Isabel Teixeira de Oliveira (São Paulo, 10 de novembro de 1973) é uma atriz, dramaturga e diretora brasileira. Formada em interpretação pela Escola de Arte Dramática da USP, conduziu sua carreira sempre de forma atrelada ao teatro e, recentemente, tem se destacado na televisão. Por sua atuação tanto como atriz quanto diretora, foi laureada com vários prêmios, incluindo dois Prêmios APCA, dois Prêmios Shell e um Melhores do Ano, além de ter recebido indicações para um APTR e um Prêmio Qualidade Brasil.

Após uma breve experiência em 1984 atuando na peça Uma Aventura a Caminho do Guarujá, aos 10 anos, pelo qual foi escolhida Melhor Atriz Revelação pelo Prêmio APETESP, Isabel só iniciou a carreira profissionalmente mesmo em 1994, emendando inúmeros espetáculos, como atriz e diretora, onde se consagrou por trabalhos como Um Bonde Chamado Desejo (2002), Arena Contra Arena 50 Anos (2004), Rainhas, Duas Atrizes em Busca de um Coração (2009) e E Se Elas Fossem para Moscou? (2014).

Na televisão, estreou na série Beleza S/A (2013), no GNT. No entanto, foi ao participar da novela Amor de Mãe (2019–20), na TV Globo, que ganhou maior destaque, interpretando a médica Jane. Ainda esteve na série Desalma (2020–22). Em 2022, foi consagrada no papel de Maria Bruaca na novela Pantanal, trabalho que lhe rendeu inúmeros prêmios, incluindo o APCA e o Melhores do Ano. Em 2023, protagoniza a novela Elas por Elas na pele da vilã Helena.

Isabel se caracteriza por ser uma profissional que revisita e estuda muitos dos movimentos artísticos que compõem a dramaturgia, bem como o papel dos atores. Analisando o papel do ator numa peça, Teixeira afirma que o artista também é um escritor, um compositor, tal qual o próprio autor da obra em que ele atua. Segundo a atriz, se não for assim, o ator não tem razão de ser: "O ator escreve no ar da sala de ensaio".

Biografia
Nascida em São Paulo em 10 de novembro de 1973, Isabel Teixeira de Oliveira é filha do cantor e compositor Renato Teixeira e Alexandra Corrêa. É irmã do também cantor Chico Teixeira. Desde a infância, interessou-se pelo mundo artístico. Aos dez anos de idade, realizou sua primeira experiência no teatro com o espetáculo infantil Uma Aventura a Caminho do Guarujá, escrito por Ninho Moraes e dirigida por Carlos Meceni. Em sua estreia, já chamou atenção da crítica, sendo consagrada com o prêmio de Melhor Atriz Revelação pelo Prêmio APETESP. Mais tarde, ingressou no renomado curso da  Escola de Arte Dramática da USP e, posteriormente, emplacou seus primeiros trabalhos como atriz dentro da própria universidade.

Carreira

1994–09: Começo e primeiros trabalhos
Ao ingressar Escola de Arte Dramática da USP, na década de 1990, começou a participar de diversas montagens de grupos teatrais dentro da universidade. Entre seus primeiros trabalhos, destacam-se os espetáculos A Tempestade (1994), de William Shakespeare e direção de José Rubens Siqueira, Marat-Sade (1995), de Peter Weiss e direção de Francisco Medeiros, A Cozinha (1997), de Arnold Wesker e direção de Iacov Hillel, Farsas e Improviso de Molière (1997), de Molière e direção de Beth Lopes, Baal (1997) de Bertolt Brecht e direção de Roberto Lage, e Trinta e Três (1998), dirigida por Cristiane Paoli-Quito e Tica Lemos. Em 1999, foi escalada para interpretar a protagonista-título do espetáculo Agatha, romance baseado na obra da escritora francesa Marguerite Duras e dirigido por Roberto Lage. Em 2000, estreou na direção teatral com o espetáculo O Jardim das Cerejeiras, de Anton Tchekhov, no qual ela assumiu a co-direção ao lado de Élcio Nogueira Seixas. Foi integrante-fundadora da Companhia Livre de Teatro, com a qual realizou trabalhos como atriz nos espetáculos Toda Nudez Será Castigada e Um Bonde Chamado Desejo, ambas sob a direção de Cibele Forjaz. Nesta última, pelo papel de Stella DuBois, recebeu uma indicação ao Prêmio Shell de Melhor Atriz em 2002. Assumiu o posto de assistente de direção em uma montagem de Os Sete Gatinhos (2001).

Em 2003, ainda na companhia, volta aos palcos como atriz na peça Depois do Expediente e assume a direção do espetáculo O Ninho. Na mesma companhia, em 2005, coordenou o projeto "Arena Conta Arena 50 Anos", ganhador dos prêmios Shell e APCA do mesmo ano. Entre 2007 e 2012, atuou como atriz em Gaivota, Tema Para Um Conto Curto, espetáculo baseado na obra de Anton Tchekhov, com direção de Enrique Diaz, que a levou em turnê pelo Brasil e diversas partes do mundo, como em Kunsten Festival dês Arts em Bruxelas, Teatro Sesc Pinheiros, em São Paulo, Grec Festival, Barcelona, Toulouse, Bayonne, Lille, Lyon, Paris, Gijon, Santiago de Compostela, Bogotá, Lisboa, Quebéc, Montréal e Shizuoka. Em 2009, produziu, escreveu e atuou na obra Rainha[(s)], Duas Atrizes em Busca de Um Coração, com direção de Cibele Forjaz, com a qual ganhou o Prêmio Shell de melhor atriz. O espetáculo excursionou por várias cidades do Brasil, participou do Festival Schiller, em Mannheim em 2011 e, em 2012, participou do Festival Santiago a Mil no Chile.

2010–19: Consagração no teatro e expedições internacionais
Em 2011, Isabel apresentou a performance H.Tel&Soul no projeto X-Moradias, em Mannheim, na Alemanha, concepção sua e da artista plástica Simone Mina sobre um poema inédito da desconhecida escritora Virgínia Rey. Foi assistente de Regina Braga no espetáculo Totatiando, com Zélia Duncan, em 2011.

Em 2013, dirigiu a peça Desarticulações, monólogo realizado por Regina Braga com texto de Sylvia Molloy. Também em 2013, dirigiu o show Tudo Esclarecido, novamente com Zélia Duncan na obra. Entre 2014 e 2015, estreou PUZZLE (a, b, c e d), sob a direção de Felipe Hirsch. Entre 2013 e 2020, atuou no espetáculo E se Elas Fossem para Moscou?, com o qual foi indicada como melhor atriz para os prêmios Questão de Crítica, Cesgranrio e APTR, sob direção de Christiane Jatahy. A peça foi vista em países como Canadá, França, Portugal, Espanha, Bélgica, Croácia, Alemanha e Estados Unidos, cumprindo turnê até janeiro de 2020.

Entre 2014 e 2015, dirigiu o espetáculo Animais na Pista, de Michelle Ferreira, e o espetáculo Agora Eu Vou Ficar Bonita, com Regina Braga e Celso Sim e roteiro de Regina Braga e Dráuzio Varella.

Em 2016, dirigiu a peça Fim de Jogo, de Samuel Beckett, com Renato Borghi e Elcio Nogueira Seixas. No mesmo ano, codirigiu a peça A Tragédia da América Latina, sob a direção de Felipe Hirsch. Ainda em 2016, dirigiu a peça LOVLOVLOV, Peça Única em Cinco Choques, com texto seu com Diego Marchioro e Fernando de Proença. Em 2017, dirigiu a peça A Mulher que Digita, de Carla Kinzo.

Como integrante da Cia. Vértice de Teatro, foi convidada pelo Teatro Odeon de Paris e pelo Le Centquatre-Paris para atuar no espetáculo Ítaca, de Christiane Jatahy, que estreou em Paris em abril de 2018 e cumpriu turnê mundial até 2019. Já em julho de 2019, dirigiu o novo show de Zélia Duncan "Tudo É Um", com estreia nacional no Sesc Pinheiros, em São Paulo. No mesmo ano, dirigiu a peça São Paulo, com roteiro de Regina Braga, que tinha estreia prevista para março 2020 e reestreou depois da pandemia, cumprindo turnê em 2022. Por fim, no último biênio, escreveu e dirigiu a peça People vs People, com Fernando de Proença e Diego Marchioro, que estreou em novembro de 2019 em Curitiba.

Na televisão ganhou projeção nacional com sua atuação na novela exibida pela TV Globo, Amor de Mãe, de Manuela Dias, com direção de José Villamarin, entre 2019 e 2020. Na produção, interpretou a personagem Jane, amiga fiel da vilã Thelma, interpretada por Adriana Esteves. Nesta mesma trama a personagem vivida por Isabel fica marcada por sua morte trágica ao ser assassinada pela própria confidente pouco tempo depois de descobrir uma verdade bastante inconveniente para a antagonista.

2020–presente: Reconhecimento na televisão

Isabel escreveu o podcast em três capítulos: People vs Tesla, para a Rumo de Cultura de Curitiba, que estreou em novembro de 2020, nas principais plataformas. Ainda em 2020, integrou o elenco da série Desalma, de Ana Paula Maia, com direção de Carlos Manga Junior, exibida pelo Globoplay, interpretando a personagem Anele Burko. Em 2022, retornou à personagem na segunda temporada da produção.

A partir de março de 2022 interpreta a personagem Maria Bruaca na refilmagem da telenovela Pantanal, exibida na faixa das 21h pela TV Globo. A personagem anteriormente foi interpretada por Ângela Leal na versão de Benedito Ruy Barbosa, na extinta TV Manchete. Bruaca é uma esposa que sofre duramente com os maus tratos do marido Tenório, interpretado por Murilo Benício, além de ser ainda caracterizada por ser uma pessoa bastante apegada à filha Guta (Julia Dalavia). O remake foi adaptado por Bruno Luperi, com colaboração de Lucas Ohara, e com direção de Walter Carvalho, Davi Alves, Fábio Strazzer, Roberta Richard, Cristiano Marques e Noa Bressane. A direção artística é de Rogério Gomes. A performance de Teixeira na pele da sofrida Maria Bruaca foi aclamada pela crítica e consagrada pelo público, tornando-a bastante popular no meio televisivo. Ela foi agraciada com os principais prêmios nacionais, incluindo o Prêmio APCA e o Melhores do Ano de melhor atriz de novela.

A grande repercussão de seu trabalho em Pantanal lhe rendeu o convite para protagonizar o episódio "Falas Femininas" da série antológica Histórias (Im)Possíveis, da TV Globo, onde interpretou Laura, uma mulher que se tornou mãe recentemente e é atormentada pela morte de sua funcionária. Ainda colhendo os frutos de seu sucesso em Pantanal, Isabel tornou-se bastante disputada entre os produtores da emissora e recebeu diversos convites para estrelas novelas do canal. Em junho de 2023, a atriz foi anunciada como uma das protagonistas de Elas por Elas, reboot da telenovela homônima criada e escrita por Cassiano Gabus Mendes em 1982. Estrelada ainda por Deborah Secco, Késia Estácio, Monica Iozzi, Thalita Carauta, Maria Clara Spinelli e Karine Teles, Isabel interpreta a grande vilã Helena, uma das sete amigas protagonistas da trama.

Teatro

Filmografia

Televisão

Cinema

Outros projetos

Shows

 2001 – assistência de direção em "Sissi na Sua", show de Marina Lima sob a direção de Enrique Diaz.
 2012 – assistência de direção do show "Totatiando", a partir da obra de Luiz Tatit, com Zélia Duncan, direção de Regina Braga.

Exposições

 2008 - Curadoria e concepção da exposição "Renato Borghi, 50 anos de carreira", realizado pelo Sesc São Paulo.

Prêmios e indicações

Ligações externas

!Artigos novos
Naturais do estado de São Paulo
Atrizes de São Paulo (estado)
Atrizes de teatro do Brasil
Atrizes de televisão do Brasil
Atrizes de cinema do Brasil
Diretores de teatro do Brasil

Isabel Teixeira


الباصرة أو لعبة حرامي هي لعبة ورق وعدد اللاعبين اثنين أو أكثر. هناك أقوال أنها اختراع عربى وأنها تعود للتراث العربى حيث أنه ليس لها أي جذور غربية.

الباصرة اسم لعبة لها أنظمة وقوانين محددة وليس اسم ورق اللعب.

عدد الأوراق
52 ورقة من A بستوني إلى K ديناري بدون جوكر و 54 ورقة مع الجوكر أو 55 ورقة

طريقة اللعب
يتم أولا اختيار أحد اللاعبين لتوزيع الأوراق ثم يقوم بتوزيع أربعة أوراق لكل لاعب من اللاعبين.
بعد ذلك يقوم الموزع بوضع أربع ورقات مكشوفة على أرض اللعب.
يبدأ اللعب من الشخص الذي وزعت له الأوراق أولاً.
ويجب على اللاعب اللعب بورقة واحدة.
آخر من يأتي عليه اللعب. عندما يأتي دور اللعب للاعب فإنه يبحث أولًا في الأوراق التي معه في مجموعته على ورقة تكسب الأوراق التي على الأرض بطريقتين:
 أوراق عليها نفس رقم ورقة على الأرض فإنه يأخذها معها ويكسبها في خانة الرصيد.
 ورقتان رقمها ناتج جمعهما يساوي رقم على ورقة في الأرض فيأخذ الأوراق من الأرض مع ورقته وتصبح من رصيده.

ملاحظة: إذا لم يجد ورقة رقمها أو حرفها نفس الذي على الأرض فإنه ينزل أحد أوراقه على الأرض دون كسبها مع الرصيد.
و عند نفاذ الورق من أحد اللاعبين يخرج من اللعبة ويكمل باقي اللاعبين اللعب.
إذا نفذ الورق من جميع اللاعبين تنتهى اللعبة ويبدأ اللاعبين في عد رصيدهم من الأوراق لمعرفة
الفائز الذي حصل على أكبر عدد من الأوراق!.

بداية اللعب
يبدأ اللعب بوضع أربعة أوراق على الأرض

كيفية الكسب
تستطيع أخذ كل الأوراق بالولد (القاشوش) (جاك).
تستطيع أخذ الورقة بورقة بنفس الرقم أو الحرف.
تستطيع أخذ الورقتين بورقة تنتج عن جمع الرقم المكتوبة في الورقة مثال: تستطيع أخذ 5 و 4 بالتسعة.
الإكة (A) تساوي 1.

النقاط
إن كانت توجد في الأرض ورقة واحدة واللاعب يمتلك ورقة مشابهة لها فيأخذها وتحسب له باصرة.

الباصرة تحسب 10 نقاط إلا أن تكون باصرة بالـJ فإنها تحسب 20 نقطة.

يعني الذي عنده كل الـJ فربما يأخذ نقاط أكثر.

مثلاً لاعب كسب 16 ورقة بأربعة أولاد عنده 800 نقطة.

و لاعب كسب 36 ورقة بأوراق مثلها عنده 360 نقطة.
أو لاعب كسب 18 ورقة بورقتين ناتج جمعهما الرقم الذي على الورقة التي على الأرض عنده 360 نقطة

ملاحظة: الذي كسب بالأولاد كلهم من الممكن أن يخسر.

ملاحظة: عند وجود العدد نفسه من النقاط يجب أن تكون عديت الأوراق لأن الذي يملك العدد الأعلى من الأوراق هو الفائز وتحسب النقاط بنصف عدد الأوراق × 10 إلا إذا كسبت بالـJ تضرب في 20.

باختصار: اللاعب الأكثر عدد من النقاط هو الفائز في حالة أن لا لاعب آخر له نفس العدد من النقاط.
و عند الكسب العادي تأخذ عشر نقاط أما الكسب بالولد فتأخذ منه عشرين نقطة.

ملاحظة: يجب أن تأخذ ورقة كي تحسب مرات الكسب العادي ومرات الكسب بالولد.

الذي يجمع كل الأوراق من على الأرض بدون ولد (J) يحصل على عشر نقاط 10 (باصرة)

الذي يجمع أكبر قدر من الأوراق يحصل على 30 نقاط

النقاط في الأوراق
الآس (الإكة) A نقطة 1

الولد (J) نقطة 1

الاثنان (2) من البستوني ♠ نقطتان 2

العشرة (10) الديناري  ♦  3 نقاط

بقية الأوراق تقسمها في 2 ثم تضربها في × 10 أما إذا كسبتها بالولد فتضربها في × 20 - عدد الأولاد (عدد مرات الكسب)

ملاحظات خاصة
إذا كان في يد اللاعب ورقة الولد فإنه عندما يأتي دوره ويلعب ورقة الولد فإنه يأخذ كل الاوراق التي على الأرض ويضيفها إلى رصيد الأوراق الخاص به بالإضافة إلى ورقة الولد التي كسب بها الأوراق التي كانت على الأرض وعندما يأتي دور اللعب على اللاعب الذي بعده فإنه يلعب أي ورقة من التي معه إلى الأرض لأن الأرض تصبح خالية من الأوراق.

و إذا لعب اللاعب ورقة الولد ولم تكن هناك أي اوراق على الأرض فإن الورقة تترك على الأرض وتصبح ورقة محروقة لم تفيد اللاعب في الإضافة إلى الرصيد.

إذا كانت هناك ورقة وحيدة فقط على الأرض وكانت مع اللاعب الذي عليه الدور ورقة شبيهة بالتي على الأرض فإنه يأخذ التي على الأرض ويضيفها إلى الرصيد الخاص به بالإضافة إلى الورقة التي كانت معه ولكن عندما يضعها في رصيده فإنه يجعلها مقلوبة عكس باقى الأوراق ويجلعها للخارج قليلًا وذلك حتى يعلمها
لأنه عند عد الأوراق بعد انتهاء اللعبة تحسب هذه الورقة بعشرة وليست بواحد فهي ورقة مميزة للغاية ويطلق على هذه الحركة اسم «باصرة» ومنها جاء اسم اللعبة.

إذا كان مع اللاعب جوكر يستخدمه بديل لأي ورقة إذا أراد من البداية لكن لا أعرف أي نقاط يكسب بالجوكر ربما 30 نقطة

لعبة دق أربع
و هي لعبة مشهورة باسم باصرة وطريقة اللعب سهلة وهي:

يبدأ التوزيع بالتساوي على الجميع وتوضع الورقة الأخيرة على الأرض

و من يكسب هو من يلعب أولًا

اللعبة تعتمد على الحظ لذلك يجب على الشخص عدم النظر لأوراقه

الكسب بالمتطابقين مثل 2 و 2 و K و K والولد J والجوكر

حين توضع الإكة A يتم وضع أربع أوراق من اللاعب الذي يليه وإذا كان ضمنها ولد أو جوكر فإنها تحترق

و الحرق أيضًا حين يوضع الولد أو الجوكر أولًا

الإكة أيضًا تحترق إذا وضعت بعد إكة أخرى

كما أنه في هذي الحالة لا توضع أربع أوراق لأنها وضعت إكة على إكة واحترقت الاثنتان

و يمكن كسبهما بورقة A ثالثة

الفائز هو من تبقى أوراقه معه حتى النهاية لا يوجد تعادل في اللعبة لأنها لا توجد نقاط أو نظام

ملاحظة: الأوراق توضع بالترتيب في مكان واحد وليس في أماكن منفصلة كلعبة باصرة وسبعة الكومي

سبعة الكومي
تلعب بنفس الطريقة لكن الفرق أن سبعة الديمن  ♦

تكسب جميع الأوراق إلى جانب الولد (J)

منظومات اللعبة
♠ البستوني (سبيت)

♣ الاسباتي (شرية) او ( كلفس )

♥ الكوبة (هاص)

♦ الديناري (ديمن)

مراجع

ألعاب ورق اللعب
الألعاب التركية

باصرة


Katipzade Nuh Naci Yazgan (d. 1885 Kayseri) - (ö. 7 Ekim 1947), Kayseri doğumlu hayırsever iş insanı, politikacı.

Milli Mücadele yıllarında Kayseri'de Erciyes gazetesini çıkardı; Sivas Kongresi'nde Kayseri delegesi, Anadolu ve Rumeli Müdafaa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti'nde kurucu ve yönetim üyesi, TBMM II. dönem (İstifa: 22 Aralık 1924) Kayseri milletvekii olarak görev aldı.

Adana'daki sahipsiz fabrikaları yeniden canlandırmak üzere 1924'te milletvekilliğini bırakıp Adana'ya yerleşen Nuh Naci Bey, Adana'daki ünlü dokuma fabrikası Milli Mensucat'ın ve pamuk üreticilerine finansman sağlamak için Adana'da yaşayan Kayseri işadamları tarafından kurulan Akbank'ın kurucularındandır.

Kayseri ve İstanbul'da birçok hayır kurumu kurdu. Adı, Kayseri'de 2009 yılında kurulan  Nuh Naci Yazgan Üniversitesi'nde yaşatılır.

Yaşamı
1886'da Kayseri'de dünyaya geldi. Babası, İbrahim Hakkı Bey'dir. Ticaret İdadisi'ni bitirdi. İş yaşamına Kayseri'deki Baruthane'de kâtiplik yaparak başladı. Bu işinden ötürü "Katipzade" olarak tanındı. Bir yıl kadar Kayseri İdadisi'nde (Lisesinde) Hüsn-ü Hat ve Meşk (Güzel yazı ve örnek yazı) dersleri verdi. Ticaret yaşamına ise halıcılık yaparak başladı.

Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı sırasında, Kalaçzade Ahmet Hilmi Bey ve Ömer Mümtaz İmamzade ile birlikte Sivas Kongresi'nde Kayseri delegesi olarak seçildi, ne var ki kongre çalışmaları sona erdikten sonraki günlerde Sivas'a gelebildi. Sivas'tan döndükten sonra Kayseri'de Müdafa-i Hukuk Cemiyeti'nin kurulmasına önayak oldu. Kayseri ve civarında halktan toplanan yardımlarla ulusal müfrezeler oluşturulması ve görevlendirilmesi, işgal hareketlerini kınayan toplantılar düzenlenmesi, halkın dini ve milli duygularının canlı tutulması konularında öncülük etti. İşgal edilen yerlerde halka yapılan eziyetleri anlatmak ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa önderliğindeki gelişmeleri halka duyurmak amacıyla yayın giderlerini şahsen karşılayarak "Erciyes" adında bir gazetenin çıkarılmasını sağladı.

Kayseri Belediyesi'nde encümen üyesi iken 1923 yılında Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'ne Kayseri milletvekili seçildi. Savaş sırasında Adana'daki fabrikasında Türk ordusu için kaput bezi üretti. Atatürk kendisine Adana'da kentten ayrılan azınlıkların terk ettiği, bacası tütmeyen fabrikaları yeniden faaliyete geçirme görevi verince, 22 Aralık 1924'te milletvekilliğinden istifa etti ve Adana'daki sanayi hamlesinin başına geçti.

Nuh Naci Bey, Orhan Kemal'in romanlarında ölümsüzleştirdiği ülkenin en eski fabrikalarından Milli Mensucat'ı 1927'de dönemin diğer işadamları Mustafa Özgür, Nuri Has, Seyit Tekin ile birlikte Hazine'den satın aldı ve işletti. Burada üretilen "Aslan" marka vater ve ekstra iplikler, ülkede büyük talep gördü.

1948 yılında Akbank'ı kuran, hepsi "Adana'daki Kayserililerden" ve her biri %15 hisseye sahip 6 arkadaştan birisiydi.

Kayseri'de ilk köylü öğrenci yurdunu, Göğüs Hastalıkları Hastanesini yaptıran kişidir. Eşi Behice Yazgan' adına Behice Yazgan Kız Lisesi'ni yaptırmıştır. Kayseri'de Kayseri Yükseköğrenim ve Yardım Vakfı tarafından kurulan vakıf üniversitesi "Nuh Naci Yazgan" adını taşımaktadır.

7 Ekim1947'de hayatını kaybetti. Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'na defnedildi.

Yaptırdığı Hayır Kuruluşları

Nuh Naci Yazgan tarafından yaptırılmış hayır kuruluşları şunlardır:

 Nuh Naci Yazgan Öğrenci Yurdu (Kayseri): 1939 yılında hizmete giren öğrenci yurdu, halen Kayseri Yükseköğrenim ve Yardım Vakfı'nın iktisadi işletmesi olarak faaliyetini sürdürür.
 İstanbul Yüksek Tahsil Öğrenci Yurdu (İstanbul): Yükseköğrenim görmek için Kayseri'den İstanbul'a giden dar gelirli öğrencilerin barınmaları için hizmet veren bir kurulştur. Laleli'de'de hizmete giren yurt, binanın yetersiz kalması üzerine Çapa'da yaptırılan büyük yurt binasına taşınmıştır. 80 ihtilali sonrası kapanan yurdun binası uzun süre Çapa Kız Yurdu olarak devam etmiş daha sonra da mesleki liseye dönüşmüştür.
 Göğüs Hastanesi ve Dispanseri (Kayseri): Kayseri'nin merkezinde 1943 yılında yaptırılmış bir göğüs hastanesi ve dispanseridir, halen hizmetine devam etmektedir.
 Behice Yazgan Kız Lisesi (Kayseri): Nuh Naci Yazgan'ın vasiyeti üzerine 1969 yılında Kayseri şehir merkezinde eşi adına yaptırılmış olan lisedir.

Kaynakça

1885 doğumlular
1947 yılında ölenler
Kayseri doğumlu iş insanları
20. yüzyıl Türk iş insanları
Kayseri Lisesinde öğrenim görenler
Sivas Kongresi delegeleri
TBMM 2. dönem Kayseri milletvekilleri
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
Kurtuluş Savaşı'na katılan siviller
Resim aranan siyasetçiler

Nuh Naci Yazgan


Veronica Ewers, née le  à Moscow, est une coureuse cycliste professionnelle américaine, membre de l'équipe EF Education-Tibco-SVB.

Biographie
Originaire de l'Idaho, elle étudie à l'Université Willamette de Salem en Oregon, où elle pratique le football en troisième division. Elle en sort diplômée en espagnol et en anthropologie. Elle débute le cyclisme en 2019 à Washington, à la Fount Cycling Guild, où elle côtoie notamment Jennifer Wheeler, professionnelle chez Tibco en 2011-2012.

Ewers obtient son premier résultat significatif en 2021 aux championnats des États-Unis sur route à Knoxville, dont elle prend la troisième place. À la suite de ce podium, EF Education-Tibco-SVB lui offre une invitation au sein de son effectif pour la Joe Martin Stage Race, qu'elle termine à la deuxième place, après être montée sur le podium de chacune des étapes. Elle signe alors son premier contrat professionnel, en août 2021.

Pour sa première course en Europe, le Tour de l'Ardèche, elle se montre à son avantage en multipliant les tops 10 et en terminant à la  au classement général.

L'année suivante, elle s'impose en solitaire sur la dernière étape du Festival Elsy Jacobs, avant de prendre la  de l'Emakumeen Nafarroako Klasikoa le , puis de remporter la Classique féminine de Navarre le lendemain.

Palmarès

Par années
 2021
  de la Joe Martin Stage Race
  du championnat des États-Unis sur route
 2022
 Classique féminine de Navarre
  du Festival Elsy Jacobs
  de l'Emakumeen Nafarroako Klasikoa
  du Festival Elsy Jacobs
  de la Durango-Durango Emakumeen Saria
  du Tour d'Émilie
  des Trois vallées varésines
  du Tour de Romandie
  du Women's Tour
  du Tour de France
  du Tour du Pays basque
 2023
  du Tour d'Italie

Résultats sur les grands tours

Tour de France
2 participations
 2022 :
 2023 : non partante ()

Tour d'Italie
1 participation
 2023 :

Tour d'Espagne
1 participation
 2023 :

Classements mondiaux

Références

Liens externes

Coureuse cycliste américaine
Naissance en septembre 1994
Naissance dans l'Idaho

Veronica Ewers


General, kara ve hava kuvvetlerinde albaydan sonra gelen ve mareşale kadar olan yüksek rütbeli subaylara verilen unvan. Deniz Kuvvetleri'ndeki dengi "amiral"dir. Hitap ederken yalnızca korgeneral ve orgenerale "General" denilmekle birlikte, tuğgeneral ve tümgeneral rütbeli subaylar, doğrudan bu rütbeleriyle anılırlar.

Kara ve hava kuvvetlerindeki general rütbeleri sırasıyla şöyledir:
 Tuğgeneral: Tugay Komutanı
 Tümgeneral: Tümen Komutanı
 Korgeneral: Kolordu Komutanı
 Orgeneral: Ordu Komutanı
 Mareşal: Ordular Grubu Komutanı
Deniz kuvvetlerindeki generale denk gelen amiral rütbeleri sırasıyla şöyledir:
 Tuğamiral
 Tümamiral
 Koramiral
 Oramiral
 Büyükamiral
(Mareşâl ve Büyükamiral rütbeleri savaşta olağanüstü yararlıkları görülen, hayattaki veya ölmüş, orgeneral veya oramirallere kanunla verilir. Bu rütbeler bekleme süresiyle elde edilemez.)

Ancak askerî görevlerin yanı sıra idarî görevlere yapılan atamalar nedeniyle her Tuğgeneral bir Tugay Komutanı veya her Tümgeneral bir Tümen Komutanı değildir. Örneğin Genelkurmay Başkanlığı'nın İletişim Dairesi Başkanlığı görevini yürüten bir Tümgeneral'e bağlı bir tümen yoktur.

Kaynakça

Unvanlar
Almancadan Türkçeye geçen sözcükler

General


Wallacea  is a biogeographical designation for a group of mainly Indonesian islands separated by deep-water straits from the Asian and Australian continental shelves. Wallacea includes Sulawesi, the largest island in the group, as well as Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores, Sumba, Timor, Halmahera, Buru, Seram, and many smaller islands. The islands of Wallacea lie between the Sunda Shelf (the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, Java, and Bali) to the west, and the Sahul Shelf including Australia and New Guinea to the south and east. The total land area of Wallacea is .

Geography
Wallacea is defined as the series of islands stretching between the two continental shelves of Sunda and Sahul, but excluding the Philippines. Its eastern border (separating Wallacea from Sahul) is represented by a zoogeographical boundary known as Lydekker's Line, while the Wallace Line (separating Wallacea from Sunda) defines its western border.

The Weber Line is the midpoint, at which Asian and Australian fauna and flora are approximately equally represented. It follows the deepest straits traversing the Indonesian Archipelago.

The Wallace Line is named after the Welsh naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, who recorded the differences between mammal and bird fauna between the islands on either side of the line. The islands of Sundaland to the west of the line, including Sumatra, Java, Bali, and Borneo, share a mammal fauna similar to that of East Asia, which includes tigers, rhinoceros, and apes; whereas the mammal fauna of Lombok and areas extending eastwards are mostly populated by marsupials and birds similar to those in Australasia. Sulawesi shows signs of both.

During the ice ages, sea levels were lower, exposing the Sunda shelf that links the islands of Sundaland to one another and to Asia and allowing Asian land animals to inhabit these islands.

The islands of Wallacea have few land mammals, land birds, or freshwater fish of continental origin, which find it difficult to cross open ocean. Many species of birds, reptiles, and insects were better able to cross the straits, and many such species of Australian and Asian origin are found there. Wallacea's plants are predominantly of Asian origin, and botanists include Sundaland, Wallacea, and New Guinea as the floristic province of Malesia.

Similarly, Australia and New Guinea to the east are linked by a shallow continental shelf, and were linked by a land bridge during the ice ages, forming a single continent that scientists variously call Australia-New Guinea, Meganesia, Papualand, or Sahul. Consequently, Australia, New Guinea, and the Aru Islands share many marsupial mammals, land birds, and freshwater fish that are not found in Wallacea.

Biota and conservation issues

Although the distant ancestors of Wallacea's flora and fauna may have been from Asia or Australia-New Guinea, Wallacea is home to many endemic species. There is extensive autochthonous speciation and proportionately large numbers of endemics; it is an important contributor to the overall mega-biodiversity of the Indonesian Archipelago.

Fauna species include the endemic anoa (dwarf buffalo) of Sulawesi and the babirusa (deer pig). Maluku shows a degree of species similarity with Sulawesi, but with fewer flora and fauna. Smaller mammals including primates are common. Seram Island is noted for its butterflies and birdlife including the Moluccan king parrot.

Wallacea was originally almost completely forested, mostly tropical moist broadleaf forests, with some areas of tropical dry broadleaf forest. The higher mountains are home to montane and subalpine forests, and mangroves are common in coastal areas. According to Conservation International, Wallacea is home to over 10,000 plant species, of which approximately 1,500 (15%) are endemic.

Endemism is higher among terrestrial vertebrate species; of 1,142 species found there, almost half (529) are endemic. 45%  of the region retains some sort of forest cover, and only 52,017 km2, or 15 percent, is in a pristine state. Of Wallacea's total area of 347,000 km2, about 20,000 km2 are protected.

Wallacea is home to 82 threatened and six critically endangered species of terrestrial vertebrates.

Ecoregions
Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests:

Banda Sea Islands moist deciduous forests (Kai Islands, Tanimbar Islands, Babar Islands, Leti Islands, eastern Barat Daya Islands)
Buru rain forests (Buru)
Halmahera rain forests (Halmahera, Morotai, Obi Islands, Bacan Island)
Seram rain forests (Seram, Banda Islands, Ambon Island, Saparua, Gorong archipelago)
Sulawesi lowland rain forests (Sulawesi, Banggai Islands, Sula Islands, Sangihe Islands, Talaud Islands)
Sulawesi montane rain forests (Sulawesi)

Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests:

Lesser Sundas deciduous forests (Lombok, Sumbawa, Komodo, Flores, Alor)
Sumba deciduous forests (Sumba)
Timor and Wetar deciduous forests (Timor, Wetar)

Distribution between Asia and Australia
Australia may be isolated by sea, but technically through Wallacea, it can be zoologically extended. Australian Early-Middle Pliocene rodent fossils have been found in Chinchilla Sands and Bluffs Down in Queensland, but a mix of ancestral and derived traits suggest murid rodents made it to Australia earlier, maybe in the Miocene, over a forested archipelago, i.e. Wallacea, and evolved in Australia in isolation.

Australia's rodents make up much of the continent's placental mammal fauna and include various species from stick-nest rats to hopping mice. Other mammals invaded from the east. Two species of cuscus, the Sulawesi bear cuscus and the Sulawesi dwarf cuscus, are the westernmost representatives of the Australasian marsupials.

The tectonic uplift of Wallacea during the collision between Australia and Asia  23 million years ago allowed the global dispersal of passerine birds from Australia across the Indonesian islands. Bustards and megapodes must have somehow colonized Australia. Cockatiels similar to those from Australia inhabit Komodo Island in Wallacea.

A few species of Eucalyptus, a predominant genus of trees in Australia, are found in Wallacea: Eucalyptus deglupta on Sulawesi, and E. urophylla and E. alba in East Nusa Tenggara. For land snails Wallacea and Wallace's Line do not form a barrier for dispersal.

References

External links

 Conservation International: Wallacea
 Too Many Lines; The Limits of the Oriental and Australian Zoogeographic Regions George Gaylord Simpson, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. 121, No. 2 (Apr. 29, 1977), pp. 107–120
 Wallacea Research Group

Regions of Southeast Asia
Biogeography
Indomalayan realm
Australasian realm
Ecoregions of Asia
Maritime Southeast Asia

Wallacea


Igor Vlahović (Zagreb, 1965.), hrvatski geolog, redovni član HAZU od 2016. godine.

Životopis
Rođen je 1965. godine u Zagrebu, gdje je doktorirao na Rudarsko--geološko-naftnom fakultetu 1999. godine. U razdoblju 1990. – 2006. godine bio je zaposlen na Institutu za geološka istraživanja u Zagrebu, a od 2006. zaposlen je na Rudarsko-geološko--naftnom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, gdje je od 2012. godine redoviti profesor. Vodio je jedan projekt, a kao suradnik i konzultant sudjelovao je na pet projekata koje je financiralo Ministarstvo znanosti, obrazovanja i sporta, sudjelovao je na jednom projektu koji je financirala Nacionalna zaklada za znanost, visoko školstvo i tehnologijski razvoj Republike Hrvatske, a trenutno je istraživač na dva istraživačka projekta koja financira Hrvatska zaklada za znanost u razdoblju 2015. – 2019. Bio je voditelj hrvatskih istraživačkih timova na četiri međunarodna znanstvena projekta, član organizacijskih odbora tri domaća znanstvena skupa s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem i pet međunarodnih znanstvenih skupova te član znanstvenih odbora tri domaća znanstvena skupa s međunarodnim sudjelovanjem i tri međunarodna znanstvena skupa. Održao je dva gostujuća predavanja na sveučilištima u Poljskoj, tri u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama i jedno u Austriji.Među ukupno više od 170 publiciranih bibliografskih jedinica ističu se radovi vezani za paleogeografiju i evoluciju Jadranske karbonatne platforme (JKP) i Krških Dinarida u cjelini, a osobito rad u časopisu Palaeo 3 koji je ukupno najcitiraniji rad o JKP-u u bazama WoS i Scopus te 7., odnosno 8., najcitiraniji rad o Dinaridima u tim bazama (ujedno i najcitiraniji rad o Dinaridima hrvatskih autora). Ukupno je u bazi WoS citiran oko 600 puta (h-faktor 13), a u bazi Scopus oko 700 puta (h-faktor 15). Recenzirao je znanstvene članke za osam znanstvenih časopisa, uredio dvadesetak knjiga i bio urednik i član uredništava časopisa Geologia Croatica, European Science Editing (Velika Britanija) i Journal of Alpine Geology (Austrija). U časopisu Palaios (SAD) obnaša dužnost urednika (Associate Editora) od 2006. godine.Održao je brojna popularno-znanstvena predavanja u osnovnim i srednjim školama, aktivno je više puta sudjelovao na Znanstvenom pikniku i Noći muzeja, održao je više predavanja u Hrvatskom geološkom društvu i Slovenskom geološkom društvu, sudjelovao je u snimanju popularnoznanstvenih filmova, izradi stalnoga geološkog postava muzeja, poučnih geoloških staza i dr.U razdoblju 2009. – 2013. godine obnašao je dužnost prodekana za znanost i međunarodnu suradnju Rudarsko-geološko-naftnog fakulteta, voditelja doktorskog studija i zamjenika člana Vijeća područja za prirodne znanosti Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, a 2011. – 2014. godine bio je član Odbora za doktorske programe Sveučilišta u Zagrebu. Trenutno je potpredsjednik Hrvatskoga geološkog društva.Za člana suradnika u Razredu za prirodne znanosti Hrvatske akademije znanosti i umjetnosti izabran je 2006. godine.

Izvori

Hrvatski geolozi
Akademici HAZU
Životopisi, Zagreb

Igor Vlahović


Felde Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı bölge. 13,87 km² yüzölçümüne sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 2090 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Horst Barz tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amtachterwehr.de

Rendsburg-Eckernförde iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Felde


An Tillandsia harrisii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Renate Ehlers. An Tillandsia harrisii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Tillandsia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Guatemala. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tillandsia

Tillandsia harrisii


الحديث المعلل كما يوحي الاسم هو حديث نبوي شابته علة منعت صحته وقدحت فيه مع أن الظاهر السلامة في الحديث واشترط علماء الحديث لاستصحاح العلة شرطين هما:

 الغموض والخفاء
 القدح في صحة الحديث

فحين تكون العلة ظاهرة بغض النظر قادحة أو غير قادحة فلا تؤطر حينها بتعريف العلة الاصطلاحي لكن بعض العلماء يتوسع في هذا كالترمذي الذي يعد النسخ بمثابة العلة لذلك يوجد من الأحاديث الصحاح ما هو معلل.

لذا فإن علم علل الحديث يحتاج إلى حذق وفطنة ودراية فهو قادح في صحة الحديث لكنه خفي فلا يتجلى إلا لفطاحلة المحدثين لكن يمكن التنبه إليها أحيانا من قبل طريقين:

 استفراد الراوي برواية الحديث فلا يؤتى الحديث إلى من تلقائه
 مخالفة الرواة له إن كان قد روي من سبيل آخر.

فأكثف مواطن العلل هي الأسانيد فتجد الحديث المرسل قد وصل والحديث الموقوف قد رفع فيظاهر المحدثون حينها على بطلان الحديث احتجاجا بالخلل والعلة التي تكتنفه وقد تكون العلة في المتن من الحديث كذلك.

من أمثلة الأحاديث الصحيحة المعتلة التي يصح متنها ويختل سندها ما رواه يعلى بن عبيد عن سفيان الثوري عن عمرو بن دينار عن عبد الله ابن عمر بن الخطاب مرفوعا إلى الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم: (البيعان بالخيار مالم يتفرقا).

ففي هذا الحديث وهم يعلى على سفيان الثوري في قوله: عمرو بن دينار. انما هو عبد الله بن دينار، فهذا المتن صحيح، وان وجد في الإسناد علة الغلط، لأن كلا من عمرو وعبيد الله بن دينار ثقه. فإبدال ثقة بثقة لا يضر صحة المتن حتى وإن اختلطت أسماء الرواة. من أشهر الكتب التي توثق هذا النوع من الأثر كتاب العلل الكبير والعلل الصغير للترمذي وأيضا العلل الواردة في الأحاديث النبوية للدارقطني.

مراتب الحديث
مصطلحات الحديث

حديث معلل


Trine i sne er en kortfilm fra 1988 instrueret af Morten Bo efter manuskript af Morten Bo.

Handling
Børnefilm. Trine vil have det samme som Thomas. Først får hun fingervanter og bagefter en kælk. Da Thomas finder et lille egern, vil hun også have det. Thomas vil ikke give hende det, bare fordi hun råber 'Jeg vil'. Filmen henvender sig til de mindste

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1988

Trine i sne


An Chlorospatha croatiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Michael Howard Grayum. An Chlorospatha croatiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Chlorospatha, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 C. c. croatiana
 C. c. enneaphylla

Mga kasarigan

Chlorospatha

Chlorospatha croatiana


Several politico-constitutional arrangements use reserved political positions, especially when endeavoring to ensure the rights of women, minorities or other segments of society, or preserving a political balance of power. These arrangements can distort the democratic principle of one person - one vote in order to address special circumstances.

Countries with reserved seats

Europe

Armenia
Since the 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum, electoral law requires that four seats for ethnic minorities (one Russians, Yezidis, Assyrians and Kurds each) are allocated in the National Assembly.

Belgium
The Parliament of the Brussels-Capital Region in Belgium includes 17 reserved seats for the Flemish minority, on a total of 89, but there are no separate electorates.

Croatia
Croatia reserves eight seats from the minorities and three for citizens living abroad in its parliament. There are three seats for Serbs, one for Italians, and a few more for other ethnic groups, where a single representative represents more than one group (there is only one representative for both Czechs and Slovaks).

Cyprus

The Republic of Cyprus is full of reserved political positions. Due to its nature as a bi-communal republic, certain posts are always appropriated among Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots. For example, the president is chosen from the Greek Cypriot community by using separate electoral rolls, whereas the vice president is chosen by the Turkish Cypriot community, using their own separate electoral rolls. Similarly 70% of the parliament are chosen from Greek Cypriots whereas 30% are chosen by and from Turkish Cypriots. In the Supreme Court, there should be one Greek, One Turkish and one neutral foreign judge.

Denmark

The Folketing consists of 179 representatives; including two from Greenland and a further two from the Faroe Islands.

Kosovo

The Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo has 120 directly elected members; 20 are reserved for national minorities as follows:
 10 seats for the representatives of the Kosovo Serbs.
 4 seats for the representatives of the Romani, Ashkali and Egyptians.
 3 seats for the Bosniaks.
 2 seats for the Turks.
 1 seat for the Gorani.

Albanian is the official language of the majority, but all languages of minorities such as Serbian, Turkish and Bosnian are used, with simultaneous interpretation.

Slovenia
The National Assembly of Slovenia has 88 members elected by party-list proportional representation. Another two seats are elected by the Italian and Hungarian ethnic minorities using the Borda count.

United Kingdom

Political parties are permitted to restrict the selection of their candidates in constituencies to a specific gender under the Sex Discrimination (Election Candidates) Act 2002; to date, only the Labour Party utilises the law.

The UK also reserves 26 seats in the House of Lords for Church of England bishops, who together are known as the Lords Spiritual.

Asia

Bangladesh
50 seats out of 350 in the Parliament are reserved for women.

China
China's National People's Congress (NPC) includes special delegations for the military of China (the single largest NPC delegation (≈9%)) and Taiwan (a region it claims but does not control). 55 minority ethnic groups are recognized in China and each has as at least one delegate, though they belong to normal region delegations. Additionally, from 1954 to 1974, the NPC included a special delegation specifically for Overseas Chinese who returned to China.

Hong Kong and Macau

Hong Kong and Macau provide for constituencies which represent professional or special interest groups rather than geographical locations. Voters for the members representing these constituencies include both natural persons as well as non-human local entities, including organizations and corporations.

India

India has seats in both houses of parliament, state assemblies, local municipal bodies and village-level institutions reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, better-known as Dalits and Adivasis respectively. The election of Dalit and tribal candidates is by the general electorate. Out of 543 constituencies in India's parliament, a total of 131 seats (24.13%) are Reserved or blocked for Representatives from Scheduled Castes (84) and Scheduled Tribes (47) only. This is different from separate electorate practiced in other countries. Many Indian states, like Kerala and Bihar, have parliamentary reserved seats for the Anglo-Indian community, as did the Lok Sabha until 2020.

Iran

Iran reserves a fixed number of seats in the Majlis for certain recognized non-Muslim ethnoreligious groups. To wit, two seats are reserved for the Christian Armenian community, and one seat each is reserved for the Assyrian and Chaldean Catholic, Jewish, and Zoroastrian communities.

Jordan
Jordan has reserved seats for women, Christians, Circassians, Chechens, and Bedouins.

Lebanon

Lebanon specifies the religious affiliation of several of its high officers, such as the President (Maronite), the Prime Minister (Sunni Muslim) and the Parliament's Speaker (Shia Muslim). Every electoral district for the parliamentary elections includes a fixed number of the various religious communities.

Pakistan

Pakistan reserves a fixed number of parliamentary seats for women that is 60 and for minorities that is 10.

Philippines
Some local legislatures in the Philippines has a reserved seat for indigenous people called "Indigenous People Mandatory Representation". These are elected by the indigenous people themselves.

The Local Government Code also calls for reserved seats in local legislatures for women, workers, and one from the urban poor, indigenous cultural communities, disabled people and other sectors, but for these seats, no law has passed on how these seats will be filled up.

In Congress, no seats are reserved, although sectoral representatives were appointed by the president to the House of Representatives before the application of the party-list system.

Singapore

Group Representation Constituency (GRC) was created in 1988. GRC scheme entrenches the presence of minority MPs in Parliament, ensuring that interests of minority communities are represented in Parliament. In a GRC, a number of candidates comes together to stand for elections to Parliament as a group. Each voter of a GRC casts a ballot for a team of candidates, and not for individual candidates. The original stated purpose of GRCs was to guarantee a minimum representation of minorities in Parliament and ensure that there would always be a multiracial Parliament instead of one made up of a single race.

The office of President will be reserved for a particular racial group (Chinese, Malay and Indian/other minority) — if that community has not been represented for five presidential terms.

Taiwan
Since 2008, in the Legislative Yuan of Taiwan, of the total 34 seats of party-list proportional representation, at least half of the party-nominated candidates must be reserved for women. For example, if one party elected 3 candidates of the party-list in the Legislative Yuan, 2 of them must be women. Along with this, since the 1970s six seats are reserved for the indigenous people of Taiwan. There are two constituencies consisting of three seats each reserved for the Highland Aborigine people and the Lowland Aborigine people.

Africa

Eritrea
10 seats out of 105 seats in Parliament are reserved for women.

Rwanda
In the Parliament of Rwanda, a minimum of 30% of elected members of the 26-member Senate must be women. In the 80-member Chamber of Deputies, 24 of these seats are reserved for women, elected through a joint assembly of local government officials; another 3 seats are reserved for youth and disabled members.

Partly resulting from this arrangement, 45 female deputies were elected to the Parliament in 2008, making the country the first and only independent country to possess a female majority in its national legislature.

Tanzania
At least 20% of seats are required to be set aside for women in accordance with Article 66.1(b) of the Constitution. Currently 113 of 393 (28%) are set aside.

Uganda
The Ugandan constitution provides for a reserved woman's parliamentary seat from each of the 39 districts.

Americas

Argentina
The Argentine law requires for a 50% quota for female candidates for Congress.

Colombia
Under the 2016 peace agreement brokered between the Colombian government and the FARC rebel group, five seats in the Senate and five seats in the House of Representatives are reserved for former FARC combatants.

United States
Due to treaties signed by the United States in 1830 and 1835, two Native American tribes (the Cherokee and Choctaw) each hold the right to a non-voting delegate in the House of Representatives. As of 2019, only the Cherokee Nation has ever attempted to exercise that right.

The Maine House of Representatives reserves three non-voting positions for the Passamaquoddy, Maliseet, and Penobscot.

Oceania

Fiji

Fiji used to provide for the election of specific numbers of Members of Parliament on the basis of three racially defined constituencies: the indigenous Fijians, the Fijian Indians and the "General" electorate.

New Zealand

There are currently seven New Zealand Parliament constituencies – known as the Māori electorates – that are reserved for representatives of the Māori people. Māori electorates were introduced in 1867, but have undergone several changes since then. Māori may enrol either in a Māori electorate or on the general roll, but not both. Since 1967 there has not been any specific requirement for candidates in Māori electorates to be Māori themselves, and anyone on either the Māori roll or the General roll can stand as a candidate. Technically, therefore, these seats should not be described as "reserved" as there is no legal or constitutional guarantee that the successful candidate will themselves be of Māori descent. So far, however, every MP from a Māori electorate has been Māori. Also to note, is that under New Zealand's mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system, it is the party vote that is most important. All voters, including Māori, are deemed to be on the same master roll in terms of voting for party lists.

Countries formerly applying reserved political positions

Afghanistan
During the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, the constitution guaranteed at least 64 delegates to be female in the lower house of the bicameral National Assembly ("The elections law shall adopt measures to attain, through the electorate system, general and fair representation for all the people of the country, and proportionate to the population of very province, on average, at least two females shall be the elected members of the House of People from each province."), while Kochi nomads elected 10 representatives through a single national constituency. Moreover, "one third of the members (of the House of Elders) shall be appointed by the President, for a five-year term, from amongst experts and experienced personalities, including two members from amongst the impaired and handicapped, as well as two from nomads. The President shall appoint fifty percent of these individuals from amongst women."

German Democratic Republic
East Germany reserved seats in the Volkskammer for representatives of women, trade unions and youth organisations.

Greece
During the 1920s and 1930s there was a system of separate electoral curiae for Muslim and Jewish electors in Greece, with reserved seats.

Palestine (British mandate)
During the Mandatory Palestine, at the third election (1931) of its Assembly of Representatives, there were three curiae, for the Ashkenazi Jews, the Sephardi Jews and for the Yemeni Jews.

Palestinian Authority
While the Palestinian Authority makes no reservations within the Palestinian Legislative Council (there were reserved seats for Christians and Samaritans in the electoral law for the 1996 Palestinian general election), certain positions in local government are guaranteed to certain minority groups, in order to retain particular traditional cultural influence and diversity. For example, the mayor of Bethlehem is required to be a Christian, even though the city itself currently has a Muslim majority.

Syria
Syria enjoyed an electoral system like Lebanon's, at least for the parliamentary elections, up to 1949, when the subdivisions among each religion were suppressed, then there were only reserved seats for Christians up to 1963, when the Ba'athist regime suppressed free elections.

Zimbabwe

Historically, Zimbabwe reserved 20 of the 100 seats in Parliament for the white minority, until these seats were abolished by constitutional amendment in 1987. Currently, 60 of the 270 seats in the House of Assembly are reserved for women.

Reserved seats for expatriates

 Algeria reserves eight of its 382 parliamentary seats for expatriates, many of whom reside in France.
 Cape Verde has three overseas seats reserved for expatriates
 Colombia reserves one overseas seat to represent all expatriates
 Croatia reserves no more than six seats in parliament for expatriates. The number of seats assigned to emigrants is based on participation rates in the election.
 Ecuador has six parliamentary seats for expatriates
 France reserves 12 seats in the Senate for expatriates, and 11 seats in the National Assembly.
 Italy reserves seats in its Parliament for Italian expatriates, with twelve members of the Chamber of Deputies and six in the Senate representing an Overseas constituency.
 Portugal's Assembly of the Republic has four seats reserved for Portuguese living abroad, two for those living in Europe, the other two for those living in other parts of the world.

Floating reserved seats
 In Mauritius, the National Assembly consists of 70 members, 62 elected for a five-year term in a constituency in which 3 are elected in the constituencies of Mauritius (mainland) and 2 are elected in the constituency of Rodriques. From 4 up to 8 additional members, known as "best losers" appointed by the Electoral Supervisory Commission "with a view to correct any imbalance in community representation in Parliament".
 New Zealand reserves a proportion of its parliamentary seats for the representation of persons electing to register on a separate Māori roll. The number of seats depends upon the number of people on the roll — there are currently seven seats. See Māori electorates.

Exemption of the election threshold
In several countries, political parties representing recognized ethnic minorities are exempted from the election threshold. Examples are listed below.

Denmark: German minority party of Schleswig Party
Germany: Danish and Frisian minorities (in Schleswig-Holstein), Sorbian minority (in Brandenburg) in fact this only applies to the South Schleswig Voters' Association
Poland: German minority
Romania: 18 recognized minorities
Serbia

Quotas inside party lists
 Iraq held its first post-Saddam parliamentary elections in January 2005 under an electoral law providing for compulsory integration of women on the candidates lists, like several European countries with a proportional electoral system.

See also
 Affirmative action

Sources

Political systems
Minority rights
Affirmative action

Reserved political positions


Kuća tragičnog pjesnika (također nazvana Homerska kuća ili Ilijadska kuća) je rimska kuća u Pompejima u Italiji koja datira iz 2. stoljeća prije Krista. Kuća je poznata po svojim složenim podovima od mozaika i freskama koje prikazuju scene iz grčke mitologije.

Otkrio ju je studenom 1824. arheolog Antonio Bonucci. Kuća tragičnog pjesnika zanimala je znanstvenike i pisce generacijama. Iako sama veličina kuće nije ni na koji način izvanredna, njezini unutarnji ukrasi ne samo da su brojni, već su i najkvalitetniji među ostalim freskama i mozaicima iz drevnih Pompeja. Zbog nesklada između veličine kuće i kvalitete njezinog uređenja, mnogo se pitalo o životima vlasnika kuća. Nažalost, malo se zna o članovima obitelji koji su vjerojatno stradali u erupciji Vezuva 79. godine.

Tradicionalno, Pompeji su geografski podijeljeni na devet regionalnih područja, koja se zatim dalje dijele na insule. Kuća tragičnog pjesnika nalazila se u Regio VI, Insula 8, krajnje zapadnom dijelu Pompeja. Kuća je gledala na Via di Nola, jednu od najvećih ulica Pompeja koja je povezivala forum i Ulicu grobnica. Preko puta Via di Nola od Kuće tragičnog pjesnika nalazilo se kupalište Forum u Pompejima.

Raspored

Poput mnogih rimskih domova tog razdoblja, Kuća tragičnog pjesnika podijeljena je u dva primarna dijela. Prednji, južni dio kuće služi kao javni, prezentacijski prostor. Ovdje dvije velike prostorije sa zidovima koji se otvaraju prema van služe kao trgovine koje vode vlasnici kuće ili, manje vjerojatno, kao odaje za poslugu. Ove radnje leže s obje strane uskog predvorja. Na kraju ove dvorane nalazi se atrij, najukrašenija od prostorija u Kući tragičnog pjesnika. Ovdje se ispod otvorenog stropa nalazi veliki pravokutni impluvij ili udubljeni bazen za vodu koji skuplja vodu koju koriste članovi kućanstva. Blizu sjevernog kraja impluvija nalazi se bunar koji se koristi za crpljenje vode iz bazena. Još dalje od ulaza nalazi se tablinum, drugi otvoreni zajednički prostor.

Iz ovih glavnih prostorija pružaju se manje, privatne sobe, označavajući drugi dio kuće. Duž zapadnog zida atrija nalazi se niz kubikula ili spavaćih soba. Nasuprot njima leže dodatni cubiculum, ala (servisni prostor za blagovaonicu) i oekus (mali prostor za blagovanje). Sjeverni kraj tablinuma otvara se prema velikom, otvorenom peristilu ili vrtnom dvorištu. S desne strane peristila nalazi se salon za koji se vjeruje da je u Kući tragičnog pjesnika korišten kao glavna blagovaonica. Uz dnevnu sobu nalazi se mali kuhinjski prostor. U blizini lijeve strane peristila, mala stražnja vrata otvaraju se na dodatnu ulicu. Naposljetku, u sjeverozapadnom kutu peristila izgrađen je mali lararium, ili svetište koje se koristilo za štovanje Lares Familiares, ili obiteljskih bogova. Ovo svetište sadržavalo je mramorni kipić koji je prikazivao satira kako nosi voće.

Iako su zapisi i arheološki stručnjaci pouzdano potvrdili postojanje gornjeg kata u Kući tragičnog pjesnika, malo se zna o njegovom specifičnom rasporedu, jer je najvjerojatnije uništen erupcijom vulkana Vezuva.

Umjetnost
Kuća je izvorno sadržavala više od dvadeset oslikanih i mozaičkih ploča, od kojih je šest premješteno u Nacionalni arheološki muzej u Napulju, Italija. Ove su ploče odabrane zbog svoje povezanosti s Ilijadom i bile su inspiracija iza imena Homerova kuća i Ilijadna kuća. Oslikani zidni paneli unutar kuće primjeri su četvrtog pompejskog stila.

Vestibul

Pod predvorja bio je ukrašen mozaičkom slikom pripitomljenog psa vezanog na uzici i lancem za proizvoljnu točku. Ispod figure bile su riječi "CAVE CANEM", što znači Čuvaj se psa. Ove su riječi, poput sličnih znakova danas, upozoravale posjetitelje da uđu na vlastitu odgovornost i služile su kao zaštita nad privatnijim prostorijama kuće. Ostatak poda predvorja bio je ukrašen u obliku tesera ili šahova, crno-bijelim pločicama. Taj je uzorak bio uokviren rubom od dvije crne pruge koje su okruživale sobu.

Atrij
Atrij je bio žarište umjetnosti u Kući tragičnog pjesnika. Sadržavala je više velikih mitoloških freski nego bilo koja druga kuća u Pompejima, osim kuće Vettii. Svaka slika bila je površine otprilike 0.4 m2, pa su figure bile nešto manjima od prirodne veličine. Slike u atriju često prikazuju muškarce koji sjede i žene u pokretu. Žene su obično u fokusu slika koje prolaze kroz važne promjene u svojim životima u poznatim grčkim mitovima.

Južni zid

Vjenčanje Zeusa i Here
Ova ploča prikazuje bogove Hipnosa, Heru i Zeusa na planini Idi. Hipnos predstavlja Heru Zeusu, koji sjedi s desne strane slike. Zeus drži Heru za zapešće, a Hera nevoljko gleda u promatrača skinutog vela. Tri mlada lika u donjem desnom kutu slike vjerojatno su daktili. U pozadini je stup na kojem sjede tri lava. Ova je ploča dio zbirke u Arheološkom muzeju u Napulju, Italija.

Afrodita
Slika Afrodite sada je gotovo potpuno uništena, ali ono što je ostalo od slike kada je otkrivena kopirao je temperom umjetnik Francesco Morelli. Slika je možda sadržavala muškog ljubavnika koji sjedi. Budući da je Afrodita manja od figura na drugim slikama, također je moguće da je slika sadržavala više figura i prikazivala Parisov sud.

Istočni zid

Ahilej i Briseida

Ova dramatična scena prikazuje Ahileja kako pušta Briseidu grčkom kralju Agamemnonu. Na desnoj strani ploče Patroklo vodi Briseidu za zapešće. Ahilej, koji sjedi, ljutito ih usmjerava prema Agamemnonovom glasniku.

Helena i Paris
Helena se ukrcava na brod kako bi se vratila u svoju domovinu Troju. Iako više nije na slici, vjeruje se da je Paris već sjedila u čamcu dok se Helena ukrcavala. Obje ove slike dio su zbirke u Arheološkom muzeju u Napulju

Zapadni zid

Otmica Amfitrite
Iako je veliki dio ove ploče uništen, ista se kompozicija vidi na slici iz Ville di Carmiano u Stabiae. Donja polovica slike pronađena je netaknuta u Kući tragičnog pjesnika, a prikazuje Erosa dok jaše na delfinu i nosi trozubac. Dio koji nedostaje, vidljiv u Stabijama, pokazuje da je slika izvorno prikazivala Posejdona na svom morskom konju dok je otimao Amfitritu. Kao i na drugim panoima, gledala je prema gledatelju.

Ahilejev gnjev
Gotovo ništa od ove ploče nije sačuvano, ali čini se da kompozicija, stav stopala i crvena tkanina odgovaraju ostalima koji prikazuju Ahilejev gnjev. U sačuvanim dijelovima vidljive su samo stope i draperija. Izvorna slika vjerojatno je prikazivala Ahileja na desnoj strani ploče dok je izvlačio bodež kako bi napao Agamemnona jer je uzeo Briseidu, ali ga je Atena spriječila, koja mu je rekla da razgovara s Agamemnonom, a ne da se bori s njim.

Tablinum

Pod tablinuma bio je ukrašen složenom mozaičkom slikom. Ovdje se glumci okupljaju iza pozornice pripremajući se za nastup, dok se jedan lik oblači, a drugi svira flautu. Ostali likovi okružuju kutiju s maskama koje će se koristiti tijekom izvedbe.

Na zidu je bila ploča koja je prikazivala scenu iz priče o Admetu i Alkestidi. Glasnik čita proročanstvo Admetu, koji sjedi pokraj Alkestide, govoreći mu da će umrijeti ako netko drugi dragovoljno ne umre umjesto njega. Zbog blizine mozaiku glumaca, istraživači su vjerovali da ova slika prikazuje pjesnika koji recitira svoju poeziju, što je rezultiralo nazivom Kuća tragičnog pjesnika.  Međutim, podrijetlo ove ploče je diskutabilno. Neki izvori sugeriraju da je ovdje prikazana slika iz Kuće tragičnog pjesnika, a neki drugi tvrde da je umjesto toga iz Herkulaneja. Richardson je ovo identificirao kao iz bazilike u Herculaneju. De Carolis je to identificirao upitnikom kao "Casa del Poeta Tragico (?)".

Peristil
Poluotvoreno područje peristila sadržavalo je imaginarnu vrtnu scenu ili paradeisos u stilu trompe-l'œil. Pretpostavlja se da je ova slika trebala stapati se sa stvarnim vrtom koji bi rastao unutar nenatkrivenog dijela peristila. Lijevo od peristila nalazila se freska poznata kao Žrtvovanje Ifigenije, na kojoj Uliks i Ahilej uzimaju golu Ifigeniju kako bi je žrtvovali neposredno prije nego što Artemida preda jelena koji će biti žrtvovan umjesto nje. Desna strana slike prikazuje vidioca Calchasa koji drži ruku na ustima kako bi ukazao na svoje božansko otkrivenje. Ifigenijin otac Agamemnon sjedi na lijevoj strani panela okrenut od skupine s licem prekrivenim velom, slično kao na drugoj slici scene koju je napravio umjetnik Timanthes.

Blagovaonica
Blagovaonica je sadržavala tri velika panoa i nekoliko manjih. Na manjim pločama nalaze se prikazi vojnika i prikazi četiri godišnja doba kao mlade žene. Tri veće ploče prikazuju Kupida i mladi par, scenu s Artemidom i scenu Tezeja koji ostavlja Arijadnu dok se ukrcava na brod.

Kulturne reference
Kuća tragičnog pjesnika poslužila je kao središte mnogih djela fikcije i poezije. Među poznatijim djelima je The Last Days of Pompeii lorda Edwarda Bulwera Lyttona, u kojem autor izmišlja osobni život vlasnika, Glauka, ali precizno opisuje detalje kuće. U Crvenilu zore autor Waldemar Kaden opisuje kuću u kojoj je živio kršćanin po imenu Gaius Sabinus. Još jedno poznato djelo je Kuća tragičnog pjesnika Vladimira Janovića, epska poema temeljena na slikama iz mozaika i fresaka u cijeloj vili. Kuća je također prikazana u JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Golden Wind, gdje šef bande Passione skriva ključ u blizini mozaika psa. Sljedeća priča prikazuje tri protagonista koji putuju u Pompeje kako bi preuzeli ključ.

Tumačenja
Povjesničari umjetnosti i znanstvenici klasike već su dugo bili fascinirani Kućom tragičnog pjesnika zbog jedinstvenog načina na koji spaja slike iz različitih razdoblja i lokacija diljem mitološke Grčke. Niti jedan kut unutar vile ne dopušta da se vide sve prisutne slike. Umjesto toga, potrebno je kretati se po vili, promatrajući različite kombinacije dijelova. Ova logistička činjenica omogućuje gledateljima da se oslone na veće teme grčke mitologije, posebno na odnose između moćnih muškaraca i žena, kao i božanstava antičke Grčke.

Galerija

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Tragičnog pjesnika

Kuća tragičnog pjesnika


Das Depot Hack ist die Bezeichnung für eine Kutschenbauform und die daraus abgeleitete frühe Automobilkarosserie. Der Name des als Fuhrwerk meist zweispännigen Fahrzeugs bezieht sich auf den hauptsächlichen Verwendungszweck, nämlich den Transport von Personen wie auch von Waren zum oder vom nächstgelegenen Eisenbahn-Depot.

Das Depot Hack bestand im Wesentlichen aus einem flachen, offenen Kasten mit vorne angebrachtem Kutschbock und einer Heckklappe. Zum Personentransport (bis 7 Personen) konnten auf der Ladefläche Sitzbänke montiert werden. Manche Depot Hacks hatten ein festes Dach.

Frühe Automobile mit Depot-Hack-Aufbau dienten einem ähnlichen Zweck und ihr hölzerner Aufbau war ähnlich konstruiert. Er ist der Vorläufer des Station Wagon, von denen es auch noch lange Zeit immer wieder sogenannte "Woodies", also Versionen mit dekorativen Holz-Karosserie-Elementen, anfangs mit echtem Holz, später nur noch als Nachbildung, gab.

Pferdefuhrwerk
Karosseriebauform

Depot Hack


Ali Bulaç (1951, Mardin), sosyolog, ilahiyatçı, gazeteci, yazar.

Yaşamı
İlk ve orta öğrenimini Mardin'de, yüksek öğrenimini 1975 yılında İstanbul Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü'nde ve 1980 yılındaİstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Sosyoloji Bölümü'nde tamamladı.

Gazetecilik kariyeri
Hareket dergisinde bir süre çalışmasının ardından 1976'da Düşünce dergisi ve Düşünce Yayınları'nı kurdu. Kitap Dergisi'ni çıkardığı 1985-1992 yılları süresince üç aylık Bilgi ve Hikmet dergisini de çıkardı ve yönetti. Zaman Gazetesi'nin kurulma aşamasında İstanbul bürosunu teşkilatlandırdı ve gazetenin İstanbul büro şefliğini bir yıl kadar yürüttü. 1987'nin sonlarına doğru gazete el değiştirince bu gazeteden ayrıldı, 1993-94 döneminde tekrar Zaman'a dönndü, ama kısa bir süre sonra yeniden ayrıldı. 1998 yılında ise bir kez daha Zaman Gazetesi'nde yazmaya başladı.

Zaman dışında çeşitli dergilerde, Millî Gazete, Yeni Şafak dahil birçok gazetede çok sayıda yazı ve araştırmaları yayımlandı. 1988 yılında İnsanın Özgürlük Arayışı adlı eseriyle Türkiye Yazarlar Birliği'nin "Fikir Ödülü"ne layık görüldü. Today's Zaman ve Özgün Duruş'ta köşe yazıları yazdı, Mehtap TV ile Hilal TV kanalında haftalık tartışma programları yaptı. Bunun yanında Fatih Üniversitesi'nde ders verdi. tvnet'te Ekrem Kızıltaş ve Cevat Özkaya ile birlikte Konuşmak Lazım isimli haftalık tartışma programı yaptı.

Fethullahçılık yargılaması
15 Temmuz 2016'da gerçekleştirilen askerî darbe girişimine ilişkin yürütülen soruşturma kapsamında hakkında gözaltı kararı çıkarıldı. 31 Temmuz 2016 tarihinde çıkarıldığı Nöbetçi Sulh Ceza Hakimliğince "silahlı terör örgütü üyeliği" suçlamasıyla tutuklandı. 22 ay süren tutukluluk döneminden sonra 11 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde tahliye edildi. "Terör örgütüne üye olmamakla birlikte bilerek ve isteyerek yardım etmek" suçlamasıyla yargılandığı davada 2,5 yıl hapis cezasına çarptırıldı.

Kişisel yaşamı
Evli ve beş çocuk babasıdır.

Eserleri

 İslâm dünyasında toplumsal değişme
 Bir Aydın sapması
 İnsanın özgürlük arayışı
 Din ve modernizm
 İslam ve fanatizm
 Modern ulus devlet
 İrtica ve sivilleşme
 Kutsala, tarihe ve hayata dönüş
 Avrupa Birliği ve Türkiye
 Tarih, toplum ve gelenek
 Din-felsefe vahiy-akıl ilişkisi (2006)
 Kur'an meali
 Çağdaş kavramlar ve düzenler
 İslâmcılık
 Kutlu ağaç
 Bilgi neyi bilmektir?

 İslâm ve fundamentalizm
 Ortadoğu'dan İslâm dünyasına
 Nuh'un Gemisi'ne binmek
 İslâm dünyasında düşünce sorunları
 İslâm ve demokrasi
 İslâm düşüncesinde din-felsefe
 Din, devlet ve demokrasi
 Din, kent ve cemaat
 Modernizm, irtica ve sivilleşme
 Göçün ve kentin siyaseti MNP'den SP'ye Millî Görüş Partileri
 Ortadoğu gerçeği
 Postmodern Kaosta Kıble Arayışı
 Din ve Siyaset

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Kuran-ı Kerim ve Türkçe Anlamı - Ali Bulaç
 Ali Bulaç'ın Kibo'da (Kitap Bilgi Otomosyonu'nda) Kayıtlı Kitapları

1951 doğumlular
Mardin doğumlular
Müslüman din adamları
Türk din sosyologları
Bulaç, Ali
20. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
21. yüzyıl Türk yazarları
Yaşayan insanlar
Resim aranan yazarlar
İstanbul Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsünde öğrenim görenler
İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesinde öğrenim görenler
Zaman (gazete) kişileri

Ali Bulaç


The president of Tunisia is the head of state of Tunisia, directly elected to a five-year term by the people. The officeholder leads the executive branch of the Tunisian government along with the prime minister and is the commander-in-chief of the Tunisian Armed Forces.

Since the office was established in 1957, Five men have served as president. The seventh and current president is Kais Saied since 23 October 2019. There are currently three living former presidents. The most recent former president to die was Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, on 19 September 2019.

The presidency of Mohamed Ennaceur, who assumed the office as acting president following the death of incumbent president Beji Caid Essebsi, was the shortest in Tunisian history (90 days). Habib Bourguiba, the inaugural holder, served the longest, over thirty years (1957–1987), before he was removed from office by his prime minister Ben Ali, on 7 November 1987. Since the ratification of the Tunisian Constitution in 2014, no person may be elected president more than twice.

Of those who have served as the nation's president, only one died in office of natural causes (Beji Caid Essebsi), two were removed from office (Habib Bourguiba and Zine El Abidine Ben Ali) and two assumed the office as acting presidents (Fouad Mebazaa and Mohamed Ennaceur).

Background
Tunisia has had seven presidents since the proclamation of the republic on 25 July 1957:
 Habib Bourguiba was appointed president by the parliament on 25 July 1957, until the election of a permanent president. After the Constitution was enacted on 1 June 1959, a presidential election was held on 8 November 1959. Being the only one running for office, he gained 91% of the votes to serve a five-year term. He was elected unopposed three more times. Shortly after winning his fourth full term, he was proclaimed president for life. He remained in office until being deposed in the coup d'état of 7 November 1987, organized by his prime minister, Ben Ali.
 Zine El Abidine Ben Ali was prime minister and interior minister under Bourguiba. Ben Ali had Bourguiba declared medically unfit to serve 7 November 1987. Per the constitution, he became acting president pending new elections. Ben Ali was elected unopposed for a full five-year term on 2 April 1989, and was reelected three more times (the first time unopposed). On 14 January 2011, his regime fell in the Tunisian Revolution that started on 17 December 2010. Mohamed Ghannouchi, his prime minister, claimed the presidency, serving as acting president.
 Fouad Mebazaa was designated by the Constitutional Council to serve as acting president on 15 January 2011. Under Article 57 of the constitution, an election should have taken place between 45 and 60 days following Mebazaa's appointment. But on 3 March 2011, he announced the repeal of the 1959 constitution and the election of a constituent assembly which had to draft a new one. Therefore, he remained acting president pending new elections.
 Moncef Marzouki was elected president by the Tunisian Constituent Assembly on 12 December 2011. The next day, he was inaugurated, making him the first president not to be member of the ruling party. During the 2014 presidential election, he was defeated by former prime minister Caid Essebsi and left office on 31 December 2014.
 Beji Caid Essebsi became the first president to be elected by universal suffrage after the revolution, on 21 December 2014. On 31 December 2014, he took office as the fifth president of Tunisia, and the first to be freely elected. He died on 25 July 2019, and was succeeded by Mohamed Ennaceur as acting president.
 Mohamed Ennaceur became acting president in accordance with Articles 84 and 85 of the constitution on 25 July 2019, following the death in office of President Essebsi. Per the constitution, Ennaceur was to serve as acting president for no more than 90 days, during which an early presidential election was to be held. An election had already been scheduled for November 2019, but was brought forward to September to ensure that a new president would be sworn in before the 90-day limit.
 Kais Saied was elected in September 2019. He took office on 23 October as the second president (Marzouki being the first) who was not an heir to Bourguiba's legacy.

Presidents

Rank by time in office

Timeline

See also
 Politics of Tunisia
 List of beys of Tunis
 List of French residents-general in Tunisia
 President of Tunisia
 First Lady of Tunisia
 Prime Minister of Tunisia
 List of prime ministers of Tunisia

References

External links
 World Statesmen - Tunisia

Tunisia, List of Presidents of
Presidents

List of presidents of Tunisia


ඉන්දියානු මොනරා හෙවත් නිල් මොනරා (Pavo cristatus) යනුවෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ දකුණු ආසියාවට ස්වදේශීය වූ විශාල සහ දීප්තිමත් වර්ණ සහිත මොනර විශේෂයකි. නමුත් පසුකාලීනව ලෝකයේ බොහෝ ප්‍රදේශවලට හඳුන්වා දී ඇත.

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ඉන්දියානු මොනරා
ඉන්දියානු මොනරා
ඉන්දියාවේ ජාතික සංකේත
දකුණු ආසියාවේ පක්ෂීන්
ඕස්ට්‍රේලියාවේ ආක්‍රමණික විශේෂ
ඉන්දියානු මොනරා

ඉන්දියානු මොනරා


Ringvejen  er en to sporet ringvej der går igennem det vestlige Hjørring, Vejen er en del af sekundærrute 190 der går fra Nørresundby til Hjørring, og er med til at lede trafikken uden om Hjørring Centrum, så byen ikke bliver belastet af så meget gennemkørende trafik.

Vejen forbinder Ålborgvej i syd med Ramsvej i nord ved frakørsel 2 Hjørring N (Hirtshalsmotorvejen), og har forbindelse til Skovvej, Poppelvej, Vandværksvej, Frilandsvej, Farøvej, Frederikshavnsvej, Vester Hedevej, Thomas Morilds Vej, Spangkærvej og Skagenvej

Kilder

Veje i Hjørring
Ringveje i Danmark

Ringvejen (Hjørring)


Toshiro Suga (Tokyo, 22. kolovoza 1950.), japanski majstor borilačkih vještina i glumac. Izravni je učenik Moriheija Ueshibe. Nositelj je 7. Dana u aikidu.

Borilačke vještine

Toshiro Suga započeo je vježbati judo s 15 godina tokyskom policijskom dojou. U dobi od 17 godina (1968. godine), vođen očevim savjetima, započeo je vježbati aikido u Hombu dojou u Tokyu. Sljedećih godinu i po dana, svakodnevno je vježbao kod Moriheija Ueshibe. Nakon Ueshibine smrti, pohađao je sate aikida kod Mitsugi Saotomea, Akira Toheija, Yasua Kobayashija, Koichi Toheija, Kisshomaru Ueshibe i Morihira Saita.

Toshiro Suga se preselio u Francusku u ljeto 1971. godine. Tu je upoznao Nobuyoshi Tamuru, kod koga je nastavio vježbati aikido. Od 1980. Toshiro Suga podučava aikido u Saint-Brieuc, potom od 1985. do 1989. predaje aikido u Kanadi, gdje podučava tamošnju vojsku ovoj vještini. Od 1989. do 2002. godine podučava aikido u francuskom gradu Brest. Od 2002. godine, Toshiro Suga predaje aikido u gradu Sartrouville (Pariski region), te drži seminare aikida širom svijeta. Posebno je doprinio razvoju i širenju aikida u Bosni i Hercegovini, Sjevernoj Makedoniji i Srbiji.

Imao je kratku karijeru u kinematografiji, dijelom zahvaljujući svome učeniku Michaelu G. Wilsonu. Glumio je ulogu Changa u filmu James Bonda Operacija svemir, 1979. godine.

Filmografija

Filmovi
 Operacija svemir (1979.)
 Tout dépend des filles... (1980.)
 Le Bouffon  (1981.)
 Charlots connection (1984.)

Aikido
 Ken, les racines de l'aïkido , 2006
 Jo, le pilier de l'aïkido
 Les Fondements de l'aïkido

Vanjske povezice
Site perso
Article : Toshiro Suga, l'Aïkido sans concessions (French)
Article : Toshiro Suga, le combat contre soi-même (French)
une pratique de l'existence (French)
Short bio  (French)
bio on the FFAB site

Životopisi, Tokyo
Japanske aikidoke
Japanski filmski glumci

Toshiro Suga


John McFarlane (Montego Bay, 1851 - Édimbourg, 1874) est un joueur international écossais de rugby et un médecin.

Il fait partie de l'équipe d'Écosse de rugby qui affronte l'Angleterre dans ce qui constitue le tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire, en 1871.

Biographie

Jeunesse et études
John Lisle Hall McFarlane naît à Montego Bay, en Jamaïque, alors une colonie britannique, le . Son père, John MacFarlane, est un chirurgien diplômé d'Édimbourg et sa mère, Anna Smith, est fille d'un propriétaire jamaïcain. Le deuxième prénom de MacFarlane, Lisle, lui vient des ancêtres de sa mère qui avaient des liens avec le . John Lisle Hall MacFarlane grandit en Écosse et fait ses études dans plusieurs des meilleures écoles du pays. Il fréquente l' avant de passer comme pensionnaire à l'école privée Abbey Street School de St Andrews. C'est dans cet établissement qu'il développe son goût pour le sport et qu'il commence à jouer au rugby. En 1869, il quitte Abbey Street pour s'inscrire à la , soi-disant pour entrer dans l'équipe de cricket.

MacFarlane s'inscrit à l'université d'Édimbourg où il étudie la médecine. Il y excelle dans tous les domaines sportifs, jouant au cricket, représentant l'université en rugby et en athlétisme, et en devenant le champion de l'école en haies, saut en longueur et sprint.

Carrière en rugby

En 1871, les aptitudes athlétiques de MacFarlane lui valent d'être le seul membre de l'équipe de l'université d'Édimbourg à être sélectionné pour l'équipe nationale écossaise lors du tout premier match international de rugby de l'histoire, contre l'Angleterre. Jouant habituellement au poste de  (l'équivalent des modernes demis de mêlée ou d'ouverture) avec son club d'Edinburgh University RFC, MacFarlane est sélectionné en position de  (avant). L'Écosse l'emporte  en inscrivant  et  contre  non transformé pour l'Angleterre (seules les transformations rapportaient des points à l'époque).

MacFarlane est sélectionné pour le match international suivant, qui se tient le  contre l'Angleterre à The Oval  (victoire de l'Angleterre ). Il joue son dernier match international lors de la rencontre de 1873, toujours entre les mêmes pays, où MacFarlane joue en position de trois-quarts. Le match se termine sur un score nul et vierge.

Après avoir terminé l'université, MacFarlane devient médecin résident à l'. Il continue néanmoins à jouer au rugby pour l'université d'Édimbourg. MacFarlane continue également à jouer au cricket pendant cette période, son « sport d'été », au sein du Carlton Cricket Club d'Edimbourg : il en devient le meilleur batteur de l'équipe en 1870 et est nommé à  vice-capitaine de l'équipe première en 1871 puis à nouveau en 1872.

McFarlane , ce qui .

Mort prématurée

Au début de l'année 1874, McFarlane joue pour l'Université d'Edimbourg contre l'Université de Glasgow. Le match se termine par un match nul, mais MacFarlane marque un essai et impressionne suffisamment pour être sélectionné pour le quatrième match international écossais contre l'Angleterre, prévu la même année. Une semaine plus tard, il joue de nouveau pour l'université d'Édimbourg contre le Royal HSFP. McFarlane botte le but de la victoire dans le premier quart-temps, mais dans les derniers instants du match, il tombe maladroitement et se disloque le genou. La blessure en elle-même ne met pas sa vie en danger, mais il est laissé pendant un temps considérable sur le sol froid avant d'être déplacé pour être soigné.

McFarlane retourne chez lui, à Buccleuch Place, à Édimbourg, où il développe un rhumatisme articulaire aigu, qui est à son tour aggravé par une péricardite. MacFarlane reste alité pendant cinq semaines, soigné par sa mère et sa famille, et semble se rétablir, mais il est victime d'une grave rechute qui le conduit d'urgence à l'infirmerie royale d'Édimbourg. Ses collègues ne parviennent pas à lui sauver la vie et il meurt le  à l'âge de .

Personnalité populaire, ses funérailles sont suivies par un grand nombre d'étudiants qui marchent en procession avec son corps de l'infirmerie au . Une souscription publique permet de réunir suffisamment d'argent pour qu'un obélisque en pierre de  soit érigé sur sa tombe, qui porte également un portrait en relief de McFarlane. La sculpture est l'œuvre du principal sculpteur d'Édimbourg de l'époque, Sir . La tombe se trouve au nord-ouest du cimetière d'origine.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Naissance à Édimbourg
Naissance en décembre 1846
Décès à Bournemouth
Décès en avril 1881
Décès à 34 ans
Joueur international écossais de rugby à XV
Joueur de l'Edinburgh University Rugby Football Club
Créateur ou promoteur de technique sportive

John Lisle Hall McFarlane


The Uele, also known by the phonetically identical Uélé, Ouélé, or Welle River, is a river in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Course
The Uele forms at Dungu, at the confluence of the Dungu and Kibali rivers, which both originate in the mountains near Lake Albert. Combined these rivers flow west for about , until the Uele joins the Mbomou River at Yakoma. Main tributaries to the Uele river are the Bomokandi River (left side) and Uere River (right side).

The Uele–Mbomou confluence at Yakoma marks the origin of the Ubangi River, which in turn flows into the Congo River. The Uele is the longest tributary of the Ubangi. The combined Ubangi–Uele length is about .

From satellite images, parts of the river look red from the iron oxide contaminants in the river.

Gallery

References

External links

Rivers of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Ecoregions of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Tributaries of the Ubangi River

Uele River


Mohammad Najibullah (født 6. august 1947, død 27. september 1996) var den fjerde præsident i Afghanistan under Den demokratiske republik Afghanistan.

Liv og karriere
Najibullah blev født i Kabul. Han uddannede sig indenfor medicin ved universitetet i Kabul og tog eksamen i 1975.

Han tilsluttede sig Parcham-fraktionen i det afghanske kommunistparti i 1965. Tiltrods for at han blev regnet som en intelligent mand, gik han under kaldenavnet Najib-e Gaw (oksen) af sine modstandere på grund hans fysiske ydre. Kommunistpartiet gennemførte et vellykket kup i 1978, men Khalq-fraktion fik overtaget og efter et kort ophold som ambassadør i Teheran blev Najibullah fjernet fra politiske hverv og rejste i eksil i Europa.

Han vendte tilbage til Kabul efter den sovjetiske invasion i 1979. I 1980 blev han udnævnt til leder af KHAD, den afghanske udgave af det russiske KGB. Det er hævdet at KHAD under Najibullah arresterede, torturerede og henrettede titusindvis af afghanere. Najibullah erstattede Babrak Karmal som præsident i 1986.

Efter at Sovjetunionen trak sig ud af Afghanistan i 1989, slog han et kup ned som blev ledet af hans forsvarsminister Shahnawaz Tanai i 1990, samtidigt dæmpede han på sin egen personlige politiske kontrol for at få mere støtte. Men i 1992 gik Najibullah med på at trække sig. Han prøvede at flygte fra Kabul, men hans afrejse blev forhindret af Abdul Rashid Dostum. Najibullah søgte asyl hos FN i Kabul.

Najibullah blev i Kabul til september 1996 da Taliban erobrede Kabul. Efter Taliban arrestrede Najibullah kastrerede de ham, før de slæbte ham til døde efter en truck i Kabuls gader. Også broderen Shahpur Ahmadzai blev dræbt af Taliban på samme måde.

Referencer

Afghanistans præsidenter
Politikere fra Afghanistan

Mohammad Najibullah


Kılbasan, Karaman ilinin Merkez ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
1914 yılı kayıtlarında Kolbasan adını taşıyan köy, 1928'den beri kayıtlarda Kılbasan olarak geçmektedir. 1929 yılında nahiye statüsü alan köyde, 28 Şubat 1967 tarihinde belediye teşkilatı kuruldu. Kasabanın belediye statüsü, nüfusunun 2000 kişinin altına düşmesi üzerine 2013 yılında sona erdi.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karaman il merkezine 17 km uzaklıktadır. Köy sınırları içerisinde bulunan Kılbasan Ovası; Konya-Ereğli Ovasının, güneye sokulan bir uzantısı durumunda olup ortalama yüksekliği 1.010 metre civarındadır. Orman kadastrosu 3 Kasım 1993 tarihinde tamamlanan köyün 33,67 hektar orman alanı tescil edilmiştir.

Nüfus

Yönetim

Belediye başkanlığı

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Karaman merkez belde ve köyleri
6360 sayılı yasaya göre kaldırılan belediyeler

Kılbasan


La sensibilidad climática es una medida de cómo responde la temperatura del sistema climático a un cambio en el forzante radiativo. Por lo general se expresa como el cambio de temperatura asociado con una duplicación de la concentración del dióxido de carbono en la atmósfera.

El equilibrio en la sensibilidad climática se refiere al cambio de equilibrio en la temperatura global promedio del aire cerca de la superficie que se derivarían de una duplicación sostenido de la concentración de CO2 atmosférico (equivalente) (ΔTx2). Ese valor probablemente esté entre 2.6 a 4.1 °C.

Una estimación del modelo de la sensibilidad de equilibrio, requiere de un modelo de integración muy largo. A medida que se obliga a integraciones más cortas, es una sensibilidad transitoria del clima, que se define como la respuesta de la temperatura promedio durante un período de veinte años centrado en CO2 duplicando en una simulación transitoria con CO2 aumentando en un 1% por año. La sensibilidad transitoria es inferior a la sensibilidad de equilibrio, debido a la «inercia» de la absorción de calor de los océanos. Equilibrar completamente la temperatura del océano requiere integraciones del modelo de miles de años.

Una estimación de la sensibilidad climática de equilibrio puede estar hecha de la combinación de la sensibilidad climática efectiva con las propiedades conocidas de los reservorios oceánicos y los flujos de calor de superficie, lo que es la sensibilidad efectiva del clima. Esto «puede variar con la historia forzante y el estado del clima».

A pesar de la sensibilidad climática, se utiliza generalmente en el contexto del forzamiento radiativo por CO2, que se considera como una propiedad general del sistema climático: el cambio en la temperatura del aire (ΔTs) después de un cambio en las unidades en el forzante radiativo (FR) y se expresa en unidades de °C/(W/m²). Para que esto sea así, la medida debe ser independiente de la naturaleza del forzante (por ejemplo, de los gases de efecto invernadero o de la variación solar); de primer orden y de hecho resultó ser así.

Para los modelos acoplados climáticos globales atmósfera-océano, la sensibilidad climática es una propiedad emergente: no es un parámetro del modelo, sino más bien resultado de una combinación de la física del modelo y los parámetros. Por el contrario, modelos más simples de balance de energía pueden contar con la sensibilidad del clima como un parámetro explícito.

Los términos representados en la ecuación relacionan el forzante radiativo de cualquier causa, con cambios lineales de la temperatura global de la superficie. También es posible estimar la sensibilidad del clima, a partir de observaciones, sin embargo, esto es difícil debido a las incertidumbres en las historias del forzante y de la temperatura.

La sensibilidad del clima puede ser un resumen útil de la sensibilidad del clima real, o un determinado modelo de clima. Pero no es el mismo que el cambio climático, digamos para 2100: la expectativa del cambio climático 2100, con un pronóstico del TAR de un aumento de 1,4 a 5,8 °C respecto a 1990.

Esenciales
El CO2 de la sensibilidad climática tiene un componente directamente debido al forzante radiativo por el CO2 (o cualquier otro cambio en el balance radiativo de la Tierra), y una contribución adicional resultantes de los feedbacks positivos y negativos. "Sin ningún tipo de retroalimentaciones, el doble de CO2 (lo que equivale a un forzamiento de 3,7 W/m²) que resultaría en 1 °C de calentamiento global, que es fácil de calcular y es indiscutible. La incertidumbre restante se debe enteramente a retroalimentaciones en el sistema, es decir, el feedback del vapor de agua, el feedback del albedo del hielo, el feedback nuboso, y la retroalimentación del gradiente"; agregando esas retroalimentaciones un valor de aproximadamente 2,3 - 4,5 °C.

Forzante radiativo debido al doble CO2

En el reporte de 1979 del NAS (p. 7), el forzante radiativo debido al doble de CO2 se estima en 4 W/m², asó calculado (para el ejemplo) en Ramanathan et al. (1979). En 2001, el IPCC adoptó el valor revisado de 3,7 W/m², y la diferencia se atribuye al "ajuste de la temperatura estratosférica" More recently an intercomparison of radiative transfer codes (Collins et al., 2006) showed substantial discrepancies among climate models and between climate models and more exact radiation codes in the forcing attributed to doubled CO2 even in cloud-free sky; presumably the differences would be even greater if forcing were evaluated in the presence of clouds because of differences in the treatment of clouds in different models. Undoubtedly the difference in forcing attributed to doubled CO2 in different climate models contributes to differences in apparent sensitivities of the models, although this effect is thought to be small relative to the intrinsic differences in sensitivities of the models themselves .

Ejemplo de cálculo utilizando los datos de los años de la era industrial
Rahmstorf (2008) provides an informal example of how climate sensitivity might be estimated empirically, from which the following is modified. Denote the sensitivity, i.e. the equilibrium increase in global mean temperature including the effects of feedbacks due to a sustained forcing by doubled CO2 (taken as 3.7 W/m²), as x °C. If Earth were to experience an equilibrium temperature change of ΔT (°C) due to a sustained forcing of ΔF (W/m²), then one might say that x/(ΔT) = (3.7 W/m²)/(ΔF), i.e. that x = ΔT * (3.7 W/m²)/ΔF. The global temperature increase since the beginning of the industrial period (taken as 1750) is about 0.8 °C, and the radiative forcing due to CO2 and other long-lived greenhouse gases (mainly methane, nitrous oxide, and chlorofluorocarbons) emitted since that time is about 2.6 W/m². Neglecting other forcings and considering the temperature increase to be an equilibrium increase would lead to a sensitivity of about 1.1 °C. However, ΔF also contains contributions due to solar activity (+0.3 W/m²), aerosols (-1 W/m²), ozone (0.3 W/m²) and other lesser influences, bringing the total forcing over the industrial period to 1.6 W/m² according to best estimate of the IPCC AR4, albeit with substantial uncertainty. Additionally the fact that the climate system is not at equilibrium must be accounted for; this is done by subtracting the planetary heat uptake rate H from the forcing; i.e., x = ΔT * (3.7 W/m²)/(ΔF-H). Taking planetary heat uptake rate as the rate of ocean heat uptake, estimado por el Cuarto Informe de Evaluación del IPCC (IPCC AR4) as 0.2 W/m², yields a value for x of 2,1 °C (All numbers are approximate and quite uncertain.)

Ejemplo de cálculo utilizando los datos de edad de hielo

"... examine the change in temperature and solar forcing between glaciación (Edad de hielo) e interglacial (no ice age) periods. The change in temperature, revealed in muestras de hielo, is 5 °C, while the change in solar forcing is 7.1 W/m². The computed climate sensitivity is therefore 5/7.1 = 0.7 K(W/m²)−1. We can use this empirically derived climate sensitivity to predict the temperature rise from a forcing of 4 W/m², arising from a doubling of the atmospheric CO2 from pre-industrial levels. The result is a predicted temperature increase of 3 °C."
Basado en el análisis de incertidumbres en los forzantes totales, del enfriamiento de la Antártida, y en la proporción de enfriamiento global de la Antártida en el Último Máximo Glacial relacionado con el presente, Ganopolski y Schneider von Deimling (2008) infieren un rango de 1,3 a 6,8 °C para sensibilidad climática determinado para ese enfoque.

Historia del concepto

Tres niveles en la estimación de consenso

La estimación estándar de la sensibilidad del clima – 3 °C, más o menos 1,5 °C – tiene su origen en un comité sobre el calentamiento global antropogénico, convocado en 1979 por la National Academy of Sciences and chaired by Jule Charney. Only two sets of models were available; one, due to Syukuro Manabe, exhibited a climate sensitivity of 2 °C, the other, due to James E. Hansen, exhibited a climate sensitivity of 4 °C. "According to Manabe,
Charney chose 0.5 °C as a not-unreasonable margin of error, subtracted it from Manabe's number, and added it to Hansen's. Thus was born the 1.5 °C-to-4.5 °C range of likely climate sensitivity that has appeared in every greenhouse assessment since..."

Chapter 4 of the "Charney report" compares the predictions of the models: "We conclude that the predictions ... are basically consistent and mutually supporting. The differences in model results are relatively small and may be accounted for by differences in model characteristics and simplifying assumptions."

Desarrollos posteriores
En 2008, el climatólogo Stefan Rahmstorf escribió, regarding the Charney report's original range of uncertainty: "At that time, this range was on very shaky ground. Since then, many vastly improved models have been developed by a number of climate research centers around the world. Current state-of-the-art climate models span a range of 2.6–4.1 °C, most clustering around 3 °C."

Otras estimaciones
Idso, (1998) reprinted in calculated based on eight natural experiments a λ of 0.1 °C/(Wm−2) resulting in a climate sensitivity of only 0.4 °C for a doubling of the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.

Andronova and Schlesinger (2001) found that the climate sensitivity could lie between 1 and 10 °C, with a 54 percent likelihood that it lies outside the IPCC range. The exact range depends on which factors are most important during the instrumental period: "At present, the most likely scenario is one that includes anthropogenic sulfate aerosol forcing but not solar variation. Although the value of the climate sensitivity in that case is most uncertain, there is a 70 percent chance that it exceeds the maximum IPCC value. This is not good news." said Schlesinger.

Forest, et al. (2002) using patterns of change and the MIT EMIC estimated a 95% confidence interval of 1.4–7.7 °C for the climate sensitivity, and a 30% probability that sensitivity was outside the 1.5 to 4.5 °C range.

Gregory, et al. (2002) estimated a lower bound of 1.6 °C by estimating the change in Earth's radiation budget and comparing it to the global warming observed over the 20th century.

Shaviv (2005) llevó a cabo un análisis similar de 6 escalas de tiempo diferentes, que van desde los 11 años del ciclo solar de las variaciones climáticas a escalas de tiempo geológico. Encontró una sensibilidad propia de 0,54±0,12 K/(W m−2) o de 2,1 °C (oscilando entre 1,6 a 2,5 °C al 99% de confianza) si no hay conexión climática de los rayos cósmicos, o de una sensibilidad típica de 0,35±0,09 K/(W m−2) o de 1,3 °C (entre 0,99 a 2,5 °C con el 99% de confianza), si la relación rayos cósmicos-clima es real (notar que Shaviv cita un forzante radiativo equivalente a 3,8Wm−2. [ΔTx2=3,8 Wm−2 λ].)

Including geochemical evidence leads to similar results in the lowest part of the IPCC range.

Frame, et al. (2005)] and Allen et al. noted that the range of the confidence limits is dependent on the nature of the prior assumptions made.

Annan and Hargreaves (2006) presented an estimate that resulted from combining prior estimates based on analyses of paleoclimate, responses to volcanic eruptions, and the temperature change in response to forcings over the twentieth century. They also introduced a triad notation (L, C, H) to convey the probability distribution function (pdf) of the sensitivity, where the central value C indicates the maximum likelihood estimate in degrees Celsius and the outer values L and H represent the limits of the 95% confidence interval for a pdf, or 95% of the area under the curve for a likelihood function. In this notation their estimate of sensitivity was (1.7, 2.9, 4.9)°C.

Forster and Gregory (2006) presented a new independent estimate based on the slope of a plot of calculated greenhouse gas forcing minus top-of-atmosphere energy imbalance, as measured by satellite borne radiometers, versus global mean surface temperature. In the triad notation of Annan and Hargreaves their estimate of sensitivity was (1.0, 1.6, 4.1)°C.

Royer, et al. (2007) determined climate sensitivity within la mayor parte del Eón Fanerozoico. The range of values—1.5 °C minimum, 2.8 °C best estimate, and 6.2 °C maximum—is, given various uncertainties, consistent with sensitivities of current climate models and with other determinations.

Conceptos relacionados

La respuesta climática transitoria (TCR) – un término utilizado por primera vez en el TAR - es el cambio de temperatura en el momento del doble de CO2 en una corrida con CO2 incrementándose en 1%/año.

La sensibilidad climática efectiva es una medida relativa de eludir aquel requisito. Se evalúa a partir de una salida del modelo para la evolución de las condiciones de no-equilibrio. Es una medida de la fuerza de la retroalimentación en un momento determinado y puede variar con la historia del forzante y el estado del clima. Los detalles se discuten en la Sección 9.2.1 del Capítulo 9 de la TAR.

La "sensibilidad a largo plazo" se puede definir incluyendo los efectos de la desaceleración de las retroalimentaciones.

Véase también

 Retroalimentación del cambio climático
 Glosario de cambio climático
 Índice de artículos de cambio climático, en inglés
 Controversia sobre el calentamiento global
 Cambio climático fuera de control
 Punto de inflexión (climatología)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Estimaciones de sensibilidad climática, 1896-2006, archivado
 On Climate Sensitivity and why it is probably small — Marco teórico para el modelado de la sensibilidad del clima de un cuerpo negro de la Tierra, un "cuerpo gris" de la Tierra, y un cuerpo gris de la Tierra, con retroalimentaciones que lo afectan en albedo y emisividad

Cambio climático
Feedbacks climáticos

Sensibilidad climática


No confundir con el puente de Vilela (Vilela).
El puente de Vilela es un puente situado en el lugar de Vilela, en la freguesia de Aveleda, municipio de Lousada (norte de Portugal). Cruza el río Sousa y forma parte de la Ruta del Románico del valle del Sousa.

Su datación es incierta. Aunque su factura es románica, se cree que pudo construirse entre los siglos XVII y XVIII, época en que se mejoraron notablemente las comunicaciones del valle. Consta de cuatro arcos de medio punto apoyados interiormente sobre pilonos reforzados con cuerpos triangulares y sobre arranques cuadrangulares en las riberas. Su fábrica es de sillería de granito. El tablero es horizontal sobre los arcos centrales e inclinado en los extremos.

Referencias
 (En portugués) www.guiadacidade.pt; Ponte de Vilela.

Vilela
Lousada
Arquitectura románica en Portugal
Puentes inaugurados en el siglo XVII
Arquitectura de Portugal del siglo XVII

Puente de Vilela (Aveleda)