يبلغ عدد محافظات اليمن 22 محافظة. والمحافظة هي الوحدة الإدارية ضمن التقسيم الإداري لليمن. حضرموت هي أكبر المحافظات اليمنية في حين أن أحدثها هي محافظة أرخبيل سقطرى التي تم إنشاؤها في أواخر 2013. تنقسم كل محافظة إلى مديريات (اطلع على قائمة مديريات الجمهورية اليمنية).

وأشهرها من الناحية السياسية العاصمة صنعاء والاقتصادية عدن والسياحية إب والثقافية محافظة تعز.

كان من المتوقع تقسيم اليمن إلى ستة أقاليم أواخر 2014،  ولكن ذلك لم يتم بسبب الحرب الأهلية اليمنية وتوقف العملية السياسية.

قائمة المحافظات

طالع أيضاً
 أيزو 3166-2:YE.
 قائمة مديريات اليمن.

المراجع

تقسيمات البلدان في آسيا
تقسيمات اليمن
تقسيمات إدارية من المستوى الأول حسب البلد
قوائم تقسيمات البلدان
قوائم متعلقة بجغرافيا اليمن
محافظات

محافظات اليمن


Em Família é um talk show transmitido nas tardes de sábado da TVI, desde 21 de novembro de 2020 e é apresentado, atualmente, por Maria Cerqueira Gomes e Ruben Rua.

Apresentadores

Antigos/substitutos

Repórteres
 José Lopes (2021 - presente)
 Marisa Cruz (2022)
 Sofia Vasconcelos (2023 - presente)
 Sérgio Ferreira (2022)
 Susana Pinto (2022 - presente)
 Daniela Magalhães (2022)
 António Bravo (2023)

Comentadores
Lili Caneças
António Bravo
Susana Pinto

Programas da TVI
Década de 2020 na televisão em Portugal
Programas de televisão de Portugal que estrearam em 2020
2020 na televisão em Portugal
2021 na televisão em Portugal
2022 na televisão em Portugal
2023 na televisão em Portugal

Em Família (programa de televisão)


الفريق / رضا محمود حافظ محمد (المحلة الكبرى (3 مارس 1952 - 3 ديسمبر 2013) وزير الإنتاج الحربي في حكومتي هشام قنديل والببلاوي. وهو القائد السابق للقوات الجوية المصرية ، وهو عضو المجلس الأعلى للقوات المسلحة السابق الذي فوضه الرئيس السابق مبارك في إدارة مصر منذ 11 فبراير 2011 حتى تعينه وزير الدولة للإنتاج الحربي في 12 أغسطس 2012، تخرج من الكلية الجوية في 1 سبتمبر 1972 بدرجة البكالريوس في الطيران والعلوم العسكرية، شارك في في السنة اللاحقة في حرب أكتوبر. متزوج وله ولدان وبنتان. توفي يوم الثلاثاء الموافق 3 ديسمبر 2013 أثر أزمة قلبية حادة .

دراساته الأكاديمية
 بكالوريوس الطيران والعلوم العسكرية 1972.
 فرقة تحليل حوادث الطيران 1986.
 دورة قادة أسراب 1987.
 ماجستير العلوم العسكرية 1988.
 زمالة كلية الحرب العليا الفرنسية 1991.
 زمالة مديري الجودة من الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية 1996.
 كلية الحرب العليا (أكاديمية ناصر) 2002.
 دورة القادة العليا (أكاديمية ناصر) 2007.

المناصب القيادية
حياة رضا حافظ العسكرية ثرية بالإنجازات حيث شارك في حرب أكتوبر 1973 قضى في الجو 2500 ساعة طيران على طائرات مختلفة منها التدريبة كطائرات جمهورية وال - 29 دولفين، ومنها المقاتلة كطائرات ميج 17 و ميج 21 و ميراج F1 و اف 16، وقبل ترقيه إلى رتبة الفريق في 20 مارس 2008 وتعيينه قائدا للقوات الجوية تولى رضا حافظ العديد من المناصب منها:
 رئيس أركان سرب 1991.
 قائد ثان سرب 1992.
 قائد سرب 1994.
 ضابط اتصال بالولايات المتحدة الأمريكية 1998.
 نائب رئيس شعبة تسليح القوات الجوية 2001.
 نائب مدير الكلية الجوية 2002.
 رئيس أركان المنطقة الجوية الشرقية 2002
 قائد المنطقة الجوية الجنوبية 2003.
 قائد المنطقة الجوية الشرقية 2004.
 رئيس شعبة تدريب القوات الجوية 2005.
 رئيس شعبة عمليات القوات الجوية 2007.
 رئيس أركان حرب القوات الجوية 2007.
 قاد القوات الجوية حتى عام 2012
 وزير الدولة للإنتاج الحربي 2012

الميداليات والأنواط
 نوط الواجب العسكري
 ميدالية الخدمة الطويلة والقدوة الحسنة
 نوط الخدمة الممتازة

انظر أيضًا
 القوات الجوية المصرية

وصلات خارجية
 قائد القوات الجوية من موقع وزارة الدفاع

المصادر

أعضاء المجلس الأعلى للقوات المسلحة
خريجو الكلية الجوية (مصر)
قادة القوات الجوية المصرية
مصريون شاركوا في حرب أكتوبر
مواليد 1371 هـ
مواليد 1952
ميدالية الخدمة الطويلة والقدوة الحسنة
نوط الخدمة الممتازة
نوط الواجب العسكري
وزراء إنتاج حربي مصريون
وفيات 1435 هـ
وفيات 2013
وفيات في القاهرة

رضا حافظ


Le métro suspendu de la SAFEGE est une technologie française de monorail suspendu sur pneumatiques, mises au point dans les années 1960 à l'initiative de Société anonyme française d'études de gestion et d'entreprises (SAFEGE).

Grâce à son infrastructure aérienne supposée moins onéreuse qu'un métro classique, le monorail suspendu est censé apporter une solution à l'encombrement routier tout en assurant une bonne vitesse commerciale. Une ligne d'essai est établie en 1959 à Châteauneuf-sur-Loire dans le Loiret en vue d'offrir une vitrine à ce nouveau mode de transport. La construction d'une ligne est envisagée un temps par la Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP) entre Charenton et Créteil, en région parisienne. On imagine à l'époque le métro suspendu comme l'avenir des transports urbains.

Cependant, le métro suspendu n'aura finalement pas l'avenir brillant qu'on lui prédisait. La complexité des appareils de voie et l'incompatibilité avec les infrastructures ferroviaires existantes mettront fin aux différents projets d'implantation et la technologie sera abandonnée à la fin des années 1960. Elle connaît cependant plusieurs héritiers au Japon avec les monorails de Chiba et du Shōnan.

Histoire

Genèse du métro SAFEGE
Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale, les projets de moyen de transport futuristes sont en vogue dans le domaine des transports urbain. Le monorail de la société allemande Alweg, installé pour la première fois en 1959 aux États-Unis pour la desserte de Disney World, fait des émules et équipe en 1964 une ligne de  entre Tokyo et l'aéroport d'Haneda.

Les concepteurs du monorail cherchent à surmonter les limites techniques rencontrées sur le chemin de fer classique. Ainsi, la circulation sur une voie unique en béton permet d'éviter les renversements liés à la force centrifuge ainsi que l'usure de la voie sous le poids des essieux. À l'époque, on croit en outre pour des raisons de sécurité que des vitesses élevées ne peuvent pas être atteintes avec une simple adhérence roue-rail. Le monorail est également voulu moins onéreux que le métro, puisque les pylônes peuvent être implantés à peu de frais au dessus des axes routiers.

C'est dans ce contexte que la SAFEGE lance l'étude d'une technologie de monorail adapté au service urbain sur de courtes distances. L'originalité du système SAFEGE réside dans le fait que le monorail est suspendu à un rail en béton et que les roues se situent par conséquent au dessus du train. Cette configuration assure naturellement la stabilité du véhicule dans les courbes, la force centrifuge étant équilibrée par son poids. Les trains sont par ailleurs équipées de roues sur pneumatiques selon un système très semblable à celui adopté par Michelin et la RATP sur le métro de Paris.

Premiers essais et projet de ligne en région parisienne
Pour démonter la viabilité de la technologie, une ligne d'essai de  est établie à Châteauneuf-sur-Loire, dans le Loiret, sur le tracé de l'ancienne ligne d'Orléans à Gien. Les travaux sont menés durant l'année 1959 et le prototype, construit par Renault, est présenté au public le .

Au même moment, la Régie autonome des transports parisiens (RATP) étudie, à la demande de l'État, l'établissement du métro suspendu sur un itinéraire de  reliant Charenton à Créteil. Le SAFEGE constituerait donc le prolongement direct de la ligne 8 du métro au-delà de Charenton - Écoles. Ultérieurement il est envisagé d'étendre la ligne à ses deux extrémités jusqu'à la gare de Lyon et Boissy-Saint-Léger, son tracé étant alors complémentaire à celui de la future ligne A du RER. D'autres implantations possibles sont étudiées, notamment pour relier Gargan à Clichy-sous-Bois ou entre la place d'Italie et l'aéroport d'Orly.

En 1966, tous les feux semblent au vert pour que l'État autorise la construction de la ligne entre Charenton et Créteil, pour un coût estimé à . Le viaduc, grâce à sa conception légère, doit être construit de manière très rapide à raison de . Renault ayant entre-temps abandonné son département ferroviaire, c'est à Alsthom qu'est confiée la charge de construire les futurs trains. Les rames, composées de deux voitures, doivent être aptes à rouler jusqu'à .

Abandon de la technologie
Pourtant, alors que les études se trouvent à un stade avancé, le projet est finalement annulé par les pouvoirs publics. Ce revirement s'explique probablement par la faible capacité des véhicules prévus et la grande complexité des aiguillages, problème propre à tous les types de monorails. La RATP se montre plutôt favorable à un simple prolongement de la ligne 8 au delà de Charenton, qui sera mis en service en .

Dans la foulée, n'ayant pas trouvé d'autre débouché commercial, la SAFEGE renonce à sa technologie de métro suspendu. La voie d'essai de Châteauneuf-sur-Loire est démantelée tandis que le véhicule est récupéré par à un ferrailleur et tombe à l'abandon. Il est racheté par le maire de Saran en 1994, dans l'espoir d'ouvrir un musée consacré au métro suspendu et à l'aérotrain, projet qui échouera après l'incendie de ce dernier. Le métro suspendu est aujourd'hui conservé chez un particulier.

Caractéristiques techniques

La voie

Le véhicule

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 SAFEGE
 Voie d'essai du métro aérien suspendu de Châteauneuf-sur-Loire
 Monorail
 Monorail de Tokyo
 Alweg

SAFEGE

Métro suspendu de la SAFEGE


Rosario Sonder es un club de vóleibol argentino de la ciudad de Rosario, provincia de Santa Fe. Fue fundado en el año 2002 y supo jugar varias temporadas en la Liga A1 de Voley Argentino, en la que fue subcampeón en la temporada 2005/06 donde cayó ante Club de Amigos. Su único título nacional fue la Copa ACLAV conquistada en la temporada 2005/06.

Historia

El Club Son de Rosario fue fundado el 14 de febrero de 2002, por la inquietud de los dueños de la marca de indumentaria deportiva Sonder, apasionados por el vóley.
Comenzó participando con equipos aislados en el campeonato rosarino, y tuvo un año de alianza deportiva con un colegio privado que se llamó Unión Deportiva Cabrini-Sonder.

La empresa y el club fueron creciendo de la mano con la participación cada vez mayor de los actores deportivos y sociales de la ciudad.
En 2003 participó con éxito en el Torneo Nacional de Ascenso, su primera competencia oficial fuerte. En poco tiempo  llegó al vóley de primera, en abril del 2003, incorporando a Rosario a la Liga Argentina, tras vencer en la final a Caja Popular de Tucumán.

La primera necesidad fue la de encontrar un Estadio acorde a la Liga. Por eso, en su primera temporada jugó de local en el Mini Estadio de Newell´s Old Boys, un escenario donde la Selección Argentina fue testigo de la adhesión popular.
En esta temporada, con José Luis Pecce como entrenador, Rosario Sonder no alcanzó los playoffs, pero aseguró la permanencia.

En la temporada 2004/05 se fusionó con Scholem Aleijem para formar Rosario Scholem Sonder, con buen resultado. El equipo terminó primero la Fase Regular, con 17 victorias y 5 derrotas. En cuartos de final, eliminó a Alianza Córdoba ganando los tres partidos. En semifinales se enfrentó a Bolívar, pero luego de ganar el primer partido por 3-0, perdió los tres siguientes y quedó eliminado.

La temporada 2005/06 fue la más exitosa para el club, que nuevamente jugó como Rosario Sonder. El equipo conquistó la Copa ACLAV frente a Misiones Vóley y fue subcampeón en el torneo nacional. Nuevamente fue primero en la fase regular, con 19 victorias y 3 derrotas. Eliminó a River por 3-0 y a Alianza Córdoba por 3-2, pero perdió en la final con Club de Amigos por 4-2, que se retiró de la Liga luego de conseguir su primer título nacional.

En la siguiente temporada, Sonder terminó 8.º la Fase Regular, por lo que debió enfrentarse a Bolívar, que no perdió un partido en el torneo. Sonder no pudo ganarle un set al equipo reforzado por Tinelli. La historia se repitió al año siguiente: Sonder, 8.º con 9 victorias y 13 derrotas, tuvo que enfrentarse a Bolívar, que sólo había perdido un partido y esa temporada no perdería ningún otro. Nuevamente, Sonder no pudo ganar ni un set.

En la temporada 2008/09, Rosario quedó 9.º con 5 victorias y 15 derrotas, por lo que no clasificó a los playoffs. Sin embargo, sacó una ventaja considerable sobre Obras de San Juan como para no tener que pensar en la permanencia. Sin embargo, la 2009/10 sería la última temporada para Sonder. Terminó 6.º en la fase regular y enfrentó en cuartos de final a La Unión de Formosa, perdiendo por 3 partidos a 1.

Referencias

 Web oficial: https://sonder.com.ar/club-sonder

Clubes de voleibol de Argentina
Deporte en Rosario

Rosario Sonder


Die Champ-Insel (, Tschamp) ist eine unbewohnte Insel des zu Russland gehörenden arktischen Franz-Josef-Lands.

Geographie

Die 374 km² große Champ-Insel liegt zentral im Archipel Franz-Josef-Land. Sie ist die südlichste einer Gruppe von Inseln, die nur durch schmale, fast ganzjährig vereiste Meerengen voneinander getrennt sind und zunächst als eine zusammenhängende Landmasse, Zichy-Land, angesehen wurden. Von der nördlich gelegenen Salisbury-Insel ist die Champ-Insel lediglich durch die nur wenige hundert Meter breite Pondorff-Enge getrennt, von der Luigi-Insel im Nordwesten durch die Cook-Straße. Die Champ-Insel ist stark vergletschert. Ihre Küstenlinie besteht zu mehr als 50 % aus Gletscherabbruchkanten.

Eine geologische Besonderheit sind die zahlreichen Konkretionen – Steine, die sich jeweils um ein zentrales Fossil gebildet haben. Man findet sie besonders an den Kaps der Südküste, Kap Fiume und Kap Triest. Sie stammen aus dem Obertrias und sind oft von perfekter Kugelgestalt mit bis zu drei Metern Durchmesser.

An der südlichen und westlichen Küste gibt es einige Kolonien von Seevögeln. Am häufigsten brüten hier Dreizehenmöwen und Krabbentaucher.

Geschichte
Die Südostküste der Insel zwischen Kap Fiume und Kap Triest wurde 1874 von der Österreich-Ungarischen Nordpolarexpedition (1872–1874) als Teil von Zichy-Land kartiert, das nach Graf Ödön Zichy (1811–1894), einem der Hauptsponsoren der Expedition, benannt war. Erst die Fiala-Ziegler-Expedition (1903–1905) stellte den eigenständigen Charakter der Insel fest. Anthony Fiala benannte sie nach William S. Champ, der die in Not geratenen Männer 1905 gerettet hatte.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Andreas Umbreit:

Insel (Arktischer Ozean)
Insel (Europa)
Insel (Oblast Archangelsk)
Insel (Franz-Josef-Land)

Champ-Insel


Fangen er en dansk kortfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Nønne Katrine Rosenring. Filmens engelske arbejdstitel er Jailbird.

Handling
Hun er et sted, hun aldrig troede, hun skulle komme. Han har begået sit livs fejltagelse. De er på vej til det møde, seerne aldrig turde tage.

Medvirkende
 Pia Vieth, Hanne
 Philippe L. Christiansen, Anders
 Flemming Holk, Politimand
 Kim S. Andersen, Visitationsbetjent
 Louise Work Havelund, Kristine
 Lærke Kløvedal

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2003

Fangen (film fra 2003)


The Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 (c. 39) is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that created the current local government structure of 32 unitary authorities covering the whole of Scotland.

It abolished the two-tier structure of regions and districts created by the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973 which had previously covered Scotland except for the islands council areas.

The Act came into effect on 1 April 1996, beginning with the 1995 Scottish local elections.

Initial proposals
The Secretary of State for Scotland, Ian Lang outlined proposed areas in a statement to the Commons on 8 July 1993.  This outlined 25 unitary authorities (apart from the 3 Island Areas), as follows

 City of Aberdeen: existing Aberdeen District plus Westhill area of Gordon District
 Aberdeenshire: Banff and Buchan District, Gordon District less Westhill area, Kincardine and Deeside District less southern part of former County of Kincardineshire
 Angus and Mearns: Angus District, the Monifieth and Sidlaw areas of Dundee District and the southern part of former County of Kincardineshire from Kincardine and Deeside District less
 Argyll and Bute: Argyll and Bute District, western part of Dumbarton District (including Helensburgh)
 Berwickshire and East Lothian: Berwickshire District, East Lothian District less Musselburgh/Fisherrow, Preston/Levenhall areas
 The Borders: Tweeddale District, Ettrick and Lauderdale District, Roxburgh District
 Clackmannan and Falkirk: Clackmannan District, Falkirk District, Kincardine Bridge area of Dunfermline District
 Dumbarton and Clydebank: Clydebank District, Dumbarton District (less Helensburgh area)
 Dumfries and Galloway: Dumfries and Galloway Region
 City of Dundee: Dundee District less Monifieth and Sidlaw areas
 City of Edinburgh: Edinburgh District
 East Dunbartonshire: Bearsden and Milngavie District, Strathkelvin District less area around Chryston formerly in the county of Lanarkshire
 East Renfrewshire: Eastwood District, and the Barrhead area and Paisley suburbs in East Renfrewshire constituency from Renfrew District
 Fife: Fife Region
 City of Glasgow: Glasgow District less Toryglen/King's Park, Rutherglen/Fernhill and Cambuslang/Halfway areas
Highland: Highland Region
The Lothians: Midlothian District, West Lothian District, the Musselburgh/Fisherrow, Preston/Levenhall areas of East Lothian District
Moray: Moray District
North Ayrshire: Cunninghame District, Cumnock and Doon Valley District, Kilmarnock and Loudoun District
North Lanarkshire: Cumbernauld and Kilsyth District, Monklands District, Motherwell District, the area around Chryston formerly in the county of Lanarkshire from Strathkelvin District
Perthshire and Kinross: Perth and Kinross District
South Ayrshire: Kyle and Carrick District
South Lanarkshire: Clydesdale District, Hamilton District, East Kilbride District, the Toryglen/King's Park, Rutherglen/Fernhill and Cambuslang/Halfway areas from Glasgow District
Stirling: Stirling District
West Renfrewshire: Inverclyde District, Renfrew District less the Barrhead area and Paisley suburbs in East Renfrewshire constituency

New local government areas

Schedule I of the Act defined the new local government areas in terms of the existing districts and regions. Islands council areas had been unitary council areas since implementation of the 1973 Act, and Section 3 of the 1994 Act provided that the existing islands areas were to continue to be local government areas.

Area councils
Each area established by the Act was to be governed by an elected council.  The council's title was simply the name of the area followed by the word "Council": Argyll and Bute Council, Aberdeen City Council and so on.  Each area was divided into wards with each ward returning a single councillor.  The councillors were required to elect a convener, and could choose to elect a deputy convener.  In the four city areas (Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh and Glasgow) the convener's title was to be Lord Provost.  In the other council areas the convener was to be "known by such title as the council may determine", other than Lord Provost. In 1998 sixteen councils were using the title "provost", the remaining twelve having conveners.

Area councils were obliged to make a draft decentralisation scheme by 1 April 1997. The scheme could provide for:
 The holding of meetings of the council (or any committee or sub-committee) at particular places within the council area
 The establishment of committees for particular areas and the delegation to them of specified functions
 The location of council offices within the area
 The provision of facilities for accessing advice on council services at particular places within the council area
The plan was to include dates at which the various proposals were to be carried out.  Having made the draft plan there was to be an eight-week period in which the area council was to consult with the relevant community councils and invite the public to make observations. The decentralisation scheme could then be adopted in original or modified form.

Community councils
Community councils established by district councils under the 1973 Act were to continue to exist.  The area councils took on the powers of the abolished districts to make or amend schemes for the establishment of communities.

Water supply and sewerage
Part II of the Act reorganised water supply and sewerage services, previously the responsibility of regional councils.  Three water authorities were established, each with a defined water area and sewerage area (which were not necessarily identical). The water and sewerage areas were defined in schedule 8, as follows:

The Act also established a Scottish Water and Sewerage Customers Council. The three water authorities were merged in 2002 to form Scottish Water.

Other functions
The reorganisation of local government areas also led to changes in policing, fire services, public transport and tourism promotion.  These had been organised in 1975 to correspond to one or more regions.
 The Police (Scotland) Act 1967 was amended to allow for the reconstitution of police areas and appointment of joint authorities.
 Similarly fire services and authorities were reconstituted.
 The Secretary of State for Scotland was to designate an area and constitution for the Strathclyde Passenger Transport Authority.
 Area Tourist Boards were to be established by the Secretary of State.
 Civic Licensing – the Civic Government (Scotland) Act 1982 introduced a codified framework of regulation of activities such as taxis, street traders, public entertainment and so on. After the introduction of the 1994 Act, the "licensing authority" became the new unitary council for each area.

See also
Subdivisions of Scotland

Notes and references

External links
Full text of the act, on legislation.gov.uk

United Kingdom Acts of Parliament 1994
Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom concerning Scotland
Local government in Scotland

1994 in Scotland
Local government legislation in the United Kingdom


Robert James Woolsey Jr (d. 21 Eylül 1941), 1993-1995 yılları arasındaki CIA direktörüdür.

Yeni Amerikan Yüzyılı Projesi (Project for the New American Century) lobi (think-tank) kuruluşunun kurucu üyelerinden (1997'den günümüze), Demokrat ağırlıklı Stratejik ve Uluslararası Araştırmalar Merkezi (Center for Strategic and International Studies) lobi (think-tank) vekillerindendir. Ayrıca dev güvenlik danışmanlığı şirketi Booz Allen and Hamilton'un global stratejik güvenlikten sorumlu yönetim kurulu başkan yardımcılığını yapmaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Biyografik bilgi
 Turning Oil into Salt R. James Woolsey & Anne Korin
 SourceWatch Profil
 World War IV  James R. Woolsey

1941 doğumlular
Tulsa doğumlular
Amerikalı bürokratlar
Oxford Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Stanford Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Central Intelligence Agency kişileri
Yaşayan insanlar
Yale Law School'da öğrenim görenler
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kişiler

R. James Woolsey, Jr.


Robinieae,  tribus mahunarki iz potporodice Faboideae. Pripada mu 12 rodova., od kojih je tipičan Robinia, bagrem.

Rodovi
 Hebestigma Urb. (1 sp.)
 Lennea Klotzsch (3 spp.)
 Olneya A. Gray (1 sp.)
 Coursetia DC. (39 spp.)
 Sphinctospermum Rose (1 sp.)
 Genistidium I. M. Johnst. (1 sp.)
 Robinia L. (4 spp.)
 Poissonia Baill. (4 spp.)
 Peteria A. Gray (4 spp.)
 Gliricidia Kunth (4 spp.)
 Hybosema Harms (1 sp.)
 Poitea Vent. (12 spp.)

Izvori

Faboideae

Robinieae


Gosipol ya da gosipol (C3OH30O8), pamuk bitkisinin tohum, yaprak, dal ve köklerinde bulunan polifenolik bir pigment.

Toksik bir bileşik olup, kalp, solunum, üreme sistemiyle karaciğerde lezyonlara yol açar.Serbest gossypol toksik] olduğu halde, bağlı formda olanı değildir. Pamuk tohumunun ısıl işleme tabi tutulması gossypol'ün bağlı forma geçirilmesi içindir.Bu esnada gossypol'ün form grubu ile lisin ve arginin'in serbest amino grubu veya sistein'in tiyol grubu etkileşerek gossypol'ü bağlamaktadır. Böylece serbest gossypolün düzeyi % 0.04 altına düşmekte ve oluşan konjüge bileşikler çözünmez, sindirilemez, polimerize ürünlere dönüşür. Proteinler bağlanır, lisin ve arginin gibi amino asidlerin yarayışlığı düşer.

Tavuklarda yem tüketimi ve yumurta veriminde düşmeye ve yumurta sarısı'ında renk bozukluğuna neden olur. Yumurta akında da pembeleşme görülür.

Önlemler olarak, pamuk tohumu ısıl işleme tabi tutulurken aşırı ısıdan kaçınmalıdır.Gossypolü bağlamak için 2: l oranında yeme demir sülfat (Fe2SO4) katılır.

Yeme metal tuzlarının (demir sülfat) ilavesi gossypol'ün bu olumsuz etkisini giderebilir. Yeme gossypol ile orantılı olarak 2:1 veya 3:1 oranlarında demir katılması karaciğer gossypol düzeyini düşürmekte ve yumurta sarışındaki renk bozukluğu giderilerek, gossypol toksisitesinin önemli ölçüde önüne geçilebilmektedir.

Toksinler
Aldehitler
Polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonlar
Pamuk
Bitki biyokimyası
Fenoller
Doğal fenoller

Gossipol


يشير مصطلح البناء الأخضر (يُعرف أيضاً باسم المبنى الأخضر أو البناء المستدام) إلى بناء وتطبيق العمليات المسؤولة بيئيًا والمكتفية من ناحية المصادر على مر دورة حياة المبنى: منذ وضع المخطط إلى التصميم ومرحلة البناء والتشغيل والاستدامة وإعادة الترميم والهدم أخيرًا. يتطلب ذلك تعاونًا وثيقًا مع المقاول والمهندسين والمعماريين والزبائن في شتى مراحل المشروع. توسع تطبيق الأبنية الخضراء وأصبح مكملًا لتصميم الأبنية الكلاسيكية من نواحٍ عديدة، سواء الناحية الاقتصادية والجدوى والتحمل والراحة.

هناك مجموعة من أنظمة التقييم تُعرف باسم الريادة في تصميمات الطاقة والبيئة (أو LEED اختصاراً) وضعها المجلس الأمريكي للأبنية الخضراء، وهذا النظام مسؤول عن تقييم تصميم وبناء وتشغيل واستدامة المباني الخضراء. هناك نظام بريطاني آخر يدل على استدامة المباني، وهو «أسلوب التقييم البيئي لمؤسسات أبحاث البناء» والذي يُدعى اختصارًا بـ BREEM، ويُطبق على الأبنية والأبنية المراد تطويرها على نطاق كبير. حاليًا، يجري المجلس العالمي للأبنية الخضراء بحثًا حول تأثير الأبنية الخضراء على صحة وإنتاجية مستخدميها، ويعمل المجلس مع البنك الدولي للتشجيع على الأبنية الخضراء في أسواق الدول الناشئة عبر شهادة وبرنامج EDGE (الامتياز في التصميم من أجل منافع أكبر). هناك أيضًا أدوات أخرى مثل النجمة الخضراء في أستراليا ومؤشر البناء الأخضر الذي يُستخدم في ماليزيا بالدرجة الأولى.

تشمل عملية نمذجة معلومات المباني توليد وإدارة التمثيل الرقمي للسمات الفيزيائية والوظيفية للأماكن. نماذج معلومات المباني هي ملفات (غالبًا ما تكون على شكل ملفات، لكن لا تكون دائمًا على هيئة صيغ الملكية، وقد لا تحوي بيانات عن الملكية) يمكن استخراجها وتبادلها أو إرسالها عبر الشركة لمساعدة صانعي القرار بخصوص المباني أو الأصول المبنية. تُستخدم برمجيات نمذجة معلومات المباني الحالية من طرف الأفراد والشركات والوكالات الحكومية المسؤولة عن تخطيط وتصميم وبناء وتشغيل واستدامة مختلف البنى التحتية الفيزيائية، مثل المياه والنفايات والكهرباء والغاز ومعدات الاتصال والطرق والسكك الحديدية والجسور والموانئ والقنوات.

لا تزال التقنيات الجديدة قيد التطوير لتكمّل التقنيات الموجودة حاليًا والمستخدمة في البنى الخضراء، الهدف المشترك للأبنية الخضراء هو تخفيض الأثر الكلي لبيئة البناء على صحة الإنسان والبيئة الطبيعية عن طريق:

 استخدام الطاقة والمياه والمصادر الأخرى بفعالية.
 حماية صحة القاطنين وتحسين إنتاجية الموظفين.
 تخفيض النفايات والتلوث وتدهور البيئة.

يُعد المبنى الطبيعي مفهومًا مشابهًا للبناء الأخضر، ويُستخدم الأول عادة ضمن نطاق أصغر، ويميل إلى التركيز على استخدام المواد الطبيعية المتاحة محليًا. يُعد التصميم المستدام والعمارة الخضراء من المواضيع الأخرى المرتبطة بالبناء الأخضر. بالإمكان تعريف الاستدامة بأنها تحقيق احتياجات الأجيال الحالية دون أن يؤثر ذلك على قدرة الأجيال المستقبلية على تحقيق حاجاتها. على الرغم من أن بعض برامج البناء الأخضر لا تتعامل مع قضية إصلاح وتعديل المنازل الموجودة حاليًا، لكن بعض البرامج الأخرى تهتم بذلك، تحديدًا عبر المخططات العامة المعنية بتجديد كفاءة الطاقة. بالإمكان تطبيق مبادئ البناء الخضراء بسهولة على العمل المراد تجديده أو البناء الجديد.

في تقرير من عام 2009 أعدّته إدارة الخدمات العامة في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، ذُكر أن 12 مبنى مصممًا بشكل مستدام يستهلك تكلفة أقل أثناء العمل، ويتميز بأداء طاقي ممتاز. بالإضافة لذلك، كان قاطنو المبنى عمومًا أكثر رضى عن البناء الذي يسكنون في هذه المباني الصديقة للبيئة مقارنة بالقاطنين في المباني التجارية التقليدية.

تخفيض الأثر البيئي
عالميًا، تُعد الأبنية مسؤولة عن حصة كبيرة من استهلاك الطاقة والكهرباء والماء والمواد. يملك قطاع البناء القدرة الأكبر على إحداث تخفيضات ملحوظة في الانبعاثات، مقابل تكلفة قليلة جدًا أو حتى مجانية.

خيارات في تصميم المباني الخضراء
المهمة الحالية للغلاف الخارجي للمباني ولتكنولوجيا النظم المنزيلية هي استخدام الطاقة بكفاءة أكبر، خصوصاً في تشييد المباني الجديدة.
الهدف على المدى الطويل هو ما يسمى ب "منزل كاسب للطاقة"، أي مبنى قادر على إنتاج طاقة أكثر من التي تُستهلك.
الموضوع الأكثر اهمية للرأي العام، بالنسبة إلى الحد من انبعاثات CO2، هو تصميم وتنفيذ وإدارة المباني الجديدة بهذا المفهوم، وتجديد المباني القائمة : حوالي 40 ٪ من مجموع الاستهلاك النهائي للطاقة في الاتحاد الأوروبي تعزى إلى المباني القائمة.
اختيارات التصميم لإنشاء البناء الأخضر تتأثر بنسبة قليلة من مفاهيم مجردة مثل الفن وعلم الجمال. على سبيل المثال، فإن قيمة النقل الحراري ستتوصل إلى تجاوز العناصر الجمالية للمباني. ولذلك فإن تخطيط، تشييد وتشغيل المباني الخضراء هي أساسا تتأثر بالعوامل التالية :
 مناخ
 الاحتباس الحراري
 الاحترار العالمي وتغير المناخ
 دورة الكربون
 بروتوكول كيوتو
 اعتقال وعزل الكربون
 التنمية المستدامة
 البصمة الإيكولوجية
 قدرة تحمل البيئة
 حفظ وإدارة الموارد بهدف التنمية
 تقييم دورة الحياة
 الطاقة الرمادية
 الموارد المتجددة
 أداء الطاقة لغطاء المبنى
 العزل الحراري والعازل الحراري في البناء
 إعادة التدوير لأستعمال مواد البناء

في المقابل، أولئك الذين يقررون تصميم المباني الخضراء سوف يؤثروا حتما على الأنشطة التالية :
 العقود العامة
 السكن الاجتماعي

أهم المواقع المهتمة بالبناء الأخضر موقع أفكار وبه العديد من الدراسات الخصة بالمهندس أحمد فوزي

مبادئ البناء الأخضر
إنّ المبادئ والإرشادات حول التخطيط الأخضر قد تساعد على البناء مع اعتبار أبعاد حماية البيئة. ويشجع التخطيط الأخضر والمستديم على محاسبة دورة حياة العمارة وأجهزتها الميكانيكية مع تجنّب استنزاف موارد الطبيعة بواسطة استخدام المواد القابلة لإعادة التدوير. ويأخذ التخطيط الأخضر بعين الاعتبار إمكانية التوفير بالطاقة من أجل عمليات الحفر ونقل المواد.

دورة حياة المواد (LCA)
بعد زيادة الوعي البيئي على مستوى الدول والحكومات والأفراد، برزت أهمية تقييم دورة حياة المواد والعمليات والموارد المستخدمة اليومية. فهي عملية تحليل نظامي للتأثيرات البيئية الناجمة من مادة أو عملية ما منذ عملية استخراج المادة الخام إلى عملية معالجة المخلفات الناتجة، وهي تمكن المصممون والمنتجون والملاك من تحديد كميات الطاقة والموارد البيئية المستخدمة وكذلك كميات المخلفات الناتجة في جميع مراحل حياة المنتج، كما تمدّهم بالمعلومات البيئية التي تمكنهم من تحديد مراحل عملية الإنتاج التي تحتاج إعادة النظر والتطوير نظراً لعبئها الكبير على البيئة من حيث إنتاج المخلفات أو استهلاك الموارد والطاقات.

تخفيض الأثر البيئي
تعدّ المباني مسؤولةً عن حصة كبيرة من استهلاك الطاقة والكهرباء والمياه والمواد على الصعيد العالمي. يتمتع قطاع البناء بأكبر الإمكانات لتحقيق تخفيضات كبيرة في الانبعاثات بتكلفة قليلة أو حتى دون تكلفة. ساهمت انبعاثات المباني من استخدام الكهرباء وانبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون المرتبطة بالطاقة في عام 2004 بحوالي 33% من إجمالي الانبعاثات العالمية.

ساهمت المباني بحلول عام 2018 بحوالي 28% من الانبعاثات العالمية أي ما يعادل 9.7 مليار طن من ثاني أكسيد الكربون، وشكلت انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون العالمية مجتمعة مع انبعاثات تصنيع مواد البناء حوالي 39%. يُتوقع أن تتضاعف الانبعاثات بحلول 2050 وفقًا لبرنامج الأمم المتحدة للبيئة، إذ لم تُعتمد تقنيات بناء جديدة في ظل هذا النمو المتسارع.

تهدف الأبنية الخضراء إلى تقليل التأثير البيئي للبناء. يبقى عدم البناء على الإطلاق أفضل من المباني الخضراء من ناحية تقليل الأثر البيئي، نظرًا لأثر المبنى الدائم في تدهور موقع البناء. تنص القاعدة الثانية على ضرورة أن يكون كل مبنى صغيرًا قدر الإمكان، أما القاعدة الثالثة هي عدم المساهمة في التمدد، حتى لو استُخدمت أكثر الطرق كفاءة في استخدام الطاقة والطرق السليمة بيئيًا في التصميم والبناء.

تشغل المباني مساحة كبيرة من الأراضي. استُثمر حوالي 107 مليون فدان (430,000 كيلومتر مربع) من الأراضي في الولايات المتحدة، وفقًا لقوائم جرد الموارد الوطنية. أصدرت وكالة الطاقة الدولية منشورًا يقدر أن المباني القائمة مسؤولة عن أكثر من 40% من إجمالي الاستهلاك الأولي للطاقة في العالم، وعن 24% من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون العالمية.

أهداف المباني الخضراء
يمكن إرجاع مفهوم التنمية المستدامة إلى أزمة الطاقة (خاصة النفط الأحفوري) ومخاوف التلوث البيئي في ستينيات وسبعينيات القرن العشرين. يعتبر كتاب راشيل كارسون «الربيع الصامت» الذي نُشر في عام 1962، من أوائل الجهود الأولية لوصف التنمية المستدامة باعتبارها مرتبطة بالمباني الخضراء.

نشأت حركة المباني الخضراء في الولايات المتحدة من الحاجة والرغبة في ممارسات بناء أكثر كفاءة في استخدام الطاقة وأكثر صداقة للبيئة. للبناء الأخضر دوافع كثيرة، بما في ذلك الفوائد البيئية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية. تتطلب مبادرات الاستدامة الحديثة تصميمًا متكاملًا وتآزريًا لكل من الإنشاءات الجديدة والتعديل في الهياكل القائمة. يُعرف هذا النهج أيضًا بالتصميم المستدام، ويدمج دورة حياة المبنى مع كل ممارسة خضراء تستخدم لغرض التصميم، لخلق تآزر بين الممارسات المستخدمة.

يجمع البناء الأخضر بين مجموعة واسعة من الممارسات والتقنيات والمهارات لتقليل آثار المباني على البيئة وصحة الإنسان والقضاء عليها في النهاية. يؤكد غالبًا على الاستفادة من الموارد المتجددة، كاستخدام ضوء الشمس من خلال الطاقة الشمسية السلبية، والطاقة الشمسية النشطة، والمعدات الكهروضوئية، واستخدام النباتات والأشجار من خلال الأسطح الخضراء وحدائق المطر، وتقليل جريان مياه الأمطار. تُستخدم العديد من التقنيات الأخرى، مثل استخدام مواد البناء منخفضة التأثير أو استخدام الحصى المعبأ أو الخرسانة ذات النفاذية بدلًا من الخرسانة التقليدية أو الأسفلت لتعزيز تجديد المياه الجوفية.

تتطور الممارسات أو التقنيات المستخدمة في المباني الخضراء باستمرار وقد تختلف من منطقة إلى أخرى، لكن المبادئ الأساسية التي تُشتق منها الطريقة تشمل ما يلي: تحديد الموقع وكفاءة تصميم الهيكل، وكفاءة الطاقة، وكفاءة استخدام المياه، وكفاءة المواد، وتحسين جودة البيئة الداخلية، وتحسين العمليات والصيانة وتقليل النفايات والسموم.

ينطوي جوهر البناء الأخضر على تحسين واحد أو أكثر من هذه المبادئ. يمكن أن تعمل تقنيات المباني الخضراء الفردية ذات التصميم التآزري المناسب معًا، لإنتاج تأثير تراكمي أكبر.

تتوافق فلسفة تصميم مبنى ما مع الميزات والموارد الطبيعية المحيطة بالموقع، بما يتعلق بالجانب الجمالي للعمارة الخضراء أو التصميم المستدام. تشمل الخطوات الرئيسية في تصميم المباني المستدامة: تحديد مواد البناء «الخضراء» من المصادر المحلية، وتقليل الأحمال، وتحسين الأنظمة، وتوليد الطاقة المتجددة في الموقع.

مُهندسين

 رينزو بيانو (Renzo Piano) ؛
 نورمان فوستر (Norman Foster) ؛
 ريتشارد روجرز (Richard Rogers) ؛
 شيجيرو بان (Shigeru Ban)؛
 ريتشارد ليبلاسترير (Richard Leplastrier) ؛
 إدوارد مازريا (Edward Mazria)

حالات للدراسة
 BedZED
 برج إتش إس بي سي (Torre HSBC)
 شقق تشورلتون بارك (Chorlton Park Apartments)
 مركز ألأيركويتي للبناء الأخضر التكنولوجي (The Aircuity Center for Green Building Technology)

انظر أيضًا
 نظام الريادة في تصميمات الطاقة والبيئة
 دمج الطبيعة في المدينة
 عمارة مستدامة
 بناء صفر الطاقة
 مبنى مستقل ذاتيا
 عمارة بيئية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 --برنامج المباني الخضراء- ميلانو Politecnico di Milano
 -- البرنامج الإيطالي للمباني الخضراء GBCItalia
 -- البرنامج الأوروبي للمباني الخضراء Commissione Europea
 المنتدى الأوروبي للبناء الأخضر EGBF
 البناء الأخضر في أوروبا الوسطى والشرقية

أبنية اقتصادية في صرف الطاقة
أبنية مستدامة
استدامة
بناء
تخطيط حضري مستدام
تصميم بيئي
تصميم بيئي مستدام
تنمية مستدامة
عمارة مستدامة
مبان ومنشآت حسب النوع
هندسة معمارية
وحدات سكنية

بناء مستدام


În chimie, denumirea de alcaliu (plural alcalii) face referite la un compus bazic și ionic al unui metal alcalin sau alcalino-pământos, dar mai poate face trimitere și la orice bază care se dizolvă în apă (adică un compus al cărei soluție are un pH mai mare de 7). Pentru astfel de compuși se folosește adjectivul alcalin. Termenul este derivat din limba arabă, de la al qalīy (sau alkali), care înseamnă ad litteram "cenuși calcinate".

Exemple
Printre cele mai cunoscute exemple de alcalii sunt hidroxizii solubili ai metalelor alcaline și alcalino-pământoase: hidroxid de sodiu ("sodă caustică"), hidroxid de potasiu ("potasă caustică"), leșie (amestec de sodă și potasă caustică), hidroxid de calciu ("var stins"), hidroxid de magneziu ("lapte de magnezie"), etc.

Diferența dintre alcalii și baze
Termenii de "bază" și "alcaliu" (respectiv "bazic" și "alcalin") sunt adesea considerați interschimbabili, în special în contextul chimiei și al ingineriei chimice. Totuși, alcaliile sunt considerate a fi o subcategorie de baze, fiind compuși din următoarele două clase:
 O sare bazică a unui metal alcalin sau alcalino-pământos (include Mg(OH)2, dar fără NH3.);
 Orice bază care este solubilă în apă cu formare de ioni hidroxid sau soluția unei baze în apă. (include Mg(OH)2 și NH3.); acestea sunt "baze Arrhenius"

Vezi și
 Metal alcalin
 Metal alcalino-pământos
 Bază (chimie)

Referințe

Chimie anorganică

Alcaliu


William Darrell « Bubba » Wallace Jr. dit Bubba Wallace, est un pilote automobile américain de NASCAR né le  à Mobile en Alabama.

Carrière

Wallace commence à piloter à l'âge de neuf ans, lors de  et de Legends Cars ainsi qu'en courses locales de Late Model. En 2005, il remporte 35 des 48 courses de Bandolero Series et en 2008, il devient le plus jeune pilote à gagner le Franklin County Speedway en Virginie.

En 2010, Wallace commence à piloter en NASCAR , une compétition régionale de développement. Wallace y pilote pour l'écurie Rev Racing dans le cadre du programme NASCAR .

Il est ensuite engagé comme pilote de développement par l'écurie Joe Gibbs Racing au volant d'une Toyota qu'il conduisait à temps partiel en Xfinity Series et par la  à plein temps en Camping World Truck Series.

Il passe ensuite chez Ford et intègre son programme de développement où il court à plein temps pour la Roush Fenway Racing en Xfinity. Après avoir participé à certaines courses de la Cup Series pour la Richard Petty Motorsports dans la célèbre voiture  en remplacement d'Aric Almirola blessé, Wallace y devient pilote à temps plein lorsque Almirola quitte l'écurie.

Wallace était le seul pilote afro-américain à participer à temps plein dans les trois séries majeures de la NASCAR chaque année où il y pilotait. Il est le seul pilote afro-américain à avoir remporté au moins une course dans chacune de ces séries, ce qui a fait de lui l'un des pilotes afro-américains les plus titrés de l'histoire de la NASCAR.

En , Wallace se fait connaître pour son activisme en faveur de la justice raciale en réponse au meurtre de George Floyd et aux manifestations ultérieures de Black Lives Matter. Cela conduit la NASCAR à renforcer ses actions et ses efforts dans ce domaine, dont l'interdiction d'exhibition du drapeau confédéré sur leurs circuits.

Wallace fait ses débuts en NASCAR Cup Series en 2017 et y participe à temps plein depuis la saison 2018. Depuis 2021, il pilote la voiture  de marque Toyota Camry au sein de l'écurie . Auparavant, il a piloté la voiture  de la Richard Petty Motorsports de marque Ford en 2017 et de marque Chevrolet de 2018 à 2020.

Il participe également aux courses de la NASCAR Xfinity Series depuis la saison 2012 en programme partiel (à l'exception des saisons 2015 et 2016 où il roule en programme complet et terminant chronologiquement  et ). En 2022, il pilote la Toyota Supra  au sein de l'écurie Joe Gibbs Racing.

En 2013 et 2014, il participe en programme complet aux courses de Truck Series, y terminant respectivement  et , au volant de la voiture  de la  (à l'exception de la course de Martinsville en  qu'il remporte au volant de la voiture  de la même écurie).

Palmarès

NASCAR Cup Series

Au , il a participé à 197 courses réparties sur sept saisons.
 Voiture en 2022 :
 Écurie :
 Résultat saison 2021 :
 Meilleur classement en fin de saison :  en 2021
  : Axalta presents the Pocono 400 2017 (Pocono)
 Dernière course : (saison 2023 en cours)
 Première victoire : YellaWood 500 2021 (Talladega)
 Dernière victoire : Hollywood Casino 400 2022 (Kansas)
 Victoire(s) : 2
 Top5 : 15
 Top10 : 27
 Pole position : 1

NASCAR Xfinity Series

Au , il a participé à 88 courses sur sept saisons :
 Saison en cours : Voiture Toyota  de la Joe Gibbs Racing en 2022
 Résultat dernière saison :  en 2021
 Meilleur classement en fin de saison :  en 2015
 Première course : Pioneer Hi-Bred 250 en 2012 (à Iowa)
 Dernière course : Pit Boss 250 en 2022 (à Austin)
 Première victoire : -
 Dernière victoire : -
 Victoire(s) : 0
 Top5 : 6
 Top10 : 36
 Pole position : 2

NASCAR Truck Series

Au , il a participé à 51 courses sur six saisons :
 Dernière saison : Voiture Toyota  de la Spencer Davis Motorsports en 2011
 Résultat dernière saison :  en 2021
 Meilleur classement en fin de saison :  en 2014
 Première course : NextEra Energy Resources 250 en 2013(à Daytona)
 Dernière course : TYSON 250 en 2023 (à North Wilkesboro)
 Première victoire : Kroger 200 en 2013 (à Martinsville)
 Dernière victoire : LTi Printing 200 en 2017 (à Michigan)
 Victoire(s) : 6
 Top5 : 16
 Top10 : 30
 Pole position : 3

ARCA Racing Series

Au , il a participé à une course au sein de la Venturini Motorsports au volant de la voiture Toyota  en 2013, terminant à la .
 Victoire(s) : 0
 Top5 : 0
 Top10 : 0
 Pole position : 0

K&N Pro Series East

Au , il a participé à 37 courses réparties sur quatre saisons :
 2010 au sein de l'écurie Rev Racing, terminant classé  du championnat :
 Voiture Chevrolet  - 9 courses dont 2 victoires, 4 Top 5 et 6 Top 10
 Voiture Chevrolet  - 1 course (classé )
 2011 au sein de l'écurie Rev Racing, terminant classé  du championnat :
 Voiture Toyota  - 12 courses dont 3 victoires, 5 Top 5, 11 Top 10 et 3 pole positions
 2012 au sein de l'écurie Joe Gibbs Racing, terminant classé  du championnat :
 Voiture Toyota  - 14 courses dont 1 victoire, 6 Top 5, 7 Top 10 et 1 pole position
 2018 au sein de l'écurie Jefferson Pitts Racing, terminant classé  du championnat :
 Voiture Chevrolet  - 1 course (classé )

Récompenses

 2008 : Débutant de la saison en UARA-Stars
 2010 : Débutant de la saison en K&N Pro Series East

Affaire du nœud coulant

Le , un membre de l'écurie de Wallace signale à la NASCAR qu'un nœud coulant avait été placé dans le garage de Wallace au Talladega Superspeedway. Cette information est transmise par le président de la NASCAR, Steve Phelps à Wallace au cours la soirée. L'organisation estime l'acte « odieux » et déclare qu'elle va prendre contact les forces de l'ordre. Wallace déclare être « incroyablement attristé par le rappel douloureux du racisme, la société devant aller plus loin et plus persistante dans la lutte contre le racisme ». Il félicite également ses collègues pilotes qui « demandent un véritable changement et défendent une communauté qui accepte et accueille tout le monde ». Le lendemain, avant la course du GEICO 500, les pilotes et les équipes se regroupent et poussent par solidarité la voiture de Wallace tout au long de la voie des stands. Ce geste accepté par l'ensemble des acteurs, avait été proposé par les pilotes Jimmie Johnson et Kevin Harvick.

Un jour après la course, l'enquête du FBI conclut que Wallace n'a pas été victime d'un acte de haine : le nœud coulant en question était en fait une corde utilisée pour fermer la porte du stand qui, bien qu'en forme de nœud coulant de pendu, se trouvait dans le garage depuis la course d'automne de Talladega en 2019. Après les conclusions du FBI, les critiques vont alors s'abattre via les réseaux sociaux sur Wallace , l'accusant d'un « canular » et mettant en cause son honnêteté. Wallace déclare par la suite que même s'il n'avait pas été spécifiquement ciblé par cet acte, il se sentait frustré par les réactions qui s'en étaient suivies. Il a néanmoins juré ne pas laisser l'incident ou les allégations de « canular » le « casser ». Il a ajouté que même si ce nœud avait été placé en 2019 et/ou si cet acte n'était pas dirigé contre lui, il était indéniable que quelqu'un avait bien placé un nœud coulant dans le garage.

Le , la NASCAR publie une photo du nœud coulant. Lors d'une téléconférence plus tard dans la journée, Phelps a expliqué que la NASCAR avait inspecté tous les autres garages et que onze de ces garages étaient équipés d'une corde permettant de fermer la porte du garage. Néanmoins seul le garage de Wallace était équipé d'un nœud coulant. Bien que la personne responsable n'ait pas pu être identifiée, Phelps annonce que la NASCAR exigerait une formation sur la sensibilité et les préjugés de son personnel, précisant que « Bubba Wallace et les 43 équipes n'avaient rien à voir avec ça ».

Le , soit deux semaines après le GEICO 500, le président Donald Trump émet un tweet déclarant que Wallace devrait s'excuser pour l'enquête parce qu'il aurait propagé ce canular et que l'interdiction d'exhibition du drapeau confédéré par la NASCAR « avait provoqué les plus basses audiences jamais enregistrées ! » L'affirmation de Trump sur les audiences a été réfutée par le vice-président exécutif de la Fox Sports, Michael Mulvihill, lequel a déclaré que les audiences avaient augmenté de 8 % depuis la reprise de la saison 2020 en mai. De son côté, Wallace a reçu le soutien de plusieurs personnalités telles que les pilotes Jimmie Johnson et Tyler Reddick ainsi que le basketteur LeBron James.

Activisme

Philanthropie

Wallace a fondé et dirige la .

Il a également été lauréat du  de la  pour le deuxième trimestre de 2020 et le récipiendaire du prix Comcast  en 2020.

Black Lives Matter

En , après le meurtre de George Floyd par des policiers à Minneapolis, Wallace a commencé à dénoncer les abus effectués par la police sur des Afro-Américains, devenant la figure de proue des courses de stock car dans le mouvement Black Lives Matter. Le , il appelle la NASCAR à interdire la présence du drapeau confédéré lors des courses de NASCAR. En 2015, à la suite de publications de photographies montrant un homme blanc ayant tué neuf fidèles noirs à Charleston en Caroline du Sud posant avec ce drapeau, l'organisation avait commencé à demander aux fans de ne plus arborer le drapeau lors de ses courses. Cependant, de nombreux fans du Sud avaient continué à se présenter et montrer le drapeau confédéré lors des courses. Le , la NASCAR interdit officiellement le drapeau confédéré lors de ses événements.

Lors de la course Blue-Emu Maximum Pain Relief 500 de 2020 sur le Martinsville Speedway, la voiture de Wallace avait un schéma de peinture spécial pour honorer le mouvement . La voiture comportait une illustration de mains en noir et blanc imbriquées sur le capot de la voiture, le hashtag « #BlackLivesMatter » sur le côté ainsi que la phrase «  » sur le capot et le pare-chocs arrière. Richard Petty, propriétaire de Richard Petty Motorsports, a contribué à la décoration en ajoutant un symbole de paix sur le panneau arrière de la voiture lequel comportait des mains de toutes les couleurs entourant le symbole de paix. Cette décoration a été faite après que l'écurie Richard Petty Motorsports n'avait pas réussi à obtenir le parrainage principal de la course. L'écurie a ensuite suggéré à Wallace de faire rouler une voiture entièrement noire pour honorer le mouvement. Wallace a terminé la course en  après s'être classé parmi les dix premiers dans les deux premiers segments, son meilleur résultat en carrière à Martinsville en Cup Series.

Vie privée

Wallace est né à Mobile en Alabama mais grandit à Concord en Caroline du Nord où il étudie à la .

Né d'une mère noire, Desiree Wallace, et d'un père blanc, Darrell Wallace Sr..

Son père est propriétaire d'une entreprise de nettoyage industriel et sa mère est une assistante sociale qui a dirigé la section athlétisme de l'Université du Tennessee.

Wallace est très ami avec le pilote de Cup Series Ryan Blaney depuis qu'ils se sont rencontrés lors de leurs jeunesse lors des courses de Bandoleros.

Statistiques

Légende :
† Wallace ayant été un pilote invité, il était inéligible pour obtenir des points de championnat.

Référence

Lien externe

Pilote de NASCAR
Pilote automobile américain
Naissance en octobre 1993
Sportif afro-américain

Bubba Wallace


Hundetunge (Cynoglossum officinale) - også kaldet lægehundetunge - er en opretvoksende, urteagtig plante med stiv behåring og blomster, der skifter farve fra rød til blå. Planten forekommer hist og her i det østlige Danmark, men er sjælden i Jylland.

Kendetegn
Hundetunge er en toårig, urteagtig plante med en opret og forgrenet vækst. Stænglerne er stivhårede med spredtstillede, helrandede og smalt ægformede blade. Begge bladsider er græsgrønne og stift behårede. Undersiden er en smule lysere end oversiden. Blomstringen foregår i juni-juli, hvor man finder blomsterne samlet i endestillede stande. De enkelte blomster er regelmæssige og 5-tallige med kronblade, der først er røde, senere violette og til sidst blå. Frugterne er stivhåredt spaltefrugt med fem dele.

Rodsystemet består af en kraftig pælerod med et vidt udbredt og dybtgående rodnet.

Hundetunge når en højde på ca. 50 cm , mens bredden er ca. 30 cm.

Hjemsted
Hundetunge er hjemmehørende i det meste af Europa, og den er naturaliseret i Nordamerika. Arten er knyttet til lysåbne voksesteder med tør og veldrænet og mineralrig jord. I Danmark findes den hist og her i de østlige dele, mens den er sjælden i Jylland.

På de ældre stenvolde, som har dannet Krageø ved Sejrøbugtens kyst findes arten i et strandoverdrev sammen med bl.a. almindelig kællingetand, alm. pimpinelle, alm. røllike, bakkenellike, dansk astragel, engelskgræs, fåresvingel, gul snerre, harekløver, nikkende limurt, sandløg, sandstar, sølvpotentil, tidlig dværgbunke, tjærenellike, vellugtende gulaks og vårpotentil

Galleri

Noter

Rublad-familien
Tørketålende planter
Røde blomster

Lægehundetunge


Chopawamsic es la única isla en el río Potomac, dentro de los límites territoriales del estado de Virginia, en Estados Unidos.

La isla posee una superficie de 53.000 metros cuadrados cuenta con una casa principal, casa de huéspedes, una casa para un cuidador, y otras estructuras. La electricidad es proporcionada a través de cable submarino. El agua es suministrada por un pozo de 280 metros de profundidad en la isla. La isla está a la venta.

Una vez conocida como la Isla de Scott, poco se sabe acerca de su historia antes de los años 1900 debido a que los registros del condado de Stafford se quemaron en la Guerra Civil de Estados Unidos. La isla es accesible solo por barco y ha servido como hogar de varias familias a lo largo de los años.

Algunos documentos de la Guerra Civil indican que los Estados Confederados de América controlaron el área hasta el invierno de 1861. Tenían numerosos campamentos en Quantico, y usaron la isla para descansar y recrearse. Las fotografías del área de Quantico en la exhibición en el hospital Point en la base del cuerpo de marina pueden incluir fotografías históricas de la isla de Chopawamsic.

La isla es el hogar de una mezcla de diferentes hábitats de vida silvestre. Las especies de humedales incluyen bandadas de cisnes, gansos y patos que utilizan el área protegida para alimentarse y descansar. Los pájaros cantores migratorios abundan durante los meses templados, con intensa actividad en la primavera. Águilas calvasse se ha establecido aquí, al igual que limícolas como la garza verde, garceta grande y la gran garza azul.

Véase también
Isla Jamestown
Isla Assateague

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Virginia
Islas fluviales de Estados Unidos

Chopawamsic


Le passage de l'Île-Louviers est une voie située dans le  de Paris, en France.

Situation et accès

Origine du nom
La voie porte de le nom de l'île Louviers, ancienne île fluviale de la Seine sur laquelle est située le passage.

Historique

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des voies du  arrondissement de Paris

Notes, sources et références

Ile Louviers
Ile Louviers

Passage de l'Île-Louviers


The High Middle Ages, or high medieval period, was the period of European history that lasted from AD 1000 to 1300. The High Middle Ages were preceded by the Early Middle Ages and were followed by the Late Middle Ages, which ended around AD 1500 (by historiographical convention).

Key historical trends of the High Middle Ages include the rapidly increasing population of Europe, which brought about great social and political change from the preceding era, and the Renaissance of the 12th century, including the first developments of rural exodus and urbanization. By 1350, the robust population increase had greatly benefited the European economy, which reached levels that would not be seen again in some areas until the 19th century. That trend faltered during the Late Middle Ages because of a series of calamities, most notably the Black Death, but also numerous wars as well as economic stagnation.

From around 780, Europe saw the last of the barbarian invasions and became more socially and politically organized. The Carolingian Renaissance stimulated scientific and philosophical activity in Northern Europe. The first universities started operating in Bologna, Oxford, Paris, Salamanca, Cambridge and Modena. The Vikings settled in the British Isles, France and elsewhere, and Norse Christian kingdoms started developing in their Scandinavian homelands. The Magyars ceased their expansion in the 10th century, and by the year 1000, a Christian Kingdom of Hungary had become a recognized state in Central Europe that was forming alliances with regional powers. With the brief exception of the Mongol invasions in the 13th century, major nomadic incursions ceased. The powerful Byzantine Empire of the Macedonian and Komnenos dynasties gradually gave way to the resurrected Serbia and Bulgaria and to a successor crusader state (1204 to 1261), who continually fought each other until the end of the Latin Empire. The Byzantine Empire was reestablished in 1261 with the recapture of Constantinople from the Latins, though it was no longer a major power and would continue to falter through the 14th century, with remnants lasting until the mid 15th century.

In the 11th century, populations north of the Alps began a more intensive settlement, targeting "new" lands, some areas of which had reverted to wilderness after the end of the Western Roman Empire. In what historian Charles Higounet called the "great clearances", Europeans cleared and cultivated some of the vast forests and marshes that lay across much of the continent. At the same time, settlers moved beyond the traditional boundaries of the Frankish Empire to new frontiers beyond the Elbe River, which tripled the size of Germany in the process. The Catholic Church, which reached the peak of its political power around then, called armies from across Europe to a series of Crusades against the Seljuk Turks. The crusaders occupied the Holy Land and founded the Crusader States in the Levant. Other wars led to the Northern Crusades. The Christian kingdoms took much of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim control, and the Normans conquered southern Italy, all part of the major population increases and the resettlement patterns of the era.

The High Middle Ages produced many different forms of intellectual, spiritual and artistic works. The age also saw the rise of ethnocentrism, which evolved later into modern national identities in most of Europe, the ascent of the great Italian city-states and the rise and fall of the Islamic civilization of Al-Andalus. The rediscovery of the works of Aristotle, at first indirectly through medieval Jewish and Islamic philosophy, led Maimonides, Ibn Sina, Ibn Rushd, Thomas Aquinas and other thinkers of the period to expand Scholasticism, a combination of Judeo-Islamic and Catholic ideologies with the ancient philosophy. For much of this period, Constantinople remained Europe's most populous city, and Byzantine art reached a peak in the 12th century. In architecture, many of the most notable Gothic cathedrals were built or completed around this period.

The Crisis of the Late Middle Ages began at the start of the 14th century and marked the end of the period.

Historical events and politics

Great Britain and Ireland

In England, the Norman Conquest of 1066 resulted in a kingdom ruled by a Francophone nobility. The Normans invaded Ireland in 1169 and soon established themselves throughout most of the country, although their stronghold was the southeast. Likewise, Scotland and Wales were subdued into vassal states at about the same time, though Scotland later asserted its independence and Wales remained largely under the rule of independent native princes until the death of Llywelyn ap Gruffydd in 1282. The Exchequer was founded in the 12th century under King Henry I, and the first parliaments were convened. In 1215, after the loss of Normandy, King John signed the Magna Carta into law, which limited the power of English monarchs.

Iberia

A key geo-strategic development in the Iberian Peninsula was the Christian conquest of Toledo in 1085. Dominated by war, the societal structures and relations in the northern Christian kingdoms were subordinated to the demands of omnipresent military conflict. The territorial expansion of the northern Christian kingdoms to the south brought the creation of border societies, where military demands on knights and foot soldiers and the promotion of settlement were privileged to possible seigneurial income; military orders also played an important role in the borderlands in the southern meseta. Agricultural models in areas with Mediterranean climate were generally based on biennial crop rotation. Despite population growth, agricultural output remained relatively rigid throughout the period; between the 10th and 13th centuries, migration southwards to exposed areas was incentivized by the possibility of enjoying privileges and acquiring properties. Conversely, the intensive agriculture-prevalent model in Muslim-ruled lands did not require territorial expansion. While Muslim lands enjoyed from a certain demographic and financial edge, Almoravids and Almohads from northern Africa featured volatile state structures. Barring (unsuccessful) attempts to take Toledo, Almoravids and Almohads did not stand out for carrying out an expansionist policy.

Italy

In Italy, with the Norman conquest, the first great and powerful state was formed, the Kingdom of Sicily with hereditary monarchy. Subsequently joined to the Holy Roman Empire, it had its moment of maximum splendor with the emperor Frederick II.

In the rest of Italy, independent city states grew affluent on Eastern Mediterranean maritime trade. These were in particular the thalassocracies of Pisa, Amalfi, Genoa and Venice, which played a key role in European trade from then on, making these cities become major financial centers.

Scandinavia

From the mid-tenth to the mid-11th centuries, the Scandinavian kingdoms were unified and Christianized, resulting in an end of Viking raids, and greater involvement in European politics. King Cnut of Denmark ruled over both England and Norway. After Cnut's death in 1035, England and Norway were lost, and with the defeat of Valdemar II in 1227, Danish predominance in the region came to an end. Meanwhile, Norway extended its Atlantic possessions, ranging from Greenland to the Isle of Man, while Sweden, under Birger Jarl, built up a power-base in the Baltic Sea. However, the Norwegian influence started to decline already in the same period, marked by the Treaty of Perth of 1266. Also, civil wars raged in Norway between 1130 and 1240.

France and Germany

By the time of the High Middle Ages, the Carolingian Empire had been divided and replaced by separate successor kingdoms called France and Germany, although not with their modern boundaries as the Germany was significantly more Eastern, pushing the French West and larger in General. The Angevin Empire controlled much of France in the 12th century and early 13th century until the French retook much of their previous territory. Germany was under the banner of the Holy Roman Empire, which reached its high-water mark of unity and political power Under Kaiser Frederick Barbarossa.

Georgia

During the successful reign of King David IV of Georgia (1089–1125), Kingdom of Georgia grew in strength and expelled the Seljuk Empire from its lands. David's decisive victory in the Battle of Didgori (1121) against the Seljuk Turks, as a result of which Georgia recaptured its lost capital Tbilisi, marked the beginning of the Georgian Golden Age. David's granddaughter Queen Tamar continued the upward rise, successfully neutralizing internal opposition and embarking on an energetic foreign policy aided by further decline of the hostile Seljuk Turks. Relying on a powerful military élite, Tamar was able to build on the successes of her predecessors to consolidate an empire which dominated vast lands spanning from present-day southern Russia on the Black Sea to the Caspian Sea. Georgia remained a leading regional power until its collapse under the Mongol attacks within two decades after Tamar's death.

Hungary

In the High Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Hungary (founded in 1000), became one of the most powerful medieval states in central Europe and Western Europe. King Saint Stephen I of Hungary introduced Christianity to the region; he was remembered by the contemporary chroniclers as a very religious monarch, with wide knowledge in Latin grammar, strict with his own people but kind to the foreigners. He eradicated the remnants of the tribal organisation in the Kingdom and forced the people to sedentarize and adopt the Christian religion, ethics, way of life and founded the Hungarian medieval state, organising it politically in counties using the Germanic system as a model.

The following monarchs usually kept a close relationship with Rome like Saint Ladislaus I of Hungary, and a tolerant attitude with the pagans that escaped to the Kingdom searching for sanctuary (for example Cumans in the 13th century), which eventually created certain discomfort for some Popes. With entering in Personal union with the Kingdom of Croatia and the establishment of other vassal states, Hungary became a small empire that extended its control over the Southeast Europe and the Carpathian region. The Hungarian royal house was the one that gave the most saints to the Catholic Church during medieval times.

Lithuania

During the High Middle Ages Lithuania emerged as a Duchy of Lithuania in the early 13th century, then briefly becoming the Kingdom of Lithuania from 1251 to 1263. After the assassination of its first Christian king Mindaugas Lithuania was known as Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Unconquered during the Lithuanian Crusade, Lithuania itself rapidly expanded to the East due to conquests and became one of the largest states in Europe.

Poland

In the mid-10th century Poland emerged as a duchy after Mieszko I, the ruler of the Polans, conquered the surrounding Lechitic tribes in the region. Then in 1025 under the rule of Bolesław I the Brave, Poland became a kingdom.

Southeast Europe

The High Middle Ages saw the height and decline of the Slavic state of Kievan Rus' and emergence of Cumania. Later, the Mongol invasion in the 13th century had great impact on the east of Europe, as many countries of the region were invaded, pillaged, conquered and/or vassalized.

During the first half of this period (1185) the Byzantine Empire dominated the Southeast Europe, and under the Komnenian emperors there was a revival of prosperity and urbanization; however, their domination of Southeast Europe came to an end with a successful Vlach-Bulgarian rebellion in 1185, and henceforth the region was divided between the Byzantines in Greece, some parts of Macedonia, and Thrace, the Bulgarians in Moesia and most of Thrace and Macedonia, and the Serbs to the northwest. Eastern and Western churches had formally split in the 11th century, and despite occasional periods of co-operation during the 12th century, in 1204 the Fourth Crusade treacherously captured Constantinople. This severely damaged the Byzantines, and their power was ultimately weakened by the Seljuks and the rising Ottoman Empire in the 14–15th century. The power of the Latin Empire, however, was short-lived after the Crusader army was routed by Bulgarian Emperor Kaloyan in the Battle of Adrianople (1205).

Climate and agriculture

The Medieval Warm Period, the period from the 10th century to about the 14th century in Europe, was a relatively warm and gentle interval ended by the generally colder Little Ice Age which would continue until the Middle of the 19th century. Farmers grew wheat well north into Scandinavia, and wine grapes in northern England, although the maximum expansion of vineyards appears to occur within the Little Ice Age period. During this time, a high demand for wine and steady volume of alcohol consumption inspired a viticulture revolution of progress. This protection from famine allowed Europe's population to increase, despite the famine in 1315 that killed 1.5 million people. This increased population contributed to the founding of new towns and an increase in industrial and economic activity during the period. They also established trade and a comprehensive production of alcohol. Food production also increased during this time as new ways of farming were introduced, including the use of a heavier plow, horses instead of oxen, and a three-field system that allowed the cultivation of a greater variety of crops than the earlier two-field system—notably legumes, the growth of which prevented the depletion of important nitrogen from the soil.

The rise of chivalry

During the High Middle Ages, the idea of a Christian warrior started to change as Christianity grew more prominent in Medieval Europe. The Codes of Chivalry promoted the ideal knight to be selfless, faithful, and fierce against those who threaten the weak. Household heavy cavalry (knights) became common in the 11th century across Europe, and tournaments were invented. Tournaments allowed knights to establish their family name while being able to gather vast wealth and renown through victories. In the 12th century, the Cluny monks promoted ethical warfare and inspired the formation of orders of chivalry, such as the Templar Knights. Inherited titles of nobility were established during this period. In 13th-century Germany, knighthood became another inheritable title, although one of the less prestigious, and the trend spread to other countries.

Religion

Christian Church

The East–West Schism of 1054 formally separated the Christian church into two parts: Roman Catholicism in Western Europe and Eastern Orthodoxy in the east. It occurred when Pope Leo IX and Patriarch Michael I excommunicated each other, mainly over disputes as to the use of unleavened bread in the liturgy and fasting days, existence of papal authority over the four Eastern patriarchs, as well as disagreement over the filioque.

Crusades

The Catholic Crusades occurred between the 11th and 13th centuries. They were conducted under papal authority, initially with the intent of reestablishing Christian rule in The Holy Land by taking the area from the Muslim Fatimid Caliphate. The Fatimids had captured Palestine in AD 970, lost it to the Seljuk Turks in 1073 and recaptured it in 1098, just before they lost it again in 1099 as a result of the First Crusade.

Military orders

In the context of the crusades, monastic military orders were founded that would become the template for the late medieval chivalric orders.

The Knights Templar were a Christian military order founded after the First Crusade to help protect Christian pilgrims from hostile locals and highway bandits. The order was deeply involved in banking, and in 1307 Philip the Fair (Philippine le Bel) had the entire order arrested in France and dismantled on charges of heresy.

The Knights Hospitaller were originally a Christian organization founded in Jerusalem in 1080 to provide care for poor, sick, or injured pilgrims to the Holy Land. After Jerusalem was taken in the First Crusade, it became a religious/military order that was charged with the care and defence of the Crusader states. After the Holy Lands were eventually taken by Muslim forces, it moved its operations to Rhodes, and later Malta.

The Teutonic Knights were a German religious order formed in 1190, in the city of Acre, to aid Christian pilgrims on their way to the Holy Lands and to operate hospitals for the sick and injured in Outremer. After Muslim forces captured the Holy Lands, the order moved to Transylvania in 1211 and later, after being expelled, invaded pagan Prussia with the intention of Christianizing the Baltic region. Yet, both before and after the Order's main pagan opponent, Lithuania, converted to Christianity, the Order had already attacked other Christian nations such as Novgorod and Poland. The Teutonic Knights' power hold, which became considerable, was broken in 1410, at the Battle of Grunwald, where the Order suffered a devastating defeat against a joint Polish-Lithuanian army. After Grunwald, the Order declined in power until 1809 when it was officially dissolved.  There were ten crusades in total.

Scholasticism

The new Christian method of learning was influenced by Anselm of Canterbury (1033–1109) from the rediscovery of the works of Aristotle, at first indirectly through Medieval Jewish and Muslim Philosophy (Maimonides, Avicenna, and Averroes) and then through Aristotle's own works brought back from Byzantine and Muslim libraries; and those whom he influenced, most notably Albertus Magnus, Bonaventure and Abélard. Many scholastics believed in empiricism and supporting Roman Catholic doctrines through secular study, reason, and logic. They opposed Christian mysticism, and the Platonist-Augustinian belief that the mind is an immaterial substance. The most famous of the scholastics was Thomas Aquinas (later declared a "Doctor of the Church"), who led the move away from the Platonic and Augustinian and towards Aristotelianism. Aquinas developed a philosophy of mind by writing that the mind was at birth a tabula rasa ("blank slate") that was given the ability to think and recognize forms or ideas through a divine spark. Other notable scholastics included Muhammad Averroes, Roscelin, Abélard, Peter Lombard, and Francisco Suárez. One of the main questions during this time was the problem of universals. Prominent opponents of various aspects of the scholastic mainstream included Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Peter Damian, Bernard of Clairvaux, and the Victorines.

Golden age of monasticism
 The late 11th century/early-mid 12th century was the height of the golden age of Christian monasticism (8th-12th centuries).
 Benedictine Order – black-robed monks
 Cistercian Order – white-robed monks
 Bernard of Clairvaux

Mendicant orders

 The 13th century saw the rise of the Mendicant orders such as the:
 Franciscans (Friars Minor, commonly known as the Grey Friars), founded 1209
 Carmelites (Hermits of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Carmel, commonly known as the White Friars), founded 1206–1214
 Dominicans (Order of Preachers, commonly called the Black Friars), founded 1215
 Augustinians (Hermits of St. Augustine, commonly called the Austin Friars), founded 1256

Heretical movements
Christian heresies existed in Europe before the 11th century but only in small numbers and of local character: in most cases, a rogue priest, or a village returning to pagan traditions. Beginning in the 11th century, however mass-movement heresies appeared. The roots of this can be partially sought in the rise of urban cities, free merchants, and a new money-based economy. The rural values of monasticism held little appeal to urban people who began to form sects more in tune with urban culture. The first large-scale heretical movements in Western Europe originated in the newly urbanized areas such as southern France and northern Italy and were probably influenced by the Bogomils and other dualist movements. These heresies were on a scale the Catholic Church had never seen before; the response was one of elimination for some (such as the Cathars), and acceptance and integration of others (such as the veneration of Francis of Assisi, the son of an urban merchant who renounced money).

Cathars

Catharism was a movement with Gnostic elements that originated around the middle of the 10th century, branded by the contemporary Roman Catholic Church as heretical. It existed throughout much of Western Europe, but its origination was in Languedoc and surrounding areas in southern France.

The name Cathar stems from Greek katharos, "pure". One of the first recorded uses is Eckbert von Schönau who wrote on heretics from Cologne in 1181: "Hos nostra Germania catharos appellat." ([In] our Germany [one] calls these [people] "Cathars".)

The Cathars are also called Albigensians. This name originates from the end of the 12th century, and was used by the chronicler Geoffroy du Breuil of Vigeois in 1181. The name refers to the southern town of Albi (the ancient Albiga). The designation is hardly exact, for the centre was at Toulouse and in the neighbouring districts.

The Albigensians were strong in southern France, northern Italy, and the southwestern Holy Roman Empire.

The Bogomils were strong in the Southeastern Europe, and became the official religion supported by the Bosnian kings.
 Dualists believed that historical events were the result of struggle between a good force and an evil force and that evil ruled the world, though it could be controlled or defeated through asceticism and good works.
 Albigensian Crusade, Simon de Montfort, Montségur, Château de Quéribus

Waldensians

Peter Waldo of Lyon was a wealthy merchant who gave up his riches around 1175 after a religious experience and became a preacher. He founded the Waldensians which became a Christian sect believing that all religious practices should have scriptural basis. Waldo was denied the right to preach his sermons by the Third Lateran Council in 1179, which he did not obey and continued to speak freely until he was excommunicated in 1184. Waldo was critical of the Christian clergy saying they did not live according to the word. He rejected the practice of selling indulgences, as well as the common saint cult practices of the day.

Waldensians are considered a forerunner to the Protestant Reformation, and they melted into Protestantism with the outbreak of the Reformation and became a part of the wider Reformed tradition after the views of John Calvin and his theological successors in Geneva proved very similar to their own theological thought. Waldensian churches still exist, located on several continents.

Trade and commerce
In Northern Europe, the Hanseatic League, a federation of free cities to advance trade by sea, was founded in the 12th century, with the foundation of the city of Lübeck, which would later dominate the League, in 1158–1159. Many northern cities of the Holy Roman Empire became Hanseatic cities, including Amsterdam, Cologne, Bremen, Hanover and Berlin. Hanseatic cities outside the Holy Roman Empire were, for instance, Bruges and the Polish city of Gdańsk (Danzig), as well as Königsberg, capital of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.  In Bergen, Norway and Veliky Novgorod, Russia the league had factories and middlemen. In this period the Germans started colonising Europe beyond the Empire, into Prussia and Silesia.

In the late 13th century, a Venetian explorer named Marco Polo became one of the first Europeans to travel the Silk Road to China. Westerners became more aware of the Far East when Polo documented his travels in Il Milione. He was followed by numerous Christian missionaries to the East, such as William of Rubruck, Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, André de Longjumeau, Odoric of Pordenone, Giovanni de' Marignolli, Giovanni di Monte Corvino, and other travellers such as Niccolò de' Conti.

Science

Philosophical and scientific teaching of the Early Middle Ages was based upon few copies and commentaries of ancient Greek texts that remained in Western Europe after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire. Most of them were studied only in Latin as knowledge of Greek was very limited.

This scenario changed during the Renaissance of the 12th century. The intellectual revitalization of Europe started with the birth of medieval universities. The increased contact with the Islamic world in Spain and Sicily during the Reconquista, and the Byzantine world and Muslim Levant during the Crusades, allowed Europeans access to scientific Arabic and Greek texts, including the works of Aristotle, Alhazen, and Averroes. The European universities aided materially in the translation and propagation of these texts and started a new infrastructure which was needed for scientific communities.

At the beginning of the 13th century there were reasonably accurate Latin translations of the main works of almost all the intellectually crucial ancient authors, allowing a sound transfer of scientific ideas via both the universities and the monasteries. By then, the natural science contained in these texts began to be extended by notable scholastics such as Robert Grosseteste, Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus. Precursors of the modern scientific method can be seen already in Grosseteste's emphasis on mathematics as a way to understand nature, and in the empirical approach admired by Bacon, particularly in his Opus Majus.

Technology

During the 12th and 13th century in Europe there was a radical change in the rate of new inventions, innovations in the ways of managing traditional means of production, and economic growth. In less than a century there were more inventions developed and applied usefully than in the previous thousand years of human history all over the globe. The period saw major technological advances, including the adoption or invention of windmills, watermills, printing (though not yet with movable type), gunpowder, the astrolabe, glasses, scissors of the modern shape, a better clock, and greatly improved ships. The latter two advances made possible the dawn of the Age of Discovery. These inventions were influenced by foreign culture and society.

Alfred W. Crosby described some of this technological revolution in The Measure of Reality: Quantification in Western Europe, 1250-1600 and other major historians of technology have also noted it.

 The earliest written record of a windmill is from Yorkshire, England, dated 1185.
 Paper manufacture began in Italy around 1270.
 The spinning wheel was brought to Europe (probably from India) in the 13th century.
 The magnetic compass aided navigation, first reaching Europe some time in the late 12th century.
 Eye glasses were invented in Italy in the late 1280s.
 The astrolabe returned to Europe via Islamic Spain.
 Fibonacci introduces Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe with his book Liber Abaci in 1202.
 The West's oldest known depiction of a stern-mounted rudder can be found on church carvings dating to around 1180.

Arts

Visual arts

Art in the High Middle Ages includes these important movements:
 Anglo-Saxon art was influential on the British Isles until the Norman Invasion of 1066
 Romanesque art continued traditions from the Classical world (not to be confused with Romanesque architecture)
 Gothic art developed a distinct Germanic flavor (not to be confused with Gothic architecture).
 Indo-Islamic architecture begins when Muhammad of Ghor made Delhi a Muslim capital
 Byzantine art continued earlier Byzantine traditions, influencing much of Eastern Europe.
 Illuminated manuscripts gained prominence both in the Catholic and Orthodox churches

Architecture

Gothic architecture superseded the Romanesque style by combining flying buttresses, gothic (or pointed) arches and ribbed vaults. It was influenced by the spiritual background of the time, being religious in essence: thin horizontal lines and grates made the building strive towards the sky. Architecture was made to appear light and weightless, as opposed to the dark and bulky forms of the previous Romanesque style. Saint Augustine of Hippo taught that light was an expression of God. Architectural techniques were adapted and developed to build churches that reflected this teaching. Colorful glass windows enhanced the spirit of lightness. As color was much rarer at medieval times than today, it can be assumed that these virtuoso works of art had an awe-inspiring impact on the common man from the street. High-rising intricate ribbed, and later fan vaultings demonstrated movement toward heaven. Veneration of God was also expressed by the relatively large size of these buildings. A gothic cathedral therefore not only invited the visitors to elevate themselves spiritually, it was also meant to demonstrate the greatness of God. The floor plan of a gothic cathedral corresponded to the rules of scholasticism: According to Erwin Panofsky's Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, the plan was divided into sections and uniform subsections. These characteristics are exhibited by the most famous sacral building of the time: Notre Dame de Paris.

Literature

A variety of cultures influenced the literature of the High Middle Ages, one of the strongest among them being Christianity. The connection to Christianity was greatest in Latin literature, which influenced the vernacular languages in the literary cycle of the Matter of Rome. Other literary cycles, or interrelated groups of stories, included the Matter of France (stories about Charlemagne and his court), the Acritic songs dealing with the chivalry of Byzantium's frontiersmen, and perhaps the best known cycle, the Matter of Britain, which featured tales about King Arthur, his court, and related stories from Brittany, Cornwall, Wales and Ireland. An anonymous German poet tried to bring the Germanic myths from the Migration Period to the level of the French and British epics, producing the Nibelungenlied. There was also a quantity of poetry and historical writings which were written during this period, such as Historia Regum Britanniae by Geoffrey of Monmouth.

Despite political decline during the late 12th and much of the 13th centuries, the Byzantine scholarly tradition remained particularly fruitful over the time period. One of the most prominent philosophers of the 11th century, Michael Psellos, reinvigorated Neoplatonism on Christian foundations and bolstered the study of ancient philosophical texts, along with contributing to history, grammar, and rhetorics. His pupil and successor at the head of Philosophy at the University of Constantinople Ioannes Italos continued the Platonic line in Byzantine thought and was criticized by the Church for holding opinions it considered heretical, such as the doctrine of transmigration. Two Orthodox theologians important in the dialogue between the eastern and western churches were Nikephoros Blemmydes and Maximus Planudes. Byzantine historical tradition also flourished with the works of the brothers Niketas and Michael Choniates in the beginning of the 13th century and George Akropolites a generation later. Dating from 12th century Byzantine Empire is also Timarion, an Orthodox Christian anticipation of Divine Comedy. Around the same time the so-called Byzantine novel rose in popularity with its synthesis of ancient pagan and contemporaneous Christian themes.

At the same time southern France gave birth to Occitan literature, which is best known for troubadours who sang of courtly love. It included elements from Latin literature and Arab-influenced Spain and North Africa. Later its influence spread to several cultures in Western Europe, notably in Portugal and the Minnesänger in Germany. Provençal literature also reached Sicily and Northern Italy laying the foundation of the "sweet new style" of Dante and later Petrarca. Indeed, the most important poem of the Late Middle Ages, the allegorical Divine Comedy, is to a large degree a product of both the theology of Thomas Aquinas and the largely secular Occitan literature.

Music

The surviving music of the High Middle Ages is primarily religious in nature, since music notation developed in religious institutions, and the application of notation to secular music was a later development. Early in the period, Gregorian chant was the dominant form of church music; other forms, beginning with organum, and later including clausulae, conductus, and the motet, developed using the chant as source material.

During the 11th century, Guido of Arezzo was one of the first to develop musical notation, which made it easier for singers to remember Gregorian chants.

It was during the 12th and 13th centuries that Gregorian plainchant gave birth to polyphony, which appeared in the works of French Notre Dame School (Léonin and Pérotin). Later it evolved into the ars nova (Philippe de Vitry, Guillaume de Machaut) and the musical genres of late Middle Ages. An important composer during the 12th century was the nun Hildegard of Bingen.

The most significant secular movement was that of the troubadours, who arose in Occitania (Southern France) in the late 11th century. The troubadours were often itinerant, came from all classes of society, and wrote songs on a variety of topics, though with a particular focus on courtly love. Their style went on to influence the trouvères of northern France, the minnesingers of Germany, and the composers of secular music of the Trecento in northern Italy.

Theatre

Economic and political changes in the High Middle Ages led to the formation of guilds and the growth of towns, and this would lead to significant changes for theatre starting in this time and continuing into the Late Middle Ages. Trade guilds began to perform plays, usually religiously based, and often dealing with a biblical story that referenced their profession. For instance, a baker's guild would perform a reenactment of the Last Supper.  In the British Isles, plays were produced in some 127 different towns during the Middle Ages. These vernacular Mystery plays were written in cycles of a large number of plays: York (48 plays), Chester (24), Wakefield (32) and Unknown (42). A larger number of plays survive from France and Germany in this period and some type of religious dramas were performed in nearly every European country in the Late Middle Ages. Many of these plays contained comedy, devils, villains and clowns.

There were also a number of secular performances staged in the Middle Ages, the earliest of which is The Play of the Greenwood by Adam de la Halle in 1276. It contains satirical scenes and folk material such as faeries and other supernatural occurrences. Farces also rose dramatically in popularity after the 13th century. The majority of these plays come from France and Germany and are similar in tone and form, emphasizing sex and bodily excretions.

Timeline

 1054 – East–West Schism
 1066 – Battle of Hastings
 1073–1085 – Pope Gregory VII
 1071 – Battle of Manzikert
 1077 – Henry IV's Walk to Canossa
 1086 – Domesday Book
 1086 – Battle of az-Zallaqah
 1088 – University of Bologna founded
 1091 – Battle of Levounion
 1096 – University of Oxford founded
 1096–1099 – First Crusade
 1123 – First Lateran Council
 1139 – Second Lateran Council
 1145–1149 – Second Crusade
 1147 – Wendish Crusade
  – University of Paris founded
 1155–1190 – Frederick I Barbarossa
 1159 – foundation of the Hanseatic League
 1169 – Norman invasion of Ireland
 1185 – reestablishment of the Bulgarian Empire
 1189–1192 – Third Crusade
 1200–1204 – Fourth Crusade
 1205 – Battle of Adrianople
 1209 – University of Cambridge founded
 1209 – foundation of the Franciscan Order
 1209–1229 – Albigensian Crusade
 1212 – Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
 1214 - Battle of Bouvines - Medieval France is a rising power
 1215 – Magna Carta
 1216 – recognition of the Dominican Order
 1215 – Fourth Lateran Council
 1217–1221 – Fifth Crusade
 1218 – University of Salamanca founded
 1220–1250 – Frederick II
 1222 – University of Padua founded
 1223 – approval of the Franciscan Rule of Life
 1228–1229 – Sixth Crusade
 1230 – Prussian Crusade
 1230 – Battle of Klokotnitsa
 1237–1242 – Mongol invasion of Europe
 1241 – Battle of Legnica and Battle of Mohi
 1242 – Battle of the Ice
 1248–1254 – Seventh Crusade
 1257 – foundation of the Collège de Sorbonne
 1261 – the Byzantine Empire reconquers Constantinople.
 1274 – death of Thomas Aquinas; Summa Theologica published
 1277-1280 – Uprising of Ivaylo – Medieval Europe's only successful peasant uprising
 1280 – death of Albertus Magnus
 1291 – Acre, the last European outpost in the Near East, is captured by the Mamluks under Khalil.

See also
 Early Middle Ages
 Late Middle Ages
 Middle Ages

Notes

Works cited

Further reading
 Fuhrmann, Horst. Germany in the High Middle Ages: c. 1050–1200 (Cambridge UP,  1986).
 Jordan, William C.  Europe in the High Middle Ages (2nd ed. Penguin, 2004).
 Mundy, John H. Europe in the High Middle Ages, 1150–1309 (2014) – online
 Power, Daniel, ed. The Central Middle Ages: Europe 950–1320 (Oxford UP, 2006).

External links

 Music of the Middle Ages: 475–1500
 Middle Ages: The High Middle Ages in the Columbia Encyclopedia at Infoplease
 Provençal literature in the Columbia Encyclopedia at Infoplease

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pt:Idade Média#Alta Idade Média

High Middle Ages


Rochinha (nadador)
 Rochinha (político)

Localidades
 Cabeço da Rochinha
 Porto da Rochinha

Desambiguação

Rochinha


Louis Valcke peut désigner :
 Louis Valcke (1857-1940), explorateur et officier belge ;
 Louis Valcke (1930-2012), philosophe et universitaire belge.

Louis Valcke (homonymie)


Uterine contractions are muscle contractions of the uterine smooth muscle that occur during the menstrual cycle and labour. Uterine contractions occur throughout the menstrual cycle in the non-pregnant state and throughout gestation.

Throughout menstrual cycle
Uterine contractions that occur throughout the menstrual cycle, also termed endometrial waves or contractile waves, appear to involve only the sub-endometrial layer of the myometrium.

Follicular and luteal phase
In the early follicular phase, uterine contractions in the non-pregnant woman occur 1—2 times per minute and last 10–15 seconds with a low intensity of usually 30 mmHg or less. This sub-endometrial layer is rich in estrogen and progesterone receptors. The frequency of contractions increases to 3–4 per minute towards ovulation. During the luteal phase, the frequency and intensity decrease, possibly to facilitate any implantation.

Menstruation
If implantation does not occur, the frequency of contractions remains low; but at menstruation the intensity increases dramatically to between 50 and 200 mmHg producing labor-like contractions. These contractions are sometimes termed menstrual cramps, although that term is also used for menstrual pain in general. These contractions may be uncomfortable or even painful, but they are generally significantly less painful than contractions during labour. Painful contractions are called dysmenorrhea.

Directionality of contractions
A shift in the myosin expression of the uterine smooth muscle has been hypothesized as arising for changes in the directions of uterine contractions during the menstrual cycle.

Labour
Uterine contractions are part of the process of natural childbirth (i.e., not by Caesarean section). During labor, uterine contractions changes from episodic and uncoordinated to highly coordinated. This change typically occurs at night, suggesting neural control, and significantly increases intrauterine pressure. Some women may experience contractions before labour is due. These are Braxton Hicks contractions, which are sometimes referred to as "false labour."

Oxytocin
The hormone oxytocin has been identified as inducing uterine contractions, and labour in general. Oxytocin is produced by the body naturally and since the 1950s has also been available in synthetic pharmaceutical form.  In either form, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions to accelerate the process of childbirth. Production and secretion of oxytocin is controlled by a positive feedback mechanism, where its initial release, either naturally or in pharmaceutical form, stimulates production and release of further oxytocin. For example, when oxytocin is released during a contraction of the uterus at the start of childbirth, this stimulates production and release of more oxytocin and an increase in the duration, intensity and frequency of contractions. This process compounds in intensity and frequency and continues until the triggering activity ceases.

Prostaglandins
The concentration of prostaglandins in the blood plasma and amniotic fluid increases during labor. These inflammatory mediators encourage myometrial contractions to induce labor. Prostaglandins are also related to the changes in gap junction formation and connexin-43 expression during labor.

In orgasm
Uterine and vaginal contractions usually take place during female sexual stimulation, including sexual arousal, and orgasm.

Monitors

Uterine contractions can be monitored by cardiotocography, in which a device is affixed to the skin of the mother or directly to the fetal scalp. The pressure required to flatten a section of the uterine wall correlates with the internal pressure, thereby providing an estimate of it.

A type of monitoring technology under development at Drexel University embeds conductive threads in the knitted fabric of a bellyband. When the fibers stretch in response to a contraction, the threads function like an antenna, and send the signals they pick up to an embedded RFID (radio-frequency identification device) chip that reports the data.

Mechanism

Resting state
The resting membrane potential (Vrest) of uterine smooth muscle has been recorded to be between −35 and −80 mV. As with the resting membrane potential of other cell types, it is maintained by a Na+/K+ pump that causes a higher concentration of Na+ ions in the extracellular space than in the intracellular space, and a higher concentration of K+ ions in the intracellular space than in the extracellular space. Subsequently, having K+ channels open to a higher degree than Na+ channels results in an overall efflux of positive ions, resulting in a negative potential.

This resting potential undergoes rhythmic oscillations, which have been termed slow waves, and reflect intrinsic activity of slow wave potentials. These slow waves are caused by changes in the distribution of Ca2+, Na+, K+ and Cl− ions between the intracellular and extracellular spaces, which, in turn, reflects the permeability of the plasma membrane to each of those ions. K+ is the major ion responsible for such changes in ion flux, reflecting changes in various K+ channels.

Excitation-contraction
As the uterus becomes essentially denervated during gestation, it is unlikely that any coordinated nervous regulation of the myometrium is centrally orchestrated.

Excitation
The excitation-contraction coupling of uterine smooth muscle is also very similar to that of other smooth muscle in general, with intracellular increase in calcium (Ca2+) leading to contraction.

Nitric oxide (NO) is particularly effective in relaxing the myometrium and in fact has a lower inhibitory concentration 50% (Ki) in human than guinea pig or non-human primate myometrium.

Restoration to resting state
Uterine smooth muscle mechanisms of relaxation differ significantly from those of other human smooth muscles.
Removal of Ca2+ after contraction induces relaxation of the smooth muscle, and restores the molecular structure of the sarcoplasmic reticulum for the next contractile stimulus.

Measuring uterine contractility ex vivo
Ethically donated human uterine tissues can be used to measure uterine contractility ex vivo. In these experiments, sections of myometrium are set up in an organ bath system that to measure changes in isometric force production. Following functional checks to ensure the tissue is physiologically active, compounds can be added to the organ bath in increasing concentrations to create a cumulative concentration-response curve (CCRC).

A key advantage of measuring uterine contractility ex vivo is the ability to eliminate species differences. For example, while magnesium reduces myometrial contractility in animal studies and in vitro, it does not demonstrate the same effect in clinical studies. And while the peptide hormone relaxin has been shown to inhibit uterine contractility in rats, mice, and pigs, it does not prevent uterine contractility in humans.

See also
 Involution (medicine)

References

Obstetrics
Midwifery
Uterus

Uterine contraction


Thomaskirch steht für:
 den deutschen Namen der Gemeinde Domaniów in der Woiwodschaft Niederschlesien in Polen
 den deutschen Namen der Gemeinde Rădești in Siebenbürgen in Rumänien, siehe Rădești (Alba)

Thomaskirch


José P. Castiano é um filósofo Moçambicano. É professor de filosofia na Universidade Pedagógica de Moçambique. Segue a linha da sagacidade filosófica elaborada pelo queniano Henry Odera Oruka, promovendo o diálogo entre a filosofia acadêmica e a sabedoria filosófica tradicional. Castiano conduz entrevistas com esses sábios, e desenvolve um projeto que denomina de intersubjectivação.

Obras
 Pensamento Engajado: Ensaios sobre Filosofia Africana, Educação e Cultura Política. Com Severino Elias Ngoenha. Editora EDUCAR. 2011.
 Filosofia africana: da sagacidade à intersubjectivação. Editora EDUCAR. 2015.
 Referenciais da Filosofia Africana:Em Busca da Intersubjectivação (2010)

Ver também
 Filosofia africana lusófona
 Severino Elias Ngoenha

Bibliografia

Escritores de Moçambique
Filósofos da África lusófona

José P. Castiano


جامعة العرب الطبية  هي جامعة طبية متخصصة في تدريس العلوم الطبية بمدينة بنغازي، ليبيا. تأسست في سبتمبر 1984 بعد فصل كلية الطب عن جامعة قاريونس ونقل مقر الكلية الجديدة إلى مقر جديد منفصل.

في 1976 تم تغيير اسم جامعة بنغازي إلى جامعة قاريونس. وفي 17 سبتمبر 1984 انتقلت كلية الطب البشري إلى مبناها الجديد في بلعون وأصبحت حينها جامعة منفصلة عن جامعة قاريونس لتسمي جامعة العرب الطبية حيث كانت تتبعها أيضاً كلية طب الأسنان. وفي عام 1999 تم دمجها مجدداً مع جامعة قاريونس، وفي 2007 انفصلت من جديد تحت اسم جامعة العرب الطبية حتى نهاية،2010 حيث تم ضم كلية الطب مجدداً إلى جامعة قاريونس.

في عام 2011 تمت استعادة اسم الجامعة الأول جامعة بنغازي فأصبحت كلية الطب الآن إحدى كليات جامعة بنغازي.

كليات الجامعة

 كلية الطب البشري.
 كلية طب الاسنان.
 كلية الصحة العامة.
 كلية الصيدلة.
 كلية العلوم الطبية الحيوية.
 كلية التمريض.

مواضيع ذات علاقة

 كلية الطب البشري بجامعة بنغازي.
 جامعة بنغازي.
 مركز بنغازي الطبي.

مراجع

جامعات وكليات أسست في 1984
بنغازي
تأسيسات سنة 1984 في ليبيا
جامعات بنغازي
عرب طبية
كليات طب في ليبيا
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1984

جامعة العرب الطبية


Ryosuke Maeda (født 27. april 1994) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Oita Trinita.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ryosuke Maeda


الحديقة الوطنية بسيدي التوي هي إحدى المحميات الطبيعية التونسية، تقع على مشارف الصحراء بجبل سيدي التوي، على بعد 54  جنوب مدينة بنقردان بالجنوب الشرقي التونسي. أنشئت هذه الحديقة الوطنية عام 1993 لمقاومة التصحر، وهي تحتوي على ثروة حيوانية ونباتية هامة تختص بها المناطق القاحلة، تبلغ مساحتها 6315 ، ويبلغ ارتفاعها بين 30 و178  عن سطح البحر. كانت تضم المنطقة، قبل إحداث الحديقة الوطنية، العديد من أنواع الغزال والظباء غير أنها انقرضت نظرا لانعدام المرعى الناتج عن التصحر، لذا أُدخلت عام 1999 بعض أفراد المها حمراء العنق لإعادة  بالمنطقة. وهي تضم حاليًا العديد من أنواع النباتات والطيور.

المراجع

حدائق وطنية في تونس
مناطق محمية أسست في 1993
مناطق هامة لحفظ الطيور في تونس
بنقردان
معتمدية بنقردان

الحديقة الوطنية بسيدي التوي