A work of the United States government, is defined by the United States copyright law, as "a work prepared by an officer or employee of the United States Government as part of that person's official duties." Under section 105 of the Copyright Act of 1976, such works are not entitled to domestic copyright protection under U.S. law and are therefore in the public domain.

This act only applies to U.S. domestic copyright as that is the extent of U.S. federal law. The U.S. government asserts that it can still hold the copyright to those works in other countries.

Publication of an otherwise protected work by the U.S. government does not put that work in the public domain.  For example, government publications may include works copyrighted by a contractor or grantee; copyrighted material assigned to the U.S. Government; or copyrighted information from other sources.
Further, the copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States is governed by its own set of laws.

History
The first Federal statute concerning copyright in government
publications was the Printing Law enacted in 1895. Section 52 of that Act provided that copies of "Government Publications" could not be copyrighted.

Prior to 1895, no court decision had occasion to
consider any claim of copyright on behalf of the Government itself.
Courts had, however, considered whether copyright could be asserted as to the text of laws, court decisions, governmental
rules, etc., and concluded that such material were not subject to copyright as a matter of
public policy. But other material prepared for State Governments
by their employees, notably the headnotes, syllabi, annotations,
etc. prepared by court reporters, had been held copyrightable on behalf of the States.

The Copyright Act of 1909 was the first copyright statute to address government publications. Section 7 of the Act (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.) provided that "No copyright shall subsist... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof".

Copyright in government works prior to 1895
Prior to the Printing Act of 1895, no statute governed copyright of U.S. government works.  Court decisions had established that an employee of the Federal Government had no right to claim copyright in a work prepared by him for the Government.  Other decisions had held that individuals could not have copyright in books consisting of the text of Federal or State court decisions, statutes, rules of judicial procedures, etc., i.e., governmental edicts and rulings. Copyright was denied on the grounds of public policy: such material as the laws and governmental rules and decisions must be freely available to the public and made known as widely as possible; hence there must be no restriction on the reproduction and dissemination of such documents.

While Copyright was denied in the text of court decisions, material added by a court reporter on his own – such as leadnotes, syllabi, annotations, indexes, etc. – was deemed copyrightable by him, although he was employed by the government to take down and compile the court decisions. These cases may be said to have established the principle that material prepared by a government employee outside of the scope of the public policy rule was copyrightable; and that the employee who prepared such material on his own could secure copyright therein.

There appears to be no court decision before 1895 dealing directly with the question of whether the United States Government might obtain or hold copyright in material not within the public policy rule. But the question did arise with respect to State Governments. In the nineteenth century much of the public printing for the States was done under contract by private publishers. The publisher would not bear the expense of printing and publishing, however, unless he could be given exclusive rights. To enable the State to give exclusive rights to a publisher, a number of States enacted statutes providing that court reporters or other State officials who prepared copyrightable material in their official capacity should secure copyright in trust for or on behalf of the State. Such copyrights for the benefit of the State were sustained by the courts.

Two cases before 1895 may also be noted with regard to the question of the rights of individual authors (or their successors) in material prepared for, or acquired by, the United States Government. In Heine v. Appleton, an artist was held to have no right to secure copyright in drawings prepared by him as a member of Commodore Perry's expedition, since the drawings belonged to the Government.' In Folsom v. Marsh, where a collection of letters and other private writings of George Washington had been published and copyrighted by his successors, the purchase of the manuscripts by the United States Government was held not to affect the copyright. The contention of the defendant that the Government's ownership of the manuscripts made them available for publication by anyone was denied.

The Printing Law of 1895

The Printing Law of 1895, which was designed to centralize in the Government Printing Office, the printing, binding, and distribution of Government documents, contained the first statutory prohibition of copyright in Government publications. Section 52 of that Law provides for the sale by the Public Printer of "duplicate stereotype or electrotype plates from which any Government publication is printed," with the proviso "that no publication reprinted from such stereotype or electrotype plates and no other Government publication shall be copyrighted."

The provision in the Printing Act concerning copyright of government works was probably the result of the "Richardson Affair", which involved an effort in the late 1890s by Representative James D. Richardson (1843–1914) to privately copyright a government-published set of Presidential proclamations.

The Copyright Act of 1909
Section 7 of the Copyright Act of 1909 (later codified as Section 8 of title 17 U.S.C.)
provided that "No copyright shall subsist ... in any publication of the United States Government, or any reprint, in whole or in part, thereof: ...." Section 7 also contained a "savings clause," which stated that "The publication or republication by the Government, either separately or in a
public document, of any material in which copyright is subsisting shall not be
taken to cause any abridgment or annulment of the copyright or to authorize
any use or appropriation of such copyright material without the consent of the
copyright proprietor."
The committee report on the bill that became the Act of 1909
explains that the savings clause was inserted
"... for the reason that the Government often desires to make use in its publications of copyrighted material, with the consent of the owner of the copyright,
and it has been regarded heretofore as necessary to pass a special act every time
this was done, providing that such use by the Government should not be taken
to give to anyone the right to use the copyrighted material found in the Government publication."

The Copyright Act of 1976
The Sections of the Copyright Act that now govern U.S. Government work were enacted in 1976 as part of the Copyright Act of 1976.  The House Report to the enacted legislation stated that "the basic premise of section 105 of the bill is the same" as section 8 of the former title 17.

Derivative works consisting predominantly of government works
Section 403 of the 1976 Act introduced a new provision concerning documents consisting preponderantly of one or more government works.  In essence, such works would be denied copyright protection unless the required copyright notice included a statement specifically identifying those parts of the work that were not U.S. Government work, and therefore subject to copyright protection. According to the House Report, this provision was
aimed at a publishing practice that, while technically justified under the present law, has been the object of considerable criticism. In cases where a Government work is published or republished commercially, it has frequently been the practice to add some "new matter" in the form of an introduction, editing, illustrations, etc., and to include a general copyright notice in the name of the commercial publisher. This in no way suggests to the public that the bulk of the work is uncopyrightable and therefore free for use.

"To make the notice meaningful rather than misleading," section 403 of the 1976 Act required that, when the copies consist "'preponderantly of one or more works of the United States Government,' the copyright notice (if any) identify those parts of the work in which copyright is claimed. A failure to meet this requirement would be treated as an omission of the notice," resulting, absent the application of some exception, in the loss of copyright protection.

Derivative works after the Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988
The Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 amended the law to make the use of a copyright notice optional on copies of works published on and after March 1, 1989 and also revised Section 403. After the adoption of this act, a copyright notice was no longer necessary to secure copyright protection.  Including the notice, however, does continue to confer certain benefits, notably in the challenging a defendant's claim of innocent infringement, where the question of proper notice may be a factor in assessing damages in infringement actions. Under the revised Section 403, these benefits are denied to a work consisting predominantly U.S. Government works "unless the notice of copyright appearing on the published copies or phonorecords to which a defendant in the copyright infringement suit had access includes a statement identifying, either affirmatively or negatively, those portions of the copies or phonorecords embodying any work or works protected under this title."

Limitations

Works produced by contractors

Unlike works of the U.S. government, works produced by contractors under government contracts are protected under U.S. copyright law. The holdership of the copyright depends on the terms of the contract and the type of work undertaken. Contract terms and conditions vary between agencies; contracts to NASA and the military may differ significantly from civilian agency contracts.

Civilian agencies and NASA are guided by the Federal Acquisition Regulations (FAR).  There are a number of FAR provisions that can affect the ownership of the copyright. FAR Subpart 27.4—Rights in Data and Copyright provides copyright guidance for the civilian agencies and NASA. Additionally, some agencies may have their own FAR Supplements that they follow.

Under the FAR general data rights clause (FAR 52.227-14), the government has unlimited rights in all data first produced in performance of or delivered under a contract, unless the contractor asserts a claim to copyright or the contract provides otherwise. Unless provided otherwise by an Agency FAR Supplement, a contractor may assert claim to copyright in scientific and technical articles based on or containing data first produced in the performance of a contract and published in academic, technical or professional journals, symposia proceedings, or the like. The express written permission of the Contracting Officer is required before the contractor may assert or enforce the copyright in all other works first produced in the performance of a contract. However, if a contract includes Alternate IV of the clause, the Contracting Officer's approval is not required to assert claim to copyright. Whenever the contractor asserts claim to copyright in works other than computer software, the government, and others acting on its behalf, are granted a license to reproduce, prepare derivative works, distribute, perform and display the copyrighted work. For computer software produced under FAR contract, the scope of the government's license does not include the right to distribute to the public, but for "commercial off the shelf software", the government typically obtains no better license than would any other customer.

Transfers
The federal government can hold copyrights that are transferred to it. Copyright law's definition of work of the United States government does not include work that the government owns but did not create. For example, in 1837, the federal government purchased former U.S. President James Madison's manuscripts from his widow, Dolley Madison, for $30,000. If this is construed as covering copyright as well as the physical papers, it would be an example of such a transfer.

Exemptions
Works by certain independent agencies, corporations and federal subsidiaries may not be considered "government works" and may, therefore, be copyrightable. For instance, material produced by the United States Postal Service are typically subject to normal copyright. Most USPS materials, artwork, and design and all postage stamps as of January 1, 1978, or after are subject to copyright laws. Works of the former United States Post Office Department are in the public domain (due to its former position as a cabinet department).

 authorizes U.S. Secretary of Commerce to secure copyright for works produced by the Department of Commerce under the Standard Reference Data Act.  National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA), FY2020, granted civilian members of the faculty at twelve federal government institutions the authority to retain and own copyright of works produced in the course of employment for publication by a scholarly press or journal.

State, territorial, and local governments

The lack of copyright protection for works of the United States government does not apply to works of U.S. subnational governments. Thus, works created by a state or local government may be subject to copyright.  Some states have placed much of their work into the public domain by waiving some or all of their rights under copyright law. For example, the constitution and laws of Florida have placed its government's works in the public domain. Unorganized territories (such as American Samoa and the former Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands) are treated, for copyright purposes, as the U.S. government.  Their works therefore fall under § 105 and lack copyright protection.

Other restrictions
Certain works, particularly logos and emblems of government agencies, while not copyrightable, are still protected by other laws that are similar in effect to trademark laws. Such laws are intended to protect indicators of source or quality. For example, some uses of the Central Intelligence Agency logo, name, and initialism are regulated under the CIA Act of 1949 ().

Edicts of government

The United States Copyright Office considers "edicts of government," such as judicial opinions, administrative rulings, legislative enactments, public ordinances, and similar official legal documents, not copyrightable for reasons of public policy. This applies to such works whether they are federal, state, or local as well as to those of foreign governments.

See also
 Classified information in the United States
 Public.Resource.Org
 Copyright status of works by subnational governments of the United States
 Freedom of Information Act
 Open data in the United States

In other countries
 Crown copyright
 National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy – Government of India

References

External links
 3.1.7 Does the Government have copyright protection in U.S. Government works in other countries?
 U.S. government web portal
 Wikipedia: United States government attribution templates

United States copyright law
United States trademark law
United States government information

Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States


Slaget ved Nesjar var et slag mellem Olav Haraldsson (Olav den Hellige) - og allierede norske stormænd under ledelse af jarlen Svein Håkonsson (Svend jarl og Einar Tambeskælver). Slaget fandt sted palmesøndag 25. marts 1016 ved Mølen og Værvågen uden for Helgeroa i Brunlanes i Larvik.

Svend jarl havde 45 skibe og 3000 mand under sin kommando, mens Olav havde 30 skibe og ca. 2000 mand. I slaget sejrede Olav Haraldsson over en række af de mægtigste norske høvdinger: Svein Håkonsson, Erling Skjalgsson og Einar Tambeskælver. Med denne sejr tog Olav Haraldsson et vigtig skridt mod kristningen og samlingen af Norge. Svend jarl flygtede udenlands og døde kort efter. Skjalden Sigvat Tordsson var til stede og forfattede Nesjarvisene kort efter slaget. I Sigvats digt nævnes en ugedag for første gang i norsk historie. Slaget skete palmesøndag til trods for at kirkelederne mente, at fyrsterne skulle indstille krigsførelse på kirkens festdage.

Historikerne er uenige om varigheden af slavet ved Nesjar. Slaget antages at have stået i det sydvestlige hjørne af Brunlanes.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Norsk biografisk leksikon, Svein Håkonsson

Litteratur
 Snorre Sturlason, Olav den helliges saga (Heimskringla), kap. 46
 Sigvat Tordsson (Sigvat skald), skaldedigtet Nesjavisur

Nesjar
Norges historie
Nesjar
Begivenheder i 1016

Slaget ved Nesjar


Dilkea acuminata je biljka iz porodice Passifloraceae, roda Dilkea. Prihvaćeno je ime i Dilkea retusa Mast. kao sinonim. Spada u podrod Dilkea.

Sinonimi su Dilkea magnifica Steyerm., Dilkea parviflora Killip. i Dilkea johannesii var. parvifolia Hoehne.

Raste u sjevernom Brazilu (Amazonas, Acre, Manaus, Araracuara), Panami (Colón, Panamá), Venezueli (Amazonas, Bolívar, Delta Amacuro), Peruu (Loreto, Maynas), Ekvadoru, Kolumbiji (Amazonas, Caquetá, Valle, Antioquia, San Carlos, San Luis, Yolombó, Chocó, Lloro, Valle del Cauca), Francuskoj Gvajani, a primjerci su pokupljeni od 50 metara nadmorske visine do 1020 metara nadmorske visine.

Nije svrstana u IUCN-ov popis ugroženih vrsta.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Dilkea na Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) , SAD-ov odjel za poljodjelstvo, služba za poljodjelska istraživanja.

Dilkea

Dilkea acuminata


Francis James Westbrook Pegler (August 2, 1894 – June 24, 1969) was a Pulitzer Prize-winning U.S. journalist described as "one of the godfathers of right-wing populism". He was a newspaper columnist popular in the 1930s and 1940s for his opposition to the New Deal, labor unions, and anti-lynching legislation.

As an ardent proponent of States' rights, Pegler criticized a variety of targets whom he saw as extending the reach of the federal government, including Herbert Hoover, FDR ("moosejaw"), Harry Truman ("a thin-lipped hater"), and John F. Kennedy. He also criticized the Supreme Court, the tax system, labor unions, and any federal intervention on the issue of civil rights. In 1962, he lost his contract with King Features Syndicate, owned by the Hearst Corporation, after he started criticizing Hearst executives. His late writing appeared sporadically in publications that included the John Birch Society's American Opinion.

Background
James Westbrook Pegler was born on August 2, 1894, in Minneapolis, Minnesota, the son of Frances A. (Nicholson) and Arthur James Pegler, a local newspaper editor.

Career

Journalism career
Westbrook Pegler was the youngest American war correspondent during World War I, working for United Press Service. In 1918, he joined the United States Navy. In 1919, he became a sports writer for United News (New York).

In 1925, Pegler joined the Chicago Tribune. In 1933, he joined the Scripps Howard syndicate (through 1944), with his inaugural column opposing the passage of an anti-lynching bill that was before Congress, in which he first coined the term "bleeding heart liberal" to describe the proponents of the bill attempting to outlaw lynching at the federal level.

Pegler worked closely with his friend Roy Howard. He built up a large readership for his column "Mister Pegler" and elicited this observation by Time magazine in its October 10, 1938 issue:         At the age of 44, Mr. Mister Pegler's place as the great dissenter for the common man is unchallenged. Six days a week, for an estimated $65,000 a year, in 116 papers reaching nearly 6,000,000 readers, Mister Pegler is invariably irritated, inexhaustibly scornful. Unhampered by coordinated convictions of his own, Pegler applies himself to presidents and peanut vendors with equal zeal and skill. Dissension is his philosophy.       In 1941, he won a Pulitzer Prize for exposing criminal racketeering in labor unions. The same year, he finished third (behind Franklin Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin) for Time Magazine's "Man of the Year".

In 1944, Pegler moved his syndicated column to the Hearst's King Features Syndicate. He continued there to 1962.

Contempt for Franklin Roosevelt
Pegler supported President Franklin Delano Roosevelt initially but, after seeing the rise of fascism in Europe, he warned against the dangers of dictatorship in America and became one of the Roosevelt administration's sharpest critics for what he saw as its abuse of power. Thereafter he rarely missed an opportunity to criticize Roosevelt, his wife Eleanor Roosevelt, or Vice President Henry A. Wallace. The New York Times stated in his obituary that Pegler lamented the failure of would-be assassin Giuseppe Zangara, whose shot missed FDR and killed the mayor of Chicago instead. He "hit the wrong man" when gunning for Franklin Roosevelt.

Pegler's views became more conservative in general. He was outraged by the New Deal's support for labor unions, which he considered morally and politically corrupt.

Opposition to the New Deal
At his peak in the 1930s and 1940s, Pegler was a leading figure in the movement against the New Deal and its allies in the labor movement, such as the National Maritime Union. He compared union advocates of the closed shop to Hitler's "goose-steppers." The NMU sued Hearst and Associated Press for an article by Pegler, settled out of court for $10,000. In Pegler's view, the corrupt labor boss was the greatest threat to the country.

By the 1950s, Pegler was advocating government dissolution of the AFL–CIO federation of unions, admitting that while such an act would be fascistic in nature, he could, in his words, "see advantages in such fascism."

Support for removal of Japanese and Japanese-Americans from the West Coast

At the beginning of World War II, Pegler expressed support for moving Japanese-Americans and Japanese citizens out of California, writing "The Japanese in California should be under guard to the last man and woman right now and to hell with habeas corpus until the danger is over."

Feud with Eleanor Roosevelt

After 1942 Pegler assailed Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt regularly, calling Mrs. Roosevelt "La boca grande", or "the big mouth". The Roosevelts ignored his writings, at least in public.

Recent scholars (including Kenneth O'Reilly, Betty Houchin Winfield, and Richard W. Steele) have reported that Franklin Roosevelt used the FBI for the purposes of wartime security, and ordered sedition investigations of isolationist and anti-New Deal newspaper publishers (such as William Randolph Hearst and the Chicago Tribune'''s Robert R. McCormick). On Dec. 10, 1942, FDR, citing evidence Eleanor Roosevelt had gathered, asked the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover to investigate Pegler, which it did; the bureau eventually reported that it had found no sedition. In the end, nothing came of it except Pegler's lifelong distaste for Eleanor Roosevelt, often expressed in his column.

Pulitzer Prize and anti-union activism
In 1941 Pegler became the first columnist to win a Pulitzer Prize for reporting, for his work in exposing racketeering in Hollywood labor unions, focusing on the criminal career of Willie Bioff and the link between organized crime and unions. Pegler's reporting led to the conviction of George Scalise, the president of the Building Service Employees International Union who had ties to organized crime. Scalise was indicted by New York District Attorney Thomas E. Dewey, charged with extorting $100,000 from employers from three years. Convicted of labor racketeering, Scalise was sentenced to 10–20 years in prison.

As historian David Witwer has concluded about Pegler, "He depicted a world where a conspiracy of criminals, corrupt union officials, Communists, and their political allies in the New Deal threatened the economic freedom of working Americans."

In the winter of 1947, Pegler started a campaign to draw public attention to the 'Guru Letters' of former Vice-President Henry A. Wallace, claiming they showed Wallace's unfitness for the office of President he had announced he would seek in 1948. Pegler characterized Wallace as a "messianic fumbler," and "off-center mentally." There was a personal confrontation between the two men on the subject at a public meeting in Philadelphia in July 1948. Several reporters, including H. L. Mencken, joined in the increasingly aggressive questioning. Wallace declined to comment on the letters, while labelling some of the reporters "stooges" for Pegler. At the conclusion of the meeting, H. L. Mencken acidly suggested that every person named "Henry" should be put to death, offering to commit suicide if Wallace was executed first.

Controversy in later career

In the 1950s and 1960s, as Pegler's conservative views became more extreme and his writing increasingly shrill, he earned the tag of "the stuck whistle of journalism." He denounced the civil rights movement and in the early 1960s wrote for the John Birch Society. He aligned himself with the white supremacist White Citizens Council. He was ultimately expelled from the John Birch Society because of his extreme views. However, the Society did put his picture on the cover of its magazine, American Opinion, when he died.

President Harry S. Truman in his famous letter to Paul Hume, music critic for The Washington Post, referred to Pegler as a guttersnipe, and yet a gentleman compared to Hume, for the latter's criticizing his daughter Margaret's singing.

His attack on writer Quentin Reynolds led to a costly libel suit against him and his publishers, as a jury awarded Reynolds $175,001 in damages. In 1962, he lost his contract with King Features Syndicate, owned by Hearst, after he criticized Hearst executives. His late writing appeared sporadically in various publications.

In 1965, referring to Robert F. Kennedy, Pegler wrote: "Some white patriot of the Southern tier will spatter his spoonful of brains in public premises before the snow flies." Kennedy was assassinated three years later, though by a Palestinian Arab.

Personal life and death

On August 28, 1922, Pegler, a Roman Catholic, married Julia Harpman, a onetime New York Daily News crime reporter, who was from a Jewish family in Tennessee. She died on November 8, 1955. In 1961, he married his secretary Maude Wettje.

Pegler died age 74 on June 24, 1969, in Tucson, Arizona of stomach cancer. He is interred in the Cemetery of the Gate of Heaven in Hawthorne, New York.

Awards

 1941: Pulitzer Prize for coverage of labor racketeers

Legacy

Parodies
Pegler's distinctive writing style was often the subject of parody. In 1949, Wolcott Gibbs of The New Yorker imagined a Peglerian tirade to a little girl asking whether there was a Santa Claus (parodying the famous "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" letter). In the Gibbs/Pegler version, "Santa Claus" was actually Sammy Klein of Red Hook, Brooklyn, and had raped a six-year-old as a deliberate strategy to avoid being drafted into World War I. After joining the Communist Party, he adopted his alias and began his Christmas racket by hijacking trucks with toy shipments. Gibbs' parody opens:        You're damn right there is a Santa Claus, Virginia. He lives down the road a piece from me, and my name for him is Comrade Jelly Belly, after a poem composed about him once by an admiring fellow-traveller now happily under the sod.       Mad Magazine ran a Pegler parody in its February 1957 issue (#31), using the actual title of Pegler's own column from 1944 on, "As Pegler Sees It". Starting with a report on a little kid stealing a bike, it devolved into a long tirade against, among other targets, Roosevelt, Truman, the Falange, organized labor, municipal corruption and Abeline's Boy Scout Troop 18 (AKA the Abraham Lincoln Brigade). Every third sentence or so ended with some variation on "And you know what I think of Eleanor Roosevelt". The mock column concluded with:       ...which brought together such Commie-loving cronies as you know what I think of Eleanor Roosevelt. It stinks. The whole thing stinks. You stink.       Mad also parodied him as "Westbank Piglet" in one panel (p. 2) of its first comic book parody Superduperman (issue #4).

Quotes
Interest in Pegler was briefly revived when a line originally written by him appeared in Republican Vice-Presidential nominee Sarah Palin's acceptance speech at the 2008 Republican National Convention in St. Paul, Minnesota. "We grow good people in our small towns, with honesty and sincerity and dignity", she said, attributing it to "a writer." The speech was written by Matthew Scully, a senior speech writer for George W. Bush.

In a column about Palin's use of the quote, Wall Street Journal columnist Thomas Frank described Pegler as "the all-time champion of fake populism".

Writings
Pegler's literary agent was George T. Bye, who was also Eleanor Roosevelt's agent.

Pegler published three volumes of his collected writings:T'ain't Right, 1936The Dissenting Opinions of Mister Westbrook Pegler, 1938George Spelvin, American and Fireside Chats, 1942

See also

 Will H. Kindig, Los Angeles City Council member condemned by Pegler

References

Further reading
 Farr, Finis. Fair Enough: The Life of Westbrook Pegler. 1975, New Rochelle NY: Arlington House.
 McWhorter, Diane. Dangerous Minds, The New Yorker. (2004), slate.com.
 Pilat, Oliver. (1973), Pegler, Angry Man of the Press, Greenwood Press.
 Witwer, David. "Westbrook Pegler and the Anti-union Movement", Journal of American History (2005), 92#2.
 Witwer, David. Shadow of the Racketeer: Scandal in Organized Labor'' (2009)  excerpt and text search
 See Westbrook Pegler vs. Ed Sullivan, legal citation 6 Az App 338, 432 P. 2d 593 (Arizona Court of Appeals 1967) which dealt with a previous summary judgment ending Pegler's lawsuit against his nemesis Sullivan. This was reversed when Sullivan's New York show in January 1964 "caused an event to occur" in Tucson AZ which was an "invasion of Pegler's privacy". Sullivan was then required to respond in damages.

External links
 'Rabble Rouser' Critique and analysis of Pegler's work by conservative William F. Buckley, Jr., published in The New Yorker.
 'In Which Our Hero Beards 'Guru' Wallace In His Own Den' Pegler's own account of his confrontation with 1948 Progressive Party candidate Henry Wallace (here given the derogatory nickname of "Bubblehead").
 'Suffer Little Children' AKA 'The Jewish Children'. Pegler's harrowing 1936 description of the fate of Jewish children in Nazi Germany.
 Pegler's FBI files hosted at the Internet Archive
 Syracuse University - J. Westbrook Pegler Papers
 Herbert Hoover Presidential Library - James Westbrook Pegler Papers
 US National Archives - Pegler, J. Westbrook (James Westbrook), 1894-1969

1894 births
1969 deaths
American investigative journalists
Burials at Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Hawthorne, New York)
Writers from Minneapolis
People from Ridgefield, Connecticut
Pulitzer Prize for Reporting winners
Deaths from cancer in Arizona
Deaths from stomach cancer
American war correspondents
John Birch Society
Old Right (United States)
Catholics from Connecticut
John Birch Society members
American conspiracy theorists
Anti-crime activists
Chicago Tribune people
American segregationists

Westbrook Pegler


Miguel Angel Bardales (Lima, 3 de diciembre, de 1961) es pastor evangélico peruano. Fundador de la Iglesia Bíblica de La Molina y presidente del Ministerio de Acción de Gracias, que congrega a organizaciones cristianas evangélicas en el país.

Biografía
Dejó sus estudios universitarios para ingresar al Seminario Bíblico Bautista donde se preparó y terminó sus estudios como Bachiller en Teología. Una vez concluido sus estudios, junto a su esposa Martha Vílchez, iniciaron su labor como pastores en la Iglesia Bíblica Bautista de las Flores.

Después de unos años la joven pareja viajó a la Argentina para continuar sus estudios en Licenciatura en el Seminario Bíblico Bautista de Buenos Aires, ciudad en la que siguió su ministerio pastoral. A su retorno al Perú fue elegido como pastor en la Primera Iglesia Bautista de Lima, y después asumiría también el cargo de Presidente de la Convención Bautista del Perú, entidad que representa a un número de iglesias en el Perú.

Miguel Bardales fue elegido posteriormente Director del Área Eclesiástica del CONEP (Concilio Nacional Evangélico del Perú), y fundó la Iglesia Bíblica de La Molina en Lima. El pastor Miguel Barad ha predicado en países de Latinoamérica como Brasil, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile, Argentina. También escribió su libro de estudio de los Hechos de los Apóstoles: "El secreto para tener poder". Fue consejero espiritual de diversas autoridades del Gobierno del Perú, por lo cual es considerado una persona de influencia en su nación y en el medio evangélico.

Ministerio de Acción de Gracias
La Ceremonia de Acción de Gracias por el Perú, es un servicio de adoración y testimonio que hace la Iglesia evangélica en unidad con las principales denominaciones y ministerios cristianos del Perú. Participan cada 30 de julio, junto con el presidente de la República, ministros de estado, congresistas, funcionarios, diplomáticos y altas personalidades del estado peruano.

Este ministerio nace en el año 2006, cuando Bardales asume la responsabilidad de oficiar por primera vez la Ceremonia de Acción de Gracias por el Perú a la cual asistirían el presidente de ese entonces el Doctor Alan García Pérez, Ministros de Estado, Congresistas, Embajadores, y autoridades civiles y militares. Durante 17 años consecutivos el servicio se ha llevado a cabo con la cobertura de los medios de comunicación.

En el año 2011 durante el mandato del Presidente de la República Ollanta Humala, este servicio se realizó en simultáneo en 11 ciudades del Perú, siendo así un récord histórico de participación. También ese año fue el primero en celebrarse como parte de las celebraciones oficiales de Fiestas Patrias.

Desde entonces cada 30 de Julio se realiza la Ceremonia de Acción de Gracias, y desde el año 2010 tiene rango de ley (Decreto Supremo 079-2010 PCM), siendo el momento en que el país recibe un mensaje de las Escrituras. Dicho evento cuenta el apoyo de las organizaciones evangélicas como: Unión de Iglesias Evangélicas del Perú, Confraternidad de Pastores Evangélicos del Perú, Asambleas de Dios del Perú, Movimiento Misionero Mundial, Misión Cristiana Camino de Vida, Comunidad Cristiana Agua Viva, Alianza Cristiana y Misionera del Perú, Iglesia Evangélica Pentecostal del Perú, Iglesia Bíblica Bautista del Perú, Movimiento Evangelístico Misionero del Perú, Iglesia Anglicana del Perú, Iglesia Pentecostal de Jesucristo, entre otras.

Véase también
 Ceremonia de Acción de Gracias por el Perú

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de la Iglesia Bíblica de La Molina
 Ministerio de Acción de Gracias

Nacidos en Lima

Miguel Bardales


El tiluchí colilargo (Drymophila caudata), también denominado hormiguerito rabilargo (en Colombia) o tiluchí de Santander, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Thamnophilidae perteneciente al género Drymophila. Es endémico de Colombia.

Distribución y hábitat
Se distribuye en los Andes orientales de Colombia en Santander y en el alto valle del Magdalena, al sur hasta Caquetá y Huila.

Esta especie es localmente bastante común en el sotobosque y en los bordes de selvas húmedas montanas, dominados por bambuzales, entre los 1500 y los 2600 m de altitud.

Sistemática

Descripción original
La especie D. caudata fue descrita por primera vez por el ornitólogo británico Philip Lutley Sclater en 1855 bajo el nombre científico Formicivora caudata; localidad tipo «"Bogotá" = posiblemente pendiente occidental de los Andes orientales, Colombia.»

Etimología
El nombre genérico femenino «Drymophila» proviene del griego «drumos»: bosque, bosquecillo, soto y «philos»: amante; significando «amante del sotobosque»; y el nombre de la especie «caudata», proviene del latín «caudatus»: de cola.

Taxonomía
La distribución geográfica de Drymophila caudata se extendía desde las montañas de Paria en Venezuela hacia el sur a lo largo de la cordillera de los Andes hasta el norte de Bolivia, conformando un patrón de distribución geográfica y altitudinal único en los Thamnophilidae. La variación en el plumaje entre la mayoría de las poblaciones no era obvia y a pesar de que ocho subespecies habían sido descritas, la mitad habían sido invalidadas. Los estudios de Isler et al. (2012), utilizando genética molecular, diferencias de vocalización y ecología de las diferentes poblaciones revelaron un nivel considerable de diversificación, suficiente para el reconocimiento de cuatro especies, tres de ellas, D. caudata, D. hellmayri y D. klagesi restringidas a las montañas del norte y D. striaticeps ampliamente distribuida a lo largo de los Andes desde el noroeste de Colombia hasta Bolivia. La separación fue aprobada por el South American Classification Committee (SACC) en la Propuesta N° 542, de septiembre de 2012. Con estos cambios, la presente especie quedó monotípica.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Videos, fotos y sonidos de  Drymophila caudata en The Internet Bird Collection.
 Sonidos y mapa de distribución de Drymophila caudata en xeno-canto.

caudata
Aves endémicas de Colombia
Taxones descritos por Philip Lutley Sclater
Animales descritos en 1855

Drymophila caudata


Leo Bill (* 31. August 1980 in Warwickshire, England) ist ein englischer Schauspieler. Er ist der Sohn von Sheila Kelley und wurde bekannt durch seine Rolle im 2006 gedrehten britischen Horrorfilm The Living and the Dead.

Leben
Er wurde 1980 als Sohn der Schauspielerin Sheila Kelley und des Schauspielers Stephen Bill geboren. Von 1996 bis 1998 war er am Stratford Upon Avon College. Anschließend ging er auf die Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, die er 2001 abschloss. Außerdem war er Mitglied der Playbox Theatre Company, einer Theatergesellschaft in Warwick. Nach seinem Studium war er in Filmen wie 28 Days Later, The Fall und The Living and the Dead zu sehen. Im Jahr 2010 spielte er im Spielfilm Alice im Wunderland die Rolle des Hamish Ascot, ebenso 2016 in dessen Fortsetzung Alice im Wunderland: Hinter den Spiegeln.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1984: Eh Brian! It's a Whopper (Fernsehserie, 2 Folgen)
 2001: Gosford Park
 2002: 28 Days Later
 2002: All or Nothing
 2002: Two Men Went to War
 2003: LD 50 Lethal Dose – Tödliche Dosis (LD 50 Lethal Dose)
 2003: The Canterbury Tales
 2003: Eroica – The day that changed music forever
 2003: Inspector Barnaby (Midsomer Murders) Fernsehserie, Staffel 6, Folge 4: Das Haus des Satans (A Tale Of Two Hamlets)
 2003: Spooks – Im Visier des MI5 (Spooks)
 2004: Vera Drake
 2004: Messiah III: The Promise
 2005: Kinky Boots – Man(n) trägt Stiefel (Kinky Boots)
 2005: A Very Social Secretary
 2005: These Foolish Things
 2005: Gerichtsmediziner Dr. Leo Dalton (Silent Witness)
 2006: The Fall
 2006: The Living and the Dead
 2007: Geliebte Jane (Becoming Jane)
 2007: Jekyll
 2008: Ich & Orson Welles (Me and Orson Welles)
 2008: Sinn und Sinnlichkeit (Sense and Sensibility)
 2008: Ashes to Ashes – Zurück in die 80er (Ashes to Ashes)
 2010: Alice im Wunderland (Alice in Wonderland)
 2010: Doctor Who
 2011: Verblendung (The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo)
 2013: Die Borgias - Sex. Macht. Mord. Amen. (Fernsehserie)
 2013: The White Queen (Fernseh-Miniserie)
 2014: A Long Way Down
 2014: Mr. Turner – Meister des Lichts (Mr. Turner)
 2016: Alice im Wunderland: Hinter den Spiegeln (Alice Through the Looking Glass)
 2017: Taboo (Fernsehserie, 8 Folgen)
 2018: Peterloo
 2018: Das blutrote Kleid (In Fabric)
 2022: Flux Gourmet

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Theaterschauspieler
Filmschauspieler
Kinderdarsteller
Engländer
Brite
Geboren 1980
Mann

Leo Bill


Astray ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 José Millán Astray (1879–1954), spanischer Militär
 Pedro Astray López (* 1992), spanischer Fußballspieler

Astray


Liga nogometnog saveza područja Slavonska Požega je predstavljala pretposljednji rang natjecanja, a prvenstvo se igralo dvokružno. NK Zvijezda Kaptol se kvalificirala u Slavonsku nogometnu zonu, a iz lige je ispao NK Partizan Ovčare.

Tablica

Izvori
 Jurica Bešlić, Goran Đurđević, Vesna Milković, Jelenko Topić: 70 godina nogometa u Vidovcima i Dervišagi, Vidovci - Dervišaga, 2016.

1978-79
Slavonska Požega

Općinska nogometna liga Slavonska Požega 1978./79.


أوبرا موبايل  هو متصفح ويب للهواتف الذكية والأجهزة اللوحية وأجهزة المساعد الرقمي الشخصي تطوره شركة برمجيات أوبرا.

التاريخ
كانت أولى الأجهزة التي تشغل إصدرًا محمولًا من أوبرا هي سلسلة بسيون 5 وسلسلة بسيون 5mx وسلسلة بسيون 7 ثم بسيون نت بوك. شغلت هذه الأجهزة إصدار أوبرا موبايل 3.6، الذي ظهر في عام 2000.

تم نقل أوبرا موبايل إلى نظام التشغيل ويندوز موبايل في عام 2003.

 كان الإصدار 6.0 هو الإصدار الأولي.
 في 25 يونيو 2003، جاء التحديث الأول في شكل الإصدار 6.01، والذي كان تحديثًا ثانويًا، بشكل أساسي لتصحيح الأخطاء.
 قدم الإصدار 6.10، الذي تم إصداره في 27 أكتوبر 2003، العديد من تحسينات واجهة المستخدم وقابلية الاستخدام، وتحسين الأداء إلى حد كبير، وتحسين عرض الصفحة بشكل طفيف. كان أيضًا الإصدار الأول الذي يدعم الخوادم الوكيلة وصفحات بروتوكول التطبيقات اللاسلكية وأول إصدار يتم إصداره في إصدارات مترجمة لـ 9 لغات مختلفة.
 في 13 يوليو 2005، بعد عامين تقريبًا من التكرار السابق، تم إطلاق الإصدار 8.0. كان هذا الإصدار هو الأول الذي يتطلب سيمبيان نظام تشغيل 7 (يمكن أن تعمل الإصدارات السابقة في سيمبيان 6.1). قدم هذا الإصدار مسرع أوبرا موبايل، وهي تقنية تستخدم خادمًا خارجيًا يعمل بنظام أوبرا لتقليل محتوى الصفحات لتقليل حركة المرور إلى الهواتف. كان هذا أيضًا الإصدار الأول لدعم إتش تي إم إل الديناميكي، وتحسين التوافق بشكل كبير مع العديد من معايير الويب.
 في 14 نوفمبر 2005، تم تقديم الإصدار 8.5. قدم هذا الإصدار إدارة كلمات المرور ووظيفة الملء التلقائي للنماذج، وأضاف بعض اللغات الإضافية للإصدارات المترجمة، وأجرى بعض التحسينات على الاستقرار وجودة عرض الشاشة المنخفضة.
 في 5 أبريل 2006، تم إصدار الإصدار 8.6 وكان أيضًا الإصدار الأول الذي يدعم نظام التشغيل سيمبيان 9. الجديد في هذا الإصدار هو القدرة على دعم نوافذ تصفح متعددة، ودعم الرسوميات الشعاعية القابلة للتمديد، وإدخال الإكمال التلقائي لعناوين محدد موقع الموارد المُوحّد بالإضافة إلى العديد من التغييرات في جانب التخصيص. كان أيضًا الإصدار الأول من أوبرا موبايل الذي سمح بإمكانية تهيئته كمتصفح افتراضي للجهاز، مما يسمح بتشغيله كلما طُلب فتح صفحة ويب.
 تم إصدار الإصدار 8.65 في 29 أغسطس 2006، والذي كان في الغالب تغييرًا مرحبًا به وتحسينه إلى 8.60 التي كانت تعتبر ناضجة آنذاك.
 تم الإعلان عن أوبرا موبايل 9.0 في فبراير 2007 بقائمة ميزات مخططة، لافتات «قريبًا» في موقع أوبرا موبايل الرسمي، وإعلانات رسمية في منتدى مجتمع أوبرا. بدون سبب محدد، تم إلغاء الإصدار 9.0، وتم مسح جميع الإشارات إليه من موقع أوبرا وعاد 8.65 إلى كونه الإصدار الأحدث، حيث حصل على تحديث طفيف للغاية في شكل بنية جديدة قدمت عددًا قليلاً من الميزات التي يصعب ملاحظتها، بعضها يعتمد على النظام الأساسي.
 في 5 فبراير 2008، تم الإعلان عن أوبرا موبايل 9.5. تم تأجيل تاريخ الإصدار المتوقع عدة مرات. تم إصدار نسخة تجريبية لويندوز موبايل في 17 يوليو 2008، تلاها إصدار تجريبي ثانٍ في 20 أكتوبر 2008، بما في ذلك دعم الحاجيات أوبرا وإضافة سيمبيان UIQ3 كمنصة إضافية. (بقي آخر إصدار تم إصداره من أوبرا موبايل لنظام سيمبيان S60 8.65.)
 في 26 مارس 2009، أعلنت أوبرا أن الإصدار التالي سيكون 9.7، مع تغييرات في محرك تخطيط بريستو، وليس 9.5. في 8 يونيو 2009، تم توفير الإصدار التجريبي من أوبرا موبايل 9.7 مع محرك التقديم بريستو 2.2 الجديد وأوبرا توربو. الميزات الأخرى المخطط لها للإصدار 9.7 هي تحسين مدير القطعة، وجوجل جيرز، ودعم برنامج بينغل.
 في 2 نوفمبر 2009، تم توفير الإصدار التجريبي من أوبرا موبايل 10 لسيمبيان S60 للتنزيل، مع واجهة مستخدم منقحة وتحسينات في الأداء. في 10 ديسمبر 2009، تم إصداره للمشغلين ومصنعي المعدات الأصلية. تضمنت إطار العمل الجديد لواجهة المستخدم عبر الأنظمة الأساسية من أوبرا الذي يوحد مظهر وأسلوب المتصفح عبر جميع الأنظمة الأساسية التي تشغل أوبرا موبايل أو أوبرا ميني. في 12 فبراير 2010، تم إصدار أوبرا موبايل 10 بيتا 3 علنًا لأجهزة ويندوز موبايل وسيمبيان، مع دعم فلاش لايت 3.1، وتمييز أفضل لحلول إدخال الجهات الخارجية في ويندوز موبايل، ودعم معيار ويندوز موبايل (غير شاشة تعمل باللمس) الهواتف. في 16 مارس 2010، أصدرت برمجيات أوبرا الإصدارات النهائية من أوبرا موبايل 10.
 في 11 مايو 2010، أصدرت مختبرات أوبرا نسخة معاينة من أوبرا موبايل 10 لمايمو، مع نفس الميزات المتوفرة في أوبرا موبايل 10 للأنظمة الأساسية الأخرى، ولكن باستخدام محرك كاراكان جافا سكريبت الجديد من أوبرا (الاسم الرمزي) ومكتبة رسومات ناقلات فيغا الجديدة. كان أوبرا موبايل 10 هو الإصدار الأخير لنظام التشغيل ويندوز موبايل (متميزًا عن خلفه ويندوز فون).
 في 15 أكتوبر 2010، أصدرت برمجيات أوبرا أول إصدار من أندرويد، أوبرا موبايل 10.1 بيتا لنظام أندرويد.
 في 22 مارس 2011، أصدرت برمجيات أوبرا أوبرا موبايل 11 لنظامي أندرويد وسيمبيان S60؛ مايمو وميجو وويندوز.
 في 27 فبراير 2012، أصدرت برمجيات أوبرا أوبرا موبايل 12 للهواتف الذكية التي تعمل بنظام أندرويد وسيمبيان/ S60 ومايمو (مختبرات) وميجو (مختبرات).
 في يوليو 2013 ، أصدرت برمجيات أوبرا أوبرا موبايل 15 لنظام أندرويد، استنادًا إلى كروميوم. تم إعادة تصميم الواجهة بشكل كبير. تمت إزالة بعض الميزات مثل الإشارات المرجعية، وأضيفت ميزات أخرى مثل وظيفة يكتشف في الصفحة الرئيسية.
 في سبتمبر 2013، أصدرت برمجيات أوبرا أوبرا موبايل 16 لنظام أندرويد، مع تحديث محرك كروميوم وبعض تحسينات الأداء.

سمات
استخدم أوبرا موبايل محرك تخطيط بريستو حتى الإصدار 15، والذي تم استبداله بويب كيت، ثم بلينك ويدعم العديد من معايير الويب، بالإضافة إلى أجاكس. اعتبارًا من الإصدار 9.7، يمكن استخدام أوبرا توربو الذي يضغط صفحات الويب عبر خوادم «توربو» لبرنامج أوبرا، وبالتالي تقليل حجم التنزيل. نظرًا لأن صفحات الويب مضغوطة، يتم تحسين أوقات تحميل الصفحة، ويتم تقليل استهلاك النطاق الترددي بنسبة تصل إلى 80%.

يمكن للمتصفح إعادة تنسيق صفحات الويب ديناميكيًا لشاشة صغيرة، باستخدام تقنية عرض الشاشة الصغيرة والتفاف النص من أوبرا.

يتضمن أوبرا موبايل 10 ميزة «الاتصال السريع»، والتي تتيح للمستخدم إضافة روابط تظهر كصور مصغرة في صفحة يتم عرضها عند فتح علامة تبويب جديدة. بمجرد الإعداد، تتيح هذه الميزة للمستخدم التنقل بسهولة أكبر إلى صفحات الويب المحددة وعلامات التبويب المرئية التي تسمح بتصفح مواقع ويب متعددة في وقت واحد. يتضمن أيضًا مدير كلمات المرور ومعالج النوافذ المنبثقة، وهو يدعم النسخ واللصق والإكمال التلقائي للعنوان والتكبير/التصغير والتاريخ والإشارات المرجعية (تمت إزالته في أوبرا موبايل 15).

يمكن استخدام المتصفح إما عن طريق استخدام اللمس بالإصبع أو القلم على شاشة تعمل باللمس أو باستخدام لوحة المفاتيح ويمكن عرضه في الوضع الرأسي والأفقي.

الجوائز

 مجلة تيتكون«أفضل منتَج برمجي للعام» 2003
 موبايل غالا «أفضل برنامج لأجهزة الحاسوب المحمولة» 2004
 موبايل غالا «أفضل برنامج للهواتف المحمولة» 2004
 مجلة سمارت فون وحاسوب جيبي «أفضل متصفح للجوال لكل من أجهزة حاسوب الجيب والهواتف الذكية التي تعمل بنظام ويندوز» 2007

مراجع

روابط خارجية

العلم و التقنية في النرويج
العلوم والتكنولوجيا في الولايات المتحدة
برمجيات أوبرا
برمجيات سيمبيان
شركات برمجيات في النرويج
متصفحات ويب
متصفحات ويب لنظام أندرويد
متصفحات ويب للهواتف المحمولة

أوبرا موبايل


Lactarius zonarius (Pierre Bulliard, 1783 ex Elias Magnus Fries, 1838) din încrengătura Basidiomycota în familia Russulaceae și de genul Lactarius, denumit în popor ciupercă de stejar, ajustat râșcov de stejar, sau piept de stejar, este o specie de ciuperci necomestibile. Acest burete destul de rar coabitează, fiind un simbiont micoriza (formează micorize pe rădăcinile arborilor). În România, Basarabia și Bucovina de Nord crește de la câmpie la deal, în păduri de foioase și chiar prin parcuri, pe sol argilos sau calcaros, aproape numai sub stejari (în Europa de Sud ocazional și pe lângă castani comestibili), preferând locuri călduroase. Timpul apariției este din (iulie) august până la mijlocul lui octombrie.

Taxonomie
Specia a fost descoperită de savantul francez Pierre Bulliard și publicată sub denumirea Agaricus zonarius în volumul 3 al marii sale opere Herbier de la France ou, Collection complette des plantes indigenes de ce royaume etc… din 1783, iar în 1838, renumitul savant suedez Elias Magnus Fries a transferat specia corect la genul Lactarius sub păstrarea epitetului, de verificat în lucrarea sa Epicrisis Systematis Mycologici seu Synopsis Hymenomycetum din 1838.

Micologii Jacob Heilmann-Clausen, Annemieke Verbeken și Jan Vesterholt subliniază în publicația lor din 1998, că taxonul cu epitetul insulus care a fost utilizat pe scară largă în trecut pentru această ciupercă, este un "nomen dubium, deoarece nu este complet clar ce taxon Fries a avut în minte la descrierea speciei în 1838. Că ar fi vorba despre Lactarius zonarius, este foarte puțin probabil, întrucât specia nu apare în Scandinavia. Astfel sinonimele propuse de Index Fungorum, anume Agaricus insulsus Fr. (1821), Lactarius insulsus  (Fr.) Fr. (1838), Galorrheus insulsus  (Fr.) P.Kumm. (1871), Lactifluus insulsus  (Fr.) O.Kuntze (1891) și Gloeocybe insulsa  (Fr.) Earle (1909) par să nu fie corecte.

Descriere

 Pălăria: are un diametru de 4-15 (18)  cm, este cărnoasă, pentru timp lung convexă cu marginea răsfrântă spre picior, devenind apoi din ce în ce mai plată și adâncită în centru, iar la bătrânețe are forma de pâlnie cu marginea ondulată. Cuticula este netedă și mată, la umezeală ușor unsuroasă cu aspect mătăsos, fiind acoperită în tinerețe de un puf fin. Coloritul este de obicei galben sau galben deschis, dar poate fi de asemenea crem până aproape albicios sau ocru-brun. Prezintă zone pronunțate în formă de inele concentrice portocalii sau ocru-galbene.
 Lamelele: sunt subțiri, tare aglomerate, arcuite și nu prea înalte, aderate și cu avansarea în vârstă lung decurente la picior, cu lameluțe intercalate către marginea pălăriei precum bifurcate, pornind de la tijă. Muchiile sunt netede. Coloritul este în stadiu tânăr alb până gălbui, apoi ocru-brun.
 Piciorul: are o înălțime de 3-6 cm și o lățime de 1-1,5 (2,5) cm, este cilindric în tinerețe plin, iar în vârsta gol pe interior. Coaja inițial albicioasă și netedă devine cu timpul gălbuie cu scobituri ocru-gălbuie până ocru-brune.
 Carnea: este compactă și tare, albicioasă, devenind după tăiere rozalie până roșu de somon. Se decolorează după câtva timp (aproximativ 10 minute) gri deschis. Mirosul fructuos amintește de mere sau pere, gustul fiind extrem de iute cu note amare.
 Laptele: nu numai la tăiere, ciuperca emită un suc extrem de iute, lipicios și alb care nu se decolorează.
 Caracteristici microscopice: are spori sferici până slab elipsoidali, hialini (translucizi), neamiloizi (nu se decolorează cu reactivi de iod), cu o suprafață verucoasă, prezentând o rețea neregulată cu negi de o înălțime de până la 1 µm și o mărime de 7–8.5 x 6–6.5 microni. Basidiile clavate și destul de groase cu 2-4 sterigme măsoară 45-50 x 10-12 microni. Cistidele (elemente sterile situate în stratul himenal sau printre celulele din pielița pălăriei și a piciorului, probabil cu rol de excreție) sunt fusiforme cu o mărime de 60-75 x 12-15 µm, pleurocistidele (cistide situate în himenul de pe fețele lamelor) sunt de 40-52 x 4-6 µm, paracistidele (cistide puțin diferențiate de pe muchia lamelor în primul rând al lăptarilor) de 16-30 x 3-7 µm și cheilocistidele (cistide de pe muchia lamelor) de 24-35 x 3-6 µm. Hifele mai mult sau mai puțin paralele cu vârfuri rotunjite sunt gelatinoase și măsoară 1-2 x 4,5 microni.
 Reacții chimice: Carnea și lamelele se colorează cu acid sulfuric încet verde-măsliniu (cuticula galben lucios), carnea cu fenol încet galben-portocaliu, apoi pătat negru-violet, lamelele cu guaiacol încet lila-carmin, carnea și cuticula cu Hidroxid de potasiu imediat auriu până puternic galben-portocaliu, decolorând după câteva minute, carnea cu lactofenol brun-violet și cu tinctură de Guaiacum încet gri-verzui.

Confuzii
Râșcovul veveriței poate fi confundat preponderent cu specii asemănătoare necomestibile sau otrăvitoare, cu toate foarte iute și/sau amare precum cu 2 soiuri comestibile, dar nu prea gustoase. Exemple sunt: Lactarius azonites (necomestibil), Lactarius blennius (necomestibil), Lactarius circellatus (necomestibil), Lactarius decipiens (necomestibil), Lactarius fluens (necomestibil), Lactarius evosmus (necomestibil), Lactarius fulvissimus (comestibil), Lactarius glyciosmus (condiționat comestibil), Lactarius mairei (ușor otrăvitor), Lactarius pallidus (necomestibil), Lactarius pterosporus (necomestibil), Lactarius pubescens (otrăvitor), Lactarius pyrogalus (necomestibil), Lactarius rufus (necomestibil), Lactarius scrobiculatus (otrăvitor)  și Lactarius vietus (necomestibil).

Specii asemănătoare în imagini

Valorificare
Acest burete este absolut necomestibil din cauza gustului său amar și foarte iute. S-ar putea să conțină terpenoide în doze mici, dar clasificarea drept specie toxică este exagerată.

Note

Bibliografie
 Marcel Bon: "Pareys Buch der Pilze", Editura Kosmos, Halberstadt 2012, ISBN 978-3-440-13447-4
 Giacomo Bresadola: "Iconographia Mycologica, vol. VIII, Editura Società Botanica Italiana, Milano 1928
 Bruno Cetto, volumul 1-7, vezi note
 Rose Marie Dähncke: "1200 Pilze in Farbfotos", Editura AT Verlag, Aarau 2004, ISBN 3-8289-1619-8
 Ewald Gerhard: "Der große BLV Pilzführer" (cu 1200 de specii descrise și 1000 fotografii), Editura BLV Buchverlag GmbH & Co. KG, ediția a 9-a, München 2018, ISBN 978-3-8354-1839-4
 J. E. și M. Lange: "BLV Bestimmungsbuch - Pilze", Editura BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München, Berna Viena 1977, ISBN 3-405-11568-2
 Meinhard Michael Moser: "Röhrlinge und Blätterpilze - Kleine Kryptogamenflora Mitteleuropas" ediția a 5-ea, vol. 2, Editura Gustav Fischer, Stuttgart 1983

Legături externe

 Lactarius zonarius, film în limba franceză cu text englez
 Lactarius zonarius, film

Lactarius
Micoriză
Ciuperci necomestibile
1783 în știință

Lactarius zonarius


An Festuca amplissima in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Franz Josef Ivanovich Ruprecht ngan Henri Guillaume Galeotti. An Festuca amplissima in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca amplissima


Wave velocity may refer to:
Phase velocity, the velocity at which a wave phase propagates
Pulse wave velocity, the velocity at which a pulse travels through a medium, usually applied to arteries as a measure of arterial stiffness
Group velocity, the propagation velocity for the envelope of wave groups and often of wave energy, different from the phase velocity for dispersive waves
Signal velocity, the velocity at which a wave carries information
Front velocity, the velocity at which the first rise of a pulse above zero moves forward

Wave velocity


Die Estonian International 2004 im Badminton fanden in Tallinn vom 3. bis zum 4. Juli 2004 statt.

Austragungsort
 Kalevi Spordihalis, Juhkentali 12

Sieger und Platzierte

Finalergebnisse

Ergebnisse

Herreneinzel
  Yuichi Ikeda -  Elar Saar: 15-2 / 15-2
  Vahur Lukin -  Leon Peper: 15-3 / 15-6
  Shai Geffen -  Rainer Kaljumae: 15-1 / 15-4
  Tauno Tooming -  Donatas Narvilas: 15-13 / 15-2
  Nicholas Kidd -  James Phillips: 15-2 / 15-6
  Konstantin Sarapultsev -  Lars Klintrup: 5-15 / 15-11 / 15-7
  Kęstutis Navickas -  Kristo Kivisaar: 15-3 / 15-4
  Raul Must -  Maris Gulmanis: 15-2 / 15-3
  Aleksei Kuplinov -  Clemens Michael Smola: 15-3 / 15-8
  Margus Metskula -  Morten Sejling: 15-11 / 15-11
  Kaveh Mehrabi -  Vahur Kivistik: 15-1 / 15-0
  Heiki Sorge -  Kristaps Pilveris: 15-0 / 15-1
  Ilkka Nyqvist -  Allan Kokkota: 15-3 / 15-4
  Tomas Dovydaitis -  Ants Mängel: 16-17 / 15-6 / 15-10
  Kasperi Salo -  Joe Morgan: 15-3 / 15-3
  Ville Lång -  Robert Antropov: w.o.
  Yuichi Ikeda -  Vahur Lukin: 15-5 / 15-2
  Shai Geffen -  Tauno Tooming: 15-12 / 15-9
  Nicholas Kidd -  Konstantin Sarapultsev: 15-1 / 15-1
  Ville Lång -  Kęstutis Navickas: 15-12 / 15-13
  Raul Must -  Aleksei Kuplinov: 17-14 / 15-4
  Kaveh Mehrabi -  Margus Metskula: 15-4 / 15-8
  Ilkka Nyqvist -  Heiki Sorge: 15-10 / 15-5
  Kasperi Salo -  Tomas Dovydaitis: 15-0 / 15-4
  Yuichi Ikeda -  Shai Geffen: 15-3 / 15-2
  Nicholas Kidd -  Ville Lång: 15-4 / 4-15 / 15-5
  Kaveh Mehrabi -  Raul Must: 15-14 / 15-8
  Ilkka Nyqvist -  Kasperi Salo: 15-10 / 6-15 / 17-15
  Yuichi Ikeda -  Nicholas Kidd: 15-6 / 15-13
  Ilkka Nyqvist -  Kaveh Mehrabi: 5-15 / 17-15 / 15-4
  Yuichi Ikeda -  Ilkka Nyqvist: 15-5 / 15-8

Dameneinzel
  Kulle Laidmae -  Rasa Šulnienė: 13-12 / 11-3
  Kati Tolmoff -  Laura Vana: 11-0 / 11-0
  Saara Hynninen -  Akvilė Stapušaitytė: 11-0 / 11-2
  Solenn Pasturel -  Stina Viljus: 11-0 / 11-1
  Kristina Dovidaitytė -  Sandra Kamilova: 11-8 / 8-11 / 11-7
  Helen Reino -  Kulle Laidmae: 11-9 / 11-1
  Ugnė Urbonaitė -  Veera Hynninen: 11-3 / 11-0
  Merja Pallonen -  Grete Talviste: 11-4 / 11-2
  Simone Prutsch -  Karoliine Hõim: 11-0 / 11-4
  Kati Tolmoff -  Saara Hynninen: 11-3 / 11-0
  Solenn Pasturel -  Kristina Dovidaitytė: 11-4 / 11-9
  Helen Reino -  Ugnė Urbonaitė: 11-6 / 11-5
  Simone Prutsch -  Merja Pallonen: 11-0 / 11-3
  Kati Tolmoff -  Solenn Pasturel: 11-7 / 11-4
  Simone Prutsch -  Helen Reino: 11-4 / 11-5
  Kati Tolmoff -  Simone Prutsch: 11-5 / 11-5

Herrendoppel
  Vahur Lukin /  Einar Veede -  Robert Antropov /  Vahur Kivistik: 15-2 / 15-5
  Indrek Küüts /  Meelis Maiste -  Maris Gulmanis /  Kristaps Pilveris: 15-1 / 15-1
  Joe Morgan /  James Phillips -  Aigar Tonus /  Tauno Tooming: 15-5 / 15-2
  Aleksei Kuplinov /  Konstantin Sarapultsev -  Ants Mängel /  Raul Must: 15-3 / 15-9
  Giorgos Patis /  Theodoros Velkos -  Vahur Lukin /  Einar Veede: 15-6 / 15-2
  Indrek Küüts /  Meelis Maiste -  Shai Geffen /  Leon Peper: 15-6 / 15-9
  Joe Morgan /  James Phillips -  Andres Aru /  Heiki Sorge: 15-5 / 15-5
  Aleksei Kuplinov /  Konstantin Sarapultsev -  Tomas Dovydaitis /  Donatas Narvilas: 15-3 / 15-10
  Giorgos Patis /  Theodoros Velkos -  Indrek Küüts /  Meelis Maiste: 15-4 / 9-15 / 15-12
  Joe Morgan /  James Phillips -  Aleksei Kuplinov /  Konstantin Sarapultsev: 15-10 / 15-4
  Giorgos Patis /  Theodoros Velkos -  Joe Morgan /  James Phillips: 15-12 / 15-9

Mixed
  Leon Peper /  Evelin Vilkman -  Robert Antropov /  Mari Tomingas: 15-3 / 15-11
  Tomas Dovydaitis /  Kristina Dovidaitytė -  Andres Aru /  Ulla Helm: 15-12 / 15-3
  Vahur Lukin /  Kati Kilk -  Einar Veede /  Kulle Laidmae: 16-17 / 15-10 / 15-10
  Kęstutis Navickas /  Ugnė Urbonaitė -  Ants Mängel /  Grete Talviste: 15-6 / 15-10
  Indrek Küüts /  Piret Hamer -  Leon Peper /  Evelin Vilkman: 15-4 / 15-3
  Tomas Dovydaitis /  Kristina Dovidaitytė -  Shai Geffen /  Katrin Vilkman: 15-10 / 15-10
  Ilkka Nyqvist /  Leena Löytömäki -  Vahur Lukin /  Kati Kilk: 15-6 / 15-3
  Indrek Küüts /  Piret Hamer -  Kęstutis Navickas /  Ugnė Urbonaitė: 15-5 / 13-15 / 15-8
  Ilkka Nyqvist /  Leena Löytömäki -  Tomas Dovydaitis /  Kristina Dovidaitytė: 15-3 / 15-8
  Ilkka Nyqvist /  Leena Löytömäki -  Indrek Küüts /  Piret Hamer: 15-3 / 15-9

Weblinks
 tournamentsoftware.com

2004
Badminton 2004
Badmintonwettbewerb in Tallinn

Estonian International 2004


Kaaleste ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Anna Iwanowna Kaaleste (1930–2014), sowjetische Skilangläuferin
 Mihhail Kaaleste (1931–2018), sowjetisch-estnischer Kanute und Biathlontrainer

Kaaleste


කර් සටන යනු පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධයෙහි ආරම්භක හමුදාමය ක්‍රියාවලීන් අතරතුර,  සර්බියානු මෙහෙයුම ඇරඹී සති තුනක් ඇතුළත, ඕස්ට්‍රියා-හංගේරියාව සහ සර්බියාව අතර 1914 අගෝස්තු මාසයෙහිදී සටන් වැදුණු,  හමුදාමය මෙහෙයුමකි. එය සිදුවූයේ කර් කන්ද සහ අසල පිහිටි ගම්මාන කිහිපයක් මෙන්ම  සැබැක් නගරයද අසබඩ විය.

ඕස්ට්‍රියා-හංගේරියාව විසින් සර්බියාව වෙත සිදුකළ පළමුවන ආක්‍රමණයෙහි කොටසක් වන මෙම සටන අගෝස්තු 15 දින රාත්‍රියෙහිදී සිදුවූයේ, සර්බියානු පළමුවන ඒකාබද්ධ සේණාංකය විසින් කර් කන්දේ බෑවුම් මත ආක්‍රමණයෙහි මුල් අවදියෙහිදී පිහිටුවා තිබූ ඕස්ට්‍රියා-හංගේරියානු පිටමුරපොළ	 කිහිපයක් හමුවීම සමගය.  . එයින් පසුව ඇතිවූ ගැටුම්, කන්ද අසබඩ නගර සහ ගම්මාන වල විශේෂයෙන් සැබැක් නගරයෙහි පාලනය නතු කර ගැනීම සඳහා වූ සටනක් බවට ව්‍යාප්ත විය. අගෝස්තු 19 දින වන විට, ඕස්ට්‍රියානු-හංගේරියානුවන්ගේ චිත්ත ධෛර්යය බිඳවැටුනු අතර, සොල්දාදුවන් දහස්ගණනක් ඕස්ට්‍රියානු-හංගේරියාව වෙත පසුබැසීම සිදුවූ අතර, ඔවුන් භීතියයෙන් පැනයෑමට තැත් කරද්දී බොහෝ දෙනෙක් ඩ්‍රීනා ගංගාවෙහි ගිලී නැසුනහ. අගෝස්තු 24 දින වන විට සර්බ්වරු සැබැක් වෙත යළි පැමිණ සටන කෙළවර කළහ.

දින දහයක් සටන් කිරීමෙන් අනතුරුව සර්බියානු ආපාතිකයන් මියගියවුන් 3,000–5,000 සහ තුවාල ලද්දන් 15,000 වූහ. ඕස්ට්‍රියානු-හංගේරියානුවන් අතර මෙම සංඛ්‍යා බෙහෙවින් ඉහළ වූ අතර, සොල්දාදුවන් 6,000–10,000 මිය ගෙසේ, 30,000 තුවාල ලබා සහ 4,500 දෙනෙක් යුද්ධ සිරකරුවන් ලෙසින් ගන්නා ලදහ. ඕස්ට්‍රියානු-හංගේරියානුවන්ට එරෙහිව සර්බියානු ජයග්‍රහණය සනිටුහන් කළේ, පළමුවන ලෝක යුද්ධය තුල මධ්‍ය බලවතුන්ට එරෙහිව  මිත්‍ර පාක්ෂිකයන් ලද පළමුවන ජයග්‍රහණය ලෙසින්ද, යුද්ධයෙහි ගුවන් යානා අතර පළමුවන ගුවන් සටන මෙම සටනෙහිදී සිදුවීම යන හේතුවය.

අධෝසටහන්

සටහන්

කර් සටන


حد خضوع أو حد مرونة (بالإنجليزية: Yield strength) في الفيزياء والهندسة الميكانيكية هو أحد خواص المادة الصلبة، وهو يعطي مقدار الإجهاد الميكانيكي الذي تتحمله مادة عند شدها من جهتين من دون أن يتغير شكلها بعد زوال الإجهاد. حتى ذلك الحد من الإجهاد تعود قطعة المادة (حديد، أو نحاس، أو سبيكة، أو بلاستيك) إلى شكلها الابتدائي بعد زوال الشد الموثر، وتوصف في تلك المنطقة من قوة الشد بأنها لينة أو مرنة.

عندما تشد قطعة نحاس مثلا في تجربة لتعيين حد الخضوع تسمى تجربة شد من جهتين، وزادت قوة الشد عن حد الخضوع فهي تدخل في مرحلة غير لينة، بمعنى أن شكلها يتغير بعد زوال قوة الشد، ذلك لتغير نسيجها الداخلي بطريقة ليست عكسية وتستطيل القطعة شيئا ما. يرمز لحد الخضوع بالرمز  ، ويقاس حد الخضوع ب باسكال أو ميجا باسكال أو نيوتن/مليمتر مربع.

الخضوع في الهندسة الميكانيكية هو الحمل الذي تبدأ عنده المواد الصلبة المعرضة لإجهاد شد بالجريان، أو تغير شكلها باستمرار وهذا الحمل مقسوم على مساحة المقطع العرضي الأصلي. ويمكن تعريفه بأنه كمية الجهد في المادة الصلبة عند بداية التشوه الدائم.
وقد تسمى نقطة الخضوع أيضا بحد المرونة حيث ينتهي عندها السلوك المرن ويبدأ السلوك اللدن. عندما تزال الإجهادات الأصغر من نقطة الخضوع تعود المادة إلى شكلها الأصلي. قد تكون نقطة الخضوع في بعض المواد غير محددة فيستعاض عنها بمقاومة الخضوع. ومقاومة الخضوع هو الإجهاد الذي تخضع عنده المادة لبعض التشوهات الدائمة وغالبا عند قيمة 0,2 %. تبدأ بعض المواد بالخضوع أو الجريان اللدن عند إجهاد محدد (نقطة الخضوع العليا) التي تهبط بسرعة إلى قيمة ثابتة سفلى (نقطة الخضوع الدنيا) عند استمرار التشوه. أي زيادة في الإجهاد بعد نقطة الخضوع يسبب تشوه دائم أكبر والانكسار لاحقا.

وتعتبر معرفة نقطة الخضوع أساسية عند تصميم أجزاء الآلات حيث تمثل نقطة حدية عليا للإجهاد الذي يمكن تطبيقه. كما أنها مهمة في إنتاج وتصنيع المواد مثل الحدادة والدرفلة والكبس. وفي هندسة الإنشاءات يعتبر الخضوع أحد أنماط الانهيار غير الخطيرة والتي لا تسبب فشل كارثي مالم يسرع عملية التحنيب

التعريف

من الصعب غالبا تعريف الخضوع بسبب التنوع الكبير لمنحنيات الإجهاد-الانفعال للمواد. بالإضافة، يوجد عدة طرق ممكنة لتعريف الخضوع:
 حد المرونة الحقيقي
 هو أقل إجهاد تتحرك عنده الانخلاعات. ونادرا ما يستخدم هذا التعريف لأن الانخلاعات تتحرك عند إجهادات منخفضة جدا، والكشف عن هذه الحركة صعب جدا.
 حد التناسب
 يكون الإجهاد تحت هذه القيمة متناسبا مع الانفعال وفق قانون هوك، فيكون منحني الإجهاد-الانفعال خطا مستقيما، ويمثل ميل هذا الخط معامل المرونة للمادة.
 حد المرونة (مقاومة الخضوع)
 تكون التشوهات بعد حد المرونة دائمة. وهو أقل إجهاد يمكن أن تقاس عنده التشوهات الدائمة. وهذا يتطلب عملية يدوية من التحميل ثم نزع التحميل وتعتمد الدقة علة الجهاز ومهارة المستخدم. وحد المرونة للوحدات المرنة مثل المطاط أكبر من حد التناسب. كما أظهرت قياسات الانفعال الدقيقة أن الانفعال اللدن يبدأ عند إجهادات منخفضة.
 نقطة الخضوع المتجاوزة (إجهاد الضمان)
 وهي أكثر قياسات القوى استخداما للمعادن، ويمكن إيجادها من منحني الإجهاد-الانفعال كما يظهر في الشكل. ويستخدم الإجهاد اللدن الاصطلاحي 0.2 % لتعريف نقطة الخضوع المتجاوزة وقد تستخدم قيم أخرى اعتمادا على المادة والتطبيقات. وقيمة التجاوز تكتب كلاحقة سفلية مثل، Rp0.2=310 MPa. وفي بعض المواد التي ليس لها منطقة خطية جوهرية ولذلك تعرف قيم للإجهاد محددة بدلا عنها. ومع أن هذه الطريقة تبدو اعتباطية، فإن هذه الطريقة لا تسمح بمقارنة عادلة للمواد.

 نقطة الخضوع العليا ونقطة الخضوع الدنيا
 بعض المعادن مثل الفولاذ الطري أو المطاوع صلب كربوني تصل إلى نقطة خضوع عليا قبل أن تهبط بسرعة إلى نقطة خضوع دنيا. واستجابة المادة خطية حتى نقطة الخضوع العليا ولكن نقطة الخضوع الدنيا تستخدم في هندسة الإنشاءات كقيمة تحفظية. إذا أجهد المعدن حتى نقطة الخضوع العليا وما بعدها فقد تتشكل أحزمة لودر Lüder band.

إجهاد مرن

يبين الشكل منحني تغير استطالة ε قضيب من المادة واقع تحت تأثير قوة شد σ من طرفيه (إجهاد ميكانيكي). في البدء يتزايد طول القضيب تزايد تناسبي مع قوة الشد؛ في تلك المنطقة يكون القضيب مرنا بحيث يعود إلى طوله الأصلي عند إزالة قوة الشد (الإجهاد)، هذه هي المنطقة التي يكون فيها المادة مرنا أو لينا.وعندما تتعدى قوة الشد تلك المنطقة تبدأ العينة تستطيل بطريقة غير عكسية، أي بإزالة قوة الضغط يتغير شكل العينة وتستطيل شيئا ما. هذا التغير في اسطالة العينة يزداد بزيادة قوة الشد، حتى تصل إلى النقطة 3 وتسمى «مقاومة الشد» أو أقصي حد للخضوع. وعندما تزيد قوة الشد عن تلك المنطقة فإن القضيب لا يستطيع تحمل إجهاد أكثر من ذلك وينقطع عند النقطة 4 .

يقاس الإجهاد الميكانيكي بالقوة الواقعة على مساحة مقطع العينة الصلبة، أي نيوتن/مليمتر مربع أو ميجا باسكال.

توجد خاصية تستخدم كثيرا في الهندسة الميكانيكية
وهي تسمى «حد المرونة» وتعريفها كالآتي: حد المرونة هو مقدار الإجهاد الميكانيكي الذي يجعل العينة تستطيل بمقدار 2و0 %. هذا الحد هو النقطة 5 في الشكل.

حد الخضوع وحد القطع لبعض المواد
ملحوظة: تعتمد تلك الخواص على طريقة التصنيع ووجود شوائب في المادة ونوع السبيكة.

انظر أيضاً
 إجهاد (فيزياء)
 انفعال (علم المواد)
 مقاومة الشد
 معامل يونغ
 اختبار الشد
 سطح الخضوع

المراجع

لدونة
مرونة
ميكانيكا استمرارية

حد الخضوع


"I Did Something Bad" je pjesma američke pop kantautorice Taylor Swift koja je pjesmu napisala zajedno s producentima Maxom Martinom i Shellbackom. To je treća pjesma na Swiftinom šestom studijskom albumu Reputation (2017). Swift je izvela pjesmu na American Music Awardsu 2018. godine.

O pjesmi i glazbenom videu
"I Did Something Bad" traje tri minute i pedeset osam sekundi i ima tempo od 86 otkucaja u minuti. Swift ga izvodi u ključu G-mol u rasponu glasova od G3 do D5.

Glazbeno, pjesma sadrži "tešku" elektronsku produkciju, dok je u početku pisana na klaviru. Swift je također objasnila iHeartRadiju da joj je ideja za dio produkcije pjesme došla u snu. Swift je taj koncept opisala producentima koji su postavili efekt na snimku Swiftinog glasa kako bi stvorili efekt koji se odvija nakon zbora, jer nisu mogao upotrijebiti odgovarajući instrument za taj zvuk.

Tekstualno, pjesma govori o Swift koja je zadovoljna sama sobom sa svojim postupcima, bez obzira na to što svijet i mediji misle o njoj. Pričalo se da je pjesma usmjerena na njezina bivšeg dečka Calvina Harrisa ili Kanye Westa.

Ljestvice

Izvori

Skladbe Taylor Swift

I Did Something Bad (pjesma Taylor Swift)


Mary Morrissey (rođena 1949.) američka je spisateljica Nove Misli i aktivistica za međunarodno nenasilje. Ona je autorica knjige Building Your Field of Dreams, u kojoj opisuje svoje borbe i lekcije iz ranog života. Također je autorica No Less Than Greatness, knjige o iscjeliteljskim odnosima. Godine 2002. prikupila je materijal i uredila knjigu New Thought: A Practical Spirituality. Američki pisac Wayne Dyer nazvao ju je "jednom od najpromišljenijih učiteljica našeg vremena".

Od ranog početka karijere aktivna u međunarodnom humanitarnom radu, Morrissey je 1995. godine suosnovala Association for Global New Thought i bila njezina prva predsjednica. 1997. godine udružila se s unukom Mahatme Gandhija, Arunom Gandhijem, u uspostavljanju međunarodne Season for Nonviolence. Od siječnja 2019., Season for Nonviolence slavi se diljem svijeta kao prilika "za okupljanje zajednica, osnažujući ih da promisle i pomognu u stvaranju nenasilnog svijeta".

Rani život
Mary Morrissey (djev. Manin) rođena je u Beavertonu u državi Oregon 1949. godine. Sa 16 godina bila je potpredsjednica svog razreda, kada se zaljubila u kolegu studenta i ubrzo zatrudnila. Par se uskoro vjenčao, no zbog sramote koja je pratila maloljetničku trudnoću sredinom 1960-ih, Morrissey je izbačena iz srednje škole. Ubrzo nakon poroda smrtno se razboljela od infekcije bubrega, a prognozirali su joj još šest mjeseci života. Morrissey je kasnije napisala kako je vjerovala da je sram izazvao njenu neizlječivu bolest, nakon što je "provela cijelu godinu osjećajući se loše jer sam posramila sebe, svoju školu i svoju obitelj". Nakon promjene mišljenja koju je, na samrtničkoj postelji, izazvala posjeta svećenika Nove Misli, Morrissey se brzo oporavila. Počela je proučavati polje Nove Misli, koje je tada bilo relativno novo.

Humanitarni rad i aktivizam
Morrissey je postala učiteljica, a 1975. postala je redovnica. Počela je držati predavanja na poljima Nove misli, duhovnog rasta i nenasilja. Postala je aktivistica i voditeljica pokreta Nova misao te je pomogla u osnivanju duhovnih centara diljem SAD-a. Prema Wayneu Dyeru, njezina "sposobnost pronalaženja zajedničkog jezika koji ima intiman dodir" pomogla joj je u komunikaciji s ljudima različitih kultura.

Aktivna feministica u američkom drugom valu feminizma 1970-ih, Morrissey se udružila s Barbarom Marx Hubbard i Jean Houston kako bi osnovala The Society for the Universal Human. Kasnije je pozvana da postane članica Transformational Leadership Council, kojeg je utemeljio Jack Canfield.

Morrissey je radila s Dalaj Lamom na pitanjima koja se odnose na globalni pokret za nenasilje. Suosnivala je Association for Global New Thought 1995. godine i bila je njezina prva predsjednica. U sklopu svog humanitarnog rada upoznala je Nelsona Mandelu u Južnoj Africi i kasnije je u svoj rad uključila i njegova učenja o nenasilnom otporu.

Kao aktivistica za međunarodno nenasilje, ona i Arun Gandhi, unuk Mahatme Gandhija, osnovali su Season for Nonviolence. Kao dio svog rada u Season for Nonviolence, Morrissey je pozvana da se obrati Ujedinjenim narodima, najprije o suzbijanju nasilja, a kasnije o potrebi za međunarodnom agendom nenasilja. Tijekom desetljeća od osnutka, Season for Nonviolence je rastao da bi se danas podučavao i slavio širom svijeta, a nastavni plan i program predavao se u školama i na sveučilištima. Od siječnja 2019., Season for Nonviolence slavi se diljem svijeta kao prilika "da se zajednice okupe, osnažujući ih da promisle pomognu u stvaranju nenasilnog svijeta."

Living Enrichment Center - Centar za obogaćivanje življenja
Morrissey je bila osnivačica Living Enrichment Center u Oregonu, međutim, 2004. godine ona i njezin tadašnji suprug su podnijeli zahtjev za stečaj. U medijskom skandalu koji je uslijedio, Morrissey se ispričala što je svoje sljedbenike navela na "rizičan financijski put". Preuzela je "apsolutnu odgovornost" za situaciju. Postigla je nagodbu sa saveznom vladom koja je uključivala otplatu od više od 10 milijuna dolara duga. Morrissey se kasnije razvela od supruga i sljedećih 14 godina radila je na tome da otplati dug. Prema Morrisseyinim riječima, dug je podmiren i u cijelosti isplaćen do kraja 2018. godine.

Knjige

Building Your Field of Dreams (1996.)
Building Your Field of Dreams prikazuje Morrisseyine borbe kao majke tinejdžerice i prikazuje njezin proces samoostvarenja. Publishers Weekly nazvao je knjigu "iskrenom" iako je izjavio da je prožeta "klišejima". Knjigu je prihvatila zajednica zainteresirana za samorazvoj, dok je Wayne Dyer napisao da knjiga "blista", a pisac Gay Hendricks knjigu je nazvao "izvorom duhovne mudrosti". Knjiga je postala popularna i čitatelji su je podučavali u studijskim grupama diljem SAD-a. Časopis Peninsula Daily News knjigu je nazvao "metafizičkim klasikom". U svojoj knjizi The Art of Being, pisac Dennis Merritt Jones navodi Building Your Field of Dreams među preporučenom literaturom za čitatelje koje zanima mindfulness. Spisateljica Tess Keehn u Alchemical Inheritance piše da joj je knjiga Building Your Field of Dreams pomogla u stvaranju ploča s vizijom. Autorica Sage Bennet u knjizi Wisdom Walk navodi Morrisseyjinu knjigu Building Your Field of Dreams kao izvor nadahnuća za učenje o Novoj misli. Unutar svog žanra, knjiga je postigla međunarodni ugled, a  španjolska verzija se čak 25 godina nakon objavljivanja smatra jednom od najboljih knjiga na području duhovnosti.

No Less Than Greatness (2001.)
Međuljudski odnosi su često u srži Morrisseyjinih učenja, govoreći o napetosti između muževnosti i ženstvenosti. Tijekom godina Morrissey je pisala članke i kolumne za razne novine i časopise, često se fokusirajući na odnose iz duhovne perspektive. U svojoj knjizi No Less Than Greatness: Finding Perfect Love in Imperfect Relationships, Morrissey se usredotočila na izgradnju odnosa. Publishers Weekly napisao je kako je knjiga povremeno "površna", ali je primijetio kako bi Morrisseyjin narativ "oduševio mnoge poklonike žanra duhovne samopomoći". Knjiga se podučavala na međunarodnoj razini. Pisac Gary Zukav knjigu je nazvao "praktičnom i inspirativnom", a spisateljica Marianne Williamson napisala je kako bi knjiga "trebala biti pratilac svakog para". Robert LaCrosse naveo je No Less Than Greatness kao preporučeni izvor nadahnuća u svojoj knjizi Learning From Divorce. Pisac Dennis Jones preporučio je No Less Than Greatness u svojoj knjizi The Art of Being iz 2008. godine. Neale Donald Walsch, u svojoj knjizi Tomorrow's God, među ostalim ključnim knjigama žanra preporučio je "opijanje čitanjem" s No Less Than Greatness.

New Thought: A Practical Spirituality (2002.)
Morrissey je u svoja učenja uključila izvore iz Biblije, Tečaj čuda, Talmuda, Tao Te Ching-a,, Thoreaua i drugih. Želeći predstaviti pokret New Thought kohezivnijoj prirodi, Morrissey je prikupila materijal, te uredila knjigu New Thought: A Practical Spirituality. Objavio ju je Penguin 2002., a knjiga je ponudila kratke eseje više od 40 vođa Nove misli. Knjiga je postala izvorom nadahnuća za akademska istraživanja: u knjizi Alternative Psychotherapies Jean Mercer ju je spomenula kao ključni izvor za razumijevanje "bavljenja duhovnim svijetom". U knjizi Jones & Bartlett' iz 2009., Spirituality, Health, and Healing: An Integrative Approach, autori Young i Koopsen citirali su Morrisseyjinu Novu misao kao izvor nadahnuća za razlikovanje pokreta New Thought od New Age, tvrdeći da "New Thought nije New Age" i citirajući Morrisseyjinu knjigu. Brojne dodatne istraživačke knjige, uključujući Oxford University Press-ovu Gurus of Modern Yoga, spominju Morrisseyjinu knjigu New Thought kao glavni izvor nadahnuća za produbljivanje razumijevanja New Thought pokreta.

Ostali spisi
Tijekom desetljeća Morrissey je pisala članke i kolumne za novine, časopise i knjige. To uključuje i redovito objavljivanje u časopisu Success. Citati iz njezinih knjiga objavljeni su u međunarodnim časopisima, kao i u knjigama. Reference i citati iz njezinih učenja pojavljuju se u knjigama za samopomoć, knjigama o kršćanskim učenjima, knjigama o osnaživanju, pronalaženju zvanja i sreći. Serija Simon & Schuster's Chicken Soup for the Soul često otvara poglavlja s njezinim učenjima.

Kao autoratitivna figura unutar pokreta New Thought movement, zaslužna je kao nadahnuće za pisanje nekoliko knjiga, uključujući The Conscious Heart, The Art of Being, The Inspired Life, Small Pleasures, The Twelve Conditions of a Miracle, Healing From Depression, Positive Energy, Ninety Seconds to a Life You Love, To Hell and Back i druge. Morrisseyino svestrano pisanje učinilo ju je, prema knjizi Alana Cohena Handle With Prayer, "jednom od najuglednijih propovjednika u pokretu Nove misli". Njezina su učenja objavljena u knjigama diljem svijeta. Svojim učenjima stekla je poseban ugled u Rusiji, kao i na Dalekom istoku, u Indoneziji i Kini.

Medijski istupi
Na radiju, Morrissey je nastojala koristiti emitiranje kako bi "napravila promjenu u svijetu".  Morrisseyjini radijski programi prenošeni su i u inozemstvu.    Autorica je nekoliko radio programa, uključujući The Eleven Forgotten Laws s Bobom Proctorom.

Na televiziji, dvosatni televizijski PBS-ov posebni program: Building Your Dreams adaptiran je iz njezine knjige Building Your Field of Dreams.  Njezini razni PBS-ovi posebni programi nastavili su se prikazivati u 2000-ima.  Njezini televizijski programi prikazani su na raznim kanalima, uključujući televizijske postaje povezane s NBC -jem , a s porastom interneta i na servisu za strujanje Gaia.

U kinematografiji, Morrissey je bila rana zagovornica duhovnog filma, a tijekom godina pojavila se u raznim dokumentarnim filmovima iz tog područja. Godine 2005. Morrissey glumi u The Moses Code. Godine 2007. glumi s Eckhartom Tolleom u Living Luminaries,a film je kasnije prepoznat kao jedan od najboljih produkcija duhovnih dokumentaraca. Godine 2009. sudjelovala je u filmu Beyond the Secret, zajedno s Les Brownom. Godine 2010. pojavila se u filmu Discover the Gift uz Dalaj Lamu. Iste godine glumila je i u filmu The Inner Weigh. Godine 2014. glumila je u filmu Sacred Journey of the Heart, koji je osvojio kategoriju najboljeg filma na Međunarodnom filmskom festivalu za okoliš, zdravlje i kulturu 2014.

Njezin TEDx govor iz 2016., The Hidden Code For Transforming Dreams Into Reality, prikupio je više od milijun pregleda na YouTubeu.

Kritika
U svojoj knjizi Shadow Medicine: The Placebo in Conventional and Alternative Therapies, John S. Haller upozorava da se alternativni pristupi medicini, kakve nudi Mary Morrissey, ne bi trebali zamijeniti konvencionalnu medicinu.

Bibliografija

 Building Your Field of Dreams, Mary Morrissey, Random House, 1996.
 No Less Than Greatness, Mary Morrissey, Random House, 2001.
 New Thought: A Practical Spirituality, Mary Morrissey (uredila), Penguin, 2002.
 Guidance from the Darkness, Mary Murray Shelton, Mary Morrissey (pregovor), Putnam/Penguin, 2002.
 Discover the Gift, Shajen Joy Aziz, Mary Morrissey (doprinijela), Ebury Publishing, 2010.
 Women of Spirit, Katherine Martin, Mary Morrissey (doprinijela), New World Library, 2010.
 Tapping into God, Debbie Belmessieri, Mary Morrissey (predgovor) Hay House, 2011.
 Chocolate for a Woman's Soul, Kay Allenbaugh, Mary Morrissey (doprinijela), Simon and Schuster,  (i na španjolskom)
 Fearless Women: Visions of a New World, Mary Ann Halpin, Mary Morrissey (doprinijela), Greenleaf Book Group, 2012.  .
 In Her Power, Helene Lerner, Mary Morrissey (doprinijela) Simon and Schuster, 2012.
 You Were Born to Triumph, Evelyn Roberts Brooks, Mary Morrissey (predgovor),Hay House, 2014.
 Quantum Success, Christy Whitman, Mary Morrissey (doprinijela), Simon and Schuster, 2018 (Str. 17-23).

Izvori

Aktivisti
Životopisi, SAD

Mary Morrissey


APXS is also an abbreviation for APache eXtenSion tool, an extension for Apache web servers.

An alpha particle X-ray spectrometer (APXS) is a spectrometer that analyses the chemical element composition of a sample from scattered alpha particles and fluorescent X-rays after a sample is irradiated with alpha particles and X-rays from radioactive sources. This method of analysing the elemental composition of a sample is most often used on space missions, which require low weight, small size, and minimal power consumption. Other methods (e.g. mass spectrometry) are faster, and do not require the use of radioactive materials, but require larger equipment with greater power requirements. A variation is the alpha proton X-ray spectrometer, such as on the Pathfinder mission, which also detects protons.

Over the years several modified versions of this type of instrument such as APS (without X-ray spectrometer) or APXS have been flown: Surveyor 5-7, Mars Pathfinder, Mars 96, Mars Exploration Rover, Phobos, Mars Science Laboratory and the Philae comet lander. APS/APXS devices will be included on several upcoming missions including the Chandrayaan-2 lunar rover.

Sources

Several forms of radiation are used in APXS. They include alpha particles, protons, and X-rays. Alpha particles, protons, and X-rays are emitted during the radioactive decay of unstable atoms. A common source of alpha particles is curium-244. It emits particles with an energy of 5.8 MeV. X-rays of 14 and 18 keV are emitted in the decay of plutonium-240. The Mars Exploration Rovers' Athena payload uses curium-244 with a source strength of approximately .

Alpha particles

Some of the alpha particles of a defined energy are backscattered to the detector if they collide with an atomic nucleus. The physical laws for Rutherford backscattering in an angle close to 180° are conservation of energy and conservation of linear momentum. This makes it possible to calculate the mass of the nucleus hit by the alpha particle.

Light elements absorb more energy of the alpha particle, while alpha particles are reflected by heavy nuclei nearly with the same energy. The energy spectrum of the scattered alpha particle shows peaks from 25% up to nearly 100% of the initial alpha particles. This spectrum makes it possible to determine the composition of the sample, especially for the lighter elements. The low backscattering rate makes prolonged irradiation necessary, approximately 10 hours.

Protons

Some of the alpha particles are absorbed by the atomic nuclei. The [alpha,proton] process produces protons of a defined energy which are detected. Sodium, magnesium, silicon, aluminium and sulfur can be detected by this method. This method was only used in the Mars Pathfinder APXS. For the Mars Exploration Rovers the proton detector was replaced by a second alpha particle sensor. So it is also called alpha particle X-ray spectrometer.

X-ray

The alpha particles are also able to eject electrons from the inner shell (K- and L-shell) of an atom. These vacancies are filled by electrons from outer shells, which results in the emission of a characteristic X-ray. This process is termed particle-induced X-ray emission and is relatively easy to detect and has its best sensitivity and resolution for the heavier elements.

Specific instruments

Alpha-X, for DAS lander on Phobos 1 and Phobos 2.
ALPHA, for Mars 96 landers. Collaboration between Germany, Russia, and USA.
Alpha Proton X-Ray Spectrometer, for Mars Pathfinder by the Max Planck Institute and the University of Chicago.
Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, for Spirit (MER-A) and Opportunity (MER-B) Mars Exploration Rovers.
Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, for Curiosity (MSL). The principal investigator for Curiositys APXS is Ralf Gellert, a physicist at the University of Guelph in Ontario, Canada. It was developed and funded by the Canadian Space Agency, with operations also supported by Guelph and United States' space administration.
Alpha Particle X-ray Spectrometer, for Philae, the European Space Agency's lander attached to Rosetta, to study the comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko.

Gallery

References

External links

Mars Pathfinder
Mars Science Laboratory instruments
Science and technology in Canada
Canadian inventions
Space program of Canada
Mars Exploration Rover mission
X-ray spectroscopy
Spacecraft instruments
University of Guelph
Space science experiments

Alpha particle X-ray spectrometer


An Arthrostylidium urbanii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pilg.. An Arthrostylidium urbanii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arthrostylidium, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Cuba. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Arthrostylidium

Arthrostylidium urbanii


Dagua je rijeka u Kolumbiji. Ulijeva se u Tihi ocean.

Izvori

Rand McNally, The New International Atlas, 1993.

Rijeke u Kolumbiji
Tihooceanski slijev (Južna Amerika)

Dagua


Baran may refer to:

People
Baran (name)
Baran (singer) (born 1988), Iranian singer

Places

Europe
Baran, Belarus, a town
Baran, Lublin Voivodeship, a village in Poland
Baran, Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, a village in Poland
Uroczysko Baran killing fields near Kąkolewnica, Poland
Baran, Russia, several rural localities in Russia

Africa
Baran, Sool, in the Sool province of Somalia
Badhan, Sanaag, in Somalia, also known as Baran
Baran, alternative name of Buraan, a town in Somalia

Asia
Baran district, in the state of Rajasthan in India
Baran, Rajasthan, a city in Baran district, India
Bulandshahr, India, earlier known as Baran
Baran, Khuzestan, a village in Iran
Bārān, alternative name of Borj-e Balan, a village in Markazi Province, Iran
Baran Duz (Castle of Baran), a village in Iran
Baran, Pakistan, a village

Arts and entertainment
Baran (film), by Majid Majidi, released in 2001
Baran, a character in the anime/manga series Dragon Quest: Dai no Daibōken
Baran, Japanese spelling of Varan, a fictional monster lizard

See also
Barran (disambiguation)
Barang (disambiguation)
Borran (disambiguation)
Jhalawar–Baran (Lok Sabha constituency), Rajasthan, India

Baran


Jacobus Franciscus (Jacques) Benders (1er Juin 1924  - 9 Janvier 2017) était un mathématicien néerlandais et professeur émérite de recherche opérationnelle à l'Université de technologie d'Eindhoven. Il a été le premier professeur aux Pays-Bas dans le domaine de la recherche opérationnelle  et est connu pour ses contributions à la programmation mathématique.

Biographie

Benders a étudié les mathématiques à l'Université d'Utrecht, où il a ensuite obtenu son doctorat en 1960 avec une thèse intitulée "Partitioning in Mathematical Programming" sous la direction de Hans Freudenthal.

À la fin des années 1940, il commence sa carrière comme statisticien pour la Rubber Foundation. En 1955, il s'installe au laboratoire Shell à Amsterdam, où il étudie les problèmes de programmation mathématique concernant la logistique dans les raffineries de pétrole. Il a développé la technique connue sous le nom de décomposition de Benders et a utilisé les résultats dans sa thèse de doctorat.

En 1963, Benders a été nommé professeur de recherche opérationnelle à l'Université de technologie d'Eindhoven, étant le premier professeur aux Pays-Bas dans ce domaine. Parmi ses doctorants figuraient Israel Herschberg (1966), Jaap Wessels (1968), Freerk Lootsma (1970), Joseph Evers (1973), Jan van Geldrop (1980), Robert van der Vet (1980) Johannes van der Wal (1980) et Jacob Koene (1982).

Il a pris sa retraite à l'Université de technologie d'Eindhoven le 31 mai 1989. En 2009, il a reçu la Médaille d'or de l'EURO, la plus haute distinction en recherche opérationnelle en Europe.

Publications
Benders est auteur et co-auteur de dizaines de publications.

Sélection de livres :
 1960 : Partitioning in mathematical programming. Doctoral thesis Utrecht University.
 1961 : Mathematische programmering: syllabus college Rijksuniversiteit Utrecht 1960–1961
 1964 : De taak van de wiskunde in de operations research. Inaugurele rede.
 1982 : Een decision support systeem voor locatie en allocatieproblemen bij een drankenconcern. With Jo van Nunen.

Sélection d'articles :
 Benders, Jacques F. "Partitioning procedures for solving mixed-variables programming problems." Numerische mathematik 4.1 (1962): 238–252.

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Société française de recherche opérationnelle et d'aide à la décision
 Théorie de la décision

Liens externes

Recherche opérationnelle
Mathématicien néerlandais du XXe siècle

Jacques F. Benders


El fin de la ciencia es un tema controvertido que genera interesantes y recurrentes debates sobre el progreso científico, el conocimiento y el futuro del saber científico.

Algunos científicos han anunciado el fin inminente del progreso de la ciencia, o al menos de algunas de sus ramas. Por ejemplo James Clerk Maxwell, William Thomson, y más recientemente Stephen Hawking, especularon sobre el próximo fin de la física.

El asunto de un posible fin de la ciencia también tiene ocupados a los filósofos de las ciencias. Charles Renouvier entrevé e intuye la posibilidad de una síntesis única de los conocimientos científicos ahora dispersos, lo que constituiría el fin de la ciencia, o por lo menos el fin de la etapa actual de progreso.

John Horgan, un periodista científico que escribe para varias conocidas revistas, entre ellas Scientific American, sostiene que lo esencial de los grandes descubrimientos científicos ya han sido realizados y que por tanto de ahora en más, no deben esperarse nuevas e importantes revoluciones científicas. A la inversa, Bruno Latour responde que «no hay ni fin de la ciencia ni fin de la historia, y que no lo habrá nunca».

Véase también
 Progreso científico
 El fin de la Historia y el último hombre
 Fin de la historia

Referencias

Bibliografía
 John Horgan, The End of Science: Facing the Limits of Science in the Twilight of the Scientific Age, New York, Broadway Books, 1996

Enlaces externos

Epistemología
Filosofía de la ciencia

Fin de la ciencia


Sveti Joel (značenje: Jahve je Bog), starozavjetni mali prorok.

Životopis
O Joelovu se životu malo toga zna. Bio je sin Petuelov i drugi od 12 malih proroka. Djelovao je između 8. i 5. stoljeća pr. Kr. Nakon što izraleski narod nije prepoznao Jahvinu kaznu, Joel postaje Božji izabranik tijekom prirodnih nepogoda i ratova te upozorava Izraelce da se obrate Jahvi i pokaju za svoje grijehe. Napisao je proročku knjigu od 4 poglavlja koja se citirala u Djelima apostolskim i Poslanici Rimljanima.

Izvori
Sveci: Sveti Joel
Narod: 19. listopada sveti Joel - prorok koji je naviještao Sudnji dan
Hrvatska enciklopedija: Joel

Mali proroci

Joel


Anne Sofie Riising (født 19. februar 1926 i Otterup, død 26. januar 2017 i Odense) var en dansk historiker og arkivar.

Hun blev nysprogligt student fra Sct. Knuds Gymnasium i Odense i 1943 og læste derefter historie. I 1950 erhvervede hun guldmedalje på afhandlingen The Fate of Henri Pirenne's Theses on the Consequences of the Islamic Expansion, publiceret 1952. Året efter blev hun, som den første kvinde, mag.art. i historie ved Aarhus universitet.

Allerede i studietiden var Anne Riising knyttet til Landsarkivet for Fyn som vikar og blev ansat her som arkivar i 1953. Den første, store opgave var udarbejdelsen af Katalog over Karen Brahes Bibliothek, trykt 1956. Af andre publikationer må nævnes Landsarkivet for Fyn og hjælpemidlerne til dets benyttelse, 1970, samt studier i 1700-tallets danske lokaladministration og middelalderlige kirkeforhold.

Som den første kvinde opnåede Anne Riising en chefstilling i det danske arkivvæsen, idet hun bestred posten som landsarkivar fra 1972 til 1985, hvor hun blev pensioneret.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Biografi på Den Store Danske Encyklopædi
 Biografi på Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon

Arkivarer fra Danmark
Personer fra Otterup

Anne Riising


The Rolls-Royce AE 2100 is a turboprop developed by Allison Engine Company, now part of Rolls-Royce North America. The engine was originally known as the GMA 2100, when Allison was a division of former corporate parent General Motors.

Development
On July 11, 1989, Saab-Scania A.B. selected the GMA 2100 to power its new Saab 2000, a 50-seat stretch of the Saab 340 turboprop, in a US$500 million deal. In July 1990, Industri Pesawat Terbang Nusantara (IPTN) of Indonesia picked the GMA 2100 as the engine for the twin-engine N-250 regional airliner. Flight testing with a  Dowty R373 propeller on a Lockheed P-3 Orion testbed aircraft began on August 23, 1990, and finished after over 50 hours of flight and ground testing.

The GMA 2100D3 became the powerplant for the Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules. It made its first test flight on March 19, 1994, which was conducted by Marshall Aerospace on a Lockheed C-130K Hercules testbed leased from the Royal Air Force. Testing ended in June 1994 after 47 flight hours. The engine powered the initial flight of the C-130J aircraft on April 5, 1996. By April 1997, the D3 variant had received Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) type certification. 2,000 of the D3 variants have been delivered as of 2018.

The engine's C variant was certified on December 20, 1993. It powered the N-250 prototype's first flight on August 10, 1995, but the N-250 aircraft program was postponed indefinitely in the late 1990s due to the Asian financial crisis.

In June 1997, the AE 2100 was selected by Lockheed Martin and Alenia to power the C-27J Spartan tactical airlifter. In October 2015, Alenia announced plans to use a  uprated version of the AE 2100 as the baseline engine by 2017.

Design

A derivative of the Allison AE 1107C-Liberty (Rolls-Royce T406) turboshaft engine, the AE 2100 shares the same high-pressure core as that engine, as does the Rolls-Royce AE 3007 turbofan. This core is capable of powering turboprops of up to . The AE 2100 is a two-shaft design, and it was the first to use dual FADECs (full authority digital engine control) to control both engine and propeller, allowing both to be adjusted with a single lever. There are four production variants of the engine: the civil AE 2100A, and the military variants which include the AE 2100D2/D2A, AE 2100D3, AE 2100J and AE 2100P.

The AE 2100 inherited the Allison T56's 14-stage axial compressor design, but the inlet and the stator for the first five stages have variable blades. The annular combustor has 16 air-blast fuel injection nozzles. The turbine that drives the compressor has two stages, with the first stage using single-crystal blades. A free power turbine with two stages drives the propeller through an inner shaft and a gearbox. The engine has replaceable steel blades and vanes, which are more reliable but heavier than titanium.

The AE 2100 engine and gearbox are rated at , but was derated to  for the Saab 2000, Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules, and IPTN N-250, respectively. The engine uses six-bladed, all-composite blade Dowty propellers, including the model R381 on the Saab 2000, R414 on the ShinMaywa US-2, R384 on the IPTN N-250, and R391 on the C-130J military transport and the LM-100J civil-certified version of the C-130J. The gearbox has a reduction ratio of about 14 and a mean time before unscheduled removal (MTBUR) of over 35,000 hours.

Variants and applications
AE 2100A
 Lockheed P-3 Orion (testbed)
 Saab 2000
AE 2100C
 IPTN N-250 (prototype only)
AE 2100D2A
 Alenia C-27J Spartan
AE 2100D3
 Lockheed C-130K Hercules (testbed)
 Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules
 Lockheed Martin LM-100J
AE 2100F
 A variant proposed in 1995 and paired with Dowty R394 propellers to retrofit the Allison T56-powered Lockheed C-130 models E through H and Lockheed L-100-30, at a price after engine/propeller trade-in of USD$11 million per aircraft.
AE 2100G
A variant offered in 1994 for the proposed ATR 82, a twin-turboprop airliner seating up to 86 passengers and requiring about  of power.
AE 2100H
A variant offered in 1996 for Dassault Aviation's proposed Atlantic Third Generation (ATL3G) maritime patrol aircraft (MPA).
AE 2100J
 A hybrid of the AE 2100A and AE 2100D3, sporting the torque-meter and interconnecting struts from the AE 2100A and the gearbox-mounted accessory gearbox from the AE 2100D3; also uses a stronger reduction gearbox, a Dowty six-bladed propeller for higher loads, and modified inlet and bypass section positioning to mitigate seawater ingestion; powers the ShinMaywa US-2.
AE 2100P
 Saab 2000 AEW&C
AE 2100SD-7
A variant proposed in 1994 for the European Future Large Aircraft (which eventually became the Airbus A400M), with the required power increase from  estimated to cost USD$600 million.

Specifications (AE 2100D3)

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

 AE 2100 product page at rolls-royce.com
 Rolls-royce.com
 Lockheed Martin C-130J specification booklet

1990s turboprop engines
Rolls-Royce aircraft gas turbine engines

Rolls-Royce AE 2100


Yeşil yol, İngilizce greenway olarak kullanılan terim. Green kelimesi ormanlar, nehir kenarları, vahşi yaşam gibi doğallığı çağrıştırmakta; way kelimesi ise bir rota veya bir aksı belirtmektedir. İki kelime birlikte peyzajla bütünleşen koridor veya bir aks anlamına gelmektedir.

Gelişen kentsel peyzaj içinde, yeşil yollar iki fonksiyonu beraberinde getirmektedir: hem kamusal geçişler ve rekreasyonel kullanımlar için açık alanlar oluşturmakta, hem de mevcut doğal kaynakların korunmasını ve gelişmesini sağlamaktadır. Genel anlamda, greenway, çok çeşitli lineer açık alanlar için bağlantı oluşturan ve bu yönde kentsel doku içine doğru gelişmeyi sağlayan genel bir terimdir. Bu terim içinde bisiklet yolları, yaban yaşamı koridorları, revize edilmiş su kenarları veya kentten uzak bir akarsu veya haliç boyunca ağaçlandırılmış yaya aksları yer alır.

Greenway tipleri
1. Kentsel nehir kenarı (veya diğer bir su öğesi) yeşil yolları, ihmal edilmiş veya çoğunlukla harap olmuş şehirlerin su kenarlarında yeniden geliştirilen bir proje doğrultusuna veya bu projenin bir parçası olarak düşünülür.

2. Rekreasyonel yeşil yollar, patikalar ve çeşitli akslar şeklinde, genelde oldukça uzun mesafede, kanallar gibi doğal koridorlar, terkedilmiş demiryolu hatları ve kamu alanları boyunca yer alırlar.

3. Ekolojik öneme sahip doğal koridorlar, genelde akarsular ve nehirler veya yükselti boyunca yer almaktadır. Bu koridorlar fauna göçlerine, türlerin yer değişimlerine, yaban hayatı üzerinde çalışmalara ve hiking (doğa yürüyüşleri)e imkân sağlamaktadır.

4. Doğal manzaralı tarihi akslar, genelde bir yol, karayolu veya suyolu boyunca uzanarak, karakteristik özellikte olup yayaların ve araçların bir aks boyunca geçişlerini sağlarlar.

5. Geniş yeşil yol sistemleri veya ağları, genelde temelini vadiler ve sırtlar gibi doğal arazi formlarından alarak, oluşturulan yeşil yolların ve çok çeşitli açık alanların birleşmesiyle belediyeye ait veya bölgesel alternatif yeşil altyapı oluştururlar.

Yeşil yollar, günümüzde dış mekan rekreasyonlarına artan ilgiye cevap vermektedir –yürüyüş, koşu (jogging) ve bisiklete binme. Yeşil yollar, bu ihtiyaca cevap veren maliyeti az olan bir uygulamadır çünkü potansiyel alanlar, arazinin oldukça dar koridorlarından oluşmaktadır, bunların içinde taşkın alanları, taşkın ovaları, terkedilmiş demiryolu yatakları ve başka bir anlamda terkedilmiş alanlar vardır. Yeşil yollarda birçok mülkiyet hakkını ve yargıyı birlikte düşünmek gerekir. Çünkü mülk sahipleri arazilerini koruma amaçlı yeşil yollara karşı çıktığında buna meydan okumaktadır. Yeşil yollar bir anlamda da yeşil yol planlamasıyla doğal, kültürel ve tarihi kaynakları korumaktadır.

Ekolojik yeşil yollar vahşi yaşamın hareket koridorları ve bitki türlerinin lokasyonu için değerli yerlerdir. Bu tampon bölgeler, bitkisel toz ve kirlilik filtresi görevi görmektedir. Özellikle şehirlerde hava kirliliği ve aşırı sıcaklık değişimlerinde moderatör olarak işlevleri vardır.

Kaynakça
 Greenways for America (Little, 1990)

Parklar
Peyzaj mimarlığı

Yeşil yol