ألفريد ادلر  (7 فبراير 1870 - 28 مايو 1937)، هو طبيب عقلي نمساوي، مؤسس مدرسة علم النفس الفردي، اختلف مع فرويد وكارل يونغ بالتأكيد على أن القوة الدافعة في حياة الإنسان هي الشعور بالنقص والتي تبدأ عندما يبدأ الطفل بفهم وجود الناس الآخرين والذين عندهم قدرة أحسن منه للعناية بأنفسهم والتكيف مع بيئتهم.

من اللحظة التي ينشأ الشعور بالنقص فيها الطفل يكافح للتغلب عليها، ولأن النقص لا يحتمل الآليات التعويضية تنشأ من النفس وتؤدي لظهور اتجاهات عصابية أنانية وإفراط تعويض وانسحاب من العالم الواقعي ومشاكله. أدلر ألقى الضغط الخاص على الشعور بالنقص ويظهر من اعتباره على ثلاث علاقات مهمة: القائمة بين الفرد والعمل و الأصدقاء والمحبوبين، تفادي مشاعر النقص في هذه العلاقات تقود الفرد لتبني هدف الحياة غير الواقعي ويتكرر التعبير عنه بإرادة غير عاقلة للقوة والسيطرة، وتقود إلى كل نوع من السلوك الضد اجتماعي من الاستبداد والتفاخر إلى الطغيان السياسي، أدلر آمن بأن التحليل النفسي والشعور بالجماعة يحافظ على السلامة العقلية.

الحياة المهنية
بدأ أدلر مسيرته الطبية كطبيب عيون، لكنه سرعان ما انتقل إلى ممارسة الطب العام، وأسس مكتبه في منطقة أقل ثراءً في فيينا على الجانب الآخر من حديقة براتر، وهي حديقة ملاهي وسيرك. كان من بين مرضاه أشخاص من السيرك، ومن المقترح أن أوجه القوة والضعف غير الاعتيادية لفناني الأداء قادت إلى رؤيته حول «دونية عضو الجسد» و«التعويض».

في بداية حياته المهنية، كتب أدلر مقالًا للدفاع عن نظرية فرويد بعد قراءة أحد أشهر أعمال فرويد، تفسير الأحلام. في عام 1902، وبسبب مقالته الدفاعية، تلقى أدلر دعوة من سيغموند فرويد للانضمام إلى مجموعة مناقشة غير رسمية ضمت رودولف رايتلر وفيلهيلم شتيكل. اجتمعت مجموعة «جمعية الأربعاء» (بالألمانية: Mittwochsgesellschaft) بانتظام مساء كل أربعاء في منزل فرويد وكانت بداية حركة التحليل النفسي، وتوسعت بمرور الوقت لتشمل العديد من الأعضاء. كل أسبوع يقدم أحد الأعضاء ورقة تناقشها المجموعة بعد استراحة قصيرة لتناول القهوة والكعك. الأعضاء الرئيسيون هم أوتو رانك، وماكس إيتينغون، وفيلهيلم شتيكل، وكارل أبراهام، وهانس ساكس، وفريتز ويتلز، وماكس غراف، وشاندور فيرينتزي. في عام 1908، قدم أدلر ورقته البحثية «الغريزة العدوانية في الحياة والعُصاب» في وقت اعتقد فيه فرويد أن التطور الجنسي المبكر هو المحدد الأساسي لتكوين الشخصية، وهو الأمر الذي عارضه أدلر. اقترح أدلر أن الدافع الجنسي والعدواني «غريزتان منفصلتان في الأصل تندمجان لاحقًا». اختلف فرويد آنذاك مع هذه الفكرة.

عندما اقترح فرويد في عام 1920 نظرية الغريزة المزدوجة عن الدافعين الجنسي والعدواني في مقال ما وراء مبدأ اللذة، دون الاستشهاد بأدلر، وُجه اللوم إليه لأن أدلر قد اقترح الدافع العدواني في ورقته البحثية عام 1908 (إيسلر، 1971). علق فرويد لاحقًا في حاشية سفلية عام 1923 أضافها إلى حالة هانز الصغير قائلًا: «لقد اضطررت إلى تأكيد وجود غريزة عدوانية» (1909، ص. 140، 2)، بينما أشار إلى أن مفهومه عن الدافع العدواني يختلف عن دافع أدلر. بصفته عضوًا قديمًا في المجموعة، قدم أدلر للمجموعة الكثير غير هذه المساهمة المحورية في عام 1908، وأصبح أدلر رئيسًا لجمعية التحليل النفسي في فيينا بعد ثماني سنوات (1910). ظل عضوًا في الجمعية حتى عام 1911، عندما انسحب هو ومجموعة من مؤيديه رسميًا من دائرة فرويد، وهو أول المعارضين الكبار للتحليل النفسي التقليدي (سابقًا بذلك انشقاق كارل يونغ في عام 1914).

كان هذا الانفكاك مناسبًا لكل من فرويد وأدلر، إذ أنهما باتا يكرها بعضيهما. أثناء تعاونه مع فرويد، حافظ أدلر كثيرًا على أفكاره الخاصة التي اختلفت مرارًا عن أفكار فرويد. رغم أنه غالبًا ما يُشار إلى أدلر على أنه «تلميذ فرويد»، لم يكن هذا صحيحًا في الواقع؛ بل كانا زميلين، وأشار فرويد إليه في عام 1909 باسم «زميلي الدكتور ألفريد أدلر». استمر تعاون أدلر وفرويد لتسع سنوات، ولم يلتقيا بعد الانفصال. استمر كره فرويد لأدلر حتى بعد الانفصال وكان يميل لكره المنشقين الآخرين عن التحليل النفسي. حتى بعد وفاة أدلر، استمرت كراهية فرويد له. عند التحدث مع زميل حول هذه المسألة، قال، «أنا لا أفهم تعاطفك مع أدلر. بالنسبة لصبي يهودي قادم من إحدى ضواحي فيينا، فإن الموت في أبردين هو أمر غير مسبوق في حد ذاته ودليل على التقدم الذي أحرزه. لقد كافأه العالم حقًا بجدارة على خدمته في وضع التحليل النفسي المناقض». في عام 1929 عرض أدلر على أحد المراسلين مع صحيفة نيويورك هيرالد نسخة من البطاقة البريدية الباهتة التي أرسلها إليه فرويد في عام 1902. أراد أن يثبت أنه لم يكن أبدا تلميذًا لفرويد، إنما فرويد من سعى إليه لمشاركته أفكاره.

أسس أدلر جمعية علم النفس الفردي في عام 1912 بعد انفصاله عن حركة التحليل النفسي. تضمنت مجموعة أدلر في البداية بعض أتباع النيتشية التقليدية (الذين اعتقدوا أن أفكار أدلر حول السلطة والدونية كانت أقرب إلى نيتشه من أفكار فرويد). بعيدًا عن عداوتهما، حافظ أدلر على إعجابه بأفكار فرويد حول الأحلام وأرجع إليه الفضل في إنشاء نهج علمي لاستخدامها السريري (فيبرت، 1997). ومع ذلك، حتى فيما يتعلق بتفسير الأحلام، كان لأدلر نهجه النظري والسريري. تركزت الاختلافات الأساسية بين أدلر وفرويد على زعم أدلر بأن المجال الاجتماعي (الخارجانية) يتساوى في أهميته في علم النفس مع المجال الداخلي (الداخلانية). تمتد ديناميات السلطة والتعويض إلى ما وراء الجنسانية، ويمكن للجندر والسياسة أن يكونا بنفس أهمية الرغبة الجنسية. علاوة على ذلك، لم يشارك فرويد معتقدات أدلر الاشتراكية، فزوجة أدلر كانت على سبيل المثال صديقة مقربة للعديد من الماركسيين الروس مثل ليون تروتسكي.

المدرسة الأدلرية
بعد انفصال أدلر عن فرويد، حقق نجاحًا كبيرًا وشهرة في تأسيس مدرسة مستقلة للعلاج النفسي وعلم نفس الشخصية الفريد. سافر وألقى محاضرات لمدة 25 عامًا لتعزيز نهجه الاجتماعي. كان هدفه بناء حركة تنافس بل وتستبدل الحركات الأخرى في علم النفس من خلال الدفاع عن التكامل الشامل للصحة النفسية مع المساواة الاجتماعية. توقفت جهود أدلر بسبب الحرب العالمية الأولى التي عمل خلالها كطبيب في الجيش النمساوي المجري. بعد انتهاء الحرب، ازداد نفوذه بشكل كبير. في عشرينيات القرن الماضي، أنشأ عددًا من عيادات لتوجيه الأطفال. منذ عام 1921 فما بعد، كان محاضرًا متكررًا في أوروبا والولايات المتحدة، وأصبح أستاذًا زائرًا في جامعة كولومبيا في عام 1927. هدفت طرق العلاج السريرية للبالغين إلى الكشف عن المقصد الخفي للأعراض باستخدام الوظائف العلاجية للبصيرة والمعنى.

كان أدلر مهتمًا بتخطي ديناميكية التفوق/الدونية وكان من أوائل المعالجين النفسيين الذين تجاهلوا الأريكة التحليلية واستبدلها بالكرسيين. هذا يسمح للطبيب والمريض بالجلوس معًا بشكل من المساواة. سريريًا، لا تقتصر طرق أدلر على العلاج بعد-وقوع-الحدث ولكنها تمتد إلى مجال الوقاية من خلال استباق المشاكل المستقبلية لدى الطفل. تشمل استراتيجيات الوقاية تشجيع وتعزيز الاهتمام الاجتماعي والانتماء والتحول الثقافي داخل الأسرة والمجتمعات التي تؤدي إلى استئصال التغنيج والإهمال (خاصة العقاب الجسدي). كانت شعبية أدلر مرتبطة بالتفاؤل المقارن ومعقولية أفكاره. غالبًا ما كان يكتب للجمهور العادي. احتفظ أدلر دائمًا بنهج براغماتي موجهًا نحو مهام محددة. «مهام الحياة» هي المهنة/العمل، والمجتمع/الصداقة، والحب/الجنسانية. نجاح المهام جميعًا يعتمد على التعاون. لا ينبغي النظر لمهام الحياة بشكل مفرد ومعزول، وعلق أدلر تعليقه الشهير بأن «جميعها تلقي أضواءً متقاطعة على بعضها البعض».

قارن الدكتور فيكتور فرانكل في كتابه الأكثر مبيعًا، بحث الإنسان عن المعنى، قارن «مدرسة فيينا الثالثة للعلاج النفسي» (بعد مدرستي فرويد وأدلر) بتحليل أدلر:وفقًا للعلاج بالمعنى، فإن السعي لإيجاد معنى في حياة المرء هو القوة التحفيزية الأساسية في الإنسان. لهذا السبب أتحدث عن الرغبة للمعنى على النقيض من «مبدأ اللذة» (أو، كما يمكن أن نطلق عليه أيضًا، الرغبة للذة) الذي يرتكز عليه التحليل النفسي الفرويدي، وكذلك على النقيض من الرغبة للقوة التي يرتكز عليها علم النفس الأدلري باستخدام مصطلح «السعي للتفوق».

من أقواله

 الكذب لا يكون محسوسا إذا كانت الحقيقة لا يشعر أنها خطرة
 قاعدة بسيطة في التعامل مع الصعبين المراس أن تتذكر أن الشخص يكافح ليثبت تفوقه ويجب أن تتعامل معه من وجهة نظره
 الموت نعمة عظيمة للبشرية بدونها لا تقدم حقيقي، الناس الخالدون لن يعرقلوا ويثبطوا عزائم الصغار ولكن لن يملكوا محفز كافي للابداع
 كل فرد يتصرف ويعاني بالتوافق مع غايته المميزة حيث الكل له قدر محتم والتي من الممكن إلا يفهمها
 كل علاج شاف وكل محاولة خرقاء لتظهر للمريض الحقيقة وستخدش مسؤولية المريض وحريته وبالتالي ستواجه بمقاومة حادة.
 رقة الشعور هي تعبير عن الشعور بالنقص
 الله الكامل الأبدي الذي يوجه النجوم وهو سيد الأقدار ويرفع الإنسان من وضاعته الذي يتكلم من الكون لكل روح بشرية وهو الوحي الذي يظهر الكمال
 في التحقق من الأسلوب العصابي للحياة ونشك بالعدو ونلاحظ كيف يعاني من ظرف المريض
 أنه من الأسهل الصراع من أجل مبدأ أكثر من أن تعيش من أجله
 من أكثر الاتجاهات الفعالة في العصاب أن تقيس الرفض للتكلم
 واجب وطنني أن يكذب الإنسان من أجل بلده
 الإنسان يعرف أكثر مما يفهم
 المعاني ليست محدد بالمواقف ولكن نحدد أنفسنا بالمعاني التي نعطيها للموقف
 مصاعبي تنبع مني
 لا يوجد خبرة لسبب فشلنا أو نجاحنا؛ لا نشكو من خبرتنا٬ ولكن نحدد ما يلائم أهدافنا
 دولنا الحديثة تعد للحرب بدون أن تعرف مستقبل الحرب
 الخطر الرئيس في الحياة أن تأخذ في الحسبان كثير من الحذر
 المربي يجب أن بؤمن بالقدرة الكامنة في طلابه ويجب أن يوظف كل فنونه لإخراجها إلى خبرتهم
 عظمة الشعور بالنقص أنه يختبر والأقوى أنه يحث على الاستيلاء والأكثر قسوة الإثارة العاطفية
 الناس الأصحاء هم الذين لا تعرفهم جيدا
 علم النفس يمكن أن يحصل على هدفه المناسب بفهم الطبيعة البشرية وباستخدام العلم سنجلب السلام للروح
 فحص أنماط السلوك بعلاقتها مع المجتمع، العلاقة مع العمل والعلاقة مع الجنس
 هناك قاعدة تقول أن تحب جارك كما تحب نفسك وعلى البشر تطبيقها كما يتنفسون وإلا سيهلكون
 كل الذين يسلكون طريق الحرب يظهرون غير إنسانيين
 أن تكون إنسان يعني أن تمل الشعور بالنقص والتي تدفع ضاغطة نحو الاستيلاء
 الحرب ليست استمرار للسياسة بوسائل أخرى ولكن جريمة شاملة تقترف بحق المجتمع البشري
 الحرب جريمة منظمة وتعذيب ضد الإخوة
 لا يجب أن نقول أن الطفل إذا رُبّي بشكل سيء سيكون مجرما يجب أن نرى الاستنتاج الذي وضعه
 يجب أن نفسر المزاج السيء كإشارة للنقص
 يجب ألا نتجاهل ما يشعر به المريض من أعراض

روابط خارجية

مراجع

اشتراكيون نمساويون
أطباء عيون نمساويون
أطباء نفسيون نمساويون
أطباء نفسيون يهود
تاريخ الطب النفسي
خريجو جامعة فيينا
علم النفس الأدلري
علماء نفس
علماء نفس نمساويون
علماء يهود
مواليد 1870
مواليد في فيينا
نمساويون من أصل يهودي مجري
نمساويون مهاجرون إلى المملكة المتحدة
وفيات 1937
وفيات في أبردين
يهود نمساويون
يهود نمساويون في القرن 19

ألفرد أدلر


Dunatetétlen é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Bács-Kiskun. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 499 habitantes.

Localidades de Bács-Kiskun

Dunatetétlen


An Pleurothallis paradoxa in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Carlyle August Luer ngan Stig Dalström. An Pleurothallis paradoxa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis paradoxa


The Milindapañha () is a Buddhist text which dates from sometime between 100 BC and 200 AD. It purports to record a dialogue between the Indian Buddhist sage Nāgasena, and the 2nd century BC Indo-Greek king Menander I (Pali: Milinda) of Bactria, in Sāgalā, present-day Sialkot.

The Milindapañhā is regarded as canonical in Burmese Buddhism, included as part of the book of Khuddaka Nikāya. An abridged version is included as part of Chinese Mahāyāna translations of the canon. The Milindapañha is not regarded as canonical by Thai or Sri Lankan Buddhism, however, despite the surviving Theravāda text being in Sinhalese script.

The Chinese text titled the Monk Nāgasena Sutra corresponds to the first three chapters of the Milindapañha. It was translated sometime during the Eastern Jin dynasty (317–420).

History

It is generally accepted by scholars that the work is composite, with additions made over some time. In support of this, it is noted that the Chinese versions of the work are substantially shorter.

The earliest part of the text is believed to have been written between 100 BC and 200 AD. The text may have initially been written in Sanskrit; Oskar von Hinüber suggests, based on an extant Chinese translation of Mil as well as some unique conceptualizations within the text, the text's original language might have been Gandhari. However, apart from the Sri Lankan Pali edition and its derivatives, no other copies are known.

The oldest manuscript of the Pali text was copied in 1495 AD. Based on references within the text itself, significant sections of the text are lost, making Milinda the only Pali text known to have been passed down as incomplete.

It is mentioned in the Grande Inscription d'Angkor engraved in 1701 on the walls of Angkor Wat in Cambodia.

The book is included in the inscriptions of the Canon approved by the Burmese Fifth Council and the printed edition of the Sixth Council text.

Thomas Rhys Davids says it is the greatest work of classical Indian prose, saying:

Moriz Winternitz however maintains that this is true only of the earlier parts.

Contents
The contents of the Milindapañhā are:
Background History
Questions on Distinguishing Characteristics: (Characteristics of Attention and Wisdom, Characteristic of Wisdom, Characteristic of Contact, Characteristic of Feeling, Characteristic of Perception, Characteristic of Volition, Characteristic of Consciousness, Characteristic of Applied Thought, Characteristic of Sustained Thought, etc.)
Questions for the Cutting Off of Perplexity: (Transmigration and Rebirth, The Soul, Non-Release From Evil Deeds, Simultaneous Arising in Different Places, Doing Evil Knowingly and Unknowingly, etc.)
Questions on Dilemmas : Speaks of several puzzles and these puzzles were distributed in eighty-two dilemmas.
A Question Solved By Inference
Discusses the Special Qualities of Asceticism
Questions on Talk of Similes

According to Oskar von Hinüber, while King Menander is an actual historical figure, Bhikkhu Nagasena is otherwise unknown, the text includes anachronisms, and the dialogue lacks any sign of Greek influence but instead is traceable to the Upanisads.

The text mentions Nāgasena's father Soñuttara, his teachers Rohana, Assagutta of Vattaniya and Dhammarakkhita of Asoka Ārāma near Pātaliputta, and another teacher named Āyupāla from Sankheyya near Sāgala.

Menander I
According to the Milindapanha, Milinda/ Menander, identified as Menander I, embraced the Buddhist faith. He is described as constantly accompanied by a guard of 500 Greek (Yonaka) soldiers, and two of his counselors are named Demetrius and Antiochus.

In the Milindanpanha, Menander is introduced as the "king of the city of Sāgala in India, Milinda by name, learned, eloquent, wise, and able". Buddhist tradition relates that, following his discussions with Nāgasena, Menander adopted the Buddhist faith "as long as life shall last" and then handed over his kingdom to his son to retire from the world. It is described that he attained enlightenment afterwards.

Translations
The work has been translated into English twice, once in 1890 by Thomas William Rhys Davids (reprinted by Dover Publications in 1963) and once in 1969  by Isaline Blew Horner (reprinted in 1990 by the Pali Text Society).

 ; reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi Vol. 1, Vol. 2
  2 volumes.

Abridgements include:

   Based on Rhys Davids (1890, 1894).
  Based on Horner (1963–64).

See also
 Anatta, doctrine of "non-self"
 Anupiṭaka
 Greco-Buddhism
 Khuddaka Nikāya
 Paracanonical texts (Theravada Buddhism)
 Ship of Theseus

References

Additional Sources

External links
  Vol. 1, Vol. 2

Greco-Buddhism
Buddhist apologetic works
Pali Buddhist texts
Theravada Buddhist texts
Khuddaka Nikaya
Indo-Greeks
2nd-century BC texts
Menander I

Milinda Panha


Ceza aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Ceza (psikoloji)
 Ceza, rap müzik şarkıcısı
 Ceza sahası, futbolda kale önünde sahanın her iki yakasında bulunan bölge
 Psikolojik ceza, kişiyi cezalandırma yöntemi
 Suç ve Ceza, Dostoyevski'nin romanı

Hukuk
 Ceza, suç karşılığında uygulanan yaptırım
 Ceza ehliyeti, yaş sınırının üzerinde ve belli bir yaşın altında olan çocuk
 Ceza hukuku, suç ve ceza kavramlarını inceleyen kamu hukuku bölümü
 Ceza Muhakemeleri Usulü Kanunu, kanun
 Türk Ceza Kanunu, kanun
 Türk Ceza Kanunu 301. maddesi, kanun maddesi
 Uluslararası ceza hukuku, hukuk kavramı

Kurumlar
 Ceza İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü, Adalet Bakanlığı'na bağlı kurum
 Eski Yugoslavya Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, Eski Yugoslavya'da işlenmiş savaş suçlarını cezalandırma amacını güden uluslararası mahkeme
 Ruanda Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, Ruanda soykırımından sonra kurulan uluslararası mahkeme
 Uluslararası Ceza Mahkemesi, uluslararası mahkeme
 Uzak Doğu Uluslararası Askeri Ceza Mahkemesi, Tokyo mahkemeleri

Sinema
 Ceza, 1975 yapımı Türk filmi
 Ceza, 1982 yapımı Türk filmi

Ceza (anlam ayrımı)


جورج أوشاوا : هو مولد علم الماكروبايوتيك الحديث (1966 - 1893). ولد جورج أوشاوا في اليابان ونشر نظام الماكروبيوتيك الذي شفاه من داء السل الرئوي قبل أن يبلغ العشرين من عمره.
نجح أوشاوا في نشر الماكروبيوتيك في العالم أجمع بمساعدة زوجته وتلامذته الذين نذكر منهم الرواد ميتشيو كوشي وإيهارا.

توفي في 23 أبريل 1966.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

بوذيون يابانيون
دعاة سلام يابانيون
علماء يابانيون
فلاسفة يابانيون في القرن 20
فلسفة اجتماعية
مربون يابانيون
مواليد 1893
وفيات 1966

جورج أوشاوا


Den blå fugl er en dansk kortfilm fra 1984 med instruktion og manuskript af Annelise Malmgren. Filmen er lavet som en dukkefilm med legemsstore, farverige dukker i naturlige miljøer: Skov, slot, diskotek m.m. Det er et fabulerende lærestykke udformet som et eventyr, hvor indholdet også er en kønsrolledebat i venlig udformning.

Handling
Prinsesse Irene tager afsted for at befri prins Tomas, der i mange år har været indespærret af en ond drage.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1984

Den blå fugl


The Rimutaka Incline was a ,  gauge railway line on an average grade of 1-in-15 using the Fell system between Summit and Cross Creek stations on the Wairarapa side of the original Wairarapa Line in the Wairarapa district of New Zealand.  The term "Rimutaka Incline" is sometimes used incorrectly to refer to other parts or all of the closed and deviated section of the Wairarapa Line between Upper Hutt and Speedy's Crossing, near Featherston. The incline formation is now part of the Remutaka Rail Trail.

History

Background
The construction of a railway from Wellington to Masterton was authorised in the Railways Act passed on 13 September 1871.  Julius Vogel, Colonial Treasurer, travelled to England to raise finance for a major public works programme for railway construction.  Vogel returned via the United States, where he studied rail systems.

After the act of parliament was passed, a survey party set out to make preliminary investigations of possible routes for a railway over the Rimutaka Range (now spelled "Remutaka Range").  These were complete by December 1870, the party having investigated four routes.  A commonality between all the proposals was the section from Upper Hutt to Kaitoki (later Kaitoke).  Between Kaitoke and the Wairarapa, the four proposals were the Tauwharenikau Route, Mr Sinclair's Route, a coastal route and the Pakuratahi Route.

While the government was conducting its surveys, Wellington Province Superintendent William Fitzherbert instructed his Provincial Engineer, Charles O'Neill, to investigate the possibility of a railway through the Rimutaka Valley (the route of the road between Featherston and Upper Hutt), with a tunnel through the dividing range.  The survey was carried out between May and 21 July 1871, and O'Neill reported that a tunnel 130 chains (2.6 km) long would be required, with the line rising at 1 in 60 from the Pakuratahi to the tunnel then descending at 1 in 40 to Featherston. This survey was forwarded to the Minister for Public Works.

In mid-1873 the route to Featherston was chosen after a final survey for the route from Upper Hutt to Summit.

For the line between Summit and the Wairarapa, several proposals were considered.  The first, with gradients up to 1 in 30, was dismissed.  It was found that to keep the gradient to no steeper than 1 in 40, curves of three chains (60 m) radius would be required.  This would have required special rolling stock and heavy earthworks and was thus abandoned.

Another proposal was known as the Birch Spur Incline.  This would have involved the line continuing from Summit to Birch Spur from where a rope-worked incline would convey traffic to the valley floor where the railway would continue through a narrow valley to the Wairarapa plains.  The Public Works Department engineers investigating this proposal were unable to locate a suitable incline, so this proposal was also abandoned.

The last option was a three-mile (4.8 km) incline with gradients averaging 1 in 15 "to be worked by locomotives of an unusual nature".  This line was the most favourable from an engineer's point of view, and required not unreasonable earthworks.  The final decision was made by the head of the Public Works Department, John Carruthers.  He determined that an incline worked by the Fell system would be suitable, and cited the Mont Cenis Pass Railway as an example.  Though special locomotives would be required, factors in its favour were that ordinary rolling stock could be used and it was a proven system.  It was to be the third and last Fell system employing the centre rail for both tractive power and braking, and the longest surviving.  Though it was considered to be a "temporary" measure, it outlasted the second such system in Brazil by 72 years.

Construction
Construction of the Rimutaka Incline was included in two contracts that were let for the building of the original Wairarapa Line.  These contracts were known as the Summit contract and the Incline contract.

Summit contract
This contract included the excavation of Summit station yard and related drainage, Summit tunnel, and formation work to a point 26 chains (523 m) beyond the tunnel.  It was the shortest contract of those let for the line, it was finished by the original contractor, and it had the fewest alterations.  Work was to start on 12 July 1874 and to be completed by 22 July 1876, at which time the Pakuratahi contract was due to be completed.

Summit yard was a large cut into the hillside,  wide and  long initially.  Excavations removed material to a depth of 15–20 feet, with this fill being dumped on the opposite side of the yard to form level ground.  On the hillside above the yard, further ground was levelled and houses erected thereon.

After the yard had taken shape, the next job was the tunnel.  The approach to the tunnel was about 6 chains long and up to  deep.  The line entered the tunnel on a downward grade of 1 in 1,000, steepening to a grade of 1 in 15 at the eastern portal.  At that end a small drainage tunnel had to be built to divert a stream that had flowed down a steep gully where the tunnel mouth was to be.  The maximum height of the tunnel was  above the floor: once rails were laid the maximum clearance was   The width of the tunnel varied from  at the floor to  at  above the floor.  Despite castigation from various parties, it was not until March 1877 that work on both ends of the tunnel met at the middle, having taken three and a half years to complete.

The Public Works Department lined the tunnel after the rails had reached the site, enabling them to use work trains to bring materials and other supplies in.  It was during this phase that the only fatality on this contract occurred: on 3 May 1878, a sizeable portion of the lining collapsed on two men.  One was killed outright, the other lost his eyesight due to severe head injuries.

The Summit contract was completed on 10 December 1877, 17 months behind schedule.

Incline contract
On 5 October 1875, the Incline contract was awarded to Charles McKirdy for the sum of £49,029.  The contract covered the formation only, with the Public Works Department responsible for track laying.

The contract began outside Summit tunnel and terminated at Featherston, a distance of 8 miles 76 chains (14.403 km).  It included Cross Creek station yard and runaway siding.  Several alterations were made to the contract both prior to and during construction, including the replacement of one of three tunnels by a cutting, and three wooden bridges by embankments.

The line descended at a grade of 1 in 15, passing through the  long Horseshoe Gully Tunnel (later Siberia Tunnel).  On leaving the tunnel, the line crossed the gully on a high earth and rock embankment, the largest on the section, on a five-chain radius curve.  The embankment was about 180 to  wide at its base, and around  high at its centre line.

After the embankment, the line continued at a grade of 1 in 15 down to Cross's Creek (later Cross Creek) station.  From Cross Creek the line descended at gradients varying from level to 1 in 40 to Lucena's (later Pigeon Bush), and from there in a straight line to Featherston.

Work on the contract began on 22 October 1875.  None of the major earthworks seem to have presented any great difficulties, save the lower tunnel, which was plagued by accidents and materials failures largely because of the unstable nature of the rock through which it passed.  The tunnel was named Price's after the manager McKirdy employed for this contract. On 2 March 1876, two men died due to a cave-in of the tunnel roof.

Between October 1877 and March 1878, platelaying was completed up to Summit.  This enabled the use of work trains to haul up materials that were used to line Summit Tunnel.  Track laying on the incline commenced in April 1878 and reached Cross Creek the following month.  During this work, H 199 was stabled at Summit and used to haul work and ballast trains to the railhead.

Initially, only simple arrangements were made for the station yard at Cross's Creek, as it had yet to be decided the nature of operations on the Incline.  It consisted of the main line, an engine siding of 10 chains, and the runaway siding.

After formation work continued beyond Cross Creek, McKirdy ran out of time and money, with the remainder of his contract being picked up by his guarantors, T. W. Young and Robert Greenfield.  They finished the formation to Featherston on 17 August 1878, with track laying finishing the following month.  The contract was completed 13 months late.

Operation
Initially, trains on the incline were limited to the weight that could be managed by a single locomotive.  After complaints from management of the expense of running too many trains, two locomotives seem to have been used, both at the head of the train.  From 1887 trains were worked with multiple locomotives, each at the head of its rated load.  As the maximum weight of a train during this period was 150 tons, no more than three locomotives were used per train.  Train operations continued to be modified until by 1908 the maximum load allowed per train had increased to 250 tons descending and 260 tons ascending.

When the line opened, there were two Fell brake vans in service, each  long and  from floor to ceiling, with open platforms at either end.  The wear on the brake blocks fitted to these vans was so severe that a set of blocks seldom lasted more than one trip down the incline.  Like the positioning and loading of the locomotives, the arrangements for positioning of the Fell vans varied until they were largely standardised by 1897.  For ascending trains, Fell vans were placed at the rear of the train.  For descending trains, a Fell van was placed between the locomotives and the leading vehicle.  If the gross weight of the train exceeded 120 tons or included more than 15 vehicles (excluding the locomotives in both cases) a second Fell van was attached to the rear of the train.  These rules applied before the introduction of the Westinghouse continuous air brake. The Fell locomotives were never turned, running cab first on descending trains.

As descending trains departed Summit the "through" guard applied the brakes on the leading vehicle, then moved through the train applying the brakes on the other vehicles until he reached the train van, which also had brakes that had to be applied. Each Fell van had its own guard to operate the two sets of brakes.

After the introduction of the continuous brake system in 1903 it became possible to operate trains with five locomotives, and on descending passenger trains up to five Fell brake vans could be used – two next to the locomotives, one in the middle, and two at the rear.  As each brake van had its own guard and the train had a train guard and locomotive crews, a train with five brake vans and four locomotives had a crew of 14, which added to the expense of the operation. Moreover, to reduce the strain on couplings, when several locomotives were used they would be distributed through the train, as can be seen from photos. This necessitated significant remarshalling of the train at either end of the incline.

Instructions issued in 1885 regarding the use of the safety siding required that the points for the incline be set to the safety siding.  As descending trains approached the Cross Creek yard, the driver of the leading locomotive sounded a long whistle, which signalled that all was well.  On hearing this signal the signalman would set the points for the arrival road. As far as is known no real emergency occurred. Cross Creek had an unusual six-lever partially-interlocked signalling installation and had no "distant" signals so had points indicators which applied to the "main" line (see Heine for station layout), while Summit had a fully interlocked 27-lever frame.

Unusual traffic included four royal trains: for the Prince of Wales in 1921; the Duke (later King George VI) and Duchess of York in 1927; the Duke of Gloucester in 1935; and Queen Elizabeth II and the Duke of Edinburgh in 1954. Trains were diverted from the Manawatu line due to slips, floods or other mishaps.

The original yards at Cross Creek and Summit were sufficient for the traffic levels of the time, but increasing traffic brought about incremental additions.  The full extent of the Summit yard was reached in 1903, which coincided with the introduction of full signalling and interlocking, not introduced to Cross Creek until 1915.

H class locomotives were not to be operated on any part of the railway other than the Incline, with the sole exception of conveying them to the Petone (and later Hutt) Workshops for maintenance.  In the latter case, bunkers, water tanks and boilers were to be empty and the locomotives were to be towed at a speed not exceeding . These rules were relaxed to allow the locomotives to travel light engine to Petone and back under their own steam, subject to the same speed restrictions.  In 1887 they were permitted to be operated between Cross Creek and Pigeon Bush, later extended to Featherston to enable them to be used for banking purposes.  Running rights between Cross Creek and Featherston were revoked about 1943.

Speed limits for trains on the Incline were changed several times.  From 1884 to 1888 the limit was  ascending and descending, except light passenger trains for which the limit was . In 1888 these limits changed to  up,  down.  The limits were finally  up,  down.

Various classes of locomotives were deployed to supplement the H class when one or more was away for maintenance or repairs, including
W 192 and 238 2-6-2 tank locomotives, built in 1889 and 1891 respectively, which spent most of their time on the Wellington to Summit section until their transfer in 1909;
54-ton WE 4-6-4 tank locomotives rebuilt from 4-8-0 B class locomotives, rated to haul passenger trains up to 55 tons and goods trains up to 60 tons, until 1906, after which they were used mainly on the Upper Hutt to Summit section and rated to haul passenger trains up to 130 tons, mixed trains 150 tons and goods trains 155 tons, and were then later sent to work on the Rewanui Incline in the South Island;
65-ton E 66, rated to haul 80 tons up the Incline, until 1910 when it was transferred to banking duties on the Wellington to Johnsonville section;
WG 480 4-6-4 tank locomotive, during the Great War.

After the Great War traffic was well within the capabilities of the six H class locomotives.

The mileages run by the H class locomotives show notable increases that correspond to economic and other major events, such as the opening of the Wairarapa Line as far as Masterton, completion of the line to Woodville, and the nationalisation of the Wellington and Manawatu Railway.  With the opening of the railway to Masterton the annual mileage of the H class rose from less than 7,000 to more than 8,000, in 1883–1897 to 34,000, and to 42,000 when the line was opened to Woodville and began carrying traffic from the Hawke's Bay.  Mileage peaked at 64,123 in 1906–07, about 10,687 miles per locomotive or 1,780 return Incline trips.

Wairarapa railcars

In 1936 seven lightweight Wairarapa railcars, RM 4–10, were introduced between Palmerston North, Masterton and Wellington.  They were specifically designed for the Incline, and were built at the Hutt Workshops. They were named after historic Maori canoes: Maahunui, Mahuhu, Mamari, Matahourua, Mataatua, Arai-te-Uru and Arawa.  Initially powered by  Leyland petrol engines, they were upgraded after several years to  diesel engines.  They had a single rear driving axle with 38½" (978 mm) diameter wheels, necessitated by the need for the axle and final drive unit to have sufficient clearance above the Incline's centre rail.  Because of the large rear wheels the floor of the passenger compartment was 52½" (1334 mm) above rail level, more than  higher than normal.  They were rated for a maximum speed of  and expected to climb the Incline at 15-17 mph, but actually managed only 10–12 mph. Nevertheless, they greatly speeded up passenger trains on the route and immediately proved popular. They were withdrawn in 1955 when the Incline closed.

Replacement

Several options for an alternative to the Incline were considered in the 20th century, but it was not until after WWII that a route through a tunnel between Maymorn and Lucena's Creek was selected.  Construction was started in 1948 by the Public Works Department and completed by a private contractor in 1955.  The tunnel and deviation opened on 3 November 1955, five days after the Incline closed.

Demolition was swift, with the removal of track between Cross Creek and Pigeon Bush largely completed by March 1956. H 199 was used to haul the work trains that removed the track between Cross Creek and Summit.  The buildings were sold at auction, on site.  Some of the rails were sent to the Rewanui Incline, as were a couple of the Fell brake vans.  Five of the six H class locomotives were towed to the Hutt Workshops, later to Silverstream, to be scrapped.

Today

Museum

A museum dedicated to the preservation of the only remaining H-class "Fell" locomotive was opened at Featherston in 1984.  H 199 had previously been given to the town of Featherston, and had been a static display in a local park from 1958.  Later, a lease was secured on F 210, the sole remaining Fell brake van, which is now also on display in the museum.

Rail trail

A resurgence of public interest in the incline followed the publication of a book in 1976 and the opening of the Fell Engine Museum in the early 1980s, prompting the New Zealand Forest Service to re-establish access to Cross Creek in 1984. The official opening of a rail trail using the formation of the original railway line from Cross Creek to Kaitoke followed in 1987. It is today one of the more popular recreational facilities in the region and forms part of the Remutaka Forest Park.

Children′s book

Inspired by H 199, Joy Cowley authored Hero of the hill in 2013. The book traces the train's journey up the incline during a particularly stormy night.

Future Plans

In October 2005 a reunion of former NZR staff and friends who worked the Incline was held in Featherston, including a visit on 29 October to Cross Creek to commemorate 50 years since the last train ran on the Incline. On the same day a ″first spike″ ceremony was held at Maymorn to mark the beginning of the Rimutaka Incline Railway Heritage Trust's project to reinstate the railway.

On 8 August 2003 the trust was inaugurated with the intention of reinstating the line in four stages: Upper Hutt to Summit; Wellington to Upper Hutt (using KiwiRail's Wairarapa Line); Summit to Cross Creek; Cross Creek to Featherston.  The base of operations is on land leased from KiwiRail at Maymorn.  Largely thanks to the establishment of the Remutaka Rail Trail, most of the original formation has been preserved and is proposed to be incorporated into the reinstated rail operation, with new works required at Maymorn to link the original formation to the station yard and a deviation at Kaitoke to bypass formation land that is now in private ownership.  The original route from Upper Hutt to the Mangaroa valley is not included in the trust's plans.

Work on the project is currently at stage one, with the acquisition of rolling stock for restoration, fencing, track laying in the yard, and the construction of a rail vehicle shed.

See also
 List of rail trails
 NZR H class (locomotive)
 NZR E class (locomotive)
 NZR RM class (Wairarapa) (railcar)
 Pahiatua Railcar Society's project to restore the sole surviving "RM" class Wairarapa railcar.
 Wairarapa Line
 Kaitoke railway station
 Summit railway station, New Zealand
 Cross Creek railway station
 Pigeon Bush railway station
 Featherston railway station
 Rimutaka Incline railway accident (1880 and 1936)

References

Citations

Bibliography

 Anon. (1950). "The Rimutaka Incline and Deviation, New Zealand". Railway Magazine, 96 (592: August), p. 543–547

  Previous editions 1992 and 1977 (as "A Line of Railway")

 Keller, G.P. (1954). "The Rimutaka Deviation". New Zealand Engineering, 9 (12: 15 December), p. 399–420

 'Voyageur' (1935). "Railway engineering in New Zealand". Railway Magazine, 76 (March), p. 179–185

External links

 Greater Wellington Regional Council, for information on the Remutaka Rail Trail
 The Fell Engine And The Rimutaka Incline

 Cruikshanks Tunnel access
 Photo of train on Rimutaka Incline (put Rimutaka Incline in search box at top left for more photos)
 Photo of Railcar arriving at Kaitoke, 29 October 1955
 The Rimutaka Incline; 1929 article by A.P. Godber
 Rear view of train ascending incline (postcard c1905)

Railway lines in New Zealand
3 ft 6 in gauge railways in New Zealand
Rail transport in Wellington
Rail mountain passes of New Zealand
Mountain railways
Tourist attractions in the Wellington Region
Railway inclines in New Zealand
Railway lines opened in 1878
Railway lines closed in 1955
Closed railway lines in New Zealand

Rimutaka Incline


Cyclopaedia ya da Evrensel Sanat ve Bilim Sözlüğü, 1728 yılında Ephraim Chambers tarafından Londra'da yayımlanan 2 ciltlik ansiklopedidir. 18. yüzyıl boyunca pek çok farklı versiyonu yayımlanmıştır. Cyclopaedia, İngilizce yazılmış genel kapsamlı ilk ansiklopedilerdendir.

Sözlükler ve ansiklopediler
1728 kitapları
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kitaplar

Cyclopaedia


Xiamen (kineski: 福州市; doslovno: "Vrata vile") ili Amoy (hokkien izgovor, pr. zn. "Otok čaplji") je drugi najveći grad kineske pokrajine Fujian, na jugoistoku Kine. Grad se nalazi na istoimenom otoku i dijelovima obližnje obale Tajvanskog tjesnaca. Prema procjeni iz 2010. u gradu je živjelo 3.531.347 stanovnika, no po posljednjem popisu iz 2018., taj broj je 4.110.000 stanovnika u širem dijelu grada. Ovo područje je povezano s gradovima Quanzhou na sjeveru i Zhangzhou na zapadu, te s njima čini metropolijsko područje od preko 5 milijuna stanovnika. Kinmen otočje kojim upravlja Tajvan udaljeno je od grada manje od 2 km.
Xiamen je poznat po blagoj umjerenoj klimi, izvornoj Hokkien kulturi i otoku Kulangsu koji je UNESCO-ova svjetska baština, ali i po relativno niskom zagađenju. God. 2006. Xiamen je proglašen za 2. najugodniji grad za život u Kini. U gradu se govori amojski jezik ("Xiamen jezik") koji je dijalekt južnog Min kineskog jezika.

Zemljopisne odlike

Otok Xiamen zauzima površinu od 132,5 km² i četvrti je najveći otok u pokrajini Fujian; obala otoka je duga oko 234 km.
Zaljev Xiamen nalazi se na jugoistočnoj obali Kine, tkj. jugoistočnom dijelu provincije Fujian i rijeke Jiulong, a okružuju ga ravnice Zhangzhoua i Quanzhoua, te Tajvanski tjesnac s jugoistoka. Vjetrovi su slabi i zaljev je prirodna luka s povoljnim uvjetima, te je važna luka za vanjsku trgovinu na jugoistočnoj obali Kine.
Xiamen je poznat po blagoj suptropskoj klimi s prosječnom godišnjom temperaturom od oko 21° C. Siječanj je najhladniji mjesec s prosjekom od 12,8 ° C, a najtopliji mjesec je srpanj s prosjekom od 27,8° C, te s maksimalnim temperaturama iznad 39° C. Xiamen ima godišnju količinu oborina od 1350 mm, s prosječnom vlagom od 24% u ožujku i 56% u srpnju. Sunce sja u Xiamenu u prosjeku 326 dana godišnje, što gradu daje oko 1853 sunčanih sati godišnje.

Povijest

Područje Xiamena je bilo izvan utjecaja dinastija Qin i Han jer su njihovi putovi dosezali samo zapadno od Fujiana i duž kanala Lingqu. No, pod državom Jin (264. – 420.) nastala je upravna jedinica, županija Tong'an, 282. godine. Ubrzo nakon toga gubi svoj status i neće biti obnovljena do 933. godine za vrijeme dinastije T'ang. Nastanak grada Xiamena temelji se na luci koju je na jugozapadnoj obali otoka Xiamen, sada dio distrikta Siming ("Sjećanje na Ming"), otvorila dinastija Song. Luci nije bilo službeno dopušteno trgovati s drugim zemljama jer je susjedna luka u Quanzhou zadržavala monopol. Godine 1313. franjevci su započeli svoju misiju u Xiamenu.

Godine 1387. japanski i kineski pirati (Wakō) su napali luku, zbog čega je dinastija Ming sagradila tvrđavu koja je Xiamenu dala ime. Grad prvi put posjećuju Portugalci 1541. godine. Nakon pada Minga i uspostave mandžurijske dinastije Qing, pristaše južnog Minga, pod vodstvom piratskog generala Koxinga, koristite Xiamen kao bazu za uznemiravanje Qing Kine između 1650. i 1660. god. Godine 1656. Koxinga je potjerao Nizozemce s Tajvana i preselio je svoj operativni centar na ovaj otok. No, njegovu bazu u Xiamenu je zajedno napala Qing vojska i Nizozemci 1663. godine. Časna Istočnoindijska kompanija intenzivno započinje koristiti luku Xiamena i ona gradi tvornicu 1678. god. God. 1680. Xiamen stječe status pod-prefekture, ali porezi i druga ograničenja potiču Britance da presele svoje poslovanje u Guangzhou i Fuzhou sljedeće godine. Trgovina se nastavlja 1685. godine pod kantonskim sustavom. U 19. stoljeću, Xiamen je imao zidine duge 14 km i postao je glavna izvozna luka za čaj.
Prema Ugovoru iz Nanjinga (1842.), po kraju prvog opijumskog rata, Xiamen je postao jedna od najvažnijih otvorenih luka za trgovinu s Velikom Britanijom. 1870-ih godina stanovništvo se procjenjuje na 250.000 stanovnika, no ako se dodaju stanovnici 140 sela rasutih na otoku ukupan broj stanovnika bio je oko 400.000 stanovnika. Europljani su bili koncentrirani na otoku Kulangsu (Gulangyu) ispred otoka Xiamena i grade zgrade u kolonijalnom stilu koji je danas popularno turističko odredište.

Početkom 20. st., osnivanjem plantaža čaja u Indiji Britanci dovode gospodarstvo Xiamena do kolapsa. Mnogi ljudi su se u to vrijeme odselili u jugoistočnu Aziju i Tajvan, šireći svoj dijalekt i hokkijansku kulturu u regiji i inozemstvu. Oko 350.000 prekomorskih Kineza je podrijetlom iz Xiamena. Dio te dijaspore se vratio i doprinijeli su financiranju sveučilišta i kulturnih institucija u Xiamenu
U vrijeme Kineske revolucije 1911., koja je svrgnula cara dinastije Qing i dovela do stvaranja Republike Kine, stanovništvo Xiamena procijenjeno je na 300.000, a stranih stanovnika na 280. Xiamen je uklopljen u novi upravni okrug nazvan županija Siming. Trgovina je u to vrijeme uglavnom bila s otokom Tajvanom, jer ga je okupirao Japan tijekom invazije na Kinu 1895. god. Japan zauzima Xiamen u svibnju 1938. Grad je oslobođen u rujnu 1945. i poraz Japana označava kraj Drugog svjetskog rata. Uslijedio je Kineski građanski rat u kojemu se sukobljavaju Kuomintang i Komunisti, što završava s pobjedom Komunističke. Narodno-oslobodilačka armija Kine ulazi u Xiamen u listopadu 1949. godine, ali ne uspijeva da zauzme otok Jinmen koji se nalazi samo nekoliko kilometara od Xiamena, unatoč pokušaju iskrcavanje nekoliko pukovnija.
Xiamen je dva puta preživio krizu hladnog rata u godinama koje su uslijedile. Tijekom prve krize (1954. – 1955.) i druge krize Tajvanskog tjesnaca (1958.) komunističke trupe bombardirale su artiljerijske dijelove Xiamena na otocima u vlasništvu Republike Kine smještene nedaleko od grada. Nacionalisti su odgovorili bombardiranjem otoka Xiamena. Kako bi ojačali veze između kontinenta i otoka u tom razdoblju, kineski čelnici su 1955. izgradili prijelaz Gaoji od 2,2 km, koji pretvara otok u poluotok sve do 1991. god. Napetosti s Tajvanom su se nastavile 1960-ih i 1970-ih.
Kada je kineski vođa Deng Xiaoping odlučio sprovesti svoju ekonomsku reformu 1978. godine, Xiamen je postao jedna od četiri "Posebna ekonomska zone Kine", odabrane za privlačenje stranih investitora, osobito Kineza iz dijaspore, zahvaljujući povoljnim poreznim uvjetima. Ovaj status omogućuje gradu razvoj i bogaćenje, te Xiamen dobiva status pod-pokrajinskog grada u travnju 1988. god. Godine 2001. sporazum "tri male veze" postiže normaliziranje odnosa s Tajvanom i omogućuje vraćanje trajektnih linija između Xiamena i otoka koje drže nacionalisti. God. 2010. godišnji promet putnika između Xiamena i obližnjeg Jinmena dosegao je 1,31 milijuna putnika.
Godine 1999. u Xianmenu je izbio najveći korupcijski skandal u kineskoj povijesti. 200 državnih dužnosnika bilo je uključeno u pronevjeru. Naime, biznismen Lai Changxing, koji je bio pobjegao u Kanadu a potom izručen Kini, iskoristio je gradska sredstva za financiranje gradske nogometne reprezentacije, filmskih studija, te ogromnih projekata za nekretnine i divovske bordele.

Znamenitosti

Glavno odredište Xiamen, otok Kulangsu koji je upisan na UNESCO-ov popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Aziji nalazi samo nekoliko stotina metara od središta grada. Otok je bez automobila i s njega se pruža pogled na sveučilišni grad Jimei i Tajvansko otočje Kinmen.

Uprava

Administrativne podjele Xiamena su se često mijenjale tijekom povijesti, a danas je pod-pokrajinski grad podijeljen na 6 distrikta (区 qu) od kojih su dva na samom otoku Xiamenu, a ostala 4 su na kopnu:

Stanovništvo
Prema procjeni u gradu Xiamenu je 2009. živjelo 623.300 stanovnika, no već prema popisu 2010. godine ukupan broj stanovnika u gradu iznosi 1,8 milijuna, što ga čini drugim naseljenim područjem Fujiana, odmah iza Fuzhoua, ali i prvim po gustoći stanovništva u pokrajini.

Gospodarstvo

God. 2018., BND Xiamena je dosego 479,14 milijardi juana, što je povećanje od 7,7% godišnje i rangiran je kao treći u provinciji Fujian, te 46. u kontinentalnoj Kini, ali i kao 15. od 15 pod-provincijskih gradova kontinentalne Kine. Godine 2018. BND po glavi stanovnika bio je 118.015 yuana, što je prvo mjesto u pokrajini Fujian i peto u cijeloj Kini. Glavne industrije u Xiamenu su: prijevoz i skladištenje poštanskih usluga, prijenos informacija i informacijske tehnologije, poslovne usluge, izložbe i turizam, financije, proizvodnja strojeva, održavanje zrakoplova i proizvodnja elektroničke opreme. Xiamen je jedna od najvećih svjetskih središta za proizvodnju i pakiranje LED čipova i ima jednu od najvećih središta za proizvodnju osobnih automobila u svijetu, te najveće središte za održavanje zrakoplova u Aziji.

Zbratimljeni gradovi

Izvori

Gradovi u Kini

Xiamen


The Heart of the Race: Black Women's Lives in Britain é um livro de 1985 de Beverley Bryan, Stella Dadzie e Suzanne Scafe. Um estudo sócio-histórico, analisou as realidades de vida das mulheres negras no Reino Unido após a Segunda Guerra Mundial.

O livro discute a história da imigração afro-caribenha para o Reino Unido, focando especificamente nas experiências de mulheres negras britânicas. Bryan, Dadzie e Scafe se concentraram no papel desempenhado pelas mulheres negras britânicas na economia do pós-guerra, incluindo o desenvolvimento do Serviço Nacional de Saúde (NHS), além de discutir o trabalho antirracista no qual as mulheres negras britânicas estavam envolvidas.

O livro ganhou o Prêmio Memorial Martin Luther King em 1985.

História afro-britânica
Livros de 1985
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

The Heart of the Race


Las serina/treonina proteína cinasas (EC 2.7.11), es una numerosa familia de enzimas que catalizan la fosforilación del grupo hidroxilo de la serina o treonina de ciertas proteínas.

 Proteína + ATP  Proteína-P + ADP

Selectividad

Todas las serina/treonina cinasas fosforilan residuos serina o treonina de sus sustratos. Eligen los residuos específicos para fosforilar por los residuos que flanquean el sitio fosfoaceptor. Los residuos específicos y los residuos que lo flanquean se llaman secuencia de consenso.

Como los residuos de la secuencia de consenso del sustrato a ser fosforilado hacen contacto con el hueco catalítico de la cinasa en algunos aminoácidos clave (usualmente a través de fuerzas hidrofóbicas o enlaces iónicos), una cinasa usualmente no es específica para un solo sustrato, sino que fosforila una familia de sustratos que tienen secuencias de reconocimiento comunes. Ya que el dominio catalítico de estas cinasas está altamente conservado, la variación de la secuencia que se observa en el quinoma (genes del genoma que codifican las cinasas) proporciona el reconocimiento de distintos sustratos.

Muchas cinasas son inhibidas por un seudosustrato que se une a la cinasa como un sustrato real, pero no posee el aminoácido a ser fosforilado. Cuando el pseudosustrato es desplazado, la cinasa puede realizar su función normal.

Números EC

Las serina/treonina proteína cinasas están clasificadas dentro de la numeración EC EC 2.7.11.- del Comité de Nomenclatura de la Unión Internacional de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular (NC-IUBMB). Dentro de esta numeración se distinguen dos clases particulares: cinasas específicas y cinasas no específicas.

Serina/treonina proteína cinasas específicas

Dentro de este grupo están las cinasas que poseen un número EC a partir del 18.104.22.168. Tienen algún componente que las active o son específicas sobre un sustrato. Algunos ejemplos de estas enzimas son:

 Piruvato deshidrogenasa cinasa.
 Isocitrato deshidrogenasa cinasa.
 Proteína cinasa A.
 Proteína cinasa G.
 Proteína cinasa C.
 Calcio calmodulina cinasa.
 Fosforilasa cinasa.
 cinasa dependiente de la ciclina.
 Proteína cinasa activada por mitógeno (MAPK).
 TGFBR1, TGFBR2.
 Cinasa de la cadena ligera de la miosina.

Serina/treonina proteína cinasas no específicas

Comparten todas ellas el número EC 18.104.22.168 y se caracterizan por no tener un componente que las active y por no ser específicas sobre un sustrato. Según la base de datos UniProtKB en el ser humano existen alrededor de 230 serina/treonina cinasas no específicas verificadas y aproximadamente otras tantas no verificadas. Algunas de las cinasas verificadas son:

 Proteína cinasa B (PKB, AKT)
 Proteína cinasa R (PKR)
 ARAF
 BUB1, BUB1B
 CHEK1, CHEK2
 CSNK2A1, CSNK2A2
 DMPK
 RPS6KA1, RPS6KA2, RPS6KA3, RPS6KA4, RPS6KA5, RPS6KA6
 MAPKAPK2, MAPKAPK3, MAPKAPK5
 MKNK1, MKNK2
 PRKDC
 TAF1
 TRIO

Enlaces externos

 Wikipedia inglesa.
 Ficha de la base de datos ExPASy para las serina/treonina proteína cinasas no específicas.

Referencias

Serina/treonina proteína cinasas

Serina/treonina proteína cinasa


El Palacio de la Civilización Italiana (en italiano: Palazzo della Civiltà Italiana, también conocido como Palacio de la Civilización del Trabajo, Palazzo della Civiltà del Lavoro o simplemente como Coliseo Cuadrado, Colosseo Quadrato)  es un edificio en Roma símbolo de la arquitectura fascista italiana. El edificio fue construido expresamente para la Esposizione Universale Roma por encargo de Benito Mussolini a Giovanni Guerrini, Ernesto Bruno La Padula y Mario Romano. El edificio fue inaugurado el 30 de noviembre de 1940. Desde 2015 acoge la sede central de la compañía de moda Fendi.

Características
El edificio presenta 54 arcos por fachada (9 columnas de 6 arcos cada una). Los ciudadanos de Roma creen que representan a las letras del nombre dictador, Benito (6) Mussolini (9).

Referencias

Referencias externas

Véase también
 Casa Sindical de Madrid

Palacios de Roma
Arquitectura de Italia del siglo XX
Arquitectura de 1940
Arquitectura moderna en Italia

Palacio de la Civilización Italiana


Tour of Britain 2018 var den 79. udgave af det britiske landevejscykelløb. Løbet foregik i perioden 2. til 9. september 2018. Løbet var en del af UCI Europe Tour 2018 og var i kategorien 2.HC. Den samlede vinder af løbet blev franske Julian Alaphilippe fra .

Hold og ryttere

Danske ryttere
 Mads Würtz Schmidt kørte for
 Matti Breschel kørte for

Etaperne

1. etape

2. etape

3. etape

4. etape

5. etape

6. etape

7. etape

8. etape

Resultater

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Sprintkonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Eksterne henvisninger

2018
UCI Europe Tour 2018

Tour of Britain 2018


Alan Berg (* 1. Januar 1934 in Chicago, Illinois; † 18. Juni 1984 in Denver, Colorado) war ein US-amerikanischer Anwalt und Radiomoderator. Berg war für seine liberalen Ansichten und für seinen konfrontativen Interviewstil bekannt.

Am 18. Juni 1984 wurde Berg in der Einfahrt seines Hauses in Denver von Mitgliedern der rechtsextremen Terrorgruppe The Order erschossen.

Leben

Kindheit und Jugend
Alan Berg wuchs in Chicago in einer jüdischen Familie auf. Er besuchte die University of Colorado Denver und wechselte anschließend an die University of Denver. Mit 22 Jahren war Berg einer der jüngsten, die das Examen der Rechtsanwaltskammer von Illinois ("Illinois State Bar Association") bestanden. Er begann in Chicago als Strafverteidiger zu arbeiten, doch erlitt er eine Reihe epileptischer Anfälle und wurde danach zum Alkoholiker. Seine damalige Frau Judith Lee Berg (geborene Halpern) überredete ihn, seine Anwaltskanzlei aufzugeben und Hilfe zu suchen. Die beiden zogen nach Denver und Berg unterzog sich einem Opioidentzug. Obwohl er seine Behandlung erfolgreich abschloss, litt er weiter unter Anfällen. Es wurde schließlich ein Gehirntumor festgestellt, der operativ entfernt wurde. Alan Berg trug fortan einen Pony, um die Operationsnarben zu verdecken.

Karriere als Radiomoderator
Alan Berg arbeitete zunächst als Schuhverkäufer und eröffnete später ein Kleidungsgeschäft in Denver. Dort lernte er KGMC-AM-Moderator Laurence Gross kennen. Gross, dem Bergs Art gefiel, ließ ihn mehrfach in seiner Show auftreten. Als Gross KGMC Richtung San Diego, Kalifornien verließ, sorgte er dafür, dass Berg sein Nachfolger wurde.

KGMC änderte später seinen Namen zu KWBZ. Berg verließ die Station und arbeitete für den Konkurrenzsender KHOW. Dort wurde er jedoch entlassen und kehrte zurück zu KWBZ, die sich kurz darauf als reiner Musiksender etablierten. Der nun arbeitslose Berg wurde von KTOK in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma und Detroit, Michigan umworben. Er wurde schließlich jedoch von KOA (AM) unter Vertrag genommen, debütierte am 23. Februar 1981 und blieb dort bis zu seinem Tod.

Seine Sendungen wurden in mehr als 30 US-Bundesstaaten empfangen. Berg, der liberale gesellschaftliche und politische Ansichten vertrat, war bekannt dafür, Anrufer so lange zu verärgern, bis diese wütend wurden. Berg fing dann an, diese zu beschimpfen.

Am 5. März 1982 versuchte Berg ein Telefoninterview mit Ellen Kaplan zu führen, einer kurz zuvor wegen eines Streits mit dem Ehepaar Kissinger öffentlich bekannt gewordenen Anhängerin der Bewegung von Lyndon LaRouche. Am 7. Februar 1982 hatte Kaplan am Flughafen Newark den Politiker Henry Kissinger erkannt und diesen mit einer beleidigenden Frage provoziert. Kissinger war auf dem Weg nach Boston, um sich dort einer Bypass-Operation zu unterziehen. Seine Frau Nancy Kissinger griff Kaplan darauf tätlich an und berührte sie am Hals, ohne sie zu ernsthaft zu verletzen. Während seiner Sendung rief Berg Kaplan an, stellte sie als "widerwärtige Person" vor und lobte Nancy Kissingers Angriff auf sie. Nachdem Kaplan bereits nach kurzer Zeit auflegte, fuhr Berg während der restlichen Sendung fort, sie zu beleidigen und lächerlich zu machen. Danach erhielt KOA Beschwerden seiner Hörer und von Kaplans Freund. Die Anwälte von General Electric, dem Besitzer des Senders, rieten dem Sender zu Maßnahmen und so wurde Berg für einige Tage suspendiert. Mit Wiederaufnahme seiner Sendungen mäßigte Berg seinen Stil etwas.

Tod
Am 18. Juni 1984 um 21:30 Uhr kehrte Alan Berg von einem Essen mit seiner Exfrau Judith zurück zu seinem Anwesen in der Adam Street. Als Berg aus seinem VW Käfer ausstieg, wurde auf ihn geschossen. Berg wurde zwölf Mal von einer Ingram MAC-10 getroffen, die illegal zu einer automatischen Schusswaffe umgebaut worden war. Die Waffe wurde später von einem Hostage Rescue Team des FBI in der Wohnung eines Mitglieds von The Order sichergestellt.

Vier Mitglieder von The Order wurden schließlich festgenommen und von der Bundesregierung angeklagt: Jean Craig, David Eden Lane, Bruce Pierce und Richard Scutari. Nur Lane und Pierce wurden verurteilt, beide jedoch nicht wegen Mordes, sondern wegen Schmuggels, Verschwörung und der Verletzung von Alan Bergs Bürgerrechten. Diese etwas ungewöhnliche Anklageerhebung hatte vor allem praktische und formaljuristische Gründe. Sie resultierte daraus, dass die Klageerhebung aufgrund eines Mordes Angelegenheit des Bundesstaats gewesen wäre, nur letztere Anklagepunkte jedoch auf Regierungsebene legitim waren. Beide Täter erhielten hohe Strafen. Lane wurde zu 190 Jahren, Pierce zu 252 Jahren Haft verurteilt. Beide starben im Gefängnis.

Beim Prozess gegen Mitglieder von The Order wurde Denver Parmenter, ein Gründungsmitglied der Gruppe, nach dem Grund für Bergs Erschießung gefragt. Er antwortete, dass Berg allgemein als anti-weiß galt und jüdisch war. Berg wurde auf einem jüdischen Friedhof in Forest Park, Illinois bestattet.

Mediale Aufbereitung
Alan Bergs Leben und seine Ermordung wurde im Buch Talked to Death: The Life and Murder of Alan Berg von Stephen Singular beleuchtet. Steven Dietz verwendete die Ermordung als Inspiration für sein Theaterstück God's Country (1988), welche wiederum Grundlage für die Filme Verraten und Talk Radio (beide 1988) waren. 1999 wurde der Film The Order – Kameradschaft des Terrors über die Gruppe The Order gedreht.

Weblinks
 Talk Radio Assassination! auf der Website von WFMU
 Living Out Loud: Death of a Radiohead, Cincinnati CityBeat vom 14. Juli 2004

Einzelnachweise

Opfer einer rechtsextremen Gewalttat
Mordopfer
Kriminalfall 1984
Terrorismusopfer
Hörfunkmoderator
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1934
Gestorben 1984
Mann

Alan Berg


Paraloid B-48 N akrilna je smola, po sastavu butil akrilat i metakrilat metil metakrilat kopolimer. Topiv u acetonu, toluenu i ksilenu, celosolv acetatu,te metil etil ketonu.

Uporaba u konzerviranju restauriranju
Koristi se kao lak za metale,posebno za bakar,broncu,mjed,željezo, kositar i aluminij.Korišten i kao ljepilo za arheološku keramiku.Prodaje se u zrncima ili kao 45 % otopina u toluenu.Po analizama sadrži i plastifikator ,te sredstvo za poboljšanje adhezije.

Dodatna literatura
R.L.Feller, N.Stolow, E.H.Jones, On Picture Varnishes and their Solvents, the press of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 1972.
Vokić,D. Lakiranje umjetničkih slika,Zagreb 1996.
J. Down, M.MacDonald, J.Te'treault, S.Williams, Adhesive Testing at the Canadian Conservation Institute-An Evaluation of Selected Poly(Vinyl acetate) and Acrylic Adhesives", Studies in Conservation 41:19-44, 1996.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
http://cameo.mfa.org/wiki/Paraloid_B-48N

Konzervacija

Paraloid B-48 N


L'Étonnant Voyage de Hareton Ironcastle est un roman d'aventures de l'écrivain français J.-H. Rosny aîné publié en feuilleton de  au  dans le quotidien L'Intransigeant. Il paraît en format relié l'année suivante aux éditions Flammarion dans la collection « Les Romans d'Aventures ». Il raconte l'exploration, par un groupe d'aventuriers mené par Hareton Ironcastle, d'une contrée africaine encore inconnue.

Intrigue
Après avoir reçu un courrier de son ami Samuel Darnley, ayant découvert une région inconnue en Afrique, l'explorateur Hareton Ironcastle monte une expédition pour le rejoindre et aller à la découverte de nouvelles espèces humaines, animales et végétales.

Analyse de l'œuvre
Si Rosny aîné s'inspire de ses œuvres précédentes pour L'Étonnant Voyage d'Hareton Ironcastle en y introduisant des passages réécrits, il montre également la forte influence qu'ont eu les auteurs britanniques H. G. Wells, Arthur Conan Doyle et Henry Rider Haggard dans la construction de son roman, puisque celui-ci reprend directement certains thèmes et certaines situations précédemment imaginés par ses confrères

À travers une série de références gréco-latines et surtout bibliques, Rosny aîné imprègne son roman d'une vision « théologo-utopique ». En effet, le périple des explorateurs est assimilé à un Exode, au terme duquel ils arrivent dans une région africaine dépeinte une nouvelle Terre Promise, loin des massacres de la Grande guerre qui vient de s'achever.

Éditions
 L'Intransigeant du  au .
 Éditions Flammarion, , 1923.
 Ferenczi & fils,  , 1929 (ill. Émile Beaume).
 Plon,  , 1937.
 Éditions Jean-Jacques Pauvert,  , 1965.
 Éditions Rombaldi,  et , 1972.
 Nouvelles Éditions Oswald,  , 1982.
 Presses de la Cité, 1993, dans le recueil Les Mondes Perdus. Textes réunis par Jacques Goimard. Préface de Lauric Guillaud.
 Éditions Labor,  , 2006.

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .
 .
 .

Liens externes

 Site biographique et bibliographique consacré aux frères J.-H. Rosny tenu par Fabrice Mundzik.

Roman de J.-H. Rosny aîné
Roman français paru en 1922
Roman merveilleux-scientifique

L'Étonnant Voyage de Hareton Ironcastle


Agrilus kubani é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Bílý, 1991.

Referências

kubani

Agrilus kubani


El nombre de La Gomera puede referirse a:
La Gomera, isla de las islas Canarias (España).
La Gomera, municipio del departamento de Escuintla (Guatemala).
La Gomera (vino), denominación de origen vinícola de la isla de La Gomera.

La Gomera (desambiguación)


Prudencio Padilla Andaya junior CICM (* 2. Januar 1959 in Lubuagan) ist ein philippinischer Ordensgeistlicher und Apostolischer Vikar von Tabuk.

Biografie
Prudencio Padilla Andaya junior trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Scheut-Missionare bei und empfing am 8. Dezember 1986 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 16. April 2003 zum zweiten Apostolischen Vikar von Tabuk und Titularbischof von Fuerteventura. Der Apostolische Nuntius auf den Philippinen, Erzbischof Antonio Franco, spendete ihm am 16. Juli desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Diosdado Aenlle Talamayan, Erzbischof von Tuguegarao, und Carlito Cenzon CICM, Apostolischer Vikar von Baguio.

Vom 25. Februar 2017 bis zum 14. November 2018 war er zusätzlich Apostolischer Administrator des vakanten Bistums Ilagan.

Weblinks

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Titularbischof
Apostolischer Vikar
Scheut-Missionar
Philippiner
Geboren 1959
Mann

Prudencio Padilla Andaya junior


North Park University is a private Christian university in Chicago, Illinois.  It was founded in 1891 by the Evangelical Covenant Church. It is located on Chicago's north side and enrolls more than 2,600 undergraduate and graduate students.

History
The university originated in the founding of North Park Theological Seminary in 1891 by the Evangelical Covenant Church in Minneapolis.  In 1894, the school moved to Chicago and opened as North Park College.  It moved to its present location at the corner of Foster and Kedzie. Although far from the Loop, the location was close to then existing Swedish-American villages and the newly established Swedish Covenant Hospital. Old Main, the oldest building on campus, was erected and dedicated on June 16, 1894.  It is at this time that the name North Park was first used to describe the school.

Struggles and success marked the early years of North Park; enrollment and funding fluctuated significantly. An interesting source of both money and headache came from P. H. Anderson, who was serving as a Covenant missionary in Alaska at the time.  When he made a small fortune during the gold rush, he donated a significant portion of the windfall to North Park. However, the money was considered tainted by some of North Park's leadership, who thought the money was of dubious origin.

A leader at that time was David Nyvall.  Nyvall served as president and teacher in the Seminary for many years.  The current seminary building, Nyvall Hall, is named after him.

Since the early days, the school has developed and changed in many ways.  In 1958, North Park Junior College expanded from a two-year college into a four-year program, becoming North Park College. In 1997, the decision was made to change the name of the school again, and North Park University was born. Though North Park still holds on to its Swedish American past and close ties with the Evangelical Covenant Church, it is now an intercultural institution focused on diversity.  North Park describes itself as a liberal arts university that is Christian, city-centered, and intercultural. North Park University is accredited by the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools and the Higher Learning Commission. It is also a designated Hispanic-serving institution.  The seminary is additionally accredited by the Association of Theological Schools in the United States and Canada. North Park's last president, David L. Parkyn, retired at the end of the 2016–2017 academic year. Carl E. Balsam was named as the interim president in June 2017, and served until August 2018.  Mary Surridge was nominated as the school's tenth president, and began her term in August 2018.

Academics
The university is organized into the following academic units:
 College of Arts and Sciences
 School of Business and Nonprofit Management
 School of Education
 School of Nursing and Health Sciences
 School of Professional Studies
 North Park Theological Seminary

It offers undergraduate and graduate degrees. Its most popular undergraduate majors, based on number out of 365 graduates in 2022, were:
Business Administration and Management (93)
Registered Nursing/Registered Nurse (64)
Sports, Kinesiology, and Physical Education/Fitness (34)
Psychology (30)

Athletics
The North Park athletic teams are called the Vikings. The university is a member of the Division III level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the College Conference of Illinois and Wisconsin (CCIW) since the 1962–63 academic year. The Vikings previously competed in the Chicagoland Collegiate Athletic Conference (CCAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1959–60 to 1961–62.

North Park competes in 19 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, soccer, indoor and outdoor track and field and volleyball; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, rowing, soccer, softball, tennis, indoor and outdoor track and field and volleyball. In January 2023, North Park introduced its first esports team, a co-ed intercollegiate sport that competes in the National Esports Collegiate Conference (NECC).

Men's basketball
North Park has had a successful men's basketball program.  It has won five men's NCAA Men's Division III Basketball Championships since 1978, including three consecutive ones led by Michael Harper, who later played for the NBA's Portland Trail Blazers. In the 2022–23 season, North Park advanced to the NCAA Sweet Sixteen under first-year and current head coach Sean Smith, going 24-6 (13-3 in CCIW Conference play).  Coach Smith also won Conference Coach of the Year, as well as NCAA Division III National Coach of the Year.

Men's Track and Field
North Park's Dave Valentine won the 1983 NCAA Men's Division III Outdoor Track and Field Championship in the 10,000 meters setting a Division III National Championship record held from 1983 to 1994 and setting school records in the Indoor 2 mile, 3 mile and 5,000 meters in addition to the Outdoor 5,000 meters, 10,000 meters and Marathon.

Men's soccer
North Park men's soccer ended their 2017 season with a record of 20-2-2, finishing runner-up for the National Championship title. Their decorated season included a CCIW Championship, CCIW Tournament Championship, victories all the way to the NCAA Championship game, seven All-CCIW picks (including Newcomer and Player of the Year), four All-Region picks, a First Team All American selection, and a plethora of awards for Head Coach John Born: National Coach of the Year, Regional Coach of the Year, and CCIW Coach of the Year. The team is currently coached by North Park soccer alum Kris Grahn.

Baseball
North Park's baseball team is the six-time CCIW regular season champions, most recently winning in 2012. The Vikings have made the NCAA Division III tournament 18 times (five consecutive) and won the conference tournament thrice. The baseball team has made the NCAA tournament six times, most recently in 2012.

Two Vikings have been drafted by MLB teams: Randy Ross (15th round of the 1983 draft by the Los Angeles Dodgers) and Mike Giovenco (14th round by the Kansas City Royals). The Vikings also boast five Rawlings Gold Glove Award winners.

Women's Volleyball
In 2022, Coach Michael Sopocy led the Vikings to the program's first-ever CCIW Tournament Championship. North Park defeated top-seeded tournament host Carthage College 3-1 to earn an automatic bid to the 2022 NCAA Division III tournament.

Club sports and intramurals
North Park fields club teams for men's and women's ultimate frisbee and men's volleyball. There is also a healthy Intramural sports program on campus.

National championships
Men's Basketball: 1978, 1979, 1980, 1985, 1987.

Men's Track & Field: 1983 10,000 meters.

Student Government Association

The North Park Student Government Association (SGA) sponsors many student-led organizations on campus. Some of these include Women in STEM, the Black Student Union, and the Christian Students Organization.

The Nancy and G. Timothy Johnson Center for Science and Community Life
The Johnson Center for Science and Community Life was opened in September 2014. The expansion cost $57 million largely funded by Nancy and G. Timothy Johnson in a capital campaign named "Campaign North Park". The Johnson Center is a state-of-the-art addition to North Park University's science programs and is home to 1891 Bread Co. The Johnson Center has 101,000 square feet, three floors and a garden level and is located in the central area of campus. Equipped with 30 science laboratories, the building is a space for student and faculty research, "smart" technology in every classroom, and several conference rooms. The Johnson Center is also dedicated to campus community life with a two-story atrium and lobby for gathering and social interaction, offices for programs supporting co-curricular learning, spiritual growth, vocational development, urban engagement, and campus life. The building is also equipped with communal study spaces, a prayer room, and a courtyard.

Swedish-American traditions
North Park University's Brandel Library administers the Swedish-American Historical Society Archives in Chicago.   The Center for Scandinavian Studies at North Park is the legal trustee. The Saint Lucy's Day festival is held each December in Anderson Chapel. The service follows many Swedish traditions and is one of the few Santa Lucia Festivals held in the Chicago area. The university has an student exchange program with Södra Vätterbygdens Folkhögskola and Jönköping University in Jönköping, Sweden.

Notable alumni
 Bill Anderson, American football player and coach
 Mari Andrew, writer and illustrator
 Del Barber, singer-songwriter and musician
 Paul Carlson, American missionary killed in Congo in 1964
 Gordon Edes, sportswriter and team historian of the Boston Red Sox
 Kathryn Edin, academic and author
 Raymond Ericson, music critic
 Nancy Faust, organist
 Stephen T. Franklin, theologian
 Anita Gustafson, historian and president-designate of Presbyterian College
 G. Timothy Johnson, medical journalist
 Mike Harper, basketball player
 Carl Hawkinson, state legislator
 Paul J. Marwin, politician
 James R. Thompson, former governor of Illinois
 Arthur W. Wermuth, "One-Man Army of Bataan," United States Army Officer
 Paul Zaeske, American football player
TimTheTatman, formally known as Timothy Betar, YouTube streamer and internet personality
Greg Dolezal, politician and Georgia State Senator for the 27th district in Cumming, Georgia

References

Further reading
 "A History of North Park College" by Leland Carlson
 Swedes In America. 1638-1938 (1938) by Adolph B. Benson and Naboth Hedin, eds.  (The Swedish American Tercentenary Association. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press)

External links

 Official athletics website
 North Park Press – student newspaper website

Universities and colleges in Chicago
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Evangelical Covenant Church
Universities and colleges established in 1891
Swedish migration to North America
1891 establishments in Illinois
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Private universities and colleges in Illinois

North Park University


Le Palacete Modesto Leal est une propriété résidentielle de la ville de Rio de Janeiro, construite par Antônio Januzzi et son frère, en style éclectique, entre 1900 et 1905 et située dans le quartier de Laranjeiras.

Le palais est classé par la ville de Rio de Janeiro. C'est actuellement une maison événementielle , elle a abrité en 2010 la Casa Cor . Elle a également servi de scénarios pour les feuilletons télévisés Império, Amor a Vida , A Dona do Pedaço et Amor de Mãe .

Histoire
Le comte João Leopoldo Modesto Leal est né en 1860 à Araruama et a connu une enfance pauvre . Agriculteur, ex-séminariste et banquier , il débute dans le commerce de la ferraille, fait fortune comme usurier à la cour et devient sénateur, étant considéré au début du  comme l'homme le plus riche du Brésil.

Parmi ses diverses actions philanthropiques figure sa contribution à l'hôpital municipal Conde Modesto Leal, nommé en son honneur et situé à Maricá . À la fin de sa vie, il est sénateur de la République . Comte pour le Saint-Siège, après d'importantes contributions à l'Église catholique romaine, il mourut en 1936 dans cette maison.

Le manoir a été acheté en 1892 par le Comte . Ses salles ont accueilli des soirées très fréquentées, avec la présence de personnalités importantes telles que le président Getúlio Vargas, Afrânio de Melo Franco (diplomate puis ministre des Affaires étrangères) et Joaquim Osório de Duque Estrada (auteur de l'hymne national)  .

Le bâtiment aux caractéristiques architecturales remarquables, a été érigé sur les fondations de la construction de 1882, sur ordre de João Leopoldo Modesto Leal.

Description
Sa façade a une composition caractéristique des frères Januzzi, avec trois ouvertures en arc plein au centre et deux plans latéraux.

Elle est considérée comme l'un des derniers manoirs urbains de Rio de Janeiro. À l'époque du comte, le manoir était décoré de meubles et de pièces de la Belle Époque française et de peintures du peintre Francisco Aurélio de Figueiredo e Melo. Dans la pièce principale, le plafond présente également un tableau du même peintre . A noter également les vitraux sur le plafond en bois de la salle à manger.

L'hôtel particulier compte dix-huit pièces, avec des boiseries (murs avec des cadres en haut relief, certains en bois), de hauts plafonds et des parquets. Il possède également une chapelle qui a été témoin du mariage de tous les membres de la famille et dont l'autel possède une Pietá, une sculpture de plus de 300 ans. La propriété occupe une superficie de près de 50 000 m², dont environ 4 000 mètres carrés font partie de la zone bâtie. Elle est entourée de zones intactes de forêt atlantique, en plus d'avoir une vue imprenable sur la plage de Botafogo et le Pain de Sucre  .

L'ancienne pépinière et les écuries subsistent encore dans les jardins.

Liens externes
 Le palais peut devenir une maison de fête

Notes et références

Source de traduction

Palais au Brésil
Culture à Rio de Janeiro
Bâtiment à Rio de Janeiro
Édifice construit en 1905

Palacete Modesto Leal


Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson (født 27. oktober 1990) er en islandsk professionel fodboldspiller, som spiller for Premier League-klubben Burnley og Islands landshold.

Klubkarriere

Breiðablik
Guðmundsson begyndte sin karriere hos Breiðablik, hvor han debuterede for førsteholdet i 2008.

AZ
Efter at have imponeret stort i 2008 sæsonen, skiftede Guðmundsson i januar 2009 til hollandske AZ Alkmaar. Han blev her del af klubbens reservehold, indtil han fik sit store gennembrud på førsteholdet i løbet af 2010-11 sæsonen. Herfra etablerede han sig som en fast mand på førsteholdet, og forblev i den rolle frem til 2014, hvor han annoncerede han ville forlade AZ ved kontraktudløb.

Charlton Athletic
Guðmundsson skiftede i juli 2014 til EFL Championship-klubben Charlton Athletic. Hans bedste sæson for Charlton var i 2015-16, da han med 11 assist i sæsonen, sluttede som delt førsteplads i Championship for flest assist. Trods dette, så var det ikke nok, da Charlton led nedrykning til League One i sæsonen.

Burnley
Guðmundsson skiftede i juli 2016 til Burnley, som i den forrige sæson havde vundet oprykning til Premier League. Han har siden skiftet til Burnley spillet hovedsageligt som rotationsspiller.

Landsholdskarriere

Ungdomslandshold
Guðmundsson har repræsenteret Island på flere ungdomsniveauer.

Seniorlandshold
Guðmundsson debuterede for Islands landshold den 20. august 2008. Han var del af Islands trupper til EM 2016 og VM 2018.

Titler
AZ

 KNVB Cup: 1 (2012-13)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Reykjavik
Fodboldspillere fra Island
Fodboldlandsholdsspillere fra Island
Fodboldspillere fra AZ Alkmaar
Fodboldspillere fra Charlton Athletic F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Burnley F.C.
Deltagere ved det europæiske mesterskab i fodbold 2016
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 2018

Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson


Gangkhar Puensum, Bhutan'da bulunan en yüksek dağdır. 7.570 metrelik yüksekliği ve 2.990 metrenin üzerindeki çıkıntısı ile dünyadaki en yüksek tırmanılmamış dağdır. Butan 1983'te dağcılığa açıldıktan sonra, 1985 ve 1986 yıllarında doruğa çıkmada başarısız olan dört deneme yapılmıştır. Ancak, 1998'de bir takım Tibet'den doğru dağın ek zirvesine başarıyla tırmanmıştır.

Gangkhar Puensum, alternatif transliterasyon Gangkar Punsum veya Gankar Punzum, (3 dağ kardeş anlamına gelir), yüksekliği ilk defa 1922 yılında ölçülmüştür, fakat bölgenin haritaları tamamen doğru değildi ve dağ farklı yerlerde ve farklı yüksekliklerde gösteriliyordu. Yetersiz haritalamalar nedeniyle, ilk zirveya çıkmaya çalışan ekip dağın yerini bulamamıştır.

1986 Britanya keşif heyetinin kitabında dağın yüksekliği 24.770 fit (7.550 metre) olarak verilmektedir ve Gangkhar Puensum'un bütünüyle Butan'ın içinde hâlbuki yakındaki Kula Kangri'nin  bütünüyle Tibet içinde yer aldığını belirtmiştir. 7.554 metrelik Kula Kangri, 30 km kuzeydoğusunda bulunan ayrı bir dağdır, bu dağa ilk defa 1986 yılında tırmanılmıştır. Tibet'te ve Butan'da olarak çeşitli şekillerde haritalanmıştır.

1994'ten beri Butan'da dağların 6.000 metreden yüksek kısımlarına tırmanılması yerel ruhsal inançlara saygı nedeniyle yasaklanmıştır ve 2003'ten beri dağcılık tamamen yasaklanmıştır. Gangkhar Puensum benzersiz durumunu bir süre daha koruyabilecektir: diğer yüksek tırmanılmamış zirveler ek zirveler durumundadır, ayrı dağlar değillerdir.

1998'de Japon keşif heyeti Çin Dağcılık Birliği'nden dağa tırmanmak için izin almışlardır fakat izin Butan ile olan siyasi bir neden ile geri alınmıştır. Onun yerine, 1999'da, takım Tibet'ten yola çıkarak 7.535 metrelik Liankang Kangri (ayrıca Kuzey Gangkhar Puensum olarak da bilinir) ek zirvesine başarıyla tırmanmıştır. Birçok haritanın aksine, keşif ekibinin raporu zirvenin Tibet'de ve Tibet-Butan sınırının Gangkhar Puensum zirvesinin üzerinden, 7.570 metre ile "Butan'daki en yüksek zirve" olarak, geçtiğini göstermektedir. Bu yükseklik Japon ve Çinli kaynaklar tarafından doğrulanmaktadır. Butan'da henüz incelenmemiştir.

Dış bağlantılar

 Berry, Steven K. (1988). ''The Thunder Dragon Kingdom: A Mountaineering Expedition to Bhutan'' (1st ed.). Marlborough: Crowood Press ISBN 1-85223-146-7 ve Seattle: Cloudcap Press ISBN 0-938567-07-1. 1986 Britanya keşif ekibine ait bir kitaptır.
 Nirvana Expeditions dağın resimleri (flora ve fauna).
 Himalayan Kingdoms Ltd  ve dağın fotoğrafları  (fotoğraflar, Bhutan, Lunana).
 Tin-Tin Trekking  dağı içine alan Butan haritası (kuzeydoğu köşesi).
 Travel Intelligence  Butan'da dağcılık ve kısıtlamalar ile ilgili makale.
 1999 Japon keşifi raporu .

Bhutan'daki dağlar
Tibet'teki dağlar
Yedibinlikler

Gangkhar Puensum


Christian Luerssen (født 6. maj 1843 i Bremen, død 3. juli 1916) var en tysk botaniker.
Luerssen  var først lærer i sin fædrenestad, studerede derpå naturvidenskaberne i Jena, tog doktorgraden 1868 sammesteds og blev assistent ved det botaniske institut i Leipzig 1869, hvor han 1872 habiliterede sig som privatdocent og kustos ved universitetsherbariet. I 1884 blev han professor i botanik ved forstakademiet i Neustadt-Eberswalde og var 1888—1910 professor ved universitetet i Königsberg. Han har særlig studeret de højere kryptogamer, især bregner og padderokker, på hvilket område hans deskriptive arbejder, især hans andel i Rabenhorsts Kryptogamenflora von Deutschland (2. oplag), er mønstergyldige i henseende til udførlighed og omhu.

Kilder

Botanikere fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet

Christian Luerssen


A Igreja Unida da Zâmbia (em inglês: United Church of Zambia) é uma denominação denominação protestante unida na Zâmbia, fundada em 1967 como uma fusão de várias denominações resultados de missões da Igreja da Escócia, a Sociedade Missionária Metodista e a Sociedade Missionária de Londres.

A IUZ é a maior denominação protestante do país e a segunda maior denominação cristã, depois da Igreja Católica Romana.

História

A Igreja Unida da Zâmbia, deve seu início ao trabalho da Sociedade Missionária de Londres, da Missão da Igreja da Escócia, da Igreja da União do Cinturão de Cobre e das Igrejas Livres do Cinturão de Cobre.

No Cinturão de cobre da África Central, a mineração começou no início da década de 1920. Cristãos de várias áreas foram trabalhar nas cidades mineiras e o culto interdenominacional começou nas áreas habitacionais africanas e europeias. Ajudados pelo fato de já estarem cooperando em educação e bem-estar, a Igreja da Escócia, a Sociedade Missionária Metodista e a Sociedade Missionária de Londres se uniram em áreas africanas para formar a Igreja da União do Cinturão de Cobre (IUCC).

Pouco depois disso, as congregações das áreas europeias se reuniram como Igrejas Livres do Cinturão de Cobre (ILCC). Em 1945, o a IUCC e ILCC se uniram para formar a Igreja da África Central na Rodésia (IACR). Em 1958, ocorreu o ato de união.

Em 1965, a IACR  se uniu à Igreja Metodista e à Igreja de Barotselândia para formar a atual Igreja Unida da Zâmbia.

Doutrina

A denominação subscreve o Credo dos Apóstolos e o Credo Niceno.

A denominação sofreu forte influência do Pentecostalismo desde a década de 1990 e permite a ordenação de mulheres.

Denominações metodistas
Denominações unidas na Zâmbia
Membros da Comunhão Mundial das Igrejas Reformadas
Membros do Conselho Mundial de Igrejas

Igreja Unida da Zâmbia


1992-1994 කාලයේ ක්‍රියාකාරී වූ ලිබරල්වාදී ජපන් දේශපාලන පක්ෂයකි. පාලක ලිබරල් ප්‍රජාතන්ත්‍රවාදී පක්ෂයේ (LDP)සාමාජිකයෙකු වූ මොරිහිරෝ හොසොකාවා විසින් මෙම පක්ෂය අරඹන ලදී. ඒ ඔහු LDPයට එල්ලවූ දූෂණ චෝදනා පිලිබඳ විරෝධය පල කොට එයින් ඉවත් වූ පසු ය.

පක්ෂය පිහිටුවා ගන්නා ලද වසරේදීම ජපන් ඉහල මන්ත්‍රී මණ්ඩලය සඳහා ඡන්ද විමසීම පැවතියේ ය. එහිදී ජපන් නව පක්ෂයට පත් කරගත හැකි වූයේ, හොසොකාවා ද ඇතුළුව, සාමාජිකයන් සිව් දෙනෙක් පමණි. කෙසේ වුවද 1993 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී මන්ත්‍රී වරුන් 32 දෙනෙකු එම පක්ෂයෙන් තේරී පත් වූ අතර ඉන් පසු එකතු වූ තිදෙනෙකු සමඟ මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් සංඛ්‍යාව 35 දක්වා වැඩි විය. එම අගෝස්තුවේ හොසොකාවා LDP විරෝධී සභාග ආණ්ඩුවක අගමැති බවට පත් විය. එය 1955න් පසු LDP නොවන රජයක් ජපානයේ බලයට පත් වූ පළමු වතාව විය.

1994 අප්‍රේල් මාසයේදී හොසොකාවාට අගමැති ධූරය අහිමි විය. කෙටි කලකින් ජපන් නව පක්ෂය විසුරුවා හරින ලදී.

ජපන් නව පක්ෂය


Les Lydiens étaient un peuple anatolien, établis en Lydie, soit dans la partie occidentale de l'Anatolie, au moins au I millénaire av. J.-C. Leur langue est le lydien.

Ils furent, selon Hérodote, le premier peuple à faire usage de la monnaie.

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Lydie
 Lydien
 Crésus

Lydie
Peuple

Lydiens


Latrunculia yepayek est une espèce d'éponges de la famille des Latrunculiidae.

Distribution
L'espèce est décrite des fjords des côtes chiliennes, dans l'Océan Pacifique.

Taxinomie
L'espèce Latrunculia yepayek est décrite en 2013 par Eduardo Hajdu, Ruth Desqueyroux-Faúndez, Mariana De Souza Carvalho, Gisele Lôbo-Hajdu et Philippe Willenz.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Références biologiques

Notes et références

Latrunculiidae
Espèce d'éponges (nom scientifique)

Latrunculia yepayek


Domenico "Memo" Benassi (* 21. Juni 1891 in Sorbolo; † 24. Februar 1957 in Bologna) war ein italienischer Schauspieler.

Leben
Benassi studierte am Konservatorium Parma Violoncello und wurde während einer Laienaufführung von Gualtiero Tumiati entdeckt, der ihn für sein Ensemble unter Vertrag nahm. Nach der Saison 1919/20, die er in der Kompagnie Luigi Carini-Olga Vittoria Gentilli verbrachte, spielte der jugendliche Held neben Eleonora Duse und dann in der "Compagnia Benelliana" mit Giuseppe Sterni und Tina Pini. 1922 entstanden, wieder mit Duse, bemerkenswerte Aufführungen von Ibsens Gespenster und Die Frau vom Meer. Eine Amerika-Tournee folgte, die mit dem Tod der Schauspielerin endete; Benassi begleitete die sterblichen Überreste auf ihrer letzten Reise zurück nach Italien.

1925 bis 1928 stand Benassi dann zunächst bei Irma, dann bei Emma Gramatica unter Vertrag, bevor er ein von Tommaso Monicelli zusammengestellte eigenes Ensemble anführte. Dann war er als Napoleon in Campo di maggio für Za-Bum zu sehen, für Anna Fontana, erneut die Schwestern Gramatica und seine ersten Tonfilmrollen tätig. Während der weiteren 1930er Jahre und der Kriegszeit festigte er seinen Ruf als Partner bedeutender Darstellerinnen wie Rina Morelli, Laura Carli und Elena Zareschi. Nach Kriegsende spielte Benassi unter Giorgio Strehler in Trauer muss Elektra tragen neben Diana Torrieri, dann unter Luchino Visconti in Schuld und Sühne, später in Troilus und Cressida. Weitere Stationen seines Schaffens waren Spielzeiten neben Cesarina Gheraldi und Evi Maltagliati, 1950/51 am "Soffitta" in Bologna und 1952/53 am "Stabile di Roma". Mit Lilla Brignone und Gianni Santuccio gab es späte Erfolge in der Spielzeit 1953/54 am "Teatro Stabile di Via Manzoni" in Mailand.

In den Zeiten des Stummfilms hatte Benassi bereits eine kleine Karriere vorgelegt, als er für die Produktionsgesellschaft "Silentium" in Mailand zwischen 1916 und 1919 in einer Reihe erfolgreicher Dramen gespielt hatte und später für andere Firmen weiter tätig war. Seine Tonfilme beschränken sich auf sporadische Arbeiten als Charakterdarsteller, die nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg fast gänzlich eingestellt wurden.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1916: Notte di tempesta
 1924: Die Liebesbriefe der Baronin von S…
 1925: Das Abenteuer der Sybille Brant
 1933: Das Blumenmädchen vom Grand-Hotel (Lisetta)
 1934: Eine Diva für alle (La signora di tutti)
 1937: Karthagos Fall (Scipione l'Africano)
 1938: Rivalin der Zarin (La principessa Tarankova)
 1942: Heimatlos (Le due orfanelle)
 1951: Messalina (Messalina)
 1955: Adrianna Lecouvreur

Literatur
 1997: Mauro Paladini: Memo Benassi. Attore indipendente, 196 S., ill., Silva Editore, Parma.
 2007: Leonardo Bragaglia: Memo Benassi. Un grande attore diverso, Persiani Editore, Bologna.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Stummfilmschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Theaterschauspieler
Italiener
Geboren 1891
Gestorben 1957
Mann

Memo Benassi


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Strong Island er en amerikansk dokumentarfilm fra 2017 instrueret af Yance Ford.

Handling
'Strong Island' er en familiekrønike fortalt på tværs af tid, geografi og tragedier. Fra raceadskillelsen i Jim Crows Sydstats-Amerika til drømmen om et frit New York; fra forestillingen om det fredelige middelklasse-forstadsliv til en malstrøm af voldelig død. Filmen portrætterer Ford familiens historie - Barbara Dunmore, William Ford Senior og deres tre børn, hvis liv formes i skyggen af raceforskellenes afgørende betydning i USA. I april 1992 på Long Island bliver familien Fords ældste barn, William Jr., en sort, 24-årig lærer, myrdet af Mark Reilly, en hvid 19-årig mekaniker. Selvom Ford ikke var bevæbnet, blev han gjort til den hovedmistænkte i sin egen mordsag. Strong Island kredser på sin egen dybtfølte og reflekterende måde om dette scenarie og om spørgsmålet om, hvad man kan gøre, når sorgen over et tab er så uløseligt forbundet med historisk uretfærdighed og racisme. For hvordan forholder man sig til en tragedie, som indhylles i tavshed, som kan låse en familie fast i en imitation af livet og efterlade en hel nation med en falsk følelse af retfærdighed?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra USA
Amerikanske film fra 2017

Strong Island