Arsenal AR-M1 je bugarska automatska puška temeljena na sovjetskom AKM modelu a proizvodi ju domaća vojna industrija Arsenal AD. Tijelo puške je proizvedeno od crnog polimera a ovisno o inačici, Arsenal AR koristi streljivo kalibra 7,62×39 mm i 5,56×45 mm NATO.

Inačice
AR-M1: osnovna inačica s crnim polimerskim kundakom i skrivačem bljeska. Postoji i verzija ovog modela sa sklopivim kundakom.
AR-M2: inačica sa skraćenom cijevi i skrivačem bljeska dok je prednji ciljnik preuzet s AKS-74U.
AR-M2F: inačica sa sklopivim kundakom.
AR-M4SF: karabinska inačica temeljena na sovjetskom AKS-74. Opremljen je noćnom optikom i red dot ciljnikom.
AR-M7F: inačica temeljena na AR-M1 dok je kundak preuzet s ruskog AK-101.
AR-M9: model koji je također temeljen na AR-M1.
AR-M9F: inačica sa sklopivim kundakom.
AR-1
AR-1F
AR-SF: model temeljn na AK-74U t laserskim ciljnikom.

Korisnici

: hondurška policija opremljena je s karabinskom inačicom AR-M4SF.
: iračka vojska.
: 23. studenog 2015. jedne emiratske dnevne novine prikazale su fotografije jemenskih boraca otpora tijekom vježbe kraj Adena. Riječ je o provladinim snagama koje su koristile AR-M9 iako su ih neki promatrači zamijenili za ruski AK-101.
: sredinom 2013. godine u javnost je kroz službene facebook stranice prikazana serija fotografija pripadnika libijskog 11. lakog bataljona naoružanih s modelima AR-M9F. Prema izvorima, spomenuti bataljon je osim pušaka, od Emirata dobio i kamuflažne uniforme, pancire, komunikacijske uređaje, vozila i drugu opremu.
: specijalna brigada Vojske Srbije.
: sudanske snage su poput jemenskih i libijskih, naoružane bugarskim kalašnjikovima dopremljenim iz Emirata.
: Bugarska je Emiratima u posljednjih pet godina prodala značajan broj pušaka (oko 30.000 primjeraka inačice AR-M9 i AR-M9F), međutim, prema izvještajima, oružje je tijekom vremena isporučeno brojnim libijskim, sudanskim i jemenskim borcima.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Arsenal AD AR-M1 Assault Rifle

Jurišne puške
Bugarsko vatreno oružje

Arsenal AR-M1


Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Bros., kendt i Nordamerika som Mario & Luigi: Dream Team, er et rollespil udviklet af AlphaDream og udgivet af Nintendo til Nintendo 3DS i 2013. Det er det fjerde spil i Mario & Luigi-serien.

Referencer

Computerspil fra 2013
Mario-rollespil
Nintendo 3DS-spil

Mario & Luigi: Dream Team Bros.


ليل ورجال هو مسلسل سوري تلفزيوني من إنتاج شركة «المسار للإنتاج الفني» وشركة «فراس إبراهيم».
وعرض لأول مرة في رمضان لعام 2008 ، وتدور أحداث المسلسل حول قضايا الشعوذة المنتشرة حالياً بكثرة في الوطن العربي، فيناقش المسلسل هذه القضايا بالمعنى والمفهوم الكبير من خلال شخصية الدجال (أبو معروف)، والدجال (أبو شعبان)، حيث ألقى المسلسل نظرة على بيت الدجال، وناقش علاقته مع زوجته، كما سلط الضوء على الجانب النفسي لدى من يلجئون إلى الشعوذة، واستعدادهم لتقبل ما يأمرهم به الدجالون، ووضّح استهداف الدجالين لنقود الأغنياء وأجساد الفقيرات.

بطولة
من بطولة نخبة من ألمع النجوم السوريين منهم:-
 فراس إبراهيم.
 أسعد فضة.
 لينا حوارنة.
 سمر سامي.
 باسم ياخور.
 نضال سيجري.
 سعد مينه.
 هدى شعراوي.
 وفاء موصللي.
 هاني الروماني.
 سليم كلاس.
 نجاح حفيظ.
 صفاء سلطان.
 مروة الأطرش.

إخراج
 سمير حسين

سيناريو وحوار
 محمد العاص

سنة العرض
تم عرضه في رمضان عام 2008

مسلسلات تلفزيونية درامية سورية

ليل ورجال (مسلسل)


An Eriocaulon pallidum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Eriocaulon pallidum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon pallidum


Gråhovedet albatros (Thalassarche chrysostoma) er en stormfugl, der lever på den sydlige halvkugle. Fuglen er er en stor havfugl fra albatrosfamilien. Den lever på øer i det sydlige havområde i det Arktiske Hav. Dens navn stammer fra fuglens karakteristiske aske-grå hoved og øvre hals. I 2004 estimerede man, at der findes omkring 250.000 gråhovedede albatrosser.

Noter

 Avibase - the world bird database

Eksterne henvisninger

Atlanterhavets fugle
Det Indiske Oceans fugle
Stillehavets fugle
Stormfugle

Gråhovedet albatros


සෙල්සියස් () යනු උෂ්නත්වය මිනුමකි.

ඉතිහාසය

ආශ්‍රිත
Comparison of temperature scales
Degree of frost
ITS-90
Réaumur scale
Thermodynamic temperature

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

භාහිර සබැඳි

NIST, Basic unit definitions: Kelvin
The Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, History of the Celsius temperature scale
London South Bank University, Water, scientific data
BIPM, SI brochure, section 18.104.22.168, Unit of thermodynamic temperature
TAMPILE, Comparison of temperature scales

SI derived units
Units of temperature
Swedish inventions
1742 introductions
18th-century inventions

Celsius


Hacer-ü'l Esved (), Kâbe'nin duvarında yer alan ve Müslümanlarca kutsal sayılan siyah ve parlak taş. Hac sırasında hacılar tavaf ederken her bir dönüşte bu taşı selamlar, el sürer veya öperler. İnanışa göre Mekke'nin kutsallığı Kâbe'den, Kâbe'nin kutsallığı da Hacer-ü'l Esved'den kaynaklanmaktaydı.

Kara taş hakkındaki iddialardan biri İslâm öncesi dönemde Petra'da bir adı da Kaab olan tanrıça Al-lat'ın sembolü durumunda olmasıdır. Tarihte olduğu gibi günümüzde de bâzı dinî gruplar Kâbe ve kara taşın kutsallığı çerçevesinde icra edilen dinî uygulamalara karşı çıkmaktadır.

Yapısı hakkında iddialar

Hacer-ü'l Esved hakkında çeşitli araştırmalar yapılmıştır. Hacer-ü'l Esved'in yaklaşık 50 cm ebatlarında  bir gök taşı parçası olduğu iddia edilmektedir. Günümüzde bu taşın parçaları gümüş bir çerçeve içinde tutulmaktadır. Bunun Emevîlerin Mekke'yi ele geçirme sırasında verdikleri hasarla ilgili olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Bilimsel kökenler
Hacer-ü'l Esved hiçbir zaman modern bilimsel tekniklerle analiz edilmedi ve kökenleri spekülasyon konusu olmaya devam ediyor.

Tarihçe
Hacer-ü'l Esved İslâm öncesi Arabistan'da kutsal sayılan bir taştır. Prof. Hikmet Tanyu bütün dinlerde kutsal bir kara taşın bulunduğunu ifade etmiştir. Bu taşın İslâm öncesi dönemde Petra ve Kudayd bölgesinde önemli bir tanrıça olan El-Lât'ı temsil ettiği bilinmektedir. Ayrıca, Batı Anadolu'da Kibele'in sembolü olarak kullanılıyordu.

Rivayete göre İslâm öncesi dönemde Kâbe hasar görmüş ve yeniden yapılmıştır. Bu inşaat sırasında Hacer-ü'l Esved'in kimin tarafından yerine yerleştirileceği ve bu onurun kime ait olacağı kabileler arasında paylaşılamayan bir onur konusu olmuş ve bu sorun İslâm Peygamberi'nin hakemliği ile çözülmüştür.

Muaviye'nin ölümü sonrasında çıkan iç karışıklıklarda Kâbe Yezid'in askerlerince mancınıklar kullanılarak taşa tutulmuş, isabet alan Hacer-ü'l Esved üç parçaya bölünmüş, Kâbe yıkılmıştır. Kanadalı arkeolog ve İslâm tarihi araştırmacısı Dan Gibson'a göre bu yıkım bugünkü Mekke şehrinde değil, bundan yaklaşık 1.200 kilometre kuzeyde, Petra'da gerçekleşmişti. Patricia Crone ve Michael Cook da metin ve arkeolojik araştırmalara dayanarak, "Mescid-i Haram"ın Mekke'de değil, Kuzeybatı Arap Yarımadası'nda bulunduğu tezini ileriye sürmüşlerdi.

Gibson araştırmalarında ulaştığı en eski camilerin kıble duvarları ve mihrap yönlerinin Petra'yı göstermeleri nedeniyle bu bulgularla ayet, hadis ve siyer kaynaklarındaki diğer ipuçlarını bir araya getirerek İslâm Peygamberi'nin Petra'da yaşamış ve buradan Medine'ye göç etmiş olduğu sonucuna ulaşmıştır. Ona göre Kur'an'da bahsedilen "bekke" veya "mekke" sözcükleri de Petra'yı ifade eden kelimelerdi. Müslümanların ilk kıblesi ona göre Kudüs'teki Mescid-i Aksâ değil, Petra'da Al-Lat tapınağı olarak kullanılan Kâbe olmalıydı. Bu yapı Müslümanların İkinci Fitne olarak adlandırdıkları Abdullah bin Zübeyr ayaklanması sırasında mancınıklarla yıkılmış, İbni Zübeyr Hacer-ü'l Esved'i Kâbe'de bulunan diğer kutsal eşyalarla birlikte alarak Emevî saldırılarından uzakta, bugünkü Mekke'nin bulunduğu yere taşımış, yeni tapınağı burada inşa etmişti. Emevîlere karşı Abbâsîlerin desteğini kazanan yeni mekân birkaç yüzyıllık bir geçiş dönemi sonunda tamamen benimsenmiş, yeni yapılan camilerin yönü Mekke'ye dönük olarak inşa edilmeye başlanmıştır. Ancak Emevî etkisinde kalan Kuzey Afrika ve Endülüs camileri yönlerini bambaşka bir yöne, Güney Afrika'ya çevirerek yeni kıbleye karşı çıkmaya devam etmişlerdir. Fakat bu iddiaya erken dönemde Müslümanların Kâbe'nin yerini doğru hesaplayamadıkları için bâzı camilerde kıble yönünün yanlış olduğu gerekçesiyle karşı çıkılmaktadır. Nitekim günümüze yakın tarihlerde inşa edilmiş bâzı camilerin de kıble yönünün yanlış hesaplandığı belirtilmektedir. Kâbe'nin bulunduğu Mekke'de bile bazıları 50 yıldan daha eski 200 civarında caminin kıble yönünün yanlış olduğu belirlenmiştir. 7. yüzyılda yaşayan John bar Penkaye isimli Süryânî bir yazarın Abdullah bin Zübeyr İsyanı devam ederken yazdığı kroniklerinde Kabe'nin taşınmasından veya Petra'dan bahsetmemesi, Kabe'nin konumunun çölün uzak noktalarında olarak bahsetmesi, Kabe'nin taşındığı veya aslında Petra'da bulunduğu iddialarına karşı ileri sürülür. Ayrıca Kehf Suresi'nde geçen el-Rakîm'in (), Petra (Raqēmō) olduğu şeklinde görüş de bulunmaktadır. 2. yüzyılda (100-200) yaşayan astronom, matematikçi, filozof ve aynı zamanda coğrafyacı olan Batlamyus, Arabistan'da bulunan 50 şehrin bir listesini yayınlamış ve liste "Macoraba" adlı bir şehri içermiştir. 1646 yılından beri süregelen spekülasyonlar olmakla beraber bu şehrin Mekke ile bağlantılı olduğuna dair tartışmalar sürmektedir. Son zamanlarda antik haritaları yeniden oluşturmak ve konumlarını modern koordinatlara çevirmek için gelişmiş matematiksel modeller kullanan araştırmacılar, Mekke ve Batlamyus'un bahsettiği Macoraba şehrinin aynı yerde olduğunu doğrulayabildi.

929'da Büyük Karmat generali Ebu Tâhir, Mekke'yi zapt ederek Kâbe'yi yağmalamış ve Kâbe hazinesi ile birlikte Hacer-ü'l Esved'i alıp götürmüştür. Taşın bir kısmı 1051'de geri getirilerek yerine konulmuştur.

İnanç

Deylemî'nin Enes'ten rivayet ettiğine göre, İslâm Peygamberi şöyle demiştir: "Hacer-ü'l Esved, Allâh'ın sağıdır/sağ elidir, bu taşa el süren kimse, Allah'a isyan etmeyeceğine dair biat etmiş/söz vermiş olur." Günümüzde bu ifadenin mecaz/metafor bir ifade olduğuna inanılır.

Tirmîzî'nin Sünen'inde kaydedilen bir hadîse göre taşın Cennet'ten indiği, ilk zamanlar bembeyaz olduğu, ancak günahkârların günahlarıyla karardığı ifade edilir.

İkinci halife Ömer bin Hattab'ın bu taş için, "Biliyorum ki faydası ve zararı olmayan bir taşsın. Allah Resulü'nün seni öptüğünü görmeseydim seni öpmezdim." dediği rivayet edilir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kâbe
 Kıble
 Hac

Dış bağlantılar
 The Sacred City (2016) IMDb sayfası

Kaynakça

Kutsal taşlar
Kâbe
İslam terimleri
Hac
Hac terimleri
Müslüman haclar
Taşlar

Hacer-ü'l Esved


Prolaktin, hipofiz bezinin ön lobu tarafından salgılanan iç salgı hormonudur. İnsanlarda PRL geni tarafından kodlanır.

Gebelik sırasında öbür iç salgı hormonları tarafından tam olarak gelişmeleri sağlanmış meme bezlerinden süt salgısını uyaran prolaktin, diğer hipofiz maddeleri olmaksızın etkisini gösteremez. Süt salgısını uyarmasının yanı sıra, cinsel bezleri, gonadotropin salgılanmasını, böbreklerden su, sodyum ve potasyum atılmasını da etkiler. Aşırı salgılanması, böbreklerde çeşitli bozukluklara yol açabilir. Süt bezinin çalışmasını etkileyerek süt salgılanmasını sağlar. Annelik duygusu gelişir.

Etkileri
Beyinde bulunan ve birçok hormonun salgılandığı hipofiz salgı bezinde üretilerek salgılanan ve lohusalık ve emzirme döneminde süt üretiminden, yumurtlamanın ve böylece âdetin durmasından sorumlu olan, böylece emzirme döneminde kadını yeniden gebe kalmaktan koruyan prolaktin hormonu çeşitli nedenlere bağlı olarak farklı salgılanmaya başladığında âdet dönemlerinin düzeninin bozulmasına ve beraberinde göğüslerden süt veya süt benzeri bir sıvının salgılanmasına neden olabilir (galaktore). Prolaktin hormonun süt üretim ve salgılamanın dışında âdet düzeni ve üreme fonksiyonları üzerinde de önemli bir etkisi vardır. Prolaktin salgılanmasında artma olduğu zaman âdet düzeni bozulmakta ve bazen âdet tamamen kesilebilmekte veya âdet kanamalarında artış görülebilir.

Düzensizlikleri
Prolaktin hormonunun yükselmesine sebep olan ve en sık karşılaşılan neden hipofizdeki küçük tümörlerdir. Bu tümörler 1 cm'den küçük ise mikroadenom 1 cm'den büyükse makroadenom adını almaktadırlar. Bu hastalarda âdet döneminin geçikmesi, âdetin erken gelmesi veya âdet görememe, göğüsten süt gelmesi ve çocuk sahibi olmada zorluk görülebilmektedir. Göğüsten süt gelmesi durumunda  sütün uyarı veya sıkma ile değil, kendi kendine gelmesi gerekir. Prolaktin düzeyi yüksek olduğu halde âdet düzeni normal olabilir ve göğüsten süt gelmeyebilir. Dikkat edilmesi gereken nokta hiçbir yakınması olmayan hastalarda da hipofizde tümör görülebilmesidir.

Hormonal dengesizlikler de prolaktin hormonunun yükselmesine neden olabilmektedir. Hormon düzeylerine bakılırken testin tercihen sabah aç karına bakılmasında yarar vardır. Ayrıca tiroid bozukluklarına bağlı olarak da prolaktinde yükselme görülebileceği için TSH ve T4 gibi tiroid fonksiyonlarının gösteren hormon ölçümleride yapılmalıdır. TSH ölçümünün değer aralıkları 0.27-4.2p IU/ml, 0,68-11 pIU/ml(yenidoğan), 0.55-11 pIU/ml (yenidoğan 0 ay-1 ay), 0.55-6.7 pIU/ml(yenidoğan 1ay-12ay) ve FT4 ölçümünün değer aralıkları 0.93-1.7 ng/dl özel normal değerler aralığındadır.

Ayrıca prolaktin yüksekliğine bakılırken hastanın örneğin psikiyatride kullanılan bazı ilaçlar, bazı tansiyon ilaçları, doğum kontrol hapları ve diğer bazı ilaçları alınıp alınmadığı hastaya sorulmalıdır bu ilaçların alımı prolaktin hormonunun özel normal değer aralığından fazla çıkmasına neden olabilmektedir. Uzun süreli ruhsal stres prolaktin hormonun yükselmesine neden olabilir.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Pathophysiology of Endocrine System—Prolactin at colostate.edu
 Hiperprolaktinemi
 Prolaktin eksikliği

Seks hormonları
İnsan üremesi
Ön hipofiz hormonları
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kimyasal maddeler

Prolaktin


Crkva sv. Roka u selu Vinjanima Gornjim, Grad Imotski, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Župna crkva sv. Roka u Vinjanima Gornjim jednobrodna je građevina s transeptom, trijemom na pročelju, preslicom s tri zvona i polukružnom apsidom, dovršena 1882. godine. U unutrašnjosti crkve su dva neobarokna drvena oltara, djela radionice Rako iz Imotskog.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3689 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Imotskom

Crkva sv. Roka u Gornjim Vinjanima


Kollektiv på Christiania er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1973, der er instrueret af Aase Steensen.

Handling
Filmen handler om nogle mennesker, der i 1972/73 flytter på Christiania. De fortæller om deres forudsætninger for og deres mening med at bo dér og med at bo i kollektiv.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1973

Christiania
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Kollektiv på Christiania


"A Second to Midnight" é uma canção da cantora e compositora australiana Kylie Minogue e do cantor e compositor britânico Olly Alexander, atuando sob seu projeto solo Years & Years. A música foi lançada em 6 de outubro de 2021 como primeiro single do álbum de relançamento de Minogue, Disco: Guest List Edition, o relançamento de seu décimo quinto álbum de estúdio Disco (2020). A música também será incluída na versão deluxe do terceiro álbum de estúdio de Years & Years, Night Call (2022).

Desempenho nas tabelas musicais

Histórico de lançamento

Canções gravadas por Kylie Minogue
Canções de 2021
Singles de 2021

A Second to Midnight


මෙහි කාලවකවානු පිළිබඳව ඇත්තේ දළ අනුමානයන් ය.

වැඩි විස්තර සඳහා මේවාත් බලන්න
 http://www.palikanon.com/english/timetable.htm
 ධර්ම සංගායනා
 ශ්‍රී ලාංකික රජවරුන්ගේ ලැයිස්තුව
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය
 මහාවංශය
 ලක්දිව_රාජාවලිය

මූලාශ්‍ර

බුද්ධ ශාසනයේ ඉතිහාසය

බෞද්ධ ඉතිහාසය


Colin Clive (20 de enero de 1900 - 25 de junio de 1937) fue un actor de cine y teatro británico, aunque nació en Francia.

Es conocido principalmente por su interpretación del Dr. Henry Frankenstein en las películas Frankenstein (1931) y La novia de Frankenstein (1935), de Universal Pictures.

Biografía
Clive nació en la comuna francesa de Saint-Malo, siendo hijo de un coronel británico. Asistió a la Real Academia de Sandhurst, pero una lesión en la rodilla impidió que siguiera una carrera militar, optando por convertirse en actor. Uno de sus primeros roles fue Steve Baker en la obra Show Boat, donde participó con actores como Cedric Hardwicke y Paul Robeson. Posteriormente actuó en la obra Journey's End. En 1930 realizó su debut en la industria del cine con la adaptación cinematográfica de aquella obra. La cinta fue dirigida por James Whale.

Al año siguiente protagonizó la película de Whale Frankenstein, interpretando al Dr. Henry Frankenstein. Cuatro años más tarde volvió al rol con la secuela La novia de Frankenstein, también dirigida por James Whale. En 1934 participó en Jane Eyre, una adaptación cinematográfica de la novela homónima.

Clive falleció en 1937, a los 37 años de edad, producto de una tuberculosis.

Filmografía
 Journey's End (1930)
 El doctor Frankenstein / Frankenstein, el autor del monstruo (Frankenstein, 1931)
 The Stronger Sex (1931)
 Lily Christine (1932)
 Hacia las alturas (Christopher Strong, 1933)
 El futuro es nuestro (Looking Forward, 1933)
 The Key (1934)
 Estigma liberador (One More River, 1934)
 Jane Eyre (1934)
 Clive de la India (Clive of India, 1935)
 The Right to Live (1935)
 La novia de Frankenstein (Bride of Frankenstein, 1935)
 La chica de la Décima Avenida / No cedo a mi marido (The Girl from 10th Avenue, 1935)
 Las manos de Orlac (Mad Love, 1935)
 Desbanqué Montecarlo (The Man Who Broke the Bank at Monte Carlo, 1935)
 The Widow from Monte Carlo (1935)
 Cena de medianoche (History Is Made at Night, 1937)
 The Woman I Love (1937)

Enlaces externos
 Colin Clive en Find a Grave.

Actores de cine de Inglaterra
Actores de teatro de Inglaterra
Nacidos en Saint-Malo

Colin Clive


Dendrologie es un libro con ilustraciones y descripciones botánicas que fue escrito por el botánico y pteridólogo alemán Karl Heinrich Emil Koch. Fue publicado en dos volúmenes con tres partes en los años 1869 a 1873, con el nombre de Dendrologie. Bäume, Sträucher und Halbsträucher, welche in Mittel- und Nord-Europa im Freien kultivirt werden. Kritisch beleuchtet von Karl Koch. Erlangen.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI
en Harvard

Libros de botánica
Publicaciones científicas

Dendrologie


Løten Station (Løten stasjon) er en jernbanestation på Rørosbanen, der ligger ved byområdet Løten i Løten kommune i Norge. Stationen består af tre spor, to perroner og en stationsbygning samt pakhus i rødmalet træ. Stationsbygningen rummer udover ventesal og toilet også café, bageri og landhandel. Udenfor er der busstoppested og taxicentral i tilknytning til stationen.

Stationen åbnede 23. juni 1862, da banen mellem Hamar og Grundset stod færdig. Oprindeligt hed den Berg, men den skiftede navn til Løiten 15. december 1878 og til Løten 1. juni 1919. Den blev fjernstyret 24. januar 1994 og gjort ubemandet 8. juni 1997.

Stationsbygningen blev opført til åbningen i 1862 efter tegninger af Wilhelm Bull.

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger

Stationer på Rørosbanen
Etableret i 1862
Jernbanestationer i Hedmark

Løten Station


The British Rail Class 52 is a class of 74 Type 4 diesel-hydraulic locomotives built for the Western Region of British Railways between 1961 and 1964. All were given two-word names, the first word being "Western" and thus the type became known as Westerns. They were also known as Wizzos and Thousands. The final Class 52 locomotives were withdrawn from service in 1977.

Historical context

When switching to diesel traction as part of the Modernisation Plan of the 1950s, British Railways (BR) designed, and commissioned designs for, a large number of locomotive types. At this time BR's regions had a high degree of autonomy, which extended as far as classes of locomotives ordered and even the design criteria for those locomotives. Whilst almost all other diesel locomotives were diesel-electric, the Western Region employed a policy of using diesel-hydraulic traction, originally commissioning three classes of main line locomotives: a type 2 and two type 4s (later designations Class 22, Class 41 and Class 42). With pressure to increase the speed of the transition from steam to diesel, volume orders for the Class 22 and Class 42 (along with a similar design Class 43) followed in 1957, a mere two years after the original orders and well before any idea of performance or reliability could be gained. At the same time it was realised that all the existing orders (diesel-electric and diesel-hydraulic) were for types 1, 2 and 4; thus orders were placed for 101 Type 3 diesel-hydraulics (later Class 35). However the increasing demands for more powerful locomotives prompted a further order, in 1961, for 74 diesel-hydraulics of ; so when the first locomotive was outshopped from Swindon Works in December 1961, less than a year after the order was placed, the Westerns were born.

The theoretical advantage of diesel-hydraulic was simple: it resulted in a lighter locomotive than equivalent diesel-electric transmission. This provided a better power/weight ratio and decreased track wear. Unfortunately, it had several key disadvantages:

 The technology was proven in continental Europe, particularly Germany, but was new to the UK. At the time, it was considered politically unacceptable for the UK government to order railway rolling stock from foreign companies, especially German companies so soon after the Second World War. This resulted in most of the engines and transmissions being manufactured in the United Kingdom under licence from the German manufacturers.
 The most robust hydraulic transmissions were only capable of handling engines with power output of around 1,500 hp (1,120 kW); building  a more powerful locomotive would involve two diesel engines and two transmissions.
 The transmission had significantly higher power losses than diesel-electric, negating some of the benefits and resulting in considerably higher fuel consumption.

Experience showed that the Bristol-Siddeley-Maybach engines were superior to those made by North British Locomotive Company-MAN and although the use of twin engines in the same locomotive was new, the design did not produce any insurmountable problems. In the end the diesel-hydraulic experiment foundered on low fleet numbers, poor maintenance conditions and design issues; not on its German heritage or development of a novel configuration. BR's Swindon Works maintained all the diesel-hydraulic locomotives, and their early demise resulted in a much reduced workload and hastened its eventual closure in 1986.

The Western

With the Hymeks and Warships already in service but proving underpowered for top-link services, BR Western Region needed a high-powered locomotive for these trains – the Western therefore needed two diesel engines to achieve the required power output. In keeping with their policy, a new locomotive with a hydraulic transmission was envisaged. Experience had shown that the Maybach engines in the Hymeks were superior to the earlier Maybach and MAN engines used in the Warships, particularly in power output. Also Maybach were able to offer their 12 MD engines rated at  allied to a Voith transmission; a Mekydro transmission designed to handle such power could not be fitted into the British loading gauge.

Prototypes sited the engines behind the driving cabs but drivers found this too noisy; moving the engines centrally meant making the locomotive heavier, removing some of the design's advantage. In operational use, the dual-engine arrangement turned out to have some advantages: in particular, the Westerns were able to continue operating with a single engine running in situations where more conventional single-engine designs would require rescue by another locomotive.

The most serious continual problem with the class was a mismatch between the Maybach MD655 engines and the Voith L630rV three speed hydraulic transmissions, a design fault. The top gear ratio in the transmission was too high for the torque characteristics of the engine: the result was that a single locomotive could struggle to reach its claimed  top speed in the absence of down grades, more so when work-weary and due for overhaul. This factor, the South Devon Banks (a major part of their running grounds) and the deleterious effect on worn-out engines, all contributed against the Westerns continuing in top-line service. With fifty Class 50 locomotives becoming available following completion of the West Coast Main Line electrification, and new High Speed Trains, the speed and comfort increases the Western Region sought could be achieved and the Westerns dispensed with. Towards the end of their careers, the Westerns were all allocated to Laira (Plymouth).

Competition and comfort

Whilst the design was largely successful, the working life of the class was relatively short. Its non-standard design added to its maintenance costs at a time when national British Rail policy was moving away from diesel-hydraulics. When the Westerns were introduced in 1962, the Western Region had 226 diesel-hydraulics and 10 diesel-electrics (excluding shunters); by 1966, the numbers were 345 and 269 respectively. As a result, the early 1970s saw the decision taken to retire all the diesel-hydraulic types. Class 46s and Class 47s took over passengers and heavy freight, Class 31s and Class 37s took over light passengers and freight, and   Class 25s covered the lighter duties. Following completion of the electrification of the West Coast Main Line throughout from London to Glasgow, the Class 50s were reallocated to the Western Region; the introduction of High Speed Trains three years later was the final nail in the coffin for the Class 52 Westerns.

In 1968–69, the Westerns received train air brake equipment in addition to their vacuum exhausters, thus significantly extending their working lives, unlike the similar but lower-powered, Warship class.  Four of the class (D1017–D1020) did not receive dual brakes, with these locomotives being among the first withdrawals. The vacuum brake equipment was retained and to fit the additional equipment, it was necessary to remove one of the fuel tanks. However, as with the Warships, it proved impossible to equip them with electric train heating (ETH, or head-end power in US terminology). The Western Region faced particularly stiff competition for its prime inter-city services in the mid to late 1970s from the M4 motorway and it was generally felt within BR that significant speed and comfort improvements on the prime London Paddington-Bristol route were necessary. The lack of ETH meant the Westerns could not power the newly introduced air-conditioned BR Mark 2d/e/f coaches – a shortcoming that classes 47 and 50, equipped with ETH (the latter from new), did not share.

Performance
The highest recorded speed with a Western that O. S. Nock was aware of was  when D1068 hauled nine coaches (305 tons gross) down 1 in 1,320 (i.e. virtually level) at Southall. The train averaged exactly  for  between Slough and Ealing whilst hauling a service from Reading to Paddington.

However, when it came to drawbar horsepower the Westerns in some respects were less capable than the equivalent diesel electric locomotives. Nock states "whilst the Westerns took their rightful place as fast and powerful locomotives it became evident that they were showing the same deficiency in actual power put forth at the drawbar as the [diesel-hydraulic] Warships had done. The highest output that came to my notice was a sustained  hauling 560 tons descending 1 in 1,320, which equates to 1,500 edhp (equivalent drawbar horsepower)".  A similar result was obtained when Clough & Beckett compared the performance of type 4 diesel locomotives (Classes 45/46/47/50/52) hauling trains up the ascent to Whiteball summit. They deliberately chose data to show each class in their best light and included a Western run which produced 1,775 edhp but they still concluded that "without doubt the Westerns get the wooden spoon; certainly not what one would expect from units of 2,700 bhp". The best performer was the Class 50, a  diesel-electric locomotive: on one run this achieved 2,115 edhp.

Despite this apparent limitation, the BR Western Region load-limit book gave the same 550 ton loading figure for both the Class 52 and Class 47 diesels over the South Devon banks between Newton Abbot and Plymouth. The reason for this is that, while the diesel-electric classes could produce high maximum tractive effort for limited periods, diesel hydraulics could produce significantly higher continuous tractive effort.

Fleet list

While the first Western was under construction, proposals for livery and names were prepared by the BR design panel. The D1000 series locomotives were to be named after famous West of England place names; the illustration from the portfolio shows D1000 bearing the name Cheddar Gorge. This was not followed in production, however, and the Westerns were named with general heraldic and regimental terms prefixed with the word "Western" as per the following table.

Of the 74 locomotives built, 7 have survived to preservation.

Although designated Class 52 under the TOPS scheme and all were still in service when TOPS was introduced in 1973, no Western ever carried its "52 0xx" TOPS number. As withdrawal was already planned when the scheme was introduced and because of the cast number plates, it was not considered cost effective to renumber the locomotives. Some class members did run with the "D" of their number painted over – TOPS classification removed the need for locomotives to indicate their energy type in the running number (D = Diesel, E = Electric).

When the display of destination headcodes on the front of trains was dropped in 1976, the instruction was given for them all to be set to "0000". On many Westerns, the headcode was set to display the locomotive's number in contravention of this directive and most surviving members of the class ran like this until they were scrapped. If used for routing, such reporting numbers would be interpreted as a passenger express terminating on the Southern Region.

Liveries

Early liveries

When the initial batch of Westerns was being built in 1961–2, British Rail was considering a new unified corporate colour scheme but had not yet made a final decision on what it would be. As a result, some of the early locomotives were painted in experimental liveries: D1000 was rolled out of Swindon Works in November 1961 painted in a light brown livery which became known as Desert Sand. Initially the numbers, borne on the left hand cab when viewed from the side, were painted in white but soon individual numbers and letters, looking like they were cast but apparently made of wood, were fitted. This was in turn replaced by the final design of cast nameplate and numberplate; metal with a black background. This livery was later altered by the addition of a small yellow warning panel at each end and a black roof. The second locomotive, D1001 was delivered in an all-over maroon livery with yellow buffer beams and further locomotives D1002-D1004 in all-over green with small yellow warning panels. Remaining deliveries carried the all-over maroon livery, initially without yellow warning panels, but the latter were applied from new after D1010 of the Swindon-built, and D1043 of the Crewe-built locomotives. Exceptions were the first four locomotives built at Crewe, D1035–D1038, which were delivered in green livery with red backgrounds to the nameplates, and D1015, which was outshopped from Swindon in an experimental "golden ochre" livery with small yellow warning panels at each end. On one end of this locomotive, the yellow panel was embellished by the addition of a yellow band which extended sideways from each of the top corners round onto the cabside for a short distance, resembling a T shape. The locomotive is not believed to have run in this condition, but was released to traffic in the golden ochre livery with standard small yellow panels.

Corporate scheme

After the adoption of Rail Blue with full yellow ends in 1966 (D1048 was the first of the class painted in this livery in 1966), for some unexplained reason a small batch of locomotives (D1017, D1030, D1036, D1037, D1043, D1047 and D1057) received this variant married to small yellow warning panels; D1030 carried red buffer beams for a short while. All other repaints were with full yellow ends which extended from the body line above the buffer beam up to the base of the window frames, along the sill of the cab-side windows onto the vertical end reveal. The valance above the cab windows on the front was also painted yellow, leaving the window frames in their base aluminium. The drive to repaint the locomotives in Rail Blue was outstripped by the safety directive dictating full yellow ends for all powered vehicles and some locomotives ran for a time with their original maroon bodies and full yellow ends.

The last locomotive to be repainted into Rail Blue was D1046, outshopped from Swindon in May 1971. Some early photographs of the blue livery give it a more metallic shade which is even more evident on the locomotives with small yellow panels. This however is possibly a photographic anomaly with colour film or due to printing techniques.

It is commonly accepted amongst Western enthusiasts in recent years that none of the class or any other British Rail locomotive of the period were ever painted with a metallic paint. However, several publications refer to initial painting in blue as being "chromatic blue" and published images do show a metallic sheen and lighter shade of blue than the standard Rail Blue.

Incidents

 15 August 1963. Knowle and Dorridge rail crash. No. 1040 Western Queen collided with a freight train, crushing the cab and killing the three traincrew. The locomotive was repaired and returned to service.
 11 January 1967. St Annes Bristol rail crash. No. 1071 Western Renown in charge of the diverted 12:00 Paddington to Swansea collided with the rear of the 11:45 Paddington to Bristol hauled by No. 1067 Western Druid. The collision resulted in very severe damage being caused to the leading cab of locomotive No. 1071, but the three men in the cab escaped injury by moving into the centre of the locomotive. Nineteen passengers required first aid or medical treatment but there were no fatalities or serious injuries. The locomotive was repaired and returned to service.
 19 December 1973.  Ealing rail crash.  No. 1007 Western Talisman derailed while hauling an express passenger train, after an unlocked battery box door fell open, broke off and changed points under the locomotive. Ten people were killed. The locomotive did not return to service.
 29 January 1975 (Oxford). No. 1023 Western Fusilier derailed with a London Paddington to Birmingham train whilst approaching the platform. This was due to a failed axle which had split due to the growth of a previously undetected crack. There were no reported injuries and the locomotive was later preserved.
 3 January 1976 (Worcester Tunnel). No. 1055 Western Advocate crashed into a stationary parcels train killing the driver and guard of the Western. The locomotive did not return to service.

Withdrawal
Withdrawal of the class began in May 1973 with D1019 Western Challenger and D1032 Western Marksman becoming the first members of the class to be withdrawn. The final five engines in service were withdrawn in February 1977, these five engines would also survive into preservation with D1023 being donated to the National Collection.

Preservation

Seven locomotives have survived into preservation at heritage railways, four Swindon built & three Crewe built. Two have run on the mainline in preservation with D1015 being passed to operate on the mainline since 2002. D1062 made a brief appearance in 1980 during the Rocket 150 parade at Rainhill.

D1022 Western Sentinel was a candidate for preservation and was planned to be purchased by the DTG (Diesel Traction Group), but it was scrapped. D1015 Western Champion was purchased for preservation.

Model railways
The first model of a Class 52 was produced by Trix (company) to its unusual compromise scale of 3.8mm to 1ft with OO gauge/HO gauge (16.5mm) track. This model, however, was quite crude.

In 1979 Hornby Railways launched its first version of the BR Class 52 (type 4) Western in OO gauge.

Lima (models) also produced a model to OO gauge.

An N gauge model was produced by Graham Farish.

Since then, OO gauge models have been produced by both Heljan, and most recently Dapol, whilst an O gauge model has been produced by Heljan. Dapol have also produced a model in N gauge.

See also
Krauss-Maffei ML 2200 C'C', Renfe Class 340, contemporary twin engined, twin transmission C'C' diesel hydraulic locomotives
Voith Maxima, modern (2000s) single engined, single transmission high power diesel hydraulic locomotive

References

Sources

Further reading

52
C-C locomotives
52
Railway locomotives introduced in 1961
Standard gauge locomotives of Great Britain
C′C′ locomotives

British Rail Class 52


Landstingsvalget 1898 blev afholdt 21. september 1898 Det var det 15. valg til Landstinget, den ene del af Danmarks daværende parlament, Rigsdagen.

Ud af de tolv landstingskredse var 1. (København), 2. (Københavns, Frederiksborg og Holbæk Amter), 4. (Bornholms Amt), 7. (Hjørring og Aalborg Amter) og 9. (Aarhus, Randers og dele af Viborg Amt) kreds på valg.

Resultat

Noter

1898
Politiske valg i 1898

Landstingsvalget 1898


الثورنغيون  (باللاتينية:Thuringi, T(h)ueringi, Thoringi) هم أعضاء قبيلة جرمانية غربية، استمر اسمهم في تسمية الولاية الألمانية الحالية تورينغيا.

مراجع

ثورنغيون
تاريخ تورنغن
جبال هارز
شعوب جرمانية
قبائل جرمانية

ثورنغيون


Sazşiirinde genellikle ilk dörtlüğün ikinci dizesinde başlatılıp bütün dörtlüklerin son dizelerinde tekrarlanan Uyak ve Redif. Bazen bu sırayla dize de tekrarlanır.

Koşma'dan bir örnek

Gani Mevlâm düştüm aşkın oduna,
Aşk oduna düştüm, ciğerim kebâb,
Söyündürmez âb.
Âb akıyor benim iki gözümden
Mir'atî Gözümden akan yaş hep olur şarâb,
Kerem et yâ Rab
Zahmî

Edebiyat terimleri
Halk edebiyatı

Ayak (edebiyat)


Agneza Sullyjska (francuski Agnès) bila je francuska plemkinja. Kao gospa Sullyja, Agneza je bila bogata nasljednica.

Agnezini su roditelji bili Gilles II. Sullyjski i Edelburga Bourgeska, dok je Agnezin suprug bio Vilim, grof Sullyja.

Vilimova i Agnezina djeca:
Eudes (Archambaud)
Rudolf
Henrik Sullyjski (umro 1189.)
Margareta (Marguerite)
Elizabeta Sullyjska

Izvori

Francusko plemstvo

Agneza Sullyjska


ස්වප්නේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ ඉන්දියාවේ ඔරිස්සා ප්‍රාන්තයේ අගනුවර වන භුබනේස්වර් පැරනි නගරයේ ගෞරිනගර්හි ය. මෙය පූර්වේශ්වර ශිව දේවාලයේ සිට මීටර 200ක් ඈතින් පිහිටා ඇත. මෙම දේවාලය නැගෙනහිරට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. දේවාලයේ ගර්භගෘහය හිස් වන අතර, එය වර්ග මීටර 2.00ක ක්ෂේත්‍රඵලයකින් සමන්විත ය.

බාහිර විස්තරය

වටපිටාව
මෙම දේවාලයෙහි වටපිටාව සැලකූ විට දකුණු සහ බටහිර දිශාවලින් මීටර 3.00ක පමණ දුරකින් පෞද්ගලික නිවාස ගොඩනැගිලි දක්නට ලැබේ. නැගෙනහිරින් මාර්ගයක් සහ උතුරින් කාණු පද්ධතියක් ද දැකගත හැක. මෙම දේවාලය නැගෙනහිරට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත.

ගෘහනිර්මාණ ලක්ෂණ (සැලැස්ම සහ උච්චත්වය)
දේවාලය පිහිටා ඇත්තේ උසැති පීඨයක් වන අතර එය බොරදම් තුනකින් සමන්විත ය. මෙහි මිනුම් දිග 50.80 m x පළල 5.75 m සහ උසින් 0.92 m ක් වේ. සැලැස්ම අතින්, මෙම දේවාලය පංචරථ ආකාරයක් ගන්නා අතර, සතරැස් විමානයක් සහිත ය. ද්වාර මණ්ඩපය නැගෙනහිරට මුහුණලා පිහිටා ඇත. විමානය වර්ග මීටර 4.65ක ක්ෂේත්‍රඵලයකින් යුත් අතර, ද්වාර මණ්ඩපයේ පළල 0.15 mකි. රේඛා සම්ප්‍රදායයෙන් යුත් මෙම දේවාලයේ දර්ශීය බාදා, ගාන්දි සහ මස්තක යන අංග දක්නට ලැ‍බේ. ප්‍රභාගයේ සිට මස්තකය දක්වා උස 10.00 m කි. දේවාලයේ බාදා නම් අංගය උසින් 2.85 m වන අතර තෙබෙදුම් සැලැස්මකින් යුත් නිසා එය ත්‍රියංග බාදාවකි. ප්‍රභාගයේ බොරදම් පහක් ඇති අතර එය 0.70 m ප්‍රමාණයේ වේ. 1.65 m ප්‍රමාණයේ සරල ජංඝාවක් ඇති අතර, බරණ්ඩ නම් අංගය උසින් මීටර 0.50 කි. එහි ද බොරදම් පහක් ඇත. දේවාලයේ ගාන්දි කොටස 5.10 m උසැති අතර, එය චාම් ය. පාදමේ හැර අනෙක් ස්ථානවල විසිතුරු කැටයම් දක්නට නොලැබේ. පාදමේ චෛත්‍ය කැටයම් ඇත.

රාහ අවකාශ සහ පාර්ශ්ව දේවතා
උතුරු, බටහිර සහ දකුණු යන දිශා තුනෙහි ජංඝා කොටසේ පාර්ශ්වදේවතා අවකාශ පිහිටා ඇත. ඒවා උසින් මීටර 0.75ක් ද, පළලින් මීටර 0.45ක් සහ ගැඹුරින් මීටර 0.29කි. හිස් ස්වභාවයක් ගන්නා මේවා ද කැටයම් රහිත ය.

මෝස්තර අංග
උලුවහු කුළුණු: මෙහි ඇති උළුවහු කුළුණු අලුත්වැඩියා කටයුතුවල දී මෑතකාලීනව එකතු කරන ලද ඒවා වන අතර, ඒවායේ කිසිදු කැටයමක් දක්නට නැත.
උඩලිපත: දේවාලයේ උඩලිපත ද නවීකරණය කළ එකකි.

ගොඩනැගීම සදහා භාවිතා කොට ඇති ගොඩනැගිලි අමුද්‍රව්‍යය වන්නේ ලා අළු වැලිගල් වන අතර, ඉදිකිරීම් තාක්ෂණය වියළි පෙදරේරු ක්‍රමයයි. මෙය කාලිංග ශෛලියෙන් යුතු ය. මුලින් මෙම දේවාලය ගොඩනගා ඇත්තේ බොරදම් තුනක් සහිත උස් වූ පිස්තයක ය.

සංරක්ෂණ තත්ත්වය
X සහ XI මූල්‍ය කොමිසමේ ප්‍රදාන අනුව ඔරිස්සා ප්‍රාන්ත පුරාවිද්‍යා අධිකාරිය විසින් මෙම දේවාලය පිළිසකර කරවන ලදී. මෑතකාලීන ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණ කටයුතු හේතුවෙන් දේවාලය සංරක්ෂණය අතින් හොඳ තත්ත්වයක පවතියි. පිස්තයේ සිට කලස දක්වා මෙම දේවාලය සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම අලුත්වැඩියා කොට ඇත.

තර්ජන
දේවාලය සංරක්ෂණයේ දී මුහුණ පාන ප්‍රධාන ගැටලුවක් වන්නේ වේදිකාවේ උතුරු පැත්තේ ගලායන ජලය රැඳීම හේතුවෙන් දීර්ඝකාලීනව වේදිකාවේ අත්තිවාරම දුර්වල තත්ත්වයට පත්වීමයි.

මේවාත් බලන්න
 භුබනේස්වර්හි දේවාල ලැයිස්තුව

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

භුබනේස්වර්හි හින්දු දේවාල

ස්වප්නේස්වර ශිව දේවාලය


Petrovce este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Vranov nad Topľou din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 445 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Petrovce este atestată documentar din 1412.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Petrovce, Vranov nad Topľou


වයෝවෘද්ධ විද්‍යාව හෙවත් Geronotology යනු "වයස පිළිබදව හැදැරිම" යන තේමාව ඇති ග්‍රීක සම්භවයක් දරණ වදනකි. පුද්ගලයෙක් වියපත්වත්ම සමාජිය, මානසික හා ජෛව විද්‍යාත්මක වශයෙන් සිදුවන වෙනස්වීම පිළිබඳ හැදැරිම මේ යටතේ සිදුවේ. මෙම විෂය වෘද්ධ චික්ත්සාව හෙවත් Geriatries වලින් වෙනස් වන්නේ වෘද්ධ චිකිත්සාව යනු වයසට යැමේදි ඇතිවෙන රෝගී තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳව විද්‍යාත්මකව හදාරනු ලබන විෂයක් නිසාය.

වයෝවෘද්ධ විද්‍යාවට අයත් වන සහ හැදැරිමට වැයම් කරන ක්ෂේත්‍ර වන්නේ,
 මිනිසුන්ගේ වයසට අනුව ඇතිවන භෞතික, මානසික සහ සමාජීය වෙනස
 වයසට යෑමේ ක්‍රියාදාමය අත්වේශණය
 වියපත් වු පිරිස නිසා සමාජයට ඇතිවන බලපෑම එනම් විශ්‍රාම වැටුප ගෙවීමට සිදුවීම නිසා පොදු දේපලවලට වන පාඩුව, හිමකම්, ජීවන හා සෞඛ්‍ය ආරක්ෂණ සහ විශ්‍රාම ගැනිමේ සැලසුම ආදියයි.
 මෙම දැනුම රාජ්‍ය ප්‍රතිපත්ති හා වැඩසටහන්වලට ඇතුළත් කිරිම එනම් මහේෂණ (රජ්‍ය සැලසුම්) සුක්ෂම (සාත්තු නිවාස) මගින් දියුණුයක් ඇති කරන ආකාරය

වයෝවෘද්ධ විද්‍යාව ඒ වටා ඇති අනෙකුත් ක්ෂේත්‍ර, එනම් මානසික විද්‍යාව, සමාජ විද්‍යාව ආදි ක්ෂේත්‍ර සමග නිරතුරුවම ගැටීම සිදු වේ. කෙසේ නමුදු මෙවන් ගැටීම් ඇති නොවි වෘද්ධ විද්‍යාව තනි ක්ෂේත්‍රයක් ලෙස ඉදිරියට යා යුතුය. උදාහරණ ලෙස මානසික විද්‍යාඥයින් පුර්ව වැඩිහිටි හෝ වැඩිහිටි වැනි කරුණුවල විශේෂඥයින් විය යුතුය.නමුත් වෘද්ධවේදින් නොවිය යුතුය.

වෘද්ධ විද්‍යාව යන ක්ෂේත්‍රය මෑතකාලීනව බිහිවු බැවින් එම ක්ෂේත්‍රයට ඇති ව්‍යුහාත්හක මෙන්ම සංස්ථායික සහයද අඩුය. උදාහරණයක් ලෙස වෘද්ධ විද්‍යාව සදහා පශ්චාත් උපාධිය ප්‍රදානය කරන විශ්වවිද්‍යාල ප්‍රමාණයද ඉතා සිමිතය. නමුත් බටහිර රටවල මහලු ජන ප්‍රතිශතය ඉහළ යැම නිසා වේගයෙන් වර්ධනය වන විෂයක් බවට පත්වි ඇත.

වයෝවෘද්ධ විද්‍යාව


පුරාවේදයෙහි ග්‍රෆිටෝ යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ බිත්තියක් වැනි පෘෂ්ඨටක කුරුටුගා හෝ කොටා ඇති සලකුණුවේ.

මෙය ග්‍රෆිටි යන ඉංග්‍රීසි වදනෙහි ඒක වචන ඉංග්‍රීසි වදනයි. මෙයට සිංහලෙන් කුරුටු ගී, කුරුටු චිත්‍ර හෝ කුරුටු ලිපි යැයි කියති.

අභිලේඛණ

ග්‍රෆිටෝ (පුරාවේදය)


Çalgı veya müzik aleti veya enstrüman, müzik yapmak için kullanılan aletlere verilen genel isimdir. Prensip olarak, ses çıkaran her nesne çalgı olabilir; ancak bir nesneyi çalgı yapan şey, müzik yapmak amacıyla kullanılmasıdır. Çalgıların tarihi, insan kültürünün başlarına kadar uzanır. İlk çalgıların ritüellerde kullanıldığı düşünülmektedir: Örneğin avın başarıyla tamamlandığını belirtmek üzere trompet, dini törenlerde davul kullanılmıştır. Zaman içinde eğlenceli amaçlı müzikler üretilmeye ve melodiler icra edilmeye başlanmıştır. Kullanım alanları arttıkça çalgılar da gelişmiştir.

Çalgıların türleri, tarihi, yapım biçimleri gibi konuları inceleyen bilim dalına da Organoloji denir.

Çalgı yapımı, bazı bilim alanlarını yakından ilgilendiren bir teknolojidir. Akustik bilimi ve sanat tarihi bu yan dallar arasındadır. Çalgıların kullanımları ve tarih içinden gelerek aldıkları yeni biçimler, sosyolojik araştırmaların kapsamındadır. Arkeolojik araştırmalar ise çalgıların 5000 yıl önce kullanıldığını göstermektedir. Çalgı biliminin temeli 20. yüzyıl başlarında atılmıştır. Çalgılarda bulunan parçaların adlandırılarak uluslararası birer terim haline gelmesi de bu yakın döneme rastlar. Müzik yazarı ve çalgı yapımcısı Victor-Charles Mahillon, çalgı bilim alanında önderlik eden bir uzmandır. Doğal olarak bu alanda derinleşebilmek için, akustikçilerin ve müzikologların katkılarına ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Çalgıların bilimsel olarak sınıflandırılmasını ve adlandırılmasını 16. yüzyılda Sebastian Virdung ve Martin Agricola ile 17. yüzyılda Michael Praetorius ve Rahip Marin Mersennenin (1588 - 1648) gerçekleştirdikleri söylenebilir.

Çalgılar çalınış şekillerine göre şu şekilde gruplandırılırlar:

 Telli çalgılar
 Vurmalı çalgılar
 Nefesli çalgılar
 Yaylı çalgılar
 Tuşlu çalgılar

Müzik aletleri

Çalgı


The Gyeongui Line is a railway line between Seoul Station and Dorasan Station in Paju. Korail operates the Seoul Metropolitan Subway service between Seoul Station and Dorasan Station.

History
For the original line's history and other information prior to 1945, see Gyeongui Line (1904–1945).

Originally the line continued to P'yŏngyang and Sinŭiju, where it connected to the South Manchuria Railway, linking the Korean railway system to the rest of Asia and Europe.

The Korean Empire intended to build the Gyeongui Line itself at the end of the 19th century, but a shortage of funding resulted in the project's suspension. The Empire of Japan, which gained a concession to build the Gyeongbu Line from Busan to Seoul, also sought to gain control of the Gyeongui Line project as its continuation further north, recognizing the trunk route as a means to keep Korea under its influence. The line was also advanced for military considerations in expectation of a confrontation with Russia, which came in 1904 as the Russo-Japanese War. At the start of the war, Japan ignored Korea's declaration of neutrality and transported troops to Incheon, and forced the Korean government to sign an agreement that gave Japan's military control of railway projects if deemed necessary for military operations. Japan's military began to build the Gyeongui Line, while troop bases were established in connection with the railway, the biggest of them next to the terminus of the line, Yongsan Station in Seoul.

Freight service on the entirety of the Gyeongui Line was started on April 3, 1906.

Inter-Korea border

After the division of Korea in 1945, trains stopped operating between the north and south halves of the country, meaning that southern trains probably terminated at Kaesŏng, which is now in North Korea but was at the time part of the US-administered southern zone. Northern trains would have terminated north of Kaesŏng.

After the end of the Korean War in 1953, southern trains were cut back to around Munsan (north of Seoul), with northern trains terminating at Kaesŏng. Around the same time, North Korea renamed the P'yŏngyang-Kaesŏng section of the line as the P'yŏngbu (P'yŏngyang + Busan) Line and the P'yŏngyang-Sinŭiju section as the P'yŏngŭi (P'yŏngyang + Sinŭiju) Line. The DPRK sector is now 100% electrified, although the double track section spans only from Pyongyang to Sunan Airport.

Since the summit between the two Koreas in 2000, an effort has slowly been underway to reconnect the Gyeongui Line. Southern passenger service has been extended to Dorasan on the edge of the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) and tracks have been built across the DMZ itself. In October 2004, the Northern connection from the DMZ to Kaesŏng was finally completed. Simultaneous test runs along the rebuilt cross-border sections of both the Gyeongui Line and the Donghae Bukbu Line were set for May 25, 2006, but North Korean military authorities cancelled the plans a day ahead of the scheduled event. However, at a meeting held in Pyongyang, North Korea, on April 22, 2007, North and South Korea agreed to restart the project. On May 17, 2007, the first train, carrying North and South Korean delegations, travelled from Munsan Station in the South to Kaesong in the North. The first test run on the Donghae Bukbu Line took place at the same time. According to South Korean representatives, the North has agreed in principle to regular passenger and freight service along the two train lines. On 30 November 2018 an engineers' inspection train from South Korea crossed the border at Dorasan for an assessment, conducted jointly with North Korean officials, of the North's Kaesong to Sinuiju (P'yŏngŭi) line, and rail routes northwards from Mount Kumgang.

Upgrade

Meanwhile, work began to upgrade the South Korean section for high-capacity commuter services. Between Seoul and Munsan, the line is converted into an electrified, double-tracked railway in a new, straighter, 48.6 km long alignment. Work began in November 1999, with a budget originally estimated at 1,970 billion won. The section from Digital Media City (DMC) to Munsan was finished on July 1, 2009. The remaining section will be mostly underground between Gajwa Station in northwestern Seoul to Yongsan Station in downtown Seoul. As of 2009, construction progress on the entire Seoul–Munsan section reached 74% of a total budget then estimated at 2,153.271 billion won. The section is to be finished by 2014 and the freed area on the surface was reconstructed into a park known as the Gyeongui Line Forest Park.

The line is to be further upgraded for , as part of a government strategic plan to reduce travel times for 95% of Korea to under 2 hours by 2020, which was announced on September 1, 2010.

The Gyeongui–Jungang Line (Munsan–Imjingang) extension opened on March 28, 2020.

Services

DMZ-Train

Seoul Metropolitan Subway

The Gyeongui Line opened as a part Seoul Metropolitan Subway on July 1, 2009 from Seoul to Munsan. The line connects Seoul, Digital Media City, Ilsan, Paju, and Munsan, and offers transfers to Line 3, Line 6, and AREX.

The main line terminated at Digital Media City Station when first opened, while a separate branch continued to Seoul Station. On December 15, 2012, the main line was extended to Gongdeok Station, providing transfers to Line 2 and Line 5. On December 27, 2014, the main line service was further extended to Yongsan Station from Gongdeok Station, and the service was renamed to the Gyeongui–Jungang Line following the merging of the line with the Jungang Line.

The term "subway" in reference to this line is somewhat of a misnomer, as the line runs underground for less than three percent of its length. The upgraded line simply follows alignment of the old line built 100 years ago. The outer portion of the line runs largely through countryside rice paddies, forests, and vegetable fields, and outside of Seoul rarely enters urbanized areas. It is mostly at-grade, and includes several at-grade crossings with local roads, where Korail employees stand by on duty to stop traffic.

Regular rail service
Before the integration with the subway system, the most common service on the line was a Tonggeun train service between Seoul and Imjingang, with one Saemaeul-ho train. Since the line was integrated with the Seoul Subway system, Tonggeun service had been restricted to a few stations in the north, from Munsan to Imjingang, with a few continuing on to Dorasan, near the North Korean border.

KTX
There is a depot for Korea Train Express (KTX) trains along the Gyeongui Line at Haengsin Station. Some KTX services thus continue beyond Seoul respective Yongsan Station and terminate at Haengsin Station.

The line may see more KTX service after the upgrade for 230 km/h considered in the government's strategic plan for 2020.

Stations
This list does not include stations served only by Gyeongui-Jungang Line services.

See also
 Korail
 Gyeongui–Jungang Line
 Seoul Metropolitan Subway
 Pyongui Line
 Pyongbu Line
 Transportation in North Korea
 Transportation in South Korea

References

External links

Railway lines in South Korea
International railway lines
Standard gauge railways in South Korea
Rail transport in Korea
Seoul Metropolitan Subway lines
Railway lines opened in 1905
1905 establishments in Korea

Gyeongui Line


Viscount Ashbrook is a title in the Peerage of Ireland. It was created in 1751 for Captain Henry Flower, 2nd Baron Castle Durrow. The title of Baron Castle Durrow, in the County of Kilkenny, had been created in the Peerage of Ireland in 1733 for his father William Flower. He was a Colonel in the Army and also represented County Kilkenny and Portarlington in the Irish House of Commons. He was praised by Jonathan Swift as "a gentleman of very great sense and wit". , the titles are held by the first Viscount's descendant, the eleventh Viscount, who succeeded his father in 1995.

The family seat is Arley Hall, near Arley, Cheshire. The family also previously owned Castle Durrow, near Durrow, County Laois, Beaumont Lodge, near Old Windsor, Berkshire, and an estate at Abercynrig, Brecon, Powys, which passed to them by inheritance from the Jeffreys family of Brecon.

Barons Castle Durrow (1733)
William Flower, 1st Baron Castle Durrow (1685–1746)
Henry Flower, 2nd Baron Castle Durrow (died 1752) (created Viscount Ashbrook in 1751)

Viscounts Ashbrook (1751)
Henry Flower, 1st Viscount Ashbrook (died 1752)
William Flower, 2nd Viscount Ashbrook (1744–1780)
William Flower, 3rd Viscount Ashbrook (1767–1802) buried at Shellingford
Henry Jeffrey Flower, 4th Viscount Ashbrook (1776–1847)
Henry Jeffrey Flower, 5th Viscount Ashbrook (1806–1871)
Henry Jeffrey Flower, 6th Viscount Ashbrook (1829–1882)
William Spencer Flower, 7th Viscount Ashbrook (1830–1906)
Robert Thomas Flower, 8th Viscount Ashbrook (1836–1919)
Llowarch Robert Flower, 9th Viscount Ashbrook (1870–1936)
Desmond Llowarch Edward Flower, 10th Viscount Ashbrook (1905–1995)
Michael Llowarch Warburton Flower, 11th Viscount Ashbrook (b. 1935)

The heir apparent is the present holder's son Hon. Rowland Francis Warburton Flower (b. 1975)
The heir apparent's heir apparent is his son Benjamin Warburton Flower (b. 2006)

Ancestry

Notes

References
Kidd, Charles, Williamson, David (editors). Debrett's Peerage and Baronetage (1990 edition). New York: St Martin's Press, 1990,

Bibliography
Godson, Julie Ann, "The Water Gypsy. How a Thames fishergirl became a viscountess" (FeedARead.com, 2014). A biography of Betty Ridge (1745–1808) who married William Flower, 2nd Viscount Ashbrook (1744–1780), and history of the Ridge and Flower families

External links
Arley Hall
History of Castle Durrow

Viscountcies in the Peerage of Ireland
Noble titles created in 1751

Viscount Ashbrook


An Anthurium grex-avium in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael T. Madison. An Anthurium grex-avium in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo harani ha karat-an. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium grex-avium


Olaylar
 1861 - Amerikan İç Savaşı: Virginia eyaletinin Richmond kenti, Amerika Konfedere Devletleri'nin (Güneylilerin) başkenti olarak ilan edildi.
 1867 - Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda Dilâver Paşa Nizamnamesi ilan edildi.
 1884 - 1876 Anayasası'nın mimarı Mithat Paşa, Sultan Abdülaziz'i öldürttüğü iddiasıyla yargılanmış ve Taif'e sürülmüştü. Boğularak öldürülen Mithat Paşa, Taif'te gömüldü.
 1886 - Atlantalı kimyacı ve eczacı John S. Pemberton, dünyanın en ünlü içeceği haline gelecek olan Coca-Cola'yı Georgia'da icat etti.
 1902 - Martinik'te Pelée Yanardağı patladı: 30 bin kişi öldü.
 1914 - Paramount Pictures film yapım ve dağıtım şirketi ABD'de kuruldu.
 1945 - Alman General Wilhelm Keitel, Sovyet General Jukov'a teslim oldu. Almanya savaşı kaybetti. Avrupa'da savaşın bittiği bu güne "Zafer Günü" adı verildi.
 1947 - Ulvi Cemal Erkin, Prag'da Çek Filarmoni Orkestrası'nı yönetti.

 1949 - Doğu Berlin'deki Treptower Parkı'nda, Sovyet Savaş Anıtı'nın açılışı yapıldı.
 1952 - Türkiye ve Orta Doğu Amme İdaresi Enstitüsü kuruldu.
 1954 - Asya Futbol Konfederasyonu'nun oluşması.
 1961 - Uluslararası Af Örgütü kuruldu.
1970 - The Beatles dağılmalarının ardından son stüdyo albümleri "Let it Be" yi piyasaya sundu.
 1972 - Bülent Ecevit ve listesinin olağanüstü kongrede kazanması üzerine; İsmet İnönü, 33 yıl 4 ay 11 gün sonra CHP Genel Başkanlığı'ndan istifa etti.
 1978 - Reinhold Messner ve Peter Habeler adlı iki dağcı, ilk defa olarak Everest Dağı'na oksijen tüpleri olmaksızın tırmandılar.
 1980 - Çiçek hastalığının artık yeryüzünden kökünün kazınmış olduğu, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından ilan edildi.
 1982 - Gilles Villeneuve, Belçika'da Zolder pistinde yaptığı kaza sonucunda öldü.
 1984 - Sovyetler Birliği, Los Angeles Olimpiyat Oyunları'nı boykot edeceğini açıkladı.
 1984 - Türk parlamenterlerin yetki belgeleri, Strazburg'daki Avrupa Konseyi Parlamenterler Asamblesi'nde onaylandı. 12 Eylül 1980'den beri Konsey Meclisi'nde temsil edilmeyen Türkiye ile Avrupa Konseyi ilişkileri yumuşama yoluna girdi.
 1993 - Gökova Termik Santrali'ne karşı yaklaşık 3000 kişi eylem yaptı.
 1997 - China Southern Airlines'a ait bir Boeing 737 tipi uçağı, Shenzhen Bao'an Uluslararası Havalimanına inişi sırasında fırtına nedeniyle kaza yaptı. Kazada 35 kişi yaşamını yitirdi.
 2009 - TRT Türk kanalı yeniden açılış yaptı.
 2010 - Bucaspor tarihinde ilk defa Süper Lig'e yükseldi.

Doğumlar
 1492 - Andrea Alciato, İtalyan yazar ve hukukçu (ö. 1550)
 1521 - Peter Canisius, Cizvit Profesör, vaazcı ve yazar (ö. 1597)
 1622 - Claes Rålamb, İsveçli devlet adamı (ö. 1698)
 1641 - Nicolaes Witsen, Hollandalı devlet adamı (ö. 1717)
 1653 - Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Fransız mareşal (ö. 1734)
 1753 - Miguel Hidalgo, Meksikalı nasyonalist (ö. 1811)
 1828 - Jean Henry Dunant, İsviçreli yazar ve iş insanı (ö. 1910)
 1884 - Harry S. Truman, Amerikalı siyasetçi ve ABD'nin 33. Başkanı (ö. 1972)
 1895 - Edmund Wilson, Amerikalı eleştirmen ve deneme yazarı (ö. 1972)
 1899 - Friedrich August von Hayek, Avusturyalı ekonomist ve Nobel Ekonomi Ödülü sahibi (ö. 1992)
 1903 - Fernandel, Fransız oyuncu (ö. 1971)
 1906 - Roberto Rossellini, İtalyan yönetmen (ö. 1977)
 1911 - Rıfat Ilgaz, Türk şair ve yazar (ö. 1993)
 1911 - Sabri Ülgener, Türk iktisat profesörü ve toplum bilimci (ö. 1983)
 1914 - Romain Gary, Fransız yazar, film direktörü, savaş pilotu ve büyükelçi (ö. 1980)
 1919 - Leon Festinger, Amerikalı sosyal psikolog (ö. 1989)
 1926 - David Attenborough, İngiliz yönetmen
 1937 - Ahmet Özacar, Türk futbolcu (ö. 2005)
 1937 - Thomas Pynchon, Amerikalı romancı
 1940 - Peter Benchley, İngiliz yazar (ö. 2006)
 1941 - Ayşegül Yüksel, Türk tiyatro eleştirmeni, yazar, akademisyen ve çevirmen
 1946 - Hans Sahlin, İsveçli kızakçı
 1950 - Pierre de Meuron, İsviçreli mimar
 1954 - John Michael Talbot, keşiş katolik, Amerikalı şarkıcı, besteci, gitarist, Brothers and Sisters of Charity Cemaati'nin kurucsu
 1955 - Ásgeir Sigurvinsson, İzlandalı futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1955 - Haşmet Babaoğlu, Türk gazeteci ve yazar
 1957 - Marie Myriam, Fransız şarkıcı
 1958 - Marita Marschall, Alman oyuncu
 1960 - Recep Akdağ, Türk hekim ve siyasetçi
 1963 - Michel Gondry, Fransız yönetmen
 1964 - Metin Tekin, Türk futbolcu
 1964 - Päivi Alafrantti, Finlandiyalı atlet
 1966 - Cláudio Taffarel, Brezilyalı futbolcu ve antrenör
 1968 - Yaşar Gürsoy, Türk gazeteci ve yazar
 1970 - Luis Enrique, İspanyol futbolcu ve teknik direktör
 1972 - Darren Hayes, Avustralyalı şarkıcı, şarkı sözü yazarı ve besteci
 1973 - Jesús Arellano, Meksikalı millî futbolcu
 1975 - Enrique Iglesias, İspanyol şarkıcı ve oyuncu
 1976 - Martha Wainwright, Kanadalı pop-folk şarkıcısı
 1977 - Theo Papaloukas, Yunan millî basketbolcu
 1978 - Lúcio, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1981 - Stephen Amell, Kanadalı oyuncu
 1981 - Andrea Barzagli, eski İtalyan futbolcu
 1981 - Björn Dixgård, İsveçli rock müzik grubu Mando Diao'nun gitaristi ve vokalisti
 1981 - Erdem Yener, Türk rock sanatçısı
 1981 - Kaan Urgancıoğlu, Türk dizi ve sinema oyuncusu
 1982 - Adrian Gonzalez, Amerikalı beyzbolcu
 1986 - Pemra Özgen, Türk millî tenisçi
 1989 - C418, Alman müzisyen
 1989 - Benoît Paire, Fransız profesyonel tenis oyuncusu
 1990 - Io Shirai, Japon profesyonel güreşçi
 1990 - Anastasia Zueva, Rus yüzücü
 1990 - Kemba Walker, Amerikalı profesyonel basketbolcu
 1991 - Aníbal Capela, Portekizli futbolcu
 1991 - Deyverson, Brezilyalı futbolcu
 1991 - Nicklas Helenius, Danimarkalı millî futbolcu
 1991 - Luigi Sepe, İtalyan futbolcu
 1992 - Olivia Culpo, Amerikalı model
 1992 - Ana Mulvoy-Ten, İngiliz oyuncu
 1993 - Guillermo Celis, Kolombiyalı futbolcu
 1993 - Olarenwaju Kayode, Nijeryalı futbolcu
 1994 - Okan Aydın, Türk  - Alman futbolcu
 1996 - 6ix9ine, Amerikalı rapçi
 1997 - Mizuki Ichimaru, Japon futbolcu
 1997 - Yuya Nakasaka, Japon futbolcu
 2000 - Sandro Tonali, İtalyan millî futbolcu
 2003 - Hasan, Fas tahtının varisi
 2005 - Ollie Bearman, İngiliz Formula 2 sürücüsü

Ölümler

 535 - II. Ioannes, 2 Ocak 533'ten 535'teki ölümüne kadar Papalık görevinde bulunmuştur (d. 470)
 685 - II. Benedictus, 26 Haziran 684'ten 8 Mayıs 685 tarihine kadar Papalık yapmıştır (d. 635)
 997 - Taizong, Çin'in Song Hanedanı'nın ikinci imparatoru (d. 939)
 1157 - Ahmed Sencer, Büyük Selçuklu Sultanı (d. 1086)
 1794 - Antoine Lavoisier, Fransız kimyager (giyotinle idam) (d. 1743)
 1873 - John Stuart Mill, İngiliz düşünür, filozof ve politik ekonomist (d. 1806)
 1880 - Gustave Flaubert, Fransız yazar (d. 1821)
 1884 - Midhat Paşa, Osmanlı devlet adamı (Taif'te boğularak öldürüldü.) (d. 1822)
 1903 - Paul Gauguin, Fransız ressam (d. 1848)
 1904 - Eadweard Muybridge, İngiliz asıllı Amerikalı fotoğrafçı (d. 1830)
 1932 - Ellen Churchill Semple, Amerikalı coğrafyacı (d. 1863)
 1945 - Matthias Kleinheisterkamp, Alman Schutzstaffel subayı (d. 1893)
 1952 - William Fox, Macar asıllı Amerikalı film yapımcısı (d. 1879)
 1975 - Avery Brundage, Amerikalı atlet (d. 1887)
 1979 - Talcott Parsons, Amerikalı sosyolog (d. 1902)
 1982 - Gilles Villeneuve, Kanadalı F1 pilotu (d. 1950)
 1983 - John Fante, Amerikalı yazar (d. 1909)
 1987 - Elif Naci, Türk ressam ve müzeci (d. 1898)
 1994 - George Peppard, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1928)
 1999 - Dirk Bogarde, İngiliz oyuncu (d. 1921)
 2008 - François Sterchele, Belçikalı futbolcu (d. 1982)
 2012 - Maurice Sendak, Amerikalı çocuk edebiyatı yazarı ve desinatör (d. 1928)
 2013 - Wilma Jeanne Cooper, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1928)
 2015 - Zeki Alasya, Türk tiyatro, sinema sanatçısı ve yönetmeni (d. 1943)
 2015 - Ilunga Mwepu, Zaireli eski millî futbolcu (d. 1949)
 2016 - Tonita Castro, Meksika doğumlu Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1953)
 2016 - Nick Lashaway, Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1988)
 2017 - Curt Lowens, Polonyalı-Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1925)
 2017 - Baron Lawson Soulsby, Britanyalı mikrobiyoloji uzmanı bilim insanı ve siyasetçi (d. 1926)
 2017 - Mary Tsoni, Yunan kadın şarkıcı ve aktris (d. 1987)
 2018 - Anne V. Coates, İngiliz kadın film editörü (d. 1925)
 2018 - Marta DuBois, Panamalı-Amerikalı oyuncu (d. 1952)
 2019 - Jens Beutel, Alman siyasetçi ve satranç oyuncusu (d. 1946)
 2019 - Sprent Jared Dabwido, Naurulu politikacı ve eski Nauru Devlet Başkanı (d. 1972)
 2019 - Yevgeni Krılatov, Rus film müziği bestecisi (d. 1934)
 2020 - Mark Barkan, Amerikalı söz yazarı ve albüm yapımcısı (d. 1934)
 2020 - Lúcia Braga, Brezilyalı kadın siyasetçi, bürokrat ve hukukçu (d. 1934)
 2020 - Jesus Chediak, Brezilyalı aktör, film yönetmeni, film yapımcısı, gazeteci ve tiyatro yönetmeni (d. 1941)
 2020 - Vicente André Gomes, Brezilyalı politikacı ve doktor (d. 1952)
 2020 - Dimitris Kremastinos, Yunan siyasetçi ve hekim (d. 1942)
 2020 - Cécile Rol-Tanguy, Fransız kadın direnişçi ve asker (d. 1919)
 2020 - Carl Tighe, İngiliz yazar, akademik, deneme yazarı, romancı ve şair (d. 1950)
 2020 - Ritva Valkama (gerçek adı: Valkama-Palo), Fin aktris (d. 1932)
 2021 - Theodoros Kaçanevas, Yunan siyasetçi, akademisyen ve ekonomist (d. 1947)
 2023 - Kemal Derviş, Türk ekonomist ve siyasetçi (d. 1949)

Tatiller ve özel günler

0508
08

8 Mayıs


Nemiri u Drvaru, bila su nasilna reakcija hrvatskog stanovništva u Drvaru 24. travnja 1998. godine. Nemiri su izbili kao reakcija na pristrano ponašanje međunarodne zajednice.

Pozadina događaja
Međunarodnim moćnicima prijala "kroatizacija" Drvara, a nisu se protivili dekroatizaciji prijeratno većinskih hrvatskih naselja. Izvjestitelji su blatili drvarske Hrvate, ne prezajući ni da ih nazivaju mafijaškom organizacijom. Smatrali su da samo vanjska intervencija može spriječiti kroatizaciju Drvara. Za zadaću naspram Hrvata kao i nekoliko puta prije u Domovinskom ratu, određeni su kanadski vojnici. Dodijeljen im je ovaj sektor u koji su smjestili postrojbu pješaštva. Iako su bili svjesni sigurnosnog rizika, srpske vlasti u Banjoj Luci pritiskali su za povratak Srba u Drvar. Kraljevska kanadska regimenta od 120 vojnika pješaštva ojačanih s 80 vojnika iz drugih grana dodijeljena je za ovu akciju. U ophodnje su išla oklopna vozila praćena pješaštvom. Međunarodna zajednica bila je odlučna izvršiti repatrijaciju Srba ali ne i repatrijaciju bh. Hrvata smještenih u Drvaru, nego je neorganiziranjem i izostanku odlučne fizičke zaštite i financijske potpore te zbog dvostrukih mjerila prema Hrvatima djelovala da ti Hrvati nemaju motiva za povratak u BiH.

Većina izbjeglih i prognanih Hrvata smještenih u Drvar bili su iz Vareša i Kaknja.
Svibnja 1997. pristižu prve manje skupine Srba, što je budilo strah u Hrvata. Podmetnuti su požari u srpske domove. Agresivna kanadska ophodnja osigurala je stalan pritjek Srba u drvarski kraj.
Krajem 1997. godine počinje povratak Srba u Drvar, Glamoč i Grahovo.
Već u prvoj polovici 1998. godine  nasilno se istjeruje Hrvate iz njihovih domova.

Ured visokog predstavnika odlučio je pritiskati da se vrate prognani i izbjegli, no to je bilo samo kad se radilo o povratku nehrvata u krajeve koji su bili hrvatski "ratni dobitak".
23. veljače 1998. zamjenik zapovjednika stožera SFOR-ovih operacija sa sjedištem u Sarajevu general pukovnik Hew Pike izjavio je da međunarodna zajednica neće tolerirati "ništa manje od županije pod srpskim vodstvom, a s Drvarom kao srpskim gradom" ("International Community will not tolerate nothing less than a Serb led Canton, with Drvar a Serb town"). Nevladine organizacije također su bile odlučne to sprovesti. Do travnja 1998. u Drvaru je živjelo 6000 Hrvata i 1600 Srba. U Drvaru je tad bilo stacionirano 450 hrvatskih vojnika. Međunarodnoj zajednici postala je opsesija vratiti Srbe uz zanemarivanje Hrvata, Drvar im je bio grad za primjer, što je raspalilo nelagodu i strah u Hrvata. Nakon što je objavljeno da će biti iseljene iz Drvara obitelji vojnika 1. brigade HVO napetosti su eskalirale. 9. travnja na Uskrs se 150 Srba uselilo u kompleks stanova, koji su bili bivša vojarna brigade HVO. Useljavanje je bilo usred ceremonije i tiskovne konferencije. U međunarodnim medijima to je prikazivano kao NATO-v uspjeh. 16. travnja ubijen je stariji srpski par i zapaljena im je kuća.

17. travnja 1998. visoki međunarodni predstavnik za BiH Carlos Westendorp na tiskovnoj je konferenciji najavio uklanjanje s položaja dogradonačelnika Tokmakdžije i istakao odlučnost međunarodne zajednice za hitne akcije za zaštitu srpskih povratnika u Drvar. Zaprijetio se tvrdolinijašima. Oglasio se i UN-ov posebni izaslanik Rehn te je dao rok od 48 sati predsjedniku FBiH Ganiću i dopredsjedniku Šoljiću da uključe 15 srpskih povratnika u lokalnu policiju ili će međunarodna zajednica odrediti nadzornika za Drvar. Prozvani dogradonačelnik Tokmakdžija u pismu Westendorpu odgovorio je da akcija smjene nije tek usmjerena na dogradonačelnika, nego sa svrhom da se usadi strah među drvarske Hrvate i nametne osjećaj da su odgovorni (krivi) za sve što se dogodi u gradu.

Zamjenik visokog predstavnika Jacques Klein je na vijest o ubojstvu doletio helikopterom u Drvar i smjesta uklonio zamjenika gradonačelnika, zahtijevavši smjenu načelnika policije i županijskog ministra unutarnjih poslova. Sve te osobe bili su Hrvati. Iracionalna Kleinova reakcija krajnje je uznemirila Hrvate i nagnala Hrvate na nasilne akcije.

Nemiri
Dana 24. travnja 1998. godine Hrvati u Drvaru, su u rušilačkim napadima popalili kancelarije UNHCR-a, OHR-a, IPTF-a, sva vozila koja su im se našla na putu i premlatili gradonačelnika Marčetu (Srbina) kao odmazdu za SFOR-ovo nasilno istjerivanje Hrvata iz njihovih stanova. Nakon ovog događaja povećan je broj paljenja i napada na Srbe povratnike. Broj popaljenih kuća iznosio je 860. Na dan nemira pristigla su vozila Hrvata iz drugih mjesta. Mjesni poslodavci pustili su radnike da mogu ići demonstrirati. Škole su zatvorile tako da su učenici mogli biti s roditeljima. Kanadski vojnici nisu bili spremni na civilne nemire, jer ih po kanadskom zakonu vojska ne smije gušiti. Nisu imali ni suzavac, ni štapove ni štitove.

Posljedica
Hrvati iz Drvara, Glamoča i Grahova su se iseljavali u okolicu Knina i Benkovca, i razmatralo se smještanje drugdje po Hrvatskoj, poput Kalinovca kod Đurđevca, Drniša. U Golubiću kod Knina je smješten prihvatni centar za iseljene hrvatske drvarske obitelji. SFOR nije angažirao iste resurse da se ti prognani i izbjegli Hrvati vrate u svoj Vareš i Kakanj. Međunarodni predstavnici nisu izvršili isti takav pritisak ni na srpske ni bošnjačke vlasti u BiH da se vrati Hrvate otkamo su istjerani.

Vidi
Nemiri u Brčkom 28. kolovoza 1997.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
NATO
Office of the High Representative (eng, boš., srp.)
International Crisis Group: Impunity in Drvar Refworld. 20. kolovoza 1998.

Drvar

Nemiri u Drvaru 24. travnja 1998.


Darabani () is a town in Botoșani County, Western Moldavia, Romania, and is the northernmost town in Romania. It administers three villages: Bajura, Eșanca, and Lișmănița.

The town lies on the right bank of the river Prut, close to the triple border between Romania, Ukraine, and Moldova.

The area is a setting for the 2019 Amazon Studios TV series Hanna and plays a significant role in the development of the titular character from that series.

Natives
Leon Dănăilă (born 1933), neurosurgeon, author, and politician
Marieta Ilcu (born 1962), long jumper
Gheorghe Moroșanu (born 1950), mathematician
Ana Maria Savu (born 1990), handballer

References

Populated places in Botoșani County
Localities in Western Moldavia
Towns in Romania
Populated places on the Prut
Monotowns in Romania

Darabani


ප්‍රාණපරිත්‍යාගවරුන්ගේ දිනය () යනු, 1947 වසරෙහිදී මෙම දිනයේදී ඝාතනය කෙරුණු ලැබූ ජනරාල් අවුන් සන් සහ පූර්ව-නිදහස් අන්තර්වාර රජයේ තවත් නායකයන් සත් දෙනෙකු —තකින් ම්යා, බා චෝ, අබ්දුල් රසක්, බා වින්, මාන් බා කයින්, සාඕ සන් ටුන් සහ ඕන් මෝන්— සැමරීමට ජූලි 19 දින පැවැත්වෙන බුරුම ජාතික නිවාඩු දිනයකි. රජයේ ඉහළ-නිල දරන නිලධාරින් විසින්, මෙම දිනයේ උදෑසන,  රැන්තුන් නගරයේ  ප්‍රාණපරිත්‍යාගවරුන්ගේ සමාධිය වෙත පැමිණ, උපහාර දැක්වීම සාම්ප්‍රදායික වෙයි.

1947 ජූලි 20 දිනදී රැන්ගුන් හිදී මයෝමා ඌ තන් ච්වෙයි විසින් පළමු බුරුම ප්‍රාණපරිත්‍යාග දින උත්සවයට නායකත්වය දුනි.

ඉතිහාසය
1947 ජූලි 19 දිනදී,  දළ වශයෙන් පෙ.ව. 10:37  BST වත්ම, නිල ඇඳුමෙන් සැරසුනු අවි ගත් මිනිසුන් පිරිසක් විසින්, බුරුමයේ නිදහස් ව්‍යාපාරයේ නායකයන් කිහිප දෙනෙක් වෙඩි තබා මරා දැමුණේ, ඔවුන්  යැන්ගුන් නගරයේ මණ්ඩියෙහි පිහිටි ලේකම් කාර්යාලයේදී කැබිනට් රැස්වීමක් පවත්වමින් සිටියදීය.

ආශ්‍රිත

බුරුම ප්‍රාණපරිත්‍යාගවරුන්ගේ දිනය


The North American FJ-2 and FJ-3 Fury are a series of swept-wing carrier-capable fighters for the United States Navy and Marine Corps. The FJ-2 resulted from an effort to navalize the North American F-86 Sabre operated by the United States Air Force. These aircraft feature folding wings, and a longer nose landing strut designed to increase angle of attack upon launch and to accommodate a longer oleo to absorb the shock of hard landings on an aircraft carrier deck.

Although sharing a U.S. Navy designation with its distant predecessor, the straight-winged North American FJ-1 Fury, the FJ-2/-3 were completely different aircraft. (The later FJ-4 was again, a complete structural redesign of the FJ-3). The FJ-2 was one of the aircraft used to evaluate the first steam catapult on a US Navy aircraft-carrier.

Design and development

FJ-2
By 1951, the Navy's existing straight-wing fighters were inferior in performance to the swept-wing Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 then operating in the Korean War; the swept-wing fighters in the Navy's development pipeline, such as the Vought F7U Cutlass and Grumman F9F Cougar, were not yet ready for deployment.

As an interim measure, the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics ordered a direct development of the swept-wing North American F-86E Sabres as the FJ-2. As the F-86 had not been designed to be carrier-capable, this involved some risk, but Navy pilots had observed that the F-86A actually had a lower landing speed than the Grumman F9F Panther. During carrier qualification trials the Navy informed Grumman that if the F9F-5 stall speed was not reduced by  it would be removed from carrier operations at the same time that the FJ-2 was already making its debut into navy squadrons. North American's chief engineer at the time stated that the swept-wing Sabre had handling and stall characteristics at low speeds comparable to the best straight winged airplanes.  The urgency behind the program was such that 300 (later reduced to 200) FJ-2 fighters were ordered before the prototypes had flown.

The first prototype to fly was actually the third aircraft ordered: Designated XFJ-2B and first flown on 27 December 1951, it differed only from a standard F-86E-10 in its armament, having four  Colt Mk 12 cannons instead of the six Colt-Browning M3  machine guns of the Sabre. The second and third aircraft to fly were designated XFJ-2 and lacked armament, but were modified to be carrier-capable. They had arrester hooks and longer nosewheel legs to increase angle of attack at take-off and landing, and catapult fittings. In August 1952 carrier trials were flown on , followed by carrier qualification trials on  in October–December 1952. Results were less than satisfactory: Low-speed handling was poor, while the arrester hook and nose gear leg weren't strong enough.

The first production aircraft flew on 22 November 1952. This FJ-2 incorporated further modifications for carrier operations: The track of the main landing gear was widened by eight inches, the outer wing panels folded upward, and the windscreen was modified to give the pilot a better view during approach. The FJ-2 also featured an all-moving "flying tail" without dihedral. Because of problems experienced during launches with steam catapults, a number of FJ-2 later received a stronger nosewheel strut. Outwardly, the FJ-2 was hard to distinguish from an F-86, apart from navy paint and the gun muzzles of the  cannons. The engine was the General Electric J47-GE-2, a navalized version of the J47-GE-27 used in the F-86F. The naval modifications of the FJ-2 had increased weight by about  over the F-86F, but had not succeeded in delivering a fully carrier-capable fighter. A decision had already been made to give it to land-based squadrons of the US Marine Corps.

Construction was slowed due to demand for the F-86 in Korea; the FJ-2 was not produced in large numbers until after that conflict had concluded. Only seven aircraft had been delivered by the end of 1953, and it was January 1954 before the first aircraft was delivered to a Marine squadron, VMF-122. The Navy preferred the lighter F9F Cougar due to its superior slow-speed performance for carrier operations, and the 200 FJ-2 models built were delivered to the United States Marine Corps. The Marines did make several cruises aboard carriers and tried to solve the type's carrier handling problems, but the FJ-2 was never really satisfactory. In 1956, the FJ-2 already disappeared from front-line service, and reserve units retired it in 1957.

FJ-3

Even while development of the FJ-2 was ongoing, the development was planned of a version powered by the Wright J65, a license-built version of the British Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire turbojet. The Sapphire promised to deliver 28% more thrust than the J47, for little gain in weight. The new version was designated FJ-3, and an order for 389 aircraft was placed in March 1952.

To test the new engine a single FJ-2, BuNo 131931, was modified, but the first true production FJ-3 flew on 3 July 1953. The only externally visible change required by the new engine was a deeper intake to accommodate the larger mass flow. Early FJ-3s had the same wing as the FJ-2, but from 1955 onwards the FJ-3 was built with a so-called "6-3" wing, with a leading edge that was extended  at the root and  at the tip. This modification, first introduced on the F-86F, enhanced maneuverability at the expense of a small increase in landing speed due to deletion of the leading edge slats. The version introduced on the FJ-3 was different from that fitted to the F-86F, as camber was applied to the underside of the leading edge to improve low-speed handling. On the FJ-3, the new wing leading edges also held extra fuel. From the 345th aircraft onwards, the wings were provided with four stations for external loads, up to  on the inboard stations and  on the outboard stations.

Deliveries began in September 1954, and the FJ-3 joined the fleet in May 1955. An FJ-3 was the first fighter to land aboard the new supercarrier  in 1956. Problems were encountered with the J65 engine, including failures of its lubrication system under the acceleration of launch or during manoeuvres, and failures of the turbine blades. Nevertheless, the Navy was more satisfied with the FJ-3 than it had been with the FJ-2, and in March 1954 ordered an additional 149 aircraft. Because of its more powerful engine, the FJ-3 was superior to most models of the F-86, except the F-86H. A total of 538 FJ-3s were built. Of these 194 were modified to FJ-3Ms with the ability to carry AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles. Some FJ-3s were later modified to control Regulus missiles (KDU-1), and Grumman F9F-6K Cougar target drones. In 1956 the Navy retro-fitted all its FJ-3s with probe-and-drogue air refueling equipment, a long probe being fitted under the left wing.

Variants

XFJ-2 Test and evaluation aircraft; three built.
FJ-2 Fury Single-seat fighter-bomber aircraft, equipped with folding wings; powered by one General Electric J47-GE-2 turbojet; 200 built.
FJ-3 Fury (after 1962 F-1C) Single-seat fighter-bomber version, powered by the more powerful  Wright J65-W-2 or  J65-W-4 turbojet engine; 538 built.
FJ-3M Fury (after 1962 MF-1C) Improved version of the FJ-3, with the ability to carry AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles; 194 FJ-3 converted to this standard.
FJ-3D (after 1962 DF-1C) conversions to control aircraft for SSM-N-8 Regulus missiles and KDU target drones.
FJ-3D2 (after 1962 DF-1D) conversions to control aircraft for Grumman F9F-6K Cougar target drones.

Operators

 United States Navy
 United States Marine Corps

Aircraft on display
FJ-2
BuNo 132023 – National Naval Aviation Museum, NAS Pensacola, Florida.
BuNo 132057 – USS Hornet Museum, Alameda, California.
FJ-3
BuNo 135841 – Marine Corps Air Station Beaufort, South Carolina.
BuNo 135867 – Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California.
BuNo 135868 – Intrepid Sea, Air & Space Museum in New York, New York.
BuNo 135883 – USS Midway Museum in San Diego, California.
BuNo 136032 – Middleton Field in Evergreen, Alabama.
BuNo 136119 - Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum in McMinnville, Oregon.

FJ-3M
BuNo 141393 – Hickory Aviation Museum in Hickory, North Carolina.

Specifications (FJ-2)

See also

References

Notes

Bibliography

 Angelucci, Enzo, The American Fighter: The Definitive Guide to American Fighter Aircraft From 1917 to the Present, New York: Orion Books, 1987. .
 Avery, Norm. North American Aircraft 1934–1998, Volume 1. Santa Ana, California: Narkiewicz//Thompson, 1998. .
 Bowers, Peter M. United States Navy Aircraft since 1911. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1990, pp. 385–388. .
 Bowman, Martin. F-86 Sabre. Westport, Connecticut: Airlife, 2004. .
 Dorr, Robert F. "Fury: The Navy's Sabre". Air International, January 1993.
 Dorr, Robert F. "North American FJ Fury". Aeroplane Monthly, February 2006.
 Kinzey, Bert. FJ Fury (Detail & Scale Vol. 68). Carollton, Texas: Squadron Signal Books, 2003. .
 Taylor, John, W.R., ed. Jane's All the World's Aircraft 1965–1966. London: Jane's All the World's Aircraft, 1967. .
 Wagner, Ray. The North American Sabre. London: Macdonald, 1963. No ISBN.
 Wilson, Stewart. Combat Aircraft since 1945. Fyshwick, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 2000. .
 Wilson, Stewart. F-86 Sabre / MiG-15 Fagot / Hawker Hunter. Fyshwick ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd, 1995. .
 Winchester, Jim, ed. North American FJ Fury. Military Aircraft of the Cold War (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. .

External links

F01J-2
1950s United States fighter aircraft
Single-engined jet aircraft
Low-wing aircraft
Carrier-based aircraft
FJ-2 Fury
Aircraft first flown in 1951

North American FJ-2/-3 Fury


الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي الديمقراطي حزب سياسي سوري ذو توجه قومي عربي. الحزب مشارك في الائتلاف الوطني لقوى الثورة والمعارضة السورية.

تأسس الحزب نتيجة اندماج عدة قوى وحركات ناصرية وقومية هي حركة القوميين العرب والجبهة العربية المتحدة وحركة الوحدويين الاشتراكيين والاتحاد الاشتراكي.

عقد المؤتمر التأسيسي في بيروت في الفترة الواقعة ما بين 14 و18 تموز 1964، وتمخض عن إصدار بيان تأسيسي في 19 تموز بمناسبة الذكرى الأولى لإعدام قادة حركة 18 تموز 1963، وأذاعت إذاعة القاهرة هذا البيان، وانتخب نهاد القاسم أميناً عاماً ورئيساً للمكتب السياسي، كذلك تم تشكيل قيادة مؤقتة في الداخل للاتحاد. تسلم جمال الأتاسي منصب الأمين العام حتى وفاته عام 2002.

وفي أول مؤتمر عام لحزب الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي الذي عقد عام 1965 لم تتمكن هذه القيادة من حضور المؤتمر، وفيه تم انتخاب العقيد جاسم علوان أميناً عاماً في الخارج (القاهرة) والدكتور جمال الأتاسي بعد تركه حزب البعث العربي الاشتراكي الحاكم أميناً عاماً مساعداً، كما تم تشكيل قيادة في الداخل تألفت من فايز إسماعيل وأديب النحوي وعصمت هنانو وظافر خير الله وعبد الرحمن عطبة. وبعد أربعة أشهر من الاندماج أعلن فايز إسماعيل وأدهم مصطفى انسحابهما من الاتحاد العربي الاشتراكي متخذين من المتغيرات السياسية العربية والنهج الجديد لجمال عبد الناصر القاضي بوحدة الصف والعمل العربي المشترك وسياسته في مؤتمرات القمة، وما تقتضيه تلك السياسة من تلاق مع السلطة السورية البعثية وفتح الخطوط معها كأمر واقع يفترض التنسيق والتعاون، إضافة إلى تفشي الشللية الحزبية والتكتلات داخل الاتحاد والقمع الذي كانت تمارسه السلطة البعثية، وثبوت عدم قيام حركة القوميين العرب بحل تنظيمها فعلياً، حجةً لتبرير انسحابها ومن ثم تعاونها مع السلطة منذ نهاية عام 1964 وبداية عام 1965.

مر الحزب بأزمات داخلية كثيرة، أدت إلى خروج مجموعات منه، وانشقاق بعض رموزه، وتشكيل أطر خاصة بها. كذلك تعرض أعضاؤه لحملات من الاعتقال والملاحقة لمعظم كوادره، ولكنه بقي مستمرا ومتجددا.

عرف بنقده للتجربة الناصرية في الحكم بجرأة وشجاعة وعن وعي؛ جعلته مستقلا وليس تابعا ومجددا لفكره وخطابه، وهو الذي قاد المعارضة السورية ممثلة بالتجمع الوطني الديمقراطي، الذي تأسس عام 1979 وضم خمسة أحزاب يسارية وقومية، قادها لما يزيد عن عقدين من الزمان.

استمرت زعامة الحزب للمعارضة الداخلية حتى بعد رحيل الدكتور جمال الأتاسي، ولكن ذلك لم يمنع ظهور أزمات له مع حلفائه في التجمع الوطني الديمقراطي، والتي برزت إلى السطح مع تشكيل «إعلان دمشق» في عام 2005.

التجربة الأخطر كانت للحزب بدخوله في «الجبهة الوطنية التقدمية»، مع بداية عهد حافظ الآسد، والتي لم يلبث أن خرج منها متحملا بذلك تبعات الانتقال من العلنية إلى السرية، وهي التجربة التي أدت إلى انشطاره، وكان ذلك احتجاجا على المادة الثامنة من الدستور، التي أعطت لحزب البعث وحده قيادة الدولة والمجتمع، وهي المادة التي أسست لقوننة الاستبداد، وترتب عليها كل ما جرى فيما بعد في تاريخ سورية في ظل حكم نظام العائلة.

للحزب وجود وامتداد في جميع المحافظات السورية، ويعتبر مركز ثقله في ريف دمشق والعاصمة نفسها.

في أخر مؤتمر حضره زعيمه الراحل الدكتور جمال الآتاسي؛ عام 2000، أضاف إلى اسمه التاريخي كلمة «الديمقراطي» تمييزا له عن الحزب الموازي في جبهة النظام، وأخذ بالتطور الديمقراطي على مستوى البنية والهيكلية، التي كانت تجري انتخاباتها دوما من القاعدة إلى القمة؛ وفي آخر مؤتمر له أقر بعدم الحق لأي أمين عام الترشح لأكثر من دورتين متتاليتين؛ حدا من النزوع الفردي، ولمزيد من الديمقراطية وتجديد الدماء، وفي هذا المؤتمر تبنى الحزب مبدأ العلنية متحملا بذلك تبعات الإعلان عن وجوده.

وفي إطار هذه السياسة والمواقف أقام على مدى ثلاث سنوات (2003- 2004-2005) مهرجانات كبيرة في ذكرى تأسيسه في ملعب مدينة دوما، كانت لافتة للنظر في حينها، وكشفت عن قوته وامتداده الشعبي.

كان من أوائل الأحزاب التي أصدرت بيانات ومواقف واضحة من الثورة السورية، آذار 2011، وكانت كوادره في العديد من المحافظات من أوائل النشطاء والفاعليين في صفوف الثورة، خصوصا في ريف دمشق ودرعا والسويداء والرقة حلب.

ساهم الحزب بتشكيل هيئة التنسيق الوطنية في أيلول 2011، وشارك في معظم حوارات المعارضة في الخارج، وهو ما أدى فيما بعد إلى خروج مجموعة كبيرة من كوادره وقواعده عن قيادة الحزب التقليدية؛ والبقاء تحت اسم الحزب، ولكن باسم اللجنة التنفيذية، تميزا لها عن القيادة التقليدية التي تعرف باسم المكتب السياسي، وذلك على خلفية الموقف من الثورة، وخطاب هيئة التنسيق ودورها.

كان الحزب منذ البداية من ضمن القوى التي تشكل منها الائتلاف الوطني لقوى المعارضة والثورة، وشارك بفاعلية في ذلك مع مختلف المكونات.

يتميز الحزب بوجود مختلف عناصره وكوادره في الداخل، حتى الآن وهو ما منع إعلان أسماء قيادته (اللجنة التنفيذية)، التي يقودها محمد فليطاني- من مدينة دوما، وممثل الحزب في الائتلاف قاسم الخطيب.

يتبنى الحزب مواقف الائتلاف، ويعمل عليها مع الآخرين، وهو يتبنى إقامة مجتمع ونظام ديمقراطي، مدني، تداولي، تمثيلي، ويتبنى مبدأ العدالة الاجتماعية، ولا يغيب عن خطابه البعد العروبي، الذي يعتبر ملمحا رئيسا من نهجه وفكره وسياسته.

المصادر

أحزاب اشتراكية في سوريا
أحزاب سياسية أسست في 1973
أحزاب سوريا
أحزاب سياسية قومية عربية
أحزاب سياسية ناصرية
الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي
تأسيسات سنة 1973 في سوريا
قومية عربية في سوريا

حزب الاتحاد الاشتراكي العربي (سوريا)


Singles 1–12 es un álbum recopilatorio de Melvins lanzado en 1997 por Amphetamine Reptile Records. Durante todos los meses de 1996, los Melvins lanzaron sencillos de 7 pulgadas, todas fueron ediciones limitadas de solo 800 copias en todo el mundo. Esta compilación de 1997 incluye todos estos singles.

En enero, Melvins toca una serie de tres shows en el Club Spaceland. Una edición limitada de 50 ejemplares con empaque artesanal se vendió durante el concierto.

Disco 1
Todas las canciones escritas por Melvins excepto donde lo indica.

Disco 2
Todas las canciones escritas por Melvins excepto donde lo indica.

Información del Disco 1
 Lexicon Devil: Cover de Germs, grabado en 1993.
 Pigtro: Mix especial por A&R de Atlantic, grabado en 1994.
 In The Rain: El nacimiento de Brit Pop...shitpop, grabado en 1995.
 Spread Eagle: Mix especial por A&R de Atlantic, grabado en 1994.
 Leeech: Cover de Green River, grabado en vivo en dos tracks durante 1994 en memoria de Bing
 Queen: Mix especial por A&R de Atlantic, grabado en 1994.
 Way of the World: Cover de Flipper, grabado en el año nuevo chino
 Theme: Cover de Clown Alley, grabado en Suecia durante el primer tour europeo
 It's Shoved: Podría ser en vivo o un ensayo/keg party (Nota: esta es la misma grabación que aparece en el sencillo de Lizzy. Grabado en vivo en Yo Yo Studios por Pat Maley en el Capital Theatre de Olympia, el 12 de febrero de 1993)
 Forgotten Principles: Grabado en 1983 con la formación original con Matt Lukin y Mike Dillard
 GGIIBBYY: Una mala canción recortada de la grabación de Houdini.
 Theresa Screams: Las manos hacia abajo nuestra canción favorita de todos los tiempos Melvins.

Información del disco 2
 Poison: Cover de Wayne Kramer de MC5, mezcla propia.
 Double Troubled: Una extraña grabación
 Specimen: Grabada en los últimos minutos de Stag
 All At Once: Nuff said.
 Jacksonville: 1994 con L7. Nuestro concierto favorito de la gira.
 Dallas: 1995 con NIN. Nuestro concierto favorito de la gira.
 The Bloat: Demo de las sesiones de Stag.
 Fast Forward: Buzz y Dale jugando con una grabadora de casete.
 Nasty Dogs and Funky Kings: Cover de ZZ Top, Intentos adolescente en el Arena level rock.
 HDYF: grabado en 1996 con IMA en Yoko Ono fame
 How-**-Harry Lauders Walking Stick Tree: Una rara mezcla de dos clásicos
 Zodiac: Cortesía de la banda "Brutal Truth"

Personal
 The Melvins:
 Buzz Osborne -  Guitarra, Voz
 Dale Crover - Batería
 Mark Deutrom - Bajo
 Lori Black - Bajo en "Way of the World" y "Theme"
 Matt Lukin - Bajo en "Forgotten Principles"
 Mike Dillard - Batería en "Forgotten Principles"
 Brutal Truth:
 Rich Hoak - Batería en "Zodiac"
 Dan Lilker - Bajo en "Zodiac"
 Brent McCarty - Guitarra en "Zodiac"
 Kevin Sharp - voz en "Zodiac"

Véase también
 Discografía de Melvins

Referencias

Melvins
Álbumes de 1997
Álbumes de Melvins
Álbumes en inglés

Singles 1-12


Glen Gulutzan (* 12. August 1971 in The Pas, Manitoba) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Eishockeyspieler und derzeitiger -trainer. Während seiner aktiven Karriere spielte er unter anderem für die Utah Grizzlies und Las Vegas Thunder in der International Hockey League sowie für die Fresno Falcons in der West Coast Hockey League. In Europa war Gulutzan für die schwedischen Zweitligisten Tranås AIF und IK Vita Hästen sowie für den finnischen Club Vaasan Sport aktiv. Als Cheftrainer betreute er in der National Hockey League die Dallas Stars und die Calgary Flames, bevor er im Mai 2018 von den Edmonton Oilers als Assistenztrainer verpflichtet wurde.

Karriere als Spieler
Gulutzan war zunächst im Zeitraum von 1986 bis 1992 für die Moose Jaw Warriors, Brandon Wheat Kings und Saskatoon Blades in der kanadischen Juniorenliga Western Hockey League aktiv, ehe er ab der Saison 1992/93 für zwei Spielzeiten für die Eishockeymannschaft der University of Saskatchewan in der Canadian Interuniversity Athletics Union (CIAU) aufs Eis ging. Seine Laufbahn setzte der Kanadier im Anschluss an seine Universitätszeit zur Spielzeit 1994/95 beim schwedischen Zweitligisten Tranås AIF aus der Division 1 fort, für den Gulutzan in allen 32 Saisonpartien der Saison auflief.

Der Linksschütze entschied sich für eine weitere Spielzeit im Ligabetrieb der zweithöchsten schwedischen Ligastufe zu verweilen und nahm ein Angebot des Ligakonkurrenten IK Vita Hästen für die Saison 1995/96 an. Nachdem der Ligaerhalt gesichert war, verließ der Stürmer die Mannschaft und unterzeichnete im Sommer 1996 ein Arbeitspapier bei den Fresno Falcons aus der West Coast Hockey League. Dort avancierte Gulutzan rasch zu einem Führungsspieler und Leistungsträger der kalifornischen Traditionsmannschaft. Das Spieljahr 1996/97 beendete der Kanadier mit einer Bilanz von 30 Toren und 80 Assists in 60 Partien der regulären Saison und belegte dadurch ligaweit den fünften Platz. Teamintern war lediglich Sturmpartner Craig Lyons mit 111 Zählern erfolgreicher. In derselben Saison stand der Linksschütze außerdem in wenigen Partien für die Utah Grizzlies und Las Vegas Thunder in der International Hockey League im Einsatz, wobei der Offensivakteur nicht über den Status des Lückenfüllers hinaus kam.

Ungeachtet einer persönlich erfolgreichen Spielzeit im Trikot der Fresno Falcons verließ er Nordamerika bereits nach lediglich einer Saison wieder und heuerte beim finnischen Zweitligisten Vaasan Sport an, der erst vor Saisonbeginn in die I-divisioona aufgestiegen war. Zur Spielzeit 1998/99 kehrte Gulutzan zu den Fresno Falcons in die West Coast Hockey League zurück, für die der Kanadier bis zur Einstellung des Ligabetriebs im Mai 2003 aktiv war. Lediglich 1999 lief der Angreifer in elf Spielen für den Tranås AIF aufs Eis, für den er bereits in der Spielzeit 1994/95 aktiv gewesen war und mit diesen den Ligaerhalt in der zweithöchsten schwedischen Liga realisierte. Zurück in Fresno gelang es Gulutzan in der Saison 2001/02 mit der Mannschaft die Meisterschaft der WCHL und die Siegertrophäe, den Taylor Cup, zu erringen.

Karriere als Trainer
In seinen letzten beiden Spielzeiten im Trikot der Fresno Falcons diente der Kanadier außerdem in der Funktion als Spielertrainer unter Cheftrainer Blaine Moore. Jeweils eine Saison füllte er gemeinsam mit einem aktiven Akteur der Kalifornier die Funktion des Assistenztrainers aus, zunächst mit Mike McCourt; für die letzte Saison stand Greg Spenrath dem Angreifer zur Seite. Anschließend entschied sich Gulutzan seinen Fokus komplett auf eine Laufbahn als Cheftrainer zu legen und erhielt zur Saison 2003/04 ein entsprechendes Angebot seitens der Las Vegas Wranglers aus der ECHL. Gleich in ihrer Premierensaison führte er die Expansionsmannschaft in die Endrunde und unterlag in der ersten Runde dem späteren Kelly-Cup-Sieger Idaho Steelheads. Insgesamt stand der Kanadier sechs Jahre bei den Wranglers aus der Casino-Metropole Las Vegas hinter der Bande, wobei in der Spielzeit 2007/08 mit dem Einzug in die Kelly-Cup-Finalserie der größte Erfolg verbucht wurde. Seine Führungsqualitäten wurden ebenfalls gewürdigt; 2006 erhielt der Kanadier den John Brophy Award als Cheftrainer des Jahres der ECHL überreicht.

Von 2009 bis 2011 war er in derselben Position bei den Texas Stars aus der American Hockey League aktiv und erreichte mit dem Farmteam der Dallas Stars aus der National Hockey League in der Saison 2009/10 die Finalserie um den Calder Cup, welche gegen die Hershey Bears mit einer 2:4-Niederlage endete. Nachdem Marc Crawford, Cheftrainer der Dallas Stars, im Frühjahr 2011 von seinen Aufgaben entbunden worden war, wurde Gulutzan im Juni 2011 von den Texanern als sechster Cheftrainer der Franchise-Historie vorgestellt und als dessen Nachfolger installiert. Nach zwei Saisons in Diensten der Dallas Stars ohne Playoff-Teilnahme wurde Gulutzan im Mai 2013 entlassen.

Es folgten drei Jahre als Assistenztrainer bei den Vancouver Canucks, ehe er im Juni 2016 als neuer Cheftrainer der Calgary Flames vorgestellt wurde und dort Bob Hartley beerbte. Die Flames betreute Gulutzan zwei Spielzeiten lang, bevor er im April 2018 nach dem Verpassen der Playoffs entlassen wurde. Knapp einen Monat später wurde er gemeinsam mit Trent Yawney als neue Assistenten von Todd McLellan bei den Edmonton Oilers angestellt.

Erfolge und Auszeichnungen
 2002 Taylor-Cup-Gewinn mit den Fresno Falcons
 2006 John Brophy Award

Weblinks

Eishockeyspieler (Moose Jaw Warriors)
Eishockeyspieler (Brandon Wheat Kings)
Eishockeyspieler (Saskatoon Blades)
Eishockeyspieler (Utah Grizzlies, IHL)
Eishockeyspieler (Las Vegas Thunder)
Eishockeyspieler (Fresno Falcons, WCHL)
Eishockeyspieler (Vaasan Sport)
Eishockeytrainer (Dallas Stars)
Eishockeytrainer (Calgary Flames)
Person (Edmonton Oilers)
Person (Las Vegas Wranglers)
Person (Texas Stars)
Kanadier
Geboren 1971
Mann

Glen Gulutzan


طيف التردد هو رسم بياني يوضح مجموعة الترددات والأطوار التي تتضمنها أشارة موجية مبينه عبر المجال الترددي لأشارة عوضا عن المجال الزمني، يمكن رسم طيف التردد للأشارة باستخدام عملية فورييه الحسابية، ثم يمكن عرض نتيجة العملية كرسم بياني لقيمة طور الموجة والمطال (السعة القصوى للموجة الترددية) في مقابل قيمة التردد للموجة.

كمثال، لون أشعة الضوء يختلف حسب طول الموجة (وبالتالي التردد) للشعاع، عندما يعبر الضوء قطرات المطر أو منشور زجاجي، تنحرف أشعة الضوء حسب طول موجتها في إتجاهات مختلفة، وبالتالي يمكن رؤية ألوان مختلفة حسب شدة كل لون (مطاله) وزاوية رؤية المشاهد كما يحدث في حالة قوس القزح، عندما تضع قيم شدة (مطال) كل لون لشعاع الضوء في مقابل قيمة تردده في رسم بياني يتكون لديك طيف التردد لهذا الشعاع، عندما تكون شدة كل ترددات الضوء متساوية يصبح لون الضوء أبيض، وبالتالي يصبح الرسم البياني لطيف التردد خطا مستقيما عبر المجال الترددي، لتساوي مطال جميع الترددات. ولذلك كقاعدة عامة يسمى الطيف الترددي ذو الخط المستقيم تقريبا طيف تردد «أبيض» حتى لو كان الرسم البياني يمثل ترددات صوت أو غيره.

ويمكن تطبيق مفاهيم الطيف التردد لتحليل وتبسيط المعلومات عن كثير من الظواهر في حياتنا اليومية، في الموسيقى وفي الألوان وفي موجات الراديو والتلفزيون، حتي في دوران الأرض المستمر.

مراجع

ألوان
تبعثر
تحليل فورييه
طيف راديوي
مطيافيات
معالجة الإشارة
موجات

طيف تردد


Novodmítriyevskaya  es una stanitsa del raión de Séverskaya del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situada en el borde septentrional del Cáucaso, a orillas del río Shebsh, afluente del Afips, de la cuenca del Kubán, 35 km al suroeste de Krasnodar. Tenía 5 244 habitantes en 2010

Es cabeza del municipio Novodmítrievskoye, al que pertenecen Novi, Oazis y Shuvayev.

Historia

La localidad fue fundada en 1864 en el emplazamiento de un aul adigué. Sus primeros colonos fueron cosacos de las stanitsas Prochnookópskaya, Starominskaya y Uspénskaya. Recibió la inmigración de griegos pónticos que emigraron por las persecuciones en el Imperio otomano a finales del  y principios del XX. Pertenecía al otdel de Ekaterinodar del óblast de Kubán hasta 1920. Ese año se fundó el jútor Oazis, cuya población fue mayoritariamente armenia.

Durante la Gran Guerra Patria, cayó ante la Wehrmacht de la Alemania Nazi en verano de 1942 y fue liberada el 20 de enero de 1943 por el Ejército Rojo de la Unión Soviética. La Casa de Cultura es de la década de 1970.

Economía y transporte

Las principales actividades económicas de la región son la agricultura y la industria alimentaria.

La estación de ferrocarril más cercana se encuentra en Afipski, 9 km al norte.

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 Este artículo es una traducción parcial de su correspondiente en la edición rusa de Wikipedia, Новодмитриевская.
 El municipio en la web del raión .
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Séverskaya del krai de Krasnodar
Localidades establecidas en 1864

Novodmítriyevskaya


An Saccoglossum lanceolatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Louis Otho Otto Williams. An Saccoglossum lanceolatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Saccoglossum, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Saccoglossum

Saccoglossum lanceolatum


Artal III de Pallars Sobirá (?-1167?) fue conde de Pallars Sobirá (¿1124-1167?) y III señor de Alagón por matrimonio con Ximena Pérez de Alagón.

Orígenes familiares
Era hijo del conde Artal II de Pallars Sobirá.

Nupcias y descendencia
Se casó en primeras nupcias con una doncella llamada Agnés y de la que tuvo estos hijos:

Artal (?-1182), conde de Pallars Sobirá
Agnés, casada con Ramón, señor de Erill

En 1135 se casó con Ximena Pérez de Alagón, por lo que también es conocido como Artal I de Alagón. De este matrimonio nació:

Palacín I, señor de Alagón

Murió alrededor de 1167 y fue sucedido por su hijo mayor, Artal IV de Pallars Sobirá.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Condes de Pallars
Nobles de España del siglo XII
Señores de Alagón
Historia de Cataluña: siglo XII

Artal III de Pallars Sobirá