The Basel Boys Choir (Knabenkantorei Basel [KKB]) is a boys' choir based in Basel, Switzerland; it grew out of the boys' choir of the Protestant Church of Basel-City, founded by Hermann Ulbrich in 1927. Today the choir is non-denominational. They sing both sacred and secular works. The choir has been under the leadership of Oliver Rudin since 2017.

In addition, the choir has been invited to participate in important music festivals, including the Lucerne Festival under James Conlon, Mario Venzago, Riccardo Chailly and Mariss Jansons, the European Music Festival in Berlin under Roland Bader, the International Festival of Boys Choirs in Poznań (Poland), as well as festivals in Nancy, Maastricht, Venice, Basel, and the Schubert Choir Festival in Vienna in 1997. The Basel Boys Choir is also the host choir of the well-known and highly successful European Festival of Youth Choirs (Europäisches Jugendchorfestival, EJCF).

Structure
The choir consists of approximately 45 unchanged and 35 changed voices. The changed voices are, as a rule, former trebles and altos who have been in the choir for at least a year. The singers dedicate a considerable amount of their free time to the choir: in addition to rehearsals, there are church services, concerts, concert tours, radio and television appearances as well as CD recordings. A choir camp takes place each year for the purpose of learning repertoire.

Awards

 CIMCF 2022 (Men's Choir of the KKB): 1. Place, 93/100 Points, Youth Choral Competition
 CIMCF 2022 (Men's Choir of the KKB): Winner "Most Entertaining Performance"

Repertoire
The choir's a cappella repertoire ranges from Renaissance to contemporary music (Miskinis, Tormis). Performances of oratorios, masses, and cantatas by Bach, Handel, Mozart, Mendelssohn, Britten, and Rossini are the choir's main focus. Additionally, the boys' choir has participated in the Lucerne Festival as well as the following opera performances in Basel: Die Zauberflöte, Tosca, Mefistofele, Carmen, La Bohème, Carmina  Burana und Macbeth. Soloists from the KKB could also be heard in performances of Die Zauberflöte in theaters in Bern, Basel and Freiburg im Breisgau.

History

Founding and first year
The founding of the choir goes back to the initiative of the then-school teacher Hermann Ulbrich, who sang in the Basel Bach Choir and attended the Thomanerchor's many concerts under Karl Straube in Basel. Ulbrich turned to Ernst Lipp, a fellow singer in the Bach Choir and president of the Kommission für den Unterricht in der Biblischen Geschichte ("Commission for the Teaching of Biblical History", KUBG), and suggested that he found a singing school for the preservation of choral tradition that was in the service of the church, but independent of the YMCA. Lipp passed the idea on to the consistory, where it found little support. Nevertheless, the KUBG approved the charter, which Ulbrich had previously written together with Lipp and YMCA youth secretary Jakob Staehelin, and he took responsibility for the still-to-be-founded choir.

At the beginning of June, 1927, Ulbrich sent out advertising for the Choirboys of the Protestant Church of Basel-City, institutionalized in May. On June 15, 1927, the first informational meeting took place with 33 interested boys; this date is taken to be the KKB's founding date. The first rehearsal took place on August 19, 1927 in the Bishop's residence of the Basel Münster; soon, though, they moved due to the heating problems in the Katharine Chapel of the cloister. The first public appearance occurred on October 30, 1927, as a part of a church service in the Martinskirche, but it was such a fiasco (the 19 boys who did show up sang very poorly) that Ulbrich threatened to resign. Lipp encouraged him to continue, however, and on Christmas, 1927, the choir enthralled the congregation of a church service in the Theodorskirche.

Their third appearance, a Bach concert in April 1928, was also their last before a long summer break, during which a large advertising campaign was carried out to ensure the continued existence of the group. Adolf Hamm, an organist at the Münster, played an important role in the campaign; he ensured that after the successful campaign, the choir, which had grown to 63 boys, was able to perform the Christmas Oratorio for Christmas, 1928, and a Passion concert for Easter, 1929. In August, 1929, a working party was founded on the occasion of the first parents' evening, and Jakob Staehelin was elected its first president, making him also the first president of the KKB.

In August, 1929, the Chorschüler der evangelisch-reformierten Kirche Basel-Stadt ("Choir students of the Protestant Church of Basel-City"), which consisted of former choirboys whose voices had changed, was founded. The expansion of the choir to include changed voices had already been considered by January 1928, but the proposal did not resonate with the older students; the consistory also refused it because of the unintentional competition it would create with the adult community and church choirs. Nevertheless, the choir students appeared at Hamm's Free Organ Recital in December, 1928, but the group was ultimately unable to survive (for the time being).

On December 22, 1929, the boys' choir organized their first full concert: a Christmas liturgy at the Münster with the locally renowned soprano Helene Sandreuter, which was a big success.

The quality of the singing, which was still modest in comparison with large boarding school choirs, was such a cause for concern among the choir parents that, after a weak appearance in a church service in Kleinhüningen, they demanded that the choir refrain from further public appearances for the time being. For that reason, the rehearsal time was extended from 75 to 120 minutes and divided into 60 minutes each of singing technique and choir rehearsal after the summer break in 1930. Meanwhile, the choir had grown to 88 boys, which necessitated changing the rehearsal space from St. John's Chapel to a larger and considerably more expensive location in Nadelberg by the Peterskirche. In December, 1930, the choir celebrated its 25th appearance. Their quality and proficiency had gradually increased, and soloists were already emerging from the choir.

In 1931, Ulbrich introduced a hierarchical group system inspired by the Scouts; following the Meistersinger model, singers could advance from Schüler (beginner) to Sänger (singer), and finally Meister (master). Additional elements, such as patches and a Sängerspiegel ("singer's mirror", equivalent to the Scout Promise) were incorporated. How long this hierarchical group system survived is unknown. However, everyone participated in all of the public appearances. The idea of a choir camp, which originated in 1930, was re-adopted by president Staehelin in 1932, and a camp was held from October 3–13 in Greifensee that year. The fifth anniversary, which occurred in 1932, was celebrated with a large family night with a lottery and singing.

One problem that came up again and again between 1930 and 1933 was the variation in the number of singers and the quality of the choir: Ulbrich was able to keep some of the members of the choir from leaving and train them for some promising performances, but the best singers quickly fell victim to their voices changing and had to leave; meanwhile, Ulbrich needed to recruit and train new boys. Furthermore, Schola Cantorum Basiliensis planned to form a children's choir, which meant further competition. For this reason, an "educational department" (now known as "Choir 101") was created to avoid any further reduction in quality. Talented singers then still came into the choir right away, and the others went through the educational department. A further improvement came in 1933 with vocal training, for which they were able to employ Helene Sandreuter. The rehearsal space was changed from the expensive location in Nadelberg to the church. At the end of the year, Jakob Staehelin stepped down as president due to having to move from Basel; his cousin Hans Staehelin took over his position.

The years leading up to the Second World War were marked by solid efforts for improvement. Ulbrich and Sandreuter, the voice teacher, fell in love and were married on July 11, 1936. Also in 1936, Alfred Courvoisier assumed the presidency. In December, 1938, the choir undertook a half-hour radio program for the first time. The high point of the year, however, had already taken place on May 12, 1938: their participation in the premiere of Arthur Honegger's Jeanne d'Arc au Bûcher at Theater Basel with Ida Rubinstein as Jeanne and the chamber orchestra Basler Kammerorchester under the direction of Paul Sacher. A repeat performance with the boys' choir took place at the Swiss national exposition in Zürich in 1939.

Crisis during the Second World War
After the outbreak of World War II, rehearing became increasingly more difficult, and in 1940 the rehearsal space changed yet again, first to the City of Basel Music Academy, then to the kindergarten at the Basel Mission. Since Ulbrich had to serve in the military until July, 1940, Emil Herrmann and Helene Sandreuter were entrusted with the interim direction of the choir, leading to temporary cessation of voice lessons. Meanwhile, the size of the choir had shrunk by 25 percent. Ulbrich, who was still on duty, developed a Christmas liturgy with the choir. In 1941, a joint performance with the Schola Cantorum took place. Ernst Lipp, who had been intimately involved with the development of the choir since its founding, died that same year. In 1942 and 1943, interest in joining the choir fell dramatically from its generally high levels, and the choir had only 16 members in May, 1943, who were not of a high enough quality to give a successful concert with the Schola Cantorum at the Barfüsserkirche ("Barefeet Church"). Fortunately, by 1944 the choir had grown back to 30 members. In May, 1945, the choir organized a thanksgiving service on the occasion of the end of the war.

Expansion and Ulbrich's last year
In the years after the war, the number of singers gradually increased. Ulbrich and Sandreuter, now married, could once again fully dedicate themselves to the choirboys. In 1945, the choir was already ready to perform for the premiere of Unser Vater by Walter Müller von Kulm with the Bach Choir. In 1949, the choir participated in the 17th "church music day," organized by the Swiss League of Church Music. In 1950, the minister Alfred Studer replaced Courvoisier as president. That same year, the choir returned to their original rehearsal space, the Bishop's residence, where the KKB still rehearses to this day.

On June 22, 1952, the choir celebrated its 25-year anniversary with a special church service in Münster. The composer Rudolf Moser composed a setting of the 29th psalm for the choir. Changed voices, drawn from former trebles and altos, were brought into the choir. The enrollment of new singers was expanded to include students from the second grade and older, allowing them to compete strongly with the Scouts. In 1956, there was another change of president; Studer stepped down because he had to move and handed the position over to the composer Rudolf Moser. In 1959, after the success of a concert with organist Hans Balmer, the choir performed several contemporary works for Swiss radio.

In 1958, the changed voices were finally allowed to join the unchanged voices; the KUBG approved a trial period for their inclusion. A name change was also discussed, but put off until after the trial period. On August 23, 1958, the first rehearsal with eight changed voices took place, and Ulbrich announced in January, 1959, that their inclusion would be made permanent. However, since no tenors could be found until 1962, the deepest boys' voices and the voices still in the process of changing were used to sing the tenor parts. In 1959, the previously discussed name change finally took place: the choir became the Evangelische Kantorei Basel ("Basel Protestant Choir") and became directly controlled by the consistory.

In 1960, the choir was shaken by President Moser's accidental death; his successor was Rudolf Massini. In the 1960s, Ulbrich handed over some of his responsibilities: his wife, Helene Sandreuter, and his son, Markus Ulbrich, along with Kurt Tschirren, an employee in the administration, assisted him in leading the choir, and Markus Ulbrich and Tschirren Kurse worked in the educational department.

In 1967 the "mutant group," a group of singers undergoing a voice change, was formed with the purpose of productively using the mandatory time off from the choir for vocal training and learning repertoire to better prepare themselves for vocal maturity. Beginning in 1967, the choir started advertising for all elementary school grades. In 1968, the older singers (possibly inspired by the Protests of 1968) demanded the representation in a working committee, which they were finally granted.

Establishment as an independent organization
In February, 1970, Hermann Ulbrich and Helene Sandreuter announced their resignations from their positions with the choir effective at the end of June. The leadership of the choir was taken over by their son Markus along with two other former choirboys, Kurt Tschirren and Werner Schniepper. Markus Ulbrich placed a heavy emphasis on the works of Heinrich Schütz, with performances of The Seven Words of Jesus Christ on the Cross (1791), St. John Passion (1972), and History of the Resurrection (1974). Tschirren quit in 1972, whereupon Schiepper took over his responsibilities and Hans Peter Oppliger took over Tschirren's responsibilities.

Between 1970 and 1972 there was intense discussion regarding how the choir should be legally organized in the future. Various possibilities, including a merger with the YMCA, were seen as disadvantageous. Finally, they decided to establish the choir as an independent organization in order to separate it from the consistory. The foundational meeting took place on February 2, 1972 and resulted in the election of Max Huldi as a replacement for Massini. At the parents' meeting, yet another name change was decided upon which was in keeping  with its recent shift toward Ecumenism and also conveyed its character as a boys' choir, in spite of the changed voices. This goal was accomplished with the name Basel Boys Choir (Knabenkantorei Basel, KKB).

The KKB then experienced a tremendous growth: as an independent organization, they were able to ask for financial support from a greater variety of institutions; furthermore, many members and patrons contributed to the improved financial situation, allowing them, for example, to hire more qualified teachers. Public relations were enormously strengthened and improved, and the choir got a logo by holding a public competition. In the summer of 1973, their first concert tour took place in the Bernese Oberland and their first record, a collection of choral and organ works by Felix Mendelssohn, was made. In 1974, a tour of the Netherlands followed with the help of the organist Hans Peter Aeschlimann, and the KKB became a supporting member of the Gesellschaft für das Gute und Gemeinnützige Basel ("Society for a Good and Charitable Basel"). Their first television appearances took place in 1975 and 1976 on Südwestrundfunk.

In 1974, the Gregorian Chant Circle was founded, which fosters continued training in church music, both for older current choir members as well as alumni. Ulbrich pushed for the improvement of educational opportunities: bassist Stefan Kramp was hired as a voice teacher, and the educational department became "Choir 101", which it remains today.

In November, 1980, Hermann Ulbrich, the founder of the choir, died at the age of 77; consequently, Markus Ulbrich retired for professional and personal reasons at the end of the year. For the first time, a commission was formed to search for a new choir leader. In the end, the choice was between German cantor Klaus Knall and the leader of the Muttenz youth music school, Beat Raaflaub. The commission unanimously voted for Knall, who took over leadership of the choir in 1981.

Turning point and change of director
Upon Knall taking over, Schniepper stepped down as administrative director. In 1982, the KKB found itself in deeper financial trouble; the Basel-city canton revoked the KKB's subsidies. Klaus Knall himself stepped down at the end of the year for professional reasons as well as a lack of time. Beat Raaflaub, who just two years earlier had lost the position to Knall, became the new musical director. In 1983 and 1984, various sources of support were withdrawn, and as a result the organization had to be restructured: now, the board took direct control over the choir. In 1984, Gerhard Winkler took over the presidency from Max Huldi after he resigned. Benjamin Britten's St. Nicolas was performed at Basel's Martinskirche and in Reinach, and in June, 1985, the KKB made the first German-language recording of the Britten cantata.

Raaflaub's leadership
In September, 1986, soloists from the KKB participated in a production of The Magic Flute for the first time at the Theater Basel, and later in Bern and in Freiburg im Breisgau. The boys' choir participated in the performance of Gustav Mahler's Eighth Symphony from October 13 to 17 at the Festival of European Music in Berlin under Roland Bader; in November, Mozart's Requiem and Grabmusik were performed by the whole choir.

In 1987, the choir held a lavish celebration for its 60-year anniversary: on January 10, the Vienna Boys' Choir sang a sold out joint performance with the KKB in Basel's Stadtcasino. At the end of February, the choir was invited to the Festival International de Chant Choral in Nantes. The large jubilee weekend, with choirs from throughout Europe and more than 600 participants from the Basel area, took place on May 16 and 17. This weekend festival can be seen as a kind of pilot project for the European Festival of Youth Choirs (EJCF), which would first take place in 1992. In August, the KKB appeared in the Lucerne Festival and participated in a performance of Leonard Bernstein's Chichester Psalms. To conclude the year, a tour took place in the Bernese Oberland to commemorate the choir's first concert tour.

In November, 1988, Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach's Magnificat and Mozart's Coronation Mass were performed. In 1990, the KKB performed with the Charivari at the Carnival of Basel, after which they returned to the Theater Basel for a performance of Alban Berg's Wozzeck, and they also performed Frank Martin's Danse Macabre in Münster. In May, 1991, the boys' choir sang on the occasion of the 700 year anniversary session of the Federal Assembly of Switzerland at the Federal Palace of Switzerland in Bern. At the beginning of October, the choir was able to make a scheduled trip to sing in Saint Petersburg, although only weeks before, Mikhail Gorbachev had attempted to stop it.

In 1992, a scheduled three week concert tour of the United States suffered a financial setback as a result of the withdrawal of two large sponsors, and had to be cancelled as a result. In response, it was agreed at the yearly general meeting that a financial reservoir needed to be developed that could weather a bad economy, namely a concert tour endowment. In May, the first European Festival of Youth Choirs took place; the KKB, with Winkler as its business manager and Raaflaub as its musical director, was heavily involved with the planning and execution of the event. In 1993, the choir participated in more than 40 opera performances (including Puccini's Tosca and Boito's Mefistofele) at the Theater Basel. In May, the US concert tour was able to take place, shortened by a week and accompanied by legislator Hans-Rudolf Striebel. The first KKB concerts outside of Europe took place in such cities as New York and Philadelphia.

In March, 1994, the KKB performed and recorded Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach's St. Mark Passion, rediscovered in 1985. This was their first globally distributed recording; the double-CD release was distributed by Ars Musici. In April, Gerhard Winkler stepped down as president. His successor was Jürg Rauschenbach. In 1995, the boys' choir embarked on a concert tour of Germany, traveling through the cities of Ulm, Wiesbaden, Göttingen, Hannover and Frankfurt am Main; the choir also participated in the second EJCF. In 1996, a concert tour through Finland and Estonia took place followed by a choir camp in Turku.

In 1997, the boys' choir celebrated its 70th year with the premiere performance of Joseph Fitzmartin's cantata Ich möcht' ein Clown sein ("I would like to be a clown", text by Hanns Dieter Hüsch). In April, a celebratory church service took place in Münster, and in May, the choir participated in a youth culture gala in the Stadtcasino Basel with other youth performing groups in the area. To conclude the year, three sold-out performances of Joseph Haydn's The Seasons took place in November. That same year, assistant director Rolf Herter stepped down; he was replaced by a German director named Johannes Tolle. The anniversary concert tour took place in February 1998, taking the KKB through South Africa for two weeks. In May, the choir participated in the EJCF one more time. In October, Raaflaub was awarded the Bumberniggel prize from the anniversary foundation of the UBS AG.

Brazilian Tour and Raaflaub's last year
In 1999, there followed a concert tour through the Czech Republic with appearances in Brno, Hradec Králové, Pardubice, and Prague, as well as performances of Bach's Christmas Oratorio in December. In June, 2000, the choir traveled around the German cities of Berlin (with an appearance in the Berlin Cathedral) and Potsdam as well as the Polish city of Poznań, and at the end of the year they performed Mendelssohn's Elijah. On January 11, 2001, the boys' choir took part in a performance of Mahler's Eighth Symphony (Symphony of a Thousand) involving a thousand performers, including 14 other choirs. Johannes Tolle stepped down as assistant director; he was replaced by Jürg Siegrist, a former member of the choir. In September, the choirboys participated in a performance of Mahler's Third Symphony during a Swiss concert series; other engagements at the Lucerne Festival followed in subsequent years. At the end of the year, Britten's St. Nicholas cantata was performed in collaboration with Kantorei St. Arbogast.

The choir's 75 year anniversary was celebrated with a three-week concert tour through Brazil in the summer of 2002. The Brazilian tour was the longest and most successful in the choir's history; the KKB was enthusiastically received in 13 cities and reached tens of millions of viewers in an appearance in the city of Riversul, which was broadcast on national television. In the Fall, the choir held its first ten-day choir camp in the former Maloja Palace in the Swiss district of Maloja; originally planned as a one-time camp, the KKB returned to Maloja for its Fall camp every year until 2007. In December, 2002, the KKB performed Handel's Coronation Anthems and the Chichester Psalms, choreographed by Parwin Hadinia in the Theater Basel, for its 75th birthday. The concert was so successful that in June, 2003, an extra performance followed in the Schauspielhaus Zürich.

Jürg Rauschenbach, who was intimately involved in the execution and the success of the large concert tours through South Africa and Brasil, stepped down as president in 2002. Kuno Hämisegger, a banker, was chosen as his successor. Around the same time, Rolf Herter, who had resigned as Assistant Director in 1997, returned to former position, which he continues to hold along with Siegrist to this day. In 2003, the KKB took part in the first Venezia in Musica international choir festival in Venice and Jesolo and Performed Bach's Johannes Passion for Easter, 2004. In May, 2005, a concert tour through Bulgaria took place, during which the choir became the first foreign choir to be allowed perform in the orthodox Easter celebration at Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Sofia. In January and April of that same year, the choir performed the original version of Gioacchino Rossini's
Petite messe solennelle. In December 2005, an additional performance of Britten's cantata St. Nicolas and Arthur Honegger's A Christmas Cantata with the Basel Girls' Choir were successfully brought to the stage. Three years of fall concert tours of Germany took the KKB through Calw, Limburg, Göttingen and Rotterdam (Netherlands) in 2004, Nederhof, Wiesbaden, Wirges and Luxembourg in 2006, and Frankfurt (Oder), Saalfeld, Jena, and Sondershausen in 2007.

New Director
After the concert season was over, Raaflaub announced his resignation, effective February 2007. As in 1980, a search commission was formed. The final choice was Markus Teutschbein. Raaflaub's crowning achievement as director of the choir was two sold-out performances of Felix Mendelssohn's oratorio St. Paul. During the months immediately following Raaflaub's resignation, assistant director Herter took partial responsibility for leading the choir, while Teutschbein stayed in Germany.

Teutschbein has been the KKB's musical director from February 2007 until Autumn 2016, and his first joint project with the choir was to organize the sixth EJCF in May 2007, in Basel. In September, the choir appeared in the Jugendkulturfestival Basel ("Basel Youth Culture Festival") as well as The Glue's Lala Blabla Pomme d'Adam Festival. In January 2008, Handel's Messiah was performed with the Berner Freitagsakademie in the original English with great success; in March, there followed a concert tour through Hungary with four more Messiah concerts, one of which took place in Matthias Church in Budapest. In the fall, the choirboys participated in an open-air production of Orff's Carmina Burana. In October 2008, the changed voices performed Luigi Cherubini's Requiem in D Minor for men's chorus in the Basel Münster and in the music hall of Stadtcasino Basel; the concert was rounded out by César Franck's Psalm 150 and Georges Bizet's Te Deum.

Bach's St. John Passion was performed three times in March 2009; after two concerts in the Basel Münster and the Arlesheim Dome, the KKB opened its 37th summer concert season in the Bürgel Monastery in Jena. In early summer 2009, a concert tour through France took place. There, the choir performed the Lyon Cathedral in Lyon, as well as in collaboration with the Petits Chanteurs de Saint-Marc (featured in the movie Les Choristes) and gave other performances in Nîmes, Carpentras and Besançon. Shortly thereafter, the KKB appeared in three joint concerts with the Freiburg Cathedral Boys' Choir and the Chœur de Garçons de Mulhouse.
In 2011 the Requiem by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was performed, in 2012 Beethoven's C-Major Mass followed. In 2014 the Knabenkantorei Basel performed the late version of Johann Sebastian Bach's St. Mark Passion reconstructed by Alexander Grychtolik. In the following year several concerts with the oratorio Elias by Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy took place.

From autumn 2016 to summer 2017 Rolf Herter conducted the choir on an interim basis. In summer 2017 Oliver Rudin took over the direction of the choir.

Partnerships
Alongside sporadic collaborations with Theater Basel and various orchestras, such as the Basel Symphony Orchestra and the Basel Sinfonietta, plus  ensembles from outside Basel such as the Bern Freitagsakademie, as well as with various guest choirs, there were also regular collaborations with the Basel Girls' Choir in the past. A collaboration with the Collegium Musicum Basel Orchestra was planned in 2007, but both organizations decided to cancel again in 2009.

Discography

LPs
 1973–Felix Mendelssohn: "Chor- und Orgelwerke" (Pelca, PSR 40 585; out of print)
 1976–Baroque Christmas songs: "Ein Kind geborn zu Bethlehem" ("A Child Born in Bethlehem", KKB (private label))
 1977–secular Renaissance songs: "Nun fanget an, ein guts Lied zu singen" ("Now begin to sing a good song", Pelca, PSR 40 617)
 1979–Heinrich Schütz: "Musikalische Exequien und Psalm 136" ("Musikalische Exequien and Psalm 136", EMI, 065-03 828)
 1980–Johann Sebastian Bach: "Kantaten Nr. 82a und Nr. 161" ("Cantatas 82a and 161", EMI, 065-43 076)
 1980–Johann Sebastian Bach: "Kantaten Nr. 179 und Nr. 177" ("Cantatas 179 and 177", EMI, 065-43 077)
 1985–Benjamin Britten: "St. Nikolaus-Kantate" ("St. Nicolas", KKB (private label), CS 558-3)
 1987–various composers: "60 Jahre KKB – Jubiläumsprogramm ("The KKB's 60 Year Anniversary Program", KKB (private label), CS 572 K, only available internally)

Cassettes
 1978–Bach/Brahms/Reger: "Geistliche Motetten" ("Sacred Motets", KKB (private label), EDT 80031; out of print)
 1985–div. Komponisten: "Knabenkantorei in concert" (KKB (private label), AZ 1014 MC; out of print)
 1986–Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: "Requiem und Grabmusik" ("Requiem und Grabmusik", KKB (private label), only available internally)
 1987–various composers: "60 Jahre KKB – Jubiläumsprogramm" ("The KKB's 60 Year Anniversary Program", KKB (private label), CS 572 K, only available internally)
 1987–various composers: "Festkonzert vom 17. Mai 1987" ("Special Concert on May 17, 1987", KKB (private label), only available internally)
 1989–Mozart/C.P.E. Bach: "Krönungsmesse und Magnificat" ("Coronation Mass and Magnificat", KKB (private label), only available internally)
 1989–various composers: "Musik zu Weihnachten – Weihnachtslieder und Motetten" ("Music for Christmas – Christmas Songs and Motets", KKB (private label))
 1992–various composers: "Motetten grosser Meister/Schweizer Volksliedkantate" ("Motets of the Great Masters/Swiss Folk Song Cantata", KKB (private label))

CDs
 1989–various composers: "Musik zu Weihnachten – Weihnachtslieder und Motetten" ("Music for Christmas – Christmas Songs and Motets", KKB (private label))
 1991–Johann Sebastian Bach: "Weihnachtsoratorium I-VI" ("Christmas Oratorio I-VI", KKB (private label), only available internally)
 1992–various composers: "Motetten grosser Meister/Schweizer Volksliedkantate" ("Motets of the Great Masters/Swiss Folk Song Cantata", KKB (private label))
 1994–C.P.E. Bach: "Markuspassion" ("St. Mark Passion", Ars Musici)
 1994–Mendelssohn/Rheinberger: "Psalm 95 und Weihnachtskantate" ("Psalm 95 and Christmas Cantata", KKB (private label))
 1996–Mozart/Reicha: "Litanei und Te Deum" ("Litany und Te Deum", KKB (private label)/SRDRS, KKB-006, only available internally)
 1996–Martin/Beethoven: "In Terra Pax und Friedenskantate" ("In Terra Pax and Peace Cantata", private label, KKB-007)
 1997–various composers: "Geistliche Vokalmusik" ("Sacred Vocal Music", private label, KKB-008)
 1999–Telemann/Krebs/Bach/Dudli: "Eine grosse Freude" (private label, KKB-009)
 2000–various composers: "Highlights" (private label, KKB-010)
 2000–various composers: "Spirituals + Lieder + Songs" (private label, KKB-011)
 2000–Johann Sebastian Bach: "Weihnachtsoratorium I, IV-VI" ("Christmas Oratorio I, IV-VI", private label, KKB-012)
 2001–Felix Mendelssohn: "Elias" (private label, KKB-013)
 2001–Gustav Mahler: "Sinfonie Nr. 8 in Es-Dur" ("Symphony No. 8 in E-flat major", a.k.a. Symphony of a Thousand, only available internally)
 2005–various composers: "Tournee-Programm 2005" ("Tour Program 2005", private label, KKB-014)
 2005–Gioacchino Rossini: "Petite messe solennelle" (private label, PST 05367, only available internally)
 2005–Honegger/Britten: "Cantate de Noël/Sankt Nikolaus" ("Cantate de Noël/St. Nicolas", Schweizer Radio DRS, only available internally)

VHS
 2001–Gustav Mahler: "Sinfonie Nr. 8 in Es-Dur" ("Symphony No. 8 in E-flat major", Telebasel, only available internally)
 2002–Händel/Bernstein: "Coronation Anthems und Chichester Psalms" ("Coronation Anthems and Chichester Psalms", only available internally)

Major concerts since 1997
 Dec. 1997: The Seasons (Joseph Haydn)
 Dec. 1999: Christmas Oratorio (Johann Sebastian Bach)
 Nov. 2000: Elijah (Felix Mendelssohn)
 Dec. 2001: St. Nicolas (Benjamin Britten) (unchanged voices only, with the St. Arbogast Choir)
 Nov./Dec. 2002, Jun. 2003: Coronation Anthems (George Frideric Handel), Chichester Psalms (Leonard Bernstein)
 Apr. 2004: St. John Passion (Johann Sebastian Bach)
 Jan./Apr. 2005: Petite messe solennelle (Gioacchino Rossini)
 Dec. 2005: Cantate de Noël (Arthur Honegger) and St. Nicolas (Benjamin Britten)
 Feb. 2007: St. Paul (Felix Mendelssohn)
 Jan./March 2008: The Messiah von Georg Friedrich Händel
 Dec. 2009: Christmas Oratorio (Johann Sebastian Bach)
 Nov. 2010: Die Schöpfung (Joseph Haydn)
 Mar. 2014: Markuspassion (Johann Sebastian Bach, late version (1744), Reconstruction: Alexander F. Grychtolik)
 Sep. 2019: Participation in "Theater im Münster" for the 1000th anniversary of Basel Minster
 Aug. 2022: Weissagung und Erfüllung (Hans Huber), with Sinfonieorchester Basel, Basler Madrigalisten, and Basler Gesangsverein
 Jan. 2023: Messe in C-Dur (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart), with Kammerorchester Basel
 Jan. 2023: Requiem, Gabriel Fauré, with Kammerorchester Basel

Conductors
 Hermann Ulbrich (1927–1970)
 Markus Ulbrich (1970–1980)
 Klaus Knall (1980–1983)
 Beat Raaflaub (1983–2007)
 Markus Teutschbein (2007-2016)
 Rolf Herter ad interim (2016–2017)
 Oliver Rudin (since 2017)

Presidents
 Jakob Staehelin (1929–1933)
 Hans Staehelin (1933–1936)
 Alfred Courvoisier (1936–1950)
 Alfred Studer (1950–1956)
 Rudolf Moser (1956–1960)
 Rudolf Massini (1960–1972)
 Max Huldi (1972–1983)
 Gerhard Winkler (1983–1994)
 Jürg Rauschenbach (1994–2003)
 Kuno Hämisegger (2003-2008)
 Werner Schniepper (2008-2017)
 Peter Küng (since 2017)

Notable alumni
 Rainer Brambach, writer
 Michael Feyfar, singer
 Lukas Holliger, playwright, dramaturge, editor
 Michael Koch, actor, director
 Thomas Mattmüller, conductor
 Andreas Meier, conductor
 Hanno Müller-Brachmann, bass-baritone in opera and concert
 Meinert Rahn, geologist, mineralogist
 Félix Rienth, singer
 Oliver Rudin, conductor, singer, composer

External links

References

Musical groups established in 1927
Swiss choirs
Choirs of children
Culture in Basel
1927 establishments in Switzerland

Basel Boys Choir


مدرسة (ج مدارس) كلمة قد تشير إلى أي من:
 مدرسة فكرية
 مدرسة قرآنية
 مدرسة علوم إسلامية
 مدرسة دينية
 مدرسة خاصة
واستخدامات أخرى تجدها في صفحة التوضيح.

تأصيل

الكلمة مدرسة هي مشتقّة من جذر ثلاثي درس، المتعلق بالتعلم أو التعليم —كما يسمى بيت تدريس التوراة مِدْراسا— على وزن مفعالا

تاريخ المدارس المبكر

لم تكن المدارس موجودة في البداية المبكرة للإسلام. أول مدرسة في الإسلام هي مدرسة دار الأرقم بن أبي الأرقم في مكة حيث كان الرسول  يجلس في دار الأرقم ويجتمع المسلمون حوله ليعلمهم ويزكيهم.

كان المسلمون إذا أرادوا تعليم أبنائهم أرسلوهم إلى الكتاتيب لتعلم القراءة والكتابة أو إلى المساجد ليحضروا ما بها من حلقات علمية ودينية أو إلى بيوت العلماء لتلقي العلم عنهم.

التعليم في الكتاتيب

كانت الكتاتيب قبل الإسلام لتعليم القراءة والكتابة وبعد الإسلام زيد عليهما تحفيظ الأطفال القرآن الكريم وتعليمهم الدين الإسلامي والخط والحساب ومبادئ اللغة فالكتاتيب هي المعاهد الأولى التي كان يتعلم فيها المبتدئون القرآن الكريم والقراءة والكتابة ومبادئ الدين واللغة والحساب والخط.

و كانت العناية بتعليم الخط كبيرة لأنه فن من الفنون الجميلة وكان له معلم يختص بتعليمه ولا يشتغل بغيره وقد استخدم الرسول  المسلمين الذين يستطيعون الكتابة والقراءة في كتابة ما كان يمليه عليهم من الآيات القرآنية والأحاديث النبوية وكان عددهم قليلا فأضطر الرسول إلى أن يستعين بغير المسلمين من اليهود والمسيحيين في تعليم المسلمين الراغبين في التعلم القراءة والكتابة.

و في غزوة بدر كان رسول الله  يكلف الأسرى الذين يعرفون القراءة والكتابة من أهل مكة ممن لم يعتنقوا الدين الإسلامي أن يفتدوا أنفسهم بتعليم عشرة من أبناء المسلمين.

و بعد معرفة الفراءة والكتابة كان التلاميذ يقرءون القرآن الكريم ويكتبون كل يوم قدرا منه في ألواحهم ويحفظون ما يكتبون وبهذه الوسيلة كانوا يدربون على القراءة ويتعلمونها ويحفظون القرآن ويحسنون خطهم.

و في العهد الإسلامي وجد المتعلمون الذين يحسنون الخط تشجيعا كثيرا وعينوا في بعض المناصب والوظائف ودونوا الأحاديث النبوية ونقلوا الكتب التي يطلبها منهم الخلفاء.

كان المعلم يخصص حجرة من منزله ويجعلها كتابا لتعليم الأطفال الراغبين في التعلم ومعنى هذا أن الكتاب في الغالب كان حجرة واحدة أو أكثر في النادر وكان كبيرا فسيحا جدا قد يتسع لآلاف التلاميذ.

و قد ازداد عدد الكتاتيب وعدد المعلمين في القرن الثاني الهجري والقرون التي بعده حتى صار في كل قرية كتاب أو أكثر وقد أسهم كثير من المسلمين في إنشاء الكتتيب لتعليم الأطفال وتنافسوا في بنائها تقربا إلى الله ونشر التعليم بين الأغنياء والفقراء على السواء وكانت الكتاتيب تلحق بالمساجد حينا وتبعد عنها أحيانا وكان بعض المعلمين يقومون بالتعليم بدون أجر ابتغاء مرضاة الله وبعضهم يقبلون أجرا زهيدا حتى يحصلوا على الضروريات في الحياة.

التعليم في المساجد

في العصر الإسلامي الأول كان الصغار يجلسون في حلقات للتعلم وممن تعلموا في المسجد علي بن أبي طالب وعبد الله بن عباس وقد اتخذ المسلمون المسجد بيتا لعبادة الله والتقرب إليه ومعهدا للثقافة الإسلامية والتربية الدينية تدرس فيه قواعد الإسلام وأحكام الدين وأول مسجد بني في الإسلام هو مسجد قباء وكانت تعقد فيه حلقات دينية وحينما دخل الرسول  المدينة المنورة بنى المسجد النبوي ليشجع المهاجرين والأنصار على النشاط والسرعة في العمل وكان من عادة النبي  أن يجلس في مسجده بالمدينة ليعلم أصحابه دينهم ودنياهم وبانتشار الإسلام انتشرت المساجد في البلاد الإسلامية ولما كان الأطفال يتحفظون من النجاسة فقد وصى كثيرون ألا يكون التعليم في المسجد وحينما منع المعلمون من التعليم في المساجد اتخذوا لهم زوايا متصلة بالمساجد أو حجرا في بيوتهم لتعليم الأطفال محافظةً على المساجد التي جعلت لتعليم الكبار من طلبة التعليم الديني والعربي والثانوي والعالي بدون أجر مع منحهم بعض المنح المالية والعطايا لمساعدتهم على الاستمرار في طلب العلم.

و قد بين المقريزي في خططه عن ثماني حلقات كانت تدرس فيها العلوم المختلفة في مسجد عمرو بن العاص منها حلقة الإمام الشافعي وقد نسبت إليه لأن الشافعي قام بالتدريس فيها سنة 182 هجرية والزاوية الصاحبية وقد أعدها الصاحب محمد بن فخر الدين وعين لها اثنين من المدرسين أحدهما شافعي لتدريس الفقة على مذهب الإمام الشافعي والآخر مالكي لتدريس الفقه على مذهب الإمام مالك.

و من المساجد التي اشتهرت بالتدريس فيها مسجد أحمد بن طولون وقد اكتمل بناؤه سنة 256 هجرية وقام الفقهاء بالتعليم فيه بالإضافة إلى الجامع الأزهر الذي انشأه جوهر الصقلي في عهد المعز لدين الله الفاطمي وقد اكتمل بنائه سنة 361 هجرية وفي سنة 761 هجرية أنشأ بالأزهر مكتب لتحفيظ اليتامى من المسلمين القرآن الكريم ونظمت فيه دروس للفقهاء من الحنفية وكان الأزهر عامرا بتلاوة القرآن الكريم وتلقينه ودراسته والاشتغال بالتفسير والحديث وعلوم الفقه والنحو والبلاغة.

و قد كانت حلقات العلم تقام بجامع المنصور وقد شيده أبو جعفر المنصور والمسجد الأموي الذي شيده الوليد بن عبد الملك.

عمارة

هي نوع من المباني الدينية، جزء من الحضارة الإسلامية مذ فترة طويلة. أصبحت المدرسة واحدة من أكثر المؤسسات النمطية للعالم الإسلامي.

كان عصر المأمون أزهى العصور في تاريخ النهضة العلمية والأدبية والدينية في الإمبراطورية الإسلامية فقد كان المأمون نفسه عالما من كبار العلماء وفي عصر المأمون ارتقت العلوم الدينية واللسانية وكانت قصور الخلفاء والأمراء تقوم مقام الجامعات في عصرنا الحاضر.

و في القصور المصرية بدأت المنتديات الأدبية منذ ظهرت الدولة الطولونية وكانت الدروس تلقى قصور الأمراء والوزراء وفي بيوت العلماء.

طالع أيضا
 زوايا (توضيح)

انظر أيضا
 جائزة محمد السادس للكتاتيب القرآنية
 كتاب (مدرسة) وتجمع كتاتيب
 الكتاتيب في الخليج العربي
 الكتاتيب في جبل عامل
 خلوة (مدرسة)
 تعليم محظري
 زاوية (مدرسة)
 تكية
 خانقاه
 رباط (مدرسة)
 حوزة علمية
 جامعة

المراجع

كتاب التربية الإسلامية / محمد عطية الأبرشي ؛ ط3 ؛ القاهرة:دار احياء الكتاب العربية ؛ 1975 ص 70- 90.

أنواع المدارس
اختراعات عربية
التعليم الإسلامي
مدارس إسلامية
ديوبندية
عمارة إسلامية
عمارة عربية
كليات قانون
مدارس دينية
مصطلحات إسلامية
مصطلحات تعليم
مصطلحات عربية
مصطلحات عربية في الشريعة الإسلامية

مدرسة إسلامية


An Greigia membranacea in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni B.Will, T.Krömer, M.Kessler, Karger ngan Harry Edward Luther. An Greigia membranacea in nahilalakip ha genus nga Greigia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Bolivia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Greigia

Greigia membranacea


علم القراصنة في عرض المحيط - Jolly Roger in the Deep Azure (名探偵コナン 紺碧の棺, Detective Conan: Jolly Roger in the Deep Azure?) هو الفلم رقم 11 للمحقق كونان عرض يوم 21 أبريل 2007, هو فلم يحكي قصة القراصنة وكنوزهم وبالذات عن قرصانة يابانية قديمة والكنز الذي تركته.

القصة

«ماري» هي قرصانة يابانية قديمة ولها صديقة أخرى تحميها من ظهرها في أثناء المعارك تركت «ماري» كنز في جزيرة تسمى «جزيرة الإله» قبل 300 سنة!. في بداية الفلم يسافر كونان وأصدقائه بالإضافة إلى توغو وران وسونوكو إلى هذه الجزيرة ويتعرفون على مجموعة من صائدي الكنوز، تذهب ران وسونوكو للغطس رفقة المرشدة وفي أثناء غطسهم في قاع المحيط يشاهدن أسماك القرش تقوم بالفتك بأحد ثلاثة من صائدي الكنوز، ينقل هذا الأخير إلى المستشفى ولكنه مات بعد وصوله، يكتشف كونان أن هذا الحادث ليس عاديا بل هي جريمة متعمدة! (لأن أصدقاء ذلك الصياد كانوا قد وضعوا دم أسماك في بدلته ولذلك هاجمه القرش). بعد أن رأت ران صيادي الكنوز الفارين قاموا باختطافها هي وسونوكو ليستخدموهم كطعم. يصلون بعد ذلك إلى قصر تحت جزيرة مائية أين يجدون السفينة ولكن الصيادين لم يجدوا الكنوز فيقررون قتل ران وسونوكو، ولكن هاتين الأخيرتين حاولتا الدفاع عن نفسيهما بنفس طريقة القرصانة «ماري» وصديقتها (الحماية من الظهر، كما يظهر في الغلاف) ولكنهما لم تنجحا ولكن كونان يصل ويقضي على المجرمين. يبدأ الزلزال في تلك الجزيرة المائية وعليهم أن يخرجوا من ذلك الكهف فيستعملون قارورات الأوكسجين التي كانت معهم وتصعد السفينة إلى سطح البحر وينجو الجميع، أحد الصيادين السابقين قال أن رسالة «ماري» لا تجعلوا الطمع في الكنوز يعمي بصيرتكم.

انظر أيضا
 المحقق كونان.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 موقع أفلام المحقق كونان.

أفلام أخرجها ياسويشيرو ياماموتو
أفلام أنمي 2007
أفلام القراصنة
أفلام المحقق كونان
أفلام باللغة اليابانية
أفلام توهو
أفلام رسوم متحركة من توهو
أفلام مغامرات يابانية
أفلام يابانية
أفلام يابانية إنتاج 2007
تصوير ثقافي عن آن بوني
تصوير ثقافي عن ماري ريد
تي أم أس إنترتنيمنت

المحقق كونان: علم القراصنة في عرض المحيط


තම්බිලුවිල් කන්නකි කෝවිල, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයෙහි හින්දු කෝවිලකි. මෙම කෝවිලෙහි ප්‍රධාන දෙවියන් වන්නේ කණ්ණගි දේවතාවියකි.

අම්පාර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ හින්දු සිද්ධස්ථාන

තම්බිලුවිල් කන්නකි කෝවිල


كان فرانشيسكو ديلا سكالا المعرف باسم كانغراندي الأول (فيرونا، 9 مارس 1291 - تريفيزو، 22 يوليو 1329) كوندوتييرو إيطالي. كانغراندي هو الابن الثالث لألبيرتو الأول ديلا سكالا ، وأشهر أفراد أسرة ديلا سكالا التي وطد سلطتها. معروف أيضاً بكونه صديق وحامي الشاعر دانتي أليغييري ، ولكنه على وجه الخصوص كان كوندوتييرو وسياسياً عظيماً. حكم فيرونا أولا مع أخيه الأكبر ألبوينو بين عامي 1308 و1311 ثم وحده من 1311 حتى وفاته. أصبح بفضل انتصارته قائد الفصيل الغيبليني بإيطاليا العليا، ولم عسكرياً مهاراً فحسب، إنما أيضاً سياسياً حاذقاً وإدارياً فطناً وراعي فنون سخي.

مراجع

إيطاليون في القرن 14
أشخاص من فيرونا
أفراد عسكريون من فيرونا
دانتي أليغييري
ديلا سكالا
شخصيات في ديكاميرون
كوندوتييرويون
كوندوتييرويون في القرن 14
مواليد 1291
مواليد في فيرونا
نبلاء إيطاليون في القرن 14
وفيات 1329
وفيات بسبب السم
وفيات في تريفيزو

كانغراندي الأول ديلا سكالا


دانا ماريا غارسيا أوسونا ٬ ولدت بتاريخ (4 فبراير 1978) في ميديلين، كولومبيا٬ هي الممثلة والعارضة أزياء المعروفة عن أدوارها في العديد من المسلسلات التلفزيونية٬ أشهرها مسلسل آلام خفية بدور البطلة نورما ليسوندو٬ ومسلسل الحب التائه بدور البطلة لولا كاريرو.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

عارضو أزياء من ميديلين
ممثلون من ميديلين
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ميديلين
مغنيات كولومبيات
ممثلات أفلام كولومبيات
ممثلات تلفزيون كولومبيات
ممثلات كولومبيات في القرن 20
ممثلات كولومبيات في القرن 21
مواليد 1978
مواليد في غوادالاخارا

دانا غارسيا


Grønlandsk selvstændighed er et politisk ønske om at gøre Grønland til en selvstændig stat med fuld suverænitet. På nuværende tidspunkt er dette delvist realiseret i form af Grønlands Selvstyre.

Historisk baggrund

Et dansk amt

Tanken om et Grønland uden for dansk kontrol kan siges at have taget sin begyndelse i anden halvdel af det 20. århundrede. I 1953 opnåede Grønland status af dansk amt og befolkningen fik dermed valgret til Folketinget, hvor de fik to mandater.

For at opnå den samme levestandard som i Danmark centraliserede man Grønland, dvs. at indbyggerne i små bygder blev opfordret til at flytte til udvalgte byer. Hvor Grønland førhen havde bestået af mange bygder med 100-200 beboere i hver, var der nu kun få bygder og ca. 10 byer. I perioden 1952-1963 opførtes omkring 3000 boliger, sygehusene blev udbygget og tuberkulosen næsten udryddet fra 1963. Omkring 1970 blev der både i Landstinget og Folketinget indvalgt nye, unge nationalt bevidste politikere, og kort tid efter blev de første grønlandske partier stiftet. I skolerne begyndte man at undervise på dansk med danske undervisere.

Da fangerne ankom med deres familier til byerne, var det første, de oplevede, at der ikke var nok fangstdyr, dvs. levegrundlaget var væk, som det havde eksisteret før. I stedet kunne man bede om hjælp til at forsørge sig selv og børnene, hvis man da ikke var en af de heldige, der fik et arbejde.
Der var en tendens i denne periode til, at de grønlandsktalende forældre med vilje undgik at tale med deres børn på grønlandsk og i stedet talte med dem på dansk. Dette samt ændringen i det daglige liv og sammenholdet fra de små bygder skabte stor splittelse blandt grønlænderne.

Til byerne kom desuden hundredvis af danskere, der blev ansat til at opbygge veje, skoler, beboelse, osv. i moderne målestok. Der var nu ikke længere kun et fåtal af danskfødte i Grønland, men et reelt dansk mindretal blev dannet. Det var hele danske familier, der kom, og børnene talte kun dansk og havde et højere skoleniveau end det almindelige grønlandske barn, og derfor blev der de fleste steder lavet opdelte skoler, hvor børnene blev undervist efter deres forkundskaber.

1958 oprettedes en landsdækkende Radio og TV-kanal ved navn Kalaallit Nunaata Radioa (KNR).

Hjemmestyre

Efter en folkeafstemning den 1. maj 1979 fik Grønland hjemmestyre ligesom Færøerne havde haft siden 1948. Hjemmestyret overtog efterhånden ved hjælp af det årlige bloktilskud fra Danmark selv styringen af skole, kultur og de sociale forhold, landsplanlægning og skatteområdet. De fem landsstyreområder, eller ministerier, fik hver et landsstyremedlem som politisk leder. Jonathan Motzfeldt, Siumut blev landsstyreformand og formand for det 21 mand store Landsting. I 1973 blev Grønland trods stedlig modstand medlem af EF sammen med Danmark, og i 1982 afgjorde en ny folkeafstemning, at Grønland udtrådte af EF i 1985. En af hovedgrundene var udenlandsk overfiskeri i de grønlandske farvande. Grønland fik herefter status som et oversøisk EU-område med samme fordele som i en toldunion.

I 1986 overtoges den Kongelige Grønlandske Handel (KGH) af hjemmestyret og skiftede navn til Kalaallit Niuerfiat (KNI).

I 1990 fjernedes fødestedskriteriet, som diskriminerede mod indfødte embedsmænd.

Selvstyre

I 2009 var der folkeafstemning på Grønland om indførelse af selvstyre. Resultatet blev et klart ja med 75 % flertal. Selvstyret er en videreudvikling af hjemmestyret mod større indflydelse fra lokalbefolkningen, idet der er tale om grønlandsk overtagelse af nogle ansvarsområder og love, der har været behov for. Det drejer sig om aftaler om undergrunden, en såkaldt overtagelseslov og en udenrigspolitisk lov. En lignende lovgivning er afprøvet siden 1992 på Færøerne. Grønland har nu desuden grønlandsk som eneste officielle sprog. Desuden er der nu en grønlandsk mønt, der dog er styret og trykt fra Danmark.

Udvikling efter selvstyrets indførelse
D. 27. oktober 2016 blev der dannet en ny grønlandsk regering bestående af partierne Siumut, Inuit Ataqatigiit, og Partii Naleraq med Siumuts formand Kim Kielsen som landsstyreformand. En minister for selvstændighed blev udpeget, og regeringen meddelte, at den målrettet ville arbejde i retning af selvstændighed.

Ved formandsvalget i Siumut d. 27. juli 2017 blev Kim Kielsen udfordret af Vittus Qujaukitsoq, der ønskede en hurtigere overgang til selvstændighed end Siumuts daværende linje. Kim Kielsen blev dog genvalgt af partiets medlemmer og kunne dermed også fortsætte som landsstyreformand.

Formel proces
Med Selvstyreloven blev en proces til grønlandsk selvstændighed også fastlagt:
 "§ 21. Beslutning om Grønlands selvstændighed træffes af det grønlandske folk.
 Stk. 2. Træffes beslutning efter stk. 1, indledes der forhandlinger mellem regeringen og Naalakkersuisut med henblik på gennemførelse af selvstændighed for Grønland.
 Stk. 3. En aftale mellem Naalakkersuisut og regeringen om gennemførelse af selvstændighed for Grønland skal indgås med samtykke fra Inatsisartut og skal godkendes ved en folkeafstemning i Grønland. Aftalen skal endvidere indgås med samtykke fra Folketinget.
 Stk. 4. Selvstændighed for Grønland indebærer, at Grønland overtager højhedsretten over Grønland."

Holdninger

Opbakning

D. 27. oktober 2016 blev der dannet en ny grønlandsk regering bestående af partierne Siumut, Inuit Ataqatigiit, og Partii Naleraq. En minister for selvstændighed er udpeget, og regeringen har meddelt:
"Grønland er uigenkaldeligt på vej mod selvstændighed og denne proces kræver ikke alene politisk stabilitet, men også national samling. Parterne er enige om at fremføre forslag til ny forfatning ved udgangen af denne valgperiode."

En meningsmåling publiceret d. 1. december 2016 viste, at et flertal i den grønlandske befolkning anser selvstændighed for at være "meget" eller "noget vigtigt".

Modstand
I 2016 udtalte Søren Espersen fra Dansk Folkeparti, at et selvstændigt Grønland ikke ville være muligt, da landet stadig er afhængigt af bloktilskuddet fra Danmark. Han argumenterede yderligere for, at dansk støtte og danske investeringer burde ophøre, skulle Grønlands Landsstyre vælge at fortsætte deres arbejde i retningen af fuld selvstændighed.

I april 2017 sagde 78 % af Grønlands befolkning i en rundspørge, at de ikke ønsker selvstændighed, hvis det vil resultere i en lavere levestandard.

Den grønlandske forfatter Nauja Lynge er en fremtrædende modstander af at bryde rigsfællesskabet. Hun er formand for Foreningen Rigsfællesskabet, der har som formål at bevare og styrke rigsfællesskabet mellem Færøerne, Grønland og Danmark.

Kildehenvisninger

Selvstændighed
Suverænitet

Grønlandsk selvstændighed


Gemoloji, (kıymetli taş bilimi), mücevherlerde kullanılan kıymetli taşların ve süs taşlarının tanımlanması ve sınıflandırılmasıdır. Taşların oluşumunu, çıktığı yerleri, fiziksel ve kimyasal özelliklerini inceler. Aynı zamanda sentetik, taklit ve işlem görmüş taşlar hakkında bilgi verir.  Gemoloji, bir mineraloji branşı olup bazı profesyonel mücevherciler akademik eğitim almış gemolojistlerdir.

Konuları
 Süstaşlarının yer kabuğunda oluşumu incelenmesi, aranması bulunuşu ve madenciliği
 Süstaşlarının bilimsel inceleme yöntemleriyle incelenip tanımlanması, sınıflandırılması
 Süstaşlarının değersel ve bilimsel sınıflandırılması
 Süstaşlarının renk ve saflık değerlerini arttırma, muamelesi, iyileştirme yöntemleri
 Süstaşlarının sentetik üretimi
 Süstaşlarının her türlü işleme teknikleri ile kesilmesi, işlenmesi, gereğine göre şekillendirilmesi
 Arkeogemoloji (süstaşlarının tarihi sürece göre tanımlanması yer,zaman ve süstaşı olma özelliklerine göre sınıflandırılması)
 Süstaşlarının mücevher haline getirilmesi,soymetallerle birlikte işlenebilir hale getirilmesi(mıhlanması, montürlenmesi)
 Süstaşlarının pazarlanması

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 http://www.gemoloji.host.sk/
 Canadian Institute of Gemmology - GEMOLOGY WORLD

Mineraloji

Gemoloji


Hilan aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Hilan, Malatya ilinin Merkez Dilek Belediyesi Kasabasına bağlı bir köydür.
 Hilan, İran'ın Doğu Azerbaycan Eyaleti'nin Bostanabad şehristanında köydür.

Hilan


Sergio  Orduña (* 4. April 1954 in Xochitepec, Morelos), bekannt auch unter dem Spitznamen La Hormiguita (span. für Der Emsige), ist ein mexikanischer Fußballtrainer und früherer Spieler, der im Mittelfeld agierte.

Leben

Stationen als Spieler
Sein erstes Spiel in der mexikanischen Primera División bestritt "La Hormiguita" Orduña am 2. November 1975 für seinen "Heimatverein" CD Zacatepec beim 1:0-Auswärtssieg gegen den Club León. Sein erstes Erstligator gelang ihm am 16. November 1975 beim 2:0-Sieg gegen die Tigres de la UANL, für die er bald ein volles Jahrzehnt lang spielen sollte und mit denen er in den Spielzeiten 1977/78 und 1981/82 zweimal die mexikanische Meisterschaft gewann.

Am Ende seiner aktiven Laufbahn spielte er für die Correcaminos de la UAT, in deren Reihen er am 2. Juni 1991 beim 2:0-Heimsieg gegen den CD Veracruz sein letztes Spiel in der mexikanischen Primera División absolvierte. Bereits am 17. Dezember 1989 hatte er für denselben Verein sein letztes Erstligator zum 1:0 in der 6. Minute beim 2:0-Heimsieg gegen Atlético Morelia erzielt.

Nationalmannschaft
Zwischen dem 22. Januar 1980, als er gegen die Tschechoslowakei (1:0) zwanzig Minuten vor Spielende eingewechselt wurde, und dem 10. Februar 1981, als er eine Halbzeit gegen Südkorea bestritt und in der 88. Minute mit seinem einzigen Länderspieltor den 4:0-Endstand herstellen konnte, absolvierte Orduña insgesamt drei Länderspieleinsätze. Seinen längsten Einsatz (über 80 Minuten) absolvierte er am 20. Januar 1981 beim 1:1 gegen Bulgarien.

Stationen als Trainer
Sein Debüt als Cheftrainer in der höchsten mexikanischen Spielklasse gab "La Hormiguita" Orduña in Diensten des CF Monterrey, nachdem das Vertragsverhältnis mit dem bisherigen Trainer Hugo de León beendet worden war. Orduña betreute die Rayados zwischen dem 24. April und dem 15. Mai 2004 in den letzten vier Spielen der Clausura 2004 gegen Chivas Guadalajara (3:3), bei Necaxa (1:1), gegen den Puebla FC (2:2) und bei den Pumas de la UNAM (2:3).

In der Saison 2007/08 gewann er mit den Indios de Ciudad Juárez die Meisterschaft der zweiten Liga und schaffte somit den Aufstieg in die Primera División. Dort wurde er jedoch bereits nach vier Spielen – die gegen die Tecos de la UAG (0:1), bei seinem Exverein CF Monterrey (0:2), gegen Necaxa (2:3) und bei Santos Laguna (0:3) allesamt verloren wurden – vorzeitig entlassen.

Bald darauf beerbte er Pablo Luna als Trainer des CD Veracruz und führte die Tiburones Rojos vom September 2008 bis März 2009 durch die letzten Spiele der Clausura 2008 und die ersten Spiele der Apertura 2009 der zweiten Liga, bevor er seinerseits durch Luis Flores ersetzt wurde.

Zwischen Oktober und Dezember 2011 trainierte Orduña bis zu ihrem Rückzug aus der zweiten Liga noch einmal die Indios de Ciudad Juárez und aktuell erneut die Lobos de la BUAP, die er bereits in der Saison 2009/10 betreut hatte.

Erfolge

Als Spieler
 Mexikanischer Meister: 1977/78, 1981/82

Als Trainer
 Mexikanischer Zweitligameister: 2007/08

Einzelnachweise

Quellen
 Spielerprofil bei Mediotiempo
 Profil beim Verband
 Trainerprofil bei Mediotiempo (nur 1. Liga)

 Profil auf der Website des CF Indios

Fußballnationalspieler (Mexiko)
Fußballspieler (CD Zacatepec)
Fußballspieler (UANL Tigres)
Fußballspieler (Club Puebla)
Fußballspieler (UAT Correcaminos)
Mexikaner
Fußballtrainer (CD Veracruz)
Fußballtrainer (CF Monterrey)
Fußballtrainer (Club León)
Fußballtrainer (Cobras Ciudad Juárez)
Fußballtrainer (Lobos de la BUAP)
Fußballtrainer (Atlético Morelia)
Fußballtrainer (UAT Correcaminos)
Mexikanischer Meister (Fußball)
Geboren 1954
Mann

Sergio Orduña


Leionema elatius, es una especie de arbusto perteneciente a la familia de las rutáceas. Es un endemismo del sudeste de Australia.

Descripción
Es un arbusto que alcanza un tamaño de 2-5 m de alto; los tallos glabros o  peludos. Las hojas estrechas-espatuladas a obovadas, oblanceoladas u oblongas, de 1.5-3.5 cm de largo, 3.10 mm de ancho, planas, minuciosamente crenadas hacia el ápice, la superficie superior lisa y brillante, el nervio medio prominente a continuación. Las inflorescencias son terminales, cimosas, apenas superior a las hojas, con pedúnculos y pedicelos delgados. Cáliz con lóbulos carnosos,  triangulares. Los pétalos de 3-4,5 mm de largo, de color amarillo pálido a blanco, glandulares.

Distribución
Crece en los estados de Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland.

Taxonomía
Leionema elatius fue descrita por (F.Muell.) Paul G.Wilson y publicado en Nuytsia  12(2): 273, en el año 1998.
Subespecies
Leionema elatius subsp. beckleri (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson
Tiene las hojas ± obovadas a oblanceoladas, de 2-3.5 cm de largo, 6.10 mm de ancho; carpelos con la región apical estéril alrededor de un tercio de la longitud total; cocos hacia el exterior de pico corto. Arbusto de 5 m de altura. Hojas con el ápice redondeado y retuso. El botón floral elipsoide, de 4 mm de largo. Ovario ±  hemisférico, 1,5 mm de largo, ± arrugada hacia el ápice.
Sinonimia
Eriostemon beckleri F.Muell.
Phebalium elatius subsp. beckleri (F. Muell.) Paul G. Wilson
Eriostemon elatior F.Muell.
Phebalium elatius (F. Muell.) Benth.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Leionema

Leionema elatius


1983 ජුලි 23 වැනි දින ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඇරඹුණු ජනවාර්ගික කලබල හැදින්වීමට බොහෝ දෙනා පාවිච්චි කරනනේ "කලු ජුලිය" යන වචනයයි.අතේ ගැසීම මෙම සිද්ධියේදී දෙමළ මිනිසුන් දාහක් පමණ මරා දමනු ලැබීය. නිවාස දස දහසක් විනාශ කරනු ලැ‍බීය. ශ්‍රී ලංකික දෙමළ ජනතාවගෙන් බොහෝ පිරිසක් වෙනත් රටවල් බලා ගියහ. මෙම කලබලය ආරම්භ වීමට හේතුවුයේ දෙමළ විමුක්ති කොටි සංවිධානය නමින් හැදින්වු ආයුධ සන්නද්ධ, දෙමල කණ්ඩායමක  සැගවී සිට කරන ලද මාරාන්තික ප්‍රහාරයකින් ශ්‍රී ලංකා හමුදාවේ සෙබලුන් 13 දෙනෙකු ජීවිතක්ෂකයට පත්වීමයි.

සිංහල බහුතරයකින් යුත්  ශ්‍රී ලංකා රජයත් - දෙමළ බෙදුම්වාදීනුත් අතර ආයුධ සන්නද්ධ  අරගලයකට මුල පිරුවේ මෙම කලු ජුලි සිද්ධිය බව සාමාන්‍ය පිළිගැනීමයි.

පසුබිම
බෙදීම හා යටත් කිරීම් සංකල්පය අනුගමනය කළ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය යටත් විජිත වාදීන් ශ්‍රී ලංකවේ පාලනය, අධ්‍යාපනය හා ආර්ථිකය පාලනය වැනි කටයුතු වලදී දෙමළ ජනයාට විශේෂ අනුග්‍රහයක් දැක්වීම සිංහල දමිළ ජනයා අතර ආයුධ සන්නද්ධ අරගලයක් ඇරඹීමට අනුබලයක් විය. 1956 වසරේ දී ගෙන ආ සිංහල පමණයි පනතින් දෙමළ හා ඉංග්‍රීසි භාෂා සාධාරණ මට්ටමින් භාවිතා කිරීමට මුළුමනින්ම බාධා කරන ලදී. දෙමළ ජනතාව විසින් මෙම ජනතාවට එරෙහිව සුළු වශයෙන් ආරම්භ කරනු ලැබු විරෝදතා ව්‍යාපාර සුළු කැරලි ගැසීම් 1958 කොලාහලය (හර්තාලය) දක්වා අනුක්‍රමයෙන් වර්ධනය විය.

1960 වසරේ පැවති  විරෝධතා ව්‍යාපාර සහ රජයෙන් ඒවා මැඩපැවැත්වීමට ගත් ක්‍රියාමාර්ග, දෙපාර්ශවය අතර වෛරය වර්ධනය වීමට හේතු විය.  1971 දී මුස්ලිම් හා සිංහල ශිෂ්‍යයන් ට විශේෂ අනුග්‍රහයක් දැක්වීමට ක්‍රියාමාර්ග ගැනීමත් (affirmatiue action) දෙමළ ශිෂ්‍යයින් සම්බන්ධයෙන් කිසියම් ප්‍රමිති කරණයක් හා වෙනත් සීමා කිරීම් පැනවීමත් හේතු කොට ගෙන දෙමළ සිසුන් ආයුධ සන්නද්ධ දෙමළ කණ්ඩායම් කෙරේ වැඩි වශයෙන් නැඹුරු වීමට පිටි වහලක් විය. මෙම අංකුර බලවේග සම්බන්දයෙන් පොලිසීය ගත් ක්‍රියාමාර්ග දෙමළ සිවිල් ජනතාව හා රාජ්‍යය අතර විශ්වාසය පලුදු වීමට දැඩිසේ බලපෑවේය.

'1977 කැරළි කෝලාහල' ලෙස හැදින්වෙන ජනවාර්ගික කලබල කීපයක් එම වර්ශයේදී එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය බලයට පත්වීමෙන් පසු හටගත්තේය. 1981 දී ප්‍රතිසංස්කරණය කරන ලද යාපනය මහජන පුස්තකාලය කලහකාරී පිරික් විසින් ගිනි බත් කරන ලදී. 1983 වර්ෂය වන තෙක් මේ හා සමාන සුළු ප්‍රමාණයේ සටන් හතු පිපෙන්නාක් මෙන් පැන නැගුණු දෙමළ සන්නද්ධ කණ්ඩායම් හා රජය අතර ඇති විය. මෙහිදී සැලකිය යුතු මිනී මැරුම් සංඛ්‍යාවක් අතුරුදහන් වීම් හා මේ සම්බන්ධ පැමිණිලි දෙපාර්ශවයෙන්ම කරන ලද බවට වාර්තා විය.

මූලාශ්‍ර

දේශපාලනය

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ඉතිහාසය

කලු ජූලිය


Goodeniaceae, biljna porodica u redu zvjezdanolike. Postoji šest rodova u tri potporodice. Ime je dobila po rodu Goodenia. Većina rodova je iz Australije, a najrasprostranjeniji je Scaevola (Sjeverna i JuŽna Amerika, Afrika, Azija, Australija).

Opis
Goodeniaceae porodica iz reda Asterales, koja sadrži 12 rodova i oko 440 vrsta, uglavnom je porijeklom iz Australije. Neke vrste su rasprostranjeni tropski grmovi na plaži, kao što su Scaevola plumieri i S. frutescens. Obje imaju ovalne, kožaste listove i male, zvjezdaste, bijele cvjetove i visoke su oko 1,5 metara (5 stopa).

Grmovi slični vrijesu iz australskog roda Leschenaultia ponekad se uzgajaju kao vrtni grmovi s blagom klimom. Imaju ljubičaste, plave, crvene ili žute cvjetove.

Potporodice
Familia Goodeniaceae R. Br. (464 spp.)
 Subfamilia Dampieroideae Thorne & Reveal
 Lechenaultia R. Br. (32 spp.)
 Dampiera R. Br. (70 spp.)
 Anthotium R. Br. (4 spp.)
 Subfamilia Brunonioideae Burnett
 Brunonia Sm. (1 sp.)
 Subfamilia Goodenioideae Burnett
 Scaevola L. (117 spp.)
 Goodenia Sm. (242 spp.)

Izvori

Porodice zvjezdanolikih
Biljne porodice

Goodeniaceae


Formiga es un municipio brasileño situado en el estado de Minas Gerais. Tiene una población estimada, en 2021, de 67 956 habitantes.

Turismo
El municipio forma parte del circuito turístico "Grutas e Mar de Minas".

Entre los monumentos de la localidad destaca una estatua del Cristo Redentor.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Minas Gerais

Formiga (Minas Gerais)


An Triglochin turrifera in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alfred James Ewart. An Triglochin turrifera in nahilalakip ha genus nga Triglochin, ngan familia nga Juncaginaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Triglochin

Triglochin turrifera


The Nation of Domination (NOD) was an American-Canadian professional wrestling heel faction that competed in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE) from November 17, 1996 to November 28, 1998.

The group was formed by newcomer Faarooq in 1996 and remained an influencing faction in the company during the Attitude Era. While in the group The Rock was a one-time Intercontinental Champion and D'Lo Brown was a two-time European Champion. Towards the end of its existence, the team was joined by Canadian Owen Hart.

Concept
The group was based loosely on the Nation of Islam and a Librate street gang lifestyle, (with group members adopting Islamic names and wearing Muslim headgear) and the Black Panther Party and being billed from the Streets of the Hood. The extremism of the group's pro-black theme at times including the "Nation Salute" and Faarooq's angry tirades on the microphone garnered them an excessive amount of heat from fans in arenas and Faarooq was calling himself the "Dictator of the Nation"

History

United States Wrestling Association (1996)
The original Nation of Domination was formed in 1996 in the United States Wrestling Association (USWA). The group was led by PG-13, (a tag team consisting of J. C. Ice and Wolfie D). Additional members included Kareem Olajuwon, Sir Mohammad, Elijah, Brakkus, Shaquille Ali, Randy X, and Queen Moisha.

World Wrestling Federation

First NOD in WWF (1996–1997)
A separate group named Nation of Domination was the heel faction formed in the WWF when wrestler Faarooq was joined by manager Clarence Mason. On the October 28, 1996 edition of Monday Night Raw, announcer Jim Ross revealed that Faarooq had taken Mason as his new manager after Ross recommended Mason's services for a lawsuit against Ahmed Johnson.  Ross noted the duo would appear on WWF Livewire that Saturday with "big changes" in store for Faarooq, meaning the dropping of his "Roman gladiator" gimmick in Favor of a  Nation dictator The two men were also accompanied by three actors, Albert Armstrong, Charles Hines, and Richard Beach, whose names were unacknowledged on screen and were supposed to represent other members of the Nation. Many wrestlers joined the heel stable over time including PG-13 (J. C. Ice and Wolfie D), Crush, D'Lo Brown, and Savio Vega. Their first feud was with Ahmed Johnson, who had a rivalry with Faarooq since SummerSlam. At the Royal Rumble, the Nation assisted Faarooq during his match against Johnson. Faarooq lost by disqualification after Crush interfered and attacked Johnson.

Faarooq, Crush, and Vega were the members of Nation of Domination who wrestled while others supported them during their matches. These three men often teamed up together in six-man tag team matches such as one at In Your House 13: Final Four against Bart Gunn, Goldust, and Flash Funk and most notably in a Chicago Street Fight at WrestleMania 13 against the Legion of Doom (Hawk and Animal) and Ahmed Johnson. At A Cold Day In Hell, the Nation faced Johnson in a Gauntlet match. Johnson defeated Crush and Vega in the Gauntlet before losing to Faarooq.

JC Ice and Wolfie D were removed from the Nation after a loss to the Legion of Doom, the Nation effectively abandoning them to their fate. Faarooq became angry with the rest of the group and fired the entire Nation with the exception of Brown after Faarooq's loss to The Undertaker at King of the Ring, where Faarooq lost the match partly because of the distraction caused when Vega and Crush were arguing at ringside. According to Clarence Mason, he requested to be removed from the group because backstage he was uncomfortable with Faarooq doing racist remarks in promos and also Vince McMahon wanted managers to start taking more bumps and participate in matches.

Black Supremacy and The Gang Warz (1997–1998)
On the June 16 episode of Raw Is War, Faarooq promised that he would deliver a "Bigger, Badder, Better and Blacker" version of the Nation, after "firing" Crush, Mason, and Savio Vega, retaining only Brown. This led to the induction of Kama Mustafa and Ahmed Johnson into the group after Johnson turned on then WWF Champion The Undertaker during a tag team match against Faarooq and Kama. Johnson would be forced out of the group due to a legit injury. He was replaced by Rocky Maivia. Meanwhile, former Nation members Vega and Crush formed their own rival factions, Los Boricuas (made up entirely of Puerto Rican wrestlers), and The Disciples of Apocalypse (made up entirely of white biker wrestlers) respectively. This led to a WWF style "gang war".

In the following months, the Nation feuded with Los Boricuas and the Disciples of Apocalypse. This feud culminated in a triple threat match between Faarooq, Vega, and Crush who were the leaders of Nation, Los Boricuas, and DOA respectively at Ground Zero, which Vega won. They restarted their feud with the Legion of Doom, whom the Nation defeated at Badd Blood: In Your House in a 3-on-2 handicap match. As part of his heel turn, Rocky Maivia shortened and changed his ring name to The Rock. Around this time, Ahmed Johnson restarted the feud with the Nation as well and joined the Legion of Doom and Ken Shamrock. This led to a Survivor Series match at Survivor Series, which the Nation lost to the Legion of Doom, Johnson, and Shamrock. At D-Generation X: In Your House, The Rock got a shot at the Intercontinental Championship against Stone Cold Steve Austin. In the closing minutes of the match, Austin performed a Stone Cold Stunner on the referee. A second referee came down to count a pin for Austin, although the first referee intended to disqualify Austin.

As a result of this controversy, Austin was forced to defend the title against The Rock the next night on Raw Is War. Rock was awarded the Intercontinental Championship, however, after Austin forfeited him the title instead of defending the title in a rematch, delivering a stunner on Rock and took the championship belt back afterward. Austin appeared the next week on Raw is War, taunting Rock and eventually throwing the Intercontinental Championship belt over a bridge, into a river. Ken Shamrock, who was already a rival of the Nation, began feuding with The Rock for the Intercontinental Championship. On the January 12, 1998 episode of Raw Is War, Mark Henry turned heel and joined the Nation, by assaulting his tag team partner, Ken Shamrock, in a tag team match against The Rock and D'Lo Brown.

Leadership of The Rock (1998)
On the March 30, 1998 episode of Raw Is War, the night after WrestleMania XIV, The Rock went on to usurp leadership of the Nation from Faarooq, at which point the group permanently dropped "of Domination" from its name and its militant focus. Instead, The Rock's gimmick spread throughout the faction with Nation members taking on considerably more hip characters, the most notable being Kama Mustafa's transformation into The Godfather, D'Lo Brown's "bobble-head" and strut, and a new hip version of the group's entrance theme, that would become associated with The Rock's character and be remixed over and over during the years to become his current theme. The Nation's primary focus by now was that The Rock retained the Intercontinental title "by any means necessary", which was the group's motto. They mainly feuded with Faarooq, who had just been kicked out of the stable. At Mayhem in Manchester, The Rock and D'Lo Brown lost to Ken Shamrock and Owen Hart. At Unforgiven: In Your House, The Nation lost to Shamrock, Faarooq, and Steve Blackman in a six-man tag team match. On the April 27 episode of Raw Is War, The Rock and Mark Henry faced Shamrock and Hart in a tag team match that saw Hart attacking Shamrock and joining the Nation.

The group then engaged in a rivalry with D-Generation X (DX), which saw the infamous parody DX performed in which they spoofed Nation members; Rock thoroughly humiliating Chyna by alluding to a possible romantic encounter between the two while the rest of DX were held at bay in their locker room by a forklift; a street fight between the two groups that wound up in Triple H being, in particular, singled out by the rest of the group and being beaten down with a ladder after Southern Justice interfered with the match on the Nation's behalf; the ladder match for the Intercontinental Championship between the two at SummerSlam; and X-Pac and Brown trading back and forth the European Championship. The Nation and DX also wrestled in a six-man tag team match at Over the Edge: In Your House, which the Nation won.

Fall of Nation (1998)
Toward the end of the year, the group showed signs of dissension as Rock's mannerisms and swagger began to catch on with fans. This would lead the WWF to turn The Rock face. Hart left the group when he "injured" Dan Severn following a botched reverse piledriver on Raw Is War the night after Breakdown. The incident was a mimicry of the legit incident in which Hart injured Stone Cold Steve Austin using the same move a year earlier. The guilt from the injury to Severn led Hart to "retire", but then re-surface as The Blue Blazer, effectively ending his affiliation with the Nation. The Godfather would venture out on his own as a fan favorite, bringing with him a bevy of beauties to the ring before his match with any wrestler. Rock would later be assaulted by Brown and Henry in October 1998 which would ultimately be the end of the Nation as a faction. After kicking Godfather out of the group on the Sunday Night Heat episode before Judgment Day: In Your House, Brown and Henry briefly continued using the Nation name, a modified Titantron, and music until dropping all three by year's end as they moved on to the tag team division without the Nation moniker.

Aftermath
Shortly after the Nation was disbanded, The Rock decided to run solo, riding his immense rise in popularity. He won the WWF Championship at Survivor Series and turned heel again by joining Mr. McMahon's Corporation faction. He would subsequently enjoy several years of success, not just in the world of wrestling, but also in Hollywood. He retired from professional wrestling in 2019. Owen Hart would go on to form a successful tag team with Jeff Jarrett, and later revive his Blue Blazer character before his death in May 1999.

D'Lo Brown and Mark Henry would remain a tag team following the dissolution of the Nation, enjoying moderate success. After Brown attempted to help Henry lose weight, Henry turned on Brown in the summer of 1999, ending the final remnants of the Nation of Domination. Brown would eventually hold both the Intercontinental and European titles at the height of his popularity. Henry would form his "Sexual Chocolate" character and would later be awarded the European Championship by Jeff Jarrett later that year. Henry would also go onto win the ECW World Heavyweight Championship and the World Heavyweight Championship later in his career before retiring in 2017. The Nation had something of a reunion in late 1999 when D'Lo realigned himself with The Godfather, imitating his pimp gimmick. This alliance lasted all the way into early 2000, when D'Lo turned on The Godfather, thus ending the tag team. The Godfather would later win the Intercontinental and World Tag Team Championships in the following years.

Former leader Faarooq would also find success after the group's dissolution, going on to form the highly popular tag team the Acolytes Protection Agency (APA) with Bradshaw. The APA would later win the World Tag Team Championship three times before disbanding in 2004.

As of now, The Rock, Faarooq, and Godfather are the only former members still employed by the WWE while Henry is employed by All Elite Wrestling. Rock is signed on a part-time basis, while also being one of the highest paid movie stars in the world, Faarooq makes occasional appearances under his real name of Ron Simmons since his 2004 retirement, and Godfather was released in 2002 and retired to manage a gentleman's club; he still occasionally makes guest appearances in WWE. Brown was released by WWE in 2003, but was rehired in 2008; he was let go once again the following year. Henry is currently part of AEW Rampage broadcast team as a backstage interviewer. Faarooq, Godfather and Henry were inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame in 2012, 2016, and 2018 respectively.

Reunion
Qatar Pro Wrestling announced on April 26, 2021 that Henry, Brown, Godfather and Faarooq had reprised their roles as the Nation of Domination. They appeared at the QPW SuperSlam 3 in Doha on February 26, 2022.

Members

USWA
 PG-13 (J. C. Ice and Wolfie D)
 Kareem Olajuwon (Reggie B. Fine)
 Sir Mohammad
 Akeem Mohammad (Big Black Dog)
 Elijah
 Shaquille Ali
 Queen Moisha
 Randy X (Randy Hales)

WWF
 Faarooq (November 17, 1996 – March 30, 1998)
 Clarence Mason (November 17, 1996 – June 9, 1997)
 J. C. Ice (November 17, 1996 – May 12, 1997)
 Wolfie D (November 17, 1996 – May 12, 1997)
 Crush (December 15, 1996 – June 9, 1997)
 D'Lo Brown (January 4, 1997 – November 28, 1998)
 Savio Vega (January 25, 1997 – June 9, 1997)
 Kama Mustafa/The Godfather (June 16, 1997 – October 18, 1998)
 Ahmed Johnson (June 16, 1997 – August 4, 1997)
 Rocky Maivia/The Rock (August 11, 1997 – October 12, 1998)
 Mark Henry (January 12, 1998 – November 28, 1998)
 Owen Hart (April 27, 1998 – October 5, 1998)

Incarnations

 First incarnation (heel): The Nation of Domination: Nation Gang/Hood Thugs
 Type: stable
 Active: November 17, 1996 - December 15, 1996 – June 9, 1997
 Members: Faarooq (leader), Queen Moisha (valet) Clarence Mason, J. C. Ice, Wolfie D, D'Lo Brown, Crush, Savio Vega, Sir Mohammad, Elijah, Albert Armstrong, Charles Hines, Richard Beach
 Second incarnation (heel): The Nation of Domination
 Type: stable
 Active: June 9, 1997 – March 30, 1998
 Members: Faarooq (leader), Rocky Maivia/The Rock, Kama Mustafa, D'Lo Brown, Ahmed Johnson, Mark Henry
 Third incarnation (heel): The Nation
 Type: stable
 Active: March 30, 1998 – October 18, 1998
 Members: The Rock (leader), Owen Hart, D'Lo Brown, The Godfather, Mark Henry
 Fourth Incarnation (heel): The Nation
 Type: tag team
 Active: October 18, 1998 – November 28, 1998 ("The Nation" name was dropped; Brown and Henry continued on as a team without it)
 Members: D'Lo Brown, Mark Henry

Championships and accomplishments
 World Wrestling Federation
 WWF European Championship (2 times) – D'Lo Brown
 WWF Intercontinental Championship (1 time) – The Rock

References

External links
 Nation of Domination's OWW Profile
 Brian Adams' (Crush) OWW Profile
 The Rock's WWE Profile
 Ron Simmons' (Faarooq) WWE Profile
 Mark Henry's WWE Profile
 Owen Hart's OWW Profile
 Ahmed Johnson's OWW Profile
 D'Lo Brown's OWW Profile
 Savio Vega's OWW Profile
 Godfather's (Kama Mustafa) OWW Profile
 Clarence Mason's OWW Profile
 PG-13's OWW Profile

United States Wrestling Association teams and stables
WWE teams and stables

Nation of Domination


ළමා හේවගේ දොන් මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ (1890 මැයි 29 – 1976 ජුලි 23) ළමා හේවගේ දොන් බස්තියන් ද සිල්වා (පසුකාලීනව දොන් බස්තියන් වික්‍රමසිංහ යන නමින් හඳුන්වා තිබේ.) සහ මාගාල්ල බලපිටිය ලියනගේ තොච්චොහාමි යන යුවලට දාව දස දෙනෙකුගෙන් යුතු පවුලේ එකම පිරිමි දරුවා ලෙස ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොග්ගල ග්‍රාමයේ දී උපත ලැබීය. කොග්ගල ග්‍රාමය එක් පැත්තකින් ගල් පරයකින්ද, අනෙක් පසින් කොග්ගල ඔයේ අතු ගංගාවන් විශාල ප්‍රමාණයකින් එකතුවන ජල ප්‍රවාහය විසින් නිර්මාණය කළ විශාල වැවකින්ද සමන්විත විය. මුහුද කුඩා දුපත් වලින් සමන්විත වූ වැව ශාක හා සතුන් ද පසෙකින් වූ වන ගහනයෙන් ද සුසැදි භූ දර්ශන මෙන් ම ගම්මානයේ ජනතාවගේ වෙනස්වන ජීවන ක්‍රම සහ  සංස්කෘතිය ඔහුගේ පසුකාලීන නිර්මාණ කෙරෙහි විශාල බලපෑමක් ඇති කළේ ය.

මුල් කාලය

වයස අවුරුදු පහේදී වික්‍රමසිංහ සිය නිවසේ දී සහ ගමේ පන්සලේ හාමුදුරුවන්ගෙන් සිංහල අකුරු උගත්තේ ය. ඔහු දේවනාගරී අක්‍ෂර ද උගත් අතර හිතෝපදේශයේ පරිච්ජේද කටපාඩමින් කිවහැකි විය. අවුරුදු දෙකකට පසු ඔහුව ගමේ පාසලට ඇතුළත් කරනු ලැබූ අතර, ඔහු 1897 දක්වා එහි අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීය. අනතුරුව ඔහුව ගාල්ලේ ඉංග්‍රීසි පාසලක් වූ බොනවිස්ටා විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් කෙරිණි. එහි අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ වසර දෙක තුළ වික්‍රමසිංහ ඉංග්‍රීසි මෙන් ම ලතින් භාෂාව ද ව්‍යක්ත ලෙස හැසිරවීමට උගත්තේ ය. ඔහුගේ පියා මියයාමෙන් අනතුරුව ඔහු නැවතත් අහංගම පිහිටි සිංහල පාසලට ඇතුළත් කරනු ලැබූ අතර, එහි දී ඉගෙනීම කෙරෙහි වූ ඔහුගේ උනන්දුව වියැකී ගියේය.

නිර්මාණකරුවා  සහ පුරෝගාමී විචාරකයා
වික්‍රමසිංහ සිය සාහිත්‍ය ජීවිතය ආරම්භ කළේ ලීලා (1914) නවකථාව සහ සාහිත්‍ය විචාර ලිපි සංග්‍රහයක් වූ ශාස්ත්‍රීය ලේඛන (1919) යන කෘතීන් එළිදක්වමිනි. ඒ කාළයේදීම සිංහල සාහිත්‍යයේ ප්‍රමිතීන් ඉහල නැංවීම සඳහා වූ ව්‍යාපාරයක් ඔහු විසින් ආරම්භ කරනු ලැබූ අතර එම අරමුණින් සම්පාදිත සාහිත්‍යෝදය කතා (1932) විචාර ලිපි (1941) ගුත්තිල ගීතය (1943) සිංහල සාහිත්‍යයේ නැගීම (1945) වැනි කෘතීන් තුලින් ඔහු උත්සාහ කළේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික සාහිත්‍ය උරුමය ඉන්දියානු සහ බටහිර සාහිත්‍ය විචාර සම්ප්‍රදායන් සංකලනය කිරීමෙන් නිර්මාණය කළ සාහිත්‍යමය මිනුම් දඬු යොදාගනිමින් තක්සේරු කිරීමයි.

1940 ගණන් පුරාවටම වික්‍රමසිංහ සාහිත්‍ය විචාරකයකුගේ භූමිකාව මෙන්ම නිර්මාණාත්මක රචකයෙකුගේ භූමිකාව ද ඉටු කළේය. අන්තර්ගතය සහ තාක්‍ෂණය අතින් නූතන ලෝක සාහිත්‍යයේ ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨ නවකථාවන් සමග සැසඳිය හැකි ප්‍රථම සිංහල නවකථාව වන්නේ 1944 දී පළවූ වික්‍රමසිංහගේ ගම්පෙරළිය යි. නූතනත්වය වෙතින් එල්ලවන පීඩනය හමුවේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ගම කඩාහැලෙන ආකාරය ඉන් නිරූපණය විය. ගමේ සාම්ප්‍රදායික ආර්ථික හා සමාජ ව්‍යුහය වාණිජකරණය වූ නගරය විසින් ක්‍රමයෙන් ආදේශ කරනු ලැබීම නිරූපණය කිරීම සඳහා දකුණේ ගමක සාර්ථක පවුලක කථාන්තරයක් යොදාගැනිණ.

වික්‍රමසිංහ විසින් පසුව ගම්පෙරළිය (1944), යුගාන්තය (1949) සහ කලියුගය (1957) තුන් ඈඳුතු නවකථාවක් නිර්මාණය කරනු ලැබිණ. සාම්ප්‍රදායික ජීවිතය ගරාවැටීමෙන් අනතුරුව නාගරික පදනමක් සහ ව්‍යාපාරික පෙළඹුමක් සහිත නාගරික පන්තියේ වර්ධනයත් ඒ සමඟ සිදුවන කම්කරු ව්‍යාපාරයේ සහ සමාජවාදී දර්ශනයේ ආරම්භයත් අවසානයේ නව සාමාජ පිළිවෙළක් පිළිබඳ අපේක්‍ෂාවත් මෙම නවකථා ත්‍රිත්වයෙන් ඉදිරිපත් කෙරිණ.

50 දශකයේ මුල්භාගයේදී සාහිත්‍ය විචාරයේ වර්ධනයත් සමග වික්‍රමසිංහ, සාහිත්‍ය කලාව (1950) සහ කාව්‍ය විචාරය (1954) නම් කෘති දෙක රචනා කරන ලදී. වික්‍රමසිංහගේ විශිෂ්ඨතම කෘතිය වූ විරාගය 1956 දී ප්‍රකාශයට පත් කෙරිණ. එහි තේමාවේ සුවිශේෂීත්වය සහ එහි ශිල්ප ක්‍රමයේ සංකීර්ණත්වය හේතුකොටගෙන එය සිංහල ප්‍රබන්ධ සාහිත්‍යයේ විශිෂ්ඨතම නිර්මාණය ලෙසින් සැලකෙයි. සාම්ප්‍රදායික බෞද්ධ නිවසක හැදී වැඩුණු සිංහල තරණයකු සමාජය නූතනකරණය වීම තුළ සංකීර්ණත්වයට පත්වූ වැඩිහිටි ජීවිතය සහ ඒ සමග එන වගකීම් හේතුවෙන් නිර්මාණය වන්නාවූ ගැටළු සහගත තත්වය ඉන් නිරූපිත ය. මෙහිදී කාලානුක්‍රමික පිළිවෙළකට නොව ප්‍රතිවීරයා විසින් ලියන ලද උපස්ථිතිවාදී ග්‍රන්ථාලංකාරයක් ලෙසින් ප්‍රථම පුරුෂ ආඛ්‍යාතයෙන් මෙම කෘතිය රචනා වී ඇත. මෙම කෘතියෙන් ඇතිවූ පෙළැඹුම මත විවිධ නවකථාකරුවන් අතින් මෙවැනි කෘතීන් රැසක් ම පසුව බිහිවූ නමුත් විරාගය ඒ සියල්ලට ම ඉහළින් විශිෂ්ඨ ස්ථානයක වැජඹෙයි.

මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහයන්ගේ සාහිත්‍ය නිර්මාණ

ළමා සාහිත්‍ය
 බාලෝපදේශය (1903)
 උන්මාද චිත්‍රා (1929)
 උපාසකම්මා (1929)
 ගලිවරායණය (1932)
 රජවෙන්ට ගිය මහන්නා (1932)
 දඩුමොණරය (1932)
 රන්කෙදි කුමාරිකාව (1932)
 ඥානෝදය කතා (1991)

ජීව විද්‍යාව
 කුරුමිණි සත්තු (1929)
 කුරුකුහුඹු සත්තු (1930)
 වෙස් මාරුකරන සත්තු (1932)
 මුහුදු වෙරළ (1932)
 සත්ව ලෝකය (1936)
 විද්‍යා විනෝද කතා (1957)

පාඨශාලා පොත්
 ග්‍රාමීය විද්‍යා ප්‍රවේශනය (1930)
 සදාචාරය හා නිරෝගී සම්පත (1931)
 පළාත් ආණ්ඩු (1933)
 ප්‍රජා පාලන ශික්ෂා (1938)
 සාහිත්‍ය ශික්ෂා - 02 (1938)
 සාහිත්‍ය ශික්ෂා - 03 (1939)

නවකතා
 ලීලා (1914)
 සෝමා (1922)
 අයිරාංගනි (1923)
 ශීතා (1923)
 මිරිගු දිය (1925)
 රෝහිණී (1929)
 ගම්පෙරළිය (1944)
 මඩොල් දූව (1947)
 යුගාන්තය (1949)
 විරාගය (1956)
 කලියුගය (1957)
 කරුවල ගෙදර (1963)
 බවතරණය (1973)

කෙටිකතා
 ගැහැනියක් (1924)
 මගුල් ගෙදර (1927)
 පව්කාරයාට ගල් ගැසීම (1936)
 අපේ විත්ති (1942)
 හද සාක්කි කීම (1945)
 මගේ කතාව (1947)
 බිල්ල සහ අපූරු මුහුණ (1949)
 වහල්ලු (1951)
 කතා අහුර (1955)
 තෝරාගත් කෙටිකතා (2009)
 රන් පිළිමය (2012)
 කෙටි කතා එකතුව ප්‍රථම භාගය (2013) (කෘති එකතු 1)
 කෙටි කතා එකතුව ද්විතීය භාගය (2014) (කෘති එකතු 2)

දෘෂ්‍ය කාව්‍ය
 චිත්‍රා (1940)
 මයුරී (1944)
 විජිතා (1953)
 විජිතා සහ තවත් නාටක (1953)

පද්‍ය කාව්‍ය
 තේරී ගී (1952)

ජීවිතය ඇසුරින්
අපේ ගම
උපන් දා සිට
උපන්දා සිට බාල විය

විදේශ සංචාර
 සෝවියට් දේශයේ නැගීම (1962)
 නව චීනයේ පිඹිදීම (2006)
 ඉංදියාව ලංකාව හා නිදහස් සම්ප්‍රධාය (2018)

සාහිත්‍ය විචාර
 ශාස්ත්‍රීය ලේඛන (1919)
 සිංහල සාහිතෝ‍යා්දය කතා (1932)
 විචාර ලිපි (1941)
 ගුත්තිල ගීතය (1943)
 සිංහල සාහිත්‍යයේ නැගීම (1945)
 සාහිත්‍ය කලාව (1950)
 කාව්‍ය විචාරය (1954)
 ඇත්ත යුත්ත (1955)
 බණ කතා සාහිත්‍ය (1955)
 නව පද්‍ය සිංහලය (1957)
 රසවාදය හා බෞද්ධ කාව්‍ය (1961)
 සිංහල විචාර මග (1964)
 නවකතාංග හා විරාගය (1965)
 ජාතක කතා විමසුම (1968)
 සිංහල නව කතාව හා ජපන් කාමකතා හෙවනැල්ල (1969)
 සිංහල නාටකය හා සද කිදුරුව (1970)
 සම්ප්‍රධාය හා විචාරය (1971)
 ව්‍යවහාර භාෂාව හා පරිණාම ධර්මය (1997)
 අපේ ළමා සාහිත්‍ය (2011)
 සිංහල සිනමා සිත්තම් (2012)

ජීව විද්‍යාත්මක ග්‍රන්ථ
 කුරුමිණි සත්තු (1929)
 කුරුකුහුඹු සත්තු (1930)
 වෙස් මාරුකරන සත්තු (1932)
 මුහුදු වෙරළ (1932)
 සත්ව ලෝකය (1936)
 විද්‍යා විනෝද කතා (1957)

පාඨශාලා පොත්
 ග්‍රාමීය විද්‍යා ප්‍රවේශනය (1930)
 සදාචාරය හා නිරෝගී සම්පත (1931)
 පළාත් ආණ්ඩුව (1933)
 ප්‍රජා පාලන ශික්ෂා (1938)
 සාහිත්‍ය ශික්ෂා - 02 (1938)
 සාහිත්‍ය ශික්ෂා - 03 (1939)

මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ කර්තෘ ධූරය දැරූ පුවත්පත් හා ධූරකාලය

 ලක්වැසියා පත්‍රයෙහි කර්තෘ ධූරය දැරූ කාලය  (1928 මාර්තු 07 සිට 1928 අප්‍රේල් 04 දක්වා)
 ලක්මිණ පත්‍රයෙහි කර්තෘ ධූරය දැරූ කාලය (1929 ජනවාරි 19 සිට 1931 ජූලි 30 දක්වා)
 සිළුමිණ පත්‍රයෙහි කර්තෘ ධූරය දැරූ කාලය (1934 අගෝස්තු 05 සිට 1937 මැයි 16 දක්වා)
 දිනමිණ පත්‍රයෙහි කර්තෘ ධූරය දැරූ කාලය (1937 මැයි 18 සිට 1944 නොවැම්බර් 14 දක්වා)

මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ භාවිතා කළ ආරූඪ නම්

 හේතුවාදී
 හේතුදර්ශනවාදී
 විජිත මනුවර්ණ
 මයුරපාද
 සුසන්ත මනුවර්ණ
 මනුවර්ණ
 සුසන්ත
 පෑලදිගින්
 ජගත්ප්‍රිය
 හිතවාදී
 හේතුවාදියෙක්

මේවාද බලන්න
 කොග්ගල

ආශ්‍රිත

බාහිර සබැදි

මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ පොත් කියවමු

මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ ජන කෞතූකාගාරය

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ
වික්‍රමසිංහ, මාර්ටින්
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික ලේඛකයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
වික්‍රමසිංහ, මාර්ටින්
වික්‍රමසිංහ, මාර්ටින්

මාර්ටින් වික්‍රමසිංහ


Les Sœurs de l'Immaculée Conception de la Bienheureuse Vierge Marie de Kaunas (en latin : Congregatio Sororum Pauperum sub titulo Immaculatae Conceptionis Beatae Mariae Virginis) sont une congrégation religieuse féminine enseignante et hospitalière de droit pontifical. C'est la  congrégation religieuse autochtone de Lituanie.

Histoire

Après avoir renouvelé clandestinement les clercs mariaux, Jurgis Matulaitis envisage de fonder également un institut féminin. Pour cela, il recrute en 1912 deux jeunes femmes et les envoie en Suisse se former chez les sœurs de la charité de la Sainte-Croix d'Ingenbohl. Le déclenchement de la Première Guerre mondiale retarde la fondation, qui a eu lieu le 15 octobre 1918 à Marijampolė avec sœur Petronėlė Uogintaitė comme première supérieure.

En 1936, les Pères Mariaux de Thompson dans le Connecticut demandent des sœurs pour les aider dans leur ministère. Cinq sœurs arrivent le 18 juillet 1936. Cette présence aux États-Unis permet à l'institut de survivre lorsque l'union soviétique occupe la Lituanie et exproprie les maisons religieuses et déportent des sœurs en Sibérie. Lorsque la Lituanie retrouve son indépendance en 1990, les sœurs jouent un rôle déterminant en aidant l'Église catholique en Lituanie et leur communauté à se restructurer. L'institut est reconnu de droit pontifical en 1999.

Activités et diffusion

Les sœurs se consacrent à l'enseignement, à la presse catholique, à la direction des hôpitaux, des maisons de retraite et des orphelinats.

Elles sont présentes en Lituanie et aux États-Unis.

La maison-mère est à Kaunas.

En 2017, la congrégation comptait 57 sœurs dans 6 maisons.

Notes et références

Congrégation catholique féminine
Congrégation enseignante catholique
Fondation en 1918


Teddy's Boy er en dansk animationsfilm fra 2007 instrueret af Mads Buch, Kenneth Boris og Andreas Normand Grøntved.

Handling
Behandl "Teddy" ordentligt - man kan aldrig vide hvad han er i stand til at gøre!

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 2007

Animationsfilm fra Danmark

Teddy's Boy


Jefferson County er navnet på 26 counties og en parish i USA:

 Jefferson County, Alabama
 Jefferson County, Arkansas
 Jefferson County, Colorado
 Jefferson County, Jefferson Territory
 Jefferson County, Florida
 Jefferson County, Georgia
 Jefferson County, Idaho
 Jefferson County, Illinois
 Jefferson County, Indiana
 Jefferson County, Iowa
 Jefferson County, Kansas
 Jefferson County, Kentucky
 Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
 Jefferson County, Mississippi
 Jefferson County, Missouri
 Jefferson County, Montana
 Jefferson County, Nebraska
 Jefferson County, New York
 Jefferson County, Ohio
 Jefferson County, Oklahoma
 Jefferson County, Oregon
 Jefferson County, Pennsylvania
 Jefferson County, Tennessee
 Jefferson County, Texas
 Jefferson County, Washington
 Jefferson County, West Virginia
 Jefferson County, Wisconsin
Andet:
 Jefferson County (The Waltons), en fiktiv county i Virginia

Se også
 Jefferson Davis Parish, Louisiana
 Jefferson Davis County, Mississippi
 Jeff Davis County (flertydig)

Jefferson County


ERF je pokrata za:

 Edukacijsko-rehabilitacijski fakultet u Zagrebu
 engleskoga proizvođača kamiona iz Sandbacha ( (1933. - 2002.)
 eksponencijsku funkciju odgovora
 istoimeni gen
 njemačku zračnu luku Erfurt-Weimar
 Francusku reformiranu crkvu (fr. Église réformée de France)
 europski športski savez European Racquetball Federation

ERF


Angel bir Amerikan televizyon dizisi, ayrıca Buffy the Vampire Slayer adlı dizinin bir yan ürün'üdür. Dizi aynı şekilde Buffy'nin yaratıcısı Joss Whedon tarafından, David Greenwalt'ın da yardımıyla birlikte 5 Ekim 1999 tarihinde yaratıldı. 19 Mayıs 2004 tarihine kadar devam etti ve toplam 110 bölümden oluşan 5 sezonu yayınlandı.

Birleşik Krallık'ta dizi önce Sky1 kanalında yayınlandı, daha sonra Channel 4'a geçiş yaptı ve son olarak da Five'da yayınlandı.

Bütün beş sezonun boxset olarak DVD seti çıkmıştır.

Genel bakış

Bölümler

Sezon 1 (1999 – 2000)

Sezon 2 (2000 – 2001)

Sezon 3 (2001 – 2002)

Sezon 4 (2002 – 2003)

Sezon 5 (2003 – 2004)

Ayrıca bakınız
 After the Fall

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri televizyon dizilerinin bölüm listeleri
Aksiyon televizyon dizilerinin bölüm listeleri
Komedi-drama televizyon dizilerinin bölüm listeleri
Fantastik televizyon dizilerinin bölüm listeleri

Angel bölümleri listesi