Friedrich Flohr (Wolfenbüttel,  – ) foi um matemático alemão.

Flohr estudou na Universidade Técnica de Braunschweig a partir de 1946 e depois na Universidade de Freiburgo, onde passou no exame estatal em 1951 e foi Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter até 1955. De 1955 a 1958 trabalhou como professor na Baixa Saxônia e desde 1958 foi assistente na Universidade Técnica de Karlsruhe. Obteve um doutorado em 1959 em Karlsruhe, orientado por Martin Barner, com a tese Elementar beweisbare Holomorphie- und Integrabilitätskriterien. A partir de 1963 foi Conselheiro Acadêmico, a partir de 1966 foi Conselheiro Acadêmico Superior e a partir de 1974 foi Conselheiro Científico e Professor da Universidade de Freiburgo.

Com Barner é autor de um livro de análise em dois volumes.

Obras
com Martin Barner: Analysis. 2 Volumes, de Gruyter, Berlim 1974 (Volume 1, 5. Edição. ISBN 3-11-016778-6, doi:10.1515/9783110854770; Volume 2, 3. Edição. ISBN 3-11-015034-4, doi:10.1515/9783110808896).
com Martin Barner, Ulrich Graf: Darstellende Geometrie. 12. Edição, Quelle und Meyer, Heidelberg 1991.

Professores da Universidade de Freiburg
Matemáticos da Alemanha do século XX

Friedrich Flohr


Das Château Olivier ist ein 220 ha großes Bordeaux-Weingut in der französischen Gemeinde Léognan im Département Gironde in Frankreich. Der Rot- und Weißwein ist als AOC Pessac-Léognan im Graves klassifiziert. Das Weingut befindet sich in Besitz der Bordelaiser Familie Bethmann und wird von Jean-Jacques de Bethmann bewirtschaftet.

Geschichte
Die Geschichte dieses prachtvollen Châteaus geht bis ins Mittelalter zurück. Im später 15. Jahrhundert gehörte es einem lokalen Adligen namens Rostand d'Olivey. Der Schwarze Prinz soll auf dem Schloss ebenso zu Gast gewesen sein, wie Bertrand du Guesclin. Nach zahlreichen Besitzerwechseln gehört es sein Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts der Familie de Bethmann, die ihr Weingut in den letzten Jahren der Führung von Laurent Lebrun anvertraut hat. Der Wein vom Château Olivier wurde 1953 klassifiziert, sowohl der rote als auch der weiße.

Weinberge
Im Laufe der letzten Jahre hat das Weingut Château Olivier beträchtliche Investitionen gemacht. Eine sehr spezielle geologische Untersuchung hat neues Potential auf dem Gelände festgestellt; und neue Pflanzungen haben es dem Weingut ermöglicht ihren Ruf des 18. Jahrhunderts wiederherzustellen, nachdem die Grundstücke entfernt wurden, die die schlechteste Qualität erbrachten. Zu dem Gut gehören auch Getreidefelder, und eine Forst- und Viehwirtschaft.

Der Weinberg von 55 Hektar (45 ha Rot, 10 ha Weiß) besteht aus kompaktem Kiesboden, schweren Mergel, Mergel und Kalksteinen aus dem Miozän. Die angebauten Rebsorten der Rotweine sind zu 45 % Merlot, 45 % Cabernet Sauvignon und 10 % Cabernet Franc. Das der Weißen liegt bei 55 % Semillon, 40 % Sauvignon Blanc und 5 % Muscadelle.
Das Durchschnittsalter der Reben beträgt 20 Jahre für Rot- und 30 Jahre für die Weißen. Sie sind bei hohen Dichten im Bereich von 7000 bis 10.000 Pflanzen / ha gepflanzt.

Im Jahr 2008 schlossen sich neben Château Olivier noch 16 Weingüter des Bordeaux, darunter so namhafte wie Château d'Yquem, Château Suduiraut und Château La Tour Blanche in einem Gemeinschaftsprojekt zusammen, mit dem Ziel, bei knapper werdendem Rebmaterial eigene Klone der Rebsorte Sémillon nachzuziehen.

Wein
Der Weinberg trägt zu  75 % Rotwein und zu 25 % Weißen. Das Château  produziert einen Zweitwein, der Seigneurie d'Olivier genannt wird.

Literatur
 Hugh Johnson: Der große Johnson. Hallwag im GU Verlag, Stuttgart/ Bern 2009, ISBN 978-3-8338-1621-5, S. 62.
 Robert M. Parker: Parker's Wein Guide. Heyne, München 2000, ISBN 3-453-16305-2, S. 282.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks
 Site officiel du château Olivier. (offizielle Seite vom Château Olivier)

Weingut in Frankreich
Weinbau (Bordeaux)
Léognan
Organisation (Département Gironde)
Unternehmen (Nouvelle-Aquitaine)

Château Olivier


فرينيك سيبوس ، من مواليد 13 ديسمبر 1932 ، لاعب كرة قدم هنغاري سابق.

لعب مع منتخب هنغاريا لكرة القدم.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مجريون
لاعبو وسط كرة قدم رجالية
رياضيون من بودابست
لاعبو كأس أمم أوروبا 1964
لاعبو كأس العالم 1958
لاعبو كأس العالم 1962
لاعبو كأس العالم 1966
لاعبو كرة قدم مجريون
لاعبو منتخب المجر لكرة القدم
سيبوس
مواليد في بودابست
وفيات 1997
وفيات في بودابست
لاعبو نادي بودابست
لاعبو بودابست هونفيد
لاعبو كرة قدم من بودابست

فرينيك سيبوس


ثمار الحب  هو مسلسل فنزويلي درامي رومانسي وإثارة. عرض في عدة دول عالمية. قام بدور البطولة الممتلة الفنزويلية شانتال بودوا، الاسم الاصلي للمسلسل هو «المرأة المجرمة» La Mujer De Judas سمي بهدا الاسم لان حلقات المسلسل تدور حول المرأة المجرمة التي تتجول في بلدة كارورا وتقتل الناس. عرض المسلسل أول مرة عام 2002 م، وتحكي قصة عن غلوريا ليال، وهي طالبة جامعية، تقرر القيام بأطروحة وثائقية عن قصة قتل أحد الكهنة.

القصة

غلوريا، فتاة جامعية تحضر أطروحة في الإخراج التلفزيوني، وتحاول إنجاز عمل ضخم يهم ألتاغراسيا ديل تورو أو الفتاة الملقبة ب «المرأة المجرمة». فخبر خروج ألتاغراسيا ديل تورو من السجن بموجب عفو، كان بمثابة صدمة لكل من يعرفها إلا أقرب الناس إليها. ألتاغراسيا تعتبر في نظر العدالة والإعلام المحليين قاتلة، فالكل يعتقد أنها هي التي قتلت كاهن «كارورا» «سيباستيان سانتوس» منذ عشرين عاما.

هذه الأحداث استرعت انتباه غلوريا من أجل إنجاز فيلم وثائقي عن هذه الحادثة التي هزت الرأي العام... إنها فكرة مذهلة، ربما ستكون فرصة أمام غلوريا لولوج عالم الشهرة والنجومية... كانت الأولوية لدى غلوريا هي النجاح، فبدأت بالتحقيق في الماضي الغامض لتلك «المرأة المجرمة»... وخاصة أنها ترى الأحداث قبل وقوعها، وتجتاحها رؤى تكشف لها عن أشياء وعن أحداث لم تستطع الشرطة الوصول إليها، رغم عمليات التحري التي قامت بها من أجل الوصول إلى الحقيقة.

فهل ستستطيع غلوريا أن تفك اللغز الذي يحيط بتلك المرأة المنبوذة؟ وهل تستطيع مواجهة المخاطر ونبش الماضي؟ فالسر الذي تم إخفائه كل تلك السنوات يربط بين ستة نساء متورطات في جريمة قتل، وهناك شاهد على تلك الجريمة وهو الكاهن سيباستيان سانتوس الذي سيقتل بدوره وتتهم ألتاغراسيا ديل تورو بقتله وستقضي أجمل أيام عمرها وراء قضبان السجن من أجل جريمة لم تتضح معالمها، وربما تكون بريئة منها، وتتوالى الأحداث مع بزوغ حقائق ومفاجآت أخرى

الشخصيات

الدول التي عرضته
عرض المسلسل في عدة دول وبعدة لغات من خلال القنوات الفضائية:

روابط خارجية

مراجع

تيلينوفيلا
تيلينوفيلا 2002
تيلينوفيلا فنزويلية
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في فنزويلا
مسلسلات أدب الرعب
مسلسلات تلفزيونية بالإسبانية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية فنزويلية
مسلسلات تلفزيونية فنزويلية انتهت في 2002
مسلسلات تلفزيونية فنزويلية بدأ عرضها في 2002
مسلسلات لاتينية
مسلسلات مدبلجة

ثمار الحب (مسلسل)


An Sasa tatewakiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Tomitaro Makino. An Sasa tatewakiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sasa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Sasa

Sasa tatewakiana


Trillium grandiflorum, the white trillium, large-flowered trillium, great white trillium, white wake-robin or , is a species of flowering plant in the family Melanthiaceae. A monocotyledonous, herbaceous perennial, the plant is native to eastern North America, from northern Quebec to the southern parts of the United States through the Appalachian Mountains into northernmost Georgia and west to Minnesota. There are also several isolated populations in Nova Scotia, Maine, southern Illinois, and Iowa.

Trillium grandiflorum is most common in rich, mixed upland forests. It is easily recognised by its attractive three-petaled white flowers, opening from late spring to early summer, that rise above a whorl of three leaf-like bracts. It is an example of a spring ephemeral, a plant whose life-cycle is synchronised with that of the deciduous woodland which it favours.

White trillium often occurs in dense drifts of many individuals. The G. Richard Thompson Wildlife Management Area in the Blue Ridge Mountains is renowned for an extensive stand of white trillium that blooms each spring. Over a two square mile area along the Appalachian Trail near Linden, Virginia there is a spectacular annual display of white trilliums estimated at near ten million individuals.

Description
Trillium grandiflorum is a perennial that grows from a short rhizome and produces a single, showy white flower atop a whorl of three leaves. Flowering stems are 20-40 cm tall. The leaves are often called bracts as the "stem" is then considered a peduncle (the rhizome is the stem proper, aboveground shoots of a rhizome are branches or peduncles); the distinction between bracts (found on pedicels or peduncles) and leaves (borne on stems). A single rootstock will often form clonal colonies, which can become very large and dense.

The erect, odorless flowers are large, especially compared to other species of Trillium, with  long petals, depending on age and vigor. The petals are shaped much like the leaves and curve outward. They have a visible venation, though this is not as heavily marked as on the leaves. Their overlapping bases and curve give the flowers a distinctive funnel shape. Between the veined petals, three acuminate (ending with a long point) sepals are visible; they are usually a paler shade of green than the leaves, and are sometimes streaked with maroon. The flowers are perched on a pedicel (i.e., flower stalk) raising them above the leaf whorl, and grow pinker as they age. The flowers' stigmas are slender, straight or mostly so, narrowing at the end. The white petals are much longer than the green sepals. The flowers have six stamens in two whorls of three, which persist after fruiting. The styles are white and very short compared to the  anthers, which are pale yellow, but become a brighter shade when liberating pollen due to the latter's color. The ovaries are six-sided with three greenish-white stigmas that are at first weakly attached, but fuse higher up. The fruit is a green, mealy and moist orb, and is vaguely six-sided like the ovary.

Taxonomy
Trillium grandiflorum was first described by André Michaux in 1803 as variety grandiflorum of Trillium rhomboideum, a species now regarded as a synonym of Trillium erectum var. erectum. Michaux described the variety as having broadly rhombic leaves, large white petals, and black fruit. The epithet grandiflorum means "large-flowered", a name that well describes Michaux's variety. In 1805, Richard Anthony Salisbury elevated the variety to a full species. As a consequence, and partially by accident, Trillium grandiflorum is commonly known as the large-flowered white trillium.

, the name Trillium grandiflorum  is widely recognized. The species is a member of the Grandiflorum group, a group of species typified by Trillium grandiflorum itself. The group, which also includes Trillium nivale and Trillium ovatum, is sister to a clade comprising subgenus Sessilia (the sessile-flowered trilliums) and subgenus Delostylis (the Catesbaei group).

, Plants of the World Online (POWO) lists 20 synonyms for Trillium grandiflorum. Although POWO accepts no infraspecific names, numerous varieties and forms have been described. Of these, perhaps the best known is Trillium grandiflorum f. roseum , which was described by Oliver Atkins Farwell in 1920. The flower of forma roseum opens a striking salmon-pink instead of the more typical white. The pink color of the form is warmer and more attractive than the pink induced by aging. It occurs rarely throughout the range of the species, except along the Blue Ridge Mountains of Virginia where it is locally frequent. The epithet roseum means "rose-like, rose-colored", and so the form is sometimes called the rose trillium.

Trillium grandiflorum, unlike most trilliums, occasionally produces double-flowered forms with more than three petals. T. grandiflorum f. polymerum , a multipetaled form described by Marie-Victorin Kirouac in 1929, occurs rather frequently in this species. Although these wild forms are stable and healthy, the plants usually lack normal floral organs and are therefore completely sterile. The epithet polymerum means "many-parts", which in this case refers to the many flower petals of the form.

Some variants of Trillium grandiflorum have abnormal green markings on the petals (floral virescence), floral organs that take on a leaf-like appearance (phyllody), or other abnormal characteristics. Many of these forms have been given taxonomic names with epithets such as albomarginatum ("white-margined", referring to the petals), foliaceum, ("leaf-like, leafy"), giganteum ("unusually large or tall"), and longipetiolatum ("with long petioles"). A typical example is the variety Trillium grandiflorum var. variegatum , described by Erwin Frink Smith in 1879. The epithet variegatum ("streaked or spotted with color") refers to its virescent petals, a distinguishing characteristic of this variety. In 1971, it was shown that mycoplasma-like organisms (now called phytoplasmas) were present in all such forms examined (but not in normal plants). The authors concluded that "such plants should now be regarded as diseased T. grandiflorum and the varietal designation of Smith should be considered invalid."

Unlike other species such as Trillium erectum, which hybridize fairly easily, Trillium grandiflorum is not known to form hybrids.

Ecology
Trillium grandiflorum favors well-drained, neutral to slightly acid soils, usually in second- or young-growth forests. In the Northern parts of its range it shows an affinity for maple or beech forests, but has also been known to spread into nearby open areas. Depending on geographical factors, it flowers from late April to early June, just after Trillium erectum. Like many forest perennials, Trillium grandiflorum is a slow growing plant. Its seeds have double dormancy, meaning they normally take at least two years to fully germinate. The seeds are dispersed in late summer, germinating after a cold and then a warm period, producing a root and after another winter the seedling's cotyledon emerges from the soil. Like most species of Trillium, flowering age is determined largely by the surface of the leaf and size of the rhizome instead of age alone. Because growth is very slow in nature, T. grandiflorum typically requires seven to ten years in optimal conditions to reach flowering size, which corresponds to a minimum of  of leaf surface area and  of rhizome volume. In cultivation, however, wide disparity of flowering ages are observed.

Pollination and seed dispersal
Trillium grandiflorum has long been thought to self-pollinate based on the fact that pollinators had rarely been observed visiting the plants and because there is low variation in chromosomal banding patterns. This has been strongly challenged, as other studies have shown high pollination rates by bumblebees and very low success of self-pollination in controlled experiments, implying that they are in fact self-incompatible. Several ovules of a given individual often fail to produce seeds. One contributing factor is pollen limitation, and one study showed that open pollinated plants had 56% of their ovules produce seeds, while in hand pollinated individuals the figure was 66%. Plants with reduced exposure to pollinators were 33% to 50% less likely to produce fruits than those that were, while hand pollinated individuals showed a 100% fruit set (though these fruits did not contain a 100% seed set). Plant resources were shown to be a limiting factor in seed production: when pollen was in abundance, larger plants had a significantly greater seed to ovule ratio than smaller ones. The overall suboptimal seed to ovule ratios suggest that Trillium grandiflorum has evolved to maximize reproductive success in the face of highly stochastic pollination, where some plants may only be visited by a single pollinator in a season.

Trillium grandiflorum has been studied extensively by ecologists due to a number of unique features it possesses. It is a representative example of a plant whose seeds are spread through myrmecochory, or ant-mediated dispersal, which is effective in increasing the plant's ability to outcross, but ineffective in bringing the plant very far. This has led ecologists to question how it and similar plants were able to survive glaciation events during the ice ages. The height of the species has also been shown to be an effective index of how intense foraging by deer is in a particular area.

Fruits are released in the summer, containing about 16 seeds on average. These seeds are most typically dispersed by ants, which is called myrmecochory, but yellow jackets (Vespula vulgaris) and harvestmen (order Opiliones) have both been observed dispersing the seeds at lower frequencies. Insect dispersal is aided by the presence of a conspicuous elaiosome, an oil-rich body attached to the seed, which is high in both lipids and oleic acid. The oleic acid induces corpse-carrying behavior in ants, causing them to bring the seeds to their nesting sites as if they were food. As ants visit several colonies of the plant, they bring genetically variable seeds back to a single location, which after germination results in a new population with relatively high genetic diversity. This has the ultimate effect of increasing biological fitness.

Although myrmecochory is by far the most common dispersal method, white-tailed deer have also been shown to disperse the seeds on rare occasions by ingestion and defecation. While ants only move seeds up to about 10 meters, deer have been observed to transport the seeds over 1 kilometer. This helps to explain post-agricultural colonization of forest sites by Trillium grandiflorum, as well as long distance gene flow which has been detected in other studies. Furthermore, it helps resolve what has been called "Reid's paradox", which states that migration during glaciation events must have been impossible for plants with dispersal rates under several hundred meters per year, such as Trillium grandiflorum. Thus occasional long distance dispersal events, such as by deer, probably helped save this and other species with otherwise short distance dispersal ability from extinction during the glaciations of the ice ages. Furthermore, nested clade analysis of cpDNA haplotypes has shown that Trillium grandiflorum is likely to have persisted through the last glacial period in two sites of refuge in the southeastern United States and that long distance dispersal was responsible for the post-glacial recolonization of northern areas.

In addition to the lateral dispersion (by invertebrates and deer) there is also importance in the fact that burial (vertical dispersion) by ants (or other vectors) increases the survival of new plants by two mechanisms. First, vertical dispersion ensures sufficient depth to preserve the seeds through their dormancy (trillium seeds are normally dormant for their first year). Second, vertical dispersion ensures adequate anchorage of the rhizomes. This is particularly important for young plants because their small rhizomes, with few & short roots, are easily dislodged (e.g. frost heaveal and other erosion factors) and desiccated.

Interaction with deer
Trillium grandiflorum as well as other trilliums are a favored food of white-tailed deer. Indeed, if trilliums are available deer will seek these plants, with a preference for T. grandiflorum, to the exclusion of others. In the course of normal browsing, deer consume larger individuals, leaving shorter ones behind. This information can be used to assess deer density and its effect on understory growth in general.

When foraging intensity increases, individuals become shorter each growing season due to the reduction in energy reserves from less photosynthetic production. One study determined that the ideal deer density in northeastern Illinois, based on T. grandiflorum as an indicator of overall understory health, is 4 to 6 animals per square kilometer. This is based on a 12 to 14 cm stem height as an acceptable healthy height. In practice, deer densities as high as 30 deer per square kilometers are known to occur in restricted or fractured habitat where natural control mechanisms (that is, predators like wolves) are lacking. Such densities, if maintained over more than a few years, can be very damaging to the understory and lead to extinction of some local understory plant populations.

Disease

Trillium grandiflorum is susceptible to a greening disorder caused by bacterial organisms called phytoplasmas that alter the morphology of infected plants. Symptoms of phytoplasma infection include abnormal green markings on the petals (floral virescence), extra leaves (phyllody), and other abnormal characteristics. Infected populations occur throughout the species range but are prevalent in Ontario, Michigan, and New York.

For many years, this condition was thought to originate from mutation, and so many of these forms were given taxonomic names now known to be invalid. In 1971, Hooper, Case, and Meyers used electron microscopy to detect the presence of mycoplasma-like organisms (i.e., phytoplasmas) in T. grandiflorum with virescent petals. The means of transmission was not established but leafhoppers were suspected. , the insect vector for the disorder is unknown.

Phytoplasmas were positively identified in T. grandiflorum and T. erectum in Ontario in 2016 and later confirmed in 2019. Phylogenetic analysis supported the grouping of the phytoplasmas isolated from infected plants as a related strain of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pruni' (subgroup 16SrIII-F) with 99% sequence identity. This subgroup of phytoplasmas is associated with various other diseases, including milkweed yellows, Vaccinium witches' broom, and potato purple top.

Conservation
Some forms of the species have pink instead of white petals, while others with extra petals, also called "double" forms, are naturally quite common in the species, and these are especially popular with trillium gardeners. In fact, the species is the most popular of its genus in cultivation, which has led to conservation concerns due to the majority of commercially available plants being collected from the wild. A few regional governments in Canada and the United States have declared the plant vulnerable as a result. In Quebec, Trillium grandiflorum is legally listed as vulnerable primarily due to habitat destruction in forests neighboring the province's most populous regions. In New York, Trillium grandiflorum is exploitably vulnerable since it is "likely to become threatened in the near future throughout all or a significant portion of its range within the state if causal factors continue unchecked" (NYCRR §193.3).

Due to the popularity of Trillium grandiflorum as a garden specimen, conservation concerns have been raised as the vast majority of plants sold in commercial nurseries are believed to be collected from the wild. Indeed, there is little indication of any commercial nursery growth. Frederick and Roberta Case, botanists who specialize in trilliums, wrote in 1997, "to our knowledge, no true commercial quantity 'propagation' takes place at the present time." Such heavy collecting, combined with other pressures such as habitat destruction and grazing, may effectively endanger the plants in some areas.

, Trillium grandiflorum is globally secure. The species is vulnerable in Quebec, Georgia, and Illinois; and critically imperiled in Nova Scotia, Alabama, New Jersey, and South Carolina. In Maine, where its presence has not been verified in over 20 years, Trillium grandiflorum is listed as potentially extirpated.

Cultivation

Trillium grandiflorum is one of the most popular trilliums in cultivation, primarily because of the size of its flowers and its relative ease of cultivation. Although not particularly demanding, its cultivation is a slow and rather uncertain process, due to usually slow growth, wide variations in growth speed and sometimes capricious germination rates. As a result, the vast majority of plants and rhizomes in commerce are collected in the wild, and such heavy collecting, combined with other pressures such as habitat destruction and grazing, may effectively endanger the plants in some areas. This also creates tensions between Trillium enthusiasts and conservation proponents. Transplantation (as with almost all non-weedy wild plants) is a delicate process, and in many cases results in the death of the plant. In cultivation, T. grandiflorum may flower in as little as 4 to 5 years after germination (compared to the usual 7 to 10 in the wild), but these cases appear to be exceptions rather than the rule. One study revealed 20 or so individuals performing so well out of about 10,000 seeds planted, only 20% of which germinated after a year. However, barring plant destruction, T. grandiflorum can continue flowering every year after it has begun. It is winter hardy in USDA zones 4-8.

A double-flowered cultivar, T. grandiflorum 'Pamela Copeland', was introduced to cultivation at the Mount Cuba Center and named for Mrs. Pamela du Pont Copeland, the center's founder.

This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Uses
The leaves were cooked and eaten by some Native Americans. The subterranean rootstalks were also chewed for various medical purposes.

Culture
The large white trillium is a well-known and popular American flower. The Trillium species most often observed by citizen scientists is T. grandiflorum.

The flower's common name, wake-robin, was the title of American naturalist and essayist John Burroughs's first essay collection, Wake-Robin.

As a particularly conspicuous forest flower, T. grandiflorum was designated the provincial floral emblem of Ontario in 1937 (Floral Emblem Act), and as the state wild flower of Ohio in 1987. Professional soccer teams from Toronto and Columbus compete for the Trillium Cup every year.

As an official symbol of Ontario, a stylized trillium flower features prominently in the wordmark of the Government of Ontario and on the official flag of the province's French-speaking minority. Government agencies and programs also frequently incorporate the word "trillium" in their names, such as the Trillium Gift of Life Network (organ donation management agency) and the Trillium Book Award (an annual literary award sponsored by the provincial government). It is also frequently used by the Canadian Heraldic Authority to represent Ontario in grants of arms. Although a network of laws make picking wildflowers illegal in the province on any Crown or provincially owned land, it is not, unlike widely believed, specifically illegal (or necessarily harmful) to pick the species in Ontario.

The Baltimore Aircoil Company Trillium Series of industrial cooling equipment is named after the flower because, like the trillium, they consume very little water.

References

Bibliography

External links

 Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) occurrence data and maps for Trillium grandiflorum

grandiflorum
Ephemeral plants
Flora of Canada
Flora of the Eastern United States
Flora of the United States
Flora of the Appalachian Mountains
Plants described in 1803
Taxa named by Richard Anthony Salisbury
Provincial symbols of Ontario
Symbols of Ohio

Trillium grandiflorum


Foaia legilor imperiale (în , prescurtat RGBl.) a fost din 1848 până în 1918 publicația oficială a Imperiului Austriac, respectiv doar a Cisleithaniei în perioada 1870-1918, în care se publicau patente, legi, ordonanțe și tratate internaționale.

Foaia legilor imperiale apărea în limba germană și, mai ales începând cu 1870, în alte limbi regionale ale monarhiei austriece. Din 1853 până în 1869 a apărut doar în germană. Uneori au apărut în publicațiile oficiale regionale și traduceri în alte limbi.

Într-o ediție din 1890 s-a indicat că Foaia legilor imperiale apare "în limbile germană, italiană, cehă, poloneză, ruteană, slovenă, croată și română".

 Ediția în italiană era intitulată Bolletino delle Leggi dell'Imperio.
 Ediția poloneză purta titlul Dziennik ustaw państwa.
 Zákonníg říšský era titlul ediției în cehă.
 Foaia legilor imperiale era titlul românesc.
 Državni zakonik era titlul sloven.
 List državnih zakona era titlul publicației în croată.
 Wistnik sakoniw dertschawnich este o transcripție a titlului ediției în ruteană (= ucraineană), care apărea în alfabet chirilic.
 Doar până în 1852 a existat ediția în maghiară Birodalmi törvény- és kormánylap.

Referințe

Publicații juridice
Drept în Austro-Ungaria
Imperiul Austriac

Foaia legilor imperiale


(35446) Stáňa, denumire internațională (35446) Stana, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
35446 Stáňa este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Kleť de Jana Tichá și Miloš Tichý. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,35 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 6,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 35001-36000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1998
Centura de asteroizi

35446 Stáňa


Alderson Broaddus University (AB) was a private Baptist university in Philippi, West Virginia. It was founded in 1871 and suspended its operations on August 31, 2023.

It was historically affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA. It was formed in 1932 as Alderson-Broaddus College by the union of two Baptist institutions: Alderson Junior College (founded 1901) and Broaddus College (founded 1871). The school adopted its final name in 2013.

Prior to the university's closing, its academics were organized into five academic divisions: the College of Health, Science, Technology, and Math; the College of Humanities, Education, and Social Sciences; the College of Business; the College of Medical Science; and the College of Adult and Distance Education.

Alderson Broaddus was the first college in West Virginia to offer a four-year degree in nursing and the first in the country to offer a four-year physician assistant degree.

History

Alderson Broaddus University derived its name from the merging of two Baptist institutions in 1932. The older of the two, Broaddus Institute, was founded in Winchester, Virginia, in 1871 by Edward Jefferson Willis, a Baptist minister who named the new school after Rev. William Francis Ferguson Broaddus, a prominent Baptist minister at the time of the American Civil War. In response to economic hard times, Broaddus Institute was moved across the Allegheny Mountains to Clarksburg, West Virginia, in 1876. The college was moved again to the small town of Philippi in 1909. In 1917 it became Broaddus College and Academy.

The other institution, Alderson Academy, was founded in Alderson, West Virginia, in 1901 by Emma C. Alderson, a committed Baptist laywoman. Designed as a home school, it provided academic work in classics, sciences and normal studies. Originally supported by the Greenbrier Baptist Church, control was assumed by the West Virginia Baptist Association in 1910.

As the years passed, Broaddus became a junior college, then a senior college—first granting baccalaureate degrees in 1926—and Alderson Academy also added junior college status. Financial hardship in the late 1920s led to a decision to merge the two colleges, which shared common missions and outlooks as Baptist and liberal arts institutions; the merged institution, Alderson Broaddus College, opened its doors in 1932. Since its founding, Alderson Broaddus had been committed to a strong liberal arts education that seeks to imbue students with an appreciation of literature and the arts, Christian faith, music, and the sciences. In more recent times, the college was focused on developing programs in the natural and applied sciences as well. In 1945, Alderson Broaddus developed the first four-year nursing and the first radiologic technology programs in West Virginia.

A portion of the physical assets of Storer College, a Black Baptist college founded in 1865 in Harpers Ferry, were transferred to Alderson Broaddus in 1964 and used to fund the "Storer Scholarship" given annually to an African-American students..

In 1968, the college pioneered the nation's first four-year physician assistant (PA) program, an innovation that had significant influence on the development of the PA profession nationwide. From this program emerged in 1991 the college's first graduate degree offering, the Physician Assistant Master's program.

In 2011, the college chose Richard Creehan as president. Creehan embarked on a plan to expand the college and the institution increased enrollment by over 600 students, expanded the athletic department, and added many new academic programs. In 2013, the college's Board of Governors renamed the institution Alderson Broaddus University. That same year, the institution matriculated the largest incoming freshman class in school history.

In June 2017, the Higher Learning Commission put the University on probation because it determined that the institution was at risk due to financial difficulties. In 2019, it was no longer on probation, due to improved financial performance.

On July 31, 2023, the West Virginia Higher Education Policy Commission revoked Alderson Broaddus University's ability to confer degrees after the end of 2023 and ordered to it cease admitting students so it can begin to close. The commission stated that the "University's financial condition renders the institution unable to create a stable, effective, and safe learning environment for its students". The state's governor, Jim Justice, worked to help the university stay open and resolve its financial challenges, but they are so significant that the university has failed to pay its recent utility bills. On the same day, the university's board of trustees voted to close the university. On August 31, 2023, the campus filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation.

Campus

The university was located on a  campus with housing for approximately 1100 students. The campus occupied a rolling hilltop overlooking the Tygart Valley River and the community of Philippi, with its county courthouse, church spires and the historic Philippi Covered Bridge, used by both Confederate and Union troops during the first land battle of the Civil War. The campus includes seven residence halls, the old Broaddus Hospital, a student center and cafeteria, an arena that houses the basketball, swimming, wrestling, and acrobatics and tumbling programs, tennis courts, a grass field used for intramural sports, a turf field stadium that houses the football, lacrosse, and soccer teams, six academic buildings, a library, and a chapel.

The oldest extant building on the campus, Whitescarver Hall (circa 1911), was named for George M. Whitescarver of Pruntytown, WV. The Classical Revival building was designed by the architectural firm of Holmboe & Lafferty and was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.

Student life
AB is home to a big Greek community, with three local fraternities (Sigma Delta Nu, Epsilon Tau Eta Sigma, and Lambda Omega Mu), three local sororities (Lambda Sigma Phi, Phi Kappa Delta, and Zeta Eta Theta), one national sorority (Sigma Alpha Iota), and one national fraternity (Kappa Alpha Psi).

Residence life
The campus had seven different dorms for students to live in. All housing options are co-ed.
The seven dorms were: Priestley Hall, Benedum Hall, Kincaid Hall, Battler Hall, and Blue, Gold and University (BGU) Halls. Kincaid, Priestley, Blue and Gold Halls are suite style residence halls, complete with bedrooms, bathrooms, and shared living space. Some of these suites have kitchens. Benedum is a true dorm with community bathrooms. Battler and University rooms are two dorm rooms connected by a bathroom. All dorms have a Residence Director and several Residence Assistants.

Athletics
Known as the "Battlers" (harkening back to the 1861 Battle of Philippi), Alderson Broaddus was a member of the Mountain East Conference (MEC) and NCAA Division II. The team's colors were Navy Blue, Gray and Gold, and its mascot was named Skirmish. The university offered 20 sports, all at the Varsity level: Football (which became a full varsity program in 2013), Acrobatics & Tumbling, Baseball, Football, Softball, Men's and Women's Basketball, Men's and Women's Soccer, Men's and Women's Lacrosse, Men's and Women's Volleyball, Men's and Women's Cross Country, Men's and Women's Track & Field, Men's and Women's Wrestling, Men's Sprint Football and Cheerleading.

AB and its predecessor institutions had been members of the West Virginia Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (WVIAC) since that league's formation in 1924. The WVIAC disbanded at the end of the 2012–13 school year, after the nine WVIAC members that then played football announced they would break away to form a new league that eventually became the Mountain East Conference.

Shortly after the announcement of the Mountain East split, AB found a new conference home, accepting an invitation to join the G-MAC in the fall of 2013. AB and three other West Virginia schools—former WVIAC members Davis & Elkins and Ohio Valley, plus independent Salem International—all entered the G-MAC.

In 2012 AB started its football program, initially competing at the club level before moving up to Division 2 the following year. Alderson Broaddus originally competed as an independent football team without a conference. In 2016 the G-MAC conference decided to partially make football a competitive sport in the conference with the full competition to start in 2017.The Battlers first defeated Kentucky Wesleyan in the Founders Cup in 2015 to become the first ever G-MAC football Champion. The Battlers became the first G-MAC Conference football champions on 11/12/16 when they defeated Kentucky Wesleyan University 31–28. The G-MAC added another new team to the conference in 2017 of Malone University.

Alderson-Broaddus Baseball won the G-MAC conference title for the first time on May 14, 2016, over Trevecca Nazarene 9–6.

On June 9, 2020, Alderson Broaddus announced that they will leave the Great Midwest Athletic Conference and will join the Mountain East Conference.

With the revocation of the school's degree-granting status in July 2023, the university immediately ended all athletic activities.

Notable alumni
 Denise Campbell, politician and a Democratic member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
 Fred Chenoweth, former American football coach
 Theodore S. Coberly, former air force brigadier general who was director of reconnaissance and electronic warfare and deputy chief of staff
 Randy Dobnak, Major League pitcher for the Minnesota Twins
 Josh Gabriel, Grenadian international footballer
 Barrington Gaynor, former professional soccer coach
 Bob Gray, former men's soccer coach at Marshall University
 Hunter Hardman, former college football coach
 Ernie Nestor, college basketball coach
 Donovan Olumba, NFL player
 John O'Neal, politician and a Republican member of the West Virginia House of Delegates
 Kirk Pearson, former professional soccer player
 Enrico del Rosario, professional soccer player
 Ed Schrock, U.S. Congressman (R., VA), 2001–2005
 Gil Vainshtein (born 1984), Canadian former professional soccer player
 Jimmy Williams, professional basketball player
 Steve Willis, Baptist pastor and national health activist
 Richard F. Wilson, President, Illinois Wesleyan University
 Maj. Gen. Jessica L. Wright, first woman Adjutant General of the Pennsylvania National Guard; second woman to hold such a position in the USA

References

External links
Official website
Official athletics website

Universities and colleges affiliated with the American Baptist Churches USA
Baptist Christianity in West Virginia
Defunct private universities and colleges in West Virginia
Education in Barbour County, West Virginia
Universities and colleges established in 1871
Buildings and structures in Barbour County, West Virginia
Tourist attractions in Barbour County, West Virginia
1871 establishments in West Virginia
2023 disestablishments in West Virginia
Companies that filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in 2023
Universities and colleges formed by merger in the United States
Educational institutions disestablished in 2023

Alderson Broaddus University


Pornsak Songsaeng (în , )  un actor și cântăreț thailandez.

Tinerețe
Pornsak Songsaeng s-a născut pe 2 noiembrie 1960 în provincia Khon Kaen și și-a început cariera muzicală în 1981, colaborând cu Siengsiam.

Discografie

Album
 1982 - Loi Phae (ลอยแพ)
 1986 - Toey Sao Jan Kang Koab (เต้ยสาวจันทร์กั้งโกบ)
 1993 - Puea Pler Jer Kan (ผัวเผลอเจอกัน)
 2001 - Rak Borisut (รักบริสุทธิ์)
 2001 - Phoo Phae Rak (ผู้แพ้รัก)
 2004 - Mee Miea Dek (มีเมียเด็ก)

Note

Nașteri în 1960
Nașteri pe 2 noiembrie
Actori thailandezi
Cântăreți thailandezi
Decese în 2021
Decese pe 15 octombrie
Cântăreți din secolul al XX-lea
Cântăreți din secolul al XXI-lea

Pornsak Songsaeng


نادي هاميلتون أكاديميكال لكرة القدم  نادي كرة قدم اسكتلندي يلعب في الدوري الممتاز . تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1874 .

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1874
أندية كرة قدم في إسكتلندا
الرياضة في جنوب اناركشاير
تأسيسات سنة 1874 في إسكتلندا
فرق الدوري الإسكتلندي الممتاز
فرق الدوري الإسكتلندي لكرة القدم
فرق الدوري الإسكتلندي للمحترفين لكرة القدم
هميلتون
كرة القدم في جنوب لاناركشاير

هاميلتون أكاديميكال


Edgar Steven Davids  (f. 13. mars árið 1973 í Amsterdam í Hollandi) er hollenskur  fyrrverandi knattspyrnumaður. Hann er þekktastur fyrir tíma sinn hjá Juventus  og Ajax  en hann lék einnig með Tottenham Hotspur ,  Barcelona og Inter Milan. Edgar Davids lék 74 landsleiki fyrir Hollenska karlalandsliðið í knattspyrnu.

Titlar
Hollenska úrvalsdeildin
 1994, 1995 og 1996 með Ajax Amsterdam

Hollenska bikarkeppnin
 1993 og 2007 með Ajax Amsterdam

Meistaradeild Evrópu
 1995 með Ajax Amsterdam

Intercontinental Cup
 1995 með Ajax Amsterdam

Ítalska A-deildin
 1998,2002, 2003 með Juventus

Ítalska Bikarkeppnin
 2004-2005 með Inter Milan

Heimildir
 http://barryhugmansfootballers.com/player/22743 (á ensku)
 https://web.archive.org/web/20080618092022/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/clubfootball/news/newsid=803386.html (á ensku)

Davids Edgar
Fólk fætt árið 1973

Edgar Davids


Alessandro Toeschi, né avant  à Rome en Italie et mort le  à Mannheim dans le Palatinat du Rhin, est un compositeur italien de musique baroque qui fut essentiellement actif en Allemagne.

Biographie
Alessandro Toeschi, né avant 1700 à Rome en Italie, est issu d'une ancienne famille noble italienne, qui portait le nom de Toëscha della Castella Monte. Son père était chambellan du Duc de Gravina et du Prince Orsini.

Très jeune, Alessandro se rend en Angleterre, puis en Allemagne, où il trouve un emploi de musicien de cour auprès du landgrave Ernst Ludwig von Hessen-Darmstadt de 1719 à 1724.

En 1725, il devient second violoniste à la cour de Württemberg sous la direction de Giuseppe Antonio Brescianello : à partir de ce moment-là, il est appelé Toeschi.

À partir de 1741, Toeschi est premier violon sous la direction de Johann Stamitz à l'orchestre de la cour de Mannheim. En 1756, il y est nommé directeur instrumental de la musique sacrée.

Il meurt le 15 octobre 1758 à Mannheim dans le Palatinat du Rhin.

Descendance
Son fils Carl Joseph Toeschi (1731-1788) était, avec Christian Cannabich, le premier violon de l'orchestre de Mannheim et un représentant de la deuxième génération de compositeurs de Mannheim.

Sa fille Barbara Toeschi (1733-1763) devint danseuse à Mannheim et épousa le violoncelliste italien Innocenz Danzi, dont les enfants furent la chanteuse Franziska Lebrun et le compositeur Franz Danzi.

Œuvre
Les quelques œuvres de Toeschi qui subsistent sont étroitement liées au baroque italien. Le concerto pour 2 violons et cordes est influencé par Antonio Vivaldi, temporairement au service d'un frère du landgrave Ernst Ludwig, le margrave Philipp von Hessen-Darmstadt, qui était gouverneur de Mantoue.

Articles connexes
 Musique italienne
 École de Mannheim
 Carl Joseph Toeschi

Références

Liens externes

Compositeur italien de la période baroque
Naissance en 1700
Naissance à Rome
Décès en octobre 1758
Décès à Mannheim
Décès dans l'électorat palatin
Décès à 58 ans

Alessandro Toeschi


Sander Sagosen (født 14. september 1995 i Trondheim) er en norsk håndboldspiller, der spiller for Kolstad Håndball. Han har tidligere optrådt for Kolstad IL og Haslum HK i hjemlandet, Aalborg Håndbold, Paris St. Germain og THW Kiel. Han var med til at vinde DM guld i 2017, hvor han var Håndboldligaens bedste spiller. Det gav ham et skifte til Paris St. Germain. Han fik debut på det norske A-landshold i en kamp mod Kroatien i 2013.

Han danner par med den norske håndboldspiller Hanna Bredal Oftedal.

Eksterne henvisninger

Personer fra Trondheim
Håndboldspillere fra Norge
Håndboldspillere fra Aalborg Håndbold
Deltagere for Norge ved sommer-OL 2020
Håndboldspillere ved sommer-OL 2020

Sander Sagosen


Banknotes of the Philippine peso are issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines) for circulation in the Philippines. The smallest amount of legal tender in wide circulation is ₱20 and the largest is ₱1000. The front side of each banknote features prominent people along with buildings, and events in the country's history while the reverse side depicts landmarks and animals.

The dimensions of banknotes issued since the US-Philippine administration, 16 x 6.6 cm, has remained the same on all subsequent Philippine peso banknotes (except pre-1958 centavo notes), and was introduced during William Howard Taft's tenure as governor-general of the Philippines. In view of its highly successful run, President Taft then appointed a committee that reported favorably on the advantages and savings from changing the size of United States banknotes to Philippine-size.
Since 1928 the sizes of the United States Federal Reserve Notes and Philippine banknotes have therefore been nearly identical.

History
On May 1, 1852, the first commercial bank of the Philippines, El Banco Español Filipino de Isabel II issued the following denominations initially 10, 25, 50 and 200 pesos fuertes (strong pesos). They were used until 1896.

First Philippine Republic
The revolutionary republic of Emilio Aguinaldo ordered the issuance of 1, 2, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100-peso banknotes which were signed by Messrs. Pedro A. Paterno, Telesforo Chuidan and Mariano Limjap to avoid counterfeiting. However, only the 1 and 5-peso banknotes have been printed and circulated to some areas by the end of the short-lived First Republic.

American Period

By 1903, the American colonial Insular Government had issued Silver Certificates in denominations of 2, 5 and 10 pesos, backed by silver pesos or U.S. gold dollars at a fixed rate of ₱2/$1. The authorization of the issuance of Philippine Silver Certificates were placed on the notes, "By Authority of an Act of the Congress of the United States of America, approved March 2, 1903." The first shipment of the currency were sent to the Philippines on September 1, 1903, and issued on October of the same year.

In 1905, higher denominations of 20, 50, 100 and 500 pesos were printed. However, amendments were made before the shipment of the notes from the United States to the Philippines to allow gold to be included as a reserve for the Silver Certificates. As the Series of 1905 was printed, but not yet shipped, they were sent to the United States Government Printing Office, and overprinted vertically with, "Subject to the provisions of the Act of Congress, approved June 23, 1906."

In 1908, the El Banco Español Filipino was allowed to print banknotes in the following denominations with text in Spanish: Cinco (5), Diez (10), Veinte (20), Cincuenta (50), Cien (100) and Dos Cientos (200) Pesos. In 1912, the bank was renamed Bank of the Philippine Islands (BPI) and henceforth issued the same banknotes in English.

In 1918, the Silver Certificates were replaced by the Treasury Certificates issued with government-backing of bonds issued by the United States Government in 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500 Pesos. In 1916, the Philippine National Bank (PNB) was created to administer the state-holding shares and print banknotes without any quota from the Philippine Assembly. They printed banknotes in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos. During World War I, the PNB issued emergency notes printed on cardboard paper in the following denominations: 10, 20, 50 centavos and 1 peso. Also overprinted BPI Notes in Five, Ten and Twenty Pesos due to the lack of currency.

The Commonwealth of the Philippines issued Treasury Certificates with the seal of the new government but still circulated the BPI and PNB banknotes.

Japanese government-issued Philippine peso

1942 series

1943-1945 series

Banknotes issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

"VICTORY-CBP" banknotes
The banknotes first issued by today's Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (formerly the "Central Bank of the Philippines") were the VICTORY-CBP Overprints in 1949, which were merely overprints of older American-era banknotes.  The first official banknote series to be printed were the English Series in 1951.

English Series (1949–1971)
The English Series were Philippine banknotes that circulated from 1949 to 1969. It was the only banknote series of the Philippine peso to use English.

Pilipino Series (1969–1974)
The Pilipino Series banknotes is the name used to refer to Philippine banknotes issued by the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1969 to 1977, during the term of President Ferdinand Marcos. This series represented a radical change from the English series by undergoing Filipinization and a design change. It was succeeded by the Ang Bagong Lipunan Series of banknotes, to which it shared a similar design. The lowest denomination of the series is 1-piso and the highest is 100-piso.

Ang Bagong Lipunan Series (1973–1996)
The Ang Bagong Lipunan Series (literally, "The New Society Series") is the name used to refer to Philippine banknotes issued by the Central Bank of the Philippines from 1973 to 1985. It was succeeded by the New Design Series of banknotes. The lowest denomination of the series is 2-piso and the highest is 100-piso.

After the declaration of Proclamation № 1081 by President Ferdinand Marcos on September 23, 1972, the Central Bank was to demonetize the English Series banknotes in 1974, pursuant to Presidential Decree 378. All the unissued Pilipino Series banknotes (except the one peso banknote) were sent back to the De La Rue plant in London for overprinting the watermark area with the words "ANG BAGONG LIPUNAN" and oval geometric safety design. The one peso bill was replaced with the two peso bill, which features the same elements of the demonetized Pilipino series one peso bill.

On September 7, 1978, the Security Printing Plant in Quezon City was inaugurated to produce the banknotes.

The banknotes were still legal tender even after the introduction of the New Design Series banknotes, however it is seldom used after the EDSA Revolution. The banknotes were eventually demonetized on February 2, 1993 (but can still be exchange with legal tender currency to the Central Bank until February 1, 1996) after clamors that the banknotes can be used to buy votes for the 1992 Presidential Elections.

New Design/BSP Series (1985–2017)

By 1983, the committee was deciding on the issuance of new banknotes to replace the Ang Bagong Lipunan Series by issuing seven new banknotes consisting in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1000-pesos.

On June 12, 1985, the Central Bank issued the New Design Series starting with a new 5-peso banknote with the face of Emilio Aguinaldo. A new 10-peso banknote with the face of Apolinario Mabini was then introduced on July 1985 a month after the 5-peso banknote was issued. On March 3, 1986, a new 20-peso banknote appeared. After the 1986 People Power Revolution and the new 1987 Constitution was promulgated, the Central Bank issued a new 50, 100- and for the second time a new 500-peso banknote with the face of Benigno Aquino Jr. In 1991, the Central Bank issued for the first time a new 1000-peso banknote, containing the portraits of José Abad Santos, Josefa Llanes Escoda and Vicente Lim.

After the passage of the New Central Bank Act of 1993 when the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) was reestablished as the central monetary authority, this series was renamed the BSP Series and featured the new seal of the BSP.

On May 2, 1997, the year of issue or printing was introduced on banknotes starting with the release of 10-peso note with Andres Bonifacio and Blood Compact of the Katipuneros. This feature was later adapted on other banknotes of the series which are 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000 peso notes in 1998. The only banknote of the series that does not use the printing or issue year is the 5-peso note as it stopped being printed in 1995 two years before the printing year was introduced or added on banknotes.

In 1998, the 100,000-peso Centennial banknote, measuring 8.5"x14", accredited by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's largest legal tender note. It was issued in very limited quantity during the celebration of the Centennial of Philippine Independence.  In the same year, the practice in banknotes since the Commonwealth era of reproducing the signature of the President of the Philippines over the legend "President of the Philippines" was abandoned in favor of explicitly stating the president's name. Also the names of the Philippine president and BSP governor are capitalized, while their titles are now in lowercase.

In 2001, the BSP upgraded the security features (visible fibers, value panel, security thread and watermark) of 1000, 500, and 100-peso banknotes with additional security features like a second glossy security thread, iridescent strip, fluorescent printing, optically variable ink, and microprints. In 2002, the Bangko Sentral issued a new 200-peso banknote with the same aforementioned security features and with the face of former President Diosdado Macapagal. His daughter, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, is at the back of the 200-peso banknote which showed her being sworn into office at the EDSA Shrine. She is the first president whose image has been included in a banknote while in office since emergency currency was issued by various provincial currency boards during World War II.

On July 8, 2009, the BSP announced that it would recall all bank notes made of abaca and cotton soon and replace it with an all-polymer series. This plan has been abandoned, however, when the New Generation Currency series was launched in December 16, 2010 with all banknotes still made of abaca and cotton.

These banknotes were legal tender alongside the New Generation Currency series until the end of 2015, when the New Generation Currency series became a single circulating set. The New Design/BSP series ceased to be legal tender on January 1, 2016, and were demonetized on December 29, 2017.

Signature pairs of the President of the Philippines and Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas appearing on the banknotes:
 1985–1986: Ferdinand Marcos, Jose B. Fernandez Jr.
 1986–1990: Corazon Aquino, Jose B. Fernandez Jr.
 1990–1992: Corazon Aquino, Jose L. Cuisia Jr.
 1992–1993: Fidel V. Ramos, Jose L. Cuisia Jr.
 1993–1998: Fidel V. Ramos, Gabriel Singson
 1998–1999: Joseph Estrada, Gabriel Singson
 1999–2001: Joseph Estrada, Rafael Buenaventura
 2001–2005: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Rafael Buenaventura
 2005–2010: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, Amando Tetangco Jr.
 2010–2013: Benigno Aquino III, Amando Tetangco Jr.

New Generation Currency Series (current; 2010–present)

In 2009, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas announced that it will launch a massive redesign for its banknotes and coins to further enhance security features and to improve durability. The BSP released the new design of the banknotes on December 16, 2010, along with an initial batch.

The members of the numismatic committee included Bangko Sentral Deputy Governor Diwa Guinigundo and Dr. Ambeth Ocampo, chairman of the National Historical Institute. Designed by Studio 5 Designs and Design Systemat, the new banknotes' designs feature famous Filipinos and iconic natural wonders. Former President Corazon Aquino was added to the 500-peso bill together with Senator Benigno Aquino Jr. The word "Pilipino" is rendered on the reverse in Baybayin (). The font used for lettering in the banknotes is Myriad, while the numerals are set in the Twentieth Century font.

The New Generation Currency series is the only circulating set of notes since December 30, 2017. In 2017, the BSP updated the design of the NGC series banknotes with the following changes:
 Enlarged the font size of the year of issue (all banknotes)
 Italicized the scientific names on the reverse (all banknotes)
 Replaced the images of the Aguinaldo Shrine and the Barasoain Church on the obverse side of the ₱200 banknote with scenes of the Declaration of Philippine Independence and the opening of the Malolos Congress respectively.
 The text "October 1944" was added after the word "Leyte Landing" at the obverse of the ₱50 banknote
 The Order of Lakandula Medal and the phrase "Medal of Honor" were removed on the obverse side of the ₱1000 banknote

In 2020, the Enhanced NGC series all banknotes except for the ₱20 were updated with the following changes:
 The addition of intaglio tactile markings for the visually impaired in the form of horizontal bands (all banknotes)
 The addition of an improved windowed security thread for the ₱100, ₱200, ₱500, ₱1000 banknotes featuring indigenous weaving patterns.
 For the ₱1000 note the thread size has been increased to 5 millimetres, with the rest remaining the same.
 For the ₱500 and ₱1000, the denomination value has been embossed with optically variable ink wherein the color changes if the banknote is tilted.
 A stylized Philippine Flag has also been added with optically variable ink on the ₱500 note replacing optically variable device patch.
 The Concealed Value are more reflective (all banknotes).
 For the ₱500 and ₱1000, the denomination at the left has a rolling bar effect which you can tilt, and changing colors.

On December 7, 2022, the 2020 BSP logo is now used on 20, 50, 100, 500, and 1,000-peso (non-polymer version) bills which replaced the 2010 logo that has been in use since the series' launch in December 16, 2010 upon the release of banknotes bearing the signatures of President Ferdinand Marcos, Jr. and BSP Governor Felipe Medalla.

Signature pairs of the President of the Philippines and Governor of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas appearing on the banknotes:
 2010–2016: Benigno Aquino III, Amando Tetangco Jr.
 2016–2017: Rodrigo Duterte, Amando Tetangco Jr.
 2017–2019: Rodrigo Duterte, Nestor Espenilla Jr.
 2019–2022: Rodrigo Duterte, Benjamin Diokno
 2022–present:  Bongbong Marcos, Felipe Medalla

Errors
Several errors have been discovered on banknotes of the New Generation series and have become the subject of ridicule on social networking sites. Among these are the exclusion of Batanes from the Philippine map on the reverse of all denominations, the mislocation of the Puerto Princesa Subterranean Underground River on the reverse of the 500-peso bill and the Tubbataha Reef on the 1000-peso bill, and the incorrect coloring on the beak and feathers of the blue-naped parrot on the 500-peso bill. The scientific names of the animals featured on the reverse sides of all banknotes were incorrectly rendered as well.

According to Design Systemat, the designers of the new bills, that drafts prepared by the company of the new 500-peso bill shows a red beak of the blue-naped parrot. This color was changed by the printers to account for practical printing concerns. The designers further explains that printing banknotes is not like printing brochures. Due to the intaglio printing and limited printing capability of banknote printers, it can only produce a limited full color reproduction.

The alleged mislocation of the Tubbataha Reef on the one thousand peso note was due to a security feature, a smaller version of the featured species on the bills' reverse (which is also featured on all banknote denominations) was located on top of the exact location of the Tubbataha Reef on the map. Giving the option of either moving the key security feature on the standard position or locating the Tubbataha marker correctly, the bills' French printers, Oberthur Technologies, decided to move the reef marker slightly south on the Philippine map.

Commemorative banknotes
Commemorative banknotes have been issued by the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas to memorialize events of historic significance to the Philippines. Most commonly they were issued by adding a commemorative overprint on the watermark area of a circulating denomination. Less common are especially-designed non-circulating commemorative banknotes sold to collectors at a premium over face value.

Commemorative overprint banknotes summary
 Ang Bagong Lipunan Series:
 50-piso, 1978: Sergio Osmeña Centennial
 10-piso, 1981: Inauguration of President Ferdinand Marcos
 2-piso, 1981: Pope John Paul II's visit to the Philippines
 5-piso, New Design Series:
 1986: President Corazon Aquino's visit to the United States
 1987: Canonization of Blessed Lorenzo Ruiz
 1989: 40th Anniversary of Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas
 1990: Kababaihan Para sa Kaunlaran (Women for Progress)
 1990: 2nd Plenary Council of the Philippines
 50-piso, New Design Series:
 1997, 1999: 50 Years of Central Banking in the Philippines
 2012: DFA-ASEAN 45th Anniversary
 2013: Canonization of St. Pedro Calungsod
 2013: PDIC 50th Anniversary
 2013: Trinity University of Asia 50th Anniversary
 100-piso, New Design Series:
 1997–1998: Philippine Declaration of Independence Centennial
 2008: University of the Philippines Centennial
 2011: UP College of Law Centennial
 2011: Ateneo Law School 75th Anniversary
 2012: De La Salle University Centennial
 2012: Philippine Masonic Centennial
 2012: Manila Hotel Centennial
 2013: Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas 20th Anniversary
 2013: Department of Agriculture/ National Year of Rice
 2013: Iglesia ni Kristo Centennial
 2013: Pilipinas Shell Petroleum Corporation Centennial
 Other, New Design Series:
 20-piso, 2004: International Year of Microcredit
 All denominations (20-piso to 1000-piso), 2009: 60th Anniversary of Central Banking in the Philippines
 200-piso, 2011: University of Santo Tomas 400th Anniversary
 500-piso, 2012: Asian Development Bank Manila 2012 Board of Governors Annual Meeting

Higher value commemorative banknotes

2,000 piso

The Central Bank of the Philippines (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) issued only 300,000 pieces of this 216 mm x 133 mm 2,000 Philippine peso centennial commemorative legal tender banknote. Another version, with the same design but measured at 160 x 66 mm, was also planned to be issued as legal tender in 2001, but due to the ouster of President Joseph Estrada as the result of the Second EDSA revolution (EDSA People Power II), the notes were stored in the vaults of the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas. As of 2010, the bank was considering destroying the bulk of the unissued notes (known as the "New Millennium" or "Erap" notes), saving only 50,000 of the five million pieces to be demonetized for "historical, educational, numismatic, or other purposes". However it was not until 2012 that the bank began selling this numismatic product in a folder that clearly stipulates that the notes are not legal tender.

The obverse side features President Joseph Estrada taking his oath of office on June 30, 1998, in the historic Barasoain Church, the seat of the first democratic republic in Asia shown in the background as well as the scroll containing the excerpt texts from the Preamble of the Malolos Constitution and the place (Barasoain) and the date (January 20, 1899 in words) of ratification written in Spanish, and the seal of the BSP (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas). The reverse side depicts the re-enactment of the declaration of Philippine Independence at the Aguinaldo Shrine in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1998, by President Fidel V. Ramos and also features the Philippine Centennial Commission logo, but in the smaller version, it was replaced by the phrase of "Tiwala Kay Bathala, Pagmamahal sa Bayan". The security features of the note include a 3-dimensional cylinder mold-made portrait watermark of the two presidents and the years 1898–1998 (in smaller version, the electrotype 1898–1998 was removed), iridescent band, color-shift windowed security thread, latent image and perfect see-through register.

100,000 piso

The 100,000-peso centennial note, measuring 356 x 216 mm, was accredited by the Guinness Book of World Records as the world's largest legal tender note in terms of size. 1,000 pieces were issued during the celebration of the centennial of Philippine independence in 1998. It has since been surpassed by the somewhat larger 600 Malaysian ringgit banknote.

5,000 piso

On January 18, 2021, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, in cooperation with the Quincentennial Commemorations in the Philippines launches the 5,000-Piso Commemorative Non-Circulating Banknote, in honor of heroism of Lapulapu. On its obverse, the banknote depicts a young Lapulapu, an image of the Battle of Mactan, the QCP logo, and the Karakoa, the large outrigger warships used by native Filipinos, while on its reverse shows the Philippine eagle, or the Manaol, which symbolizes clear vision, freedom, and strength; and which embodies the ancient Visayan belief that all living creatures originated from an eagle, also featured are the tree of a coconut, which was food the people of Samar provided to Ferdinand Magellan and his crew; and Mount Apo, which is located in Mindanao, where the circumnavigators finally found directional clues to their intended destination of Maluku or the Spice Island.

Summary of the Philippine banknote series

Timeline of the Philippine banknote series

References

External links
 Philippine Banknotes and Coins
 Philippine Coins News & Updates
 Philippine currency during WWII

Banknotes of the Philippine peso


Byeonhan (, ), also known as Byeonjin, (, ) was a loose confederacy of chiefdoms that existed from around the beginning of the Common Era to the 4th century in the southern Korean peninsula. Byeonhan was one of the Samhan (or "Three Hans"), along with Mahan and Jinhan.

Etymology
"Byeonhan (弁韓)" is believed to be a combination of Old Korean words. "Byeon (변)" in native Korean meant "Shiny/Shimmering" while "Han (한)" meant "big", giving the meaning of Byeonhan, the "Big Nation of Shimmer".

As part of the Samhan, Jinhan meant "Big Nation of the East" and Mahan meant "Big Nation of the South".

History
This early part of the Three Kingdoms period is sometimes called the Proto–Three Kingdoms period. Byeonhan, like the other Samhan confederacies, appears to be descended from the Jin state of southern Korea.

Archaeological evidence indicates an increase in military activity and weapons production among the Byeonhan in the 3rd century, especially an increase in iron arrowheads and cuirasses (Barnes 2000). This may be associated with the decline of Byeonhan and the rise of the more centralized Gaya Confederacy, which most Byeonhan states joined. Gaya was subsequently annexed by Silla, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.

Various cultural aspects supposedly unique to Byeonhan overlap with Jinhan, but are not universal in Byeonhan. One notable tradition was tattooing, which was done by both men and women. Another tradition was the burying of feathers and pottery in graves alongside the dead body as it was believed that the feathers helped the afterlife souls fly into the sky.

Byeonhan as a political grouping was also sometimes referred to by a calque of Byeon () and Jin () as Byeonjin with the ethnonym Han () being used by its inhabitants, identical to that of its neighbours.

There are also two hypotheses about the Byeonhan constituting a separate ethnicity distinct from the Jinhan:

 The Wa people of the Japanese archipelago, described in early Chinese records as present on the southern coasts of the peninsula.
 Any ethnic who traveled through ancient southern trade routes seen through the distribution of dolmens culture. According to recent studies that excavated Kofuns in South Jeolla Province, analysis of the components of glass beads there suggests that the raw material production area is Thailand.
However, there is no distinct evidence that indicates an ethnic separation of Byeonhan and Jinhan as the two shared essentially the same culture, with varying religious customs, and apparently were not separated by a clear boundary according to the contemporary Chinese chronicle San Guo Zhi.

Culture and Language
The Dongyi ("Eastern Barbarian") in the Wei Shu section of the Chinese Sanguo Zhi states that the culture of Byeonhan was similar to that of Jinhan (言語法俗相似) and that their populations lived "intermingled together" (弁辰與辰韓雑居), while having similar language and customs.

The fifth century Hou Han Shu however notes on differences in their language and customs as "languages and customs have differences" (言語風俗有異), after stating that their enclosed settlements and clothing are the same.

Furthermore, the Wei shu states that "Chinhan men and women are close to Wa (男女近倭)," the ethnonym for the contemporary inhabitants of the Japanese archipelago, and like the Wa tattoo their bodies. The Hou Han shu however identifies this with Byeonhan, stating that "their country is close to Wa, therefore they frequently have tattoos."

The linguist John Whitman summarizes the situation as such:

In fact, the texts indicate a more complex (and plausible) interrelationship between language, ethnicity, and protopolitical grouping. [...] The Chinhan population lives intermixed with Pyŏnhan; the Chinese reporters struggle to decribe the resultant demographic complexity. Their languages may be similar, or different; some resemble the Wa, some tattoo their bodies. While Wa-like toponyms are more frequent in the Pyŏnhan grouping, one such toponym is identified with Chinhan. This is exactly the kind of complexity we might expect to be associated with the situation described by Ahn, where a population associated with Mumun wet rice growing culture lives alongside more recently arrived members of the Korean-style bronze dagger culture.

Politics and Trade
Byeonhan may have simply been a political description for decentralized polities south and west of the Nakdong River valley that were not formal members of the Jinhan confederacy.

Byeonhan was internationally known for its production of iron, which was also its main export good to the Lelang Commandery to the northwest, the Japanese archipelago, and the rest of the Korean peninsula. It was also a center of stoneware manufacture.

Member statelets
According to the Records of Three Kingdoms, Byeonhan consisted of 12 statelets:

 Mirimidong (), present-day Miryang.
 Jeopdo (), present-day Haman.
 Gojamidong (), present-day Goseong.
 Gosunsi (), present-day Jinju, Sacheon or Goseong.
 Ballo (), present-day Seongju.
 Nangno (), present-day Hadong or Namhae.
 Gunmi (), present-day Sacheon.
 Mioyama (), present-day Goryeong.
 Gamno (), present-day Gimcheon.
 Guya (), present-day Gimhae.
 Jujoma (), present-day Gimcheon.
 Anya (), present-day Haman.
 Dongno (), present-day Dongnae.

References
Barnes, G.L. (2000). "Archeological armor in Korea and Japan: Styles, technology and social setting".  Journal of East Asian Archeology 2 (3–4), 61–96. (Electronic Version).

Ancient peoples of Korea
Early Korean history
Former countries in Korean history
Gaya confederacy
States and territories established in the 1st century
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century
Former confederations
Samhan

Byeonhan confederacy


was a town located in Mizuma District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2003, the town had an estimated population of 15,606 and a density of 969.32 persons per km2. The total area was 16.10 km2.

On February 5, 2005, Mizuma, along with the town of Kitano (from Mii District), the town of Jōjima (also from Mizuma District), and the town of Tanushimaru (from Ukiha District), was merged into the expanded city of Kurume and no longer exists as an independent municipality.

External links
Mizuma official website of Kurume in Japanese (some English)

Populated places disestablished in 2005
2005 disestablishments in Japan
Dissolved municipalities of Fukuoka Prefecture
Kurume

Mizuma, Fukuoka


Galtbrunn  heißen folgende geographischen Objekte:

 Galtbrunn (Gemeinde Purgstall), Ortschaft von Purgstall an der Erlauf, Bezirk Scheibbs, Niederösterreich
 Galtbrunn (Gemeinde St. Georgen), Ortschaft von St. Georgen am Ybbsfelde, Bezirk Amstetten, Niederösterreich
 Galtbrunn (Gemeinde Wieselburg-Land), Ortschaft von Wieselburg-Land, Bezirk Scheibbs, Niederösterreich

Galtbrunn


Jens Corssen (* 30. April 1942 in Berlin) ist ein deutscher Diplompsychologe, kognitiver
Verhaltenstherapeut, psychologischer Berater und Autor. Als Spezialist für mentale Selbstführung (Inner Coaching) berät er Führungskräfte aus den Bereichen Wirtschaft und Medien, aber auch Fußballprofis. Mit der von ihm entwickelten Philosophie und Praxis des Selbst-Entwicklers vereint er seit den 70er Jahren psychologische mit pragmatischen Ansätzen für Persönlichkeitsentwicklung, Veränderungsprozesse und Zielerreichung. Seit 2011 hält er kostenfreie Vorträge an deutschsprachigen Schulen zum Thema Umgang mit Stress und Niederlagen. Jens Corssen ist seit 1978 verheiratet und lebt mit seiner Frau Julia in München.

Leben und Karriere
Jens Corssen studierte an der Universität München Psychologie. Schon während der letzten Semester beschäftigte er sich dabei, gemeinsam mit seinem Studienkollegen und Freund Michael Kronberger, mit therapeutischen Alternativen zur tiefenpsychologisch orientierten Psychoanalyse. Nach dem Examen führte dies 1970 zur Gründung der ersten privaten Praxis für Verhaltenstherapie in Deutschland. Im wissenschaftlichen Kontext ließen Corssen und Kronberger ihre Klienten durch spielerisches Lernen neue Erfahrungen machen. Die heutige neurobiologische Forschung legt nahe, dass vor allem emotionalisierendes Erleben zu neuen neuronalen Verknüpfungen im Gehirn führt und eine Persönlichkeitsentwicklung in Gang setzen kann.

Binnen kurzer Zeit wurde Corssen zu einem der maßgebenden praktizierenden "Psychologen neuer Prägung". Parallel dazu arbeitete er als Kolumnist und hatte regelmäßige eigene Radio- und Fernsehsendungen. Am bekanntesten wurde hier das "Jens Corssen Telefon", das von 1985 bis 1996 als psychologische Lebenshilfe live im Radio ausgestrahlt wurde. Verantwortliche Redakteurin war Patricia Riekel, die mit Corssen auch ein Buch zur Sendung schrieb.

Ab Mitte der 1990er Jahre verlegte Corssen den Schwerpunkt seiner Tätigkeit auf das Persönlichkeitstraining von Führungskräften. Mit dem von ihm geschaffenen Konzept des Selbst-Entwicklers® arbeitete er als Referent und Keynote-Speaker bei Seminaren und Veranstaltungen in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz.

Publikationen
 Bücher
 mit Patricia Riekel: Ab heute ändere ich mich: Problemlösung in Lebenskrisen. Heyne Verlag, München 1988, ISBN 3-453-03108-3.
 mit Barbara Schmidt: Mut zum Glück. 1997.
 Der Selbstentwickler: Das Corssen Seminar. 2004.
 mit Christiane Tramitz: Ich und die anderen. Als Selbst-Entwickler zu gelingenden Beziehungen. Knaur, München 2014, ISBN 978-3-426-65541-2.
 Das Corssen-Prinzip: Die vier Werkzeuge für ein freudvolles Leben – Der Graphic Coach zur Selbstentwickler®-Methode. Arkana Verlag München 2016, ISBN 978-3-442-34167-2.
 mit Stephanie Ehrenschwendner: Lieben. Kailash, München 2020, ISBN 978-3-424-63212-5.

 Hörbuch
 Als Selbst-Entwickler zu privatem und beruflichem Erfolg. 2006.
 The Way of The Self-Developer: Your Path to Personal and Professional Success. 2013.
 Jens Corssen: Zu Gelassenheit und gehobener Gestimmtheit. Campfire Media 2015.
 Familienglück: Wir packen das mit der Erziehung mal anders an! Argon Verlag 2015, ISBN 978-3-8398-8093-7.

 Zeitschriftenbeitrag
 Das Leben lieben lernen. In: emotion. Juli 2014, S. 60–61. (Interview: Kathrin Halfwassen)

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite von Jens Corssen
 Das innere Spiel gewinnen (Video bei Youtube)
 Zuviel Yang, FOCUS Nr. 52/1994
 Alptraum der Alphatiere, Manager Magazin, 01/2012

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Psychologe
Deutscher
Geboren 1942
Mann

Jens Corssen


Kaldvellfjorden er en lille fjord på grænsen mellem kommunerne Grimstad og Lillesand, lige øst for selve Lillesand i Agder fylke i Norge. Fjorden har indløb vest for Auesøya og går mod  nord til landsbyen Helldal, hvor den drejer mod nordøst. Den inderste del af fjorden hedder bare Kilen og er cirka en kilometer lang.

Det specielt smalle indløb til Kilen bliver krydset af Svennevig bro som før var en del af Europavej 18 mellem Lillesand og Grimstad, vejen hedder nu fylkesvej 420.

Totalt har Kaldvellfjorden en længde på cirka 6 kilometer.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Agder
Grimstad
Lillesand

Kaldvellfjorden


أنجيلا سيرنا ، شاعرة ومترجمة إسبانية من مواليد مدينة شلمنقة أو سلمانكا  بـأسبانيا وهي تعيش في فيتوريا-غاستايز حيث تعمل أستاذة في جامعة إقليم بلاد الباسك. تميزت بتجربة شعرية تستند على الكلمة ولكن أيضاً على مؤثرات البصر والصوت. كما انتمت إلى دائرة الشعراء المناهضين للحرب وكمترجمة عملت على نقل أشعار أوروبية وعربية مهاجرة إلى اللغتين الإسبانية والإنكليزية.

مسيرتها
خصصت أنجيلا سيرنا موضوع أطروحتها لنيل الدكتوراه عن «الإجراءات المكانية في أعمال غوستاف فلوبير- الأبعاد الجديدة النص والصورة». كما بادرت بنشر مجلة تاكستورا  ومن ثم بإدارة تحرير هذه المجلة. وتساهم إضافة إلى ذلك في تحرير بعض المجلات ومواقع الويب في إسبانيا وخارجها... كما حظيت قصائدها بالترجمة إلى الإنكليزية والفرنسية والإيطالية، والكَتلانيّة...

أعمال منشورة

مجاميع شعرية
 أحرف العلة آكلة لحم البشر / Vocaníbales، صدر ضمن انطولوجيا شعرية، عن آرتوراجين Arteragin، 1997
 شعرية مرئية / Poétrica visualizable، عن غالا نانيريس 1996 Gala Naneres،
 الفخار/ Alfahar، عن «مواصفات الرؤية»، العدد 15، منشورات بابل Babilonia، 2001
 على الجانب الآخر من المرآة / Del otro lado del espejo، (سنة 1999 حصلت على جائزة Ciutat Benicarló) صدر عن مجموعة إسبنيلا الشعرية، Benicarló، 2000
 مراحل قمر المحاق/ Fases de Tumiluna، عن آرتي آكتيفو Arte Activo، 2002
 سيكون غدا (في غرفة أخرى) / Luego será mañana en otra habitación، عن Serna-Basoa، 2006
 على مقربة من الهواء/Vecindades del aire، عن آرتي آكتيفو Arte Activo، سلسلة منهير Menhir، 2006
 من الخلود إلى الأبد/ De eternidad en eternidad، منشورات لابالما La Palma سلسلة وزارة الجو، مدريد، 2006
 ملاحظات من أجل لحن قادم / Apuntes para una melodía futura، منشورات 4 أغسطس ediciones del 4 de agosto، الكوكب السري Planeta clandestino العدد 42، لوجرونو ، 2007.
 تغيرات/ توزيعات (Variaciones/Variazioni)، مقطع الشاعر، غاييتا ، إيطاليا، 2007، ترجمة يوزيبي نابوليتانو Giuseppe Napolitano

ضمن انطولوجيات
نشرت قصائدها في العديد من الانطولوجيات الأدبية، ومنها:
 مختارات من الشعر الأسباني المرئي إلى الألفية الجديدة، عن Arteragin، فيتوريا، 1999، من إعداد خوسيه كارلوس بيلتران، وتقديم أنجيلا سيرنا.
 الكلمة المتخيلة/ La palabra imaginada (مختصر الشعر الأسباني المرئي)، بتنسيق من انطونيو غوميز وخوان ريكاردو مونتانا، مقاطعة باداخوز، نيسان / أبريل 1999.
 اللون في الشعر المرئي/ El color en la poesía visual، تأليف خوسيه كارلوس بيلتران، سلسلة «أيقونات» ضمن «إعلام وإنتاج» مدريد (ISBN. 84-89839-5)
 معجم المؤلفين (1965-2000)، من وضع خوسيه ساريا José Sarria، منشورات كورونا ديل سور (ISBN. 84-95288-76-1)، مالقة 2001 ،
 الانطولوجيا العالمية للشعر المرئي، فرانسيسكو بيرالتا، منشورات كورونا ديل سور (ISBN 84-95288-94-X)، مالقة 2001
 «مسحوق أبيض»/ Pólvora blanca اسم انطولوجيا للشعراء من أجل السلام ومناهضة الحرب، عن «الجمعية المفتوحة لشعراء قرطبة»، قرطبة، 2003
 التجربة الشعرية الأسبانية (1963-2004) - مختارات، مدريد عام 2004. (ISBN 84-95509-66-0)
 الكلمة المسحوبة/ El verbo descerrajado، مختارات من قصائد للتضامن مع السجناء السياسيين في شيلي، منشورات أبوستروف Apostrophes، شيلي، 2005 (ISBN 956-8230-19-X)
 مختارات من الشعراء المناهضين للعنف ضد المرأة، قرطبة، 2006. (ISBN 84-611-0596-6)
 آيات من أجل الحرية/ Versos para la libertad، منشورات كورونا دال سور، Corona del Sur، مالقة، مالقة،2007. ص. 61 ()

مشاركات
 من 1996 إلى 2002 شاركت أنجيلا سيرنا في 4 ندوات حول «الكتابة الإبداعية» إضافة إلى العديد من الأنشطة ذات صلة بالشعر وبالشعر المرئي
 عام 2003 شاركت في ندوة بعنوان «اللغات الفنية الوسيطة»
 عام 2005 قامت بتنظيم الملتقى الدولي الثامن للنساء الشاعرات.
 عام 2005 دعيت إلى المهرجان الشعري المرموق «أصوات البحر الأبيض المتوسط» لوديف ، فرنسا.
 منذ عام 2005، قامت بتنظيم مسابقتين للشعر في فيتوريا Vitoria (الأولى إلى المراهقين، والثانية للأشخاص فوق 55 سنة).
 عام 2007 شاركت في «الملتقى الأول للشعراء» تحت عنوان «لون الكلام» في لوجرونو  (أسبانيا).
 عام 2008 شاركت في مهرجان «أصوات البحر الأبيض المتوسط» في إيطاليا.
 عام 2006 وصلت إلى نهائي السباق لنيل جائزة أنخيل ميغيل بوزانكو بقصيدة عنوانها «تنويعة عزف على طبلة»
 شاركت كعضو لجنة تحكيم في مسابقات شعرية مثل المسابقة الشهيرة «آرنستينا دو شامبورسان»

ترجمات
قامت أنجيلا سيرنا بترجمة:
 «وصف القديس مرقس»، لكاتبه ميشال بوتور، منشورات باساري Bassari، فيتوريا  2000.
 أشعار ماري كلير بانكار ، جان ميشيل مولبوا ، وجوزيان دو جازو- بيرجيه وأمينة سعيد...

مراجع

شاعرات إسبانيات
شعراء إسبان في القرن 20
شعراء إسبان في القرن 21
صفحات تحتاج تصنيف سنة الولادة
مواليد في شلمنقة

أنخيلا سيرنا


زكاة الفِطر أو صدقة الفِطر..هي زكاة للأبدان؛ صدقة معلومة بمقدار معلوم، من شخص مخصوص، بشروط مخصوصة، عن طائفة مخصوصة، لطائفة مخصوصة، تجب بالفطر من رمضان، طُهرة للصائم: من اللغو، والرفث، وطعمة للمساكين. وتجب بغروب الشمس من ليلة العيد، وقت الفطر وانقضاء صوم شهر رمضان، إلى قبيل أداء صلاة عيد الفطر.

تعريفها
الزكاة لغةً: النماء، والزيادة، والطهارة، والبركة، يقال: زكى الزرع: إذا نما وزاد.

والفِطر: اسم مصدر، من قولك: أفطر الصائم، يفطر إفطارًا. وقيل إنها مأخوذة من الفِطرةٌ؛ لأنها صدقة النفوس، والفطرة: الخلقة، قال الله تعالى: . أي جبلته التي جبل الناس عليها.

وعلى هذين المعنيين اختُلف في سبب تسميتها بزكاة الفطر:

 فقيل من إضافة الشيء إلى سببه أو زمنه؛ لأن الفطر من رمضان سبب وجوبها، فأضيفت إليه؛ لوجوبها به، فيقال: «زكاة الفِطر». ويؤيد هذا ما جاء في بعض طرق حديث ابن عمر:  (صحيح مسلم 984). ورجح هذا الحافظ ابن حجر العسقلاني وابن عثيمين.
 وقيل لأنها صدقة النفوس، والفِطرة: الخِلقة، قال الله تعالى: . قاله ابن قتيبة، والنووي.

ويقال: زكاة الفِطر، وصدقة الفِطر، ويقال للمُخْرَج: فِطْرَة، وهي لفظة مولدة لا عربية ولا معربة بل اصطلاحية للفقهاء.

وعرفها بعض الفقهاء بأنها: .

حكمها
الصحيح في حكم زكاة الفطر أنها فرض؛ وَمَعنَى فَرَضَ؛ أي: ألزَمَ وَأوجَبَ، وَنَقَلَ أهْلُ العِلمِ الإجمَاعَ عَلَى ذَلِكَ. والأدلة على وجوبها من حديث عبد الله بن عباس  قال: . وقوله: «طهرة»: أي تطهيرا لنفس من صام رمضان، وقوله «والرفث» قال ابن الأثير: الرفث هنا هو الفحش من كلام، قوله «وطعمة»: بضم الطاء وهو الطعام الذي يؤكل. قوله: «من أداها قبل الصلاة»: أي قبل صلاة العيد، قوله « فهي زكاة مقبولة»: المراد بالزكاة صدقة الفطر، قوله «صدقة من الصدقات»: يعني التي يتصدق بها في سائر الأوقات. عون المعبود شرح أبي داود. أي: قبل خروج الناس إلى صلاة العيد. وفي حديث عن ابن عمر  قال: . عن أبي سعيد الخدري حيث قال: .

وقيل زكاة الفطر هي المقصودة بقوله تعالى في سورة الأعْلَى:  ، ذكر الإمام الطبري في تفسيره، 24/ 374 عن أبي العالية: ما يفيد ذلك، وذكره عبد الرزاق في مصنفه، برقم 5795 عن سعيد بن المسيب، وذكر ابن كثير في تفسيره أن عمر بن عبد العزيز كان يتلو هذه الآية عندما يأمر الناس بزكاة الفطر، وذكر ابن قدامة في المغني، 4/ 82، والزركشي على مختصر الخرقي، أن سعيد بن المسيب وعمر بن عبد العزيز قالا في هذه الآية: قد أفلح من تزكى «هو زكاة الفطر».

وقد أجمع علماء المسلمين على أن زكاة الفطر فرض قال الإمام ابن المنذر : .

وقد فرضت زكاة الفطر في السنة التي فرض فيها صيام رمضان قبل العيد، أي في السنة الثانية من الهجرة.

الحكمة من تشريعها

 جبر الخلل الواقع في الصوم، كما يجبر سجود السهو الخلل الواقع في الصلاة، قد يقع الصائم في شهر رمضان ببعض المخالفات التي تخدش كمال الصوم من لغو ورفث وصخب وسباب ونظر محرم. ودليل ذلك حديث ابن عباس  قال: .
 مواساة للفقراء والمساكين وتعميم الفرحة في يوم العيد لكل المسلمين والناس حتى لايبقى أحد يوم العيد محتاجًا إلى القوت والطعام. ولذلك قال رسول الله  ، وفي رواية ، أي إغناء الفقير يوم العيد عن السؤال.

شروط وجوبها
 الشرط الأول: الإسلام، فتجب على كل مسلم: حرٍّ أو عبدٍ، أو رجل أو امرأة، صغيرٍ أو كبيرٍ؛ لحديث ابن عمر  وفيه: . قال الإمام ابن قدامة : . ولا فطرة على الكافر الأصلي. أما المرتد ففطرته موقوفة، إن عاد إلى الإسلام وجبت عليه، وإلا فلا، وكذلك فطرة من على المرتد مؤنته. أما قريب الكافر المسلم فعلى الكافر فطرته كما عليه نفقته.
 الشرط الثاني: وجود الفضل عن مؤنته ومؤنة عياله في يوم العيد وليلته، وتشمل المؤنة القوت والمسكن وخادمًا يحتاج إليه، وثوبًا وقميصًا وسراويل وعمامة تليق به، وما يحتاج إليه من زيادة لبرد أو تجميل. ولا يشترط لزكاة الفطر أن تكون فاصلة عن دينه، إلا إذا كان يطلب به في الحال فيُقدم وفاء الدين عليها، ومن أعسر وقت وجوبها فلا زكاة عليه ولو أيسر بعده. وتجب صدقة الفطر على كل حر مسلم قادر على إخراجها في وقت وجوبها (سواء كانت موجودة عنده أو يمكنه اقتراضها مع رجاء الوفاء).
 الشرط الثالث: إدراك جزء من رمضان وجزء من شوال،  لقول ابن عمر : . فمن مات بعد غروب شمس ليلة العيد وجب إخراج زكاة الفطر عنه بخلاف من مات قبل الغروب. ومن ولد له ولد قبل غروب شمس ليلة العيد وجبت عليه فطرته، بخلاف من ولد بعد الغروب (ويسن إخراج زكاة الفطر عن الجنين).

ولا يشترط لوجوبها العقل ولا البلوغ ولا الغنى،  لما روى أبو داود بإسناده عن ثعلبة بن أبي صُعْير عن أبيه قال: قال رسول الله : .

ويشترط أن تكون زائدة عن قوت المكلف وقوت جميع من تلزمه نفقتهم في يوم العيد. ويجب أن يخرجها المكلف عن نفسه، وعن كل مسلم تلزمه نفقته من الأقارب كوالديه الفقيرين، وأولاده الذكور حتى يبلغ الحلم أو العاجزين عن الكسب ولو كانوا بالغين، والإناث حتى يتزوجن، وعن زوجته، وزوجة أبيه الفقير، وعن خادمه وخادم كل من هو ملزم بالنفقة عليه، وعن عبده ولو كان مكاتبًا. ومن كان عاجزًا عنها وقت وجوبها، ثم قدر عليها يوم العيد، فلا يجب عليه إخراجها وإنما يندب. كما يندب للمسافر الذي وجبت عليه صدقة الفطر أن يخرجها عن نفسه، إذا جرت عادة أهله على إخراجها عنه أثناء سفره؛ لاحتمال نسيانهم، وإلا فيجب عليه إخراجها عن نفسه.

ولا يشترط لزكاة الفطر أن تكون فاضلة عن دينه. ومن أعسر وقت وجوبها فلا زكاة عليه ولو أيسر بعده. وإذا كان الزوج معسرًا فلا فطرة عليه ولا على زوجته ولو كانت موسرة.

على من تجب
تجب الزكاة على الشخص نفسه، وعمن تلزمه نفقته من المسلمين،  إذ المعروف في قواعد الفقه أن: كل من تلزمه من المسلمين، تلزمه فطرته، لحديث ابن عمر : . فتجب على الرجل فطرة نفسه، وعن كل مسلم تلزمه نفقته من الأقارب كوالديه الفقيرين، وأولاده الذكور حتى يبلغ الحلم أو العاجزين عن الكسب ولو كانوا بالغين، والإناث حتى يتزوجن، وعن زوجته ولو كانت موسرة،  وزوجة أبيه الفقير، وعن خادمه وخادم كل من هو ملزم بالنفقة عليه، وعن عبده ولو كان مكاتبًا. وعن وزوجة عبده. أما من نصفه حر ففطرته عليه وعلى سيده. ومن تكفل بمؤنة شخص فلا تلزمه فطرته لأنه لا تلزمه نفقته. ومن وجبت فطرته على غيره فأخرجها عن نفسه بغير إذنه أجزأته، لأنه المخاطب بها ابتداءً والغير متحمل. ولا يلزم الأب بفطرة ابنه الراشد، أو فطرة الأجنبي، حتى لا يجوز إخراجهما عنهما إلا بإذنهما.

مقدار زكاة الفطر

مقدار الواجب في زكاة الفطر هو أن يخرج عن الفرد صاعا من تمر، أو من زبيب، أو صاعا من قمح أو من شعير أو من أرز، أو صاعا من أقط،  ونحو ذلك مما يعتبر قوتا يتقوت به، ويجزئ الدقيق إن كان يساوي الحب في الوزن، فإن لم يجد أحد هذه الأنواع أخرج ما يقوم مقامه من كل ما يصلح قوتًا من ذرة أو أرز أو عدس أو نحوه ذلك، ولا يجزئ الخبز لأنه خارج عن الكيل والإدِّخار، كما لا يجزئ إخراج حب معيب، أو مسوس، أو قديم تغير طعمه، لقوله تعالى: .

ولا يجوز إخراجها من قوت أدنى من المعتاد إنما يجزئ القوت الأعلى،  ولو لم يكن غالبًا، عن القوت الأدنى. وترتيب الأقوات من الأعلى إلى الأدنى كما يلي: البُر، السلت،  الشعير، الذرة، الأرز، الحمص، العدس، الفول، التمر، الزبيب، اللبن، الجبن، والمعتبر في غالب قوت البلد غالب قوت السنة لا غالب قوت وقت الإخراج.

ويخرج المكلف صدقة الفطر من غالب قوت أهل البلد، التي هي أحد الأصناف التسعة التالية: القمح، الشعير، السلت، الذرة، الدخن، الأرز، التمر، الزبيب، الأقط (لبن يابس أخرج زبده). ولا يجزئ إخراجها من غير غالب قوت البلد، إلا إذا كان أفضل كما لو غلب اقتيات الشعير فأخرج قمحًا. كما لا يجوز إخراجها من غير هذه الأصناف التسعة كالفول والعدس، إلا إذا اقتاته الناس وتركوا الأصناف التسعة المذكورة. وإذا أراد المكلف أن يخرج صدقته من اللحم اعتبر الشبع في الإخراج، فمثلًا إذا كان الصاع من القمح يشبع اثنين لو خُبِزَ، فيجب أن يخرج من اللحم ما يشبع اثنين.

ومقدارها صاع باتفاق المسلمين؛ والصاع خمسة أرطال وثلث بالعراقي، وقريب أربع حفنات بيدي رجل معتدل، وهو يساوي أربعة أمداد، والمد ملء كفي الإنسان المعتدل إذا ملأهما ومدّ يديه بهما، وبه سمي مدًّا، قال الفيروزآبادي: . ويقدر الصاع قرابة 3 كجم تقريبا، أي: أن مقدار الصاع ينقص عن 3 كجم، بنسب متفاوتة؛ لتفاوت التقديرات، لكن التقدير بالوزن تقريبي، والأصل في مقدار زكاة الفطر، كيلا بالصاع.

ولا يجوز إخراجها نقدًا في مذهب الإمام مالك بن أنس، والشافعي، وأحمد بن حنبل وأصحابهم، وهذا قول غالبية الأمة. قال الإمام ابن قدامة : . ويرى الحسن البصري وعطاء وعمر بن عبد العزيز وسفيان الثوري وأبي حنيفة وأصحابه بجواز إخراجها نقدًا. وقيل أنه يجوز إخراجها نقداً في حالة ما إذا كان إخراجها قيمة من النقود أو غيرها تترتب عليه مصلحة راجحة للفقير، وهو قول الشيخ ابن تيمية.

وقت زكاة الفطر

تجب زكاة الفطر بغروب الشمس من آخر يوم من شهر رمضان، والسنة إخراجها يوم عيد الفطر قبل صلاة العيد. ويجوز تعجيل إخراجها قبل العيد بيوم أو يومين وقد كان هذا فعل ابن عمر وغيره من الصحابة. ويقسم وقت أدائها إلى:
 وقت الجواز: يجوز إخراجها قبل يوم العيد بيوم أو يومين، لأن ابن عمر  ، ولا يجوز تعجيلها لأكثر من ذلك لأن الغرض منها إغناء الفقير يوم العيد، لما روى عبد الله بن عمر  أن رسول الله  قال: .
 وقت مسنون: قبل صلاة العيد لكف المحتاجين عن السؤال يوم العيد. ويندب إخراجها بعد فجر يوم العيد وقبل الذهاب لصلاة العيد.
 وقت مكروه: فيكره تأخيرها إلى آخر يوم العيد.
 وقت محرَّم: ويحرم تأخيرها عن يوم العيد بلا عذر. وإذا فات يوم العيد لزمه القضاء.

أفضل وقت لإخراجها قبل الخروج لصلاة عيد الفطر، ويجوز إخراجها بعد دخول شهر رمضان، ولا يجوز تقديمها عنه، ويكره تأخيرها عن صلاة العيد، لما روي عن ابن عباس  قال: . لكنها لا تسقط بالتأخير، ولو لم يؤدِّها ثبتت دَيْنًا في ذمته يجب عليه دفعها، ولو أخرها حتى مات؛ فإن دفعها الورثة أو غيرهم أجزأت وبرِئت ذمته، وإن أوصى بها تُخرج من الثلث.

هوامش

ملاحظات

مراجع

مصادر
 فقه العبادات على المذهب الشافعي
 فقه العبادات على المذهب الحنبلي
 فقه العبادات على المذهب الحنفي
 فقه العبادات على المذهب المالكي

رمضان
زكاة
مصطلحات إسلامية

زكاة الفطر


Der Rappenhof ist ein historisches Hofgut auf der Gemarkung der Stadt Weinsberg im Landkreis Heilbronn im nördlichen Baden-Württemberg.

Geografie
Der Rappenhof liegt knapp zwei Kilometer südöstlich der Ortsmitte von Weinsberg, umgeben von Weinbergen, am rechten Hang des Stadtseebachs auf dem flachen Nordfuß der Löwensteiner Berge. Das Hofgut erstreckt sich über die Fluren Gauch(s)berg und Rappenweide.

Geschichte

Frühe Besiedlung und Nutzung
1710 wird der Gauchsberg als Filial von Weinsberg mit 16 Einwohnern genannt; ob es schon eine frühere Besiedlung gegeben hat, ist unbekannt. Im 15. Jahrhundert ist dort Weinbau bezeugt, und im frühen 18. Jahrhundert wurde erneut ein Weinberg auf dem Gauchsberg angelegt, während die angrenzende Rappenweide längere Zeit brach lag. Um 1780 lag der Gauchsberg wüst.

Gründung des Rappenhofs 1782
Im Jahr 1782 besaß der vormalige Spitalpächter Kolb beide Fluren und gründete auf der Hügelkuppe ein Hofgut. Der Weinsberger Rat förderte den Bau mit der Lieferung von Eichenschwellen aus dem Stadtwald und gab dem Gut nach der Rappenweide den Namen Rappenhof. 1795 erwarb der Prestenecker Amtmann Friedrich Anns das Hofgut und erhielt das Weinsberger Bürgerrecht, war aus wirtschaftlichen Gründen jedoch bereits 20 Jahre später wieder zum Verkauf gezwungen.

Christliche Kolonie 1815/16

Als neuer Käufer trat 1815 ein Balthasar Wepfer aus Diessenhofen im Kanton Schaffhausen auf den Plan, der sich jedoch als Strohmann des Genfer Pastors Frédéric Fontaine entpuppte, der wiederum im Auftrag von Juliane von Krüdener handelte. Fontaine und Krüdener hatten zuvor auf dem Hofgut Katharinenplaisir bei Brackenheim eine die Apokalypse heraufbeschwörende "christliche Kolonie" gegründet und waren wegen ihrer Umtriebe 1809 aus Württemberg ausgewiesen worden. Der Kauf des Rappenhofs, auf dem Fontaine erneut die Apokalypse zu predigen begann und von dem aus Krüdener Kontakt zum russischen Zaren Alexander I. aufnahm, blieb daher auch strittig. Schließlich wurde Fontaine verhaftet und 1816 abermals ausgewiesen, woraufhin das inzwischen 107 Morgen umfassende Hofgut an die Stadt Weinsberg fiel. Die Besitzverhältnisse in den nachfolgenden Jahren sind nur lückenhaft bekannt.

Besitz der Fürsten von Hohenlohe-Bartenstein 1858–1876
1858 verkaufte eine Besitzergemeinschaft den Hof an die Fürsten von Hohenlohe-Bartenstein, die erfolglos eine Vereinigung des Hofes mit dem kurz zuvor bereits von ihnen erworbenen Hofgut Lehren anstrebten. Der erste hohenlohische Pächter, Friedrich Conrad Seefeld aus Löchgau, verstieß gegen den Pachtvertrag und musste 1867 den Hof verlassen. Unter dem zweiten hohenlohischen Pächter, Karl Friedrich Bürkle aus Schmieden bei Cannstatt, brannte der Hof am 20. Mai 1876 vollständig nieder. Die Fürsten von Hohenlohe-Bartenstein veräußerten das inzwischen über 152 Morgen umfassende Hofgut daraufhin an die Handelsleute Jonas Strauß aus Öhringen und Moses Maier aus Lehrensteinsfeld, die die Grundstücksflächen parzellieren und einzeln weiterverkaufen wollten, was am Widerstand des Weinsberger Stadtrats scheiterte.

Um 1900 besaß der Weinsberger Stadtschultheiß Seufferheld, Vater des Künstlers Heinrich Seufferheld, den Hof. Die abgebrannten Gebäude waren 1904 noch immer nicht wiederhergestellt worden.

Gaststättenbetrieb seit 1951
Über wechselnden Besitz erwarb die Familie Wurster aus Böckingen schließlich von 1927 bis 1929 das gesamte Hofgut, auf dem sich inzwischen wieder ein Wohnhaus und verschiedene Wirtschaftsgebäude befanden. Der Hof, der den Zweiten Weltkrieg unzerstört überdauert hat, wurde 1946/47 baulich bedeutend erweitert. 1951 wurde eine Gastwirtschaft eröffnet, die bis heute, inzwischen vielfach umgebaut und um ein Hotel erweitert, weiterhin von den Wurster-Nachfahren betrieben wird. Ein Gedenkzimmer erinnert an die Schriftstellerin Juliane von Krüdener.

Literatur

 Simon M. Haag: Zur Baugeschichte der Oberamtsstadt Weinsberg. Verlag Nachrichtenblatt der Stadt Weinsberg, Weinsberg 1995, ISBN 3-9802689-8-5, S. 221–225.
 Fritz-Peter Ostertag, Robert G. Koch: Burg und Stadt Weinsberg. Quellen und Zeugnisse ihrer Geschichte im Mittelalter. Dokumentation einer Ausstellung im Stauferjahr 1977. Stadt Weinsberg, Weinsberg 1977, S. 18.

Weblinks
 Website des Rappenhofs

Geographie (Weinsberg)
Ort im Landkreis Heilbronn
Krudener
Gegründet 1782

Rappenhof (Weinsberg)


Kongsbak ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Eva Kausche-Kongsbak (1918–2010), deutsche Malerin
 Käthe Kongsbak (1895–1975), deutsche Schriftstellerin

Kongsbak


Komasonerija (engl. Co-Freemasonry) je oblik slobodnog zidarstva koji prihvaća i muškarce i žene. Započeo je u Francuskoj 1890-ih godina formiranjem Le Droita Humaina, a danas je međunarodni pokret kojeg zastupa nekoliko komasonskih jurisdikcija diljem svijeta. Muške masonske lože ne priznaju komasoneriju smatrajući je neregularnom.

Organizacije

Le Droit Humain

Međunarodni red slobodnog zidarstva za muškarce i žene "Le Droit Humain" (fran. Ordre Maçonnique Mixte International "Le Droit Humain"; engl. International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women "Le Droit Humain") je osnovan 1893. godine u Parizu. Red je nastao iz vizije njegovog osnivača francuskog liječnika Georgesa Martina. Cilj stvaranja istinskog jedinstva među ljudima bilo je i ostalo do današnjeg dana glavna zadaća Reda, a plodovi te vizije vidljivi su iz rasprostranjenosti i veličine djelovanja našeg bratstva. Martin je unutar Reda integrirao stupnjeve plave lože sa stupnjevima Drevnog i prihvaćenog škotskog obreda, povezujući ih u zajedničku cjelinu. Istovremeno, ostavio je prostor za izvođenje svih ostalih obreda poput Yorčkog obreda i dr. Ovakav sveobuhvatni pristup svidio se slobodnim zidarima te u to doba Red raste s ložama u Francuskoj, Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu i Švicarskoj. Britanska Federacija je prva organizacija Reda osnovana izvan Francuske.

U skladu s liberalnim reformama Europe s kraja 19. stoljeća, poput pokreta za ženska prava, pojedini članovi nastoje uvesti žene u slobodno zidarstvo. Mnogima to ne polazi za rukom. Ipak, Georges Martin omogućava uvođenje žena te se 14. siječnja 1882. u Ložu "Les Libres Penseurs" u gradu Pecq zapadno od Pariza inicira Maria Deraismes. Ona postaje bitan dio skupine ljudi koji će kasnije osnovati Red u njegovom današnjem obliku. Nakon godinu dana, 4. travnja 1893. godine, zajedno s Martinom ona osnova Simboličku Veliku Ložu "Le Droit Humain".

Časni red univerzalne komasonerije
Časni red univerzalne komasonerije (engl. The Honorable Order of Universal Co-Masonry) je nekadašnja Američka federacija "Le Droit Humain" koja je odvojila od ovog međunarodnog reda 1994. godine kako bi postala samostalna obedijencija. Organizacija se pokušava "boriti protiv neznanja u svim njegovim oblicima" i djeluje "u slavu Božju i savršenstvo čovječanstva". Ovaj red je stvorio "masonsku upravu koja osigurava maksimalnu slobodu kompatibilnu s dobrovoljno prihvaćenom disciplinom i ustrojena je prema odredbama drevnih škola misterija, Škotskog obreda i Engleskog obreda". Organizacija je aktivna u Sjevernoj Americi, Južnoj Americi, Europi, Africi i Aziji.

Istočni red međunarodne komasonerije
Istočni red međunarodne komasonerije (engl. The Eastern Order of International Co-Freemasonry) je nastao iz Istočne federacije "Le Droit Humain" kada su lože ove federacije prekinule vezu sa središnjicom reda 2001. godine nakon sve veće zabrinutosti zbog degradacije Koncorda Annie Besant (Annie Besant Concord). Tako su se lože u Indiji, Novom Zelandu, dijelovima Sjedinjenih Država, Brazilu, Argentini, Kostariki, Portoriku, Španjolskoj i Francuskoj reformirane kao Istočni red međunarodne komasonerije, dok su lože u Velikoj Britaniji reformirane kao Velika loža slobodnog zidarstva za muškarce i žene (Grand Lodge of Freemasonry for Men and Women).

Komasonerijski red užarene zvijezde
Komasonerijski red užarene zvijezde (engl. The Co-Freemasonic Order of the Blazing Star) neovisni je red sa sjedištem u Engleskoj. Svoj glavni fokus vidi na njegovanju duhovnih i ezoteričnih aspekata slobodnog zidarstva te nudi istinski inicijacijski sustav obuke i razvoja 33 stupnja Drevnog i prihvaćenog škotskog obreda u službi čovječanstva i svijeta. Danas djeluje kroz dva različita načina rada u zanatskim stupnjevima, Obred sv. Mihovila i najvećim dijelom Obred sv. Germaina.

Priznanje komasonerije
Nijedna muška masonska velika loža u SAD-u formalno ne priznaje komasoneriju te nije dopušteno međusobno posjećivanje kao i druga masonska interakcija.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Le Droit Humain
 Universal Co-Masonry
 Le Droit Humain Hrvatska

Slobodno zidarstvo

Komasonerija


بلدية الزاوية أو (نقحرة: أدسوبيا) (بالإسبانية: Adsubia) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة لقنت التابعة لمنطقة بلنسية شرق إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية الزاوية 730 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني الإسباني للإحصاء).

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية أدسوبيا

أماكن ذات اسم عربي الأصل في شبه الجزيرة الإيبيرية
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة لقنت
بلديات لقنت
بلديات مقاطعة بلنسية

أدسوبيا