Šer (gromuljaš, andrahne; lat. Andrachne), biljni rod iz porodice filantusovki sa dvadesetak vrsta grmova rasprostranjenih od Sredozemlja i Makaronezije do Himalaje i dijelovima Amerike (Meksiko, Peru)

Jedna vrsta raste i u Hrvatskoj, to je sredozemni šer ili divlji gromuljaš (Andrachne telephioides)

Vrste
 Andrachne afghanica Pojark.
 Andrachne aspera Spreng.
 Andrachne brittonii Urb.
 Andrachne buschiana Pojark.
 Andrachne ephemera M.G.Gilbert
 Andrachne fedtschenkoi Kossinsky
 Andrachne filiformis Pojark.
 Andrachne fragilis M.G.Gilbert & Thulin
 Andrachne fruticulosa Boiss.
 Andrachne maroccana Ball
 Andrachne merxmuelleri Rech.f.
 Andrachne microphylla (Lam.) Baill.
 Andrachne minutifolia Pojark.
 Andrachne pulvinata Pojark.
 Andrachne pusilla Pojark.
 Andrachne pygmaea Kossinsky
 Andrachne ramosa Pojark.
 Andrachne reflexa Stapf
 Andrachne schweinfurthii (Balf.f.) Radcl.-Sm.
 Andrachne stenophylla Kossinsky
 Andrachne telephioides L.
 Andrachne rotundifolia C.A.Mey., možda sinonim za  Andrachne telephioides

Izvori

Filantusovke

Šer


Macrocoma bequaerti é uma espécie de escaravelho de folha da República Democrática do Congo. Seja primeiro descrito pelo belga entomologist Louis Jules Léon Burgeon, nl em 1940.

Referências

bequaerti
Coleópteros da República Democrática do Congo

Coleópteros descritos em 1940

Macrocoma bequaerti


An Bothriochloa laguroides in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Dc., ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Wilhelm Guillermo Gustav o Franz Francis Herter. An Bothriochloa laguroides in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bothriochloa, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Nag-uusahan nga subspecies: B. l. torreyana.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bothriochloa

Bothriochloa laguroides


The XX Corps was an army corps of the British Army during World War I.

First World War
The Corps was formed in Palestine in June 1917 under Lieutenant General Philip Chetwode. Following the British failure in the Second Battle of Gaza, the Egyptian Expeditionary Force underwent a major rearrangement with the appointment of General Edmund Allenby as the new Commander-in-Chief.  The infantry component of the force was divided into two corps; XX Corps and XXI Corps.

The corps initially comprised four infantry divisions:

 10th (Irish) Division
 53rd (Welsh) Division
 60th (2/2nd London) Division
 74th (Yeomanry) Division

The XX Corps first saw action in the Beersheba phase of the Third Battle of Gaza on 31 October 1917. The 60th and 74th Divisions captured Turkish outposts west of the town but were not involved in the final assault.  Following Beersheba on 6 November, the corps made a frontal assault against the Turkish fortifications in the vicinity of Sheria where the 10th, 60th and 74th Divisions succeeded in breaking through.  The 10th Division captured the Hareira Redoubt on 7 November and the 60th Division advanced on Huj in support of the Australian Mounted Division's effort to cut off the retreating Turkish army.

During the Battle of Megiddo the formation was:

 Corps Troops
 10th (Irish) Division
 53rd (Welsh) Division

General officers commanding
Commanders included:
 2 August – 20 August 1917 Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Chetwode
 20 August – 31 August 1917 Major-General John Shea (acting)
 31 August 1917 – November 1918 Lieutenant-General Sir Philip Chetwode

See also
 British military history

References

Bibliography

British field corps
Corps of the British Army in World War I

XX Corps (United Kingdom)


دايكي أوماسا (باليابانية: 岩政大樹؛ بالكانا: イワマサ ダイキ) ، من مواليد 30 يناير 1982 في ياماغوتشي في اليابان ، لاعب كرة قدم ياباني. يلعب مع نادي كاشيما إنتلرز.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تايلاند
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعلام كرة قدم من محافظة ياماغوتشي
رياضيون يابانيون مغتربون في تايلاند
فائزون بميداليات ذهبية في الألعاب الجامعية من اليابان
فائزون بميداليات في الألعاب الجامعية كرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري التايلاندي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الياباني للدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الياباني للدرجة الثانية
لاعبو بي إي سي تيرو ساسانا
لاعبو فاغيانو أوكاياما
لاعبو كاشيما أنتلرز
لاعبو كأس آسيا 2011
لاعبو كأس العالم 2010
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يابانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تايلاند
لاعبو كرة قدم يابانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم يابانيون مغتربون
لاعبو منتخب اليابان لكرة القدم
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مدربو كاشيما أنتلرز
مدربو كرة قدم يابانيون
مواليد 1982

دايكي أواماسا


Nahija Azaz () je nahija u okrugu Azaz, u sirijskoj pokrajini Alep. Površina nahije je 180,12 km2. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 47.570 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Azaz.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Alep

Azaz (nahija)


Distribution Media Format (DMF) ist eine Formatierungsnorm für IBM-PC-Disketten. Das Format, welches für 3½"-Disketten verwendet wird, unterscheidet sich vom Standardformat hauptsächlich dadurch, dass statt 18 Sektoren 21 Sektoren pro Spur verwendet werden. Dadurch können 16,7 % mehr Daten, insgesamt also ca. 1,68 MB anstatt der sonst bei 3½"-Disketten möglichen 1,44 MB gespeichert werden.
Da nur wenige Programme DMF-Disketten erstellen können, dient das Format auch als Kopierschutz.

Das DMF-Format wurde hauptsächlich von Microsoft verwendet, so etwa für die Installationsdisketten von Windows 95.

Weblinks

 DMF-Spezifikation

IT-Standard
Digitale Speichermedien

Distribution Media Format


Aleksandr Valteroviç Litvinenko (Rusça Александр Вальтерович Литвиненко, Aleksandr Valteroviç Litvinyenko; 30 Ağustos veya 4 Aralık 1962, Voronej - 23 Kasım 2006, Londra), Rusya yönetimine muhalif görüşleri ile tanınan KGB ve takipçisi FSB'de görev yapmış eski istihbaratçı. Ölümüne dek Rusya'da kanun kaçağı olarak aranmıştır.

İngiltere'ye sığınması
Londra'ya sığınan Rus iş adamı Boris Berezovskiy'e olan yakınlığı ile bilinen Litvinenko, 2000 yılında hakkında açılan üç soruşturma sonrasında zorunlu ikamet altında bulunduğu sırada, sahte pasaport ile önce Türkiye'ye kaçmış daha sonra da İngiltere'ye sığınmıştı. Kaçışı ile hakkında açılan soruşturma sayısı dörde yükselen Litvinenko, Mayıs 2001 tarihinden ölümüne dek siyasi sığınmacı statüsü ile İngiltere'de yaşamış, 2006 yılında İngiliz vatandaşlığına geçmişti.

Litvinenko yazdığı bir kitapta Rusya'da 1999 yılında toplam 300 kişinin ölümü ile sonuçlanan apartman bombalanması olayı ve diğer birçok saldırının Rusya Gizli Servisi FSB tarafından örgütlendiğini yazmıştı. Bu olayların halkta korku yaratarak devletin halk üzerindeki kontrolünü artırmak amacıyla yapıldığını ileri sürmüştü.

Zehirlenmesi ve ölümü
Rusya'nın Çeçenistan'da işlediği insanlık suçlarını ortaya çıkaran ve ülkedeki en önemli Putin muhalifi gazeteci olan Anna Politkovskaya 7 Ekim 2006'da evinin asansöründe vurularak öldürülmüştü. Litvinenko, Politkovskaya'yı vuranı ve vurduranı ortaya çıkarmak için avukat Stanislav Markelov ile araştırmalara başladı. KGB'den eski arkadaşları ellerinde bu olayla ilgisi olabilecek kişilerin bir listesi olduğunu ve buluşup bu listeyi kendisine vermek istediklerini söylediler. 1 Kasım 2006'da Londra'da bir barda buluşma gerçekleşti. Buluşma için verilen tarih özellikle seçilmişti. O gün Londra'da Arsenal ve CSKA Moskova takımları UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi maçı oynayacaktı ve maç için gelen Ruslar'ın arasında gelen ajanlar dikkat çekmeyecekti. Buluşmaya Litvinenko'nun KGB'den eski arkadaşları Andrei Lugovoy ve Dmitry Kovtun'un yanı sıra Vyacheslav Sokolenko da katıldı.

Litvinenko görüşme sonrası gittiği evinde rahatsızlandı ve hastaneye kaldırıldı. Hastanede uzun süre neyle zehirlendiği belirlenemese de sonunda sadece Rusya'da üretilen polonyum-210 isimli radyoaktif bir maddeden zehirlendiği ve vücudunda bu maddenin ölümcül dozunun 10 katı oranında bulunduğu açıklandı. Zehir önce bardaki görüşmede Litvinenko'nun içeceğine, daha sonra otelde devam eden görüşmede de çayına eklenmişti.

Olaydan sonra Litvinenko'nun patronu Boris Berezovskiy'nin destekleriyle büyük bir medya kampanyası başladı. Gazeteciler hastanedeki Litvinenko'yla görüştüler ve resmini çektiler. Litvinenko bu görüşmede zehirlenmesinden Putin'i suçladı. Litvinenko'nun açıklamaları ve çekilen resminin yayınlanması tüm dünyada yankı uyandırdı. Oluşan kamuoyu baskısı sonrası Rusya devlet başkanlığı Litvinenko'nun zehirlenmesiyle bir ilgilerinin olmadığını açıkladı.

Zehirlenmesinden 22 gün sonra 23 Kasım 2006 tarihinde Londra'da tedavi gördüğü hastanede radyasyon zehirlenmesi sonucu hayatını kaybetti.

Ölümü sonrası
Ayrılıkçı Çeçen web sitelerine göre Litvinenko İslam dinine yakınlık duymaktaydı. Babası tarafından ölümünden birkaç gün önce yapılan açıklamada Litvinenko'nun İslam dinini kabul ettiği ifade edilmiştir. Litvinenko İslami kural ve geleneklere göre toprağa verilmiştir.

Ölümünden sonra İngiltere, Rusya'dan Litvinenko'yu öldürdüğünü düşündüğü eski KGB ajanı Andrei Lugovoy'un iadesini istedi. Ancak Rusya bunun anayasalarına aykırı olduğunu ancak İngiltere'nin göndereceği bir heyetin Lugovoy'u Rusya'da sorgulayabileceği cevabını verdi. Ayrıca Lugovoy 2007 yılında bir basın toplantısı düzenleyerek Litvinenko'nun ölümüyle bir ilgisi olmadığını, Litvinenko'nun İngiliz istihbarat servisi MI6 için çalıştığını ve ölümünün bununla ilgili olabileceğini açıkladı. Lugovoy İngiliz polisi tarafından bir numaralı cinayet sanığı olarak aranmakta ancak Rusya iade taleplerini reddetmektedir.

2007 yılında Rus yönetmen Andrei Nekrasov tarafından İsyan: Litvinenko Davası (Rebellion: The Litvinenko Case) adıyla bir belgeseli çekildi.

2008 yılında ise Litvinenko'nun eşi Maria Litvinenko ve arkadaşı Alex Goldfrab tarafından Litvinenko Bir Muhalifin Ölümü adıyla bir kitap yayınlandı. Kitap Litvinenko'nun ölmeden önce dile getirdiği FSB ve Putin'e yönelik suçlamalarını desteklemekteydi.

Ölümünün baş şüphelilerinden olan Dmitri Kovtun, 4 Haziran 2022 tarihinde koronavirüs nedeniyle hayatını kaybetti.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 BBC raporu ingilizce
 Alman Spiegel dergisi almanca

Highgate Mezarlığı'na defnedilenler
1962 doğumlular
2006 yılında ölenler
20. yüzyıl Rus yazarları
21. yüzyıl Rus yazarları
Suikast sonucu ölen istihbaratçılar
Suikast sonucu ölen Ruslar
Müslüman olanlar
Londra'da ölenler
Zehirlenerek ölenler
Rus Müslümanlar
Rus istihbaratçılar

Aleksandr Litvinenko


Toussaint de Forbin-Janson (Provença, 1º de outubro de 1631 - Paris, 24 de março de 1713) foi um cardeal do século XVII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Provença em 1º de outubro de 1631. Seu sobrenome também está listado como Janson de Fourbin. De família nobre. Terceiro filho de Gaspard II, marquês de Jason, e Claire de Libertat, sua segunda esposa.

Educação
Letras estudadas (nenhuma informação educacional adicional encontrada).

Início da vida
Ainda muito jovem, recebeu a cruz de Malta, e ingressou no exército; depois, partiu para estudar letras.

Sacerdócio
Ordenado (nenhuma informação encontrada). Auxiliou seu tio Raphael de Bologne, bispo de Digne, que o solicitou como bispo coadjutor.

Episcopado
Eleito bispo titular de Filadelfia e coadjutor de Digne, com direito sucessório, com dispensa por ainda não ter atingido a idade canônica, 5 de julho de 1655. Consagrado, 14 de maio de 1656, catedral de Marselha, por Étienne de Puget, bispo de Marselha , auxiliado por Hyacinthe Serroni, bispo de Orange, e por Jacques de Grignan, bispo de Saint-Paul-Trois-Châteaux. Sucedeu à sé de Digne, 1664. Transferido para a sé de Marselha, 9 de julho de 1668. Assistente no Trono Pontifício, 2 de junho de 1673. Embaixador extraordinário da França junto à dieta polonesa para a eleição de um novo rei, Jan Sobieski , 1673. Transferido para a Sé de Beauvais, 25 de setembro de 1679. Par da França. nos Estadosda Provença, da qual era membro por direito, ele habilmente conciliou os interesses do rei com os da província. Encarregado pelo rei da delicada missão de restabelecer a amizade com a esposa do grão-duque da Toscana, Marguerite-Louis d'Orléans, que cumpriu com sucesso. Embaixador na Holanda. Subscreveu as proposições do clero galicano na assembléia de Paris em 1682. Por isso, o Papa Inocêncio XI resistiu à sua promoção ao cardinalato. Comendador da Ordem de Saint-Esprit , 1689.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 13 de fevereiro de 1690; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 6 de março de 1690; e o título de S. Agnese fuori le mura em 10 de julho de 1690. Alguns cardeais se opuseram fortemente à sua promoção, mas o papa respondeu que havia se retratado de todos os seus erros anteriores. Adotou o nome de cardeal de Janson em sua promoção, para se distinguir de seu irmão, o marquês de Forbin-Janson. Embaixador da França junto à Santa Sé, 1690-1697. Abade comendatario de Savigny, 1690. Participou do conclave de 1691 , que elegeu o Papa Inocêncio XII. abade commendatáriode Corbie, 1693, e de Marchiennes. Em 1693, concluíram com sucesso as negociações de paz entre o papa Inocêncio XII e o rei Luís XIV, após a ruptura causada pela assembleia do clero de 1682. As negociações começaram durante o pontificado do papa Alexandre VIII. Optou pelo título de S. Calisto, em 28 de setembro de 1693. Embaixador da França junto à Santa Sé, 1700-1706. Participou do conclave de 1700 , que elegeu o Papa Clemente XI. Camerlengo do Sagrado Colégio dos Cardeais, 23 de janeiro de 1702 até 15 de janeiro de 1703. Grande esmoler da França, 1706 até sua morte. Comendador da Ordem de Malta, 1706. Reentrou na Ordem de Malta, da qual teve de sair ao tornar-se bispo, por privilégio dos cardeais. Comandante de Saint-Jean d'Avignon.

Morte
Morreu em Paris em 24 de março de 1713, após uma longa doença. Exposto e enterrado na catedral de Saint-Pierre, Beauvais (2) . Sua estátua de Nicolas Coustou, naquela catedral, foi concluída em 1738.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Alexandre VIII

Toussaint de Forbin-Janson


Oldsmobile, 21 Ağustos 1897'de Lansing, Michigan'da Ransom Eli Olds tarafından Olds Motor Vehicle Company (Olds Motorlu Araçlar Şirketi) adı altında kurulmuştur. 1899'da Samuel L. Smith adında bir bakır ve kereste kralı tarafından satın alınan şirketin adı Olds Motor Works olarak değiştirildi. Yeni şirket Lansing'den Detroit'e taşındı. Smith şirketin başkanı olurken, Ransom başkan yardımcısı ve genel müdürlük görevini aldı.

1901 yılında Ransom, 650$'a satılan Curved Dash Oldsmobile modelini tasarladı. Her ne kadar aynı yıl fabrika yansa da 600'ün üzerinde Curved Dash modeli satılmıştır. 1904 yılında satışlar 5000 adede kadar çıkmıştır.

Ransom ve Smith sık sık anlaşmazlığa düştüğünden, 1904 yılında başkan yardımcılığı ve genel müdürlük görevlerinden alınan Ransom kendi şirketinden ayrıldı. Hemen sonra kurduğu R.E. Olds Motor Car Companynin adını herhangi bir dava söz konusu olmasın diye Reo Motor Company'e çevirdi. REO kısaltması onun isminin baş harflerinden gelir. Ransom 1925'e kadar REO'nun başkanlığını ve sonra da yürütme kurulu başkanlığını yapmıştır.

The Olds Motor Works şirketi 1908 yılında General Motors tarafından satın alınmıştır. 107 yıl boyunca üretilen 'Oldsmobile markası General Motors tarafından 2004 yılında durdurulmuştur.

Montaj bandı
Ransom E. Olds 1901 yılında montaj bandını yarattı. Her ne kadar birçokları Henry Ford tarafından icat edildiğini sansa de otomotiv sanyisinin yürüyen montaj bantlarınının babası Ransom E. Olds'tur. Henry Ford montaj bandlarını mükemmelleştirmiş ve prosesi standartlaştımıştır. Otomobil üretmek için tasarladığı bu yeni yöntemle fabrikasının kapasitesini dört katından fazlasına çıkarmış ve 1901'de 425 araç üretirken 1902'de 2.500 araç üretmiştir.

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
Eski otomobil üreticileri
Eski otomobil markaları
19. yüzyılda Michigan'da kurulan oluşumlar
1897'de Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde kurulan oluşumlar
1897'de kurulan imalat şirketleri
2004'te feshedilmiş oluşumlar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli motor üreticileri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki otomobil üreticileri

Oldsmobile


Milliyet Türkiye Liselerarası Müzik ve Halk Oyunları Yarışması, Milliyet gazetesinin 1967 - 2000 yılları arasında düzenlediği geleneksel liselerarası yarışma. Müzik yarışması, Türk Pop Dünyasına Bülent Ortaçgil , Zara gibi pek çok ismin girmesine öncülük etti, halk oyunları yarışmasının birincileri dünya çapında yarışmalarda dereceler aldı. Hürriyet gazetesinin 1965 yılında başlatmış olduğu Altın Mikrofon yarışması üzerine o zamanın en büyük rakibi Milliyet gazetesini harekete geçirdi. Milliyet müzisyen yetiştirmeyi amaç edinecek olan yarışmanın ilkini 1967 yılında başlattı. Yarışmada dereceye giren grupların plaklarının Sayan Plak tarafından piyasaya verilecek olması oldukça cazipti. Fakat bu uygulama 1970'ten sonraki yarışmaları kapsamadı. Yarışma 1999 yılında yapıldı.

1967 yılı yarışması sonuçları
 Robert Koleji (Optikler)
 Şarkılar: Köylü Kızı ve Very Last Day
 Haydarpaşa Lisesi
 Şarkılar: Una Mentira ve Espanyola
 Özel Karşıyaka Lisesi
 Şarkılar: Yardbirds ve Troggs coverları
 Saint Joseph Lisesi
 Şarkılar:
 Ankara Koleji
 Şarkılar:

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk halk oyunları

Kaynakça

Türkiye'deki müzik yarışmaları
Türk halk oyunları
Liselerarası halk oyunları yarışması
Liseler arası yarışmalar
Türkiye'deki liseler
1967'de kurulan yinelenen olaylar
1967'de Türkiye'de kurulan oluşumlar


الخطوط الحديدية السعودية (سار)، شركة متخصصة للخطوط الحديدية، مملوكة لصندوق الاستثمارات العامة، تأسست الشركة بتاريخ 25 ربيع الثاني 1427هـ (2006)، لتكون مظلة إدارية تدخل تحتها شبكة الخطوط الحديدية السعودية التي تربط شمال المملكة بشرقها ووسطها، وتتولى الشركة مسؤوليات تشغيل شبكة الخطوط الحديدية بجميع مرافقها وإدارتها بالكفاءة اللازمة وَفْق معايير التشغيل الاقتصادية وبحسب المقاييس العالمية في الأداء والسلامة. يرأس مجلس إدارتها وزير النقل المهندس صالح بن ناصر الجاسر.

تملك الشركة جميع الأصول التشغيلية الثابتة والمنقولة، بالإضافة إلى ملكيتها للبنى التحتية لمشروعات النقل للخطوط الحديدية بين مدن المملكة. ولإنشاء خط حديدي يساهم في نقل المعادن إلى معامل التكرير في رأس الخير شمالي مدينة الجبيل الصناعية. تقوم الشركة بتشغيل وإدارة مشروع سكة حديد الشمال – الجنوب وجميع الخدمات والمرافق المتعلقة به.

تاريخ الخطوط الحديدية بالمملكة

بدأ مشروع السكك الحديدية بالمملكة في منتصف الستينيات الهجرية (الأربعينيات الميلادية)، عندما برزت الحاجة إلى إنشاء ميناء تجاري على ساحل الخليج لنقل البضائع المستوردة. وتضمنت الفكرة التي تقدمت بها شركة أرامكو لإنشاء خط للسكة الحديدية من الدمام إلى الرياض، إنشاء ميناء تجاري كبير يمكنه استقبال السفن الضخمة التي تنقل مستلزمات أعمال صناعة النفط ومعداتها، فضلاً عما سيكون لهذا الميناء من فوائد جمة للاقتصاد الوطني.

تم بالفعل البدء في تنفـيذ المشروع 21 أكتوبر 1947، الموافق 26 ذي القعدة 1366هـ، وفي 30 أكتوبر 1951 أقيم احتفال رسمي بافتتاح الخط في الرياض بحضور الملك عبد العزيز آل سعود. وظلت السكة الحديدية تعمل تحت إشراف شركة أرامكو لفترة من الزمن، إلى أن ارتبطت بوزارة المالية وسميت مصلحة السكة الحديد. وفي 13 مايو 1966 صدر مرسوم ملكي كريم بالموافقة على النظام التأسيسي للمؤسسة العامة للخطوط الحديدية، وبمقتضاه تم تحويل السكة الحديد إلى مؤسسة عامة لها شخصية اعتبارية، يديرها مجلس إدارة، ويرسم سياساتها العامة وفقاً لأسس تجارية، إلى أن أسس صندوق الاستثمارات العامة بالمملكة العربية السعودية الشركة السعودية للخطوط الحديدية (سار) وفق هيكلية جديدة عام 2006م.

رؤساء "سار"

مكونات الخطوط الحديدية السعودية

تتكون الخطوط الحديدية السعودية من شبكة عملاقة تمر عبر محطات تربط أقصى شمال المملكة بالعاصمة الرياض وبالموانئ الواقعة على الخليج العربي في المنطقة الشرقية، لنقل الركاب والبضائع ومواد التعدين، بالإضافة إلى قطار الحرمين الشريفين الذي يربط بين مكة المكرمة والمدينة المنورة، والميناء الجاف بالرياض التابع للشركة السعودية للخطوط الحديدية.

قطار الشمال
في عام 2006م عملت (سار) على تنفيذ وتشغيل شبكة خطوط حديدية تربط أقصى شمال المملكة بالعاصمة الرياض من خلال خط الركاب، وكذلك الموانئ الواقعة على سواحل الخليج العربي بالمنطقة الشرقية من خلال خط المعادن.

بدأ قطار الشمال ينقل الركاب في بداية عام 2017م بين محطات الرياض والمجمعة والقصيم، ثم أضيفت له محطة حائل في نهاية عام 2017م، وكذلك محطة الجوف في نوفمبر 2018م، وتم إدراج محطة القريات لتكتمل إضافتها عام 2019م.

جُهِزت قطارات الركاب لتكون متلائمة مع ذوي الاحتياجات الخاصة وكبار السن. كما صممت لتوفر الراحة والرفاهية لجميع المسافرين حيث خصصت أماكن للصلاة وربطت عربات القطار بشبكة الإنترنت بالإضافة إلى أنظمة ترفيه وخدمات إلكترونية.

تشمل شبكة قطار الشمال: خطاً للركاب، وخطاً للمعادن، الشبكة يبلغ طولها 2.750 كيلومتراً.

وتتوزع على خط الركاب 6 محطات في كل من: الرياض – المجمعة – القصيم – حائل – الجوف - القريات.

ويعمل قطار الشمال على تقديم خدمات الشحن العام للبضائع بين تسع محطات، ست محطات في المدن التي تمر بها، إضافة إلى ثلاث محطات في كل من: مدينة سدير للصناعة والأعمال، ومدينة الأمير عبد العزيز بن مساعد الاقتصادية بحائل، بالإضافة إلى منطقة البسيطا الزراعية.

قطار الدمام – الرياض

افتتح في 30 أكتوبر 1951 في حفل رسمي في الرياض حضره المؤسس الملك عبد العزيز، ويتألف من خطين؛ خط للركاب، وآخر للبضائع.

يبلغ طول خط الركاب 733 كيلومتراً، ويربط العاصمة الرياض بالدمام، ويقل الركاب من أربع محطات في كل من: الدمام، بقيق، الهفوف، والرياض.

ويبلغ طول خط شحن للبضائع 556 كيلومتراً، ويبدأ من ميناء الملك عبد العزيز بالدمام، وينتهي بالميناء الجاف في الرياض، مروراً ببقيق، الهفوف، حرض، والخرج.

ويتصل خط الدمام – الرياض بخطوط فرعية تبلغ أطوالها 486 كيلومتراً، وتربط بعض مواقع الإنتاج الصناعي والزراعي وبعض المواقع العسكرية بموانئ التصدير.

ويقوم قطار الدمام بخدمة شحن الحاويات ما بين ميناء الملك عبد العزيز بالدمام والميناء الجاف بالرياض بطريقة آمنة وسريعة، حيث ينقل القطار سنويا ما يقارب 350 ألف حاوية، أي أكثر من 80% من الحاويات الواردة إلى منطقة الرياض عبر ميناء الدمام.

وتستهدف (سار) نقل 125.000 حاوية، مع العمل على رفع الكفاءة التشغيلية لهذا الخط مع اكتمال مشروع ربط الجبيل بالدمام لتصل إلى حاجز 1.0 مليون حاوية نمطية في عام 2030م.

قطار المعادن

بعد أن أكملت (سار) جزءًا مهمًا من شبكتها، استهل قطار المعادن عمله بنقل خام الفوسفات من شمال المملكة في عام 2011م، بعد ذلك، أضيفت إلى مهام قطار المعادن نقل خام البوكسايت من وسط المملكة بالإضافة إلى نقل المواد الخام الخطرة (السولفريك آسيد). من خلال هذه المرحلة، استطاعت (سار) تخفيف العبء على شبكات الطريق الرئيسية وتوفير حلول نوعية ومستدامة للمجال الصناعي.

قطار الحرمين السريع

مشروع قطار الحرمين السريع هو أحد العناصر المهمة في برنامج توسعة شبكة الخطوط الحديدية في المملكة، حيث يلبي احتياجات المواطنين وزوار بيت الله الحرام، وتنامي عدد الحجاج والمعتمرين من الخارج والداخل، وتخفيف الضغط والزحام على الطرق بين مكة المكرمة والمدينة المنورة ومحافظة جدة.

يعمل قطار الحرمين على خط حديدي كهربائي مزدوج بين مكة المكرمة والمدينة المنورة مروراً بمدينة جدة ومدينة الملك عبد الله الاقتصادية برابغ بطول يبلغ 450 كيلومتراً، وهو مجهز بأنظمة إشارات واتصالات حديثة، وتبلغ سرعته 300 كم في الساعة.

يقل قطار الحرمين السريع الركاب من خمس محطات للركاب في كل من: مكة المكرمة، وجدة، ومطار الملك عبد العزيز، ومدينة الملك عبد العزيز الاقتصادية (رابغ)، والمدينة المنورة.

الميناء الجاف بالرياض

أنشئ الميناء الجاف بالرياض ليسهم في تخفيف أزمة الازدحام عن طريق تمكين مستوردي البضائع في منطقة الرياض من نقل بضائعهم على القطار مباشرة إلى الرياض حيث يتم تخليصها جمركياً وتسليمها لهم فيه. تم افتتاح الميناء الجاف بالرياض في 24 مايو 1981م، وتبلغ مساحته أكثر من 7 ملايين متر مربع، ويقع في وسط الرياض.

مركز التحكم والتشغيل
افتتح مركز التحكم والتشغيل في مقر الشركة بالرياض، ليتولى إدارة وتشغيل 2750 كلم من السكك الحديدية بداية من منجم حزم الجلاميد شمال المملكة والبعيثة في القصيم حتى محطات التفريغ في رأس الخير وكذلك محطة الرياض، إضافة إلى التشغيل والتحكم بالسكك الحديدية داخل مباني الصيانة بالنعيرية على مدار الساعة.

يتحكم العاملون بالمركز في حركة وتشغيل قطارات المعادن بشكل يومي، (قطارات الفوسفات، البوكسايت، الكبريت المصهور حمض الفسفوريك، وقطارات الركاب) ، والتنسيق بين طلبات الصيانة الدورية وحركة القطارات، بما يضمن سلامة الحركة وانسيابيتها. والمركز مجهز بنظام ETCS level2 ، ويعد من أحدث الأنظمة في الإدارة والتشغيل، ليضمن سلامة وحركة القطارات على الخطوط الحديدية، وتوفير تغطية كاملة للشبكة باتصال لاسلكي عن طريق نظام الـ GSMR ، والمركز مزود بكاميرات مراقبة لجميع المحطات.

المشاريع المستقبلية
 خط ينبع – جدة (عبر ميناء الملك عبد الله).
 خط يربط بين محطتي الركاب في الثمامة والملز بالرياض.

تقييمات دولية
 جائزة الريادة في الخطوط الحديدية: عام 2011 حصلت الشركة السعودية للخطوط الحديدية (سار) على جائزة الريادة في الخطوط الحديدية بمؤتمر السكك الحديدية في منطقة الشرق الأوسط والذي نظمته مؤسسة ميد MEED العالمية في أبوظبي، إثر إنجازها المميز الذي حققته باكتمال بناء وتشغيل المرحلة الأولى من مشاريعها وبدء التشغيل التجريبي لخط التعدين لنقل خام الفوسفات من منجم حزم الجلاميد بمنطقة الحدود الشمالية إلى مصانع التكرير والمعالجة بمدينة رأس الخير على الخليج العربي بالمنطقة الشرقية بطول إجمالي يبلغ 1392 كم. ومُنحت شركة (سار) هذه الجائزة بإجماع المشاركين من دول مجلس التعاون الخليجي، والدول الأخرى المشاركة بالإضافة إلى الشركات العالمية ذات الصلة بصناعة الخطوط الحديدية عرفاناً بانجازاتها بإكمال بناء وتشغيل المشروع في وقت يُعد قياسيًا عطفاً على ضخامة المشروع واتساع رقعته الجغرافية حيث يعد هذا الخط من أطول خطوط التعدين بالعالم.
 جائزة السلامة الدولية: عام 2019م حصلت الشركة السعودية للخطوط الحديدية (سار) (ورشة الرياض) على جائزة السلامة الدولية عن فئة «الجدارة» من مجلس السلامة البريطاني تقديرًا لالتزامها بالحفاظ على صحة وسلامة عمالها وأماكن العمل، خلال العام الميلادي 2018.
 الاعتماد الكامل: عام 2019م سجّلت الشركة السعودية للخطوط الحديدية (سار) إنجازاً جديداً في مجال نظام إدارة الحركة والإشارات، وذلك بحصولها على الاعتماد الكامل من الهيئة العامة للنقل وشركة TUV Rheinland لنظام إدارة حركة السكك الحديدية الأوروبية ETCS II والذي يعد معياراً عالمياً تستخدمه شبكات السكك الحديدية في 43 دولة حول العالم. ونظام إدارة حركة ETCS تم تصميمه في الأساس كنظام إشارات واتصال فريد لضمان التشغيل التوافقي البيني لشبكات السكك الحديدية الأوروبية المختلفة، لكنه سرعان ما تحول إلى معيار عالمي يعتمده عدد متزايد من الدول حول العالم يبلغ 43 دولة حتى الآن. ويتيح النظام عدداً من المزايا أبرزها زيادة الكفاءة التشغيلية للخطوط القائمة، وزيادة الاستجابة لمطالب النقل المتنامية كنظام إشارات مستمر قائم على الاتصالات، كما يسمح بسرعات قصوى أعلى، حيث أصبح النظام المفضل لدى العديد من دول العالم لبناء خطوط حديدية عالية السرعة، كما يتيح التواصل الدائم بين القطار ومركز التحكم، وبالتالي تقليل الأخطاء البشرية. كما يحظى النظام بمعدلات موثوقية أعلى في الالتزام بالمواعيد، وخفض تكاليف الصيانة، حيث لم تعد هناك حاجة لاستخدام أنظمة الإشارات على جانبي السكك الحديدية، إضافة لتحسين مستوى السلامة للركاب والموظفين، ونقل البضائع، كما يتمتع بمعيار عالمي يحقق بشكل كبير اقتصاديات التوسع والانتشار، وهي عناصر ضرورية لأي شبكة سكك حديدية، إضافة لمعايير السرعة والسلامة للمسافرين.
 جائزة «أفضل جهة عمل»: عام 2022 حصلت الخطوط الحديدية السعودية (سار) على جائزة «أفضل جهة عمل» على منطقة الشرق الأوسط، وذلك ضمن منافسة شملت 120 جهة مرشحة في حفل توزيع جوائز الموارد البشرية في الشرق الأوسط المنظّم بضيافة المعهد البريطاني العالمي لتنمية الموارد البشرية CIPD والذي أقيم في مدينة دبي.

مراجع

النقل بالسكك الحديدية في السعودية
تأسيسات سنة 1951 في السعودية
تأسيسات سنة 2008 في السعودية
شركات سكك حديدية سعودية
شركات مملوكة من قبل حكومة السعودية
صندوق الاستثمارات العامة
منظمات أسست في 1951
شركات السكك الحديدية أسست في 2008
شركات سكك حديدية

الخطوط الحديدية السعودية


Neoaulacoryssus es un  género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Carabidae.

Especies
Comprende las siguientes especies:

 Neoaulacoryssus cupripennis (Gory, 1833)
 Neoaulacoryssus speciosus (Dejean, 1829)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 ION
 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Harpalina

Neoaulacoryssus


Plavetna sjenica (Parus ili Cyanistes caeruleus) mala je i šarena vrsta sjenice.

Opis

Imaju okruglu glavu položenu izrazito blizu ramenima zbog čega izgleda kao da nema vrata. Na bijeloj glavi ima crne crte oko očiju i plav vrh. Donji dijelovi tijela plavetne sjenice žute su boje sa sivo-crnom prugom na trbuhu. Krila su ima plavičaste boje. Mužjaci i ženke izgledaju slično, ali ženkama su boje manje naglašene.

Plavetne su sjenice dugačke oko 12 cm i teže oko 11 g.

Rasprostranjenost

Plavetne se sjenice pojavljuju u većini Europe, Azije, Sjeverne Amerike i Afrike. Žive u listopadnim i miješanim šumama, ali zna ih biti i u parkovima i vrtovima.

Ponašanje

Hrane se kukcima, pupovima, sjemenkama i biljkama.

Jedne su od najinteligentnijih ptica poslije vrana i papiga. Aktivne su, glasne i socijalne.

Često se hrane u miješanim jatima. Obično se gnijezde u dupljama u drvetu, ali prihvaćaju i kućicu za ptice. Teritorijalne su tijekom sezone parenja. Ženke polažu 6-18 jaja. Obični kobac i istočna siva vjeverica love plavetne sjenice, a lasice im ponekad kradu jaja iz gnijezda.

U Hrvatskoj
U Hrvatskoj su jedne od čestih ptica. Plavetne su sjenice zaštićena vrsta.

Mogu se naći na meti krivolovaca, tako su u Italiji krivolovci ubili stotine ptica među kojima su se našle i plavetne sjenice. Godine 2020. dogodila se ptičja pandemija u Zapadnoj Njemačkoj gdje je bilo zaraženo oko 11 tisuća plavetnih sjenica, a puno ih je i uginulo.

Sistematika
Euroazijska plavetna sjenica (C. caeruleus) ne treba se pomiješati s afričkom (C. teneriffae). Nekoć su se ove dvije vrste smatrale podvrstama.

Plavetne sjenice pripadaju porodici Paridae i rodu Cyanistes koji se smatrao podrodom roda Parus, ali danas ga mnogi smatraju posebnim rodom.

Podvrste
Do sada je prepoznato 9 podvrsta:

 C. c. caeruleus – (Linnaeus, 1758): nominalna podvrsta, u kontinentalnoj Europi do sjeverne Španjolske, Sicilije, sjeverne Turske i sjevernog Urala
 C. c. obscurus – (Pražák, 1894): Otoci Irska, Velika Britanija, Kanalski otoci
 C. c. ogliastrae – (Hartert, 1905): Portugal, južna Španjolska, Korzika i Sardinija
 C. c. balearicus – (von Jordans, 1913): otok Mallorca (Baleari)
 C. c. calamensis – (Parrot, 1908): južna Grčka, Peloponez, Cikladi, Kreta i Rod
 C. c. orientalis – Zarudny & Loudon, 1905: jug europskog dijela Rusije (od Volge do južnog i središnjeg Urala)
 C. c. satunini – Zarudny, 1908: krim, Kavkaz, Zakavkazje i od sjevernog irana do istočne Turske
 C. c. raddei – Zarudny, 1908: sjeverni Iran
 C. c. persicus – (Blanford, 1873): gorje Zagros

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Corvida

Plavetna sjenica


Arapaima é o gênero tipo da subfamília Arapaiminae dentro da família Osteoglossidae.

Era tradicionalmente considerado um gênero monotípico, mas posteriormente outras espécies foram distinguidas. Como consequência, a maioria dos estudos anteriores às descrições foram feitos usando o nome A. gigas.

Taxonomia
Atualmente são reconhecidas as seguintes espécies:

 Arapaima agassizii (Valenciennes, 1847)
 Arapaima gigas ( Schinz, 1822)
 Arapaima leptosoma DJ Stewart, 2013
 Arapaima mapae (Valenciennes, 1847)

Osteoglossiformes

Arapaima


Sperrfort Rocca Alta ist ein autobiographischer Roman, der 1937 von Luis Trenker veröffentlicht wurde und dessen Erlebnisse während des Ersten Weltkriegs schildert, insbesondere die Kämpfe um das Fort (Werk) Verle an der österreichisch-italienischen Front, das den fiktiven Namen Rocca Alta erhielt. Der Text gehört zu den wenigen Erlebnisberichten, die den Kampf um permanente Festungsanlagen im Ersten Weltkrieg aus Sicht der Besatzung beschreiben, weshalb er auch in militärgeschichtlichen Werken als Quelle herangezogen wird.

Inhalt (Ausgabe 1941)
Luis Trenker, Student der Technischen Hochschule, verbringt den Juli 1914 in seiner Heimat Gröden in Südtirol. Am 1. August zieht er von dort in den Krieg nach Krakau zur Ausbildung, da er als Student vom Militärdienst zurückgestellt war. Anfang Dezember wird er von dort auf die Offiziersschule in Chiesa und Anfang 1915 in das Fort Rocca Alta (Werk Verle) an der Grenze zu Italien abkommandiert, mit dessen Kommandant Albrecht Gimpelmann ihn tiefe Antipathie verbindet. Am 23. Mai erklärt Italien den Krieg und wenig später beginnt der Beschuss des Forts mit schwerer Artillerie, wobei bereits nach wenigen Stunden der Vorpanzer einer der vier Haubitzen des Forts durchschlagen und vier Mann getötet werden. Der Kommandant erleidet einen Nervenzusammenbruch und erwirkt durch übertriebene Angaben den Befehl zur Räumung des Werkes bis auf eine kleine Restbesatzung, zu der auch Trenker gehört. Am nächsten Tag schläft Trenker unter der Wirkung der Schussgase auf dem Rückweg zum Kasemattenblock in einer Munitionskasematte ein, in der er kurz darauf eingeschlossen wird, als der Einschlag einer schweren Granate den Zugang verschüttet. Erst drei Tage später wird er befreit. Kurz darauf rückt auch die übrige Besatzung wieder ins Fort ein, das nun von Leutnant Partik befohlen wird. Trenker wird in einen vorgelagerten Stützpunkt am Basson abkommandiert, wo er sich als MG-Schütze an der Abwehr eines größeren Angriffs beteiligt. Einige Zeit später führt er eine Patrouille auf Klettertour hinter die feindlichen Linien und kundschaftet Artilleriestellungen aus. Trenker ist weiterhin am Basson stationiert und beobachtet von dort, wie Rocca Alta seit dem 15. August 1915 unter schwerstem Beschuss liegt und schwer beschädigt wird. Acht Tage später kehrt Trenker ins Fort zurück. Mehrfach durchschlagen schwere Granaten die Decke und verursachen schwere Verluste. Der folgende großangelegte Angriff der Italiener wird knapp zurückgeschlagen. Danach klingen die Kämpfe und der Beschuss ab. Mit List werden ein italienischer Scharfschütze erschossen und ein italienischer Stoßtrupp, der in die Grabenstreiche eingedrungen ist, zum Aufgeben gezwungen. In den nächsten Monaten unternimmt Trenker mehrfach Patrouillen, um die italienischen Stellungen auszukundschaften, auf einer besonders riskanten wird er verwundet und erwacht in einem Krankenbett, als die Front dank der [am 15. Mai 1916 begonnenen] österreichischen Südtiroloffensive nunmehr weit vor Rocca Alta liegt.
In die Haupthandlung sind immer wieder einzelne, oft unterhaltsame Episoden sowie die Liebesgeschichte zu Noemi eingeschoben, deren Familie einen Hof in Frontnähe besaß und aufgeben musste, auch wurden ihr Bruder und ihr Vater interniert.

Urheberschaft
In keiner der verschiedenen Ausgaben finden sich Hinweise auf weitere Autoren neben Luis Trenker. Dennoch kam es nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg mehrfach zu Streitigkeiten vor Gericht, als Fritz Weber, ein Kriegskamerad Trenkers, die Urheberschaft für insgesamt vier Trenker-Romane beanspruchte. Zumindest für Rocca Alta und einen weiteren Roman gestand Trenker eine Mitarbeit Webers ein. Letztlich endete der Streit wohl 1959 mit einem Vergleich, dessen Inhalt anscheinend nicht öffentlich bekannt ist, so dass der genaue Anteil an der Urheberschaft von Rocca Alta ungeklärt ist. Die Forschung neigt aber dazu, Fritz Weber einen erheblichen Anteil zuzusprechen.

Veränderungen in späteren Ausgaben
Die Vor- und Nachkriegsausgaben von Rocca Alta weisen zahlreiche und teils erhebliche Unterschiede auf. Neben diversen kleineren Veränderungen wurden auch ganze Episoden weggelassen oder neu hinzugefügt. Ein Teil dieser Veränderungen ist zweifellos dem veränderten Zeitgeist geschuldet, indem – wie bei anderen Trenker-Romanen auch – nationalistische oder militaristische Passagen entschärft wurden. Beispielsweise fehlt die Episode, in der ein österreichischer Scharfschütze mit List einen italienischen ausmacht, erschießt und dafür mit "Waidmannsheil" beglückwünscht wird. Auch bei den Schilderungen der Kampfhandlungen lassen sich inhaltliche Abänderungen feststellen.

Tatsachen oder Fiktion
Im Vorwort wird Rocca Alta als "Tatsachenbericht" bezeichnet, gleichzeitig erklärt Trenker aber, "Namen und Handlungen nach eigenem Ermessen geändert, fortgelassen oder ergänzt zu haben." Somit handelt es sich um einen autobiographischen Roman. Der Ablauf der wichtigsten Kampfhandlungen (Beschießungsperioden, teilweise Räumung des Forts, größere Angriffe etc.) entspricht im Wesentlichen dem Kriegsgeschehen, die geschilderten Details werden in der militärgeschichtlichen Forschung kritisch beurteilt. Tatsächlich lassen sich durch Vergleich der in Rocca Alta geschilderten Abläufe mit militärgeschichtlicher Literatur Unstimmigkeiten nachweisen. Beispielsweise müssten laut Rocca Alta zwischen dem ersten Durchschlag eines Vorpanzers [26. Mai] und der versuchten Übergabe des Nachbarwerks Lusern [28. Mai] wenigstens sieben Tage liegen, davon drei Tage, in denen Trenker in der Munitionskasematte verschüttet war. Da diese Verschüttung weder in der militärgeschichtlichen Literatur noch von Fritz Weber erwähnt werden, ebenso wenig wie ein derart schwerer Deckendurchschlag um den 27. Mai, der den Zugang zur Munitionskasematte hätte verschütten können, erscheint die ganze Episode eingeschoben und fiktiv. Ähnliche Zweifel gelten auch für das angebliche Eindringen italienischer Soldaten in die Grabenstreiche.

Literatur
 Luis Trenker: Sperrfort Rocca Alta. Der Heldenkampf eines Panzerwerks. Knaur, Berlin 1937. (weitere Auflagen: Knauer, Berlin 1938, 1939, 1941; Berg, München 1977, 1983; europäische Bildungsgemeinschaft u. a., Stuttgart 1978)
 Rolf Hentzschel: Werk Verle und Sperrfort Rocca Alta – Fakten, Hintergründe und Legenden. In: Sperrfort Verle: Autobiografischer Roman über die Alpenfront im Ersten Weltkrieg. morisel, München 2014, ISBN 978-3-943915-11-2.
 Rolf Hentzschel: Festungskrieg im Hochgebirge. Athesia, Bozen 2008.
 Gudrun Pilz: Der Geschichtenerzähler. In: Köpf, Gerhard: Ezra & Luis oder die Erstbesteigung des Ulmer Münsters. Löwenzahn, Innsbruck 1994, S. 167–173.
 Erwin Anton Grestenberger: K.u.k. Befestigungsanlagen in Tirol und Kärnten 1860–1918. Wien 2000, ISBN 3-7046-1558-7.
 Fritz Weber: Das Ende der alten Armee. Bergland-Buch, Salzburg/ Stuttgart 1959.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Literarisches Werk
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Fiktion
Literatur (Deutsch)

Sperrfort Rocca Alta


පළමුවන ෆ්‍රාන්ස් ජෝසප් හෝ  පළමුවන ෆ්‍රාන්සිස් ජෝසප් (, , , , , , ) (18 අගෝස්තු 1830 – 21 නොවැම්බර් 1916) යනු,  1848 දෙසැම්බර් 2 දින සිට 1916 නොවැම්බර් 21 දින සිදුවූ ඔහුගේ මරණය දක්වා, ඔස්ට්‍රියාවෙහි අධිරාජයා සහ   හන්ගේරියෙහි රජ, බොහීමියාවෙහි රජ සහ වෙනත් බොහෝ නිල දැරුවෙක් විය (ඔස්ට්‍රියාවෙහි අධිරාජයාගේ මහා අභිධානය බලන්න).

ඔස්ට්‍රියාවෙහි පළමුවන ෆ්‍රාන්ස් ජෝසප් රජ


Hédi Kaddour (født 1. juli 1945 i Tunis, Tunesien) er en fransk forfatter, oversætter, journalist, klummeskribent og professor i fransk litteratur ved New York University i Paris.

Kaddour, hvis mor var fransk og faren tunesisk, tilbragte de første 12 år af sit liv i Tunesien, før han flyttede til Frankrig. I 1987 debuterede han som forfatter med digtsamlingen Le Chardon mauve og har siden skrevet seks digtsamlinger.

Først i 2005, i en alder af 61, debuterede han som romanforfatter med bogen Waltenberg, som han vandt debutantpriserne Le Prix Goncourt du premier roman og Prix du Premier Roman for. Om bogen har Kaddour udtalt, at "I 1997 gik jeg i Paris' gader og tog noter – det gjorde jeg altid, også til mine kronikker. Jeg ved ikke, hvad der skete, men da jeg kom hjem, havde jeg besluttet mig for at skrive en stor roman. Sådan en rigtig stor roman, en blanding af Trolddomsbjerget og De Tre Musketerer eller John le Carrés Muldvarpen og Greven af Monte Cristo." Kaddour har siden skrevet romanerne Savoir-vivre (2010) og Les Prépondérants (2015), hvoraf sidstnævnte er udkommet på dansk med titlen De toneangivende og som gav ham Det Franske Akademis store romanpris, Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, Prix Jean Freustié og Prix Littéraire Valery Larbaud.

Priser og nomineringer
 2016: Vinder af Prix Littéraire Valery Larbaud for De toneangivende.
 2015: Vinder af Grand Prix du roman de l'Académie française, Prix Jean-Freustié for De toneangivende.
 2015: Nomineret til Prix Goncourt for De toneangivende.
 2005: Vinder af Prix Goncourt du premier for Waltenberg.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Hedí Kaddours forfatterprofil på det danske forlag Batzer & Co.

Skønlitterære forfattere fra Frankrig
Fransksprogede forfattere
Professorer fra Frankrig
Personer fra Tunis

Hédi Kaddour


Ronald David Laing (7 Ekim 1927 – 23 Ağustos 1989), İskoç psikiyatrist, akıl sağlığı ve psikozlar hakkında yazmıştır. Varoluşçuluktan mistizme yönelmiş, yaşanılan hayatın gerçekliğini hesaba katmayan ve sadece genel çerçeveyi çizen psikiyatrik anlayışa insani boyutu ekleyen 20. yüzyılın önemli psikiyatri kuramcısı ve uygulayıcısı. Antipsikiyatrinin oluşumuna önayak olan, uyum ve delilik problemlerine ciddi katkılar sağlayan Laing hayatın tüketen diyalektiğine kendince bir çözüm olarak 'hastaların' deliliğiyle sağlıklı bir tepki verdiğini savunmuştur. Gerçek deliliği hiçbir zaman inkâr etmeyen Laing, yanlış bir değer ve inanca dayalı modern dünyada aklı başında kalmanın ancak bu tür bir olumsuzlamayla mümkün olduğunu belirtmiştir. Hayatın akışının "sosyal oyun"a dayandığı ve kurtarıcı ışığın görülmediği bir dünyada mistizmin egemenliğindeki içsel hayata devam kararı aldırtan bir tercih olarak süreci ifade eder.

Örnek olarak kendi karnında atom bombası olduğunu söylediği için şizofren olarak teşhis edilmiş genç bir kadın hastanın hastalığına yaklaşırken, günümüz dünyasında atom bombasını üreten ve kullanma durumunda olan kişilerin ne kadar sağlıklı olduğunu sorgulamış ve hastanın böyle dış çevre olumsuzluklarını kendince içselleştirmesini normal bulmuştur.

1927 doğumlular
1989 yılında ölenler
İskoç askerî personel
İskoç psikiyatrlar
Psikanalistler
Antipsikiyatri
Psikoz
Kalp krizinden ölenler

R. D. Laing


Renaud de Vézins (comte Renaud de Lévézou de Vézins), né à Vézins-de-Lévézou dans l'Aveyron le  et mort dans un accident de voiture dans les environs de Chartres le , est un peintre, graveur et homme politique français. Il est issu de la famille de Lévézou de Vézins, subsistante de la noblesse française. Il a été maire de Vézins-de-Lévézou, conseiller général de l'Aveyron, président de la Société archéologique et historique de Tarn-et-Garonne et membre des conseils d'administration de plusieurs sociétés.

Biographie
Renaud de Vézins (Marie Camille Paul Renaud de Lévézou de Vézins) nait le  dans le château de Vézins dans l'Aveyron, propriété depuis le  siècle de la famille de Lévézou de Vézins, famille noble française subsistante qui a occupé une position de premier plan dans sa province jusqu'à la Révolution française. Il est le quatrième et dernier enfant du compte Elie de Lévézou de Vézins et de son épouse Béatrix. Son père est issu de la branche du Tarn-et-Garonne de la famille, propriétaire du château de Chambord à Montauban (aujourd'hui disparu), et sa mère est issue de celle de Vézins, propiétaire du château du village. La famille alterne les séjours entre les deux demeures, selon les saisons de l'année.

Renaud de Vézins fait sa scolarité au petit séminaire Saint-Théodard à Montauban, puis au collège Saint-Gabriel à Saint-Affrique, où il obtient son baccalauréat en 1900.

L'artiste
Après son baccalauréat, il se passionne pour la peinture et la sculpture et fréquente l'atelier du peintre Gaston Célarié à Montauban, puis suit les cours de l'académie Colarossi à Paris de 1903 à 1906.

C'est vers cette époque qu'il rencontre le peintre et graveur Eugène Viala, compatriote aveyronnais, qui va le former à l'eau-forte, spécialité de Viala, et à l'aquarelle. Malgré des origines sociales et des tempéraments presque opposés, les deux hommes se lient d'amitié et se témoignent un respect mutuel, réunis par leur amour de l'art et du Lévézou, leur terre d'origine.

Renaud de Vézins expose régulièrement ses aquarelles dans les galeries et salons parisiens, et au Salon des Artistes Méridionaux à Toulouse, à Montauban, Rodez, Millau. Il expose également des eaux-fortes au Salon des Artistes Français à Paris.

Dans ses aquarelles, il aime représenter les paysages découverts lors de ses voyages sur la côte Méditerranée ou Atlantique, en Italie, en Espagne, mais plus particulièrement les paysages du Lévézou, ses villages, ses forêts et ses ruisseaux, ainsi que des portraits de membres de sa famille, mis en scènes dans le décor des demeures familiales.

Ses eaux-fortes représentent des lieux emblématiques de ses deux terres d'origine, le Tarn-et-Garonne et l'Aveyron, avec des gravures comme Le Cloître de Moissac, La Salle du Prince Noir, Bruniquel-le-Château, La Cité de Carcassonne, La Place des Couverts, qui sont présentés dans différents salons d'art.

Vers 1927, il réalise 25 eaux-fortes servant d'illustrations à l'ouvrage Les Châteaux de l'ancien Rouergue écrit par son cousin Pierre-Christian d'Yzarn-Freissinet, marquis de Valady.

Il réalise aussi des sculptures et des bas-reliefs, dont celui du monument aux morts de Vézins-de-Lévézou.

En 1929, il devient membre sociétaire de la Société des artistes français.

L'homme politique et l'homme du monde
À côté de ses occupations artistiques, Renaud de Vézins est fortement impliqué dans la vie politique, associative et économique de la région.

De 1919 à 1932, année de sa mort, il est maire de Vézins-de-Lévézou et conseiller général de l'Aveyron. Il crée et préside le Syndicat agricole de Vézins.

En 1920, il entre à la Société des lettres, sciences et arts de l'Aveyron. En 1921, il fait partie de la Commission des Archives historiques de l'Aveyron. La même année, il est désigné pour faire partie du conseil d'administration de L'Auvergne Laitière (actuelle Société Fromagère de Riom) et de celui de L'Express du Midi (journal catholique quotidien de Toulouse et du Sud-Ouest). En 1922, il est nommé vice-président de la compagnie d'assurances La Préservatrice.

En 1923, il est élu président de la Société archéologique et historique de Tarn-et-Garonne, titre qu'il gardera jusqu'en 1932, année de sa mort, est élu de l'académie de Montauban, et en 1925 il entre au conseil d'administration de la section montalbanaise de la Croix-Rouge.

En 1926, il est nommé par Jean d'Orléans, duc de Guise et prétendant orléaniste au trône de France, président des comités royalistes de l'Aveyron.

Le , en voyage dans la région d'Orléans à l'occasion du mariage d'un de ses cousins, il se tue en percutant un arbre au volant de sa Bugatti.

Œuvres dans les collections publiques
 Musée des Beaux-Arts Denys-Puech :
 Sous bois, aquarelle ;
 Le Cloître de Moissac, estampe ;
 Place d'Armes de Rodez, aquarelle.

Expositions
 Galerie Georges-Petit, Paris, en juin 1912.
 Société Moderne des Arts, Paris, en décembre 1912.
 Société des artistes méridionaux, Toulouse.
 Salon des artistes français, Paris.
 Salon de la Quinzaine d'Art en Quercy, Montauban, en 1938.

Hommages
 Impasse Renaud de Vezins à Montauban.
 Buste à Vézins-de-Lévézou.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie
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Articles connexes
 Famille de Lévézou de Vézins
 Vézins-de-Lévézou
 Eugène Viala
 Gaston Célarié
 Société archéologique et historique de Tarn-et-Garonne

Liens externes

Renaud
Personnalité liée à l'Aveyron
Conseiller général de l'Aveyron
Maire de l'Aveyron
Orléanisme
Histoire de l'Aveyron
Comte français du XIXe siècle
Comte français du XXe siècle
Graveur français du XIXe siècle
Graveur français du XXe siècle
Aquafortiste français
Peintre français du XIXe siècle
Peintre français du XXe siècle
Naissance dans l'Aveyron
Naissance en juillet 1882
Décès en septembre 1932
Décès à 50 ans

Renaud de Vézins


An Stenoptera montana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Charles Schweinfurth. An Stenoptera montana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Stenoptera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Stenoptera

Stenoptera montana


Offentlig ydmygelse er en skamfuld eksponering af en person, almindeligvis en gerningsmand eller en fange, især på en offentlig lokalitet. Det blev regelmæssigt brugt som afstraffelse i tidligere tider og praktiseres fortsat på forskellige måder i nyere tid.

I USA var det almindeligt i det 19. århundrede og det udgik af almindelig brug i det 20. århundrede. Der er dog set en genoptagning i 1990'erne.

Skamfulde eksponeringer

Offentlig ydmygelse kunne foregå på en række forskellige måder. Typisk blev de kriminelle placeret i midten af byerne, og de lokale befolkninger fungerede som en slags pøbelvælde overfor de enkelte. Afstraffelsen med offentlig ydmygelse kunne bl.a. være, at en gerningsmand blev tvunget til at relatere til sin gerning. Det kunne være en musiker, der blev tvunget til at spille på skamfløjte, eller en der blev tvunget til at gå med en krans for at komme for sent i kirke. Gerningsmanden kunne alternativt blive dømt til at blive eksponeret på et bestemt offentligt sted i en fastholdelsesanordning.

I Nederlandene blev der benyttet ("Skammens stol") (en type kag) ved ægteskabsbrud eller en ("skammens pæl") og der blev benyttet et skafot, hvorfra personen blev sparket ud fra, således at vedkommende kunne lande i mudder og snavs.

I mere ekstreme tilfælde kunne gerningsmanden også blive udsat for psykisk og fysisk mishandling fra menneskemasserne. Dette kunne have alvorlige konsekvenser, især når hænderne på gerningsmanden ikke var fri og vedkommende derfor ikke kunne beskytte sig selv. Nogle domme beskriver yderligere ydmygelse som barbering eller korporlig afstraffelse.

I Kolonitidens Amerika var gabestok og kag almindelige former for offentlig ydmygelse, som var importerede fra Europa. De fleste byer af nævneværdig størrelse havde redskaber til offentlig ydmygelse, almindeligvis på byens torv.

I Japan før verdenskrigene blev ægteskabsbrydere offentligt eksponeret, så de kunne mærke skammen.

Efter kolonitiden er retslig brug af offentlig ydmygelse i USA i det store hele ophørt, eftersom det i dag anses som en ondskabsfuld og unødvendig afstraffelse, hvilket er forbudt ifølge USA's forfatning.

I Indien foregår offentlig ydmygelse fortsat, det gælder afklædning og fysisk vold mod offeret. Årsager kan være mord eller påstået mord, manglende betaling af medgift, hekseri eller ægteskab på tværs af kaster.

Som andre pinefulde afstraffelser så kan der drages paralleller til korporlige afstraffelsesmetoder indenfor uddannelsessektoren eller i private sammenhænge, hvor der er nogen grad af tilskuere.
Det inkluderer at være tvunget til at bære nogle skilte som "donkey ears" (efterlignet på papir som et tegn på at vedkommende er- eller som minimum har opført sig dumt, at gå med dosmerhat, at skulle stå, knæle eller bukke sig i et hjørne eller gentagne gange skrive noget på tavlen som ("jeg vil ikke sprede rygter", for eksempel). Dertil kan tilføjes forskellige niveauer af fysisk ubehag, såsom at skulle holde tunge objekter, gå barfodet eller knæle på en ujævn overflade. Fysisk afstraffelse og barsk ydmygelse er kontroversiel i de fleste moderne samfund, hvilket i mange tilfælde har ført til lovgivningsmæssige restriktioner og/eller frivillig afskaffelse.

Hovedbarbering er en ydmygende afstraffelse at få tildelt ved lov, men det kan også foretages som et led i folkemassernes retfærdighed. Et stærkt eksempel derpå er de titusinder af kvinder, der efter 2. verdenskrig fik deres hoveder barberet foran hujende folkemængder, som en afstraffelse for deres engagement med den nazistiske besættelsesmagt under krigen.

Tvang af mennesker til at gå barfodet har været benyttet som en mere ubesværet og raffineret form for ydmygelse i de fleste civiliserede kulturer. Det har primært skabt en visuel kontrast og nogen grad af fysisk diskomfort. Eksponeringen af de bare fødder fungerede ofte som en indikator på tilfangetagelse og slaveri. I dag skal fanger i nogle lande fortsat gå barfodede.
Eftersom fodtøj typisk bæres af alle socialklasser i de mest civiliserede samfund, så symboliserer de bare fødder et tab af social status. Det medfører desuden en grad af ydmygelse.

Yderligere metoder til offentlig ydmygelse omfatter, at folk tvinges til at bruge bestemte slags tøj som tvungen brug af fx fangedragter.

Eksponering af arresterede eller fanger i offentligheden i fastholdelsesanordninger, såsom håndjern, fodlænker eller lignende enheder fungerer også som offentlig ydmygelse foruden dets sikkerhedsmæssige aspekt.

Korporlig afstraffelse

Det er nemmest at administrere smertefuld korporlig afstraffelse i offentlighed, eftersom dets primære formål er at afskrække potentielle gerningsmænd, således at vidnerne til afstraffelsen oplever gerningsmanden frygt og pinsler. Det kan foregå på en bys torv, skole eller en anden offentlig tilgængelig lokalitet. Fra skolen kendes afstraffelsen fra brug af spanskrøret.
En lignende afstraffelse kendes fra flåden, hvor der blev gjort brug af pisken nihalet kat. I nogle lande praktiseres offentlig fodpiskning, også nu om dage.

 Ydmygelsen og nedbrydningen er generelt intensiveret når gerningsmanden får taget tøjet af (delvist eller helt) eftersom at eksponeringen får personen til at føle sig sårbar og hjælpeløs. En almindelig og og simpel form for ydmygende eksponering består i at tage skoene af vedkommende og holde vedkommende barfodet under afstraffelsen.
 Yderligere intensivering af offentlig ydmygelse og nedbrydning under afstraffelsen består af at tvinge folk til at iklæde sig bestemte slags tøj, hvilket kan være fangedragter eller gammelt snavset tøj.
 Selv når det ikke foregår i fuld offentlighed, kan ydmygelsen stadig være psykisk smertefuld.
 Korsfæstelse blev benyttet af romerne, dermed blev offentlig ydmygelse til dødsstraf. Josefus beskrev, hvordan romerske soldater korsfæstede folk nøgne og benyttede forskellige svære positurer for at ydmyge dem yderligere. Korsfæstede kroppe blev som afskrækkelse efterladt på korset i flere uger.

Torturmærker

Ydmygelsen kan udvides ved at efterlade synlige mærker såsom arvæv på de kropsdele, der er synlige med tøj på. Det fungerer også som et kriminalregister. Det kan være den primære intention ved afstraffelsen, og arvævet fungerer som en slags brændemærke (branding). Afhugning eller afskæring af kropsdele kan også finde sted. Det kan være amputation af fingre, hænder, tæer, fødder eller ører. Tjære og fjer kan også benyttes som udvidet ydmygelse.

Referencer

Videre læsning
 So You've Been Publicly Shamed bog fra 2015 Jon Ronson om det moderne fænomen public shaming på Twitter og andre steder på sociale medier

Eksterne henvisninger

Straf
Hævn
Tortur

Offentlig ydmygelse


The Book of the Law of the Lord is a sacred book of scripture used by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite), a sect of the Latter Day Saint movement. It is alleged to be a translation by the Strangite prophet James Strang of the brass Plates of Laban, which were originally acquired by Nephi, a leading figure in the early portion of the Book of Mormon. Strang claimed to have translated them using the Urim and Thummim, which Mormons believe was used by Joseph Smith to translate the Book of Mormon from ancient gold plates. Strang's followers believe that while the Book of the Law was lost to the Old World during Israel's captivity in foreign lands, a copy was included in the plates that the ancient prophet Nephi took with him to the New World.

The book contains an elaborate constitution for a theocratic kingdom, in which the prophet-leader of the Latter Day Saint church equally rules as king over God's kingdom on earth. The expanded version also contains various other revelations and teachings added by Strang to explain it.

The Book of the Law of the Lord was not viewed as a sacred text by any Mormon denomination other than the Strangite church, until April 6, 2019 when the Church of Jesus Christ in Christian Fellowship voted it in as canon.

James J. Strang

James J. Strang was a lawyer and newspaper editor from New York who converted to the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints in 1844. Shortly after his baptism, Joseph Smith, founder of the Latter Day Saint movement, was murdered by a mob. Strang was one of three individuals who claimed the leadership role after Smith's death, but as a recent convert he did not possess the name recognition among rank-and-file Mormons held by his rivals Brigham Young and Sidney Rigdon. Hence, he faced an uphill battle in his quest to be recognized as the heir to Smith's prophetic mantle.

To advance his cause, Strang asserted that unlike Rigdon and Young, he had hard evidence of his prophetic calling. In September 1845, he announced the discovery of the Voree Record. This was presented as the final testament of Rajah Manchou of Vorito, an ancient inhabitant of the area, engraved on three brass plates that Strang dug up near Voree, Wisconsin. However, Strang's claims to possession of divinely-revealed ancient records, and the ability to correctly translate them, did not end there. In 1851, he proclaimed the publication of the Book of the Law of the Lord, a far more substantial work.

Alleged provenance of the book

Strang explained that the Book of the Law, as it is often called, was "kept in the Ark of the Covenant, and was held too sacred to go into the hands of strangers." However, "when the Septuagint translation was made, the Book of the Law was kept back, and ... lost to the Jewish nation in the time that they were subject to foreign powers." Thus, "the various books in the Pentateuch, containing abstracts of some of the laws, have been read instead of it, until even the existence of the book has come to be a matter of doubt." While it is not stated directly, this implies that this book is the original Torah.

Strang did not claim that his 1851 edition was the complete Book of the Law mentioned in the Hebrew scriptures, but rather that it contained only selections that were pertinent for running the church and kingdom in the modern era. His 1856 expanded edition contains the same translation as the 1851 edition, but with added essays written by Strang and several modern revelations.  Strangites also identify the Book of the Law with the "Stick of Judah" mentioned in . While other Latter Day Saint sects generally view the "Stick of Judah" as the Canonical Bible, Strangites assert that it refers primarily to this lost book.

Witnesses

Seven witnesses testified to having seen and handled the plates that Strang claimed to possess. They described them as being eighteen in number, each measuring approximately seven and three-eighths inches wide, by nine inches long. Their brazen surfaces were "occasionally embellished with beautiful pictures," and all appeared to be of "beautiful antique workmanship, bearing a striking resemblance to the ancient oriental languages."

The witnesses of the plates were: Samuel Graham, Samuel P. Bacon, Warren Post, Phineas Wright, Albert N. Hosmer, Ebenezer Page, and Jehiel Savage.  Wright and Post served as apostles in Strang's church. Post wrote in his journal that the plates weighed approximately six pounds. Although some of these witnesses later left Strang's church, none of them is known to have ever denied their testimony as given in the Book of the Law.

Allegations of witness denials

Although there is no evidence to support them, several opponents from other Latter Day Saint churches have sought to cast doubt on the witness testimonies by claiming to have heard the witnesses deny their testimonies decades before. LDS Church apologist Daniel C. Peterson claims, without citing a source, that Samuel Graham admitted to helping Strang fabricate the plates. Hearsay testimonies were commonly asserted to discredit the leaders of rival churches, including both James Strang and Joseph Smith.

In addition, Chauncy Loomis, in an 1888 letter to Joseph Smith III, reported that Samuel Bacon discovered "fragments of those plates which Strang made the Book of the Law from" hidden in the ceiling of Strang's house, prompting Bacon to immediately relocate off Beaver Island and abandon the Strangite church. However, there are no journal entries, letters, or any other corroborating witnesses to support this claim, and Loomis did not tell anyone for over 30 years, casting further doubt on the story. Additionally, when Strang died, the Mormons' enemies from nearby Mackinac forced the Saints to leave Beaver Island and moved into their houses, and no one ever reported finding plate fragments during subsequent renovations.

Strang claimed to have returned the brass plates to the angel after completing the translation in 1851, much like his predecessor did with the gold plates, and to this day, no plates or plate fragments from them have ever been found.

Editions of 1851 and 1856
The Book of the Law of the Lord was published in two separate editions during Strang's lifetime. The first edition of 1851 contained only eighty pages and consisted of material translated directly from the Plates of Laban, with five exceptions: three revelations given to Strang, and two sections written "by inspiration of God."

In contrast, the edition of 1856 comprised 320 pages. It included all of the text in the 1851 edition, plus ten new chapters and a series of notes added by Strang to explain the text. The 1856 edition is the one generally used by Strangites today. It was never bound with a title page or preface; subsequent reprints have used the title page, testimony and preface from the 1851 edition. In fact, the 1856 edition was not bound at all until after Strang's death, as he was assassinated before this was completed. Its uncut sheets had to be rescued from an anti-Mormon mob by Strang's disciples.

Both editions of the Book of the Law are dated according to the year of Strang's reign, he having been crowned "king" of his church on Beaver Island in 1850. Hence the 1851 edition is annotated "A. R. I," while the 1856 edition carries the date "A. R. VI."

Monarchy and priesthood
The most distinctive element of the Book of the Law is its overtly monarchical tone. Also of interest are the singular subdivisions Strang makes within the Melchizedek priesthood, which his book refers to as "The Priesthood of an endless life," and the Aaronic priesthood, referred to as "the Priesthood of life."

In the Melchizedek priesthood, Strang enumerates two "orders," that of "apostles," and that of "priests."

"Apostles" are subdivided into four "degrees:"
The Prophet/President of the Strangite church is openly referred to throughout the book as a "King," rather than as a "President" (as under Joseph Smith).
His Counselors are designated as "Viceroys." The viceroys are also referred to as "kings," though this does not indicate a share in the unique royal dignity accorded to the President/King.
Strang's Twelve Apostles are named as "Princes in his Kingdom forever." The leader of Strang's Apostles is designated as "Prince and Grand Master of the Seventies."
A quorum of "Evangelists" is established, to be Apostles to a single "nation, kindred, tongue or people"—unlike the Twelve, who were sent to all nations. Seven Evangelists formed a quorum, and Strang noted that such a body had never been organized "in this dispensation." This priesthood office was unique to the Strangite organization, and does not correspond in any way to the office of evangelist or patriarch found in some other Latter Day Saint churches.
"Priests" are subdivided into two "degrees:"
High Priests were to include "all inferiour Kings, Patriarchs, or heads of tribes, and Nobles, or heads of clans."  Furthermore, Strang continued, "They who hold it are called Sons of God." From this group, said the Book of the Law, the king was to select "counsellors, judges and rulers."
The "degree" of Elders included both the offices of Seventy and Elder as generally constituted in Joseph Smith's church.

In the Aaronic priesthood, Strang enumerates three "orders:"
Priests were to teach, preach and baptize, but not (as set out in the Doctrine and Covenants) to bless the sacrament; that was reserved to the High Priests of the Melchizedek Priesthood. They were subdivided into two "courses," one of which (the Singers) was opened to women:
"Sacrificators," who were to kill sacrifices in accordance with appropriate provisions of the Book of the Law [see below under "Animal sacrifice"], and
"Singers," who were to sing during the various services to be held in Strangite temples (no such temple was ever constructed by the Strangites, nor were its services ever apparently composed).
Teachers were not merely to instruct in spiritual matters, but secular ones as well; they were to staff schools throughout Strang's kingdom.  This office, like the office of Priest (Singer) was opened to women, and was subdivided into five degrees:
Rabboni,
Rabbi,
Doctor,
Ruler, and
Teacher.
Deacons were to serve as "Stewards and keepers of the King's prisons, and Stewards of the King's Courts." They were subdivided into three "degrees:"
Marshals,
Stewards, and
Ministers.

In addition, a "King's Council" and a "King's Court" were established. While no direct link is made between the King's Court and the "High Council" established in the Doctrine and Covenants, certain parallels exist, such as requiring all members to hold the High Priesthood, and limiting their number to twelve.

Although Strang briefly enjoyed the services of apostle William Smith as "Chief Patriarch" of his church, he makes no mention of this office anywhere in his book.

The Decalogue
Another unique feature of the Book of the Law is its version of the Decalogue, the "Ten Commandments" given to Moses on Sinai. Strang's rendering is different from any other Jewish, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Islamic or Protestant version, for it offers a commandment none of the others has: "Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." In his "Note on the Decalogue," Strang asserted that no other version of the Decalogue contains more than nine commandments, and speculates that his fourth commandment was lost perhaps as early as Josephus's time (circa AD 37–100).

Ordination of women
As noted above, the Book of the Law opened two priesthood offices to women: Priest and Teacher. While only the "course" of "Singer" in the office of Priest was open to females, all five "degrees" in the office of Teacher were available. Furthermore, they could serve as "leaders" of the Singers. Strang ordained women to these ministries as early as 1851, and permitted them to lecture in his School of the Prophets by 1856.  In contrast, no other major Latter Day Saint faction opened their priesthood to women until the Community of Christ did so in 1984. Women are still barred from the LDS Church priesthood today.

Animal sacrifice
Animal sacrifice was instituted in the Book of the Law, both for forgiveness of sins and as a part of Strangite celebration rituals. However, given the prohibition on sacrifices for sin contained in 3 Nephi 9:19–20, Strang did not require sin offerings. Rather, he focused on sacrifice as an element of religious celebration, especially the commemoration of his own coronation as king (July 8, 1850). The head of every house, from the king to his lowest subject, was to offer "a heifer, or a lamb, or a dove. Every man a clean beast, or a clean fowl, according to his household."

The killing of sacrifices was a prerogative of Strangite Priests, but female Priests were specifically barred from participating in this aspect of the priestly office.

"Firstfruits" offerings were also demanded of all Strangite agricultural harvests. Animal sacrifices are no longer practiced by the Strangites, though belief in their correctness is still required.

Monotheism and the vocation of Jesus Christ
Some of the teachings in the Book of the Law differed substantially from those held by other Mormon sects. For instance, in his "Note on the Sacrifice of Christ" and "The True God," Strang rejected both the traditional Christian doctrine of the virgin birth of Jesus and the Mormon doctrine of the Godhead. He insisted that there was but one eternal God, the Father, and that progression to godhood, a doctrine taught by Joseph Smith in the King Follett sermon, was impossible. God had always been God, said Strang, and he was one person (not three, as in the traditional Christian Trinity).

Jesus Christ, said Strang, was the natural-born son of Mary and Joseph, who was chosen from before all time to be the Savior of mankind, but who had to be born as an ordinary mortal of two human parents (rather than being begotten by the Father or the Holy Spirit) to be able to truly fulfill his Messianic role. Strang claimed that the earthly Christ was in essence "adopted" as God's son at birth, and fully revealed as such during the Transfiguration. After proving himself to God by living a perfectly sinless life, he was enabled to provide an acceptable sacrifice for the sins of men, prior to his resurrection and ascension.

Strang denied that God could do all things, and insisted that some things were as impossible for him as for us. Thus, he saw no essential conflict between science and religion, and while he never openly championed evolution, he did state that God was limited in his power by both the matter he was working with and by the eons of time required to "organize" and shape it. Strang spoke glowingly of a future generation who would "make religion a science," to be "studied by as exact rules as mathematicks." "The mouth of the Seer will be opened," Strang prophesied, "and the whole earth enlightened."

Musing at length on the nature of sin and evil, Strang wrote that of all things that God could give to man, he could never give him experience. Thus, if free will were to be real, said Strang, humanity must be given the opportunity to fail and to learn from its own mistakes. The ultimate goal for each human being was to willingly conform oneself to the revealed character of God in every respect, preferring good to evil not out of any fear of punishment or desire for reward, but rather "on account of the innate loveliness of undefiled goodness; of pure unalloyed holiness."

Other distinctive teachings

The Book of the Law taught the seventh-day Sabbath, and commanded it in lieu of Sunday. It also accredits baptism for the dead, but on a much more limited scale than that currently practiced by the LDS Church. Baptisms for the dead are not performed by the Strangites today, although belief in the doctrine is still maintained.

Eternal marriage is taught in the Book of the Law, though it is not required to be performed in a temple.  Strangite Priests, Elders, High Priests or Apostles may all perform this ceremony. Eternal marriages are still contracted in the Strangite church today.

Oaths are taken very seriously in the Book of the Law, and severe spiritual penalties are forewarned upon all who break their solemn word, once given.

The Book of the Law permits not only the blessing of others, but cursing, as well. Cursing is not to be done in anger, nor indiscriminately; rather, it is only to be "invoked on such as, on deliberate and candid thought, are found condemned to them by the Law of God; and then the curse should be invoked as in the presence of God, the searcher of hearts; conscious that whosoever curses in the bitterness of his ... corrupt heart, and not in the light of God's truth, the curse will return upon him." "Maledictions" are also to be performed by Strangite leaders upon "hereticks, schismaticks, and those guilty of gross and abominable immoralities, and acts of great cruelty and wickedness." The Strangite practice of "maledictions" is comparable to the "anathemas" pronounced in the New Testament and by the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.

Conservation of forests and resources is mandated in the Book of the Law. Groves of trees were to be maintained upon each farm, and in each village and town. Farms and cities without trees were required to plant them, and also to establish parklands so that "the aged and the young may go there to rest and to play."

Strangites are prohibited by the Book of the Law from dressing ostentatiously. Various (today mostly obsolete) styles are banned, though allowance is made for those who are "sojourning among Gentiles" to "imitate, to some moderate extent, their foolish and ridiculous styles, to avoid impertinent observations."

The Book of the Law sanctions marriage only between persons who are not impotent, deformed, of reduced stature ("a dwarf"), or mentally handicapped. "The same means which will improve a breed of cattle," Strang wrote, "will improve a race of men."

Polygamy
Plural marriage is sanctioned, though not expressly commanded, in the Book of the Law. The applicable text reads: "Thou shalt not take unto thee a multitude of wives disproportioned to thy inheritance, and thy substance: nor shalt thou take wives to vex those thou hast; neither shalt thou put away one to take another." Any wife already married to the prospective polygamist was given the right to express her opinion, and even to object, but not to veto the marriage. This passage seems to offer any aggrieved wife an appeal to the "Judges," but how this was to be carried out is not made clear.  Women, on the other hand, were not permitted to marry multiple husbands.

Strang's defense of polygamy was rather novel. He claimed that, far from enslaving or demeaning women, it liberated and "elevated" them by allowing them to choose the best possible mate based upon any factors deemed important to them—even if that mate were already married to someone else. Rather than being forced to wed "corrupt and degraded sires" due to the scarcity of more suitable men, a woman could wed the one she saw as the most compatible to herself, the best candidate to father her children and the man who could give her the best possible life, even if he already had wives. Strangites did not approve of having more wives than a man could provide for, both monetarily and in time and affection, thus they disapproved of the practices of the LDS Church.

The practice of plural marriage has never been officially proscribed in the Strangite church, though no Strangites are known to be practicing it today. Only 22 men in Strang's church ever contracted plural marriages, with most of them taking only one additional wife. Strang took four additional wives, the most of any member.

Polygamy was practiced by a few Strangites up to the 1880s. Because United States federal and state laws prohibit the practice, Strangites have abandoned polygamy in favor of observing the divine injunction to obey "the law of the land". However, belief in plural marriage's correctness is still maintained.

Strangites reject the LDS Church's 1843 polygamy revelation, regarding it as a forgery from 1852 that was never received or approved by Joseph Smith.

See also

Reformed Egyptian

References

External links
Book of the Law of the Lord, Edition of 1856 - main text only Main text of second edition, without Strang's extensive commentary and notes.
Book of the Law of the Lord, Edition of 1856 Second edition, contains Strang's commentary and notes, also considered to be scripture by Strangites.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
Book of the Law of the Lord in pdf format
The Second Book of the Chronicles, KJV

1851 non-fiction books
1851 in Christianity
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)
Latter Day Saint texts
Works in the style of the King James Version
Texts attributed to Moses

Book of the Law of the Lord


Picardie (), Fransa'nın 26 bölgesinden biridir. Fransa'nın kuzeyinde yer alır ve Manş Denizi'nde küçük bir kıyısı vardır. Merkez şehri Amiens'dir.

1916 yılında I. Dünya Savaşı'nın 1 milyondan fazla kayıpla en geniş çarpışmalarından olan Somme Muharebesi burada gerçekleşmiştir. İlk defa savaş alanında tank, İngilizler tarafından bu çarpışma sırasında kullanılmıştır.

Picardie


Personnalités

 Ransford Selasi (né en 1996), footballeur ghanéen ;
 Taiye Selasi (née en 1979), romancière britannique.

Lieux

 , île d'Indonésie.

Selasi


Renilce Conceição Nicodemos de Albuquerque (Marapanim, 8 de dezembro de 1976) é uma gestora pública e política brasileira filiada ao Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB).

Biografia
Renilce nasceu no ano de 1976, no município de Marapanim localizado no interior do estado do Pará. Formou-se na área de Gestão Pública.

Entrou para vida pública no ano de 2014, ao tornar-se Secretaria na Secretaria de Estado de Esporte e Lazer (SEEL) do Pará, na gestão de Simão Jatene (PSDB), cargo que permaneceu até abril de 2018.

No ano de 2018, foi eleita Deputada estadual do Pará pelo Solidariedade (SD) com 45.991 votos. Após a eleição, anunciou sua desfiliação do Solidariedade e filiou-se ao Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (MDB).

Em 2022, na convenção partidária realizada pelo MDB em Belém para tratar da campanha de reeleição de Helder Barbalho (MDB) ao governo do Pará, Renilce oficializou sua candidatura ao cargo de Deputada federal pelo estado, sendo eleita com 162.208 votos.

Desempenho eleitoral

Ligações externas

 Site oficial
 Renilce Nicodemos no Twitter
 Renilce Nicodemos no Instagram
 Renilce Nicodemos no TikTok
 Renilce Nicodemos no Facebook
 Renilce Nicodemos no Flickr

Naturais de Marapanim
Mulheres do Pará na política
Membros do Solidariedade (partido político)
Membros do Movimento Democrático Brasileiro (1980)
Deputados estaduais do Pará
Secretários estaduais do Pará
Deputados federais do Brasil pelo Pará

Renilce Nicodemos


Sida, (abreviado Sida), fue una revista ilustrada con descripciones botánicas que fue editada por el Instituto de Investigación Botánica de Tejas, en inglés: Botanical Research Institute of Texas. Se publicaron 22 números entre los años 1962-2006, con el nombre de Sida; Contributions to Botany. Dallas; Fort Worth, TX.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
en IPNI

Revistas de botánica

Sida (revista)


Dölekli, Adana ilinin Aladağ ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
1928'den beri aynı adı taşıyarak köy statüsünü sürdürmektedir.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 130 km, Aladağ ilçesine 30 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Aladağ'ın mahalleleri

Dölekli, Aladağ


ඇමරිකානු සලරූ සංගමය (MPA) යනු  හොලිවුඩයෙහි විශාලතම  චිත්‍රාගාර  හය නිරූපණය කරන ඇමරිකානු   වෙළෙඳ සංගමයකි.   ඇමරිකානු සලරූ නිෂ්පාදකයන් හා බෙදාහරින්නන්  (MPPDA) ලෙසින් 1922දී ඇරඹුනු මෙය, එහි සාමාජීකයන්ගේ ව්‍යාපාරික අභීලාෂයන් දියුණු කර ගැනීමට ඉවහල් වන අතර MPA චිත්‍රපට ප්‍රමාණනය කිරීමේ ක්‍රමවේදය ක්‍රියාවෙහි යොදවයි. හිටපු ඩිමොක්‍රටික් සෙනෙට් සභික  ක්‍රිස් ඩොඩ් එහි වත්මන් සභාපති වෙයි.

ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම් උල්ලංඝනය මැඩලනු වස් වන එහි මෙහෙයුමෙහි කොටසක් වශයෙන්,  ප්‍රකාශන හිමිකම් සහිත කෘතීන්,  සම-සම ගොනු බෙදාහදාගැනුමෙහි ජාලයන් ඔස්සේ,  හවුලේ භුක්තිවිඳීමේ ක්‍රියාවලියට  එරෙහිව MPA සටනෙහි යෙදෙයි. ප්‍රකාශන හොරකමට එරෙහි MPAහී මෙහෙයුම මහත් පුළුල්  ප්‍රසිද්ධියක් ලඟා කරගෙන ඇති සේම  මහත් විවේචනයන්ටද ලක් වෙමින් පවතියි.

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැඳි

කලා හා මාධ්‍ය වෙළෙඳ කණ්ඩායම්
එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි සිනමාව
පරිසරාත්මක ප්‍රමාණනය කරන සංවිධාන
පරිගණක නීතිය
 1922දී පිහිටුවුනු සංවිධාන
එක්සත් ජනපදයෙහි චිත්‍රපට නිවාරකතාවය

ඇමරිකානු සලරූ සංගමය


Dvorac Mirkovec je višeslojni objekt u mjestu Samci, općini Gornja Stubica, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Na uzvisini iznad mjesta Samci (opć .Gornja Stubica), obitelj Oršić sagradila je 1756. g. dvorac, prigradivši svom starom kaštelu dva nova krila. Novi je dvorac bio tlocrtno u obliku slova U, no danas postoje samo tragovi starog kaštela i dva jednokatna krila iz sredine 18. stoljeća koja tvore tlocrtnu L osnovu. Organizacija prostora slijedi tradicionalnu shemu renesansnih kaštela s nizom prostorija ujednačene veličine i oblika uz vanjske perimetralne zidove te hodnicima koji se protežu uz dvorišnu stranu iz kojih se pristupa prostorijama. Od 1973. godine u dvorcu se nalazi Muzej seljačkih buna.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-2087zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Krapinsko-zagorskoj županiji
Dvorci u Hrvatskoj

Dvorac Oršić


El condado de Cienfuegos es un título nobiliario español creado por el rey Alfonso XIII en favor de Luis Cienfuegos-Jovellanos y Bernaldo de Quirós, coronel de caballería y director de las Reales Caballerizas, mediante real decreto del 26 de mayo de 1926 y despacho expedido el 19 de julio del mismo año.

El 20 de abril de 1964 este título fue rehabilitado por el jefe de Estado Francisco Franco en favor de Alonso de Cienfuegos, hijo del primer titular.

Condes de Cienfuegos

Historia de los condes de Cienfuegos

Luis Cienfuegos-Jovellanos y Bernaldo de Quirós (1926-1929), I conde de Cienfuegos.
Casó con María Victoria García Baxter (m. 1961). El 29 de enero de 1965, previo decreto de rehabilitación expedido el 16 de abril de 1964 (BOE del día 20), le sucedió su hijo:

Alonso Cienfuegos y García (1965-2014), II conde de Cienfuegos.
Casó en 1952, en primeras nupcias, con Sofía Irene Traumann Meske.
Casó, en segundas nupcias, con María Ángeles Benito García.

Actualmente, el título permanece vacante por fallecimiento de su segundo titular, aunque la hija del mismo solicitó la sucesión según consta por anuncio del 7 de abril de 2014.

Referencias

Cienfuegos
España en 1926

Condado de Cienfuegos


Faraonul este un film românesc din 2004 regizat de Sinișa Dragin. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Ștefan Iordache, Olga Tudorache, Adriana Butoi,Grigore Leșe.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:{{Coloane-listă|colwidth=30em|
 Adriana Butoi
 Olga Tudorache
 Richard Bovnoczki
 Ștefan Iordache — Costache Nicolau, zis Faraonul
 Paul Chiribuță
 Eugenia Bosînceanu
 Grigore Leșe

Primire
Filmul a fost vizionat de 298 de spectatori în cinematografele din România, după cum atestă o situație a numărului de spectatori înregistrat de filmele românești de la data premierei și până la data de 31 decembrie 2014 alcătuită de Centrul Național al Cinematografiei.

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2004 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2004
Filme regizate de Sinișa Dragin
Filme dramatice românești

Faraonul


Frjálslyndi lýðræðisflokkurinn (einnig kallaði XO) er íslenskur stjórnmálaflokkur stofnaður af Guðmundi Franklín Jónssyni árið 2020. Slagorð þeirra er Fjárfestum, framkvæmum og framleiðum. Flokkurinn er með listabókstafin O.

Frjálslyndi lýðræðisflokkurinn leggur áherslu á að styrkja grunnstoðir samfélagsins þar sem einstaklingurinn nýtur frelsis til athafna í gegnum sköpunarkraft og með frumkvæði að vopni. Þeir vilja efla beint lýðræði og nota þjóðaratkvæðagreiðslur í mikilvægum málefnum. Að þeirra mati er einstaklingsfrelsi lykillinn að gæfu þjóðarinnar ásamt lágum sköttum, friðsömum og haftalausum milliríkjaviðskiptum, frjálsri samkeppni og sem minnstum ríkisafskiptum.

Þann 14. október 2020 tilkynnti Guðmundur Franklín Jónsson, hagfræðingur að hann hyggðist stofna nýjan stjórnmálaflokk sem ætlaði að gefa kost á sér í alþingiskosningunum 2021. Þann 10. febrúar 2021 var framboðið staðfest og tilkynnt. Flokkurinn bauð fram í alþingiskosningunum 2021 sem fóru fram þann 25. september 2021.

Alþingiskosningar 2021
Flokkurinn fékk 0,4% fylgi í kosningunum og engan kjörinn þingmann með einungis 844 atkvæði. Daginn eftir kosningarnar, 26. september 2021 tilkynnti formaður flokksins, Guðmundur Franklín Jónsson, að hann væri hættur öllum afskiptum sínum af stjórnmálum. Samt tilkynnti hann að flokkurinn væri ekki hættur en óvíst er hver mun taka við hans stjórn. Flokkurinn hyggst taka þátt í Sveitarstjórnarkosingunum 2022.

Sveitarstjórnarkosningar 2022
Í febrúar árið 2022 sagði Guðmundur Franklín Jónsson í samtali við Fréttablaðið að ekki væri von á framboði í sveitarstjórnarkosningunum. Glúmur Baldvinsson, oddviti flokksins árið 2021 sagði í framhaldinu að ekki væri nein plön um það. Hann sagði samt að nýr stjórnmálaflokkur væri á plani.

Tilvísanir
Íslenskir stjórnmálaflokkar
Stofnað 2020
Alþingiskosningar 2021

Frjálslyndi lýðræðisflokkurinn (Ísland)


An Helleriella nicaraguensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alex Drum Hawkes. An Helleriella nicaraguensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Helleriella, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Helleriella

Helleriella nicaraguensis


Tenisçi veya tenis oyuncusu profesyonel anlamda tenis oynayan kimsedir. Bu, tanınmış tenisçilerden oluşan bir listedir. Tenis konusunda daha fazla bilgi için tenis maddesine bakabilirsiniz.

Kadınlar

 Çağla Büyükakçay
 Mariya Şarapova
 Petra Kvitova
 Viktoriya Azarenka
 Sabine Appelmans
 Olga Barabanschikova
 Jennifer Capriati
 Kim Clijsters
 Amanda Coetzer
 Maureen Connolly
 Eleni Daniilidou
 Kimiko Date
 Lindsay Davenport
 Elena Dementieva
 Jelena Dokić
 Lilian Drescher
 Chris Evert
 Althea Gibson
 Steffi Graf
 Daniela Hantuchová
 Justine Henin
 Martina Hingis
 Ana Ivanovic
 Billie Jean King
 Anna Kournikova
 Magdalena Maleeva
 Anastasia Myskina
 Martina Navratilova
 Svetlana Kuznetsova
 Mary Pierce
 Lisa Raymond
 Arantxa Sanchez-Vicario
 Barbara Schett
 Patty Schnyder
 Monica Seles
 İpek Şenoğlu
 Ai Sugiyama
 Iroda Tulyaganova
 Nadia Petrova
 Caroline Wozniacki
 Serena Williams
 Venus Williams

Erkekler

 Novak Djokovic
 Boris Becker
 Björn Borg
 Taylor Dent
 Stefan Edberg
 Roger Federer
 Sébastien Grosjean
 Frank Hadow
 William Hamilon
 John Hartley
 Tim Henman
 Lleyton Hewitt
 Lew Hoad
 Goran Ivanisevic
 William Johnston
 Yevgeny Kafelnikov
 Nicolas Kiefer
 Jan Kodes
 Richard Krajicek
 Gustavo Kuerten
 Lee Hyung-Taik
 René Lacoste
 Rod Laver
 Herbert Lawford
 Ivan Ljubicic
 Ivan Lendl
 Harold Mahoney
 Felix Mantilla
 Todd Martin
 John McEnroe
 Chuck McKinley
 Carlos Moya
 Rafael Nadal
 Patrick Rafter
 Marsel İlhan
 Andy Roddick
 Greg Rusedski
 Pete Sampras
 Bill Tilden
 Mats Wilander
 Pat Cash
 Henry Leconte
 Filippo Volandri
 Marcelo Rios
 Andy Murray

Tenisçi listeleri

Tenisçiler listesi


Lincomicina este un antibiotic din clasa lincosamidelor care a fost utilizat în tratamentul unor infecții bacteriene stafilococice și streptococice. Este un compus natural, fiind produs de actinomiceta Streptomyces lincolnensis.

Lincomicina a fost aprobată pentru uz medical în septembrie 1964. Datorită toxicității sale ridicate, este utilizată rar în prezent și doar în cazuri speciale. Totuși, se poate utiliza ca alternativă clindamicina, un derivat clorurat al lincomicinei care se obține în urma reacției cu clorura de tionil.

Note

Vezi și
 Lincosamidă
 Clindamicină

Lincosamide
Pfizer

Lincomicină


Georges Python (* 10. September 1856 in Portalban; † 10. Januar 1927 in Fillistorf) war ein schweizerischer Politiker (CVP), der sich grosse Verdienste um die Entwicklung von Stadt und Kanton Freiburg erwarb.

Leben
Nach dem Besuch der Mittelschule in Schwyz und Freiburg erwarb er 1879 das Anwaltspatent und war 1879–1880 Zentralpräsident des Schweizerischen Studentenvereins. In seiner politischen Karriere war er auf kantonaler Ebene von 1881 bis 1921 Freiburger Grossrat und von 1886 bis 1927 als Staatsrat (Mitglied der Exekutive) verantwortlich für das Schulwesen. Auf eidgenössischer Ebene war er von 1884 bis 1893 Mitglied des Nationalrats und von 1896 bis 1920 des Ständerats, als dessen Präsident er 1915 fungierte.

1889 gründete er die Universität Freiburg und gründete zudem die Freiburger Kantonalbank, die Freiburger Eisenbahngesellschaft, das Freiburger Kantonsspital sowie die Freiburger Elektrizitätswerke, die später in der Groupe E aufgingen. Sein Sekretär war der Schriftsteller Léon Savary.

Als Vertreter des Sozialkatholizismus beteiligte sich Python mit der Union de Fribourg an der Vorbereitung der Sozialenzyklika Rerum Novarum.

Der Hauptplatz in Freiburg ist nach ihm benannt.

Literatur
 Georges Andrey, John Clerc, Jean-Pierre Dorand et Nicolas Gex: Der Freiburger Staatsrat 1848-2011. Geschichte, Organisation, Mitglieder. Éditions La Sarine, Freiburg 2012, ISBN 978-2-88355-153-4.

Siehe auch
Liste der Staatsräte des Kantons Freiburg

Geboren 1856
Gestorben 1927
Staatsrat (Kanton Freiburg)
Nationalrat (Freiburg)
Ständerat (Freiburg)
CVP-Mitglied (Schweiz)
Korporierter im Schweizerischen Studentenverein
Schweizer
Mann

Georges Python


Countdown to Ecstasy is the second studio album by American rock band Steely Dan, released by ABC Records in July 1973. It was recorded at the Village Recorder in West Los Angeles, California, except for Rick Derringer's  slide guitar part for "Show Biz Kids", which was recorded at Caribou Ranch in Nederland, Colorado. After the departure of vocalist David Palmer from Steely Dan, the group recorded the album with Donald Fagen singing lead on every track.

Although the album was a critical success, it failed to generate a hit single in the United States, and consequently only charted at number 35 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tapes chart, though it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in 1978. The album has received perfect scores from music critics in numerous retrospective reviews.

Musical style
Like Steely Dan's 1972 debut album Can't Buy a Thrill, Countdown to Ecstasy has a rock sound that exhibits a strong influence from jazz. It comprises uptempo, four- to five-minute rock songs, which, apart from the bluesy vamps of "Bodhisattva" and "Show Biz Kids", are subtly textured and feature jazz-inspired interludes. Commenting on the album's style and production, music critic Tom Hull said it is "clean, almost slick", with "no dissonance, no clutter", reminiscent of 1940s bop and "the overproduced early 60s pop rock". Countdown to Ecstasy was the only Steely Dan album written and arranged for a live band.

Bop-style jazz soloing is set in the context of a pop song on "Bodhisattva". "The Boston Rag" develops from a jazzy song to unrefined playing by the band, including a distorted guitar solo by Jeff "Skunk" Baxter. "My Old School" features reverent saxophones and aggressive piano riffs and guitar solos. Jim Hodder's drumming on the album eschews rock music for pop and jazz grooves.

Lyrics and themes
Countdown to Ecstasy has similar lyrical themes to Can't Buy a Thrill. It explores topics such as drug abuse, class envy, and West Coast excess. "Your Gold Teeth" follows a jaded female grifter who uses her attractiveness and cunning to take advantage of others, "My Old School" was inspired by a drug bust involving Walter Becker and Donald Fagen while they were students at Bard College, "King of the World" explores a post-nuclear holocaust United States, and "Show Biz Kids" satirizes contemporary Los Angeles lifestyles. Critic Tom Hull described the lyrics as "a running paste together joke [...] sufraintelligent, witty and slyly devious", citing as an example the following lyrics from "Show Biz Kids": "They got the booze they need / All that money can buy / They got the shapely bods / They got the Steely Dan T-shirt / And for the coup de grâce / They're outrageous."

According to Rob Sheffield, Becker and Fagen's lyrics on the album portray America as "one big Las Vegas, with gangsters and gurus hustling for souls to steal." He views it as the first in a trilogy of Steely Dan albums that, along with Pretzel Logic (1974) and Katy Lied (1975), showcase "a film noir tour of L.A.'s decadent losers, showbiz kids, and razor boys." Erik Adams of The A.V. Club called the album a "dossier of literate lowlifes, the type of character studies that say, 'Why yes, the name Steely Dan is an allusion to a dildo described in Naked Lunch.' These characters hang around the corners of the entire Steely Dan discography, but they come into their own on Countdown to Ecstasy".

Some songs on the album explore more spiritual concerns. The opening song, "Bodhisattva", is a parody of the idea that the disposal of one's possessions is a prerequisite to spiritual enlightenment. Its title refers to Bodhisattva, or people who are of the belief that they have achieved spiritual perfection, but remain in the material world to help others. Fagen summarized the song's message as: "Lure of East. Hubris of hippies. Quick fix". "Razor Boy", meanwhile, is a bitter, ironic pop song with lyrics that subtly criticize complacency and materialism. According to Ivan Kreilkamp of Spin, in the song "Steely Dan speaks to us from that 'cold and windy day' when the trappings of hipness and sexiness fall away to reveal a lonely figure waiting for a fix. 'Will you still have a song to sing when the razor boy comes and takes your fancy things away?' Fagen asks a generation stupefied by nostalgia and self-involvement".

Title and packaging
The album's title was selected as a joke about attempts to rationalize a state of spirituality. The original cover painting was done by Fagen's girlfriend at the time, Dorothy White. At the insistence of ABC Records president Jay Lasker, however, several figures had to be added, reportedly because he found the discrepancy between five band members and three figures on the cover to be unacceptable. The proofs for the album cover were later stolen by Becker and Fagen during a dispute over the final layout.

Marketing and sales
Countdown to Ecstasy was released in July 1973 by ABC Records in the United States and Probe Records in the United Kingdom. It failed to generate a hit single and was less commercially successful than Can't Buy a Thrill, only charting at number 35 on the Billboard Top LPs & Tape chart. Nonetheless, it spent 34 weeks on the chart and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)  in 1978, recognizing the shipment of 500,000 copies in the U.S.

Critical reception

Reviewing the album in August 1973 for Rolling Stone, David Logan said that, while it might follow a "formula", the songs do not become "redundant or superfluous", and that, though the band's "playing is hardly unique and their singing is occasionally hampered by patently ridiculous lyrics, they exhibit a control of the basic rock format that is refreshing and that bodes well for the group's long-term success." Billboard complimented the "studio effect" of the dual guitar playing and found the "grandiloquent vocal blend" catchy. Stereo Review called it a "really excellent album" with "witty and tasteful" arrangements, "winning" performances, "high quality" songs, and a "potent and persuasive" mix of rock, jazz, and pop styles. In Creem, Robert Christgau made reference to "studio-perfect licks that crackle and buzz when you listen hard" and "invariably malicious" vocals that back the group's obscure lyrics, and he named Countdown to Ecstasy the ninth best album of 1973 in his year-end list for Newsday. Tom Hull, in a review published in Overdose in April 1975, said the album is "perhaps the most representative, certainly the best realized," of Steely Dan's albums, as far as their "clean, almost slick" style is concerned, and called the overall effect "strange, strangely comfortable, queasy almost", and the band "a dangerous group, one that should be watched."

In Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies (1981), Christgau said that, thanks to Fagen's replacement of Palmer, who Christgau felt did not fit the group, Steely Dan was able to achieve a "deceptively agreeable studio slickness" on the album. Paul Lester described the album in an entry in The Encyclopedia of Albums (1998) as a progression from Can't Buy a Thrill, and wrote that "Becker and Fagen offered cruel critiques of the self-obsessed 'Me' decade", while their "blend of cool jazz and bebop, Brill Building song craft and rock was unparallelled at the time (only Britain's 10cc were creating such intelligent pop in the early Seventies)." In his 1999 autobiography A Cure for Gravity, British musician Joe Jackson described Countdown to Ecstasy as a musical revelation for him that bridged the gap between "pure pop" and his jazz-rock and progressive influences and influenced his subsequent attempts at songwriting.  Pat Blashill wrote in a review in Rolling Stone in 2003 that the "joy in these excellent songs" and in the band's playing revealed Steely Dan to be "human, not just brainy," "like good stretches of the Stones' Exile on Main St." In The Rolling Stone Album Guide (2004), Rob Sheffield called the album "a thoroughly amazing, hugely influential album" with "cold-blooded L.A. studio rock tricked out with jazz piano and tough guitar." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic found Countdown to Ecstasy to be "riskier" musically than the band's debut album, and called the songs "rich with either musical or lyrical detail that [Steely Dan's] album rock or art rock contemporaries couldn't hope to match." Chris Jones of BBC Music said the ideas on the album are "post-modern" and "erudite", and asserted that the band was "setting a benchmark that few have ever matched."

Countdown to Ecstasy has appeared on several retrospective "greatest albums" lists. In 2000, it was voted number 307 in Colin Larkin's book All Time Top 1000 Albums. Based on such rankings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists Countdown to Ecstasy as the 662nd-most acclaimed album in history, as well as the 183rd-most acclaimed from the 1970s. The album was also included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.

Track listing

Personnel

Steely Dan
 Denny Dias – guitar
 Jeff "Skunk" Baxter – guitar, pedal steel guitar
 Walter Becker – electric bass guitar, harmonica, backing vocals
 Jim Hodder – drums, percussion, backing vocals
 Donald Fagen – piano, electric piano, synthesizer, lead vocals, backing vocals

Additional musicians
 Sherlie Matthews (5,6), Myrna Matthews (5,6), Patricia Hall (5,6), David Palmer, Royce Jones, James Rolleston, Michael Fennelly – backing vocals
 Lanny Morgan, Bill Perkins, Ernie Watts, Johnny Rotella – saxophone (6)
 Victor Feldman – vibraphone, marimba, percussion
 Ray Brown – string bass (2)
 Rick Derringer – slide guitar (5)
 Ben Benay – acoustic guitar

Production
 Gary Katz – producer
 Roger Nichols – engineer
 Miss Natalie – assistant engineer
 Dotty of Hollywood – album design
 Ed Caraeff – photography

Reissue
 Walter Becker, Donald Fagen – producers
 Roger Nichols – remastering engineer
 Red Herring Design/NYC – design
 Daniel Levitin – consultant

Charts

Album

Singles

References

Bibliography

External links

 "Steely Dan: Reelin' in the Years" (Chapter on Countdown to Ecstasy) at Google Books
 "Top Ten Obscure Steely Dan Lyrics"  by Stylus Magazine

Steely Dan albums
1973 albums
ABC Records albums
Albums produced by Gary Katz

Countdown to Ecstasy