Papilio menestheus est une espèce de lépidoptères (papillons) de la famille des Papilionidae. Cette espèce est présente en Afrique de l'Ouest et en Afrique centrale :Sénégal, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Bénin, Togo, Nigéria, Cameroun, Guinée équatoriale, Gabon. L'espèce vit dans les forêts et tolère les habitats dégradés, tant que la canopée reste intacte.

Description

Imago
Le dimorphisme sexuel est faible. À l'avers les ailes sont noires. Les ailes antérieures portent une bande blanche ou crème morcelée et une série de macules submarginales de même couleur. La cellule contient de fines rayures longitudinales et deux macules blanches ou crème. Les ailes postérieures ont des queues légèrement spatulées, portant deux demi-point blancs marginaux à l'extrémité. Les ailes postérieures sont un peu plus claires dans l'aire basale, elles portent une bande crème et une série de macules submarginales arrondies de même couleur, un point noir encadré d'une lunule orange et d'une lunule bleue dans l'angle anal et un point orange surmonté d'une lunule bleu près de la marge supérieur de l'aile.

Au revers les ailes sont plus claires. Le noir est remplacé par du marron. Les motifs des ailes antérieures sont similaires mais les macules de la cellules sont plus larges et les rayures de la cellule sont plus visibles. Les ailes postérieures ont des rayures crème dans l'aire basale et portent des lunules bleues supplémentaires. Le corps est noir au-dessus et crème en-dessous.

Écologie
La femelle pond ses œufs sur la plante-hôte. Cette espèce utilise comme plante-hôte Zanthoxylum gilletii et les espèces du genre Citrus. La chenille passe par cinq stades avant de se transformer en chrysalide, et la chrysalide est maintenue tête en haut par une ceinture de soie, comme chez les espèces proches.

Les adultes volent rapidement, le plus souvent à une hauteur de un à six mètres au-dessus du sol et plus occasionnellement dans la canopée. Les deux sexes se nourrissent du nectar des fleurs et les mâles "mud-puddle" et visitent les matières puantes telles que les excréments d'animaux.

Habitat et répartition
Papilio menestheus vit en Afrique de l'Ouest et en Afrique centrale (écozone afrotropicale) : Sénégal, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Bénin, Togo, Nigéria, Cameroun, Guinée équatoriale, Gabon. L'espèce vit dans les forêts et tolère les habitats dégradés, tant que la canopée reste intacte.

Systématique
L'espèce Papilio menestheus a été décrite pour la première fois en 1773 par l'entomologiste Dru Drury dans Illustrations of exotic entomology .

Sous-espèces

 P. menestheus menestheus : Sénégal, Guinée-Bissau, Guinée, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Togo, Bénin (sud, central), Nigéria, Cameroun (ouest), Gabon
 P. menestheus canui : Guinée éuatoriale (île de Bioko).

Papilio menestheus et l'Homme

Nom vernaculaire
L'espèce est appelée "Western Emperor Swallowtail" en anglais (nom également donné à Papilio horribilis).

Menaces et conservation
Papilio menestheus n'est pas évaluée par l'UICN. Cette espèce tolère les habitats dégradés et est considérée comme commune dans son milieu naturel.

Liens externes

Notes et références

Papilionidae
Lépidoptère d'Afrique
Lépidoptère décrit au XVIIIe siècle
Faune d'Afrique de l'Ouest
Faune d'Afrique centrale

Papilio menestheus


An Dimorphorchis tenomensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Anthony L. Lamb, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Phillip James Cribb. An Dimorphorchis tenomensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dimorphorchis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dimorphorchis

Dimorphorchis tenomensis


'Victor Lemoine' est un cultivar de rosier obtenu en 1888 par le rosiériste français Louis Lévêque. Il rend hommage à un fameux pépiniériste de l'époque, Victor Lemoine (1823-1911).

Description
Il s'agit d'un hybride remontant présentant un buisson au feuillage dense et vert anglais pouvant atteindre 120 cm. Ses fleurs sont grosses (10 cm), pleines et doubles (17-25 pétales) en forme de coupe. Elles sont de couleur rouge franc avec des nuances plus foncées, d'un coloris plus pâle au fur et à mesure. La floraison est légèrement remontante. Cette variété résiste à des températures hivernales de -15° C/-20° C.

Ce rosier était à la mode à la belle époque. On peut l'admirer notamment à la roseraie de Sangerhausen en Allemagne.

Notes et références

Cultivar de rosier
Hybride remontant

Victor Lemoine (rose)


Tathwell is a village in the East Lindsey district of Lincolnshire, England.

Tathwell is situated approximately  south from the market town of Louth. The hamlet of Dovendale, alongside the A153 road to the west of the village is in the parish. The hamlet of Haugham lies about  south-east of Tathwell. Cadwell Park motor racing circuit is about  south of Tathwell.

The parish church, dedicated to Saint Vedast, also houses The Hamby Monument, a wall monument originally constructed around 1620, and later restored by their descendants, the Chaplin family. (Sir John Hamby's daughter Elizabeth married in 1657 John Chaplin, son of Sir Francis Chaplin.)

Tathwell Hall at Tathwell was the longtime home of the Chaplin family, a branch of the Chaplin family of Baronets of Blankney, who served as MPs for Lincolnshire and who were descended from Sir Francis Chaplin, Lord Mayor of London in 1677. The family originated at Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk. It was through a marriage with the Hamby family that the Chaplins acquired Tathwell. The family became active in Lincolnshire, and in subsequent years many members of the Chaplin family stood for Parliament from Lincolnshire.

Near Cadwell and in Tathwell parish is Tathwell Long barrow. It is surrounded by trees, and in the middle of a field with no footpath, but visible from the road.

Tathwell's war memorial cross is sited on a corner of the village main crossroads.

See also

References

External links

East Lindsey District Council website

Villages in Lincolnshire
Civil parishes in Lincolnshire
East Lindsey District

Tathwell


Stadsrenden er en dokumentarfilm fra 1973 instrueret af Nils Vest og Henrik Sørensen.

Handling
En lille skildring af en å i Hvidovre, STADSRENDENS skæbne. Pga. forurening er dyrelivet i åen efterhånden uddødt. Alligevel tjener den som en god legeplads for kvarterets børn. I stedet for at rense den vælger kommunen at lægge den i rør - og den sidste rest af miljø er væk. Vi hører nogle børn fortælle om åen og den skæbne.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1973

Hvidovre
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Stadsrenden


Ioan A. Dumitriu () a fost un general român care a luptat în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

Decorații
  Ordinul "Steaua României" în gradul de ofițer (8 iunie 1940)
  Ordinul "Coroana României" în gradul de Comandor (9 mai 1941)

Note

Legături externe
  Generals.dk

Nașteri în 1891
Decese în 1978
Generali români din Al Doilea Război Mondial
Decorați cu Ordinul Steaua României
Decorați cu Ordinul Coroana României

Ioan Dumitriu


Pantropik benekli yunusu (Stenella attenuata) Stenella cinsindeki beş yunus türünden biridir ve dünya üzerindeki tüm ılıman ve tropik okyanuslarda bulunur. Bu yunus türü ton balığı avlama yöntemleriyle milyonlarcası öldürülünce soyu tükenme tehdidi altına girmiştir. 1980'lerde Doğu Büyük Okyanus'ta yunuslara zarar vermeyen ton balığı avlama yöntemleri kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu yunus türüne ayrıca dar ağızlı yunus da denmektedir.

Taksonomi
Pantropik benekli yunus türü ilk olarak John Gray tarafından 1846'da tanımlanmıştır. Gray'in ilk analizinde Atlantik benekli yunusu da bu türe dahil edilmişti. Günümüzde iki ayrı tür olarak tanınırlar. Hem cins hem de tür ismi Latince "ince", "incelme" anlamlarına gelen sözcüklerden gelmektedir.

Rice'ın balina taksonomisi üzerine yaptığı 1998 araştırmasında üç alt türü tanımlanmıştır. Bunlardan ikisine henüz resmî bir ad verilmemiştir:
S. a. subspecies A, Doğu Büyük Okyanus'ta açık denizde bulunur
S. a. subspecies B, Hawaii Adaları civarında bulunur
S. a. graffmani, Meksika'dan Peru'ya kıyılarda bulunur

Fiziksel tanımlama
Pantropik benekli yunusu doğal yaşam alanı içerisinde bölgeden bölgeye boyut ve gövde renginde oldukça farklılıklar gösterir. En önemli farklılık kıyıda ve açık denizde yaşayan çeşitlerindedir. Kıyıda yaşayanları daha büyük ve daha çok beneklidir.

Benekler erişkin yunusları belirlemde önemli özelliklerdir. Erişkin olmayan pantropik benekli yunusları tek renge sahiptir ve afalina ile karıştırılabilir. Meksika Körfezi'ndeki popülasyonlar erişkin iken bile beneksiz olabilir. Atlantik'te ise Atlantik benekli yunusları ile karıştırılabilir.

Yunusun ince uzun bir ağzı vardır. Alt ve üst çeneler koyu renklidir ancak ince beyaz dudaklarla birbirinden ayrılır. Çene, boğaz ve karın çok az benekli ve beyaz ile soluk gri renktedir. Yanlar birbirinden ayırtedilebilen üç ayrı renktedir. En açık gri en alttadır, ortada ince gri bir çizgi vardır. En üstte, sırt koyu gridir. Uzun içbükey sırt yüzgeci de koyu gri renktedir. Kalın kuyruk orta çizgini rengindedir.

Pantropik benekli yunusu çok hareketlidir ve denizden dışarı doğru çok su sıçratan atlayışlar yapar. Suları yararak yüzer ve genellikle su dışına bir saniye veya daha fazla süre için çıkabilir. Teknelerle birlikte yüzmesine ve diğer oyunlara oldukça sık rastlanır.

Doğu Büyük Okyanus'ta sıklıkla sarı yüzgeçli orkinos ile birlikte yüzerken görülür ancak bu balıkla beslenmez. Aslında her iki balığın da benzer bir beslenme rejimi vardır ve açık deniz balıklarını yerler. Diğer bölgelerde mürekkepbalığı ve kabuklularla da beslenirler.

Doğduklarında boyu 80–90 cm.'dir. Erişkinler 2,5 m. boya ve 120 kg. ağırlığa ulaşır. Dişiler cinsel olgunluğa 10 yılda, erkeklerde 12 yılda erişir. Yaşam süreleri yaklaşık 40 yıldır.

Popülasyon ve dağılım

Pantropik benekli yunusu dünya üzerinde 40&deg Kuzey ile 40&deg Güney enlemleri arasında kalan tüm ılıman ve tropik deniz ve okyanuslarda bulunur. Toplam dünya popülasyonu üç milyondan fazladır ve böylece afalinadan sonra balina familyası içindeki en fazla popülasyona sahip ikinci deniz memelisidir. Doğu Büyük Okyanus'ta yaklaşık iki milyon kadar pantropik benekli yunusu bulunur. Ancak 1950'lerde sayıları yedi milyon civarındaydı. Yüksek popülasyon yoğunluğuna sahip olan bölgeler 25 &degC'tan sıcak sığ sulardır.

İnsan ile etkileşim
Pantropik benekli yunusun sarı yüzgeçli orkinos ile birlikte dolaşmaya meyli nedeniyle yakın geçmişte Doğu Büyük Okyanus'ta ton balığı avcılığında oldukça sık yunus ölümlerine rastlanmıştır. 1960'larda ve 1970'lerde balıkçılar aynı ağlarla hem ton balığı hem de binlerce yunus yakalamaktaydı. Bu şekilde yakalanan Yunusların hepsi ölmüştür. 25 yıllık bir dönem içinde bu bölgenin popülasyonunun %75'i ve dünya popülasyonunun da yarısından fazlası tamamen yok edilmiştir. Bu konu kamuoyunun ilgisini çekmiştir. Birçok büyük süpermarket zinciri daha ayırtedici balık avlama yöntemleri ile avlanan ve ton balıklarını avlarken yunuslara zarar verilmediğini bildiren balıkçılarla çalışmayı bir çözüm olarak seçmiştir.

Notlar

Kaynakça

 Balinalar Uzmanlık Grubu (1996). Stenella attenuata.  2006 IUCN Kırmızı Liste. IUCN 2006. 5 Ocak 2007'de erişildi. Bilgibankası girişinde bu türün neden korunmaya muhtaç (LR/cd) sınıfında listelendiği açıklanmaktadır.
 Pantropical Spotted Dolphin by William F. Perrin in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals pp. 865–867.
 Whales Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, Dorling Kindersley Handbooks, ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
 National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, ISBN 0-375-41141-0
 Variation of spotted and spinner porpoise (genus Stenella) in the Eastern Pacific and Hawaii William F. Perrin

Asgari endişe altındaki hayvanlar
Stenella

Pantropik benekli yunusu


NGC 333A je eliptična galaktika u zviježđu Kitu.
U bliskom susjedstvu je galaktika NGC 333B. Obje je otkrio Tempel, ali je mislio da se radi o jednoj galaktici te joj je dao oznaku NGC 333. Poslije je utvrđeno da se radi o dvjema galaktikama.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

  Hartmut Frommert: Revidirani Novi opći katalog
  Izvangalaktička baza podataka NASA-e i IPAC-a
  Astronomska baza podataka SIMBAD
   VizieR
 DSS-ova slika NGC 333
  Auke Slotegraaf: NGC 333 Deep Sky Observer's Companion
   DSO-tražilica
  Courtney Seligman: Objekti Novog općeg kataloga: NGC 300 - 349

0333

NGC 333A


Pęplino (deutsch Horst)  ist ein Dorf im Powiat Słupski (Kreis Stolp) der polnischen Woiwodschaft Pommern.

Geographische Lage
Das Dorf liegt in Hinterpommern, etwa  zwölf Kilometer nordwestlich der Stadt Słupsk (Stolp) und sieben Kilometer südlich der an der Ostsee gelegenen Hafenstadt Ustka (Stolpmünde).

Geschichte
Nach einem Lehensbrief von 1355 wurde Friedrich Krümmel von Herzog Bogislaw V. mit den Dörfern Dünnow, Lindow, Starkow und Horst belehnt, nachdem er diese mit dem Herzog gegen sein Dorf Sylckstorp (Silligsdorf) eingetauscht hatte. Horst soll sich auch einmal im Besitz des Klosters Belbuck bzw. von dessen Filiale, dem Prämonstratenser-Nonnenkloster zu Stolp, befunden haben.  Es war in Form eines Winkelzeilendorfs angelegt worden. Wie auch das Nachbardorf Starkow hatte Horst einen Freischulzenhof. Um 1784 gab es in Horst einschließlich des Freischulzen 17 Vollbauern, zwei Halbbauern, von denen einer eine Schmiede betrieb, zwei Kossäten, zehn Büdner, einen Schulmeister und insgesamt 33 Haushaltungen. Zu preußischer Zeit gehörte Horst zu den 18 königlichen Dörfern, die dem Amt Stolp unterstanden.

Vor 1945 gehörte Horst zum Landkreis Stolp im Regierungsbezirk Köslin der Provinz Pommern. Die Gemeindefläche war 927 Hektar  groß. Zur Gemeinde Horst gehörten neben dem Dorf Horst die Wohnplätze Alte Reihe, Horster Teich und Neue Reihe. Im Jahr 1925 standen in Horst 99 Wohngebäude. Im Jahr 1939 wurden 131 Haushaltungen und 521 Einwohner gezählt. Im Jahr 1939 gab es in der Gemeinde  98 landwirtschaftliche Betriebe. Im Dorf hatte sich eine Spar- und Darlehenskasse niedergelassen, und es gab ein Baugeschäft, einen Gasthof mit angeschlossener Gemischtwarenhandlung und verschiedene Handwerksbetriebe.

Die Volksschule war dreiklassig. Sie hatte drei Klassen und zwei Lehrer, die nahezu hundert Schulkinder unterrichteten. Auch die Kinder aus dem Ortsteil Neu Dünnow der Gemeinde Dünnow und aus einem Teil der Gemeinde Groß Brüskow gingen in Horst zur Schule.

Als gegen Ende des Zweiten Weltkriegs die Rote Armee schnell näherrückte, konnte Horst nicht mehr geräumt werden. Das Dorf wurde am  8. März 1945 von sowjetischen Truppen besetzt. Ein Dorfbewohner wurde erschossen. Da die Sowjetarmee die hinterpommersche Ostseeküste zum Sperrgebiet erklärt hatte, mussten alle Bewohner das Dorf vorübergehend verlassen. Sie wichen nach Lossin und Veddin aus und kehrten am 10. Mai 1945 wieder zurück. Nach Kriegsende wurde Horst zusammen mit ganz Hinterpommern Teil Polen. Im August  1945 trafen Polen im Dorf ein und übernahmen Häuser und Gehöfte. Alle Dorfbewohner wurden später vertrieben, die letzten mussten im Oktober 1947 Horst verlassen.

Später wurden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 160 und in der DDR 201 aus Horst vertriebene Dorfbewohner ermittelt.

In dem Dorf wohnen heute etwa 355 Personen.

Die Schulzen, Ortsvorsteher, Bürgermeister
Veylahn                              1530

Michel Dumrese                 1629

Hans Höpner                vor 1638

Jochim Dumrese                1659

Jochim Klähn (Klänen)       1694

Peter Klähn                        1711

Klähn                                  1732

Höpner                                1760

Ernst Friedrich Neumann    1785

Ernst Wilhelm Neumann     1798

Carl Wilhelm Höpner           1835

Hermann Reinhold Schulz   1877

Johannes Hoffmeister          1937

Hans Hoffmeister                 1945

Kirchspiel
Die bis 1945 anwesenden Dorfbewohner waren evangelisch.  Horst gehörte zum Kirchspiel von Dünnow und damit zum Kirchenkreis Stolp-Stadt.

Literatur
 Karl-Heinz Pagel: Der Landkreis Stolp in Pommern. Lübeck 1989, S. 580–583  (Ortsbeschreibung Horst; PDF; 791 kB)

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Pommern
Ort der Woiwodschaft Pommern
Gmina Ustka

Pęplino


Danilov () is a town and the administrative center of Danilovsky District in Yaroslavl Oblast, Russia. Population:

History
Danilov was first mentioned in a chronicle in 1592 and was granted town status in 1777.

Administrative and municipal status
Within the framework of administrative divisions, Danilov serves as the administrative center of Danilovsky District. As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Danilovsky District as the town of district significance of Danilov. As a municipal division, the town of district significance of Danilov is incorporated within Danilovsky Municipal District as Danilov Urban Settlement.

Economy
There is a cheese producing plant and some other industries.

Transportation

The town stands on the M8 Highway. There is also a major railway station where locomotives are switched from electrification system DC 3 kV to AC 25 kV and vice versa. Railway lines go to Yaroslavl, Vologda, and Buy.

References

Notes

Sources

External links
Official website of Danilov
Danilov Business Directory

Cities and towns in Yaroslavl Oblast
Danilovsky Uyezd

Danilov, Yaroslavl Oblast


Carter F. Ham (Cleveland, Estados Unidos, 16 de febrero de 1952) es un General estadounidense, actual comandante del AFRICOM (Comando Africa de los Estados Unidos)

Biografía

Carter Ham nació en Cleveland, comenzó su carrera como soldado raso de la 82.º división aerotransportada antes asistir a la Universidad John Carroll en Cleveland, Ohio. Él fue el encargado de la infantería como Graduado Distinguido Militar en 1976. Asignaciones anticipadas de Cam incluye el servicio en Fort Knox, Kentucky y el servicio en Italia y Alemania.

Después de graduarse en el Curso de Oficiales de la armadura avanzada, era un reclutamiento Área de Comandante en Lima, Ohio. En 1984, se desempeñó con una unidad de servicios comunes de apoyo a los Juegos Olímpicos de Los Ángeles 1984. Desde 1984 hasta 1989, el general Cam se desempeñó como Asistente del Inspector General, y luego como Batallón S-3 y Director Ejecutivo, con la fuerza de oposición en el Centro Nacional de Capacitación, Fort Irwin, California. El asistió a la Escuela Naval de Comando y Estado Mayor, donde se graduó con distinción en 1990, y fue a continuación donde se le asigna a la Infantería del Ejército de los Estados Unidos precisamente a la Escuela de Fort Benning, Georgia. Volvió a servir como asesor con un saudí en la Brigada de la Guardia Nacional en Riad después regresó a Fort Benning, donde fue el director de la Escuela de Infantería.

El General Ham al mando del 1 º Batallón de Infantería sexto en Vilseck, Alemania, incluyendo una gira de seis meses con las Fuerzas de Protección de las Naciones Unidas en la ex República Yugoslava de Macedonia. Después de mando del batallón, fue el Observador principal / controlador del equipo de Timberwolf en la maniobra de Entrenamiento del Centro de Combate en Hohenfels, Alemania. Se graduó en la Escuela Superior de Guerra Aérea en 1997 y regresó a Alemania, donde se desempeñó como G3 entonces Jefe del Estado Mayor, 1 ª División de Infantería. De 1999 a 2001 él ordenó la Infantería 29a Regimiento de Fort Benning luego fue asignado a los Estados Unidos donde sirvió en el Comando Central de Estados Unidos en Tampa, Florida y en Catar. Ham fue asignado como el Comandante General Adjunto de Formación y Preparación, I Cuerpo en Fort Lewis, Washington en agosto de 2003. En enero de 2004, asumió el mando del Brigada Multinacional del Norte - en Mosul, Irak sirviendo allí hasta febrero de 2005. Del regreso de Irak, el general Cam se desempeñó como Director Adjunto de Operaciones Regionales de la Estado Mayor Conjunto. Ham asumió el mando de la 1.ª División de Infantería en Fort Riley, Kansas, en agosto de 2006 y se desempeñó como Comandante General hasta julio de 2007. Más recientemente se desempeñó como el Director de Operaciones, J3, el Estado Mayor Conjunto.

En 2011 asumió como jefe de operaciones de la ofensiva militar llevada a cabo por los Estados Unidos, la OTAN y sus aliados en la Operación Odissey Dawn o la intervención militar en Libia de 2011 contra el régimen libio de Muamar Gadafi.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Militares de Estados Unidos
Generales de Estados Unidos
Personas de Cleveland
Personas de la Guerra de Libia de 2011
Nacidos en Portland

Carter Ham


En rakle er en kompakt blomsterstand af reducerede og enkønnede blomster (se f.eks. almindelig hassel). Rakle kaldes en klase eller et aks med særkønnede, nøgne eller med meget lille, enkelt bloster udstyrede blomster.

Pilens rakler kaldes gæslinger, fordi de ligner små dunede fugleunger.

Referencer

Botanik

Rakle


Agnaldo dos Santos fue un escultor brasileño, nacido el año 1926 y fallecido el  1962.

Su obra representó la continuidad en Brasil de la escultura africana negra en madera. Ganó el Gran Premio del Festival Internacional de las Artes Negras en Dakar en 1966.

Su trabajo está presente en la colección del Museo de Bellas Artes de Río de Janeiro y en varios museos brasileños. También estuvo presente en la exposición de Artes Populares del Brasil celebrada en el Grand Palais de París de 1987.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos

Netsaber: Biografía de Agnaldo dos Santos

Escultores de Brasil
Escultores del siglo XX

Agnaldo dos Santos


Sedna Planitia is a large lowland area of Venus, south of Ishtar Terra.
It is thought to be lava-covered and similar to a lunar mare.  Its name is derived from the Inuit sea goddess.

References

Surface features of Venus
Volcanism on Venus

Sedna Planitia


was a robotic spacecraft developed by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) to return a sample of material from a small near-Earth asteroid named 25143 Itokawa to Earth for further analysis.
Hayabusa, formerly known as MUSES-C for Mu Space Engineering Spacecraft C, was launched on 9 May 2003 and rendezvoused with Itokawa in mid-September 2005.  After arriving at Itokawa, Hayabusa studied the asteroid's shape, spin, topography, color, composition, density, and history. In November 2005, it landed on the asteroid and collected samples in the form of tiny grains of asteroidal material, which were returned to Earth aboard the spacecraft on 13 June 2010.

The spacecraft also carried a detachable minilander, MINERVA, which failed to reach the surface.

Mission firsts

NASA's Galileo and NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft had visited asteroids before, but the Hayabusa mission was the first one to return an asteroid sample to Earth for analysis.

In addition, Hayabusa was the first spacecraft designed to deliberately land on an asteroid and then take off again (NEAR Shoemaker made a controlled descent to the surface of 433 Eros in 2000, but it was not designed as a lander and was eventually deactivated after it arrived). Technically, Hayabusa was not designed to "land"; it simply touches the surface with its sample capturing device and then moves away. However, it was the first craft designed from the outset to make physical contact with the surface of an asteroid. Junichiro Kawaguchi of the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science was appointed to be the leader of the mission.

Despite its designer's intention for momentary contact, Hayabusa landed and sat on the asteroid surface for about 30 minutes (see timeline below).

Mission profile

The Hayabusa spacecraft was launched on 9 May 2003 at 04:29:25 UTC on an M-V rocket from the Uchinoura Space Center (still called Kagoshima Space Center at that time). Following launch, the spacecraft's name was changed from the original MUSES-C to Hayabusa, the Japanese word for falcon. The spacecraft's xenon ion engines (four separate units), operating near-continuously for two years, slowly moved Hayabusa toward a September 2005 rendezvous with Itokawa. As it arrived, the spacecraft did not go into orbit around the asteroid, but remained in a station-keeping heliocentric orbit close by.

Hayabusa surveyed the asteroid surface from a distance of about 20 km (13.7 mi), the "gate position". After this the spacecraft moved closer to the surface (the "home position"), and then approached the asteroid for a series of soft landings and for the collection of samples at a safe site. Autonomous optical navigation was employed extensively during this period because the long communication delay prohibits Earth-based real-time commanding. At the second Hayabusa touched down with its deployable collection horn, the spacecraft was programmed to fire tiny projectiles at the surface and then collect the resulting spray. Some tiny specks were collected by the spacecraft for analysis back on Earth.

After a few months in proximity to the asteroid, the spacecraft was scheduled to fire its engines to begin its cruise back to Earth. This maneuver was delayed due to problems with attitude control (orientation) and the thrusters of the craft. Once it was on its return trajectory, the re-entry capsule was released from the main spacecraft three hours before reentry, and the capsule coasted on a ballistic trajectory, re-entering the Earth's atmosphere at 13:51, 13 June 2010 UTC.  It is estimated that the capsule experienced peak deceleration of about 25 G and heating rates approximately 30 times those experienced by the Apollo spacecraft.  It landed via parachute near Woomera, Australia.

In relation to the mission profile, JAXA defined the following success criteria and corresponding scores for major milestones in the mission prior to the launch of the Hayabusa spacecraft. As it shows, the Hayabusa spacecraft is a platform for testing new technology and the primary objective of the Hayabusa project is the world's first implementation of microwave discharge ion engines.  Hence 'operation of ion engines for more than 1000 hours' is an achievement that gives a full score of 100 points, and the rest of the milestones are a series of world's first-time experiments built on it.

MINERVA mini-lander

Hayabusa carried a tiny mini-lander (weighing only , and approximately  tall by  in diameter) named "MINERVA" (short for MIcro-Nano Experimental Robot Vehicle for the Asteroid). An error during deployment resulted in the craft's failure.

This solar-powered vehicle was designed to take advantage of Itokawa's very low gravity by using an internal flywheel assembly to hop across the surface of the asteroid, relaying images from its cameras to Hayabusa whenever the two spacecraft were in sight of one another.

MINERVA was deployed on 12 November 2005. The lander release command was sent from Earth, but before the command could arrive, Hayabusa's altimeter measured its distance from Itokawa to be  and thus started an automatic altitude keeping sequence. As a result, when the MINERVA release command arrived, MINERVA was released while the probe was ascending and at a higher altitude than intended, so that it escaped Itokawa's gravitational pull and tumbled into space.

Had it been successful, MINERVA would have been the first hopping space rover. The Soviet mission Phobos 2 also encountered a malfunction while attempting to deploy a hopping rover.

Scientific and engineering importance of the mission
Scientists' understanding of asteroids depends greatly on meteorite samples, but it is very difficult to match up meteorite samples with the exact asteroids from which they came. Hayabusa will help solve this problem by bringing back pristine samples from a specific, well-characterized asteroid. Hayabusa bridged the gap between ground observation data of asteroids and laboratory analysis of meteorite and cosmic dust collections. Also comparing the data from the onboard instruments of the Hayabusa with the data from the NEAR Shoemaker mission will put the knowledge on a wider level.

The Hayabusa mission has a very deep engineering importance for JAXA, too. It allowed JAXA to further test its technologies in the fields of ion engines, autonomous and optical navigation, deep space communication, and close movement on objects with low gravity among others. Second, since it was the first-ever preplanned soft contact with the surface of an asteroid (the NEAR Shoemaker landing on 433 Eros was not preplanned) it has enormous influence on further asteroid missions.

Changes in mission plan
The Hayabusa mission profile was modified several times, both before and after launch.
 The spacecraft was originally intended to launch in July 2002 to the asteroid 4660 Nereus (the asteroid (10302) 1989 ML was considered as an alternative target).  However, a July 2000 failure of Japan's M-5 rocket forced a delay in the launch, putting both Nereus and 1989 ML out of reach.  As a result, the target asteroid was changed to , which was soon thereafter named for Japanese rocket pioneer Hideo Itokawa.
 Hayabusa was to deploy a small rover supplied by NASA and developed by JPL, called Muses-CN, onto the surface of the asteroid, but the rover was canceled by NASA in November 2000 due to budget constraints.
 In 2002, launch was postponed from December 2002 to May 2003 to recheck the O-rings of its reaction control system since one of them had been found to be using a different material than specified.
 In 2003, while Hayabusa was en route to Itokawa, the largest solar flare recorded in history damaged the solar cells aboard the spacecraft.  This reduction in electrical power reduced the efficiency of the ion engines, thus delaying the arrival at Itokawa from June to September 2005.  Since orbital mechanics dictated that the spacecraft still had to leave the asteroid by November 2005, the amount of time it was able to spend at Itokawa was greatly reduced and the number of landings on the asteroid was reduced from three to two.
 In 2005, two reaction wheels that govern the attitude movement of Hayabusa failed; the X-axis wheel failed on 31 July, and the Y-axis on 2 October. After the latter failure, the spacecraft was still able to turn on its X and Y axes with its thrusters. JAXA claimed that since global mapping of Itokawa had been completed, this was not a major problem, but the mission plan was altered. The failed reaction wheels were manufactured by Ithaco Space Systems, Inc, New York, which was later acquired by Goodrich Company.
 The 4 November 2005, 'rehearsal' landing on Itokawa failed, and was rescheduled.
 The original decision to sample two different sites on the asteroid was changed when one of the sites, Woomera Desert, was found to be too rocky for a safe landing.
 The 12 November 2005, release of the MINERVA miniprobe ended in failure.

Mission timeline

Up to the launch
The asteroid exploration mission by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS) originated in 1986–1987 when the scientists investigated the feasibility of a sample return mission to Anteros and concluded that the technology was not yet developed. Between 1987 and 1994, joint ISAS / NASA group studied several missions: an asteroid rendezvous mission later became NEAR, and a comet sample return mission later became Stardust.

In 1995, ISAS selected asteroid sample return as an engineering demonstration mission, MUSES-C, and the MUSES-C project started in fiscal year 1996. Asteroid Nereus was the first choice of target, 1989 ML was the secondary choice. In early development phase, Nereus was considered out of reach and 1989 ML became the primary target. A launch failure of M-V in July 2000 forced MUSES-C's launch to be delayed from July 2002 to November/December, putting both Nereus and 1989 ML out of reach.  As a result, the target asteroid was changed to . In 2002, launch was postponed from December 2002 to May 2003 to recheck O-rings of reaction control system since one of it was found using different material than specified. On 9 May 2003 04:29:25 UTC, MUSES-C was launched by an M-V rocket, and the probe was named "Hayabusa".

Cruising
Ion thruster checkout started on 27 May 2003.  Full power operation started on 25 June.

Asteroids are named by their discoverer.  ISAS asked LINEAR, the discoverer of , to offer the name after Hideo Itokawa, and on 6 August, Minor Planet Circular reported that the target asteroid  was named Itokawa.

In October 2003, ISAS and two other national aerospace agencies in Japan were merged to form JAXA.

On 31 March 2004, ion thruster operation was stopped to prepare for the Earth swing-by. Last maneuver operation before swing-by on 12 May. On 19 May, Hayabusa performed Earth swing-by. On 27 May, ion thruster operation was started again.

On 18 February 2005, Hayabusa passed aphelion at 1.7 AU. On 31 July, the X-axis reaction wheel failed. On 14 August, Hayabusa's first image of Itokawa was released. The picture was taken by the star tracker and shows a point of light, believed to be the asteroid, moving across the starfield. Other images were taken from 22 to 24 August. On 28 August, Hayabusa was switched over from the ion engines to the bi-propellant thrusters for orbital maneuvering. From 4 September, Hayabusa's cameras were able to confirm Itokawa's elongated shape. From 11 September, individual hills were discerned on the asteroid. On 12 September, Hayabusa was  from Itokawa and JAXA scientists announced that Hayabusa had officially "arrived".

In proximity of Itokawa
On 15 September 2005, a 'color' image of the asteroid was released (which is, however, grey in coloring). On 4 October, JAXA announced that the spacecraft had successfully moved to its 'Home Position' 7 km from Itokawa. Closeup pictures were released. It was also announced that the spacecraft's second reaction wheel, governing the Y-axis, had failed, and that the craft was now being pointed by its rotation thrusters. On 3 November, Hayabusa took station 3.0 km from Itokawa. It then began its descent, planned to include delivery of a target marker, and release of the Minerva minilander. The descent went well initially, and navigation images with wide-angle cameras were obtained. However, at 01:50 UTC ( JST) on 4 November, it was announced that due to a detection of an anomalous signal at the Go/NoGo decision, the descent, including release of Minerva and the target marker had been canceled.  The project manager, Junichiro Kawaguchi, explained that the optical navigation system was not tracking the asteroid very well, probably caused by the complex shape of Itokawa.  A delay of a few days was required to evaluate the situation and reschedule.

On 7 November, Hayabusa was 7.5 km from Itokawa. On 9 November, Hayabusa performed a descent to  to test the landing navigation and the laser altimeter. After that, Hayabusa backed off to a higher position, then descended again to  and released one of the target markers into space to test the craft's ability to track it (this was confirmed). From analysis of the closeup images, the Woomera Desert site (Point B) was found to be too rocky to be suitable for landing. The Muses Sea site (Point A) was selected as the landing site, for both first and, if possible, second landings.

On 12 November, Hayabusa closed in to  from the asteroid's surface.  MINERVA was released but due to an error failed to reach the surface. On 19 November, Hayabusa landed on the asteroid. There was considerable confusion during and after the maneuver about precisely what had happened, because the high-gain antenna of the probe could not be used during final phase of touch-down, as well as the blackout during handover of ground station antenna from DSN to Usuda station.  It was initially reported that Hayabusa had stopped at approximately 10 meters from the surface, hovering for 30 minutes for unknown reasons. Ground control sent a command to abort and ascend, and by the time the communication was regained, the probe had moved 100 km away from the asteroid.  The probe had entered into a safe mode, slowly spinning to stabilize attitude control. However, after regaining control and communication with the probe, the data from the landing attempt were downloaded and analyzed, and on 23 November, JAXA announced that the probe had indeed landed on the asteroid's surface. Unfortunately, the sampling sequence was not triggered since a sensor detected an obstacle during descent; the probe tried to abort the landing, but since its orientation was not appropriate for ascent, it chose instead a safe descent mode. This mode did not permit a sample to be taken, but there is a high probability that some dust may have whirled up into the sampling horn when it touched the asteroid, so the sample canister attached to the sampling horn was sealed.

On 25 November, a second touchdown attempt was performed. It was initially thought that this time, the sampling device was activated; however, later analysis decided that this was probably another failure and that no pellets were fired. Due to a leak in the thruster system, the probe was put in a "safe hold mode".

On 27 November, the probe experienced a power outage when trying to reorient the spacecraft, probably due to a fuel leakage. On 30 November, JAXA announced that control and communication with Hayabusa had been restored, but a problem remained with the craft's reaction control system, perhaps involving a frozen pipe. Mission control was working to resolve the problem before the craft's upcoming launch window for return to Earth. On 2 December, an attitude (orientation) correction was attempted, but the thruster did not generate enough force. On 3 December, the probe's Z-axis was found to be 20 to 30 degrees from the Sun direction and increasing. On 4 December, as an emergency measure, xenon propellant from the ion engines was blown to correct the spin, and it was confirmed successful. On 5 December, attitude control was corrected enough to regain communication through the medium gain antenna.  Telemetry was obtained and analyzed. As the result of telemetry analysis, it was found that there was a strong possibility that the sampler projectile had not penetrated when it landed on 25 November.  Due to the power outage, the telemetry log data was faulty. On 6 December, Hayabusa was 550 km from Itokawa. JAXA held a press conference about the situation so far.

On 8 December, a sudden orientation change was observed, and communication with Hayabusa was lost.  It was thought likely that the turbulence was caused by evaporation of 8 or 10cc of leaked fuel.  This forced a wait of a month or two for Hayabusa to stabilize by conversion of precession to pure rotation, after which the rotation axis needed to be directed toward the Sun and Earth within a specific angular range.  The probability of achieving this was estimated at 60% by December 2006, 70% by spring 2007.

Recovery and return to Earth

On 7 March 2006, JAXA announced that communication with Hayabusa had been recovered in the following stages: On 23 January, the beacon signal from the probe was detected. On 26 January, the probe responded to commands from ground control by changing the beacon signal. On 6 February, an ejection of xenon propellant was commanded for attitude control to improve communication. The spin axis change rate was about two degrees per day. On 25 February, telemetry data was obtained through the low-gain antenna. On 4 March, telemetry data was obtained through the medium-gain antenna. On 6 March, Hayabusa'''s position was established at about 13,000 km ahead of Itokawa in its orbit with a relative speed of  per second.

On 1 June, Hayabusa project manager Junichiro Kawaguchi reported that they confirmed two out of four ion engines were working normally, which would have been sufficient for the return journey. On 30 January 2007, JAXA reported that 7 out of 11 batteries were working and the return capsule was sealed. On 25 April, JAXA reported that Hayabusa started the return journey. On 29 August, it was announced that Ion Engine C onboard Hayabusa, in addition to B and D, had been successfully re-ignited. On 29 October, JAXA reported that the first phase of trajectory maneuver operation had finished and the spacecraft was now put in a spin-stabilized state. On 4 February 2009, JAXA reported success in reignition of the ion engines and starting the second phase of the trajectory correction maneuver to return to Earth. On 4 November 2009, the ion engine D automatically stopped working due to an anomaly from degradation.

On 19 November 2009, JAXA announced that they managed to combine the ion generator of ion engine B and the neutralizer of ion engine A. It was suboptimal but expected to be sufficient to generate the necessary delta-v. Out of  delta-v necessary to return to the Earth, about  had been performed already, and about  were still necessary. On 5 March 2010, Hayabusa was on a trajectory that would have passed within the lunar orbit. Ion engine operation was suspended to measure the precise trajectory in preparation to perform Trajectory Correction Maneuver 1 to the Earth-rim trajectory. On 27 March, 06:17 UTC, Hayabusa was on a trajectory which would pass 20,000 km from Earth center, completing the orbit transfer operation from Itokawa to Earth. By 6 April, the first stage of Trajectory Correction Maneuver (TCM-0) which led to a rough Earth rim trajectory was completed. It was planned to be 60 days until reentry. By 4 May, the probe completed its TCM-1 maneuver to align precisely to the Earth rim trajectory. On 22 May, TCM-2 started, continued for about 92.5 hours, and finished on 26 May. It was followed by TCM-3 from 3 through 5 June to change the trajectory from the Earth rim to Woomera, South Australia, TCM-4 was performed on 9 June for about 2.5 hours for a precision descent to Woomera Prohibited Area.

The reentry capsule was released at 10:51 UTC on 13 June.

 Reentry and capsule retrieval

The reentry capsule and the spacecraft reentered Earth's atmosphere on 13 June 2010 at 13:51 UTC (23:21 local). The heat-shielded capsule made a parachute landing in the South Australian outback while the spacecraft broke up and incinerated in a large fireball.

An international team of scientists observed the 12.2 km/s entry of the capsule from 11.9 km (39,000 ft) on board NASA's DC-8 airborne laboratory, using a wide array of imaging and spectrographic cameras to measure the physical conditions during atmospheric reentry in a mission led by NASA's Ames Research Center, with Peter Jenniskens of the SETI Institute as the project scientist.

Since the reaction control system no longer functioned, the  space probe re-entered the Earth's atmosphere similar to the approach of an asteroid along with the sample re-entry capsule, and, as mission scientists expected, the majority of the spacecraft disintegrated upon entry.

The return capsule was predicted to land in a  by  area in the Woomera Prohibited Area, South Australia. Four ground teams surrounded this area and located the re-entry capsule by optical observation and a radio beacon. Then a team on board a helicopter was dispatched. They located the capsule and recorded its position with GPS. The capsule was successfully retrieved at 07:08 UTC (16:38 local) of 14 June 2010. The two parts of the heat shield, which were jettisoned during the descent, were also found.

After confirming that the explosive devices used for parachute deployment were safe, the capsule was packed inside a double layer of plastic bags filled with pure nitrogen gas to reduce the risk of contamination.  The soil at the landing site was also sampled for reference in case of contamination.  Then the capsule was put inside a cargo container which had air suspension to keep the capsule below 1.5 G shock during transportation.  The capsule and its heat shield parts were transported to Japan by a chartered plane and arrived at the curation facility at the JAXA/ISAS Sagamihara Campus on 18 June.

A Tokyo Metropolitan Government adviser and former lieutenant general, Toshiyuki Shikata, claimed that part of the rationale for the reentry and landing part of the mission was to demonstrate "that Japan's ballistic missile capability is credible."

Scientific study of samples
Before the capsule was extracted from the protecting plastic bag, it was inspected using X-ray CT to determine its condition. Then the sample canister was extracted from the reentry capsule. The surface of the canister was cleaned using pure nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide; it was then placed in the canister opening device. The internal pressure of the canister was determined by a slight deformation of the canister as the pressure of the environment nitrogen gas in the clean chamber was varied. The nitrogen gas pressure was then adjusted to match the internal canister pressure to prevent the escape of any gas from the sample upon the opening of the canister.

Confirmation of asteroid particles
On 16 November 2010, JAXA confirmed that most of the particles found in one of two compartments inside the Hayabusa sample return capsule came from Itokawa. Analysis with a scanning electron microscope identified about 1,500 grains of rocky particles, according to the JAXA press release. After further studying the analysis results and comparison of mineral compositions, most of them were judged to be of extraterrestrial origin, and definitely from the asteroid Itokawa.

According to Japanese scientists, the composition of Hayabusa's samples was more similar to meteorites than known rocks from Earth. Their size is mostly less than 10 micrometers. The material matches chemical maps of Itokawa from Hayabusa's remote sensing instruments. The researchers found concentrations of olivine and pyroxene in the Hayabusa samples.

Further study of the samples had to wait until 2011 because researchers were still developing special handling procedures to avoid contaminating the particles during the next phase of research.

In 2013 JAXA announced that 1500 extraterrestrial grains had been recovered, comprising the minerals olivine, pyroxene, plagioclase and iron sulfide. The grains were about 10 micrometers in size. JAXA performed detailed analyses of the samples by splitting particles and examining their crystal structure at SPring-8.

Results
The 26 August 2011 issue of Science devoted six articles to findings based on dust collected by Hayabusa. Scientists' analysis of the dust from Itokawa suggested that it had probably originally been part of a larger asteroid. Dust collected from the asteroid surface was believed to have been exposed there for about eight million years.

Dust from Itokawa was found to be "identical to material that makes up meteorites." Itokawa is an S-type asteroid whose composition matches that of an LL chondrite.

In popular culture
In Japan, rival film companies announced the production of three different feature length theatrical films based on the story of Hayabusa, one of which, Hayabusa: Harukanaru Kikan (2012), starred Ken Watanabe.Shoji, Kaori, "In a galaxy not so far away....", Japan Times, 23 September 2011, p. 20.

The Lego construction toy company released a model of Hayabusa through their Cuusoo website.

Many references to Hayabusa appear in the Japanese series Kamen Rider Fourze'', a space-themed tokusatsu series.

See also

References

Further reading

External links

 ISAS/JAXA page on the mission
 ISAS/JAXA Hayabusa mission movie
 The Great Challenges of Hayabusa – World's first asteroid sample return mission – Official JAXA YouTube Channel
 ISAS/JAXA Hayabusa Today (live updates of the craft's position)
 Hayabusas Scientific and Engineering Achievements during Proximity Operations around Itokawa (JAXA press release on 2 November 2005)
 The 37th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference has Special Session on  Results of the Hayabusa Mission, and a poster session Results of the Hayabusa Mission
 The 42nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference has Special Session on Results from Hayabusa
 Initial Scientific Results of Hayabusas Investigation on Itokawa ~Summary of the Special Issue of Science Magazine~ (ISAS/JAXA press release)
 Hayabusa Project Science Data Archive

 NASA Team Captures Hayabusa Spacecraft Reentry at NASA
 JAXA Hayabusa mission re-entry capsule photos and videos by Australian Science Media Centre

 Hayabusa Mission Archive at the NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node

Missions to near-Earth asteroids
Japanese space probes
Sample return missions
Space probes launched in 2003
Spacecraft which reentered in 2010
Destroyed space probes
Articles containing video clips
Hopping spacecraft

Hayabusa


Rodopi veya Rodop ili (Yunanca: Νομός Ροδόπης / Nomόs Rodόpis), Yunanistan'ın 51 ilinden biri olan,Trakya bölgesinde bulunan ve Batı Trakya Türklerinin yoğun olarak yaşadığı bir ildir. Kuzeyde Bulgaristan'ın Kırcaali iline komşu olan ilin merkezi Gümülcine şehridir. 2,543 km² yüzölçümündeki ilin nüfusu 2011 sayımlarına göre 112,039'dur.

Rodopi iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Gümülcine (Komotini) Belediyesi
Gümülcine, Yukarı Aralıkburun, Yukarı Adadere (Gençoğulları), İricanhisar, Kalkanca (Kalkancis Mahallesi), Kafkasköy, Yabacıklı, Hasköy, Kargılısarıca, Kalfa (Halife), Kozluköy (Küçük Kozluköy), Küçükköy, Aşağı Adadere, Tuzcuköy (Kikidio), Büyük Sungurlu, Adadere, Kurtbeyli (Mısırlıoğlu Çiftliği), Küçük Adaören, Küçük Sungurlu, Aralıkburun, Yanıkköy (Yenikebîr), Dereköy, Murhan (Morhan-Çiftliği), Killik, Sarancına, Demircili, Baraklı, Semetli (Sametli, Samedağa), Bulduklu(Çuhacılar) Seymen (Sekban)

Şapçı (Sapes) Belediyesi
Şapçı (Şaphane), Kuştepe, Çobantepe, Hacımustaköy (Hacımustafaköy), İrican (Ircan(halk dilinde)Ağrican, Ağırcan), Aşağıköy (Arsakio), Bekirköy (Ebubekir karyesi, şimdiki adı Velkio), Karaağaçköyü, Evrenköy (Evrinos), Yassıhöyük, Kızıllar (Kizario), Karakurcalı, Lefeciler (Ulufeciler, şimdiki adı Lefario), Baldıran (Nea Santa), Eski Kurcalı (Karakuruçalı), Çadırlı, Taşlık, Çeribaşköy (Çeribaşıköy, şimdiki adı Protato), Çiftlik,

Kozlukebir (Arriana) Belediyesi
Kozlukebir (Arriana), Hacıköy (Agiochori), Değirmendere (Darmeni), Delinazköy (Dilina), Işıklar (İpion), Taşkınlar (Kinira), Kurcalı (Likion), Küçük Müsellim (Mikro Piston), Bıyıklıköy (Mistakas), Durhasanlar (Neda), Üçgaziler (Nikites), Payamlar (Plagia), Menetler (Skaloma), Dolapçılar (Strofi), Çardaklı

Susurköy (Sosti) Belediyesi
Susurköy (Sosti), Ayazma, Işıklar (Aşıklar), Bulatköy, Mescit Mahalle, Sindelli, Eşekçili (Thamna), Kavacık, Kirazlı (Kerasea), Tekedere, Kozlardere (Linos), Büyük Müsellim (Mega Piston), Çepelli (Mistos), Gebecili (Rizoma), Petmezağa, Koyundere, Kuruçay, Dağ Karamusası, Kayabaşı, Yuvacılı (Eski ve yeni), Narlıköy (Polianthos)

Sirkeli (Filira) Belediyesi
Sirkeli (Filira), Pazarköy, Küçük Sirkeli (Agra), Üntüren (Ano Drosini), Karacaoğlan (Aratos), Kayrak (Ardia), Çelebiköy (Arhondika), Ballahor (Vragia), Domruköy (Dokos), Dündarlı (Drosia), Kardere (Drimi), Eşekdere (Esochi), Küçükören (Kato Drosini), Kalenderköy (Kalindirio), Satıköy (Lambro), Sınırdere (Nevra), Omurluköy (Omiriko), Payamdere (Paterma), Basırlıköy (Pasos), Kızılağaç (Ragada), Yeniköy (Skiada)

Maronya (Maroneia) Belediyesi
Maronya, Eski Maronya, Yahyabeyli (Amaranta), Sofular (Askites), Vakıf (Vakos), Demirbeyli (Timurbey), Dalyan (Deli Yâni), İmaret (İmeros), Uysallı (İsalo), Kalitea, Sazlıca (Hacılar Altı), Muratlı (Mirana), Yardımlı Rum Mahallesi (Yardımlı'nın Türk Mahallesi'yle birleşti ve Yardımlı oldu, şimdiki adı Ergani), Kuşlanlı (Xylagani), Ambarköy (Pamforo), Denizler (Pelagia), Hacılar (Proskynites), Salmanlı (Salmoni), Sevindikler (Sevasti)

Cambaz (Neo Sidirochori) Belediyesi
Cambaz (Cambaz Çiftiği), Aytodori (Aghia Theodoroi), Karagözlü (Mavrommation), Büyük Doğanca (Mega Doukaton), Küçük Doğanca (Mikron Doukaton), Otmanlı (Osmanlı, Osmaniye, şimdiki adı Adhriani), Bayatlı (Pagouria), Sırlıağaç (Skhoinia), Kargılı Sarıca (Kalamokastron)

Kavaklı (Egiros) Belediyesi
Kavaklı (Egiros), Kırsarıca (Messouni), Sarıyer (Arogi), Nurçalı (Glyfada), Kalanca (Kallisti), Melikli (Meleti), Meşe (Mesi), Yeni Kalanca (Nea Kallisti), Ortakışla (Porpi), Fener (Fanari)

Yassıköy (İasmos) Belediyesi
Yassıköy (İasmos), Ortacı (Amvrosia), Palazlı (Palladion), Küçük Palazlı (Mikro Palladion), Yalanca (Galini), Balabanköy (Dhialambi), Yalımlı (Kopteron), Karamusa (Mosaikon), Sasallı (Salpi), Ippiko, Glikoneri

Hemetli (Organi) Nahiyesi
Hemetli (Hamitli), Yukarı Gerdeme, Hacıören (Vyrsini), Kozdere (Drania), Kulübe (Kalyvia), Gerdeme (Kardamos), Kozören (Kösören, Közviran, şimdiki adı Kato Vyrsini), Kovanlık (Kovalo), Musacık {Myrtiski}, Çalabı (Çalaplı, şimdiki adı Smigaba)

Mehrikoz (Kechros) Nahiyesi
Mehrikoz, Yukarı Kamberler (Kato Kampi), Aşağı Kamberler (Ano Kampi), Hebilköy (Halilören, şimdiki adı Khloi).

Mehrikoz'a Bağlı Mahalleler (Mezralar)
Kaypak (Kampos), Atmezarı (Eğrek mezrası), Pişkadere, Beşikli (Kerasia), Manastır (Monastiri), Fırlaç, Çukka (Çukkalar), Örpek, Salıncak, Küçük Mehrikoz (Kato Kerchos).

Arabacıköy (Amaxades) Nahiyesi
Arabacıköy, Kaşıkçılar (Katsika), Hoca Mahalle (Monaki), Bekirli (Peleketi)

Kaynakça

Rodop (bölgesel birim)


Ogosta, kuzey Bulgaristan'da bulunan, Tuna Nehri'nin bir koludur. Kaynağı, Sırbistan sınırındaki Vrazha Glava Zirvesi (935 m) olarak bilinir. Çiprovtsi, Montana ve Miziya şehirleri bu nehrin etrafında kurulmuştur.

Bulgaristan'daki nehirler

Ogosta


Hörsten er en kommune og en by i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Jevenstedt i den sydlige del af Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde. Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde ligger i den centrale del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Hörsten ligger omkring 11 km syd for Rendsburg mellem Ejderen og der Bundesstraße 77 fra Rendsburg mod Itzehoe. Byen ligger nord for Kielerkanalen ved Ejderen. Syd for kanalen ligger Flugplatz Rendsburg-Schachtholm, der bliver benyttet af sportsfly og rundflyvninger.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side  på amtets websted].
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Rendsborg-Egernførde

Hörsten


Gōri-sei (jap. hiragana ごうりせい / きょうりせい, kanji 郷里制), upravni sustav u starom Japanu po ritsuryōu (hiragana りつりょう, kanji 律令). Njime je država podijeljena na sela (gō, hiragana ごう, kanji 郷) i mala mjesta (jap. ri, hiragana り, kanji 里). Reforma pred razdoblje Taika iz 645. dodala je ovim jedinicama one od provincije (jap. kuni, hiragana くに, kanji 国) i okruga (jap. gun, hiragana ぐん, kanji 郡), sa svakim novim selom koje je obuhvaćalo 50 kućanstava. Sustav je napušten 740. i vraćeno je na stari sustav (kuni, gun i gō).

Vidi
Kokugunri-sei (国郡里制)

Izvori

Povijest Japana

Gōri-sei


Tu peux embrasser le marié () est un film italien réalisé par Alessandro Genovesi, sorti en 2018 au cinéma. Le film s'inspire de la comédie musicale américaine My Big Gay Italian Wedding.

Synopsis
Paolo et Antonio vivent ensemble à Berlin. Antonio demande Paolo en mariage, et ce dernier en profite pour accompagner Antonio chez ses parents dans leur village de Bagnoregio et faire leur connaissance. Avec eux voyagent leur amie Benedetta et leur nouveau colocataire Donato, un chauffeur de bus adepte du travestissement. Mais quand Antonio annonce qu'il épouse Paolo, son père, le maire du village, refuse de les marier, et sa mère exige que le mariage se fasse néanmoins au village, et en présence de la mère de Paolo. De plus, Antonio a une ex qui le harcèle, Camilla.

Fiche technique
 Titre original :
 Réalisation : Alessandro Genovesi
 Scénario : Giovanni Bognetti et Alessandro Genovesi
 Musique : Andrea Farri
 Photographie : Federico Masiero
 Montage : Claudio Di Mauro
 Costumes : Daniela Salernitano
 Société de production : Medusa Film, Colorado Film
 Société de distribution :
 Pays de production :
 Langue originale : italien
 Genre : comédie dramatique
 Durée :  9
 Dates de sortie :
 Italie :
 France :

Distribution
 Cristiano Caccamo : Antonio Brambilla
 Salvatore Esposito : Paolo Baiello
 Dino Abbrescia : Donato Lavopa
 Diana Del Bufalo : Benedetta Stanchi
 Diego Abatantuono : Roberto Brambilla
 Monica Guerritore : Anna Di Gastoni
 Beatrice Arnera : Camilla Fonteggi
 Antonio Catania : frère Francesco Palmisani
 Rosaria D'Urso : Vincenza Quintone
 Enzo Miccio : lui-même

Accueil

Box-office
Le film recueille d'abord  euros à sa sortie en Ialie, et va jusqu'à  euros.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Droits LGBT en Italie
 Liste de films LGBT en Italie

Liens externes

Film italien sorti en 2018
Comédie romantique italienne
Film se déroulant à Berlin
Film se déroulant dans le Latium
Film tourné à Berlin
Film tourné dans la province de Viterbe
Film sur le mariage homosexuel
Film italien sur l'homosexualité masculine
Film en italien

Tu peux embrasser le marié


Vitor Francisco Xavier Feytor Pinto, mais conhecido como Padre Vítor Feytor Pinto, GCM (Santo António dos Olivais, Coimbra, 6 de Março de 1932 - Lisboa, 6 de Outubro de 2021), foi um sacerdote português.

Biografia

Nascimento e formação
Nasceu em 6 de Março de 1932, na freguesia de Santo António dos Olivais, em Coimbra. Ainda muito novo mudou-se para Castelo Branco, cidade onde o pai fundou um colégio. Entrou no Seminário do Fundão com dez anos, e em 10 de Julho de 1955 foi ordenado como sacerdote na Diocese da Guarda.

Concluiu uma licenciatura em Teologia Sistemática e um mestrado na área da bioética.

Carreira
Foi um defensor do Concílio Vaticano II, como parte do movimento Por um Mundo Melhor. Durante cerca de três décadas foi responsável pela coordenação da Comissão Nacional da Pastoral da Saúde, em Portugal. Durante vários anos colaborou com a Paróquia do Campo Grande, em Lisboa, da qual foi administrador. Na sequência do golpe de estado de 25 de Abril de 1974, foi o porta-voz da revolução junto dos bispos portugueses. Em Novembro de 2005 foi nomeado como capelão pelo papa Bento XVI, recebendo o título de monsenhor.

Em 1992 tornou-se alto comissário para o programa do governo Projecto Vida, que tinha como finalidade prevenir e lutar contra a toxicodependência em território nacional, tendo neste sentido autorizado a distribuição de seringas e a utilização do preservativo, como forma de combater a sida. Também aprovou a implementação de uma terapia de substituição com metadona, e apoiou as várias propostas para a descriminização do consumo de drogas que eram consideradas proibidas, programa que foi considerado um sucesso. Foi igualmente Assistente Nacional e Diocesano da Associação Católica de Enfermeiros e Profissionais de Saúde, Assistente Diocesano dos Médicos Católicos, e Assistente Diocesano da Associação Mundial da Federação dos Médicos Católicos. Participou em várias conferências da Organização Mundial da Saúde e da Federação Internacional das Associações de Médicos Católicos, e no Conselho Pontifício da Pastoral da Saúde. Foi um dos fundadores do Movimento de Defesa da Vida, em Lisboa, e fez parte do Conselho Pontifício para os Profissionais da Saúde e do Conselho Nacional de Ética para as Ciências da Vida.

Escreveu diversos livros sobre direitos humanos e outros temas, destacando-se as suas obras A Vida é sempre um valor, 100 entradas para um mundo melhor e A palavra vivida. Colaborou igualmente no Grupo Renascença, tendo um programa na Rádio Sim, onde respondia às perguntas dos ouvintes sobre temas religiosos.

Falecimento e homenagens
Enfrentou graves problemas de saúde nos últimos anos de vida. Em 2020 sobreviveu a uma infecção de Covid-19, tendo estado internado durante quarenta dias no Hospital de Santa Maria. Porém, no ano seguinte voltou a adoecer, com uma septicemia. Em 5 de Outubro de 2021 foi internado no Hospital da Luz, em Lisboa, onde acabou por falecer no dia seguinte, aos 89 anos de idade. A missa exequial teve lugar no dia seguinte, presidida pelo cardeal-patriarca de Lisboa, Manuel Clemente, tendo depois o funeral seguido para o Cemitério do Alto de São João. A cerimónia contou com a presença do Presidente da República, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa, que desmarcou uma viagem oficial ao estrangeiro, de forma a poder participar no funeral.

Na altura do seu falecimento, Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa considerou-o como «uma das figuras mais importantes da Igreja Católica portuguesa dos últimos 50 anos». A Paróquia do Campo Grande emtiu uma nota de pesar, onde o recordou como «o amigo generoso, o companheiro de caminhada, o padre profundo e feliz e um homem de pensamento que deixa um legado extraordinário». O padre José Manuel Pereira de Almeida, coordenador nacional da Pastoral da Saúde, classificou-o como «inovador para o seu tempo», que «rasgou horizontes», por ter convertido a «pastoral do doente para a pastoral da Saúde».

Em 26 de Março de 1991 foi condecorado com o grau de oficial da Ordem do Mérito, e em 9 de Junho de 1995 recebeu a grã-cruz da mesma ordem.

Obras publicadas
"O caminho faz-se caminhando..." (2005)
100 Entradas Para Um Mundo Melhor (2014)
Sexualidade Humana: Exigências éticas e comportamentos saudáveis (2014)
A Palavra Vivida: Homilias dominicais (2016)
Respostas em Família (2021, obra póstuma)

Leitura recomendada

Nascidos em 1932
Mortos em 2021
Padres católicos de Portugal
Naturais de Coimbra
Grã-Cruzes da Ordem do Mérito

Vítor Feytor Pinto


An Haworthia glauca in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Gilbert Baker. An Haworthia glauca in nahilalakip ha genus nga Haworthia, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 H. g. glauca
 H. g. herrei

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Haworthia

Haworthia glauca


L'école de Durham (en ) est un internat et un externat anglais indépendant situé à Durham, dans le nord-est de l'Angleterre. L'établissement est d'abord réservé aux garçons, puis admet des filles en sixième année à partir de 1985, et devient entièrement mixte en 1998.

Membre de la , elle accueille  en externat et en internat, âgés de 3 à . Son établissement préparatoire, connu sous le nom de « Bow », accueille  élèves. Parmi les anciens élèves de Durham et Bow figurent des hommes politiques, des membres du clergé et de l'aristocratie britannique. Les anciens élèves sont connus sous le nom de . Fondée par l'évêque de Durham Thomas Langley en 1414, elle a reçu une fondation royale par le roi Henri VIII en 1541 à la suite de la dissolution des monastères pendant la Réforme protestante. Il s'agit de la plus ancienne institution d'enseignement de la ville.

Histoire
L'histoire de l'école de Durham peut être divisée en trois sections. Tout d'abord, il y a la période de sa fondation par Thomas Langley en 1414, puis en 1541 Henry VIII l'a refondé, et enfin en 1844 l'école a déménagé de son site sur Palace Green à son emplacement actuel de l'autre côté de la rivière Wear. L'école est souvent appelée  dans les ouvrages historiques et dans l'Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Il existe plusieurs éléments pouvant prouver l'existence de l'école avant 1414, notamment le fait que Simon de Farlington, un archidiacre de Durham, ait donné le manoir de Kyhou (Kyo) à l'aumônier du  de la cathédrale de Durham en 1180 .

1414-1541

L'école de Durham est fondée par Thomas Langley en 1414, ce qui est la date de fondation acceptée par la Commission Clarendon sur les public schools en 1861, ce qui en fait la  ancienne de Grande-Bretagne. Il est toutefois possible qu'elle soit en fait issue du prieuré de Lindisfarne, et qu'elle ait été déplacée vers la ville de Durham pour échapper aux envahisseurs vikings en maraude, à peu près à l'époque où le corps de Saint Cuthbert a été transporté sur ce qui est aujourd'hui le site de la cathédrale de Durham. À l'époque de Langley, l'école était située sur le côté est de , au nord de la cathédrale.

1541-1844
Au moment de la dissolution des monastères pendant la Réforme protestante en 1541, l'école est refondée par Henry VIII. Elle reste au même endroit, et le directeur Henry Stafford demeure en poste pendant cette période. En 1640, les  et l'école est . Sans abri en raison de l'incendie de ses bâtiments, l'école continué dans diverses maisons de la ville.

C'est en 1661 que l'école déménage dans le bâtiment actuellement occupé par le département de musique de l'université de Durham, au sud-ouest de Palace Green.

Depuis 1844
Depuis son emplacement sur Palace Green à l'extérieur de la cathédrale de Durham, alors qu'Edward Elder était directeur[8], l'école a déménagé sur son site actuel en 1844.

Depuis lors, l'école ne cesse d'être développée et mise à jour.

Henry Holden, directeur de 1853 à 1882, est à l'origine de nouvelles salles de classe, de dortoirs, de cuisines, d'une infirmerie puis d'un sanatorium, d'un clocher et d'une bibliothèque.

William Fearon, directeur de 1882 à 1884, introduit le système de trois trimestres utilisé aujourd'hui, agrandit les terrains de jeu et construit une piscine en plein air. Il est également responsable, en 1882, du chemin en béton le long de la rivière Wear entre le Boat House du Hatfield College et le pont Elvet.

Richard Budworth, directeur de 1907 à 1932, supervise la grande expansion de l'école. Durant son mandat, cinq courts sont ajoutés, un nouvel internat dans le Grove (un bâtiment aujourd'hui utilisé pour l'administration), Langley House, une chapelle, de nouveaux terrains de jeu et salles de classe, Poole House, la piscine intérieure, l'armurerie et le champ de tir et l'arche Kerr. Cette arche, classée Grade II, a été érigée comme entrée principale de l'école et est à la mémoire de , Cambridge Rowing Blue, international écossais de rugby et premier gouverneur civil du Soudan.

John Brett, directeur de 1958 à 1967, voit la construction du pavillon de cricket, de nouvelles cuisines et laboratoires et d'un nouveau sanatorium. Michael Vallance, directeur de 1972 à 1982, ouvre une Junior House pour les garçons âgés de 11 à , appelée Ferens House (fermée en 2003), mais les principaux développements de son mandat sont le centre sportif Budworth et le Luce Theatre.

Le développement le plus important à l'époque de Michael Lang, directeur de l'école en 1982, est l'ouverture de l'école au filles en sixième année. Un nouveau bloc de salles de classe est également construit près du centre de Budworth. L'école devient indépendante du doyen et du chapitre de la cathédrale de Durham en 1996.

Avec Neil Kern comme directeur de 1997 à 2008, les principaux développements comprennent l'ouverture de toute l'école aux filles, ce qui la rend totalement mixte, suivie plus tard par la création de MacLeod House, et le terrain de sport tout temps près de la chapelle.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
 .
 .

Liens externes

École en Angleterre
École primaire
École secondaire au Royaume-Uni
Internat
Établissement scolaire fondé au XVe siècle
École privée
Fondation en 1414

École de Durham


La arquidiócesis de Yaundé ( y ) es una circunscripción eclesiástica de la Iglesia católica en Camerún. Se trata de una arquidiócesis latina, sede metropolitana de la provincia eclesiástica de Yaundé. Desde el 31 de octubre de 2014 su arzobispo es Jean Mbarga.

Territorio y organización
La arquidiócesis tiene 4964 km² y extiende su jurisdicción sobre los fieles católicos de rito latino residentes en la región del Centro en los departamentos de: Mfoundi, Mefou-et-Afamba, Mefou-et-Akono.

La sede de la arquidiócesis se encuentra en la ciudad de Yaundé, en donde se halla la Catedral de Nuestra Señora de la Victoria y la basílica de María Reina de los Apóstoles. Yaundé es la sede de la Universidad Católica de África Central.

La arquidiócesis tiene como sufragáneas a las diócesis de: Bafia, Ebolowa, Kribi, Mbalmayo, Obala y Sangmélima.

En 2020 en la arquidiócesis existían 166 parroquias.

Historia
La prefectura apostólica de Camerún fue erigida el 18 de marzo de 1890 con el decreto Cum in votis de la Congregación de Propaganda Fide, obteniendo el territorio del vicariato apostólico de Gabón (antes de las Dos Guineas, hoy arquidiócesis de Libreville).

El 2 de enero de 1905 la prefectura apostólica fue elevada a vicariato apostólico con el breve Cum Nobis del papa Pío X.

El 28 de abril de 1914 cedió una parte de su territorio para la erección de la prefectura apostólica de Adamaua (hoy diócesis de Nkongsamba) mediante el decreto Quae rei sacrae de la Congregación de Propaganda Fide, a la que cedió otros territorios el 11 de junio de 1923 mediante el decreto Cum praefectura.

El 12 de junio de 1923 cedió una parte de su territorio para la erección de la prefectura apostólica de Buea (hoy diócesis de Buea) mediante el breve Cum ex Apostolico del papa Pío XI.

El 31 de marzo de 1931 cedió una parte de su territorio para la erección de la prefectura apostólica de Duala (hoy arquidiócesis de Duala) mediante el breve Apostolicum munus del papa Pío XI.

El 3 de abril de 1931 cambió su nombre por el de vicariato apostólico de Yaundé mediante el breve Sub anulo Piscatoris del papa Pío XI.

El 3 de marzo de 1949 cedió otra porción de su territorio para la erección del vicariato apostólico de Doumé (hoy diócesis de Doumé-Abong' Mbang) mediante la bula Quo faciliori del papa Pío XII.

El 14 de septiembre de 1955 el vicariato apostólico fue elevado al rango de arquidiócesis metropolitana con la bula Dum tantis del papa Pío XII.

El 24 de junio de 1961 cedió una parte de su territorio para la erección de la diócesis de Mbalmayo mediante la bula Quemadmodum ex arbore del papa Juan XXIII.

El 6 de julio de 1965 cedió una parte de su territorio para la erección de la prefectura apostólica de Bafia (hoy diócesis de Bafia) mediante la bula Quo lex Evangelica del papa Pablo VI.

El 3 de julio de 1987 cedió otra parte de su territorio para la erección de la diócesis de Obala mediante la bula Ad spirituale bonum del papa Juan Pablo II.

Estadísticas
Según el Anuario Pontificio 2021 la arquidiócesis tenía a fines de 2020 un total de 1 431 300 fieles bautizados.

|- align="right"
| 1950 || 246 840 || 501 000 || 49.3 || 110 || 34 || 76 || 2244 ||  || 111 || 98 ||
|- align="right"
| 1970 || 378 426 || 511 607 || 74.0 || 153 || 41 || 112 || 2;473 ||  || 180 || 269 ||
|- align="right"
| 1980 || 610 353 || 780 000 || 78.3 || 155 || 63 || 92 || 3937 ||  || 172 || 301 || 70
|- align="right"
| 1990 || 506 550 || 1 150 000 || 44.0 || 164 || 66 || 98 || 3088 ||  || 189 || 265 || 74
|- align="right"
| 1999 || 662 500 || 1 513 500 || 43.8 || 280 || 128 || 152 || 2366 ||  || 319 || 380 || 132
|- align="right"
| 2000 || 668 000 || 1 515 000 || 44.1 || 293 || 134 || 159 || 2279 ||  || 326 || 380 || 123
|- align="right"
| 2001 || 673 500 || 1 530 000 || 44.0 || 287 || 124 || 163 || 2346 ||  || 327 || 389 || 123
|- align="right"
| 2002 || 680 235 || 1 545 300 || 44.0 || 302 || 139 || 163 || 2252 ||  || 337 || 404 || 123
|- align="right"
| 2003 || 687 000 || 1 560 600 || 44.0 || 290 || 111 || 179 || 2368 ||  || 332 || 414 || 123
|- align="right"
| 2004 || 693 800 || 1 576 200 || 44.0 || 300 || 110 || 190 || 2312 ||  || 346 || 443 || 123
|- align="right"
| 2010 || 903 000 || 1 881 000 || 48.0 || 414 || 171 || 243 || 2181 ||  || 408 || 623 || 132
|- align="right"
| 2014 || 1 282 840 || 2 670 000 || 48.0 || 572 || 206 || 366 || 2242 ||  || 811 || 513 || 150
|- align="right"
| 2017 || 1 332 500 || 2 792 100 || 47.7 || 720 || 250 || 470 || 1850 ||  || 1201 || 1271 || 158
|- align="right"
| 2020 || 1 431 300 || 3 000 300 || 47.7 || 698 || 267 || 431 || 2050 ||  || 934 || 1148 || 166
|- align="right"
|colspan=12 |<small>Fuente: Catholic-Hierarchy, que a su vez toma los datos del Anuario Pontificio.<ref name='CH'>{{cita web |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dyaou.html |título=Archdiocese of Yaoundé |fechaacceso=24 de agosto de 2023 |apellido=Cheney |nombre=David |fecha=27 de junio de 2023 |sitioweb=Catholic-Hierarchy |ubicación=Kansas City |idioma=inglés |cita=Datos tomados del Anuario Pontificio de 2021 y precedentes}}</ref>
|}

 Episcopologio
 Heinrich Vieter, S.A.C. † (22 de julio de 1890-7 de noviembre de 1914 falleció)
 Franziskus Xaver Hennemann, S.A.C. † (7 de noviembre de 1914 por sucesión-26 de junio de 1922 nombrado prefecto apostólico del Cabo de Buena Esperanza, Distrito Central)
 François-Xavier Vogt, C.S.Sp. † (19 de mayo de 1923-4 de marzo de 1943 falleció)
 René Graffin, C.S.Sp. † (4 de marzo de 1943 por sucesión-6 de septiembre de 1961 renunció)
 Jean Zoa † (11 de septiembre de 1961-20 de marzo de 1998 falleció)
 André Wouking † (27 de noviembre de 1998-10 de noviembre de 2002 falleció)
 Simon-Victor Tonyé Bakot (18 de octubre de 2003-29 de julio de 2013 renunció)
 Jean Mbarga, desde el 31 de octubre de 2014

 Notas

 Referencias

 Enlaces externos
 (en inglés) Ficha de la arquidiócesis en www.gcatholic.org
 (en francés) Sitio web de la catedral
 (en francés) Salvador Eyezo'o, La partition du vicariat apostolique du Cameroun, en Histoire, monde et cultures religieuses'', 3/2008 (n. 7), p. 121-146.

Yaunde
Yaunde

Arquidiócesis de Yaundé


Crkva sv. Lovre s arheološkim ostatcima u mjestu Baškoj Vodi, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis
Crkva sv. Lovre izgrađena je u predjelu Obor, na nekadašnjem groblju. Crkva je jednobrodna, manjih dimenzija, svođena bačvastim svodom. Na zapadnom pročelju nalazi se ulaz sastavljen od monolitnih kamenih pragova, a u zabatu lučna preslica. Crkva je građena od pravilnije obrađenih kamenih klesanaca, no u donjem dijelu građena je sitnim i potpuno pravilnim kamenom koji odaje kasnoantičku tehniku građenja. Crkva sv. Lovre nema posebnih stilskih obilježja, pripada u skupinu crkava ruralnih obilježja koje se grade na Makarskom primorju tijekom 18.st., nakon prolaska turske opasnosti.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-5749 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Baškoj Vodi

Crkva sv. Lovre u Baškoj Vodi


Die Abtei Saint-Calixte de Cysoing befand sich in Cysoing in der Nähe von Lille. Heute steht an der Stelle des Klosters das Schloss Cysoing.

Geschichte
Als Gründer der Abtei Cysoing gelten Markgraf Eberhard von Friaul sowie dessen Frau Gisela, welche um das Jahr 836 heirateten. Gisela war die Tochter Kaiser Ludwig des Frommen aus zweiter Ehe. Im Jahr 854 schenke Papst Leo IV. Eberhard die Reliquien des 222 verstorbenen Bischofs von Rom Calixtus, die Eberhard nach Flandern überführen ließ. Mit diesen Reliquien stattete er dort das im Jahr der Schenkung oder kurz zuvor gemeinsam mit seiner Frau gegründete Kloster Cysoing aus. Zudem übergab das Ehepaar dem Kloster die Fiskalgüter in Cysoing und Vitry-en-Artois. Nach dem Tod Eberhards im Jahr 866 erweiterte Gisela den Klosterbesitz um weitere Güter, zum Beispiel in Somain. Eberhard und die nach 874 verstorbene Gisela wurden in der Krypta der Abteikirche bestattet. Der gemeinsame Sohn Rudolf († 892) wurde – ebenfalls nach 874 – Abt von Cysoing und unterstellte die Abtei unmittelbar dem Erzbischof von Reims, obwohl die Abtei auf dem Gebiet des Bistums Tournai lag. 891 wurde der rechtliche Status Cysoings als Eigenkloster des Erzbischofs durch die Translation von Calixtus-Reliquien bestätigt.

Rund 90 Jahre später, etwa um 1082, traten die Herren von Cysoing und Petegem als Vögte von Cysoing auf. Im Jahr 1129 wurde Anselm, ein Kanoniker der Reimser Abtei Saint-Remi zum Abt von Cysoing bestimmt, da das Klosterleben in Cysoing als so sehr verweltlicht galt, dass Reformen dringend erforderlich schienen. Die Kanoniker der Abtei unterwarfen sich daraufhin der Augustinerregel und schlossen sich wohl 1132 dem Arrouaise-Orden an. Etwa ein Jahrhundert später erfolgte der Anschluss an die Congrégation de Saint Victor, das heißt die Ordensgemeinschaft der Augustiner-Chorherren vom Heiligen Victor. Nach der Klosterreform bekam die Abtei von Dietrich von Elsass und dessen Sohn Philipp, den Grafen von Flandern, das Gut Hertsberge geschenkt, das nun neben Somain mit der dortigen Prieuré de Beaurepaire zur wirtschaftlichen Basis des Klosters wurde.

Im Jahr 1193 heiratete König Philipp II. von Frankreich die Königstochter Ingeborg von Dänemark. Die Ehe wurde bereits 1196 wieder geschieden und Ingeborg zuerst in der Abtei Cysoing, später dann in der Burg Étampes eingesperrt. Bei der Schlacht von Mons-en-Pévèle am 18. August 1304 schlugen die flämischen Truppen ihr Feldlager in Cysoing auf. 1792 wurde die Abtei von Revolutionären geplündert und im Jahr darauf niedergebrannt.

Bauwerke
 Am Vorabend der Schlacht bei Fontenoy (11. Mai 1745) hielt sich König Ludwig XV. in der Abtei auf; in Erinnerung daran wurde 1750 die Pyramide von Fontenoy errichtet, die tatsächlich ein 17 Meter hoher Obelisk ist. Der Obelisk hat seit 1840 den Status eines Monument historique.
 Zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts wurde auf dem Gelände der Abtei und zum Teil aus den Steinen der Ruine das Château de Cysoing errichtet, eine Nachahmung des Petit Trianon in Versailles. Das Château hat seit 2008 ebenfalls den Status eines Monument historique, sein Garten wird im Inventaire général du patrimoine culturel geführt.

Quellen
 Ignace de Coussemaker (Hg.), Cartulaire de l'abbaye de Cysoing et de ses dépendances (1886)
 Translatio S. Calixti Cisonium, MGH Scriptores XV, S. 418–422
 Flodoard von Reims, Historia Remensis ecclesiae, MGH Scriptores XIII, 558, 569, 573

Literatur
 J. Bataille: Cysoing – Les seigneurs, l'abbaye, la ville, la paroisse. 1934

 Dictionnaire d'histoire et de géographie ecclésiastiques. Band XIII, Spalte 1188f

Organisation (Département Nord)
Cysoing
Cysoing
Cysoing
Cysoing
Zerstört in der Französischen Revolution

Abtei Cysoing


Guspini (sardinski: Gùspini) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Južnoj Sardiniji u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 130 metara i ima 11 870 stanovnika. Prostire se na 174,67 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 68 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Arbus, Gonnosfanadiga, Pabillonis, San Gavino Monreale, San Nicolò d'Arcidano i Terralba.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Guspini