Flextime (also spelled flexitime (BE) or flex-time) is a flexible hours schedule that allows workers to alter their workday and decide/adjust their start and finish times. In contrast to traditional work arrangements that require employees to work a standard 9a.m. to 5p.m. day, flextime typically involves a "core" period of the day during which employees are required to be at work (e.g., between 11a.m. and 3p.m.), and a "bandwidth" period within which all required hours must be worked (e.g., between 5:30 a.m. and 7:30 p.m.). The working day outside of the "core" period is "flexible time", in which employees can choose when they work, subject to achieving total daily, weekly or monthly hours within the "bandwidth" period set by employers, and subject to the necessary work being done. The total working time required of employees on flextime schedules is the same as that required under traditional work schedules.

A flextime policy allows staff to determine when they will work, while a flexplace policy allows staff to determine where they will work. Advantages include allowing employees to coordinate their work hours with public transport schedules, with the schedules of their children, and with daily traffic patterns to avoid high congestion times such as rush hour. Some claim that flexible working will change the nature of the way we work. The idea of flextime was invented by Christel Kammerer and Wilhelm Haller. The World Health Organization and the International Labour Organization estimate that over 745,000 people die from ischemic heart disease or stroke annually worldwide because they have worked 55 hours or more per week, making long working hours the occupational hazard with the largest disease burden.

From practitioners' viewpoint
The industrial perspective of flexible working emphasizes the practical definition of flexibility. Employees being allowed to work from many different places as long as their level of production is maintained if not increased. Moreover, research reports gave quantitative interpretation backed by statistical evidences showing the changing attitude of organisations in different countries and especially the UK toward flexible working. For example, 50% of companies in the UK started to consider flexible working as a common practice and 73% of the managers in the survey showed an ultimate support to it. On the other hand, employees showed great preference to flexible working to the point that 40% of workers in the UK choose it over salary. Also, greater focus was put to explain the increased demand for such arrangements by both stakeholders which was clarified by their advantages of contributing to high quality of output results while creating the perfect working conditions for workers.

Additionally, as seen recently, most business organisations have started to introduce flexible working patterns for their employee as a way to increase their productivity level, increasing profitability. Flexible working is also seen as a family-friendly policy, which leads to a good work–life balance for employees. Some examples of organisations with flexible working arrangement include Agilent technologies, NetApp, Qualcomm Inc.

Flexible working arrangements may be a way for organisations to expand and increase their operations nationally and internationally at lower cost, in comparison to permanent or non-flexible working arrangements. While both employees and employers acknowledge the benefits of flexible working, drawbacks might include extra expenses and responsibilities the organization could incur in order to provide these arrangements and the decreased benefits offered to employee in accordance to their reduced working hours.

Empirical evidence
Flexible working was academically introduced in 1970 (Google Ngram Viewer) and since then this topic continues to be the interest of many research papers.

For four decades, academic papers have contributed to the increased knowledge and interest in flexible working. A descriptive background of the evolution of the concept of flexibility as well as highlighting the main factors contributed to its growth were the main focus of academic studies. Also, they deliver evidence of the significant amount and the ongoing increase in the use of flexible working in many countries.

Studies examining who gets access to flexitime have shown that it is the high skilled/educated workers, in higher occupational jobs, and supervisory roles that are most likely to have access. Unlike what many assume, women do not have better access to flexitime arrangements, and female-dominated workplaces have worse access to flexitime compared to workplaces where there are more men or equal number of men and women. Many studies examine the outcomes of flexible working. For example, a study by Origo and Pagani based on a sample of European countries, gave a deep analysis of the concept of flexible working by testing the level of heterogeneity in the effect of flexibility on job satisfaction and found some positive link with some aspects of the job while negative or no relation was found against other aspects. There is increasing evidence for the "business case" of flexible working. A meta analysis of studies have shown that flexible working can provide a wide range of benefits for companies, including increase in performance, productivity, and reduction in absenteeism etc.

Flexible working can both prevent and create opportunities. There is generally a positive relationship between flexible working and perceptions of job quality in term of work–life balance and helping to improve and control autonomy particularly for remote workers, but some factors such as opportunities for advancement will be negatively affected due to the variations on different dimensions of job quality. Flexible working has also been linked to increased recruitment and retention of workers. Chung and van der Horst have shown that the use of flexitime significantly reduces the likelihood of mothers decreasing their working hours after childbirth, and reduces the likelihood of first time mothers leaving their work altogether. Flexible employment is one of the vital factors in the European Union policy discourse. It is a means to reduce unemployment, increase economic and social cohesion, maintain economic competitiveness and enhance equal opportunities between women and men. However, flexible working is not without problems. Studies have also shown that flexible working can lead to an increase in overtime hours.

The European Commission
In 2017, the European Commission proposed the Directive on Work–Life Balance which includes the extension of the right to request flexible working arrangements (reduced working hours, flexible working hours and flexibility in place of work) to all working parents of children up to 12 and carers with dependent relatives. It also includes non legislative measures ensuring protection against discrimination and dismissal for parents (including pregnant women and workers coming back from a leave) and carers, and encouraging a gender-balanced use of family-related leaves and flexible working arrangements.

United Kingdom
Haller founded a company in the UK in 1971 and registered the trademark "Flextime", the mark remains the property of that company's successor hfx Ltd.
In spring 2003, 17.7% of men and 26.7% of women were employed with flexitime arrangements in the United Kingdom, (Office for National Statistics 2003). In the United Kingdom, flexitime working is commonplace in both the private and public sectors. The practice is often found in administrative and back office functions of commercial organisations and local councils.

In 2003, the UK Government introduced legislation that gave parents of children under 6, or the parents of disabled children under 18, the right in law to request a flexible working arrangement from their employer. A survey in 2005 by the National Office of Statistics showed that 71% of female workers and 60% of male workers were aware of the rights created under the 2003 legislation. Between 2003 and 2005 more than 14% of all workers had requested a change to flexible working. Since April 2007 the right to request flexible working also applies to carers of adults.

On 13 November 2012, Deputy Prime Minister Nick Clegg announced plans to extend the right to request flexible working to all employees, this legislation took effect in April 2014. Lawyers have suggested that this will lead to "major headaches" for employers.

Now being enforced by the law on 30 June 2014, industrial reports concentrate on workers' right to request for flexible working and how it is guided by Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS). They explained how this code is designed to help employers, employees and their representatives to deal with disciplinary and grievance situations in the workplace.

Shift workers are generally excluded from flextime schemes as are senior managers. Other groups of workers for whom flextime arrangements are rare include those who serve the public during specific opening times.

The advantages of Flextime for the individuals include a better work–life balance, fewer commutes, less fatigue, more days off, lower sickness rates. The benefits for the company include; better motivated workers, more efficient and effective operation, less fatigued workers, so fewer errors; they get people working overtime hours without paying overtime rates, fewer facilities required, and lower sickness rates.

For employers, flextime can aid the recruitment and retention of staff. It has been a particularly popular option in 2009 for employers trying to reduce staff costs without having to make redundancies during the recession. It can also help provide staff cover outside normal working hours and reduce the need for overtime. Additionally flextime can also improve the provision of equal opportunities to staff unable to work standard hours.

Flextime can give employees greater freedom to organize their working lives to suit personal needs. In addition, travelling can be cheaper and easier if it is out of peak time.

United States
In Florida, flextime workers, like salaried workers, are exempted from insurance regulations, and are given broad leeway in setting their own work schedule. Unlike exempted salaried workers, employers are still required to pay overtime to a flextime worker if they work more than 40 hours per week.

In recent years, the term "flextime" has acquired a more controversial definition when used to describe proposals to overhaul the nation's overtime regulations. Under one such proposal by the Bush administration made public on 5 August 2004, employers would not be required to pay non-exempt employees overtime for working more than 40 hours in a week so long as the employee works no more than 80 hours over a two-week period. For example, a worker could be required to work 70 hours one week and receive no overtime compensation as long as they work 10 hours or less the following week. Such arrangements are opposed by trade unions such as the AFL–CIO.

In certain industries and disciplines, such as information technology, flextime permits workers to vary their schedule. For example, they may opt to work  four 10-hour days per week, taking Monday or Friday off. Another flextime schedule is to work nine-hour days Monday through Thursday, an eight-hour day on Friday, taking every other Friday off -- the "9/80 work schedule".
Some agencies of the United States government allow employees to work such a schedule, and designate it as an alternative work schedule (AWS). Workers may arrange to coordinate their days off so that their responsibilities are adequately covered.

Other workers may opt simply to come in early, such as 5 or 6a.m., and leave in the mid-afternoon, or come in late and therefore leave late. One benefit of such a schedule is that commuting times occur outside of the congested rush hour traffic within a given geographic region. Flextime arrangements also help parents: one parent works 10a.m. – 6p.m. and is in charge of the children before school / daycare, while the other parent works 7a.m. – 3p.m. and is in charge of the children after school / daycare. This allows parents time to commute. Flextime is also beneficial to workers pursuing an education.

Australia
Flexi-time in Australia is usually referred to accumulated overtime hours that an employee can build up and exchange for the equivalent amount of time off. (Example: Jane works 7a.m. – 3p.m. Monday to Friday. Over the past month, Jane has worked 8 hours overtime meaning she is eligible for a paid day off.)

If employees accumulate too many flex hours, they are required to perform a "flex burndown", as they are burning down the flex. Similarly, taking a flex day off is known as "flexing off".

It is implemented formally in the federal Australian Public Service and is available for staff in most state and territory government departments. With current changes to industrial relations laws (2006), from State to Federal level there are no new published guidelines (online) for flexi-time.

Recording working
There are many different methods used for recording working time ranging from sophisticated software (computer programs) to handwritten time sheets. Most of these methods are associated with the payment of wages in return for hours worked. As a result, they often do not address a fundamental difference of most flexible working systems – namely the intention of flexible working to allow an employee to "trade hours" with their employer in return for a fixed wage.

Millennials
"Millennial" is the name most commonly used to describe those born between 1980 and 2000. As the right to request for flexible working is extended to all by law, many benefits are expected to rise. With Millennials becoming the interest of many organisations, flexible working seems to attract them. As ethnic diversity and high level of education are their main characteristics, it is seen that Millennials are more likely to change their jobs more than the previous generation for economic reasons. Additionally, due to the delay in the retirement of baby boomers' generation, gaps in workforce were created, waiting for the Millennial generation to fill them.

Advantages and criticisms

Flexible working is a pattern of working arrangements that enable employees to decide the time, duration, and location of their work. Flexible working patterns have gained the interest of both academics and industrial practitioners for some time, with implementation into law in certain countries as far back as 1930, but also in recent years. Existing literature highlights the fundamental importance of flexible working to both academics and organizations as a means of establishing a good work–life balance for employees; work–life balance for employees is theorized to increase employee efficiency, which in turns leads to increase in productivity of the organisation. This would also be suggested from research on the decreasing returns of working hours.

Academic literature has identified benefits of flexible working patterns to employees including life satisfaction, better wellbeing, a good work–life balance, and health benefits but some researchers argue that although there are such benefits, there are some negative effect such as work intensity, job insecurity associated with flexible working arrangement. Research works such as Evans et al., (2000) also highlight that flexible working pattern may not be applicable to all occupational fields, the authors also heighted the medical profession as one of such fields. A further critique is that some patterns of work deemed "flexible" such as a compressed work week may be put forward by the employer, rather than suiting the individual employee, and thus may not capture the same benefits as employee-chosen flexible working.

Industrial sources also have been able to highlight one of the positive effects of flexible working patterns as being able to attract highly qualified professionals, but Brookins established some negative effects flexible working patterns had to employers as it adds expenses and responsibility on the organisation, negative availability perspectives of employees on the customers, and employee availability.

Both academics and industrial sources were established that in some professions flexible working arrangement may not be available or its availability will have a negative perspective on employees by others with a non-flexible arrangement, example of such profession is the medical profession. The researcher done by Evans et al., (2000) on flexible working patterns in the medical profession emphasized how some medical doctors may attributes negative perception with colleagues with flexible working pattern. In 1930, Employees in the United Kingdom were given the right to request for flexible working arrangement, but there was no instructions or guideline on the way for this would work. Flexible working concept is also a relatively new form of working arrangement and this has limited its application in other parts of the world such as some region in Africa.

Flexible working patterns is a working arrangement that enable employees to determine the duration, time and location of their work. It has been seen both by academics and industrial sources to have benefit sure as increase of work–life balance for employee, which in turns leads to increase in productivity for the employer or organisation. Organisations hoping to adopt this form of working pattern for its employee should conduct research on how flexible working pattern can be successfully conducted, thus avoiding some of the expenses and pitfalls existing research has linked to flexible working practices.

Flexible working time accounts
Flexible working time accounts is also known as deposited working-time accounts or work bank account system. It is derived from the German Federal Labor Government's reform program, which was passed by the German Federal Government on 21 August 2002. Then Federal Chancellor, Gerhard Schröder, announced that the program will invite the former director of human resources management of Volkswagen company, Peter Hartz, chaired the Labour Market Reform Committee. This program's goal is to make the rigidity of the labor system more flexible and to change the old social welfare policy, in order to lighten heavy financial burden.

Definitions
The concept of flexible working time accounts is to establish labor-self accounts, and labors can save their working hours, just like saving money, into their own accounts. The working hours in their accounts are their assets, so that employers and workers both sides can increase or decrease the work required by each other without affecting the salaries and welfare. While achieving the purpose of flexible labor, and the account-system may be short-term, long or permanent (life-time) of the convention.

Characteristics
Flexible working time accounts system has the following four characteristics
 Flexible working time accounts shall be calculated for at least the period of one year.
 The calculation of long-term account system is usually based on time and money, occasionally there may be passed on from other labors' accounts, the situation is only applicable to short-term working time.
 When using long-term working time accounts, there are two features can be used to classify:
 Optional long-term accounts  Most using of optional long-term accounts occur in the period that labors are still holding a post in their own company, labors can withdraw from accounts after negotiating between employers and labors, usually due to labors'personally needs.
 Aged-related long-term accounts  Aged-related long-term accounts can be used when labors'career get mature, preparing of early retirement. semi-retirement, or preparation of retirement.
 Unlike the short-term account system, there is the lowest limit standard of withdrawing hours, however, the setting of standard is according to different demand of labors.

See also
 Effects of overtime
 Equal employment opportunity
 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (United States)
 Four-day workweek
 Labour economics
 Labour market flexibility
 Office for National Statistics (UK)
 Remote work
 Time clock

References

External links

 Advisory Conciliation and Arbitration Service (2006) 'Flexible working hours'

 The Legalities of Flextime

Working time
Human resource management
Labor history
Work–life balance

Flextime


Les Dictyoneidales sont un ordre de diatomées, de la classe des Bacillariophyceae et de la sous-classe des Bacillariophycidae.

Systématique
L'ordre des Dictyoneidales a été créé en 1990 par le phycologue britannique  (1953-).

Description

Distribution

Liste des familles
Selon  :
 Dictyoneidaceae D.G.Mann

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ordre d'algues (nom scientifique)
Bacillariophyta

Dictyoneidales


Bob Baker ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Bob Baker (Schauspieler) (1910–1975), US-amerikanischer Schauspieler und Countrysänger
 Bob Baker (Boxer) (1926–2002), US-amerikanischer Boxer
 Bob Baker (Drehbuchautor) (1939–2021), britischer Drehbuchautor

Bob Baker


Therian may refer to:

 In taxonomy, a member of the mammalian subclass Theria, consisting of marsupial and placental mammals
 A member of the contemporary subculture of therianthropy, based on a spiritual or psychological identification, or both, with animals

See also
Therion (disambiguation)

Therian


L'hexafluorure d'osmium, ou fluorure d'osmium(), est un composé chimique de formule . Il se présente sous la forme d'un solide jaune cristallisé dans le système orthorhombique selon le groupe d'espace Pnma () avec les paramètres cristallins , ,  et quatre atomes d'osmium par maille cristalline donnant une masse volumique calculée de . Il fond à  et bout à . La molécule  a une symétrie O correspondant à une géométrie ocatédrique, avec des liaisons Os–F longues de .

On peut obtenir l'hexafluorure d'osmium en faisant réagir de l'osmium avec un excès de fluor  à  :
Os + 3  ⟶ .

Notes et références

Composé de l'osmium
Osmium

Hexafluorure d'osmium


Gabriele D'Annunzio, fursti af Montenevoso (12. mars 1863 – 1. mars 1938) var ítalskt skáld, blaðamaður, stjórnmálamaður og rithöfundur. Hann var áberandi í ítölsku bókmenntalífi frá 1889 til 1910 og síðar í ítölskum stjórnmálum frá 1914 til 1924. Verk hans sóru sig í ætt við svokallaða hnignunarstefnu (ítalska: Decadentismo).

D'Annunzio var meðal hvatamanna að baki inngöngu Ítalíu í fyrri heimsstyrjöldina við hlið bandamanna og barðist sjálfur í stríðinu sem herflugmaður. Hann tók þátt í nokkrum frægum hernaðaraðgerðum, meðal annars flugi yfir Vínarborg þar sem ítalskar herflugvélar vörpuðu áróðursbæklingum til Austurríkismanna. Að stríði loknu var D'Annunzio, líkt og margir ítalskir þjóðernissinnar, afar óánægður með skilmála Versalasamningsins, sem heimilaði Ítölum ekki að innlima mörg landsvæði sem þeir ásældust. Reiðin yfir þessum "limlesta sigri" Ítala í styrjöldinni leiddi til þess að D'Annunzio og stuðningsmenn hans hertóku árið 1919 borgina Fiume (nú Rijeka í Króatíu) í von um að þvinga ríkisstjórn Ítalíu til að innlima hana. D'Annunzio réð yfir Fiume sem sjálfstæðu borgríki í rúmt ár með titlunum Duce og Commandante en neyddist til að láta af völdum í september 1920 þegar ítalski herinn endurheimti borgina og skilaði henni til Júgóslavíu.

D'Annunzio er gjarnan álitinn undanfari ítalsks fasisma. Hugmyndafræði hans og stílbrögð höfðu djúpstæð áhrif á Benito Mussolini og Fasistaflokkinn og stjórnarfar hans í Fiume varð fasistastjórn Ítalíu síðar um margt að fyrirmynd.

Æviágrip
Gabriele D'Annunzio fæddist þann 12. mars 1863 í smábænum Pescara við Adríahafið. Faðir hans hafði um tíma verið bæjarstjóri í Pescara og bæjarfulltrúi í öðrum nærliggjandi bæ, Francavilla al Mare. Faðir Gabrieles kostaði hann til mennta og greiddi árið 1878 fyrir prentun á fyrsta útgefna ljóði sonar síns, sem var lofkvæði um Úmbertó konung. Næsta ár prentaði faðir Gabrieles útgáfu fyrstu ljóðabókar hans undir titlinum Primo vere.

Verk D'Annunzio einkenndust af ögrandi lýsingum af lastahneigð manna og glæpsamlegu athæfi, algyðishyggju, sjálfsdýrkun og andúð á meðalmennsku. Ritstíll D'Annunzio varð umdeildur og margumræddur í bókmenntaheiminum, sér í lagi eftir að hann hóf að semja skáldsögur. Þrátt fyrir að verk hans væru umdeild nutu þau mikilla vinsælda hjá ítalskri alþýðu og D'Annunzio efnaðist vel á ritstörfum sínum.

Árið 1910 glataði D'Annunzio landsetri sínu nálægt Flórens, Cappocina, í hendur skuldunauta sinna og flutti til Frakklands. Hann gaf út verk bæði á ítölsku og frönsku næstu árin. D'Annunzio var enn staddur í Frakklandi þegar fyrri heimsstyrjöldin hófst árið 1914 og hann varð fljótt talsmaður þess að Ítalir skyldu ganga inn í styrjöldina við hlið bandamanna, hvað sem leið fyrri bandalagssamningum Ítala við Miðveldin. D'Annunzio var fylgjandi því að Ítalir beittu hervaldi til þess að þenja út landamæri sín og skapa stærra ríki fyrir allt fólk af ítölsku þjóðerni.

Fyrri heimsstyrjöldin
Þegar D'Annunzio sneri heim til Ítalíu átti stríðsæsingur hans á móti Austurríki stóran þátt í því að Ítalir ákváðu að rifta bandalagi sínu við Miðveldin og gengu inn í styrjöldina ásamt bandamönnum. D'Annunzio gekk í ítalska herinn sem riddaraliðsforingi en bað síðan um að vera fluttur í fótgöngulið þar sem riddaraliðin gátu ekki tekið virkan þátt í æ vélvæddari hernaði styrjaldarinnar. Hann tók þátt í skotgrafahernaði á Karst-sléttunni en færði sig síðan yfir í sjóherinn. Þar stóð hann fyrir kafbátaárásum á skipahöfn Miðveldanna í Pula. Loks færði D'Annunzio sig yfir í flugherinn og tók þátt í frægu flugi yfir Vínarborg þar sem ítalskar herflugvélar vörpuðu áróðursbæklingum með texta eftir D'Annunzio yfir borgarbúa.

D'Annunzio missti sjón á hægra auga í styrjöldinni og særðist illa á höku. Eftir að styrjöldinni lauk varð D'Annunzio talsmaður hreyfingar þeirra sem töldu að ítalska þjóðin hefði verið svívirt við samningu friðarskilmálanna þar sem landið fékk ekki að innlima mikið af því landsvæði sem ítalskir þjóðernissinnar töldu að Ítalía ætti með réttu. D'Annunzio gaf út ádeiluritið Contro uno e contro tutti (ís. Gegn einum sem öllum), sem kynti undir þjóðernisæsingi gegn friðarskilmálunum.

Hernámið í Fiume og þróun fasismans

Árið 1919 hertóku D'Annunzio og hópur sjálfboðaliða sem studdu hann borgina Fiume (nú Rijeka í Króatíu), sem margir Ítalar höfðu viljað innlima í styrjöldinni en hafði orðið hluti af Konungsríkinu Júgóslavíu við stríðslok. D'Annunzio fór með einræðisvald í Fiume í fimmtán mánuði áður en ítalska stjórnin beitti valdi til að reka hann þaðan í samræmi við Rapallo-sáttmálann sem Ítalía hafði gert við bandamenn. Þrátt fyrir endalok hernámsins hafði D'Annunzio haft þau áhrif að árið 1924 var fallist á að veita ítalska konungsríkinu yfirráð yfir Fiume á ný.

Á meðan D'Annunzio réð yfir Fiume þróaði hann stjórnaraðferðir sem áttu eftir að verða ein af fyrirmyndum ítalsks fasisma. D'Annunzio notaði fasískt skipulag og starfsaðferðir gagnvart hermönnum sínum, notaði rómverskar kveðjur, svartar skyrtur og húfur sem áttu eftir að vera hluti af einkennisklæðnaði fasista. Árið 1922 sagðist D'Annunzio ætla sér að "taka Róm" ásamt stuðningsmönnum sínum en að endingu varð Benito Mussolini, sem hafði byggt upp fasíska þjóðernishreyfingu á svipuðum hugmyndum og D'Annunzio hafði þróað, fyrri til að ræna völdum með göngunni til Rómar í október 1922.

Eftir styrjöldina var D'Annunzio sæmdur aðalstitlinum fursti af Montenevoso. Furstatitill hans var kenndur við fjall á nýjum austanverðum landamærum Ítalíu sem er nú í Slóveníu. Eftir hernámið í Fiume hætti D'Annunzio að mestu afskiptum af ítölskum stjórnmálum og dró sig til hlés á landareign sinni í Gargnacco við Garda-vatn, þar sem ítalska ríkið gaf honum höllina Il Vittoriale. D'Annunzio tilkynnti nokkrum sinnum að hann hygðist snúa aftur á svið ítalskra stjórnmála en Mussolini gerði sitt besta til að einangra D'Annunzio til þess að hann gæti ekki orðið honum keppinautur. Eftir að Mussolini komst til valda veitti hann D'Annunzio háa styrki og ýmsar ívilnanir til þess að rithöfundinn vanhagaði ekki um neitt á setri sínu í Gargnacco. Mussolini fór stundum í heimsóknir til D'Annunzio til að heiðra hann þar til D'Annunzio lést árið 1938.

Tilvísanir

Ítalskir blaðamenn
Ítalskir byltingarmenn
Ítalskir fasistar
Ítalskir furstar
Ítalskir herflugmenn
Ítalskir hertogar
Ítalskir rithöfundar
Ítölsk skáld
Ítalskir stjórnmálamenn

Gabriele D'Annunzio


Hermann-Josef Tebroke (* 19. Januar 1964 in Rhede, Westfalen) ist ein deutscher Betriebswirt und Politiker der CDU.

Ausbildung
Tebroke wuchs in Bocholt-Stenern im westlichen Münsterland auf. Dort ging er von 1970 bis 1974 in die Liebfrauen-Grundschule. Von 1974 bis 1983 besuchte er das private St. Josef-Gymnasium der Kapuziner in Bocholt, an dem er die Allgemeine Hochschulreife erwarb. 1983–1988 belegte er ein Studium der Betriebswirtschaftslehre an der Universität Münster mit dem Abschluss als Diplom-Kaufmann. Von 1986 bis 1987 war er als studentische Hilfskraft am Lehrstuhl für Finanzierung der Universität Münster beschäftigt.

Beruf
Von 1988 bis 1992 war Tebroke Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Lehrstuhl für Finanzierung der Universität Münster. Dort wurde er zum Dr. rer. pol. mit einer Dissertation zum Thema "Größe und Fusionserfolg von Genossenschaftsbanken" promoviert.
1992 bis 1998 arbeitete er als Wissenschaftlicher Assistent an der Universität Münster am Lehrstuhl für Finanzierung und an der Universität Augsburg am Lehrstuhl für Finanz- und Bankwirtschaft.
Hier schloss er seine Ausbildung mit dem Dr. rer. pol habil. mit einer Arbeit zum Thema: "Maßgrößen und Einflussfaktoren der Performance von Kreditinstituten" ab.
Von 1998 bis 1999 hatte er Lehraufträge und Lehrstuhlvertretungen an den Universitäten in Augsburg, Essen und Münster. Eine Professur für Allgemeine Betriebswirtschaftslehre an der HWP/Hamburger Universität für Wirtschaft und Politik folgte 1999 bis 2001. Im Anschluss hatte er bis 2004 die Professur für Betriebswirtschaftslehre, insbesondere Finanzwirtschaft und Bankbetriebslehre an der Universität Bayreuth inne.

Politik
Hermann-Josef Tebroke wurde 2004 zum hauptamtlichen Bürgermeister von Lindlar im Oberbergischen Kreis gewählt. Bei seiner Wahl konnte er 60 Prozent der Stimmen auf sich vereinigen. Seit 2004 ist er auch Mitglied der CDU. 2009 gewann er die Wiederwahl mit über 80 Prozent der Stimmen.

Am 20. November 2011 wurde Tebroke zum Landrat des Rheinisch-Bergischen Kreises gewählt. Bei seiner Wahl erhielt er 50,91 % der Stimmen. Am 1. Januar 2012 trat er sein Amt an, für das er bis Ende 2017 gewählt war.

Am 24. September 2017 trat er als Kandidat der CDU für den Wahlkreis Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis zur Bundestagswahl 2017 an. Mit 40 % der Erststimmen wurde er als Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages direkt gewählt. Damit wurde er Nachfolger von Wolfgang Bosbach. Infolgedessen gab er sein Amt als Landrat im Oktober 2017 auf. Im 19. Deutschen Bundestag ist Tebroke ordentliches Mitglied im Finanzausschuss. Darüber hinaus gehört er als stellvertretendes Mitglied dem Ausschuss für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, als auch dem Ausschuss für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur an.

Mitgliedschaften

 Vorsitzender des Katholischen Arbeitskreis für Familienerholung e.V. und der Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Familienerholung
 Leiter des katholischen Verbands ND – Christsein.heute und Vorsitzender des ND-KMF e. V.
 Arbeitsgemeinschaft Kommunalpolitik der CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion
 Parlamentskreis Mittelstand der CDU/CSU-Bundestagsfraktion
 Ordentliches Mitglied im Ausschuss für Finanzen
 Stellvertretendes Mitglied im Ausschuss für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend
 Stellvertretendes Mitglied im Ausschuss für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur

Persönliches
Tebroke ist katholisch, verheiratet und hat vier Kinder, eine Tochter und drei Söhne. Er wohnt in Lindlar.

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Website von Hermann-Josef Tebroke

 Porträt: Hermann-Josef Tebroke (CDU) beim Bürgerportal Bergisch Gladbach

Bundestagsabgeordneter (Nordrhein-Westfalen)
Bürgermeister (Oberbergischer Kreis)
Landrat (Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis)
Ökonom (20. Jahrhundert)
Ökonom (21. Jahrhundert)
Hochschullehrer (HWP Hamburg)
Hochschullehrer (Universität Bayreuth)
Person (Lindlar)
CDU-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1964
Mann

Hermann-Josef Tebroke


Apteeker Melchior (tradução literal: Apotecário Melchior) é um filme de mistério histórico estónio de 2022, baseado nos romances de Indrek Hargla. O filme centra-se no boticário Melchior Wakenstede, que resolve crimes na Tallinn medieval. O filme é dirigido por Elmo Nüganen e é a primeira parte de uma trilogia, cujo segundo filme, Apteeker Melchior. Viirastus (Boticário Melchior. Viralidade) foi lançado em agosto e a terceira em outubro, tornando-se a primeira vez na história do cinema da Estónia onde uma trilogia inteira vai estrear dentro de um único ano.

O filme foi feito através de uma cooperação entre a Estónia, Alemanha, Letónia e Lituânia.

Produção
O filme estava inicialmente programado para estrear em outubro de 2021, mas foi adiado para 15 de abril de 2022 devido à Pandemia de COVID-19.

Os locais de filmagem em Tallinn incluíram o Mosteiro de Santa Catarina, o Jardim do Rei Dinamarquês, a Praça da Câmara Municipal e a rua Pikk Jalg. Algumas cenas também foram filmadas no Castelo de Kuressaare.

O filme é um dos mais bem-sucedidos da história do cinema estónio, com 125 500 espetadores no cinema até 31 de agosto de 2022. É um dos 11 filmes estónios a receber mais de 100 mil espetadores no cinema desde que a Estónia recuperou a independência, em 1991. O filme recebeu um lançamento limitado em Vantaa, Finlândia, com o produtor Veiko Esken citando a resposta como positiva e planeando exibir as sequências em Vantaa também.

O sucesso do filme fez com que o diretor Elmo Nüganen revelasse que a trilogia seria vendida internacionalmente como uma minissérie de seis partes, para além de ter sido vendida à Global Screen, para transmissão internacional.

Elenco
 Märten Metsaviir - Melchior Wakenstede
 Alo Kõrve - Wentzel Dorn
 Maarja Johanna Mägi - Keterlyn Kordt
 Siim Kelner - Clingenstain
 Ken Rüütel - Hinric, o monge
 Marko Matvere - Spanheim
 Martin Kork - Martin
 Mait Malmsten - Rode
 Kristjan Sarv - Rinus
 Andero Ermel - Freisinck
 Franz Malmsten - Kilian
 Henessi Schmidt - Hedwig
 Hendrik Toompere Jr. - Casendrope
 Jaan Pehk - Ditmar
 Gatis Gaga - Ludeke
 Liis Maria Kaabel - Valge Akrobaat
 Loora-Eliise Kaarelson - Rapariga no tribunal
 Amanda Hermiine Künnapas - Serva

Galeria

Ligações externas

Filmes da Estônia
Filmes da Estônia de 2022
Filmes de drama da década de 2020

Apteeker Melchior


Le canal palato-vaginal (ou canal pharyngien ou canal ptérygo-palatin ou conduit ptérygo-palatin) est un canal osseux formé par le sillon palato-vaginal de la face inférieure du processus vaginal de l'os sphénoïde fermé par le processus vaginal de l'os palatin.

Description
Le canal palato-vaginal relie le nasopharynx à la fosse ptérygo-palatine.

Dans la cavité nasale, son ouverture est située près du bord latéral de l'aile du vomer, à la racine du processus ptérygoïde entre le canal ptérygoïdien et le canal sphéno-vomérien.

L'autre ouverture se situe en bas et en arrière de la fosse ptérygo-palatine.

Contenu
Le canal palato-vaginal livre passage au rameau pharyngien du ganglion ptérygopalatin et à l'artère ptérygo-palatine.

Notes et références

Crâne

Canal palato-vaginal


هو فيلم مصري تم إنتاجه عام 1993م. الفيلم من إنتاج شركه مصر العالمية للأفلام والقصة والسيناريو والإخراج ليسري نصر الله. يناقش الفيلم عده قضايا منها التغيرات السياسية والإدمان وتجاره المخدرات والتطرف الديني والفساد.

ملخص الفيلم
يدور الفيلم حول نوبي (زكي فطين عبد الوهاب) وهو رجل من عائله ثريه ولكنه ذو الميول اشتراكيه.عندما يتقرب نوبي من عائلته الثرية يدرك أن منهم من يتاجر في المخدرات وتجاره الأطفال والفاسدين. يكتشف نوبي انه هو نفسه نتيجه لعلاقه سريه بين امه ورده (يسرا) وديبلوماسي كيني. عندما يموت ابيه الغير شرعي يرث نوبي ثوره طائله قرر ان يهبها الي الحزب الاشتراكي ثم تفاجئه امه بان له أخ غير شقيق من علاقه اخري. يقرر نوبي البحث عن هذا الاخ جمال (مجدي كامل) الذي عثر عليه في دور سينما درجه ثالثه تعرض فيلم بئر الحرمان باستمرار عائشا حياه بوهيميه مع صديقه اشرف (باسم سمره) وهي علاقه حب يعيشونها في حريه وبساطه ما بين الإدمان والمثلية الجنسية وهوس تشجيع المنتخب الوطني في كاس العالم. في أثناء بحثه تعرف نوبي علي راقصه من القلعة تدعي عفيفه (يسرا) تشبه امه الي حد التطابق تخشي الرجال كثيرا لذلك ترقص دائما من وراء ستار يحجبها عن عيونهم. وقع في حبها ووجد عندها ما فقده من امه. وجد نوبي ان اخوه لا يبالي بالورث وانه يريد ان يستمر في حياته كما هي مع اشرف في حريه وصدق بلا أي تعقيدات.و لكن لم تتكمل فرحته فحين حاولت عمة نوبي رئيفه بان تقتل جمال بصدمه بسيارتها المرسيدس انقذه اشرف صديقه بدفعه بعيدا لتصدمه العربية بدلا من جمال. قرر نوبي ان يقتل عمته رئيفه قبل أن تقتل هي اخوه وفي هذه الأثناء افترق نوبي وعفيفه بعد قصه حب حقيقيه. عندما فتح نوبي شقه عمته وجد ان احدي اقاربه قد سبقته وقتلتها بوضع سم في الاكل وقتلت نفسها. عاد نوبي ليبحث عن عفيفه التي تبحث هي عنه بدورها. ذهب نوبي الي عرافه (عبله كامل) وهي صاحبه عفيفه ليساله اين هي وما ان كان سيقابلها ام لا، قالت انه سيقابلها وانه سيجد اخوه مره اخري وان فيه ناس كتير حتموت. وفعلا تحقق كلامها ففي أثناء تجول نوبي في وسط البلد وجد عفيفه ثم اخوه وهو يجري من رصاصات بوليس طائشه تطارد أحد أعضاء الجماعات الدينية المتطرفة ويحدث تفجيرات كثيره ويموت الكثير.

أبطال العمل

 زكى فطين عبد الوهاب (نوبي)
 يسرا (ورده\عفيفه)
 تميم عبده
 تحية كاريوكا
 منى البطراوى
 عبلة كامل
 سيف عبد الرحمن
 مجدي كامل (جمال)
 باسم سمرة

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أفلام تحية كاريوكا
أفلام عبلة كامل
أفلام عن راقصات
أفلام مصرية إنتاج 1993
أفلام مصرية فوق 18 سنة
أفلام مصرية متعلقة بإل جي بي تي
أفلام يسرا

مرسيدس (فيلم)


The Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9 (marketed in North America as simply the 6.9) is the high-performance version of the W116 S-Class saloon. It was based on the long-wheelbase version of W116 chassis introduced in 1972 and equipped with Mercedes-Benz M100 V8 engine and full hydropneumatic suspension system. The 450SEL 6.9 was presented to the public at the Geneva Auto Show in 1974 as the successor to the original high-performance saloon from Mercedes-Benz, the 300SEL 6.3 (1968–1972). Like the 300SEL 6.3 before it, the special displacement number (6.9) was affixed to the trunk lid to differentiate itself from the 450SEL. The 450SEL 6.9 was produced in a very limited number from 1975 to 1981.

The 450SEL 6.9 had the first full four-wheel hydropneumatic suspension system from Mercedes-Benz and was the world's first passenger car to be fitted with a modern form of ABS, an electronic four-wheel multi-channel anti-lock braking system from Bosch, in 1978.

For several years, the 450SEL 6.9 was the quickest-accelerating and fastest European saloon, reaching  in 7.4 seconds and  top speed.

The total production from 1975 to 1980 was 7,380 units with 1,816 exported to the North American markets (United States and Canada) from 1977 to 1981.

M100 engine
The 6.3-litre M100 V8 engine, originally fitted to 600 and 300SEL 6.3, was enlarged to 6.8 litres (6,834 cubic centimetres or 417 cubic inches) by boring out to 107 mm. The stricter emission regulations in the mid-1970s necessitated the larger displacement as to compensate for the lowered output. The fuel injection system was upgraded to the third-generation mechanically controlled, continuous-injection system Bosch K-Jetronic.

Due to its sheer size, the engineers fitted the dry sump oil lubrication system as to lower the engine height and preserve the low hood line. The dry sump system had larger capacity at 12 litres rather than 5 litres for the wet sump system fitted to the smaller M116 and M117 V8 engines. The dipstick was moved from the engine block to the oil tank's filler cap. The larger oil capacity extended the oil change interval to 20,000 km (12,500 miles).

For the European and international markets, the M100 engine produced  at 4,250 rpm and  at 3,000 rpm. The 450SEL 6.9 for the North American markets had the reduced output and compression ratio (8.0:1 instead of 8.8:1) and was fitted with catalysator that required lead-free petrol:  at 4,000 rpm and  at 2,500 rpm. The 450SEL 6.9 sold in Australia had slightly reduced output due to Australia's new 1977 emission regulations:  at 4,200 rpm and  at 2,800 rpm.

During its entire production run, the engine displacement of 6.8 litres was the largest V8 engine ever built by Mercedes-Benz and by European manufacturer after the Second World War.

Suspension
The full hydropneumatic self-levelling suspension system from Mercedes-Benz was first introduced in 450SEL 6.9 as a standard equipment. The other W116 models used the hydropneumatic system for the rear suspension only as level control under heavy load (Option No. 48/0, "Niveauregulierung"). The full system was exclusive to 450SEL 6.9 until 1981 when the next generation, HPF II, was offered as an extra-cost option for W126 380SEL and 500SEL. The 600 and W109 used the air suspension for self-levelling.

The Mercedes-Benz system differentiated from Citroën system, introduced in 1954, in some ways. Mercedes-Benz used the timing chain to drive the hydraulic pump instead of rubber belt in Citroën system. Citroën system used a single pump to send the vegetable oil (and later mineral oil) to the brake boost, power steering, power clutch (when equipped with semi-automatic transmission), and hydropneumatic suspension system. Mercedes-Benz system had the separate pumps for brake boost, power steering, and hydropneumatic suspension, citing the better failsafe measures than Citroën in the event of a hydraulic failure. The Mercedes-Benz system contained the hard rubber dampers that served as temporary springs and allowed the car to be driven if the hydraulic pump or components failed. Both manufacturers had different approaches when the cars were parked and switched off. Citroën lowered themselves closer to the ground while Mercedes-Benz did not. Mercedes-Benz suspension system has the feature that maintains body level without squatting at the rear or diving in the front during the acceleration and braking respectively.

North American market

Initially, Mercedes-Benz did not plan on selling the 450SEL 6.9 in the United States given the oil crisis that hit the Americans very hard and increasingly tightening emission regulations. Mercedes-Benz had difficulties in meeting the European demand. However, the strong requests from the customers and dealers reversed the decision.

In the North American market, the 450SEL 6.9 was called simply the 6.9 and featured the model name on the right side of the trunk lid. The retail price was more than $38,230 ($177,554 adjusted for 2021) for the 1977 model year and increased to $52,995 ($185,071) at the end of production in 1980.

The 6.9 was fitted with four  sealed beam 5.75" round capsule headlights with bezels and larger impact absorbing bumpers that lengthened the car by 11 inches. Due to the US FMVSS bumper standard, the variable height suspension was disabled, and the height adjustment knob was removed. To differentiate the 6.9 from other W116 models, the bumpers had a thick black rubber strip covering their entire width, and did not feature rubber bumper guards.

The engine output was reduced to  and  due to the stricter emission standards.

Price

The retail price of 450SEL 6.9 was DM 69,930 at its launch in 1975 and was DM 81,247 at the end of its production in 1980. The 450SEL 6.9 had a premium of DM 25,000 to 30,000 over the 450SEL.

While the 450SEL 6.9 was visually indistinguishable from the other W116 models, it had wider wheels and tires along with 6.9 on the right side of trunk lid. The 6.9 had more standard features that were extra cost options in other W116 models: automatic HVAC system, power windows, power rear seats, headrests for the rear passengers, central locking system, headlamp washer and wiper system, heat-insulating glass, and a few other equipments.

Interior features
Despite the higher retail price, the interior of the 450SEL 6.9 was indistinguishable from the other W116 models except for the different type of wood trims, height adjustment knob, and two extra warning lamps in the instrument cluster for the low suspension pressure warning and height adjustment indicator. Heated seats for driver and front and rear passengers as well as electric sunroof were extra cost options. No power-assisted external rear view mirrors and seat adjustments, commonly fitted to luxury cars such as Cadillac and Rolls-Royce during the 1970s, were ever offered in the 450SEL 6.9.

The first-ever automatic HVAC system from Mercedes-Benz was introduced in the 450SEL 6.9 as a standard equipment and as optional extra-cost equipment in other W116 models. The automatic HVAC system was adapted from Chrysler Corporation and had a compressor from Harrison division of General Motors.

The 450SEL 6.9 had exclusive wood trim finished in burled walnut veneer on the dash and console instead of striated zebrano veneer as found in other W116 models.

Cultural references
 After the persistent rumours, the French director Claude Lelouche revealed the car he used to drive through Paris at a very high speed to the rendezvous point at Montmartre in his eight-minute film, C'était un rendez-vous. He used a 1976 450SEL 6.9 with the camera mounted under the front bumper. He used the sound track from the Ferrari 275 GTB, giving the impression that he drove a Ferrari.
 The 450SEL 6.9 was driven by Vincent, one of the protagonists in Ronin, and was involved in several of the film's car chase scenes.
 In David Lynch's 1996 film, Lost Highway, a 450SEL 6.9 was used as a major plot device, connecting all three main male characters in the film. In one scene, the hood was lifted up to reveal the 1,400-horsepower engine modification. In another scene, the car was used to push a Ford Thunderbird off the road despite the latter applying the brakes.

Technical data

References

External links
 International M-100 Group — Factory-authorized site with information on all M-100-powered Mercedes-Benz automobiles, (including technical forums and maintenance information). The Brock Yates article can be found here as well
 A Mercedes for the '70s: The W116 Series S-Class — A site mixing the history of the full-scale W116 with that of its many miniature replicas.
 Classic Car driver review
 Golden Brown: Four Days in a Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9 - Feature (Car and Driver)
 Curbside Classic: 1977 Mercedes 450 SEL 6.9 – Deutsches Heavy Metal – a retrospective of the 450SEL 6.9
 Petrolicious: Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9 Was All About Engineering – another retrospective of the 450SEL 6.9
 Youtube clip of Ronin high-speed chase featuring a 6.9

450SEL 6.9
Rear-wheel-drive vehicles

Mercedes-Benz 450SEL 6.9


Jens Dobler (* 1965) ist ein deutscher Historiker, Autor und Herausgeber.

Leben
Jens Dobler studierte Erziehungswissenschaften, Psychologie und Neuere Geschichte. Seine Studien an der Technischen Universität Berlin schloss er 2008 mit einer Dissertation über die Homosexuellenverfolgung durch die Berliner Polizei von 1848 bis 1933 ab.

Als freier Autor verfasste Dobler unter anderem einen Katalog zur Geschichte der Schwulen in Berlin-Kreuzberg. Zudem ist er Mitarbeiter in verschiedenen wissenschaftlichen Vereinen und Gesellschaften. Von 2010 bis 2015 war er Leiter des Archivs sowie der Bibliothek des Schwulen Museums in Berlin und von 2015 bis 2022 leitete der Polizeihistorische Sammlung im Polizeipräsidium Berlin. Seit 2022 ist er wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter in der Magnus-Hirschfeld-Gesellschaft e.V.

Schriften (unvollständig)
 Jens Dobler (Hrsg.): Schwule, Lesben, Polizei: vom Zwangsverhältnis zur Zweck-Ehe?  Verlag Rosa Winkel, Berlin 1996, ISBN 3-86149-049-8
 Jens Dobler: Von anderen Ufern. Geschichte der Berliner Lesben und Schwulen in Kreuzberg und Friedrichshain, Gmünder Verlag Berlin 2003, ISBN 3-86187-298-6
 Jens Dobler (Hrsg.): Prolegomena zu Magnus Hirschfelds Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen (1899 bis 1923): Register, Editionsgeschichte, Inhaltsbeschreibungen. von Bockel, Hamburg 2004, ISBN 3-932696-53-0
 Jens Dobler: Zwischen Duldungspolitik und Verbrechensbekämpfung: Homosexuellenverfolgung durch die Berliner Polizei von 1848 bis 1933, zugleich Dissertation an der Technischen Universität Berlin 2008, in der Reihe Schriftenreihe der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Polizeigeschichte e. V., Band 6 [fälschlich als Band 1 der Schriftenreihe bezeichnet]. Verlag für Polizeiwissenschaft Lorei, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-86676-041-7
 Jens Dobler (Gesamtleitung): Verzaubert in Nord-Ost: die Geschichte der Berliner Lesben und Schwulen in Prenzlauer Berg, Pankow und Weißensee, hrsg. vom Sonntags-Club., Gmünder, Berlin 2009, ISBN 978-3-86787-135-8
 Harold Selowski, Jens Dobler: Die Berliner Kriminalpolizei zwischen 1811 und 1885, hrsg. vom Förderkreis Polizeihistorische Sammlung Berlin e. V. aus Anlass des 200-jährigen Bestehens der Berliner Kriminalpolizei. Förderkreis Polizeihistorische Sammlung Berlin, Berlin 2011
 Bernd-Ulrich Hergemöller (Hrsg.): Mann für Mann: Biographisches Lexikon zur Geschichte von Freundesliebe und mannmännlicher Sexualität im deutschen Sprachraum, mit Beiträgen von Jens Dobler u. A. Lit, Berlin / Münster 2010, ISBN 978-3-643-10693-3
 Jens Dobler zusammen mit Julia Albert, Michele Lindner und Irina Nowak: Großstadtkriminalität: Berliner Kriminalpolizei und Verbrechensbekämpfung 1930–1950. Metropol Verlag, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3-86331-152-0
 Jens Dobler zusammen mit Christiane Leidinger und Andreas Pretzel: Persönlichkeiten in Berlin 1825–2006. Erinnerungen an Lesben, Schwule, Bisexuelle und intergeschlechtliche Menschen. Berlin 2015, ISBN 978-3-9816391-3-1
 Jens Dobler (Hrsg.): Das Polizeipräsidium am Molkenmarkt. Berliner Kriminalgeschichten aus dem 19. Jahrhundert. Berlin 2019, ISBN 978-3-8148-0245-9
 Jens Dobler: Polizei und Homosexuelle in der Weimarer Republik. Zur Konstruktion des Sündenbabels. Berlin 2020, ISBN 978-3-86331-519-1
 Jens Dobler: You have never seen a dancer like Voo Doo. Das unglaubliche Leben des Willy Pape, Berlin 2022, ISBN 978-3-96982-046-9

Ehrungen
 2014 wurde Jens Dobler der VelsPol-Preis für Gleichstellung und Akzeptanz in der Gesellschaft und besonders in der Polizei verliehen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Historiker (Neuere und Neueste Geschichte)
Wissenschaftsjournalist
Journalist (Deutschland)
Sachbuchautor
Literatur (Deutsch)
Essay
Homosexualität in der Literatur
Herausgeber
Schriftsteller (Berlin)
Geschichte der Homosexualität
Polizei (Berlin)
Person (Polizei)
LGBT-Aktivist (Deutschland)
Deutscher
Geboren 1965
Mann

Jens Dobler


جسر سان فرانسيسكو - أوكلاند أحد أهم الجسور البارزة في العالم، حيث بني سنة 1937، مكون من طابقين ولكن نظرا إلى تعرضه لزلزال لوما بريتا، في عام 1989 والذي وصلت قوته إلى 7.1 درجة على سلم ريختر مما أدى إلى تدمير الامتداد الشرقي للجسر إذ إنهار الطابق العلوي على الطابق السفلي.

وبعد الدراسات التي قام بها قسم كاليفورنيا للنقل (caltrans) اتفقوا مع خبراء الزلازل بان هناك زلزال كبير آخر من المحتمل ان يحدث في وقت ما من 30 سنة القادمة ورأت (caltrans) بأن بناء امتداد شرقي جديد بدءا من تجديد أجزاء الجسر الحالي سيكون أكثر أمناً وفعالية.

اعتبر جسر الخليج سان فرانسيسكو الذي بلغ طوله 13كلم في ذلك الوقت من أطول الجسور وأعلاها. ويُعتبر اليوم أحد أطول الجسور المُعلَّقة في العالم.

تصميم الجسر

لقد صممت عملية التجديد لان تنفذ أثناء عمله
ويقتضي التصميم بان بناء الجسر البديل يقع على بعد 150م من شمال الامتداد الشرقي الحالي بطوابق متوازية وممتدة ب17م وسيضم5طرق مرورية في كل اتجاه وايضانظام عبور السكة الحديدية وبناء طريق خاص للمشاة وسائقي الدراجات.

ان تصميم الجسر هوعمل مشترك بين (T.Y.Lin)الدولي في سان فرانسيسكو و (Moffat and Nichol)في لوس انجلوس ولتتم إقامة المشروع يجب البناء في (YBI) يتكون من بنائين فولاذيين مؤقتين وذلك لضم الطرق الملتوية خلال القيام بتنفيذ البناء البديل.

يقدم جسر الخليج الشرقي اربع مكونات أساسية صممت لمقاومة الزلازل وتتمثل في جسرين مثبتين باسلاك وجسرين معلقين ومثبتين ذاتيا.

اعتبارات الامان التي يجب الاخذبها
على لجنة التوصيات الاخذ باعتبارين أساسين لضمان الامان.
 الزلازل:
ان الخطر الزلزالي للبناءالجديد ياتي بشكل رئيسي من Hay ward fault الذي يولد زلزال بقوة 7.5حسب مقياس ريختر وأيضا من سان اندرياس فولت والتي تولد زلزال بقوة 8.1 على سلم ريحتر.
ونتيجة هذا ظهر مايعرف بتقييم فعالية الزلزال (FEE)وتقييم الامان الزلزالي (SEE)
 الرياح:

وهي أيضا تعد عاملا في تصميم المدى بين الدعائم ولضمان الاستقرار الريحي للجسر المعلق تقام اختبارت لنفق هوائي في القسم النموذجي الموجود في كاليفورنيا.

مكونات الجسر
 امتداد رئيسي: يبلغ طوله382م.
 امتداد خلفي: وطوله180م.
 يشمل أربعة أعمدة فولاذية وصل ببعضه عن طريق وصلات قص فولاذية.
 أعضاء صندوقية متصلبة ومستدقة.
 انبوب فولاذي: الذي يغرس في الصخرة.
 الكبل: يبلغ طوله0.78مثبت على الجسر في الانحناء الشرقي.
 صناديق الحديد: مصممة بطريقة تسمح له بالتحرك.
 الهيكل العلوي: يتكون من صناديق فولاذية مزدوجة.
 العوارض الصندوقية: موصولة ببعضها البعض 10م وبعمق 5.5م.
 المساند الحلزونية: لإضافة ضغط مسبقة الشد.
 الدعمات الشرقية: وهي مكونة من عناصر.

- أعمدة من السمنت المسلح: وذلك لتجنب ضعف القص أثناء الشد.

- أكثر من16 ركيزة مغلفة بالفولاذ.
 الدعمات الغربية: هي عبارة عن أعمدة اسمنت مسلح غلفة بطبقة فولاذ لتحسين قابلية اللدونة.

إنشاء البناء

إن إنشاء بناء مقطع من قبل فريق (CIP)قد اتم من اجل (Skyway)وتستخدم في ذلك خرسانة من الوزن المتوسط من اجل الهيكل العلوي ماعدى الجانب اللوح المائل التي تستخدم من اجلهاخرسانة من الوزن الخفيف وان 28يوم لقوة الخرسانة هي 50Mpa لكلا الخرسانتين.

ان الإنشاء التقني والمنطقي يلائم الشكل المنظم لعارضة الامتداد الرئيسي.

التصميم النهائي للامتداد الشرقي لجسر الخليج الجديد في سان فرانسيسكو يعد تصميمابداعياللتعامل مع الزلازل ومعاير الحمل الهوائي والموقع الجغرافي.
لذلك فان جسر الخليج (اوكلاند) ليس مجردجسر عادي بل هو شيء مميز لسكان المنطقة خاصة والهندسة المدنية عامة.

معرض صور

مقالات ذات صلة
 قائمة الجسور البارزة

مراجع

أرقام قياسية عالمية
السجل التاريخي للهندسة الأمريكية في كاليفورنيا
السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في سان فرانسيسكو
النقل في أوكلاند (كاليفورنيا)
تأسيسات سنة 1936 في كاليفورنيا
جسور اكتملت في 1936
جسور طرق في السجل الوطني للأماكن التاريخية في كاليفورنيا
جسور طرقات في كاليفورنيا
جسور عبور برسوم في كاليفورنيا
جسور في سان فرانسيسكو
جسور في مقاطعة ألاميدا (كاليفورنيا)
جسور في منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
خليج سان فرانسيسكو
كوارث جسور بسبب الزلازل
كوارث جسور في الولايات المتحدة
كوارث نقل في 1989
كوارث نقل في كاليفورنيا
مبان ومنشآت في أوكلاند (كاليفورنيا)
معالم منطقة خليج سان فرانسيسكو
معالم هندسية مدنية تاريخية

جسر سان فرانسيسكو-أوكلاند


Kenan Onuk (d. 1954 İzmir - ö. 11 Temmuz 2005 İstanbul), Türk spor yazarı ve spor programı sunucusu.

Hayatı
1976 yılında Ankara Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi'ni bitirmiştir. Gazetecilik mesleğine 1974 yılında TRT'de muhabir olarak başlamıştır ve bu kurumda uzun yıllar haber spikerliği yapmıştır. 1992 yılında Show TV'de, 1993 yılında atv'de, 1996 yılından 2005 yılındaki ölümüne kadar kuruluşunda yer aldığı NTV'de görev yapmıştır.

NTV'de yaptığı '90 Dakika' programı da dahil olmak üzere, buz pateni ve atletizm konusunda yayınlar yapmıştır. Ayrıca, gazete yazıları ve NTV Radyo'daki caz programıyla da, müzik alanındaki bilgi birikimini okurları ve dinleyicileri ile paylaşmıştır.

2003 yılında Haşmet Babaoğlu ve Hıncal Uluç ile beraber 2 sene spor programı sunmuştur.

Yıllarca mücadele ettiği kansere bağlı olarak 11 Temmuz 2005 Pazartesi günü ölmüştür. Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilmiştir.

Spor branşları
Türkiye'de uzun bir süre tek popüler spor olan futboldan ziyade özellikle 90'lı yılların başlangıcıyla artan özel televizyonların da etkisiyle Türk spor dünyasını yeni branşlarla tanıştırmaya gayret etmiştir. Basketbol branşında Murat Murathanoğlu ile bu sporun Türkiye'de gelişmesinde önemli rol almış, atletizm, buz pateni ve birçok amatör spor branşını Türk insanına tanıtmıştır.

Kenan Onuk Tenis Turnuvası
2006-2009 yılları arasında Yeşilyurt Kulübü tarafından Kenan Onuk adına her yıl tenis turnuvası düzenlenmiştir.

Çalıştığı TV Kanallar
 1974-1992: TRT
 1992-1993: Show TV
 1993-1996: atv
 1996-2005: NTV

Kaynakça

1954 doğumlular
2005 yılında ölenler
İzmir doğumlular
20. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
21. yüzyıl Türk gazetecileri
Zincirlikuyu Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
TRT kökenli sunucular

Kenan Onuk


Vezzano sul Crostolo ist eine italienische Gemeinde (comune) mit  Einwohnern (Stand ) in der Provinz Reggio Emilia in der Emilia-Romagna. Die Gemeinde liegt etwa 13 Kilometer südsüdwestlich von Reggio nell'Emilia.

Geschichte
Am 23. Juni 1944 wurden im sogenannten Blutbad von Bettola (einem Ortsteil von Vezzano) 32 Zivilisten durch deutsche Soldaten ermordet.

Städtepartnerschaft
Vezzano sul Crostolo unterhält partnerschaftliche Beziehungen zur deutschen Gemeinde Friolzheim in Baden-Württemberg.

Verkehr
Durch die Gemeinde führt die Strada Statale 63 del Passo del Cerreto von Aulla nach Gualtieri.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort in der Emilia-Romagna
Weinbauort in Italien

Vezzano sul Crostolo


La Königlich Preußische Jagdstaffel Nr 14 ou  14 était un  (c'est-à-dire un escadron de chasseurs) de la Luftstreitkräfte, la branche aérienne de l'Armée impériale allemande pendant la Première Guerre mondiale.  est un acronyme formé par l'abréviation du mot allemand Jagdstaffel (escadrille de chasse). L'unité totalise 57 victoires aériennes (dont 5 ballons d'observation) pendant la guerre, au prix de 8 de ses pilotes tués au combat, 5 blessés au combat et 3 autres faits prisonnier.

Histoire
La  14 est le résultat de la transformation d'une unité antérieure, le , le . Elle opère dans le détachement d'armée A, l'armée chargée de la partie sud du front de l'Ouest. L'unité a servi jusqu'à la fin de la guerre, avant d'être dissoute lors de la défaite de l'Allemagne.

Liste des commandants ()

 Hauptmann Karl Krieg : 28 septembre 1916 - 14 octobre 1916
 Oberleutnant Rudolf Berthold : 14 octobre 1916 - 12 août 1917
 Leutnant Walter Höhndorf : 12 août 1917 - 5 septembre 1917
 Leutnant Hans Werner : 5 septembre 1917 - 11 novembre 1918

Liste des bases d'opérations

 Sarrebourg : 28 septembre 1916 - 14 octobre 1916
 Marchais : 14 octobre 1916 - 27 avril 1917
 La Neuville : 27 avril 1917 - mai 1917
 Marchais : mai 1917 - 5 novembre 1917
 Boncourt : 5 novembre 1917 - 5 janvier 1918
 Liesse : 5 janvier 1918 - 19 mars 1918
 Masny : 19 mars 1918 - 11 avril 1918
 Phalempin : 11 avril 1918 - 3 octobre 1918
 Aertrycke : 3 octobre 1918 - 11 novembre 1918

Membres célèbres
Le  Rudolph Berthold est l'un des principaux as allemands de la Première Guerre mondiale, étant à égalité à la septième place en termes de victoire. Il a notamment été décoré de la croix Pour le Mérite, de l'Ordre militaire de Saint-Henri et de la Croix de fer. La  14 compta également parmi ses membres , vainqueur de 35 duels aériens, récipiendaire de la croix Pour le Merite, de l'Ordre de Hohenzollern, et de la Croix de Fer tandis que   a obtenu une Croix de Fer en tant que ballon-buster lors de son passage dans la  . Parmi les as de l'escadron, on peut citer Johannes Werner, Hans Bowski, et Herbert Boy.  ne remporta qu'une victoire au sein de la  14 pendant la Première Guerre Mondiale avant de perdre toute la partie inférieure de sa jambe droite lors d'un combat aérien. Cela ne l'empêcha pas de servir dans la Luftwaffe pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale puis d'atteindre le grade de Generalleutnant dans la Bundeswehr avant de prendre sa retraite en 1961.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

Unité militaire allemande de la Première Guerre mondiale
Unité aérienne allemande de la Première Guerre mondiale

Jagdstaffel 14


Sankt Ulrich ist ein Gemeindeteil der Großen Kreisstadt Dinkelsbühl im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Durch die Einöde verläuft die Gemeindegrenze von Dinkelsbühl und Mönchsroth. Die Wallfahrtskirche und das Wohnhaus westlich der Gemeindeverbindungsstraße ist der Gemeindeteil St. Ulrich, die zwei Wohnhäuser östlich davon sind Hausnummer 21 und 22 des Ortes Hasselbach. Gemeindeverbindungsstraßen führen nach Radwang (1 km nördlich), nach Sittlingen (0,5 km westlich), nach Winnetten (0,6 km südöstlich) und nach Hasselbach (0,8 km südlich).

Geschichte
Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts wurde ein "Sant Ulrichsberges" erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Anfang des 15. Jahrhunderts bestand der Ort aus zwei Höfen.

Die Fraisch über St. Ulrich war strittig zwischen dem oettingen-spielbergischen Oberamt Dürrwangen und der Reichsstadt Dinkelsbühl. Gegen Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts bestand der Ort nur aus der Wallfahrtskirche und einer Klausnerswohnung.

Im Jahr 1809 wurde St. Ulrich infolge des Gemeindeedikts dem Steuerdistrikt und der Ruralgemeinde Villersbronn zugeordnet. Mit dem Zweiten Gemeindeedikt (1818) wurde der Ort an die neu gebildete Ruralgemeinde Knittelsbach überwiesen. Am 1. April 1971 wurde St. Ulrich im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern nach Dinkelsbühl eingegliedert.

Baudenkmal
 katholische Wallfahrtskirche St. Ulrich, barocker Saalbau mit eingezogenem halbrundem Chor, Volutengiebel und Dachreiter, angefügte Sakristei, 1700–1729; mit Ausstattung; ehemalige Klausnerswohnung, erdgeschossiger verputzter Walmdachbau, bezeichnet "1721"; Einfriedung, verputzte Bruchsteinmauer, zweites Viertel 18. Jahrhundert

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist römisch-katholisch geprägt und nach St. Georg (Dinkelsbühl) gepfarrt. Die Protestanten sind nach St. Vinzenz (Segringen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Dinkelsbühl)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Ersterwähnung im 14. Jahrhundert
Einzelsiedlung

Sankt Ulrich (Dinkelsbühl)


Valensiya, resmî adi València, (İspanyolca: Valencia ; Katalanca: València), İspanya'da Valensiya özerk bölgesinin başkentidir ve 792.492 nüfusuyla İspanya'nın en kalabalık üçüncü belediyesidir. Aynı adı taşıyan ilin başkentidir. Komşu belediyeleri kapsayan daha geniş kentsel alan yaklaşık 1,6 milyon nüfusa sahiptir ve Akdeniz'in Avrupa yakasındaki en büyük kentsel alanlardan birini oluşturmaktadır. Turia Nehri kıyısında, İber Yarımadası'nın doğu kıyısında, Valensiya Körfezi'nde, Albufera lagününün kuzeyinde yer almaktadır.

Valensiya, MÖ 138 yılında bir Roma kolonisi olarak kuruldu. İslami yönetim ve kültürleşme 8. yüzyılda yeni sulama sistemlerinin ve ekinlerin kullanılmaya başlanmasıyla birlikte gerçekleşti. Aragonlu Hıristiyanların 1238 yılında şehri fethetmesiyle birlikte şehir, Valensiya Krallığı'nın başkenti oldu. 15. yüzyılda şehrin nüfusu ticaret sayesinde arttı ve yüzyılın sonunda Avrupa'nın en büyük şehirlerinden biri haline geldi. Atlas Okyanusu'nun küresel ticaret ağlarında Akdeniz'in aleyhine ortaya çıkması ve 16. yüzyıl boyunca Berberi korsanlığının yarattığı güvensizlik nedeniyle zaten zarar gören kentin ekonomik faaliyeti, 1609'da Moriskoların kovulmasıyla bir kriz yaşadı. Şehir 18. yüzyılda önemli bir ipek üretim merkezi haline geldi. İspanya İç Savaşı sırasında şehir, 1936'dan 1937'ye kadar İspanyol Hükümetinin kaza merkezi olarak hizmet vermiştir.

Valensiya Limanı, Avrupa'nın en işlek 5. konteyner limanı ve Akdeniz'in en işlek ikinci konteyner limanıdır. Şehir, Küreselleşme ve Dünya Şehirleri Araştırma Ağı tarafından Gama düzeyinde bir küresel şehir olarak sıralanmaktadır. Tarihi merkezi, yaklaşık 169 hektarlık (420 dönüm) alanıyla İspanya'nın en büyüklerinden biridir. Köklü tarihi nedeniyle Valensiya, 1965 yılında İspanya'nın Ulusal Turistik İlgi Fiestası ve Kasım 2016'da UNESCO tarafından somut olmayan kültürel miras ilan edilen Falles (veya Fallas) gibi çok sayıda kutlama ve geleneğe sahiptir. Şehir, 2022 yılında yaşam kalitesi ve uygun fiyat gibi kriterlere göre gurbetçiler için dünyanın en iyi destinasyonu seçilmiştir. Compromís Partisi'nden Joan Ribó, 2015 yılından bu yana Valensiya belediye başkanıdır.

İsim etimolojisi
Şehrin Latince adı Valentia (IPA: [waˈlɛntɪ.a]) olup, Romalıların savaştan sonra eski Romalı askerlerin cesaretini takdir etme uygulamasından dolayı "güç" veya "cesaret" anlamına gelmektedir.

Tarihçe
Valencia Romalılar tarafından kurulmuş ve birçok farklı kültüre ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bölgeye Romalılar, Vizigotlar, Berberiler, Endülüs Arapları ve Aragonlar göç ederek şehri ekonomik ve kültürel olarak zenginleştirmişlerdir.

1094'te Rodrigo Díaz de Vivar (El Cid Campeador) Hristiyanlık adına Valencia'yı fethetti. Fakat şehir daha sonra 1102'de Murabıtlar'ın eline geçti. Hemen arkasından Berberi egemenliğinde olan şehir 1238 yılında Aragonlu I. James tarafından ele geçirildi ve Valencia Krallığı kuruldu.

15. ve 16. yüzyıl boyunca Valencia Akdeniz kıyıları boyunca en büyük ve en önemli ticaret merkezi haline geldi. Bu dönem Valencia'nin hem ticârî, hem de sanatsal anlamda altın çağını oluşturur. Joanot Martorell (Tirant lo Blanc yazarı, Avrupa'da ilk modern roman), Ausias March, Roig de Corella, İsabel de Villena, Jordi de Sant Jordi and Jaume Roig gibi sanatkarlar bu döneme damgalarını vurdular.

İspanya Veraset Savaşı boyunca Valencia Avusturya arşidükünün yanında yer aldı ve 1707 Nisan'ında gerçekleşen Almansa Savaşı zaferiyle birlikte V. Philip, tüm imtiyazları kaldırdı. 1874'te XII. Alfonso, kuzey Valencia Kralı olarak ilan edildi.

Demokrasi tekrar yapılandırıldığında Valencia bölgesi özerklik kazandı. Valencia zenginleşerek ve çeşitli konularda gelişerek İspanya'nın hem kültürel, hem de ekonomik açıdan en önemli şehirlerinden biri oldu.

Coğrafi konum

Valensiya İspanya'nın doğusunda Akdeniz kıyısında konumlanmıştır. Valensiya'nin Akdeniz sahillerine Costa del Azahar ismi verilmektedir.

Valensiya'da Akdeniz iklimi yaşanır, yazlar sıcak ve kurak, kışlar ise serin geçer.

Valensiya şehrinden bazı önemli İspanya şehirlerinin uzaklıkları şunlardır:
 Alicante: 179 km
 Almería: 443 km
 Barselona: 362 km
 Bilbao: 747 km
 Castellón de la Plana: 76 km
 Madrid: 356 km
 Málaga: 622 km
 Murcia: 232 km
 Sevilla: 747 km
 Zaragoza: 326 km

İklim

Demografi

Valensiya belediye sınırları içinde nüfus (2010 tahmini) itibarıyla 809,267 kişi olup   nüfus yoğunluğu 6.010,2 kişi/km² olur. Böylelikle Valensiya, nüfus itibarıyla İspanya'da şehir sıralamasında 3. sırayı alır. Avrupa Birliği şehirleri arasında ise belediye sınırları içindeki şehirler arasında Valensiya 15. sırada olur. Fakat şehrin etrafında belediye sınırları dışında şehir varoşları bulunur ve bunlarla bir büyük metropoliten Valensiya oluşur.

Valensiya belediye sınırları içinde nüfusun gelişmesi şu gösterimde izlenebilir:

1.000 Kişi

Kaynak: INE - Instituto Nacional de Estadística, İspanya
(stad) Kaynak:Hollandaca Wikipedia "Valencia (stad)" maddesi

Meydan ve parklar

Valencia şehrinin en önemli meydanı içinde belediye binası, klâsik filmlerin gösterildiği La Filmoteca ve pek çok barın ve restoranın olduğu Plaça de l'Ajuntament'tir. Bunun dışında Plaça de la Reina ve Plaça de la Verge, şehrin önemli meydanlarındandır. Şehirde özellikle Turia bahçeleri önemli bir yere sahip bir alandır. Bu parkın içinde çocuk bahçeleri, bir çeşme ve spor kompleksleri bulunmaktadır.

Turistik yerler

Anıtlar
 Palau de la Generalitat: Valencia Hükûmetinin bulunduğu yer olan Palacia de la Generalitat Rönesans Dönemi stili ve altın süslemeli tavanlara sahip doğu etkilerinin bulunduğu bir yapıdır.
 El Micalet veya Miguelete: 14. yüzyılda kurulmuş olup katedralin çan kulesidir.
 La Lonja: Geç Gotik tarzıyla inşâ edilen bu görkemli bina, Pere Compte tarafından yapılmıştır. Sarmal kolonlarıyla ünlüdür ve şu anda sergiler için bu yapı kullanılmaktadır.
 Torres de Serranos: 14. yüzyılda Pere Balaguer'in inşa ettiği bu görkemli kuleler, aslında şehri korumak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Günümüzde bu kulelerin içinde denizcilik müzesi bulunmaktadır.
 Torres de Quart
 Mercat Central

Müzeler
 Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno (IVAM) - Modern sanat müzesi. Julio Gonzales'in heykellerinin sergisinin yapıldığı müzedir. Ayrıca günümüzün sanatkarlarının eserleri de bu müzede sergilenir.
 Museo de Bellas Artes - Çağdaş güzel sanatlar eserlerini ve ayrıca arkeolojik eserleri bu müzede bulabilirsiniz.
 Museo Nacional de Cerámica - Milli Seramik Müzesi)
 Museo de la Catedral
 Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències

Şehir idare bölgeleri ve semtleri

Valensiya belediye idaresi yerel idareyi halka indirmek maksadı ile şehir yerel idaresi için 15 "bölge (distirito)" kurmuştur. Valensiya bölgeleri ve bunların altında bulunan semt ve köyler su listede görülebilir:

 Ciutat Vella: La Seu, La Xerea, El Carmen, El Pilar, El Mercado, San Francisco.
 Extensió: Russafa, El Pla del Remei, Gran Via.
 Extramurs: El Botànic, La Roqueta, La Pechina, Arrancapins.
 Campanar: Campanar, Les Tendetes, El Calvari, Sant Pau.
 La Saïdia: Marxalenes, Morvedre, Trinitat, Tormos, Sant Antoni.
 Pla del Real: Exposició, Mestalla, Jaume Roig, Ciutat Universitària
 Olivereta: Nou Moles, Soternes, Tres Forques, La Fontsanta, La Luz.
 Patraix: Patraix, Sant Isidre, Vara de Quart, Safranar, Favara.
 Jesús: La Raiosa, L'Hort de Senabre, The Covered Cross, Saint Marcelino, Real Way.
 Quatre Carreres: Montolivet, En Corts, Malilla, La Font de Sant Lluís, Na Rovella, La Punta, Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències.
 Poblats Marítims: El Grau, El Cabanyal, El Canyameral, La Malva-Rosa, Beteró, Nazaret.
 Camins del Grau: Aiora, Albors, Creu del Grau, Camí Fondo, Penya-Roja.
 Algiròs: Illa Perduda, Ciutat Jardí, Amistat, Vega Baixa, la Carrasca.
 Benimaclet: Benimaclet, Camí de Vera.
 Rascanya: Orriols, Torrefiel, Sant Llorenç.
 Benicalap: Benicalap, Ciutat Fallera.
 Pobles del Nord: Benifaraig, Poble Nou, Carpesa, Cases de Bàrcena, Mauella, Massarrojos, Borbotó.
 Pobles de l'Oest: Benimàmet, Beniferri.
 Pobles del Sud: Forn d'Alcedo, Castellar-l'Oliveral, Pinedo, el Saler, el Palmar, el Perellonet, la Torre,

Kardeş şehirler

Valensiya'nin şu kardeş şehirleri bulunmaktadır:

Galeri

Kaynakça

Ayrıca bakınız

 Valensiya (özerk topluluk)

Dış bağlantılar
 Valensiya Belediyesi Resmi İnternet Sitesi  Valensiyaca,
 Valensiya sehir belediyesi resmi turizm websitesi  Valensiyaca,
 Valencia Topluluk turizm websitesi  Valensiyaca,
 Valencia- La Ciudad de las Artes y de las Ciencias  Valensiyaca,
 Valencia - Vikigezgin

Valensiya


Dyden er ikke Dirchefri () er en svensk-dansk film fra 1960. Filmen, der er en komedie, er instrueret af Arne Mattsson efter forlæg af bogen Dyden er ikke dirkefri af Willy Breinholst og Erik Pouplier.

Medvirkende

Karl-Arne Holmsten, Emil Horneberg, nylonstrømpefabrikant
Olof Thunberg, Ove Högsbro, læbestiftfabrikant
Elsa Prawitz, Helga Krus, rødhåret pengeafpresser
Dirch Passer, Kansas-Joe, amerikansk soldat på orlov
Judy Gringer, Smukke Lulu, badepige
Yvonne Lombard, Heidi Horneberg, Emil hustru
Gio Petré, Liselotte Högsbro, Oves hustru
Yngve Gamlin, professor Cornelius
Lena Granhagen, fru Zitter
Nils Hallberg, Åke Johansson
Ole Monty, portier på badehotellet
Sture Lagerwall, Sven Molmagen
Sif Ruud, fru Prytz

Handling
Emil og Ove er lykkeligt gifte. Begge er for tiden græsenkemænd, da deres hustruer er på ferie i Danmark. En dag falder Emil nærmest over en fantastisk smuk kvinde på Nybroplan i Stockholm. Hun er udpræget rødhåret og hedder Helga.

Eksterne henvisninger

Svenske film fra 1960
Danske film fra 1960
Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Film instrueret af Arne Mattsson

Dyden er ikke Dirchefri


බෙන්සොයික් අම්ලය,  C7H6O2 (හෝ C6H5COOH), යනු අවර්ණ ස්ඵටිකමය ඝනයක් වන අතර සරල ඇරෝමැටික කාබොක්සිලික් අම්ලයකි. බෙන්සොයික් අම්ලය සොබාවයෙන් බොහෝ ශාක වල හට ගනී. බොහෝ ද්විතීයික පරිවෘත්තජයවල ජෛවසංස්ලේෂණයේ දී අතරමැදියක් ලෙස ක්‍රියා කරයි. බෙන්සොයික් අම්ලවල ලවණ අහර පිරිරැක්මට යොදන අතර එය නෙක් වෙනත් කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍යයන්හි කාර්මික සංස්ලේෂණයෙහි වැදගත් පෙරයෙදුමක් වෙයි. බෙන්සොයික් අම්ලවල ලවණ හා එස්ටර බෙන්සොඒට ලෙස හඳුන්වනු ලැබෙයි.

යොමු

බාහිර දිගු

 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
 ChemicalLand

බෙන්සොයික් අම්ලය


Quedara basiflava este un fluture din familia Hesperiidae și este endemic în Gații de Vest din India.

Descriere
Charles Swinhoe a descris un fluturele mascul ca având partea dorsală maro închis lucios, aproape negru. Aripa anterioară are o bandă scurtă post-medială semi-hialină, albă, destul de lată, compusă din două pete semi-pătrate, alungite, conjugate, cu pata de jos mai mare. O pată și mai mare semi-pătrată este plasată sub acestea până la prima nervulă mediană, separată de petele de mai sus doar de vena mediană, având capătul exterior extinzându-se puțin în afară. Aripa posterioară este fără nici un semn. Perii ambelor aripi sunt maro. Partea ventrală a aripilor este aproape la fel de închisă la culoare ca partea dorsală. Aripa anterioară este însemnată similar. Aripa posterioară are o pată la bază de culoare galbenă, variind ca dimensiune între exemplare. Antenele sunt negre, fără semne. Pedipalpii, capul, corpul și picioarele sunt de aceeași culoare cu aripile pe partea dorsală, iar pe partea ventrală sunt gri. Femela se aseamănă masculului, cu petele de pe aripa anterioară puțin mai mari.

Hrană
Larvele se hrănesc cu Calamus hookerianus, Calamus pseudofeanus, Calamus rotang și Calamus thwaitesii.

Note

Fluturi din India
Quedara
Pages with unreviewed translations

Quedara basiflava


Svjetsko prvenstvo u reliju 2017. bila je 45. sezona FIA Svjetskog prvenstva u reliju. Uključivala je 13 reli utrka.

Titulu svjetskog prvaka osvojio je Sébastien Ogier u automobilu Forda, a titula među proizvođačima je pripala također Fordu.

Kalendar

Poredak

Poredak vozača

Poredak momčadi

 2017.

Svjetsko prvenstvo u reliju 2017.


L'Algérie et la Corée du Nord entretiennent des relations officielles. La Corée du Nord possède une ambassade à Alger. L'Algérie quant à elle ne dispose pas de représentation diplomatique en République populaire démocratique de Corée.

Comparaison entre les deux pays

Histoire
En 1958, la Corée du Nord est le premier gouvernement non-arabe à reconnaître la légitimité du GPRA (Gouvernement provisoire de la République algérienne) sur le territoire algérien (à l'époque occupé par la France).

En 1976, la Corée du Nord reconnaît également la souveraineté du RASD sur le Sahara occidental, indépendance aussi soutenue par les Algériens.

En 2017, l'Algérie reçoit le vice-ministre nord-coréen des Affaires étrangères, cette visite a notamment débouchés sur un programme d'échanges entre l'université Kim-Il Sung et l'université d'Alger 1.

Malgré ces évènements, les liaisons entre les deux pays sont très faibles et l'Algérie échange davantage avec la Corée du Sud. Cela est dû à la politique isolationniste de la Corée du Nord, et aux nombreuse sanctions des États-Unis sur le régime nord-coréen, la raison donnée étant ses essais nucléaires.

Références

Algérie
Corée

Relations entre l'Algérie et la Corée du Nord


Teodor Cornea (n. 1877, Meziad, județul Bihor – d. 1933, Meziad, județul Bihor) a fost un deputat în Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, organismul legislativ reprezentativ al "tuturor românilor din Transilvania, Banat și Țara Ungurească", cel care a adoptat hotărârea privind Unirea Transilvaniei cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Biografie
Teodor Cornea a absolvit studiile liceale. Acesta a fost membru al Legiunii Române din Italia, fiind luat ca prizonier. A participat la campania armatei române din anul 1919. A fost primar al comunei Meziad din partea Partidului Liberal.

Activitatea politică

A fost ales delegat al cercului electoral Beiuș-Vașcău  la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba-Iulia, unde a votat unirea Ardealului cu România, la 1 decembrie 1918.

Note

Bibliografie
 Ioan I. Șerban, Dorin Giurgiu, Ionela Mircea, Nicolae Josan, Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003, ISBN 973-8141-90-7

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015
 Gelu Neamțu, Mircea Vaida-Voevod, 1 decembrie 1918. Mărturii ale participanților, vol. I-II, Editura Academiei Române, București, 2005
 Ioan Muntean, Dumitru Tomoni, Vasile M. Zaberca, Banatul și Marea Unire. Bănățeni la Alba Iulia., Editura Partoș, Timișoara, 2018

 Ioan Degău (coordonator), Beiușul și lumea lui, vol. VI, Oameni de seamă din Țara Beiușului, Academia Română, Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Cluj-Napoca 2021, p. 89, 312-313;
 Ioan Degău, Viorel Faur, Beiușul și lumea lui, vol. V, Lupta pentru Unire (1918-1919). Oameni, fapte, întâmplări din Bihor, Academia Română, Centrul de Studii Transilvane, Cluj-Napoca 2018, p. 589 – 600;
 Maria Vaida, Bihoreni la Marea Unire, Editura Școala Ardeleană, Cluj-Napoca 2018, p. 92;
 Livia Miheș Papiu, Amalgam, Editura Brevis, Oradea, 2013, p. 120;
 Petru Miheș, Mircea Miheș, Livia Miheș Papiu, Satul Meziad. Pagini de monografie, Editura Imprimeriei Ex Libris Hoffnung - Ștei 2009, p. 43

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1877
Decese în 1933
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Primari din România

Teodor Cornea


L'attentat d'El Qantara est survenu le 7 mai 2022 lorsque dix soldats et un officier ont été tués lors d'une attaque à un poste de contrôle d'une station de pompage d'eau à El Qantara, dans la péninsule du Sinaï, en Égypte. Cinq autres personnes ont été blessées.

Aucun groupe n'a revendiqué la responsabilité de l'attaque.

Notes et références

Mai 2022
2022 en Égypte
Terrorisme en 2022
Attentat en Égypte

Attentat d'El Qantara


Boca, bir yelkencilik terimi olup, yelkenli teknenin rüzgara karşı pozisyon almasıdır. Bocalayan tekne yerinde durur, hatta çok yavaş olmak kaydıyla geriye seyir halinde olabilir.

Boca yelkeni indirmek için de yapılan genel bir manevradır. Çünkü rüzgara karşı duran tekne, yelkenin yapraklama yapması sayesinde katlanarak toplanabilir.

Denizcilik terimleri

Bocalamak (denizcilik)


Salix exigua es una especie de sauce perteneciente a la familia de las salicáceas. Es nativa de la mayor parte de Norteamérica, excepto el sudeste y el lejano norte, se encuentra desde Alaska a Nuevo Brunswick, y al sur hasta México.

Descripción

Se trata de un arbusto de hoja caduca que alcanza un tamaño de 4-7 de altura, extendiéndose por brotes basales para formar densas colonias. Las hojas son lanceoladas estrechas de color verde  gris, con sedosos pelos blancos, al menos cuando son jóvenes, el margen es entero o con  muy pocos dientes pequeños. Las flores son producidas en amentos en primavera, después de que aparezcan las hojas. Es dioica, los amentos masculinos de hasta 10 cm  de largo, los amentos femeninos de hasta 8 cm de largo. El fruto es un conjunto de cápsulas, cada una con numerosas y diminutas semillas.

Usos
Este sauce tenía muchos usos para los nativos americanos ; las ramas fueron utilizados como postes flexibles y materiales de construcción, las ramas más pequeñas se utilizan para hacer cestas, la corteza se convirtió en cuerdas, y la corteza y las hojas tenían varios usos medicinales.

Taxonomía
Salix exigua fue descrita por Thomas Nuttall y publicado en The North American Sylva 1(2): 75, en el año 1842.
Etimología
Salix: nombre genérico latino para el sauce, sus ramas y madera.

exigua: epíteto latino que significa "exigua".
Variedades aceptadas
Salix exigua var. exigua
Salix exigua var. exterior (Fernald) C.F. Reed
Salix exigua var. hindsiana (Benth.) Dorn
Salix exigua var. luteosericea (Rydb.) C.K. Schneid.
Salix exigua var. pedicellata (Andersson) Cronquist
Salix exigua var. sericans (Nees) G.L. Nesom
Salix exigua var. sessilifolia (Nutt.) Dorn
Salix exigua f. wheeleri (Rowlee) E.G. Voss
Sinonimia
Salix interior var. angustissima (Andersson) Dayton
Salix longifolia var. angustissima Andersson
var. hindsiana (Benth.) Dorn
 Salix fluviatilis f. hindsiana (Benth.) B. Boivin
 Salix hindsiana Benth.
 Salix sessilifolia var. hindsiana (Benth.) Andersson ex Bebb

Referencias

Enlaces externos

exigua
Flora de América del Norte
Plantas descritas en 1842
Plantas descritas por Nuttall

Salix exigua


تومبسون دالي  (من مواليد 30 يوليو 1958 في لندن) هو أحد أبرز الرياضيين البريطانيين في المباريات العشارية. فاز بالميدالية الذهبية في الألعاب الأولمبية التي جرت في عام 1980 و1984، حطم هذا الرياضي الرقم العالمي لأعلى نتائج المباريات العشارية، ولثلاث مرات على التوالي.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقعه الرسمي (بالإنجليزية)

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
إنجليز من أصل إسكتلندي
إنجليز من أصل نيجيري
إنجليز من أصل يوروبي
بريطانيون فازوا بالميدالية الذهبية الأولمبية
حاملو أرقام قياسية سابقة في ألعاب القوى
حائزون على ميداليات ذهبية أولمبية في ألعاب القوى
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1980
حائزون على ميداليات في الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1984
حائزون على ميداليات في بطولة العالم لألعاب القوى
حائزون على ميداليات في بطولة أوروبا لألعاب القوى
حائزون على وسام الإمبراطورية البريطانية من رتبة قائد
رياضيو المسار والميدان في ألعاب الكومنولث 1978
رياضيو المسار والميدان في ألعاب الكومنولث 1982
رياضيو المسار والميدان في ألعاب الكومنولث 1986
رياضيون (الميدان والمضمار) شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1976
رياضيون (الميدان والمضمار) شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1980
رياضيون (الميدان والمضمار) شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1984
رياضيون (الميدان والمضمار) شاركوا في دورة الألعاب الأولمبية الصيفية 1988
رياضيون إنجليز سود
رياضيون إنجليز من أصل نيجيري
رياضيون بريطانيون سود
رياضيون يوروبيون
طاقم نادي لوتون تاون غير اللاعبين
طاقم نادي ويمبلدون غير اللاعبين
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية في ألعاب الكومنولث من إنجلترا
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية في بطولة العالم لألعاب القوى
فائزون بميداليات فضية في ألعاب الكومنولث من إنجلترا
فائزون بميداليات في ألعاب الكومنولث 1978
فائزون بميداليات في ألعاب الكومنولث 1982
فائزون بميداليات في ألعاب الكومنولث 1986
فائزون بميداليات في ألعاب الكومنولث في ألعاب القوى
لاعبو ستيفيناغ بوروه
لاعبو قوى أولمبيون من بريطانيا العظمى
لاعبو قوى بريطانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم إنجليز
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إنجليز
لاعبو نادي مانسفيلد تاون
متسابقو عشاري إنجليز
متسابقو عشاري بريطانيون
منافسون في ألعاب الكومنولث من إنجلترا
مواليد 1958
مواليد في لندن

ديلي تومبسون


Jeremy Melvyn Charles (født 26. september 1959 i Swansea, Wales) er en walisisk tidligere fodboldspiller (angriber).

Charles spillede størstedelen af sin karriere hos Swansea City i sin fødeby, og nåede næsten 250 ligakampe for klubben. Han havde sidenhen også ophold hos de engelske klubber Queens Park Rangers og Oxford United.

For Wales' landshold spillede Charles desuden 19 kampe og scorede ét mål. Hans første landskamp var en VM-kvalifikationskamp mod Tjekkoslovakiet i 1980, hans sidste en EM-kvalifikationskamp mod Finland i efteråret 1986.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Wales
Fodboldspillere fra Swansea City A.F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Queens Park Rangers F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Oxford United F.C.
Personer fra Swansea

Jeremy Charles


Çocuklar Duymasın, 2002-2019 yılları arasında yayımlanan aile ve durum komedisi türündeki Türk televizyon dizisi. MinT Motion Pictures tarafından hazırlanan dizinin senaristliğini Birol Güven yapmıştır. Dizide birbirine katlanamayan, ayrılığın eşiğinde yaşayan karı-koca ve onların evli kalmalarını zorunlu hâle getiren iki çocuktan oluşan bir ailenin, birbirleri ve dostlarıyla olan ilişkileri anlatılır.

Dizi, 16 Ocak 2002 tarihinde TGRT'de yayımlanmaya başladı. Burada yayımlanan 13 bölümün ardından 16 Nisan 2002'de atv'ye geçti. Dizinin ilk 35 bölümü Protel Yapım tarafından yayınlanmıştır. 2 sezon atv'de yayımlandıktan sonra 3. sezonu (2003-2004) Eylül 2003'te Star TV'de yayımlanmaya başladı. Başrol oyuncularından Pınar Altuğ ve Tamer Karadağlı'nın özel hayatlarından dolayı diziden ayrılmaları sonucunda dizinin 4. sezonu (2004-2005) Çocuklar Ne Olacak adıyla Star TV'de yayımlandı ve dizi Mayıs 2005'te 121. bölümü ile sona erdi. 2009'da FOX'ta yeniden başlaması planlandı; fakat ekonomik kriz nedeniyle dizi bir süreliğine ertelendi. Ardından 5 Ağustos 2010'da 5.sezonuyla (2010-2011) yeniden atv'de yayımlanmaya başladı. Yeni bölümleri çekilmeye başladı. atv'de 2 sezon (2010-2012) yayımlandı. 2013 yılının Eylül ayında FOX ekranlarında 3. defa başladı ve burada hafta içi her gün yayımlandı. Dizi 30 Temmuz 2014 tarihinde yayımlanan 160. bölümü ile final yaparak sona ermiştir. Dizi, 7 sezonda 388 bölüme ulaşmıştı. 3 yıl aradan sonra 23 Temmuz 2017 tarihinde Kanal D'de yayımlanmaya başladı. 8 ve 9. sezon Kanal D'de yayımlandı. Burada 11 Nisan 2019'da yayımlanan 76. bölümü ile yayından kaldırıldı. Dizi, toplam 9 sezondan oluşmaktadır. Dizinin yapımcısı olan Birol Güven, dizinin 2023 yılında yeniden başlayacağını duyurmuştur.

Konu
Dizide Meltem karakterini Pınar Altuğ canlandırmaktadır. Birkaç hafta sonra Pınar Altuğ'un yerini Zeynep Tokuş devraldı, fakat sezon sonunda Pınar Altuğ'un başına gelen olayın bir benzeri diğer başrol oyuncusu Tamer Karadağlı'ya o sezonun sonunda olunca yeni sezona dizi Çocuklar Ne Olacak olarak başladı ve konusu değişti. Yeni konuda hem Meltem, hem de Haluk Amerika'ya iş seyahati için beraber gittiler ve çocuklar da dedeleri Kemal (Ferdi Akarnur) ile kalmaya başladı. Bu bölümlerde de aynı zamanda Haluk'un en yakın arkadaşı Selami (Özgür Ozan)'ın oğlu Orçun'u büyütme maceraları anlatıldı. Diziye onların komşuları (Mesut Akusta ve Seray Sever) katıldı. Dizi, yarım sezon sonra sona erdi ve son bölümde Tamer Karadağlı geri geldi.

Yeni bölümlerde oynaması için Pınar Altuğ Atacan, Tamer Karadağlı ve Furkan Kızılay'a teklif götürülmüş, Ayşecan Tatari ise ABD'de yaşadığı için Hayal Garip ile anlaşılmıştır. Özgür Ozan ise devam eden Arka Sokaklar dizisinde oyunculuğunu devam ettirdiği için senaryoda Selami karakterinin açık tutulacağı açıklandı. Onun yerine Volkan Severcan "Tuna" rolünü canlandıracak ve taş fırın erkeği-light erkek arasındaki açık olmayacak. En son Acun Ilıcalı'nın yapımcısı olduğu Yetenek Sizsiniz Türkiye yarışmasında 2. sezon birincisi olan Sefa Doğanay, Hami karakterini canlandırmıştır.

Oyuncu kadrosu ve karakterler

Yayın takvimi

 Dizinin ilk 13 bölümü TGRT'de yayımlanmıştır.
 4. sezon, Çocuklar Ne Olacak adıyla yayımlanmıştır.

Bölümler

Ödüller ve adaylıklar

Kaynakça

Çocuklar Duymasın serisi
Kanal D dizileri
TGRT dizileri
Atv dizileri
Star TV dizileri
Fox dizileri
2002'de başlayan Türk televizyon dizileri
2019'da sona eren Türk televizyon dizileri
Türk komedi televizyon dizileri
Mint Motion Pictures dizileri
Türk aile televizyon dizileri
Türk durum komedisi televizyon dizileri
İstanbul'da çekilmiş televizyon dizileri
Kocaeli'de çekilen televizyon dizileri
2010'larda Türkçe televizyon dizileri

Çocuklar Duymasın


كايبورا () هو أسطورة من الأساطير المنتشرة في البرازيل، حيث أن كلمة «كايبورا» تأتي من توبي التي تعني في الإسبانية «سكان الغابات».

الكايبورا يُمثل ذوي البشرة الداكنة، فهو يمتاز بجسد قوي نوعا ما وغالبا ما يكون عاريا، وهو أسود وطويل كما أنه عادة ما يُدخن سيجار وهو مؤذ جدا حسب الأسطورة. في بعض الأحيان يكون الكايبورا على شكل فتاة إلا أن الشكل الأصلي له حسب ما جاء في الأسطورة أنه صبي. هذا وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن شكل المخلوق وقدراته تختلف بين مناطق من البرازيل، مما يُؤدي أحيانا إلى الخلط مع الكوربيرا الذي هو آخر المخلوقات الأسطورية الذي يحمي الغابات، فالكوربيرا عادة ما يكون صبي مع امتيازه بشعر أحمر، وقد فقد قدميه لسبب من الأسباب.

في بعض مناطق القبائل الأصلية، يُعتقد أن الكايبورا كان يخاف من الضوء، ولهذا السبب فإنه يتجول في الغابات قصد حماية نفسه لكنه في المقابل يستخدم النار. كما يقول البعض أنه يحمل معه أحيانا بيكارية أو عصا، وفي بعض المناطق الأخرى من البرازيل، يُعتبر الكايبورا من أكلة لحوم البشر كما أنه يقوم بأكل أي شيء حتى أصغر الحشرات.

يقضي الكايبورا معظم وقته في الغابة، فهو ملك الحيوانات إلى حد ما، أما هدفه الرئيسي فهو الانتقام من الصيادين الذين لا يحترمون قواعد «اللعب النظيف» عند الصيد. وقد قيل أن يخفي الفريسة كما يُخفي الحيوان أو المسارات التي من شأنها التوضيح للصيادين حتى يفقدون طريقهم في الغابة، كما أنه يقوم بخداع الصيادين من خلال محاكاة أصوات الحيوانات وترك مسارات وهمية لهم.

ووفقا للاعتقاد الشائع، فإن الكايبورا يُكثف نشاطه في تلك الأيام التي يكثر فيها الصيد، خاصة يوم الجمعة، الأحد والأيام الدينية الأخرى. كما أن هناك معتقدات دينية بخصوص الكايبورا، ولكن هناك مزاعم حول طرق لخداع حامي الغابة.

مراجع ثقافة البوب
في المسلسل التلفزيوني كاستيلو را-تيم بوم، كايبورا هو كان عادي، لكنه في هذا الإصدار يتميز بأنه مخلوق أنثى ذو لون أحمر مع امتيازها بفراء كبير وقناع أسود، ولديها القدرة على النقل الفضائي عند سماع صفارات وأحيانا الفرار، لكن هذه الشخصية ظهرت في التلفزيون على عكس هيأة ذكر مخلوق.

في هاري بوتر، الكايبورا يعمل على حماية المدرسة السحرية في البرازيل، وقد وصف في هذه السلسلة بأنه صغير، وذو فرو كبير كما أنه مؤذ للغاية.

استخدام كلمة «كايبورا» ومشتقاتها
في منطقة الشمال الشرقي من البرازيل، يقولون أنه في حالة ما رأيت الكايبورا فإنك ستمر بأوقات صعبة جدا، أو أنك ستعاني من الحظ السيئ والتعاسة.

بعض كتاب البرازيل، على غرار ماتشادو دي أسيس وأليزيو دي أزيفيدو استخدما عبارة «كايبورا» و «كايبوريزم» للدلالة على حالة من سوء الحظ.

كما تم استخدام كلمة «كايبورا» لوصف العبيد الذين هربوا إلى الغابات.

المراجع

أساطير برازيلية
جنيات

كايبورا


A salient, also known as a bulge, is a battlefield feature that projects into enemy territory. The salient is surrounded by the enemy on multiple sides, making the troops occupying the salient vulnerable. The opponent's front line that borders a salient is referred to as a re-entrant – that is, an angle pointing inwards. A deep salient is vulnerable to being "pinched off" through the base, and this will result in a pocket in which the forces in the salient become isolated and without a supply line. On the other hand, a breakout of the forces within the salient through its tip can threaten the rear areas of the opposing forces outside it, leaving them open to an attack from behind.

Implementation
Salients can be formed in a number of ways. An attacker can produce a salient in the defender's line by either intentionally making a pincer movement around the military flanks of a strongpoint, which becomes the tip of the salient, or by making a broad, frontal attack which is held up in the centre but advances on the flanks. An attacker would usually produce a salient in his own line by making a broad, frontal attack that is successful only in the center, which becomes the tip of the salient. A salient can also be formed if the attacking army feigns retreat, tricking the defending forces to chase them down, leading to the main army being on all sides in a pre-arranged ambush.

In trench warfare, salients are distinctly defined by the opposing lines of trenches, and they were commonly formed by the failure of a broad frontal attack. The static nature of the trenches meant that forming a pocket was difficult, but the vulnerable nature of salients meant that they were often the focus of attrition battles.

Examples
 American Civil War
 On the second day of the Battle of Gettysburg, Union General Daniel Sickles moved his III Corps ahead of the main line of the Union Army without orders, causing him to be nearly cut off from the main army when the Confederate Army attacked. Sickles had held a similar position at Catherine's Furnace in the Battle of Chancellorsville two months earlier, and in both cases his corps was badly mauled and had to be rescued by other units.
 At the Battle of Spotsylvania, the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia arrived first at a strategic crossroads, and constructed a timber-reinforced line of trenches to stand against the numerically superior Union Army of the Potomac. The trench line bulged forward to protect a piece of high ground, in a curve that became known as the Mule Shoe Salient. Union troops concentrated their attack on this point, broke through, and 22 hours of brutal, hand-to-hand fighting ensued before the Confederates pulled back to a new position.
 World War I
 The British occupied a large salient at Ypres for most of the war. Formed as a result of the First Battle of Ypres, it became one of the most bloody sectors of the Western Front. So enduring was the feature and so dreadful its reputation that when British infantry spoke of "The Salient", it was understood that they were referring to Ypres.
 A similar salient existed around the French city of Verdun; the Battle of Verdun around it cost both sides heavy casualties.
 The Germans occupied a small salient in front of Fromelles called the Sugarloaf due to its distinctive shape. Being small, it provided advantage to the occupiers by allowing them to enfilade the stretches of no man's land on either flank.
 World War II
 The Soviet Union occupied a massive, 150 km deep salient at Kursk that became the site of the largest tank battle in history and a decisive battle on the Eastern Front.
 The German Army launched a surprise attack against advancing Allied forces in the Ardennes (a region of extensive forests primarily in Belgium and Luxembourg) in December 1944. This battle created a large salient for several weeks, and is commonly known as the Battle of the Bulge (also known as the Ardennes Offensive and the Von Rundstedt Offensive).
 Turkish invasion of Cyprus
 Turkish forces reached as far south as the Turkish Cypriot village of Louroujina. The cease-fire line dividing Cyprus into Greek and Turkish-controlled sectors put Louroujina in a salient — accessible from the rest of Turkish Cypriot-controlled Cyprus by a single road.
 Bangladesh Liberation War
 The Battle of Boyra was fought by the Indian Army and the Mukti Bahini against the Pakistan Army, over the Boyra salient, overlooking an important supply route, the Jessore Road.

Pocket

In mobile warfare, such as the German Blitzkrieg, salients were more likely to be made into pockets which became the focus of annihilation battles.

A pocket carries connotations that the encircled forces have not allowed themselves to be encircled intentionally, as they may when defending a fortified position, which is usually called a siege. This is a similar distinction to that made between a skirmish and pitched battle.

See also
Panhandle
Spur (mountain)

References

External links

The Great Kitilä Motti (Winter War history from a documentary film's website)

Military terminology
Military tactics
Orienteering
Land warfare

Salient (military)