A devil (also known as a baatezu) is a fictional classification of monsters in the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. Often used as a high-level challenge for players of the game, devils are Lawful Evil in alignment and originate from the Nine Hells of Baator. True to their Lawful Evil alignment, devils are locked in a strict and brutal hierarchy, changing form as they work their way up the ladder of power. At the top of the hierarchy are the supreme Archdevils, or Lords of the Nine, who are the rulers of the different regions of Baator. Devils often see the various worlds in the D&D metacosmos as tools to use for their own ends, including prosecuting the Blood War, a millennia-long war between the devils and their arch-enemies, demons.

Publication history
Devils first appeared in the original first-edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons Monster Manual.

Many of the early devils were inspired directly by real-world religion and mythology, with Mephistopheles best known from the Faust cycle; Asmodeus, a devil from the Deuterocanonical Book of Tobit; and Baalzebul appearing as high devils in the D&D cosmology. Other inspirations came from the Erinyes, Greek demigoddesses of vengeance, and the Lemures, Roman spirits of the dead.

The release of the 2nd Edition Advanced Dungeons & Dragons brought a name change for the devils and their counterparts, demons. The 1st Edition's Deities and Demigods sourcebook was described as "exactly like witchcraft" by a televangelist. Concerned about protests from religious groups and others who viewed the game as an entryway into Satanic worship, TSR, Inc. dropped the words "devil" and "demon" from all descriptors of the monsters, substituting instead, baatezu  and tanar'ri . This persisted until the rollout of the 3rd Edition when the original terms were reinstated. Since the change, the term "baatezu" has been retained as a specific subset of powerful devils.

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 1st edition (1977–1988)
Devils first appeared in the first edition Monster Manual (1977), which included the barbed devil (lesser devil), the bone devil (lesser devil), the erinyes (lesser devil), the horned devil (malebranche) (greater devil), the ice devil (greater devil), the lemure, the pit fiend (greater devil), and the arch-devils Asmodeus, Baalzebul, Dispater, and Geryon. The imp, a frequent servant of devils, also first appeared in the original Monster Manual. The Monster Manual was reviewed by Don Turnbull in the British magazine White Dwarf #8 (August/September 1978). As part of his review, Turnbull comments on several new monsters introduced in the book and considered devils the most prominent among them. Turnbull notes that "they are all pretty strong and compare not unfavourably in this respect with the Demons we already know".

Astaroth, Belial, and Satan appeared in the article "The Politics of Hell," in Dragon # 28 (August 1979); note that this article does not appear to be connected to the established canon of the Nine Hells. Selm, Prince of the Possessors, and the Asperim appeared in Dragon #42 (October 1980).

The Styx devil (greater devil) first appears in the Fiend Folio (1981).

A series of articles appearing in Dragon in 1983 greatly expanded upon the devils and their home, the Nine Hells, and introduced numerous new devils and arch-devils. The article "From the Sorcerer's Scroll: New Denizens of Devildom" by Gary Gygax in Dragon #75 (July 1983) introduced the black abishai, blue abishai, green abishai, red abishai, and white abishai (lesser devils), the bearded devil (lesser devil), the spined devil (least devil), the princess of Hell Glasya, the dukes of Hell Amon, Bael, Bitru, Hutijin, and Titivilus, and the arch devils Belial, Mammon, Mephistopheles, and Moloch. Dozens of unique devils appeared in a two-part article by Ed Greenwood, including the greater devils Bist, Caim, and Nergal, the dukes of Hell Agares, Alocer, Amduscias, Arioch, Balan, Bathym, Biffant, Caarcrinolaas, Chamo, Focalor, Gaziel, Gorson, Herodias, Machalas, Malphas, Melchon, and Merodach, and the princesses of Hell Cozbi, Lilis, and Naome in "The Nine Hells Part I" in Dragon #75, and the dukes of Hell Abigor, Adonides, Barbas, Barbatos, Bele, Bifrons, Bileth, Buer, Bune, Morax, Neabaz, Rimmon, Tartach, Zagum, and Zepar, the princesses of Hell Baalphegor, Baftis, and Lilith, the chancellor of Hell Adramalech, the queen of Hell Bensozia, and the inquisitor of Hell Phongor in "The Nine Hells Part II" in Dragon #76 (August 1983).

The black abishai, blue abishai, green abishai, red abishai, and white abishai (lesser devils), the bearded devil (lesser devil), the nupperibo (least devil), and the spined devil (least devil), appeared in the first edition Monster Manual II (1983), along with the princess of Hell Glasya, the dukes of Hell Amon, Bael, Hutijin, and Titivilus, and the arch devils Belial, Mammon, Mephistopheles, and Moloch. Ed Greenwood's follow-up article, "The Nine Hells Revisited" in Dragon #91 (November 1984), introduced the greater devils Armaros, Azazel, Cahor, Dagon, Duskur, Kochbiel, Malarea, Nisroch, Rumjal, and the arch-devil Gargoth.

Baalphegor appeared as the ultimate villain of "Caermor" in Dungeon #2 (November 1986) (which was later reprinted in the Dungeons of Despair anthology (1999).).

Advanced Dungeons & Dragons 2nd edition (1989–1999)
The black abishai, green abishai, red abishai lesser baatezu, the amnizu greater baatezu, the barbazu lesser baatezu, the cornugon greater baatezu, the erinyes lesser baatezu, the gelugon greater baatezu, the hamatula lesser baatezu, the lemure, the nupperibo least baatezu, the osyluth lesser baatezu, the pit fiend greater baatezu, and the spinagon least baatezu appear in the Monstrous Compendium Volume Outer Planes Appendix (1991). The black abishai, green abishai, and red abishai, lesser baatezu, and the pit fiend greater baatezu next appear in the Monstrous Manual (1993).

The Planescape campaign setting utilized devils, known exclusively as baatezu under 2nd edition rules, extensively. The black abishai, green abishai, and red abishai lesser baatezu, the amnizu greater baatezu, the barbazu lesser baatezu, the cornugon greater baatezu, the erinyes lesser baatezu, the gelugon greater baatezu, the hamatula lesser baatezu, the lemure, the nupperibo least baatezu, the osyluth lesser baatezu, the pit fiend greater baatezu, and the spinagon least baatezu are detailed in the first Planescape Monstrous Compendium Appendix (1994). The kocrachon lesser baatezu and the kyton appear in the Planes of Law boxed set (1995). Monstrous Compendium Annual Three (1996) featured the kyton again.

Guide to Hell (1999) described the transition of the devils and archdevils throughout the millennia, and reconciled the differences between the first edition and second edition archdevils by explaining the Reckoning of Hell. The book also describes the mezzikim. Moloch appeared in and played a key role in the adventure The Apocalypse Stone (2000).

Dungeons & Dragons 3.0 edition (2000–2002)
Devils appear in the Monster Manual for this edition (2000), including the barbazu (baatezu), the cornugon (baatezu), the erinyes (baatezu), the gelugon (baatezu), the hamatula (baatezu), the hellcat, the imp, the kyton, the lemure (baatezu), the osyluth (baatezu), and the pit fiend (baatezu).

The black abishai, blue abishai, green abishai, red abishai, and white abishai for the Forgotten Realms setting appear in Monsters of Faerûn (2000).

The spinagon (baatezu) and the narzugon (baatezu) appear in this edition's Manual of the Planes (2001). The kocrachon (baatezu) and the ghargatula (baatezu), as well as the archdevils Bel, Lord of the First; Dispater, Lord of the Second; Mammon, Lord of the Third; Belial/Fierna, Lord of the Fourth; Levistus, Lord of the Fifth; The Hag Countess, Lord of the Sixth (not technically a devil, but a powerful night hag); Baalzebul, Lord of the Seventh; Mephistopheles, Lord of the Eighth; and Asmodeus, Lord of the Ninth, appear in the Book of Vile Darkness (2002). The advespa (baatezu), the amnizu (baatezu), and the malebranche (baatezu) appear in this edition's Monster Manual II (2002). The paeliryon (baatezu) and xerfilstyx (baatezu), as well as the bloodbag imp, the euphoric imp, and the filth imp, appear in this edition's Fiend Folio (2003).

Savage Species (2003) presented the hamatula (devil), the imp (devil), and the kyton (devil) both as races and as playable classes.

The hellforged devils, including the coal devil, the glass devil, the lead devil, the obsidian devil, the sand devil, and the spiked devil, appear in Dragon #306 (April 2003).

The stony devil appears in Underdark (2003).

Dungeons & Dragons 3.5 edition (2003–2007)
Devils appear in the revised Monster Manual for this edition (2003), including the barbed devil (hamatula), the bearded devil (barbazu), the bone devil (osyluth), the chain devil (kyton), the erinyes, the hellcat (bezekira), the horned devil (cornugon), the ice devil (gelugon), the imp, the lemure, and the pit fiend.

The chain devil is presented as a player character race in the Planar Handbook (2004).

The desert devil (araton) appears in Sandstorm: Mastering the Perils of Fire and Sand (2005).

The unique devil Malkizid, the Branded King, appears in Champions of Ruin (2005) for the Forgotten Realms setting.

The logokron devil appeared in the Tome of Magic: Pact, Shadow, and Truename Magic (2006).

Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells (2006) includes new content for devils and inhabitants of Baator, including the black abishai, blue abishai, green abishai, red abishai, and white abishai, the amnizu, the assassin devil (dogai), the ayperobos swarm, the harvester devil (falxugon), the hellfire engine, the kalabon, the legion devil (merregon), the malebranche, the narzugon, the nupperibo, the orthon, the paeliryon, the pain devil (excruciarch), the pleasure devil (brachina), the spined devil (spinagon), the steel devil (bueroza), and the xerfilstyx. The book also contains statistics on the aspects of the Lords of the Nine, including Bel, Lord of the First; Dispater, Lord of the Second; Mammon, Lord of the Third; Belial and Fierna, Lords of the Fourth; Levistus, Lord of the Fifth; Glasya, Lord of the Sixth; Baalzebul, Lord of the Seventh; Mephistopheles, Lord of the Eighth; and Asmodeus, Lord of the Ninth .

The death devil (jerul) appears in Dragon #353 (March 2007). The gulthir devil, the remmanon devil, and the stitched devil appeared in Monster Manual V (2007).

The unique devils Moloch the Outcast, Titivilus, Bael, Balan, and Bathym all reappeared in the online version of Dragon, in issue #360 (October 2007) in the "Infernal Aristocracy" feature. The unique devils Agares, Tartach, Lilith, Hutijin, and Adramalech reappeared in Dragon #361 (December 2007) in the second part of the "Infernal Aristocracy" feature.

Dungeons & Dragons 4th edition (2008–2014)
Devils appear in the Monster Manual for this edition (2008), including the bearded devil (barbazu), the bone devil (osyluth), the chain devil (kyton), the ice devil (gelugon), the imp, legion devils (legion devil grunt, legion devil hellguard, legion devil veteran, and legion devil legionnaire), the pit fiend, the spined devil (spinagon), the succubus, and the war devil (malebranche). All devils now have the "Evil" alignment and speak Supernal. There were no changes to the line-up of the Lords of the Nine from Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells.

Asmodeus appears as one of the gods of evil in the 4th edition Dungeon Masters Guide (2008).

The assassin devil (dogai), erinyes, gorechain devil, infernal armor animus, misfortune devil, shocktroop devil, and withering devil appeared in the fourth edition Monster Manual 2 (2009). More devils are detailed in the Manual of the Planes (2008): barbed devil (hamatula), brazen devil, pain devil (excruciarch), storm devil and Dispater, the Lord of Dis; The Plane Above: Secrets of the Astral Sea (2010): burning devil, indwelling devil, pillager devil, and warder devil; and Monster Manual 3 (2010): corruption devil (paeliryon), hell knight (narzugon), hellwasp, passion devil, rage devil, slime devil, swarm devil and vizier devil; while Monster Vault (2010) revisited several devils originally printed in the Monster Manual – all of them except for the bearded devil, spined devil, and war devil – and Monster Vault: Threats to the Nentir Vale (2011) only contained the tar devil. Various high-ranking devils, including Alloces and Geryon, have had published statistics in the Codex of Betrayal feature in Dungeon magazine; the only Lords of the Nine with published statistics as of July 2012 are Dispater and Glasya.

History
The Reckoning of Hell (often referred to as the Reckoning) was a civil war that shaped the political landscape of the Nine Hells into its current form. The Reckoning received its fullest treatment in the D&D sourcebook, A Guide to Hell.

Types

Archdevils
Zariel is the current ruler of Avernus, the first layer of the Nine Hells of Baator. She was previously deposed by her chief warlord, a pit fiend called Bel, thousands of years in the past. However, she reclaimed her position after Bel proved inadequate in managing the Blood War. My legions are the only thing standing between your precious Seven Heavens and the bottomless hunger of the Abyss. I did not fall into the clutches of evil. I rose to shoulder a cosmic burden.

— Zariel, Archduchess of Avernus, former angel of CelestiaOriginally, she was an angel of Celestia who was charged with watching the Blood War. Instead of just observing, she marshaled forces and charged into Hell. Zariel succumbed to the corrupting nature of the plane and fell from grace. Asmodeus then put her in charge of Avernus. She was first mentioned in the second edition book Guide to Hell (1999). Zariel was also mentioned in third edition in the Manual of the Planes (2001), and Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells (2006). In 5th Edition, Zariel was given a stat block in Mordenkainen's Tome of Foes (2018). She is also featured heavily in the adventure module Baldur's Gate: Descent into Avernus (2019).

Asmodeus

Asmodeus (  or  ) is a fictional character from the Dungeons & Dragons roleplaying game. His exact nature varies from publication to publication; he is alternately presented as an evil god or a powerful devil. In all publication appearances, he is the Lord of Hell (Baator) and the Overlord of the lesser Dukes of Hell.

Asmodeus is named after Asmodeus, a Judeo-Christian demon of the same name, from the Book of Tobit, and for a fallen angel of the same name who appears in John Milton's "Paradise Lost."

His physical appearance is based on popular modern and medieval conceptions of Satan. Asmodeus first appears in the first edition Monster Manual (1977).

Baator and Asmodeus' place in it were further detailed in Ed Greenwood's "The Nine Hells Part II" in Dragon #76 (1983).

Owing to a moral panic regarding Dungeons & Dragons, Asmodeus did not initially appear in the 2nd edition.

In the Planescape line of game products, the lord of the lowest circle of hell was initially unnamed. Eventually, the Lord of the Ninth was revealed to be Asmodeus, in Guide to Hell (1999).

Asmodeus appeared along with the other lords of the Nine Hells in the Book of Vile Darkness (2002). He was further described in Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells (2006).

Conflicting stories of Asmodeus' power and origins are given throughout both books, ostensibly as an in-universe foil to those wishing to learn more about him.

Asmodeus appears as an evil god in the Dungeon Masters Guide (2008). His backstory for this edition is expanded in the supplements Manual of the Planes, The Plane Above: Secrets of the Astral Sea, and Demonomicon. His origins are explicitly defined as the leader of a rebellion against a forgotten god of good.

Setting-specific versions of Asmodeus are described in the Forgotten Realms Campaign Guide and the Eberron Campaign Guide. The Realms Asmodeus differs from the core character: he has only become a full god in the wake of the Spellplague, while the core version has been a god for millennia. Much of this information was presented as a retcon to justify changes from previous editions' settings.

It is unclear whether the Eberron Asmodeus is meant to be a literal god, since that setting's deities are much more aloof than those of other settings. His character is consistent with the generic presentation, however: he is the undisputed master of the Nine Hells.

In the Sword Coast Adventurer's Guide, the Realms Asmodeus retains the same recent history as the 4th edition version. He consumed the divine spark of Azuth, and through it achieved godhood during the Spellplague. This means that, while before the Spellplague he was Lord of the Nine Hells, and a powerful immortal being, he only became a god after the Spellplague.

Similar characters have appeared in products by publishers other than TSR or Wizards of the coast (copyright holders for Dungeons & Dragons material). The character is Wizards' intellectual property. However, because Asmodeus (the original mythical being) is in the public domain, the name and associated demonic characteristics may be used without infringing Wizards' copyright.

Asmodeus became an official part of the Judge's Guild City State of the Invincible Overlord setting with the publication of The Azurerain Pirates.

Green Ronin's The Book of Fiends series mentions Asmodeus. This series is published under the OGL.

Another OGL product was Asmodeus's Den of Deception, part of the Devilish Dens series.

Asmodeus features prominently in the Pathfinder Roleplaying Game setting.

His appearance in Dungeons & Dragons was cited as evidence for Satanism in the game by Pat Pulling and Kathy Cawthon in their 1989 book The Devil's Web.

The inclusion of Asmodeus and other Judeo-Christian devils in Dungeons & Dragons is discussed in Pegasus magazine as well.

Fabian Perlini-Pfister considered demons like Asmodeus among the "standard repertoire of "Monsters"" of the game.

Asmodeus is the most powerful of infernal beings. Like the other Archdevils, he is impervious to mundane attacks and requires powerful magics to slay. A powerful aura of submission surrounds him, making most who approach him slaves to his will.

As the master of Hell, he has complete power over lesser devils, including other lords of Baator. Several times he has permanently changed their physical forms at a whim. He transformed Mammon into a humanoid/serpent hybrid, and cursed Baalzebul with the form of a gigantic slug with tiny, useless arms.

Asmodeus carries a powerful unique artifact, the Ruby Rod, that allows him to use several powerful offensive and defensive spells. The Rod allows Asmodeus to attack with elemental forces, force his enemies to cower in fear, or cover himself with a field which heals and protects him. It is also a powerful melee weapon that can cause grievous wounds with the merest touch. In the default 4th edition setting, the Ruby Rod is a fragment of the shard of pure evil that created the Abyss, but this origin is not suggested in earlier editions.

In addition to the Ruby Rod, Asmodeus possesses material wealth greater than entire mortal worlds. His clothing is so valuable that a single garment worn by Asmodeus is worth more than an average nation will spend on food in a year.

Finally, Asmodeus is an ancient schemer and deadly manipulator, orchestrator of the most Machiavellian of schemes. He lays plans millennia in advance, patiently biding his time until his machinations come to fruition.

Through all five editions of Dungeons & Dragons, Asmodeus is depicted as the strongest, most cunning, and most handsome of all devils. He is typically described as appearing as a giant human, over 13 feet tall, with dark skin and hair, red eyes, handsome features, and small horns on his forehead. Beneath his clothing, Asmodeus' body is covered in bloody wounds which he sustained when he fell from the Upper Planes. His wounds ooze blood daily, and any drop of blood which touches the ground grows into a powerful devil.

He is described in the Book of Vile Darkness as a "calm, chillingly reasonable" being with a modest appearance that hides his true power.

In Dragon # 28, the article "The Politics of Hell" presents a different version of Asmodeus where he is the latest in a series of hellish rulers. Asmodeus overthrows Beelzebul, who in turn overthrew Satan. This early biography differs from later presentations.

In the Book of Vile Darkness, it is stated that while Asmodeus is the oldest devil in the Nine Hells, he may not be the original ruler.

Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells offers its own internally inconsistent accounts of Asmodeus' origins. It is suggested that, within the fictional settings of Dungeons & Dragons, these accounts may be differing interpretations of an underlying monomyth.

According to the Codex, Asmodeus began as a servant of the lawful gods. Asmodeus is described in some versions of the myth as an "angel" (though this is self-contradictory given the time period during which this would have occurred).  He was "the bravest, toughest, fiercest and most beautiful of angels." He and the other angels were created to fight the demons of the Abyss, so that the gods could concern themselves with creating worlds and sentient beings.

After eons of fighting the creatures from the abyss, Asmodeus and some of his fellows began to change. They grew similar in appearance and methods to the demons which they fought. Afraid of his power and of the changes he had undergone, the gods put Asmodeus on trial and demanded that he be cast out of the Upper Planes. However, he argued effectively (and correctly) that he and his fellows had not violated the law. Asmodeus and his followers successfully sued for access to the Upper Planes and the honors to which they were entitled.

Once the gods created worlds and sentient beings, the demons attacked these, too. The gods created mountains, oceans, and wastelands to seal up the gates to the Abyss, but their creations defied their orders and explored their worlds, accidentally unsealing the gates. The gods could not understand why their creations did not follow their instructions, until Asmodeus explained to them that their system did not work because it relied solely upon voluntary compliance. Asmodeus explained that the only way to ensure obedience was to threaten mortals with a disincentive; hence, Asmodeus invented the concept of punishment.

Asmodeus convinced the gods to sign a contract called the Pact Primeval. This contract allowed Asmodeus and his fellow devils to take up residence in the abandoned realm of Baator, to punish the souls of wicked mortals, and to extract magical energy from the souls under their care in order to fuel their powers. Otherwise, Asmodeus reasoned, they would have to be granted the powers of godhood in order to do their job, which the current gods would surely find unacceptable.

In the myth that Asmodeus created Baator (from the Codex) it states that Asmodeus tortured souls in a far off section of the upper planes and that when their screams filled heaven the gods once again tried to remove Asmodeus from the upper planes, but by the Pact Primeval Asmodeus was allowed to torture the souls in heaven. Asmodeus offered the gods an alternative; give him the power to create his own plane of existence from which to torture the souls that broke heavenly law. The gods agreed and Asmodeus and his devils left and created the Nine Layers of Hell.

In both myths, the gods found the arrangement agreeable, at first. However, they eventually realized that fewer and fewer mortal souls were ascending to the Upper Planes, and Asmodeus was deliberately tempting mortals to damnation. When they arrived in Baator, the gods found that Asmodeus had turned it into a nightmarish world of endless suffering, filled with countless new devils. When called to account for his actions, Asmodeus uttered the famous words, "Read the fine print."

This story is presented as mythology, and the Codex itself admits that it does not tell the whole truth. For example, it is known that Asmodeus did not depart from the Upper Planes under amicable circumstances: He was cast out, and literally fell into the Lower Planes, sustaining serious wounds which have never healed. Part of Asmodeus' long-term plans includes using the magical energy harvested from souls in order to heal his wounds, and ultimately, the complete destruction of the Upper Planes, as well as to one day achieve godhood.

The names of the "gods" involved seem to change depending on what world and on which source the myth is told, and some aspects and versions of the origin myth contradict others. For example, the version told in the Fiendish Codex II states that St. Cuthbert became a distinct deity when he agreed with Asmodeus that "Retribution is the basis of all law," while the Deities & Demigods sourcebook states that he is a mortal who ascended to godhood.

The Manual of the Planes suggests a similar but different story. According to the section about the Nine Hells, Asmodeus' true form is that of a giant serpent. He was cast out of the Upper Planes before the creation of the current gods, and his fall created the 8th and 9th planes of Hell. He is currently still recovering from his wounds in the pits of the 9th level, and his devil form is just an avatar of the real Asmodeus. No one who tells the story of the true form of Asmodeus survives more than 24 hours after the telling. These stories are always connected with the name Ahriman of couatl history.

This story first appeared in the AD&D supplement Guide to Hell: Asmodeus is described as Ahriman, the twin brother of Jazirian the god of the couatls. In this story Jazirian and Ahriman were responsible for the establishment of the current arrangement of the planes but fought eventually because of their perspectives of the law (LG versus LE). Asmodeus is said to be a greater power without any need of worship in the guide. As the Forgotten Realms supplement Serpent Kingdoms, as well as the 2e supplement Monster Mythology, tells Jazirian is/was the lawful good aspect of the now-dead overpower the World Serpent, Asmodeus should be the lawful evil one. This interpretation puts Asmodeus as a more supreme evil than other equally official D&D canon, as he was in this material set up as the co-equal first cause of creation and the evil principle therein, rather than a reactionary segment and of evils potentially interpreted as lesser evil due to being meant to combat the demons of the abyss only having gone overboard, as in subsequent explanations of his origin.

In Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells, Asmodeus is described as one of the primal forces of evil in the D&D universe, and had a hand in creating Baator in order to punish sinners for their crimes. After being granted the power to do so, Asmodeus and his followers began consuming souls for power. Despite the horror of the good gods who'd established the Hells as a punishment, they didn't also expect its existence to help fuel evil in the world. As the devils consumed the essences of souls, they began to mutate into the devils that now populate the D&D universe.

Elder Evils names the original ruler of Hell as Zargon, a creature originally described in Dungeon Module B4: The Lost City, by Tom Moldvay.

The core setting of Dungeons & Dragons 4th Edition offers yet another origin for Asmodeus, identifying him as a former angel in service to a god only known as He Who Was. Asmodeus, as one of the greatest of the angels, was entrusted with leading angelic hosts in battle against the enemies of the gods. Though he served He Who Was loyally, Asmodeus believed that his deific master was far too forgiving and unwilling to use force. After the conflict, which came to be known as the Dawn War, Asmodeus was assigned to guard the entrance to the prison of the god Tharizdun which was located in the Abyss. The demon lord Pazuzu appeared to Asmodeus, as detailed in Demonomicon, and encouraged the angel to act on his thoughts of rebellion against He Who Was. When Asmodeus was ready to rise up, Pazuzu aided him in obtaining a small piece of the shard of evil at the heart of the Abyss, which Asmodeus used to create his infamous Ruby Rod. Asmodeus returned to Baathion, the realm of He Who Was, gathered those angels who would join his side, and instigated a rebellion that ended with his former master's death. With his last moments of life, He Who Was cursed Asmodeus and all the angels who had followed him. The angels were transformed into the first devils, and the beautiful astral dominion of Baathion was transformed into a prison realm known as the Nine Hells of Baator. Asmodeus assumed the divine might of the fallen deity and became a god himself, albeit one trapped inside his own dominion.

During the Dawn War he worked with Bane; although they hated each other personally they were disciplined enough to work well together. After the war, Bane anticipated the eventual angelic rebellion Asmodeus would launch, and alone of the Gods he was not surprised when it finally happened. Bane wanted to help, but both he and Asmodeus wanted to avoid bringing the other Gods into the fight, and feared that any open collaboration between the two of them would cause exactly that; to avoid notice, instead of soldiers Bane sent aid in the form of advisors and strategy experts. Whether or not this made any difference is unknown, but the devils will deal (slightly) more honestly with followers of Bane than worshippers of other Gods, and Bane's followers are more likely than others to summon and employ devils.

Asmodeus has few allies amongst the other Gods, and is on especially bad terms with Moradin and Avandra. He has a cordial relationship with Erathis, who regards tyranny as just another form that civilization can take. Asmodeus and Bane still maintain a facade of friendship, at least until one is powerful and confident enough to actually overthrow the other.

It is said that Asmodeus owes Pazuzu a favor for his help in the war, and has not yet repaid him.

Asmodeus is devoted to oppression and might through subversive action. He imposes strict rules and harsh punishments on his followers. The cult of Asmodeus urges its adherents to seek power over others, to repay evil with further evil (an eye for an eye), to exploit kindness for personal gain, and to show no compassion for the weak and downtrodden. All done in the most legal possible manner of course, and never overtly.

Typical rhetoric from worshippers of Asmodeus will discuss "promoting personal excellence and independence," "taking care of one's own affairs" and "ridding oneself of weakness". Sometimes one will hear of "ascending to godhood", or "no gods, no masters". When harming innocents, their actions are discussed as "providing motivation to succeed". Most often, ritual practices are deeply secretive and not publicly discussed. Most followers will not publicly admit their worship of Asmodeus, as that would compromise their potential bargaining position for greater power over non-followers.

Though Asmodeus's faith is by far the largest of the diabolic cults, few of Asmodeus' followers are known by name. A notable exception is Christophe Jean Markosian, "The Devil Behind Thrones," a hierarch of the Horned Society. Most of Asmodeus's worshippers are based in the towns and cities of humans and demihumans, though Asmodeus has some monstrous followers as well. His cultists use his faith as a stepping stone to wealth and power. They form secret alliances, using their wealth and connections to bring status and power to other members of the society.

According to the Guide to Hell, though he has worshipers and does on occasion grant them clerical powers, his true identity as Ahriman makes him loath to expand his cult. This is because his true motivation is to spread atheism through the multiverse and make all believe that "gods" are not divine at all, but beings who have achieved great power. In his plan, when belief fails, the outer planes will cease to exist. As Ahriman the evil lawmaker of the whole of the cosmos and unfettered by belief himself, he can then remold the multiverse perfectly according to his desires, and this time not having to share in its creation with Jazirian: the good creator of the multiverse's orderly structure. There will be no remnant of chaos as a result, or any missing rules in this future outer ring of planes, which will be the exclusive domain of Asmodeus.

In most lands, temples to Asmodeus are hidden subterranean complexes, though in places dominated by lawful evil, they may dominate the landscape. If a cult of Baalzebul overthrows the local government, cultists of Asmodeus typically assume control of their headquarters to bring the local diabolism into its "establishment phase."

Vassals
The following beings are among the most notable subjects of Asmodeus on Nessus. The forces at their disposal are listed, where appropriate:

Adramalech – Chancellor of Hell, Keeper of Records (DR76).
Alastor the Grim, pit fiend – Executioner.
Baalberith ( ), pit fiend – Major domo.
Bensozia – Consort of Asmodeus, Queen of Hell (Deceased) (DR76).
Buer – 15 companies of pit fiends (DR76).
Bune – 30 companies of cornugons (DR76).
Glasya – Daughter of Asmodeus and Bensozia, former Mistress of the Erinyes, now Lord of the Sixth (DR76).
Martinet, pit fiend – Constable.
Morax – 9 companies of pit fiends (DR76).
Phongor – Inquisitor of Hell (DR76).
Rimmon – 5 companies of gelugons (DR76).
The Spark Hunters – Lord Asmodeus's personal guard of 13 hamatula rangers/mortal hunters who capture and/or slay mortals who draw their master's ire.
Zagum – 30 companies of hamatula (DR76).

Enemies
Though he schemes against all the arch-devils, Asmodeus has a special hatred for Levistus.

As the Lord of Hell, Asmodeus oversees the Blood War against the chaotic demons and their demon prince leaders.

Baatezu
Baatezu (bay-AT-eh-zoo) are the ruling race of Baator's nine hells. They are lawful and evil.

Abishai There are five kinds, easily distinguishable by color (black, blue, green, red, and white).
Advespa Female, wasp-like devils that patrol infernal skies.
Amnizu Short, stocky winged guardians of the gates of the Nine Hells.
Ayperobos Small, hateful devils that work together as a swarm to bring down larger foes.
Barbazu ("Bearded Devil") Ferocious warrior that frenzies with a saw-toothed glaive.
Barbazu, Half-Troll
Brachina ("Pleasure Devil") Devilish counterpart of the demonic succubus, and an advanced Erinyes.
Bueroza ("Steel Devil")
Cornugon ("Horned Devil") Gargoyle-like fiend armed with a spiked chain.
Dogai ("Assassin Devil")
Erinyes A fallen angel that delivers death from her fiery bow. The devilish counterpart to the demonic succubus. Based on the Erinyes from Greek myth.
Excruciarch ("Pain Devil")
Falxugon ("Harvester Devil")
Gelugon ("Ice Devil") Insectile horror promising a cold death.
Ghargatula Dinosaurlike guardians with massive maw and a wicked stinger.
Hamatula ("Barbed Devil") Elite infernal warrior with impaling spikes.
Kocrachon Insectoid diabolical torturer.
Lemure Mindless, tormented creature that attacks in mobs. Cannon fodder in Blood War.
Logokron Delight in learning the personal truenames of their foes, then tormenting them or turning them into slaves.
Malebranche Hulking, horned warriors, enforcers, punishers, and mounts.
Merregon ("Legion Devil")
Narzugon Nightmare-riding elite cavalry.
Nupperibo A grossly fat devil, one of the least powerful of its kind.
Orthon Foot soldiers of Hell's armies specializing in killing demons.
Osyluth ("Bone Devil") Osyluths serve as the informers and police of the Nine Hells.
Paeliryon Disgusting spymasters with deforming fingernails. Slightly more powerful than Pit Fiends. Rarely encountered as they work behind the scenes where they manipulate others.
Pit Fiend Lord of devils, with great strength and deadly power.
Spinagon ("Spined Devil") Spike-covered eyes and ears of Baator.
Xerfilstyx Memory-stealing guardians of the River Styx in Avernus.

Non-Baatezu
Chain Devil (Kyton) – Murderous torturer with an infernal command of chains.
Desert Devil (Araton) – Scimitar-wielding desert-dwelling devils.
Hellcat (Bezekira) – Infernal, invisible catlike devil the size of a tiger.
Hellfire Engine – Constructs of cold iron made to combat celestials and demons. Enhanced with hellfire.
Imp – Clever devil that aids evil mortals with dark counsel and trickery.
Imp, Filth – Foul-smelling imp with a talent for forgery and translation.
Imp, Bloodbag – Imp that serves as infernal nurse corps.
Imp, Euphoric – Imp that serves as dealer of hallucinogenic slime.
Kalabon – Devils spawned from the rotting flesh of the Hag Countess's carcass that can combine their individual bodies into large amalgamations which fights as a single creature.

Hellforged devils
A subgroup of devils, known as hellforged devils, were constructs that over time were transformed by the Nine Hells of Baator into living beings. They rigidly follow and enforce the laws of the Hells.

Coal Devil: Enforcers and shock troops.
Glass Devil: Spies and watchers.
Lead Devil:  Dispatched to capture prisoners alive.
Obsidian Devil:  Police force of the Nine Hells.
Sand Devil:  Spies and informers.
Spiked Devil: Covered with sharp iron spikes.

References

Further reading
Fast Forward Entertainment. Encyclopedia of Demons and Devils.
Grubb, Jeff. Manual of the Planes (TSR, 1987).
Larme, John. Dangerous Games? Censorship and "Child Protection"  (2000).
McComb, Colin. Faces of Evil: The Fiends (TSR, 1997).
McComb, Colin, Dale Donovan, and Monte Cook. Planes of Conflict (TSR, 1995).
Stewart, Todd, and Paizo Staff. "1d20 Villains" Dragon #359 (Paizo Publishing, 2007).
Gygax, Gary. Monster Manual II, (TSR, Inc., 1983).
Wyatt, James and Rob Heinsoo. Monstrous Compendium: Monsters of Faerun (Wizards of the Coast, 2001) 12–13.
"Devil in the Details." Wizards of the Coast. 8 December 2006. 30 May 2007 <>.
Laws, Robin D., and Robert J. Schwalb. Fiendish Codex II: Tyrants of the Nine Hells. 1st ed. Renton WA: Wizards of the Coast, 2006. 108–112.

External links

Dungeons & Dragons creatures from folklore and mythology
Dungeons & Dragons monsters

Devil (Dungeons & Dragons)


Cold Wa(te)r é uma curta-metragem documental portuguesa de 2004, com realização e argumento de Teresa Villaverde e produção de Maria João Mayer e François D'Artemare. O filme retrata as dificuldades e riscos dos migrantes que atravessam o Mar Mediterrâneo até a Europa.

A curta-metragem é o contributo português para o filme antológico Europaische Visionen: 25 Filme, 25 Regisseure (Título internacional: Visions of Europe), que celebra a criação da União Europeia e o contributo dos países-membros para a mesma. Cold Wa(te)r estreou com a obra coletiva a 1 de maio de 2004, a propósito das celebrações do alargamento da União Europeia. A curta-metragem viria a ser selecionada para vários festivais, como a edição de 2004 do IndieLisboa, onde integrou a secção de competição nacional.

Sinopse
Uma montagem de imagens relativas aos desembarques em solo europeu de migrantes ilegais, pessoas que não escolheram o país onde nasceram. A distância desde o norte de África parece-lhes ínfima, mas são inúmeros os riscos da travessia do Mar Mediterrâneo até à fronteira de Itália. Diariamente, entre as atividades dos oficiais da guarda costeira, está a pesca de corpos já sem vida das águas.

Temáticas

Um tema recorrente em Visions of Europe, projeto no qual Cold Wa(te)r se insere, é a imigração, e o filme de Teresa Villaverde aborda-o questionando o papel e utilidade das fronteiras, bem como a natureza cada vez mais diferenciada do trabalho fronteiriço num mundo globalizado. A noção de fronteira, enquanto delimitação rigorosa de limites territoriais, é confrontada com uma reflexão acerca de hospitalidade. A cineasta utiliza a experiência do travessia de fronteira para redefinir os limites da identidade e pertença perante as práticas de exclusão estabelecidas a nível político. Deste modo, o filme expõe o conflito étnico e as atitudes xenofóbicas que são ignoradas ou descoradas pelas políticas da União Europeia.

Equipa técnica
 Realização e argumento: Teresa Villaverde;
 Produção: Maria João Mayer e François D'Artemare;
 Montagem: Andrée Davanture;
 Mistura: Vasco Pimentel.

Produção
Cold Wa(te)r foi desenvolvido pela Filmes do Tejo II, para o projeto Europaische Visionen: 25 Filme, 25 Regisseure, coordenado pela Zentropa. Esta empresa dinamarquesa atribuiu a quantia de € 34.000 para financiamento inicial de cada uma das curtas-metragens comissionadas. A Teresa Villaverde foi dada carta aberta para criar "uma visão pessoal da vida atual ou futura" na União Europeia, tendo como únicos limites a manutenção do formato de filmagem 16:9 e a duração de cinco minutos de filme.

Para este filme, a realizadora recolheu várias horas de imagens de noticiário da Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (Portugal), Institut National de l'Audiovisuel (França) e Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen (Alemanha). Villaverde reaproveitou e reeditou essas imagens para que pudessem ser exibidas num ritmo mais lento, oposto ao do ciclo noticioso, e assim serem melhor apreendidas.

Distribuição
A curta-metragem estreou a 1 de maio de 2004, aquando a exibição da obra antológica Europaische Visionen: 25 Filme, 25 Regisseure por ocasião das celebrações do alargamento da União Europeia ao Chipre, Eslováquia, Eslovénia, Estónia, Hungria, Letónia, Lituânia, Malta, Polónia e República Checa. A obra coletiva viria a ser exibida em eventos como o Festival Internacional de Cinema de Locarno, Festival Internacional de Cinema de Montreal e Festival de Cinema de Londres.

Paralelamente a estas exibições, Cold Wa(te)r foi selecionado para inúmeros outros festivais e mostras de cinema internacionais, de entre os quais se destacam os seguintes:

 IndieLisboa Festival Internacional de Cinema (Portugal, 2004);
 28ª Mostra Internacional de Cinema de São Paulo (Brasil, 2004);
 Lisbon & Sintra Film Festival (Portugal, 2016);
 Shortcutz Guimarães (Portugal, 2020).

Aquando a estreia de Colo, Cold Wa(te)r tornou a ser exibido em sessões de retrospetiva do cinema de Teresa Villaverde, como numa sessão do Cinemax Curtas a 14 de março de 2018 e na Fundação de Serralves a 18 de novembro de 2018.

Receção
Comparando os vários segmentos de Visions of Europe, David Scott Diffrient destaca Cold Wa(te)r de Teresa Villaverde e Invisible State de Aisling Walsh, no seu livro Omnibus Films, como "os episódios mais comoventes do filme". Especificamente acerca do filme de Villaverde, Diffrient escreve que "o segmento não só oferece apenas uma inscrição mais literal da travessia de fronteira do que o de Fatih Akin (Thee Evil Old Songs), mas também revela, sem comentário de voz sobreposta, até onde os refugiados irão para escapar da tirania e da perseguição." Leslie Felperin (Variety) também caracterizou a curta-metragem de Villaverde de "comovente", pelo modo como "reúne poderosamente notícias de migrantes que se afogaram tentando alcançar uma vida melhor".

Curtas-metragens de 2004
Curtas-metragens de Portugal
Curtas-metragens em língua italiana
Filmes ambientados no século XXI
Documentários de Portugal
Filmes de Portugal de 2004
Filmes realizados por Teresa Villaverde
Filmes independentes de Portugal
Filmes independentes da década de 2000

Cold Wa(te)r


Agrilus jamaicensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Hespenheide, 1998.

Referências

jamaicensis

Agrilus jamaicensis


In mathematical logic, and particularly in its subfield model theory, a saturated model M is one that realizes as many complete types as may be "reasonably expected" given its size.  For example, an ultrapower model of the hyperreals is -saturated, meaning that every descending nested sequence of internal sets has a nonempty intersection.

Definition

Let κ be a finite or infinite cardinal number and M a model in some first-order language.  Then M is called κ-saturated if  for all subsets A ⊆ M of cardinality less than κ, the model M realizes all complete types  over A. The model M is called saturated if  it is |M|-saturated where |M| denotes the cardinality of M. That is, it realizes all complete types over sets of parameters of size less than |M|. According to some authors, a model M is called countably saturated if  it is  -saturated; that is, it realizes all complete types over countable sets of parameters. According to others, it is countably saturated if it is countable and saturated.

Motivation

The seemingly more intuitive notion—that all complete types of the language are realized—turns out to be too weak (and is appropriately named weak saturation, which is the same as 1-saturation).  The difference lies in the fact that many structures contain elements that are not definable (for example, any transcendental element of R is, by definition of the word, not definable in the language of fields).  However, they still form a part of the structure, so we need types to describe relationships with them.  Thus we allow sets of parameters from the structure in our definition of types.  This argument allows us to discuss specific features of the model that we may otherwise miss—for example, a bound on a specific increasing sequence cn can be expressed as realizing the type  which uses countably many parameters.  If the sequence is not definable, this fact about the structure cannot be described using the base language, so a weakly saturated structure may not bound the sequence, while an ℵ1-saturated structure will.

The reason we only require parameter sets that are strictly smaller than the model is trivial: without this restriction, no infinite model is saturated.  Consider a model M, and the type   Each finite subset of this type is realized in the (infinite) model M, so by compactness it is consistent with M, but is trivially not realized.  Any definition that is universally unsatisfied is useless; hence the restriction.

Examples

Saturated models exist for certain theories and cardinalities:

 (Q, <)—the set of rational numbers with their usual ordering—is saturated.  Intuitively, this is because any type consistent with the theory is implied by the order type; that is, the order the variables come in tells you everything there is to know about their role in the structure.
 (R, <)—the set of real numbers with their usual ordering—is not saturated.  For example, take the type (in one variable x) that contains the formula  for every natural number n, as well as the formula .  This type uses ω different parameters from R.  Every finite subset of the type is realized on R by some real x, so by compactness the type is consistent with the structure, but it is not realized, as that would imply an upper bound to the sequence −1/n that is less than 0 (its least upper bound).  Thus (R,<) is not ω1-saturated, and not saturated.  However, it is ω-saturated, for essentially the same reason as Q—every finite type is given by the order type, which if consistent, is always realized, because of the density of the order.
A dense totally ordered set without endpoints is a ηα set if and only if it is ℵα-saturated.
 The countable random graph, with the only non-logical symbol being the edge existence relation, is also saturated, because any complete type is isolated (implied) by the finite subgraph consisting of the variables and parameters used to define the type.

Both the theory of Q and the theory of the countable random graph can be shown to be ω-categorical through the back-and-forth method.  This can be generalized as follows: the unique model of cardinality κ of a countable κ-categorical theory is saturated.

However, the statement that every model has a saturated elementary extension is not provable in ZFC.  In fact, this statement is equivalent to  the existence of a proper class of cardinals κ such that κ<κ = κ.  The latter identity is equivalent to  for some λ, or κ is strongly inaccessible.

Relationship to prime models

The notion of saturated model is dual to the notion of prime model in the following way: let T be a countable theory in a first-order language (that is, a set of mutually consistent sentences in that language) and let P be a prime model of T. Then P admits an elementary embedding into any other model of T. The equivalent notion for saturated models is that any "reasonably small" model of T is elementarily embedded in a saturated model, where "reasonably small" means cardinality no larger than that of the model in which it is to be embedded.  Any saturated model is also homogeneous.  However, while for countable theories there is a unique prime model, saturated models are necessarily specific to a particular cardinality.  Given certain set-theoretic assumptions, saturated models (albeit of very large cardinality) exist for arbitrary theories.  For λ-stable theories, saturated models of cardinality λ exist.

Notes

References

 Chang, C. C.; Keisler, H. J. Model theory. Third edition. Studies in Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics, 73. North-Holland Publishing Co., Amsterdam, 1990. xvi+650 pp.
 R. Goldblatt (1998). Lectures on the hyperreals. An introduction to nonstandard analysis. Springer.
 Marker, David (2002).  Model Theory: An Introduction.  New York: Springer-Verlag.
 Poizat, Bruno; (translation: Klein, Moses) (2000),  A Course in Model Theory, New York: Springer-Verlag.

Mathematical logic
Model theory
Nonstandard analysis

Saturated model


القوات الجوية البرازيلية (بالبرتغالية: Força Aérea Brasileira، FAB) هي فرع الطيران العسكري الخاص بالقوات المسلحة البرازيلية. القوات الجوية البرازيلية تكونت نتيجة لضم كل من فرعي الطيران في القوات البرية والبحرية. السلاح الجديد أطلق عليه «القوات الجوية الوطنية». القوات الجوية البرازيلية هي الأكبر في أمريكا الجنوبية بحوالي 700 طائرة و73,000 فرد دائم الخدمة، بالإضافة إلي 7,655 فرد مدني يعمل بها.

التاريخ
في 1939 ومع بداية الحرب العالمية الثانية عندما بدأت ألمانيا بالحرب السريعة والمسيطرة بدأت القوات المسلحة البرازيلية بتهيأت صفوفها وظهر ضعف القوات الجوية في تلك الفترة. هذا في الوقت الذي كانت تعاني فيه البرازيل من نقص في الموارد المالية وكان تدريب وتكوين الجيش البرازيلي منذ الحرب العالمية الأولى فكان لابد من التغير واعادة تنظيم الجيش وسلاح الجو.

و بعد التنظيم واعادة هيكلة الوحدات والمناصب العسكرية وقع الرئيس البرازيلي في تلك الفترة جيتوليو فارجاس في 20 يناير 1941 المرسوم رقم 2961 بإنشاء وزارة للملاحة الجوية ودمج القوات الجوية التابعة للجيش والبحرية في وزارة واحدة، وسميت القوات الجوية الوطنية. بعد فترة وجيزة في مايو 1941 في مرسوم جديد تم تغيير الاسم ليكون القوات الجوية البرازيلية (القوات المسلحة البرازيلية)، والاسم الذي لا يزال حتى هذا اليوم.

معاركها
بعد إعادة تكوينها القوات الجوية البرازيلية دخلت في الحرب العالمية الثانية وشاركت في الحرب المضادة للغواصات في منطقة جنوب المحيط الأطلسي وأوروبا، أي أنها حاربت إلى جانب الحلفاء على الجبهة الإيطالية.

معدات

المراجع

وحدات وتشكيلات عسكرية أسست في 1941

القوات الجوية البرازيلية


Claudia Huaiquimilla (née en 1987) est une réalisatrice chilienne, d'origine mapuche par son père. Ses deux long-métrages  et  ont remporté différents prix au Chili et à l'étranger.

Biographie
Claudia Huaiquimilla naît en 1987. Son père est mapuche et ils font partie de la communauté Lawan. Pendant son enfance, elle vit à La Florida avec sa mère.

Elle étudie la réalisation audiovisuelle à l'université catholique du Chili. Elle réalise, en 2012, son premier court-métrage, . Le court-métrage reçoit plusieurs prix, notamment aux festivals de Valdivia et de Clermont-Ferrand (mention du jury).

Son premier long-métrage,  porte sur l'amitié de deux adolescents dans le sud du Chili tout en abordant les discriminations dont souffre les mapuches et la difficile situation des enfants à la charge de l'état chilien. Les sujets de harcèlement, du déracinement et de la crise identitaire sont également abordés. Le film est également présenté et primé dans différents festivals. Le film a été difficile à financer selon Claudia Huaiquimilla et a bénéficié d'un financement participatif. À la sortie du film, elle est présentée comme étant la première cinéaste mapuche.

Entre 2017 et 2019 elle réalise plusieurs vidéoclips pour la chanteuse Denise Rosenthal.

La projection de  dans des centres du  (Service National de Mineurs) lui inspire l'idée de son deuxième long-métrage :  raconte l'histoire de deux frères détenus en prison, et est récompensé notamment au Festival international du film de Guadalajara. Le film est également choisi pour représenter le Chili aux prix Ariel 2022 décernés par l'Académie mexicaine des arts et des sciences cinématographiques.

Elle est coréalisatrice avec Gaspar Antillo de la série , première série de fiction de Netflix au Chili, inspirée de l'.

Filmographie

Court-métrage

 2012 :

Vidéoclips

 2017 : Isidora, de Denise Rosenthal
 2018 : Cabello de ángel, de Denise Rosenthal
 2019 : El amor no duele, de Denise Rosenthal

Long-métrages

 2016 :
 2021 :

Série
 2022 :

Prix et récompenses

 Festival international du film de Valdivia 2016 : Meilleur film pour
 Prix du Public et Prix Lycéen de la Fiction au festival Cinélatino de Toulouse pour
 Festival international du film de Santiago 2017 : Prix Kinema du meilleur film pour
 Rencontres Cinémas d'Amérique latine 2017 : sélection « Compétition », Prix du public et Prix lycéen de la fiction pour
 Festival international du film de Guadalajara 2021 : Meilleur film, Meilleur acteur et meilleur scénario pour
 Grand Prix et Prix du Public au festival Cinélatino de Toulouse pour

Notes et références

Liens externes

Réalisatrice chilienne
Étudiant de l'université pontificale catholique du Chili
Naissance en novembre 1987

Claudia Huaiquimilla


La Ley de naturalización de Estados Unidos del 26 de marzo de 1790 fijó las primeras reglas en Estados Unidos para otorgar la ciudadanía nacional. Esta ley limitaba la nacionalización a los inmigrantes que fueran "personas blancas libres" de "buena moral". Por lo tanto excluyó a los sirvientes que no percibían paga, esclavos, negros libres, y asiáticos. Aunque la ley incluyó a las mujeres, el derecho a la ciudadanía "no le corresponde a personas cuyos padres nunca han sido residentes de los Estados Unidos...." La ciudadanía era heredada exclusivamente a través del padre. Esta fue la única legislación que tenía el propósito de otorgar el estatus de un ciudadano natural del país.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Statutes At Large, First Congress, Session II, p. 103

Historia de Estados Unidos
Inmigración en Estados Unidos
Leyes federales de Estados Unidos
Estados Unidos en 1790
Leyes de 1790

Ley de naturalización estadounidense de 1790


Arta caligrafiei islamice otomane

Cea mai frumoasă performanță a artiștilor caligrafi
Artiștii caligrafi continuă să transmită tradițiile universale. Modul de a exprima aceste tradiții este de a chema la implicare, care este exprimarea indirectă. Aceasta este arta.

Materialul artiștilor în caligrafia islamică otomana este dragostea. Artistul se uita la cel/cea pe care îl /o iubește și vede toate lucrurile de preț. Artistul dorește să vadă. Artistul vede mările, oceanele , munții , câmpiile , norii , stelele , copacii. Artistul privește la păsări, delfini, mierle pe fața iubitului .

Totul este fața iubitului. Artistul vede iubitul în orice parte s-ar întoarce. Aceste moduri de a iubi ne promit noua tuturor o călătorie către "a fi om". Voi încerca să explic la ce mă refer când spun "artist al caligrafiei", pornind astfel :

Artistul în caligrafie este cel care încearcă sa exprime înțelesul feței îndrăgostitului. Artistul se întreabă, se odihnește, călătorește cu aceasta față. Pelerinul umblând de jur – împrejurul Kaabei, artistul se întoarce, șterge și scapă de toate registrele. În fiecare tur , artistul mută frontierele , lăudând ochii și sprâncenele , firele de păr fin , adânciturile feței celui iubit ... Artistul in caligrafie se roagă lui Dumnezeu. Iar Dumnezeu emană printre ființele umane în cea mai perfectă formă a sa. Yunus Emre spune: "cel pe care îl iubim este Dumnezeu ,oamenii primesc ochii și sprâncenele lui Dumnezeu" De fapt , se spune că Adam este creat în propria imaginație a lui Dumnezeu. Adam simbolizează o poziție în umanitate și , lăsând dorințele sale rele în urmă , dorințele se transforma în sufletul lui , el atinge perfecțiunea. Îngerii se închină lui , dar Răul refuză ...Ceea ce reprezintă Adam este complet numai cu Stăpânul nostru.

La fel ca Profetul Muhammad ( Pacea fie asupra lui !) , artistul caligraf își exprimă dorințele proprii , dar extinde ceea ce îi este încredințat lui de la sursă. Prin artist , tradițiile "universale" sunt transportate. Calea (modul ) prin care sunt împărtășite acestea face apel la implicare , care este exprimarea indirectă .Aceasta este arta . Fie prin scris , fie prin desen sau pictură, ori prin cântecul unui flaut ...Pentru că Adevărul nu-și poate găsi limba lui fără un intermediar .Așa cum Profetul Muhammed a vestit prin îngerul Gabriel , artistul caligraf vorbește prin intermediul Creatorului ,nu din propriile sale dorințe. Pentru că implicația artistului este aceea de a transporta credința în Dumnezeu ,în felul său propriu. Dacă artistul privește cu dragostea de la Cel iubit , aceasta înseamnă că inspirația o primește de la sursă în munca sa creatoare ... Aceasta constituie singura cale pentru a ne apropia mai mult de ADEVĂR și a aduce iubitorii de arta mai aproape...
Totuși, pentru a iubi și a cunoaște civilizația, având ca scop creșterea frumuseții și perfecțiunii umanității, cunoașterea nu este suficientă. Pentru a desena inspirația de la sursa sa , acumulările științifice ar trebui puse în practică . Este posibil să devină o ființă umană reală, prin punerea în practică a ceea ce știi pentru viața și corpul tău , prin transformarea acestora în cuvinte vii . Chiar dacă ești Moise , o mână cerească este necesară în această călătorie de identificare a umanului .În caz contrar , unul devine slujitor al dorințelor , cu alte cuvinte , ideologii, comunități orientate spre identitate și dorințele (interesele ) lor . Dar acesta nu este un pas, în sensul transformării pe sine, așa cum a făcut Profetul Muhammed.

Astăzi iubirea are clienți , mai degrabă decât aspiranți. Acesta este motivul pentru care o consumăm cu ușurință, înainte de a încerca să o cunoaștem.Totuși, dragostea fără cunoaștere este ca adevărul fără SHARIA. Aceasta restrânge omul la filozofie. Îl lasă pe om fără practică, dovadă, verset .Etica și estetica a ceea ce este frumos rămân nedezvoltate. Dar artistul caligraf prezintă frumoasele nume ale iubitului /iubitei în tot ceea ce el/ea așteaptă ; chiar și în cazul există violență, durere , sacrificare , lacrimi și sânge... Artistul își dorește frumusețea atât de mult ,până când nu rămâne nimic acolo, care ar fi neplăcut. Artistul realizează imposibilitatea de a ajunge la un sine satisfăcut , înainte de a dărui gloria lui Dumnezeu și frumusețea Lui .

Cu toate că artistul caligraf exprimă și ceea ce este greșit și rău în cuvintele sale, există o anumită etichetă pentru a face asta . Fiindcă artistul știe că răul este accidental și , de fapt , bunătatea și frumusețea constituie fondul . În lucrările sale ,artistul aproprie ,suprapune și unește inimi , le contopește într-o singură inimă, vorbește limba unică a inimii . Orice efort este recomandat pentru practica artistului . Putem spune ca îndrăgostitul este practica , așa cum cel iubit este universul . Artistul caligraf este exact cel care face ca iubitorul și cel iubit sa se constituie într-o singură identitate.
Deoarece , iubindu-l pe Dumnezeu Îl iubim pe Stăpânul nostru . Care este cea mai mare evidență a lui Dumnezeu decât întreaga umanitate ? Artistul caligraf exprimă această realitate în măsura în care experimentează aceasta realitate în mod conștient și o pune în practica în viața și în arta sa . Desenând aproape de adevăr, începe cu intenția de a înțelege umanul . Umanul este o călătorie fără sfârșit . Din eternitate către pentru totdeauna și veșnic . De aceea ,artistul caligraf solicită un standard în orice caz . Așa ca ne întoarcem de unde am plecat , suntem mai aproape de fața pe care o iubim , ne-am întors la ea încă o dată . Așa cum am menționat la început , abilitatea de a lăuda frumusețea unei fețe este evocarea frumuseții...!O singură față este suficient pentru caligraf , atât în viață , cât și în artă. A iubi , a se ruga, a fi frumos și a împărți frumusețea ... Acea față este fața lui Dumnezeu . Se revelează pe El însuși în Cel iubit . Pentru cel care iubește , este o obligație sa o iubească.

În concluzie , în timp ce încercăm să discutăm despre unele calități ale artistului în caligrafie într–o abordare ca de interpret, mă refer și la aceia care își dedică viața pentru a atinge perfecțiunea umana ,cei care își asumă riscul de a plăti prețul pentru această cauză și care caută să se întrebe despre propriile lor dorințe.

Omul se poate scufunda numai în lumea radiantă a non-existenței atunci când nu există un singur bob de iubire rămas în inimă.

Da , călătoria către a deveni uman : arta de a iubi . Aceasta este cea mai bună performanță a artistului în caligrafie islamică.

Bibliografie
 Seyyed, Abul, A'La, Al-Maududi, Introducere în Islam, lucrare editată de Asociația Studenților Musulmani din România, anul 1995.
 Mevlana, Halid, Bağdadî, Credința și Islamul, editura Hakikat.

Caligrafie

Caligrafia otomană


شيطان جيرسي هو مخلوق أسطوري يقال أنه يعيش في منطقة باين بارينز في جنوب نيو جيرسي في الولايات المتحدة. غالبا ما يوصف المخلوق بأنه طائر ذو قدمين وله حوافر، ولكن هناك العديد من الاختلافات بين الروايات. الوصف الشائع للمخلوق هو أنه مخلوق يشبه الكنغر وله رأس ماعز، وله أجنحة جلدية كالخفافيش وقرون وأذرع صغيرة وله مخالب على يديه وظلف مشقوق وذيل متشعب. وقال الشهود أنه يتحرك بسرعة، وغالبا ما يوصف بأنه يطلق «صرخة تجمد الدم في العروق».

أصل الأسطورة

كانت قبائل لينابي تدعو المنطقة "Popuessing" وتعني «مكان التنين». وسمى المستوطنون السويديون المنطقة Drake Kill (كلمة "drake" تعني تنين، و"kill" تعني قناة أو ذراع من البحر.

تقول القصة الشعبية الأصلية أن امرأة تدعى الأم ليدز أنجبت 12 طفلا، وبعد أن حملت بالطفل الثالث عشر، قيل أن هذا الطفل هو الشيطان. في عام 1735، أتاها المخاض في ليلة عاصفة وتجمع الأصدقاء حولها. قيل أن الأم ليدز كانت ساحرة وأن والد الطفل هو الشيطان نفسه. ولد الطفل بشكل طبيعي، لكنه شكله تغير إلى مخلوق بحوافر ورأس ماعز وأجنحة خفافيش وذيل متشعب. بدأ المخلوق بالهدير والصراخ، وقتل القابلة قبل أن يطير عبر المدخنة، وخرج من القرية واتجه نحو أشجار الصنوبر. في عام 1740 قام رجل دين بطرد الشيطان لمدة مائة سنة، ولم يشاهد مرة أخرى حتى عام 1890.

حدد بعض الباحثين «الأم ليدز» باسم ديبورا ليدز،  على أساس أن زوج ديبورا ليدز، ويدعى جافيت ليدز، وضع اثني عشر طفلا في وصيته التي كتبها في عام 1736،  وهو ما يتوافق مع الأسطورة. كما عاش جافيت وديبورا ليدز في منطقة ليدز بوينت وهي الآن في مقاطعة أتلانتيك، نيو جيرسي،  وهي تعتبر موقع قصة شيطان جيرسي.

وكتب برايان ريغال، مؤرخ العلوم في جامعة كين، أن الأم ليدز كانت مجرد جزء من أسطورة شعبية حول الشيطان نشأت في القرن العشرين. يؤكد ريغال ان «مكائد سياسية قديمة ومنسية من الحقبة الاستعمارية» حول سياسي من نيو جيرسي يدعى دانيال ليدز (1651-1720) أدت إلى تصوير أسرة ليدز بأنهم «وحوش سياسية ودينية»، وكانت صورته السلبية باسم «الشيطان ليدز» هي التي ولدت أسطورة شيطان جيرسي. وكما يقول ريغال:

وافق الكاتب برايان دانينغ من موقع Skeptoid أيضا أن قصة «شيطان ليدز» قد تكون ظهرت لتشويه سمعة دانيال ليدز.

لقاءات مسجلة

هناك مزاعم كثيرة عن مشاهدات وحوادث حول شيطان جيرسي.

ذكر أن العميد ستيفن ديكاتور كان يزور مصنع هانوفر لتفقد عملية صنع كرات المدافع، وشاهد مخلوقا طائرا يرفرف بأجنحته وأطلق قذيفة مباشرة عليه دون جدوى.

زعم جوزيف بونابرت، الشقيق الأكبر لنابليون، أنه شاهد شيطان جيرسي أيضا وهو يصيد على أرضه في بوردنتاون حوالي العام 1820. وفي عام 1840، وجهت للشيطان تهمة قتل عدد من الماشية. وردت أنباء عن اعتداءات مماثلة في 1841، رافقت المشاهدات آثار أقدام وأصوات صراخ. ولكن يعيب الأمر نقص السجلات المعاصرة للأحداث المفترضة.

ظهرت صور لجثة تطابق وصف شيطان ليدز في غرينتش في ديسمبر 1925. وأطلق أحد المزارعين المحليين النار على حيوان مجهول حاول سرقة دجاجاته. زعم بعد ذلك أنه عرض المخلوق على مائة شخص ولم يتعرف أحد منهم عليه. وفي 27 يوليو 1937، تمت مشاهدة حيوان غير معروف «له عيون حمراء» من قبل سكان داوننغتاون، بنسلفانيا وتمت مقارنته بشيطان جيرسي من قبل مراسل في جريدة بنسلفانيا بوليتين بتاريخ 28 يوليو 1937. وفي عام 1951، زعم فتيان من غيبزتاون، نيو جيرسي أنهم شاهدوا وحشا يطابق وصف الشيطان  وقيل أن جثة عثر عليها في عام 1957 تطابق وصف شيطان جيرسي. وفي عام 1960، تم التبليغ عن آثار أقدام وأصوات ضوضاء قرب ميز لاندينغ وأنها تخص شيطان جيرسي. وخلال العام نفسه عرض التجار في منطقة كامدن مكافأة 10,000 دولار لمن يأسر شيطان جيرسي، حتى أنهم عرضوا بناء حديقة حيوان خاصة لإيواء المخلوق إذا تم القبض عليه.

مشاهدات العام 1909

خلال الأسبوع الممتد من 16 حتى 23 يناير 1909، نشرت الصحف في ذلك الوقت مئات المواجهات المزعومة مع شيطان جيرسي في جميع أنحاء الولاية. ومن بين هذه المواجهات التي نشرت في هذا الأسبوع أن المخلوق هاجم عربة ترام في هادون هايتس ونادي اجتماعي في كامدن. قيل أن الشرطة في كامدن وبريستول، بنسلفانيا أطلقت النار على المخلوق دون جدوى. تكلمت تقارير في البداية عن آثار مجهولة الهوية في الثلج، ولكن ذكرت مشاهدات عن مخلوقات تشبه شيطان جيرسي جميع أنحاء جنوب جيرسي وأماكن بعيدة مثل ولاية ديلاوير  وغرب ميريلاند. أدت التغطية الصحيفة الواسعة إلى حالة من الذعر في مناطق وادي ديلاوير ما دفع عددا من المدارس لإغلاق أبوابها والعمال على البقاء في المنزل. وأشيع خلال هذه الفترة أن حديقة حيوان فيلادلفيا عرضت مكافأة 10,000 دولار مقابل روث المخلوق. أدى هذا العرض لتقديم مجموعة متنوعة من الخدع، بما في ذلك كنغر بأجنحة اصطناعية.

التفسيرات

يعتقد المشككون أن شيطان جيرسي ليس إلا مجرد قصة ابتدعها المستوطنون الإنجليز، أو قصص البعبع التي رواها سكان باين بارينز للترفيه عن الأطفال، والشائعات التي نشأت من الصورة السلبية للسكان المحليين. كتب عالم الفولكلور يان هارولد برونفاند أن انتشار الثقافة الشعبية المعاصرة قد حل محل أساطير شيطان جيرسي التقليدية. يعتقد الباجث جيف برونر من جمعية الرفق بالحيوان في ولاية نيو جيرسي أن الكركي الكندي هو أساس قصص شيطان جيرسي، مضيفا أنه «لا توجد صور أو عظام أو أدلة دامغة على الإطلاق، والأسوأ من ذلك كله، لا يوجد أي تفسير لأصل الحكاية لا يتطلب الاعتقاد بالخوارق». قضى المؤلف توم براون الابن عدة أشهر وهو يعيش في براري باين بارينز. وتحدث عن عدة مناسبات عندما ظنه الرحالة الخائفون شيطان جيرسي، بعد أن غطى جسده كله بالطين لإبعاد البعوض.

هناك مجموعة في نيو جيرسي تسمى «صائدو الشيطان» ويشيرون إلى أنفسهم على أنهم «الباحثون الرسميون عن شيطان جيرسي»، وتكرس وقتها لجمع التقارير، وزيارة المواقع التاريخية، وعمليات الصيد الليلية في المنطقة «لإيجاد دليل على أن شيطان جيرسي موجود في الواقع».

الخدع

أشار جوردون شتاين في موسوعة الخدع (1993) أن آثار الأقدام المزعومة للشيطان التي عثر عليها في عام 1909 تشبه حافر الحصان. وقال شتاين أن رجلا اعترف في وقت لاحق انه زوّر بعض هذه الآثار.

وقد زعم جيف تيبالز في كتابه «أكبر الخدع في العالم» (2006) أن نورمان جيفريز كان متورطا في خدع شيطان جيرسي:

كما قام أيضا بوضع قصص صحيفة عن مشاهدات جديدة من الشيطان. وفي عام 1909، اشترى جيفريز مع صديقه جاكوب هوب، مدرب الحيوانات، كنغر من السيرك وألصقوا عليه مخالب وأجنحة خفافيش وهمية. أعلنوا للجمهور أنهم قبضوا على الشيطان وعرضوه في المتحف. اعترف جيفريز بالخدعة بعد عشرين عاما.

في الثقافة الشعبية

أصبح شيطان جيرسي رمزا ثقافيا في الولاية، وألهم عدة منظمات لاستخدام اللقب. لعب فريق جيرسي ديفلز في دوري الهوكي الشرقي من عام 1964 إلى 1973. وعندما انتقل فريق كولورادو روكيز إلى ولاية نيو جيرسي في عام 1982، صوت استطلاع المعجبين لإعادة تسمية هذا الفريق باسم نيوجيرسي ديفلز.

في مارس من عام 2012، استقبل بروس سبرينغستين جمهور فيلادلفيا بوصفه «السيد بالاندز، شيطان جيرسي بنفسه». وقد ظهرت جيرسي الشيطان أيضا في العديد من البرامج التلفزيونية والأفلام،  وألعاب الفيديو،  ووسائل الإعلام الأخرى.

مراجع

قراءات أخرى
 Weird NJ: Your Travel Guide to New Jersey's Local Legends and Best Kept Secrets by Mark Sceurman and Mark Moran, Barnes & Noble ISBN 0-7607-3979-X
 The Jersey Devil, by James F. McCloy and Ray Miller, Jr., Middle Atlantic Press. ISBN 0-912608-11-0
 "The Jersey Devil: The Real Story". by Brian Regal.
 The Domestic Life of the Jersey Devil, or, BeBop's Miscellany by Bill Sprouse, Oyster Eye Publishing (2013). ISBN 978-0-9899522-0-0.
 The Jersey Devil by JJ Crane ISBN 978-1-5141-0433-0

وصلات خارجية

 The Devil Hunters: The Official Researchers of The Jersey Devil

 Paranormal researcher Joe Nickell on the Jersey-Devil Expedition, May 2010
 The Jersey Devil: Legends, Eyewitness Accounts and Video Documentary
 Pinelands Preservation Alliance - Jersey Devil Hunt & Pinelands Folklore
 What is the Jersey Devil New Jersey Digital Highway

انظر أيضا
 بي ياو

ثقافة نيوجيرسي
خدع متعلقة بالخوارق
شياطين
تراث شعبي أمريكي
كائنات مدنسة
كيانات لها علاقة مزعومة بالأجسام الطائرة المجهولة
مخلوقات خفية
موروثات شعبية خارقة للطبيعة
هجن أسطورية
وحوش

شيطان جيرسي


(« géant de la Puna ») est un genre de dinosaures sauropodes titanosauriens découvert en 2020 en Argentine. Il n'est représenté que par une espèce, . Les premières recherches permettent d'établir que Punatitan vivait au Crétacé supérieur.

Étymologie
Puna est le nom local qui distingue l'atmosphère pauvre en oxygène typique des hautes Andes, et « coughlini » fait référence au géologue Tim Coughlin, qui a découvert les premiers fossiles de dinosaures dans la région.

Découverte
Les premiers éléments de Punatitan sont découverts dans des couches de grès à  au-dessus de la base de la formation Huaco de Ciénaga del Río, formation située à la limite du Campanien et du Maastrichtien, dans la zone archéologique de , située dans la province de La Rioja en Argentine.

Description
Punatitan était un sauropode d'une taille intermédiaire, comparable à celle de Uberabatitan.

La taille estimée des plus grands spécimens était de neuf mètres, cou et queue compris, pour un poids maximal de deux tonnes.

Classification

Paléoenvironnement
La localité de l'holotype, le site de Quebrada de Santo Domingo, conserve l'une des plus grandes concentrations d'œufs de titanosaures au monde. Les auteurs de la description suggèrent un lien avec Punatitan ou son contemporain Bravasaurus, qui a été décrit dans le même article.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Titanosauria
Genre de dinosaures non aviens (nom scientifique)
Taxon fossile décrit en 2020

Punatitan


Annette Louise Ellis (born 13 October 1946) was an Australian politician who was a Labor Party member of the Australian House of Representatives from the Australian Capital Territory, from March 1996 to August 2010, representing the Division of Namadgi 1996–98 and the Division of Canberra 1998-2010.

In the 1996 federal election she contested the newly created seat of Namadgi against the Liberal Member for Canberra, Brendan Smyth. Notionally, the seat was very safe for Labor; as originally drawn it had a notional Labor majority of 10.9 percent.  However, due to the heavy swing nationwide against the Keating government, Ellis was only assured of victory when she received a large flow of Green preferences on the third count.  Ellis become one of the few Labor candidates to defeat a Liberal during the landslide election that brought the Howard government to power.  Namadgi was abolished after only one cycle, and most of its territory was merged back into Canberra. Ellis transferred to Canberra, and won it easily. She continued to hold it with little difficulty until her retirement prior to the 2010 federal election.

Ellis was born in Melbourne, Victoria, and was a public servant, electorate adviser and ministerial adviser before entering politics.  She was a member of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly from 1992 to 1995.

In Federal Parliament Ellis was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry between 2001 and 2004. She served as Shadow Minister for Ageing and Seniors and Shadow Minister for Disabilities until the 2004 election, after which she retired from the shadow ministry.

She was re-elected in November 2007—with an increased majority—in the election that returned Labor to power federally under new Prime Minister Kevin Rudd.

She is a leading member of the ACT right wing Labor caucus, Centre Coalition.

References

External links

1946 births
Living people
Public servants from Melbourne
Australian Labor Party members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
Members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
Members of the Australian House of Representatives
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Canberra
Members of the Australian House of Representatives for Namadgi
Women members of the Australian House of Representatives
Australian Labor Party members of the Parliament of Australia
Labor Right politicians
21st-century Australian politicians
21st-century Australian women politicians
20th-century Australian politicians
Women members of the Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly
20th-century Australian women politicians

Annette Ellis


Juan del Castillo (falecido em 1593) foi um prelado católico romano que serviu como bispo de Santiago de Cuba (1564–1578).

Biografia
Juan del Castillo nasceu em Quintanar de la Orden, em Espanha. A 28 de abril de 1564, Juan del Castillo foi nomeado durante o papado do Papa Pio IV como Bispo de Santiago de Cuba. Em junho de 1567, foi consagrado bispo. Serviu como Bispo de Santiago de Cuba até à sua renúncia a 3 de outubro de 1578. Faleceu em junho de 1593.

Mortos em 1593
Bispos católicos

Juan del Castillo (bispo)


Termenul de benzochinonă (C6H4O2) face referire la o chinonă care conține doar un singur nucleu benzenic. Există două benzochinone:

 1,4-benzochinonă, mai comună (denumită și para-benzochinonă, p-benzochinonă)
 1,2-benzochinonă, mai puțin comună (denumită și orto-benzochinonă, o-benzochinonă)

Referințe

Benzochinonă


Yousaf ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Humza Yousaf (* 1985), schottischer Politiker (SNP) und schottischer Regierungschef
 Jam Mohammad Yousaf (1954–2013), pakistanischer Politiker

Yousaf


Balsas es un cantón de la Provincia de El Oro en el Ecuador. El nombre del cantón se debe a la abundante cantidad de árboles de balsa que existían en este sector. Las costumbres y tradiciones en Balsas se da sobre la base de un arrastre que trajeron los primeros pobladores procedentes del Cantón Piñas, Zaruma y parte de la provincia de Loja. Balsas es un pueblo privilegiado, su ubicación, los recursos naturales y económicos son condiciones únicas que le han permitido apuntarse hacia el desarrollo.

Historia
En el año de 1980 se forma la primera Junta Cívica Pro Cantonización, presidida por el profesor Gerardo Chimbo y más colaboradores, quienes tenían la tarea de elaborar la documentación y realizar las gestiones, sin que se tuviera el éxito deseado debido a la negativa del Congreso Nacional de dar tramitación aduciendo la congelación de cantonizaciones.

Los ideales de cantonización seguían latentes en el corazón de los balsenses. Con renovada fuerza y gran optimismo, se llevó a efecto el 30 de junio de 1984 una importante reunión para conformar la nueva Junta Cívica, la misma que tuvo mejores aciertos y conocimientos para reanudar los trámites, es así que se logra que el 13 de noviembre de 1984 y el 26 de julio de 1985 la CELIR visite a Balsas, quienes después de constatar la realidad socio-económica emiten su informe favorable para conseguir el propósito deseado.

La Comisión de lo Civil y Penal del Congreso Nacional recibe el informe de la CELIR, lo analiza y elabora el Proyecto de Ley de Cantonización y lo envía al Plenario del Congreso para su discusión y aprobación, la misma que se da en las sesiones del 27 de marzo y 8 de abril de 1986, luego es remitido al Presidente de la República para su promulgación en el Registro Oficial. El día glorioso para Balsas al fin llega, y el 23 de febrero de 1987, mediante Decreto Legislativo número 61 publicado en el Registro Oficial número 631 Balsas se convierte en el decimosegundo cantón de la Provincia de El Oro por lo que se recopiló información de sus antepasados lo cual relata que los primeros habitantes quienes migraron de su natal san Roque fueron los señores Patrick y Simone quienes llegaron en bestia y se asentaron en lo que ahora es balsas  .

Economía y producción

Balsas se distingue por ser un centro de Avicultura en el Ecuador, esto debido a la gran producción de aves, la misma que representa gran parte de la activa economía de este cantón.

Límites
Al Norte y al Este con el  Cantón PiñasAl Sur con la Provincia de Loja (Paltas)Al Oeste con el Cantón de Marcabelí

Datos informativos
Habitantes: 8000 (4000 mujeres y 4000 hombres)
Parroquia Balsas: 8000. Parroquia Bellamaría: 600

Clima
Balsas posee un clima subtropical que oscila entre 20 y 30 °C

Superficie: 69.1 km² aproximadamente.
Altura: 400 a 1400
Cantonización: 23 de febrero de 1987.

División política
Balsas tiene dos parroquias:

Parroquias urbanas
 Parroquia Balsas (cabecera cantonal)

Parroquias rurales
 Bellamaría

Sitios

 La Esperanza

 El Palmal
  San Jose

Educación

El cantón Balsas cuenta con las siguientes instituciones educativas en la cabecera cantonal:

Unidad Educativa Luz Victoria Rivera de Mora.
Unidad Educativa Fiscal Mixta Prov: Napo Pastaza.
Colegio de Bachillerato Técnico Vicente Anda Aguirre.
Unidad Educativa San Francisco de Asís.

Educación de parroquia rural Bellamaría

Transporte

Existen oficinas de transporte "Ciudad de Piñas" "Tac" y "Oficina Piñas interprovincial" Cooperativa de camionetas Rutas Balseñas.

Compañía de Transportes ADECAMSA.

Telecomunicaciones

Canal de televisión HBC en circuito cerrado.

Estación de radio La Mejor 95.1 FM - Estelar 1380 AM.

Proveedor de servicios de Internet- RedPluS

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Gobierno Provincial Autónomo de El Oro
 Gobierno Municipal de Balsas

Balsas

Cantón Balsas


Alfred Newton FRS () a fost un zoolog și ornitolog englez. Newton a fost Profesor de Anatomie Comparată de la Universitatea Cambridge din 1866 la 1907. Printre numeroasele sale publicații au fost Dicționarul de Păsări în patru volume (1893-6), intrări pe ornitologie în Encyclopaedia Britannica (ediția a 9-a), în timp ce era, de asemenea, editor al revistei Ibis din 1865 până în 1870. În 1900, el a fost distins cu Medalia Regală a Societății Regale și Medalia de Aur a Societății Lineene.

Listă parțială de publicații

 Newton A. (1864–1907), Ootheca Wolleyana: 1. An illustrated catalogue of the collection of birds' eggs formed by the late John Wolley 2. Eggs of the native birds of Britain and list of British birds, past and present. The first part was published in 1864; it was not until 1902 that Newton was able to resume the work and the next parts appeared in 1902, 1905 and 1907. The work is illustrated with colour lithographic plates and with black & white illustrations. Artists include Newton, Balcomb, Grönvold, M. Hanhart, J. Jury, and Joseph Wolf. The 11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica comments: "[This] was an amplification of the numerous articles on birds which he contributed to the 9th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica".

 Newton A. (assisted by Hans Gadow, with contributions from Richard Lydekker, Charles S. Roy and Robert Shufeldt) (1893–1896), Dictionary of Birds. Reprinted in one volume (1088 pages) Black, London, 1896.
 Newton A. et al. (1896–1903), Bird migration in Great Britain and Ireland. Reports of the Committee... British Association.

Vezi și
 Thomas Henry Huxley
 Reacții la teoriile lui Darwin

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

 Darwin Corespondență Proiect: Corespondență între Newton și Charles Darwin
 Necrolog la www.britishbirds.co.uk

Nașteri în 1829
Decese în 1907
Biologi din secolul al XIX-lea
Zoologi englezi
Biologi evoluționiști
Fellows of the Royal Society
Laureați ai Royal Medal

Alfred Newton


Byrding (efter 1400 også bording) er en klasse fragtskibe med høje sidebord, oprindelig bygget til trafik nær kysten. Typen opstod i tidlig middelalder og var sandsynligvis almindelig i sidste halvdel af vikingetiden. En typisk byrding havde en besætning på 10-20 mand, senere op mod 30 mand. Skuden minder om knarren, men er tykkere og har højere sidebord. I lighed med knarren kunne den både ros og sejles for sejl. Børingene (trebøring og fembøring) bliver af mange set som en fortsættelse på byrdingen.

Se også
Birlinn

Litteratur

Skibstyper

Byrding


Talijanska kuhinja, zajednički naziv za tipična jela, namirnice, načine pripreme i s njima povezanu kulturu hrane, koja je potekla s područja današnje Italije. Jedna je od najpoznatijih kuhinja u svjetskim razmjerima, prepoznatljiva po karakterističnim jelima i namirnicama kao što su pizza, tjestenina, svježa rajčica, maslinovo ulje, aromatično bilje (bosiljak, ružmarin, origano), različite vrste sireva, tiramisu, espresso i dr.  Često se uspoređuje s kuhinjom susjedne Francuske, od koje se umnogome razlikuje. Talijansku kuhinju odlikuje jednostavna i brza priprema jela. Obično se koristi manji broj namirnica, a velika pažnja se pridaje njihovoj kvaliteti te estetici serviranja.

Običaj aperitiva (tal. aperitivo) obuhvaća čašu vina ili aperol spritza, uz sitne zalogaje – mesnate masline, komadiće pizze, bruskete ili focaccie, koji se konzumiraju prije glavnog obroka kako bi stimulirali tek. Također je riječ o društvenom običaju i druženju. Brojni glasoviti sirevi potječu s područja Italije - mozzarella, parmezan, gorgonzola, ricotta, mascarpone i mnogi drugi. Mortadela (tal. Mortadella) je debela kobasica od mješavine svinjskog i telećeg mesa, potekla s područja grada Bologne. Jelo, Bistecca alla fiorentina, (firentinski odrezak), poznati je firentinski specijalitet koji se danas može naći na jelovnicima diljem Italije.

Pizza, tjestenine i druga jela
Originalno s juga Italije, pizza se sastojala od rajčica, mozzarelle i listića bosiljka. Pizza napoletana ima mekano tijesto sa zadebljalim rubovima, dok pizza romana, karakteristična za Rim i okolicu, ima vrlo tanko i hrskavo tijesto bez zadeljalog obruba.
Pizza Margherita je jedna od najpoznatijih pizza napolitanskog stila – priprema se od mozzarelle, rajčice, svježeg bosiljka i maslinovog ulja. U Italiji se kao temeljni sir za pizzu koristi mozarella. Nerijetko se smatra da korištenje drugih sireva ili zamjenskih smjesa rezultira pizzom slabije kvalitete. Također, za kvalitetu je bitno pečenje u krušnoj peći na drva, na vrlo visokoj temperaturi.

Jednako je svojstveno i međunarodno prepoznato obilježje talijanske kuhinje tjestenina - kuhana al dente, spravljena brzo, s jednostavnim dodacima i umacima, i posipana naribanim parmezanom. Poslužuje se netom pripremljena, vruća, i u pojedinačnim porcijama na tanjuru. Iznošenje velikih količina na stol, te posluživanje hladne, podgrijane ili prekuhane tjestenine mnogi će Talijani smatrati nedostatkom kulture stola. Tjestenina alla carbonara (tal. pasta alla carbonara) je karakteristična za pokrajinu Lacij (Rim i okolica), a najčešće se na ovaj način pripremaju špageti ili rigatoni (makaroni). Jelo je bogatog okusa i bogate žute boje. Priprema se od svježih jaja, komadića cijenjene sušene svinjske obrazine (tal. guanciale) i ovčjeg sira, uz dodatak soli i papra.

Pesto je aromatični umak zelene boje iz okolice Genove, koji nastaje gnječenjem bosiljka, češnjaka i pinjola u maslinovom ulju, uz dodatak parmezana i još jedne vrste sira od ovčjeg mlijeka. Čuva se u hladnjaku u manjim bočicama ili staklenkama, i najčešće koristi kao umak za tjestenine. Umaci za tjestenine se pripremaju na najrazličitije načine - na bazi samih rajčica, botarge, sjeckanih komadića sušenog mesa (pancete, obrazine, suhih kobasica), morskih plodova, tartufa itd. Olio, aglio e pepperoncino se spravlja od maslinovog ulja, sjeckanog češnjaka i ljute papričice. Tjestenina bolognese se prelijeva glasovitim kuhanim raguom od mljevenog mesa, rajčice, luka, mrkve, celera i začina (tal. ragu al Bolognese). U Bologni i okolici se ovaj ragu spravlja gotovo isključivo s tagliatellama ili drugom vrstom širih rezanaca (pappardelle, fettuccine), dok kombiniranje sa špagetima nije uobičajeno.

Njoki su deblji komadići tjestenine, obično od krumpirovog tijesta. Ravioli su krpice od tijesta punjene sirom, mesom, špinatom ili drugim nadjevom. Cannelloni su široki, cilindričnog oblika, pripremaju se punjeni sirom i špinatom, ili mljevenim mesom, zapečeni i preliveni umakom od rajčice. Lazanje (tal. lasagne al forno) se pripremaju od naizmjeničnih slojeva tjestenine, umaka bolognese i sira, zapačenih u pećnici. Talijanski rižoto (risotto) se poslužuje i jede isključivo netom pripremljen – kremaste je konzistencije koja se hlađenjem brzo gubi, a zrna riže su kuhana al dente. Spravlja se na razne načine, uz dodataka mesa, ribe ili povrća, i nerijetko maslaca, vina i luka. Obično služi kao samostalno predjelo, prije glavnog jela. Risotto alla milanese se često poslužuje istovremeno s jelom ossobuco alla milanese, kao njegov prilog.

Rukola je česta baza za salate, pomiješana s komadićima rajčice, maslinovim uljem i acetom balsamicom, aromatičnim octom podrijetlom iz grada Modene. Glasovita salata Caprese se spravlja od narezane mozarelle, rajčice, svježeg bosiljka i maslinovog ulja.

Espresso i deserti
Šalica jakog espressa karakteristična je kao jutarnji ritual. Za razliku od espressa, koji se konzumira čitavog dana, a posebno nakon obroka, cappuccino ili macchiato (odnosno kave s dodatkom mlijeka) se smatraju samo jutarnjim i prijepodnevnim napitcima. Za razliku od turske ili bosanske kulture, u kojoj ispijanje kave predstavlja važan društveni i obiteljski običaj te mu se posvećuje puno vremena, talijanski je običaj espresso ispijati brzo. Tiramisu je bogati desert za koji se smatra da potječe iz regije Veneto. Priprema se od naizmjeničnih slojeva savoiarda umočenih u crnu kavu i tučene kreme od svježih jaja i sira mascarponea. Prije serviranja se posipa se kakaom i odlaže u hladnjak na najmanje nekoliko sati te se može čuvati do nekoliko dana.Pana cotta se spravlja od vrhnja, mlijeka i šećera, uz dodatak želatine. Oblik dobiva u kalupu, a poslužuje se s preljevom i komadićima svježeg voća. Burrata je posebna vrsta sira karakteristična za talijanski jug. Potječe iz regije Apulije. Riječ je o šupljoj kuglici mozzarelle punjenoj vrhnjem i sirom stracciatellom. Može se poslužiti na salatu, ili kao desert.

Izvori

Talijanska kuhinja


Rapatea est un genre de plantes herbacées, néotropicales, de la famille des Rapateaceae, comportant 22 espèces. L'espèce type est Rapatea paludosa Aubl..

Description
Le genre Rapatea regroupe des herbacées terrestres. Les limbes des feuilles sont opposés, pliées et engainés les uns dans les autres dans un arrangement sigmoïde. L'inflorescence est portée par 2 grandes bractées opposées, sous-tendant étroitement une « tête » sphéroïde, allongée ou comprimée. Les fleurs sessiles ou courtement pédicellées comportent des anthères introrse, à 4 loges, avec un appendice apical encapuchonné, et déhiscent par un unique pore apical située sous le capuchon. L'ovaire compte 3 loges contenant chacune 2 ovules basaux (parfois un seul à la suite d'un avortement). Le fuit est une capsule durcie au-dessus du milieu, à déhiscence loculicide. La graine est généralement solitaire, oblongoïde, finement et longitudinalement striée.

Répartition
Le genre Rapatea est présent du sud de l'Amérique centrale au nord de l'Amérique du Sud : Panama, Colombie, Venezuela, Trinidad, Guyana, Suriname, Guyane, Équateur, Pérou, Brésil, Bolivie.

Histoire naturelle
En 1775, le botaniste Aublet propose la diagnose suivante :

Liste d'espèces
Selon The Plant List :

Espèces valides

Taxon non résolu

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Rapateaceae

Liens externes

Rapateaceae
Genre d'Angiospermes (nom scientifique)
Plante décrite par Aublet

Rapatea


Monseñor Abraham Aguilera Bravo (Colina, 25 de febrero de 1884-Ancud, 30 de abril de 1933) fue obispo titular de Issus desde el 22 de diciembre de 1916 hasta el 24 de octubre de 1924, cuando fue nombrado obispo titular de Ancud, cargo que ostentó hasta su muerte. Además, fue vicario apostólico de Magallanes desde 1917 a 1925.

Biografía
Nació el 25 de febrero de 1884, en Esmeralda de Colina, a 20 km al norte de Santiago, siendo el mayor de 15 hermanos. Sus padres; Andrés Aguilera y Jovina Bravo. Fue bautizado el 16 de marzo de 1884 en la Parroquia de Peldehue.

Estudió en los RR.PP Domínicos de Peldehue y, más tarde en el Patrocinio de San José en calidad de interno, desde 1895. En 1897 ingresó al Seminario menor de Macul y, al año siguiente, un 29 de enero, festividad de San Francisco de Sales, tomó los hábitos.

A fines de mayo de 1900 realiza los votos trienales, que los transforman en miembro de la Congregación Salesiana. A los 16 años es Profesor de Filosofía y Latín.

En 1901 asume como Profesor e Inspector del Patrocinio de San José. A los 19 años, 1903, asume los votos perpetuos.

En mayo de 1905 fallece su Padre Andrés Avelino. Es enviado a estudiar a Roma, donde en 1906, se recibe como Doctor en Filosofía y Teología en la Universidad Gregoriana. Siendo allí ordenado sacerdote, un 1º de noviembre de 1908.

Regresa a Chile en 1909, y al año siguiente, es nombrado Director de la Casa de formación de Macul, bautizando dicha obra como "Camilo Ortúzar Montt" en homenaje al Primer Salesiano Chileno.

En 1912 reabre el Noviciado con 6 aspirantes, dando allí clases de Filosofía, Gramática Castellana, Literatura y Religión.

El 16 de agosto de 1915, en el Primer Centenario del nacimiento de San Juan Bosco, tuvo a su cargo el discurso oficial frente a las autoridades civiles y religiosas.

Benedicto XV lo eligió obispo Tit. De Iso y vicario apostólico de Magallanes el 22 de diciembre de 1916.

Consagrado en el templo de la Gratitud Nacional, en Santiago, el 20 de mayo de 1917, por Mons. Sebastiano Nicotra, nuncio apostólico. Asistentes: Mons. Luis E. Izquierdo, Obispo de Concepción, y Mons. Eduardo Gimpert, Obispo tit. De Equinos.

Tomando como lema "Dadme las almas y llevaos a los demás", tenía 33 años de edad y se constituyó  en uno de los Obispos más jóvenes del mundo.

El 5 de julio de ese año llegó a Punta Arenas para asumir su nueva labor. Su primera tarea fue crear la Parroquia de María Auxiliadora, inaugurada el 23 de mayo de 1919. También fundó el primer periódico de la región "El Natales", de propiedad del Vicariato Apostólico.

En la celebración del IV Centenario del Descubrimiento del Estrecho de Magallanes, logró que la calle que pasa frente al Colegio San José, se rebautizara como Monseñor Fagnano y tuvo a su cargo la alocución central de esta celebración.

En abril de 1921 creó el órgano oficial de la Iglesia de Magallanes, llamado el Boletín Eclesiástico.

En 1922 asistió al Capítulo General de los Salesianos en Turín, compartiendo honores y trabajos con Luis Versiglia.

En 1924, el Papa Pío XI lo nombra Obispo de Ancud, cargo que asume el 26 de abril de 1925, después de un imponente recibimiento de la población. Sucedió a Mons. Luis Antonio Castro (ss.cc) quién había renunciado en 1924.

En Ancud, el 30 de abril de 1933, afectado por una serie de enfermedades fallece en el día del Buen Pastor, sus palabras de despedida fueron "muero contento y ofrezco mi vida por los niños y por los pecadores".

Fue sepultado en la Catedral de Ancud. Sus restos fueron trasladados a la nueva Catedral en 1976. Lo sucedió Mons. Ramón Munita Eyzaguirre.

Referencias

Nacidos en Colina (Chile)
Obispos de Ancud
Salesianos de Chile

Abraham Aguilera Bravo


Vyšný Klátov este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Košice-okolie din regiunea Košice. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 446 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Vyšný Klátov este atestată documentar din 1332.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Vyšný Klátov


Grupo Deportivo Lage Malabo ist ein Fußballverein aus Äquatorialguinea.

Geschichte
Der größte Erfolg des Vereins war 1984, als man den nationalen Pokal überraschend gewinnen konnte. Damit qualifizierte man sich für den CAF Cup Winners 1984. Nach dem ersten Spiel (0:0) gegen Avia Sports Bangui verzichtete man aus finanziellen Gründen auf das Rückspiel und schied aus. Aktuell spielt der Verein in der 2. Liga des Landes.

Erfolge
 Copa Ecuatoguineana (1): 1984

Statistik in den CAF-Wettbewerben

Malabo
Organisation (Malabo)
Sport (Malabo)

GD Lage Malabo


බද්දේගම, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දකුණු පළාතේ ගාල්ල දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ප්‍රධාන වාණිජ නගරයකි. බත් දුන් ගම බද්දේගම විය. බද්දේගම අතීතයේ "සල්ගමුව" ලෙස හඳුන්වා තිබේ. ඉතා ප්‍රියමනාපශීලී හා සමාජ ශීලි මිනිසුන් සිටියි.

කෘෂි කර්මාන්තය බහුතර ජනතාවගේ ප්‍රධාන ආදායම් මාර්ගයයි. වී, තේ, පොල්, කුරුඳු, රබර්, කෝපි, ගම්මිරිස් ඇතුළු අපනයන බෝග බද්දේගම බහුලව වගා කරයි.

බද්දේගම


Die Estnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1968 war die 4. Austragung der Titelkämpfe.

Medaillengewinner

Weblinks
Statistiken zum estnischen Badminton

1968
Badminton 1968

Estnische Badmintonmeisterschaft 1968


මාලික් මුහම්මද් ජායසී (1477– 1542) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ ඉන්දියානු සූෆී කවියකු සහ පීර්වරයෙකි. ඔහු අවධි භාෂාව භාවිතා කරමින්, සහ පර්සියානු නස්තලීක් අක්ෂර භාවිතයෙන් රචනයෙහි නිරතව තිබේ. ඔහුගේ වඩාත්ම ප්‍රකට කෘතිය වන්නේ පද්මාවත් (1540) නම් වීර කාව්‍යයයි.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ග්‍රන්‍ථාවලිය

බාහිර සබැඳි
Malik Muhammad Jayasi at Kavita Kosh

ඉන්දියානු කවියෝ
හින්දි-භාෂා කවියෝ
ඉන්දියානු සූෆිවරු
16වන සියවසේ ඉන්දියානු කවියෝ
1542 මරණ
උත්තර් ප්‍රදේශ් හි කවියෝ
උර්දු කවියෝ

මාලික් මුහම්මද් ජායසී


Acanthoodes centrosternis es una  especie de coleóptero adéfago de la familia Carabidae y el único miembro del género monotípico Acanthoodes.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Acanthoodes en ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus
 Carabidae of the World

Oodini

Acanthoodes


Die Evangelische Täufergemeinde Neuhütten ist eine christliche Freikirche im baden-württembergischen Neuhütten, einem Ortsteil von Wüstenrot. Die Gemeinde gehört dem Bund Evangelischer Täufergemeinden (ETG) an und hat ihre Wurzeln in der Neutäuferbewegung des beginnenden 19. Jahrhunderts.

Geschichte
Im ersten Drittel des 19. Jahrhunderts gründete der von der sogenannten Erweckungsbewegung inspirierte Schweizer Pfarrer Samuel Heinrich Fröhlich die Gemeinschaft der evangelischen Taufgesinnten (Fröhlichianer). Daraus entwickelte sich eine Bewegung, die zu einem Netzwerk von Gemeinden in der Schweiz, Deutschland und dem Elsass führte und aus der auch die Evangelische Täufergemeinde Neuhütten hervorging.

Die Geschichte dieser Gemeinde geht hauptsächlich auf die beiden Handwerksgesellen Johannes Aupperle und Wilhelm Schlipf zurück, die sich in der Schweiz von fröhlichianischen Taufgesinnten taufen ließen. Als Aupperle 1855 aus der Schweiz zurückkehrte, begann er Versammlungen in Neuhütten zu veranstalten, die sich zu der heute bekannten Gemeinde ausweiteten. Zu Beginn wurden die fröhlichianischen Taufgesinnten offiziell noch als Baptisten oder Mennoniten betrachtet. Erst mit der Zeit wurden sie als selbstständige Gruppierung anerkannt.

Die Gemeinde war dabei aber keineswegs homogen, bereits im Jahr 1904 fand eine Trennung aufgrund einer Kontroverse über das Tragen von Bärten als angeblicher Ausdruck von Militarismus statt. Dabei verließen die Vertreter dieser Ansicht Neuhütten. Im Jahre 1911 begann der Bau des ersten Gemeindehauses.

1924 spaltete sich eine weitere Gruppe von der Gemeinde ab, weil sie für das folgende Jahr die Wiederkunft Christi erwarteten, was der Großteil der Gemeinde ablehnte. 1928 gründete der verbliebene Teil einen Verein und begann im selben Jahr mit dem Bau eines neuen Gemeindehauses, welcher 1931 vollendet wurde.

Nach Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs vergrößerte sich die Gemeinde durch Heimatvertriebene aus Jugoslawien. In dieser wirtschaftlich schweren Zeit wurde man durch Hilfsgüter aus der Schweiz unterstützt. Auch in der Folgezeit wuchs die Anzahl der Mitglieder weiter an.

In den 1980er Jahren wurde eine neue eigenständige Gemeinde in Öhringen/Scheppach gegründet.

Gebäude
Das aktuelle Gemeindehaus Die Arche wurde 2009 feierlich eröffnet. Der Bau wurde unter anderem durch Mitgliederspenden finanziert. Die Bauzeit dauerte 18 Monate, die Baukosten lagen bei 2,5 Mio. EUR. Gemeindemitglieder erbrachten 24.000 Stunden Eigenleistung. Der Entwurf stammt von Philipp Architekten aus Schwäbisch Hall.

Das Gemeindehaus liegt in einer Waldrandlage und wird durch zwei Baukörper geprägt: der Gemeindesaal befindet sich im sanft gebogenen Hauptbaukörper, der innen wie außen mit Holz verkleidet ist, und somit an die namengebende Arche erinnert. Ein zweiter, niedrigerer Baukörper schließt sich abgewinkelt an, darin sind Büros und andere kleinere Räume untergebracht. Am Schnittpunkt der beiden Baukörper liegt das Foyer.

Organisation und Angebote

Organisation
Die ETG-Neuhütten untersteht offiziell dem Dachverband der Evangelischen Täufergemeinden, dieser gesteht den einzelnen Gemeinden jedoch weitgehende Selbstständigkeit zu und dient mehr als Austauschplattform. Die Finanzen werden hauptsächlich durch freiwillige Mitgliederbeiträge und Spenden gedeckt.

In Neuhütten findet ein wöchentlicher Sonntagsgottesdienst statt sowie parallel ein Kindergottesdienst. Ebenfalls parallel wird der Bibelunterricht für Teenager angeboten.

Angebote
Die Gemeinde bietet einen kostenlosen Alphakurs zum Kennenlernen des christlichen Glaubens an. Als Nachfolgekurs gibt es einen, ebenfalls kostenlosen, Beta-Kurs. Weiterhin gibt es eine Jungschar und einen Jugendkreis, sodass zusammen mit den Kindergottesdiensten, der Stupsnasen-Gruppe (Kleinkindergruppe), dem Teeniekreis und dem Seniorenkreis alle Altersschichten abgedeckt sind. Mädchen- und Jungenschar findet bis zum Alter von etwa 13 Jahren getrennt statt, die weiteren Kreise dagegen gemeinsam. Daneben werden Bibelstunden und Hauskreise organisiert. Außerdem finden wöchentlich Treffen des Musikteams statt.

Haus Waldesruh
Das Seniorenheim wurde 1957 eingeweiht, die Arbeit wurde bis 1997 ehrenamtlich erbracht, seitdem teilweise ehrenamtlich. Zur Jahrtausendwende veränderte man die Anlage strukturell zum Betreuten Wohnen. Außerdem werden die Gottesdienste per Video-Übertragung in das Haus übertragen, es finden auch Morgenandachten statt, und der Seniorenkreis trifft sich dort.

Weblinks
 Website der Evangelischen Täufergemeinde Neuhütten

Einzelnachweise

Freikirchentum (Deutschland)
Täuferbewegung
Wüstenrot
Freikirche

Evangelische Täufergemeinde Neuhütten


Junior Barros (født 19. april 1993) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Ventforet Kofu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Junior Barros


Der Dalarnas Fotbollförbund (dt. Fußballverband von Dalarna) ist ein regionaler Fußballverband in Schweden. Er ist einer der 24 Mitgliedsverbände des Svenska Fotbollförbundet. Er hat seinen Sitz in Falun und organisiert den Fußballspielbetrieb in der ehemaligen Provinz Dalarna. Der Verband besteht derzeit aus 91 Mitgliedern und wird durch Lars Norman geleitet.

Mitgliedsvereine

Ligabetrieb

Herren
 Division 4 – eine Liga
 Division 5 – zwei Ligen
 Division 6 – drei Ligen
 Division 7 – drei Ligen

Daneben organisiert der Verband auch eine Nachwuchsliga und eine Alt-Herren-Liga.

Damen
 Division 3 – eine Liga
 Division 4 – eine Liga
 Division 5 – zwei Ligen

Weblinks
 Dalarnas FF Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Schwedischer Fußballverband
Sport (Gemeinde Falun)
Regionaler Sportverband (Schweden)

Dalarnas Fotbollförbund