La maison Schwarz-Bart dite « La Souvenance » est une maison de type colonial construite dans les années 1960 à Goyave dans les Guadeloupe qui fut le lieu d'écriture du couple d'écrivains Simone et André Schwarz-Bart. La maison est labellisée Maisons des Illustres par le ministre de la Culture en 2012.

Historique
André, résistant et fils de déportés, a obtenu le Prix Goncourt en 1959 pour Le Dernier des Justes. Marié à Simone Brumant en 1961, ils publient le roman Un plat de porc aux bananes vertes traitant de la résistance des esclaves guadeloupéens.

Dans les années 1970, le couple Schwarz-Bart, après avoir vécu en Suisse et au Sénégal, décide de s'installer en Guadeloupe d'où est originaire Simone, dans cette maison familiale construite dans les années 1960. L'architecture reprend les codes de la maison traditionnelle créole en bois. André y installe son bureau, conservé en l'état et Simone organise concerts et salons sur la vaste terrasse couverte souhaitant en faire un lieu de rencontres ouvert sur les arts caribéens.

Une association est créée en 2013 pour faire de ce lieu le Centre Caribéen d'Art et de Culture André et Simone Schwarz-Bart ; la maison est ouverte au public 50 jours par an et de nombreuses activités culturelles et artistiques y sont organisées comme des colloques, lectures, concerts ou ateliers.

En 2022, la maison nécessite des opérations d'envergure sur le gros œuvre et la charpente et le site est retenu comme un des projets emblématiques du loto du patrimoine.

Description

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Simone Schwarz-Bart et André Schwarz-Bart
 Maisons des Illustres

Liens externes

 Projet de réhabilitation de la maison créole des écrivains Simone et André Schwarz-Bart

Maison en Guadeloupe
Maison de personnalité en France
Lieu lié à la littérature en France
Label Maisons des Illustres

Maison La Souvenance


Holdermühle ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Schnelldorf im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geografie
Die Einöde liegt etwa vier Kilometer südöstlich der Ortsmitte von Schnelldorf am Holderbach, einem rechten Zufluss der Ampfrach, die gleich nach seinem Zufluss von rechts in die Wörnitz mündet. Südwestlich des Ortes liegen zwei Seen, die vom Holderbach gespeist werden, 0,5 km südöstlich erhebt sich der bewaldete Mühlberg (), ein Nordostsporn der Frankenhöhe in Richtung der Wörnitz. Die Kreisstraße AN 38 führt nach Haundorf (0,8 km westlich) bzw. zur Staatsstraße 1066 (0,3 km östlich) bei Hilpertsweiler.

Geschichte
Holdermühle lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. Die Mahl- und Schneidemühle hatte das Vogtamt Ampfrach als Grundherrn. An diesen Verhältnissen änderte sich bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches nichts. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Holdermühle dem Steuerdistrikt Unterampfrach und der Ruralgemeinde Haundorf zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform wurde Holdermühle am 1. Januar 1972 nach Schnelldorf eingemeindet.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Sebastian und St. Veit (Unterampfrach) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession sind nach St. Ulrich und Afra (Feuchtwangen) gepfarrt.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Geographie (Schnelldorf)
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Einzelsiedlung

Holdermühle (Schnelldorf)


Dragerup Skov er en privat skov der ligger 4 km øst for Holbæk og tilhører Eriksholm Gods. Skoven ligger mod øst ud til Isefjordens Inderbredning. Mod nord støder skoven op mod Holbæk Golfklubs baner. Syd for skoven ligger et andet skovområde, Erikholmskoven. Skoven består af blandet nåle- og løvtræ og har et areal på ca. 135 ha.

Skoven bærer præg af at have været tidligt beboet med en række fortidsminder. Desuden findes flere tegn på militær tilstedeværelse i skoven. Søminestationen eller rettere Torpedostationen ligger ud mod Inderbredningen og inde i skoven findes en lang række militære depotbygninger.

Geologi og skovens historie

Efter sidste istid lå Holbæk fjordområde tilbage som et dalstrøg. Det lave lune kystvand har været rig på østers og muslinger, hvorfor der er fundet en række "køkkenmøddinger" især i skrænterne langs kysten.Spor fra en tidlig befolkning i skoven findes med ca. 25 gravhøje primært fra ældre bronzealder

Dyre- og planteliv
Skoven drives nu med intensiv skovdrift i frodig muldjord. Langs kysten findes der fredet naturskovspræget kystskov og her findes kalkelskende vækster som blå anemoner og orkideer. Skovbrynet er et af landets mest artsrige.

Militær anvendelse

Den militære aktivitet i skoven begyndte i slutningen af 1800-tallet.I 1883 blev den første bygning til en flådestation bygget, Torpedostationen ved Bramsnæsvig. Formålet var, at have et sted til at afprøve torpedoer ved afskydning op igennem Isefjorden mod Orø. Stedet fungerede som sådan frem til 2. verdenskrig. Herefter har stedet været brugt som nødkaserne. I skoven findes en række depotbygninger og nogle af disse blev bygget under den kolde krig med det formål, at kunne opbevare atomare granater og andre militære forsyninger.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger
 Holbæk Købstads Historie, Albert Thomsen.
 Brochure Danmarks Naturfredningsforening: På tur ved Eriksholm
 Fredninger.dk - Eriksholms skovkyster

Skove i Danmark
Holbæk Kommunes geografi

Dragerup Skov


Memet Ali Alabora (d. 25 Kasım 1977, İstanbul), Türk oyuncu.

1999'da Yılan Hikayesi adlı televizyon dizisinde canlandırdığı Memoli karakteri ile şöhret oldu. Türk sinemasının popüler komedi filmlerinde rol aldı. 2007'de Garajistanbul'un, 2011'de Oyuncular Sendikası'nın kurucuları arasında yer aldı.

2013'teki Gezi Parkı protestolarına destek verdi. Olayları provoke ettiği ve sahnelediği fantastik tiyatro oyunuyla olayların provasını yaptığı iddia edildi. Bu iddialardan sonra ölüm tehditleri alan ve Gezi Parkı davasında yargılanan sanatçı; yaşamını Galler'de sürdürmektedir.

Hayatı

İlk yılları ve eğitim hayatı
25 Kasım 1977 tarihinde İstanbul'da doğdu. Oyuncu Betül Arım ve Mustafa Alabora çiftinin oğludur.  Çift,  Nazım Hikmet'in Memleketimden İnsan Manzaraları' şiirindeki 'Memetçik Memet' bölümünden etkilenip ona 'Memet Ali' ismini koydu. Besteci Selahattin Pınar'ın kızkardeşi olan babaannesi Nurhayat Pınar, onun yetişmesinde önemli rol oynadı.

İlk tiyatro deneyimini, okulun tiyatro kolunda İngilizce oynadıkları, Çöpçatan, Damdaki Kemancı, Batı Yakasının Hikayesi oyunları ile yaşadı. Ortaokulu bitirdiğinde oyuncu olmaya karar verdi.  Lise yıllarında da "Shakespeare Çeşitlemeler", "Biz, Orhan Veli" gibi oyunlarda rol aldı.

Lisede öğrencisi olduğu Özel Boğaziçi Lisesinin desteği ile 1994 yılında Evren Ergeç ile "Boğaziçi Sanat" adında yarı profesyonel bir tiyatro kurdu. Bu ekiple birkaç temsil oynadı.

İstanbul Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarı'nda oyunculuk eğitimi aldı. Konservatuvar öğrenciliği sırasında 1995-1997 yılları arasında bir yandan da atv'de yayımlanan A Takımı programında muhabir olarak çalıştı.

1999 yılında konservatuvardan mezun oldu. Oyunculuk yaşamına başladıktan sonra Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Sanat ve Tasarım Fakültesi'nde yüksek lisans yaptı. "Tiyatro üzerinden Türkiye modernleşmesi" (2004) başlıklı tezi ile yüksek lisans derecesi aldı.

Türkiye'deki oyunculuk yaşamı
İlk televizyon deneyimi, konservatuvar öğrencisi iken 1995-1997 arasında babası ile birlikte rol aldığı Kara Melek adlı televizyon dizisidir. 1999'a kadar rol aldığı bu dizide, Hakan rolünü canlandırarak tanınmaya başladı.

1998'de Türk-Yunan ortak yapımı Kayıkçı isimli filmde  sağır ve dilsiz bir balıkçıyı canlandırarak ilk defa bir sinema filminde rol aldı. Sinema yaşamı sonraki yıllarda çok izlenen komedi filmleri olan Hababam Sınıfı serisinde,  Maskeli Beşler serisinin ilk filminde (2007), Yedi Kocalı Hürmüz'deki (2009)  rolleri ile devam etti. 2006'da ise 1980 ihtilalini konu alan Eve Dönüş filminde rol aldı.

1999'da Yılan Hikayesi adlı televizyon dizisinde başrolde oynadı.  Alabora'nın canlandırdığı,  jöleli saçları ve kirli sakalı ile aykırı bir polisi olan Memoli karakteri çok sevildi ve Alabora bu dizdeki rolü ile şöhret oldu. "Canım Kocacığım", "Karınca Yuvası" ve "Hayalet" yapımlarında dizi oyunculuğunu sürdürdü.

İlk profesyonel tiyatro deneyimini Tiyatro İstanbul'un sahnelediği Acaba Hangisi? adlı oyunla yaşadı

Oyunculuk faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra Müjdat Gezen Sanat Merkezi'nde ders verdi; Andante klasik müzik dergisinin yayın kurulunda çalıştı. 2007'de Beyoğlu'nda kurulan Garajistanbul'un kurucuları arasındaydı ve  Mayıs 2010 yılına kadar yönetiminde görev aldı.

29 Mart 2011 tarihinde kurulan Oyuncular Sendikası'nın kuruluşunda  Geçici Yönetim Kurulu başkanlığını üstlendi,  10-11 Eylül 2011'de yapılan Oyuncular Sendikası'nın 1. Olağan Genel Kurulu'nu takip eden ilk yönetim kurulu toplantısında Genel Başkan seçildi; bu görevi 6-7 Eylül 2014 tarihinde yapılan 2. Olağan Genel Kurul'a kadar sürdürdü.

Meltem Arıkan'ın 2011yılında  yazdığı Mi Minör adlı fantastik tiyatro oyununu sahneye koyan Alabora,  her şeye başkanın karar verdiği hayalî Pinima ülkesinin başkanı rolünü canlandırdı. Oyun, 1 Aralık 2012 ile 14 Nisan 2013  arasında 23 kez oynandı.

Gezi Parkı Protestoları
Toplumsal haklar ve çevre aktivisti olan Alabora 2013 yılında Gezi Parkı protestolarına destek verdi.  Kimi basın organları, Alabora'nın sosyal medya mesajları ile olayları provoke ettiği ve Gezi Parkı olayları ile Mi Minör adlı tiyatro eseri arasında bağlantı olduğuna dair iddialar yayınladı. 10 Haziran 2013'teki "Mesele sadece Gezi Parkı değil arkadaş, sen hala anlamadın mı? Hadi gel' mesajıyla  takipçilerini "suç işlemeye alenen tahrik ettiği" ileri sürüldü.

Bu iddialardan sonra ölüm tehditleri alan sanatçının valilikten talebi üzerine koruma tahsis edildi.  2013 yılında ülkeden ayrılarak Galler'in Cardiff kentine yerleşti .

Aralık 2018 yılında Memet Ali Alabora hakkında Gezi Parkı eylemlerinden dolayı "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hükûmeti'ni ortadan kaldırmaya veya görevini yapmasını engellemeye teşebbüs etme" suçlamasıyla tutuklamaya yönelik yakalama kararı çıkartıldı.  Şubat 2020'de Gezi Parkı davasında hakkında beraat kararı verildiği söylendi. Kendisi ise DW Türkçede gazeteci Nevşin Mengü ile yaptığı bir röportajda bu kararın kendisi ve yurt dışındaki diğer sanıkları kapsamadığını söyledi.

Galler'deki yaşamı
Alabora, Galler'e yerleştikten sonra  eşi Pınar Öğün'ün öncülüğüyle kurulan 'Be Aware Production' bünyesinde yazar Meltem Arıkan ile beraber oyuncu ve yönetmen olarak çeşitli üretimler ortaya koydu. Exhibit isimli kısa film, kadın hikayelerini konu alan Enough is Enough (Yetti Artık), Arıkan'ın hayatının konu edildiği 'Kargalar / Y Brain' isimli oyun gerçekleştirdiği çalışmalardandır.

Galce öğrenen Alabora, Fflam adlı dizide Türkiye'den siyasi nedenlerden dolayı ayrılmak zorunda kalan Deniz karakterini canlandırdı.

Kişisel hayatı
Alabora, oyuncu Pınar Öğün ile 19 Kasım 2009 tarihinde evlendi. Çift 2021 yılında ortak alınan karar ile boşandı.

Filmografi

Diğerleri
 2001-2003: Notada Yazmayanlar "Klasik Müzik Programı" (Radyo Kozmos) - Emir Gamsızoğlu  ile birlikte program yapımcısı ve Sunucusu
 2002-2007: Müjdat Gezen Sanat Merkezi - Sahne Eğitmenliği
 2002-2008: Andante Dergisi - Yayın Kurulu Üyeliği, Yazarlık
 2007-2010: garajistanbul - Yönetim Kurulu Üyesi, İletişim Yönetmeni
 2008: Goldberg Varyasyonları Yolculuğu (Klasik Müzik Projesi) - Tasarım & Anlatıcı
 2009-2011: Çocuklar İçin Notada Yazmayanlar (İş Sanat ) - Tasarım & Anlatıcı
 2010: Chopin'in 200. Doğumgünü (Cemal Reşit Rey Konser Salonu) (Klasik Müzik Projesi) - Tasarım & Anlatıcı
 2011: Oyuncular Sendikası - Genel Başkan
 2012: Mi Minör - Yönetmen

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Yaşayan insanlar
1977 doğumlular
İstanbul doğumlu erkek oyuncular
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
Altın Kelebek Ödülü sahipleri
Türk erkek tiyatro oyuncuları
Türk erkek seslendirme sanatçıları
Türk erkek dizi oyuncuları
İstanbul Üniversitesi Devlet Konservatuvarında öğrenim görenler
İngiltere'deki Türk gurbetçiler
Türk sendikacılar
Gezi Parkı olayları kişileri

Memet Ali Alabora


Šenkovec, Stambena zgrada, Zagrebačka 26, građevina u mjestu Šenkovec, općini Brdovec, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis
Stambena zgrada u Zagrebačkoj 26 u Šenkovcu smještena je uz glavnu prometnicu u središtu naselja. Sagrađena je u 19. stoljeću za trgovca Marka Šmita. Stambena zgrada u Šenkovcu pripada tipologiji semiruralne stambene arhitekture 19. stoljeća u središnjoj Hrvatskoj. Zbog očuvanih konstruktivnih, morfoloških i tipoloških obilježja, predmetna građevina ostvaruje arhitektonsku vrijednost, predstavljajući jednu od rijetkih sačuvanih građevina toga tipa na širem zaprešićkom području. Visoko valoriziranom ocjenjuje se i prostorna uloga zgrade u središtu naselja budući da svojim markantnim volumenom i položajem uz glavnu prometnu komunikaciju formira vrijedan povijesni graditeljski mikroambijent.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom P-5858 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićena kulturna dobra u Zagrebačkoj županiji

Stambena zgrada (Šenkovec)


Peter Boita, gebürtig Ettore Peter E. Boita (* 25. August 1924 in London; † Oktober 1997 in London-Sutton, Großbritannien) war ein britischer Filmeditor.

Boita begann seine Laufbahn als Schnittassistent Ende der 1940er Jahre. Ab 1956 war er als eigenständiger Editor tätig. Bis einschließlich 1986 war er bei mehr als 40 Produktionen am Filmschnitt beteiligt.

Filme (Auswahl)
 1958: Kopf hoch, Brust raus! (Carry On Sergeant, Carry-On-Filmreihe)
 1960: Dschungel der 1000 Gefahren (Swiss Family Robinson)
 1965: Geheimnis im blauen Schloß (Ten Little Indians)
 1965: Blonde Fracht für Sansibar (Mozambique)
 1965: Scharfe Küsse für Mike Forster (City of Fear)
 1966: Donegal, König der Rebellen (The Fighting Prince of Donegal)
 1967: Königin der Wikinger (The Viking Queen)
 1971: Entführt (Kidnapped)
 1974: Der kleine Prinz (The Little Prince)
 1975: Moses (Moses, the Lawgiver, Monumentalfilm)
 1975: Abenteurer auf der Lucky Lady (Lucky Lady)
 1975: Wer hat unseren Dinosaurier geklaut? (One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing)
 1977: Abenteuer auf Schloß Candleshoe (Candleshoe)
 1978: Mach' weiter, Emmanuelle (Carry On Emmanuelle, Carry-On…-Filmreihe)
 1979: James jr. schlägt zu (The London Connection)
 1979: König Artus und der Astronaut (Unidentified Flying Oddball)
 1985: Auf der Jagd nach dem Juwel vom Nil (The Jewel of the Nile)
 1986: Rebell der Wüste (Harem)

Weblinks

Filmeditor
Brite
Geboren 1924
Gestorben 1997
Mann

Peter Boita


Terence Allan Crawford () este un boxer profesionist american. A deținut titlul de campion mondial în trei clase de greutate, inclusiv titlul WBO welterweight din iunie 2018; anterior a deținut titlurile WBO, revistei The Ring și titlurile Lineale ușoare din 2014 până în 2015; și titlurile unificate WBA (Super), WBC, WBO, "The Ring" și Lineal light welterweight între 2015 și 2017.

Carieră ca amator
Crawford a început boxul la vârsta de șapte ani. A luptat 70 de meciuri oficiale ca amator, pierzând doar de 12 ori. Ca amator, a învins viitorii campioni mondiali Mikey Garcia și Danny García. După ce a câștigat trei turnee amator cu puțin timp înainte de Jocurile Olimpice din 2008, a devenit cel mai înalt clasat din SUA. Cu toate acestea, înfrângerile cu boxeri precum ar fi Sadam Ali, i-au contracarat ambițiile olimpice.

Carieră profesională
Crawford a făcut debutul său profesionist pe 14 martie 2008, învingând-ul pe Brian Cummings în runda 1. A compilat un record de 19-0 cu 15 victorii prin intermediul knock-out-ului împotriva opoziției în mare măsură neechipat.

Campion WBO la categoria ușoară

Crawford împotriva lui Burns
Crawford a călătorit în Scoția pentru a lupta cu Ricky Burns, în vârstă de 30 de ani, pentru titlul WBO pe 1 martie 2014. Hearn a fost încântat să aducă lupta în Scoția și a recunoscut că a fost cea mai dificilă luptă a lui Burns până în prezent. Crawford a câștigat cu ușurință lupta, boxându-se bine în exterior, câștigând primul său titlu mondial. Judecătorii au marcat în unanimitate lupta 117-111, 116-112 și 116-112 în favoarea lui Crawford. Burns la lăudat pe Crawford după luptă, spunând pur și simplu: "Omul mai bun a câștigat". Pe parcursul celor 12 runde, Crawford a fost creditat la aterizarea a 213 de lovituri 811 aruncate (26%), dar a aterizat 41% din loviturile sale de putere. Burns a aterizat 76 din cele 552 de aruncări (14%) și a aterizat nu mai mult de 7 pumni de putere per rundă.

Campion WBO la categoria light welterweight

Crawford împotriva lui Dulorme
La 6 martie 2015, ESPN a raportat că Crawford va debuta ca light welterweight, luptând pentru titlul WBO care se afla vacant, pe stadionul College Park Center din Arlington, Texas împotriva lui Thomas Dulorme, în vârstă de 25 de ani, pe 18 aprilie. Lupta a fost oprită după ce Dulorme a fost bătut de trei ori în runda a 6-a, oferind lui Crawford o victorie prin TKO și titlul WBO. Dulorme a început agresiv, dar nu a reușit să aterizeze multe lovituri. Crawford a rămas defensiv, menținând distanța. Arbitrul Rafael Ramos a oprit lupta la 1 minut, 51 de secunde din rundă. Lupta a avut o medie de 1.004 de milioane de telespectatori pe HBO.

Record în box

Note

Nașteri în 1987
Americani în viață
Boxeri americani
Campioni mondiali la box

Terence Crawford


Rikuto Hirose (født 23. september 1995) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Yokohama F. Marinos.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Rikuto Hirose


La válvula 6L6 es una válvula introducida por RCA en julio de 1936. En esa época Philips ya había desarrollado y fabricado los pentodos de potencia, que estaban reemplazando rápidamente los triodos de potencia debido a su gran eficiencia. El diseño de tetrodo de haces dirigidos de la 6L6 permitió a RCA evitar la patente del pentodo de Philips.

Historia
La 6L6 es una descendiente de las "válvulas de Harries" desarrollada por un ingeniero británico llamado J. Owen Harries y comercializadas por la empresa Hivac Co. Ltd. en 1935. Harries es considerado como el primer ingeniero que descubrió el efecto de la "distancia crítica", que maximizaba la eficiencia de un tetrodo de potencia con solo colocar su ánodo a una distancia múltiplo de la distancia entre la reja de pantalla y el cátodo. Este diseño también minimizó la interferencia de la emisión secundaria de los electrones desglosados del ánodo.

Los ingenieros Cabot Bull y Sidney Rodda mejoraron el diseño de Harries con un par de placas de haz, conectadas al cátodo, que dirigía a los electrones en dos áreas estrechas y también actuaba como la reja supresora para redirigir algunos electrones de la emisión secundaria al ánodo. El diseño del tetrodo de haces dirigidos también fue escogido para evitar la patente del gigante Philips que tenía sobre el pentodo en Europa. Debido a esto muchos diseños eliminaron el "pliegue del tetrodo" en las partes bajas de las curvas de los tetrodos, que a veces causaba que el amplificador con el tetrodo se volviese inestable, la empresa Marconi-Osram Valve comercializó una familia de válvulas con la etiqueta "KT", que significa "KinklessTetrode".

Debido a que los ingenieros de MOV (Marconi-Osram Valve) no veían que los tetrodos KT serían producidos a gran escala, licenciaron el diseño a RCA. Esto demostró ser una mala decisión de la empresa MOV. RCA tuvo un enorme éxito con la 6L6, que reemplazo el uso de triodos de potencia en los amplificadores públicos rapidísimamente. Se encontraron tantas aplicaciones para la 6L6 que una lista completa de ella sería imposible de escribir. MOV introdujo su versión, la KT66, un año después.

La primera versión de RCA tenía una funda de metal en vez de vidrio, siendo una de las primeras válvulas de base octal, que la mayoría tenían funda de metal. Otras versiones futuras, incluyendo la 6L6G, 6L6GA, 6L6GB, 5881, 5932, 7027, y la versión final: la 6L6GC, tienen la funda hecha de vidrio, que hacía que el ánodo se enfriase más fácilmente. El voltaje y potencia de la serie de las 6L6 fueron gradualmente aumentándose añadiendo mejoras como una base de micanol, platos más pequeños, hilos de las rejillas más finas, aletas para enfriar las rejillas, y un revestimiento especial para las placas. La versión original de metal tenía 19W de disipación de placa, mientras que la 6L6GC tiene una disipación de 30W.

Variaciones
Otras variaciones tempranas fueron válvulas de transmisión como la 807 (1937)) con un filamento de 6,3V y una equivalente de 12,6V, la 1625. La más pequeña 6V6 (1937), las varias versiones KT hechas en Europa, y una gran cantidad de válvulas de audio y amplificadoras de RF. Una de las mayores aplicaciones de después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial fue en el diseño de la etapa de salida horizontal de los televisores, empezado con la 6BG6G (1946), una 807 modificada. Las válvulas de potencia de líneas no fueron reemplazadas por transistores hasta bien entrados los años 70.

Otros usos para esta válvula pueden ser más simples: La 6L6GC se sigue fabricando y usando, principalmente en amplificadores de guitarra. La fabricación continúa en Rusia (dos fábricas), China (dos fábricas) y en Eslovaquia. (En 2006, la fábrica de Ei en Serbia dejó de fabricar más válvulas) La válvula 6L6 tiene un ciclo de vida más grande que cualquier otro dispositivo electrónico, siendo utilizada más de 70 años.

Véase también
 6V6
 KT66
 KT88
 EL34
 EL84
 6DQ6B
 EL504
 ENIAC

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Especificaciones de la 6L6

Válvulas termoiónicas
Ciencia de 1936
Ciencia y tecnología de Estados Unidos del siglo XX
Estados Unidos en 1936

6L6


A whirlpool is a body of rotating water produced by opposing currents or a current running into an obstacle. Small whirlpools form when a bath or a sink is draining. More powerful ones formed in seas or oceans may be called maelstroms ( ). Vortex is the proper term for a whirlpool that has a downdraft.

In narrow ocean straits with fast flowing water, whirlpools are often caused by tides. Many stories tell of ships being sucked into a maelstrom, although only smaller craft are actually in danger. Smaller whirlpools appear at river rapids and can be observed downstream of artificial structures such as weirs and dams. Large cataracts, such as Niagara Falls, produce strong whirlpools.

Notable whirlpools

Saltstraumen

Saltstraumen is a narrow strait located close to the Arctic Circle,  south-east of the city of Bodø, Norway.
It has one of the strongest tidal currents in the world. Whirlpools up to  in diameter and  in depth are formed when the current is at its strongest.

Moskstraumen

Moskstraumen or Moske-stroom is an unusual system of whirlpools in the open seas in the Lofoten Islands off the Norwegian coast. It is the second strongest whirlpool in the world with flow currents reaching speeds as high as . This is supposedly the whirlpool depicted in Olaus Magnus's map, labeled as "Horrenda Caribdis" (Charybdis).

The Moskstraumen is formed by the combination of powerful semi-diurnal tides and the unusual shape of the seabed, with a shallow ridge between the Moskenesøya and Værøy islands which amplifies and whirls the tidal currents.

The fictional depictions of the Moskstraumen by Edgar Allan Poe, Jules Verne, and Cixin Liu describe it as a gigantic circular vortex that reaches the bottom of the ocean, when in fact it is a set of currents and crosscurrents with a rate of . Poe described this phenomenon in his short story "A Descent into the Maelström", which in 1841 was the first to use the word maelstrom in the English language; in this story related to the Lofoten Maelstrom, two fishermen are swallowed by the maelstrom while one survives.

Corryvreckan

The Corryvreckan is a narrow strait between the islands of Jura and Scarba, in Argyll and Bute, on the northern side of the Gulf of Corryvreckan, Scotland. It is the third-largest whirlpool in the world. Flood tides and inflow from the Firth of Lorne to the west can drive the waters of Corryvreckan to waves of more than , and the roar of the resulting maelstrom, which reaches speeds of , can be heard  away. Though it was classified initially as non-navigable by the Royal Navy it was later categorized as "extremely dangerous".

A documentary team from Scottish independent producers Northlight Productions once threw a mannequin into the Corryvreckan ("the Hag") with a high-visibility vest and depth gauge. The mannequin was swallowed and spat up far down current with a depth gauge reading of  with evidence of being dragged along the bottom for a great distance.

Niagara Whirlpool

About three miles (4.8 kilometers) downstream from Niagara Falls is the Niagara Whirlpool. Located mostly in Canada and partially in the United States, the whirlpool is crossed by the Whirlpool Aero Car.

The basin of the whirlpool is 1,700 feet (518 meters) long and 1,200 feet (365 meters) wide. Its maximum water depth is 125 feet (38 meters).

Other notable maelstroms and whirlpools

Old Sow whirlpool is located between Deer Island, New Brunswick, Canada, and Moose Island, Eastport, Maine, USA. It is given the epithet "pig-like" as it makes a screeching noise when the vortex is at its full fury and reaches speeds of as much as . The smaller whirlpools around this Old Sow are known as "Piglets".

The Naruto whirlpools are located in the Naruto Strait near Awaji Island in Japan, which have speeds of .

Skookumchuck Narrows is a tidal rapids that develops whirlpools, on the Sunshine Coast, British Columbia, Canada with speeds of the current exceeding .

French Pass () is a narrow and treacherous stretch of water that separates D'Urville Island from the north end of the South Island of New Zealand. In 2000 a whirlpool there caught student divers, resulting in fatalities.

A short-lived whirlpool sucked in a portion of the  Lake Peigneur in Louisiana, United States after a drilling mishap on November 20, 1980. This was not a naturally occurring whirlpool, but a disaster caused by underwater drillers breaking through the roof of a salt mine. The lake then drained into the mine until the mine filled and the water levels equalized, but the formerly  deep lake was now  deep. This mishap resulted in the destruction of five houses, the loss of nineteen barges and eight tug boats, oil rigs, a mobile home, trees, acres of land, and most of a botanical garden. The adjacent settlement of Jefferson Island was reduced in area by 10%. A crater  across was left behind. Nine of the barges, which had sunk, later resurfaced after the whirlpool subsided.

A more recent example of an artificial whirlpool that received significant media coverage occurred in early June 2015, when an intake vortex formed in Lake Texoma, on the Oklahoma–Texas border, near the floodgates of the dam that forms the lake. At the time of the whirlpool's formation, the lake was being drained after reaching its highest level ever. The Army Corps of Engineers, which operates the dam and lake, expected that the whirlpool would last until the lake reached normal seasonal levels by late July.

Dangers

Powerful whirlpools have killed unlucky seafarers, but their power tends to be exaggerated by laymen. One of the few reports of a large disaster comes from the fourteenth-century Mali Empire ruler Mansa Musa, as reported by a contemporary, Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari:

Tales like those by Paul the Deacon, Edgar Allan Poe, and Jules Verne are entirely fictional.

However, temporary whirlpools caused by major engineering disasters, such as the Lake Peigneur disaster, have been recorded as capable of submerging medium-sized watercraft such as barges and tugboats.

In literature and popular culture
Besides Poe and Verne, another literary source is of the 1500s, Olaus Magnus, a Swedish bishop, who had stated that a maelstrom more powerful than the one written about in the Odyssey sucked in ships, which sank to the bottom of the sea, and even whales were pulled in. Pytheas, the Greek historian, also mentioned that maelstroms swallowed ships and threw them up again.

The monster Charybdis of Greek mythology was later rationalized as a whirlpool, which sucked entire ships into its fold in the narrow coast of Sicily, a disaster faced by navigators.

During the 8th century, Paul the Deacon, who had lived among the Belgii, described tidal bores and the maelstrom for a Mediterranean audience unused to such violent tidal surges:

Three of the most notable literary references to the Lofoten Maelstrom date from the nineteenth century. The first is a short story by Edgar Allan Poe named "A Descent into the Maelström" (1841). The second is 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1870), a novel by Jules Verne. At the end of this novel, Captain Nemo seems to commit suicide, sending his Nautilus submarine into the Maelstrom (although in Verne's sequel Nemo and the Nautilus were seen to have survived). The "Norway maelstrom" is also mentioned in Herman Melville's Moby-Dick.

In the Life of St Columba, the author, Adomnan of Iona, attributes to the saint miraculous knowledge of a particular bishop who sailed into a whirlpool off the coast of Ireland. In Adomnan's narrative, he quotes Columba saying

The Corryvreckan whirlpool plays a key role in the 1945 Powell and Pressburger film I Know Where I'm Going!. Joan Webster (Wendy Hiller) is determined to get to the fictional Isle of Kiloran and marry her fiancé. Dangerous weather delays her crossing, and her determination becomes desperation when she realizes that she is falling in love with Torquil MacNeil (Roger Livesey). Against the advice of experienced folk, she offers a young fisherman a huge sum of money to take her over. At the last moment, Torquil steps into the boat, and after a squall knocks the engine out of commission, they face the whirlpool. Torquil manages to repair the engine before the tide turns, and they return to the mainland. This part of the picture uses footage Powell filmed, while tied to a mast to leave both hands free for the camera, at Corryvreckan, incorporated into scenes shot in a huge tank at the studio.

In the movie Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, the final battle between the Black Pearl and the Flying Dutchman takes place with both ships sailing inside a giant whirlpool which appears to be over a kilometer wide and several hundred meters deep.

Etymology

One of the earliest uses in English of the Scandinavian word malström or malstrøm was by Edgar Allan Poe in his short story "A Descent into the Maelström" (1841). The Nordic word itself is derived from the Dutch word maelstrom (; modern spelling ), from malen ('to mill' or 'to grind') and stroom ('stream'), to form the meaning 'grinding current' or literally 'mill-stream', in the sense of milling (grinding) grain.

See also

 Coriolis effect
 Eddy (fluid dynamics)
 Rip current

References

Further reading
 Baron PA, Willeke K (1986) Respirable droplets from whirlpools: measurements of size distribution and estimation of disease potential. Environ Res 39, 8–18.

External links
 The Demopolis Lock whirlpools - a powerful artificial whirlpool

 Research articles on whirlpools and related topics by Hubert Chanson, Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland

Natural hazards
Vortices

Whirlpool


Der Palazzo delle Finanze () in Rom ist Sitz des italienischen Finanzministeriums. Der Palazzo ist auch heute noch eines der größten Regierungsgebäude in der italienischen Hauptstadt.

Geschichte
Nachdem Rom 1871 Hauptstadt Italiens geworden war, beschloss die Regierung, auf dem Quirinal und dem Viminal und der östlich davon gelegenen Hochebene eine Reihe neuer Regierungsgebäude zu errichten. An der Via del Quirinale und der anschließenden Via XX Settembre sollten zwischen dem Quirinalspalast und der Porta Pia mehrere große Ministerien angesiedelt werden. Der erste Neubau an dieser Verkehrsachse war der Palazzo delle Finanze, es folgten das Kriegsministerium und das Landwirtschaftsministerium.

Bau
Der Neubau wurde vom damaligen Finanzminister Quintino Sella angeregt. Unter der Leitung des Ingenieurs Raffaele Canevari entstand von 1872 bis 1877 das seinerzeit mit Abstand größte Regierungsgebäude in Rom. Dafür mussten die Reste der Porta Collina an der Servianischen Mauer abgetragen werden. Der Palazzo mit seinen drei rechteckigen repräsentativen Innenhöfen wurde im Stil der Neorenaissance errichtet. Das etwa 300 Meter lange und 120 Meter breite Gebäude diente zunächst nicht nur als Sitz des Finanzministeriums, sondern auch als Sitz der staatlichen Depositenkasse, des Rechnungshofes und als Tagungsort des Ministerrates.

Inneres
Herz des Palazzo delle Finanze ist die Sala della Maggioranza. Allegorische Figuren repräsentieren die Einigung Italiens. Dieser Saal diente anfangs auch als Sitzungsort des Ministerrates. In der Sala del Parlamentino, die die Höhe von zwei Stockwerken umfasst, fanden früher öffentliche Sitzungen des Rechnungshofes statt. Erwähnenswert sind die hölzernen Sitzungsbänke an drei Seiten des Saales und die Holzdecke mit florealen Motiven. Im Büro des Ministers befindet sich noch immer der originale Schreibtisch des Finanzministers Quintino Sella. Dieser Schreibtisch wurde bis dato von allen seinen Nachfolgern genutzt.

Seit 1961 befindet sich die Münzsammlung (museo numismatico) der staatlichen Münzprägeanstalt IPZS im Palazzo delle Finanze. Die Sammlung umfasst rund 20.000 Exponate.

Anmerkungen

Weblinks

Darstellung auf den Webseiten des italienischen Finanzministeriums (italienisch)
Internetseite des Numismatischen Museums im Palazzo delle Finanze (italienisch)

Finanze
Castro Pretorio
Standort der Exekutive in Italien
Erbaut in den 1870er Jahren
Finanze
Bauwerk des Historismus in Rom
Politik (Rom)
Municipio I

Palazzo delle Finanze


Le Bay Olympic Soccer and Sports Club, plus couramment abrégé en Bay Olympic, est un club néo-zélandais de football fondé en 1998 et basé à New Lynn, une banlieue d'Auckland.

Il participe actuellement à la NZNL, plus haut niveau du football néo-zélandais, dans la Northern League.

Histoire
Le club est fondé en 1998 par la fusion des clubs de Blockhouse Bay et de .

Palmarès

Notes et références

Liens externes

Club de football en Nouvelle-Zélande
Club de football à Auckland
Club de football fondé en 1998

Bay Olympic Soccer and Sports Club


Guillén (llamada oficialmente San Pedro de Guillén) es una parroquia y una aldea española del municipio de Becerreá, en la provincia de Lugo, Galicia.

Organización territorial

La parroquia está formada por cuatro entidades de población, constando dos de ellas en el nomenclátor del Instituto Nacional de Estadística español:
 A Ferreira
 Cabo de Vila
 Fonte do Lobo
 Guillén

Demografía

Parroquia

Aldea

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos

Parroquias de Becerreá
Localidades de Becerreá
Localidades de la provincia de Lugo

Guillén (España)


Pasó en mi barrio es una película argentina dirigida por Mario Soffici sobre guion de Carlos A. Olivari y Sixto Pondal Ríos que se estrenó el 20 de diciembre de 1951 y que tuvo como protagonistas a Tita Merello, Mario Fortuna, Mirtha Torres y Alberto de Mendoza.

Sinopsis
La mujer de un humilde italiano encarcelado por un crimen que no cometió debe llevar adelante el hogar.

Reparto

Críticas
El Heraldo del Cinematógrafo opinó que era una "excelente película de humano argumento" y la crónica del diario El Mundo expresó: " Para Tita Merello un auténtico laurel en su brillante carrera, para Mario Fortuna una labor que lo ubica defninitivamente ante las cámaras como un valor que habrá de ser tenido en cuenta. Para Mario Soffici una nueva reafirmación de su calidad de director."

Premio
La Academia de Artes y Ciencias Cinematográficas de la Argentina otorgó el premio Cóndor Académico aSixto Pondal Ríos y Carlos Olivari al mejor argumento original de 1953.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información sobre Pasó en mi barrio en el sitio del cine nacional

Películas de Artistas Argentinos Asociados
Películas en blanco y negro de Argentina

Pasó en mi barrio


La portion mastoïdienne de l'os temporal ou mastoïde correspond à la partie postérieure de l'os temporal. Elle présente une surface rugueuse donnant attache à plusieurs muscles et présentent des foramens pour des vaisseaux sanguins. À partir de ses bords, elle s'articule avec les os pariétal et occipital.

Étymologie
Le mot "mastoïde" est dérivé du mot grec signifiant "sein", en référence à la forme de cet partie.

Surfaces

Surface externe
Sa surface externe est rugueuse. C'est la zone d'insertion des muscles occipitaux et auriculaire postérieur.

Elle peut présenter le foramen mastoïdien situé près du bord postérieur permettant le passage d'une veine vers le sinus transverse de la dure-mère et d'une petite branche de l'artère occipitale à la dure-mère. La position et la taille de ce foramen sont très variables : il peut être situé dans l'os occipital ou dans la suture entre le temporal et l'occipital.

Elle est constitutive du conduit auditif et de la cavité tympanique.

Processus mastoïde

Le processus mastoïde est situé en arrière et en dessous du conduit auditif, latéralement à l'apophyse styloïde, et se présente sous la forme d'une projection conique ou pyramidale. Il forme une proéminence osseuse derrière et sous l'oreille. Il a une taille et une forme variables (par exemple, il est plus gros chez l'homme que chez la femme).

Il est pneumatisé par les cellules mastoïdiennes.

C'est la zone d'insertion du muscle sterno-cléido-mastoïdien, du ventre postérieur du muscle digastrique, du muscle splénius de la tête et du muscle longissimus.

Sur le côté médial du processus se trouve une rainure profonde, l'incisure mastoïdienne ou rainure du digastrique, pour la fixation du muscle digastrique. En dedans se trouve un sillon peu profond qui loge l'artère occipitale.

Le nerf facial passe à proximité de l'apophyse mastoïdienne.

Surface interne
La face interne de la portion mastoïdienne présente un sillon profond et incurvé, la partie temporale du sillon du sinus sigmoïde, qui loge une partie du sinus transverse de la dure-mère.

La rainure du sinus transverse est séparée de la plus interne des cellules mastoïdiennes par une lame osseuse très fine, celle-ci pouvant être partiellement absente.

Bords
Le bord supérieur de la partie mastoïdienne est large et dentelé et s'articule avec l'angle mastoïdien de l'os pariétal.

Le bord postérieur, également dentelé, s'articule avec le bord inférieur de l'os occipital entre l'angle latéral et le processus jugulaire.

Pneumatisation
L'apophyse mastoïdienne est creusée d'espaces de taille et de nombres variables : les cellules mastoïdiennes. Dans sa partie supérieure et antérieure, elles sont grandes et irrégulières et contiennent de l'air, vers la partie inférieure, elles diminuent de taille, celles du sommet sont souvent assez petits et contiennent de la moelle. Parfois, elles sont entièrement absentes, et la mastoïde est alors compact.

En plus de ces cellules, une grande cavité irrégulière est située à la partie supérieure et avant de l'os : l'antre tympanique. Il doit être distingué des cellules mastoïdiennes, bien qu'il communique avec elles. Comme les cellules mastoïdiennes, elle est remplie d'air et tapissée par un prolongement de la membrane muqueuse de la cavité tympanique, avec laquelle elle communique.

L'antre tympanique est délimité :

 en haut par une fine plaque d'os, le tegmen tympani, qui le sépare de la fosse moyenne de la base du crâne,
 en bas par l'apophyse mastoïdienne,
 latéralement par l'écaille juste en dessous de la ligne temporale,
 médialement par le canal semi-circulaire latéral de l'oreille interne, qui fait saillie dans la cavité,
 en l'avant il est ouvert sur le  récessus épitympanique via l'aditus ad antrum.

L'antre tympanique est une cavité d'une taille importante au moment de la naissance. Les cellules mastoïdiennes peuvent être considérées comme des diverticules de l'antre et commencent à apparaître à la naissance ou avant. Dès la cinquième année, elles sont bien marquées, mais leur développement ne s'achève que vers la puberté.

Embryologie
Le processus mastoïdien est absent ou rudimentaire dans le crâne néonatal. Il se forme après la naissance (commence à se développer après 1 an), au fur et à mesure que le muscle sternocléidomastoïdien se développe et tire sur l'os. Il termine généralement son développement structurel à l'âge de 2 ans.

Aspect clinique

Processus mastoïde
En raison du développement postnatal tardif du processus mastoïdien, les lésions prénatales de la région se rétablissent souvent spontanément.

Des lésions peuvent rarement se développer sur le processus mastoïdien.

Voir aussi
 Mastoïdite

Notes et références

Crâne

Portion mastoïdienne de l'os temporal


Evan Leslie Harris (born 21 October 1965) is a British Liberal Democrat politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Oxford West and Abingdon from 1997 to 2010, losing his seat in the 2010 general election by 176 votes to Conservative Nicola Blackwood.

Since 2011 he has been the joint executive director of Hacked Off, the campaign for an accountable press.

Early life and career
Evan Harris was born on 21 October 1965 in Sheffield, West Riding of Yorkshire, the son of South African Jewish parents (his father was a medical professor). He was brought up in Liverpool, where he had a state education at the Liverpool Blue Coat School. In 1984 he won a scholarship to the independent Harvard-Westlake School in Los Angeles, California, and later won a scholarship to attend Wadham College, Oxford, where he was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in physiology and a diploma in medical sociology. He completed his education at the Oxford Medical School, where he graduated BM BCh and qualified as a physician in 1991.

Harris began his career at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital in 1991 as a Pre-Registration House Officer (junior doctor). A year later, he moved to the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, specialising in acute medicine and surgery. In 1994 Harris moved to Oxfordshire Health Authority, becoming an honorary specialist registrar in public health and working on issues to do with NHS staffing and training. Harris held the position of local British Medical Association representative and negotiator from 1992 to 1994, following which he was elected to the BMA's National Council.

Harris is a humanist, and a patron of Humanists UK. He was also a vice-chair of the All Party Parliamentary Humanist Group, before being unseated at the 2010 general election. In addition, he is an honorary associate of the National Secular Society, and the Patron of the Oxford Secular Society.

Harris lists his interests as football, bridge and chess.

Political career

Election to Parliament
He was first elected to the House of Commons at the 1997 General Election for Oxford West and Abingdon. The seat had previously been held by Conservative John Patten, a former Cabinet minister. Harris gained the seat for the Liberal Democrats with a majority of 6,285, making his maiden speech on 21 May 1997, and remained the MP there until 2010.

Promotion to the frontbench
In parliament, he was made a frontbench spokesman on Health in 1997 by Paddy Ashdown. Following the election of Charles Kennedy as party leader in 1999, Harris became spokesman on Higher Education and Women's issues. He was promoted to the Liberal Democrat shadow cabinet following the 2001 general election as Shadow Secretary of State for Health, but stood down in 2003 to care for his girlfriend Liz O'Hara who had been diagnosed with terminal glioblastoma multiforme. Following the 2005 general election, Harris returned to the frontbench team as spokesman on Science, a position he held until his defeat in the 2010 general election.

Harris was a member of the education and employment select committee between 1999 and 2001. He was then a member of the select committees for science and technology between 2003 and 2010, and for human rights between 2005 and 2010.

Evan Harris is a member of the centre-left Beveridge Group within the Liberal Democrats, and was Honorary President of the Liberal Democrats Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender equality organisation (LGBT+ Liberal Democrats) from 2000 to 2012.

In parliament, he served on many party groups, including the kidney group (as chairman); mental health; science; refugees; equality; and AIDS group.

Expenses
Harris was initially alleged to have profited from the sale of his second home by The Daily Telegraph during the expenses scandal. However, following Harris's response, the Telegraph withdrew its allegations. Sir Thomas Legg, the auditor brought in by the House of Commons, wrote to Harris to say that there were no problems with his expenses.

Campaigns
Harris is pro-choice on abortion, and supports the right of mentally competent, terminally ill people to take their own lives under certain circumstances. This has led to criticism from pro-life and Church leaders, such as George Pitcher.

Harris has also spoken in support of medical research involving animals, including that carried out at Oxford University. Notably, he joined Pro-Test's Oxford march in February 2008. This led animal rights activist Keith Mann to stand against Harris in the 2010 general election, during which he referred to Harris as "Dr Death".

Harris is a vocal backer of reform of defamation laws in the United Kingdom. He notably supported Simon Singh in his libel case against the British Chiropractic Association, saying "For every Simon Singh who wins there are hundreds of writers who never dare publish or who give up their legal battle because they cannot risk the cost of losing. That is why all the political parties must be held to their promises take action [to reform defamation law]". In 2009, Evan Harris was awarded (with Lord Avebury) the National Secular Society's Secularist of the Year Award in recognition of his role in the abolition of the common law offence of blasphemous libel.

Defeat in 2010 general election
In the 2010 general election, Harris was defeated by the Conservative candidate Nicola Blackwood. Harris received 23,730 votes to Blackwood's 23,906 – a margin of 176 votes.
This equated to a 6.9% swing from the Liberal Democrats to the Conservatives. Several political commentators commented that this was one of the most surprising results of the general election – given Harris' high-profile position as a shadow minister and the size of his existing majority.

Pre-election campaign
For a number of years before the 2010 general election Harris' views on various social and theological matters had led to criticism within certain parts of the media. Christian conservatives criticised Harris, including Damian Thompson and Cristina Odone.

In the final weeks of the 2010 campaign, leaflets were distributed by Keith Mann, a candidate for the Animal Protection Party, attacking Harris as 'Dr Death', and criticising him for his support for animal testing, abortion, secularisation, and other issues. Further leaflets were distributed by the unaffiliated Reverend Lynda Rose, also referring to Harris as 'Dr Death', and criticising him for his secularism, support for abortion, embryo research and assisted suicide.

In contrast to these criticisms, Harris received support from a number of humanist and atheist figures, including Ben Goldacre, Simon Singh and Dave Gorman. Stephen Fry added his support, saying of Harris: "[Harris is] by far and away the most persuasive and impressive parliamentarian in the cause of good and open science and enquiry that we have had in the past decade. He has been central to mould-breaking and inspirational multiparty cooperation in issues of scientific concern since 1997."

Boundary changes
Before the 2010 general election, Harris's seat of Oxford West and Abingdon had its boundaries changed, moving the central Oxford wards of Carfax and Holywell, composed primarily of students of the University of Oxford, to the Oxford East constituency. In return the constituency gained a ward each from Wantage and Witney. These changes reduced Harris' notional majority from 7683 to 5525 votes, or 11.3%.

Reactions to election defeat
Responses to the election result varied. Harris' defeat was lamented by a number of commentators as a 'loss for science'.
However, Harris' defeat was also celebrated by some conservative Christians, including Christian Concern For Our Nation, and George Pitcher who described it as "the best result of the election".

The causes of the electoral result remain disputed. Richard Dawkins, posting on his site, wondered whether the religious criticisms of Harris had "caused Evan Harris to lose votes" or "gain them", noting that the answer to this would reflect the true extent of secular thought in Britain. However, post-election analysis in the Oxford Mail suggested that Harris' strident secular opinions appeared to have "alienated a sufficiently large percentage of the electorate to lose what was considered a relatively safe seat for the Liberal Democrats". It detailed that while the Liberal Democrats had nationally gained a 1% swing in their favour, in the Oxford West constituency there had been a 6.9% swing away from the party to the Conservatives. Although 2001 census figures show that Oxford had the 10th highest proportion of people in England and Wales who listed themselves as having no religion, the census also showed that 76.1% of those surveyed did not class themselves as having no religion.

Career after 2010 general election defeat
From August 2010 Harris has been writing a blog on science policy for The Guardian. On 18 September 2010, Harris had an article published on The Guardian website called 'A secularist manifesto'. This was in turn critiqued by Jonathan Chaplin, who wrote that 'the manifesto contains troubling elements, which serve to undermine his professed support for the right to manifest religious belief.'

On 17 November 2010, Harris was elected as one of the three vice-chairs on the Liberal Democrats' Federal Policy Committee.

References

External links

Column archive at The Guardian

Hacked Off http://hackinginquiry.org/key-people/

1965 births
20th-century English medical doctors
Alumni of Wadham College, Oxford
British secularists
English humanists
English people of Jewish descent
English LGBT rights activists
Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies
Living people
People educated at Liverpool Blue Coat School
Politicians from Liverpool
UK MPs 1997–2001
UK MPs 2001–2005
UK MPs 2005–2010
Harvard-Westlake School alumni
Medical doctors from Liverpool

Evan Harris


Ida Lupino (4 February 1918 – 3 August 1995) was a British actress, director, writer, and producer. Throughout her 48-year career, she appeared in 59 films and directed eight, working primarily in the United States, where she became a citizen in 1948. She is widely regarded as the most prominent female filmmaker working in the 1950s during the Hollywood studio system. With her independent production company, she co-wrote and co-produced several social-message films and became the first woman to direct a film noir, The Hitch-Hiker, in 1953.

Among Lupino's other directed films, the best known are Not Wanted (1949), about unwed pregnancy (she took over for a sick director and refused directorial credit); Never Fear (1950), loosely based upon her own experiences battling paralyzing polio; Outrage (1950), one of the first films about rape; The Bigamist (1953) (which was named in the book 1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die); and The Trouble with Angels (1966). Her short yet immensely influential directorial career, tackling themes of women trapped by social conventions, usually under melodramatic or noir coverings, is a pioneering example of proto-feminist filmmaking.

As an actress, Lupino's best known films are The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939) with Basil Rathbone; They Drive by Night (1940) with George Raft and Humphrey Bogart; High Sierra (1941) with Bogart; The Sea Wolf (1941) with Edward G. Robinson and John Garfield; Ladies in Retirement (1941) with Louis Hayward; Moontide (1942) with Jean Gabin; The Hard Way (1943); Deep Valley (1947) with Dane Clark; Road House (1948) with Cornel Wilde and Richard Widmark; While the City Sleeps (1956) with Dana Andrews and Vincent Price; and Junior Bonner (1972) with Steve McQueen.

Lupino also directed more than 100 episodes of television shows in a variety of genres, including westerns, supernatural tales, situation comedies, murder mysteries, and gangster stories. She was the only woman to direct an episode of the original The Twilight Zone series ("The Masks"), and the only director to star in an episode ("The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine").

Early life and family

Lupino was born at 33 Ardbeg Road in Herne Hill, London, to actress Connie O'Shea (also known as Connie Emerald) and music hall comedian Stanley Lupino, a member of the theatrical Lupino family, which included Lupino Lane, a song-and-dance man. Her great-grandfather, George Hook, changed his name to Lupino. Her father, a top name in musical comedy in the UK, encouraged her to perform at an early age. He built a backyard theatre for Lupino and her sister Rita (1921–2016), who also became an actress and dancer. Lupino wrote her first play at age seven and toured with a travelling theatre company as a child. By the age of ten, Lupino had memorised the leading female roles in each of Shakespeare's plays. After her intense childhood training for stage plays, Ida's uncle Lupino Lane assisted her in moving towards film acting by getting her work as a background actress at British International Studios.

She wanted to be a writer, but in order to please her father, Lupino enrolled in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She excelled in a number of "bad girl" film roles, often playing prostitutes. Lupino did not enjoy being an actress and felt uncomfortable with many of the early roles she was given. She felt that she was pushed into the profession due to her family history.

Career

Actress

Lupino made her first film appearance in The Love Race (1931) and the following year, aged 14, she worked under director Allan Dwan in Her First Affaire, in a role for which her mother had previously tested. She played leading roles in five British films in 1933 at Warner Bros.' Teddington studios and for Julius Hagen at Twickenham, including The Ghost Camera with John Mills and I Lived with You with Ivor Novello.

Dubbed "the English Jean Harlow", she was discovered by Paramount in the 1933 film Money for Speed, playing a good girl/bad girl dual role. Lupino claimed the talent scouts saw her play only the sweet girl in the film and not the part of the prostitute, so she was asked to try out for the lead role in Alice in Wonderland (1933). When she arrived in Hollywood, the Paramount producers did not know what to make of their sultry potential leading lady, but she did get a five-year contract. While at Paramount, Lupino played the lead in a stage production of The Pursuit of Happiness at the Paramount Studio Theatre.

Lupino starred in over a dozen films in the mid-1930s, working with Columbia in a two-film deal, one of which, The Light That Failed (1939), was a role she acquired after running into the director's office unannounced, demanding an audition. After this breakthrough performance as a spiteful cockney model who torments Ronald Colman, she began to be taken seriously as a dramatic actress. As a result, her parts improved during the 1940s, and she jokingly referred to herself as "the poor man's Bette Davis", taking the roles that Davis refused.

Mark Hellinger, associate producer at Warner Bros., was impressed by Lupino's performance in The Light That Failed, and hired her for the femme-fatale role in the Raoul Walsh-directed They Drive by Night (1940), opposite stars George Raft, Ann Sheridan and Humphrey Bogart. The film did well and the critical consensus was that Lupino stole the movie, particularly in her unhinged courtroom scene. Warner Bros. offered her a contract which she negotiated to include some freelance rights. She worked with Walsh and Bogart again in High Sierra (1941), where she impressed critic Bosley Crowther in her role as an "adoring moll".

Her performance in The Hard Way (1943) won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. She starred in Pillow to Post (1945), which was her only comedic leading role. After the drama Deep Valley (1947) finished shooting, neither Warner Bros. nor Lupino moved to renew her contract and she left the studio in 1947. Although in demand throughout the 1940s, she arguably never became a major star although she often had top billing in her pictures, above actors such as Humphrey Bogart, and was repeatedly critically lauded for her realistic, direct acting style.

She often incurred the ire of studio boss Jack Warner by objecting to her casting, refusing poorly written roles that she felt were beneath her dignity as an actress, and making script revisions deemed unacceptable by the studio. As a result, she spent a great deal of her time at Warner Bros. suspended. In 1942, she rejected an offer to star with Ronald Reagan in Kings Row, and was immediately put on suspension at the studio. Eventually, a tentative rapprochement was brokered, but her relationship with the studio remained strained. In 1947, Lupino left Warner Brothers and appeared for 20th Century Fox as a nightclub singer in the film noir Road House, performing her musical numbers in the film. She starred in On Dangerous Ground in 1951, and may have taken on some of the directing tasks of the film while director Nicholas Ray was ill.

Director, writer and producer – The Filmakers Inc.

While on suspension, Lupino had ample time to observe filming and editing processes, and she became interested in directing. She described how bored she was on set while "someone else seemed to be doing all the interesting work".

She and her then-husband, producer and writer Collier Young, formed an independent company, The Filmakers Inc. , to "produce, direct, and write low-budget, issue-oriented films". It was formed in 1948 with Lupino as vice-president, Collier Young as president, and screenwriter Malvin Wald as treasurer. The Filmakers produced 12 feature films, six of which Lupino directed or co-directed, five of which she wrote or co-wrote, three of which she acted in, and one of which she co-produced. The Filmakers' mission was to make socially conscious films, encourage new talent, and bring realism to the screen. Their goal was to tell "how America lives" through independent B pictures shot in two weeks for less than $200,000 with a creative "family," "the ring of truth" emphasized by fact-based stories – a combination of "social significance" and entertainment. In short, low-budget pictures, they explored virtually taboo subjects such as rape in Outrage (1950) and the self-explanatory The Bigamist (1953). The latter received rave reviews at the time of release, with Howard Thompson of The New York Times calling it "Filmakers' best offering, to date". Lupino's best known directorial effort, The Hitch-Hiker, a 1953 RKO release, is the only film noir from the genre's classic period directed by a woman.

Her first directing job came unexpectedly in 1949 when director Elmer Clifton suffered a mild heart attack and was unable to finish Not Wanted, a film Lupino co-produced and co-wrote. Lupino stepped in to finish the film without taking directorial credit out of respect for Clifton. Although the film's subject of out-of-wedlock pregnancy was controversial, it received a vast amount of publicity, and she was invited to discuss the film with Eleanor Roosevelt on a national radio program.

Never Fear (1949), a film about polio (which she had personally experienced at age 16), was her first director's credit. The film was noticed by Howard Hughes, who was looking for suppliers of low-budget feature films for distribution by his recently acquired RKO Pictures. Hughes agreed to put up financing and distribute The Filmakers' next three features through RKO, leaving The Filmakers total control over the content and the production of the films.
After producing four more films about social issues, including Outrage (1950), a film about rape (while this word is never used in the movie), Lupino directed her first hard-paced, all-male-cast film, The Hitch-Hiker (1953), making her the first woman to direct a film noir.

Lupino once called herself a "bulldozer" to secure financing for her production company, but she referred to herself as "mother" while on set. On set, the back of her director's chair was labeled "Mother of Us All". Her studio emphasized her femininity, often at the urging of Lupino herself. She credited her refusal to renew her contract with Warner Bros. under the pretenses of domesticity, claiming "I had decided that nothing lay ahead of me but the life of the neurotic star with no family and no home." She made a point to seem nonthreatening in a male-dominated environment, stating, "That's where being a man makes a great deal of difference. I don't suppose the men particularly care about leaving their wives and children. During the vacation period, the wife can always fly over and be with him. It's difficult for a wife to say to her husband, come sit on the set and watch."

Although directing became Lupino's passion, the drive for money kept her on camera, so she could acquire the funds to make her own productions. She became a wily low-budget filmmaker, reusing sets from other studio productions and talking her physician into appearing as a doctor in the delivery scene of Not Wanted. She used what is now called product placement, placing Coca-Cola, United Airlines, Cadillac, and other brands in her films, such as The Bigamist. She was acutely conscious of budget considerations, planning scenes in pre-production to avoid technical mistakes and retakes, and shooting in public places such as MacArthur Park and Chinatown to avoid set-rental costs. She joked that if she had been the "poor man's Bette Davis" as an actress, she had now become the "poor man's Don Siegel" as a director.

The Filmakers production company ceased operations in 1955, and Lupino turned almost immediately to television, directing episodes of more than thirty US TV series from 1956 through 1968. She also helmed a feature film in 1965 for the Catholic schoolgirl comedy The Trouble With Angels, starring Hayley Mills and Rosalind Russell; this was Lupino's last theatrical film as a director. She continued acting as well, going on to a successful television career throughout the 1960s and '70s.

Television

Lupino's career as a director continued through 1968. Her directing efforts during these years were almost exclusively for television productions such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, Thriller, The Twilight Zone, Have Gun – Will Travel, Honey West, The Donna Reed Show, Gilligan's Island, 77 Sunset Strip, The Rifleman, The Virginian, Sam Benedict, The Untouchables, Hong Kong, The Fugitive, and Bewitched.

After the demise of The Filmakers, Lupino continued working as an actress until the end of the 1970s, mainly in television. Lupino appeared in 19 episodes of Four Star Playhouse from 1952 to 1956, an endeavor involving partners Charles Boyer, Dick Powell and David Niven. From January 1957 to September 1958, Lupino starred with her then-husband Howard Duff in the sitcom Mr. Adams and Eve, in which the duo played husband-and-wife film stars named Howard Adams and Eve Drake, living in Beverly Hills, California. Duff and Lupino also co-starred as themselves in 1959 in one of the 13 one-hour installments of The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour and an episode of The Dinah Shore Chevy Show in 1960. Lupino guest-starred in numerous television shows, including The Ford Television Theatre (1954), Bonanza (1959), Burke's Law (1963–64), The Virginian (1963–65), Batman (1968), The Mod Squad (1969), Family Affair (1969–70), The Wild, Wild West (1969), Nanny and the Professor (1971), Columbo: Short Fuse (1972), Columbo: Swan Song (1974) in which she plays Johnny Cash's character's zealous wife, Barnaby Jones (1974), The Streets of San Francisco, Ellery Queen (1975), Police Woman (1975), and Charlie's Angels (1977). Her final acting appearance was in the 1979 film My Boys Are Good Boys.

Lupino has two distinctions with The Twilight Zone series, as the only woman to have directed an episode ("The Masks") and the only person to have worked as both actor for one episode ("The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine"), and director for another.

Themes
Lupino's Filmakers movies deal with unconventional and controversial subject matter that studio producers would not touch, including out-of-wedlock pregnancy, bigamy, and rape. She described her independent work as "films that had social significance and yet were entertainment ... based on true stories, things the public could understand because they had happened or been of news value." She focused on women's issues for many of her films and she liked strong characters, "[Not] women who have masculine qualities about them, but [a role] that has intestinal fortitude, some guts to it."

In the film The Bigamist, the two women characters represent the career woman and the homemaker. The title character is married to a woman (Joan Fontaine) who, unable to have children, has devoted her energy to her career. While on one of many business trips, he meets a waitress (Lupino) with whom he has a child, and then marries her. Marsha Orgeron, in her book Hollywood Ambitions, describes these characters as "struggling to figure out their place in environments that mirror the social constraints that Lupino faced". However, Donati, in his biography of Lupino, said "The solutions to the character's problems within the films were often conventional, even conservative, more reinforcing the 1950s' ideology than undercutting it."

Ahead of her time within the studio system, Lupino was intent on creating films that were rooted in reality. On Never Fear, Lupino said, "People are tired of having the wool pulled over their eyes. They pay out good money for their theatre tickets and they want something in return. They want realism. And you can't be realistic with the same glamorous mugs on the screen all the time."

Director Martin Scorsese noted that, "As a star, Lupino had no taste for glamour, and the same was true as a director. The stories she told in Outrage, Never Fear, Hard, Fast and Beautiful, The Bigamist and The Hitch-Hiker were intimate, always set within a precise social milieu: she wanted to "do pictures with poor bewildered people because that's what we are." Her heroines were young women whose middle-class security was shattered by trauma – unwanted pregnancy, polio, rape, bigamy, parental abuse. There's a sense of pain, panic and cruelty that colors every frame."

Lupino rejected the commodification of female stars and as an actress, she resisted becoming an object of desire. She said in 1949, "Hollywood careers are perishable commodities", and sought to avoid such a fate for herself.

Personal life

Health
Lupino was diagnosed with polio in 1934. The New York Times reported that the outbreak of polio within the Hollywood community was due to contaminated swimming pools. The disease severely affected her ability to work, and her contract with Paramount fell apart shortly after her diagnosis. She recovered and eventually directed, produced, and wrote many films, including a film loosely based upon her travails with polio titled Never Fear in 1949, the first film that she was credited for directing (she had earlier stepped in for an ill director on Not Wanted and refused directorial credit out of respect for her colleague). Her experience with the disease gave her the courage to focus on her intellectual abilities over simply her physical appearance. In an interview with Hollywood, she said, "I realized that my life and my courage and my hopes did not lie in my body. If that body was paralyzed, my brain could still work industriously...If I weren't able to act, I would be able to write. Even if I weren't able to use a pencil or typewriter, I could dictate." Film magazines from the 1930s and 1940s, such as The Hollywood Reporter and Motion Picture Daily, frequently published updates on her condition. Lupino worked for various nonprofit organizations to raise funds for polio research.

Lupino's interests outside the entertainment industry included writing short stories and children's books, and composing music. Her composition "Aladdin's Suite" was performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra in 1937. She composed it while recovering from polio in 1935.

Politics and religion
She became an American citizen in June 1948 and was a staunch Democrat who supported the presidency of John F. Kennedy. She was a Catholic.

Marriages
Lupino was married and divorced three times. She married actor Louis Hayward in November 1938. They separated in May 1944 and divorced in May 1945.

Her second marriage was to producer Collier Young on 5 August 1948. They divorced in 1951. When Lupino filed for divorce in September that year, she was already pregnant from an affair with future husband Howard Duff. The child was born seven months after she filed for divorce from Young.

Lupino's third and final marriage was to actor Howard Duff, whom she wed on 21 October 1951. Six months later, they had a daughter, Bridget, on 23 April 1952. They separated in 1966 and divorced in 1983.

She petitioned a California court in 1984 to appoint her business manager, Mary Ann Anderson, as her conservator due to poor business dealings from her prior business management company and her long separation from Howard Duff.

Death
Lupino died from a stroke while undergoing treatment for colon cancer in Los Angeles on 3 August 1995, at the age of 77. Her memoirs, Ida Lupino: Beyond the Camera, were edited after her death and published by Mary Ann Anderson.

Influences and legacy

Lupino learned filmmaking from everyone she observed on set, including William Ziegler, the cameraman for Not Wanted. When in preproduction on Never Fear, she conferred with Michael Gordon on directorial technique, organization, and plotting. Cinematographer Archie Stout said of Ms. Lupino, "Ida has more knowledge of camera angles and lenses than any director I've ever worked with, with the exception of Victor Fleming. She knows how a woman looks on the screen and what light that woman should have, probably better than I do." Lupino also worked with editor Stanford Tischler, who said of her, "She wasn't the kind of director who would shoot something, then hope any flaws could be fixed in the cutting room. The acting was always there, to her credit."

Author Ally Acker compares Lupino to pioneering silent-film director Lois Weber for their focus on controversial, socially relevant topics. With their ambiguous endings, Lupino's films never offered simple solutions for her troubled characters, and Acker finds parallels to her storytelling style in the work of the modern European "New Wave" directors, such as Margarethe von Trotta.

Film critic Ronnie Scheib, who issued a Kino release of three of Lupino's films, likens Lupino's themes and directorial style to directors Nicholas Ray, Sam Fuller, and Robert Aldrich, saying, "Lupino very much belongs to that generation of modernist filmmakers." On whether Lupino should be considered a feminist filmmaker, Scheib states, "I don't think Lupino was concerned with showing strong people, men or women. She often said that she was interested in lost, bewildered people, and I think she was talking about the postwar trauma of people who couldn't go home again."

Martin Scorsese calls Lupino's thematic film work "essential," noting that "What is at stake in Lupino's films is the psyche of the victim. [Her films] addressed the wounded soul and traced the slow, painful process of women trying to wrestle with despair and reclaim their lives. Her work is resilient, with a remarkable empathy for the fragile and the heart-broken."

Author Richard Koszarski noted Lupino's choice to play with gender roles regarding women's film stereotypes during the studio era: "Her films display the obsessions and consistencies of a true auteur... In her films The Bigamist and The Hitch-Hiker, Lupino was able to reduce the male to the same sort of dangerous, irrational force that women represented in most male-directed examples of Hollywood film noir."

Lupino did not consider herself a feminist, saying, "I had to do something to fill up my time between contracts. Keeping a feminine approach is vital – men hate bossy females ... Often I pretended to a cameraman to know less than I did. That way I got more cooperation." Village Voice writer Carrie Rickey, though, holds Lupino up as a model of modern feminist filmmaking: "Not only did Lupino take control of production, direction, and screenplay, but [also] each of her movies addresses the brutal repercussions of sexuality, independence and dependence." By 1972, Lupino said she wished more women were hired as directors and producers in Hollywood, noting that only very powerful actresses or writers had the chance to work in the field. She directed or costarred a number of times with young, fellow British actresses on a similar journey of developing their American film careers like Hayley Mills and Pamela Franklin.

Actress Bea Arthur, best remembered for her work in Maude and The Golden Girls, was motivated to escape her stifling hometown by following in Lupino's footsteps and becoming an actress, saying, "My dream was to become a very small blonde movie star like Ida Lupino and those other women I saw up there on the screen during the Depression."

Accolades

Lupino has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame for contributions to the fields of television and film – located at 1724 Vine Street and 6821 Hollywood Boulevard.
New York Film Critics Circle Award – Best Actress, The Hard Way, 1943
Inaugural Saturn Award - Best Supporting Actress, The Devil's Rain, 1975
A Commemorative Blue Plaque is dedicated to Lupino and her father Stanley Lupino by The Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and the Theatre and Film Guild of Great Britain and America at the house where she was born in Herne Hill, London, 16 February 2016
Composer Carla Bley paid tribute to Lupino with her jazz composition "Ida Lupino" in 1964.
The Hitch-Hiker and Outrage were inducted into the National Film Registry in 1998 and 2020 respectively.

Filmography

Partial television credits

Radio appearances

References

See also
 Lupino family

External links

 Ida Lupino at Virtual History

1918 births
1995 deaths
20th-century American actresses
20th-century English actresses
20th-century American memoirists
20th-century American women writers
20th-century English memoirists
20th-century English women writers
Alumni of RADA
American film actresses
American film directors
American television actresses
American television directors
American women film directors
Burials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)
English-language film directors
British emigrants to the United States
English film actresses
English television actresses
English television directors
People from Herne Hill
People educated at Brighton and Hove High School
Warner Bros. contract players
American women television directors
Actresses from London
Film directors from London
Women film pioneers
English people of Irish descent
American Roman Catholics
English Roman Catholics
Ida
American women memoirists
California Democrats
People with acquired American citizenship
British women memoirists
Polio survivors

Ida Lupino


OASys is the abbreviated term for the Offender Assessment System, used in England and Wales by His Majesty's Prison Service and the National Probation Service to measure the risks and needs of criminal offenders under their supervision. Initially developed in 2001, it was built upon the existing 'What Works' evidence base.

OASys is designed to enable a properly trained and qualified individual; often a Probation Officer, to:
 assess how likely an offender is to be re-convicted
 identify and classify offending-related needs, including basic personality characteristics and cognitive behavioural problems
 assess risk of serious harm, risks to the individual and other risks
 assist with management of risk of harm
 links the assessment to the supervision or sentence plan
 indicate the need for further specialist assessments
 measure change during the period of supervision / sentence.

OASys comprises a series of computer-based forms on which clinical evaluations are made by staff of Offenders, and supervision and sentence plans for the forthcoming period of supervision are recorded on a periodic basis - typically every 16 weeks for offenders in the community, and less frequently for imprisoned offenders.

OASys supports the What Works? initiative of the Prison and Probation Services, by providing metrics by which the characteristics of offenders and their offences (inputs) can be analysed alongside information on interventions made (inputs) to the offender, and re-conviction data for offenders (outcomes), in order to enable refinement to be made to interventions (based on a consideration of the relation between inputs and outcomes)  as to improve outcomes - in other words, to decrease recidivism rates by ensuring that interventions are as appropriate and purposeful as possible.

References

External links
OASys: the new Offender Assessment System - National Probation Service, Spring 2003
Findings from the measurement of OASys completion rates - Ministry of Justice, March 2009

Penal system in England
Penal system in Wales
2002 establishments in England
2002 establishments in Wales

Offender Assessment System


The  is an aquarium located in the ward of Minato in Osaka, Osaka Prefecture, Japan, near Osaka Bay. When it first opened, it was the largest public aquarium in the world. It is a member of the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums.

The aquarium is about a five-minute walk from Osakako Station on the Osaka Municipal Subway Chūō Line, and is next to the Tempozan Ferris Wheel.

History

In 1988, with the aim of redeveloping the Osaka Bay Area, the Kaiyukan and Tempozan Marketplace were to be built following the success stories of aquariums and commercial facilities overseas.  The aquarium was named "Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan" by the general public and opened in 1990. The number of visitors reached 1 million on the 40 days of the opening and 2 million on the 101 days, The final number of visitors during the year reached 5.6 million, surpassing the national record held at that time Tokyo Sea Life Park and being the fastest record in Japan.

The number of visitors reached 50 million on February 26, 2008. Achievement in 6317 days (about 18 years) is the fastest among aquariums in Japan, and about 60% of the visitors are repeaters. In 2014, the total number of visitors exceeded 65 million. In 2017, the number of visitors reached 75 million, making it the most visited aquarium in Japan.

Exhibits

Visitors will go up to the eighth floor on the escalator, passing through the Aqua Gate, a tunnel tank with various tropical fish.   After exiting the escalator is the Japan Forest, which recreates a Japanese forest and holds Asian small-clawed otters, Japanese giant salamanders, black-crowned night herons and many other native freshwater animals.

The walk-through aquarium displays marine life in several habitats comprising 27 tanks in 16 main exhibits with a total volume of 10,941 tons of water. The habitats are from the Ring of Fire area of the Pacific Ocean and these include the Aleutian Islands (tufted puffins), Monterey Bay (California sea lions and largha seals), Gulf of Panama (ring-tailed coati, long-spine porcupinefish and blotcheye soldierfish), Ecuador Rain Forest (arapaima, red-bellied piranhas, capybara & green iguanas), Antarctica (Adélie, gentoo & king penguins), Tasman Sea (Pacific white-sided dolphins) and Great Barrier Reef (palette surgeonfish, pennant coralfish & threadfin butterflyfish), Seto Inland Sea (common octopus, Japanese spiny lobster & red seabream), Coast of Chile (Japanese anchovies and South American pilchards), Cook Sea Strait (loggerhead sea turtles, deepwater burrfish & scarlet wrasse), Japan Deeps (Japanese spider crabs, elephant fish & Hilgendorf's saucord) and a jellyfish gallery (moon jellyfish & northern sea nettle).

The largest tank is the Pacific Ocean tank which is  deep and holds  of water and a variety of fish including Indian mackerel, Pacific bluefin tuna, reef manta rays, scalloped hammerhead sharks and two whale sharks.

The tanks used in the aquarium are made of  of acrylic glass. The largest single pane measures six meters by five meters by thirty centimeters and weighs roughly 10 tons. At the thicknesses used, regular glass would be unwieldy and would not have the desired transparency.

The most popular animals on display are the whale sharks. In 1990, the Okinawa Ocean Expo Aquarium (predecessor of Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium), were the first in the world to whale sharks in captivity, but did not exhibit them. At that time, the Osaka Aquarium was the only facility in the world that owned whale sharks. In 1994 the aquarium successfully captivated a manta ray which was the second in the world at the time. Later in 1995 the aquarium managed to successfully hold an ocean sunfish in captivity.

The "New Interactive Area" that opened in 2013 allows visitors to see the animals up close and possibly touch them. In the "New Interactive Area", 3 zones are constructed, the Arctic Zone, in which visitors see ringed seals, Falkland Islands Zone, where they can see southern rockhopper penguins, and the Maldives Zone, in which they can directly touch stingrays and small sharks like brownbanded bamboo sharks and coral catsharks.

In 2020, the museum shop was reopened on February 22 after renewal work was carried out to coincide with the 30th anniversary of its opening.

Research and conservation
Osaka Aquarium are focusing on research on sharks and Rays. By 2016, Kaiyukan had successfully captivity or breeding 47 species of sharks, 37 species of rays, and 1 species of ghost shark, for a total of 85 species. In addition, the past eight surveys of tagging whale sharks have revealed that they can migrate to the Philippines and dive to a depth of .

Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan has a research center in Iburi, Kochi Prefecture, where fish swimming tests and animals to be brought in are carried out in tanks with a water volume of   and a water volume of  .
although it was not exhibited at the aquarium, they succeeded in captivity of Pelagic thresher for 26 days at the Research Center in Iburi, Kochi Prefecture. Other captivity such as Chilean devil ray, which has not been recorded since Georgia Aquarium captivity in Taiwan, was also successful at the research center.
In 2001, the aquarium published a research book at the Research Center, publishing the knowledge accumulated by the Osaka aquarium over 10 years on 567 species of fish in 136 families. The research book later received the Kochi Prefecture Academic Publishing Award.

In addition, since the opening of the Osaka Aquarium, it has succeeded in breeding Spotted Seal, Pelagic stingray, California Sealion, Sea otter, etc., and received the breeding award from the Japanese Association of Zoos and Aquariums. aquariums also focusing on breeding and cultivation other than aquatic organisms, and in 1993, aquariums received the breeding award from the association for the first successful breeding of the spur-winged lapwing in Japan. In addition, about 200 species of plants are exhibited in the Japanese forest area inside the building.

Research and conservation will be reported in Bulletin "kaiyu(かいゆう)".

Architecture and name
The Kaiyukan's conceptual design, architecture, and exhibit design was led by Peter Chermayeff of Peter Chermayeff LLC while at Cambridge Seven Associates. Peter Chermayeff also builds the Lisbon Oceanarium and other buildings.

TV personality Emiko Kaminuma states that it is her role to decide the name "海遊館 Kaiyukan" in Japanese.  Kaminuma, who was a member of the name selection committee among the common candidates starting from Marin, chose Kaiyukan, which had only one vote, and said, "It is better to make it an impactful'Kaiyukan'". Emiko Kaminuma said, "There is no impact with a mundane name that starts with Marin. If you express it in three kanji characters, the meaning will be easier to understand, and it will have an easy-to-understand impact like  (夢工場).  There is. "  As a result, it was not named after Marine, which has a large number of votes, but was named Kaiyukan.

Gallery
Aqua gate

penguins

Tasmanian Sea tank

The Pacific Ocean tank

Japanese Trench tank

Maldives sea pour

Jellyfish Zone

See also
Mount Tenpō
Tempozan Ferris Wheel

Notes

External links

Aquaria in Japan
Tourist attractions in Osaka
Buildings and structures in Osaka
Zoos established in 1990
1990 establishments in Japan

Osaka Aquarium Kaiyukan


Un zâmbet pentru mai târziu este un film românesc din 1974 regizat de Alexandru Boiangiu. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Dumitru Furdui, Marin Moraru, Octavian Cotescu.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1974 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1974
Filme de comedie românești
Filme regizate de Alexandru Boiangiu

Un zâmbet pentru mai târziu


Zip Sürücü, 1994 yılında Iomega tarafından tanıtılan taşınabilir bir veri depolama medyasıdır. İlk başlardaki 100 MB'lık kapasitesi sonraki versiyonlarında önce 250 MB ve daha sonra 750 MB'a yükseltildi. Şu anda kapasiteleri 2 GB'a kadar ulaşmıştır.

Format'ı super-floppy tipindeki ürünlerin en popüleri olmasına rağmen 3.5 inçlik floppy disketlerin yerini alacak bir standart haline gelmedi. Yerini flash-drive sistemler, yeniden yazılabilen CD'ler ve DVD'lere bırakmıştır ve popülaritesini kaybetmektedir.

Zip sürücüsü

Zip sürücüsü 1994'lerin sonunda lomega tarafından ortaya çıkan bir orta kapasiteli kaldırılabilir disk depolama aygıtı sistemidir. Orijinal olarak 100 MB kapasiteye sahipti ama sonraki versiyonları önce 250 MB'a daha sonra da 750 MB'a yükseltildi.

Bu format en popüler süper disket sürücüsü tipi aygıtı haline geldi fakat hiçbir zaman konumunu 3.5-inç disket sürücüsü olarak yer değiştirerek QUASI standartlara erişemedi.

CDler ve DVDler gibi flaş sürücü sistemler tarafından SUPERSEDED ve FADING IN POPULARITY. Zip BRAND ayrıca Zip-650 ya da Zip-CD olarak bilinen iç ve dış CD yazıcıları için kullanıldı.

Genel bakış

Zip sistemi Iomega'nın ilk Bernolli kutu sistemi üzerine kurulmuştur; iki sistemde de düzlemsel bir actuator üzerine yerleştirilmiş okuma ve yazma kümesi hızla dönmekte olan disketin üzerinde dolanır. Zip diski compack disk bernolli medya boyutu yerine daha ufak medya (9 cm boyutlarında (3½")mikrodisk) ve toplam maliyeti azaltan basitleştirilmiş sürücü tasarımı.

Sonuç olarak 9 cm disklerle aynı boyutlarda, daha yüksek performans ve saklama kapasitesine sahip bir disk ortaya çıkmıştır (sabit disklerle birebir uyum göstermektedir). Orijinal bir zip sürücünün 1MB/sn civarında veri transfer hızı ve ortalama 28ms erişim süresi vardır. 1.44MB'lık disklerle kıyaslandığında 1.44'lük disklerin ortalama 500kbit/sn transfer hızları ve birkaç yüz ms erişim süresi vardır (bugün masaüstü bilgisayarlarda kullanılan 7200rpm'lik sabit disklerin ortalama 8.5ms-9ms erişim süresi vardır).

Arayüzler

Sonra(USB, sol) ve eski(paralel, sağ) Zip sürücüleri(MEDIAN IN FOREGROUND)

Zip sürücüsü bilgisayarın çeşitli ara yüzleriyle yapılmıştır .İç sürücüler ATAPI(IDE) ve SCSI ara yüzü tarafından yapılmıştır Dış sürücüler paralel ve SCSI ve (bir zaman sonra)USB ara yüzleriyle yapılmıştır. Bir süre paralel ve SCSI arasında oto kontrol yapabilen Zip Plus denilen bir sürücü vardı ama çok fazla sayıda komplike problem görüldü ve daha sonra sürücü kaldırıldı. Zip Plus sürücüsü eklenebilir yazılım ve orijinal zip sürücülerinden daha küçük güç adaptörü içerdi.

Kapasite

Başlangıçta Zip sistemi 100 megabayt kapasiteyle bu sisteme teklif sunuldu. Planın amacı 25MB'lık disk maliyetli versiyonu 100MB'lık sürücüde aynı şakide çalışmaktı. Bu fikir başlangıçta Zip disk fiyatını ORDİNARY FLOPPY fiyatına yaklaştırdı. Ama bu diskler karşılayacak gibi değildi. 100MB'lık diskin tanıtımı ile beraber Zip hızlı bir şekilde başarıya ulaştırmıştır ve insanlar genelde kullandıkları 1.44MB'lık diskler yerine daha büyük kapasiteli verileri saklamak için kullanmışlardır. Zaman geçtikçe de Iomega, veri transfer oranlarını ve arama zamanlarını geliştirerek disklerinin kapasitesini ilk önce 250MB a sonra da 750MB lara arttırmıştır.

Medya

Standart Zip100 disklerinin alt yüzünde retrareflective bölümü sol üst köşesindedir. Zip medya daha kalındır, ama 9 cm'lik disketi okuyabilecek genişliktedir. Okuyucu ve disk zararlarını önlemek için Zip medyanın alt bölümü köşede retrareflective bölüm içerir.

Uyumluluk

Yüksek kapasitede zip disk en azına aynı kapasite ile sunucuyu kullanması gereklidir. Genellikle yüksek kapasite sürücüler düşük kapasiteli medyaları da okuyabilmelidir. gibi olmalıdır. Buna rağmen 250MB'lık sürücüler 100MB'lık sürücülere göre daha yavaş yazmaktadır. 100MB'lık sürücülerden çok daha uzun süre performans gösteremez. 750MB'lık sürücüler 100MB'lık disklere yazamazlar. Ayrıca 100MB'lıklar daha ucuz ve bu üç formatta ki en yayın olanlarıdır.

Eğer daha büyük disk daha küçük kapasite sürüşünde sokulursa retrareflectivenktası üç medya boyutunda öyle ayrılır ki disk hemen yapılıyor olan, herhangi bir deneme olmadan çıkarılır.

Yazma koruması
Kendi kendine çalışan disk kontrolörler yerine THE ZİP'S WİRİTW PROTECTON hem yazılımda hem donanımda diğer disk yapılarından farklı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Diskteki THE METADATA yazma koruma statüsünü belirtmektedir. Koruma ayarlarını değiştirmek için bilgisayar Zipte ki METADATA 'yı değiştirerek sürücüye komut yollamaktadır. Bunun anlamı disk sürücüde yüklenmiş olma zorunda ve WRİTE PROTECTİON on veya off'a çeviren uygun bir yazılım sayesinde disk erişilebilir olmalıdır. Bu aynı zamanda teoride ROUE DRİVER veya modifiye edilmiş disk THE WHİTE PROTECTON FLAG görmezden gelinerek yaratılabilir.

Hata koruması

Zip disk medyanın sahip olduğu ekstra engellere SPORE SECTORS denir. Bu sürücü hesap kaybını önlemek için kullanılır. Önleme sürücü potansiyel medyayı denetlediği zaman diskte yedek bir sektöre veriyi yerleştirecektir. Disklerin fiziksel adres sektörlerinin bir eşleşmesi vardı bundan dolayı bunun, işletim sistemine neredeyse saydam olmasıdır.

Satış, problemler ve lisans

Zip sürücüleri 1994 te tanıtıldıktan sonra başlangıçta iyi satıldı ve bunu yüksek kapasitesine(zaman olarak) ve düşük fiyatına borçluydu, Bu sürücü ilk başta sadece $200 doların altında ve 1 kartuşu dahildi, ek olarak 100mblık kartuşlarda $20 dolardı. Ek kartuşların fiyatı birkaç yıl içinde diğer şirketlerinde bu kartuşları sağlaması sayesinde çabucak düştü. En sonunda, Fujifilm, Verbatim, Maxell ve Epson firmaları lisanlı 100 MB sürücü modeli ni markasıyla birlikte ürettiler.

Zip Sürücülerinin ve disklerin satışları 1999'dan 2003 e kadar sürekli geriledi. Eylül 2005 te, sınıf hareket takımı Iomega karşı harekete göçmesi üzerinde "Click of Death" adı verilen Zip sürücüsü çöküşü yaşandı Zip sürücüleri aynı zamanda CD-R ve DVD±RW'nin düşen fiyatlarıyla kıyaslayınca megabyte başına cok yüksek fiyatlıdır.
Bilgisayarlar için ucuz kaydedilebilir CD ve DVD sürücülerinin ve USB flash sürücülerin piyasaya çıkmasıyla birlikte, Zip drive lar popülerliğini kaybetti. Buna rağmen, veri aktarmadaki fiziksel dayanırlıkları ve güvenilirlikleri ve diske yazış süreleri zip sürücülerini veri depolama alanında uygun yere getirdi.
2006 yılında, PC Word Zip sürücülerini bütün zamanların15 en kötü teknoloji ürünleri sıralamasında oyladı.

ZipCD sürücüsü

lomega aynı zamanda Zip markasının altında 1990'ların sonunda ZipCD 650 alında bir dizi dahili ve harici kaydedilebilir CD sürücüsü üretti. Bu CD-R medyasını kullanıyordu ve ve manyetik Zip sürücüsüyle bir format ilişkisi yoktu. Harici modeller Zip sürücüsü syiline yüklendi ve USB 1.1 bağlantılarından faydalandı.
Iomega Adaptec'in DirectCD yazılımını UDF-sürücü harfinin CD-R ve CD-RW medyasına ulaşması için kullandı.

Firma aynı zamanda kendi CD-R ve CD-RW medyasını aynı ZipCD ismi atlında kurdu. Bununla birlikte, ZipCD sürücüleri herhangi bir boş CD-R veya CD-RW medyasına oluşturulabilecekti.
ZipCD sürücülerinin eski modelleri Philips sürücüsü olarak tekrar tescillenmiştir, maalesef bu hukuk güvencesinde bir sınıf hareketi değildir.

İlgili konular

 Jaz Sürücü
 Iomega REV
 Bernoulli Kutu
 Ditto Sürücü
 LS-120 Sürücü
 EZ 135 Sürücü
 Orb Sürücü
 SyQuest

Kaynakça

1.	 Iomega Corporation (2000). 2000 Annual Report to Shareholders; Iomega Corporation (2001). 2001 Annual Report to Shareholders; Iomega Corporation (2002). 2002 Annual Report to Shareholders; Iomega Corporation (2003). 2003 Annual Report to Shareholders. Retrieved 2005-01-22 from corporate website, parent page.

Veri depolama

Iomega Zip sürücüsü


Plymouthbrødrene (engelsk: Plymouth Brethren) også kaldet Darbyister, er en særegen kristen trosretning, der blev grundlagt under ledelse af John Nelson Darby i 1830'erne

Formelt blev bevægelsen organiseret i 1831 af en gruppe personer, der var kommet sammen til møder nogen år i forvejen. De lagde vægt på Jesu genkomst og profetierne. Darby ønskede at have en så enkel organisation som mulig. Han rejste i mange lande, blandt andet til Schweiz, hvor han søgte at forkynde sin lære. I 1845 blev bevægelsen delt i to. Darby og hans tilhængere blev derefter kendt som Exclusive Brethren, mens den anden gren blev kendt som Open Brethren. Senere er bevægelsen blevet delt i endnu flere retninger.

Darby praktiserede barnedåb, men i dag praktiserer de fleste i menigheder indenfor Plymouthbrødrene voksendåb. Menighederne har en enkel organisation, hvor menighederne ledes af ældste. Gudstjenesterne er ganske enkle.

Menighedens medlemmer er hovedsagelig bosat i USA, Storbritannien, Australien, Færøerne (Open Brethren - Brøðrasamkoman) og visse afrikanske og latinamerikanske lande, og tæller på verdensplan omkring en million.

Historie
I 1845 skete der en splittelse indenfor Plymouthbrødrene, der delte sig i flere retninger. Typisk deles Plymouthbrødrenes op i "Open Brethren" of "Exclusive Brethren". Skillet går først og fremmest på, at de åbne menigheder vælger at engagere sig mere i det omivende samfund, mens mange af de lukkede brødre foretrækker en ekskluderende livsstil med visse sektlignende træk.

I Schweiz spillede darbyisterne en rolle i landets indre stridigheder i 1830erne og 1840erne. I det vestlige Tyskland bredte de sig under ledelse af Carl Brockhaus i Elberfeld, men de måtte under nazitiden udstå svære forfølgelser; i dag er der omkring 50 000 Plymouthbrødre i Tyskland. De fleste Plymouthbrødre bor i Storbritannien og USA samt andre engelsktalende lande, mens der er ca. 5.000 på Færøerne.

Exclusive brethren
De lukkede eller eksklusive plymouthbrødre kaldes også taylorister efter deres to ledere i 1800-tallet John Taylor sen. og hans søn John Taylor jun. De er ikke aktive i Danmmark, men den svenske menighed tæller omkring 300 medlemmer, hvoraf hovedparten bor i Smålandsstenar i Småland og driver Laboraskolan i det nærliggende Nyby.

De prioriterer familielivet højt. Hver søndag deltager alle menighedsmedlemmer i "Herrens Måltid", der indtager en central plads i brødrenes liv. Deres sociale aktiviteter udøves for det meste med andre medlemmer, som de træffer på deres bibelmøder. Tilhængerne forventes at være fuldstændig loyale mod deres ledere, der anses for at kunne tildele åndelig vederkvægelse og har moralsk kraft, og som undervisere således sørger for, at medlemmerne løftes ud af det, som man anser for verdens ondskab.

Frafaldne fryses ude, og det bliver svært for dem at få lov at omgås sin slægt og gamle venner. Alle kan deltage i brødrenes bibelmøder, og de prædiker budskabet om frelse gennem Jesus på offentlige steder.

Medlemmerne må respektere et antal forbud:
 Se tv eller lytte til radio
 Læse ved universitet
 Stille op til eller stemme ved politiske valg
 Tegne livforsikring
 Bære våben
 Deltage i fagforening, erhvervsforening eller nogen gruppe, som omfatter ikke-medlemmer af kirken
 Bo i samme hus som, eller spise sammen med, ikke-medlemmer

Open Brethren
De åbne menigheder vælger at engagere sig i det omgivende samfund og har også en mere generøs indstilling til andre kristne. I mange åbne menigheder er alle troende og døbte velkomne til at modtage nadver, uanset kirkeligt tilhørsforhold. De åbne brødre praktiserer altid voksendåb ("troendedåb"), mens en del lukkede menigheder anvender barnedåb. Brøðrasamkoman på Færøerne, der omfatter omkring 1/10 af befolkningen, er Open Brethren og deltager fuldt ud i det almindelige samfundsliv.

Litteratur
 Christer Nilsson: Sekternas sekt: De exklusiva Plymouthbröderna, Proprius Förlag, Stockholm 1986.
 Clas Svahn: Sekter & hemliga sällskap i Sverige och världen, Bokförlaget Semic, Stockholm 2007.
 Bryan R Wilson: The Brethren - A current sociological appraisal, Oxford University 2000. Tilgænglig online
 Gunnar Hillerdal: Plymouthbröderna - En annorlunda gren av kristenheten Proprius Förlag AB 2007.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Plymouth Brethren
 The Exclusive Brethren
 Plymouthbrødrene

Kristendom
Kirkesamfund

Plymouthbrødrene


الرياح المتعامدة  هي الرياح التي تهب بشكل عمودي على اتجاه حركة الطائرة. في مجال الطيران، الرياح المتعامدة هو عنصر الرياح التي تهب بشكل متعامد مع المدرج مما يجعل الهبوط أكثر صعوبة مما لو كانت الرياح تهب بشكل موازي للمدرج. إذا كانت الرياح المتعامدة من القوة بحيث أنها يمكن أن تتجاوز الحد المتوقع (أقصى رياح متعامدة تتحملها الطائرة)، مما يجعل هبوط الطائرة خطرًا في ظل هذه الظروف، حيث يمكن أن تسبب أضرارًا هيكلية للعجلات الطائرة. و تسمى الرياح المتعامدة اختصاراً بـ X/WIND.

يمكن أيضًا أن تحدث عند السفر على الطرق، وخاصة الجسور الكبيرة والطرق السريعة، والتي قد تكون خطيرة للسائقين نظرًا لاحتمال تكون قوة رفع أسفل المركبات والتسبب في تغيير اتجاه المركبة بشكل مفاجئ. لذلك فإن الطريقة الآمنة للتعامل مع الرياح المتعامدة هي بالحد من السرعة؛ وبالتالي الحد من تأثير قوة الرفع والتغير المفاجئ في اتجاه المركبة (اتجاه الرياح المتعامدة).

عندما لا يكون اتجاه الرياح موازيًا أوعموديًا على اتجاه حركة المركبة، يقال أن الرياح متعامدة؛ التي يمكن تقسيمها إلى عنصرين، رياح متعامدة ورياح مقابلة headwind أو رياح خلفية tailwind. لكن يظهر على المركبات ثأثير الرياح المتعامدة فقط.

تعرف الرياح المتعامدة رياضيًا (نظريًا) بحاصل ضرب سرعة الرياح بجيب الزاوية بين اتجاه الرياح واتجاه حركة المركبة، على سبيل المثال، بالنسبة لرياح بقوة 10 عقد بزاوية °45 بين اتجاه الرياح واتجاه حركة المركبة، فإن قيمة الرياح المتعامدة هي
10*(sin(45° وتساوي 7.07 عقدة تقريبًا.

من جهة أخرى فإن التعبير الرياضي للرياح المقابلة هو حاصل ضرب سرعة الرياح جيب تمام الزاوية بين الرياح واتجاه الحركة.

أما بالنسبة لتحديد قيمة الرياح المتعامدة عمليًا - في الحياة اليومية - غالبًا ما يستخدم الطيارين الرسم البياني الذي يمثل اتجاه سرعة الرياح والزاوية.

انظر أيضًا
 رياح مقابلة
 رياح خلفية

مراجع

ديناميكا هوائية
مخاطر الطريق

رياح متعامدة