Nicholas Douglas Palmer (born 5 February 1950) is a British politician, translator and computer scientist. He was the Labour Party Member of Parliament (MP) for Broxtowe in Nottinghamshire from 1997 until he lost the seat at the 2010 general election to Conservative Anna Soubry, by 390 votes.

Described by Andrew Roth as "quietly effective", he was Parliamentary Private Secretary (PPS) to the Minister of State, Margaret Beckett, in the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs until April 2005.  He then became PPS to the Minister of State, Malcolm Wicks, first in the Department of Trade and Industry, and later in the Department for Business, Enterprise and Regulatory Reform until Wicks stood down in October 2008.

Early life
Palmer's father was a translator/editor and his mother was a language teacher. He is the cousin of Anthony Palmer, a former Deputy Chief of the Defence Staff.

Palmer attended International Schools in Copenhagen and Vienna. He was awarded an MSc at Copenhagen University and a PhD in Mathematics from Birkbeck College, University of London. He also studied at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) where he researched artificial intelligence and language translation.

Professional life
Palmer speaks six languages,  and has worked as a professional translator of Danish and German for the European Commission and other clients.

He was born with a cleft palate and was the first such person to enter Parliament.

As a computer scientist, he developed the COMPACT clinical trials package for the Medical Research Council. Joining the Swiss pharmaceutical firm Ciba-Geigy, he became head of Novartis Internet Service when Ciba-Geigy merged with Sandoz to form Novartis.

Board and computer wargames
Palmer has written three books about board wargames (The Comprehensive Guide to Board Wargaming (1977), The Best of Board Wargaming (1980), and Beyond the Arcade: Adventures and Wargames on Your Computer (1984)). He designed and developed a computer game about the Battle of Britain, named Their Finest Hour. Palmer still attends international conventions, winning the Diplomacy championship at the World Boardgaming Championships in 2007, as well as giving a seminar in 2008 comparing the traits needed to succeed in wargaming to the traits needed to succeed in politics.

He co-founded and edited Flagship magazine in 1983, which focused on play-by-mail games. A keen card player, he has represented the House of Commons at bridge.

Parliamentary career
Palmer joined the Labour Party on his twenty-first birthday and was selected as the Labour candidate for the ultra-safe Conservative seat of Chelsea in the 1983 general election. Prior to contesting Broxtowe, he edited and published a magazine to represent the views of ordinary Labour party members – Grass Roots.

Legislation and Committee Work
While an MP, he served on a number of Select committees including the European Scrutiny Committee, the Northern Ireland Affairs Committee, and the Treasury Committee. and also served as a member of the Justice Committee.

He suggested TV Licence exemption for over-75s which was then adopted by the government, along with similar measures like free bus passes for the elderly.

In January 1998, Palmer introduced a bill under the Ten Minute Rule, amending the Firearms act 1968 and raising the age for possession of air weapons, especially to prevent malicious use against pets.

In April 2000, he introduced a private member's bill to presume consent for organ donation, a measure still being considered which could increase transplants by 25%.

In January 2002, he introduced a 10-minute rule bill advocating Identity Cards which was adopted by the Government. He subsequently brokered a deal to get the government's version through the Lords.

He campaigned for five years for bells to be fitted to all new bicycles in response to a petition from his constituents. A bill was passed making them compulsory from 1 May 2004.

He introduced a bill about fine print, requiring a minimum size of print in documents, especially those relating to advertising and contracts.

In December 2005, he introduced another 10-minute rule bill intended to ensure speed camera warning signs displayed the limit they enforced.

In May 2008, he introduced an amendment to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 requiring that "strictly neutral information" be provided in cases of foetal abnormality. This was based on his parents' experience of the expert advice from pioneering surgeon Archibald McIndoe who successfully reconstructed his cleft palate.

He gave speeches in the Commons on animal welfare issues and in December 2009 he was one of 8 cross-party supporters of a bill introduced by Nigel Waterson to "make provision for residents of care homes and sheltered accommodation to keep domestic pets in certain circumstances."

Based on his experience as a computer software developer, he spoke against the terms of the Digital Economy Bill and joined Tom Watson and Austin Mitchell in leading a Labour rebellion against its third reading.

Interest Groups
Palmer belonged to an All-Party Parliamentary Group on Animal Welfare, Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments (FRAME) and World Government. He is a member of the East Midlands Labour Group and serves on the Executive of the Labour Friends of Israel. He helped organise the visit of the Dalai Lama to Britain in 2008, organising meetings and a special exhibit of a mandala in the House of Commons.

With his secretary, Philipa Coughlan (with sons Nick and Sean) and fellow MP, Liz Blackman, he compiled a book of recipes favoured by MPs. For example, Tony Blair's recipe was for Meatball and Tomato Sauce while speaker Betty Boothroyd preferred Stewed Oxtail. Nick Palmer's own recipe was for Swiss-style potatoes – Berner Roesti.

Constituency

Palmer was one of many new Labour MPs elected in what was a landslide election for Labour in 1997. He held the seat comfortably with an increased majority at the 2001 election, and again with a reduced majority in 2005 election. An opinion piece suggested that part of the reason that Palmer had held his seat was due to his high constituency work rate. In the 2010 election, the seat was lost to the Conservative candidate Anna Soubry, reflecting a national swing.

While an MP, he responded to a "very high" percentage of constituents' letters, addressing matters of local concern such as open-cast mining and the development of the local Nottingham tramway and in February 2008 he asked about "proposals to build on virtually the entire green belt" in Broxtowe at Prime Minister's Questions. In June 2008 he asked the Department for Transport about the second phase of the tram/train trials. He campaigned for and organised a bus service to link Kimberley with the Nottingham tram at Phoenix Park.

Post-parliamentary career
A month after losing his seat in the 2010 general election, Palmer became the first ex-MP to sign on for unemployment benefit. He said this was partly to keep his national insurance contributions continuous and partly to explore for himself what the unemployment services are like. Palmer described the experience as sensitive but said he had received plenty of helpful suggestions and was favourably impressed.  In September 2010, he became Director of International and Corporate Affairs for the BUAV.

In September 2011 Palmer contributed to the book What next for Labour?. He wrote two pieces, one entitled "Student Fees: A Constructive Response" and the other "Animal Welfare: The Neglected Swing Issue". He is the patron of Cats Protection. In August 2010, pursuing his interest in animal welfare, he joined the Cruelty Free International as their Director of International and Corporate Relations.  He then joined Compassion in World Farming to head the UK branch of the charity which campaigns for the welfare of farm animals.

He stood again for the Broxtowe seat at the 2015 general election but failed to regain the seat. In September 2016 he intervened in the leadership battle between Jeremy Corbyn and Owen Smith. Palmer described himself as one who considered the 1997–2010 Labour government as 'very successful' but 'blighted by the disaster of Iraq'. He called on members and parliamentarians to give Corbyn a 'decent chance'.

On 2 May 2019, he was elected to Waverley Borough Council in the Godalming Binscombe Ward.  He led the Labour group on the council and chaired the local party, receiving an award for endurance on the 50th anniversary of his party membership.

Personal life
Palmer married Fiona Hunter in 2000, having proposed to her on the terrace of the House of Commons. The ceremony took place on his birthday in the ornate 14th century Chapel of St Mary Undercroft.

References

External links

Positive Politics from Nick Palmer
The Guardian's Ask Aristotle
BBC profile
Broxtowe Labour Party
Newsletters at Stapleford Web
Voting record at The Public Whip

1950 births
Living people
Labour Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Labour Friends of Israel
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
British video game designers
English computer scientists
Alumni of Birkbeck, University of London
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
University of Copenhagen alumni

Nick Palmer


Bogdan Bogdanović (Beograd, 20. kolovoza 1922. – Beč, 18. lipnja 2010.) bio je srpski arhitekt, graditelj, umjetnik, filozof, profesor Beogradskog sveučilišta, gradonačelnik Beograda od 1982. do 1986. godine. Značajan je arhitekt memorijalne arhitekture, spomen-obilježja podignutih u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća, žrtvama fašizma u Drugom svjetskom ratu, širom SFR Jugoslavije. Najznačajniji spomenici Bogdana Bogdanovića nalaze se u Beogradu, Jasenovcu, Garavicama, Prilepu, Mostaru, Kruševcu i Leskovcu.

Značaj
Pojava Bogdan Bogdanovića na arhitektonskoj sceni Srbije je podjednako značajna za arhitekturu i za skulpturu. On unosi u skulpturu arhitekturalnost, koja zamjenjuje prevladavajuću figurativnost. Također, kompozicija arhitektonskog kompleksa kod njega postaje značajnija od kompozicije samog spomenika. Njegovi spomenici izviru iz samog pejzaža i predstavljaju arhitektonsku cjelinu s prirodom i okruženjem u kojem se nalaze.

Bogdanović je individualist, okrenut izvanvremenskim povijesnim uzorima. Ono što je nesumnjivo i nesporno je da je Bogdanović jedan od najkolosalnijih autora sa ovih prostora, da su njegova djela bezvremena, odnosno, svevremena, da su nastala ne pod utjecajem trenda ili stila, već iz dubine autorove kreativne osobnosti.

Bogdanović je također bio vrlo značajan pisac. Njegovo djelo na tom polju predstavlja ga kao izuzetnog esejista, analitičara ali i kao pripovjedača. Međunarodno su značajni njegovi brojni radovi o gradovima i arhitekturi sa mitologističkim i simbolističkim pogledima i o "ljudskoj unutrašnjoj arhitekturi". Napisao je 25 knjiga i pisao tekstove u raznim časopisima kao "El Pais" i "Die Zeit" iz oblasti arhitekture i urbanizma. Njegove knjige su stilski i žanrovski vrlo različite, ali imaju jedno zajedničko u sebi: ogroman naboj duha, koncentraciju energije koju nose sobom i prenose je na čitatelje. Bogdanović je intenzivno pisao, ali je svoje knjige izdavao izvan granica Srbije, u Austriji, Mađarskoj, Hrvatskoj, Češkoj.

Iako je bio jedan od kulturnih stožera srpske arhitekture i kulture uopće, Bogdanović je, kao i njegovi veliki prethodnici, u svojoj karijeri imao neprestane uspone i padove. Bio je veliki protivnik nacionalizama svih vrsta i razaračkih politika koje su krajem 1980-ih i početkom 1990-ih zahvatile dobar dio tadašnje Jugoslavije i time neizbježno došao u sukob s režimom Slobodana Miloševića. Bojkotirali su ga njegovi kolege profesori na fakultetu, čak je bio i "isključen" sa mjesta predavača na Arhitektonskom fakultetu u Beogradu. U revoltu je napustio članstvo u Srpskoj akademiji znanosti i umjetnosti. U razdoblju ratnih previranja, država mu je oduzela objekte u kojima je vodio Ljetnu školu arhitekture u Malom Popoviću. Nedugo zatim bio je prisiljen napustiti zemlju, nakon čega se, rezigniran, nastanio u Beču kao politički emigrant.

Osnovao je Seosku školu za filozofiju arhitekture u Malom Popoviću, nadomak Beograda, od milja nazvanu "Mistrija pod orahom". "Zelena kutija" je knjiga-kutija sa ceduljicama, bilješkama iz njegovog života, poslije sukoba sa Slobodanom Miloševićem.

Živio je sa svojom suprugom u egzilu u Beču od 1993. godine, a od vlade Austrije je dobio nagradu za životno djelo.

Iako je kršten, njegovi posmrtni ostaci kremirani su u Beču, dok je urna sa pepelom smještena na Židovsko groblje u Beogradu. Posmrtni ostaci njegove supruge Ksenije, koja je preminula 2017. godine, nalaze se na istom mjestu.

Ostvarenja

Neka od Bogdanovićevih najznačajnijih arhitektonskih ostvarenja su:
 Spomenik židovskim žrtvama fašizma, Beograd 1951.-1952.
 Stambeno naselje Hidrotehničkog instituta, Avala, Beograd, 1952.-1953.
 Spomen-groblje žrtvama fašizma, Srijemska Mitrovica, 1959.-1960.
 Partizansko spomen-groblje, Mostar 1959.-1965.
 Spomen-park Slobodište, Kruševac, 1960.-1965.
 Spomenik srpskim i albanskim partizanima palima u NOB-u, Kosovska Mitrovica, 1960.-1973.
 Spomenik palim borcima NOB-a, Prilep, 1961.
 Spomen-park palim borcima u oslobodilačkim ratovima 1804.-1945. (1804.-1815., 1876.-1878., 1912., 1914.-1918., 1941.-1945.), Knjaževac, 1961.-1971.
 Spomenik Kameni cvijet, Jasenovac, 1966.
 Spomen kompleks Palim borcima Revolucije, Štip, 1969.-1974.
 Spomen-park Garavice, Bihać, 1969.-1981.
 Spomen područje i mauzolej palih boraca, Čačak, 1970.-1980.
 Grupni kenotafi palih boraca, Bela Crkva, 1971.
 Nekropola žrtvama fašizma, Novi Travnik, 1971.-1975.
 Spomen-park Revolucije, Leskovac, 1971.
 Spomenik strijeljanim rodoljubima i Romima, Arapova dolina, Leskovac, 1971.
 Spomenik Slobodi, Ivangrad, 1972.-1977.
 Spomenik palim borcima za slobodu, Vlasotince, 1973.-1975.
 Adonisov oltar, Labin, 1974.
 Spomen-park Dudik, Vukovar, 1978.-1980.
 Spomen park palih boraca NOB-a, sudionika Popinske borbe, Štulac, Vrnjačka Banja, 1979.-1981.
 Grobnica Dušana Petrovića - Šaneta, Aranđelovac, 1980.
 "Čuvar slobode" (Spomenik poginulim partizanima u obrani Klisa 1943.), Klis, 1987. (uništen 1996. godine)

Najznačajnija djela

Na srpskom jeziku
 Mali urbanizam (1958.)
 Zaludna mistrija: doktrina i praktika bratstva zlatnih (crnih) brojeva (1963.)
 Urbanističke mitologeme (1966.)
 Urbs i logos: ogledi iz simbologije grada (1976.)
 Povratak grifona: crtačka heuristička igra po modelu Luisa Karola propraćena uvodnim ogledom Ljerke Mifke (1978.)
 Gradoslovar (1982.)
 Eeji: epistoralni eseji (sa Radom Iveković, 1986.)
 Krug na četiri ćoška (1986.)
 Mrtvouzice: mentalne zamke staljinizma (1988.)
 Knjiga kapitela (1990.)
 Grad kenotaf (1993.)
 Grad i smrt (1994., na njemačkom 1993.)
 Ukleti neimar (2001, na njemačkom 1997.)
 Grad i budućnost (2001, na njemačkom 1997.)
 Glib i krv (2001.)
 O sreći u gradovima (2007., na njemačkom 2002.)
 Tri ratne knjige (Grad i smrt; Srpska utopija; Grad i budućnost, 2008.)
 Platonov tajni roman: Platonov gradoslovni nauk (2008.)
 Zelena kutija: knjiga snova (2009., na njemačkom 2007.)

Na njemačkom jeziku
 Die Stadt und der Tod, Wieser Verlag, Klagenfurt - Salzbourg. 1993., isbn=978-3-85129-090-5
 Architektur der Erinnerung. Wieser Verlag, Klagenfurt. 1994., isbn=978-3-85129-130-8
 Der verdammte Baumeister: Erinnerungen, Zsolnay Verlag, Vienne 1997/. 2002., isbn=978-3-552-04846-1
  Die Stadt und die Zukunft, Wieser Verlag, Klagenfurt - Salzbourg. 1997., isbn=978-3-85129-201-5
 Vom Glück in den Städten, Zsolnay Verlag, Vienne. 2002., isbn=978-3-552-05178-2
 Die grüne Schachtel: Buch der Träume, Zsolnay Verlag, Vienne. 2007., isbn=978-3-552-05394-6
 Memoria und Utopie in Tito-Jugoslawien. Wieser Verlag, 2009., 978-3-85129-834-5

Foto-galerija

Izvori

Literatura
 Srpska porodična enciklopedija, Narodna knjiga, Politika, 2006.
 Mala enciklopedija Prosveta, treće izdanje, Beograd, 1978.

Vanjske poveznice

 "Glas Javnosti": "Ko je sve bio gradonačelnik jugoslovenske prestonice od 1944. godine do danas"
 Vom Glück in den Städten, Beitrag des Deutschlandfunks vom 5. Juli 2002 zur Veröffentlichung des gleichnamigen Buchs mit biografischen Angaben
 Architekt einer idealen Stadt, Autorenporträt aus dem Jahr 2000 auf www.fruehjahrsbuchwoche.de
 Životopis na stranici SANU
 Preminuo Bogdan Bogdanović ("Politika", 19. lipnja  2010.)
 Graditelj sa magičnim šestarom ("Politika", 20. lipnja 2010.)
 Vatra Bogdana Bogdanovića ("Politika", 19. veljače 2011.)
 Bogdan Bogdanović: "Srbi su u ovom ratu izgubili dušu i čast" (intervju iz 1995.)
 Spomen-tabla u čast Bogdana Bogdanovića ("Politika", 20. lipnja 2017.)
 Pejzažni koncepti Bogdana Bogdanovića ("Politika", 19. listopada 2022.)
 Neuhvatljivi šarmer, borac za arhitekturu i alhemičar neuhvatljivih granica ("Politika", 30. prosinca 2022.)
 BOGDANOVI SPOMENICI INSPIRIŠU I STRANCE: Monumentalna dela našeg arhitekte interesuju studente širom sveta ("Večernje novosti", 8. siječnja 2023.)

Životopisi, Beograd
Srbijanski arhitekti
Akademici SANU
Gradonačelnici gradova u Srbiji

Bogdan Bogdanović


El Distrito Escolar del Área de Phoenixville (Phoenixville Area School District, PASD) es un distrito escolar de Pensilvania. Tiene su sede en Phoenixville. El distrito sirve tres localidades en el norte del Condado de Chester: Phoenixville, Municipio de Schuylkill, y Municipio de East Pikeland. El consejo escolar tiene un presidente, un vicepresidente, un secretario, un tesorero, y cinco miembros.

Notas

Enlaces externos
 Distrito Escolar del Área de Phoenixville (en inglés)

Condado de Chester (Pensilvania)
Phoenixville

Distrito escolar del área de Phoenixville


Limba cherokee ([ˈtʃɛrəˌkiː]; în cherokee: ᏣᎳᎩ ᎦᏬᏂᎯᏍᏗ, transliterat: Tsalagi Gawonihisdi) este o limbă irocheză vorbită de populația cherokee din Statele Unite. Limba cherokee este o limbă polisintetică și își folosește propriul sistem de scriere numit silabarul cherokee.

Clasificare

Cheorkee e o limbă irocheză, fiind singura limbă irocheză sudică ce mai e vorbită și astăzi. Lingviștii cred că populația cherokee a migrat în zona sudică a Marilor Lacuri din America de Nord acum aproximativ 3.000 de ani, ei aducând-și limba în acea zonă.

Istorie

Limbi vorbite în Statele Unite ale Americii
Limbi irocheze

Limba cherokee


ڤي-22 أوسبري  طائرة تعمل بتقنية المراوح القابلة لتغيير الاتجاه Tilt Rotor. إذ تجمع بين القدرة على الإقلاع والهبوط العمودي مثل طائرات الهليكوبتر، وسرعة التحليق العالية، اللذان يميزان الطائرات ثابتة الجناح. وقد صممت هذه الطائرة لخدمة كل أفرع القوات المسلحة الأمريكية، وليس فقط القوات الخاصة. وهي أول طائرة تصمم بالكامل على الكمبيوتر، كما أنها أول طائرة تبني بشكل شبه كامل من المواد المركبة واللدائن، حيث يحتوي هيكلها بالكامل على 1000 رطل فقط من المعادن.

على الرغم من أن برنامج هذه الطائرة قد حظى بالكثير من الاهتمام، إلا أن الحوادث المتكررة، التي صاحبت الاختبارت والطيران التجريبي، قد أحبط المسئولين عن البرنامج، وادى إلى توقفه عدة مرات، إلى ان تقرر الاستمرار فيه مؤخرا، بعد أن ظهرت حاجة القوات الخاصة الأمريكية وقوات المشاة البحرية الأمريكية لمثل هذه الطائرة في عملياتهم في أفغانستان.

مواصفات عامة
أهم مواصفات الطائرة هي :
 الطول : 62.5 قدم
 طول الجناح : 46.4 قدم
 قطر المروحة : 38 قدم
 الوزن فارغة : 31772 رطل
 الوزن الأقصى للإقلاع العمودي : 47500 رطل
 المحركات : محرك على كل جناح
 الطاقم : 3 أفراد
 مقاعد الجنود : 24 مقعد
 عدد حمالات الجرحى : 12 حمالة
 سرعة الطواف : 275 عقدة

الدول التي تملك الطائرة

أعلن وزير الدفاع الأمريكي تشاك هاجل أن إسرائيل ستكون أول حليف لواشنطن يحصل على طائرات «أوسبري» حيث وافقت الولايات المتحدة على بيع ست طائرات في-22 اوسبري.

انظر أيضاً
 إقلاع وهبوط عمودي/قصير
 مروحية

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لفي-22 لدي بوينغ
 الموقع الرسمي لفي-22 لدي بيل
 في -22 و، التاريخ على موقع Navy.mil
 ورقة حقائق سي في-22 على موقع القوات الجوية الأمريكية
 في-22 على موقعGlobalSecurity.org
 في-22 على موقعairforce-technology.com

طائرات بوينغ
V
طائرات تدفع بواسطة عمود دوران توربيني
طائرات ذات أجنحة عالية
طائرات نقل عسكرية أمريكية 1980–1989

في-22 أوسبري


Articles with hCards

මාලනී බුලත්සිංහල (12 December 1949 - 29 March 2001) ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ගායිකාවකි. මතකයේ රැදුනු ගීත රැසක් ඇය ගායනා කලාය.

Personal life

1949 උපත්
2001 මරණ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ගායකයෝ
Articles with hCards

මාලනී බුලත්සිංහල


Profesör (kısaca Prof.), en yüksek düzeydeki akademik rütbe ve akademik ünvana sahip kişilere verilen ünvandır. Bilimler akademisi, üniversite, okul ve diğer yükseköğretim kurumlarında çalışır. Profesörler üniversite dersi ve seminer'ler, bilimsel araştırmalar'lar yapabilir. Bazı ülke ve kurumlarda "profesör" kelimesi üye profesör, yardımcı doçent ve doktora gibi ünvanlarda da kullanılmaktadır.

Sözcük, "bir sanat ya da bilim dalında en yüksek düzeyde uzman" anlamına gelen Latince professorün karşılığı olarak Türkçeye girmiştir. Uzun yazım biçimi "profesör" bir unvan olarak ilk kez 1706 yılında, kısa yazım biçimi "prof." ise 1838 yılında kullanılmaya başlanmıştır.

Pek çok ülkede aynı adla anılan Profesör unvanı İngiltere'deki 'Chair' ve 'Reader' ünvanlarına denk düşmektedir. Kürsüsüz Profesör gibi bir ünvan da kullanılmakla birlikte, bunun İngiliz akademik ünvanlar sıralamasındaki 'Reader'a karşılık geldiği söylenebilir.

Günümüzde bilimsel yetkinliği ifade etmeden ziyade, bir akademik ünvan olarak kullanılmaktadır.

Profesör Unvanının Kullanımı
Profesör unvanının kullanımı ve şartları ülkeden ülkeye farklılık göstermektedir.

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
ABD'de "profesör" kelimesi aynı zamanda doçent ve yardımcı doçent gibi alt kademede yer alan öğretim üyelerini kapsar şekilde kullanılmaktadır.  ABD'de PhD unvanına sahip olup 4 yıl süreyle kolej veya üniversitelerde ders veren öğretim üyelerine profesör unvanı verilmekte olduğundan, bu ülkede profesör unvanına sahip kişi oranı yüksektir. Amerika Birleşik Devletlerinde profesör unvanı edinmek görev süresi ve iş güvencesi ile ilgilidir.

Türkiye
Türkiye'de üniversitelerde Profesörlüğe yükseltilerek atamada Doçentlik unvanını aldıktan sonra en az beş yıl süreyle, açık bulunan profesörlük kadrosu ile ilgili bilim alanında çalışmış olmak ve Doçentlik unvanını aldıktan sonra, ilgili bilim alanında özgün yayınlar veya çalışmalar yapmış olmak, gerekir.

Profesörlük kadrosuna başvuran adayların durumlarını ve bilimsel niteliklerini tespit etmek için üniversite veya yüksek teknoloji enstitüsü yönetim kurulunca en az üçü başka üniversitelerden veya yüksek teknoloji enstitülerinden olmak üzere ilan edilen kadronun bilim alanıyla ilgili beş profesör seçilir. Bu profesörler her aday için ayrı ayrı olmak üzere birer rapor yazarlar ve kadroya atanacak birden fazla aday varsa tercihlerini bildirirler. Üniversite veya yüksek teknoloji enstitüsü yönetim kurulunun bu raporları göz önünde tutarak alacağı karar üzerine, rektör atamayı yapar.

Türkiye'de 2022 yılı itibarıyla, 32.185 Profesör görev yapmaktadır.

Fransa
Fransa'da profesör unvanının kullanımı her derecedeki eğitim kurumunda eğitim veren kişi şeklindedir. Bu nedenle "Üniversite Profesörleri / Professeur des universités" ayrı bir terim olarak kullanılmaktadır. Üniversitelerde "profesör unvanının alınması, üniversite pozisyonu ve atama yapılmasıyla ilgilidir. Üniversite profesör atamaları Cumhurbaşkanı tarafından yapılmaktadır. Bu pozisyonlara başvurmak için profesörlüğe takdim tezinin yazılması, savunulması ve bu işlemin Ulusal Üniversiteler Konseyi tarafından onaylanmış olması gereklidir.

Ordinaryüs Profesör

Ordinaryüs Profesör en az beş yıl profesörlük yapmış, bilimsel çalışmalarıyla kendini tanıtmış öğretim üyeleri arasından seçilerek bir kürsünün yönetimiyle görevlendirilen kimselere verilen unvandır.

Emeritus Profesör
Emeritus Profesör, çeşitli nedenlerle emekli olan, ancak akademik çalışmalarını sürdüren kişilere verilen "onursal profesör" anlamında bir unvandır.

Kaynakça

 Etimoloji Sözlüğü

Akademik unvanlar
Akademik rütbeler
Profesör
Eğitim meslekleri
Yükseköğretim
Öğretim görevlileri

Profesör


Tennis Club Român (TCR) a fost primul club de rugby înființat vreodată în România. Data oficială a apariției lui este 2 mai 1910, cu peste trei ani înaintea primei partide de rugby ce s-a jucat pe pământ românesc, cea dintre... Tennis Club Român (căpitanul echipei fiind chiar fondatorul ei, Mircea Iconomu) și Sporting Club (condusă de frații Hussar), la 8 septembrie 1913. În 1914, TCR cucerește și primul titlu de campioană a României, în dauna aceluiași Sporting Club, cele două echipe fiind și singurele existente la vremea aceea. În total, TCR avea să cucerească nouă (9) titluri naționale, ultimul în ediția 1937-1938 a campionatului.

Cluburi de rugby din România

Tennis Club Român (București)


Brugnin ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Achille Brugnini, Schauspieler
 Cecilia Brugnini, uruguayische Künstlerin, Fotografin und Dozentin

Brugnini


An Aloe rendilliorum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Leonard Eric Newton. An Aloe rendilliorum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aloe, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Kenya. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aloe

Aloe rendilliorum


المُثنى بن حارثة الشيباني (نحو 53 ق هـ - 14 هـ/ نحو 570 - 635م): صحابي، من كبار قادة العرب. من أهل العراق، شهد يوم ذي قار، وكان سيد قومه قبل الإسلام، وفي ذلك ابن حبان قال: ، وقال أبو عبيدة: .وكان شيخ بني شيبان، وفي ذلك قال هانئ بن قبيصة الشيباني لرسول الله:.

التقى المثنى بالنبي محمد  قبل الهجرة في مكة سنة 618م، ولم يُسلم. ثم أسلم ووفد سنة 9 هـ، فكان من أصحاب النبيّ. قام بحملات عسكرية ضد القوات الفارسية في العراق أول أيام أبي بكر الصديق، فتناقل الناس أخباره، ثم وفد على أبي بكر فأكرمه وأمره على قومه، وعاد يغير بحملاته على سواد العراق محاولاً تحريرها، فأمدّه أبو بكر بخالد بن الوليد فكان بدء تحرير العراق.

ولما ولي الخلافة عُمر بن الخطاب أمدّه بجيش عليه أبو عبيد بن مسعود الثقفي فكانت معركة الجسر وقتل أبو عبيد، فأمدّه عمر بجيش فيه جرير البجلي وعرفجة بن هرثمة البارقي، فانتصروا في يوم النخيلة - البويب - وفتحت الحيرة، وفي ذلك قال ابن الكلبي: ، ثم فتحَ جميع أرض سواد العراق، قال معمر بن المثنى: . وقَصّ ابن إسحاق وسيف بن عمر خبر تحرير السواد في أخبار طوال.

بعد تحرير الحيرة والسواد أمدّ عمر المثنى بجيش يقوده سعد بن أبي وقاص، ولكن انتقضت على المثنى جراحته من وقائعه مع الفرس، فمات قبل وصول سعد إليه. وأطلق اسمه على السماوة جنوب العراق - محافظة المُثنى - تكريماً وتخليداّ لجهوده في تحرير العراق من الإمبراطورية الساسانية.

اسمه ونسبه
 هو: المثنى بن حارثة بن سلمة بن ضمضم بن سعد بن مرة بن ذهل بن شيبان بن ثعلبة بن عكابة بن صعب بن علي بن بكر بن وائل بن قاسط بن افصى بن دعمي بن جديلة بن أسد بن ربيعة بن نزار بن معد بن عدنان، الشيباني البكري.

حاله في الجاهلية
في الجاهلية أغار المثنى بن حارثة الشيباني، وهو ابن أخت عمران بن مرة الشيباني، على قبيلة تغلب، وهم عند الفرات، فظفر بهم فقتل من أخذ من مقاتلتهم وغرق منهم ناسٌ كثير في الفرات وأخذ أموالهم وقسمها بين أصحابه، فقال شاعرهم في ذلك:

دليكة: فرس المثنى بن حارثة الشيباني، والذي شد الركي مرة بن همام الشيباني، وغريب الشام ابن القلوص بن النعمان بن ثعلبة.

قصة إسلامه
روى أَبان بن تَغْلب، عن عكرمة، عن ابن عباس، عن علي بن أَبي طالب رضي الله عنه قال: تلا رسول الله صَلَّى الله عليه وسلم: {قُلْ تَعَالَوْا أَتْلُ مَا حَرَّمَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَيْكُمْ} [الأنعام/ 151] على بني شيبان، وفيهم المثنى بن حارثة، ومفروق ابن عمرو، وهاني بن قبيصة، والنعمان بن شريك، فالتفت رسول الله صَلَّى الله عليه وسلم إِلى أَبي بكر فقال: «بأَبي أَنت! ما وراء هؤلاء عون من قومهم، هَؤُلاءِ غرر الناس». فقال مفروق بن عمرو، وقد غلبهم لسانًا وجمالًا: والله ما هذا من كلام أَهل الأَرض، ولو كان من كلامهم لعرفناه. وقال المثنى كلامًا نحو معناه، فتلا رسول الله صَلَّى الله عليه وسلم: {إِنَّ اللَّهَ يَأْمُرُ بِالْعَدْلِ وَالْإِحْسَانِ وَإِيتَاءِ ذِي الْقُرْبَى}... [النحل/ 90]، فقال مفروق: دعوتَ واللّهِ يا قرشي إِلَى مكارم الأَخلاق، وإِلى محاسن الأَفعال، وقد أَفك قوم كَذَّبوك وظاهروا عليك. وقال المثنى: قد سمعت مقالتك، واستحسنت قولك، وأَعجبني ما تكلمتَ به، ولكن علينا عهد، من كسرى لا نُحدِثُ حَدَثًا، ولا نُؤْوِي مُحْدِثًا ولعل هذا الأَمر الذي تدعونا إِليه مما يكرَهُه الملوك. فإِن أَردتَ أَن ننصرك ونمنعك مما يلي بلاد العرب فعلنا. فقال النبي صَلَّى الله عليه وسلم: «مَا أَسَأْتُمْ إِذْ أَفْصَحْتُمْ بِالْصِّدْقِ، إِنَّهُ لاَ يَقُومُ بِدِينِ الله إِلاَّ مَنْ حَاطَهُ بِجَمِيعِ جَوَانِبِهِ». ثم نهض رسول الله صَلَّى الله عليه وسلم على يد أَبي بكر. أسلم المثنى سنة تسع وقيل سنة عشرة للهجرة مع وفد قومه. وقال ابْنُ حِبَّانَ: له صحبة.

تولية أبو بكر له لقتال الفرس
عندما أسلم المثنى بن حارثة كان يغِير هو ورجال من قومه على تخوم ممتلكات فارس، فبلغ ذلك الصديق أبا بكر، فقال عمر: مَنْ هذا الذي تأتينا وقائِعهُ قبل معرفة نسبه؟ فقال له قيس بن عاصم التميمي: «أما إنه غَيْرُ خامل الذّكر، ولا مجهول النسب، ولا قليل العدد، ولا ذليل الغارة، ذلك المثنّى بن حارثة الشّيبانيّ.».
ولم يلبث المثنى أن قدم على المدينة المنورة، وقال للصديق: «يا خليفة رسول الله صَلَّى الله عليه وسلم، ابعثني على قومي؛ فإن فيهم إسلامًا؛ أقاتل بهم أهل فارس، وأكفيك أهْلَ ناحيتي من العدوّ» ففعل ذلك أبو بكر، فقدم المثنى العراق، فقاتل وأغار على أهل فارس ونواحي السّواد حَوْلًا مُجَرَّمًا، ثم بعث أخاه مسعود بن حارثة إلى أبي بكر يسأله المدد، ويقول له: إن أمدَدْتني وسمعَتْ بذلك العرب أسرعوا إليّ؛ وأذلَّ الله المشركين، مع أني أخبرك يا خليفة رسول الله صَلَّى الله عليه وسلم أن الأعاجمَ تخافنا وتتّقينا. فقال له عمر: يا خليفة رسول الله صَلَّى الله عليه وسلم، ابعث خالد بن الوليد مدَدًا للمثنى بن حارثة يكون قريبًا من أهلِ الشّام؛ فإن استغنى عنه أهل الشّام ألحّ على أهل العراق حتى يفتح الله عليه؛ فهذا الذي هاج أبا بكر على أن يبعث خالد بن الوليد إلى العراق.

كان الخليفة عمر بن الخطاب يسمِّيه مؤَمِّر نَفْسه

بعض كلماته
قال المرزباني: كان مخضرما وهو الذي يقول:

وفاته
لمّا ولي عمر بن الخطاب الخلافة سيّر أبا عبيد بن مسعود الثقفي في جيش إلى المثنى، فاستقبله المثنى واجتمعوا ولقوا الفرس بـ (قس الناطف) واقتتلوا فاستشهد أبو عبيد، وجُرِحَ المثنى فمات من جراحته قبل معركة القادسية.

وصيته: لسعد بن أبي وقّاص قبل معركة القادسية: أن لا يقاتل العدو إذا استجمع أمرهم وجندهم في عقر دارهم، وأن يقاتلهم على حدود أرضهم على أدنى حجر من أرض العرب وأدنى حدٍ من أرض العجم، فإن يُظهر الله المسلمين عليهم لهم ما ورائهم، وإن تكن الأخرى: فأووا إلى فئة، ثم يكون أعلم بسبيلهم وأجرأ على أرضهم إلى أن يَرُدّ الله الكرّة عليهم.

قال ابن السّراج: سمعْتُ عبد الله بن محمد بن سليمان بن جعفر بن عديّ الهاشميّ يقول: قُتل المثنى بن حارثة الشيباني سنة أربع عشرة قبل القادسيّة.

المراجع

أشخاص من الفتح الإسلامي لفارس
أشخاص من تاريخ نجد الوسيط
أمراء جيوش الخلافة الراشدة
بنو شيبان
م
عرب في القرن 7
عسكريون عرب
عسكريون نجديون في القرن 7
قادة عسكريون نجديون
مواليد 53 ق هـ
مواليد 570
وفيات 14 هـ
وفيات 635

المثنى بن حارثة الشيباني


Dvorac Pejačević može označavati:

 Dvorac Pejačević u Virovitici,
 Dvorac Pejačević u Retfali,
 Dvorac Pejačević u Našicama.

Dvorac Pejačević


Ibrahim Imran conocido también como Baim (Hong Kong, 31 de mayo de 1975) es un cantante y actor indonesio.

Carrera
Antes de su carrera en solitario, él fue vocalista de la banda Ada Band. Después de lanzar tres álbumes con una banda de ADA, con discos titulados como Seharusnya (1997), Peradaban 2000 (1999), y Tiara (2001), en 2001 es donde Bain se separa del grupo.

Después de eso, Baim decidió seguir su carrera musical en solitario y eligió el camino del género pop, a diferencia de la banda Ada que solo tuvo ritmosd rockeros. Su primer álbum que lanzó fue Fresh !! (2002). En este álbum, la figura de Baim, aún sintió nostalgia con Ada. Una canción que se convirtió en un éxito de este álbum es "Teach Me Love". Hasta que un comunicado más adelante volvió a empaquetar con actualización bajo el mismo título (2003), cuenta que Baim comenzó a participar en este mismo disco. No de una larga espera, finalmente lanzó otro álbum titulado Nafasku Baim (2004), que fue el personaje más viscoso de su música a interpretar baladas pop.

 Discografía

 Álbum
 2002 - Fresh !!
 2003 - 'Refresh
 2004 - Nafasku
 2006 - Terbaik Untukmu
 2009 - Perfeksionis
 2011 - Chaotic Gemini

Filmografía
 2005 - Bad Wolves
 2007 - Legenda Sundel Bolong
 2010 - The Sexy City

Premios
 Mejor Guitarrista en el Concurso de Música Yamaha 1994.
 Mejor Solista Cantante categoría de pop alternativo en los Premios AMI 2004.

Anuncios
 Teh Gelas (2009-2011) Bersama The Dance Company.
 TVS Rockz (2011)

Enlaces externos
 berita Baim di Disctarra

Hongkoneses
Cantantes masculinos de Indonesia
Cantantes masculinos de Hong Kong
Actores masculinos de Indonesia

Ibrahim Imran


Stinna Tange Kaastrup (født 13. juli 1994) er en dansk handicaprytter.

Kaastrup begyndte at ride, da hun var 6 år gammel. Sidenhen har hun vundet DM i ridning op til flere gange; i 2010, 2011 og i 2013.
Ved sommer-PL 2016 i Rio de Janeiro vandt Kaastrup og hendes 15-år gamle vallak Horsebo Smarties, to bronzemedaljer for Danmark.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ryttere fra Danmark
Handicapsportsfolk fra Danmark
Paralympiske bronzemedaljevindere fra Danmark

Stinna Kaastrup


SINoALICE é um RPG eletrônico desenvolvido pela Pokelabo para Android e iOS. O jogo é dirigido por Yoko Taro, mais conhecido por seu trabalho nas séries Nier e Drakengard. O jogo foi lançado no Japão pela Square Enix em junho de 2017 e mundialmente pela Pokelabo em julho de 2020.

Enredo
Em um mundo chamado Biblioteca cheio de inúmeras histórias, os Personagens dentro de cada história desejam reviver seu autor para o futuro desejado. Para fazer isso, eles trabalham juntos para reunir inochi e lutar contra os pesadelos que devoram histórias, sabendo que inevitavelmente terão que matar uns aos outros para realizar seu desejo.

Desenvolvimento
O jogo deveria originalmente ser publicado pela Nexon fora do Japão, mas foi adiado indefinidamente devido a razões de localização. A publicação do jogo foi então entregue ao Pokelabo. A trilha sonora do jogo foi marcada por Keiichi Okabe, Keigo Hoashi e Shotaro Seo.

Recepção
O jogo recebeu uma classificação "mista ou média" de acordo com o agregador de críticas Metacritic.

Adaptação mangá
Uma adaptação a mangá, ilustrada por himiko, começou a ser publicada no atendimento MangaUp! em 2019.

Referências

Ligações externas

Jogos eletrônicos desenvolvidos no Japão
Mangás publicados pela Square Enix
Jogos eletrônicos da Square Enix
Jogos eletrônicos de RPG
Jogos para iOS
Jogos para Android
Mangás de 2019
Jogos eletrônicos de 2017
!Artigos com texto em japonês

SINoALICE


Isla Šolta (en croata: otok Šolta) es una isla en Croacia. Está situada en el Mar Adriático, en el archipiélago dálmata central, al oeste de la isla de Brac, al sur de Split (separadas por el Canal de Split) y al este de las islas Drvenik (separadas por el canal Šolta). Su superficie es de 58,98 kilómetros cuadrados y tiene una población de 1.675 (en 2011).

El pico más alto de Šolta es la cumbre Vela Straža, que alcanza los 238 metros de altura. En la costa norte-oriental de la isla se encuentran las grandes bahías de Rogač y Nečujam. En la parte occidental del interior de Šolta hay un campo a unos 6 km de largo y 2 km de ancho.

La economía de la isla se basa en viñedos, olivos, frutales, pesca y el turismo.

Véase también
 Geografía de Croacia
 Geografía de Europa

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Mapa de localización de la isla

Archipiélagos e islas de Croacia

Šolta


Lisnata opruga ili lamelna opruga je vrsta opruge koja može biti izrađena kao plosnata od jednog lista nekog materijala (jednostavna) ili od više njih složenih u slojeve (slojevita). Jednostavne lisnate opruge dijele se, prema tome kako su poduprte (na jednom ili na oba kraja), na jednokrake i dvokrake.

Prednost lisnatih opruga jednake širine jest vrlo jednostavna izrada, a nedostatak slabo iskorištenje materijala zbog nejednoličnog naprezanja. Taj se nedostatak ublažava sužavanjem širine lista prema krajevima, poput trapeza. Jednostavne jednokrake i dvokrake lisnate opruge uzimaju se na primjer kao potisne opruge zasuna, zatega, skakalica ustavljača, kao kontaktne opruge u sklopkama i slično.

Slike

Lisnate opruge s konstantnim presjekom
Najjednostavniji primjer lisnate opruge je konzolno učvršćena lisnata opruga pravokutnog presjeka. Ako je opruga opterećena silom F koja djeluje na kraju opruge, moment savijanja na proizvoljnom mjestu iznosi:

Najveći moment savijanja:

nastaje na mjestu učvršćenja i ima odlučujući utjecaj pri dimenzioniranju opruge. S obzirom na to da su širina opruge b i debljina h po čitavoj dužini jednake (Wy= konstantno), zbog promjenljivog momenta savijanja mijenja se i naprezanje, pa materijal nije optimalno iskorišten. Zbog toga se ovakve opruge u praksi koriste samo za mala opterećenja, prvenstveno u preciznoj mehanici kao dodirne opruge u raznim sklopkama ili pritisne opruge za ručke i slično. Za izradu ovakvih opruga prvenstveno se upotrebljavaju hladno valjane čelične trake prema DIN 17 222 i legure bakra prema DIN 17 670.

Slike

Proračun lisnatih opruga
Proračun tih opruga obuhvaća kontrolu naprezanja, progiba i nosivosti (dozvoljenog opterećenja). Iz poznate jednadžbe:

i uz oznake s prve gornje slike dobije se naprezanje savijanja:

a prema jednadžbama elastične linije progib f na kraju opruge:

gdje je: F – sila opterećenja, E – Youngov modul elastičnosti materijala, a k – koeficijent zavisan od omjera dimenzija b0 i b (za pravokutnu oprugu k = 1). Tablice koje prikazuju tu zavisnost mogu se naći u priručnicima. Veličina k ujedno određuje i takozvani faktor iskorištenja volumena opruge η. Za pravokutnu oprugu η = 1/a, dok je za trapeznu dat izrazom:

Iz jednadžbe za naprezanje na savijanje dobije se također i dozvoljeno opterećenje, to jest maksimalna sila ili nosivost takvih opruga:

a s obzirom na karakteristiku opruge, pravac, njezin mehanički rad W iznosi:

Proračun vrijedi ne samo za jednokrake, već i za dvokrake jednostavne lisnate opruge, koje se upotrebljavaju na primjer na vibracijskim stolovima, kao kontaktne i za opruge elestičnih spojka tipa "Bibby". Pri proračunu slojastih lisnatih opruga, one se smatraju kao jednostavne lisnate opruge s opadajućom debljinom presjeka, pa se na njih primjenjuje gornji postupak.

Slojevite lisnate opruge
Može se zamisliti da slojevita lisnata opruga nastaje iz jednostavne opruge trapeznog oblika i time što se ona razreže u uske pojaseve koji se slože jedan na drugi. Međutim, u stvarnosti se listovi slojevitih opruga izrađuju svaki zasebno i to jednake širine.

Te opruge upotrebljavaju se u željezničkim, cestovnim vozilima i kod tramvaja za prigušenje energije udara ili potresa. Kod željeznice, slojevite lisnate opruge zovu se gibnjevi. Gibanj je dakle slojevita lisnata opruga na željezničkim i nekim drugim vozilima, sastavljena od nekoliko međusobno povezanih lamela, a služi za ublažavanje udaraca pri vožnji. Učvršćuju se u ležišta krajevima svojih najdužih (glavnih) listova, koji su za tu namjenu najčešće zavinuti. Svi se listovi savijaju u lukove potrebnog polumjera i slažu u snop, koji se drži zajedno s pomoću obuhvatnog stremena ili veznika. Osim toga veznik prenosi silu opterećenja koja djeluje na oprugu. Ujedno stremen sprečava poprečno pomicanje listova opruge.

Lisnate opruge u sloju služe prvenstveno za opruženje cestovnih vozila i vozila na tračnicama. One pretvaraju kratke tvrde udare vozne staze u duge mekane prigušene titraje. Lisnata opruga u sloju nastaje od dvokrakih trapeznih listova različite duljine, koji se slažu jedan na drugi. Listovi opruge izrađuju se od valjanog plosnatog čelika za opruge. Glavni list, kao najgornji najduži list, savijen je na krajevima oko svornjaka ležišta. Protiv poprečnog pomaka osiguran je profilom samog presjeka ili stremenom. Svežanj listova mora se u sredini povezati (držačem svežnja listova), da bi se opterećenje sigurno prenijelo na sve listove.

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Lisnata opruga jednake čvrstoće
Jako opterećene opruge i opruge za cestovna i šinska vozila oblikovane su tako da je uzduž opruge naprezanje na savijanje približno konstantno. To znači da se moment otpora na savijanje presjeka opruge mijenja približno u istom odnosu kao i moment savijanja. Ako je poprečni presjek opruge pravokutnik s momentom otpora na savijanje:

za postizanje gornje pretpostavke mora se uzduž opruge mijenjati širina b ili debljina h. Zbog jednostavnije izrade opruzi se obično u praksi mijenja širina b, tako da se dobiva lisnata opruga jednake čvrstoće. Ako se ova opruga razreže po širini na n jednakih listova koji se polože jedan na drugoga, dobiva se lisnata opruga jednake čvrstoće u sloju. Ako se upotrijebe dvije lisnate opruge i krajevi pojedinih listova odgovarajuće oblikuju dobiva se praktički oblik lisnate savojne opruge u sloju, takozvani gibanj koji se često upotrebljava u cestovnim i šinskim vozilima. Njegovo dobro svojstvo je što ublažava udare zbog neravnog kolnika, što povoljno utječe na vožnju vozila. Lisnate opruge izrađuju se prvenstveno od toplo valjanih čelika za opruge prema DIN 17 221. Debljina listova h i širina listova b lisnatih opruga standardizirane su prema DIN 4 620.

Kako prilikom rada opruge ne bi došlo do poprečnog zamicanja, listovi su primjerno oblikovani i pričvršćeni posebnim prstenom. Osim toga, listovi su po sredini opruge međusobno povezani odgovarajućim dijelom za pričvršćivanje, čime se osigurava jednakomjeran raspored opterećenja koje djeluje na pojedine listove. Gornji list je nešto produžen i oblikovan tako da se opruga može primjereno pričvrstiti. Pri tome su na raspolaganju brojne konstrukcijske mogućnosti.

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Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Strojarstvo

Lisnata opruga


Lone Butte est une municipalité située dans la province de la Colombie-Britannique, dans le centre-sud.

Notes et références

Municipalité en Colombie-Britannique

Lone Butte


Agrilus chekiangensis é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Gebhardt, 1928.

Referências

chekiangensis

Agrilus chekiangensis


Ucar, Azerbaycan'da rayon. İdarî merkezi Ucar şehridir.

Coğrafya
Rayonun step oranı büyüktür. Küçük bir parça ormanlıktır.

Ucar'da bir şehir (rayonun merkezi) ve 32 kasaba vardır.

Ekonomi
Rayonda tarım çok önemlidir. Pamukla tahıl yetiştirilir. Hayvancılık da vardır. Bakü-Ceyhan Boru Hattı Ucar'ı katetmektedir.

Kaynakça

Azerbaycan'ın rayonları

Ucar (rayon)


L'église Saint-Martin de Clara (església de Sant Martí de Clarà en catalan), est une église d'origine préromane au cœur du village de Clara dans la commune de Clara-Villerach. Édifice simple souvent remanié, il abrite un riche mobilier. Son clocher récent est surmonté d'un campanile.

Situation et histoire

Constituant le coeur du village de Clara l'église paroissiale Saint-Martin, à laquelle était rattachée l'Église Saint-Sylvestre de Villerach, est toujours dédiée au culte catholique et fait partie de la communauté de paroisses Saint Michel en Conflent. Elle est mentionnée en  comme basilica S Martini Clarinianum, les moines survivants du monastère Saint-André d'Eixalada ayant fui leur monastère détruit par une crue de la Têt s'y retrouvent pour refonder et construire l'abbaye Saint-Michel de Cuxa. La dépendance de cette paroisse à l'abbaye Saint Michel est confirmée par trois bulles papales successives en ,  et . L'édifice actuel, souvent remanié, est construit ou reconstruit sur l'édifice du , seuls des éléments de l'abside et du chœur sont datables d'après les techniques employées du .

Description

Édifice
L'église, orientée, à nef unique, rectangulaire, mesure  sur  environ. L'entrée, par la façade occidentale, est précédée d'un porche appuyé sur le clocher carré placé à l'angle sud-ouest. La nef est voutée en berceau sans pilier avec une tribune appuyée sur le mur occidental, elle est séparée du chœur par un arc diaphragme légèrement brisé et trois marches. Le chœur, à une travée voûtée en berceau, se termine en chevet plat par un arc légèrement brisé encadrant le retable. Ce serait la partie la plus ancienne, l'appareil de pierres irrégulières et de mortier, malgré les nombreuses restaurations, évoque une construction pouvant datée du .

Mobilier

Une riche et nombreuse statuaire peu répertoriée, un retable baroque du (?) et dans une petite chapelle au nord en entrant dans la nef des peintures murales, la Vierge et saint Jean, en lien avec un crucifix en bois (vers ) sont mis en valeur. L'abbaye Saint-Martin du Canigou qui a récupéré en  des reliques de saint Gaudérique, expose dans un enfeu à côté du reliquaire une grande statue du saint présentée comme venant de Clara. Seul un chrémeau en étain, daté de 1610, est classé.

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 Abbaye Saint-Michel de Cuxa
 Monastère Saint-André d'Eixalada

Liens externes

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Église romane dans les Pyrénées-Orientales
Clara-Villerach

Église Saint-Martin de Clara


List of types of malnutrition or list of nutritional disorders include diseases that results from excessive or inadequate intake of food and nutrients.

Overnutrition

Metabolic

Obesity is caused by eating too many calories compared to the amount of exercise the individual is performing, causing a distorted energy balance.  It can lead to diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Obesity is a condition in which the natural energy reserve, stored in the fatty tissue of humans and other mammals, is increased to a point where it is associated with certain health conditions or increased mortality.

The low-cost food that is generally affordable to the poor in affluent nations is low in nutritional value and high in fats, sugars and additives.  In rich countries, therefore, obesity is often a sign of poverty and malnutrition while in poorer countries obesity is more associated with wealth and good nutrition.  Other non-nutritional causes for obesity included: sleep deprivation, stress, lack of exercise, and heredity.

Acute overeating can also be a symptom of an eating disorder.

Goitrogenic foods can cause goitres by interfering with iodine uptake.

Vitamins and micronutrients

Vitamin poisoning is the condition of overly high storage levels of vitamins, which can lead to toxic symptoms. The medical names of the different conditions are derived from the vitamin involved: an excess of vitamin A, for example, is called "hypervitaminosis A".

Iron overload disorders are diseases caused by the overaccumulation of iron in the body. Organs commonly affected are the liver, heart and endocrine glands in the mouth.

Deficiencies

Proteins/fats/carbohydrates
 Protein malnutrition
 Kwashiorkor
 Marasmus

Dietary minerals
 Calcium
 Osteoporosis
 Rickets
 Tetany
 Iodine deficiency
 Goiter
 Selenium deficiency
 Keshan disease
 Iron deficiency
 Iron deficiency anemia
 Zinc
 Growth retardation

Dietary vitamins
 Thiamine (Vitamin B1)
 Beriberi
 Niacin (Vitamin B3)
 Pellagra
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12)
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, and irreversible neurological changes
 Vitamin C
 Scurvy
 Vitamin D
 Osteoporosis
 Rickets
 Vitamin A
 Night Blindness
 Vitamin K
 Haemophilia

Dietetics
Nutritional diseases
Lists of diseases

List of types of malnutrition


An Eriocaulon scullionii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Gregory John Leach. An Eriocaulon scullionii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon scullionii


Saranda Marmaris yakınlarındaki antik kent.

Marmaris'e 45 km uzaklıkta, bugünkü Söğüt köyü yakınındadır. Roma ve Bizans dönemlerinde kesintisiz olarak bir yerleşim birimi olma özelliğini sürdüren Saranda'da Geç Bizans Dönemi'ne ait birkaç yapı kalıntısına rastlanmamaktadır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Gelarabul.com Saranda antik kenti ve saranda kalesi

Muğla ilindeki arkeolojik sitler
Marmaris
Türkiye'deki antik kentler

Saranda


බර්මියුඩා ත්‍රිකෝණය යනු උතුරු අත්ලාන්තික් සාගරයේ බටහිර කොටසෙහි පිහිටි නැව් සහ අහස් යානා අභිරහස් ලෙස අතුරුදහන් වී ඇතැයි පැවසෙන මුහුදු ප්‍රදේශයක් පිළිබඳ ජනප්‍රවාදයකි. මෙම ප්‍රදේශය අතුරුදන්වීම්වලට අනන්‍ය වූ ප්‍රදේශයක් යන මතය බිහිවන්නට ඇත්තේ 20 වෙනි ශතවර්ෂයේ මැද භාගයේ පමණ බවට සැළකේ. එහෙත් බොහෝ පිළිගත් මූලාශ්‍ර මෙහි කිසියම් අභිරහසක් පවතින බව ප්‍රතික්‍ෂේප කරයි. බර්මියුඩා ත්‍රිකෝණය ආශ්‍රිත ප්‍රදේශය ලෝකයේ විශාලතම මගී ප්‍රවාහන මාර්ගයක් වන අතර, ඇමෙරිකාවේ, යුරෝපයේ හා කැරිබියන් දූපත් වල වරායන් සඳහා එය නිතරම නැව් හරහා ගමන් කරයි. විවිධ නැව් කලාපය හරහා නිතිපතා ගමන් කරන අතර වාණිජ හා පෞද්ගලික ගුවන් යානාද සාමාන්‍යයෙන් එයට ඉහලින් පියාසර කරයි.

විවිධාකාර අතුරුදන්වීම් නිසා පරාග ක්‍රියාකාරීත්වයට හේතු වී තිබේ. ලේඛනගත සාක්ෂි මගින් පෙනී යන්නේ එම සිද්ධීන්ගෙන් සැලකිය යුතු ප්‍රතිශතයක් පසු කාලීන කතුවරුන් විසින් ව්‍යාජව වාර්තා කරන ලද හෝ අලංකාර කර ඇති බවයි.

ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටීම
1964 දී වින්සන්ට් ගාඩීස් බර්මියුඩා ත්‍රිකෝණයෙහි මායිම් පිළිබඳව පල්ප් සඟරාවෙහි ලිපියක් ලියූ අතර එහි සදහන් වූයේ මියාමි, සැන් ජුවාන්, පෝටෝ රිකෝ සහ බර්මියුඩාව ලෙස ය.

මූලාරම්භය

බර්මියුඩා ප්‍රදේශයේ අසාමාන්‍ය අතුරුදන් කිරීම්වල මුල්ම ප්‍රවෘත්තිය 1950 සැප්තැම්බර් 17 වනදා එඩ්වඩ් වින්කල් ජෝන්ස් විසින් මියාමි හෙරල්ඩ් පුවත්පතේ පල කරන ලදී. වසර දෙකකට පසු, ෆේස් සඟරාවෙහි එක්සත් ජනපද නාවික හමුදාවේ බෝම්බකරුවන් පුහුණු අභ්‍යාසයක යෙදී සිටියදී අනතුරකට පත්වූයේ දැනට හඳුනාගෙන ඇති ත්‍රිකෝණාකාර පෙදෙසේදීය. 1964 පෙබරවාරියේ දී වින්සන්ට් ගාඩීස්ගේ ලිපියෙහි සඳහන් මාරාන්තික බර්මියුඩා ත්‍රිකෝණය, 19වන ගුවන් යානය සහ අනෙකුත් අතුරුදහන් කිරීම් මෙම ප්‍රදේශයේ අමුතු සිදුවීම්වල කොටසක් විය. ඊළඟ අවුරුද්දේ දී ගාඩීස් මෙම ලිපිය නොපෙනෙන දෘෂ්ටි කෝණය නමින් පොතක් ලෙස පුළුල් කළේය.

මුලාශ්‍ර

බර්මියුඩා ත්‍රිකෝණය


Tom Risdahl Jensen (født 28. september 1947 i Hjørring) er en dansk diplomat. Han er uddannet som cand.scient.pol. og cand.mag. fra Aarhus Universitet.

Han blev ansat i Udenrigsministeriet i 1977. 1981-1984 var han 1. ambassadesekretær ved Danmarks Faste Repræsentation ved EU og 1988-1992 økonomisk rådgiver ved ambassaden i Bonn, Tyskland.

1992-1997 var han kontorchef for Europapolitik i Udenrigsministeriet og 1997-2001 viceudenrigsråd (centerchef) for Europapolitik og Handelspolitik.

Tom Risdahl Jensen var Danmarks ambassadør i London 2001-2006, ambassadør i Stockholm 2006-2010 og ambassadør i Moskva 2010-2013, tillige sideakkrediteret som Danmarks ambassadør i Hviderusland, Kasakhstan, Usbekistan, Turkmenistan, Tadjikistan og Kirgisistan.

Tom Risdahl Jensen er gift med cand.scient.pol. Helle Bundgaard.

Udmærkelser: Kommandør af 1. grad af Dannebrog, Store Fortjenstorden (Tyskland) og Nordstjerneordenen(Sverige).

Kilde
 Kraks Blå Bog 2017

Diplomater fra Danmark
Personer i Kraks Blå Bog

Tom Risdahl Jensen


Župan Bunić (do 1464.), hrvatski graditelj i admiral iz dubrovačke plemićke obitelji Bunića. Sin Marina,  poslanika kod Elizabete, majke hrvatsko-ugarske kraljice Marije i kod kralja Žigmunda u Budimu. Posebno se istaknuo kao graditelj utvrda i 1444., kad je kao admiral s kršćanskom flotom ratnih galija sprečavao prijelaz turskih pomoćnih četa iz Azije u Europu. Gradio je utvrde u Župi Dubrovačkoj i oko Stona. Bio je i sudac u Dubrovniku i jednom knez. U obitelji postoji njegov portret iz 17. stoljeća s natpisom »ammiraglio«. Djed je Marina, hrvatskog latinista i pjesnika.

Bunići
Hrvatski admirali
Hrvatski pravnici
Životopisi, Dubrovnik
Dubrovačka Republika

Župan Bunić


Le Poème du Rhône, op. 30, est un poème symphonique composé par Maurice Emmanuel en 1938 d'après le recueil Lou Pouèmo dóu Rose de Frédéric Mistral.

Composition
Le Poème du Rhône, , est composé en 1938, année de la mort de Maurice Emmanuel, de sorte que l'orchestration du poème symphonique est réalisée, , par son élève Marguerite Béclard d'Harcourt.

La partition est inspirée de Lou Pouèmo dóu Rose du félibre Frédéric Mistral.

Création
La première audition du Poème du Rhône a lieu le , par l'Orchestre de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire dirigé par Charles Munch.

À l'occasion du centenaire de la naissance de Maurice Emmanuel, une deuxième audition est donnée en  en l'église Saint-Pierre de Bar-sur-Aube, ville natale du compositeur, par l'orchestre de Dijon dirigé par Amable Massis.

L'œuvre, non éditée, est en dépôt aux éditions Salabert.

Présentation

Orchestration
L'orchestre comprend 1 piccolo, 2 flûtes, 2 hautbois, 1 cor anglais, 2 clarinettes, 2 bassons, 4 cors, 3 trompettes, 3 trombones, 1 tuba, les timbales, 2 percussions (jouant cymbales, grosse caisse, tambour, tam-tam, cloche, wood-block), 1 harpe et les cordes (premiers violons, seconds violons, altos, violoncelles et contrebasses).

Structure
Le Poème du Rhône est en trois mouvements :

 Très modéré
 Allant
 Sans traîner

Durée d'exécution : environ 15 minutes.

Analyse

À l'instar de la Symphonie , le Poème du Rhône est une . Il mêle ainsi .

L'œuvre suit et résume les douze chants du recueil félibre de Mistral : sur le Rhône, embrumé, sept barques s'ébranlent pour la descente vers Beaucaire au son de rires et chansons populaires ; au confluent de l'Ardèche montent le prince Guilhem d'Orange et une jeune paysanne, l'Anglore. La deuxième partie évoque la foire de Beaucaire, dans une ambiance de danses et chants folkloriques. La troisième partie est consacrée à la remonte, difficile, et au drame qui survient : un bourdonnement rythmique saccadé représente le vapeur qui éperonne une barque, précipitant d'Orange et l'Anglore dans les flots, amoureusement enlacés mais condamnés, dans l'indifférence de la Nature qui, .

Discographie
 Maurice Emmanuel : Symphonie  , Symphonie  , Le Poème du Rhône  — Orchestre philharmonique de Rhénanie-Palatinat, sous la direction de Leif Segerstam et Gilles Nopre (pour Le Poème du Rhône) — (enregistré le 9 juillet 1992, Marco Polo 8.223507, 1993 — réédité chez Naxos Patrimoine 8.550889).

Bibliographie

Monographies
 .
 .

Notes discographiques

Références

Liens externes

Œuvre de Maurice Emmanuel
Poème symphonique

Poème du Rhône (Emmanuel)


أندريا بارولا  (مواليد 22 أبريل 1979 في بيزا - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي يلعب حاليا لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى كالياري الإيطالي منذ 2007 في مركز الوسط المحوري .

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من بيزا
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البلغاري لكرة القدم الدرجة الأولى
لاعبو أسكولي
لاعبو بياتشينزا
لاعبو بيزا
لاعبو جمعية نوسرينا الرياضية للشباب
لاعبو سامبدوريا
لاعبو كالياري
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إيطاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في بلغاريا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في بلغاريا
لاعبو كرة قدم من بيزا
لاعبو كرة قدم من توسكانا
لاعبو نادي تريستينا
لاعبو نادي ريجينا 1919
لاعبو نيفتوشيميك بورغاس
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1979
مواليد في بيزا

أندريا بارولا


Kim Yong-Sik (25. juli 1910 - 8. marts 1985) var en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kim Yong-Sik


Die Kirche Nuestra Señora de Turbidé () in Laspaúles, einer Gemeinde in der spanischen Provinz Huesca der Autonomen Region Aragonien, wurde im 12. Jahrhundert errichtet. Die im Ortsteil Villarrué befindliche Kirche ist ein geschütztes Baudenkmal (Bien de Interés Cultural).

Beschreibung
Die der Gottesmutter geweihte Kirche gehörte zu einer Einsiedelei. Sie wurde im 12. Jahrhundert gebaut. Die Kirche ist einschiffig und schließt im Osten mit einem halbrunden Chor. Sie ist mit Steinplatten gedeckt. Unter dem Dachansatz des Chores verläuft ein Fries mit lombardischen Bögen. An der Westfassade befindet sich ein schlichtes, rundbogiges Portal.

Literatur
 Enciclopedia del Románico en Aragón: Huesca, Band III. Fundación Santa María la Real, Aguilar del Campoo 2017, ISBN 978-84-17158-02-6, S. 1179–1180.

Weblinks

 Nuestra Señora de Turbidé bei romanicoaragones (spanischer Text, mit vielen Fotos)

Laspaules
Kirchengebäude in Aragonien
Laspaules
Laspaules
Kulturdenkmal in der Provinz Huesca
Erbaut im 12. Jahrhundert
Laspaúles
Bauwerk in der Provinz Huesca
Laspaules
Laspaules

Nuestra Señora de Turbidé


Furtună în Pacific este un film românesc din 1986 regizat de Nicu Stan. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Dan Condurache, Șerban Ionescu și Dorel Vișan.

Rezumat

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

 Dan Condurache — cpt. Victor Ionescu, comandantul cargoului Saturn
 Șerban Ionescu — ofițerul Cristian Atanasiu, secundul cargoului Saturn
 Dorel Vișan — mecanicul șef Marcu
 George Motoi — radiotelegrafistul Florescu
 Valeria Seciu — Ana, soția lui Victor Ionescu
 Gheorghe Cozorici — directorul Navrom
 Petre Nicolae — timonierul Toma Panduru
 Remus Mărgineanu — marinarul Ion
 Cornel Revent — bucătarul Zamfir
 Florin Chiriac — ofițerul III Sandu
 Olga Baksai — Laura, balerină, iubita lui Cristian Atanasiu
 Claudiu Istodor — motoristul Vasile Georgescu
 Romeo Pop — mecanicul secund Sergiu
 Vasile Cojocaru — radiotelegrafistul Gheorghe ("Ghiță")
 Emil Bîrlădeanu
 Emil Sasu
 Liviu Manolache — mecanicul Mircea
 Eugen Mazilu
 Ana Mirena
 Titus Gurgulescu
 Andrei Ion
 Duicu Constantin
 Lucian Nuță
 Lică Gherghilescu
 Constantin Duțu
 Ion Marcu

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 1.781.408 spectatori de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Vezi și
 1986 în film

Legături externe

Filme din 1986
Filme regizate de Nicu Stan
Filme românești
Filme în limba română

Furtună în Pacific


Martin 1. (død 16. september 655) var pave fra 21. juli 649 til sin død i 655. Han blev født nær Todi i Umbria, på et sted der i dag er opkaldt efter ham (Pian di San Martino). Han efterfulgte Pave Teodor 1. den 5. juli 649. Han var kun pave under det byzantinske pavedømme, hvis udnævnelser ikke blev anerkendt af en iussio fra Konstantinopel. Martin 1. blev bortført af kejser Konstans 2. og døde ved Cherson. Han blev betragtet som en helgen og martyr af den katolske kirke og af den ortodokse kirke.

Referencer

Paver i middelalderen

Pave Martin 1.


An Astroloba foliolosa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Adrian Hardy Haworth, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Antonius Josephus Adrianus Uitewaal. An Astroloba foliolosa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Astroloba, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Astroloba

Astroloba foliolosa


Africodytes es un género de coleópteros adéfagos  perteneciente a la familia Dytiscidae.

Especies
Africodytes kongouensis	Bilardo y Rocchi 2000
Africodytes maximus	Bistrom 1995
Africodytes mopiensis	Bilardo y Rocchi 2010
Africodytes rubromaculatus	Bistrom 1988
Africodytes silvestris	(Bilardo y Pederzani 1978)

Referencias

 ;  2000: Haliplidae and Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) from Gabon (third part). Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano, 140(2): 215-236.
 ;  2010: Haliplidae, Noteridae, Dytiscidae (Coleoptera) from Gabon (seventh part). Plateaux Bateke National Park (missions 2007 and 2008) and considerations on some species of the genus Neptosternus Sharp, 1882 in central Africa. Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale in Milano, 151(1): 11-50.
  1988: Generic review of the Bidessini (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae). Acta zoologica fennica, (184): 1-41.
  1995: Uvarus laurentius sp. n. and Africodytes maximus sp. n. and new faunistic records of other Bidessini (Coleoptera, Dytiscidae) from the Ethiopian region. Entomologica fennica, 6(1): 43-46. abstract only seen

Enlaces externos

 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Bidessini

Africodytes


La seconde bataille de Géonosis se déroule dans l'univers fictif Star Wars. Elle oppose la République galactique à la Confédération des systèmes indépendants () sur Géonosis.

La seconde bataille de Géonosis est visible dans la saison 2 de .

Univers

L'univers de  se déroule dans une galaxie habitée par des humains et de nombreuses espèces extraterrestres. Elle est le théâtre d'affrontements entre les chevaliers Jedi et les seigneurs noirs des Sith, personnes sensibles à la Force, un champ énergétique mystérieux qui leur procure des pouvoirs psychiques. Les Jedi maîtrisent le côté lumineux de la Force, pouvoir bénéfique et défensif, pour maintenir la paix dans la galaxie. Les Sith utilisent le côté obscur, pouvoir nuisible et destructeur, pour leur usage personnel et pour dominer la galaxie.

Depuis le rachat de la société Lucasfilm par la , il existe deux univers Star Wars : le « Légendes » et l'« Officiel ». Ils ont pour point commun les six premiers films et la série télévisée The Clone Wars. L'univers Légendes reprend en plus les histoires complémentaires présentées dans des livres, des bandes dessinées, des téléfilms ou des jeux sortis avant 2014. L'univers Officiel reprend, lui, les histoires des films et des autres supports parus depuis 2014.

Contexte
La République galactique domine la Galaxie. Toutefois, le Sénat galactique est impuissant face aux revendications de mondes reculés. Ces planètes de la Bordure sont surtaxés, les pirates s'y acharnent et les corporations commerciales y prennent du pouvoir tandis que les affaires judiciaires sont mises à mal par la bureaucratie.

Dans ce contexte, le comte Dooku est un ancien Jedi qui quitte l'ordre et rejoint sa planète natale, Serenno. Il se met à critiquer ouvertement le gouvernement galactique. De nombreux systèmes se joignent alors à la cause de sa Confédération des systèmes indépendants, mouvement séparatiste en mesure de lever une armée contre la République et de l'affronter d'égal à égal.

Prélude
La première bataille de Géonosis est une victoire de la République galactique sur la Confédération des systèmes indépendants, dont les dirigeants fuient Géonosis. Dispersée dans la Galaxie à cause de la guerre des clones, la République ne laisse pas sur Géonosis une armée suffisante pour en préserver le contrôle. Les géonosiens sont très fidèles à la . Les géonosiens reprennent leur planète à la République.

Lors d'une opération secrète, Padmé Amidala découvre que le Clan Bancaire Intergalactique finance la construction d'une usine séparatiste sur Géonosis. Cette usine de droïdes doivent permettre d'essayer les nouveaux véhicules séparatistes de haute technologie, les . La République décide d'intervenir et d'arrêter les projets séparatistes sur Géonosis.

Champ de bataille

Technologies

Déroulement
La République galactique cherche à détruire l'importante usine de droïdes séparatiste de Géonosis. La capture de Poggle le Bref est aussi l'un des grands objectifs de cette opération.

Les Jedi doivent d'abord venir à bout des lignes de défense et du générateur de bouclier qui protègent la zone de l'usine. Les trois Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi, Ki-Adi-Mundi et Anakin Skywalker dirigent chacun ses forces de soldats clones à partir d'un angle différent. Ils se donnent rendez-vous à .

Cependant, les canonnières d'Anakin et de Ki-Adi sont abattues. Les deux généraux Jedi poursuivent leurs assauts respectifs à pied. En chemin, Anakin s'amuse avec son apprentie, Ahsoka Tano, en voyant qui réussirait à vaincre le plus de droïdes de combat. Anakin en tue , Ahsoka  mais ils découvrent, étonnés, que Ki-Adi-Mundi en tue , sans même avoir été mis au courant de la compétition.

Obi-Wan, dont le vaisseau a aussi été abattu, voit ses troupes se retrouver en infériorité numérique. Il a besoin de l'aide des autres Jedi. Anakin, Ahsoka et Ki-Adi viennent à son secours.

Le maître Jedi Luminara Unduli demande à son apprentie Barriss Offee de se préparer à sa participation à la bataille. Pour cela, elle doit mémoriser les  jonctions qui composent le labyrinthe formé par un systèmes de tunnels souterrains qui donnent l'accès à l'usine de droïdes.

L'armée clone rencontre une résistance géonosienne acharnée, plus farouche que prévu. Une fois devant l'usine, Anakin Skywalker et Luminara Unduli distraient l'armée droïde devant l'usine. Pendant ce temps, leurs apprenties, Ahsoka et Barriss, sont chargées de la destruction de l'infrastructure. Elles s'y infiltrent et la font exploser de l'intérieur.

Luminara Unduli disparaît alors qu'elle se trouve dans le temple Progate. Les Jedi Anakin Skywalker et Obi-Wan Kenobi partent à sa recherche. Ils découvrent qu'elle a été enlevée par des géonosiens morts-vivants qui se déplacent grâce à des vers qui contrôlent les cerveaux sur lesquels ils se trouvent. Cette armée souterraine est dirigée par la reine géonosienne Karina la Grande. Les Jedi et les soldats clones parviennent à libérer Luminara. Ils détruisent le temple en le quittant, tuant fort probablement la reine par la même occasion.

Une fois la bataille terminée, un vaisseau de la République est contaminé par des vers géonosiens. La plupart des membres de l'équipage, à commencer par le soldat clone Scythe, est infectée. L'esprit des soldats, et de la Jedi Barriss Offee, est contrôlé par les vers. Ahsoka Tano parvient à arrêter le risque d'épidémie, et ainsi à libérer la Galaxie d'un risque de prise de pouvoir de zombies, au prix de la vie de quelques soldats.

Bilan
La bataille est une défaite pour la . L'usine de droïdes est totalement détruite, ce qui affecte la production de l'armée droïde séparatiste.

De plus, la conclusion de cette bataille se manifeste aussi sous forme d'importante défaite géonosienne avant tout. Poggle le Bref, dirigeant séparatiste de Géonosis, est fait prisonnier par la République.

Conséquences
La  se voit contrainte de construire de plus en plus ses droïdes dans différents mondes. Les séparatistes doivent accepter la perte d'un monde industriel majeur et trouver d'autres moyens de continuer à alimenter les rangs de l'armée droïde.

La capture de Poggle le Bref permet à la République la construction secrète de l'Étoile de la mort. La République craint alors, à tort (le comte Dooku a donné les plans qu'il a reçus à Dark Sidious, c'est-à-dire le dirigeant de la République), que la  ne se procure une puissante station spatiale offensive, et cherche alors à en obtenir une en première. Pour cela, Orson Krennic, chargé du chantier républicain, obtient de Poggle des plans de station spatiale et la collaboration de son peuple. Poggle ruse et parviendra à fuir, mais cela n'empêche pas la construction de cette super-arme par la République puis l'Empire galactique. Depuis cette seconde bataille de Géonosis, les géonosiens sont asservis, jusqu'à leur extermination.

Côté républicain, l'occupation de Géonosis, qui a montré qu'elle était jusque-là fragile, se renforce. La République galactique installe plus de soldats clones sur ce monde qu'elle juge stratégique.

Adaptations

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes

 Histoire fictive de
 Guerre des clones

Liens externes

Géonosis
Géonosis

Seconde bataille de Géonosis


Tata Motors Limited, Tata Group'un yan kuruluşu olan konglomeratdır. 1945 yılında Mr. Ratan Naval Tata tarafından Hindistan´da kurulmuştur. 1954 yılında ticari araç üretimi için Alman Daimler-Benz ile ortaklık kurmuş ve bu ortaklık 1969 yılında son bulmuştur. Bombay Borsası'nda işlem görür. Ürünleri arasında binek otomobiller, kamyonlar, minibüsler, otobüsler, spor arabalar, inşaat ekipmanları ve askeri araçlar bulunmaktadır.
Jaguar Land Rover, Tata Daewoo, Tata Technologies, Tata Hispano yan kuruluşları vardır. Firma Hindistan'ın Jamshedbur, Pune ve Lucknow şehirlerinde kurduğu fabrikalarıyla üretim yapmaktadır. 2004 yılında Güney Kore'de bulunan Daewoo şirketinin ağır vasıta bölümünü bünyesine katmıştır. Malezya, Mısır, Kenya, Güney Afrika Cumhuriyeti ve Bangladeş'te üretim yapmaktadır. Tata dünyanın en ucuz arabası Tata Nano'yu yapmıştır. Tata'nın Türkiye distribütörlüğünü İsotlar Grup yapmaktadır. Tata Nano Türkiye'ye 2009 yılında geleceği planlansa da gerçekleşmemiştir. Ayrıca Tata İngiltere'nin yüksek itibarlı markaları olan Land Rover ve Jaguar Cars'ı 2,3 milyar dolara ABD'lı otomotiv şirketi Ford'dan satın almıştır. Toplamda 16 bin çalışanı olan Jaguar ve Land Rover, 1989 ve 2000 yıllarında Ford Motor Co. bünyesine katılmıştı.

Modeller

Binek
 Tata Nano
 Tata Vista
 Tata Marina
Tata Manza

Ticari
 Tata Xenon
 Tata XT Kamyonet

Eski modeller
 Tata Estate
 Tata Sierra / Gurkha
 Tata Sumo
 Tata E 220
 Tata Mint
 Tata Indica
 Tata İndigo
 Tata Dicor
 Tata Telcoline
 Tata T35

Kaynakça

1945'te kurulan şirketler

Hindistan'ın araba üreticileri
Otomobil üreticileri
Otomobil markaları
Askerî taşıt üreticileri
Bombay Borsası'nda listelenen şirketler
Maharaştra merkezli şirketler
New York Borsası'ndaki şirketler
Hint markaları

Tata Motors


The Merry Widow ( ) is an operetta by the Austro-Hungarian composer Franz Lehár. The librettists, Viktor Léon and Leo Stein, based the story – concerning a rich widow, and her countrymen's attempt to keep her money in the principality by finding her the right husband – on an 1861 comedy play,  (The Embassy Attaché) by Henri Meilhac.

The operetta has enjoyed extraordinary international success since its 1905 premiere in Vienna and continues to be frequently revived and recorded. Film and other adaptations have also been made. Well-known music from the score includes the "Vilja Song", "" ("You'll Find Me at Maxim's"), and the "Merry Widow Waltz".

Background

In 1861, Henri Meilhac premiered a comic play in Paris,  (The Embassy Attaché), in which the Parisian ambassador of a poor German grand duchy, Baron Scharpf, schemes to arrange a marriage between his country's richest widow (a French woman) and a Count to keep her money at home, thus preventing economic disaster in the duchy. The play was soon adapted into German as Der Gesandschafts-Attaché (1862) and was given several successful productions. In early 1905, Viennese librettist Leo Stein came across the play and thought it would make a good operetta. He suggested this to one of his writing collaborators, Viktor Léon and to the manager of the Theater an der Wien, who was eager to produce the piece. The two adapted the play as a libretto and updated the setting to contemporary Paris, expanding the plot to reference an earlier relationship between the widow (this time a countrywoman) and the Count, and moving the native land from a dour German province to a colourful little Balkan state. In addition, the widow admits to an affair to protect the Baron's wife, and the Count's haven is changed to the Parisian restaurant and nightclub Maxim's. They asked Richard Heuberger to compose the music, as he had a previous hit at the Theater an der Wien with a Parisian-themed piece, Der Opernball (1898). He composed a draft of the score, but it was unsatisfactory, and he gladly left the project.

The theatre's staff next suggested that Franz Lehár might compose the piece. Lehár had worked with Léon and Stein on Der Göttergatte the previous year. Although Léon doubted that Lehár could invoke an authentic Parisian atmosphere, he was soon enchanted by Lehar's first number for the piece, a bubbly galop melody for "Dummer, dummer Reitersmann". The score of Die Lustige Witwe was finished in a matter of months. The theatre engaged Mizzi Günther and Louis Treumann for the leading roles. They had starred as the romantic couple in other operettas in Vienna, including a production of Der Opernball and a previous Léon and Lehár success, Der Rastelbinder (1902). Both stars were so enthusiastic about the piece that they supplemented the theatre's low-budget production by paying for their own lavish costumes. During the rehearsal period, the theatre lost faith in the score and asked Lehár to withdraw it, but he refused. The piece was given little rehearsal time on stage before its premiere.

Original production
Die Lustige Witwe was first performed at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna on 30 December 1905, with Günther as Hanna, Treumann as Danilo, Siegmund Natzler as Baron Zeta and Annie Wünsch as Valencienne. It was a major success (after a couple of shaky weeks at the box-office), receiving good reviews and running for 483 performances. The production was also toured in Austria in 1906. The operetta originally had no overture; Lehár wrote one for the 400th performance, but it is rarely used in productions of the operetta, as the original short introduction is preferred. The Vienna Philharmonic performed the overture at Lehár's 70th birthday concert in April 1940.

Roles and original cast

Synopsis

Act 1
The embassy in Paris of the poverty-stricken Balkan principality of Pontevedro is holding a ball to celebrate the birthday of the sovereign, the Grand Duke. Hanna Glawari, who has inherited twenty million francs from her late husband, is to be a guest at the ball – and the Pontevedrin ambassador, Baron Zeta, is scheming to ensure that she will keep her fortune in the country, saving Pontevedro from bankruptcy. The Baron intends that Count Danilo Danilovitsch, the first secretary of the embassy, should marry the widow; unfortunately for this plan, Danilo is not at the party, so Zeta sends Danilo's assistant Njegus to fetch him from Maxim's.

Danilo arrives and meets Hanna. It emerges they were in love before her marriage, but his uncle had interrupted their romance because Hanna had had nothing to her name. Though they still love each other, Danilo now refuses to court Hanna for her fortune, and Hanna vows that she will not marry him until he says "I love you" – something he claims he will never do.

Meanwhile, Baron Zeta's wife Valencienne has been flirting with the French attaché to the embassy, Count Camille de Rosillon, who writes "I love you" on her fan. Valencienne puts off Camille's advances, saying that she is a respectable wife. However, they lose the incriminating fan, which is found by embassy counsellor Kromow. Kromow jealously fears that the fan belongs to his own wife, Olga, and gives it to Baron Zeta. Not recognising it, Baron Zeta decides to return the fan discreetly, in spite of Valencienne's desperate offers to take it "to Olga" herself.

On his way to find Olga, the Baron meets Danilo, and his diplomatic mission takes precedence over the fan. The Baron orders Danilo to marry Hanna. Danilo refuses, but offers to eliminate any non-Pontevedrin suitors as a compromise.

As the "Ladies' Choice" dance is about to begin, Hanna becomes swarmed with hopeful suitors. Valencienne volunteers Camille to dance with Hanna, privately hoping that the Frenchman will marry her and cease to be a temptation for Valencienne herself. True to his bargain with the Baron, Danilo circulates the ballroom, rounding up ladies to claim dances and thin the crowd around the wealthy widow. Hanna, however, chooses the one man who is not apparently interested in dancing with her: Danilo, who immediately announces that he will sell his dance with Hanna Glawari for ten thousand francs, with the proceeds to benefit charity. This extinguishes the remaining suitors' interest in the dance. After they have left, Danilo attempts to dance with Hanna, who refuses in annoyance. Nonchalantly he proceeds to waltz by himself, eventually wearing down Hanna's resistance, and she falls into his arms.

Act 2

Scene 1
The next evening, everyone is dressed in Pontevedrin clothing for a garden party at Hanna's house, now celebrating the Grand Duke's birthday in his own country's fashion. Hanna entertains by singing an old Pontevedrin song: "" ("There lived a Vilja, a maid of the woods"). Meanwhile, Baron Zeta fears that Camille will spoil his plan for Hanna to marry a Pontevedrin. Still not recognising the fan as Valencienne's, the Baron orders Danilo to discover the identity of its owner, whom he correctly assumes to be Camille's married lover. The two men, along with Njegus, arrange to meet that evening in Hanna's garden pavilion to discuss Danilo's findings, as well as the problem of securing the widow's fortune for Pontevedro. Seeing the fan, Hanna takes the message on it to be Danilo's declaration of love for her, which he denies. His inquiries regarding the fan prove fruitless, but do reveal infidelities committed by some of the wives of embassy personnel.

Scene 2
That evening, Camille and Valencienne meet in the garden, where Valencienne insists that they must part. Discovering the fan, accidentally left behind by Danilo, Camille begs Valencienne to let him have it as a keepsake. Valencienne agrees, writing "I'm a respectable wife" on it as a rejoinder to Camille's "I love you." Camille persuades Valencienne to join him in the pavilion so that they can say their goodbyes in private. This is of course the same pavilion where Danilo, the Baron, and Njegus have agreed to meet, and the latter, arriving first, locks the door when he spots people inside. Baron Zeta and Danilo follow, but Njegus quickly arranges with Hanna to change places with Valencienne. Camille emerges from the pavilion with Hanna, who announces that they plan to marry, leaving the Baron distraught at the thought of Pontevedro losing Hanna's millions and Valencienne distraught at losing Camille. Danilo is furious, and tells the story of a Princess who cheated on her Prince (")" before storming off to seek distraction at Maxim's. Hanna realises that Danilo's anger over her engagement to another man proves that he loves her, and she rejoices amid the general despair.

Act 3
Act 3 is set at a theme party in Hanna's ballroom, which she has decorated to look like Maxim's, complete with Maxim's grisettes (can-can dancers). Valencienne, who has dressed herself as a grisette, entertains the guests (""). When Danilo arrives, having found the real Maxim's empty, he tells Hanna to give up Camille for the sake of Pontevedro. Much to Danilo's delight, Hanna replies truthfully that she was never engaged to Camille but was protecting the reputation of a married woman. Danilo comes very close to declaring his love for Hanna, but stops himself from doing so when he remembers her money and his proud refusal to court her for it. Njegus produces the fan, which he picked up earlier, and Baron Zeta finally remembers that it belongs to Valencienne. He swears to divorce his wife and marry the widow himself, but Hanna stops him by declaring that she will lose her fortune if she remarries. At this, Danilo promptly confesses his love for her and asks Hanna to marry him. Hanna triumphantly accepts, adding that she will lose her fortune only because it will become the property of her new husband. Valencienne assures Baron Zeta of her fidelity by pointing out her reply to Camille's declaration of love written on the fan: "" ("I'm a respectable wife"). All ends happily.

Subsequent productions
The operetta was produced in 1906 in Hamburg's Neues Operetten-Theater, Berlin's  with Max Monti's company before Monti moved the production to the Theater des Westens (Gustav Matzner as Danilo and Marie Ottmann as Hanna starred and, with the Berlin cast in 1907, made the work's first complete recording, including dialogue, for Deutsche Grammophon), and Budapest's Magyar Színház in a faithful Hungarian translation. The piece became an international sensation, and translations were quickly made into various languages: in 1907, Buenos Aires theatres were playing at least five productions, each in a different language. Productions also swiftly followed in Stockholm, Copenhagen, Milan, Moscow and Madrid, among other places. It was eventually produced in every city with a theatre industry. Bernard Grün, in his book Gold and Silver: The Life and Times of Franz Lehar, estimates that The Merry Widow was performed about half a million times in its first sixty years. Global sheet music sales and recordings totalled tens of millions of dollars. Its popularity influenced fashions and inspired merchandising and product tie-ins, from corsets to chocolates. According to theatre writer John Kenrick, no other play or musical up to the 1960s had enjoyed such international commercial success.

English adaptations
In its English adaptation by Basil Hood, with lyrics by Adrian Ross, The Merry Widow became a sensation at Daly's Theatre in London, opening on 8 June 1907, starring Lily Elsie and Joseph Coyne and featuring George Graves as the Baron, Robert Evett as Camille and W. H. Berry as Nisch, with costumes by Lucile and Percy Anderson. Gabrielle Ray was a replacement as the Maxim's dancer Frou-Frou. It was produced by George Edwardes. The production ran for an extraordinary 778 performances in London and toured extensively in Great Britain.

The adaptation renamed many of the characters, to avoid offense to Montenegro, where the royal family's surname was Njegus, the crown prince was named Danilo, and Zeta was the principal founding state. Hood changed the name of the principality to Marsovia, Danilo is promoted to the title of Prince, Hannah is Sonia, the Baron is Popoff, Njegus is Nisch, Camille's surname is de Jolidon and Valencienne is Natalie, among other changes. The final scene was relocated into Maxim's itself, rather than the original theme-party setting, to take further advantage of the fame of the nightclub. Graves ad-libbed extensive "business" in the role of the Baron. Edwardes engaged Lehár to write two new songs, one of which, "Quite Parisien" (a third act solo for Nisch) is still used in some productions. Lehár also made changes for a Berlin production in the 1920s, but the definitive version of the score is basically that of the original production.

The first American production opened on 21 October 1907 at the New Amsterdam Theatre on Broadway for another very successful run of 416 performances, and was reproduced by multiple touring companies across the US, all using the Hood/Ross libretto. It was produced by Henry Wilson Savage. The New York cast starred Ethel Jackson as Sonia and Donald Brian as Danilo. The operetta first played in Australia in 1908 using the Hood/Ross libretto. Since then, it has been staged frequently in English. It was revived in London's West End in 1923, running for 239 performances, and in 1924 and 1932. A 1943 revival ran for 302 performances. Most of these productions featured Graves as Popoff. Madge Elliott and Cyril Ritchard starred in the 1944 production, while June Bronhill and Thomas Round led the 1958 cast and recording. Lizbeth Webb and John Rhys Evans starred in a brief 1969 revival. Revivals were mounted in major New York theatres in 1921, 1929, 1931 and 1943–1944. The last of these starred Marta Eggerth and her husband Jan Kiepura, with sets by Howard Bay and choreography by George Balanchine. It ran for 322 performances at the Majestic Theatre and returned the next season at the New York City Center for another 32 performances.

Glocken Verlag Ltd, London, published two different English translation editions in 1958. One English-language libretto is by Phil Park, which was adapted and arranged by Ronald Hanmer. The other is by Christopher Hassall, based on the edition by Ludwig Doblinger, Vienna. The Park version is a whole-tone lower than the original. Danilo and Hanna's hummed waltz theme becomes a chorus number, and the ending of the "Rosebud Romance" is sung mostly in unison rather than as a conversation. In the Hassall version, the action of act 3 takes place at Maxim's. Valencienne and the other Embassy wives arrive to seek out Danilo and convince him to return to Hanna, closely followed by their husbands, seeking to achieve the same purpose. The Grisettes, Parisian cabaret girls, make a grand entrance, led by the voluptuous ZoZo. Zeta finds the brokenhearted Danilo, and as they argue, Hanna enters. Hanna, Danilo and Zeta separately bribe the Maitre'd to clear the room so Hanna and Danilo can be alone. Danilo sets aside his pride and asks Hanna to give up Camille for the sake of the country. Much to Danilo's delight, Hanna tells him that she was never engaged to Camille, but that she was protecting the reputation of a married woman. Danilo is ready to declare his love for Hanna, and is on the point of doing so when he remembers her money, and stops himself. When Njegus produces the fan, which he had picked up earlier, Baron Zeta suddenly realizes that the fan belongs to Valencienne. Baron Zeta swears to divorce his wife and marry the widow himself, but Hanna tells him that she loses her fortune if she remarries. Hearing this, Danilo confesses his love for her and asks Hanna to marry him, and Hanna triumphantly points out that she will lose her fortune only because it will become the property of her husband. Valencienne produces the fan and assures Baron Zeta of her fidelity by reading out what she had replied to Camille's declaration: "I'm a highly respectable wife".

In the 1970s, the Light Opera of Manhattan, a year-round professional light opera repertory company in New York City, commissioned Alice Hammerstein Mathias, the daughter of Oscar Hammerstein II, to create a new English adaptation, which was revived many times until the company closed at the end of the 1980s. Essgee Entertainment staged productions of The Merry Widow in capital cities around Australia during 1998 and 1999. A prologue was added featuring a narrative by Jon English and a ballet introducing the earlier romance of Anna and Danilo. The production opened in Brisbane, with Jeffrey Black as Danilo, Helen Donaldson as "Anna", Simon Gallaher as Camille and English as Baron Zeta. In some performances, during the production's Brisbane run, Jason Barry-Smith appeared as Danilo. In Melbourne, Sydney and Adelaide in 1999, John O'May appeared as Danilo, Marina Prior as "Hanna", Max Gillies as Zeta, Gallaher as Camille and Donaldson as Valencienne.

Numerous opera companies have mounted the operetta. New York City Opera mounted several productions from the 1950s through the 1990s, including a lavish 1977 production starring Beverly Sills and Alan Titus with a new translation by Sheldon Harnick. An Australian Opera production starred Joan Sutherland, and PBS broadcast a production by the San Francisco Opera in 2002, among numerous other broadcasts. The Metropolitan Opera had mounted the opera 18 times by 2003. The first performance by The Royal Opera in London was in 1997.

French, German, and Italian versions
The first production in Paris was at the Théâtre Apollo on 28 April 1909 as La Veuve joyeuse. Although Parisians were worried about how their city would be portrayed in the operetta, the Paris production was well received and ran for 186 performances. In this translation, Hanna is an American raised in "Marsovie" named "Missia". Danilo was a prince with gambling debts. The third act was set in Maxim's. The following year, the operetta played in Brussels.

The Merry Widow is frequently revived in Vienna and is part of the Vienna Volksopera's repertory. The Volksopera released a complete live performance on CD, interpolating the "Can-Can" from Offenbach's Orpheus in the Underworld, which was copied in many other productions worldwide. Best known as Danilo in the German version was the actor Johannes Heesters, who played the part thousands of times for over thirty years.

The operetta has also been translated into Italian (as La Vedova Allegra).

Recordings

The operetta has been recorded both live and in the studio many times, and several video recordings have been made. In 1906, the original Hanna and Danilo, Mizzi Günther and Louis Treumann, recorded their arias and duets, and also some numbers written for Camille and Valencienne; CD transfers were made in 2005. The first recording of a substantially complete version of the score was made of the Berlin 1907 production, with Ottmann and Matzner in their lead roles and Bruno Seidler-Winkler conducting the "Grammophon Streich-Orchester"; it includes a considerable amount of the operetta's dialogue. After that, excerpts appeared periodically on disc, but no new full recording was issued until 1950, when Columbia Records released a set sung in English with Dorothy Kirsten and Robert Rounseville.

In 1953, EMI's Columbia label released a near-complete version produced by Walter Legge, conducted by Otto Ackermann, with Elisabeth Schwarzkopf as Hanna, Erich Kunz as Danilo, Nicolai Gedda as Camille and Emmy Loose as Valencienne. It was sung in German, with abridged spoken dialogue. Loose sang Valencienne again for Decca in the first stereophonic recording, produced in 1958 by John Culshaw, with Hilde Gueden, Per Grundén and Waldemar Kmentt in the other main roles, and the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Robert Stolz. A second recording with Schwarzkopf as Hanna was issued by Columbia in 1963; the other main roles were sung by Eberhard Wächter, Gedda and Hanny Steffek. This set, conducted by Lovro von Matačić, has been reissued on CD in EMI's "Great Recordings of the Century" series. Among later complete or substantially complete sets are those conducted by Herbert von Karajan with Elizabeth Harwood as Hanna (1972); Franz Welser-Möst with Felicity Lott (1993); and John Eliot Gardiner with Cheryl Studer (1994).

The Ackermann recording received the highest available rating in the 1956 The Record Guide and the later EMI set under Matačić is highly rated by the 2008 The Penguin Guide to Recorded Classical Music, but Alan Blyth in his Opera on CD regrets the casting of a baritone as Danilo in both sets and prefers the 1958 Decca version. Among the filmed productions on DVD, the Penguin Guide recommends the one from the San Francisco Opera, recorded live in 2001, conducted by Erich Kunzel and directed by Lotfi Mansouri, with Yvonne Kenny as Hanna and Bo Skovhus as Danilo.

Adaptations

Ballet version
With the permission of the Franz Lehár Estate, Sir Robert Helpmann adapted the operetta's plot scenario, while John Lanchbery and Alan Abbot adapted the operetta's music and composed additional music, for a three-act ballet. The Merry Widow ballet, choreographed by Ronald Hynd with designs by Desmond Heeley, was first performed on 13 November 1975 at the Palais Theatre, Melbourne, by The Australian Ballet. The ballet has been performed by American Ballet Theatre, among other major companies.

Film versions
Various films have been made that are based loosely on the plot of the operetta
 Hungarian 1918 silent version by Michael Curtiz
 1925, US, silent version by Erich von Stroheim, with John Gilbert as Danilo and Mae Murray as Hanna
 1934, US, black-and-white version, by Ernst Lubitsch, starring Maurice Chevalier and Jeanette MacDonald; new lyrics were written by Lorenz Hart and Gus Kahn.
 1952, US, version in Technicolor starring Lana Turner and Fernando Lamas
 1962 Austrian version by Werner Jacobs

Cultural references
The theme of "" was ironically cited by Shostakovich ("The Merry Widow" was Hitler's favourite operetta) in the first movement of his Symphony No. 7.
"The Merry Widow Waltz" is a recurring theme in the 1943 films Shadow of a Doubt, directed by Alfred Hitchcock and scored by Dimitri Tiomkin, as well as in Heaven Can Wait by Ernst Lubitsch.
Part of "The Merry Widow Waltz" is played by a music box and sung by the character Winnie in Samuel Beckett's play Happy Days.

References

Notes

Sources

Further reading
 Bordman, Gerald. American Operetta. New York: Oxford University Press, 1981.
 Gänzl, Kurt. The Merry Widow in The Encyclopedia of Musical Theatre (3 volumes). New York: Schirmer Books, 2001.
 Traubner, Richard. Operetta: A Theatrical History. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, 1983

External links

 Libretto

 Photos from productions of The Merry Widow, New York Public Library
 IMDb search page for Merry Widow

1905 operas
German-language operettas
Operas by Franz Lehár
Operas based on plays
Paris in fiction
Operas

The Merry Widow


Științifico-fantasticul în Germania este parte a științifico-fantasticului de limbă germană și are o istorie lungă și variată. Kurd Lasswitz  este considerat părintele literaturii germane științifico-fantastice. Cu toate că  impactul scriitorului Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann asupra științifico-fantasticului a fost trecut cu vederea. e a pus bazele uneia dintre cele mai durabile teme - cea a robotului.

Istorie

Rădăcinile științifico-fantasticului german pot fi urmărite până în secolul al XVII-lea, când astronomul Johannes Kepler a scris Somnium  (1634 în limba latină, tradus în limba germană ca Traum von Mond 1898) despre viața de pe Lună.

Considerat o capodoperă a timpului său, romanul picaresc al lui Johann Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen (1622-1676), care conține, între altele, romanul picaresc Der abenteuerliche Simplizissimus (1669) descrie o călătorie spre o utopie situată în centrul gol al Pământului.

În secolul al XVIII-lea a fost publicată  de către Johann Gottfried Schnabel (1692-1752) opera în 4 părți Wunderliche Fata einiger Seefahrer (în 1731-1743), mai cunoscută ca Insel Felsenburg (Insula Felsenburg). Această carte, foarte populară la vremea respectivă, a combinat elemente ale Utopiei, Robinsonadei și ale romanului de aventură episodică, și ar putea fi considerată cel mai timpuriu precursor german al aventurii științifico-fantastice. Alte romane din secolul al XVIII-lea și începutul secolului al XIX-lea sunt Dreyerley Wirkungen: Eine Geschichte aus der Planetenwelt  (Efecte Triple: O poveste din lumea planetelor", 8 volume 1789-1792), Die Affenkönige oder Die Reformation des Affenlandes (Regi sau Reforma țării maimuțelor, 1788) și Urani: Königin von Sardanopalien im Planeten Sirius (Urania: Regina Sardanopolului de pe planeta Sirius, 1790) - toate satire politice scrie de către Johann Friedrich Ernst Albrecht (1752-1814), care în mod normal a scris romane cu "cavaleri și tâlhari" și Die Schwarzen Brüder (1791-1795) de Heinrich Zschokke (1771-1848), o trilogie senzațională despre o societate secretă; al treilea roman are loc în secolul al XX-lea, când omenirea este folosită ca un fel de vite de extratereștri. O altă lucrare timpurie este Ini: Ein Roman aus dem 21. Jahrhundert (1810) de Iulius von Voss (1768-1832). Important pentru dezvoltarea științifico-fantasticului german a fost povestirea "Der Sandmann" (volumul unu al lucrării Nachtstücke - Nocturnele din 1816) de Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann, cel mai important autor al mișcării Schwarze Romantik (romantism negru) în Germania. Povestea, care a fost reptipărită de nenumărate ori, povestește despre dr. Coppelius, care construiește un automat sun forma unei ființe umane; este una dintre primele povestiri cu roboti. În timp ce nu a fost de acord cu afirmația lui E. F. Bleiler că E. T. A. Hoffmann a fost "unul dintre cei doi sau trei mari scriitori de fantezie", Algis Budrys de la Galaxy Science Fiction a spus că acesta  "a pus bazele uneia dintre cele mai durabile teme [SF]". Istoricul Martin Willis susține că impactul lui Hoffmann asupra științifico-fantasticului a fost trecut cu vederea, spunând că "lucrarea lui dezvăluie un scriitor dinamic implicat în dezbaterile științifice importante ale secolului al XIX-lea și începutul secolului al XIX-lea". Willis subliniază că opera lui Hoffmann este contemporană cu Frankenstein (1818).

Dar adevăratul pionier al științifico-fantasticului german a fost Kurd Lasswitz, profesor la Gymnasium Ernestinum din Gotha, care a scris cel mai important roman SF clasic german, Auf zwei Planeten (1897). Este povestea unei confruntări a culturilor umane și marțiene, acestea din urmă fiind superioară atât tehnic cât și etic. Lasswitz a considerat dezvoltarea etică ca fiind dependentă de dezvoltarea științifică și tehnologică, el a inclus previziuni tehnice impresionante: o stație spațială în formă de roată, drumuri rulante, materiale sintetice, celule solare și multe altele. Influențat de filosoful germanist idealist Immanuel Kant (1724-1804), lucrarea sa a fost didactică și s-a axat pe concepții filosofice pentru viitor. A publicat o serie de povestiri (Seifenblasen: Moderne Märchen în 1890 sau Nie und immer: Neue Märchen în 1902) și romane (Aspira în 1905 sau Sternentau în 1909).

În 1975, la Heyne Verlag a apărut Der Untergang der Stadt din Passau, cel mai mare succes literar al scriitorului Carl Amery (pseudonimul lui Christian Anton Mayer). Acesta este un roman științifico-fantastic post-apocaliptic - distopic care descrie ce s-a întâmplat după 1981 când o "epidemie" nespecificată a lăsat foarte puținii supraviețuitori în lume. Romanul descrie diverse evenimente până în anul 2112, când are loc "Bătălia pentru Passau". Amery a mai scris alte două romane științifico-fantastice: Das Königsprojekt (1974) și An den Feuern der Leyermark. În ucronia Das Königsprojekt, Vaticanul primește de la Leonardo da Vinci o mașină a timpului; apoi un grup secret de oficiali ai Vaticanului încarcă să schimbe istoria în favoarea Bisericii Catolice.

Scriitori

Reviste
Terra - revistă din 1957 publicată  de editura Arthur Moewig din München. Au fost publicate ca Terra SF, între 1957-68, 555 de numere; ca Terra Extra, 1962-68, 182 de numere; ca Terra Nova, 1968-71, 190 de numere; ca Terra Astra, 1971-86, 643 de numere.

Utopia  - Utopia Zukunftsromane- revistă din 1953 - 1968, 596 de volume; publicată  de editura Erich Pabel, Rastatt.

Premii
 Deutscher Science Fiction Preis  - Premiul Științifico-Fantasticului German
 Kurd Laßwitz Preis - Premiul Kurd Lasswitz - considerat cel mai important premiu SF german

Filme

Serii TV

Jocuri video
 Black Prophecy
 Crysis (2007) - dezvoltat de Crytek
 Crysis 2
 Crysis 3
 Robinson: The Journey  (2016)

Fan-cluburi
 SF-Club Andymon din Berlin. Cu acest club revista Anticipația CPSF a făcut un schimb cultural de imagini. Coperțile unor numere ca 539, 540, 542-543 sau 544-545 sunt realizate de membrii ai fan-clubului din Berlin. (Hubert Schweizer, etc)

Note

Vezi și
Științifico-fantasticul în Austria

Filme germane
Literatură germană

Științifico-fantasticul în Germania


165612 Stackpole este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
165612 Stackpole este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Junk Bond Observatory de David Healy (astronom). Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,56 ua, o excentricitate de 0,04 și o înclinație de 1,7° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 165001-166000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

165612 Stackpole