We Love Life is the seventh and most recent studio album by English rock band Pulp, released on 22 October 2001 by Island Records. It reached number six on the UK Albums Chart, with a total chart stay of only three weeks. Written and recorded after the tumultuous sessions for This Is Hardcore, We Love Life saw the band move toward a more relaxed and natural sound, shepherded by producer and famed singer-songwriter Scott Walker. Walker had replaced original producer Chris Thomas, whom the band had worked with on previous albums.

We Love Life saw positive critical reception and charted at number 6 on the UK album charts.

Background
We Love Life was intended to be a departure from the disillusionment of the band's previous album, This Is Hardcore, in that it featured a more organic sound and an emphasis on nature, which Cocker found interest in "because it is dangerous in some ways". Cocker explained, "I never took any notice of nature when I was a kid. I thought we'd all be living on space stations or floating metropolises by now. But after This Is Hardcore, which was a very alienated record, it was time to go back to simpler things, like this, the natural world." At the same time, Cocker stated, "This isn't Pulp's pastoral album. I was very aware of avoiding hippy dippy stuff."

The band had initially begun recording with Chris Thomas, who had produced their past two albums. However, his more rigid style of recording conflicted with the band's desire for looser sessions, resulting in the recordings being shelved. The final album was produced by Scott Walker. Keyboardist Candida Doyle recalled, "I certainly thought about leaving [after shelving the Thomas sessions] but I realised that I'd still feel shit even if I did. If Scott Walker hadn't come about, I don't think we'd have bothered to finish this LP." The band, who had met Walker at the 2000 Meltdown Festival run by Walker, had been longtime fans of Walker.

Walker's own album 'Til the Band Comes In is mocked in the lyrics of the We Love Life single "Bad Cover Version". Cocker claims the lyric was written long before Walker became involved in the album's production and recalled the moment of recording the song as "embarrassing".

Title and artwork
The album's title was originally to be Pulp Love Life, but this was vetoed as Cocker felt that the title looked confusing on an album cover—he explained, "It always looked like the name of the band's Pulp and the album's called Love Life." The album was then renamed Pulp, reflecting the "uncluttered" nature of the album. With the September 11 terrorist attacks, however, the album was renamed to the more universal We Love Life. Cocker recalled, "To be honest, I was really freaked out when that World Trade Center thing happened. ... So in the aftermath of that, I thought, actually this Love Life business isn't a bad sentiment at this particular time."

The minimal cover art (by Peter Saville) shows a set of initial capitals held in the collection of St. Bride Printing Library in London. They were engraved in wood by or for Louis Pouchée around the 1820s.

Reception

Initial critical response to We Love Life was very positive. The album received an average score of 84 at Metacritic, based on 20 reviews. The music review online magazine Pitchfork placed We Love Life at number 194 on their list of the top 200 albums of the 2000s.

Steve Hobbs of Q Magazine wrote of the album, "Cocker's lyrics are still sharp and beautifully observed, just a little less personal. But in many ways, it's a more familiar Pulp record than This Is Hardcore." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic called the album "an emotional and musical breakthrough, finding the band leaping beyond the claustrophobic Hardcore and consolidating their previous obsessions, creating a textured, reflective record that in its own measured way is as impassioned as Different Class."

Track listing

Personnel
Credits adapted from liner notes.

Additional musicians
 Alasdair Malloy – percussion , glass harmonica
 Luís Jardim – percussion
 Danny Cummings – percussion
 Julian Poole – percussion
 Steve Hilton – programming
 Howie B – programming
 Richard Hawley – lap steel guitar , twelve-string guitar
 The Swingle Singers – backing vocals
 Joanna Forbes – musical direction, vocal arrangements
 Beverly Skeete – backing vocals
 Sylvia James – backing vocals
 Claudia Fontaine – backing vocals
 Jeremy Shaw – keyboards
 Scott Walker – additional keyboards and tree effects , baritone guitar
 Andy Findon – ocarinas and flutes
 Caspar Cronk – musical saw
 Timos Papadopoulos at the Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Southampton University under supervision of Professor Phil Nelson – birdsong
 Philip Sheppard – five string electric cello
 Metro Voices – choir

Production
 Scott Walker – production, mixing
 Peter Walsh – co-production, engineering, mixing; choir engineering
 Matt Lawrence – assistant engineering; additional choir engineering
 Chris Blair – mastering
 Clive Goddard – choir engineering
 Geoff Foster – strings recording
 Gavyn Wright – strings leading
 Isobel Griffiths – orchestral contracting
 Jenny O'Grady – choral co-ordination
 Steve Price – choir recording
Arrangement
 Scott Walker – strings , ten double basses
 Brian Gascoigne – strings , ten double basses , choir
 Candida Doyle – strings

Artwork
 Jarvis Cocker – art direction
 Peter Saville – art direction
 Howard Wakefield – design
 Marcus Werner Hed – design

Charts

Certifications

References

External links

We Love Life at YouTube (streamed copy where licensed)

Pulp (band) albums
2001 albums
Island Records albums
Albums produced by Scott Walker (singer)
PolyGram albums
Albums produced by Peter Walsh

We Love Life


Rémy Arnod-Prin, né le  mars 1926 à Praz-sur-Arly et mort le 23 février 2020 à Megève), est un skieur alpin handisport français.

Carrière
Rémy Arnod-Prin est double médaillé de bronze aux Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 1976 à Örnsköldsvik, terminant troisième du combiné spécial et géant ainsi que du slalom géant dans la catégorie II (debout, amputation à un seul membre inférieur, au-dessous du genou). Il est aussi médaillé de bronze en slalom géant aux Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 1980 à Geilo, dans la catégorie 2A (debout, amputation à un seul membre inférieur, au-dessous du genou).

Notes et références

Liens externes

Skieur alpin handisport français
Skieur alpin aux Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 1976
Skieur alpin aux Jeux paralympiques d'hiver de 1980
Médaillé de bronze paralympique français
Naissance en mars 1926
Naissance en Haute-Savoie
Décès en février 2020
Décès à 93 ans
Décès à Megève

Rémy Arnod-Prin


Religija u Litvi zastupljena je s nekoliko vjerskih zajednica.

Povijest
Litva je jedan od europskih predjela koji je vrlo dugo bio zadržao poganska vjerovanja. Tek zbog dinastičkih razloga kad je nastala poljsko-litvanska država, Litva je prešla na kršćanstvo i to rimokatoličanstvo. Protestantizam se djelimice proširio u doba kad je Švedska vladala baltičkim obalama. Broj pravoslavnih narastao je kad je carska Rusija osvojila ove krajeve. Padom pod sovjetsku vlast, sustav promiče ateizam.

Vjerska struktura
Procjene koje navodi CIA za 2011. govore o sljedećem vjerskom sastavu:
 rimokatolici 77,2%
 pravoslavni (Ruska pravoslavna Crkva) 4,1%
 starovjerni pravoslavci 0,8%
 evangelički luterani 0,6%
 evangelički reformirani 0,2%
 ostali (sunitski muslimani, židovske vjere, grkokatolici i karaiti) 0,8%
 nikoje vjere 6,1%
 nespecificirani 10,1%

Galerija

Izvori

Religija u Litvi


Türkçede bir kadın adı.
 Gülşah (film)
 Gülşah Banda - Aktris
 Gülşah Gülebenzer - Senarist
 Gülşah Ezgi - Aktris
 Gülşah Soydan - Aktris
 Gülşah Aydın - Aktris

Gülşah


Arheološko nalazište Vranjevo Selo nalazi se u mjestu Vranjevo Selo, 2 km istočno od Neuma. Lokalitet je proglašen nacionalnim spomenikom Bosne i Hercegovine.

Ostaci iz rimskog perioda
Ispitivanja iz 1984. pokazala su da se na sjeveroistočnom dijelu lokaliteta ispod velike gomile kamenja nalaze ostatci građevine iz rimskog vremena. Građevina je imala mlađu i stariju fazu, a njeni ostatci dijelom su pokriveni nekropolom sa stećcima. Na drugom dijelu lokaliteta otkrivena je kasnoantička grobnica s dvovodnim krovom, izgrađena od krovnih i podnih opeka, a uz nju i podužni suhozid. Prema ostatcima vrlo je vjerojatno da je naselje trajalo najmanje do 6. stoljeća. Naknadnim istraživanjima otkopana su još dva groba s dvovodnim krovom, iz 5. ili 6. stoljeća te dva paralelna zida, koji najvjerojatnije pripadaju istoj građevini i kameni stup s prikazom križa.

Nekropola sa stećcima
Nekropolu iz druge polovine 14. i 15. stoljeća danas čine dvije skupine od ukupno 66 stećaka. Prva grupa (poznata pod nazivom nekropola knezova Nikolića) nalazi se ispod brda Žrnova, a čini je 29 stećaka, od kojih je 15 ukrašeno, a tri su imala natpise. Drugu skupinu čini 37 stećaka, uglavnom ploče i sanduci. Na gornjoj plohi jedne ploče nalazi se rozeta, a na ostalim stećcima nisu zabilježeni nikakvi ukrasi. Nekropola je u prošlosti bila razarana, što se da zaključiti zbog razbijenih i prevrnutih stećaka, te ugrađenih u obližnju ogradu i cestu, tako da je ukupan broj stećaka u prošlosti bio veći.

Izvori

Grobni spomenici i građevine u Neumu
Nacionalni spomenici Bosne i Hercegovine
Rimski arheološki lokaliteti u Bosni i Hercegovini
Nekropole sa stećcima u Bosni i Hercegovini

Arheološko nalazište Vranjevo Selo


Akselbenderi (njem. Achselbänder, ramenavrpca), dekorativne oznake u obliku zlatnih, srebrnih, crvenih i sličnih vrpca s metalnim završetcima koje se nose na bluzi ili šinjelu, najčešće, oko lijevog ili desnog ramena. Oni koji se nose oko ramena sastoje se iz dvije pletenice (gornje kraće i donje duže) i gajtana oko njih, s time što krajevi gajtana na prednjoj strani slobodno vise i završavaju simboličnim metalnim privjescima.

Prvi put se spominju u 17. stoljeću u nekim europskim vojskama, a služe kao držač banderile (traka koja se nosila preko ramena i grudi) o koju se vješao mač. U 18. stoljeću počinju se nositi kao posebne oznake na vojnim odorama. Najčešće ih nose osobe na istaknutim položajima i u specijalnim jedinicama: generali, admirali, pobočnici, vojni izaslanici, stožerni i pobočni časnici te pripadnici elitnih (gardijskih i dr.) postrojbi. Akselbenderi u nekim vojskama nose i časnici u vojnim školama, žandarmeriji i muzičari.

U Hrvatskoj vojsci akselbendere nose, u protokolarnim prilikama, pripadnici Počasno-zaštitne bojne, nastale iz 1. hrvatskoga gardijskog zdruga.

Literatura

 "Akselbenderi", U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 1., Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970., str. 70. – 71.

Vojska

Akselbenderi


La pequeña señora de Pérez es una película argentina en blanco y negro dirigida por Carlos Hugo Christensen sobre guion de Julio Porter y César Tiempo según obra de Stephan Bekeffi Esposa en penitencia y teatralización posterior de André de Loos que se estrenó el 28 de enero de 1944 y tuvo como protagonistas a Mirtha Legrand y Juan Carlos Thorry.

Sinopsis
Una estudiante, a escondidas, vuelve al colegio que dejara para casarse con uno de sus profesores.

Reparto

Participaron del filme los siguientes intérpretes:

Comentarios
Calki opinó en El Mundo que se trata de un filme "bien realizado y de ágil desarrollo...destaca, dentro de su superficialidad, una eficacia cómica poco común" en tanto la crónica de La Nación expresaba que "lo narrativo tiene...significado particular, ya que se ha podido sostener su interés sin disminuir la importancia de la imagen".

La película obtuvo un gran éxito y, en 1945, se estrenó una secuela de la misma titulada: La señora de Pérez se divorcia.

Premio
La Academia de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina le otorgó por este filme a Mirtha Legrand el premio Cóndor Académico a la mejor actriz protagonista de 1944.

Versión posterior
En 1972 se estrenó en México una nueva versión de esta película, la cual fue dirigida por Rafael Baledón (sobre la base de una adaptación realizada por José María Fernández Unsáin, Adolfo Torres Portillo y el mismo Rafael Baledón) y protagonizada por Hilda Aguirre y Julio Alemán.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre La pequeña señora de Pérez en el sitio del cine nacional

Películas en blanco y negro de Argentina

La pequeña señora de Pérez (película de 1944)


is a town located in Sera District, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 15,070 in 6809 households and a population density of 63 persons per km2. The total area of the town is .

Geography
Sera is located in east-central Hiroshima Prefecture.

Adjoining municipalities
Hiroshima Prefecture
Miyoshi
Fuchū
Higashihiroshima
Mihara
Onomichi

Climate
Sera has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa) characterized by cool to mild winters and hot, humid summers. The average annual temperature in Sera is . The average annual rainfall is  with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Sera was  on 7 August 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was  on 31 January 1985.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Sera in 2020 is 15,125 people. Sera has been conducting censuses since 1960.

History
The area of Sera was part of an ancient Bingo Province. For the Heian period, Sera was an estate and market town centered on the temple of Ryuge-ji, which belonged to the Shingon center of Mount Koya. The need to make shipments of rice to Mount Koya triggered the construction of a port in Onomichi. During the Edo Period, the area was part of the holdings of Hiroshima Domain and developed as a post town on the Iwami Ginzan Highway . Following the Meiji restoration, the area was organized into villages within Sera District, Hiroshima with the creation of the modern municipalities system on April 1, 1889.  The villages of Omi, Nishi-Ota, and Higashi-Ota merged to become the town of Sera on January 10, 1955. On October 1, 2004, the towns of Kōzan and Seranishi, both from Sera District, were merged into the expanded town of Sera. After the merger, the former Sera Town Hall officially closed down and the new town hall is now located in the former town of Kōzan.

Government
Sera has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 12 members. Sera, together with the city of Mihara contributes three members to the Hiroshima Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of the Hiroshima 6th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
The economy of Sera is largely agricultural, with matsutake mushrooms, pears, tomatoes, and rice as major crops. Although it has a population of less than 20,000, it is also a transportation hub, so it is the center of commerce in the central Bingo region with large supermarkets, home appliance mass retailers, and home centers. In addition, the highlands in the town are relatively cool in the summer, and are attracting attention as a summer resort because of its convenient transportation.

Education
Sera has four public elementary schools and three public junior high schools operated by the town government, and one public high school operated by the Hiroshima Prefectural Board of Education.

Transportation

Railway
 JR West (JR West) - Fukuen Line

Highways
  Onomichi Expressway

Noted people from Sera
Kotaka Otsuma, pioneer women's educator

References

External links

Sera official website

Towns in Hiroshima Prefecture
Sera, Hiroshima

Sera, Hiroshima


A stonecutter is a person who carries on the trade of stonecutting or stonemasonry.

Stonecutter or Stonecutters may also refer to:

 Chainsaw (section Cutting stone, concrete and brick)

Books
 Stonecutter, one of twelve magical Swords in the Books of the Swords series
 The Stonecutter, a Japanese folktale about a man who wished he was the sun
 The Stone Cutter, a novel by Camilla Läckberg
 Stonecutter (comics), a Marvel Comics supervillain

Film and television
 The Stonecutters, a fictional secret society from The Simpsons episode "Homer the Great"
 Stenhuggaren, also known as The Stonecutter, 2009 film by Emiliano Goessens, adapted from The Stone Cutter by Camilla Läckberg

Geography
 Stonecutters Bridge, Hong Kong
 Stonecutters Island, in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong

Music
 "Stonecutter", a song by James Keelaghan from Home (2001)
 "Stonecutter", a song by Preston Reed from Metal (1995)
 "Stonecutters", an instrumental by Flying Lotus from The Music of Grand Theft Auto V (2013)
 "We Do", also known as "We Do (The Stonecutters' Song)", a song from The Simpsons episode "Homer the Great"

Stonecutter (disambiguation)


6800 Saragamine este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6800 Saragamine este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Kuma Kogen de Akimasa Nakamura. El prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,66 ua, o excentricitate de 0,16 și o înclinație de 8,5° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1994
Centura de asteroizi

6800 Saragamine


Santana do Seridó es un municipio en el estado del Rio Grande do Norte (Brasil), localizado en la región del Seridó. De acuerdo con el censo realizado por el IBGE (Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística) en el año 2007, su población es de 2.729 habitantes. Área territorial de 188 km².

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Río Grande del Norte

Santana do Seridó


El quechua de Huaylas es la lengua quechua hablada en el Callejón de Huaylas y en la vertiente occidental de la Cordillera Negra. Las principales particularidades de esta variedad son fonéticas. En el quechua de Huaylas se presenta un fenómeno de monoptongación de las sílabas con semiconsonantes en coda:  aw suele emitirse como [o:] alargada, así mismo ay como [e:].  Por ejemplo, awmi se pronuncia [o:mi], chawpi (centro) [t͡ʃo:pi] y aywan (anda) como [e:wan].  En lo gramatical, Huailas carece del sufijo -ski.

Aspectos históricos, sociales y culturales

Etimología
La denominación «qichwa» proviene del quechua clásico QICHWA que significa valle templado, la palabra en español «quechua» proviene de la forma en que los conquistadores españoles escribían el nombre.

Historia

Época prehispánica

Aunque la tesis de una relación genética entre el quechua y las lenguas aimaras se halla también descartada, el consenso de los especialistas acepta una antigua relación de mutua influencia entre las protolenguas de estas familias. Parte importante del léxico de estas familias es compartido y se desconoce de cuál de ambas han provenido. De esta forma, tras un largo periodo de contacto, el protoquechua aparece a inicios del I milenio en la parte centro-occidental del Perú. El protoquechua divergió en dos ramas hacia el , el Quechua I inicia una nueva expansión en dirección norte a través de la vertiente oriental hasta el Callejón de Huaylas.

Época virreinal
Con la llegada de los españoles en 1532 la situación del quechua de Huaylas cambiaría de manera significativa; por un lado comienza un desplazamiento por la lengua española; por el otro, su uso oficializado para la comunicación con los nativos generó el establecimiento de nuevos asentamientos; a la vez se dio la creación de documentación en escritura latina, con lo cual se asienta un registro fidedigno para su preservación y comprensión, por lo que el idioma siguió siendo importante en las comunidades quechuas bajo el dominio español.

El quechua de Huaylas seguía siendo hablado en todas las comunidades en el Callejón de Huaylas siendo hablado cada vez menos especialmente en las ciudades, pero su uso en las zonas rurales se mantenía, después de la rebelión de Tupaq Amaru su uso fue prohibido hasta la independencia del Perú.

Época moderna
A lo largo de la época moderna, la situación de las lenguas indígenas ha aumentado su precariedad cada vez más en Perú, y el número de hablantes de prácticamente todas las lenguas indígenas ha disminuido. A pesar de que el número absoluto de hablantes de quechua de Huaylas en realidad ha aumentado en el último siglo, los pueblos indígenas se han vuelto cada vez más marginados en la sociedad peruana. Los grandes cambios en las comunidades indígenas se dieron a partir de la reforma agraria que fraccionaba las tierras comunales y a partir de entonces los indígenas se vieron forzados a pagar una serie de nuevos impuestos y que bajo la coacción de hacendados y gobierno no pudieron pagar creándose los grandes latifundios, lo que provocó que poco a poco fueran perdiendo sus tierras, su identidad, su lengua, e incluso su libertad.

Este proceso aceleró los cambios en la relación asimétrica entre las lenguas indígenas y el castellano, así el quechua de Huaylas se vio cada vez más influenciado y modificado; como primera consecuencia es observable una zona de una rápida pérdida del habla y las costumbres cercana a las grandes ciudades, como segunda consecuencia vemos zonas donde la "castellanización" es más fuerte provocando un bilingüismo activo, en una tercera zona se mantuvieron los hablantes indígenas más aislados y conservaron más puras sus tradiciones. Las políticas públicas tendían a la eliminación de las lenguas nativas, buscando el desarrollo y el progreso del país bajo un nacionalismo peruano.
Cambios significativos se dieron por lo menos desde mediados de la década de 1975, aunque las políticas educativas en Perú se centraron en la castellanización de las comunidades indígenas, para enseñar puramente español y desalentar el uso de las lenguas nativas, tuvo como resultado que hoy en día un buen número de hablantes de quechua de Huaylas estén en posibilidad de escribir en español pero no en su lengua materna;  A pesar de ello, el quechua de Huaylas todavía es hablado por más de 300 000 personas, de los cuales alrededor del 8 % son monolingües.

La década de 1980 vio la aparición de cambios diametrales en las políticas del gobierno peruano hacia los derechos indígenas y lingüísticos.
Se modificó el alfabeto quechua para Huaylas, se publicó una gramática y un diccionario, el Instituto Lingüístico de Verano empieza a publicar mayor cantidad de textos en quechua.
En la década de los 2000 se publicó un nuevo diccionario y cartillas para educación bilingüe y para algunas instrucciones. Actualmente el quechua de Huaylas sigue siendo hablado en la ciudad de Huaraz aunque en menor cantidad por la expansión de la radio y la televisión en castellano.

Situación socio lingüística del quechua de Huaylas
La característica socio lingüística más destacada del quechua es que en la mayoría de los territorios en los que se habla se encuentra en situación de bilingüismo social con el español.

Distribución geográfica

Según el artículo 48 de la constitución política del Perú el quechua de Huaylas es oficial en la zona donde predomine en Perú.

El quechua de Huaylas como lengua materna

Los quechua hablantes del Callejón de Huaylas son aproximadamente 1 millón de hablantes, en el Departamento de Ancash en las provincias de Recuay, Huaraz, Carhuaz, Yungay y Huaylas.

Dialectología

El quechua de Huaylas tiene tres dialectos:

 Huaras, hablado en la Provincia de Huaraz y alrededores.
 Yungay, hablado en la Provincia de Yungay y alrededores.
 Huaylas, hablado en la Provincia de Huaylas y alrededores.

Clasificación
Las variedades del quechua de Huaylas pertenecen a la rama Quechua I de la familia de lenguas homónima. Pertenecen a un continuo dialectal extendido en la Sierra central peruana desde Áncash por el norte hasta las provincias de Castrovirreyna y Yauyos al sur.

Difusión
El quechua de Huaylas es hablado en gran parte del Callejón de Huaylas -
Actualmente, la constitución peruana estipula que las Lenguas quechuas, como otras lenguas nacionales, es «oficial en las zonas donde predomine» junto al español.

 En la Provincia de Huaylas el quechua de Huaylas es hablado por el 57,8% de la población.
 En la Provincia de Huaraz el quechua de Huaylas es hablado por el 37% de la población.
 En la Provincia de Carhuaz el quechua de Huaylas es hablado por el 74% de la población.
 En la Provincia de Yungay el quechua de Huaylas es hablado por el 73,6% de la población.
En la Provincia de Recuay el quechua de Huaylas es hablado por el 37,5% de la población.
 En la Provincia de Aija el quechua de Huaylas es hablado por el 38,5% de la población.

Descripción lingüística

Fonología

Fonotáctica

Las sílabas del quechua tienen por núcleo una única vocal monoptonga.  Por regla general, aceptan una consonante en posición de ataque (principio de sílaba), así mismo en la coda  (fin de sílaba) cuando la vocal es corta.  No obstante, en los préstamos más recientes del castellano se pueden aceptar hasta dos consonantes en ataque, especialmente con consonantes líquidas;  por ejemplo, .  Torero y Parker denominaron como  sílabas cortas aquellas que contienen una vocal corta no trabada y como sílabas largas las que tengan una vocal larga o concluyan con una consonante.

Las sílabas con vocales alargadas no pueden terminar con una consonante; es así que cuando ocurren secuencias fonémicas del tipo /V:-C/ se resuelven acortando la vocal.  Por ejemplo,  (está comiendo).  Se excluye también la ocurrencia de hiatos salvo en los casos donde /h/ se presenta muda en posición intervocálica.

Prosodia
La acentuación no es un elemento de  distinción semántica; no obstante, el Quechua de Huaylas, como todos los quechuas centrales, presenta un sistema prosódico complejos y poco estudiado.  El  acento léxico suele estar determinado por la composición fonemática de las sílabas.  Torero describió  para la variedad del Callejón de Huaylas que el acento solía recaer el penúltima sílaba cuando la palabra carecía de una sílaba larga en posición no final.  Estas mismas sílabas largas atraerían la acentuación.  Por otra parte, para Parker   En esta región, la posición de las palabras respecto de la pausa o final de cláusula jugaba un rol importante.  Así, el hablante acentúa regularmente las palabras en la primera sílaba de cada palabra salvo la final de cláusula; ésta se acentúa en la sílaba larga no final.

Las interjecciones reciben la acentuación y una elevación ligera del tono de voz en sus sílabas finales.  Los alargamientos vocálicos en final de palabra también atraen el acento.
 .

Gramática

Como todos los quechua, es una lengua aglutinante, es decir, que forma palabras mediante la adición de varios afijos a sus raíces. En este caso específico, se usan exclusivamente sufijos ya sean flexivos o derivativos, habiendo muy pocos lexemas que no admiten sufijos como interjecciones o fáticas, como yaw ('¡oye!', 'hola') y las expresivas, como alalaw ("¡qué frío!"), atataw ("¡qué feo!"), ananaw (¡qué cansancio!), etcétera. Además, es del tipo SOV (Sujeto Objeto Verbo).

Morfología
Las raíces nominales del quechua admiten sufijos flexivos de número, persona y caso. Por ejemplo, con la raíz haka ("cuy"):
 hakakuna: cuyes (número)
 hakayki: tu cuy (persona)
 hakawan: con cuy (caso)
 qampa hakaykikunawan: con tus cuyes.

Las raíces verbales admiten amalgamas de número y persona, sufijos de tiempo, de subordinación, de condicionalidad y de imperatividad. Por ejemplo, con la raíz miku- ("comer"):
 mikuy: comer o come (infinitivo o imperativo segunda persona), también se usa r:miku-r: comer
 mikunki: tú comes (número y persona)
 mikurqayki: tú comiste (tiempo pasado)
 mikuptiyki: si comes... (condicionalidad)

El quechua posee una gran cantidad de sufijos derivativos. El cambio de categoría gramatical ocurre en dos sentidos contrarios: la nominalización y la verbalización.
 qillay (plata) → qillayyuq ("el que posee plata", platudo).
 yaku (agua) → yakuna(y)- ("tener sed", verbalización)
 puri- (caminar) → puriq, más usual purikuq ("caminante", errante: nominalización)
 kuti- (volver) → kutichi ("regresador casi maniático")
 kuka (coca) → kukakamuy- ("ir a comprar coca", verbalización)
 Allqunnaqpis allim kawakullaa imaypis kikillaanapis: 'aunque ya solito, vivo siempre bien hasta sin perro'.

El uso de determinados sufijos puede determinar la afectividad de la expresión.
 Piwan aywan?  ¿Con quién va?
 Piwanraq aywan? " ¿Con quién puede ir?" (inquieto).
 Pillawanraq aywan?; Piwanraq aywallan?  "Por favor, ¿con quién va?" (muy inquieto).

Los sufijos verbales -ykU y -llaa pueden añadir un sentido de deferencia.  En las siguiente frases del modo imperativo, "siéntese" tiene distintas connotaciones:
 hamay, orden directa (Siéntate).
 hamaykuy, o hamaykamuy, invitación.
 hamaykullay, o hamaykallaamuy, invitación afectuosa ("siéntate, por favor").

 Frase sustantiva

La frase sustantiva en el quechua ancahsino tiene dos estructuras fijas, donde sus diversos componentes pueden ser omitidas dependiendo el contexto: La primera consta exclusivamente de un pronombre y la segunda de varios componentes con un nombre o sustantivo como núcleo.

 Enclíticos

La actitud o la certeza del hablante respecto a la información dada se expresa por medio de los sufijos enclíticos ( = tsuyapaq qipapa), afijos que modifican virtualmente cualquier palabra. Por ejemplo, con yaykurqan (él/ella entró):
 yaykurqanmi (sabido personalmente)
 yaykurqanshi (conocido por otros)
 yaykurqanaanchi (conjetura débil)
 yaykurqanchaa (conjetura fuerte)
 yaykurqantsu (negación)
yaykurqanku ( indagación, interrogación)

 Sintaxis

Sintaxis en quechua = shimipatsatsiq.

El quechua es una lengua SOVMitsiqkunaqa waynutam takiykaayan = Los pastores están cantando huaino.

Como suele ocurrir en este tipo de lenguas, una palabra suele hacerse adjetivo al anteponerse a un sustantivo o adverbio al hacerlo ante un verbo
 wawa (bebé) + wayi (casa) → wawa wayi (casa de bebes, guardería)
 chunka (diez) + llama (llama) → chunka llama (diez llamas)
 mana (no) + munaa (yo quiero)  → manam munaatsu  (no quiero)

 Washku kanku (¿hay trago?): 1. Manam kantsu 2. kantaqku ("no hay") 3. kantaaku ("no hay" -en región trasandina-)

Cuando se conectan dos sustantivos, el primero actúa como 'calificador' y el segundo como 'núcleo fraseal'. En el caso de adjetivo y sustantivo, el adjetivo siempre va a la izquierda.
 Aswa puyñu: cántaro para chicha; ñumya puyñu: cántaro donde se guarda ñumya ( variedad de frejol).Ichik puyñu: cántaro pequeño.
 Huk puyñu aswa: un cántaro de chicha; mulli aswa: chicha de molle. Yuraq aswa: chicha blanca.Puyñu aswa: chicha de (en) cántaro. Aluniira aswa: chicha de la galonera. 'Aswa puyñu' y 'puyñu aswa' del diccionario quechua ancashino castellano de Carranza Romero

Por otro lado, el sufijo -qa (tópico) marca sea el sujeto o el objeto según el contexto.Cuando sufija a un sustantivo-raíz, se puede traducir usando los artículos: el, la, los, las.
Yayaaqa akshutam mikurqan. (Mi papá comió papa; resalta la acción del sujeto). Respondería a ¿qué comió tu padre?
Yayaami akshutaqa mikurqan. (Mi padre comió la papa; destaca el objeto, el actor no fue otro que el padre). Contestaría a ¿quién comió la papá?
Chiiqusqa waqaykachan. ( El sapito está que croa). Kuchikunaqa allaapa mikun ( los chanchos comen mucho)

No hay voz pasiva, según Gary Parker, quien sugiere una "voz semipasiva"

 Implicitud del verbo ser
Kay: ser, haber, existir, como verbo sustantivo.Pero hay expresiones que no conllevan ninguna desinencia del verbo kay( ser, to be, etre) pero son auténticas oraciones gramaticales que implicitan dicho verbo.Para lo cual alguna vez se usa la posposición -m o -mi.

 Nuqallaa, soy yo, heme aquí.
 ¿Paytsuraq?, ¿será él?; paynaachi, pienso que es él, puede ser él.
 Paytash, dice que a él; manam paytatsu, no es a él.
 ¿Pitaq?, ¿quién es?; nuqam, 'soy yo' o bien nuqachaa, 'pues soy yo'.
 ¿Allqupaqku?, ¿es para el perro?; allqupaqmi, sí es para el perro.
 Nuqam ( nuqallaami [tono respetuoso al contestar], soy yo, fui yo; qammi, eres tú, tú fuiste (el tiempo, según el contexto).
 Kaychi Limaq!, ¿esto es Lima!, pregunta y sorpresa.
 Imatan?, allqum ( ¿qué es?, es perro)
 Yamayllaku?, yamayllam (¿estás bien?, pues estoy bien)

 Léxico
En cuanto al vocabulario representativo (básico) del quechua de Huaylas la situación se presentaría así :

 Elementos quechuas 70%.
 Elementos románicos 28%, de los cuales:
 Elementos hispánicos 95%
 Otros 2%

 Breve vocabulario
 Imanawllataq kaykanki? = ¿Cómo estás?
 Yamayllaku kaykanki? = ¿Estas bien?
 Yamayllam kaykaa = Estoy bien
 Hirkachawmi kaykaa = Estoy en el cerro

 Escritura

El primer inventario de letras para el Quechua de Huaylas deriva del Alfabeto Básico General del Quechua establecido en 1975 por el Ministerio de Educación mediante Resolución Ministerial Nº 4023-75-ED.  Este constaba de un alfabeto latino cual estableció un patrón extra para representar la africada alveolar como ⟨ts⟩ y las vocales largas como dobles, heredando del español las grafías ⟨ñ⟩ para la nasal palatal y el dígrafo ⟨ch⟩ para la africada palatal.  Posteriormente, en 1985, se modificó la norma solo par reducir a tres los signos vocálicos, eliminando para el ancashino las representaciones ⟨e⟩, ⟨ee⟩, ⟨o⟩, ⟨oo⟩ de su escritura.

Para algunos préstamos del español, se hacen uso de un grupo de consonantes particular. Ejemplo ''burriku chinchuu'' una variedad de chincho (Tagetes).

Muestra de texto

 Frecuencia del uso de las letras

La frecuencia de uso de las letras el Quechua de Huaylas es la siguiente:

 Literatura
Poesía
En el poemario "Rumi shanka" de Elmer Félix Neyra Valverde aparecen algunos poemas en quechua. En 2011, dicho autor publicó  poemas en quechua, "Qanchisqocha" (Qanchisqucha)(Español: 7 lagunas), presentado en el encuentro de Aucallama,provincia de Huaral, en noviembre de 2011.

 Música
La música quechua era pentatónica (do, re, fa, sol, la), como lo señalaron en un principio los esposos R. y M. D'Harcourt.

Bibliografía
 Torero, Alfredo: El Quechua y la historia social andina (2007). Fondo Editorial del Pedagógico San Marcos.Lima Primera edición.
 Escobar, Alberto: Gramática Quechua Ancash-Huailas (1976) publicación del Ministerio de Educación del Perú.Lima
 Parker, Gary, J, y Chávez Amancio: Diccionario quechua Ancash Huailas (1976).Edición del Minedu, Lima
 Wölck, Wolfgang: Pequeño breviario quechua(1987) IEP Instituto de Estudios Peruanos- Lima.
 Diccionario Español-quechua/ Quechua -español [..Áncash...],(2001)Editores Señor de Luren/ Egselur E.I.R.L. Lima. Depósito legal: 150105-2001-2980. Tomo I
  Francisco Carranza Romero.Diccionario Quechua Ancashino - Castellano (2003) Prólologo de Wolf Lustig.
Literatura bilingüe
 Yauri Montero, Marcos: Puerta de la Alegría (2006) Editorial Universitaria de URP. ISBN 9972-236-02-1.
 Espinoza, Néstor: Poemas andinos (2010) Lima. Impreso en Perú. ISBN 9972-688-27-5
 Frasnelli Tarter, Dante, OSJ,(editor) : Señor Jesucristopa alli willacuynin/ Nuevo Testamento",(2001) ediciones de "La Liga Bíblica", Huarí, Áncash Perú.
 Neyra Valverde, Elmer: poemario Rumi shanka (1996) y  Qanchisqocha edición bilingüe (2011), con depósitos legales en la BNP.

Véase también

 Quechua ancashino
Censo peruano de 2007
Censo peruano de 2017
 Cambio fonético «s → h» del quechua de Huaylas

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 y una Sección para el Quechua de Huaylas

Huaylas
Quechua de Huaylas

Quechua de Huaylas


Te quiero amor foi uma telenovela boliviana transmitida e produzida pela Red UNO entre 21 de junho de 2021 a 31 de dezembro de 2021 em 140 capítulos, seu horário de exibição era entre 18h30 a 19h30. A ideia original é dirigida por Alejandro Pinedo, quem já produziu Con el coração na ATB.

Está disponível no canal Ale Pinedo Tv de Alejandro Pinedo no youtube e no site do canal.

Sinopse
Alejandro é um jovem exitoso concentrado em seu trabalho que passa por um bom momento em sua carreira, fruto de anos de esforço. Tem uma filha pequena com Luzia, seu casal, mas devido a seu trabalho dedica-lhe a cada vez menos tempo a sua família, o que provoca que sua relação se desgaste e ele comece a frequentar a outras mulheres. Apesar de que Luzia suspeita desta situação, continua o amando. Alejandro é despedido e sua situação econômica vai em descenso; no entanto, seu casal continua tentando que ele mude, mas ele se nega a corrigir seu caminho, pelo que ela toma a decisão de se afastar.

Alejandro, completamente confundido e fracassado, toca fundo e dá-se conta de que deve mudar. Começa a valorizar o que perdeu, mas ao tentar voltar com Luzia ela se mostra desinteressada. Rodrigo, um jovem empresário, apaixona-se dela e tenta a conquistar. Mas Alejandro não se rende e lutará até recuperar a sua família.

Elenco

Repercussão

Antes da estreia da telenovela, houve uma grande movimentação nos estúdios da Red UNO, várias jovens foram fazer teste para entrar para o elenco.

Após o fim da telenovela, em fevereiro de 2022, o produtor e também ator da telenovela Alejandro Pinedo, fez uma participação no vídeo clip da música tema de abertura da telenovela, o vídeo clip foi gravado na cidade de Cochabamba, Bolívia.

Em julho de 2021, um blog crítico postou uma nota sobre a repercussão da telenovela.

Em geral, a telenovela terminou como um grande sucesso na Bolívia e na Red UNO na qual terminou com 30 milhões de visualizações.

Ainda também em fevereiro de 2022, Alejandro Pinedo fez uma enquete através do seu canal do youtube "Ale Pinedo Tv", onde perguntava se o público queria uma segunda temporada de Te Quiero Amor ou uma nova novela, a enquete teve 3,2 mil votos, e os resultados foram: 77% quer uma segunda temporada de Te Quiero Amor e 23% quer uma nova novela.

Episódios

Em seu canal do youtube, Alejandro Pinedo comentou que a telenovela teve mais de 6,300 minutos e mais de 2,000 cenas.

Classificação indicativa

B - orientação parental

TV-PG - "(Classificação destinada com a orientação parental)", essa classificação significa que o programa pode não ser adequado para crianças menores sem a orientação dos pais.

Referências

Telenovelas da Bolívia

Te quiero amor


İnsan vücudunun belirli bölümlerindeki (bazı organlar, eklemler, uzuvlar gibi) hareketler; bir takım anatomik terimlerle ifade edilir. Hareketle ilgili bu anatomik terimlerde genellikle anatomik duruşa göre belirlenmiş bir referans noktası kullanılır. Bu referans noktası vücudun orta hattı (median düzlem), uzvun orta hattı ya da hareketin yapıldığı eklemin kendisi gibi yerler olabilir. Aynı zamanda referans noktası kullanılarak belirlenmiş bu hareketler, vücudun bazı bölümlerinde (örneğin elde ve ayakta) farklı isimler alabilir.

İnsan vücudundaki hareket, belirli bir düzlemde, bir eksenin etrafında yapılabilirken; belirli bir eksenin bulunmaması da söz konusu olabilir. Ekseni belirli harekette ise üç temel eksen bulunur. Bunlar fleksiyon ve ekstansiyonun yapıldığı enine (transvers, sağ-sol) eksen, abdüksiyon ve addüksiyonun yapıldığı yatay (sagittal, ön-arka) eksen, rotasyonun yapıldığı uzun, düşey (vertical ya da longitudinal, üst-alt) eksendir.

Sınıflandırma

Genel hareketler
Genel hareketler, temel olarak 3 eksen üzerinde yapılan fleksiyon, ekstansiyon; abdüksiyon, addüksiyon ve rotasyon hareketidir. Hareket, tanıma göre isim alır (örneğin kol fleksiyonu).

Fleksiyon ve ekstansiyon

Fleksiyon ve ekstansiyon; enine (transvers) eksen çevresinde, vücudun iki farklı bölümünün birbirine yaklaşması ya da birbirinden uzaklaşmasıdır.

Fleksiyon, bir eklemi yapan iki parçanın arasındaki açının azalması yani bükülmedir. Hareketin sonucunda vücudun söz konusu iki parçası birbirine yaklaşır. Örneğin; ön kolun fleksiyonla bükülerek kola yaklaşır, bacak fleksiyonla uyluğa yaklaşır.

Ekstansiyon, bir eklemi yapan iki parçası arasındaki açının artması yani gerilme/esnemedir. Hareketin sonucunda vücudun söz konusu iki parçası, eklemin izin verdiği sınırlar çerçevesinde, birbirine değme noktasından ya da doğrudan birbirinden uzaklaşır. Örneğin oturur konumda bacaklar ve uyluk fleksiyon konumundadır yani bükülmüştür. Ayağa kalkarken hem uyluk hem de bacak ekstansiyon yaparak anatomik duruştaki pozisyonuna gelir.

Abdüksiyon ve addüksiyon
Abdüksiyon ve addüksiyon; yatay (sagittal) eksen çevresinde, vücut parçasının, vücut orta hattına yaklaşması ya da vücut orta hattından uzaklaşmasıdır.

Abdüksiyon, bir ekleme bağlı vücut parçasının, vücut orta hattından uzaklaşmasıdır. Hareketin sonucunda vücudun söz konusu parçası, vücut orta hattından, dolayısıyla gövdeden uzaklaşmış olur. Örneğin anatomik duruşta sağ kolun, sağa doğru hareketi bir abdüksiyondur. Bu abdüksiyon hareketine bağlı olarak kol vücut orta hattından dolayısıyla gövdeden uzaklaşmış olur.

Addüksiyon, bir ekleme bağlı vücut parçasının, vücut orta hattına yaklaşmasıdır. Hareketin sonucunda vücudun söz konusu parçası, vücut orta hattına, dolayısıyla gövdeye yaklaşmış olur. Örneğin anatomik duruşta abdüksiyon sonucu vücut orta hattından uzaklaştırılmış kolun, vücut orta hattına yani gövdeye doğru çekilmesi hareketi bir addüksiyondur.

Abduksiyon ve addüksiyon hareketleri, her durumda vücut orta hattına göre yapılmaz. Bazen referans noktası, uzvun orta ekseni (örneğin el hareketinin tanımı için, kolun orta ekseni) olur.

Rotasyon
Rotasyon; vücuda ait bir yapının, o yapıya ait uzun-düşey (vertical, longitudinal) eksen çevresinde döndürülmesidir. Vücutta bir yapının rotasyon hareketi, bir patencinin kendi etrafında dönüşüne benzer.

Elevasyon ve depresyon
Elevasyon ve depresyon; ekleme ait hareketli bir yapının ya da yapıların, ekleme ait horizontal düzlemin üstüne çıkarılması ya da söz konusu düzlemin altına indirilmesidir.

Örneğin omuzların yukarıya kaldırılması, yani yukarı yönlü hareketi elevasyondur. Aynı harekete ters olarak omuzların aşağıya düşürülmesi, yani aşağı yönlü hareketi depresyondur.

Sirkümdiksiyon
Sirkümdiksiyon; daha çok sferoid tip eklemlerde görülen bir hareketler zinciridir. Fleksiyon, ekstansiyon, addüksiyon ve abdüksiyondan oluşur.

Özel hareketler
Özel hareketler; sıklıkla genel hareketlerin belirli bir vücut bölümde farklı adlandırılmış halidir.

Elde ve ayakta, fleksiyon ve ekstansiyon
Fleksiyon ve ekstansiyon; elde ve ayakta aynı mekanikle işler ancak farklı bir şekilde isimlendirilir.

Ayak
Dorsifleksiyon; ayağın, ayak bileği ekleminden dorsal (Dorsum pedis, ayak sırtı) tarafa doğru hareket ettirilmesidir. Hareket sonucunda ayağın anatomik duruşta yukarı bakan (görünen) yüzü, bacağın öne bakan yüzüne yaklaşır. Bu, aynı zamanda bir ekstansiyon hareketidir.

Plantar fleksiyon; ayağın, ayak bileği ekleminden plantar (Planta pedis, ayak tabanı) tarafa doğru hareket ettirilmesidir. Hareket sonucunda ayağın anatomik duruşta zemine değen (görünmeyen) yüzü, bacağın arkaya bakan yüzüne yaklaşır. Bu, aynı zamanda bir fleksiyon hareketidir.

El
Elin ve ayağın fleksiyon ve ekstansiyon için tanımlanmış özel hareketleri; embriyolojik dönemde uzuvların yaptığı dik açılı dönmenin birbirine ters oluşundan dolayı, zıttır.
Dorsifleksiyon; elin, el bileği ekleminden dorsal (Dorsum manus, elin sırtı) tarafa doğru hareket ettirilmesidir. Hareket sonucunda elin anatomik duruşta önden görünmeyen yüzü (elin sırtı), ön kolun görünmeyen yüzüne yaklaşır. Bu aynı zamanda bir ekstansiyon hareketidir.

Palmar fleksiyon; elin, el bileği ekleminden palmar (Palma manus, avuç içi) tarafa doğru hareket ettirilmesidir. Hareket sonucunda elin anatomik duruşta önden görünen yüzü (avuç içi), ön kolun görünen yüzüne yaklaşır. Bu aynı zamanda bir fleksiyon hareketidir.

Ayrıca bakınız

Kaynak Kitaplar

Kaynak Kitap Bölümleri

Tıp terimleri

Anatomide hareket terimleri


Vojvođanska liga je bila liga drugog stupnja nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije u sezoni 1952./53.  Sudjelovalo je 12 klubova, a prvak je bio "Dinamo" iz Pančeva.

Ljestvica

 "Trgovački" iz Kikinde je započeo sezonu kao "6. Oktobar"
 "Jedinstvo" iz Bačke Topole se navodi i kao "Eđšeg"
 "Dinamo" iz Pančeva, "Radnički" iz Sombora i "Proleter" iz Zrenjanina igrali završnicu Prvenstva Srbije. Nisu se plasirali u kvalifikacije za 1. saveznu ligu.

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Podsavezna liga Kosovsko-metohijske oblasti 1952./53.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 exyufudbal.in.rs, Nogometno prvenstvo FNRJ 1952/53., Vojvođanska liga, wayback arhiva
 fsgzrenjanin.com, Period 1944. - 1955., pristupljeno 7. siječnja 2019.
 Laslo Taboroši: 100 godina fudbala u Bačkoj Topoli 1913-2013, Bačka Topola, 2013., CIP, str. 91
 issuu.com, "Lučonoše jugoslavenskog fudbala" - Monografija u povodu 100 godina postojanja FK "Bačka" Subotica 1901-2001, Subotica, 2001., UDK: 796.332:061.2(497.113) "1901/2001", str. 59-60, preuzeto 7. siječnja 2019.

VOJ 1952/53 1
VOJ 1
1952-53 1 VOJ 1
1952-53

Vojvođanska nogometna liga 1952./53.


NGC 5505 es una galaxia espiral barrada (SBa) localizada en la dirección de la constelación de Bootes. Posee una declinación de +13° 18' 17" y una ascensión recta de 14 horas, 12 minutos y 31,6 segundos.

La galaxia NGC 5505 fue descubierta en 6 de junio de 1886 por Lewis A. Swift.

Véase también
Astronomía extragaláctica
Lista de galaxias
Lista de objetos NGC
New General Catalogue

Referencias

NGC 5505
Constelación de Bootes
Galaxias espirales barradas

NGC 5505


Sild i Trængsel er en dokumentarfilm fra 1943 instrueret af Ingolf Boisen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
En film om brislingfiskeri og konservesindustri.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fiskeri
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1943

Sild i Trængsel


هيرمان مينكوفسكي  هو عالم رياضيات وفيزياء ألماني روسي المولد من أصل يهودي. ولد في 22 يونيو 1864م وتوفي في 18 يناير 1909م. عمل أستاذا للرياضيات في كونيجسبيرج وزيورخ وغوتينغن. طور هندسة الأعداد واستخدم أساليب هندسية لحل المشاكل في نظرية الأعداد والفيزياء الرياضية ونظرية النسبية. وهو يعتبر من مؤسسي علم الهندسة المحدبة.

ولعل أشهر إنجازات مينكوفسكي هي تطويره النظرية النسبية الخاصة عام 1907م وهي النظرية التي صاغها تلميذه السابق ألبرت آينشتاين عام 1905م. نتيجة إسهامات مينكوفسكي أمكن فهم النسبية هندسياً نظرية زمكان رباعي الأبعاد، وهو مايعرف باسم زمكان مينكوفسكي.

حياته وعمله

ولد هيرمان مينكوفسكي في ألكوساتس، وهي قرية في محافظة كوفنو بالإمبراطورية الروسية ( وهي حالياً في مدينة كاوناس، ليتوانيا) والده لوين بوروش مينكوفسكي، وهو التاجر الذي المدعوم بناء الكنيس كورال في كوفنو، مع راشيل توبمان وكلاهما من أصل يهودي، كان هيرمان الشقيق الاصغر للباحث طبي أوسكار مينكوفسكي الذي ولد عام 1858م، هربا من الاضطهاد في روسيا انتقلت العائلة إلى كنيجسبرج في عام 1872م، درس مينكوفسكي في كنيغسبرغ وفي بون (1887-1894)، كنيغسبرغ (1894-1896) وزيوريخ (1896-1902)، وأخيرا في غوتينغن من 1902 حتى وفاته المبكرة في عام 1909. تزوج من أوجست أدلر في عام 1897م أنجب منها ابنتان.
توفى مينكوفسكي فجأة من التهاب الزائدة الدودية في غوتينغن في 12 يناير 1909، ويوضح نعي عالم الرياضيات الألماني ديفيد هيلبرت لمينكوفسكي مدى الصداقة العميقة بينهما إذ يقول:

«منذ سنوات كان مينكوفسكي أفضل تلاميذي، كان أكثر صديق موثوق فيه من الذين ساندوني بكل عمق وولاء التي كانت من سماته، علومنا التي أحببنها فوق كل شئ، كانت تبدو لنا كحديقة مليئة بالزهور، وفيها استمتعنا بالبحث عن الطرق الخفيه واكتشاف العديد من الرؤى الجديدة التي أثارت لدينا الإحساس بالجمال، وعندما كان يعرض أحدنا اكتشافه للآخر، نصبح أكثر اعجاباً من ذلك معاً وكانت تغمرنا السعادة، وكانت بالنسبة لي هدية نادرة من السماء وكنت أكثر امتناناً لأن تلك الهدية ستبقى لفترة طويلة، الآن بعد وفاته المفاجأة التي أختطفته منا، ومع ذلك لا يمكن للموت أن يسلبه صورته النبيلة في قلوبنا ونعلم أن روحه لا تزال حية بيننا».

تطويره للنسبية الخاصة

لمزيد من المعلومات انظر أيضا إلى تاريخ النسبة الخاصة وإلى فضاء مينكوفسكي وإلى مخطط مينكوفسكي.

أدرك مينكوفسكي في عام 1907م أن نظرية النسبية الخاصة التي نشرها تلميذه السابق ألبرت آينشتاين في عام 1905م استنادا إلى الأعمال السابقة للورنتز وبوانكاريه، يمكن أن تفهم بشكل أفضل في فضاء رباعي الأبعاد،والمعروف باسم «زمكان مينكوفسكي»، حيث لايتم الفصل بين المكان والزمان ولكن يندمجان في أربعة أبعاد سميت زمكان، والتي هندسة لورنتز في النسبية الخاصة يمكن أن تكون ممثلة على نحو فعال.

انظر أيضا

 فضاء مينكوفسكي
 مبرهنة مينكوفسكي في هندسة الأعداد

روابط خارجية

مراجع

مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى الإمبراطورية الألمانية
أشخاص من كاوناس
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة غوتنغن
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة كونيغسبرغ
أعضاء هيئة تدريس المعهد الفدرالي السويسري للتكنولوجيا في زيورخ
أعضاء هيئة تدريس جامعة بون
ألمان من أصل يهودي بولندي
ألمان من أصل يهودي ليتواني
خريجو جامعة كونيغسبرغ
رياضياتيو القرن 19
رياضياتيو القرن 20
رياضياتيون ألمان
رياضياتيون ألمان في القرن 19
رياضياتيون ألمان في القرن 20
عاملون في الهندسة الرياضية
عاملون في نظرية الأعداد
علماء من كاوناس
منظرو النسبية
مهاجرون من الإمبراطورية الروسية إلى ألمانيا
مواليد 1864
وفيات 1909
وفيات بسبب أمراض الجهاز الهضمي
وفيات بسبب التهاب الزائدة الدودية
يهود ألمان
يهود ليتوانيون

هيرمان مينكوفسكي


كاتدرائية سيدة النياح للروم الملكيين في دمشق هي مقر أبرشية دمشق للروم الملكيين الكاثوليك، ويعود عمر هذه الكنيسة إلى بدء تأسيس طائفة الروم الملكيين الكاثوليك في المشرق والتي بدء من دمشق، وهذه الكنيسة تعرف بين أهل مدينة دمشق المسيحيين بكنيسة الزيتون نظرا لكثره أشجار الزيتون الموجودة في فناء هذه الكنيسة الكاتدرائية التي كانت موجودة قديما فيها.

الكاتدرائية تقع ضمن مقر بطريركية الروم الكائوليك بدمشق القديمة وتعد هذه الكنيسة من أهم التحف المعمارية الموجودة في مدينة دمشق ويقع ضمن هذه الكنيسة الدوائر البطريركية وأيضا يوجد بجوارها مدرسة الاكليركية الصغرى، وقد جددت هذه الكنيسة عدة مرات أخرها في عهد البطريرك غريغوريوس الثالث لحام للروم الملكيين في سوريا والمشرق.

مراجع

انظر أيضًا
 المسيحية في سوريا.
 مسيحية شرقية.
 قائمة كنائس دمشق.
 كنيسة الروم الملكيين الكاثوليك.

دمشق القديمة
كاتدرائيات في دمشق
كنيسة الروم الملكيين الكاثوليك في سوريا
مقدسات مسيحية

كاتدرائية سيدة النياح


La course by Le Tour de France 2016 var den tredje udgave af La course by Le Tour de France, et endags cykelløb for kvinder, der blev afholdt i Frankrig den 24. juli 2016. Løbet blev holdt samme dag som mændenes sidste etape i Tour de France 2016, bare tidligere på dagen. Løbet blev organiseret af ASO og var en del af UCI Women's World Tour. Løbet blev vundet af Chloe Hosking fra .

Deltagende hold

Resultater

Referencer

2016
Cykelløb i 2016

La course by Le Tour de France 2016


55P/Tempel–Tuttle (commonly known as Comet Tempel–Tuttle) is a retrograde periodic comet with an orbital period of 33 years. It fits the classical definition of a Halley-type comet with a period of between 20 and 200 years. It was independently discovered by Wilhelm Tempel on December 19, 1865, and by Horace Parnell Tuttle on January 6, 1866.

It is the parent body of the Leonid meteor shower. In 1699, it was observed by Gottfried Kirch but was not recognized as a periodic comet until the discoveries by Tempel and Tuttle during the 1866 perihelion. In 1933, S. Kanda deduced that the comet of 1366 was Tempel–Tuttle, which was confirmed by Joachim Schubart in 1965. On 26 October 1366, the comet passed  from Earth.

The retrograde orbit of 55P/Tempel–Tuttle causes meteors to impact Earth at a high speed of 70 km/s. The orbit intersects that of Earth nearly exactly, hence streams of material ejected from the comet during perihelion passages do not have to spread out much over time to encounter Earth. The comet currently has an Earth-MOID of . This coincidence means that past streams from the comet at perihelion are still dense when they encounter Earth, resulting in the 33-year cycle of Leonid meteor storms. For example, the 1833 meteor storm was created by the previous 1800 perihelion passage. Between 2021–2030, Earth will often pass through the meteoroid stream left behind from the 1733 orbit.

55P/Tempel–Tuttle is estimated to have a nucleus of mass 1.2 kg and radius 1.8 km and a stream of mass 5 kg.

See also
Comet IRAS–Araki–Alcock (Comet close approach 1983)
Lexell's Comet (Lost comet close approach in 1770)
252P/LINEAR (Close approach 2016)
P/2016 BA14 (Close approach 2016)

References

External links
 Orbital simulation from JPL (Java) / Horizons Ephemeris
 Gary W. Kronk's Cometography

Periodic comets
Halley-type comets
0055
055P
Meteor shower progenitors
18650119

55P/Tempel–Tuttle


An Ligeophila clavigera in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Leslie Andrew Garay. An Ligeophila clavigera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Ligeophila, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 L. c. clavigera
 L. c. rhodostachys

Mga kasarigan

Ligeophila

Ligeophila clavigera


Sekundærrute 215 er en rutenummereret landevej på Sjælland.

Ruten strækker sig fra Ringsted til Ugerløse.

Rute 215 har en længde på ca. 18 km.

Kilder

215

Sekundærrute 215


السواقي بلدية بدائرة السواقي ولاية المدية الجزائرية.

تقع في الجنوب الشرقي للولاية ناحية شلالة العذاورة شمالا.تبعد عن مقر الولاية بمسافة تقدر ب 65 كم يحدها من الجنوب بلدية سيدي زهار وسيدي زيان ومن الغرب بلدية الربعية ومن الشرق بلدية جواب ومن الشمال بلدية بوسكن وبني سليمان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 25000 نسمة

النشاط الاٍقتصادي
بلدية السواقي بقراهاوالمتمثلة في كل من (الزواميك-أولاد بو يحيى - أولادخنة - أولاديخلف - وادي حلابة - البراكنية - فايض حماد - الزعارير - أولاد ساسي - أولاد مهدي -) وكذلك القرى الكبيرة التي تشهد تطورا دائما ومن بينها (الجمعة - بزاز - أولادعطا الله) تعتبر منطقة فلاحية باٍمتياز فتوجد بها مناطق زراعية واسعة بالاٍضافة لتربية الأغنام والأبقار والدواجن وتتوفر على خدمات بيطرية متمثلة بعيادتين بيطريتين (أحدثها تقع بالقرب من مقر البلدية) كما تعرف البلدية تطورا في الجانب التجاري وذلك من خلال المعارض التجارية والاسواق المغطاة التي هي في طور الإنجاز كما انها تعرف تقدما كبيرا في عمليات تشغيل الشباب وذلك من خلال المساعدات المادية التي تقدمها الدولة من قروض واعارات التي يغتنمها الشباب في كون المنطقة فلاحية في شراء سيارت التويوتا والجرارات من نوع فوتون وغيرها.

المركز الثقافي
تتوفر المدينة على مركز ثقافي تنشط به العديد من الجمعيات منها:
 جمعية المنار العلمية
 جمعية منشطي المخيمات الصيفية
 جمعية الربيع لتربية الحيوانات الصغيرة والنباتات والطيور
 جمعية الأمل لزراعة الأشجار
 جمعية أبناء السواقي لتنمية النشاطات
كما أن البلدية تحتوي على فوج كشفي تحت اسم «فوج العقيد سي امحمد بوقرة» وهو فوج حديث النشأة أنشئ سنة 2007 تحت قيادة القائد السابق «خالفي حسين» وهو الآن تحت قيادة القائد الجديد لسنة 2010 وهو الأستاذ «ربوح مصطفى» ويقع مقر الكشافة الإسلامية الجزائرية لبلدية السواقي بمقابل مقر الشرطة للبلدية.

وصلات خارجية
 وزارة الشباب والرياضة - ولاية المدية - مديرية الشباب والرياضة - مركز إعلام وتنشيط الشباب

المصادر

سواقي

السواقي


Joseph Chappell Hutcheson (* 18. Mai 1842 bei Boydton, Mecklenburg County, Virginia; † 25. Mai 1924 bei Chattanooga, Tennessee) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1893 und 1897 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Joseph Hutcheson besuchte die öffentlichen Schulen seiner Heimat und danach bis 1861 das Randolph-Macon College in Ashland. Während des Bürgerkrieges diente er im Heer der Konföderation. Nach einem anschließenden Jurastudium an der University of Virginia in Charlottesville und seiner 1866 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Anderson (Texas) in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Im Jahr 1874 verlegte er seinen Wohnsitz und seine Kanzlei nach Houston. Gleichzeitig schlug er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn ein. Im Jahr 1880 wurde er in das Repräsentantenhaus von Texas gewählt.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1892 wurde Hutcheson im ersten Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1893 die Nachfolge von Charles Stewart antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl konnte er bis zum 3. März 1897 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Im Jahr 1896 verzichtete er auf eine weitere Kandidatur. Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus praktizierte Hutcheson wieder als Anwalt in Houston. Er starb am 25. Mai 1924 in seinem Sommerwohnsitz nahe Chattanooga und wurde in Houston beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1842
Gestorben 1924
Mann

Joseph Chappell Hutcheson


المجيء المقعدي  أو الطفل المقعدي  يعني مجيء المولود عند الولادة بالمقعدة متجهة إلى فرج الأم، مخالفاً بذلك حالة المجيء الطبيعية؛ وهي المجيء الرأسي. يعرف شعبياً باسم الوضع الفارسي، لكنها تسمية غير دقيقة طبياً، إذ أن كلمة وضع تستخدم للدلالة على اتجاه وجه الجنين من حيث استقباله عانة أمه أو استدبارها. ثمة عدة أشكال للمجيء المقعدي وتضم المجيء المقعدي الكامل والمجيء المقعدي الصريح.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
الحالات الخاصة للحمل

طب التوليد
قبالة
مضاعفات المخاض والولادة

مجيء مقعدي


El marquesado del Norte es un título nobiliario español creado el 18 de abril de 1805 por el rey Carlos IV a favor del irlandés Arturo O'Neill de Tyrone, teniente general de los Reales Ejércitos.

Marqueses del Norte

Sucesión del marquesado del Norte

Arturo O'Neill de Tyrone (n. en 1736; f. en 1814), I marqués del Norte. Le sucedió, de su hermano Tulio O'Neill O'Kelly que casó con Catalina O'Keeff, el hijo de ambos, por tanto, su sobrino:

Arturo O'Neill y O'Keeff (fallecido en 1832), II marqués del Norte; se casó con Juana Chabert Heyliger, cuya descendencia, no solicitó la sucesión. Le sucedió, por tanto, una bisnieta del hermano del segundo marqués, llamado Tulio O'Neill y O'Keeff que casó con Manuela Luisa de Castilla y Quevedo, que fueron padres de Juan Antonio O'Neill y Castilla, marqués de la Granja que casó con María Luisa Salamanca y Negrete (hija del II conde de Campo de Alange), que a su vez fueron padres de Manuela María del Carmen O'Neill y Salamanca que casó con Gonzalo de Figueroa y Torres Sotomayor, I duque de las Torres, cuya hija fue quién rehabilitó el título.

Rehabiliación en 1916:

Ana María Figueroa y O'Neill (1893-1968), III marquesa del Norte; se casó con Felipe Navarro y Morenés, VII barón de Casa Davalillo. Le sucedió un sobrino nieto de María Manuela O'Neill y Salamanca:

Carlos O'Neill y Castrillo, IV marqués del Norte, XII conde de Benagiar, hijo de Tulo O'Neill y Larios XI conde de Benagiar; se casó con María del Coro de Orueta y Gaytán de Ayala. Le sucedió, en 1998, su hijo:

Carlos O'Neill y de Orueta (n. en 1970), V marqués del Norte.

Véase también
 Reino de Irlanda

Referencias

Norte, del

Marquesado del Norte


El Club Deportivo Yahualica de Los Altos  es un equipo de fútbol que jugaba en la Segunda División de México y actualmente cuenta con un club en la Tercera División de México tiene como sede la ciudad de Yahualica de González Gallo, Jalisco, México. Juegan en su estadio Las Ánimas con capacidad para 12 mil espectadores.

El Club Deportivo de Los Altos como es comúnmente conocido inicia como un proyecto que surge recientemente de iniciativa privada para el fomento del deporte en la zona de los altos de Jalisco ya que la zona no contaba con fútbol de calidad profesional.
La creación del Club ha provocado que se integren jugadores de ciudades de los alrededores e incluso otros estados, dando oportunidad a jugadores nuevos de probar su talento.
El público local ha respondido bien al equipo con partidos en los que asisten hasta 2500 espectadores.

Historia
El Club Deportivo de Los Altos fundado (el 1 de julio de 2011) por iniciativa privada de algunos ciudadanos de Yahualica de González Gallo, inició como una idea desde el año 2010 en el que ya se comenzaba a construir las instalaciones, más tarde iría madurando el proyecto y las ideas hasta que en enero del 2011 ya que se estaban terminando las instalaciones, socios del Club se pusieron en contacto con lo que en el futuro sería el cuerpo Técnico del equipo, se formó una plantilla y contactaron a la Femexfut (Federación Mexicana de Fútbol Asociación) para formalizar la situación.

El nombre Club Deportivo de Los Altos fue decisión unánime de los socios ya que el nombre engloba una amplia zona de Jalisco donde las personas comparten el gusto por el deporte futbolístico.

La creación de los equipos de fútbol de Tercera y Segunda División en el municipio de Yahualica de González Gallo, con su estadio de capacidad para 10000 espectadores fue debido a que la zona cuenta con grandes entusiastas por el fútbol, además asisten espectadores de municipios como Mexticacan, Nochistlan, Tepatitlán De Morelos, Cañadas de Obregón, Teocaltiche, etc. Creando una asistencia en aumento con cada partido que se juega.

El Club Deportivo Deportivo de Los Altos, a pesar de ser un equipo joven ha demostrado con cada jornada que pasa ser un equipo de buen nivel, demostrándose esto en los resultados que publica la Femexfut.

Para el 2014, el club vendió su franquicia de Segunda División Premier a los Toros Neza, por lo cual ahora solo se quedaron con el equipo de Tercera División que actualmente tienen como sede San José de Gracia Jalisco.

Liga Premier de Ascenso 2011/2012
El club deportivo de los altos participó en la Liga premier de Ascenso 2011/2012.

Calendario y resultados Temporada 2011/2012

Primera vuelta, resultados

Cuerpo técnico
Tercera División

Estadio

Estadio Las Ánimas
Desde sus inicios, el Club Deportivo de Los Altos ejerció en el nuevo estadio Las Ánimas con capacidad de 12000 espectadores en la localidad de Yahualica, Jalisco, con dirección en kilómetro 4.5, Carretera Yahualica-Teocaltiche. Una vez terminado el estadio, inmediatamente se comenzó a trabajar en el mismo. Las instalaciones incluyen gimnasio, áreas recreativas, y su propia casa club, donde habitan los jugadores del equipo. El equipo ha creado cierto interés por los habitantes, alentando a su equipo los sábados la ya nombrada Barra el Desorden.

Jugadores

Plantilla Apertura 2014

Presidentes
 2011-2012:  Lic. Glen Hamet Lobato Blanco

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial
 Segunda División
 Femexfut

Equipos de fútbol desaparecidos de México
Equipos de fútbol del estado de Jalisco

Club Deportivo de Los Altos


Mogorella (sardisk: Mogorèdda) er en by og en kommune (comune) i provinsen Oristano i regionen Sardinien i Italien. Byen ligger i 265 meters højde og har 442 indbyggere (2016). Kommunen har et areal på 17,06 km² og grænser til kommunerne Albagiara, Ruinas, Usellus, Villa Sant'Antonio og Villaurbana.

Referencer

Henvisninger

Kommuner i provinsen Oristano

Mogorella


මොබි-ඩික්; ඕ, ද වේල් යනු පළමුවෙන් 1851 දී ප්‍රකාශනයට පත් කෙරුණු  හර්මන් මෙල්විල්ගේ නවකතාවකි.

සටහන්

ආශ්‍රිත
Bryant, John.  "Moby-Dick as Revolution."  The Cambridge Companion to Herman Melville.   Ed. Robert S. Levine.  Cambridge University Press, 1998. pp. 65–90.
Cheever, Susan (2006). American Bloomsbury: Louisa May Alcott, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Margaret Fuller, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau; Their Lives, Their Loves, Their Work. Detroit: Thorndike Press. Large print edition. ISBN 0-7862-9521-X.
Mellow, James R (1980). Nathaniel Hawthorne in His Times. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-365-27602-0 .
Melville, Herman. Moby-Dick; Barnes and Noble, NY (2003). ISBN 978-1-59308-018-1.
Miller, Edwin Haviland (1991). Salem Is My Dwelling Place: A Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. ISBN 0-87745-332-2.
Reynolds, J.N., "Mocha Dick: or the White Whale of the Pacific: A Leaf from a Manuscript Journal," The Knickerbocker, or New-York Monthly Magazine. Vol. 13, No. 5, May 1839, pp. 377–392.

Decide

බාහිර සබැඳි

Online texts

Motion picture adaptations
  (1926)—John Barrymore as Captain Ahab
  (1930)—John Barrymore as Captain Ahab
  (1956)—Gregory Peck as Captain Ahab
  (1978)—Jack Aranson as 13 characters
  (1998)—Patrick Stewart as Captain Ahab
  (2011)—William Hurt as Captain Ahab

ප්‍රලේඛන
 "Into the Deep: America, Whaling & the World", PBS, American Experience, 2010. Cf. section on Melville and the writing of Moby-Dick.

Commentary and criticism
 "Did Melville Borrow the Idea for 'Moby Dick'?", Weekend Edition, NPR. A radio discussion with literary historian Paul Collins.

සිකියම්
 Moby-Dick Map

1851 නවකතා
19වන-සියවසේ ඇමරිකානු නවකතා
Allegory
චිත්‍රපට වලට නැංවුනු ඇමරිකානු නවකතා
Captain Ahab
Fictional undersea characters
Fictional toothed whales
Nantucket, Massachusetts
Nautical lore
Novels by Herman Melville
Novels set on Cape Cod and the Islands
Whaling in the United States

මොබි-ඩික්


Nick Chopper, the Tin Woodman, also known as the Tin Man or Tin Woodsman, is a character in the fictional Land of Oz created by American author L. Frank Baum. He first appeared in his 1900 book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and reappeared in many other subsequent Oz books in the series. In late 19th-century America, men made out of various tin pieces were used in advertising and political cartoons. Baum, who was editing a magazine on decorating shop windows when he wrote The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, was inspired to invent the Tin Woodman by a figure he had built out of metal parts for a shop display.

Character
In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy Gale befriends the Tin Woodman after she finds him rusted in the forest, as he was caught in rain, and use his oil can to release him. He follows her to the Emerald City to get a heart from The Wizard. They are joined on their adventure by the Scarecrow and the Cowardly Lion. The Wizard sends Dorothy and her friends to the Winkie Country to kill the Wicked Witch of the West. The Tin Woodman's axe proves useful in this journey, both for chopping wood to create a bridge or raft as needed, and for chopping the heads off animals that threaten the party. When the Winged monkeys are sent by the Witch of the West against the group, they throw the Tin Woodman from a great height, damaging him badly. Winkie Tinsmiths repair him after the death of the Witch.

His desire for a heart notably contrasts with the Scarecrow's desire for brains, reflecting a common debate between the relative importance of the mind and the emotions. This occasions philosophical debate between the two friends as to why their own choices are superior; neither convinces the other, and Dorothy, listening, is unable to decide which one is right. Symbolically, because they remain with Dorothy throughout her quest, she is provided with both and does not need to select. The Tin Woodman states unequivocally that he has neither heart nor brain, but cares nothing for the loss of his brain. Near the end of the novel, Glinda the Good Witch praises his brain as not quite that of the Scarecrow's.

The Wizard turns out to be a "humbug" and can only provide a placebo heart made of silk and filled with sawdust. This is enough to please the Tin Woodman, who, with or without a heart, was all along the most tender and emotional of Dorothy's companions (just as the Scarecrow was the wisest and the Cowardly Lion the bravest). When he accidentally crushes an insect, he is grief-stricken and, ironically, claims that he must be careful about such things, while those with hearts do not need such care. This tenderness remains with him throughout the series, as in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, where he refuses to let a butterfly be maimed for the casting of a spell.

When Dorothy returns home to her farm in Kansas, the Tin Woodman returns to the Winkie Country to rule as emperor. Later, he has his subjects construct a palace made entirely of tin — from the architecture all the way down to the flowers in the garden.

Baum emphasized that the Tin Woodman remains alive, in contrast to the windup mechanical man Tik-Tok that Dorothy meets in a later book. Nick Chopper was not turned into a machine, but rather had his flesh body replaced by a metal one. Far from missing his original existence, the Tin Woodman is proud (perhaps too proud) of his untiring tin body.

A recurring problem for the Tin Woodman in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and afterward was his tendency to rust when exposed to rain, tears, or other moisture. For this reason, in The Marvelous Land of Oz, the character has himself nickel-plated before helping his friend the Scarecrow fight to regain his throne in the Emerald City. Even so, the Tin Woodman continues to worry about rusting throughout the Oz series.

The Tin Woodman appeared in most of the Oz books that followed. He is a major character in the comic page Baum wrote with Walt McDougall in 1904-05, Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz. In Ozma of Oz, he commands Princess Ozma's army, and is briefly turned into a tin whistle. In Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, he serves as defense counsel in the trial of Eureka. He affects the plot of a book most notably in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, in which he forbids the young hero from collecting the wing of a butterfly needed for a magical potion because his heart requires him to protect insects from cruelty. Baum also wrote a short book titled The Scarecrow and the Tin Woodman, part of the Little Wizard Stories of Oz series for younger readers.

In The Tin Woodman of Oz, Nick Chopper finally sets out to find his lost love, Nimmie Amee, but discovers that she has already married Chopfyt, a man constructed partly out of his own dismembered and discarded limbs. For the Tin Woodman, this encounter with his former fiancée is almost as jarring as his experiences being transformed into a tin owl, meeting another tin man named Captain Fyter, and conversing with his ill-tempered original head.

Baum's successors in writing the series tended to use the Tin Woodman as a minor character, still ruling the Winkie Country but not governing the stories' outcome. Two exceptions to this pattern are Ozoplaning with the Wizard of Oz, by Ruth Plumly Thompson, and Lucky Bucky in Oz, by John R. Neill. The biggest exception is in Rachel Cosgrove's The Hidden Valley of Oz, in which the Tin Woodman leads the forces in the defeat of Terp the Terrible and cuts down the Magic Muffin Tree that gives Terp his great size.

The fact that Nick includes the natural deaths of his parents in the story of how he came to be made of tin has been a major element of debate. In his eponymous novel, he proclaims that no one in Oz ever died as far back as Lurline's enchantment of the country, which occurred long before the arrival of any outsiders such as the Wizard. (Although the living creatures of Oz do not die of age or disease, they may die of accidents or be killed by others.)

The Tin Man in later fiction
In the 1998 novel The Tin Man, by Dale Brown, the eponymous protagonist is a power-armored vigilante whom the media and police have dubbed "The Tin Man" for his physical resemblance to the Wizard of Oz character.

The Tin Woodman is a minor character in author Gregory Maguire's 1995 revisionist novel Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West, its 2003 Broadway musical adaptation and Maguire's 2005 sequel Son of a Witch. In the book, Nessarose – the Wicked Witch of the East – is seen enchanting the axe to swing around and chop off Nick Chopper's limbs. She does this for a peasant woman who wishes to stop her servant, probably Nimmie Amee, from marrying Nick Chopper. This seems to be close to the Tin Man's origin in the original books, but from the Witch's perspective.

In the musical adaptation of Wicked the Tin Man is revealed to be Boq, a Munchkin whom Nessarose, the Wicked Witch of the East, fell in love with when they were at school together. When she discovered his heart belonged to Glinda, she botched a spell that was meant to make him fall in love with her by taking his heart, but instead shrunk his heart to nothing by taking it away without 'giving' it to Nessa. To save his life, Elphaba, the Wicked Witch of the West, was forced to turn him into tin. Not understanding her reasons, he pursues Elphaba with a single-minded vengeance for his current form. The Tin Man's humble origin in the novel conflicts with his having been the aristocratic Boq.

In Oz Squad, Nick was shown in a sexual relationship with "Rebecca Eastwitch" in order to get closer to Nimmie Amee and attempt to elope with her.

A darker twist to the beloved woodman is made by author James A. Owen in The Shadow Dragons, the fourth installment of his series The Chronicles of the Imaginarium Geographica, when his identity is revealed to be Roger Bacon.

The Tin Woodman appears in the 2011 TV series Once Upon a Time episode "Where Bluebirds Fly" portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa (as a teenager) and by Alex Désert (as an adult). In this version he goes by the name Stanum (derived from the Latin word "stannum", which means "tin").

Since youth, Stanum has been a woodcutter and one day when he first met Zelena, the daughter of another woodsman, he finds out that Zelena has magic and befriends her, regardless of whatever the children say about Zelena, who they see as a freak. Many years later, Stanum, now a man, is punished by the Wicked Witch of the North for chopping down a tree in her domain, and his body slowly begins to transform into tin. To prevent himself from completely becoming tin, Stanum seeks out help from Zelena (now the Wicked Witch of the West) at the Emerald City of Oz. Zelena agrees to help him seek out the Crimson Heart, which can save him. During their quest, Stanum tells Zelena that she does not have to be lonely but she is doing her best to deny his advice. Suddenly, a lion comes of nowhere to attack Stanum, and Zelena uses her magic to make the lion go away (at this point the lion has become as Zelena would put it, cowardly). When they finally arrived to the location of the Crimson Heart, the two learned that the only way to make it work is through the absorption of another person's magic. Unfortunately Zelena's actions and selfish greed for magic causes her to betray Stanum, whom she suspect was aligned with Dorothy by keeping the Crimson Heart for herself, leaving Stanum to transform into the Tin Man permanently. Some time later, when Robin Hood arrives in Oz in the episode "Heart of Gold", the Tin Man is seen on the side of the Yellow Brick Road, torn apart.

Depictions on stage and screen

 In 1902, Baum helped to adapt The Wizard of Oz into a wildly successful stage extravaganza. David C. Montgomery played the Tin Woodman, Niccolo Chopper (who played the piccolo), opposite Fred Stone as the Scarecrow, and the team became headliners. The piccolo would continue to appear in early adaptations, such as the 1910 film, but was largely forgotten, and the name "Niccolo" never appeared in any of the books. Revisionist books like Oz Squad have referred to him as "Nicholas," a name not found in the books, either.

 In the classic 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the Tin Man was played by actor Jack Haley. Originally, Ray Bolger was cast to play the role of Tin Man, despite his desire to play the Scarecrow. Buddy Ebsen was, at the time, cast as Scarecrow, and was convinced to swap roles with Bolger. While this pleased Bolger, it led to medical problems for Ebsen. The Tin Man's makeup originally contained aluminum powder which got into Ebsen's lungs, bringing him to the edge of death. He was rushed to a hospital and had to give up the role. Despite this, and the fact that the Tin Man's makeup was changed to a safer aluminum paste, Ebsen outlived all the major cast, only being outlived by extras and Munchkin actors. Haley based his breathy speaking style in the movie on the voice he used for telling his son bedtime stories. His portrayal of the character is by far the most famous. There is no explanation in the film of how the Tin Man became the Tin Man. It is subtly implied that he was always made of tin; the only reference to the tinsmith is the Tin Man's remark "The tinsmith forgot to give me a heart". Unlike the costumes of the Scarecrow (in the National Museum of American History) and Cowardly Lion (two sets in private hands), that of the Tin Man "was largely destroyed". Haley also portrayed the Tin Man's Kansas counterpart, Hickory (one of Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farmworkers). Screenwriter Noel Langley created this character for the film. Hickory helps Zeke (Lion's alter ego) lower a bed into its place on a wagon at the farm. Unlike Zeke, Hickory and Hunk (Scarecrow's alter ego) lose their hats with Uncle Henry as they struggle to open the cellar when the tornado approaches the farm. He reunites with Dorothy when she awakes from being unconscious. Hickory is seen with Aunt Em, Uncle Henry, Zeke, and Hunk as well as Professor Marvel (The Wizard's alter ego).
 In the original Broadway version of The Wiz, Tiger Haynes played the Tinman as the name was altered, a human woodcutter who became tin after the Wicked Witch of the East cursed his axe to chop him up (as in the book). Nipsey Russell played the Tinman in the film adaptation of The Wiz. In this version, the Tinman was never human, but was created as a mechanical man (thus having more in common with the Oz character Tik-Tok the Clockwork Man). A reference is made to the "genius who created me". He worked as the carnival barker and song-and-dance man. When the park was closed, he was abandoned, rusted and squeezed by his fourth wife, "Teeny" (a heavy tin sculpture of a fat lady). He was saved by Dorothy and the Scarecrow. Ne-Yo played the Tinman in the TV special The Wiz Live!. This version portrayed him as a construction worker on whom the Wicked Witch of the East developed an unrequited crush. When she found out he already had a girlfriend, "Bertha", she became so jealous, she turned him into a heartless tinman. The Witch boasted afterward that if she could not have his heart, then no one could. Like Jack Haley in the 1939 movie, Ne-Yo also played one of Aunt Em's farmhands - John, who walks with a metal leg brace.
 Other notable actors who have played the Tin Woodman include Oliver Hardy in a 1925 silent version of The Wizard of Oz directed by and starring Larry Semon, in which a villainous farmhand briefly fell into a tin pile and emerged as a "Tin Woodsman" [sic]. In subsequent scenes the tin was removed and he became "Knight of the Garter". In the 1960 television adaptation of The Land of Oz, he was played by vaudeville comedian Gil Lamb; in the 1969 film, The Wonderful Land of Oz he was played by Al Joseph; and in the 1985 film Return to Oz, he was played by Deep Roy, a little person who was able to fit inside a costume that looked nearly identical to John R. Neill's artwork.
 In the 1961 animated TV series, Tales of the Wizard of Oz and its sequel, the 1964 NBC animated television special Return to Oz, the Tin Man (here named Rusty) was voiced by Larry D. Mann.
In the 1970s, the Tin Woodman appeared in a series of short animated educational films about heart health from Joleron Productions.
 In an episode of The World's Greatest Super Friends, Superman temporarily became the Tin Man after a tornado took him, Wonder Woman, and Aquaman to Mister Mxyzptlk's planet of Oz.
 In a 1981 episode of Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo, Scrappy is dressed as the Tin Man after a tornado took him, Shaggy, and Scooby to "Ahz", a direct spoof of Oz with a different spelling by its enunciation.
 In 1985, the Tin Woodman appeared in the educational film Act on Arthritis as well as in promotional commercials.
 Roger Daltrey portrayed this character in the 1995 television stage performance The Wizard of Oz in Concert: Dreams Come True. The Kansas farmworker Hickory does not appear in this production. Daltrey performed a rock and roll tempo of "If I Only Had a Heart" in which he swung his microphone mimicking his Who persona. He also performed the bridge verses sung by the Tin Man in Nathan Lane's long version of "If I Only Had the Nerve". Toward the end, he hugged the Wizard (Joel Grey) saying to him "Thank you from the bottom of my heart!".
 In 1996, they made a cartoon animated The Oz Kids. The Tin Man rules the Winkie Country, west of Emerald City and has a son named Tin Boy. Like his father, he can cut wood with his axe and he has to be careful with water and snow or he'll rust. He is voiced by Steve Stoliar.
The Tin Man appears as an enemy in the 1997 video game, Castlevania: Symphony of the Night along with the Scarecrow and the Lion.
 Hiroki Tsujiai from Ultra Maniac dresses as the Tin Man in the costume party.
 James Kall portrayed the Tin Man in the 2001 ABC miniseries Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows.
 The Muppet Gonzo plays a similar role, the Tin Thing, in 2005's television film The Muppets' Wizard of Oz. In this version, he is the Wicked Witch's research assistant, transformed into a robot to prevent him wanting a day off to marry Camilla. Gonzo's other role is himself. He appears at the end of this film in the Muppets' show.
 In 2006, the Tin Man was the protagonist in a pair of television commercials for Chef Boyardee brand canned Beef Ravioli, in a costume identical to the design used in the 1939 Oz film. In the commercials, the Tin Man (played by Australian actor David Somerville) is pursued by groups of children due to the fact that an oversized Beef Ravioli can label has been affixed to the back of his cylindrical torso (which he does not notice until the midpoint of the first commercial); thus, he appears to be a very large, mobile can of ravioli. In the first ad, the Tin Man escapes from his pursuers only to discover that the building he ducked into is an elementary school cafeteria full of hungry children and a teacher. The second ad begins with the Tin Man running through a residential neighborhood, accidentally adding to his pursuers when he stumbles across a backyard birthday party; after fleeing across a golf course (while dodging balls from the driving range), he is cornered in another backyard and threatened with a garden hose (playing on the Tin Man's classic weakness of rusting). As the scene shifts to the image of a Beef Ravioli can, sounds of water hitting metal and the Tin Man's cries for help are heard.
 In 2006, the Chicago Under Ground Film Festival premiered Lee Lynch's feature film titled Transposition of the Great Vessels. Based on the story of his own parents, who moved from Redding to Los Angeles, in hopes of making a better life. His father wanted to work for the forest service, and his mother wanted to be a cook, but their baby was born with a rare heart condition. They were forced to give up those dreams, and make choices that would give them insurance and stability. A naturalist movie interspersed with dream sequences; the "Tin Woodman" makes an appearance while on his deathbed, at UCLA Medical Center.
 At Sundance of 2007, a film premiered by young director Ray Tintori entitled Death to the Tinman. It is a somewhat modernized retelling that takes place at sometime in the 1900s, in the town Verton, rather than Oz. The book of the same name, which tells the origins of the character, is cited by opening intertitles as the source. Although the basic premise is nearly identical, much of the details and all names and locations have been changed. This is partially due to the film's satirical look at criminal reenactments, as it states at the beginning that names "have been changed to protect the innocent." Perhaps the most interesting change that story makes, though, is the origin of the curse upon the Tinman's Axe, which is changed from being the Witch to being a curse from God. This film won a short filmmaking award at Sundance.
 A 2007 CG animated short film called "After Oz", produced by the film students at Vancouver Film School, centered on a stylized version of the Tin Man, after he has received his heart from Oz. The movie shows him moving through a colorful Oz city with his brand-new mechanical heart, before meeting a reddish female Tin Woman (or robot?) to whom he gives the heart. She proceeds to cruelly play with the heart.
 An internet-collaboration, CG animated feature based on Baum's book The Tin Woodman of Oz was produced by A:M Films, and completed in 2009.
 In 2010, Whitestone Motion Pictures produced a 23-minute live-action short film, Heartless: The Story of the Tin Man. The film is based on the book The Tin Woodman of Oz, where Woot the Wanderer visits the Tin Man and asks how he came to be made of tin. In the film, the Tin Man appears to be more steam- or coal-powered. His chest cavity is covered by a door which reads "Pedudoe Tin Co." but this is a reference to the workings of the film company, and not a reference to any Oz book or material. The movie was made available for free viewing online and free downloading of its soundtrack.
 In the 2013 prequel, Oz the Great and Powerful, although the Tin Woodman does not physically appear, the film introduces his creator, the Master Tinker, portrayed by Bill Cobbs.
 The Tin Man appears in Dorothy and the Witches of Oz played by Jordan Turnage. He appears in the form of a man named Nick (played by Billy Boyd).
 Tin Man appears in the animated film Legends of Oz: Dorothy's Return (which is based on Dorothy of Oz), voiced by Kelsey Grammer.
 In the 2011 direct-to-DVD animated film Tom and Jerry and the Wizard of Oz, the Tin Man was voiced by Rob Paulsen.
 The Woodsman, a 2012 stage play by Edward W. Hardy, tells the backstory of the Tin Man, using puppetry, movement, and music. The play has received multiple Off-Broadway productions, critical praise for Hardy's music, and won a 2016 Obie Award for Ortiz's puppet design.
 In the TV series Emerald City, the Tin Woodman equivalent is Jack (Gerran Howell), a friend of the enigmatic Tip, who helps 'him' escape from his imprisonment by a witch. When it is revealed that Tip is actually a girl whose true identity was suppressed by a potion, her strained emotional state causes her to push Jack over a balcony after he kisses her. Jack is subsequently found and rebuilt by scientists in a cyborg-like state; his head and right arm are still organic, but his heart and the rest of his body has been replaced or covered by mechanical armour.
 The Tin Man appears in Once Upon a Time. In this show, he started out as a woodcutter named Stanum (portrayed by Austin Obiajunwa as a young man and by Alex Désert as an adult) who encountered a younger Zelena when she saved a bird's nest. When two bullies show up to harm Zelena, Stanum helped to fend them off. Years later, Stanum comes to Zelena for help. He tells Zelena that he is slowly turning to tin after he was cursed by the Wicked Witch of the North for cutting down a tree in her area. Stanum states that the Crimson Heart artifact might be able to help him, but needs Zelena's help to get by the beast that guards it. When close to its location, Stanum is attacked by a lion who is then fended off by Zelena. When they get to the heart, Zelena picks it up and felt some of her magic draining. When Zelena claims that Dorothy Gale put Stanum up to this task, Stanum commented that he never met Dorothy. He also stated that Zelena once claimed on the day they met that she would be happy being a normal human. As Stanum fully turns to tin and is unable to move, Zelena takes the box containing the Crystal Heart and leaves while telling Stanum that perhaps Dorothy will meet Stanum and free him.
 Tin Man appears in Lego Dimensions, voiced by Dave B. Mitchell.
 Tin Man appears in Dorothy and the Wizard of Oz, voiced by J.P. Karliak.
 Tin Man appears in The Lego Movie 2: The Second Part. Alongside Dorothy and the rest of her friends, Tin Man is transported from the Land of Oz to Harmony Town in the Systar System. He later attends the wedding of Batman and Queen Watevra Wa'Nabi.
 Although not a direct adaptation to the literature itself, the 2013 Super Sentai series, Zyuden Sentai Kyoryuger features the Deboth Army's members being themed after the characters in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Sorrowful Knight Aigallon is designed with the motif of the Tin Man, whose crush on Canderrilla in the series is based on his source of inspiration's desire for a heart.

Modern works

 Rusting Tin Man, a song about how Nick Chopper becomes the Tin Man, is a track from The Woodsman (Original Off-Broadway Solo Recording) by Edward W. Hardy.
 The song "Country Robot/A Letter to Dorothy" by The Incredible Moses Leroy is written from the Tin Man's perspective; it includes the lyrics "You gave me oil, I was a rusty load/ You even helped me find my heart."
 In the song "Tin Man" by the band America, the lyrics state that "Oz never did give nothin' to the Tin Man, that he didn't, didn't already have." The rest of the song has nothing to do with the Tin Man or Oz.
 Country artist Kenny Chesney recorded the song "Tin Man" for his album "All I Need to Know". The first verse and refrain state:
 Tracy Chapman included a song titled "Remember the Tinman" on her 1995 album New Beginning.
 In the VeggieTales direct-to-video film The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, the Tin Man and his Kansas counterpart from the 1939 film were played by Larry the Cucumber.
 In the 2007 Sci-Fi miniseries Tin Man, a "Tin Man" is a term used for the law enforcers of Central City in the Outer Zone (O.Z.) One of the story's protagonists, Wyatt Cain (played by Neal McDonough in the title role), is a Tin Man whose past left him hardened and distant from others. In addition, he is first found by Dorothy imprisoned in an iron suit that replays a non-stop loop of the capture of his wife and child.
 The Avett Brothers 2009 Album I and Love and You features a song called "Tin Man".
 Verses of the Future Islands 2010 post-pop, synth-ballad Tin Man contain numerous metaphorical, Tin-Man related references. The song also features a powerful and climactic end chorus consisting solely of the repeated line - "I am the Tin Man".
 A 1990 episode of Star Trek: The Next Generation is titled "Tin Man"; the titular 'Tin Man' is Gomtuu, a massive creature that is basically a living spaceship, whose crew died of radiation poisoning, finding a new crew (and essentially a new heart) in Tam Elbrunn, a powerful telepath who finds peace in Gomtuu's mind.
 The Phineas & Ferb episode "Wizard of Odd" features the Tin Man in his rusted state, but he is never freed from this condition. He is also featured in an end credits song entitled "Rusted."
 Mickey Mouse Clubhouse did a parody special entitled "The Wizard of Dizz," in which the role of the Tin Man is played by Mickey Mouse (as "Mickey the Tin Mouse").
 In the game Code Name: S.T.E.A.M., Tin Man, along with other Oz characters, is a playable character. His design is more based on Japanese culture and he has the ability to give steam to allies.
 The Tin Woodman appears as a major antagonist in Danielle Paige's Dorothy Must Die novel series. In this series, Dorothy and her friends have been corrupted by Dorothy's use of magic and the 'magic' in the gifts they received from the Wizard, with the Tin Woodman now driven by a twisted 'love' for Dorothy that is nevertheless unrequited. He is described as possessing a more twisted appearance, with his legs compared to horses' legs and his hands possessing knives for fingers. At the conclusion of the first novel, series protagonist Amy Gumm cuts out his heart, having been informed by the Wizard that she must take the gifts of Dorothy's companions to kill Dorothy herself.
In the Strawberry Shortcake series, more specifically the 2003 cartoon, the fourth season contains an episode that is a retelling of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, where Peppermint Fizz, one of the show's characters, plays the Tin Woodsman, whose face now looks more human by the show's standards. The character's appearance is also given more of a peppermint motif to match her theme, and Pupcake calls the result the "Tin Woodsgirl."

Sources of the Tin Man image

Economics and history professors have published scholarly studies that indicate the images and characters used by Baum and Denslow closely resembled political images that were well known in the 1890s. They state that Baum and Denslow did not simply invent the Lion, Tin Woodman, Scarecrow, Yellow Brick Road, Silver Slippers, cyclone, monkeys, Emerald City, little people, Uncle Henry, passenger balloons, witches and the wizard. These were all common themes in the editorial cartoons of the previous decade. The notion of a "Tin Man" has deep roots in European and American history, according to Green (2006), and often appeared in cartoons of the 1880s and 1890s. Baum and Denslow, like most writers and illustrators, used the materials at hand that they knew best. They built a story around them, added Dorothy, and added a series of lessons to the effect that everyone possesses the resources they need (such as brains, a heart and courage) if only they had self-confidence. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz was a children's book, of course, but as Baum warned in the preface, it was a "modernized" fairy tale as well.

The Tin Man—the human turned into a machine—was a common feature in political cartoons and in advertisements in the 1890s. Indeed, he had been part of European folk art for 300 years. In political interpretations of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, the Tin Woodman is supposedly described as a worker, dehumanized by industrialization. The Tin Woodman little by little lost his natural body and had it replaced by metal; so he has lost his heart and cannot move without the help of farmers (represented by the Scarecrow); in reality he has a strong sense of cooperation and love, which needs only an infusion of self-confidence to be awakened. In the 1890s many argued that to secure a political revolution a coalition of Farmers and Workers was needed.

The 1890 editorial cartoon to the right shows President Benjamin Harrison wearing improvised tin armor because he wanted a tariff on tin. Such images support the argument that the figure of a "tin man" was in use as political allegory in the 1890s. The man on the right is politician James G. Blaine.

The oil needed by the Tin Woodman had a political dimension at the time because Rockefeller's Standard Oil Company stood accused of being a monopoly (and in fact was later found guilty by the Supreme Court). In the 1902 stage adaptation, which is full of topical references that do not appear either in the novel or in any of the film adaptations (unless they are satirical), the Tin Woodman wonders what he would do if he ran out of oil. "You wouldn't be as badly off as John D. Rockefeller," the Scarecrow responds, "He'd lose six thousand dollars a minute if that happened."

References

 Clanton, Gene. Populism: The Humane Preference in America, 1890-1900 (1991)
 Culver, Stuart. "Growing Up in Oz." American Literary History 4 (1992) 607-28. in JSTOR
 Culver, Stuart. "What Manikins Want: The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and The Art of Decorating Dry Goods Windows and Interiors", Representations, 21 (1988) 97-116.
Dighe, Ranjit S. ed. The Historian's Wizard of Oz: Reading L. Frank Baum's Classic as a Political and Monetary Allegory (2002)
 Erisman, Fred. "L. Frank Baum and the Progressive Dilemma" in American Quarterly Vol. 20, No. 3 (Autumn, 1968), pp. 616-623 online at JSTOR
Gardner, Todd. "Responses to Littlefield" (2004), online
 Geer, John G. and Thomas R. Rochon, "William Jennings Bryan on the Yellow Brick Road," Journal of American Culture (Winter, 1993)
Green, Archie. Tin Men (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2002). on the history of images of tin men in European and American illustrations
 Hearn, Michael Patrick (ed). The Annotated Wizard of Oz. (2000, 1973)
 Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest: Social and Political Conflict, 1888-1896 (1971), ch. 10.
 Karp, Andrew. Utopian Tension in L. Frank Baum's Oz in Utopian Studies, 1998
 Littlefield, Henry M. "The Wizard of Oz: Parable on Populism" American Quarterly Vol. 16, No. 1 (Spring, 1964), pp. 47-58 in JSTOR
 Nesbet, Anne. "In Borrowed Balloons: The Wizard of Oz and the History of Soviet Aviation" in The Slavic and East European Journal. Vol. 45, No. 1 (Spring, 2001), pp. 80-95 online at JSTOR
Riley, Michael O. (1997) Oz and Beyond: The Fantasy World of L. Frank Baum. University of Kansas Press
 Ritter, Gretchen. Goldbugs and Greenbacks: The Anti-Monopoly Tradition and the Politics of Finance in America (1997)
Ritter, Gretchen. "Silver slippers and a golden cap: L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz and historical memory in American politics." Journal of American Studies (August 1997) vol. 31, no. 2, 171-203.
 Rockoff, Hugh. "The 'Wizard of Oz' as a Monetary Allegory," Journal of Political Economy 98 (1990): 739-60 online at JSTOR
 Swartz, Mark Evan. Oz Before the Rainbow: L. Frank Baum's "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" on Stage and Screen to 1939 (2000)
 Velde, Francois R. "Following the Yellow Brick Road: How the United States Adopted the Gold Standard" Economic Perspectives. Volume: 26. Issue: 2. 2002. also online here
Ziaukas, Tim. "100 Years of Oz: Baum's 'Wizard of Oz' as Gilded Age Public Relations" in Public Relations Quarterly, Fall 1998

Oz (franchise) characters
Characters in Wicked
Fictional amputees
Fictional androids
Fictional emperors and empresses
Literary characters introduced in 1900
Male characters in film
Male characters in literature
Male characters in television
Fictional humanoid robots

Tin Woodman


Tine på tværs er en film instrueret af Anna Elisabeth Jessen.

Handling
En film om Tine Bryld og radioprogrammet Tværs. Med lukningen af programmet Tværs sluttede en æra i dansk radio og dansk ungdomskultur. I Tværs var telefonerne åbne for unge i næsten fire årtier. Tine Bryld lyttede, rådede, trøstede og ruskede op i unge med små og store problemer. Filmen følger programmet den sidste søndag, det går i luften. Tværs blev sendt første gang i 1972, og vi møder nogle af de mennesker, som Tine Bryld har hjulpet gennem tiden. Vi bliver også lukket ind i Tine Brylds eget liv, privat og professionelt, og hører om de overvejelser, hun gør sig i sit arbejde - især at det er vigtigt at give hinanden troen på, at man kan lykkes.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2009

Portrætfilm fra Danmark

Tine på tværs


Achatocarpus pubescens, jedna od devet biljnih vrsta roda Achatocarpus, porodica Achatocarpaceae. Raširena je od jugozapadnog Meksika do sjeverozapadnog Perua. Nanofanerofit (od pola do 3 metra) ili fanerofit (biljke iznad 3 metra visine).

Sinonim
 Achatocarpus mollis H.Walter

Izvori

Achatocarpaceae
Flora Ekvadora
Flora Perua

Achatocarpus pubescens


Eddy Merckx i nærheden af en kop kaffe er en film instrueret af Jørgen Leth.

Handling
En særdeles særpræget tv-produktion: I studiet læser Leth op af flere af sine digtsamlinger, mens en undertekst - som i "Livet i Danmark" - pedantisk, men dobbeltbundet nedfælder iagttagelser samt beskriver forløbet. Underteksten fungerer således tilsyneladende som medium for instruktørens overvejelser, efterhånden som tv-filmen skrider frem. (..) Vekslende med digtoplæsningen i studiet består filmens anden del af øjebliksbilleder fra etapeløbet Tour de France i 1970, bl.a. fra de nordfranske brostensveje, fra Mont Ventoux og fra katedralspurten i Rouen, som ses hele tre gange (fra Anders Leifers bog "Også i dag oplevede jeg noget ... Samtaler med Jørgen Leth", 1999).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1973

Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Film instrueret af Jørgen Leth
Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Tour de France
Tv-film fra Danmark

Eddy Merckx i nærheden af en kop kaffe