The Living Daylights is a 1987 spy film, the fifteenth entry in the James Bond series produced by Eon Productions, and the first of two to star Timothy Dalton as the fictional MI6 agent James Bond. Directed by John Glen, the film's title is taken from Ian Fleming's short story "The Living Daylights", the plot of which also forms the basis of the first act of the film. It was the last film to use the title of an Ian Fleming story until the 2006 instalment Casino Royale. It is also the first film to have Caroline Bliss as Miss Moneypenny, replacing Lois Maxwell. The film was produced by Albert R. Broccoli, his stepson Michael G. Wilson, and co-produced by his daughter, Barbara Broccoli. The Living Daylights grossed $191.2 million worldwide, and received mixed reviews from critics.

Plot
James Bond is assigned to help KGB General Georgi Koskov defect, covering his escape from a concert hall in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia. During the mission, Bond notices that the KGB sniper assigned to "protect" Koskov is a female cellist from the orchestra. Disobeying his orders to kill the sniper, he shoots the rifle from her hands, then uses the Trans-Siberian Pipeline to smuggle Koskov across the border to the West.

In his post-defection debriefing, Koskov informs MI6 that the KGB's old policy of "Smiert Spionam", meaning "Death to Spies", has been revived by General Leonid Pushkin, the new head of the KGB. Koskov is later abducted from the Bladen estate safe-house and assumed to have been taken back to Moscow. Bond is directed to track down Pushkin in Tangier and kill him, to forestall further killings of agents and escalation of tensions between the Soviet Union and the West. Bond agrees to carry out the mission when he learns that the assassin who killed 004 in Gibraltar (as depicted in the pre-title sequence) left a note bearing the same message, "Smiert Spionam".

Bond returns to Bratislava to track down the cellist, Kara Milovy. He finds out that Koskov's entire defection was staged, and that Kara is actually Koskov's girlfriend. Bond convinces Kara that he is a friend of Koskov's and persuades her to accompany him to Vienna, supposedly to be reunited with him. They escape Bratislava while being pursued by the KGB and Czech police, crossing over the border into Austria. Meanwhile, Pushkin meets with arms dealer Brad Whitaker in Tangier, informing him that the KGB is cancelling an arms deal previously arranged between Koskov and Whitaker.

During his brief tryst with Milovy in Vienna, Bond visits the Prater to meet his MI6 ally, Saunders, who discovers a history of financial dealings between Koskov and Whitaker. As he leaves their meeting, Saunders is killed by Koskov's henchman Necros, who again leaves the message "Smiert Spionam". Bond and Kara promptly leave for Tangier. There, Bond confronts Pushkin, who disavows any knowledge of "Smiert Spionam" and reveals that Koskov is evading arrest for embezzlement of government funds. Bond and Pushkin then join forces, and Bond fakes Pushkin's assassination, inducing Whitaker and Koskov to progress with their scheme. Meanwhile, Kara contacts Koskov, who tells her that Bond is actually a KGB agent, and convinces her to drug him so that he can be captured.

Koskov, Necros, Kara, and the captive Bond fly to a Soviet air base in Afghanistan, where Koskov betrays Kara and imprisons her, along with Bond. The pair escape, and in doing so, free a condemned prisoner, Kamran Shah, leader of the local Mujahideen. Bond and Milovy discover that Koskov is using Soviet funds to buy a massive shipment of opium from the Mujahideen, intending to keep the profits with enough left over to supply the Soviets with their arms and buy Western arms from Whitaker.

With the Mujahideen's help, Bond plants a bomb aboard the cargo plane carrying the opium, but is spotted and has no choice but to barricade himself in the plane. Meanwhile, the Mujahideen attack the air base on horseback and engage the Soviets in a gun battle. During the battle, Kara drives a jeep into the cargo hold of the plane as Bond takes off, and Necros also leaps aboard at the last second from a jeep driven by Koskov. After a struggle, Bond sends Necros to his death and deactivates the bomb. Bond then notices Shah and his men being pursued by Soviet forces. He re-activates the bomb and drops it out of the plane and onto a bridge, blowing it up and helping Shah and his men escape the Soviets. The plane subsequently crashes, destroying the drugs, while Bond and Kara escape.

Bond returns to Tangier to kill Whitaker, infiltrating his estate with the help of ally Felix Leiter. Pushkin also enters the estate and arrests Koskov, ordering him to be sent back to Moscow "in the diplomatic bag".

Some time later, Kara is the solo cellist in a Vienna performance. Kamran Shah and his men jostle in during the intermission and are introduced to now-diplomat General Gogol (Pushkin's predecessor at the KGB), and the Soviets. After her performance, Bond surprises Kara in her dressing room, and they embrace.

Cast
 Timothy Dalton as James Bond 007, an MI6 agent assigned to look into the deaths of several KGB defectors and conspiracies against several of his allies.

 Maryam d'Abo as Kara Milovy, Koskov's girlfriend and later Bond's love interest.
 Joe Don Baker as Brad Whitaker, an American arms dealer and self-styled general, who serves as Koskov's primary ally. Baker called his character "a nut" who "thought he was Napoleon".
 Art Malik as Kamran Shah, a leader in the Afghan Mujahideen.
 John Rhys-Davies as General Leonid Pushkin, the new head of the KGB, replacing General Gogol.
 Jeroen Krabbé as General Georgi Koskov, a renegade Soviet general who attempts to manipulate the British government into assassinating his rival, General Pushkin.

 Andreas Wisniewski as Necros, Koskov's henchman, who poses repeated threats to Bond.
 Thomas Wheatley as Saunders, Bond's ally.
 Julie T. Wallace as Rosika Miklos, James Bond's contact in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia who works at the TransSiberian Pipeline.
 Desmond Llewelyn as Q, MI6's "quartermaster", who supplies Bond with multi-purpose vehicles and gadgets useful in the latter's mission.
 Robert Brown as M, the head of MI6 and Bond's superior.
 Walter Gotell as General Anatol Gogol, the retired head of the KGB, now a diplomat shown in a cameo at the end of the film.
 Caroline Bliss as Miss Moneypenny, M's secretary.
 Geoffrey Keen as Frederick Gray (credited as Minister of Defence), the British Minister of Defence
 Virginia Hey as Rubavitch, General Leonid Pushkin's mistress in Morocco
 John Terry as Felix Leiter: A CIA agent and ally to Bond.
 Nadim Sawalha cameos as a police chief in Tangier. Sawalha also appeared in a previous 007 film, The Spy Who Loved Me (1977), as Aziz Fekkesh.
 John Bowe as Colonel Feyador, the leader of the Soviet air base in Afghanistan.

Production
Originally the film was proposed to be a prequel in the series, an idea that eventually resurfaced with the reboot of the series in 2006, Casino Royale. SMERSH, the fictionalised Soviet counterintelligence agency that featured in Fleming's Casino Royale and several other early James Bond novels, was an acronym for 'Smiert Shpionam' —'Death to spies'.

Casting

In autumn 1985, following the financial and critical disappointment of A View to a Kill, work began on scripts for the next Bond film, with the intention that Roger Moore would not reprise the role of James Bond. Moore, who by the time of the release of The Living Daylights would have been 59 years old, chose to retire from the role after 12 years and seven films. Albert Broccoli, however, claimed that he let Moore go from the role.

During an extensive search for a new actor to play Bond, a number of actors, including New Zealander Sam Neill, Irish-born Pierce Brosnan, and Welsh-born stage actor Timothy Dalton, auditioned for the role in 1986. Bond co-producer Michael G. Wilson, director John Glen, Dana and Barbara Broccoli "were impressed with Sam Neill and very much wanted to use him." However, Albert Broccoli was not sold on the actor. In 2022, Neill stated that he had never wanted the role. Meanwhile, Jerry Weintraub, the chairman of MGM/UA Communications, suggested hiring Mel Gibson for a two-picture deal valued at $10 million, but Broccoli was not interested. Other actors touted in the press included Bryan Brown, Michael Nader, Andrew Clarke, and Finlay Light.

The producers eventually offered the role to Brosnan after a three-day screen-test. At the time, he was contracted to the television series Remington Steele, which had been cancelled by the NBC network due to falling ratings. The announcement that he would be chosen to play James Bond caused a surge in interest in the series, which led to NBC exercising (less than three days prior to expiry) a 60-day option in Brosnan's contract to make a further season of the series. NBC's action caused drastic repercussions, as a result of which Broccoli withdrew the offer given to Brosnan, citing that he did not want the character associated with a contemporary television series. This led to a drop in interest in Remington Steele, and only five new episodes were filmed before the series was finally cancelled. The edict from Broccoli was that "Remington Steele would not be James Bond."

Dana Broccoli suggested Timothy Dalton. Albert Broccoli was initially reluctant given Dalton's public lack of interest in the role, but at his wife's urging agreed to meet the actor. However, Dalton would soon begin filming Brenda Starr and so would be unavailable. In the intervening period, having completed Brenda Starr, Dalton was offered the role once again, which he accepted. For a period, the filmmakers had Dalton, but he had not signed a contract. A casting director persuaded Robert Bathurst—an English actor who would become known for his roles in Joking Apart, Cold Feet, and Downton Abbey—to audition for Bond.

Bathurst believes that his "ludicrous audition" was only "an arm-twisting exercise" because the producers wanted to persuade Dalton to take the role by telling him they were still auditioning other actors. Dalton agreed to the film while travelling between airports: "Without anything to do, I decided to start thinking about whether I really, really should or should not do James Bond. Although obviously we'd moved some way along in that process, I just wasn't set on whether I should do it or shan't I do it. But the moment of truth was fast approaching as to whether I'd say yes or no. And that's where I said yes. I picked up the phone from the hotel room in the Miami airport and called them and said, "Yep, you're on: I'll do it."

Dalton's take was very different from that of Moore, regarded as more in line of Ian Fleming's character: a reluctant hero who is often uncomfortable in his job. Dalton wished to create a Bond different from Moore's, feeling he would have declined the project if he were asked to imitate Moore. In contrast to Moore's more jocular approach, Dalton found his creative muse from the original books: "I definitely wanted to recapture the essence and flavour of the books, and play it less flippantly. After all, Bond's essential quality is that he's a man who lives on the edge. He could get killed at any moment, and that stress and danger factor is reflected in the way he lives, chain-smoking, drinking, fast cars and fast women."

Moore declined to watch The Living Daylights in cinema as he did not wish to demonstrate any negative opinions about the project. Broccoli enjoyed the change of tone, feeling that Brosnan would have been too similar to Moore. Neill thought Dalton performed well in the role, and Brosnan called Dalton a good choice in 1987, but felt it too near the bone to watch the finished film. He would win the role in 1994, based on his filmed audition from 1986. Sean Connery endorsed Dalton in an interview with the Daily Mail, and Desmond Llewelyn enjoyed working with a fellow stage actor.

The English actress Maryam d'Abo, a former model, was cast as the Czechoslovak cellist Kara Milovy. In 1984, d'Abo had attended auditions for the role of Pola Ivanova in A View to a Kill. Barbara Broccoli included d'Abo in the audition for playing Kara, which she later passed.

Originally, the KGB general set up by Koskov was to be General Gogol; however, Walter Gotell was too sick to handle the major role, and the character of Leonid Pushkin replaced Gogol, who appears briefly at the end of the film, having transferred to the Soviet diplomatic service. This was Gogol's final appearance in a James Bond film. Morten Harket, the lead vocalist of the Norwegian rock group a-ha (who performed the film's title song), was offered a minor role as a henchman but declined, because of lack of time and because he felt they wanted to cast him due to his popularity rather than his acting. Joe Don Baker was hired based on his performance in Edge of Darkness, which was helmed by future Bond director Martin Campbell.

Director John Glen decided to include the macaw from For Your Eyes Only. It can be seen squawking in the kitchen of Blayden House when Necros attacks MI6's officers.

Filming

The film was shot at Pinewood Studios at its 007 Stage in the United Kingdom, as well as Weissensee in Austria. The pre-title sequence was filmed on the Rock of Gibraltar and although the sequence shows a hijacked Land Rover careering down various sections of road for several minutes before bursting through a wall towards the sea, the location mostly used the same short stretch of road at the very top of the Rock, shot from numerous different angles. The beach defences seen at the foot of the Rock in the initial shot were also added solely for the film, to an otherwise non-military area. The action involving the Land Rover switched from Gibraltar to Beachy Head in the UK for the shot showing the vehicle actually getting airborne.

Trial runs of the stunt with the Land Rover, during which Bond escapes by parachute from the tumbling vehicle, were filmed in the Mojave Desert in the southwestern United States, although the final cut of the film uses a shot achieved using a dummy. Bratislavan sequences were filmed in Vienna. The outside shots of the Bratislavan concert hall show the Volksoper, while the interior were shot in Sofiensäle. The tram scene was filmed in Währing, Vienna and the border chase was filmed in Carinthia, also in Austria. Other locations included Germany, the United States, and Italy, while the desert scenes were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco. The conclusion of the film was shot at the Schönbrunn Palace, Vienna and Elveden Hall, Suffolk.

Principal photography commenced at Gibraltar on 17 September 1986. Aerial stuntmen B. J. Worth and Jake Lombard performed the pre-credits parachute jump. Both the terrain and wind were unfavourable. Consideration was given to the stunt being done using cranes but aerial stunts arranger B. J. Worth stuck to skydiving and completed the scenes in a day. The aircraft used for the jump was a Lockheed C-130 Hercules, which in the film had M's office installed in the aircraft cabin. The initial point of view for the scene shows M in what appears to be his usual London office, but the camera then zooms out to reveal that it is, in fact, inside an aircraft.

Although marked as a Royal Air Force aircraft, the one in shot belonged to the Spanish Air Force and was used again later in the film for the Afghanistan sequences, this time in Soviet markings. During this later chapter, a fight breaks out on the open ramp of the aircraft in flight between Bond and Necros, before Necros falls to his death. Although the plot and preceding shots suggest the aircraft is a C-130, the shot of Necros falling away from the aircraft show a twin engine cargo plane, a Fairchild C-123 Provider. Worth and Lombard also doubled for Bond and Necros in the scenes where they are hanging and fighting on a bag in a plane's open cargo door, with the exterior shots filmed over the Mojave Desert.

The press would not meet Dalton and d'Abo until 5 October 1986, when the main unit travelled to Vienna. Almost two weeks after the second unit filming on Gibraltar, the first unit started shooting with Andreas Wisniewski and stunt man Bill Weston. During the course of the three days it took to film this fight, Weston fractured a finger and Wisniewski knocked him out once. The next day found the crew on location at Stonor House, Oxfordshire, doubling for Bladen's Safe House, the first scene Jeroen Krabbé filmed.

There was also location work outside the United Kingdom, in Morocco and Austria. d'Abo recalled we were "[o]ne big and happy family traveling and filming together for five months."

The return of Aston Martin

The film reunites Bond with the car maker Aston Martin. Following Bond's use of the Aston Martin DBS in On Her Majesty's Secret Service, the filmmakers then turned to the brand new Lotus Esprit in 1977's The Spy Who Loved Me, which reappeared four years later in For Your Eyes Only. Aston Martin then returned with their Aston Martin V8.

Two different Aston Martin models were used in filming—a V8 Volante convertible, and later for the Czechoslovakia scenes, a hard-top non-Volante V8 saloon badged to look like the Volante.  The Volante was a production model owned by then Aston Martin Lagonda chairman, Victor Gauntlett.

Music

The Living Daylights was the final Bond film to be scored by composer John Barry. The soundtrack is notable for its introduction of sequenced electronic rhythm tracks overdubbed with the orchestra—at the time, a relatively new innovation.

The title song of the film, "The Living Daylights", was co-written with Pål Waaktaar of the Norwegian pop-music group a-ha and recorded by the band. The group and Barry did not collaborate well, resulting in two versions of the theme song. Barry's film mix is heard on the soundtrack (and on a-ha's later compilation album Headlines and Deadlines). The version preferred by the band can be heard on the a-ha album Stay on These Roads, released in 1988. However, in 2006, Waaktaar complimented Barry's contributions: "I loved the stuff he added to the track, I mean it gave it this really cool string arrangement. That's when for me it started to sound like a Bond thing". The title song is one of the few 007 title songs not performed or written by a British or American performer.

In a departure from previous Bond films, The Living Daylights was the first to use different songs over the opening and end credits. The song heard over the end credits, "If There Was A Man" (which also acts as the "love theme" of the film), was one of two songs performed for the film by The Pretenders, with Chrissie Hynde on lead vocals.  The other song, "Where Has Everybody Gone?", is heard from Necros's Walkman in the film—the melody of the song is subsequently used in the score to announce Necros whenever he attacks. The Pretenders were originally considered to perform the title song. However, the producers had been pleased with the commercial success of Duran Duran's "A View to a Kill", and felt that a-ha would be more likely to make an impact on the charts.

The original soundtrack was released on LP and CD by Warner Bros. and featured only 12 tracks. Later re-releases by Rykodisc and EMI added nine additional tracks, including alternate instrumental end credits music. Rykodisc's version included the gun barrel and opening sequence of the film as well as the jailbreak sequence, and the bombing of the bridge.

Additionally, the film featured a number of pieces of classical music, as the main Bond girl, Kara Milovy, is a cellist. Mozart's 40th Symphony in G minor (1st movement) is performed by the orchestra at the Conservatoire in Bratislava when Koskov flees. As Moneypenny tells Bond, Kara is next to perform Alexander Borodin's String Quartet in D major, and the finale to Act II of Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro (in Vienna) also features. When arriving in Vienna, an orchestra outside the hotel in playing a movement from the Wein, Weib und Gesang waltz by Johann Strauss. Before Bond is drugged by Kara, she is practicing the Cello solo from the first movement of Dvořák's cello concerto in B minor., Kara and an orchestra (conducted onscreen by John Barry) perform Tchaikovsky's Variations on a Rococo Theme to rapturous applause.

Release
The Prince and Princess of Wales attended the film's premiere on 29 June 1987 at the Odeon Leicester Square in London. In the three days following the premiere, the film grossed £52,656 in Leicester Square and £13,049 at the Odeon Marble Arch before expanding to 18 screens where it grossed £136,503 for the weekend, finishing third at the UK box office for the weekend and second for the week behind The Secret of My Success. The following week it expanded to 60 screens and grossed £252,940 for the weekend, finishing second to Police Academy 4: Citizens on Patrol. A week later it expanded to 116 screens but remained in second place for the weekend with a gross of £523,264 however finally reached number one for the week with a gross of £1,072,420 from 131 screens.  It went on to gross £8.2 million ($19 million) in the UK. On the film's opening weekend in the US, it grossed $11 million, surpassing the $5.2 million grossed by The Lost Boys that was released on the same day, and setting a record 3-day opening for a Bond film, beating Octopussy (1983) $8.9 million. However, it did not beat the 4-day record of $13.3 million set by A View to a Kill (1985). It went on to gross $51.2 million in the United States and Canada. The Living Daylights grossed the equivalent of $191.2 million worldwide. Other large international grosses include $19.5 million in Germany, $12.6 million in Japan and $11.4 million in France.

In the film, Koskov and Whitaker repeatedly use vehicles and drug packets marked with the Red Cross. This action angered a number of Red Cross Societies, which sent letters of protest regarding the film. In addition, the British Red Cross attempted to prosecute the filmmakers and distributors. However, no legal action was taken. As a result, a disclaimer was added at the start of the film and some DVD releases.

Reception
Rita Kempley, reviewing for The Washington Post, praised Dalton's performance, naming him: Furthermore, she praised the film as "graciously paced, though overplotted, so some seat-shifting sets in about 30 minutes before the end." Janet Maslin of The New York Times complimented Dalton's performance, feeling that he had "enough presence, the right debonair looks and the kind of energy that the Bond series has lately been lacking." While praising the supporting characters, she criticised the long runtime and noted Glen's direction "has the colorful but perfunctory style that goes with the territory, and it's adequate if uninspired."

Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave The Living Daylights two stars out of four, criticising the lack of humour in the protagonist and feeling General Whitaker was "not one of the great Bond villains. He's a kooky phony general who plays with toy soldiers and never seems truly diabolical. Without a great Bond girl, a great villain or a hero with a sense of humor, The Living Daylights belongs somewhere on the lower rungs of the Bond ladder. But there are some nice stunts." Gene Siskel of The Chicago Tribune also gave the film two stars out of four, commending Dalton as superior to Roger Moore but feeling he "simply doesn't have the manliness or the charm of Sean Connery." He criticised the film for its perceived tentativeness, writing that the "filmmakers were trying to strike a middle ground between the glamor of the Connery Bond films and the dubious humor of the Moore Bonds. The result is a film that is not so much bad as mechanical and uptight."

Carrie Rickey of The Philadelphia Inquirer felt Dalton "makes for an appealing Bond, and with his distinctive bow-shaped mouth and the cleft in his chin, no one is likely to confuse [him] with the blandness that was George Lazenby or the corseted stiffness that was Roger Moore, two prior Bonds. And unlike Sean Connery's cooly sadistic agent, Dalton's 007 has exquisite manners — both of the bedside and roadside variety." Jay Scott of The Globe and Mail wrote of Dalton's Bond that "you get the feeling that on his off nights, he might curl up with the Reader's Digest and catch an episode of Moonlighting". Derek Malcolm of The Guardian wrote Dalton "hasn't the natural authority of Connery nor the facile charm of Moore, but George Lazenby he is not. He is, in fact, four-square on the Balham Line — decent, daring, not above unorthodoxy but unlikely to ask Q for a fool-proof condom for the Aids era." Overall, he felt the film was "a slightly more sensible Bond than before, allowing for glasnost — the Ruskies aren't all bad — and suggesting 007 has at least grown less like a predatory little boy."

Jay Boyar of the Orlando Sentinel noted: "Dalton shows a serious side that's been missing from the role since Sean Connery's earliest 007 days. And as a whole, the new picture is less of a special-effects affair than most of Roger Moore's Bond films. There's no shortage of action in The Living Daylights, but the movie adds up to a real adventure." Richard Corliss of Time magazine gave the film a positive review, stating Dalton "finds some of the lethal charm of Sean Connery, along with a touch of crabby Harrison Ford. This Bond is as fast on his feet as with his wits; an ironic scowl creases his face; he's battle ready yet war-weary."

Retrospective reviews
Retrospective reviews of the film have been considerably more positive. The Independent placed the film as the fourth best Bond movie, praising the tough, nervy edge Dalton brought to the franchise. Dalton himself has said he preferred The Living Daylights over Licence to Kill. Dalton's predecessor, Roger Moore, discussing the Bond series in 2012, called the film a "bloody good movie". IGN lauded the film for bringing back realism and espionage to the film series, and showing James Bond's dark side. Les Roopanarine, in a retrospective review for The Guardian, called the film his favourite Bond film, praising Dalton for "bringing a more nuanced interpretation to the role, with his relationships evolving in a way never seen before in previous Bond films."

In a poll involving Bond experts and fans of the franchise, The Living Daylights was ranked the sixth best Bond film. The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 73% based on 59 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The website's critical consensus states, "Newcomer Timothy Dalton plays James Bond with more seriousness than preceding installments, and the result is exciting and colorful but occasionally humorless." On Metacritic it has a score of 59 based on 18 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade "A" on scale of A to F.

Retrospective reviews have been critical of the portrayal of the mujahideen in the film with The Atlantic writing that the film failed to capture "the complexities of their historical moment". Others have said that the film "sidesteps more problematic aspects of mujahideen activities" and that "any critical reading of the film in light of modern Afghanistan, and the post-Soviet incarnations/evolution of the Mujahedeen, I lock securely in the box marked 'Let's Not Go There.'"

See also

 Outline of James Bond

Note

References

Sources

External links

 MGM's official The Living Daylights website
 The Living Daylights review in 007 Magazine
 Inside The Living Daylights Documentary

1987 action thriller films
1980s adventure films
1980s spy films
1987 films
British sequel films
British thriller films
Cold War spy films
Films based on short fiction
Films directed by John Glen
Films set in Afghanistan
Films set in amusement parks
Films set in Czechoslovakia
Films set in Gibraltar
Films set in Tangier
Films set in Vienna
Films shot in Vienna
Films shot in California
Films shot in Gibraltar
Films shot in Italy
Films shot in Morocco
James Bond films
Films shot at Pinewood Studios
Soviet–Afghan War films
Films scored by John Barry (composer)
Films with screenplays by Richard Maibaum
Films produced by Albert R. Broccoli
Films produced by Michael G. Wilson
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films
United Artists films
Eon Productions films
Films with screenplays by Michael G. Wilson
Films about the illegal drug trade
1980s English-language films
1980s British films

The Living Daylights


Demián Bichir Nájera (spansk udtale: [demjan bitʃir naxeɾa]; født 1. august 1963) er en mexicansk-amerikansk skuespiller og et af medlemmerne af Bichir-familien.

Både hans forældre, Alejandro Bichir og Maricruz Nájera og hans brødre, Odiseo og Bruno Bichir er skuespillere. I 2012 blev Bichir nomineret til en Oscar for bedste mandlige hovedrolle for sin præstation i A Better Life. I 2013 havde han en af hovedrollerne i tv-serien The Bridge.

Filmografi
 The Heat (2013)
 Alien: Covenant (2017)
 The Nun  (2018)
 The Midnight Sky (2020)

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra Mexico
Personer fra Mexico City
Mexikanere i 1900-tallet
Mexikanere i 2000-tallet

Demián Bichir


The Parti présidentiel was a political party in Quebec, Canada. It was founded on May 5, 1974 by former Liberal Party of Quebec Member of the National Assembly Yvon Dupuis. Dupuis founded the party after resigning from the leadership of the Ralliement créditiste du Québec. Dupuis resigned from the leadership later in 1974, and was replaced by Yvon Brochu.  On May 31, 1975, the party merged with the Union Nationale party.

See also
Politics of Quebec
List of Quebec general elections
National Assembly of Quebec
Timeline of Quebec history
List of political parties in Quebec

Provincial political parties in Quebec
Political parties established in 1974
Political parties established in 1975
Defunct political parties in Canada
1974 establishments in Quebec
1975 disestablishments in Quebec

Parti présidentiel


Aldo Ballarin (1922. – 1949.), talijanski nogometaš
 Andrea Ballarin (1962.), liutaio italiano
 Dino Ballarin (1925. – 1949.), talijanski nogometaš
 Fabiano Ballarin (1973.), talijanski nogometaš
 Jolanda Ballarin (1908-1977.), hrvatsko-talijanska slikarica
 Renato Ballarin (1919. – 2002.), talijanski političar
 Silvio Ballarin (1901. – 1969.), talijanski matematičar
 Tiziano Ballarin (1899-1978.) - talijanski nogometaš
 Walter Ballarin (1953.), talijanski nogometaš

Vidi

 Ballarini

Ballarin


Sébastien Mettraux, né en 1984 à Vallorbe, est un peintre, sculpteur et graveur suisse.

Biographie
Sébastien Mettraux naît en 1984 à Vallorbe, village où il passe son enfance.

Après sa maturité gymnasiale à Yverdon, il étudie à l'École cantonale d'art de Lausanne, où il obtient un diplôme d'arts visuels en 2006. Quatre ans plus tard, il obtient un master en arts visuels de la Haute École d'art et de design Genève. Il enseigne à temps partiel à la Haute École d'ingénierie et d'architecture de Fribourg.

Il vit et travaille depuis 2008 à Vallorbe, après avoir eu son atelier pendant trois ans à Genève.

Il est père d'un enfant.

Parcours artistique
En 2005, il participe à sa première exposition, intitulée « Accrochage » et présentée au Musée cantonal des Beaux-Arts de Lausanne.

En 2011, les tableaux qu'il expose à la troisième Manifestation d'art contemporain de Genève sur des villas de luxe, inspirés de projets réels, font l'objet d'une petite polémique portant sur le respect du droit d'auteur.

En 2014, il présente une exposition intitulée « Papiers s'il vous plait » à Paris et une autre nommée « Incertains lieux » au Théâtre Benno-Besson d'Yverdon-les-Bains. En 2017, il expose son projet Ex Machina à la gare de Vallorbe en collaboration avec le Centre d'art Contemporain d'Yverdon (CACY). Un des tableaux de cette création est exposé en 2018 au Grand Palais à Paris l'année suivante dans le cadre de la foire Art Paris.

En 2020, il réalise un fil d'animation 3D pour l'exposition « Mondes (im)parfaits » de la Maison d'Ailleurs à Yverdon-les-Bains. La même année, il est le commissaire de l'exposition « Rock me Baby » sur les machines à écrire vaudoise Hermès Baby, présentée notamment au Musée d'Yverdon et région et à la Maison d'Ailleurs.

Prix et bourses

 Bourse , 2009
Prix fédéral d'art, 2009.
Bourse culturelle Leenaards, 2015
Prix de la 73e biennale d'art contemporain, La Chaux-de-Fonds, 2018.
Atelier-résidence du canton de Vaud à Berlin, 2018.
 Prix du patrimoine vaudois des Retraites populaires, 2019.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance en mai 1984
Peintre suisse du XXIe siècle
Graveur suisse du XXIe siècle
Sculpteur suisse

Sébastien Mettraux


La Euskal Kopa (en castellano Copa Vasca) es una competición de baloncesto que juegan los equipos pertenecientes al País Vasco desde el año 2011.
Desde la edición del 2014, la competición la disputan los clubes de LEB Oro, LEB Plata y Liga EBA.

El actual campeón es el Bilbao Basket.

Historial de equipos ACB

Palmarés

Euskal Kopa 2011

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Euskal Kopa 2012

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Euskal Kopa 2012–13

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Euskal Kopa 2013–14

Euskal Kopa 2014–15

Euskal Kopa 2015–16

Grupo A

Grupo B

Final

Euskal Kopa 2016–17

Euskal Kopa LEB

Fuente: FEB.es

Euskal Kopa EBA

Final

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Fuente: FEB.es

Referencias

Competiciones de baloncesto de España por Comunidad Autónoma
Baloncesto en el País Vasco

Euskal Kopa


ماركو أندريولي  (مواليد 10 يونيو 1986 في بونتي ديلوليو - إيطاليا) لاعب كرة قدم إيطالي لعب لصالح نادي الدرجة الأولى روما الإيطالي منذ 2007 وانتقل إلى كيييفو في 2010 في مركز قلب الدفاع.
وانتقل في 11 مايو 2013 إلى نادي إنتر ميلان في صفقة انتقال حر.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون إيطاليون مغتربون في إسبانيا
قلوب دفاع كرة قدم
لاعبو الدوري الإسباني
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي
لاعبو الدوري الإيطالي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو إشبيلية
لاعبو إنتر ميلان
لاعبو روما
لاعبو ساسولو
لاعبو فيتشينزا
لاعبو كالياري
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم إيطاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إيطاليون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية إيطاليون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من إميليا-رومانيا
لاعبو كييفو فيرونا
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب إيطاليا لكرة القدم للشباب
لاعبو نادي بادوفا
مواليد 1986
مواليد في بونتي ديل أوليو

ماركو أندريولي


إليوكينتيما (Ηλιοκέντημα) هي مدينة في كسانثي في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1065   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن اليونان

إليوكينتيما (كسانثي)


La conquête carolingienne de la Marche hispanique est considéré comme la première étape de la Reconquista, au cours de laquelle plusieurs royaumes chrétiens ont entrepris la conquête de la péninsule ibérique. La conquête commence en 752 avec le siège de Narbonne qui durera sept ans et se soldera par la victoire des carolingiens.

Cette période fait suite à l'invasion sarrasine du sud de l'Europe qui se soldera par la victoire de Poitiers en 732.

Campagne de 778
En 777 les gouvernants de la marche supérieure se révoltèrent contre Abd al-Rahman , l'émir omeyyade de Cordoue et s'allièrent à Charlemagne.

La révolte fut toutefois réprimée et prit fin avec la double défaite du siège de Saragosse (778) et de Roncevaux.

Conquête de Gérone
En 785, les mêmes élites locales qui avaient capitulé devant les omeyyades, libérèrent la ville de Djarunda puis de Gérone.

La conquête de Gérone provoqua plusieurs expéditions musulmane, parmi lesquelles celle de 793 dirigée par Abd-al-Màlik ibn Abd-al-Wàhid ibn Mughith, pendant laquelle Gérone et Narbonne furent assiégées.

Guerre civile à la mort d'Hicham
La mort d'Hicham  entraina une guerre de succession entre son fils Al-Hakam Ier et ses oncles Sulayman et Abd-Allah ibn Abd-ar-Rahman.

En 798, Guillaume de Gellone en profita pour lancer des excursions à Cordoue pour le compte de Louis le pieux.

Conquête de Barcelone
En l'an 800, Louis le Pieux entama la conquête de Barcelone.

À l'automne 800, Barcelone est assiégée par des troupes d'Aquitaine, de Bourgogne et d'éléments basques et goths, avec diverses machines de siège. Le 3 avril 801, la famine force les habitants à se rendre. Les Carolingiens en firent la capitale du comté de Barcelone et l'intégrèrent à la Marche d'Espagne. Berà I, fils de Guillaume de Gellone, sera nommé premier comte de la ville.

Avancée vers l'Èbre

Fin de l'expansion
La défaite franque à la bataille de Pancorbo (816) provoqua une révolte des Basques contre les francs qui établirent Íñigo Arista (mort en 851) comme chef de Pampelune. Cela signa la fin de l'invasion carolingienne.

Références

Histoire militaire du haut Moyen Âge
Conflit du VIIIe siècle
Conflit du IXe siècle
Rébellion du VIIIe siècle

Conquête carolingienne de la Marche d'Espagne


Reinhard Lettau (10 September 1929, Erfurt – 17 June 1996, Karlsruhe) was a German-American writer.

Career
He was a professor of German Literature first at Smith College and then, from 1967 to 1991, at the University of California, San Diego. He was an active member of the Group 47. He gave incendiary speeches at the Free University of Berlin denouncing the Springer Press. He was thereupon expelled from East Germany because he was a foreigner—by that time, he carried an American passport. His provocative behavior continued in the US: In 1972, he was suspended from teaching, without pay, at UC San Diego after hitting a Marine Corps officer on the head with a rolled-up newspaper. Lettau objected to the Marines recruiting on campus.

He returned to Germany in 1991 after German reunification. He received the War Blind Prize for radio plays in 1979, the Berlin Literature Prize in 1993, and the Bremen Literature Prize in 1995.

He had studied German, philosophy, and literature in Heidelberg and at Harvard. His dissertation at Harvard in 1960 was titled "Utopie und Roman; Untersuchungen zur Form des deutschen utopischen Romans im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert." His advisor was Bernhard Blume. The thesis analyzed utopian novels in the 20th century. He later published on Marcuse.

In addition to his academic writing, Lettau was "critically recognized as a major twentieth-century prose stylist." He was a member of the PEN-Centre in Germany, and of the Deutsche Akademie der Darstellenden Künste. He was Poet in Residence at the University of Essen (Germany) in the winter term 1979/1980.

He married Gene Carter in 1954; they had three daughters, Karin (1957), Kevyn (1959), and Kathy (1965). They were divorced in 1968. He lived from 1965 in Berlin-Schöneberg together with Véronique Springer, the daughter of the Galerist Rudolf Springer. They were married in 1969 after moving to San Diego in 1967. They were divorced in 1972. His third wife was Dawn Teborski; they married in 1979 and returned to Berlin in 1991 after Lettau took early retirement at UC San Diego because of health problems.

In 1996 he traveled to Karlsruhe for his mother's 90th birthday. He was hospitalized after a fall and died there of pneumonia. He is buried in the Protestant Cemetery No. III of the congregations of Jerusalem's Church and New Church (Friedhof III der Jerusalems- und Neuen Kirchengemeinde) at Mehringdamm No. 21 in Berlin-Kreuzberg.

Books
His books include:
 Schwierigkeiten beim Häuserbauen (1962)
21 stories of the absurd, or rather, normal situations which become absurd
American edition: Obstacles, Transl.: Ursule Molinaro, New York: Pantheon Books, 1965.
 Auftritt Manigs (1963)
51 short (usually less than one page) descriptions of Manig. We learn a lot about Manig, despite the extremely short but acutely precise observations. The first public reading of this book was at a meeting of the Gruppe 47 in Berlin October 25–28, 1962.
 Die Gruppe 47 - Bericht, Kritik, Polemik (1967)
Lettau was both a member of the Gruppe 47 and a keen observer of its working. A group of writers would gather once a year to criticize each other's work. Gert Rückel describes a scene towards the end of the group's life in which Lettau speaks to a group of protesters.
 Feinde (1968)
Three longer and three short stories. The main story, "Der Feind" is a collection of short, grotesque stories about the senseless absurdity of the military. The first public reading was at a meeting of the Gruppe 47 in Princeton/USA, April 22–24, 1966. Parts were also printed in Kursbuch 7 (1966)
 Täglicher Faschismus (1971)
Lettau analyzes six months of selected newspaper articles from the USA and discusses the fascist tendencies that he sees in them. Topics are worker's problems, the student protests, press manipulation and racism.
 Immer kürzer werdende Geschichten. Und Gedichte und Porträts. (1973)
This is a collection of stories written between 1962 and 1968
 Fruehstuecksgespraeche im Miami (1977)
Where do dictators go when they have been deposed? Well, to Miami, to await the news that they may return. Lettau imagines dictators meeting for breakfast and discussing business. 43 short breakfast discussions on topics ranging from avoiding assassination to the advantages of smoking. A radio play was written by Lettau and the director Walter Adler in the winter of 1978/79 and was produced in February 1979 by the SDR in Stuttgart.
 Zerstreutes Hinschauen - Vom Schreiben über Vorgänge in direkter Nähe oder in der Entfernung von Schreibtischen (1980)
35 short chapters (but long by Lettauesque standards) looking to Germany and to the problems caused by Lettau taking part in a demonstration in Berlin and being deported.
 Herr Strich schreitet zum Äussersten. Geschichten (1982)
This title story was first published in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung on February 7, 1952. This is a collection of short stories that were published in diverse newspapers and literary journals.
 Zur Frage der Himmelsrichtungen (1988)
What does East mean? Where is West? If you stand in San Francisco and look out over the ocean, you are looking at China and Russia - most certainly the East. If you are in Erfurt (or Berlin!) any way you look - North, South, East or West - is East. 52 short chapters.
 Flucht vor Gästen (1994)
Lettau describes his return to Germany from America with his second wife, Dawn. Five chapters of unnumbered stories about terrible guests and about coming back to Germany.
 Waldstück im Ansturm
This "Noyaux" (fruit pit) of a book that Lettau was working on at the time of his death and tentatively titled "Gramercy Park" was published in the Neue Zürcher Zeitung on November 7, 1995. Lettau read 10 pages for the NDR in Hanover on January 27, 1996.
 Reinhard Lettau's renovierter Rixdorfer Ruebezahl
 A collection of 5 lines by Lettau about four wooden carving pictures and a leporello done for the IFA-Ferienpark Hohe Reuth in Schöneck in the Vogtland, done with Uwe Bremer in the printer's shop Fachwerkstatt Rixdorfer Drucke where the Rixdorf group of artists gather every year to do a project together.
Alle Geschichten (1998, posthum, Dawn Lettau and Hanspeter Krüger, ed.)
A collection of the most important prose stories Lettau published. The editors have tried to be faithful to Lettau's at times free orthography and his hatred of commas. As there were no fixed manuscripts but just piles and piles of notes sorted into folder, the editors had quite a lot of work compiling these stories. A second volume is planned. Includes a detailed timeline including the names of his dogs and the addresses at which he lived.
 Reisekosten Abrechnungen 1-7 Tage. Formularblock. (2004, posthum)
This is listed in Amazon.de for 14,40 Euro, no mention of what this is. The company Stollwerk does publish a collection of forms to make it easy to keep track of travel expenses, so this might be a reprint of that, or it is a database error.

External links
 A picture of Reinhard Lettau speaking with Stephan Hermlin.
 Urs Widmer wrote an interesting biography in the "Neue Zürcher Zeitung", to be found at Amazon. (in German)
 Lettau's daughter, Kevyn Lettau, is a jazz and R&B singer.

References

1929 births
1996 deaths
University of California, San Diego faculty
Harvard University alumni
Heidelberg University alumni
Writers from Erfurt
German male writers
Deaths from pneumonia in Germany
East German emigrants to the United States
Smith College faculty

Reinhard Lettau


المحرار الطبي (أو مقياس الحرارة الطبي في الترجمات اللفظية) هو أداة تستخدم لقياس درجة حرارة الجسم. بحيث يكون أحد أطراف الأداة في الفم أو الأذن أو الإبط أو في المستقيم عن طريق الشرج.

تاريخ تطور مقياس الحرارة

إن أول من ابتكر مقياس الحرارة هو العالم الإيطالي جاليليو في القرن السادس عشر، لكنه كان ضخماً ويتطلب وقتاً طويلاً لقياس الحرارة، وكان من الصعب نقله من مكان لآخر. وابتكر دانيال فهرنهايت مقياساً آخر في القرن الثامن عشر، كان أصغر في الحجم، لكنه ظل وسيلة غير عملية لقياس حرارة الجسم. أما أول مقياس شبيه بالأنواع المستخدمة حالياً فهو من ابتكار العالم الإنجليزي توماس كليفورد ألبوت في العام 1876. اعتمد عمل هذا المقياس ولأول مرة على استخدام الزئبق ومقارنة درجة تمدده بدرجة حرارة الجسم، كما بلغ طوله حوالي 15 سم.

تصنيف حسب النوع

يعمل مقياس الحرارة الطبي الزئبقي بنفس طريقة عمل مقياس الحرارة الزئبقي. ويتميز المقياس الطبي بوجود ضيق في الإسطوانة الواصلة بخزان الزئبق مما يمنع الرجوع السريع للزئبق ويسهل قراءة درجة الحرارة. ويتم صناعة المقاييس الطبية بحيث تشمل حيز أصغر من درجات الحرارة (35°س - 42°س). ولكن يتم حالياً التخلي عن استخدام المقياس الزئبقي والاستعاضة بمقياس إلكتروني وذلك لخطر الزئبق على الصحة العامة.

تصنيف حسب مكان القياس
مبني على أساس مكان قياس درجة الحرارة:

عن طريق الفم
هو الأكثر انتشار، يتم قياس درجة حرارة الجسم عن طريق الفم، ويستخدم في أشخاص قادرين على وضع المقياس في المكان الصحيح تحت اللسان وأن يبقوه لفترة كافية، لهذا لا يستخدم في الأطفال، فاقدي الوعي، المرضى العقليين ولا يستخدم لأشخاص شربوا سوائل باردة أو حارة.

عن طريق فتحة الشرج
يعتبر قياس درجة الحرارة عن طريق فتحة الشرج هو الأكثر دقة، لكن استعماله غير منتشر في الكبار لما قد يسبب من ألم وإحراج.و لكنه الوسيلة المفضلة لقياس درجة حرارة الرضع.
يتم طرح 0.5° من القراة الظاهرة على المقياس.

تحت الإبط
عقب قياس درجة الحرارة يتم أضافة 0.5° إلى القرأة الظاهرة على المقياس.

مقياس أذني
حيث تستخدم قناة الأذن الخارجية لقياس درجة الحرارة، لما حولها من أوعية دموية رئيسية تعطي فكرة جيدة عن درجة الحرارة الحقيقية للجسم.
وتستخدم تلك الطرق كأداة للمسح الشامل لعدد كبير جداً من الناس في وقت قصير، كالمطارات والحشود الجماهيرية الضخمة. وذلك لاكتشاف الأشخاص الذين يعانون من ارتفاع شديد في درجة الحرارة وفصلهم عن الجماهير وإجراء المزيد من التحاليل والفحوصات الطبية.

مراجع

اختراعات هولندية
العلوم والتكنولوجيا في جمهورية هولندا
معدات اختبار طبي
مقياس حرارة

ميزان حرارة طبي


Subsea 7 S.A. () er en multinational undervands ingeniør, konstruktions og service-virksomhed indenfor offshoreenergiindustrien. Selskabet er registret i Luxembourg med hovedsæde i London i Storbritannien. Selskabets forhistorie er norsk. Det har over 40 fartøjer i sin flåde. Koncernens omsætning var i 2013 på 6,297 mia. amerikanske dollars.

Historie
Selskabet er etableret i januar 2011 ved en fusion af virksomhederne Acergy S.A. og Subsea 7, Inc.

Acergy blev etableret i 1970 af Stolt Nielsen Seaway, som er en division af norske Stolt-Nielsen Group, der tilbød dykkere til olieudvinding i Nordsøen. Efter en række overtagelser inklusive franske Compagnie maritime d'expertises i 1992 og det Houston Texas-baserede Ceanic Corporation i 1998, så skiftede virksomheden navn til Stolt Offshore i år 2000. Fem år senere fraspaltede Stolt-Nielsen selskabet til en uafhængig forretningsenhed, som blev børsnoteret på Oslo Børs og NASDAQ. I marts 2006 skiftede virksomheden navn til Acergy.

Subsea7 blev resultatet af en en række fusioner mellem DSND Offshore AS, Halliburton Subsea, Subsea Offshore og Rockwater. Rockwater og SubSea fusionerede i 1999 og skabte Halliburton Subsea, der i 2002 fusionerede med DSND og Subsea blev til. Virksomheden blev børsnoteret på Oslo Børs i august 2005 efter at det samme år var blevet restruktureret.

7. januar 2011 blev fusionen mellem Acergy S.A. og Subsea 7 Inc. en realitet. Det nye selskab tog navnet Subsea 7, mens det bibeholdt Acergys domicil i Luxembourg og operationelle hovedkvarterer i London.

2. marts 2015 vandt Subsea7 to udbud på to undervands-servicekontrakter for Royal Dutch Shell. De to kontrakter havde en samlet værdi af 240 mio. amerikanske dollars.

Kontorer
Koncernens hovedkvarter er på 200 Hammersmith Road i London.

Der drives afdelingskontorer i , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  og .

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Ingeniørvirksomheder fra Storbritannien
Multinationale virksomheder
Virksomheder i London
Energivirksomheder fra Storbritannien
Energivirksomheder fra Norge
Etableret i 1973
Bygge-, konstruktions- og anlægsvirksomheder fra Storbritannien

Subsea 7


يوجد أدناه قائمة الشعارات المستخدمة حاليا من طرف الدول العربية:

شعارات الدول العربية

قائمة شعارات الدول العربية


Der Black & Tan Club war ein Musikclub in Seattle, der von 1932 bis 1966 bestand und sich im Erdgeschoss des Entertainer's Club (404 1/2 12th Avenue South) befand.

Der Entertainer's Club befand sich im Vergnügungsviertel von Seattle zwischen 12th Avenue und Jackson Street, eines der bekannten Speakeasys der Stadt, das in der Prohibitionszeit E. Russell "Noodles" Smith gehörte, dem Impresario des afroamerikanischen Nachtlebens in Seattle. Im Basement war der Black & Tan Club, der – 1922 als Alhambra Club von Burr "Blackie" Williams und Noodles Smith gegründet – ab 1933 mit der Bezeichnung Black and Tan für die weiße und afroamerikanische Bevölkerung gleichermaßen zugänglich. Bereits 1932 galt sein Vorgänger als "Seattle's most esteemed and longest-lived nightclub" (de Barros).

Hier traten bereits in den 1920er Jahren Oscar Holden und Fats Waller, in der Swingära die Bands von Duke Ellington, Count Basie und Louis Armstrong auf. Später spielten hier auch Bebop-, Blues- und R&B-Musiker wie Charlie Parker, Eubie Blake, Aretha Franklin, Ernestine Anderson, George Benson, Gladys Knight, Ivie Anderson, Jimmy McGriff, Little Willie John, Phil Upchurch, Guitar Shorty, Etta James, Sarah Vaughan und Ray Charles. In den 1950er/60er Jahren war der Black and Tan das Zentrum der Soul-Szene von Seattle. 1962 war hier der junge Jimi Hendrix als Mitglied der Band Bobby Taylor & The Vancouvers zu erleben.

Weiterführende Literatur
Paul de Barros: Jackson Street After Hours: The Roots of Jazz in Seattle. Seattle: Sasquatch Books, 1993

Weblinks
Northwest Dance Halls - Black & Tan Club
Cassandra Waggoner: Black and Tan Club 1922-1966
 The Black & Tan Club, 1922-1966
Seattle Jazz History

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliges Unternehmen (Seattle)
Veranstaltungsort (Jazz)
Gegründet 1932
Aufgelöst 1966
Veranstaltungsstätte in Washington

Black & Tan Club (Seattle)


An Poa boxiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Luces. An Poa boxiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Poa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Poa

Poa boxiana


Kapela Majke Božje u Dolu je rimokatolička građevina u mjestu Dolu, općina Krašić, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Proštenjarska kapela podignuta je iznad naselja na uskom platou usječenom u strminu brijega. Sagrađena je 1740.-67. godine na mjestu starije kapele kao jednobrodna građevina s tri bočne kapele uz sjeverni zid, užim pravokutnim svetištem, sakristijom uz svetište i masivnim oktogonalnim zvonikom s piramidalnom kapom ispred glavnog pročelja. Unutrašnjost je svođena bačvastim svodovima sa šiljastim susvodnicama te oslikana vedrim rokoko motivima, scenama iz Marijinog života i iluzionističkim slikanim oltarima u kapelama. Opremljena je raskošnim baroknim inventarom, oltarima i orguljama.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1470 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Krašić
Katoličke crkve u Hrvatskoj

Kapela Majke Božje u Dolu


Die Seabreeze-Klasse ist eine Klasse (Baureihe) von Errichterschiffen für den Bau von Windenergieanlagen in Offshore-Windparks. Die Klasse wurde im Auftrag des deutschen Energieversorgungsunternehmens RWE Innogy bzw. des RWE-Tochterunternehmens Offshore Logistics Company (OLC) zusammen mit Wärtsilä Ship Design und IMS entwickelt und gebaut. Bisher (Stand 2013) wurden zwei Schiffe der Klasse gebaut, nämlich die Friedrich Ernestine und die Victoria Mathias.

Bau, Transport und Einbau der Hubbeine
Die beiden Schiffe der Seabreeze-Klasse wurden Ende 2009 von RWE bei der südkoreanischen Werft Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering (DSME) in Auftrag gegeben. Die Kosten beliefen sich jeweils auf etwa 100 Millionen Euro.

Der Transport von der Bauwerft zur Lloyd Werft Bremerhaven erfolgte auf den Spezialschiffen Eagle und Falcon der Osloer Reederei Offshore Heavy Transport, 200 m lange und 42 m breite absenkbare sogenannte Heavylift-Carrier, die rund 32.000 t an Deck transportieren können.

Auf der Lloyd Werft wurde für den Einbau der rund 80 Meter langen Hubbeine eine Schwerlastplatte aus 1,40 m dickem Beton errichtet. Auf dieser Platte standen die zwei Mobilkräne mit rund 100 m hohen Auslegern, um die 650 t schweren Beine einzufädeln. Die Hubbeine sorgen auf See für einen sicheren Stand auf dem Meeresboden bei den notwendigen Operationen des 1000-Tonnen-Krans. Weiterhin wurden in Bremerhaven Restarbeiten durchgeführt, das hydraulische Jack-Up-System installiert und der Hydrohammer für die Ankerpfähle an Bord installiert.

Technik

Die Seabreeze-Schiffe sind für ihre Arbeit mit vier hydraulisch betätigten Hubbeinen (engl. jack-up legs) mit einer Länge von jeweils 78 m ausgestattet. Hiermit können die Schiffe in einer Wassertiefe von bis zu 45 m bei einer Wellenhöhe von 2,5 m aufgestellt werden. Für den sicheren Stand kann an jedem Bein eine zusätzliche Fußaufweitung montiert werden.

Für die Fahrt zum Einsatzort und zum Manövrieren verfügen die Schiffe über einen eigenen Antrieb, es handelt sich also nicht um Hubplattformen/-inseln. Der Antrieb erfolgt dieselelektrisch. Die Propulsion erfolgt über sechs einschwenkbaren Strahlrudern mit einer Nennleistung von jeweils 1,6 Megawatt, die von jeweils einem ABB-Elektromotor angetrieben werden. Hiermit erreichen die Schiffe eine Reisegeschwindigkeit von bis zu 7,5 Knoten. Der Antrieb erlaubt GPS-unterstützt eine zentimetergenaue dynamische Positionierung.

Die Stromerzeugung erfolgt durch fünf Generatorsätze mit jeweils 2.600 kVA Scheinleistung sowie einem Generatorsatz mit 1.974 kVA Scheinleistung (zusammen also 14.974 kVA). Weiterhin wurde ein Notgenerator mit 438 kVA verbaut.

Mit einer Größe von rund 120 × 40 Metern und 11.730 BRZ gehören die Schiffe der Seabreeze-Klasse zu den großen Errichterschiffen. Dank des geräumigen Arbeitsdecks und der hohen maximalen Zuladung von 4.500 Tonnen (15 t/m² Decksfläche), sind die Schiffe als weltweit erste in der Lage, bis zu vier komplette Windenergieanlagen der Multi-Megawatt-Klasse (einschl. Fundamenten, Turm, Gondel und Flügeln) zum Aufstellungsort zu transportieren und dort aufzustellen.

Der Schwergut-Hauptkran erreicht eine Arbeitshöhe von 110 m über Deck und kann so die üblichen Nabenhöhen im Offshore-Bereich von circa 90–100 m bewältigen. Die maximale Hubkapazität beträgt 1.000 t bei einer Ausladung von 25 m, bei höherer Ausladung entsprechend weniger.

Für den An- und Abtransport von Personal und Kleinmaterial verfügen die Seabreeze-Schiffe über ein Helideck mit 17 m Durchmesser, geeignet für Transporthubschrauber üblicher Größe (Typ Agusta 139 o. ä.). Die Quartiere an Bord bieten Wohnraum für bis zu 60 Personen (Schiffsmannschaft plus WKA-Montagepersonal).

Klassenschiffe
Beide Schiffe kamen zunächst unter deutscher Flagge in Fahrt. Sie sollten für fünf Jahre von der in Buxtehude ansässigen NSB Niederelbe Schiffahrtsgesellschaft bereedert werden.

Victoria Mathias

Das erste der baugleichen Schwesterschiffe wurde unter der Baunummer 3303 gebaut. Die Kiellegung fand am 26. Januar, der Stapellauf am 5. März 2011 statt. Die Fertigstellung des noch nicht endausgerüsteten Schiffes erfolgte am 15. Dezember 2011. Nach Fertigstellung des Rohbaus mit Deckkran und Hubbeinen und ersten technischen Tests wurde das Schiff nach Deutschland überführt, wo der Endausbau und die Ausrüstung in der Lloyd-Werft in Bremerhaven vorgenommen wurden.

Am 21. Mai 2012 wurde das Schiff im Beisein von Fritz Vahrenholt (scheidender CEO RWE Innogy) und Peter Terium (designierter und stellvertr. CEO RWE AG) auf der Werft in Bremerhaven auf den Namen Victoria Mathias getauft. Der Name leitete sich von der Zeche Victoria Mathias ab, die im 19. Jahrhundert das erste Kraftwerk der RWE in Essen mit Steinkohle versorgte und somit eine wichtige Keimzelle des Unternehmens darstellte.

Taufpatin war Dagmar Sikorski-Großmann, die Ehefrau des scheidenden RWE-Chefs Jürgen Großmann und Leiterin der Sikorski Musikverlage.

Von Mai 2012 bis Januar 2015 wurde die Victoria Mathias beim Aufbau des Offshore-Windparks "Nordsee Ost" in der Deutschen Bucht eingesetzt. Als Basishafen diente dabei die OLC-Versorgungsbasis im Hafen Bremerhaven.

Im Januar 2015 wurde das Schiff an das niederländische Unternehmen MPI Offshore (Tochterunternehmen der Vroon Schiffseigentümergruppe) verkauft und in MPI Enterprise umbenannt. MPI Offshore betrieb das Schiff unter niederländischer Flagge.

2019 charterte das dänische Unternehmen Ziton das Schiff mit einer Kaufoption für zwei Jahre. Das zunächst in Enterprise umbenannte Schiff fährt seit 2020 als Wind Enterprise unter dänischer Flagge. Ende 2020 wurde das Schiff längerfristig an Siemens Gamesa verchartert, die es für die Instandhaltung ihrer Offshore-Windparks einsetzen wollen. In dem Zusammenhang machte Ziton von ihrem Kaufrecht Gebrauch.

Friedrich Ernestine

Das zweite Schiff der Klasse wurde bei Daewoo unter der Baunummer 3304 gebaut. Die Kiellegung fand am 9. April, der Stapellauf am 5. Mai 2011 statt. Die Fertigstellung des Schiffes erfolgte am 21. Dezember 2011. Noch auf der Bauwerft in Korea wurde das Schiff am 16. September 2011, mehr als ein halbes Jahr vor der älteren Schwester, auf den Namen Friedrich Ernestine getauft. Auch dieser Name leitet sich von einer Kohlenzeche ab, die in der Frühzeit des Unternehmens eine wichtige Rolle für RWE spielte, der Zeche Friedrich Ernestine. Taufpatin war Maria Müller-Vahrenholt, die Frau von Fritz Vahrenholt.

Zunächst war die Friedrich Ernestine beim Aufbau des Windparks "Gwynt y Môr" in der Irischen See vor der walisischen Küste eingesetzt. Ende 2014 wurde das Schiff für den Einsatz in Asien verchartert. Das Schiff wurde in Torben umbenannt und kam unter die Flagge Liberias. Seit 2020 heißt das nun unter der Flagge Chinas betriebene Schiff Guo Dian Tou 001.

Weblinks

 Datenblatt der Wind Enterprise, Ziton (PDF; 11 MB)
 Bericht im RWE-Magazin Das Magazin:
 FAZ Juni 2013: Baustelle auf See (den Betreibern rennt die Zeit davon)

Literatur
 Offshore-Installationsschiff feierlich getauft. In: Hansa, Heft 6/2012, S. 65, Schiffahrts-Verlag Hansa, Hamburg 2012,
 Hochhaus, K.-H.: Offshore-Projekte der Lloyd Werft. In: HANSA International Maritime Journal, Heft Nr. 6/2014  151. Jahrgang, Schiffahrts-Verlag Hansa, Hamburg 2012,

Einzelnachweise

Errichterschiff
RWE
Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering

Seabreeze-Klasse


قرية الحمران، قرية في المملكة العربية السعودية وتقع على بعد 5 كيلو متر جنوب غرب مدينة بالجرشي، الحمران واحدة من أكبر قرى محافظة بالجرشي بمنطقة الباحة، وتقع الحمران على قمة منحدر صخري يطل على تهامة ضمن جبال السروات.

وتتمتع الحمران بطرق زراعية معبده ومناره مع تنوع عمراني جميل. وقد أنشئ فيها أول مصنع بالمنطقة «مصنع اسفنج» افتتحه الملك فهد بن عبد العزيز عندما كان وليًا للعهد.

كما يوجد في بلدة الحمران مكتب للبريد ومركز صحي ومدرسة ابتدائية ومتوسطة للبنين ومدرستين للبنات وجامع كبير وما يزيد عن 15 مسجد، ومصلى للعيد ومن المشاريع التي تم تنفيذها قيام الاهالي ببناء الجامع الكبير جامع ابي بكرالصديق . ومن معالم القرية ستاد الشيخ على الحمراني. كما تعمل بلدية بالجرشي على ربط البلده بالطريق السياحي الذي يمتد من وادي فيق إلى قذانه.

ويعد الملك سعود والملك فيصل والملك فهد والأمير سلطان من أبرز الشخصيات الذين زاروا القرية في التاريخ الحديث.

انظر أيضا

 منطقة الباحة
 محافظة بلجرشي
 البكير
 الربقة
 غيلان

المراجع

قرى بلجرشي
قرى منطقة الباحة
محافظة بلجرشي
مدن منطقة الباحة

الحمران


Le 824 Naval Air Squadron ou 824 NAS, est un escadron de la Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm. Il est actuellement équipé de l'hélicoptère de guerre anti-sous-marine HM2 Merlin et est basé à la Royal Naval Air Station Culdrose (RNAS Culdrose) en Cornouailles. L'escadron a été formé en 1933, dissout en 1989 et reformé en 2001. Il forme le personnel navigant à la lutte anti-sous-marine.

Historique

L'escadron a été formé à l'origine le  en tant que Spotter Reconnaissance Squadron. Pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, l'escadron a effectué diverses tâches, telles que la protection des convois, le bombardement stratégique, le repérage des bombardements d'artillerie et les attaques contre les destroyers ennemis. L'escadron a pris part à la bataille de Tarente le 11 novembre 1940, où, avec des avions des escadrons 813, 815 et 819 embarqués sur le , il a attaqué avec succès l'escadron de combat italien. Il a été dissout 10 fois entre 1934 et 1970, à cette époque il était équipé du , du Fairey Swordfish, du Fairey Barracuda, du Fairey Firefly et enfin du Fairey Gannet.

L'escadron a participé à la guerre des Malouines, plus tard responsable des essais de l'hélicoptère Westland Sea King. L'escadron a été de nouveau dissou en août 1989 et ses avions ont été transférés au 819 Naval Air Squadron au Royal Naval Air Station Prestwick.

Utilisation actuelle
Le 824 Naval Air Squadron s'est reformé le  au Royal Naval Air Station Culdrose, équipé de huit hélicoptères AgustaWestland EH101 Merlin. En janvier 2013, le 824 NAS a reçu son premier nouvel avion HM.2 Merlin avec l'escadron entièrement converti à la fin de 2013.

Il forme actuellement des pilotes, des observateurs et des membres d'équipage sur l'hélicoptère Merlin HM.2 à la guerre anti-sous-marine. Une fois formé, l'équipage se rend dans l'un des escadrons Merlin de première ligne 814 Naval Air Squadron et 820 Naval Air Squadron.

Voir aussi

Notes et références

Liens internes
 Fleet Air Arm
 Histoire de la Royal Navy

Liens externes
  824 Squadron - Site helis.com

Unité ou formation militaire créée en 1933
Escadron aéronaval de la Royal Navy

824 Naval Air Squadron


Das Haus Merfeld ist ein denkmalgeschütztes Profangebäude in der Bauerschaft 5–6 in Merfeld, einem Ortsteil von Dülmen im Kreis Coesfeld (Nordrhein-Westfalen).

Geschichte
Um 890 wird Merfeld erstmals urkundlich als Merfeldon erwähnt. Die Herren von Merveldt werden im 12. Jahrhundert erstmals erwähnt. Eine Burg wird erstmals 1358 urkundlich genannt. Eine Doppelburg wurde 1394 gebildet und 1693 wieder vereint.

Urkundlich belegt ist, dass der Herr von Merveldt sich 1316 neben Fischerei- und Jagdrechten Rechte an wilden Pferden sicherte. Landesherr war der Fürstbischof von Münster. Das Geschlecht derer von Merveldt geriet Ende des 16. Jahrhunderts in Konflikt mit dem Heiligen Römischen Reich. Adolf III. von Merveldt (* 1546; † 1604) errichtete daraufhin ein Freigericht auf der Burg Merfeld und entzog sich so der Landeshoheit des Fürstbischofs von Münster. Aufgrund dieses Vorfalls wechselte Adolf III. von Merveldt zum protestantischen Glauben über. Adolf III. von Merveldt vollzog auch mehrere Hexenprozesse. Die Behauptung einer eigenen Gerichtsbarkeit inklusive Richtstätte und der Aufbau eines reformierten Kirchenwesens in Merfeld waren für Adolf III. von Merveldt und Johann Adolf von Merveldt (* ~1580; † 1619) die geeigneten Instrumente zur Verteidigung ihres lokalen Herrschaftsanspruchs. Die konfessionelle Opposition zum Fürstbischof war typisch für viele Familien des westfälischen Adels zu dieser Zeit. 1691 ist die Linie zu Merfeld erloschen und das Haus Merfeld fiel im Erbwege an die Familie von Merode. Im frühen 19. Jahrhundert wechselte der Besitz mehrfach, bis schließlich Herzog Alfred von Croÿ 1836 die Ländereien übernahm. Von 1918 bis 1920 wohnte Reichskanzler Franz von Papen (1879–1969) auf Haus Merfeld. Nach der Zerstörung des Schlosses Dülmen 1945 wurde Haus Merfeld bis heute zum Wohnsitz der Herzöge von Croÿ, die auch die bekannten Dülmener Wildpferde halten. Seit 1923 gehört das Gut Grumsmühlen zum Besitz.

Architektur
Die Anlage war früher umgräftet, Reste der Gräfte sind noch vorhanden. Die Anlage besteht aus einem Herrenhaus mit rechtwinklig angesetztem Torhaus und einer Kapelle. Viele Gebäude wurden Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts abgebrochen.

Das Herrenhaus ist ein schlichtes Backsteingebäude unter einem Walmdach. Über dem Eingang befindet sich das Allianzwappen derer von Mallinckrodt und Merode; es ist mit 1755 bezeichnet.

Das Torhaus wurde 1547 von Heinrich Wichmann als Backsteinbau mit Werksteingliederungen und Rautenmustern aus glasierten Steinen errichtet. Die Geschossteilung erfolgt durch Wasserschlag. Die Treppengiebel sind mit Schießscharten geschmückt. Feldseitig sind die Wände durch Schießscharten gegliedert. Zum Hof hin befindet sich eine Tür in einem spätgotischen Gewände. Das Haus ist über eine steinerne Wendeltreppe erreichbar.

Kapelle
Die Kapelle St. Antonius Abt ist im Kern von 1466, sie wurde im 19. Jahrhundert nach Westen erweitert. Sie ist ein niedriger, flachgedeckter Saalbau. Die Wände sind durch Spitzbogenfenster gegliedert.

Literatur
 Georg Dehio (Begr.), Ursula Quednau (Bearb.) u. a.: Nordrhein-Westfalen, Bd. 2: Westfalen (Handbuch der deutschen Kunstdenkmäler). Deutscher Kunstverlag, Berlin/München 2011, ISBN 978-3-422-03114-2.

Weblinks

 Urkataster (abgerufen am 4. April 2012)

Merfeld
Baudenkmal in Dülmen
Backsteinarchitektur
Merfeld
Bauwerk in Dülmen
Merfeld
Merode (Adelsgeschlecht)
Bauwerk des Adelsgeschlechts Merveldt

Haus Merfeld


Roldós es un apellido que puede referirse a:

 Jaime Roldós Aguilera, abogado y político ecuatoriano;
 León Roldós Aguilera, abogado y político ecuatoriano, hermano menor del anterior; o
 Martha Roldós Bucaram, economísta y política ecuatoriana, hija del primero.

Roldós


Campanula moravica er tegund af klukkuætt (Campanulaceae), ættuð frá miðaustur Evrópu og suður Evrópu til Rússlands.

Tilvísanir

Bláklukkur

Campanula moravica


Der Bauherren-Schutzbund e. V. (BSB) ist ein gemeinnütziger eingetragener Verein, der eine bundesweit unabhängige Beratung für private Bauherren, Wohnungskäufer und Modernisierer anbietet. Er ist Mitglied in der Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband e. V. Der Sitz befindet sich in Berlin, wo sich auch die Geschäftsstelle befindet. Der Verein wurde im Jahr 1995 gegründet.

Aufgaben
Der Verein berät Bauherren, die ein Eigenheim oder eine Eigentumswohnung erwerben, modernisieren oder sanieren möchten. Dazu verfügt der BSB über so genannte Bauherrenberater – selbstständig tätige Bauingenieure oder Architekten, die den Bauherren oder Erwerber gegen Entgelt beraten. Zur Klärung rechtlicher Fragestellungen und der Prüfung von Bau- und Kaufverträgen hat der BSB darüber hinaus Fachanwälte für Bau- und Architektenrecht verpflichtet.

Der Verein ist einer der 78 ausgewählten Verbände in Deutschland, die eine Musterfeststellungsklage und Unterlassungsklage bei Verwendung von verbraucherfeindlichen Klauseln in Allgemeinen Geschäftsbedingungen (AGB) durchführen dürfen.

Lobbyarbeit und Mitgliedschaften
Der Verein ist vom Deutschen Bundestag als offizieller Vertreter von Bürgerinteressen anerkannt. Er ist weiterhin im Beirat des Deutschen Baugerichtstages e. V. sowie über die vzbv im DIN-Verbraucherrat vertreten. Neben der Mitgliedschaft in der Verbraucherzentrale Bundesverband e. V. ist der BSB im Deutschen Verband für Wohnungswesen, Städtebau und Raumordnung e. V., im Institut für Bauforschung e. V., im Bundesverband Altbauerneuerung e. V. sowie im Verband der Vereine Creditreform e. V. aktiv.

Weblinks
 Webseite des Bauherren-Schutzbundes

Quellen

Verbraucherschutzorganisation (Deutschland)
Gegründet 1995
Verein (Berlin)

Bauherren-Schutzbund


Didymoglossum, biljni rod iz porodice tankolistovki (Hymenophyllaceae), dio je razreda Polypodiopsida ili papratnica.

Pripada mu 52 vrste raširenih u tropima.

Vrste

 Didymoglossum angustifrons Fée
 Didymoglossum ballardianum (Alston) J. P. Roux
 Didymoglossum barklyanum (Baker) J. P. Roux
 Didymoglossum beaverianum Senterre & Rouhan
 Didymoglossum beccarianum (Ces.) Senterre & Rouhan
 Didymoglossum benlii (Pic. Serm.) J. P. Roux
 Didymoglossum bimarginatum (Bosch) Ebihara & K. Iwats.
 Didymoglossum bucinatum (Mickel & Beitel) M. Palacios
 Didymoglossum caluffii (C. Sánchez) C. Sánchez
 Didymoglossum chamaedrys (Taton) J. P. Roux
 Didymoglossum cultratum (Baker) Senterre & Rouhan
 Didymoglossum curtii (Rosenst.) Pic. Serm.
 Didymoglossum cuspidatum (Willd.) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum ekmanii (Wess. Boer) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum erosum (Willd.) Beentje
 Didymoglossum exiguum (Bedd.) Copel.
 Didymoglossum falsinervulosum (Nishida) comb. ined.
 Didymoglossum fulgens (C. Chr.) J. P. Roux
 Didymoglossum godmanii (Hook. ex Baker) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum gourlianum (Grev. ex J. Sm.) Pic. Serm.
 Didymoglossum henzaianum (Parish ex Hook.) Mazumdar
 Didymoglossum hildebrandtii (Kuhn) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum hymenoides (Hedw.) Copel.
 Didymoglossum kapplerianum (Sturm) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum kirkii (Hook.) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum kraussii (Hook. & Grev.) C. Presl
 Didymoglossum lehmannii (Hieron.) Copel.
 Didymoglossum lenormandii (Bosch) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum liberiense (Copel.) Copel.
 Didymoglossum lineolatum Bosch
 Didymoglossum lorencei (Tardieu) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum melanopus (Baker) Copel.
 Didymoglossum membranaceum (L.) Vareschi
 Didymoglossum micropubescens (Proctor) C. Sánchez
 Didymoglossum mindorense (Christ) K. Iwats.
 Didymoglossum montanum (Hook.) J. P. Roux
 Didymoglossum motleyi (Bosch) Ebihara & K. Iwats.
 Didymoglossum nummularium Bosch
 Didymoglossum ovale E. Fourn.
 Didymoglossum petersii (A. Gray) Copel.
 Didymoglossum pinnatinervium (Jenman) Pic. Serm.
 Didymoglossum punctatum (Poir.) Desv.
 Didymoglossum pusillum (Sw.) Desv.
 Didymoglossum pygmaeum (C. Chr.) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum reptans (Sw.) C. Presl
 Didymoglossum rhipidophyllum (Sloss.) Pic. Serm.
 Didymoglossum rotundifolium (Bonap.) J. P. Roux
 Didymoglossum sinuatum (Bonap.) Ebihara & Dubuisson
 Didymoglossum sublimbatum (Müll. Berol.) Ebihara & K. Iwats.
 Didymoglossum tahitense (Nadeaud) Ebihara & K. Iwats.
 Didymoglossum wallii (Thwaites) Copel.
 Didymoglossum wesselsboeri Ebihara & Dubuisson

Izvori

Tankolistovke

Didymoglossum


A Igreja Católica na Croácia é constituída por quatro Arquidioceses Metropolitanas, uma Arquidiocese (não-Metropolitana), dez Dioceses de rito latino, uma eparquia de rito bizantino e um Ordinariato Castrense.

Conferência Episcopal da Croácia

Província Eclesiástica de Đakovo–Osijek

 Arquidiocese de Đakovo–Osijek
 Diocese de Požega

Província Eclesiástica de Rijeka

 Arquidiocese de Rijeka
 Diocese de Gospić–Senj
 Diocese de Krk
 Diocese de Poreč i Pula

Província Eclesiástica de Split–Makarska

 Arquidiocese de Split–Makarska
 Diocese de Dubrovnik
 Diocese de Hvar–Brač–Vis
 Diocese de Šibenik

Província Eclesiástica de Zagreb

 Arquidiocese de Zagreb
 Diocese de Bjelovar–Križevci
 Diocese de Sisak
 Diocese de Varaždin
 Eparquia Greco-Católica de Križevci (Rito Bizantino)

Jurisdição Sui Iuris
 Arquidiocese de Zadar
 Ordinariato Castrense na Croácia

Ligações externas
Informações Giga-Católica (em inglês)
Catholic Hierarchy.org
Conferência Episcopal da Croácia

Listas de circunscrições eclesiásticas católicas por país

Circunscrições eclesiásticas católicas da Croácia


Jémima Catrayé, née Dètondji Jémima Catrayé le  à Parakou au Bénin, est une journaliste, réalisatrice et féministe béninoise. Ancienne directrice de la chaîne publique ORTB Télévision nationale et ancienne animatrice de l'émission dominicale dénommée Dimanche dimanche.

Biographie

Études et formations
Jémima Catrayé est née le  à Parakou. Après son baccalauréat littéraire, elle étudie le journalisme au centre d'études des sciences et techniques de l'information de Dakar. Avant cela, elle fait des études de droit à l'université nationale du Bénin actuelle université d'Abomey-Calavi où elle obtient une maîtrise. Elle est également titulaire d'un master en réalisation d'œuvres audiovisuelles de l'institut supérieur des métiers de l'audiovisuel du Bénin.

Carrière
En 2014, elle enseigne à l'école nationale des sciences et techniques de l'information et de la communication et à l'école supérieure d'administration et d'économie. Elle y enseigne l'écriture audiovisuelle, le reportage, l'enquête journalistique, le documentaire, le magazine télévisé, la conception et la gestion des programmes à la télévision, la diction, la présentation de magazine et du journal. Elle occupe le poste de cheffe division documentaires et fictions au service de la production en 2015, à l'ORTB puis est nommée directrice de l'ORTB Télévision nationale du Bénin à la suite du conseil des ministres du mercredi 20 juillet 2016.

Actions à l'endroit des femmes

Durant ses années passées au poste de directrice de l'ORTB Télévision nationale  du Bénin, plusieurs émissions sont réalisées pour donner la parole aux femmes pour leur permettre de s'affirmer tout comme les hommes en s'exprimant sur divers sujets. Le but est aussi de permettre aux femmes, surtout aux jeunes filles de prendre exemples sur les femmes mises en avant par les médias. Jémima Catrayé est également membre du réseau des femmes journalistes d'Afrique « les Panafricaines », fondé en 2017 au Maroc, qui milite pour le droit des femmes dans les médias.

Distinctions
Lors de la cérémonie d'ouverture de la  édition du Festival international des films de femmes de Cotonou, tenue en février 2022, elle est récompensée aux côtés de 04 autres femmes Tella Kpomahou, Laure Agbo, Carole Lokossou et Christiane Chabi-Kao, pionnières comme elle du cinéma féminin béninois. En 2000, elle reçoit le prix spécial du jury au festival Lagunimages à Cotonou et le meilleur prix acteur festival des clubs UNESCO, universitaire de l'Afrique de l'ouest à Ouagadougou au Burkina Faso en 1990.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Médias au Bénin
 Condition des femmes au Bénin

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1967
Journaliste béninois du XXe siècle
Journaliste béninois du XXIe siècle
Réalisatrice béninoise
Féministe béninoise

Jémima Catrayé


Hepatologi betegner det lægevidenskabelige speciale, der beskæftiger sig med forebyggelse, diagnostik, behandling, palliation og rehabilitering af patienter med medfødte og erhvervede sygdomme i lever og galdeveje.

I mange lande, inklusiv Danmark, er hepatologi kombineret med gastroenterologi, læren om fordøjelsessystemet og dets sygdomme.

Sygdomme
Budd-Chiaris-syndrom, fedtleversygdom, Gilbert-Meulengrachts syndrom, hepatitis, levercoma, leverkræft, skrumpelever og flere.

Eksterne henvisninger
Dansk Selskab for Gastoenterologi og Hepatologi (DSGH)

Referencer

Sygdomme

Hepatologi


An Eremurus hilariae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Mikhail Grigoríevič Popov ngan Aleksei Ivanovich Vvedensky. An Eremurus hilariae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eremurus, ngan familia nga Xanthorrhoeaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eremurus

Eremurus hilariae


Mecanicismul este o concepție filozofică care descrie universul ca fiind asemănător cu un mecanism de mare anvergură, explicând fenomenele și procesele naturale exclusiv pe baza principiilor mecanicii. Această filozofie a apărut odată cu Revoluția științifică din Europa de la începutul epocii moderne. Una dintre primele prezentări ale mecanicismului se află în pasajele de început ale cărții Leviatanul (1651) a lui Thomas Hobbes.

Unii istorici și teoreticieni ai gândirii susțin că apariția mecanicismului este asociată cu reculul religiei și cu respingerea ideii că natura ar fi vie sau populată cu spirite sau îngeri. Alți învățați au afirmat, însă, că primii filozofi adepți ai mecanicismului credeau totuși în magie, creștinism și spiritism.

Mecanicism și determinism
Unele filosofii antice au susținut că procesele care au loc în univers pot fi reduse la principii mecanice - adică mișcarea și coliziunea materiei. Acest punct de vedere a fost asociat cu materialismul și cu reducționismul, fiind susținut mai ales de atomiști și, în mare măsură, de stoici. Mai târziu filozofii mecaniciști au crezut că revoluția științifică din secolul al XVII-lea a demonstrat că toate fenomenele ar putea fi explicate potrivit "legilor mecanicii" (legile naturale care guvernează mișcarea și coliziunea materiei), ceea ce presupune un determinism. Dacă toate fenomenele pot fi explicate în întregime prin mișcarea materiei în conformitate cu legile fizicii, precum angrenajul unui ceas care determină că trebuie să bată ora 2:00 la o oră după ce a bătut ora 1:00, atunci toate fenomenele trebuie să fie complet determinate, trecute, prezente sau viitoare.

Dezvoltarea mecanicismului
Principalul grup implicat în mod direct în dezvoltarea mecanicismului a fost format în mare măsură din filozofi francezi (Pierre Gassendi, Marin Mersenne și René Descartes), împreună cu unii dintre apropiații lor. În acest proces au mai fost implicați, de asemenea, gânditorii englezi Sir Kenelm Digby, Thomas Hobbes și Walter Charleton, precum și filozoful olandez Isaac Beeckman.

Robert Boyle a folosit termenul de "filozofi mecaniciști" pentru a-i desemna atât pe cei care au elaborat teoria "corpusculilor" sau atomilor componenți ai materiei, precum Gassendi și Descartes, cât și cei care nu au elaborat această teorie. Un element comun al acestei filozofii a fost compararea universului cu un ceas mecanic. Această comparație a fost susținută de Nicolas Lemery și Christiaan Huygens, în timp ce Hobbes și Galileo Galilei au considerat-o ca fiind îndoielnică. Newton a fost o personalitate de tranziție a acestei teorii. Ideile "mecaniciste" au fost redescoperite în 1952 de istoricul științific Marie Boas Sala.

În Franța mecanicismul s-a răspândit mai ales în academiile particulare și în saloanele culturale, iar în Anglia în cadrul Royal Society. Mecanicismul nu a avut un mare impact în universitățile din Anglia, dar a avut parte de o receptivitate oarecum mai mare în Franța, Țările de Jos și Germania.

Hobbes și mecanicismul
Una dintre primele descrieri ale teoriei mecaniciste se află în pasajele de început ale cărții Leviatanul (1651) a lui Thomas Hobbes; cel de-al doilea capitol al cărții invocă principiul inerției, fundamental pentru explicarea mecanicismului. Boyle nu l-a menționat pe Hobbes ca fiind unul din membrii grupului de filozofi mecaniciști; în acea perioadă cei doi erau prinși într-o controversă. Richard Westfall îl consideră un filozof mecanicist.

Hobbes își prezintă opiniile principale cu privire la filozofia naturală în lucrarea De Corpore (1655). În părțile a II-a și a III-a a acestei lucrări el ajunge să identifice fizica fundamentală cu geometria și amestecă în mod liber concepte din cele două domenii.

Descartes și mecanicismul
Descartes a fost, de asemenea, mecanicist. Având o gândire dualistă, el a susținut că realitatea era alcătuită din două tipuri radical diferite de substanțe: materia fizică, pe de o parte, și mintea imaterială, pe de altă parte. Descartes a susținut că mintea nu poate fi explicată în termenii dinamicii spațiale ca fiind formată din părticele de materie care pot intra în coliziune. Cu toate acestea, înțelegerea biologiei de către el a avut o natură mecanicistă:

"Aș dori să vă gândiți că aceste funcții (inclusiv pasiunea, memoria și imaginația) rezultă din simpla dispunere a organelor mașinăriei umane la fel de natural ca mișcările unui ceas sau ale altui dispozitiv automat care rezultă din aranjamentul contragreutăților și rotițelor." (Descartes, Tratatul despre om, p.108)

Lucrările sale științifice s-au bazat pe înțelegerea mecanicistă tradițională a faptului că animalele și oamenii sunt angrenaje care funcționează pe baza principiilor mecanicii. Dualismul lui Descartes a fost motivat de imposibilitatea aparentă ca dinamica mecanică să poată genera experiențe mintale.

Beeckman și mecanicismul
Teoria lui Isaac Beeckman cu privire la mecanicism, descrisă în cărțile Centuria și Journal, are la bază două componente: materia și mișcarea. Beeckman și-a fundamentat teoria pe filozofia atomistă, care explică faptul că materia este alcătuită din mici particule inseparabile care interacționează pentru a crea obiectele văzute, și pe principiul inerției descris de Isaac Newton.

Newton și mecanicismul
Isaac Newton a expus o noțiune a mecanicismului în care acțiunea ținea cont de gravitație. Interpretarea lucrărilor științifice a lui Newton în lumina cercetărilor sale oculte a sugerat că el nu vedea adecvat universul ca un mecanism, ci populat în schimb cu spirite și forțe misterioase și supravegheat constant de Dumnezeu și de îngeri. Filozofii din generațiile următoare care au fost influențați de exemplul lui Newton au fost, totuși, adesea mecaniciști. Printre ei s-au numărat Julien Offray de La Mettrie și Denis Diderot.

Teoria mecanicistă
Filozoful mecanicist și determinist francez Pierre Simon de Laplace a formulat unele implicații ale teoriei mecaniciste, atunci când a scris:

Note

Legături externe
 An overview of attempts to define "life"
 "The Problem of Mechanism " by David L. Schindler (from Beyond Mechanism) - contrasts the Aristotelian and Cartesian views of nature and how the latter engendered the mechanical philosophy

Secolul al XVII-lea în știință
Știință cognitivă
Determinism
Materialism
Teorii metafizice
Filosofie naturală
Naturalism
Teorii ale minții

Mecanicism


Long-tail båd, Long-tail boat, på thai-sprog Ruea Hang Yao (เรือหางยาว), oversat til dansk lang-halet båd, er en type vandbefordringsmiddel anvendt i Sydøstasien, primært Thailand, en lang kano-agtig åben træbåd med en bilmotor, ofte en genbrugt lastbilmotor, placeret bagerst til at drive propellen (skruen), der er monteret for enden af et flere meter langt metalrør. Motor og propelrør er fastgjort til en vippeanordning, så propellen kan løftes eller sænkes i vandet, og drejes 180-grader til siderne, så propellen tillige fungerer som ror. Fordelen ved indenbords motor er, at den kan holdes forholdsvis tør. Motoren er oftest meget støjende. Der kan være stor variation i udformning af bådene, nogle er helt åbne, mens andre kan have en overdækning til at skygge for sol og vejr.

Long-tail både anvendes både til fiskeri, godstransport og personbefordring – de senere år tillige som oplevelsesrig turist-sejlads – på såvel floder og søer, som åbent hav mellem øer, eller fastland og øer. Bådenes længde angives i antal kongs (spanter), en middelstor på 20 kongs, er omkring 9 meter lang og 2,5 meter bred. En båd på 25 kongs er 3 meter længere, og ½ meter bredere. En normal båd på omkring 2 ton, afhængig af trætype, tager 2 måneder at brygge for 3-4 arbejdere. Bådene bygges af hårdt løvtræ, merawan og meranti, som på thai er kendt som ta-khian og payom, nogle meget tætte og holdbare træsorter, der er utroligt modstandsdygtige over for maritim korrosion. Hvis træbåde bygget af merawan-træ passes og vedligeholdes, kan de holde 30 år eller længere. Bådenes træplanker fuges med bomuldsnor vædet i harpiks fra brødfrugttræ. Bådene kan opnå en ganske høj fart, mindst 15 knob (28 km/t). Nyere forskning har også vist, at overfladeborende propeller – som de primitivt udseende, der bruges på Long-tail både – faktisk er mere effektive end propeller helt nedsænket i vandet (en almindelig skibsskrue).

Historie

Designet af den karakteristiske thai Long-tail båd strækker sig historisk langt tilbage og er forankret på tværs af Sydøstasien, hvor denne type træbåd var traditionel bådbygning dengang arabiske og indiske købmænd besejlede regionens kystnære farvande og anløb byer og øer, hvor man kunne handle værdifulde råvarer og perler. Den robuste træbåd blev drevet frem at et enkelt trekantet latinersejl, hvilket var en fordel med årstidernes passatvinde, og det gav også stor manøvredygtighed i lavvandede farvande. Gennem århundreder har bådtypen kun gennemgået relativt lille udvikling og tekniske fremskridt. Oprindeligt blev alle trædele presset ind på plads og holdt sammen af dyvler, og yderligere sikret med lim. Denne metode blev imidlertid erstattet af stålsøm i 1960'erne, hvilket gjorde bådbyggeriet hurtigere og nemmere, og motorer har erstattet sejl og høje årer til fremdrift.

Long-tail båd-konceptet, som det kendes i dag, blev udviklet af lokale folk i den midterste region af Thailand omkring 1937, som en billig og enkel løsning til at bygge motorisere både, der kunne anvendes i floder, kanaler og på åbent hav, hvor mennesker og gods skal transporteres gennem lavvandede vandveje. Idéen var at anvende almindeligt tilgængelige benzin eller diesel motorer, fastgjport til en lang stang til fremdrift og styring. Bådene blev hurtigt populære til kystnær transport, mindre industrielt fiskeri, og senere til befordring af turister. De er i dag et allestedsnærværende syn i thailandske floder og vandveje.

Long-tail både er ofte dekoreret med farvede stofstykker bundet til stævnen, nogen gange tillige blomster guirlander. Det bunder i den thailandske åndetro, og er der, for at gøre ånderne tilfredse, samt sikre en sikker søfart, eller en god fangst. I mere fjerntliggende fiskersamfund, hvor tro på det overnaturlige gennemsyrer næsten alle aspekter af livet, vil mange bådejere hver morgen hænge friske blomster på stævnen og afbrænde et par røgelsespinde. Mens kombinationen af farver på hver enkelt båd er ejerens valg, så er udsmykningen ment for at vise respekt for Mae Ya Nang, en kvindelig ånd, der antages at leve i selve båden. Thailandske fiskere kalder hende Bådenes Bedstemor, og hvis ofringerne overholdes, vil hun beskytte båden og skænke den held og lykke, samt garantere sikre rejser og gode fangster. Mange long-tail bådejere anser også bådstævnen som værende Buddhas hoved, velsignet af munke, og et urørligt område på båden – også for de turist-passagerer, der nogen gange må kæmpe sig gennem bølgernes brænding for at komme i land.

Før i tiden blev det sagt, at hvis man fældede Merawan-træ (ta-khian) og byggede hus af det, ville man ophidse træets skytsånd, en ung kvinde nang Ta-Khian, og dette ville medføre uheld eller død. I virkeligheden er denne historie måske blevet spredt, så merawan-træet kunne forbeholdes bådbyggeri.

Fremtiden for Long-tail både

Thailands mest særprægede form for kystnær transport er i fare for at blive forældet. Siden 1989, hvor den thailandske regering forbød fældning af naturlige skove, medførte det mangel på den slags træ, der anvendes til bådbygning, hvorfor træet nu skal importeres fra andre lande som Burma og Malaysia. Med de senere års prisstigninger på importeret træ, har der været en drastisk nedgang i antallet af nybyggede både, da prisen på for en båd er steget kraftigt. Før forbuddet kostede en Long-tail båd få tusinde baht (thailandske penge), men omkring 2010 var prisen mangedoblet til over 200.000 baht (ca. 40.000 DKK), og det kun for træskroget, ikke inklusive motoren. I dag (2016) ligger prisen på omkring 400.000 baht (ca. 80.000 DKK). Det har medført at long-tail både nu i stigende grand deler vandene med speedbåde, og da disse både kan medtage flere passagerer, og kan sejle hurtigere, frister det mange turistguider til at udskifte de traditionelle Long-tail til mere moderne både. De høje nypriser har dog også medført, at mange ældre Long-tail både bliver renoveret og får nyt liv, i stedet for at blive lagt op.

Foto galleri

Referencer

Thailands historie
Både

Long-tail båd