Thomas Philip de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey, 3rd Baron Grantham, 6th Baron Lucas, KG, PC, FRS (born Robinson, later Weddell; 8 December 178114 November 1859), styled as The Hon. Thomas Robinson until 1786 and as Lord Grantham from 1786 to 1833, of Wrest Park in the parish of Silsoe, Bedfordshire, was a British Tory statesman. He changed his surname to Weddell in 1803 and to de Grey in 1833.

Origins

He was the eldest son of Thomas Robinson, 2nd Baron Grantham (1738–1786) of Newby Hall, Newby-on-Swale, a deserted medieval village and of adjacent Rainton, both in the parish of Topcliffe in Yorkshire, by his wife Mary Yorke (1757–1830), the younger daughter of Philip Yorke, 2nd Earl of Hardwicke by his wife Jemima Campbell, suo jure 2nd Marchioness Grey. His younger brother was the Prime Minister Frederick John Robinson, 1st Earl of Ripon, 1st Viscount Goderich, known to history as "Lord Goderich".

Inheritance
In 1786 he succeeded his father as 3rd Baron Grantham. In 1792 he became the heir of his distant cousin William Weddell (1736–1792) of Newby Hall in Yorkshire, a notable art collector. Also in 1792 he became the 6th Robinson Baronet "of Newby", succeeding his father's first cousin Norton Robinson, 5th Baronet (died 1792). In 1833 he succeeded his maternal aunt Amabel Hume-Campbell, suo jure 1st Countess de Grey and 5th Baroness Lucas (1750–1833), as 2nd Earl de Grey (according to a special remainder) and as 6th Baron Lucas, of Crudwell. He also inherited her estate of Wrest Park in Silsoe, Bedfordshire.

Career
In 1798 he was admitted to St John's College, Cambridge, graduating MA in 1801. He was made Privy Counsellor in December 1834 while holding office as First Lord of the Admiralty till April 1835, and a Knight of the Garter in 1844. He was colonel-commandant of the Yorkshire Hussars, a part-time Yeomanry Cavalry regiment, for over forty years and was appointed yeomanry aide-de-camp to William IV and held similar position under Queen Victoria. Lord Grantham was nominated as Lord Lieutenant of Bedfordshire in 1818, an office which he held until his death. He served as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland from September 1841 to July 1844. During his time in Ireland he disagreed with Peel's religious conciliation of Ireland, claiming that economic conciliation was a greater priority. He called for more legislation focused on Ireland whilst Peel pursued economic legislation aimed at benefitting the UK as a whole. Charles Read has argued that De Grey was also the key figure who politically defeated the Irish nationalist Repeal movement without any bloodshed, a rare achievement in an era that featured the very bloody Peterloo massacre and the 1848 Revolutions in Europe.

Other public positions
On the founding of the Institute of British Architects in London in 1834 he was invited to become its first president remaining so till his death in 1859. The institute received its Royal Charter in 1837 becoming Royal Institute of British Architects in London; he was also the first president of the Royal Architectural Museum. Earl de Grey was also a fellow of the Royal Society from 1841, a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries, and served as one of the New Buckingham Palace Commissioners from 1848. He remodeled his London townhouse at No.4 St James's Square (now the Naval & Military Club) and between February 1833 and October 1839 rebuilt Wrest Park, his seat in Bedfordshire, in the French style, assisted by James Clephan. He redesigned the deer park and added decoration and several statues.

Marriage and children
In 1805 he married Lady Henrietta Cole, a daughter of William Cole, 1st Earl of Enniskillen, by whom he had two daughters and co-heiresses:
Ann Florence de Grey (Countess Cowper), eldest daughter and co-heiress, who married George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper. She was suo jure Baroness Lucas, having inherited that title from her father.
Mary Gertrude de Grey, younger daughter and co-heiress.

Death and succession
Lord de Grey died in November 1859, aged 77, having survived his wife by eleven years. He was succeeded in the Barony of Lucas of Crudwell by his daughter, Ann de Grey (Countess Cowper), who married George Cowper, 6th Earl Cowper. His other titles, unable to pass via a female line, passed to his heir male, namely his nephew, George Robinson, 1st Marquess of Ripon, 2nd Earl of Ripon.

References

 The Earl de Grey's account of the building of Wrest House, History of Wrest House, introduction by A. F. Cirket, The Bedfordshire Historical Record Society, Volume 59, pp 65–87, Bedford 1980
 Earl de Grey, Charles Read, London 2007

External links

 Thomas Philip de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey | National Portrait Gallery
 Thomas Philip de Grey | National Trust Art

1781 births
1859 deaths
18th-century British people
19th-century British politicians
Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
Earls de Grey
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Bedfordshire
Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
Lords of the Admiralty
Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom
Fellows of the Royal Society
Presidents of the Royal Institute of British Architects
Yorkshire Hussars officers
Thomas
Barons Lucas
Tory (British political party) politicians

Thomas de Grey, 2nd Earl de Grey


An Lepidosperma squamatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jacques-Julien Houtou de La Billardière. An Lepidosperma squamatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepidosperma, ngan familia nga Cyperaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepidosperma

Lepidosperma squamatum


Someone like Me ist ein Lied, das als letzte Single auf dem dritten Album Ladies Night, der britischen Pop-Girlgroup Atomic Kitten erschien. Es wurde mit einer aktuellen Version der Debütsingle Right Now gekoppelt und war als letzte Single der Bandgeschichte geplant. Jedoch veröffentlichten Atomic Kitten in den Jahren 2005, 2006 und 2008 mit Cradle 2005, All Together Now und Anyone Who Had a Heart drei weitere Singles.

Hintergrund
Als Atomic Kitten 2004 eine Auszeit nahmen, veröffentlichten sie die Singles Someone like Me / Right Now 2004 als eine Art "Abschiedsgeschenk" für ihre Fans.

Someone like Me wurde von Ciaron Bell und dem Bandmitglied Liz McClarnon geschrieben sowie von Bell produziert. Für die Veröffentlichung von Someone like Me wurde eine kleine Änderung vorgenommen. So trägt McClarnon auf der Albumversion des Liedes die Eröffnung und den zweiten Vers vor. Für die Singleversion wurde McClarnons Gesang aus der zweiten Strophe entfernt und durch Jenny Frosts ersetzt.

Musikvideo
Im Musikvideo zu Someone like Me treten McClarnon, Frost und Natasha Hamilton weiß gekleidet in einem schlicht weiß gehaltenen Raum auf. Während McClarnon in der Eröffnungssequenz am Klavier spielt, liegen Frost und Hamilton auf einem Sofa. Während die Kamera von außerhalb des Raumes auf die Frauen hält, öffnet sich eine Tür. Der Stil des Videos ist simpel und grundlegend gehalten.

Charts und Chartplatzierungen

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Lied 2003
Popsong
Atomic Kitten

Someone like Me


Karl Hofer (født den 11. oktober 1878 i Karlsruhe, død den 3. april 1955 i Berlin) var en tysk expressionistisk maler og grafiker.

Biografi
Karl Hofers fader var militærmusiker og døde fire uger inden Karls  fødsel, hvilket gav ham en opvækst under vanskelige forhold. I 1897 blev han optaget på Karlsruher Akademie, hvor han påbegyndte en uddannelse i tegning under Robert Poetzelberger. Efter et ophold i Paris fortsatte han sin uddannelse ved Akademie der bildenden Künste i Stuttgart i 1901.

Hofer lod sig inspirere på rejser i fremmede lande og besøgte bl.a. Italien og Indien inden han i 1914 drog til Bretagne i Frankrig, hvor han opholdt sig ved første verdenskrigs udbrud. Hofer blev interneret og forblev i Frankrig under det meste af krigen, hvor han udviklede sin forkærlighed for landskabsmaleri og opnåede et ry for at være en dygtig lærer.

Efter krigen flyttede Hofer til Berlin og blev ansat ved Vereinigte Staatsschulen für freie und angewandte Kunst, hvor han i 1921 blev tildelt et professorat. I 1923 blev han medlem af det preussiske Akademie der Künste og 1927 af Badischen Secession.

Hofer blev en af de mest fremtrædende repræsentanter for expressionismen, men var aldrig medlem af nogen af de grupper, som f.eks. Die Brücke, der påvirkede ham.

I figurbilleder og landskaber med streng og kraftig form og afstemte farver skabte han en personlig variant af tysk expressionisme, men blev stemplet  som "Entartet" af nazisterne og blev i 1933 afskediget fra sit arbejde som professor i Berlin. Først efter anden verdenskrig kunne han atter opnå anerkendelse som en af de største tyske malere i sin tid.

Værker

Tidlige arbejder, 1898-1920
 1901: Betende Kinder (Bedende børn), olie på lærred, privat samling, Karlsruhe, Tyskland
 1903: Karl und Thilde Hofer (Karl og Thilde Hofer), olie på lærred, fhv. Hofer Estate, Berlin, Tyskland
 1907: Drei Badende Jünglinge (Tre unge badende), olie på lærred, The Winterthur Museum of Art, Winterthur, Schweiz
 1911: Im Sturm (I storm), olie på lærred, The Winterthur Museum of Art, Winterthur, Schweiz
 1913: Selbstbildnis (Selvportræt), olie på lærred, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, München, Tyskland
 1913: Fahnenträger (Flagbearer), olie på lærred, Municipal Art Gallery, Mannheim, Tyskland
 1914: Im Meersand (i sandet), olie på lærred, State Art Gallery, Karlsruhe, Tyskland
 1918: Bildnis Theodor Reinhart (Portræt af Theodor Reinhart), olie på lærred, Volkhart Brothers, Winterthur, Schweiz

Mellemperioden 1920-1933
 1922: Maskerade Oder Drei Masken (Masquerade eller tre masker), olie på lærred, Wallraf-Richartz Museet, Köln, Tyskland
 1922/1923: Freundinnen (Veninder), olie på lærred, Kunsthalle Hamburg, Hamburg, Tyskland
 1924: Große Tischgesellschaft (Stor middag), olie på lærred, The Winterthur Museum of Art , Winterthur, Schweiz
 1924: Der Rufer (The Caller), olie på lærred, New Masters Gallery , Dresden, Tyskland
 1925: Still life Nationalmuseum Serbien, Belgrade, Serbien
 1926: Zwei Freunde (To venner), olie på lærred, Städel , Frankfurt am Main, Tyskland
 1928: Großer Karneval (Stort  karneval), olie på lærred, Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, München, Tyskland
 1928: Yellow Dog Blues, olie på lærred, privat samling
 1930: Selbstbildnis mit Dämonen (Selvportræt med dæmoner), olie på lærred, fhv. Hofer Estate, Berlin, Tyskland

Ældre arbejder, 1933-1945
 1933: Gefangene (Fanger), olie på lærred, Berlinische Galerie , Berlin, Tyskland
 1935: frühe Stunde (Tidlig time), olie på lærred, Portland Art Museum , Portland, USA
 1935: Turmbläser (Trumpetspiller), olie på lærred, fhv. Hofer Estate, Berlin, Tyskland
 1936: Agnuzzo - Italienische Landschaft (Agnuzzo - Italiensk landskab), olie på lærred, The Detroit Institute of Arts, Detroit, USA
 1937: Mann i Ruinen (Mand i ruiner), olie på lærred, Statslige kunstsamlingerne Kassel, Kassel, Tyskland
 1943: Die Schwarzen Zimmer (2. Fassung.) (The Black Room, 2nd version) , olie på lærred, Neue Nationalgalerie, Berlin, Tyskland
 1944: Der Brief (Brevet), olie på lærred, privat samling
 1944: Schwarzmondnacht (Sort månenat), olie på lærred, fhv. Hofer Estate, Köln, Tyskland

Sene arbejder, 1945-1955
 1947: Höllenfahrt (vej til helvede), olie på lærred, Tidligere Hofer Estate, Köln, Tyskland
 1947: Ruinennacht (Night of Ruin), olie på lærred, fhv. Hofer Estate, Köln, Tyskland
 1948: Schwarzmond (2. Fassung) (Black Moon, 2nd version, olie på lærred, Tidligere Hofer Estate, Köln, Tyskland
 1950: Im Gestein (I sten), olie på lærred, privat samling, sydlige Tyskland
 1951: Zwei Frauen (Doppelportrait),(To kvinder) (Double Portrait), olie på pap, privat samling, Köln, Tyskland
 1954: Zwei Masken (To masker), olie på lærred, fhv. Hofer Estate
 1954: Drei Mädchen zwischen Leitern (Tre piger mellem bestyrerne) , olie på lærred, privat samling, Köln, Tyskland
 1954: Vater und Tochter (Far og datter), olie på lærred, privat samling, Köln, Tyskland

Eksterne links

 www.karl-hofer.de med biografi og værker
 Karl Hofer som illustrator
 Ni billeder på artens.com
 Senere værker (efter 1942)
 karl-hofer-gesellschaft.de  Website for Karl-Hofer-Gesellschaft i Berlin
 Karl Hofer Komitee
 Værker af Karl Hofer

Personer fra Karlsruhe
Malere fra Tyskland

Karl Hofer


Dövény é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 301 habitantes.

Localidades de Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén

Dövény


اللص والكلاب  مسلسل في 13 حلقة. أخرجه المخرج المصري إبراهيم الصحن عام 1975 ومن إنتاج مؤسسة الخليج للأعمال الفنية التي كانت تابعة لتلفزيون دبي. استند محسن زايد في كتابة نص المسلسل على قصة الروائي المصري نجيب محفوظ تحمل نفس الاسم.

تم التصوير في تلفزيون دبي. والمسلسل كان باكورة الإنتاج الدرامي في دبي وهو من بطولة رجاء حسين، وعزت العلايلي بدور سعيد مهران. وشاركت في الملسلسل أيضا الممثلة محسنة توفيق والممثل حمدي أحمد ومحمد السبع.

مراجع

إنتاج تلفزيون دبي
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بدأ عرضها في 1975
مسلسلات عزت العلايلي
مسلسلات نجيب محفوظ

اللص والكلاب (مسلسل 1975)


تاتا  قد تشير إلى الآتي:

مجموعة تاتا :  هي أكبر شركة متعددة الجنسيات في الهند.
تاتا موتورز : شركة لإنتاج السيارات مقرها بومباي، الهند.
 تاتا نانو : هي سيارة مدينة ذات دفع خلفي.
 جامستجي تاتا : هو رجل أعمال هندي.
 بلدة تاتا : هي بلدة في شمال غربي المجر.
 صندوق TATA: بعلم الأحياء هو تسلسل في الـDNA

صفحات توضيح أسماء أماكن

تاتا (توضيح)


An Habenaria culicina in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach ngan Johannes Eugen ius Bülow Warming. An Habenaria culicina in nahilalakip ha genus nga Habenaria, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Habenaria

Habenaria culicina


An Lushan (; 20th day of the 1st month (19 February) 703 – 29 January 757) was a general in the Tang dynasty and is primarily known for instigating the An Lushan Rebellion.

An Lushan was of Sogdian and Göktürk origin, at least by adoption. He rose to prominence as a general by defending the northeastern Tang frontier from the Khitans and other threats. Through his frequent visits to Chang'an, the Tang capital, An Lushan managed to gain favour with Emperor Xuanzong of Tang and Chancellor Li Linfu. By 751, he had been appointed military governor over three prefectures. After the death of Li Linfu in 753, An Lushan's rivalry with General Geshu Han and Chancellor Yang Guozhong created military tensions within the empire.

In late 755, An Lushan instigated open revolt and quickly captured Luoyang, the eastern capital, where in early 756 he proclaimed himself emperor of the new Yan dynasty. While his generals continued his campaigns, An Lushan remained in the Luoyang palace; his health failed and he became increasingly violent and paranoid. In early 757 he was murdered by a eunuch with the support of his son, An Qingxu.

Background and name
An Lushan's mother was a Göktürk of the Ashide clan and served as a sorceress. According to historical sources, his original name might have been Aluoshan or Yaluoshan, the latter stated by Jiu Tangshu to mean "war" in Old Turkic. His father died early, and his mother Lady Ashide married a Turkic general An Yanyan (), who was a brother of the general An Bozhi (). An Lushan therefore took the name of An. Early in Emperor Xuanzong of Tang's Kaiyuan era, 713–741, there was a disturbance among the Göktürk tribe that An Yanyan belonged to, and An Lushan fled to Tang with An Yanyan and An Yanyan's nephew, An Sishun. He later settled in Ying Prefecture (營州, roughly modern Chaoyang, Liaoning).

Paternity
Sources conflict about An Lushan's biological father's origin and surname; for example, as to whether An Lushan's father had the surname Kang or not: he took the name of An from his stepfather An Yanyan. The surnames Kang and An suggest that they were respectively from the Sogdian kingdoms of Samarkand (康國; cf. Kangju) and Bukhara (). The An are not to be confused with Anxi, which had been established as a prefecture by the Chinese in 661.

On his side, Matsui Hitoshi, noting that nothing in the historical records provides hard evidence of Sogdian origin and that An Lushan was living at Yingzhou, a settlement of Kumo Xi and Khitan people, suggests that "Perhaps [An Lushan's father] might have been of Khitan origin." Edward H. Schafer, however, maintains that An Lushan is probably the Sinicized version of a name derived from Anxi (安息 "Parthia(n)") and the common Sogdian name ܪܘܚܫܐܢ Roxshan meaning "the Bright", related to the Sogdian female name Roxana, also borne by Alexander's Sogdian wife, Roxana. His name has also been transcribed as Āluòshān () or Yàluòshān (), and he was posthumously named Prince La of Yan () by his deputy Shi Siming.

Youth
It was said that An Lushan knew six non-Chinese languages, and, after he grew older, served as an interpreter in one of the military markets, which were set up by the Chinese government largely to obtain horses in exchange for silk through foreign trade. Serving with him was Shi Sugan (later named Shi Siming), who was one day older than he was and who became a good friend of his. In 732, when the general Zhang Shougui () was governing You Prefecture (幽州, roughly modern Beijing), it was discovered that An Lushan had stolen sheep. Zhang was set to execute An Lushan by caning, when An Lushan yelled out, "Is it that you, Lord, do not wish to destroy the two barbarian tribes? Why do you want to cane An Lushan to death?" Zhang, seeing that he had a large body and impressed by his plea, released him and had him serve as a police officer, along with Shi, and both of them were said to be capable at catching criminals. Later, Zhang promoted him to be a military officer. As Zhang believed that he was obese, he did not dare to eat too much while in Zhang's presence, and this drew Zhang's favor. Zhang took him in and treated him like a son. At a time that was not recorded in history, he married a Lady Kang as his first wife; they had at least one son, An Qingxu, who, however, was not his oldest son.

Service in Tang armies

Rise through the ranks (736–742)

By 736, An Lushan carried a general title and was serving under Zhang Shougui as an officer of the Pinglu Army (平盧軍, based in modern Chaoyang). In 736, after An disobeyed Zhang's orders and made an overly aggressive attack against the Khitan and the Xi, he was defeated. According to army regulations, he was supposed to be executed. Zhang then sent him to the capital, Chang'an; by not executing An himself, Zhang was hoping that Emperor Xuanzong would pardon An. The chancellor Zhang Jiuling, arguing that An's death would be necessary to preserve military discipline and further believing that An had the appearance of a rebel, advocated An's death, but Emperor Xuanzong believed An to be able and did not want to execute him, and therefore spared him but stripped him of titles, returning him to serve under Zhang.

In 740, An became the Bingmashi () of Pinglu Army. In 741, when the deputy chief imperial censor Zhang Lizhen () was sent to survey the Hebei (河北, i.e., the region north of the Yellow River) and visited Pinglu Army, An ingratiated himself with Zhang, so much so that he even bribed Zhang's servants. When Zhang returned to Chang'an and praised An, Emperor Xuanzong promoted An to be the commandant at Ying Prefecture and the commander of Pinglu Army, to defend against the Khitan, the Xi, Balhae, and the Heishui Mohe. In 742, Xuanzong further promoted Pinglu Army to be a military circuit, making An its military governor (jiedushi).

At Chang'an (743)
In 743, An visited Chang'an to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong.  Emperor Xuanzong treated him well and allowed him to visit the palace at all times. He began to inject himself into court politics—as the official Su Xiaoyun () complained to him that the imperial examinations that year was unfair and that Zhang Shi (), the son of the deputy chief imperial censor Zhang Yi (), had been given top grade despite having no abilities. An reported this to Emperor Xuanzong, who ordered a retesting before him personally. Zhang Shi was not able to even write one character in response to Emperor Xuanzong's reexamination. As a result, the deputy ministers of civil service, Song Yao () and Miao Jinqing were demoted.

An often pleased Emperor Xuanzong by offering Emperor Xuanzong tributes of rare items, such as rare animals or jewels. By this time, he was even more obese than before, and Emperor Xuanzong, on one occasion, jokingly asked him, "What does this barbaric belly contain?" He responded, "Other than a faithful heart, there is nothing else." On another occasion, when Emperor Xuanzong's son Li Heng the Crown Prince was in audience, he refused to bow to Li Heng, stating, "I am a barbarian, and I do not understand formal ceremony. What is a crown prince?" Emperor Xuanzong responded, "He is the reserve emperor. After my death, he will be your emperor." An apologized, stating, "I am foolish. I had only known about Your Imperial Majesty, and not that there is such a thing as a reserve emperor." He bowed, but Emperor Xuanzong, believing him to be honest, favored him even more. As he was allowed to enter the palace, he asked that he become an adoptive son of Emperor Xuanzong's favorite concubine Consort Yang Guifei, and Emperor Xuanzong agreed. Thereafter, on one occasion, he bowed to Consort Yang first before bowing to Emperor Xuanzong, stating, "Barbarians bow to mothers first before fathers." Xuanzong, now believing An was as submissive to him as a son to a father, showed him even greater favors.

Return to the north front

In 744, with further praises from the powerful chancellor Li Linfu and Pei Kuan, An was, in addition to Pinglu, made the military governor of Fanyang Circuit (范陽, headquartered in modern Beijing). Wanting to show his military abilities, he often pillaged the Khitan and the Xi. His actions led to two princesses of the royal clan, who were married to Khitan and Xi leaders as part of the heqin policy, being executed in retaliation, and both groups rebelled in 745, though An defeated them.

According to the Song Dynasty historian Sima Guang, it was said that An was attempting to increase his own strength and planning a rebellion, and in 747, he claimed to be building Fort Xiongwu () and asked fellow military governor Wang Zhongsi to contribute troops, hoping to hold onto the troops that Wang would send and not return them.  Wang, instead, led the troops himself to Xiongwu in advance of the rendezvous date and, after participating in the building project, returned with the soldiers, and submitted reports to Emperor Xuanzong that he believed An was planning treason. Li Linfu, who was at this point apprehensive of Wang as a potential rival, used this as one of the reasons to indict Wang, and Wang was, later in 747, removed from his post. Also in 747, An Lushan was given the honorary title as chief deputy imperial censor (御史大夫, Yùshǐ Dàfū), and Lady Duan, now described as his wife, although Lady Kang was still alive, was created a lady.

In 748, Emperor Xuanzong awarded An Lushan an iron certificate promising that he would not be executed, except for treason, and in 750, he created An Prince of Dongping, setting a precedent for generals not of the imperial Li clan to be created princes.

New period in Chang'an
By this point, a friendship had developed between An Lushan and the Emperor. When An went to Chang'an later that year to pay homage to Emperor Xuanzong, he presented Emperor Xuanzong with 8,000 Xi captives. In 751, Xuanzong had a magnificent mansion built for An in Chang'an, sparing no expense, using jade, gold, and silver in many different places. On An's birthday, 20 February 751, Emperor Xuanzong and Consort Yang awarded him with clothing, treasures, and food. On 23 February, when An was summoned to the palace, Consort Yang, in order to please Emperor Xuanzong, had an extra-large infant wrapping made, and wrapped An in it, causing much explosion of laughter among the ladies-in-waiting and eunuchs. When Emperor Xuanzong asked what was going on, Consort Yang's attendants joked that Consort Yang gave birth three days ago and was washing her baby Lushan. Emperor Xuanzong was pleased by the comical situation and rewarded both Consort Yang and An greatly. Thereafter, whenever An visited the capital, he was allowed free admittance to the palace, and there were rumors that he and Consort Yang had an affair, but Emperor Xuanzong discounted the rumors. At An's request, Emperor Xuanzong also gave him the governorship of Hedong Circuit (河東, headquartered in modern Taiyuan, Shanxi), in addition to Pinglu and Fanyang. Two of his sons, An Qingzong and An Qingxu, were given ministerial level positions, and An Qingzong was given an imperial clan member's daughter, the Lady Rongyi, in marriage.

An was arrogant toward other officials, including Consort Yang's second cousin Yang Guozhong. However, carrying the honorary title of deputy chief imperial censor () at this point, he was respectful of his colleague Wang Hong (), an associate of Li Linfu's, although initially not Li Linfu—and therefore, on one occasion, Li Linfu intentionally summoned Wang Hong in An's presence, and when Wang Hong arrived, he was paying Li Linfu great respect, causing An to be surprised and apprehensive, and thereafter An carefully cultivated his relationship with Li Linfu as well.

Pondering Emperor Xuanzong's death & Northward campaign

It was also said that, by this point, An began to be apprehensive of what would happen once Emperor Xuanzong died—as he remembered how he had refused to bow to Li Heng—and he began to plan an eventual rebellion, which was further encouraged by his observation that the heart of the empire was without defenses. He selected some 8,000 soldiers among the surrendered Khitan, Xi, and Tongluo () tribesmen, organizing them into an elite corps known as the Yeluohe (), which meant "the brave".  He retained Gao Shang (), Yan Zhuang (), Zhang Tongru (), and Sun Xiaozhe () as his strategists; and Shi Siming, An Shouzhong (), Li Guiren (), Cai Xide (), Niu Tingjie (), Xiang Runrong (), Li Tingwang (), Cui Qianyou (), Yin Ziqi (), He Qiannian (), Wu Lingxun (), Neng Yuanhao (), Tian Chengsi, Tian Qianzhen (), and Ashina Chengqing () as his generals.

Late in 751, An launched a major attack against the Khitan, advancing quickly to the heart of Khitan territory, but, hampered by rains, was defeated by the Khitan, and the general He Side () was killed.  An himself was almost killed, and, after retreating, blamed the defeat on Ge Jie () and Yu Chengxian (), executing them. He subsequently had Shi defend against the Khitan counterattack, and Shi was able to repel the Khitan. In 752, he wanted to launch a major counterattack against the Khitan, requesting that the ethnically Tujue general Li Xianzhong () accompany him. Li Xianzhong was afraid of An; when An ordered Li to attack the Khitan, Li rebelled, thus putting a halt to An's campaign.

Rivalry with Geshu Han
Later that year, when Emperor Xuanzong, seeing that both An Lushan and An Sishun (who by this point was the military governor of Shuofang Circuit (朔方, headquartered in modern Yinchuan, Ningxia)) had poor relations with Geshu Han, the military governor of Hexi (河西, headquartered in modern Wuwei, Gansu) and Longxi (隴西, headquartered in modern Haidong prefecture, Qinghai) Circuits, and wanted to improve relations between these three key border troop commanders, he summoned all three to the capital and had the powerful eunuch Gao Lishi host a feast for the three of them, trying to get them to resolve their unpleasantries. At the conference, however, Geshu and An Lushan got into an argument, which only stopped after Gao gazed at Geshu, stopping him from responding to An Lushan's insults.

Death of Li Linfu and rivalry with Yang Guozhong
In 753, with Li Linfu's death and replacement by Yang Guozhong, Yang Guozhong, intending to posthumously dishonor Li Linfu, had An Lushan corroborate his accusations that Li Linfu was involved in Li Xianzhong's rebellion. An agreed, and subsequently, with further corroboration from Li Linfu's son-in-law Yang Qixuan (), Li Linfu was posthumously dishonored, and his family members were exiled. Also in 753, Li Xianzhong's troops were defeated by the Huige, and they surrendered to An, further enhancing his strength.

Despite their cooperation in posthumously accusing Li Linfu, a rivalry soon developed between An and Yang Guozhong, as An did not fear Yang Guozhong the way he did Li Linfu. Yang Guozhong made repeated accusation against An to Emperor Xuanzong that he was plotting a rebellion, but the accusation were dismissed by Emperor Xuanzong. Yang Guozhong, instead, entered into an alliance with Geshu against An.  In spring 754, Yang asserted, to the Emperor, that An was set on rebelling, an accusation Yang had made before. Yang predicted that if Emperor Xuanzong summoned An to Chang'an, he would surely not come. However, when Emperor Xuanzong tested Yang's hypothesis by summoning An, he immediately showed up in Chang'an and claimed that Yang was making false accusations.  Thereafter, Emperor Xuanzong refused to believe any suggestions that An was plotting rebellion, despite Li Heng agreeing with Yang's assessment on this issue. The Emperor even considered promoting An to be chancellor; however, Yang opposed this, and the promotion did not occur. An subsequently returned to Fanyang. At An's request, Emperor Xuanzong allowed him to award his soldiers with high ranks without first receiving imperial approval. (Geshu, hearing this, made the same request, and Emperor Xuanzong also granted this privilege to Geshu.) Later in 754, An defeated Xi forces, capturing their chieftain Li Riyue (). Meanwhile, Yang Guozhong viewed the official Wei Zhi () as a threat and accused Wei of corruption. Yang Guozhong later accused Wei of bribing An's associate Ji Wen (), and Wei and Ji were both demoted.  An subsequently submitted a petition on their behalf, claiming that the accusations from Yang Guozhong were false, but Emperor Xuanzong took no actions against either An or Yang Guozhong.

Rebellion

The An Lushan Rebellion spanned from 16 December 755 to 17 February 763. This rebellion involved the death of some 13–36 million people, making it one of the deadliest wars in history. However, this figure is contested for various reasons, and scholars attribute part of the "deaths" (the count being derived from the difference in population according to the Tang census before and after the rebellion) to a breakdown in Tang taxation and census gathering.

Initial stage
In the spring of 755, matters were coming to a head. An Lushan submitted a petition to Emperor Xuanzong to replace 32 Han generals under his command with non-Han generals. Xuanzong accepted An's request despite opposition from chancellors Yang Guozhong and Wei Jiansu, who took An's request as a sign of impending rebellion. Yang and Wei then suggested that An be promoted chancellor, and that his three commands be divided between his three deputies.

Emperor Xuanzong initially agreed, but after the edict was drafted, Xuanzong tabled it and instead sent the eunuch Fu Qiulin () to send fresh fruits to An and to observe him—upon which An was alleged to bribe Fu into submitting a favorable report. Yang, however, persisted in his reports against An. Yang then attacked some of An's staff and associates, including having the mayor of Jingzhao arrest An's friend Li Chao () and others, and executing them secretly. An Qingzong, who was then at Chang'an, reported Yang's attack to An Lushan, causing considerable concern to An Lushan, who, thereafter, refused to attend the funeral of an imperial prince in summer 755, and did not offer to send a large number of horses to Chang'an that autumn, which aroused the suspicions of Emperor Xuanzong. Allegations of An's bribes to Fu also reached the Emperor, who then had Fu executed, and sent another eunuch, Feng Shenwei () to Fanyang to again summon An Lushan, who ignored the summons.

In winter 755, An launched his rebellion on 16 December, claiming he had received a secret edict from Emperor Xuanzong to advance on Chang'an to remove Yang. The imperial officials were all apprehensive, because An had the strongest troops of the realm at the time, except for Yang, who believed that An could be suppressed easily. Emperor Xuanzong commissioned the general Feng Changqing as military governor of Fanyang and Pinglu, intending to have him replace An after An's rebellion was defeated. The Emperor also sent Feng to the eastern capital, Luoyang, to build up the defense there; another general, Gao Xianzhi, was ordered to command a secondary defense at Shan Commandery (陝郡, roughly modern Sanmenxia, Henan). He executed An Qingzong and An's first wife Lady Kang, and forced An Qingzong's present wife, Lady Rongyi, to take her own life.

On 8 January 756, An Lushan crossed the Yellow River, quickly capturing Chenliu (陳留, roughly modern Kaifeng, Henan) and Yingyang (滎陽, roughly modern Zhengzhou, Henan) Commanderies. He approached Luoyang, where he encountered an ill-prepared army commanded by Feng, defeating Feng quickly and forcing Feng to flee and concede Luoyang to him. Feng joined forces with Gao and urged a retreat to Tong Pass; Gao agreed, and they took up defensive positions there, and An did not proceed quickly, but remained at Luoyang, planning to declare himself emperor there. (Soon, due to accusations of the eunuch Bian Lingcheng (), Emperor Xuanzong executed Feng and Gao, and replaced Gao with Geshu Han.) Some Tang officials north of the Yellow River resisted An Lushan under the leadership of Yan Zhenqing, the governor of Pingyuan Commandery (平原, roughly modern Dezhou, Shandong).

As emperor of Yan
On Lunar New Year's day, 756 (5 February), An Lushan declared himself Emperor at Luoyang, establishing a new state of Yan, making Zhang Tongru and the surrendered Tang official Daxi Xun () his chancellors. He created An Qingxu the Prince of Jin and another son, An Qinghe (), the Prince of Zheng. Meanwhile, Yan Zhenqing's cousin Yan Gaoqing (), who initially submitted to An, rose against An at Changshan Commandery (常山, roughly modern Baoding, Hebei) but was quickly defeated and delivered to An in Luoyang; An executed him and sent An Qingxu to make an initial attack against Tong Pass, and Geshu Han repelled the attack.

By this time, the Tang generals Guo Ziyi and Li Guangbi had fought their way into Emperor An's territory north of the Yellow River, cutting off the communication between Luoyang and Fanyang, causing much fear in An's troops. An considered withdrawing north of the Yellow River to secure the territory, but meanwhile, suspicions had begun to rise between Yang Guozhong and Geshu, each believing that the other had designs on himself. Yang therefore persuaded Emperor Xuanzong to order Geshu to attack the Yan general Cui Qianyou, who was then stationed at Shan Commandery. (This order was against the advice of Geshu, Guo, and Li Guangbi that the proper strategy was to secure Tong Pass and let Guo and Li Guangbi capture the Yan territory to the north.) Geshu, with Emperor Xuanzong repeatedly ordering him to attack, was forced to do so, and was defeated by Cui. Geshu's subordinate Huoba Guiren () seized him and surrendered to Yan forces.  Subsequently, An induced Geshu to write letters to several Tang generals, urging them to surrender, but they all refused.

When Yan forces captured Tong Pass, Emperor Xuanzong and Yang, in panic, abandoned Chang'an and fled toward Shu Commandery (蜀郡, roughly modern Chengdu, Sichuan). On the way, at a small village, Mawei Station, prompted by general Chen Xuanli who believed that Yang Guozhong had provoked this rebellion, the imperial guards assassinated Yang Guozhong, and demanded the death of Yang Guifei, to which the Emperor reluctantly consented. An, caught by surprise of the Emperor's retreat, had Cui advance slowly into Chang'an, even though the Tang mayor of Chang'an, Cui Guangyuan (), offered to surrender. Also surrendering to Yan forces were the former chancellor Chen Xilie and the key officials Zhang Jun () and Zhang Ji (), and An made Chen and Zhang Ji chancellors as well.

Meanwhile, An had Emperor Xuanzong's sister, Princess of Huo, as well as a number of other imperial relatives, executed, and sacrificed their organs to An Qingzong. At this point, there was a new Tang Emperor: Li Heng, or Emperor Suzong. Due to the slowness of the Yan advance, the Yan forces were unable to capture either Emperor Xuanzong, who eventually reached Shu Commandery, or Li Heng, who fled to Lingwu and took the Tang imperial title there (as Emperor Suzong). (Xuanzong recognized Li Heng's actions and subsequently took the title Taishang Huang (retired emperor).) Hearing news of Chang'an's fall, Guo and Li Guangbi withdrew to Lingwu, allowing Shi to again pacify the region north of the Yellow River and east of the Taihang Mountains with exception of pockets held by Yan Zhenqing and other Tang officials under his command.

Death
Once he had assumed the imperial title, An Lushan spent most of his time inside the Luoyang palace.  His generals rarely saw him, and most important matters were handled through Yan Zhuang (嚴莊).

An Lushan suffered from chronic eye problems that eventually led to blindness; he had ulcers; and he
was extremely obese.  His sheer weight once crushed to death a horse and he needed three servants to help him to put on and take off his clothes when he visited Huaqing Pool.

An Lushan had a highly-trusted Khitan eunuch named Li Zhu'er ().  But in his sickness and blindness An became ill-tempered and paranoid, and would flog or even murder his servants if they had caused him any displeasure.  Even Yan Zhuang and Li Zhu'er were said to be hit frequently.

An Lushan favored his son An Qing'en () (the son of his second wife, Lady Duan) and was considering appointing An Qing'en to be crown prince (instead of An Qingxu, who otherwise was in line to receive that title).  Knowing that he was out of favor, and fearing that An Lushan was planning to kill him, An Qingxu, along with He, Yan, and Li Zhu'er, decided to assassinate An Lushan.

On the night of 29 January 757, with Yan and An Qingxu watching outside, Li Zhu'er took a sword into the palace and attacked An Lushan.  An tried to fight back, but could not locate a sword that he had put under his bed.  Li Zhu'er attacked his stomach and abdomen.  As his intestines were coming out of his body, An screamed "this is a thief of my own household" and died.

The next morning, Yan announced to the Yan officials that An Lushan was seriously ill, and that he had appointed An Qingxu crown prince.  Then, after taking the throne, An Qingxu reported that An Lushan had died.

Two years later, in 759, after Shi Siming killed An Qingxu and assumed the imperial title, Shi Siming buried An Lushan with the ceremony due an imperial prince, not an emperor, and gave him the rather unflattering posthumous name of La (剌, meaning "unthinking").

Personal information
 Father
 may be surnamed Kang () (personal name unknown)
 Mother
 Lady Ashide
 Stepfather
 An Yanyan ()
 Wives
 Lady Kang, mother of Prince Qingxu (executed by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 756)
 Empress Duan, mother of An Qing'en
 Children
 An Qingzong () (executed by Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 756)
 An Qingxu (), the Prince of Jin (created 756), later emperor
 An Qingzhang ()
 An Qinghe (), the Prince of Zheng (created 756, executed by Emperor Suzong of Tang 758)
 An Qing'en ()
 Six other sons, names unrecorded in history
 Other
 An Sishun (relationship uncertain)

Popular culture
 Portrayed by Wong Chun in TVB's 1997 Hong Kong television series The Hitman Chronicles
 Portrayed by Louis Yuen in the 2000 Hong Kong television series The Legend of Lady Yang
 Portrayed by Lam Suet in 2017 Chinese television series The Glory of Tang Dynasty

Notes

References

 Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009): Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present.  Princeton: Princeton University Press.
 Benn, Charles (2002). China's Golden Age: Everyday Life in the Tang Dynasty. Oxford University Press.
 Bo Yang, Bo Yang Edition of the Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 51, 52, 53

 Ebrey, Walthall, Palais (2006). East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
 Lin, Tianwei, "An Lushan ". Chinese Encyclopedia (Biography Edition), 1st ed.
 Liu Xu et al., Old Book of Tang, vol. 200, part 1
 Ouyang Xiu et al., New Book of Tang, vol. 225, part 1
 Matsui, Hitoshi 松井等 (Japan). "Qidan boxing shi 契丹勃興史 (History of the rise of the Khitan)". Mamden chiri-rekishi kenkyu hokoku 1 (1915).Translated into Chinese by Liu, Fengzhu 劉鳳翥. In Minzu Shi Yiwen Ji 民族史譯文集 (A Collection of Translated Papers on Ethnic Histories) 10 (1981). Repr. in: Sun, Jinji et al. 1988 (vol. 1), pp. 93–141
 Mu, Weisheng (2000). The Critical Biography of Guo Ziyi.

 Pulleyblank, E. G. "The An Lu-Shan Rebellion and the Origins of Chronic Militarism in Late T'ang China", in Perry & Smith, Essays on T'ang Society, Leiden: Brill (1976)
 Sima Guang et al., Zizhi Tongjian, vols. 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219
 Schafer, Edward H. The Golden Peaches of Samarkand. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
 Xu, Daoxun, et al. (1993). The Biography of Tang Xuanzong. Beijing: People's Press.

 Xue, Zongzheng (1992). A History of Turks. Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press.
 Yang, Zhijiu, "An Lushan". Encyclopedia of China (Chinese History Edition), 1st ed.
 Yu, Taishan (2nd Edition 2003). A Comprehensive History of Western Regions. Zhengzhou: Zhongzhou Guji Press.
 Zhong, Han. "Ah Lushan Dengzahu De Neiya Wenhua Beijing" ("The Cultural Background on An Lushan, etc in Inner Asia – With the Discussion on the Inner Asia-ized of Sute or Sogdian"). Journal of Chinese Historical Studies. 2005.1.

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700s births
757 deaths
8th-century Chinese monarchs
Assassinated military personnel
Chinese warlords
Date of birth unknown
Sogdian people
Tang dynasty rebels
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Hedong Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Lulong Circuit
Tang dynasty jiedushi of Pinglu Circuit
Tang dynasty nonimperial princes
Emperor Xuanzong of Tang
Yan (An–Shi) emperors
Iranic people
Founding monarchs
Ashide

An Lushan


Mythimna irrorata es una polilla de la familia Noctuidae. Se encuentra en la parte norte-occidental de la cordillera del Himalaya.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

irrorata

Mythimna irrorata


TECSUP es un centro de estudios superiores de formación tecnológica fundada en Perú, su sede principal se encuentra en la ciudad de Lima.

Historia
Tecsup fue creado en 1982 por Luis Hochschild Plaut como una asociación privada sin fines de lucro con el apoyo de un grupo de empresarios peruanos preocupados por el desarrollo nacional. En forma progresiva Tecsup ha ido implementando laboratorios e infraestructura principalmente gracias al aporte de empresas privadas nacionales. Ha sido fundamental también la contribución de donantes del exterior con los que se totalizaron donaciones por más de 61.5 millones de dólares.

De igual forma fue especialmente importante la ayuda del estado de Baden Württemberg de Alemania, a través del aporte de equipos, la capacitación de profesores y asesoría de expertos en el diseño de la organización y programas educativos. Asimismo, se recibió asistencia financiera y técnica del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, la Agencia Internacional para el Desarrollo de los Estados Unidos de América, la Unión Europa, Canadá, Suecia y el País Vasco de España.

En 1984, Tecsup inició sus actividades educativas en un primer campus construido en la ciudad de Lima para ofrecer formación a través de Carreras Profesionales las cuales tienen como objetivo brindar una formación profesional integral. En 1993 se iniciaron las operaciones en el campus de Tecsup Arequipa, con el objetivo de contribuir a la descentralización del país. A esta segunda sede se sumó en el 2008 la sede de Trujillo para ofrecer carreras orientadas al sector-económico de la región.

Paralelamente a las actividades de formación Tecsup creó los Programas de Extensión profesional, CPE – Cursos y Programas Integrales – y los PEP – Programas de Extensión para Profesionales. A la fecha Tecsup ofrece una variedad de productos y servicios a través de diferentes modalidades destacando Tecsup Virtual que fue ofertado en 1999 y a la fecha cuenta con más de 25,000 inscripciones.

En cada campus se dio posteriormente los Programas de Extensión que ofrecen cursos cortos y programas de especialización e integrales. Los institutos han ido introduciendo progresivamente una variedad de servicios educativos, como son los programas de capacitación de un año en áreas especializadas o los cursos dictados en la misma empresa y cursos por Internet.

"Un país no podría desarrollarse sin elevar su nivel educativo. Tuve la seguridad de que la única forma que había para salir del subdesarrollo era y sigue siendo, impulsar la educación en general y en particular la tecnológica".

'Luis Hochschild Plaut

Visión, Misión y Valores

Visión
Ser una institución de educación superior líder en Latinoamérica, que crece anticipándose a las necesidades de los clientes, reconocida por su excelencia académica y compromiso con sus colaboradores, clientes y estudiantes.

Misión
"Desarrollar personas y empresas mediante la formación, capacitación y asesoría en tecnología". Tecsup es una organización educativa dedicada a formar profesionales en ingeniería y tecnología, en disciplinas para las cuales existe demanda en el mercado laboral. Los egresados reciben un seguimiento permanente y son apoyados en su desarrollo posterior. La capacitación de profesionales a través de capacitación continua está destinada a actualizar, perfeccionar y especializar a personas que buscan desarrollarse dentro de su actividad laboral. El objetivo primordial de Tecsup es dar a sus estudiantes los conocimientos y capacidades para que puedan alcanzar niveles de ingresos satisfactorios o mejorarlos. El énfasis educativo de Tecsup es en la aplicación de la tecnología a la operación y mantenimiento de actividades industriales. La investigación aplicada realizada en Tecsup fortalece tanto la vinculación con las empresas como el dominio de tecnología en muy alto nivel.

Valores
Tecnología. - "Buscamos continuamente la aplicación práctica de nuevas ideas, conceptos, productos y servicios". Ética. - "Obramos en todo momento con integridad y en concordancia con lo que decimos". Calidad. - "Logramos la excelencia mediante la mejora continua, la planificación previa y la realización eficiente de nuestras actividades". Superación. - "Cada meta que logramos es el inicio de un nuevo reto". Unión. - "Trabajamos en equipo respetando y aceptando a todos por igual". Pasión. - Ponemos energía, entusiasmo, alegría y entrega en todas nuestras actividades".

Acreditaciones
La formación está orientada hacia los resultados educativos esperados al final de cada carrera y los objetivos educacionales esperados para los egresados. El plan de mejora continua incluye cinco órganos de evaluación que trabajan sobre la base de catorce herramientas de medición definidas para los resultados y objetivos educacionales de cada carrera. Este plan ha sido la base para obtener las acreditaciones de ASIIN (Agencia Alemana de Acreditación de Programas de Ingeniería) y EUR-ACE de ENAEE (Red Europea para la Acreditación de Educación en Ingeniería), así como el reconocimiento de ABET de Estados Unidos de América. A finales de 2010, 6 de los 10 programas que se ofrecen en las sedes de Lima y Arequipa están acreditados.

ABET - Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

Agencia de los Estados Unidos que acredita los carreras en Ingeniería y Tecnología. Son más de 80 universidades acreditadas en los Estados Unidos. Tecsup es la primera institución educativa en su tipo en el Perú en recibir el reconocimiento de ABET.

La acreditación ABET es la garantía o aseguramiento que el programa acreditado cumple con los estándares de calidad establecidos para la profesión en la que prepara a sus estudiantes.

ABET acredita programas post-secundarios que otorgan grados y que están dentro de instituciones acreditadas regionalmente en el extranjero, a través del international activities, INTAC, ABET otorga el reconocimiento de "Sustancialmente Equivalente" [1].

Los estándares que los programas deben cumplir para estar acreditados por ABET son establecidos por las mismas profesiones de ABET. Esto es posible por la colaboración de muchas y diferentes sociedades profesionales y técnicas. Estas sociedades y sus miembros trabajan juntos a través de ABET para desarrollar los estándares y ellos proporcionan a los profesionales que evalúan los programas para asegurarse que cumplen con esos estándares.

La acreditación es un decisor para los estudiantes al momento de escoger programas de calidad en las instituciones para sus estudios; permite a los empleadores reclutar graduados bien preparados; proporciona un mecanismo estructurado para evaluar y mejorar la calidad de sus programas.
www.abet.org

Carreras Acreditadas por ABET

Tecsup Arequipa: Mantenimiento de Maquinaria de Planta, Electrotecnia Industrial, Redes y Comunicaciones de Datos.

Tecsup Lima: Procesos Químicos y Metalúrgicos, Mantenimiento de Maquinaria de Planta, Electrotecnia Industrial, Electrónica y Automatización Industrial, Redes y Comunicaciones de Datos.

ASIIN – Agencia Alemana que Acredita los Programas de Ingeniería

La Agencia de Acreditación de Programas de Ingeniería en Alemania (ASIIN) ha brindado a las carreras de Tecsup la acreditación como programas de ingeniería más orientados a la práctica y ENAEE reconoce la calidad y el nivel de éstas como equivalentes a las especialidades de ingeniería correspondientes al pre grado en el sistema europeo. Esta última nos otorga el sello EUR-ACE que facilita no sólo la posibilidad de estudiar programas de maestría en Europa sino también la de trabajar en los 13 países miembros (Alemania, Inglaterra, Italia, Francia, Irlanda, Dinamarca, Suiza, Rusia, Portugal, Bélgica, Rumania, Turquía, Austria).

Estas importantes certificaciones permitirán a los egresados de Tecsup ser reconocidos en el sistema universitario europeo como estudiantes de carreras universitarias. De igual forma estas certificaciones internacionales les permitirán a los estudiantes egresados de Tecsup ser aceptados para estudios de maestrías y doctorados, y sobre todo conseguir desarrollarse como profesional de clase mundial. http://www.asiin-ev.de/pages/de/asiin-e.-v.php

Carreras Acreditadas por ASIIN

Tecsup Arequipa:

Mantenimiento de Maquinaria de Planta

Electrotecnia Industrial

Tecsup Lima:

Procesos Químicos y Metalúrgicos

Mantenimiento de Maquinaria de Planta

Mantenimiento de Maquinaria Pesada

Electrotecnia Industrial

Electrónica y Automatización Industrial.

Convenios y Cooperación Internacional
Para fortalecer las actividades formativas, académicas, y de investigación Tecsup ha suscrito convenios con las siguientes instituciones:

Universidad de Purdue: Convenio de intercambio académico, de investigación y trabajo colaborativo.

Universidad Cayetano Heredia: Convenio suscrito en 1999 que ofrece a los egresados de la Carrera de Procesos Químicos y Metalúrgicos de Tecsup la posibilidad de obtener el Bachillerato en Química en 3 años de estudios adicionales.

Universidad Antonio Ruiz de Montoya: Convenio suscrito en octubre de 2010 que ofrece a todos los egresados de Tecsup –carreras de Lima y Arequipa- la posibilidad de obtener el Título de Ingeniero Industrial en dos años y medio de estudios.

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid: Convenio para ofrecer Cursos, Programas y Maestrías a través de internet www.cepade.es

Escuela Politécnica (Facultad de Ingeniería) de la Universidad de Sao Paulo: La Escuela Politécnica (Facultad de Ingeniería) de la Universidad de São Paulo, considerada la número 1 en el ranking de universidades de Latinoamérica ha firmado un acuerdo de Cooperación con la a través de este convenio se desarrollarán diversas actividades que incluyen el intercambio de estudiantes y profesores, así como el desarrollo de proyectos conjuntos de investigación aplicada, entre otras.

Escuela de Agricultura de la Región Tropical Húmeda: A través de este acuerdo la Escuela de Agricultura de la Región Tropical Húmeda y Tecsup colaborarán en asesoría de cursos de pre y post grado. De igual forma este convenio apoyará la ubicación de estudiantes de pasantías entidades, y organizaciones de desarrollo, peruanas, y costarricenses según sea el caso.

Centro de Innovación, Desarrollo y Emprendimiento en Tecnología
Tecsup es la primera institución de educación superior de Latinoamérica en implementar un Centro especializado en innovación, desarrollo de prototipos y emprendimiento en tecnología afiliado a la red de FAB LAB del MIT. En un cóctel llevado a cabo en sus instalaciones, Tecsup inauguró su Centro de Innovación, Desarrollo y Emprendimiento en Tecnología (Tecsup i+De), el mismo que cuenta con un laboratorio de fabricación personal que utiliza herramientas digitales (FAB LAB). Con esta iniciativa, Tecsup busca promover de manera tangible la innovación en los estudiantes peruanos. "Estamos muy orgullosos de nuestro Centro Tecsup i+De, y de que sea el primero de Latinoamérica afiliado a la red de FAB LAB del MIT.\" especificó Otto Frech Director General de Tecsup Lima. Este Centro estará a disposición de la comunidad de alumnos, docentes y egresados de Tecsup, así como del público en general y en especial para las empresas. \"La inauguración de Tecsup i+De es la mejor forma de fomentar la innovación y el emprendimiento en tecnología en nuestro país. Hemos construido cerca de 500 m² que han requerido una inversión de más de US 500,000, incluyendo el equipamiento del FAB LAB", indicó Mario Rivera, Director Ejecutivo de TECSUP. "Un FAB LAB es un espacio en donde cualquier persona puede crear desde un llavero hasta una casa alimentada por energía solar", señaló Sherry Lassiter, Gerente del Centro de Bits y Átomos del MIT, quien vino como invitada especial desde Boston, E.U.A. para la inauguración. "Los FAB LABS son la Tercera Revolución Industrial y felicito a Tecsup por haber tenido la visión necesaria para promoverla en el Perú", indicó Peter Troxler, Presidente de la Asociación Internacional de FAB LABS. El Centro de Innovación, Desarrollo y Emprendimiento en Tecnología Tecsup i+De funcionará desde el presente mes de agosto. Para mayor información del Centro https://web.archive.org/web/20130925160020/http://www.tecsup.edu.pe/i+de/

Fondo Educativo - Becas
Tecsup cuenta con un sistema de pensiones de estudio escalonadas en categorías de pago y otorga subvención en forma de Beca Social que exonera del pago de una porción de la pensión semestral. El monto de la cuota de matrícula deberá ser pagado de acuerdo al cronograma de la misma. La pensión semestral podrá ser pagada hasta en 6 cuotas definidas para el semestre vigente. El pago después de las fechas de vencimiento tiene un recargo por mora. Crédito Educativo Tecsup cuenta con un fondo educativo revolvente que ofrece financiamiento mediante crédito educativo y/o becas de estudio con el fin de apoyar a aquellos alumnos con vocación y capacidad que, por falta de recursos económicos, no pueden afrontar el costo de la enseñanza. El fondo fue creado en 1985 gracias al aporte inicial del Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, el cual permitió otorgar los primeros préstamos. Posteriormente, el Fondo ha sido incrementado con nuevos aportes de instituciones internacionales, empresas nacionales y personas naturales. Mediante este programa, los jóvenes pueden tener acceso a créditos que cubren hasta 100% de las pensiones y derechos de matrícula. El pago del crédito se inicia a los seis meses de egresar y se completa en un plazo máximo de seis años. El crédito educativo no genera intereses pero se indexa al costo de reposición de la enseñanza en el momento de la devolución. Este fondo se sostiene permanentemente con la devolución que hacen los egresados, la donación de nuevos aportes y la actualización del valor de las pensiones. Los egresados que se benefician con este apoyo asumen un compromiso moral de devolver el crédito al saber que otros jóvenes recibirán el mismo apoyo. Ello permite, junto con el alto índice de empleo de nuestros egresados, que exista un nivel de recuperación de los créditos de 95%. El Fondo Educativo permite otorgar créditos que van desde un 25 hasta un 100%. El requisito para acceder al crédito educativo es ingresar a Tecsup, tener 22 años y presentar dos garantes. Becas: Los alumnos con buen rendimiento y que requieren apoyo económico pueden acceder a becas completas o semi becas otorgadas por instituciones internacionales y empresas privadas entre las cuales podemos mencionar: El Gobierno Belga, Aceros Arequipa, Grupo Hochschild, la Comunidad Europea, Repsol YPF.

Infraestructura
Tecsup cuenta con tres campus, 100 talleres y laboratorios especializados y un patrimonio de 175 millones de nuevos soles (US$ 61.5 millones, aproximadamente). El campus de Lima tiene un terreno de 80,000 m², de los cuales 14,306 m² representan el área construida y 59 talleres y laboratorios. Por su parte, el campus de Arequipa cuenta con un terreno de 40,000 m² y 26 talleres y laboratorios similares a los del campus de Lima. El campus de Trujillo se inauguró en 2008 y cuenta con un área de 100,000 m², de las cuales el 60% está destinado al campo agrícola, necesario para el dictado de la carrera de Tecnología Agrícola. Este campus cuenta con 15 talleres y laboratorios.

Enlaces externos
 Universidad de Ingeniería y Tecnología
 Hochschild
 Anexo: Institutos profesionales y centros de formación técnica del Perú
 Sitio web de Tecsup

Referencias

Centros de formación técnica de Perú
Institutos profesionales de Perú

TECSUP


On Usenet, the Usenet Death Penalty (UDP) is a final penalty that may be issued against Internet service providers or single users who produce too much spam or fail to adhere to Usenet standards.  It is named after the death penalty (the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for a crime), as it causes the banned user or provider to be unable to use Usenet, essentially "killing" their service.  Messages that fall under the jurisdiction of a Usenet Death Penalty will be cancelled.  Cancelled messages are deleted from Usenet servers and not allowed to propagate.  This causes users on the affected ISP to be unable to post to Usenet, and it puts pressure on the ISP to change their policies.  Notable cases include actions taken against UUNET, CompuServe, and Excite@Home.

Types

There are three types of Usenet Death Penalty:
Active: with an active UDP, messages that fall under the UDP will be automatically cancelled by third parties or their agents, such as by using cancelbots.
Passive: with a passive UDP, messages that fall under the UDP will simply be ignored and will not spread.
Partial: a partial UDP applies only to a certain subset of newsgroups, not the entire Usenet newsgroup hierarchy.

To be effective, the UDP must be supported by a large number of servers, or the majority of the major transit servers.  Otherwise, the articles will propagate throughout the smaller, slower peerings.

UDPs are not casual acts.  They are announced beforehand, only after the owner of the offending server has been contacted and given several chances to correct the perceived problem. Since the effects on the users of a server under a UDP can be significant, if the users want to post, the impact of a UDP can induce the operators of an offending server to address problems quickly.

UDPs have been issued against America Online, BBN Planet, CompuServe, Erols Internet, Netcom, TIAC  and UUNET.

History

The first UDP software was written by Karl Kleinpaste in 1990, though there is disagreement when the term itself was coined: the Net Abuse FAQ claims 1993, but a message posted on 18 August of that year claims that it was coined "years earlier" by Eliot Lear.

A UDP was implemented against UUNET on 1 August 1997 after it became a host for many spammers and was unresponsive to abuse complaints. It forced the provider to implement antispam policies and tools and close their open relays. Executives called the UDP "digital terrorism", threatened legal action, and asserted they had been planning to move against spammers anyway. As the volume of spam from UUNET decreased, the organizers called off the penalty on August 6, though their announcement was stifled by cancel messages from UDP opponents.

An active UDP was implemented against CompuServe on 18 November 1997, which was lifted the following day after the company implemented anti-spamming measures and instituted a new acceptable use policy addressing spamming.

A UDP scheduled to begin against Excite@Home on 19 January 2000 was lifted the day before it was scheduled to begin after the ISP began scanning for the misconfigured proxy servers on home users' computers which it blamed for spam originating from its network.

See also

 Shadow banning
 Kill file
 Damnatio memoriae

References

External links
 Entry on the Usenet Death Penalty at the Jargon File
 Cancel Messages: Frequently Asked Questions, Part 3/4 (v1.75)
 Antispam strike under way
 Telstra moves to avert spam death penalty

Usenet
Anti-spam

Usenet Death Penalty


John Steinbeck (27 Şubat 1902 - 20 Aralık 1968), Amerikalı gerçekçi yazardır. İrlanda asıllıdır. Eserlerinde genellikle işçi yaşamını ve toplumsal sorunları dile getirdi. Gençliğinde bir zamanlar çalıştığı Salinas Vadisi, onun eserleri için vazgeçilmez bir mekândır. Yazdığı eserlerin her biri kült olmuş, çoğu sinemaya aktarılmıştır. Bir ailenin Oklahoma'dan Kaliforniya'ya göçünü anlattığı Gazap Üzümleri eseri ile Pulitzer ve Ulusal Kitap Ödülü'nü kazandı. Ayrıca edebiyat alanında verdiği katkılardan dolayı 1962'de Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü'ne layık görüldü. Ün kazandığı diğer eserleri arasında Al Midilli, İnci, Fareler ve İnsanlar gibi kitapları yer alır.

Hayatı
John Steinbeck, 27 Şubat 1902'de Salinas, Kaliforniya'da doğdu. Babası Prusya ve annesi İrlanda göçmeni olan bir ailede dünyaya geldi. Eski bir öğretmen anne Olive Hamilton, oğluna okuma alışkanlığı aşıladı ve kelime dünyasını genişletti. Babası Ernst Steinbeck ise Monterey bölgesinde sayman olarak görev yapıyordu. Onun yaşadığı bu doğal elverişli ortam ileride kendi eserlerine mekan olarak konuk olacaktı. Küçük kırsal bir kesimin içerdiği bu bölgede yazları çiftliklerde ve tarlalarda çalıştı. Bu dönemler onun en tanınmış eserlerinden biri olan Fareler ve İnsanlar romanının taslağını oluşturdu. Burada işçi yaşamının karanlık yüzünü, zorlu işçi yaşamını, sert geçen toplumsal baskıyı ilk elden yaşadı. Onun erken dönemde kendi stilini kazanmasını sağlayan bu yaşam tarzı, ileride büyük oranda ses getirecek romanları yazmasının ufak bir özeti gibiydi. Gençlik yıllarında sürekli çalıştığı çiftlikleri ve ormanları değiştirerek çevresini keşfetti. Steinbeck aynı zamanda aykırı bir kişilikti ve bu erken yaşlarda belli olmaya başlamıştı. Bu yıllar devam ederken 1919'da Salinas Lisesi'nden mezun oldu. Erken yaşlarda ne istediğini bilen yazar, kendi yazma stiline katkı sağlayacağını düşündüğü için Stanford Üniversitesi'ne kayıt oldu ve İngiliz Edebiyatı okumaya karar verdi. Üniversite hayatı boyunca çeşitli işlerde çalışan Steinbeck, mezun olmadan üniversite hayatını yarıda bıraktı. Küçük yaşlarda usta bir yazar olacağını bilen yazar, üniversitedeyken tıp bölümü dekanından ''insanları öğrenmem gerek'' diyerek kadavra parçalarını istedi. Reddedildikten sonra ve üniversitenin kendisini geliştirmeyeceğine inandığı için New York'a gitti. Burada çeşitli işlerde çalıştı. Daha önce çiftçilik işlerine merak salan Steinbeck, bir boyacının yanında çıraklık yapmıştı. New York'tayken bir spor kompleksinin inşaatında çalıştı. Bu zamanlarda elli kiloluk yükler taşıyordu. Bir gün bir işçinin ölümün kıyısından dönüşünü gördü ve o günün gecesinde işi bıraktı. Tekrar Kaliforniya'ya dönen yazar, ilk eşi Carol Henning ile tanıştı ve ikili 1930 yılında evlendi. İkilinin birliktelikleri 13 yıl sürdü.

Büyük Buhran zamanlarında Kaliforniya'ya gelen yazar, Tahoe Gölü'nde bekçi olarak çalıştı. Kriz yıllarında babası tarafından destek gördü ve yazma işine devam etmeye karar verdi. Ayrıca uzun yıllar dost olacağı filozof, deniz biyologu Ed Ricketts ile yine bu dönemlerde tanıştı. Ricketts, birkaç Steinbeck romanında ona ilham kaynağı olmuştu. Örneğin Sardalye Sokağı romanında Doc karakterine ilham olmuş ve Bitmeyen Kavga, Tatlı Perşembe kitapları için bir çerçeveydi.

1929'da ilk Romanı Altın Kupa yayımlandı, konusu ünlü deniz korsanı Henry Morgan'ın hayat hikayesiydi. İlk romanı ilgi çekmeyince beş yıl içinde üç kısa eser daha üretti. 1935'e kadar devam eden yazı hayatından sonra ilk ses getiren romanını yazdı. Bu roman, Amerika Monterey'de bir grup sınıfsız, evsiz adamın gözünden tüm kalıpları yıkan, aynı zamanda dostluğun paradan daha önemli olduğunu vurgulayan Yukarı Mahalle romanıydı. Romana konu olan Paionos çetesi bir ikon haline geldi. Kitap 1942'de filme uyarlandı, Steinbeck için dönüm noktası bu romandı. 1935 yılında Yukarı Mahalle'nin yayımlanması ile birlikte yavaşlamayı reddeden Steinbeck, 1936 yılında bugün klasikleşmiş dediğimiz Bitmeyen Kavga'yı kaleme aldı. Kitapta iki direnişçinin Salinas Vadisi'nde tarım işçilerini örgütleme macerasını yazdı. Tıpkı gençlik yıllarında çalıştığı çiftliklerden izlenimleri ile artık kendini bulan Steinbeck, Bitmeyen Kavga ile büyük bir ses getirdi. Karın tokluğuna çalışan meyve çiftçilerinin sorunlarını dile getiren yazar, bunu aynı zamanda sürükleyici bir tarzda yazdı.

1937'de Kaliforniya'da iki göçmen arkadaş olan George ve Lennie'nin hikayesini anlattığı Fareler ve İnsanlar kitabı büyük beğeni topladı. Steinbeck bu romanı bir ödül konuşmasında ''küçük şaheser'' olarak nitelendirdi. Roman hem sayısız kez tiyatroya uyarlandı hem de 1939'da Hollywood filmi olarak seyircilerin karşısına çıktı.

1935 yılından itibaren yazım hayatında büyük değişiklikler olan Steinbeck, çoğu okuru tarafından en büyük eseri olarak nitelendirilen Gazap Üzümleri'ni kaleme aldı. Kitap, 1940 yılının Şubat ayında on birinci baskısını yaparak 430.000 kopya sattı. O yıl Ulusal Kitap ve Pulitizer ödüllerini kazandı. Üstelik sonraki seksen yıl boyunca on beş milyondan fazla sattı ve her yıl sadece Amerika'da elli bin kişi Gazap Üzümleri satın alıyor. Ayrıca roman filme uyarlanınca baş karakter Tom Joad'ı canlandıran aktör Akademi Ödülü'ne aday gösterildi. Film Hollywood klasikleri arasında yerini koruyor. Bu eser Amerikan toplumundan öyle bir etki bırakmıştı ki Gazap Üzümleri'nin başarısı bu kadar yüksek olsa da konusu bakımından bazıları tarafından eleştirildi. Maddi zorluk yaşayan bir ailenin kapitalist sistem yüzünden yaşadığı zorluklar ve bankacılara vurulan ağır darbeler sonrasında birçok karalama kampanyası gerçekleştirildi ama bu boykotlar eserin başarısını gölgeleyemedi. Çünkü roman bir dönemin Amerika'sını yansıtıyordu. Charles Dickens'ın Viktorya Dönemi İngiltere'sini yansıttığı İki Şehrin Hikayesi romanından sonra böyle bir tasvir gelmemişti.

Steinbeck etrafındaki büyük küçük tüm olaylara ilgi duyuyordu. İkinci dünya savaşı yıllarında Ay Batarken romanını yazdı. Roman isimsiz bir ülkenin işgalciler tarafından ele geçirilmesini anlatıyordu, elbette işgalci ülkenin ismi açıklanmasa bile Almanya; işgal edilen ülkenin ise Norveç olduğu anlaşılıyordu. Roman 1942'de çıktığında filme uyarlandı ve savaşın bitim yıllarında Steinbeck'e, Norveç tarafından Kral Haakon Özgürlük Haçı verildi.

Stenibeck'in Bir Savaş Vardı makalesi 1958'de yazılıp belgeseli yapıldığında, yine ikinci dünya savaşı yıllarında geçirdiği olaylardan oluşuyordu. 1943 yılında savaş muhabiri olarak Avrupa'nın birçok noktasında bulunma şansı yakaladı. Kitap, İngiltere'nin dört köşesinden Sicilya'ya, Cezayir'e oradan da İtalya'ya kadar her yeri ele alıyordu. Üstelik yazar, hafif makineli bir tüfek kullanarak Alman mahkumlarının yakalanmasını sağladı.

Savaşın yıkıcı etkisi Steinbeck'e birkaç şarapnel parçası izi ve bazı psikolojik travmalara sebep olmuştu. Bu dönemlerden kurtulmayı her zamanki gibi yazarak atlattığını açıkladı. Nitekim savaştan sonra onun en çok bilinen eserlerinden İnci (the pearl) 1947'de yayımlanmıştı. Yine 1947 yılında Steinbeck, Sovyetler Birliği'ne yapacağı birçok seyahatin ilkini gerçekleştirdi. Bu yolculukta ona eşlik eden fotoğrafçı Robert Capa'dır. Sovyetler Birliği'nin tüm önemli noktalarını ziyaret eden Steinbeck ve Capa, 1948 yılında beraber Rusya Gezisi adlı bir kitap çıkardılar. Kitap, Steinbeck'in deneyimleri ve Capa'nın fotoğraflarını içeriyordu. 1948 yılının sonlarına doğru yazar Amerikan Sanat ve Edebiyat Akademisi'ne seçildi.

1952 yılında yazarın en önemli eserlerinden Cennetin Doğusu yayımlandı. Yazar, bu kitap için diğer yazdığım tüm kitaplar sanırım bu kitap için bir pratikti demiştir.</nowiki> Nitekim birçok kesim tarafından onun en iddialı kitaplarından biri de budur. Bu dönemler içkiye düşkün olan yazar, ruh halindeki dalgalanmalar sebebi ile Lenox Hill Hastahanesi'ne yattı. Dibe vurduğunu açıklayan Steinbeck, insan iç hüznünün bir mikroptan daha hızlı onu öldürebileceğini söylüyordu.

Steinbeck, Amerikayı yeniden keşfetmek için yola çıkmıştı. Köpeğim Charley ile Amerika Yollarında ismi ile çevirilen kitap, Amerika'da 1960 yılında yayımlandı. Oğlu Thom'a göre, babasının bu yolculuğu yapmasının tek bir sebebi vardı; ölmeden önce Amerikayı son bir kez görmek. Kitap hem Amerikayı eleştirel bir bakış açısı ile acımadan kınıyor hem de övgüler dağıtarak tarafsız bir bakış açısı ile bu görevi tamamlıyordu.

1961 yılında Steinbeck, Amerika'da ahlaki yozlaşmayı ve düşüşü son romanı olan Kaygılarımızın Kışı'nda anlattı. Baş karakter Ethan etrafında şekillenen olaylar birçok kişiyi başlarda hayal kırıklığına uğratmıştı. Çünkü herkes yeni bir Gazap Üzümleri bekliyordu. Başka bir kesim ise bu romanın ciddiyetini anlamış, sadece Steinbeck'in bunu sessiz bir anlatı ile anlattığını düşünüyordu. İsveç Akademisi, Kaygılarımızın Kışı ve Gazap Üzümleri'ne olumlu yorumlar yapmıştı. Fakat hem bu romana gelen eleştiriler hem de Nobel ödülünde yaşanılan bazı eleştirilerden sonra Steinbeck, ölümüne son 6 yıl kalmışken bir daha asla kurgu yazmadı. Amerikan edebiyatının klasikleşen simgesi haline gelen yazara 1964'de Başkanlık Özgürlük Madalyası verildi. Ölümünden kısa bir süre önce 1967'de Vietnam'a savaş röportajcısı olarak gitti ve 1968 yılının Aralık ayında kalp yetmezliği nedeniyle öldü. Onun birçok öyküsüne ev sahipliği yapan Salinas, Monterey, San Joaquin Vadisi, şimdilerde ''Steinbeck Ülkesi'' olarak anılmaktadır.

Tartışmalar
Steinbeck'in 1962 yılında Nobel'i alması çok konuşulmuştu. Konuşmasına ''bir fare gibi ciyaklamak yerine bir aslan gibi kükremem gerek'' sözleri ile başlıyordu. Yazarın küçük yaşlardan beri var olan aykırı kişiliği ve öfkesi burada da kendini gösteriyordu. İsveç Medyası bu ödülü kazanmasını şaşkınlıkla karşıladı. 2012 yılına geldiğimizde Nobel arşivleri tekrar açıldı ve bazı kesimlere göre Steinbeck'in kazanmaması gereken ödülün neden kazanıldığına dair bir açıklama yapıldı. O yıl ödül listesinde İngiliz yazarlar Robert Graves ve Lawrence Durell, Fransız oyun yazarı Jean Anouilh ve Danimarkalı yazar Karen Bilixen vardı. İsveç Akademisi'nde 62 yıl görev yapan Anders Österling bu durum hakkında, Kaygılarımızın Kışı adlı romanına inancını belirtti ve şu açıklamayı yaptı; ''Steinbeck son yıllarda bazı yavaşlama belirtilerinden sonra, toplumsal bir görevli konumuna tekrar erişti, tıpkı Hemingway ve Sinclair Lewis gibi''

Steinbeck'in bu tartışmalardan sonra kendisine sorulan ödülü hak ettiniz mi sorusuna ''açıkcası hayır'' yanıtını verdi. Biyografi yazarı Jackson Benson, Steinbeck için ''Dünyada onurunun satın alınmadığı ya da kazanılmadığı birkaç kişiden biriydi'' demiştir.

Ölümünden sonra Amerika büyük bir sessizliğe gömülmüşken bir gün sonra Charles Poore, New York Times'a şunları yazdı ''Steinbeck'in ilk büyük kitabı son büyük kitabıydı ve Steinbeck'in Nobel Ödülüne ihtiyacı yoktu, Nobel hakimlerinin ona ihtiyacı vardı.''

Kişiliği

Her zaman öfkeli bir kişilik olan Steinbeck bunu tavırları ile birçok kez belirtmiştir. Steinbeck 1952'de Amerika'nın Sesi adlı bir radyo programına katılmıştı. Radyo programına katılmayı sevmese de öfkesini dile getirmesi gerekiyordu ve göçmenlerin yaşadığı haksızlıklara karşı öfkesini püskürttü. Yazarın küçük yaşlardan gelen aykırı kişiliği ve öfkesi ölümünden sonra da devam ediyordu. Nitekim onun yakın zamanda yayımlanan biyografi kitabının ismi Dünya'ya Öfkeli'dir

Steinbeck'in aykırı tavrı siyasette de kendini göstermiştir. Arthur Miller, yazar hakkında şunları yazdı ''Ülkenin siyasi yaşamına bu kadar derinden nüfuz eden Mark Twain hariç, başka bir Amerikalı yazar düşünemiyorum." Steinbeck'in etkisi sadece yazarlara değil, toplumun tüm kesimine etki ediyordu. Örneğin aktör ve şarkıcı Haryy Belafonte Steinbeck hakkında ''Gençliğimde bana yön veren birisiydi'' demiştir.

Steinbeck'in ikinci karısı Conger, 2018 yılında düzenlenerek yayımlanan ''John Steinbeck ile Hayatım'' kitabında, yazarı zor bir adam olarak nitelendiriyor. Onun evlilik hayatını zorlaştırdığını ve kendisine karşı zalim olduğunu ekliyor. Conger daha sonraları onun ağladığı tek anın evcil faresi öldüğü zaman olduğunu açıklıyor ve devam ediyor; ''John duygusal olmakla birlikte sadistliği onun mizacı ile şekilleniyordu. Özellikle kadın misafirler geldiğinde faresini dışarı çıkararak kadınları korkuturdu.''

Steinbeck aynı zamanda kurşun kalem ile yazmayı seviyordu. Günde yaklaşık 60 kurşun kalem tüketiyordu. 1963 yılında New York'taki evine hırsızlar girmişti ve çalınan eşyalar bir televizyon ve altı tüfekten oluşuyordu. Nitekim Vietnam'da bulunduğu zamanlarda atış yapmaya bayılıyordu. O dönemlerde hayat kurallarını şöyle açıklamıştı, ''Asla özür dileme, zayıf olduğun noktaları başkalarına gösterme, valizinden uzaklaşma ve barların açılış saatini mutlaka bil.''

Bu karmaşık kişilik hakkında birçok biyografi yazarı Steinbeck'in hayatını yazmaya çalıştı. 1984 yılında Jackson Benson ve 1995 yılında Jay Parini, yazarın iç yapısı ile mücadele etmişti. Yakın zamanlarda biyografi yazarı William Souder bu görevi üstlendi. William, açıklamalarında şunları söyledi ''beni Steinbeck'e çeken noktalardan biri mükemmelden uzak olmasıydı. Bir erkek, bir koca, bir yazar olarak birçok sorunu vardı. Sürekli zamanının ve yeteneğinin boşa gittiğini söylüyordu. Bazı işleri mükemmel olarak görüyor ve bazılarını berbat olarak nitelendiriyordu. Tıpkı benim istediğim gibi kusurları olan bir kahramandı. Dünyaya bir kızgınlığı vardı ve dünya da bir şekilde ona kızgınlığını dile getiriyordu.''

Karmaşık bir kişiliğe sahip Steinbeck, Hemingway'in kısa öyküleri ve Faulkner'ın tüm yazılarını sevdiğini söylemiştir.

14 yaşındaki oğlu Thomas kendisinin bir kıza âşık olduğunu söylemiş ve babasından yardım isteğinde, yazar, oğluna bir mektup yazmıştır. Steinbeck'in yazdığı mektup bugün dünyanın en popüler mektuplarından biri haline gelmiştir. Hem teselli niteliğinde olup hem de aşkın tanımlanmasındaki çarpıcı sözleri ile büyük bir mektup özelliği göstermektedir.

Eserlerinin sinema uyarlamaları

 1939-Of Mice and Men-Yönetmen: Lewis Milestone, Oyuncular: Burgess Meredith, Lon Chaney, Jr. ve Betty Field
 1940-The Grapes of Wrath (Gazap Üzümleri)-Yönetmen: John Ford, Oyuncular: Henry Fonda, Jane Darwell ve John Carradine
 1941-The Forgotten Village-Yönetmen: Herbert Kline, Anlatan: Burgess Meredith
 1942-Tortilla Flat-Yönetmen: Victor Fleming, Oyuncular: Spencer Tracy, Hedy Lamarr, John Garfield
 1943-The Moon is Down-Yönetmen: Irving Pichel, Oyuncular: Lee J. Cobb ve Sir Cedric Hardwicke
 1944-Lifeboat (Yaşamak İstiyoruz)-Yönetmen: Alfred Hitchcock, Oyuncular: Tallulah Bankhead, Hume Cronyn ve John Hodiak
 1944-A Medal for Benny-Yönetmen: Irving Pichel, Oyuncular: Dorothy Lamour ve Arturo de Cordova
 1947-La Perla (The Pearl, Meksika)-Yönetmen: Emilio Fernández, Oyuncular: Pedro Armendáriz ve María Elena Marqués
 1949-The Red Pony-Yönetmen: Lewis Milestone, Oyuncular: Myrna Loy, Robert Mitchum ve Louis Calhern
 1952-Viva Zapata!-Yönetmen: Elia Kazan, Oyuncular: Marlon Brando, Anthony Quinn ve Jean Peters
 1955-East of Eden (Cennetin Doğusu)-Yönetmen: Elia Kazan, Oyuncular: James Dean, Julie Harris, Jo Van Fleet ve Raymond Massey
 1956-The Wayward Bus-Yönetmen: Victor Vicas, Oyuncular: Rick Jason, Jayne Mansfield ve Joan Collins
 1961-Flight-Oyuncular: Efrain Ramírez ve Arnelia Cortez
 1962-İkimize Bir Dünya (Of Mice and Men uyarlaması, Türk Filmi) Yönetmen: Nevzat Pesen, Senaryo: Orhan Elmas, Oynayanlar: Orhan Günşiray, Çolpan İlhan, Kadir Savun, Renan Fosforoğlu, Hüseyin Baradan
 1972-Topoli (Of Mice and Men uyarlaması, İran filmi) Yönetmen ve senarist: Reza Mirlohi
 1982-Cannery Row-Yönetmen: David S. Ward, Oyuncular: Nick Nolte ve Debra Winger
 1992-Of Mice and Men-Yönetmen: Gary Sinise Oynayanlar: John Malkovich, Gary Sinise
2016-In Dubious Battle (Bitmeyen Kavga)-Yönetmen: James Franco Oynayanlar: Nat Wolff, James Franco, Selena Gomez, Ed Harris

Kaynakça

1902 doğumlular
1968 yılında ölenler

Amerikalı savaş muhabirleri
Stanford Üniversitesinde öğrenim görenler
Nobel Edebiyat Ödülü sahipleri
Pulitzer Ödülü alan yazarlar
New York'ta ölenler
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı roman yazarları
Amerikalı Nobel Ödülü sahipleri
Amerikalı agnostikler
İngiliz asıllı Amerikalılar
Alman asıllı Amerikalılar
İrlanda asıllı Amerikalılar
20. yüzyıl Amerikalı hikâye yazarları
Amerikalı gezi yazarları
National Book Award sahipleri
Başkanlık Özgürlük Madalyası sahipleri
Kaliforniya doğumlu yazarlar
Pulitzer Ödülü sahipleri
Kurgu dalında Pulitzer Ödülü sahipleri
Amerikalı erkek roman yazarları
Amerikalı hikâye yazarları

John Steinbeck


60183 Falcone este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
60183 Falcone este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Monte Agliale de Matteo Santangelo. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,90 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 3,2° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 60001-61000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Asteroizi Koronis

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1999
Centura de asteroizi

60183 Falcone


Die Route nationale 630, kurz N 630 oder RN 630, war eine französische Nationalstraße, die von 1933 bis 1973 zwischen einer Straßenkreuzung mit der ehemaligen Nationalstraße 20 südlich von Montauban und Lavaur verlief. Ihre Länge betrug 53 Kilometer.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française 630 auf WikiSara (französisch)

630

Route nationale 630


Aşlama, Niğde ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1512 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Niğde il merkezine 45 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Niğde merkez belde ve köyleri

Aşlama, Niğde


Stefan Caragea () a fost un erou național bulgar, militant revoluționar pentru Redeșteptarea națională a bulgarilor și un conducător al rebeliunii împotriva Imperiului Otoman.

Nașteri în 1840
Decese în 1868
Revoluționari bulgari

Stefan Caragea


Margaret Leighton (født 26. februar 1922, død 13. januar 1976) var en engelsk teater- og filmskuespiller. Hun var kendt for sin udsøgte sans for storhed og raffinement. Hendes filmtitler tæller Lady Henrietta (1949), Calling Bulldog Drummond (1951), Affæren Carrington (1955) og Den bedste mand (1964). For Sendebudet (1971), vandt hun en BAFTA Award for bedste kvindelige birolle og blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste kvindelige birolle.

Leighton begyndte sin karriere på scenen i 1938, før han sluttede sig til Old Vic og Broadway-debuterede i 1946. En fire-gange nominerede til en Tony Award, hun to gange vandt en Tony Award for bedste skuespillerinde i et skuespil; for de originale Broadway-produktioner af Separate Tables (1957) og The Night of the Iguana (1962). Hun vandt også en Emmy Award for en tv-version af Hamlet fra 1970.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra England
Briter i 1900-tallet
Tony-vindere
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Margaret Leighton


Helga Sommerfeld (née le  à Dresde, morte le  à Berlin) est une actrice allemande.

Biographie
Après avoir été diplômée d'un lycée berlinois, Helga Sommerfeld commence sa formation à l'école de cinéma et d'art dramatique de l'UFA. Grâce à la médiation d'Ada Tschechowa, elle fait ses premières apparitions dans des films musicaux et des Heimatfilms. Dans les années 1960, Sommerfeld travaille principalement dans des films d'espionnage et d'aventures, parfois aussi dans des comédies et des films musicaux. Au total, elle joue dans 35 films et fait de nombreuses apparitions au théâtre sur différentes scènes. La dernière fois qu'elle monte sur scène lors d'une tournée en Allemagne de 1986 à 1988, c'était dans la pièce . Dans les années 1980, elle participe à une série de téléfilms pour la Sender Freies Berlin. En 1985, elle apparaît pour la dernière fois en tant qu'actrice principale dans le film Der Callboy.

Filmographie
 1958 :  Wenn die Conny mit dem Peter
 1958 :
 1959 :  Si mon grand frère savait ça !
 1959 :
 1959 :
 1960 :  Schlagerraketen – Festival der Herzen
 1961 :
 1961 :
 1962 :  Le Secret des valises noires
 1962 :  Le Bandit et la Princesse
 1963 :
 1963 :
 1963 :
 1964 :  Das Haus der Schlangen (série télévisée)
 1964 :
 1964 :
 1965 :  Les Aigles noirs de Santa Fé
 1965 :
 1965 :  Cinquante Millions pour Johns
 1965 :  Mission à Hong Kong
 1965 :  Corrida pour un espion
 1966 :
 1966 :  Longues jambes, longs doigts
 1966 :  Le Tigre sort sans sa mère
 1967 :  Les Fausses Vierges
 1967 :  Landarzt Dr. Brock (série télévisée, 2 épisodes)
 1968 :  Quand l'amour était un crime
 1968 :
 1973 :  Gestern gelesen: Einundachzig Perlen (série télévisée, un épisode)
 1985 :  Der Callboy

Notes et références

Liens externes

Actrice allemande de cinéma
Actrice allemande de théâtre
Naissance en mars 1941
Naissance à Dresde
Décès en septembre 1991
Décès à 50 ans
Décès à Berlin
Mort d'un cancer en Allemagne
Naissance dans le Troisième Reich

Helga Sommerfeld


البزورية

هو أحد أسواق وأحياء دمشق في سوريا يقع في وسط دمشق القديمة ومعروف بعراقته، يمتد السوق الشهير (سوق البزورية) فيه الكثير من المعالم التاريخية أو قل كله معالم تاريخية، مثل الخانات الأثرية والقيصريات والمباني وعبق التاريخ في كل زاوية من زواياه ومعالم تاريخية تعود لمئات السنين.

أحياء دمشق
أسواق دمشق
دمشق القديمة

حي البزورية


Geneseo  is a village in and the county seat of Livingston County in the Finger Lakes region of New York, United States, south of Rochester. The name "Geneseo" is an anglicization of the Iroquois name for the earlier Iroquois town there, Gen-nis-he-yo, which means "beautiful valley".

The village of Geneseo lies within the western part of the town of Geneseo at the junction of State Routes 39 and 63 with U.S. Route 20A. The village's population was 8,031 at the 2010 census, out of 10,483 in the town. The United States Department of the Interior designated part of the village—the Geneseo Historic District—a National Historic Landmark in 1991.

History
The town of Geneseo was established in 1789, before the formation of Livingston County. Settlement began shortly after James and William Wadsworth arrived in 1790. The brothers came to the Genesee Valley from Connecticut as agents of their uncle, Colonel Jeremiah Wadsworth, to care for and sell the land he purchased. The Wadsworths were participants in the negotiations of the Treaty of Big Tree between Robert Morris and the Senecas at the site of Geneseo in 1797.

Geneseo, as well as nearby Mount Morris, were part of the Morris Reserve that Morris held back from his sale of much of western New York to the Holland Land Company.

The village of Geneseo became the county seat of Livingston County in 1821 and was incorporated in 1832. The State Normal School, now SUNY Geneseo, opened in 1871. A portion of the village was designated a National Historic Landmark by the United States Department of the Interior in 1991.

By 1835, the village consisted of 83 families, and the streets were Main, Second, North, South, Center and Temple Hill. The village grew steadily, and in the 1850s Elm Street was opened. The advent of the State Normal School in 1871 brought a surge of development, and Oak Street opened in the late 1880s. The private Temple Hill Academy, part of which still stands on Temple Hill Road, educated Chester A. Arthur among others.

During the Civil War, Union soldiers trained at Camp Union, located at what is now the corner of Lima Road and Rorbach Lane. During World War II, a prisoner-of-war camp was built in Geneseo; it housed mostly Italian soldiers.

Present day

In its addition of Geneseo to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, the National Park Service said,

The valley of the Genesee is wide and fertile, with some of the best agricultural land in New York, but it was prone to flooding, and Geneseo suffered several bad floods until the Army Corps of Engineers' construction of the Mount Morris Dam upstream of the community in the 1950s. Agriculture is still a large contributor to Geneseo's economy, but many use the area as a bedroom community for jobs in the Rochester area to the north. The village of Geneseo is governed by a mayor and four trustees.

The Association for the Preservation of Geneseo (APOG) is a civic organization dedicated to preserving, improving, and restoring the places of civic, architectural, and historic interest to Geneseo and to educate members of the community to their architectural and historical heritage. Additional aims and purposes are to encourage others to contribute their knowledge, advice, and financial assistance.

In July 2007, Money magazine ranked Geneseo 10th of 25 on its places with the highest percentage of singles, with 65.1% of the 7,500 inhabitants reported to be single.

In addition to the Geneseo Historic District, one individual building, The Homestead, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

One of the village's landmarks, a fountain in the middle of Main Street built in the 1880s, was damaged when a tractor trailer crashed into it on April 7, 2016.

Education
The Geneseo Central School District encompasses Geneseo and Groveland, and consists of Geneseo Central School, which graduates approximately 75 students each year.

The school mascot is the Blue Devils and teams wear blue and white, with a gray accent color. Past accent colors included red and black.

The school was located on Temple Hill from about 1830 to 1871 when it moved to Center Street. In 1933 it moved to its own building on School Street and in 1963 added a wing. In 1974 it moved into a new building at its present location on Avon Road.

The State University of New York at Geneseo has approximately 5,000 undergraduate students.  It is a four-year public liberal arts college, which is one of the top SUNY schools.

Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of , all  land.

The Genesee River defines the western village line. U.S. Route 20A passes through the village from east to west, while New York State Routes 39 and 63 pass through the village running north to south. Interstate 390 passes south and east of the village, with Exit 8  east of the village on US 20A, and Exit 7  to the south via NY 63. Geneseo is  southwest of Rochester,  southeast of Batavia, and  northwest of Dansville.

Climate
Geneseo has a mild climate; summers typically bring temperatures between , while winters average .

Demographics

As of the census of 2000, there were 7,579 people, 1,718 households, and 730 families residing in the village. The population density was .  There were 1,780 housing units at an average density of 638.4 per sq mi (246.5 per km2).  The racial makeup of the village was 92.7% White, 1.8% African American, 0.1% Native American, 3.3% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races.  Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.6% of the population.

There were 1,718 households, out of which 19.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 31.8% were married couples living together, 9.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 57.5% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.  The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.86.

In the village, the population was spread out, with 8.6% under the age of 18, 63.5% from 18 to 24, 10.9% from 25 to 44, 9.3% from 45 to 64, and 7.8% who were 65 years of age or older.  The median age was 21.1 years. For every 100 females, there were 65.6 males.  For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 62.5 males.

The median income for a household in the village was $30,438, and the median income for a family was $59,500.  Males had a median income of $40,915 versus $26,382 for females.  The per capita income for the village was $12,239.  About 14.1% of families and 41.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.4% of those under the age of 18 and 7.0% ages 65 or older.

Popular culture
The Person of Interest TV series (2011-2016) featured a three-second clip of Geneseo's Main Street. The clip appeared in the 21st episode of Season 1, entitled "Many Happy Returns". It originally aired on May 3, 2012.

Notable people
 Philo C. Fuller, US congressman
 Gregg "Opie" Hughes, radio talk show host
 William H. Kelsey, US congressman
 James S. Wadsworth, Union general in the American Civil War
 James Wolcott Wadsworth Jr., US congressman
Orange Jacobs, American judge

References

External links

 Town and Village of Geneseo official website
 Wadsworth Library
 Geneseo Central School District
 Promote Geneseo website
 Association for the Preservation of Geneseo
 State University of New York, College at Geneseo

County seats in New York (state)
New York (state) populated places on the Genesee River
Villages in New York (state)
Rochester metropolitan area, New York
Populated places established in 1832
Villages in Livingston County, New York
1832 establishments in New York (state)

Geneseo (village), New York


Terme es un distrito de la provincia de Samsun en la Región del Mar Negro de Turquía. Su capital es la ciudad de Terme.

Geografía

Está situada al este de la ciudad de Samsun, entre el Mar Negro (N), y los distritos de Çarşamba (O), Salıpazarı y Akkuş (S) y Ünye (E). (El primero perteneciente a Samsun y los otros tres a la provincia de Ordu.)

La población del distrito es de 73,615 personas censados en 2013.

Etimología
Tanto el nombre actual como en la antigüedad (Thèrmae, Θέρμαι) de la ciudad viene del río Terme.

Historia
Los editores del Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World sitúan a Temiscira —el semilegendario hogar de las amazonas— «en o cerca» de Terme.

Notas

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio Oficial Municipal
 Sitio Oficial del Distrito

Localidades de la provincia de Samsun
Localidades portuarias del mar Negro de Turquía

Distrito de Terme


كوري ميتشل ، (ولد في 2 يوليو، 1985 في سان دييغو، كاليفورنيا)، هو ممثل أمريكي وممثل أداء صوتي، أشتهر بأداء شخصية مايلز في مغامرات سونيك.

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو تتحرك بسرعة خارقة
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو ذكور
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو ظهرت في سنة 1992
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو في الأفلام
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو في التلفاز
شخصيات ألعاب فيديو في القصص المصورة
شخصيات القنفذ سونيك
شخصيات حيوانات في ألعاب فيديو
شخصيات علماء في ألعاب الفيديو
طيارون خياليون
مصورو سينما أمريكيون
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو وممثلات ألعاب فيديو أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون أطفال
مواليد 1985
مواليد في سان دييغو (كاليفورنيا)
ميكانيكيون خياليون

كوري برينجاس


Levanten ya da argo tabiri ile Tatlısu Frenki, Osmanlı Devleti içinde özellikle Tanzimat sonrasında büyük liman kentlerinde yoğunlaşan ve ticaretle uğraşan Hristiyanları tanımlamak için kullanılır. En dar tanım olarak da; şu anki Doğu Akdeniz'e kıyısı olan devletlerde yaşayan Osmanlı döneminde yerleşmiş, Fransız-İtalyan kökenli Katoliklerdir. Yerel Hristiyan nüfusundan (Rum, Ermeni, Süryani...) farklıdırlar.

Köken bilimi
Levanten, İtalya'nın doğusundaki Akdeniz toprakları (Doğu Akdeniz) için kullanılan Fransızca bir tabir olan Levant'ten gelir. Anlamı ise "Levantlı" (Doğulu)'dır. İlk olarak Avrupalıların, Doğu'da yaşayan bu Avrupa kökenli insanları küçümsemek için türettiği bir kelimedir. Bu anlamı nedeniyle Levanten tanımı, ilk dönemlerde Levantenler içinde sevilmeyen bir tanımlamadır. Bu olumsuz yan anlam hala yaşamaktadır; Avrupalı gibi görünmeye özenen, züppe tavırlı

Tatlısu Frenki, Osmanlı tarafından Avrupa kökenli yabancılara verilen Frenk isminden gelir. Fransa-Osmanlı ittifakı ve Fransa'ya verilen ilk kapitülasyonlar ile Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nda faaliyet gösteren Fransız tüccar sayısı çok artar. Bu nedenle herkese Frank (Fransız) sözcüğünden gelen Frenk adı verilir. Örneğin Levantenlerin Osmanlı döneminde şehirlerde yaşadıkları bölgeler genelde Frenk mahalleleridir. Ama yeni gelen ya da sadece iş için ülkede olan Avrupalılar ile ülkeye tamamıyla yerleşen Avrupalıları yani Levantenleri birbirinden ayırmak için Tatlısu Frenki ismi ortaya çıkmıştır.

Tarih
İlk olarak, Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu ve Ceneviz arasındaki denizcilik ve ticaret alanlarındaki iş birliğiyle, başta Galata bölgesi olmak üzere Ceneviz nüfusu Doğu Akdeniz ve Karadeniz kıyılarına yerleşmeye başlar. Anadolu ve Balkanlar'da Doğu Roma'nın yeri alan Osmanlı Devleti'nde bu ittifak yerini bir başka Latin kökenli devlet olan Venedik'e bırakır. Yükselme devrinde ise başka bir ittifak oluşur. 1536 yılında kurulan Fransa-Osmanlı ittifakı ile bu kez Fransız tüccar sınıf, kıyı bölgelerine yerleşmeye başlar. Bu Fransız ve İtalyan nüfus kendi arasında ve kısmen yerel Rum nüfusla karışarak, Klasik Levanten toplumunu oluşturur. Bu dönemdeki en önemli ortak özellik ise toplumun Roma Katolik Kilisesine bağlı olmasıdır.

Sanayileşme sonrası ham madde arayışına geçen Avrupalı devletler, Osmanlı'nın Akdeniz kıyılarındaki nüfus varlıklarını artırırlar. Başta İngilizler olmak üzere diğer Batılı devletlerden de Osmanlıya göçler olur. Örneğin 19. yüzyılda İstanbul'a yerleşen Almanlar, İstanbullu Almanlar ya da Boğaz Almanları adı verilen toplumu oluşturur. Bu yeni nüfuslar da Levanten nüfus ile karışarak Genişletilmiş/Modern Levanten kavramını oluşturur. Yeni göçler, toplumda Protestanlık kökenli mezheplerin de görülmesine yol açar.

Dağılım

Türkiye
Ana madde:Türkiye Levantenleri
Fransızca'ya 1575'te giren Levanten sözcüğünün anlamı Ortadoğulu, Yakındoğulu, Doğu Akdeniz ülkelerinden olandır. Ana Britannica, Levanten'i (Levantin yazılır Lövanten okunur) "Osmanlı döneminde, özellikle Tanzimat sonrasında İstanbul'da ve büyük liman kentlerinde yoğunlaşan ve ticaretle uğraşan, Müslüman olmayan azınlıklar" diye tanımlamaktadır. Levantenler genellikle, deniz ticareti yapan Akdeniz ülkelerinden (Venedik, Genova, Ragusa), ticaret ile uğraşan diğer ülke ve şehirlerden (Amsterdam) ya da Haçlı devletlerinden gelip, çoğunlukla İzmir ve İstanbul'a yerleşmişlerdir.

İzmir sadece bugün değil, geçmişte de Anadolu'nun önemli ticaret ve ihracat merkezlerinden biri olagelmiştir. İzmir'in dünya ticareti açısından yıldızı 17. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru parlamış ve burası belli başlı Avrupa ülkeleriyle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu arasındaki ticaretin en işlek noktalarından biri haline gelmiştir. İzmir Batılı gezginlerin şehirdeki ticari hareketlilikle, çevrenin zenginliğini ve ticaretle uğraşanların ekonomik düzeyinden övgüyle söz ettikleri görülebilmektedir. 18. yüzyılda İzmir pek çok Avrupalı tüccar ve şirketlerini mıknatıs gibi kendisine çekmeye başlamıştır. İzmir'e yerleşen Avrupalı tüccarlar, çerçiler ve aracılarla birlikte doğuya uzanan vadi ve ovalara yayılan bir komisyoncular ve toptancılar ağı da kurmaya başlamışlardı.

İzmir'deki yabancılar birlikte yaşama ve birbirleriyle evlenmeler sonucunda, kendi etnik kökenlerinin özelliklerini yitirmişlerdi. Bu evliliklerin, bazen Rum ve daha seyrek de olsa Ermeni ve Gürcü kızlarıyla gerçekleştirilmesi, Avrupalıların Doğu alışkanlıklarına yakınlaşmalarını sağlamıştı. Bunun yanı sıra Levanten ailelerin hepsinin İzmirli ya da adalı Rum hizmetçileri ve dadıları vardı. Bu durum çocukların yetişme biçiminde etkili olmaktaydı. Bu nedenle Rumca, etnik kökenleri farklı olan Levantenlerin ortak anlaşma lisanı haline gelmiştir.

Mersin (Çamlıbel, Uray) ve Antalya (Konyaaltı)'da önemli nüfusta Levanten bulunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

İtalyan diasporası
Fransız diasporası
Türkiye'deki etnik gruplar

Levantenler


El Rally Cataluña de 1996, oficialmente 32º Rally Catalunya - Costa Brava (Rallye de España), fue la edición 32.ª, la novena y última ronda de la temporada 1996 del Campeonato Mundial de Rally y la séptima ronda del Mundial 2 Litros. Se celebró del 4 al 6 de noviembre y contó con un itinerario de dieciocho tramos de asfalto que sumaban un total de 393,26 km cronometrados.

El vencedor fue Colin McRae a bordo de un Subaru Impreza que lograba su primera victoria en la prueba española y la tercera del año. Segundo y a solo siete segundos terminó su compañero de equipo Piero Liatti que se peleó con McRae durante todo el rally, que lideró hasta el penúltimo tramo y marcó cuatro scratch. Tercero fue Bruno Thiry con un Ford Escort RS Cosworth que a pesar de su buen inicio de carrera solo pudo ser tercero, aunque consiguió ir líder el primer día y marcar el mejor tiempo en cuatro tramos igual que Liatti. En el campeonato de producción venció Gustavo Trelles.

Itinerario y ganadores

Clasificación final

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Catalunya 1996 juwra.com

1996
11
Temporada 1996 del Campeonato Mundial de Rally

Rally Cataluña de 1996


An Cymbidium madidum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Cymbidium madidum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Cymbidium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Cymbidium

Cymbidium madidum