ජාත්‍යන්තරව පිළිගැනුනු ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍යයන්

{|border="0"  cellpadding="0" style="text-align:left; font-size: 95%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px solid #AAAAAA;"
|-
!width=60%|Name in English and the official languages of the state
!width=40%|Information on the extent of the sovereignty<ref>Information is included on
 the extent of recognition and membership of the United Nations (Source: the website of the UN).
 the reason a non-de jure state is listed. More information can be found at the list of unrecognized countries.
 the overseas dependencies. Some sovereign states have overseas dependencies, generally not part of the territory of the state. More information can be found at the List of dependent countries.
 the federal structures if applicable. Some sovereign states have more or less federal structures. More information can be found at a List of federations.
 the autonomous areas inside the territory of the sovereign state. Some sovereign states have one or more autonomous areas as part of the their territory; see List of autonomous areas by country.
 disputed territories
 separatist governments in exile. </ref>
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

A
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Abkhazia  Other states
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Islamic Republic of Afghanistan
 Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت
 Persian: افغانستان - جمهوری اسلامی افغانستان
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Albania
 Albanian: Shqipëria - Republika e Shqipërise
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
 Arabic: الجزائر - الجمهورية الجزائرية الديمقراطية الشعبية
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Principality of Andorra
 Catalan: Andorra - Principat d'Andorra
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Angola
 Portuguese: Angola - República de Angola
Widely recognized member of the UN. A separatist government in exile claims independence for Cabinda

|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Antigua and Barbuda
 English - Antigua and Barbuda
Widely recognized member of the UN. Antigua and Barbuda is a Commonwealth Realm and has a division (dependency), Barbuda, with an autonomous status.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Argentine Republic
 Spanish: Argentina - República Argentina
Widely recognized member of the UN. Argentina is a federation divided in provinces and one federal district. Argentina also claims sovereignty over the British overseas territories of the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Armenia
 Armenian: Հայաստան - Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Commonwealth of Australia
 English: Australia - Commonwealth of Australia
Widely recognized member of the UN. Australia is a Commonwealth Realm and a federation of states and territories. Australia has sovereignty over:

 Ashmore and Cartier Islands
 Coral Sea Islands
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
Australia claims sovereignty over parts of Antarctica as:
 Australian Antarctic Territory
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Austria
 German: Österreich - Republik Österreich
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. Austria is a federation divided in states (Bundesländer).
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Azerbaijan
 Azeri: Azərbaycan - Azərbaycan Respublikası
Widely recognized member of the UN. Azerbaijan has one autonomous republic, , and the autonomous region of Nagorno-Karabakh (Dağlıq Qarabağ,). In Nagorno Karabakh a de facto country in the de jure territory of Azerbaijan has been established.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 B
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Commonwealth of The Bahamas
 English: The Bahamas - Commonwealth of The Bahamas
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Bahamas is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Bahrain
 Arabic: البحرين - مملكة البحرين
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - People's Republic of Bangladesh
 Bengali: বাংলাদেশ -  গণপ্রজাতন্ত্রী বাংলাদেশ
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 English: Barbados
Widely recognized member of the UN. Barbados is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Belarus
 Belarusian: Беларусь - Рэспубліка Беларусь
 Russian: Белоруссия - Республика Беларусь
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Belgium
 Dutch: België - Koninkrijk België
 French: Belgique - Royaume de Belgique
 German: Belgien - Königreich Belgien
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. Belgium is a federation divided in linguistic communities and regions.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 English: Belize
Widely recognized member of the UN. Belize is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Benin
 French: Bénin - République du Bénin
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Bhutan
 Dzongkha: འབྲུག་ཡུལ - འབྲུག་ རྒྱལ་ཁབ་
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Bolivia
 Spanish: Bolivia - República de Bolivia
 Quechua: Bulibiya - Bulibiya Mama Llaqta
 Aymara: Wuliwya - Wuliwya Suyu
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Bosnian and Croatian: Bosna i Hercegovina
 Serbian: Босна и Херцеговина / Bosna i Hercegovina
Widely recognized member of the UN. As a result of the Dayton Agreement between Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and the former Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Bosnia and Herzegovina is divided into two constituent entities, the  and the .
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Botswana
 Tswana: Botswana - Lefatshe la Botswana
 English: Botswana - Republic of Botswana
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Federative Republic of Brazil
 Portuguese: Brasil - República Federativa do Brasil
Widely recognized member of the UN. Brasil is a federation divided in 	states and one federal district.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Negara Brunei Darussalam
 Malay: Brunei - Negara Brunei Darussalam
Widely recognized member of the UN. Brunei claims sovereignty over part of the Spratly Islands.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Bulgaria
 Bulgarian: България - Република България
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Burkina Faso
 French: Burkina Faso
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Union of Myanmar (Burma)
 Burmese: ဴမန္မာ —
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Burundi
 Kirundi: Uburundi - Republika y'Uburundi
 French: Burundi - République du Burundi
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 C
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Cambodia
 Cambodian: កម្ពុជា - ព្រះរាជាណាចក្រ កម្ពុជា
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Cameroon
 French: Cameroun - République du Cameroun
 English: Cameroon - Republic of Cameroon
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 English and French: Canada
Widely recognized member of the UN. Canada is a Commonwealth Realm and a federation divided into provinces and territories.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Cape Verde
 Portuguese: Cabo Verde - República de Cabo Verde
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 French: République Centrafricaine
 Sangho: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Chad
 French: Tchad - République du Tchad
 Arabic: تشاد  - جمهوريّة تشاد
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Chile
 Spanish: Chile - República de Chile
Widely recognized member of the UN. Easter Island is an integral part of Chile.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - People's Republic of China
 Chinese: 中国 - 中华人民共和国
Widely recognized member of the UN. Commonly known as චීනය, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has five autonomous regions: Guangxi, Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang and Tibet.
Additionally, it has sovereignty over the Special Administrative Regions of
  (special administrative region of Hong Kong)
  (special administrative region of Macau)
It claims sovereignty over the territories of:
 Taiwan and associated islands, which are governed by the Republic of China (which claims sovereignty over the whole of China),
 The Paracel Islands (disputed by the ROC and Vietnam),
 The Spratly Islands (disputed by the ROC, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunei),
 Part of the Indian state of Arunachal Pradesh.
Aksai Chin, controlled by the PRC, is claimed by India as a part of Jammu and Kashmir.
Tibet and East Turkestan (Xinjiang) have separatist governments in exile.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|China, Republic of  Taiwan, listed Other states
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Colombia
 Spanish: Colombia - República de Colombia
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Union of the Comoros
 Komori: Komori - Udzima wa Komori
 French: Comores - Union des Comores
 Arabic: القمر   - اتحاد القمر
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Comoros is a federation with autonomous islands. The Comoros dispute the French sovereignty over Mayotte and the Glorioso Islands.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Democratic Republic of the Congo (Congo-Kinshasa)
 French: Congo - République Démocratique du Congo
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of the Congo (Congo-Brazzaville)
 French: Congo - République du Congo
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Costa Rica
 Spanish: Costa Rica - República de Costa Rica
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Côte d'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)
 French: Côte d'Ivoire - République de Côte d'Ivoire
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Croatia
 Croatian: Hrvatska - Republika Hrvatska
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Cuba
 Spanish: Cuba - República de Cuba
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Cuban area of Guantánamo Bay is as the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base under the permanent control (with no claim of sovereignty) of the United States which pays rent under terms of treaties with Cuba.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Cyprus
 Greek: Κυπρος - Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία
 Turkish: Kıbrıs - Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. See Northern Cyprus for the de facto state in the de jure territory of Cyprus.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 Czech: Česko - Česká republika
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

D
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Denmark
 Danish: Danmark - Kongeriget Danmark
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
The Kingdom of Denmark includes also two autonomous countries. For more information, see Rigsfællesskabet.
  (Føroyar/Færøerne)
  (Kalaallit Nunaat/Grønland)
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Djibouti
 French: Djibouti - République de Djibouti
 Arabic: جيبوتي - جمهورية جيبوتي
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Commonwealth of Dominica
 English: Dominica - Commonwealth of Dominica
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 Spanish: República Dominicana
Widely recognized member of the UN and OAS.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

E
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste
 Tetum: Timor Lorosa'e - Repúblika Demokrátika Timor Lorosa'e
 Portuguese: Timor-Leste - República Democrática de Timor-Leste
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Ecuador
 Spanish: Ecuador - República del Ecuador
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Arab Republic of Egypt
 Arabic: مصر  - جمهوريّة مصرالعربيّة
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of El Salvador
 Spanish: El Salvador - República de El Salvador
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Equatorial Guinea
 Spanish: Guinea Ecuatorial - Républica de Guinea Ecuatorial
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - State of Eritrea
 Tigrinya: ኤርትራ - ሃግሬ ኤርትራ
 Arabic: إرتريا - دولة إرتريا
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Estonia
 Estonian: Eesti - Eesti Vabariik
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
 Amharic: ኢትዮጵያ - የኢትዮጵያ ፈደራላዊ ዲሞክራሲያዊ ሪፐብሊክ
Widely recognized member of the UN. Ethiopia is a federation divided in regions and chartered cities.

|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

F
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of the Fiji Islands
 Fijian: Viti - Matanitu Tu-Vaka-i-koya ko Viti
 English: Fiji - Republic of the Fiji Islands
 Hindustani: फ़िजी / فِجی  - फ़िजी गणराज्य / فِجی رپبلک

Widely recognized member of the UN. Fiji has an autonomous region (dependency), Rotuma.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Finland
 Finnish: Suomi - Suomen Tasavalta
 Swedish: Finland - Republiken Finland
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.  is a neutral and demilitarised autonomous region of Finland.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - French Republic
 French: France - République française
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. The French overseas regions/departments (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion) are legally part of France and France possesses the uninhabited Clipperton Island. The French sovereignty includes also the overseas territories of
  (Polynésie française)
  (disputed by Comoros)
  (Nouvelle-Calédonie)

  (Saint-Martin)
  (Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon)
  (Wallis-et-Futuna)
  (Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises, uninhabited). It includes the Antarctic claim of Adélie Land.
The French sovereignty over Bassas da India, Europa Island and Juan de Nova is disputed by Madagascar, over Glorioso Islands by Madagascar, the Seychelles and the Comoros, and over Tromelin by Mauritius and the Seychelles.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

G
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Gabonese Republic
 French: Gabon - République Gabonaise
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of The Gambia
 English: The Gambia - Republic of The Gambia
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 Georgian: საქართველოWidely recognized member of the UN. Georgia has three divisions with an autonomous status, ,  and . Both in Abkhazia and South Ossetia de facto states inside the de jure territory of Georgia have been formed.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Federal Republic of Germany
 German: Deutschland - Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. Germany is a federation divided in states (Länder).
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Ghana
 English: Ghana - Republic of Ghana
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Hellenic Republic
 Greek: Ελλάδα - Ελληνική Δημοκρατία
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| English: Grenada
Widely recognized member of the UN. Grenada is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Guatemala
 Spanish: Guatemala - República de Guatemala
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Guinea
 French: Guinée - République de Guinée
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Guinea-Bissau
 Portuguese: Guiné-Bissau - República da Guiné-Bissau
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Co-operative Republic of Guyana
 English: Guyana - Co-operative Republic of Guyana
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 H
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Haiti
 French: Haïti - République d'Haïti
 Haitian Creole: Ayiti - Repiblik dAyiti
Widely recognized member of the UN. Haiti claims the uninhabited United States possession of Navassa.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Honduras
 Spanish: Honduras - República de Honduras
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Hungary
 Hungarian: Magyarország - Magyar Köztársaság
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 I
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Iceland
 Icelandic: Ísland - Lýðveldið Ísland
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of India
 Hindi: भारत - भारत गणराज्य
 English: India - Republic of India
Widely recognized member of the UN. India is a federation divided in states and union territories. The Indian sovereignty over Arunachal Pradesh is disputed by the People's Republic of China. India claims sovereignty over and administers part of Kashmir.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Indonesia
 Indonesian: Indonesia - Republik Indonesia
Widely recognized member of the UN. Indonesia has four provinces with special status, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, Yogyakarta Special Region, Papua, and Jakarta Special Capital Region. Separatist governments in exile claim independence for the Republic of the South Moluccas, the Republic of West Papua, and the Sultanate of Nangroe Aceh Darusalam
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Islamic Republic of Iran
 Persian: ایران -  جمهوری اسلامی ایران
Widely recognized member of the UN. Divided into provinces and counties
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Iraq
 Arabic: العراق -  جمهورية العراق
 Kurdish: عێراق - كۆماری عێراق
Widely recognized member of the UN. Iraq's constitution labels the country as a federation divided in regions, governorates and the capital district. At present the only region is Iraqi Kurdistan.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Ireland
 Irish: Éire
 English: Ireland
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - State of Israel
 Hebrew: ישראל - מדינת ישראל
 Arabic: اسرائيل - دولة اسرائيل
Widely recognized member of the UN. Israel occupies the Golan Heights and parts of the West Bank and East Jerusalem. It has supervision over the partially occupied Palestinian territories. These occupations are internationally not recognized. See for more information also Palestine.

|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Italian Republic
 Italian: Italia - Repubblica Italiana
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. Italy has autonomous regions, Aosta Valley, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Sardinia, Sicily and Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Ivory Coast  Côte d'Ivoire|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 J
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 English: Jamaica
Widely recognized member of the UN. Jamaica is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - State of Japan
 Japanese: 日本 - 日本国
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
 Arabic: الاردن - المملكة الأردنّيّة الهاشميّة
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 K
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Kazakhstan
 Kazakh: Қазақстан - Қазақстан Республикасы
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Kenya
 English: Kenya - Republic of Kenya
 Swahili: Kenya - Jamhuri ya Kenya
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Kiribati
 Gilbertese: Kiribati - Ribaberikin Kiribati
 English: Kiribati - Republic of Kiribati
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea)
 Korean: 조선 - 조선민주주의인민공화국
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Korea (South Korea)
 Korean: 한국 - 대한민국
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Kosovo  Other states
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - State of Kuwait
 Arabic: الكويت - دولة الكويت
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kyrgyz Republic
 Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан - Кыргыз Республикасы
 Russian: Кыргызстан - Кыргызская республика
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 L
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Lao People's Democratic Republic
 Laotian: ນລາວ - ສາທາລະນະລັດປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Latvia
 Latvian: Latvija - Latvijas Republika
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Lebanon
 Arabic: لبنان - الجمهوريّة البنانيّة
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Lesotho
 English: Lesotho - Kingdom of Lesotho
 Sotho: Lesotho - Mmuso wa Lesotho
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Liberia
 English: Liberia - Republic of Liberia
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| -  Socialist People's Libyan Arab Great Jamahiriya
 Arabic: ليبيا - الجماهيرية العربية الليبية الشعبية الإشتراكية العظمى
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Principality of Liechtenstein
 German: Liechtenstein - Fürstentum Liechtenstein
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Lithuania
 Lithuanian: Lietuva - Lietuvos Respublika
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
 Luxembourgian: Lëtzebuerg - Groussherzogdem Lëtzebuerg
 French: Luxembourg - Grand-Duché du Luxembourg
 German: Luxemburg - Großherzogtum Luxemburg
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 M
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - (Former Yugoslav) Republic of Macedonia
 Macedonian: Македонија - Република Македонија
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Madagascar
 Malagasy: Madagasikara - Repoblikan'i Madagasikara
 French: Madagascar - République de Madagascar
Widely recognized member of the UN. Madagascar claims the French possessions of the Glorioso Islands and Juan de Nova.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Malawi
 English: Malawi - Republic of Malawi
 Chewa: Malaŵi - Mfuko la Malaŵi
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| Malay: Malaysia
Widely recognized member of the UN. Malaysia is a federation divided in states and federal territories. Malaysia claims part of the Spratly Islands.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Maldives
 Divehi: ގުޖޭއްރާ ޔާއްރިހޫމްޖު - ހިވެދި ގުޖޭއްރާ ޔާއްރިހޫމްޖ
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Mali
 French: Mali - République du Mali
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Malta
 Maltese: Malta - Repubblika ta' Malta
 English: Malta - Republic of Malta
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of the Marshall Islands
 Marshallese: Aorōkin M̧ajeļ - Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ
 English: Marshall Islands - Republic of the Marshall Islands
Widely recognized member of the UN under Compact of Free Association with the United States. The Marshall Islands claim the United States territory of Wake Island.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Islamic Republic of Mauritania
 Arabic: موريتانيا - الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية
 French: Mauritanie - République Islamique de la Mauritanie
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Mauritius
 English: Mauritius - Republic of Mauritius
 French: Maurice - République de Maurice
Widely recognized member of the UN. Mauritius has an autonomous island, Rodrigues. Mauritius claims the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French island of Tromelin.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - United Mexican States
 Spanish: México - Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Widely recognized member of the UN. Mexico is a federation divided into states and one federal district.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Federated States of Micronesia
 English: Micronesia - Federated States of Micronesia
Widely recognized member of the UN under Compact of Free Association with the United States. Micronesia is a federation divided into states.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Moldova
 Moldovan: Moldova - Republica Moldova
Widely recognized member of the UN. Moldova has an autonomous region, Gagauzia. See Transnistria for the de facto state inside the de jure territory of Moldova.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Principality of Monaco
 French: Monaco - Principauté de Monaco
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| Mongolian: Монгол Улс
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| Montenegrin: Црна Гора - Црна Гора
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Morocco
 Arabic: المغرب - المملكة المغربية
Widely recognized member of the UN. Morocco claims sovereignty over the Western Sahara and controls most of it, which is disputed by the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Morocco disputes the Spanish sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de Alhucemas.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Mozambique
 Portuguese: Moçambique - República de Moçambique
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Myanmar  Burma|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 N
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|නගෝර්නෝ-කරබාක්   අනෙකුත් රාජ්‍යයන්
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Namibia
 English: Namibia - Republic of Namibia
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Nauru
 Nauruan: Naoero - Republik Naoero
 English: Nauru - Republic of Nauru
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
 Nepali: नेपाल
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| නෙදර්ලන්තය - Kingdom of the Netherlands
 Dutch: Nederland - Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. Legally the Netherlands refers to the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, with the latter consisting of one European country:

and the two overseas (associated) countries:

  (Nederlandse Antillen)
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| English: New Zealand
 Māori: Aotearoa
Widely recognized member of the UN. New Zealand is a Commonwealth Realm and has responsibilities for the two free associated states of:
 . The Cook Islands have received some diplomatic recognition
 . Niue only has diplomatic relations with New Zealand.

The dependent territory of:

New Zealand also claims sovereignty over parts of Antarctica as:
 Ross Dependency
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Nicaragua
 Spanish: Nicaragua - República de Nicaragua
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Niger
 French: Niger - République du Niger
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Federal Republic of Nigeria
 English: Nigeria - Federal Republic of Nigeria
Widely recognized member of the UN. Nigeria is a federation divided in states and one federal district.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Northern Cyprus  Other states|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|North Korea  Korea, Democratic People's Republic of
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Norway
 Norwegian: Norge - Kongeriket Norge / Noreg - Kongeriket Noreg
Widely recognized member of the UN. Svalbard is an integral part of Norway, but has a special status due to the Svalbard Treaty. The overseas uninhabited possessions of Bouvet Island and Jan Mayen are integral parts of Norway. The Norwegian claim of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land (Antarctica) as part of Norway is suspended.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 O
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Sultanate of Oman
 Arabic: عُمان - سلطنة عُمان
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 P
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Islamic Republic of Pakistan
 Urdu: پاکستان - اسلامی جمہوریۂ پاکستان
 English: Pakistan - Islamic Republic of Pakistan
Widely recognized member of the UN. Pakistan is a federation divided in provinces and territories. Pakistan claims sovereignty over and occupies part of Kashmir.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Palau
 Paluan: Belau - Beluu er a Belau
 English: Palau - Republic of Palau
Widely recognized member of the UN under Compact of Free Association with the United States.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|The Palestinian territories  Other states|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Panama
 Spanish: Panamá - República de Panamá
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Independent State of Papua New Guinea
 English: Papua New Guinea - Independent State of Papua New Guinea
 Tok Pisin: Papua Niugini - Independen Stet bilong Papua Niugini
Widely recognized member of the UN. Papua New Guinea is a Commonwealth Realm and has an autonomous province, Bougainville Province.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Paraguay
 Spanish: Paraguay - República del Paraguay
 Guarani: Paraguái - Têta Paraguái
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Peru
 Spanish: Perú - República del Perú
 Quechua: Piruw - Piruw Mama Llaqta
 Aymara: Piruw - Piruw Suyu
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of the Philippines
 Filipino: Pilipinas - Republika ng Pilipinas
 English: Philippines - Republic of the Philippines
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Philippines has an autonomous region, the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. The Philippines claim the Spratly Islands.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Poland
 Polish: Polska - Rzeczpospolita Polska
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Portuguese Republic
 Portuguese: Portugal - República Portuguesa
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. Portugal has two autonomous regions, Azores and Madeira. Portugal does not recognize Spanish sovereignty over Olivenza and Táliga.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Pridnestrovie  Other states, Transnistria
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 Q
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - State of Qatar
 Arabic: قطر - دولة قطر
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 R
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| Romanian: România
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Russian Federation
 Russian: Россия - Российская Федерация
Widely recognized member of the UN. Russia is a federationWhether or not the Russian Federation is a genuine federation is a matter of dispute. See: Russian Federation section.</ref> divided in Subjects of Russia (oblasts, republics, autonomous okrugs, krays, and federal cities).Several of the federal subjects are autonomous republics:

|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Rwanda
 KinyaRwanda: Rwanda - Repubulika y'u Rwanda
 French: Rwanda - République du Rwanda
 English: Rwanda - Republic of Rwanda
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 S
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
 English: Saint Kitts and Nevis - Federation of Saint Christopher and Nevis
Widely recognized member of the UN. Saint Kitts and Nevis is a Commonwealth Realm and is a federation of the islands.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 English: Saint Lucia
Widely recognized member of the UN. Saint Lucia is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 English: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Widely recognized member of the UN. Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Independent State of Samoa
 Samoan: Sāmoa - Mālo Tuto'atasi o Sāmoa
 English: Samoa - Independent State of Samoa
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of San Marino
 Italian: San Marino - Repubblica di San Marino
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe
 Portuguese: São Tomé e Príncipe - República Democrática de São Tomé e Príncipe
Widely recognized member of the UN. São Tomé and Príncipe has an autonomous province, Príncipe.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
 Arabic: السعودية - المملكة العربيّة السّعوديّة
Widely recognized member of the UN.

|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Senegal
 French: Sénégal - République du Sénégal
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Serbia
 Serbian: Србија - Република Србија
Widely recognized member of the UN. Serbia has two autonomous provinces, Kosovo and Metohija and Vojvodina.  The Serbian autonomous province of Kosovo and Metohija is currently administered by the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government under the supervision of EULEX. In Kosovo a de facto country in the de jure territory of Serbia has been established and remains partially recognised.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Seychelles
 English: Seychelles - Republic of Seychelles
 French: Seychelles - République des Seychelles
 Seselwa: Sesel - Repiblik Sesel
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Seychelles claim the British Indian Ocean Territory and the French Glorioso Islands and Tromelin.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Sierra Leone
 English: Sierra Leone - Republic of Sierra Leone
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Singapore
 English: Singapore - Republic of Singapore
 Malay: Singapura - Republik Singapura
 Chinese: 新加坡 - 新加坡共和国
 Tamil: சிங்கப்பூர் - சிங்கப்பூர் குடியரசு
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Slovak Republic
 Slovak: Slovensko - Slovenská republika
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Slovenia
 Slovenian: Slovenija - Republika Slovenija
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 English: Solomon Islands
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Solomon Islands is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| -  Republic of Somalia
 Somali: Soomaaliya - Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya
 Arabic: الصومال - جمهورية الصومال
Widely recognized member of the UN. Somalia is presently fragmented with its Transitional National Government. Somalia disputed the Yemenite sovereignty over Socotra. See Somaliland for the de facto country inside the de jure territory of Somalia.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of South Africa
 English: South Africa - Republic of South Africa
 Afrikaans: Suid-Afrika - Republiek van Suid-Afrika
 Xhosa: Mzantsi Afrika - IRiphabliki yaseMzantsi Afrika
 Zulu: Ningizimu Afrika - IRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika
 Ndbele: Sewula Afrika - IRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika
 North Sotho: Afrika-Borwa - Rephaboliki ya Afrika-Borwa
 Sotho: Afrika Borwa - Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa
 Tswana: Aforika Borwa - Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa
 Swazi: Ningizimu Afrika - IRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika
 Venda: Afurika Tshipembe - Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe
 Tsonga: Afrika Dzonga - Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga

Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|South Korea  Korea, Republic of
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|South Ossetia  Other states|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Spain
 Spanish: España - Reino de España
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. Spain is divided in autonomous communities and cities./> The sovereignty over Ceuta, Isla de Alborán, Isla Perejil, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla and Peñón de Alhucemas is disputed by Morocco. The sovereignty over Olivenza and Táliga is disputed by පෘතුගාලය. Spain disputes the British sovereignty over Gibraltar.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka

 Sinhala: ශ්රී ලංකාව - ශ්‍රී ලංකා ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රික සමාජවාදී ජනරජය
 Tamil: இலங்கை - இலங்கை ஜனநாயக சமத்துவ குடியரசு
Widely recognized member of the UN. Tamil Eelam has a separatist government that controls part of Sri Lanka.(see source). It strives after an independent country but has not yet declared independence.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of the Sudan
 Arabic: السودان - جمهورية السودان
 English: Sudan - Republic of the Sudan
Widely recognized member of the UN. Sudan is a federation divided in states and it has one autonomous region, Southern Sudan, formed out of the Southern Sudanese states.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Suriname
 Dutch: Suriname - Republiek Suriname
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Swaziland
 English: Swaziland - Kingdom of Swaziland
 Swazi: eSwatini - Umbuso weSwatini
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Sweden
 Swedish: Sverige - Konungariket Sverige
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Swiss Confederation
 German: Schweiz - Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft
 French: Suisse - Confédération Suisse
 Italian: Svizzera - Confederazione Svizzera
 Raeto-Romance: Svizra - Confederaziun Svizra
Widely recognized member of the UN. Switzerland is a federation divided in cantons.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Syrian Arab Republic
 Arabic: سورية - الجمهوريّة العربيّة السّوريّة
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Golan is occupied by Israel. Syria disputed the Turkish sovereignty over Hatay Province.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 T
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|China, Republic of (commonly known as "Taiwan")  Other states
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Tajikistan
 Tajik: Тоҷикистон - Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон
Widely recognized member of the UN. Tajikistan has an autonomous province, Gorno-Badakhshan.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - United Republic of Tanzania
 Swahili: Tanzania - Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania
Widely recognized member of the UN. Tanzania is a federacy with an autonomous status for Zanzibar.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Thailand
 Thai: ประเทศไทย - ราชอาณาจักรไทย
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Timor-Leste  East Timor
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Togolese Republic
 French: Togo - République Togolaise
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Kingdom of Tonga
 Tongan: Tonga - Pule'anga Fakatu'i 'o Tonga
 English: Tonga - Kingdom of Tonga
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Transnistria  Other states|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
 English: Trinidad and Tobago - Republic of Trinidad and Tobago
Widely recognized member of the UN. Trinidad and Tobago has an autonomous island, Tobago.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Tunisian Republic
 Arabic: تونس - الجمهورية التونسية
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Turkey
 Turkish: Türkiye - Türkiye Cumhuriyeti
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Turkish sovereignty over the Hatay Province is disputed by Syria
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 Turkmenian: Türkmenistan
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 Tuvaluan and English: Tuvalu
Widely recognized member of the UN. Tuvalu is a Commonwealth Realm.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 U
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Uganda
 English: Uganda - Republic of Uganda
 Swahili: Uganda - Jamhuri ya Uganda
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 Ukrainian: Україна
Widely recognized member of the UN. Ukraine has an autonomous republic, .
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - United Arab Emirates
 Arabic: الإمارات العربيّة المتّحدة
Widely recognized member of the UN. The United Arab Emirates is a federation divided into emirates.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
 English: United Kingdom - United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
 Welsh: Teyrnas Gyfunol Prydain Fawr a Gogledd Iwerddon
Widely recognized member of the UN and the EU. The United Kingdom is a Commonwealth Realm comprising four  countries/ home nations.

 Northern Ireland
The United Kingdom has the following overseas territories:
  Akrotiri and Dhekelia

  (claimed by Mauritius and the Seychelles)

  (claimed by Argentina)
  (claimed by Spain)

  (with its dependencies of Ascension Island and )
  (claimed by Argentina)

  (disputed)
The British Crown has sovereignty over
  (with the dependencies of ,  and )

|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top|
 English: United States of America
Widely recognized member of the UN. The United States is a federation divided in states, a federal district, and one territory. The United States has sovereignty over the following (inhabited) territories and commonwealths

Besides these, there are uninhabited territories in the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea: Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Wake Island (disputed by the Marshall Islands) as well as Navassa Island (disputed by Haiti). Of these only Palmyra Atoll is fully incorporated and considered a part of the US. The Cuban area of Guantánamo Bay is as the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base under the permanent control (with no claim of sovereignty) of the United States which pays rent under terms of treaties with Cuba.
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|-
|valign=top| - Eastern Republic of Uruguay
 Spanish: Uruguay - República Oriental del Uruguay
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Uzbekistan
 Uzbek: Ўзбекистон - Ўзбекистон Республикаси
Widely recognized member of the UN. Uzbekistan has an autonomous republic, .
|-
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|-
|colspan=3|

 V
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Vanuatu
 Bislama: Vanuatu - Ripablik blong Vanuatu
 English: Vanuatu - Republic of Vanuatu
 French: Vanuatu - République du Vanuatu
Widely recognized member of the UN.
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|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - State of the Vatican City
 Latin: Civitas Vaticana - Status Civitatis Vaticanæ
 Italian: Città del Vaticano - Stato della Città del Vaticano
Widely recognized country.The Holy See, a sovereign entity recognized by 176 countries, administers the territory of Vatican City; the Holy See is a permanent observer of the UN. Vatican City's foreign relations are handled by the Holy See. Vatican City is administered by a President of the Government appointed by the Pope, with the latter being the head of the Holy See, and therefore ex officio sovereign of Vatican City.
The Holy See also administers a number of extraterritorial properties in Italy.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela
 Spanish: Venezuela - República Bolivariana de Venezuela
Widely recognized member of the UN. Venezuela is a federation divided in states, one federal dependency and one federal district.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Socialist Republic of Vietnam
 Vietnamese: Việt Nam - Cộng hòa Xã hội Chủ nghĩa Việt Nam
Widely recognized member of the UN. Vietnam claims sovereignty over the Paracel Islands and the Spratly Islands.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 W
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top colspan=2 style="font-size: 90%;"|Western Sahara  Other states
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 Y
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Yemen
 Arabic: اليمن - الجمهوريّة اليمنية
Widely recognized member of the UN. The Yemenite sovereignty over Socotra is disputed by Somalia.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|colspan=3|

 Z
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Zambia
 English: Zambia - Republic of Zambia
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - Republic of Zimbabwe
 English: Zimbabwe - Republic of Zimbabwe
Widely recognized member of the UN.
|-
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|}

 අනෙකුත් රාජ්‍යයන්

This annex lists states that claim sovereignty and have control over (part of) its claimed territory, but due to disputes over their legitimacy, do not have normal diplomatic relations with the majority of sovereign states. Entities considered to be micronations are not included.

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|-
|width=60%|: අබ්ගාසියා සමූහාණ්ඩුව
 Abkhazian: Аҧсны - Аҧснытәи Республика
 Russian: Абхазия - Республика Абхазия
De facto independent state only recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, South Ossetia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
|-
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|-
|valign=top| - කොසෝවෝ සමූහාණ්ඩුව
 Albanian: Kosovës - Republika e Kosovës
 Serbian: Косово - Република Косово
De facto independent state that is recognised by  UN member states and by the Republic of China. Party to the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA). Claimed in whole by the Republic of Serbia as part of its Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. In turn, the Republic of Kosovo claims the part of Kosovo controlled by the Republic of Serbia and still administered by the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK).
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - නගෝර්නෝ-කරබාක් ජනරජය
 Armenian: Լեռնային Ղարաբաղ - Լեռնային Ղարաբաղի Հանրապետություն
De facto independent state that has not been diplomatically recognized by any other state. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Azerbaijan.<ref>See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh] (17 January 2006). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.
|-
|colspan=2|

|-
|valign=top| - උතුරු සයිප්‍රස තුර්කි සමූහාණ්ඩුව
 Turkish: Kuzey Kıbrıs - Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti
De facto independent state that is recognised only by Turkey. It was accepted as an observer state of the Organization of the Islamic Conference under the name of the Turkish Cypriot State since 1979. In addition, the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic regards TRNC as sovereign but Azerbaijan (the sovereign state that Nakhichevan belongs to) has not followed suit. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus.
|-
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|-
|valign=top| - දකුණු ඔසේටියා සමූහාණ්ඩුව
 Ossetian: Хуссар Ирыстон - Республикæ Хуссар Ирыстон
 Russian: Южная Осетия - Республика Южная Осетия
De facto independent state only recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Abkhazia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Georgia as the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia.
|-
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|-
|valign=top| - චීන සමූහාණ්ඩුව
 Chinese: 臺灣 / 台灣 - 中華民國
De facto independent state; de jure the Republic of China, a polity regarded by the People's Republic of China to be its defunct (and no longer legitimate) predecessor state. In addition to Taiwan, the Republic of China also governs part of the Spratly Islands and has not renounced claims over the territory of the PRC and Mongolia. . The territory of the Republic of China is claimed in whole by the People's Republic of China. The Republic of China participates in a number of non-UN international organizations such as the World Trade Organization, International Olympic Committee and others under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly Chinese Taipei.
|-
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|-
|valign=top| - ට්‍රානිස්ට්‍රියානු මෝල්ඩෝවියානු සමූහාණ්ඩුව (Pridnestrovie, Trans-Dniester)
 Russian: Приднестровье: Приднестровская Молдавская Республика
 Ukrainian: Придністров'я: Придністровська Молдавська Республіка
 Moldovan: Нистря: Република Молдовеняскэ Нистрянэ
De facto independent state, recognized only by Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Moldova as the Territorial Unit of Transnistria.<ref>'See [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/3641826.stm Regions and territories: Trans-Dniester] (13 December 2005). BBC News. Retrieved January 17, 2006.</ref>
|-
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|-
|valign=top|' - සහරාවි අරාබි ප්‍රජාතාන්ත්‍රීය සමූහාණ්ඩුව -
 Arabic'': الجمهورية العربية الصحراوية الديمقراطية
De facto independent state recognized by 46 other states. It is a member of the African Union and the Asian-African Strategic Partnership formed at the 2005 Asian-African Conference. The territories under its control, the so-called Free Zone, are claimed in whole by Morocco as part of its Southern Provinces. In turn, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic claims the part of the Western Sahara to the west of the Moroccan Wall controlled by Marocco. Its government resides in exile in Algeria.
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ආශ්‍රිත

 Armorial of sovereign states
 Gallery of sovereign state flags
 ISO 3166-1
 List of adjectival and demonymic forms for countries and nations
 List of administrative divisions by country
 List of associated states
 List of condominiums
 List of countries and dependencies and their capitals in native languages
 List of countries and dependencies by area
 List of countries and dependencies by population
 List of countries by United Nations geoscheme
 List of country-name etymologies
 List of dependent territories
 List of international rankings
 List of ISO 3166 country codes
 List of micronations
 List of national capitals
 List of rebel groups that control territory
 List of states with limited recognition
 List of territorial disputes
 List of territories governed by the United Nations
 Lists of political entities by century
 Lists of state leaders by century
 Member states of the United Nations
 Sovereign state
 List of former sovereign states
 List of sovereign states and dependent territories by continent
 List of sovereign states by date of formation
 Template:Clickable world map
 Terra nullius
 United Nations list of non-self-governing territories

සටහන්

මූලාශ්‍ර

Sovereign states
Eurasia
අප්‍රිකාව
ඇමරිකානු මහාද්වීපය
ඕෂනියාව
රටවල්

ස්වෛරී රාජ්‍ය ලැයිස්තුව


Pteridizm, Kartal eğreltiotunun (Pteridium aquilinum) yaprakları ile saplarının yenmesinden meydana gelen zehirlenme.

Pteridizm genel olarak öldürücü bir hastalıktır. Özellikle Bretagne'da genç sığırlar çayırda otlarken veya ahırda kuru otlarla beraber Kartal eğriotu da yer ve zehirlenir. Hastalık yüksek ateş, bağırsaklarda kanama yapar, mukoza ve deri üzerinde kan damlacıkları görülür. Etkili bir tedavi yolu yoktur.

İnsan hastalıkları

Pteridizm


Terrence Anthony Boyd (Bremen, Alemania, 16 de febrero de 1991) es un futbolista estadounidense que juega de delantero para el 1. F. C. Kaiserslautern de la 2. Bundesliga.

Trayectoria

Hertha Berlín/Borussia Dortmund
Terrence Boyd creció jugando para el sistema juvenil del Hertha Berlín, y finalmente debutando para su equipo sub-23 en 2010. Luego de comenzar la temporada en la banca, encontró su posición como titular y terminó la temporada con 13 goles. Luego de que su contrato con Hertha expiró, firmó con el Borussia Dortmund y debutó con su equipo de reservas, el Borussia Dortmund II. El 22 de octubre de 2011 Boyd recibió su primer llamado al primer equipo del Borussia Dortmund en su partido de la Bundesliga contra el F.C. Colonia. Pese a que fue parte de la plantilla de dieciocho jugadores, Boyd no jugó en la victoria del Dortmund 5-0 contra el F.C. Colonia.

Tras terminar la temporada con 20 goles y lograr el título de la Regionalliga con el equipo de reservas del Borussia Dortmund, el SK Rapid Wien de la Bundesliga Austriaca expresó su intención de fichar al joven delantero para la siguiente temporada.

SK Rapid Wien

El 11 de junio de 2012 se anunció oficialmente que luego del partido de eliminatorias de Estados Unidos contra , Boyd se uniría al SK Rapid Wien de la Primera División austríaca, firmando un contrato por tres años. Boyd realizó su debut profesional con el Rapid el 21 de julio de 2012, entrando como titular en el partido inaugural del club en la temporada 2012-13 contra el FC Wacker Innsbruck. El Rapid ganó el partido 4-0, y Boyd anotó dos goles y registró una asistencia. Debutó en competiciones europeas el 2 de agosto de 2012, jugando los noventa minutos en la derrota 2-1 contra el FK Vojvodina por la fase clasificatoria de la Europa League. Anotó su primer gol en la competición una semana después, anotando el segundo gol del Rapid en el partido que terminarían ganando 2-0 y obteniendo la clasificación a la siguiente ronda. Finalmente terminaría su primera temporada con el Rapid con un total de 20 goles anotados en todas las competiciones.

En el primer partido competitivo del club en la temporada 2013-14, Boyd anotó uno de los goles de su club en la definición por penales ante el LASK Linz por la Copa de Austria. No obstante, el Rapid terminaría perdiendo la definición 5-4. El germano-estadounidense abrió su cuenta goleadora en su segunda temporada en la Bundesliga Austriaca anotando dos de los cuatro goles de su equipo en la victoria ante el Wiener Neustadt el 27 de julio de 2013. Días después anotó su primer gol de la temporada en la Liga Europea de la UEFA, convirtiendo un penal que le daría el empate final 1-1 ante el Asteras Tripolis FC de Grecia por la tercera fase clasificatoria del torneo.

Boyd superó su récord personal de goles en una temporada el 26 de abril de 2014, anotando un doblete por segunda semana consecutiva en la victoria 2-1 sobre el Red Bull Salzburg y alcanzando así 18 goles en todas las competiciones en la temporada 2013/14. Finalmente terminaría la temporada con 20 goles -14 de ellos en la liga-, rompiendo así su récord personal.

Red Bull Leipzig
El 30 de junio de 2014 se confirmó el traspaso de Boyd al Red Bull Leipzig de la 2. Bundesliga alemana. No obstante, poco después de llegar al club, Boyd anunció en su cuenta de Twitter que había sufrido un desgarre parcial de su ligamento anterior cruzado, lesión que lo dejó fuera de las canchas hasta octubre de 2014. Finalmente debutó con el Red Bull el 17 de octubre de 2014, ingresando en los últimos 30 minutos de la derrota 1-0 frente al FC Núremberg. Anotó su primer gol con el club poco después, convirtiendo en la victoria 3-1 sobre el Erzgebirge Aue por la DFB Pokal el 29 de octubre. El 23 de noviembre anotaría sus primeros dos goles en la 2. Bundesliga, ayudando a su equipo en la victoria 4-1 sobre el FC St. Pauli. Desafortunadamente para el futbolista, en un partido frente al FC Ingolstadt el 6 de diciembre de 2014 se desgarró completamente el mismo ligamento que había lesionado meses atrás.

SV Darmstadt 98
En enero de 2017, Terrence Boyd fue contratado por el SV Darmstadt 98 de la Bundesliga por dos temporadas.

Toronto FC
A inicios de febrero de 2019, el Toronto FC hizo oficial su fichaje.

Hallescher FC
En julio de 2019 regresaría a Alemania tras firmar por dos temporadas con el Hallescher FC.

Selección de Estados Unidos

Selecciones juveniles
Al ser el hijo de un soldado estadounidense y madre alemana Boyd tiene doble ciudadanía, lo que le daba la oportunidad para jugar para las selecciones de ambos países. No obstante, Boyd ha jugado exclusivamente para  luego de haber sido reclutado por el exdirector técnico de la selección sub-20 de ese país, Thomas Rongen, en 2010.

En noviembre de 2011 Boyd fue llamado por primera vez a la selección sub-23 para el campamento de entrenamiento de la selección en Europa. Boyd también participó del siguiente campamento de la sub-23 en Florida en diciembre de 2011. Poco después fue llamado al campamento de preparación para el torneo pre-olímpico de la CONCACAF a finales de febrero que comenzó con un partido contra la selección sub-23 de  en marzo de 2012, pero Jürgen Klinsmann lo llamó por primera vez a la selección mayor el 23 de febrero para jugar un amisto contra Italia en Génova el 29 de febrero de 2012. El 12 de marzo de 2012, Boyd fue llamado nuevamente a la selección sub-23, esta vez como parte de la lista provisional de 19 jugadores que enfrentaría las eliminatorias de la CONCACAF para las Olimpiadas en Londres.

Boyd debutó con la selección sub-23 en el Torneo Preolímipico de la Concacaf entrando en el segundo tiempo en la derrota frente a  2-0 el 24 de marzo de 2012. El 26 de marzo fue titular en el último partido de la fase de grupos contra la selección de , donde anotó dos goles.

Selección mayor

Boyd hizo su debut con la selección mayor el 29 de febrero de 2012 en la histórica victoria de los Estados Unidos frente a Italia en Génova, ingresando al partido en el minuto 79 por Jozy Altidore.

Fue titular por primera vez con los Estados Unidos en la victoria 5-1 en un partido amistoso contra  el 26 de mayo de 2012. Boyd comprometió su futuro internacional a los Estados Unidos jugando su primer partido en competiciones oficiales con su selección, entrando en el segundo tiempo del primer partido de las eliminatorias al Mundial 2014 de su país, una victoria 3-1 contra  el 8 de junio de 2012 en Tampa.

El 15 de agosto de 2012 ingresó en el segundo tiempo y asistió en el único gol del partido en la histórica victoria de Estados Unidos sobre  en el Estadio Azteca.

El 12 de mayo de 2014, el entrenador de la selección estadounidense Jürgen Klinsmann incluyó a Boyd en la lista provisional de 30 jugadores con miras a la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2014. No obstante, Boyd, junto con otros seis jugadores, no fue incluido en la lista final de 23 futbolistas.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil de Terrence Boyd en transfermrkt.co.uk (en inglés)
 Ficha de Terrence Boyd en fichajes.com

Germano-estadounidenses
Futbolistas de Alemania
Futbolistas nacionalizados en Estados Unidos
Futbolistas del Hertha Berlín II
Futbolistas del Borussia Dortmund II
Futbolistas del SK Rapid Viena
Futbolistas del RasenBallsport Leipzig en los años 2010
Futbolistas del SV Darmstadt 98
Futbolistas del Toronto FC
Futbolistas del Hallescher FC
Futbolistas del 1. FC Kaiserslautern en los años 2020
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Estados Unidos en los años 2010
Nacidos en Bremen

Terrence Boyd


جان ستيفن بايبر  (من مواليد 11 يناير 1946 في تشاتانوجا، تنسي) مؤلف وواعظ معمداني مصلح يعمل حالياً راعياً في كنيسة بيت لحم المعمدانية في مينيابولس، مينيسوتا. وهو مؤلف عدة كتب، من بينها الخطايا المثيرة، ما يطلب يسوع من العالم، مثقوب بالكلمة، عاطفة الله لمجده، والأكثر مبيعاً لا تبدد حياتك وآلام يسوع المسيح. كما يرأس منظمة اسمها ديزايرينك كود (الرغبة في الله).

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 Resources in Arabic
 ألإساءة الأعظم: هل حقاً صُلِب المسيح
 الإرساليات: صيحة الحرب في حياة اللذة المسيحية
 المال: دوره كعملة اللذة المسيحية
 كيف نستطيع أن نحب جارنا المسلم
 مسرة الله: معنى اللذة (البهجة) والمتعة الحقيقية من منظور المسيحية
 الكتاب المقدس: إضرام اللذة المسيحية
 الإيمان بالمسيح، اختبار اللذة (البهجة) المسيحية
 إسرائيل، فلسطين، والشرق الأوسط
 موقع الزواج في قالب اللذة المسيحية
 الصلاة: قوة المتعة المسيحية
 العبادة: وليمة اللذة المسيحية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من تشاتانوغا
استبدالية
الكنيسة المعمدانية من تينيسي
إنجيليون أمريكيون
خريجو جامعة لودفيش ماكسيميليان في ميونخ
رجال دين مسيحيون أمريكيون
كتاب غير روائيين أمريكيون في القرن 21
كتاب معمدانيون
كتاب من غرينفيل (كارولاينا الجنوبية)
كتاب مواعظ أمريكيون
كتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 20
كتاب وكاتبات أمريكيون في القرن 21
لاهوتيون أمريكيون
لاهوتيون مصلحون وكالفينيون في القرن 20
مفسرو الكتاب المقدس
مواليد 1946
مواليد في تشاتانوغا

جان بايبر


Aisel Mammadova (født 21. august 1988), også kendt som Aisel, er en aserbajdsjansk sangerinde, som repræsenterede Aserbajdsjan ved Eurovision Song Contest 2018 med sangen "X My Heart". Hun opnåede en 11. plads i første semifinale, og dermed kvalificerede hun sig ikke til finalen.

Eksterne henvisninger

Jazzvokalister fra Aserbajdsjan
Aserbajdsjans Eurovision Song Contest-deltagere
Deltagere ved Eurovision Song Contest 2018

Aisel


Die Nationalstraße 214 (), chinesische Abkürzung G214, ist eine 3.256 km lange, in Nord-Süd-Richtung verlaufende Fernstraße in der Mitte und im Süden Chinas in den Provinzen Qinghai und Yunnan sowie im Autonomen Gebiet Tibet. Sie führt von Xining über Huangyuan, Madoi, Nangqên, Chengguan, Dêqên, Jianchuan, Dali, Midu, Nanjian, Lincang nach Menghai und verbindet an der Grenze B. Pangha die G 214 mit der Nationalstraße 17B in Laos.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite des chinesischen Verkehrsministeriums

Nationalstraße in der Volksrepublik China
Nationalstrasse China214
Straße in Qinghai
Straße in Tibet
Straße in Yunnan

Nationalstraße 214 (China)


Natalia Gambaro (nascida a 1 de setembro de 1977) é uma advogada e política argentina que serviu como directora executiva da Agência Nacional Argentina de Materiais Controlados de 17 de maio de 2016 a 4 de julho de 2018.

Carreira
Foi assessora do Deputado Nacional Francisco de Narváez nas comissões de Relações Externas e de Assuntos Constitucionais entre 2005 e 2007. Em dezembro de 2009, tornou-se Deputada Nacional pela província de Buenos Aires.

Foi nomeada directora executiva da Agência Nacional Argentina de Materiais Controlados de 17 de maio de 2016 a 4 de julho de 2018.

Mulheres da Argentina na política
Advogados da Argentina
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1997
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Mulheres)

Natalia Gambaro


Dani er en dansk kortfilm fra 2003 instrueret af Ulrik Wivel.

Handling
Hun har forladt en mand. Hun har forladt en by. Men vil sjælen følge med?

Medvirkende

 Sigri Mitra Gaïni, Dani
 Paw Terndrup, Mikkel
 David Rousing, Frank
 Aurora Stiessel, Pige med telefon

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2003

Dani (film)


Svijet

Književna djela

 Harry Potter i Red feniksa, J. K. Rowling

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

 Nobelova nagrada za književnost:

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

 Država Božja 2053. Ive Brešana

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 2003.


Güney, Çorum ilinin Kargı ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Çorum il merkezine 106 km, Kargı ilçe merkezine 31 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Kargı belde ve köyleri

Güney, Kargı


Tarayıcı ile şunlar kastedilmiş olabilir:

Herhangi bir olguyu araştırmak, açığa çıkarmak, belgelemek için kullanılan donanım.

 Ağ tarayıcısı, ağ sayfalarında gezinti yapmayı sağlayan (Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Opera gibi) bir yazılım.
 Tarayıcı veya scanner, kâğıt üzerindeki resim, yazı gibi simgeleri tanıyıp bilgisayar ortamına aktaran bilgisayar donanımı.

Tarayıcı (anlam ayrımı)


Alain Carrier (f. 14. október 1924 - d. 15. desember 2020) var franskur veggslistamaður og myndskreytir.

Árið 2003 fóru 300 af veggspjöldum hans til Bibliothèque Nationale de France í París þar sem þau eru geymd. Árið 2006 var félagið Vinir Alain Carrier stofnað til að varðveita verk hans. Hann var útnefndur riddari af þjóðarverðmætum 1982 og riddari heiðurshersveitarinnar 2004.

Tilvísanir

Franskir listamenn

Alain Carrier


موسيقى هندية تتكون من عدة أنواع وهي أساسية في حياة الهنود اليوم كمصدر إلهام ديني. وتشمل الموسيقى من الهند أصناف متعددة من الموسيقى الهندية الكلاسيكية، والموسيقى الشعبية، فيلمي، والبوب الهندي. تعود التقاليد الموسيقية الكلاسيكية الهندية، بما في ذلك الموسيقى الكلاسيكية الهندوستانية وكارناتيك، لتاريخ يمتد آلاف السنين وتطورت على مدى عدة عصور. بدأت الموسيقى في الهند باعتبارها جزءا لا يتجزأ من الحياة الاجتماعية والدينية.

تمتد جذور موسيقى الهند الكلاسيكية في أدب الفيدا الخاص بالهندوسية والناتيا شاسترا القديمة، وهي نصوص سنسكريتية قديمة عن العروض الفنية كتبها بهاراتا موني. يُعتبر النص السنسكريتي من القرن الثالث عشر، سانجيتا راتناكارا من سارانجديفا، النص التعريفي لكل من تقليدي الموسيقى الهندوستانية والكارناكيتية.

تتكون الموسيقى الكلاسيكية الهندية من عنصرين أساسيين، الراجا والتالا. يعتمد الراجا على السوارا (درجات موسيقية تضم نغمات دقيقة)، وتشكل نسيج البنية اللحنية، بينما يزوده التالا بإطار إبداعي من الارتجالات الإيقاعية باستخدام للوقت. غالبًا ما تمتاز المسافة بين الدرجات الموسيقية بأهمية أكبر من الدرجات ذاتها في الموسيقى الكلاسيكية الهندية، إذ إنها تتجاهل المفاهيم الكلاسيكية الغربية مثل الانسجام، أو الطباق، أو الكورد أو التضمين.

ميزاتها

تُعد الموسيقى الكلاسيكية الهندية نوعًا موسيقيًا من موسيقى جنوب آسيا، تشمل الأنواع الأخرى موسيقى الأفلام، وأنواعًا مختلفة من البوب، وموسيقى الفولك الإقليمية، الموسيقى الدينية والتعبدية.

في الموسيقى الكلاسيكية الهندية، يُعتبر الراجا والتالا عنصرين أساسيين. يشكل الراجا نسيج البنية اللحنية، بينما يحافظ التالا على الدورة الزمنية. ويشكل كلاهما إطارًا مفتوحًا أمام الإبداع إذ يوفران عددًا كبيرًا من الإمكانات، ومع ذلك، يأخذ التقليد بعدة مئات من الراجا والتالا فقط كأساسيات. يرتبط الراجا بشدة مع التالا أو مع دليل «تقسيم الوقت»، إذ تُسمى كل وحدة بالماترا (النبضة والمدة بين النبضات).

الراجا

الراجا هو مفهوم مركزي في الموسيقى الهندية، سائد في التعبير عنها. وفقًا لوالتر كوفمان، بسبب ميزاته السائدة والبارزة في الموسيقى الهندية، لا يمكن تعريف الراجا بسطر واحد أو اثنين. يُوصف الراجا تقريبًا بأنه كيان موسيقي يشمل تنغيم الدرجات الموسيقية وتوقيتها النسبي وترتيبها، بطريقة مشابهة للكلمات التي تشكل العبارات بمرونة فتخلق جوًا من التعبير. في بعض الحالات، تُعتبر بعض القواعد إلزاميةً، إلا أنها قد تكون اختياريةً في حالات أخرى. يسمح الراجا بالمرونة، إذ يمكن للفنان أن يعتمد على التعبير البسيط، أو يمكن له إضافة بعض المحليات التي تعبر عن الرسالة الأساسية ذاتها لكنها تثير درجةً مختلفةً من المزاج.

يحتوي الراجا على مجموعة من الدرجات الموسيقية، على سلم موسيقي، مرتبة في ألحان مع موتيفات موسيقية. يشير برونو نيتل إلى أن الموسيقي الذي يعزف الراجا قد يستخدم تقليديًا الدرجات الموسيقية هذه فقط، لكنه يمتلك حرية الارتجال أو التركيز على درجات معينة من السلم. يقترح التقليد الهندي تسلسلًا معينًا لكيفية انتقال الموسيقي من درجة موسيقية إلى أخرى في كل راجا، من أجل أن يخلق الأداء ما يُسمى الراسا (المزاج والجو والمغزى والشعور الداخلي) إذ يكون فريدًا في كل راجا. من الممكن كتابة الراجا على سلم موسيقي. نظريًا، من الممكن إنشاء آلاف الراجا بالاعتماد على خمس درجات موسيقية أو أكثر، لكن في السياق العملي، انتقى التقليد الكلاسيكي الهندي عدة مئات من تأليفات الراجا واعتمد عليها عادةً. بالنسبة إلى معظم الفنانين، يضم مخزونهم الأساسي المثالي ما يقارب أربعين إلى خمسين راجا. يرتبط الراجا بشدة مع التالا أو مع دليل «تقسيم الوقت»، إذ تُسمى كل وحدة بالماترا (النبضة والمدة بين النبضات).

لا يُعد الراجا نغمةً، إذ يمكن للراجا الواحد حمل عدد كبير من النغمات. ولا يُعد نطاقًا، إذ يمكن لعدد من الراجا الاعتماد على النطاق نفسه. يصرح برونو نيتل وباحثون موسيقيون آخرون بأن الراجا مفهوم يشبه النمط، شيء بين مجالي النغم والنطاق، ويمكن تصوره بالشكل الأفضل على أنه «مجموعة فريدة من الميزات اللحنية، خُططت ونُظمت من أجل خلق شعور جمالي فريد لدى المستمع». يتمثل هدف الراجا وفنانيها في خلق الراسا (مغزى وشعور وجو) عبر الموسيقى، كما يفعل الرقص الكلاسيكي الهندي عبر العروض الفنية. في التقليد الهندي، يؤدي الفنانون الرقصات الكلاسيكية مع مجموعة موسيقية من الراجا المتنوعة.

التالا

وفقًا لديفيد نيلسون، الباحث في علم موسيقى الشعوب والمختص بالموسيقى الكارناكيتية، يغطي التالا في الموسيقى الهندية «مادة المتر الموسيقي بأكملها». تُؤلف الموسيقى الهندية وتُعزف في إطار متري، وهو بنية من النبضات التي تمثل التالا. يقيس التالا الوقت الموسيقي في الموسيقى الهندية. ومع ذلك، لا يستلزم نمط نبر متكرر منتظم، بل يعتمد ترتيبه الهرمي عوضًا عن ذلك على كيفية أداء القطعة الموسيقية.

يشكل التالا البنية المترية التي تتكرر، في إيقاع دوري، من بداية أي جزء غنائي أو راقص معين إلى نهايته، ما يجعله مواز للمتر في الموسيقى الغربية من الناحية النظرية. ومع ذلك، يحظى التالا بعدد من الميزات الكمية التي لا تملكها المترات الغربية. على سبيل المثال، قد يكون التالا أطول من أي متر غربي كلاسيكي، مثل الإطار المعتمد على 29 نبضة الذي تستغرق دورته ما يقارب 45 ثانية لتكتمل عند عزفها. يتميز التالا أيضًا بافتقاره إلى تأليف النبضة «ضعيفة، قوية» التي توجد عادةً في المتر الأوروبي التقليدي. في التقاليد الهندية الكلاسيكية، لا يقتصر التالا على التبادل ما بين النبضات القوية والضعيفة، بل تسمح مرونته بتحديد نبرة النبضة من خلال شكل العبارة الموسيقية.

يُسمى نمط التالا الذي يُستخدم على نطاق واسع في نظام جنوب الهند آدي تالا. أما في نظام شمال الهند، يُعتبر التينتال نمط التالا الأكثر شيوعًا. في النظامين الرئيسين للموسيقى الهندية الكلاسيكية، يُسمى العد الأول لأي تالا السام.

الأدوات الموسيقية

تشمل الأدوات الموسيقية التي تُستخدم عادةً في الموسيقى الهندوستانية كلًا من السيتار، والسارود، والإسراج، والفينا، والطنبورة، والبانسوري، والشيهناي، والسارانجي، والكمان، والسانتور، والباكهافاج والطبلة. بينما تشمل الأدوات الموسيقية التي تُستخدم عادةً في الموسيقى الكارناكيتية الفينا، والفينو، والغوتافاديام، والقدمية، والمريدانغام، والكانجيرا، والغاتام، والناداسوارام والكمان.

عادةً ما يحافظ عازفو الطبلة (نوع من الدرامز) على الإيقاع، إذ يُعتبر مؤشرًا للوقت في الموسيقى الهندوستانية. تُعد الطنبورة الوترية من الآلات الشائعة أيضًا، إذ تُعزف على نغمة ثابتة (درون) عبر أداء الراجا، ما يوفر نقطةً مرجعيةً للموسيقي وخلفيةً تبرز عليها الموسيقى. تعتمد نغمة الطنبورة على عزف الراجا المترافق معها. عادةً ما تُوكل مهمة عزف الطنبورة إلى طالب لدى من طلاب العازف المنفرد. تضم الأدوات المرافقة الأخرى السارانجي والقدمية.

مراجع

موسيقى هندية


Enrique Dawi (né Enrique Dawidowicz le  à Buenos Aires, mort en 1988) est un réalisateur argentin.

Biographie
Après s'être essayé dans les arts plastiques, il commence sa carrière au cinéma en 1956 en réalisant le documentaire Llega El Circo. Il est le cofondateur de l'association des réalisateurs de courts-métrages. Après avoir réalisé d'autres documentaires, il sort ses premiers long-métrages en 1958, La Ribera et L'Ores Aguero. En 1959 il est invité au festival d'Oberhausen en Allemagne et visite la Grande-Bretagne. Il réalise en 1962 La Chacota.

Filmographie

 1956 : Llega El Circo
 1958 : La Ribera
 1958 : L'Ores Aguero
 1960 : Río abajo
 1960 : Héroes de hoy
 1962 : La Chacota
 1975 : Los chiflados dan el golpe
 1977 : El casamiento de Laucha
 1979 : De cara al cielo
 1981 : Cosa de Locos
 1988 : Tres alegres fugitivos

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  Diccionario biográfico estético del actor en Buenos Aires, Osvaldo Pellettieri, 2008

Liens externes

Réalisateur argentin
Naissance en septembre 1927
Naissance à Buenos Aires
Décès en 1988

Enrique Dawi


Acer tegmentosum er lauftré af ættkvísl hlyna (Acer) sem er frá austast í Rússlandi (Primorsky Krai), norðaustur Kína (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) og Kóreu.  Hann getur orðið allt að 15 m hár.

Tilvísanir

Hlynir

Acer tegmentosum


Anadelphia, biljni rod iz porodice travovki smješten u podtribus Andropogoninae dio tribusa Andropogoneae, potporodica Panicoideae.

Pripada mu 14 vrsta jednogodišnjeg raslinja i trajnica od zapadne tropske Afrike na jugoistok do Mozambika.

Vrste
 Anadelphia afzeliana (Rendle) Stapf
 Anadelphia bigeniculata Clayton
 Anadelphia chevalieri Reznik
 Anadelphia funerea (Jacq.-Fél.) Clayton
 Anadelphia hamata Stapf
 Anadelphia leptocoma (Trin.) Pilg.
 Anadelphia liebigiana H.Scholz
 Anadelphia macrochaeta (Stapf) Clayton
 Anadelphia polychaeta Clayton
 Anadelphia pumila Jacq.-Fél.
 Anadelphia scyphofera Clayton
 Anadelphia trepidaria (Stapf) Stapf
 Anadelphia trichaeta (Reznik) Clayton
 Anadelphia trispiculata Stapf

Sinonimi
 Diectomis P.Beauv.
 Monium Stapf
 Pobeguinea Jacq.-Fél.

Izvori

Andropogoninae

Anadelphia


En Thaïlande, le trafic sexuel est la traite des êtres humains à des fins d'esclavage et d'exploitation sexuels sur ce territoire. La Thaïlande est un lieu d'origine, de transit et de destination pour les victimes du trafic sexuel. Dans cet État, la  pose un grave problème : selon des estimations, près de  de moins de 16 ans participent à l'industrie du sexe, exploités dans des clubs, des bars et des bordels.

Histoire
Au cours du , la Thaïlande entame une industrialisation massive qui fait monter les prix des terrains et de la nourriture. Le phénomène cause un exode de personnes qui déménagent dans les centres urbains pour y travailler dans les manufactures. La hausse des revenus entraîne une demande plus forte de prostitution dans les villes. À l'époque, le sexe tarifé n'est pas encore très développé.

L'industrie du sexe connaît un essor dans les années 1950 et 1970 sous la guerre de Corée et celle du Viêt Nam. Des femmes issues de secteurs déshérités arrivent en foule dans les lieux où sont stationnés les soldats et leur proposent des prestations sexuelles afin de pourvoir à leurs besoins. À l'issue des guerres, des investisseurs japonais se tournent vers la Thaïlande et commencent à placer leur argent dans l'architecture, l'électronique et l'industrie du sexe.

Selon des estimations, dans les années 1990, au moins  participaient à l'industrie du sexe, dont 79 % étaient des femmes et des enfants. Entre 1993 et 1995, la prostitution génère un revenu annuel compris entre . En 2018, l'industrie du sexe en Thaïlande compte entre 3 et 5 millions de clients réguliers et représente plus de 6,4 milliards de dollars.

Victimes

Les victimes de trafic sexuel en Thaïlande sont issues de tous les groupes ethniques du pays ainsi que de l'étranger. Les profils exposés au trafic sont les enfants, les personnes démunies en milieu rural ou dotées d'une instruction sommaire, ainsi que les immigrants. Les ressortissants thaïlandais, principalement des femmes et des jeunes filles, sont transportés clandestinement, à des fins d'exploitation sexuelle, vers d'autres pays d'Asie et vers d'autres continents. Beaucoup de victimes sont livrées à la prostitution forcée, au mariage forcé ou au travail forcé ou à la grossesse forcée pour le compte d'un tiers. Les victimes de trafic sexuelles reçoivent des menaces ainsi que des violences physiques et psychologiques. Les violeurs les contaminent avec des infections sexuellement transmissibles ; les victimes subissent souvent aussi les violences et la malnutrition. Au , le trafic sexuel par Internet prend de l'ampleur en Thaïlande. L'accès au haut débit et la possession de plus en plus fréquente d'ordinateurs, de tablettes et de smartphones alimentent les maltraitances sexuelles en ligne et la prostitution virtuelle. Certaines victimes sont forcées de participer à des contenus pornographiques diffusés en temps réels auprès de clients payants présents sur l'ensemble de la planète.

La majorité des travailleurs du sexe en Thaïlande sont des étrangers et plus de 60 % des femmes et jeunes filles qui entrent sur le territoire national pour y travailler dans l'industrie du sexe ont moins de 18 ans. La Thaïlande compte  victimes de prostitution enfantine, tant ceux qui ont été transportées dans le pays que ceux qui y sont nés.

Embrigadement des victimes

Il existe deux grands types de scénarios par lesquels des citoyens thaïlandais sont, en Thaïlande, piégés dans le trafic sexuel. Dans le stratagème le plus ancien, une personne est engagée depuis son village à rejoindre une ville plus grande, où les victimes sont livrées de force à l'industrie du sexe. Parfois, elles sont transportées hors des frontières. Dans une mécanisme plus récent, une personne est directement transportée depuis un village vers l'étranger. La Foundation for Women a déterminé que les femmes embrigadées dans des circuits de recrutement courts sont davantage exposées aux plus violentes formes d'exploitation sexuelle. Une fois qu'une personne est transportée vers le pays de destination, elle est forcée de se prostituer ; selon les localités, elle peut être mise à disposition des clients locaux ou de touristes sexuels.

Des femmes, hommes et enfants thaïlandais sont transportés illégalement vers l'étranger, surtout vers des pays asiatiques plus riches. D'après certaines estimations en 2010, entre  et  thaïlandaises travaillent dans des lieux de prestations sexuelles hors des frontières de leur pays. Le nombre de femmes et filles thaïlandaises victimes de trafic, rien que sur le sol japonais, correspond à une fourchette comprise entre  et . La plupart de ces jeunes filles sont âgées de 12 à 16 ans et elles sont convoyées vers les bordels du pays de destination.

Néanmoins, la traite des êtres humains en Thaïlande ne concerne pas que les citoyens du pays ; de nombreux migrants issus de l'étranger sont transportés en Thaïlande et livrés à l'industrie du sexe. De nombreux cas sont recensés sur des personnes birmanes, cambodgiennes et laotiennes envoyées illégalement dans les bordels de provinces du Nord (comme à Chiang Mai et Chiang Rai), ou dans des provinces du centre et de l'Est (comme Trat, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon, Chonburi, Chumphon, Songkhla, Narathiwat, Pattani...). En 2010, selon une estimation, plus de  ont été vendues au bénéfice de l'industrie du sexe en Thaïlande depuis 1990.

Menaces pesant sur les victimes de trafic

Les personnes participant à l'industrie du sexe sont fortement exposées à la contamination par le VIH / SIDA et les infections sexuellement transmissibles ; elles risquent aussi des grossesses non désirées. La majorité des victimes sont probablement sous l'emprise des criminels qui les exploitent après leur entrée dans un autre pays ; elles ne sont donc pas en mesure de négocier avec les clients pour se protéger des infections et des grossesses.

Dans les années 1990, les travailleurs du sexe en Thaïlande adoptaient une attitude fataliste voulant que les grossesses et les maladies ne leur arriveraient que si tel était leur destin. En raison de ces croyances, de nombreuses femmes victimes d'exploitation n'ont jamais utilisé de contraceptifs ni demandé d'examens médicaux, ce qui aggrave les risques d'infections et de grossesses.

Trafic sexuel contre des hommes et des garçons en Thaïlande

Des hommes et garçons qui participent à l'industrie du sexe en Thaïlande travaillent en général dans des salons de massage, des bars ou en indépendant dans divers établissements. D'après une étude de 2017 sur la prévalence d'hommes officiant sur le marché du sexe à Chiang Mai, 80 % des répondants sont âgés de 15 à 24 ans. Des enquêtes montrent de fortes corrélations entre l'appartenance ethnique et le secteur de l'industrie du sexe où est envoyé un homme ou garçon victime de trafic. Par exemple, à Chiang Mai, la majorité des hommes birmans qui travaillent dans le commerce du sexe sont présents à l'extérieur des bars et des night clubs, alors que ceux originaire des tribus dans les collines du Nord de la Thaïlande et d'autres secteurs septentrionaux exercent dans les salons de massage. De nombreux hommes et garçons issus des minorités ethniques sont aspirés dans une spirale d'exploitation sexuelle à cause des faibles salaires et des discriminations qui prévalent dans d'autres secteurs économiques, plus officiels (comme le bâtiment ou les usines).

Reconnaissance des hommes et garçons dans la lutte mondiale contre le trafic

Il existe peu de services judiciaires ou judiciaires à la disposition des hommes et garçons liés à l'industrie du sexe en Thaïlande, et ces victimes s'exposent à une stigmatisation sociale complexe reposant sur le déni que les hommes ou garçons puissent être victimes d'exploitation, conjuguées à des discriminations contre des personnes migrantes ou dépourvues de statut social établi, contre certains groupes ethniques, certaines langues, certains niveaux d'instruction et contre la sexualité. Les carences en termes de discussions, de militantisme pour les droits, de recours sociaux et juridiques et de travaux universitaires sur l'exploitation sexuelle des hommes et garçons se rattache à des discours plus vastes sur la sexualité masculine, la domination et le comportement des hommes. Les médias diffusent une représentation selon laquelle les hommes ou garçons ne peuvent devenir des victimes, surtout concernant les crimes sexuels. Le manque de connaissance et d'attention dans le public concernant les hommes ou garçons victimes et leurs vulnérabilités se reflète dans la qualité des services et la force des cadres juridiques proposés aux hommes ou garçons victimes de trafic sexuel. Certains auteurs évoquent la « perception que les jeunes hommes sont débrouillards et résistants », ce qui dissuades certaines victimes de chercher de l'aide et décourage la formation de réseaux d'entraide ouverts aux hommes pour lutter contre la traite.

Facteurs concourant au trafic sexuel

Les universitaires et les experts ne s'accordent pas pour dégager une seule cause spécifique pouvant expliquer par quels processus des victimes de trafic entrent sur les circuits de l'industrie du sexe ; en revanche, ils citent divers facteurs économiques et culturels.

Causes économiques

L'économie thaïlandaise constitue l'une des principales cause de trafic : de nombreuses familles sont des agriculteurs pauvres, comme ceux qui vivent au Nord du pays. Lisa Rende Taylor, anthropologue qui a étudié le trafic sexuel en Thaïlande, conclut que le travail du sexe représente un secteur lucratif compte tenu des inégalités économiques et des disparités d'une part entre les milieux ruraux de Thaïlande et Bangkok et, d'autre part, entre la Thaïlande et d'autres nations asiatiques plus aisées.

Les difficultés économiques n'affectent pas seulement les personnes nées en Thaïlande mais aussi celles qui y sont transportées dans le cadre du trafic. Les victimes de trafic issues d'autres pays sont « facilement dupées ou piégées car elles affrontent la pauvreté, le chômage, l'éclatement familial et des gouvernements instables » dans leurs pays d'origine.

Traditions familiales

D'autres auteurs pensent que la pauvreté et le manque d'instruction ne sont pas le moteur principal du trafic de thaïlandais. Plusieurs auteurs pensent que, les personnes proposant des prestations sexuelles sont victimes de coercition, d'abandon, de kidnapping ou de vente pour rembourser une dette de leurs parents. Les enfants tentent de survivre par d'autres activités, comme la fouille de poubelles, le travail dans les ateliers de misère ou la mendicité. Toutefois, ces activités ne procurent pas de revenus suffisants pour dissuader les enfants de plonger dans le domaine, plus rémunérateur, de l'industrie du sexe. Une jeune fille peut se tourner vers la prostitution pour subvenir aux besoins de sa famille, voire augmenter son patrimoine, dans son village d'origine. Les enquêtes de Rende Taylor montrent comment des jeunes filles thaïlandaises, issues de famille pauvres ou aisées, tombent dans le trafic sexuel. En outre, les progrès dans l'instruction ont en réalité aggravé les risques qu'une jeune fille en milieu rural ne devienne victime de trafic, en raison des attentes et des coûts d'opportunité que représente cette instruction. Ainsi, certaines jeunes filles sont autorisées à suivre leur scolarité jusqu'à la fin du collège, voire du lycée, alors que leurs sœurs n'ont pas pu progresser autant ; ces jeunes filles dotées d'une plus longue instruction ambitionnent de meilleures perspectives financières, probablement dans une ville plus grande. Or, ces jeunes filles subissent un risque élevé d'être embrigadées dans le trafic sexuel car, une fois arrivées en ville, elles n'obtiennent pas toujours l'embauche qu'elles espéraient et elles sont réticentes à rentrer chez elles après un échec. De nombreuses personnes participant à l'industrie du sexe se sentent dans l'obligation d'aider leur famille pour lui rembourser les sacrifices passés ; cet argent sert à améliorer le bien-être et le statut social de leur famille.

Rende Taylor conclut aussi que, si une famille compte plusieurs filles, c'est souvent la cadette, voire la benjamine  qui atterrit dans l'industrie du sexe. Selon la tradition, dans ue famille thaïlandaise, la fille aînée reste auprès des parents pour les aider à s'occuper de la maison, des cultures et des enfants plus jeunes. En revanche, la cadette est censée apporter son soutien financier à la famille. Les benjamines sont en général scolarisées plus longtemps que leurs aînées, grâce au soutien financier des aînées ; toutefois, ce schéma comporte un risque que les plus jeunes filles soient embrigadées elles aussi dans l'exploitation sexuelle.

Croyances religieuses

Plus de 90 % de la population en Thaïlande est bouddhiste. Les croyances bouddhistes, surtout au Nord du pays, contribuent à l'acceptation sociale envers la prostitution et le trafic sexuel. Les bouddhistes thaïlandaises pensent que « l'âme de chaque personne investit de nombreux corps au fil du temps et la qualité de chacune de ces vies dépend du mérite de chaque âme ». Les personnes deviennent plus méritantes quand elles aident leurs parents, ce qui peut se matérialiser par des apports financiers, même obtenus par le travail du sexe, indépendamment de la nature de ce travail.

Méthodes utilisées par les réseaux trafiquants

Les réseaux de trafiquants utilisent plusieurs méthodes pour enchaîner leurs victimes, comme la violence physique, la coercition pour éteindre une dette familiale, des propositions de travail ou de mariage, des menaces, la confiscation du passeport. Il arrive aussi que les jeunes filles soient enlevées ou piégées dans l'industrie du sexe sur la foi de promesses qu'elles exerceront une activité lucrative comme danseuses, serveuses, domestiques de maison, représentantes commerciales.

Les trafiquants passent aussi par l'embrigadement. Les jeunes filles sont embrigadées, très tôt, dans l'industrie du sexe, souvent par des personnes ayant exercé dans la prostitution qui deviennent des agents de recrutement au service d'un bordel ou d'un « salon de massage ». Ces agents suivent un programme précis : ils prospectent dans les villages démunis et, quand ils repèrent une cible potentielles, ils proposent une avance financière aux parents de la jeune fille. L'agent revient quand l'enfant a atteint l'âge de 12 ans afin de conclure l'affaire et de récupérer la « marchandise ».

Demandes de la clientèle pour les jeunes filles et les enfants

Si les jeunes filles et femmes sont surreprésentées parmi les victimes de prostitution, l'un des facteurs est la demande de la clientèle dans l'industrie du sexe. Des publicités prometteuses sur la jeunesse, la virginité et l'innocence des « prestataires » a provoqué une hausse de la demande en enfants sur le marché du sexe à l'échelle mondiale. Selon certaines recherches, les hommes sont attirés vers les femmes thaïlandaises à cause de leurs traits comme « la simplicité, la loyauté, l'affection et l'innocence ».

Deux types d'hommes exploitent les enfants. Les premiers sont des pédocriminels qui cherchent activement à pratiquer des actes sexuels contre des enfants d'une tranche d'âge précise. Les seconds sont des profils situationnels, qui infligeront des actes sexuels à des enfants s'ils en reçoivent l'opportunité, mais leurs préférences sexuelles ne les portent pas particulièrement vers les enfants. Les auteurs de ces actes pratiquent le tourisme sexuel ; ils voyagent vers un pays dans l'intention de s'adonner au sexe.

La recrudescence de personnes infectées par le VIH est aussi un moteur dans l'embrigadement des jeunes filles. L'industrie du sexe se sert du VIH comme d'un prétexte, « en prétendant fallacieusement que les filles les plus jeunes ne seront pas contaminées par la maladie ».

Pratiques commerciales

D'après Boonyarit Nipavanit, fonctionnaire à Mae Hong Son, des adolescentes sont parfois offertes aux supérieurs et aux personnes importantes, tant dans le secteur public que privé.

Protection et prévention

Réglementation

Le gouvernement thaïlandais fait l'objet de critiques sur ses mesures contre le trafic sexuel. L'identification des victimes de trafic est limitée, les criminels sont peu assignés en justice et condamnés. La corruption est moniprésente ; certains hauts fonctionnaires, membres de la police et de l'armée sont complices des trafiquants.

Plusieurs lois sont adoptées dans les années 1990 pour favoriser la prévention contre le trafic sexuel et la protection des victimes. En 1992, la Thaïlande lance un programme auprès des familles et de la société pour corriger l'attitude tolérante envers la prostitution enfantine. Des mesures légales sont instaurées pour lutter contre le trafic sexuel. En 1996, la Thaïlande adopte une nouvelle loi pour juguler et prévenir la prostitution. La prostitution des adultes est considérée comme une infraction qui « outrage la morale publique » ; les personnes condamnées à ce titre doivent régler une amende et les mineurs sont obligés de suivre un programme de réinsertion. Si les parents ont participé directement à la vente de leur enfant aux trafiquants, ils risquent également de graves peines.

En 1997, la Thaïlande adopte une nouvelle loi pour lutter contre la traite des êtres humains. Cette loi porte sur les femmes, les jeunes filles et les garçons de toutes nationalités qui sont transportés sur le territoire national. Néanmoins, la législation thaïlandaise n'a pas encore pris en compte les hommes adultes victimes de trafic, alors que ce groupe, très stigmatisé, est souvent occulté par les législateurs et les militants de la lutte contre la traite.

En 1999, la Thaïlande lance le Memorandum of Understanding for the Treatment of Trafficking of Women and Children : il s'agit d'un manuel pour que les agences du gouvernement prennent des sanctions judiciaires contre les trafiquants, ou pour qu'elles « offrent leur assistance aux femmes et enfants victimes de trafic, qu'ils soient thaïlandais ou d'une autre nationalité ». En outre, la Thaïlande a conclu plusieurs accordes de coopération contre la traite avec les gouvernements du Cambodge (2003), du Laos (2005) et du  Myanmar (2009).

En 2008, le pays adopte une nouvelle loi, plus complète : Anti-Trafficking in Person Act BE 2551, dont la définition de « traite des êtres humains » correspond aux normes internationales figurant dans le protocole additionnel à la Convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée visant à prévenir, réprimer et punir la traite des personnes, en particulier des femmes et des enfants.

La Thaïlande déploie aussi son deuxième programme national de lutte contre la traite des êtres humains. Ces programmes nationaux sont rédigés par un comité national, composé de représentants d'organisations gouvernementales et non gouvernementales. Le gouvernement offre une prime pour l'arrestation de trafiquants étrangers opérant sur son territoire.

Coopération internationale

La Thaïlande est membre du COMMIT Process (Coordinated Mekong Ministerial Initiative Against Human Trafficking), accord multilatéral de coopération entre six gouvernements entre le Cambodge, la Chine continentale, le Laos, le Myanmar et le Viêt Nam. Le COMMIT Process est mis en œuvre par six plans d'action régionaux et des plans d'action annuels. Le , la Thaïlande ratifie la Convention de Palerme qui définit la traite des êtres humains, impose aux États l'obligation d'offrir leur soutien aux personnes victimes de trafic et les oblige à instaurer des mécanismes de coopération. En décembre 2014, 166 pays avaient ratifié ce traité, dont la Thaïlande.

Organisations non gouvernementales

La Foundation of Child Understanding (Thailand Focus) mène des efforts de lutte contre le trafic sexuel en Thaïlande.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Sexualité en Thaïlande
Trafic sexuel
Criminalité en Thaïlande

Trafic sexuel en Thaïlande


Deus, pátria e família é um lema que reflete os valores tradicionais de determinados movimentos políticos/sociais conservadores de expressão cristã.

Tal lema, assim como os ideais dos movimentos que o propagam, não é respaldado pelo magistério oficial da Igreja. Bento XVI, por exemplo, lembrou em 2011 uma mensagem de São João Paulo II pelo Dia Mundial dos Migrantes, no qual o ideal de "uma só família humana" aparece acima do conceito de patriotismo. Para ambos os papas, o bem comum universal "abrange toda a família dos povos, acima de todo o egoísmo nacionalista".

Em Portugal
Em Portugal, definiu o ideário do Estado Novo a partir da década de 1920, período no qual o país viveu sob um regime político ditatorial, autoritário, autocrata e corporativista de Estado que vigorou por mais de 4 décadas. Constituía a chamada "Trilogia de Salazar", com raízes num curto discurso de 50 palavras proferido pelo futuro Chefe do Conselho em 1926. Foi usado, nesse sentido, como lema do Movimento Português Feminino.

O lema foi a inspiração da exposição intitulada "Adeus Pátria e Família", realizada no Museu do Aljube, celebrando os primeiros 40 anos da descriminalização da homossexualidade em Portugal, como reconhecimento do caminho de resistência percorrido até à conquista de direitos LGBT+.

No Brasil

No Brasil, tal lema reunia as propostas da Ação Integralista Brasileira, um movimento conhecido como o "fascismo brasileiro", que foi fundado em 1932. Nesse contexto, o termo "Deus" indicaria a influência religiosa cristã dos integralistas, uma vez que era Deus "que dirigia o destino dos povos". Já o termo "pátria", por sua vez, era definido como "nosso lar" e os integralistas pretendiam alcançar uma unidade através da constituição de um Estado "integral", que legitimava o nome do movimento. Por fim, o termo "família" era apresentado como a menor unidade de organização social, seria o "início e fim de tudo", bem como a garantia da manutenção da tradição.

Uso moderno

Nas últimas décadas, o lema foi adotado pelos Carecas do ABC, uma gangue de skinheads, a gangue aceita como membros negros e nordestinos no grupo, mas abominam roqueiros cabeludos, estrangeiros e homossexuais.

O lema voltou a aparecer no final da década de 2010 e início da década de 2020, mais especificamente durante a campanha para deputado federal nas eleições gerais no Brasil em 2018, quando o então candidato Levy Fidelix, presidente do Partido Renovador Trabalhista Brasileiro (PRTB), usou o slogan. O partido de Levy Fidelix foi uma das legendas que teve a filiação de membros da Frente Integralista Brasileira (FIB).

O político Jair Bolsonaro, por usa vez, usou o slogan em diferentes momentos. No ano de 2019, o lema foi usado na tentativa de criação de um partido chamado Aliança pelo Brasil, posteriormente, fez a adição da palavra "liberdade", chegando a dizê-la em discurso à Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU). O lema "Deus, pátria, família e liberdade" também foi usado em 2022 pelo então candidato à presidência da República Kelmon Luís da Silva Souza do Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro (PTB), um autodeclarado padre ortodoxo que chegou a palestrar em um congresso organizado pela FIB. Além disso, o PTB foi a sigla escolhida por membros da FIB em 2021.

Em meio a esse contexto, Antonio Scurati, premiado escritor e acadêmico italiano, diz acerca do fato de Bolsonaro usar a tríade "Deus, pátria, família" em plena campanha presidencial brasileira de 2022:

Para Wesley Espinosa Santana, por sua vez, que é historiador, sociólogo e professor na Universidade Presbiteriana Mackenzie, além do uso da tríade "Deus, pátria e família", é possível fazer ainda uma analogia com o uso do uniforme da seleção brasileira nas manifestações políticas de direita hoje com a farda verde dos integralistas de Plínio Salgado.

Ver também
 Deus, Pátria, Autoridade - documentário de longa-metragem realizado em 1975 pelo cineasta português Rui Simões e que retrata o regime fascista de António de Oliveira Salazar
 Marcha da Família com Deus pela Liberdade - manifestações ocorridas no Brasil às vésperas do golpe militar de 1964, em resposta àquilo que os militares e setores conservadores da sociedade chamavam de  "ameaça comunista"
 Travail, famille, patrie - lema do Estado Francês (normalmente conhecido como França de Vichy) durante a II Guerra Mundial, à época do Nazismo
 O patriotismo é o último refúgio do canalha - conhecida frase do literato inglês Samuel Johnson

Leituras adicionais
 ALMEIDA, J. P. M. de . "Deus, pátria, família: os sentidos do fascismo brasileiro". RUA, Campinas, SP, v. 28, n. 2, 2022.
 SILVA, Leandro Ratton Pires da. Deus, pátria e família: integralismo e catolicismo em Belo Horizonte, 2010.
 SIMÕES, Solange de Deus. Deus, Pátria e Família: as mulheres no golpe de 1964. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1985.

Ligações externas
 Como "Deus, Pátria e Família" entrou na política do Brasil (Deutsche Welle)
 'Deus, Pátria, Família': de onde veio o lema fascista usado por Bolsonaro? (UOL)

Frases políticas
Integralismo no Brasil
Governo Jair Bolsonaro
Conservadorismo
Palavras, frases e expressões em português

Deus, pátria e família