheitlich holzsichtig gehaltene Innenausstattung seine Geschlossenheit. Das Schiff wird durch eine Holzdecke in Trapezform abgeschlossen, deren Ankerbalken auf Holzkonsolen ruhen. Die Balkenkonstruktion der Decke wird durch horizontale grüne gemalte Streifen und durch vertikale Blumenfriese unterstrichen. Massive Holzbalken tragen die Empore an der West- und Südwand.

Der Chorraum ist durch einen großen Stichbogen mit dem Schiff verbunden. Durch eine aufgemauerte Stufe ist er etwas erhöht und weist an der Ostseite drei kleine Fenster in einem Stichbogenfeld auf, das von der Form dem Chorbogen entspricht und wie dieser mit einem Bibelvers überschrieben ist. In den Chor ist eine Holzdecke eingezogen.

Für den Kirchenneubau wurden Fliesen für den Altarraum, das Altarkreuz und der Behang, die Leuchter, Taufschale und Taufstein und die Kanzelbekleidung sowie drei Buntglasfenster für den Chorraum gespendet. Die große Altarbibel mit eigenhändiger Widmung war eine Stiftung von Kaiserin Auguste Victoria.

Die hölzerne Kanzel hat einen schlichten Treppenaufgang und einen kleinen Schalldeckel. Der polygonale Kanzelkorb weist in den Feldern einen Kleeblattbogen auf und ruht auf fünf gedrechselten Füßen. Im Chorraum befindet sich ein Tisch. Ein Dreipass verziert die Außenwangen des Kirchengestühls.

G. Christian Lobback baute in den Jahren 1972 bis 1973 eine kleine Orgel mit sechs Registern und angehängtem Pedal hinter einem dreiachsigen Prospekt. Das Werk verfügte bei der Erbauung über 448 Pfeifen und löste das pneumatische Vorgängerinstrument der Firma P. Furtwängler & Hammer aus dem Jahr 1902 ab. Im Jahr 2008 erweiterte Martin ter Haseborg das Pedal um einen Subbass 16′.

Siehe auch
 Liste der historischen Kirchen in Ostfriesland

Weblinks

 Homepage der Kirchengemeinde
 Johannes Bunger: Chronik der Kirchengemeinde Ihlowerfehn und Ludwigsdorf
 Ortchronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft: Ihlowerfehn (PDF-Datei; 744 kB)
 Genealogie-Forum: Ihlowerfehn

Einzelnachweise

Kirchengebäude im Landkreis Aurich
Baudenkmal in Ihlow (Ostfriesland)
Backsteinkirche
Erbaut in den 1900er Jahren
Kirchengebäude des Kirchenkreises Aurich
Backsteinbauwerk des Historismus
Bauwerk des Historismus in Niedersachsen
Kirchengebäude des Historismus
Bauwerk in Ihlow (Ostfriesland)
Kirchengebäude in Europa

Ihlower Kirche


Vaha çöllerin içerisinde yer alan ve çöl koşullarından yalıtılmış, genellikle su ve bitki içeren bölgeleri tanımlamakta kullanılan coğrafya terimidir. Büyük Türkçe Sözlük'de; Çöllerde çoğu kez yüze çıkan yer altı sularının yarattığı tarım veya yerleşme bölgesi olarak tanımlanır.

Önemi
Vahaların konumu çöllerdeki seyahat rotalarının saptanmasında kritik önem taşır. Aynı zamanda çölün kontrol edilebilmesi için vahaların kontrolü büyük önem taşır. Örneğin Libya'daki Awjila ve Kufra vahaları Sahra Çölünün kuzey ve güney yakasının kontrol edilmesini kolaylaştırır.

Etimoloji
Vaha kelimesi Arapça kökenlidir. Kelimenin İngilizcesi olan "oasis" kelimesi ise Yunancadan (ὄασις) gelir.

Kaynakça

Resimler

Vaha


Carlinhos Paraíba (født 4. marts 1983) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Carlinhos Paraíba


بلدية سيدايلو ، هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة قصرش والتي تقع في منطقة إكستريمادورا، غرب إسبانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها 518 نسمة وفقاً لإحصائية سنة (2008).

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في قصرش
بلديات قصرش

سيدايلو


La  (en occitan : plaça de la Revolucion Francesa) est une place de la commune de Blagnac, en France.

Situation et accès
La place de la Révolution Française forme un rectangle d'environ  de long sur  de large, soit une superficie d'environ . La chaussée forme quant à elle un carrefour giratoire.

La place dispose de 4 sorties :
 Vers le nord : Avenue Léonard-de-Vinci
 Vers l'ouest : Accès à la Voie Lactée (route métropolitaine 902) dans le sens sud-nord
 Vers le sud : Avenue de Cornebarrieu (route métropolitaine 1)
 Vers l'est : Avenue du Général-de-Gaulle

Origine du nom
Le nom de la place fait référence à la Révolution française, la place ayant été construite à l'occasion de son bicentenaire.

Historique
La place a été créée en 1989, en partie par-dessus l'ancienne chaussée de la départementale 1. Les premières constructions ont elles été créées au moins 10 ans après la création de la place. Les dernières constructions quant à elles datent de 2005, et ont terminé d'entourer complètement la place par des bâtiments.

Bâtiments remarquables et lieux de mémoire
 Pyramide du bicentenaire de la Révolution française (1989, par l'architecte J. P. Dubourg, le paysagiste R. Witteronghel, et M. Eychenne de la société Bet Bati)

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Révolution Française
Place en région Occitanie

Place de la Révolution-Française