تمثال ليشان بوذا العملاق يقع عند نقطة التقاء ثلاثة أنهار في الجزء الجنوبي لمحافظة سيشوان، بالقرب من مدينة ليشان في الصين. بُني هذا التمثال أثناء فترة حكم سلالة تانغ (618-907)م. ويعد التمثال أكبر تمثال لبوذا منحوت في الصخر في العالم.

أدرجت المنطقة الواقع فيها التمثال العملاق كموقع للتراث العالمي منذ عام 1990 بواسطة اليونيسكو. والتمثال لم يتضرر من الزلزال الذي ضرب الصين عام 2008.

نبذة تاريخية
بدأ نحت التمثال في عام 713 تحت إشراف راهب بوذي يُسمى «هي تونج»؛ أملاً في أن يُهدئ بوذا مياه النهر القوية التي تضرب سفن الشحن المارة في النهر. وبعد موت الراهب، توقف بناء التمثال بسبب نقص في التمويل. وبعد 70 سنة تقريباً، قرر الحاكم العسكري للمنطقة تبَّني المشروع وتمويله. وقد قام أتباع الراهب البوذي «هي تونج» بإكمال عملية النحت في عام 803. يبدو أن كثرة الحجارة الملقاة في النهر جراء عملية نحت التمثال إلي أدت تهدئة مياه النهر. مما سمح للسفن بالمرور.

الأبعاد
يبلغ طوله 71 متراً، وعرض ما بين كتفيه حوالي 28 متراً، ارتفاع الأذنان حوالي 7 أمتار، ارتفاع الرأس 14.7 متر وقد استغرق بناؤه 90 سنة.

التهديدات
وقع تمثال بوذا ليشان -كما العديد من المواقع الأثرية الصينية- ضحية للتلوث الناتج من التطوير العشوائي للمنطقة. ويعاني التمثال ظهور بقع سوادء علي وجهه، وتحول أنفه للون الأسود نتيجة التلوث.

وقد قامت الحكومة المحلية بإغلاق المصانع ومحطات الكهرباء المحيطة بموقع التمثال، وقد تعهدت الحكومة الصينية بإجراءعمليات تطوير للموقع الأثري.

معرض صور

انظر ايضاً
 قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي في الصين

مصادر

 اذاعة الصين العربية

آثار بوذية
تأسيسات القرن 8 في الصين
مبان بوذية في سيتشوان
مبان ومنشآت في سيتشوان
منحوتات
منحوتات خارجية في الصين
مواقع أثرية في الصين
مواقع التراث العالمي في الصين
مواقع جذب سياحي في سيتشوان
مواقع جذب سياحي في ليشان

ليشان بودا العملاق


Maša Kolanović (Zagreb, 19. studenoga 1979.), hrvatska je spisateljica koja radi kao izvanredna profesorica na Odsjeku za kroatistiku Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu.

Životopis
Rođena je u Zagrebu gdje je završila osnovnu školu i Četvrtu gimnaziju. Upisala je studij Kroatistike i Komparativne književnosti 1998. na Filozofskom fakultetu Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, na njemu je diplomirala u listopadu 2003., a doktorirala je u travnju 2010.

Od travnja 2004. radila je kao znanstvena novakinja na Katedri za noviju hrvatsku književnost na fakultetu na kojem je i studirala. Usavršavala se na Sveučilištu u Beču u akademskoj godini 2005./06., na Sveučilištu Texas u Austinu tijekom proljetnog semestra ak. god. 2011./12., na Trinity Collegeu u Dublinu u ožujku i travnju 2017. i na Sveučilištu u New Yorku od siječnja do svibnja 2020.

Bila je predstojnica Katedre za noviju hrvatsku književnost od 2016. do 2018., a od 2013. do 2021. voditeljica je književno-kulturološkog bloka Zagrebačke slavističke škole. Članica je uredništva časopisa Književna smotra.

Književna i znanstvena djela
Njezina znanstvena djela uključuju:

 Udarnik! Buntovnik? Potrošač...Popularna kultura i hrvatski roman od socijalizma do tranzicije (Naklada Ljevak, Zagreb, 2011.)
 Komparativni postsocijalizam: slavenska iskustva (Zagrebačka slavistička škola – FF press, Zagreb, 2013.)
 The Cultural Life of Capitalism in Yugoslavia (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2017., s D. Jelača i D. Lugarić).

Njezina književna djela uključuju:

 Pijavice za usamljene (Student Center, Zagreb, 2001.)
 Sloboština Barbie (V.B.Z., Zagreb, 2008; prevedeno na njemački kao Underground Barbie, Prospero Verlag, Berlin-Münster, 2012.)
 Jamerika trip (Algoritam, Zagreb, 2013.)
 Poštovani kukci i druge jezive priče (Profil knjiga d.o.o., Zagreb, 2019.)

Nagrade
Godine 2010. dodijeljena joj je godišnja nagrada za znanstvene novake Ministarstva znanosti, obrazovanja i športa iz područja humanističkih znanosti za znanstveni rad.

Dobitnica je nagrade publike pulskoga sajma knjiga Libar na vajk (2019.), nagrade za književnost Vladimir Nazor (2020.) i nagrade Europske unije za književnost (2020.).

Izvori

Hrvatski književnici
Hrvatski romanopisci
Hrvatski filolozi
Dobitnici nagrade Vladimir Nazor

Maša Kolanović


is a Japanese singer and songwriter. Regarded as an influential figure in the city pop genre, she is one of the best-selling music artists in Japan, having sold over 16 million records, and has received several accolades. Her husband is Tatsuro Yamashita, a singer-songwriter and record producer.

Takeuchi was born in Taisha, Hikawa district, now the city of Izumo, Shimane, and attended Keio University. She made her singing debut after signing with the RCA record label in 1978, with whom she released her debut album , which peaked at No. 17 on Oricon Charts. She then released four albums between 1979 and 1981, all of which obtained commercial success, including the 1980 album , which became her first work to peak at No. 1 on Oricon Charts. Takeuchi then announced she would go on a temporary hiatus in 1981, terminating her contract with RCA records. Three years later, Takeuchi and her husband Tatsuro Yamashita signed with Moon Records, and she made her comeback with her sixth studio album Variety in 1984, which was released internationally and shot her to mainstream success, and peaked at No. 1 on Oricon Charts. The track "Plastic Love" was released in 1985 as a single, and became a surprise hit outside of Japan in 2017, after a YouTube upload of the song went viral. The song has since attained a cult following and is seen as the staple in a revival of interest in city pop in the late 2010s.

Following the success of her ventures throughout the late 1970s and 1980s, Takeuchi began releasing albums less frequently, her latest release being in 2014 as she shifted her focus to work and releasing standalone singles. Since 1981, every single she has released has charted on the Oricon Charts. She has stayed with the Moon record label, working with the different branches since signing in 1984 and since 1998 has been signed with Warner Music Japan, with whom she released the single  in 2012, for which she re-recorded in 2020; the latter of which charted at No. 1 on Oricon Charts, making her the oldest Japanese singer to achieve a No. 1 single.

Early life
Takeuchi was born in Taisha in the Hikawa district of Shimane Prefecture in Japan. She grew up in the family Shinise Ryokan (Japanese long-established inn) business by the name of Takenoya, that her paternal great grandfather  founded in 1877. Her family always played records from all over the world. She had already learned to play piano and guitar by third grade, but the Beatles left an impression that inspired her to travel.

In 1972, for her third year of high school, she studied in Rock Falls, Illinois, United States, as an international exchange student through the AFS Intercultural Programs. Her nickname was Mako, as one of the AFS yearbooks has a caption that reads Mariya "Mako" Takeuchi. She entered the Japanese Keio University in 1974, majoring in English literature and won a nationwide English recitation contest by The Japan Times in the spring of that year. She married fellow musician Tatsuro Yamashita in April 1982. They have one daughter.

Career
Takeuchi joined the music club of her university and there she was invited to participate in 's recordings and in March 1978 so-called the omnibus album  recordings. In August that year she signed up with the RCA recording label, and in November her debut single , and her debut album  were released. The 1979 singles  and  were hits, and with that she won the 1979 Japan Record Awards, Tokyo Music Festival, Japan Music Awards, Shinjuku Music Festival, and Ginza Music Festival best new artist awards as a singer. The 1980 single  was also another hit. Takeuchi has had one song  (1981) that appear on the NHK program Minna no Uta.

From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, she recorded five albums and several singles. Those recordings featured dozens of prominent Japanese and North American songwriters, instrumentalists and producers, including Kazuhiko Katō, Tetsuji Hayashi, Shigeru Suzuki, Masamichi Sugi, Takashi Matsumoto, Al Capps, Peter Allen, David Lasley, Alan O'Day, David Foster, Jim Keltner, Jay Graydon, Steve Lukather, Jeff Porcaro, David Hungate, and a fellow RCA artist and her future partner and husband, Tatsuro Yamashita. One of her songs from the 1980 album , "Heart to Heart" (music by Roger Nichols), was given English lyrics and a new title, "Now". It was recorded by the Carpenters, released in 1983, and was the last recording by Karen Carpenter before her death. At the end of 1981, after the release of her fifth album , she announced she was going to take a break for a while and paused holding concerts and new releases, and got married six months later. While taking a break she continued composing for numerous different idols and singers such as Naoko Kawai, Hiroko Yakushimaru, Yukiko Okada, Akina Nakamori, Miho Nakayama, Hiromi Iwasaki, Masahiko Kondo, among many others.

Several of these songs scored top-ten on the Oricon, such as  and  performed by Naoko Kawai,  performed by Yukiko Okada, and  performed by Miho Nakayama. Takeuchi has often re-recorded those songs for her own album. , a song originally written for the album by Akina Nakamori, became known by the composer's recorded version, and had been covered by many artists. "Genki wo Dashite", a song first recorded by Hiroko Yakushimaru, is recognized as one of Takeuchi's notable compositions. The song was later covered by Hitomi Shimatani in 2003, and became a moderate hit.

Since her return to the Japanese music industry in 1984, she has recorded seven successful studio albums that mainly consist of her self-written songs, and all of them had reached No. 1 on the Japanese Oricon chart. As a singer-songwriter, she has produced eight top-ten hit singles on the Oricon chart, including , , , , and her only No. 1 hit . In addition to her work as a performer, she has continued writing songs and lyrics for other singers, including Ryōko Hirosue, Takako Matsu, Riho Makise, Seiko Matsuda, Masayuki Suzuki and Tackey & Tsubasa.

Several of these songs scored top-ten on the Oricon, such as  performed by Ryōko Hirosue, "Miracle Love" performed by Riho Makise,  performed by Takako Matsu, and  performed by Mana Ashida.Up to September 2014, Takeuchi had released 12 studio albums, 42 singles, several compilations and a live album which was recorded in 2000. Her total sales have been estimated at more than 16 million units by 2009. Her 1994 compilation, Impressions, sold more than 3 million copies in Japan alone, and became her best-selling album. In addition to her musical career, she has also managed her family's Ryokan Takenoya since May 2018 "until the next generation can take over".
Outside of Japan, she is best known for the city pop song "Plastic Love" from her number-one album Variety (1984). At the time of the song's release, Takeuchi had not considered attempting to release her music in the Western world, stating in a 2018 interview, "Considering that [the song] was mostly performed in Japanese, we figured it would be impossible to go abroad." The song went viral after it was uploaded to YouTube during the mid-late 2010s. Popularized overseas via the vaporwave and future funk scenes, the song has received more than 67 million views on YouTube as of June 2021. It has received critical acclaim, with Noisey calling it "the best pop song in the world" and Gorillaz calling it "a wonder woman slab of Japanese funk". K-pop singer Yubin's "City Love" is also based on this song. The Blessed Madonna closed a Resident Advisor November 2017 mix with a rendition of this song as well. Chai released a cover of the song in 2020. "Plastic Love" has also inspired numerous fan art and videos. On 17 May 2019, Warner Music Japan released on YouTube a short version of a music video for the song, 35 years after its initial release. A longer, five minute version was subsequently released on 11 November 2021.

In 2021, Takeuchi formed a new duo called Peach & Apricot with Anri, a Japanese pop singer-songwriter. "Peach" refers to Takeuchi 's popular hit , while "Apricot" comes from Anri's debut album title Apricot Jam. On November 3, 2021, they released their first song together, "Watching Over You". The lyrics were written by Takeuchi, while the music was composed and arranged by Tetsuji Hayashi. The song marks the first collaboration between Hayashi and Takeuchi in 40 years since "Ichigo no Yuuwaku", and Takeuchi's first with Anri in 38 years since "You Are Not Alone".

Controversy
, a Japanese record producer, who had mentioned Johnny Kitagawa's sexual harassment allegations in various media, had his management contract terminated in the middle of the period by , to which he had belonged. He stated that Takeuchi and her husband Tatsuro Yamashita, who also belong to the company, agreed with the company's policy.

Discography

Studio albums

Compilations

Singles
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center;
|-
! Year
! Title
! width="40"|  Chart positions (JP)
! width="40"|  Album
|-
| 1978
|align=left|
| 84
| BEGINNING
|-
|rowspan=2| 1979
|align=left|
| 30
| UNIVERSITY STREET
|-
|align=left|
| 39
|rowspan="2"| LOVE SONGS
|-
|rowspan=3| 1980
|align=left|
| 3
|-
|align=left|
| 42
|rowspan="2"| Miss M
|-
|align=left|
| did not chart
|-
|rowspan=3| 1981
|align=left|
| 80
|rowspan="2"| PORTRAIT
|-
|align=left|
| did not chart
|-
|align=left|  /
| 70
| PORTRAIT (#1)Turntable (#2)
|-
|rowspan=2| 1984
|align=left|  /
| 20
|rowspan="3"| VARIETY
|-
|align=left|
| 78
|-
| 1985
|align=left|
| 5
|-
|rowspan=2| 1986
|align=left|
| 20
|rowspan="3"| REQUEST
|-
|align=left|
| 46
|-
|rowspan=2| 1987
|align=left|
| 43
|-
|align=left|  /
| 55
| REQUEST (#1) Quiet Life (#2)
|-
| 1988
|align=left|
| 70
| REQUEST
|-
| 1989
|align=left|
| 2
|rowspan="5"| Quiet Life
|-
| 1990
|align=left|
| 3
|-
|rowspan=2| 1992
|align=left|
| 11
|-
|align=left|
| 18
|-
| 1993
|align=left|
| 42
|-
|rowspan=3| 1994
|align=left|
| 19
|rowspan="2"| Impressions
|-
|align=left|
| 5
|-
|align=left| {{nihongo|"Honki de Only You (Let's Get Married)"|本気でオンリーユー (Let's Get Married)||Seriously, Only You (Let's Get Married)'''}} /  (Re-issue)
| 48
| VARIETY (#1) Quiet Life (#2)
|-
| 1995
|align=left|
| 3
|rowspan="7"| Bon Appetit!
|-
| 1996
|align=left|  /
| 13
|-
| 1998
|align=left|  /
| 1
|-
| 1999
|align=left|  /
| 6
|-
|rowspan=3| 2001
|align=left|
| 7
|-
|align=left|
| 40
|-
|align=left|
| 30
|-
|rowspan=3| 2006
|align=left|  / "
| 8
|rowspan="3"| Denim
|-
|align=left|
| 30
|-
|align=left|
| 19
|-
| 2007
|align=left|  (duet with Yuko Hara) /
| 23
| Expressions (#1)Denim (#2)
|-
|rowspan=2| 2008
|align=left|  /
| 6
| Expressions
|-
|align=left|
| 12
|rowspan="8"| TRAD
|-
| 2010
|align=left|
| 18
|-
| 2012
|align=left|
| 10
|-
|rowspan=3| 2013
|align=left|
| 15
|-
|align=left|  /
| 7
|-
|align=left|  (download limited)
|
|-
|rowspan=2| 2014
|align=left| " (download limited)
|
|-
|align=left|
| 10
|-
|rowspan=2| 2016
|align=left|  (duet with Tatsuro Yamashita) (download limited)
|
| Expressions
|-
|align=left|  (download limited)
|
|rowspan="4"|
|-
| 2018
|align=left|  /
| 6
|-
| 2019
|align=left|
| 3
|-
| 2020
|align=left|
| 1
|-
|}

 Songs written for other singers

 References

 External links
  (in Japanese)

 Warner Music Japan | Mariya Takeuchi (Japanese)
 History of Takeuchi family on the Takenoya'' roykan site

1955 births
Living people
20th-century Japanese women singers
20th-century Japanese singers
21st-century Japanese women singers
21st-century Japanese singers
Keio University alumni
Japanese women pop singers
Japanese women singer-songwriters
Japanese singer-songwriters
Singers from Shimane Prefecture
Disco musicians
English-language singers from Japan
People from Izumo, Shimane

Mariya Takeuchi


The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire is a book about the small nations of the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and Russia and some other post-Soviet states of today.  It was published in Estonian in 1991 and in English in 2001.

The foreword of the book explains the book's approach by saying, "the authors of the present book, who come from a country (Estonia) which has shared the fate of nations in the Russian and Soviet empires, endeavour to publicize the plight of the small nations whose very existence is threatened as a result of recent history."

Described peoples
The authors' intention for the book was to include the peoples according to the following criteria:

 are not yet extinct,
 whose main area of settlement is on ex-Soviet territory,
 whose numbers are below 30,000,
 of whom less than 70% speak their native language,
 who form a minority on their ancient territory,
 whose settlement is scattered rather than compact,
 who have no vernacular school, literature or media.

(The names are given in the spelling of the original translation of the book.)
Abazians (Abaza) – Abkhaz – Aguls – Akhvakhs – Aleuts – Altaics – Aliutors – Andis – Archis – Asiatic Eskimos
Bagulals – Baraba Tatars – Bartangs – Bats – Bezhtas – Botlikhs – Budukhs
Central Asian Jews – Chamalals – Chukchis – Chulym Tatars – Crimean Jews – Crimean Tatars
Didos (Tsez) – Dolgans
Enets – Evens – Evenks
Georgian Jews – Godoberis
Hinukhs – Hunzibs
Ingrians – Ishkashmis – Itelmens – Izhorians
Kamas – Karaims – Karatas – Karelians – Kereks – Kets – Khakass – Khants – Khinalugs – Khufis – Khwarshis – Kola Lapps – Koryaks – Kryts – Kurds
Lithuanian Tatars – Livonians
Mansis – Mountain Jews
Nanais – Negidals – Nenets – Nganasans – Nivkhs – Nogays
Orochis – Oroks – Oroshoris
Peoples of the Pamirs
Roshanis – Rutuls
Selkups – Shors – Shughnis
Tabasarans – Talysh – Tats (Tatians) – Tindis – Tofalars – Trukhmens (Turkhmens) – Tsakhurs
Udeghes – Udis – Ulchis
Veps – Votes
Wakhs
Yaghnabis – Yazgulamis – Yukaghirs

References
 The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire, NGO Red Book,

Encyclopedias of culture and ethnicity
Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
Ethnic groups in Russia


Prima ediție a Campionatului Mondial de Atletism s-a desfășurat la Helsinki, în Finlanda, în perioada 7–14 august 1983. Au participat 1333 de sportivi din 153 de țări.

Stadion
Probele au avut loc pe Stadionul Olimpic din Helsinki. Acesta a fost construit în anul 1938.

Rezultate

Masculin

Feminin

Clasament pe medalii

Participarea României la campionat
25 de atleți au reprezentat România.

 Anișoara Cușmir – lungime - locul 2
 Éva Ráduly-Zörgő – suliță - locul 5
 Doina Melinte – 800 m - locul 6, 1500 m - locul 6
 Mihaela Loghin – greutate - locul 6
 Cristina Cojocaru – 400 m garduri - locul 8, 4×400 m - locul 8
 Elena Lina – 800 m - locul 14, 4×400 m - locul 8
 Iulia Radu – 4×400 m - locul 8
 Daniela Matei – 4×400 m - locul 8
 Gheorghe Cojocaru – lungime - locul 9
 Vali Ionescu – lungime - locul 9
 Florența Crăciunescu – disc - locul 9
 Bedros Bedrosian – triplusalt - locul 11
 Maria Radu – 1500 m - locul 12, 3000 m - locul 26
 Maria Badea – disc - locul 12
 Ion Oltean – 110 m garduri - locul 17
 Sorin Matei – înălțime - locul 17
 Mihaela Stoica – 100 m garduri - locul 17
 Liviu Giurgian – 110 m garduri - locul 18
 Iosif Nagy – disc - locul 19
 Niculina Vasile – înălțime - locul 19
 Dan Simion – triplusalt - locul 20
 Ion Zamfirache – disc - locul 21
 Eugen-Cristian Popescu – înălțime - locul 25
 Constantin Militaru – înălțime - locul 30
 Petru Drăgoescu – 800 m - locul 31

Note

Legături externe

  1st IAAF World Championships in Athletics, la Asociația Internațională a Federațiilor de Atletism
  1983 World Champs la athleticspodium.com

1983 în sport
Sport în Finlanda
1983
Helsinki
Competiții sportive internaționale găzduite de Finlanda

Campionatul Mondial de Atletism din 1983


NGC 5991 est une galaxie spirale (elliptique?) située dans la constellation du Serpent. Sa vitesse par rapport au fond diffus cosmologique est de (6900 ± 23 km/s), ce qui correspond à une distance de Hubble de . NGC 5991 a été découverte par l'astronome français Édouard Stephan en .

NGC 5991 est une galaxie à noyau passif (passive nucleus PAS).

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Liste des objets du New General Catalogue

Liens externes

 NGC 5991 sur le site du professeur C. Seligman

5991
Constellation du Serpent
Galaxie spirale
Galaxie à noyau passif
Galaxie découverte en 1879
Objet céleste découvert par Édouard Stephan

NGC 5991


ආරෝග්‍යශාලා හෙවත් රෝහල් යනු විශේෂිත කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයක් සහ විශේෂිත උපකරණ භාවිත කරමින් නේවාසික ප්‍රතිකාරද සහිතව සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා සපයන ආයතන වෙති.

නූතනයේදී රෝහල් සඳහා සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන් අරමුදල් ලබාදෙනු ලබන්නේ අදාළ රජයෙන්, සෞඛ්‍ය සංවිධාන මඟින් (ලාභ ලබන හෝ ලාභ නොලබන), සෞඛ්‍ය රක්‍ෂණ මඟින් හෝ පුණ්‍යාධාර ආයතන මඟින් සෘජුවම සිදුකරන පරිත්‍යාග වශයෙනි. අතීතයේදී කෙසේ නමුත් ඒවා සඳහා ආධාර සපයනු ලැබුවේ ආධුනික ආයතන සහ පුණ්‍යාධාර ලබාදෙන පුද්ගලයන් හෝ නායකයන් මඟිනි. මේ හා සමානව නූතන රෝහල්වල ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් වෛද්‍යවරුන්, ශල්‍ය වෛද්‍යවරුන් සහ හෙද සේවයන්ගෙන් සමන්විත කාර්ය මණ්ඩලයක් ඇත. අතීතයේදී මෙම කර්තව්‍යයන් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් සිදු කරනු ලැබුවේ ආගමික නායකයින් හෝ ස්වේච්ඡා සේවකයන් මඟිනි.

වර්ග
විවිධ රටවල විවිධ වර්ගීකරණ ක්‍රම පවතී.
ඇතැම් රෝගීන් රෝහල් කරා පැමිණීමෙන් රෝග සඳහා නිර්ණයක් ලබාගැනීම හා ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාගැනීම පිණිස වන අතර ඉන්පසුව ඔවුන් බාහිර රෝගීන් ලෙස ප්‍රතිකාර ලබා පිටව යති. තවත් රෝගීන් පිරිසක් රෝහල්වල සති ගණනන් හෝ මාස ගණන් නේවාසික ප්‍රතිකාර ලබති. රෝහල් සාමාන්‍යයෙන් අනෙක් වර්ගයේ වෛද්‍ය පහසුකම් මගින් වෙනස් වනුයේ ඒවා මගින් රෝගීන් සඳහා නේවාසික ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාදෙමින් සත්කාර කිරීමේ ඇති හැකියාව නිසා ය.

මහ රෝහල්
ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් හදුනාගැනීමකට ලක් වූ රෝහල් වනුයේ මෙම මහ රෝහල් වන අතර එමගින් විවිධ වර්ගයේ රෝග සහ අනතුරු සඳහා ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාදෙන අතර හදිසි අවස්ථාවන්වලදී සෞඛ්‍ය සඳහා අවධානම් එල්ල වන අවස්ථාවන්වල දී ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාදීම සඳහා හදිසි අනතුරු අංශයක් සහ හදිසි අනතුරු වාට්ටු පිහිටා ඇත. මහ රෝහලක් යනු එය පිහිටා ඇති ප්‍රදේශයක ප්‍රධාන සෞඛ්‍ය සේවා පහසුකම් ලබාදෙන ආයතනය වන අතර එහි දිගු කාලීනව රෝගීන් හට ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාදීම පිණිස දැඩිසත්කාර ඒකකයක් සහ ප්ලාස්ටික් සැත්කම් අනෙකුත් සාමාන්‍ය සැත්කම් , ශල්‍යාගාර , සූතිකාගාර හා රසායනාගාර වැනි විශේෂ පහසුකම් ද ඇත. විශාල නගරවල්වල විවිධ ප්‍රමාණයේ සහ විවිධ පහසුකම් සපයන විවිධ වර්ගයේ රෝහල් පවතී.

විශේෂ පහසුකම් සහිත රෝහල්
මෙම වර්ගයේ රෝහල් නම් හදිසි අනතුරු මධ්‍යස්ථාන, ළමා රෝහල්, වයෝවෘද පුද්ගලයන් හට ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාදෙන රෝහල් , මානසික රෝහල් සහ වෙනත් රෝග වර්ගීකරණයන් සඳහා ප්‍රතිකාර ලබාදෙන රෝහල්ය.

මෙවන් රෝහලක් තනි ගොඩනැගිල්ලක් හෝ මණ්ඩපයක් විය හැකිය. (විසි වන ශත වර්ෂයට ප්‍රථම පැවති බොහෝමයක් රෝහල් තනි ගොඩනැගිල්ලකින් ආරම්භ වූ අතර එය පසුකාලීනව මණ්ඩපයක් බවට පත් වුණි. ඇතැම් රෝහල් වෛද්‍ය පරීෂණ සහ පුහුණු කිරීම සදහා පසු කාලීනව විශ්ව විද්‍යාල හා  අනුබද්ධ කරන ලදී. ලොව පුරාම බොහොමයක් රෝහල් රජය හෝ පුණ්‍යාධාර ආයතන මගින් ලාභ නොලබන ආයතන ලෙසද නඩත්තු කරනු ලබයි. ඇමරිකා එක්සත් ජනපදය තුල බොහෝමයක් රෝහල් ලාභ ලැබීමේ අරමුණින් තොරව පවත්වා ගෙන යනු ලබයි.

ශික්ෂණ රෝහල්
ශික්ෂණ රෝහල් හෝ විශ්ව විද්‍යාලවලට අනුබද්ධ රෝහල් රෝගීන්ට වෛද්‍ය ආධාර ලබාදෙන ගමන් වෛද්‍ය සිසුන්‍ට ඉගැන්වීමේ කටයුත්ත සඳහා රෝගීන්ගේ උදවු හා දායකත්වය ලබාදෙයි.

වෙනත් පහසුකම්
බොහෝ රෝහල් සඳහා ස්වේච්ඡා වැඩ සටහන් ඇති අතර මෙහිදී බොහෝ පුද්ගලයන් හට (ශිෂ්‍යයින් හා ජේෂ්ඨ පුරවැසියන් ස්වේච්ඡාවෙන් ඉදිරිපත් වී විවිධ සේවාවන් ලබාදිය හැකිය.

විදුලිය සැපයීම් විසන්ධි වූ අවස්ථාවන්වලදී ඒ සදහා ක්‍රියාකාරී වීමට අතිරේක විද්‍යුත් සැපයුම් ඒකකයක් පවත්වා ගැනීම නිත්‍යානුකූලය. මීට අමතරව හදිසි අවස්ථාවකදී රෝගීන් වෙත ලබාදෙන ප්‍රතිකාර නිසි පරිදි පවත්වාගෙන යෑම සඳහා වඩා හොද යටිතල පහසුකම් පද්ධතියක් පැවතීම අත්‍යවශ්‍ය වේ.

අතීතය

ආශ්‍රිත
 සායන
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ආරෝග්‍යශාලා

ආරෝග්‍යශාලා

ආරෝග්‍යශාලා


إناري  هو كامي في اليابان للخصوبة والرز، الزراعة، ثعلب، الصناعة، والنجاح. يمثل إناري بإله ذكر أو أنثى أو مخنث. في الشنتو ثعالب الإله إناري وتسمى «كيتسونه» وتكون ذات لون أبيض صاف وتعتبر على أنها رسول من الإله إناري.

معابد

هناك الكثير من المعابد لعبادة الإله إناري في أنحاء اليابان، وبحسب إحصائية لعام 1985 م يقال أن هناك حوالي 32.000 معبد (حوالي ثلث معابد اليابان) مخصصة لعبادة إناري. هذا العدد يتضمن فقط معابد الشنتو (جينجا) التي يكون فيها كاهن دائم. غالبًا مايكون عند مدخل معبد الإله إناري توري أحمر اللون، وبعض تماثيل كيتسونه مربوط على عنقها وشاح أحمر، واللون الأحمر يرمز للإله إناري في الشنتو.

انظر أيضًا
 فوشيمي إناري

مراجع

آلهة التجارة
آلهة الخصوبة
آلهة الزراعة
أرباب التجارة
أرباب الثروة
أرباب الحدادين
أرباب الصحة
أرباب اليابان
أساطير يابانية
ساكي
شنتو
كلمات وعبارات يابانية

إناري


Bıçak, keskin ağızlı el aletidir. İşlevine, icrasında kullanıldığı iş ya da hobiye göre farklı biçimleri bulunmaktadır.

Birçok aygıtın kesici olan ya da bıçağa benzeyen parçası da bıçak olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Örneğin pulluk bıçağı, ustura bıçağı, biçerdöver bıçağı, türbin bıçağı.

Bıçağın kısımları

Namlu

Namlu, bıçak ve kılıçların en temel ve kesme işlevine sahip olan kısmıdır. Namlu çoğunlukla çelikten yapılmaktadır.

Namlu yapımında ilk olarak taş devrinde çakmak taşı, obsidyen ve kemik kullanılmıştır. Sonraki tarih çağlarına adını veren bakır ve tunç ile bıçak yapımında metal kullanımı başlamıştır. Keşfinden sonraysa demir bu diğer malzemelerin yerini almıştır. Tabii ki,  "demir" yerine tarih boyunca bıçak vb. aletlerin yapımı için kullanılan malzemeyi belirtmede "çelik" teknik olarak daha doğru bir tabir olacaktır. Son yıllardaysa titanyum ve seramik gibi çağın teknolojisi sayesinde kullanımımıza sunulan malzemeler de namlu hammaddesi olarak özel kullanım alanları bulmuşlardır.

Namlunun kısımları:

Ağız, namlunun keskinleştirilmiş olan kısmıdır. Bir bıçak tek ya da çift ağızlı olabilir.

Sırt, tek ağızlı olan bir bıçakta, namlu üzerinde, ağızın aksi yönde olan diğer küt hattır.

Uç, bıçağın iki ağzının yahut ağzı ve sırtının en öndeki birleşim noktasıdır.

Burun, bıçağın namlusunun uçtan başlayarak genişliğini kazandığı kısmıdır.

Yanak ya da yan, bıçağın ağız ve sırtı (ya da iki ağzı) arasında uzanan iki geniş yüzeydir.

Taşlama, yanakların birbirine yaklaşarak ağızda kavuştukları, taşlama eşiğinden uca kadar devam eden yüzeydir.

Taşlama eşiği, namlunun üzerindeki taşlamanın sapa yakın bir hat üzerinde sonlanma eşiğidir.

Oluk(yiv), namlunun üzerine oyulmuş olan boyuna hattır. Namlunun ağırlığını, onun bükülmeye karşı olan direncini azaltmadan düşürmeye yarar. Bu amaçla kılıçlarda çok yaygın olarak uygulanan bir çözümdür. Oluk bıçaklarda da kullanılmıştır. Bunun nedeni hem namlunun görünümüne kazandırdığı estetik, hem de silah işlevine katkısı olduğunun sanılmasıdır.

Kuyruk, namlunun sap dahilinde kalan kısmıdır.Sap

Sap, bıçağın kullanımı sırasında elde tutulabilmesini sağlayan kısımdır. Birçok bıçak sadece namlu ve saptan oluşabilmektedir. Bıçakların aksine kılıçlar için sap kelimesi yerine kabza kelimesi kullanılır.

Saplar çoğunlukla kuyruğun içinden geçtiği tek bir parça ya da namlunun iki yanağıyla perçin ya da vida yardımıyla birleştirilmiş iki parçadan ibaret olabilirler.

Sap malzemesi olarak ahşap, boynuz, kemik, deri, ağaç kabuğu, mors dişi ya da fildişi, çeşitli fosiller, çeşitli kompozitler, metaller, yarı değerli, hatta değerli taşlar kullanılabilmektedir.

Kompozit malzemelerde matris olarak dokuma cam elyafı, kumaş, kâğıt vs. ve takviye olarak epoksi reçine, polyester reçine kullanılabildiği gibi stabilize edilmiş ahşap da kullanılmaktadır.

Micarta, kâğıt micarta ve G10, reçine ile ıslatılmış olan matris malzemelerinin preslenmesi ile yapılır. G10 olarak adlandırılan kompozit malzemede matris olarak dokuma cam elyafı kullanılır. Micarta adı verilen malzemede matris olarak kanvas, denim vs. kumaş kullanılır. Kağıt mikartada da adından da anlaşılabileceği gibi matris olarak kâğıt kullanılmaktadır.

Ahşap; vakum, yüksek basınç ve ahşabın geçirgenliğinden yararlanarak ahşaba takviye malzemesinin emdirilmesiyle başka bir deyişle emprenye edilmesiyle stabilize edilir. Bu işlem özellikle düşük yoğunluklu ya da çürük ahşaba sağlamlık kazandırarak bıçak sapı olacak özelliği kazandırır. Desenleri güzel hatta kusurlarından dolayı eşsiz olan ancak doğal haliyle dayanıksız olan ahşap bu şekilde pahalı bir sap malzemesine dönüşür. Ahşabın stabilizasyonu ahşabın sudan etkilenmemesini de sağlar.

Deri ile ağaç kabuğu, bıçağın kuyruğuna balçaktan sonra dizilmek ve uçta yer alan kabza başı (ya da pul) ile sıkıştırılmak suretiyle sapı oluştururlar.

Sapın kısımları:

Baş, bıçağın sap üzerinde bulunan, sapı tutan elin dışında kalan aksi ucudur. Kıvrık ya da geniş olması durumunda bıçağın (ya da kılıcın) elden fırlamasını önleme işlevine sahip olduğu gibi ağır olmasıyla da ağırlık merkezinin yerini iyileştirmeye yarar.

Boyun, sapın tutuş sırasında avuç içinde kalan kısmıdır.

İp deliği, sapın baş kısmında olan, bıçağın elden fırlamasını, kaybolmasını önleyen ipin geçirildiği deliktir.

Balçak

Balçak, sapın kesici ağza en yakın noktasında yer alan, çoğunlukla metalden yapılmış olan parçadır. İşlevi sapı ve elleri korumaktır.

Balçaklar, tek ya da çift tırnaklı olabileceği gibi tırnaksız da olabilir. Tırnaklar, balçağın üzerinde olabilecek iki çıkıntıdan her birinin adıdır. Tırnaklar sapı tutan elin ileri doğru kaymasını engellerler.

Balçaklar tek parça ya da her bir yanak üzerinde iki parça olabilirler.

Balçaklar geçme olabileceği gibi lehimle, perçinle, vidayla tutturulmuş olabilir.

'''Kılıf

Kılıf, bıçağın kabıdır. Kılıf, bıçağın hem taşıyısının hem de bıçağın kendisinin zarar görmeden taşınmasını sağlar. Çoğunlukla kemer vb. kuşama takılabilecek biçimde tasarlanır. Bıçakların aksine kılıçlar için kılıf kelimesi yerine kın kelimesi kullanılır.

"Kılıç kınını kesmez." deyişinde olduğu gibi iyi bir kılıf da bıçak tarafından kesilmeyecek şekilde tasarlanır.

Kılıflar deri, kydex, ahşap, pirinç, gümüş ya da plastik olabilir.

Deri kılıf yapımında dikiş, perçin ve yapıştırma gibi birleştirme yöntemleri tercih edilir. Derinin biçimlendirmesi derinin (çok zaman ıslatılarak) özel deri izleme kalemleri ile izlenmesi ve kalıplanması ile olur.

Kydex belli sıcaklığa çıkarıldıktan sonra kalıplanarak biçimlendirilir, perçin ya da vida ile birleştirilir.

Ahşap, namluyu saracak biçiminde oyulur ve çok parça ise birleştirilir ve sonra ya yapıştırılıp boyanır ya da sonra ince metal (gümüş, pirinç vb.) levha ya da etrafına dikilen bir deri ile kaplanır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Bıçaksanatı Forumu - Bıçak yapımı hakkında bir forum
 Bicaksanati Forumu - Micarta yapımı
 Joe Talmadge, What is a Blood Groove For?

Bıçak


بطولة أبطال هامبورغ أو ألمانيا المفتوحة ، وهي بطولة كرة مضرب سنوية للرجال تقام في مدينة هامبورغ الألمانية. تم تأسيس هذه البطولة سنة 1892 وتعتبر من أقدم بطولات كرة المضرب، وهي إحدى بطولات رابطة محترفي التنس 500 نقطة، وتقام في شهر مايو من كل سنة. وتبلغ قيمة الجوائز المالية 1,543,276 $.

تم تغيير فئة البطولة 2009 بعد أن كانت من ضمن دورات الماسترز 1000 نقطة.

نتائج البطولات

نهائي الفردي

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي للبطولة
 تعريف عن البطولة

أحداث رياضية دورية أسست في 1982
أحداث رياضية دورية أسست في 1892
أحداث رياضية دورية انحلت في 2002
انحلالات سنة 2002 في ألمانيا
بطولات كرة المضرب الترابية
بطولات كرة مضرب سابقة في ألمانيا
بطولات كرة مضرب في ألمانيا
تأسيسات سنة 1892 في ألمانيا
تأسيسات سنة 1982 في ألمانيا الغربية
رابطة محترفات كرة المضرب
سلسلة بطولات محترفي التنس 500 نقطة
صناديق تصفح بطولات رابطة محترفات التنس
منافسات رياضية في هامبورغ

أبطال هامبورغ


Amina Mustafa Gamal (; nascida em 27 de maio de 1941) conhecida como Mimi Gamal (em árabe tradicional Mimi Jamal) é uma atriz egípcia com muitos papéis em filmes, televisão e no palco.

Biografia
Nascida em Shubra, Cairo, Gamal começou sua carreira como atriz infantil em Stronger Than Love (em árabe أقوى من الحب). She took part in major roles in a great number of films such as El Hub Keda, My Husband's Wife, Sunset and Sunrise , لصوص لكن ظرفاء، شيء من الحب، عالم عيال عيال، سفاح كرموز and in a great number of Egyptian television series, notadamente na Família de Al Hagg Metwalli (عائلة الحاج متولي), Al Batiniyyah (الباطنية) e Rua Abdel Azeez (شارع عبد العزيز). Ela também teve papéis significativos em um grande número de produções teatrais, como o famoso Number 2 Wins (نمرة 2 يكسب) e Nest of Fools (عش المجانين).

Vida pessoal
Ela nasceu em 1941, filha de pai egípcio e mãe grega - armênia. Ela era casada com o ator egípcio Hassan Mostapha. Eles se casaram em junho de 1966 e tiveram duas filhas. Mostapha morreu em 15 de maio de 2015.

Referências

Atrizes do Egito

Mimi Gamal


Testament Records es un sello discográfico basado en el Reino Unido, especializado en la recuperación de grabaciones históricas de música clásica a partir de los fondos de archivo de sellos discográficos y emisoras radiofónicas con los que mantiene acuerdos, y que basa su catálogo en los artistas que interpretan esas grabaciones.

Testament reprocesa las grabaciones, mejorando notablemente su calidad técnica con respecto a anteriores ediciones. Inicialmente, la compañía comenzó reeditando grabaciones procedentes de EMI Records, a las que pronto se añadieron Decca, Deutsche Grammophon y Sony BMG. También ha reprocesado y editado grabaciones en vivo procedentes de las emisoras BBC, Deutschland Radio, SFB, WDR, ORF y RBB.

Entre los artistas a los que Testament se ha dedicado especialmente figuran Arturo Toscanini, Guido Cantelli, Solomon Cutner, Rudolf Kempe, Otto Klemperer, Klaus Tennstedt, Carlo Maria Giulini, Wilhelm Furtwängler, y muchos otros.

Entre las ediciones más notables de Testament en los últimos años se puede destacar especialmente el ciclo completo de El Anillo del Nibelungo, de Richard Wagner, grabado por primera vez en sistema estereofónico en el Festival de Bayreuth en 1955, y dirigido por Joseph Keilberth. Esta grabación, producida originalmente por Decca, no había sido nunca editada por motivos burocráticos, y vio la luz por primera vez en 2006, más de 50 años después de su realización. El mismo problema tuvo la grabación de la cuarta obra del ciclo, El ocaso de los dioses que se grabó en la primera edición del Festival tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en 1951, dirigida por Hans Knappertsbusch, y que tampoco se había podido escuchar hasta que Testament la publicó en 1999.

Además del amplio catálogo en CD, Testament ha publicado en DVD las diez históricas retransmisiones televisivas de los conciertos de Arturo Toscanini con la Orquesta Sinfónica de la NBC entre 1948 y  1952, con calidad de imagen restaurada, y añadiendo el sonido procedente de las cintas magnéticas originales. Asimismo, mantiene un catálogo de ediciones de grabaciones seleccionadas en vinilos de alta calidad.

Notas y referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de Testament Records
 Web de Diverdi, distribuidor de Testament en España

Discográficas de Reino Unido

Testament Records


A lifting bag is an item of diving equipment consisting of a robust and air-tight bag with straps, which is used to lift heavy objects underwater by means of the bag's buoyancy. The heavy object can either be moved horizontally underwater by the diver or sent unaccompanied to the surface.

Lift bag appropriate capacity should match the task at hand. If the lift bag is grossly oversized a runaway or otherwise out of control ascent may result. Commercially available lifting bags may incorporate dump valves to allow the operator to control the buoyancy during ascent, but this is a hazardous operation with high risk of entanglement in an uncontrolled lift or sinking. If a single bag is insufficient, multiple bags may be used, and should be distributed to suit the load.

There are also lifting bags used on land as short lift jacks for lifting cars or heavy loads or lifting bags which are used in machines as a type of pneumatic actuator which provides load over a large area. These lifting bags of the AS/CR type are for example used in the brake mechanism of rollercoasters.

Physics of buoyant lifting

The volume of the bag determines its lifting capacity: each litre of air inside the bag will lift a weight of 1 kilogram, or each cubic foot will lift about 62 pounds. For example, a  bag can lift a  underwater object.

A partially filled bag will accelerate as it ascends because the air in the bag expands as the pressure reduces on the ascent, following Boyles law, increasing the bag's buoyancy, whereas a full bag will overflow or blow off excess volume and maintain the same volume and buoyancy providing it does not descend. A bag which leaks sufficiently to start sinking will lose volume to compression and become less buoyant in a positive feedback loop until stopped by the bottom.

Breakout
The force required to lift a submerged object from the bottom can be split into two main components:
 Apparent weight, which is the weight of the object less the buoyancy of its displacement.
 Breakout forces due to embedment in the bottom, which can be negligible, or in some cases the major part of the load.
Once the object has broken free of the bottom, only the apparent weight remains, and a controlled lift requires a way of managing the sudden decrease of resistance to the lifting force. There are three basic ways this can be done:
 Use of mechanical or hydraulic excavation to loosen the sediments holding the load.
 Use of a "Dead Man Anchor" - a large heavy weight - and restraining cable to prevent the bag from moving away too far, so that the buoyancy can be corrected to more closely match the load.
 Use of shallow bags with long cables to the load to provide breakout, which will only lift a short distance before surfacing, after which the load can be lifted further by staged lifts or direct lift by close-coupled bags.

Stability of the load
Once a load is lifted off the substrate, it will rotate until the centre of gravity is in the position of lowest potential energy. If it is suspended from a single point, the apparent centre of gravity (corrected for inherent buoyancy) will be directly below the lift point. If it is undesirable for the load to rotate by a large angle as it leaves the bottom, the lifting point must be chosen to allow for this effect, and a multi-part sling or spreader bar may be needed, and it may be necessary to secure slings so they do not slip.

Types and construction
Underwater lifting bags are lifting equipment and as such may be required to comply with safety standards.

Open lift bags (parachute lift bags)

Parachute lift bags are open at the bottom. When full any extra or expanding air will spill out. The shape of an open lifting bag should distribute the volume in a vertical rather than a horizontal direction so that the open end of the bag always remains underwater. If the open end reaches the surface, air will escape from the bag and it may sink.

The simplest version are two-sided bags, either joined round the edges or folded and joined along two sides. Webbing straps may be stitched to doubler patches which are then glued or welded to the bag on light duty bags, but on large and heavy duty bags there are usually strips of bag material bonded to the bags which form flat retaining tubes for the webbing which is threaded through the tubes and may be withdrawn for maintenance and inspection. heavy duty open bags are generally conical with a domed top or a reversed truncated cone top, and may have several straps from the lifting point at the bottom, through the guide tubes on the sides, to a crown ring of webbing or steel at the top, to spread the load evenly over the fabric of the bag.

Parachute lift bags cannot be overfilled and are suitable for lifts where there is a large pressure change, and where it may be necessary to capsize (invert) the bag to stop a runaway lift.

Some lift bags can be converted from open to closed by screwing a cover onto the bottom opening.

Propeller lifting bags
Installation and removal of propellers is a specialised application where there is usually very little clearance above the load, which is usually at least partly underneath a vessel. Lift bags for this application partly enclose the propeller when in use, and are required to hold the propeller in the correct alignment for fitting to the shaft.
It may be necessary to ballast the lower blade to keep the propeller upright. and details of the rigging will depend on the precise geometry of the propeller, such as aspect ratio, skew, and number of blades. The propeller lift bag will cover the upper part of the propeller, but cannot project below the line of the top of the shaft. It will support the propeller by at least two blades, for stability, and the propeller will generally by slung with a gap at the top, for maximum tip clearance. The bag may be shaped with a relatively horizontal top or a curve to follow the blade disc. Attachment to the blades must be on both sides for stability, and the slings must not harm the blade surfaces or damage the leading or trailing edge.

Closed lift bags (camels)

Closed lift bags have an overpressure valve to prevent internal pressure from exceeding ambient pressure by more than a set amount (around 10kPa, or 1msw) Closed lift bags are intended for use at or near the surface, as they retain the air even in rough seas. They are available in several configurations, including horizontal cylinder, vertical cylinder, teardrop and pillow.

Rapid deployment
Rapid deployment lift bags have a scuba cylinder mounted on the outside which contains sufficient air to inflate the bag at a specified depth. The bag can be attached to the load and when ready, the valve is opened and the diver swims clear. If the regulator pressure is set to a lower pressure than the over-pressure relief valve, a closed bag will automatically stop filling before the relief valve opens, but will be topped up if it leaks after reaching the surface. The regulator pressure must take into account the hydrostatic pressure difference between the top and bottom of the bag so that the bag will be completely filled.

Dump valves
Dump valves are used to release air from the bag when in the water. They can be operated manually at the valve by a diver or may be remotely operated by a pull-cord, which may be operated by a diver or attached to a weight which will automatically open the valve if the weight is lifted off the bottom. Some dump valves can be operated in both these ways. One system operates by pressing on the top or pulling a line attached to the bottom to actuate the spring-loaded valve. The dump valve may be a screw-in quick change system, and the spring tension may be adjustable.

Use

Dynamic lifts
When the empty lift bag is attached to the load and the lift is made by controlling the volume of inflation air it is referred to as a dynamic lift.

Direct lift
The bag or set of bags is used to lift the load directly to the surface. This is simple, but there is a risk if the lift bag is too large and cannot be vented fast enough the lift may get out of control and ascend so fast that the bag breaks the surface, capsizes and collapses, losing so much air that it then cannot support the weight of the load, and will then sink back to the bottom. If there is a marker buoy attached it will at least not be lost. A lift bag which is only slightly larger than needed to support the load will ascend more slowly, and is less likely to capsize at the surface, as excess air will be spilled continuously during the ascent.

Staged lift
Lift bags are used to bring the load up in stages: a long chain or sling is used to connect the load to a lift bag just below the surface, which is filled to break out the load and lift it until the bag reaches the surface, then a second bag is used to bring the load up further. This procedure continues until the load has been raised sufficiently. Advantages of this method are a more controlled lift, the facility to use a larger capacity for initial breakout without risk of a runaway. Disadvantages include the requirement for divers to work on or near the lifting gear when under load.

Buoyancy assisted lift
The lift is controlled by a line from the surface vessel, and the load is reduced by a lift bag with a volume too small to support the weight of the load when full. This allows a faster lift by the winch. The lifting gear must be capable of supporting the load if the bag fails, or must be arranged to fail safely.

A buoyancy assisted lift is a common procedure for recreational divers to assist the recovery of the shotline or anchor, which would otherwise be pulled up manually. A small lift bag attached to the shot is partially filled by the last diver to leave the bottom, and after surfacing the crew pull up the line and the air in the bag expands as it ascends, providing more assistance to the crew. In this application a runaway lift is not usually a problem, and the bag size is not critical.

Static lifts
Lift bags also can be used for static lifts, where the bag is anchored in place by rigging, and used as a lifting point with very high buoyancy compared to the load, which is then lifted in a controlled manner using a purchase or chain block or other suitable lifting device.

Rigging lift bags

Lift bags can not be over inflated, and can not normally exert a static buoyant force greater than their safe working load (SWL), however the rigging can be subjected to snatch loads, which can be caused by several factors.

 When the bag is used in shallow water and surge or wave action causes rapid changes in dynamic loading, by pulling the bag from side to side
 When the bag has lifted the load to the surface and the bag is subjected to vertical wave action
 When the lift bag is incorrectly rigged
 When the lift bag is snagged, then breaks free to be snubbed when the slack is taken up.
 When the load is partly supported by a lifting cable and there is a sudden variation on the tension in the cable due to vessel movement or cable slip.

When lifting with more than one bag, allowance should be made for reduced filling capacity if bags are attached in such a way that they press against each other.

Incorrect rigging can cause load concentration on attachment points which may exceed the SWL

An inverter or capsizing line can be attached to the top of the bag. This line should be long enough and strong enough to attach to an independent anchor point so that if the lift bag or rigging fails the bag will be inverted and the air will escape, preventing a runaway lift. This procedure is generally used for short-distance transport near the bottom, as when aligning large components for assembly. With this method the load will generally hold the bag in the upright position, so the tripping line may be subjected to considerable load and the bag may not invert. An inverter line can also be attached to the load, so it will capsize the bag if it breaks free of the load, but this will not stop a runaway lift, and a holdback line is used for this purpose.

A holdback line is used to prevent the lift bag and load from floating away when used for short distance lifts at the bottom. The holdback is attached to the lifting ring of the bag, or to the load, and should be attached by a strong cable to an anchor point it cannot lift. The SWL of the holdback should be at least equal to the lifting capacity of the bag. A holdback and inverter are often used together.

A spreader bar may be used to distribute the lifting load more evenly between bags or along the load.

When filling bags, if each bag is completely filled before starting to fill the next bag, it is less likely that a runaway will be initiated, as only one of the bags can increase lift as it ascends. This will be the last bag, and the divers will be monitoring it most carefully while they are filling it, so will be more likely to react in time to regain control of the lift.

A weighted dump line will automatically start open the valve to start dumping excess air if the weight is lifted off the bottom. This will stop the lift from ascending any further if the dump valve releases air fast enough. When the weight is lowered back to the bottom by the sinking load, the valve will close again, and should hold the load steady. The stability of this system depends on the preload of the valve spring and the size of the valve opening.

Filling lift bags
The amount of air required for a lift bag depends on the apparent weight of the load and the depth of the bag. Approximately 1 m3 of air at ambient pressure is required per tonne of lift. Free air volume follows Boyle's law, and is proportional to absolute ambient pressure in bar or ata.

For example: A 5 tonne lift with the bags to be filled at 20m, requires 5m3 of air at 3 bar, which is 15m3 at surface pressure.

Filling air is usually supplied from the surface from a low pressure compressor, but for small lifts the diver may carry a cylinder of air for the purpose. It is considered bad practice in some jurisdictions to fill a lift bag from the diver's breathing gas cylinder, particularly if the diver has decompression obligations or only one cylinder as the risk of using up too much air and leaving the diver without sufficient air for a safe ascent is considered unacceptable.

Bags can be inflated from a safer distance by use of an air-lance, a rigid pipe which can be inserted into the opening of the bag.

Hazards of use
 Snagging of the diver or diver's umbilical or lifeline in the lifting equipment, resulting in an uncontrolled rapid ascent.
 Using too much air from a scuba diver's breathing gas supply, resulting in an out of air incident.
 Using too much volume in the lift bags, resulting in a positive feedback expansion on ascent and a runaway lift.
 Leaks in lift bags, causing loss of buoyancy and sinking of the load after lifting. The load may then sink increasingly rapidly as the air in the bags compresses, and may be a hazard to divers below or working on the load at the surface, or the load may be lost.
 Unbalanced attachment of lifting gear may cause the load to be unstable once lifted free of the bottom. subsequent capsize or shifting of the load may break it free of the rigging, or damage the load or the lift bag. Similarly, poorly chosen or inadequate lifting points may result in overstressing the cargo and causing damage.

Marking the lift
If there is a significant risk of the bag losing buoyancy and sinking again with the load, a surface marker can be attached that will remain at the surface and mark the new position of the load so that it can be recovered again. The marker buoy line should be long enough to reach the surface if the load sinks anywhere in the vicinity.

Securing the load at the surface
Once at the surface, the load may be secured by adding more buoyancy, lifting on board a vessel or other method.

Gallery

References

External links

 Lift Bag Size/Volume Calculator - Online calculator to determine the lift bag capacity and air volume required to recover an underwater object from fresh or salt water.

Underwater work equipment
Lifting equipment

Lifting bag


Into eternity er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2010, der er instrueret af Michael Madsen efter manuskript af ham selv og Jesper Bergmann.

Handling
Hver dag over hele verden anbringes store mængder højradioaktivt atomaffald i midlertidige depoter, som er sårbare i forhold til natur- og menneskeskabte katastrofer. I Finland er verdens første permanente depot, Onkalo, under opførelse. Det er et kæmpesystem af underjordiske tunneler, der bores direkte ned i grundfjeldet. Depotet skal holde i mindst 100.000 år, for så længe vil affaldet være livsfarligt for alt levende. Når depotet er fyldt op, vil det blive forseglet for aldrig at skulle åbnes igen. Men kan man sikre det? Hvordan advarer man efterkommerne om efterladte affald? Hvordan forhindres de i at tro, at de har fundet fortidens mystiske gravkamre eller skjulte skatte? Hvilke sprog eller tegn vil de forstå? Og vil de respektere fortidens anvisninger?

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Film fra Danmark (administrationskategori)
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2010

Into eternity


An Galeottia ciliata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni C.Morel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Robert Louis Dressler och Eric Alston Christenson. An Galeottia ciliata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Galeottia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Galeottia

Galeottia ciliata


Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve is an American national park that conserves an area of large sand dunes up to  tall on the eastern edge of the San Luis Valley, and an adjacent national preserve in the Sangre de Cristo Range, in south-central Colorado, United States. The park was originally designated Great Sand Dunes National Monument on March 17, 1932, by President Herbert Hoover. The original boundaries protected an area of . A boundary change and redesignation as a national park and preserve was authorized on November 22, 2000, and then established on September 24, 2004. The park encompasses  while the preserve protects an additional  for a total of . The recreational visitor total was 527,546 in 2019.

The park contains the tallest sand dunes in North America. The dunes cover an area of about  and are estimated to contain over  of sand. Sediments from the surrounding mountains filled the valley over geologic time periods. After lakes within the valley receded, exposed sand was blown by the predominant southwest winds toward the Sangre de Cristos, eventually forming the dune field over an estimated tens of thousands of years. The four primary components of the Great Sand Dunes system are the mountain watershed, the dune field, the sand sheet, and the sabkha. Ecosystems within the mountain watershed include alpine tundra, subalpine forests, montane woodlands, and riparian zones.

Evidence of human habitation in the San Luis Valley dates back about 11,000 years. The first historic peoples to inhabit the area were the Southern Ute Tribe; Apaches and Navajo also have cultural connections in the area. In the late 17th century, Diego de Vargas, a Spanish governor of Santa Fe de Nuevo México, became the first European on record to enter the San Luis Valley. Juan Bautista de Anza, Zebulon Pike, John C. Frémont, and John Gunnison all traveled through and explored parts of the region in the 18th and 19th centuries. The explorers were soon followed by settlers who ranched, farmed, and mined in the valley starting in the late 19th century. The park was first established as a national monument in 1932 to protect it from gold mining and the potential of a concrete manufacturing business.

Visitors must walk across the wide and shallow Medano Creek to reach the dunes in spring and summer. The creek typically has a peak flow from late May to early June. From July to April, it is usually no more than a few inches deep, if there is any water at all. Hiking is permitted throughout the dunes with the warning that the sand surface temperature may reach  in summer. Sandboarding and sandsledding are popular activities, both done on specially designed equipment that can be rented just outside the park entrance or in Alamosa. Visitors with street-legal four-wheel drive vehicles may continue past the end of the park's main road to Medano Pass on  of unpaved road, crossing the stream bed of Medano Creek nine times and traversing  of deep sand. Hunting is permitted in the preserve in the autumn, but prohibited within national park boundaries at all times. The preserve encompasses nearly all of the mountainous areas north and east of the dune field, up to the ridgeline of the Sangre de Cristos.

History

Native people
The oldest evidence of humans in the area dates back about 11,000 years. Some of the first people to enter the San Luis Valley and the Great Sand Dunes area were nomadic hunter-gatherers whose connection to the area centered around the herds of mammoths and prehistoric bison. They were Stone Age people who hunted with large stone spears or dart points now identified as Clovis and Folsom points. These people only stayed when hunting and plant gathering was good, and avoided the region during times of drought and scarcity.

Modern American Indian tribes were familiar with the area when Spaniards first arrived in the 17th century. The traditional Ute phrase for the Great Sand Dunes is Saa waap maa nache (sand that moves). Jicarilla Apaches settled in northern New Mexico and called the dunes Sei-anyedi (it goes up and down). Blanca Peak, just southeast of the dunes, is one of the four sacred mountains of the Navajo, who call it Sisnaajini (White Shell Mountain). These various tribes collected the inner layers of bark from ponderosa pine trees for use as food and medicine. The people from the Tewa/Tiwa-speaking pueblos along the Rio Grande remember a traditional site of great importance located in the valley near the dunes: the lake through which their people emerged into the present world. They call the lake Sip'ophe (Sandy Place Lake), which is thought to be the springs or lakes immediately west of the dune field.

Settler exploration
In 1694, Don Diego de Vargas became the first European known to have entered the San Luis Valley, although herders and hunters from the Spanish colonies in present-day northern New Mexico probably entered the valley as early as 1598. De Vargas and his men hunted a herd of 500 bison in the southern part of the valley before returning to Santa Fe. In 1776, Juan Bautista de Anza and an entourage of men and livestock probably passed near the dunes as they returned from a punitive raid against a group of Comanches. At this time, the valley was a travel route between the High Plains and Santa Fe for Comanches, Utes, and Spanish soldiers. The dunes were likely a visible landmark for travelers along the trail.

The first known writings about Great Sand Dunes appear in Zebulon Pike's journals of 1807. As Lewis and Clark's expedition was returning east, U.S. Army Lt. Pike was commissioned to explore as far west as the Arkansas and Red Rivers. By the end of November 1806, Pike and his men had reached the site of today's Pueblo, Colorado. Still pushing southwest, and confused about the location of the Arkansas River, Pike crossed the Sangre de Cristos just above the Great Sand Dunes.

In 1848, John C. Frémont was hired to find a railroad route from St. Louis to California. He crossed the Sangre de Cristos into the San Luis Valley in winter, courting disaster but proving that a winter crossing of this range was possible. He was followed in 1853 by Captain John Gunnison of the Corps of Topographical Engineers. Gunnison's party crossed the dune field on horseback.

19th & 20th century settlement
In the years that followed, the Rockies were gradually explored, treaties were signed and broken with resident tribes, and people with widely differing goals entered the San Luis Valley from the United States and Mexico. In 1852, Fort Massachusetts was built and then relocated to Fort Garland, about  southeast of the Great Sand Dunes, to safeguard travel for settlers following the explorers into the valley. Although many settlers arrived via the trails from Santa Fe or La Veta Pass, several routes over the Sangre de Cristos into the valley were well-known to American Indians and increasingly used by settlers in the late 1800s. Medano Pass, also known as Sand Hill Pass, and Mosca Pass, also called Robidoux's Pass, offered more direct routes from the growing front range cities and dropped into the valley just east of the Great Sand Dunes. Trails were improved into wagon routes and eventually into rough roads. The Mosca Pass Toll Road was developed in the 1870s and stages and the mail route used it regularly until about 1911, when the western portion was damaged in a flash flood. Partially rebuilt at times in the 1930s through the 1950s, the road was repeatedly closed due to flood damage and is now a hiking trail.

The Herard family—after whom Mount Herard is named—established a ranch and homestead along Medano Creek in 1875, using the old Medano Pass Road to travel to and from their home. The modern unpaved road follows the old route and is open only to four-wheel drive, and high-clearance vehicles as it passes through deep sand, rises to Medano Pass, and continues east into the Wet Mountain Valley. The Herards grazed and bred cattle in the mountain meadows, raised horses, and established a trout hatchery in the stream. Other families homesteaded near the dunes as well, including the Teofilo Trujillo family whose sheep and cattle ranch in the valley later became part of the Medano–Zapata Ranch, owned by the Nature Conservancy since 1999. The Trujillo's extant homestead and the ruins of a destroyed one were declared a National Historic Landmark in 2004. Frank and Virginia Wellington built a cabin and hand-dug the irrigation ditch that parallels Wellington Ditch Trail located south of the park campground.

Gold and silver rushes occurred around the Rockies after 1853, bringing miners by the thousands into the state and stimulating mining businesses that are still in operation. Numerous small strikes occurred in the mountains around the San Luis Valley. People had frequently speculated that gold might be present in the Great Sand Dunes, and local newspapers ran articles in the 1920s estimating its worth at anywhere from 17 cents/ton to $3/ton (equivalent to $/ton to $/ton today). Active placer mining operations sprang up along Medano Creek, and in 1932 the Volcanic Mining Company established a gold mill designed to recover gold from the sand. Although minute quantities of gold were recovered, the technique was too labor-intensive, the stream too seasonal, and the pay-out too small to support any business for long.

Preservation
The idea that the dunes could be destroyed by gold mining or concrete manufacturing alarmed residents of Alamosa and Monte Vista. By the 1920s, the dunes had become a source of pride for local people, and a potential source of tourist dollars for local businesses. Members of the P.E.O. Sisterhood sponsored a bill to Congress asking for national monument status for Great Sand Dunes. Widely supported by local people, the bill was signed into law in 1932 by President Herbert Hoover. Similar support in the late 1990s resulted in the monument's expansion into a national park and preserve in 2000–2004.

Geology

The park contains the tallest and widest  sand dunes in North America, rising to a maximum height of  from the floor of the San Luis Valley on the western base of the Sangre de Cristo Range. The dunes cover an area of about  and are estimated to contain over  of sand.

The creation of the San Luis Valley began when the Sangre de Cristo Range was uplifted in the rotation of a large tectonic plate. The San Juan Mountains to the west of the valley were created through extended and dramatic volcanic activity. The San Luis Valley encompasses the area between the two mountain ranges and is roughly the size of the state of Connecticut. Sediments from both mountain ranges filled the deep chasm of the valley, along with huge amounts of water from melting glaciers and rain. The presence of larger rocks along Medano Creek at the base of the dunes, elsewhere on the valley floor, and in buried deposits indicates that some of the sediment has been washed down in torrential flash floods.

In 2002, geologists discovered lakebed deposits on hills in the southern part of the valley, confirming theories of a huge lake that once covered much of the San Luis Valley floor. The body of water was named Lake Alamosa after the largest town in the valley. Lake Alamosa suddenly receded after it broke through volcanic deposits in the southern end of the valley. The water then drained through the Rio Grande, likely forming the steep Rio Grande Gorge near Taos, New Mexico. Smaller lakes still covered the valley floor, including two broad lakes on the northeastern side of the valley. Large amounts of sediment from the volcanic San Juan Mountains continued to wash down into these lakes, along with some sand from the Sangre de Cristo Range. Climate change later significantly reduced these lakes, leaving behind the sand sheet. Remnants of these lakes still exist in the form of sabkha wetlands.

Sand that was left behind after the lakes receded blew with the predominant southwest winds toward a low curve in the Sangre de Cristo Range. The wind funnels toward three mountain passes—Mosca, Medano, and Music Passes—and the sand accumulates in this natural pocket. The winds blow from the valley floor toward the mountains, but during storms, the winds blow back toward the valley. These opposing wind directions cause the dunes to grow vertically. Two mountain streams—Medano and Sand Creeks—also capture sand from the mountainside of the dune field and carry it around the dunes and back to the valley floor. The creeks then disappear into the sand sheet, and the sand blows back into the dune field. Barchan and transverse dunes form near these creeks. The combination of opposing winds, a huge supply of sand from the valley floor, and the sand-recycling action of the creeks are all part of the reason that these are the tallest dunes in North America.

Sufficient vegetation has grown on the valley floor and there is little sand blowing into the main dune field from the valley; however, small parabolic dunes continue to originate in the sand sheet and migrate across grasslands, joining the main dunefield. Some of these migrating dunes become covered by grasses and shrubs and stop migrating. The dunes system is fairly stable as the opposing wind directions balance each other out over time. Also, the main dune field is moist beneath a thin layer of dry surface sand. While the top few inches of sand are blown around during windstorms, the moist sand remains largely in place.

Scientists estimate that Lake Alamosa disappeared about 440,000 years ago, but the dunes themselves apparently originate from sand deposits from later, smaller lakes. A relatively new dating process, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL), is still in development. This method takes core samples of sand from deep within a dune and attempts to measure how long quartz grains have been buried in the dark. If the deepest sand deposits can be accurately dated, the age of the dunes could be determined. Samples of sand from deep in the dunes have returned OSL dates varying between a few hundred years to tens of thousands of years old. The oldest dated deposits found so far would have accumulated in the late Pleistocene epoch, during the middle years of the current ice age's third stage.

The dunes contain dark areas which are deposits of magnetite, a mineral that has eroded out of the Sangre de Cristo Range. Magnetite is both attracted to a magnet and can be magnetized to become a magnet itself; it is the most magnetic mineral in nature. Magnetite is an oxide of iron which is heavier than the surrounding particles of sand. When overlying sand is removed by wind, magnetite deposits stay in place and are visible as dark patches in the dune field.

Geography

Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve is located in Saguache and Alamosa Counties, Colorado at approximately 37.75° north latitude and 105.5° west longitude. The national park is located in the San Luis Valley while the national preserve is located to the east in an adjacent section of the Sangre de Cristo Range of the Rocky Mountains. Elevations range from  in the valley west of the dunes, to  at the summit of Tijeras Peak in the northern part of the preserve.

The dunes cover an area of about  while the surrounding relatively flat sand sheet which feeds the large dunes is actually the largest component of the entire dunes system, containing about 90% of all the sand in the park. The forested and often snowcapped mountains exceeding  to the east is the most prominent feature, towering over the high dunes. Other features include snow-fed creeks originating high in the mountains, and several alpine lakes. Two spring-fed creeks in the sand sheet along with a few small lakes in the valley's sabkha section southwest of the dunes create a wetland that nurtures wildlife.

The main dune field measures roughly  east-to-west and  north-to-south, with an adjacent  area to the northwest called the Star Dune Complex, for a total of about . The park and preserve together are approximately  east-to-west at the widest point, and approximately  north-to-south, also at the widest point. The park encompasses , while the preserve protects an additional  for a total of .

The Rio Grande National Forest is located to the north and southeast while the remaining forested slopes directly to the east of the dunes were redesignated the Great Sand Dunes National Preserve. The San Isabel National Forest is located to the east of the preserve just beyond the ridge of the Sangre de Cristo Range. Private property abuts most of the southern boundary of the park. The San Luis Lakes State Wildlife Area lies adjacent to the southwestern corner of the park, while the Rio Grande flows through the valley farther to the southwest. The Baca National Wildlife Refuge lies adjacent to the west, and the slopes of the San Juan Mountains begin at the western edge of the valley. Private property of the Baca Grande subdivision of Crestone lies adjacent to the northwest.

The nearest city is Alamosa which is about  away by road to the southwest. The nearest towns are Crestone to the north, Mosca and Hooper to the west, Blanca and Fort Garland to the south, and Gardner to the east. Colorado Springs and Denver are located a few hours away by car to the northeast. The major roads through the San Luis Valley are U.S. Route 160 on an east–west alignment passing south of the park, and U.S. Route 285 on a north–south alignment passing west of the park and generally parallel to Colorado State Highway 17, which is the closer of the two north–south roadways.

Climate

The Great Sand Dunes are located in the high elevation desert of the San Luis Valley at about , just west of the Sangre de Cristo Range. The dunefield's Köppen climate classification type is cold semi-arid (BSk), while the mountainous preserve's climate type is warm-summer humid continental (Dfb), at an average elevation of . Summer high temperatures are moderate with an average high temperature slightly above  in July, which is the warmest month. The park's large spread between high and low temperatures, about , is typical of a high desert climate. Low temperatures during winter nights can be extremely cold, with average low temperatures well below  and record low temperatures below  from November through April. Precipitation is very low on the dunes, averaging just  of rainfall per year. A high evaporation rate on the dunes qualifies the area as a desert, even though precipitation exceeds .

Spring conditions vary greatly, from mild and sunny to cold and snowy, with occasional high winds in the afternoon. March is the snowiest month, though some days are above . In late spring, when Medano Creek usually has its peak flow, snow, and high winds are still possible. In summer, daytime high temperatures average ; however, sand surface temperatures can soar to  on sunny afternoons. Summer nights are cool—the park is located  above sea level—with nighttime temperatures often dropping below . Afternoon thundershowers are common in July and August with cool winds, heavy rain, and lightning. Fall is generally mild, with Indian summer days when temperatures reach or exceed , but nighttime temperatures drop below freezing. Occasional fall storms bring icy rain or snow. Cold temperatures well below freezing are typical in winter, although the sunshine is generally abundant and the dry air does not feel as cold as more humid areas. The average winter high temperatures are just above freezing even in January, which is the coldest month.

Ecology

The four primary components of the Great Sand Dunes system are the mountain watershed, the dune field, the sand sheet, and the sabkha. The mountain watershed receives heavy snow and rain which feeds creeks that flow down from alpine tundra and lakes, through subalpine and montane woodlands, and finally around the main dunefield. Sand that has blown from the valley floor is captured in streams and carried back toward the valley. As creeks disappear into the valley floor, the sand is picked up and carried to the dune field once again. The recycling action of water and wind, along with a 7% moisture content below the dry surface holding the sand together, contributes to the great height of the dunes.

The dune field is composed of reversing dunes, transverse dunes—also called crescentic or barchan dunes—and star dunes. The sand sheet is the largest component of the system, comprising sandy grasslands that extend around three sides of the dune field. Almost 90% of the sand deposit is found in the sand sheet, while the remainder is found in the dune field. Small parabolic dunes form in the sand sheet and then migrate into the main dunefield. Nabkha Dunes form around vegetation. The sabkha forms where sand is seasonally saturated by rising groundwater. When the water evaporates away in late summer, minerals similar to baking soda cement sand grains together into a hard, white crust. Areas of sabkha can be found throughout western portions of the sand sheet, wherever the water table meets the surface. Some wetlands in the sabkha are deeper with plentiful plants and animals, while others are shallow and salty.

Flora

There are hundreds of plant species in the park and preserve, adapted for environments as diverse as alpine tundra and warm water wetlands. Trees include aspen, Douglas fir, pinyon pine, ponderosa pine, Rocky Mountain juniper, three-leaf sumac, bristlecone pine, red osier dogwood, and narrow-leaf cottonwood.

Among the flowering plants are alpine phlox, dwarf clover, alpine forget-me-not, fairy primrose, alpine aven, Indian paintbrush, lousewort, blue-purple penstemon, aspen daisy, western paintbrush, elephantella, snow buttercups, scurfpea, Indian ricegrass, blowout grass, prairie sunflower, Rocky Mountain beeplant, rubber rabbitbrush, speargrass, small-flowered sand verbena, narrowleaf yucca, prickly pear cactus, Rocky Mountain iris, and white water buttercup.

Inland saltgrass is the primary type of grass around the Sabkha wetlands in the park.

Fauna

Mammals include—from alpine tundra to low elevation grasslands—pika, yellow-bellied marmot, bighorn sheep, black bear, snowshoe hare, Abert's squirrel, gray and red foxes, cougar, coyote, mule deer, water shrew, beaver, porcupine, kangaroo rat, badger, pronghorn, and elk. More than 2000 bison are ranched within park boundaries on private land, owned by The Nature Conservancy, that is closed to the public.

More than 250 species of birds have been documented in the park and preserve. Many species nest in the mountains, forests, grasslands, or wetlands during the summer. From higher to lower elevations, and dependent on season, some of the bird species include the brown-capped rosy finch, white-tailed ptarmigan, red-breasted nuthatch, peregrine falcon, mountain bluebird, northern pygmy owl, dusky grouse, hummingbird (four species), western tanager, burrowing owl, bald eagle, golden eagle, sandhill crane, American avocet, and great blue heron.

Various reptiles live in the park, such as the short-horned lizard, fence lizard, many-lined skink, bullsnake, and garter snake.

Fish living in the park's streams include the Rio Grande cutthroat trout, Rio Grande sucker (Catostomus plebeius), and fathead minnow.

Amphibians include the tiger salamander, chorus frog, northern leopard frog, spadefoot toad, Great Plains toad, and Woodhouse's toad.

The park harbors several endemic insects including the Great Sand Dunes tiger beetle, a circus beetle (Eleodes hirtipennis), Werner's (Amblyderus werneri) and Triplehorn's (Amblyderus triplehorni) ant-like flower beetle, as well as undescribed species of clown beetle, noctuid moth, and robber fly. More than a thousand different kinds of arthropods have been found at the Great Sand Dunes.

Ecosystems
Alpine tundra is the highest elevation ecosystem at Great Sand Dunes where the conditions are too harsh for trees to survive, but wildflowers, pikas, yellow-bellied marmots, ptarmigans, and bighorn sheep thrive. The tundra begins about  and continues upward to the highest peaks in the park. At subalpine elevations near the tree line grow krummholz (meaning "crooked wood")—trees that are stunted and twisted due to high winds, snow, ice, short growing seasons, and shallow, poorly developed soils. The transition zone between the subalpine forest and alpine tundra is an important refuge during storms for some mammals and birds who primarily live in the tundra. Bristlecone and limber pines grow at an extremely slow rate, with small statures that belie their true ages as some are more than a thousand years old.

Subalpine forests and meadows capture heavy snow in winter and soaking rains in summer. The highest diversity of Rocky Mountain species of plants and animals is found in this ecosystem. Subalpine forest extends from  to tree line at . Montane forests and woodlands are found along the drier foothills at approximately  to . Pinyon-juniper and ponderosa pine woodlands are found on open, drier slopes, while cottonwood and aspen trees are in drainages. Cougars hunt mule deer here at night. Owls, dusky grouse, turkeys, and bullsnakes all find habitat in these drier, open woodlands.

The riparian zone follows creeks through the subalpine and montane ecosystems at Great Sand Dunes. Cottonwood and aspen trees, red osier dogwood, and alder grow well in this wet environment, in turn providing shade and habitat for black bears, water shrews, and western tanagers. Rio Grande cutthroat trout are found in Medano Creek.

While the top few inches of the dune field are often dry, the dunes are moist year-round due to ongoing precipitation. The moisture content of 7% beneath the surface sand allows species such as Ord's kangaroo rat, Great Sand Dunes tiger beetle, scurfpea, and blowout grass to survive here. Many animals visit the dunes from other habitats, including elk, pronghorn, bison, coyotes, bobcats, and raptors.

The sand sheet includes extensive grasslands and shrublands that surround the dune field on three sides, from  to . The sand sheet varies from wet meadows to the cool-grass prairie to desert shrubland, depending on proximity to groundwater and soil type. Elk and pronghorn are common, while burrowing owls nest in the ground and other raptors float through the skies searching for mice, kangaroo rats, and short-horned lizards.

The sabkha is a wetland region where groundwater rises and falls seasonally, leaving white alkali deposits on the surface. Inland saltgrass is common in this area. Toads can reproduce in sabkha wetlands when they are seasonally filled with sufficient fresh water. Shore birds such as the American avocet hunt tadpoles and insects in the shallow water. Wetlands speckle the San Luis Valley and are important habitats for sandhill cranes, shore birds, amphibians, dragonflies, and freshwater shrimp. Grassland species such as elk also use these waters for drinking. The sabkha and wetlands are at approximately  in elevation.

Features

The park preserves the tallest sand dunes in North America, as well as alpine lakes and tundra, mountain peaks over 13,000 feet (3,962 m) in elevation, mixed conifer forests, grasslands, and wetlands.

Medano Creek, which borders the east side of the dunes, never finds a permanent and stable streambed as fresh sand falls in the creek. Small underwater sand ridges that act like dams form and break down, creating surges of water that resemble waves. The surges occur at an average interval of about 20 seconds. In a high-water year, the surges can be as high as . The "surge flow" mainly occurs during the peak flow period from late May to early June in most years.

Big Spring Creek is a unique spring-fed creek formed by an unconfined aquifer that creates wetlands that support rare species and plant communities in a generally arid area. The creek was designated a National Natural Landmark in 2012.

Recreation

Accessing the dunes requires walking across the wide and shallow Medano Creek. The creek typically flows past the main dunes parking area from late April through late June, with peak flow occurring from late May to early June in most years. In other months, the creek is usually only a few inches deep, if there is any water at all. Hiking is permitted throughout the dunes, with the warning that the sand can get very hot in the summer, up to . Sand wheelchairs are available at the visitor center. Sandboards and sand sleds can be rented just outside the park entrance or in Alamosa which is the closest city.

Mosca Pass Trail is a  roundtrip hike that follows a small creek through aspen and evergreen forests to Mosca Pass—elevation —in the Sangre de Cristo Range. American Indians and early settlers used this route for travel between the San Luis Valley and the Wet Mountain Valley to the east. Several trails located in the northeastern section of the park lead to alpine lakes high in the mountains. A trail to Medano Lake and the summit of Mount Herard is located off Medano Pass Road. A trail along Sand Creek leads to the Sand Creek Lakes and Music Pass—elevation —with a view of the Upper Sand Creek basin. Spur trails along Sand Creek lead to the four alpine lakes which feed the creek and to several  peaks above the basin. The Sand Ramp Trail traverses between the dune field and the mountains, connecting the park's campground to Medano Pass Road (follow the road up to Medano Lake and Pass), as well as the base of the Sand Creek Trail. Most of the park's grasslands, shrublands and wetlands have no established trails but are generally open to hiking. The Nature Conservancy's Medano Ranch property may only be visited on a guided tour. A fence surrounds the property to contain the Conservancy's bison herd and demarcate the boundaries.

Medano Pass Road is a  four-wheel drive (4WD) road that begins where the main park road ends. The unpaved road crosses Medano Creek nine times and traverses  of deep sand. Only street-licensed 4WD motor vehicles or motorcycles, and bicycles are permitted. Fat tire bikes are the only type of bicycle recommended by the park service due to the deep sandy stretches. The road winds around the eastern side of the dune field, up through a forested mountain canyon inside the National Preserve, and then over Medano Pass—elevation —at the  mark. The road then continues down into the Wet Mountain Valley and connects with Colorado State Highway 69. Travelers are advised that hunting is permitted in the National Preserve during the months of autumn.

Most of the national park and the entire national preserve are open to horseback riding and pack animals. Prohibited zones include all developed areas—such as the Pinyon Flats campground, picnic areas, and the visitor center—all paved roadways and many of the hiking trails, along with the dunes area from the parking lot to as far as the High Dune, which is for pedestrian use only. All national park horse camping areas are in the wilderness in designated backcountry campsites or other wilderness areas at least  from roads or trails. Camping is permitted in most places in the national preserve and at designated sites along the Medano Pass Road, as long as minimum impact guidelines are followed. Permitted pack animals in the national park and the preserve include horses, mules, burros, donkeys, alpacas, and llamas. Overnight guests at the Zapata Ranch may take guided trips into the park; Zapata Partners is the only NPS-licensed provider of horseback riding in the Great Sand Dunes.

The national preserve adjacent to the national park is also managed by the National Park Service and seasonal hunting is permitted there. Sport hunting has regulations which include not pursuing a wounded animal if it leaves the preserve and enters the national park. Mountain lion hunting with dogs is also allowed in the preserve, but unless the dogs have spotted the lion and are pursuing it, they are required to be leashed. Other game species include turkey, bear, bighorn sheep, elk, and mule deer.

Designations
The dunes and surrounding area were designated a national monument in 1932 after a bill—sponsored by the P.E.O. Sisterhood and widely supported by local residents—was signed into law by President Herbert Hoover. The original monument boundaries protected an area of . Similar support in the late 1990s resulted in the monument's redesignation as Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve in 2000. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) listed the Great Sand Dunes as a protected landscape (management category V) in 2000, including the national park, the preserve, and the adjacent Baca National Wildlife Refuge.

In 1976, the U.S. Congress designated the Great Sand Dunes Wilderness—a wilderness area encompassing  within the monument. This wilderness is the only one in the U.S. that protects a saltbush-greasewood ecosystem and includes the entire dune field as well as much of the area west of the dunes. Congress also designated the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness in 1993, which contains a total of  of mountainous terrain. Most of the Sangre de Cristo Wilderness is managed by the U.S. Forest Service while the National Park Service manages the area that has since been designated a national preserve. Mechanized transport and motorized equipment or vehicles are not permitted in wilderness areas, while ATVs are not permitted anywhere in the national park and preserve. The restrictions of a wilderness designation protect native wildlife such as the endemic Great Sand Dunes tiger beetle from potential extinction caused by human activities. Both of the wilderness area designations exclude the existing road corridors that pass through them, specifically the paved park road and the unpaved Medano Pass Road.  The IUCN has included the same  of dunes and surrounding sand sheets on their global list of wilderness areas (management category Ib) since 1976.

In 1999, the Nature Conservancy purchased surrounding state-owned land. The land is within the Medano–Zapata Ranch, located to the west and south. Some of the ranch lands are located within the current national park boundary in its southwestern corner, and includes a fenced area that contains a bison herd within —an area that can only be visited on a guided tour. The objective of the Nature Conservancy, as well as the federal and state governments, is to combine conservation and sustainable use of the ecosystem, like the protected area mosaic recommended in the early 1980s for parts of the Yukon in Canada.

The eventual redesignation as Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve was authorized on November 22, 2000, when President Bill Clinton signed the Congressionally-approved Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve Act. The act directed the Secretary of the Interior to "establish the Great Sand Dunes National Park when sufficient land having sufficient diversity of resources has been acquired to warrant its designation." The new designation as a national park and preserve was made official in September 2004 after sufficient land had been acquired, quadrupling its size.

In 2002, the Nature Conservancy purchased the Baca Ranch—an area of —for $31.28 million. Financing was provided by the Department of the Interior, the Colorado State Land Board, and private donors. The Baca Ranch had property located in the valley and the adjacent mountains, ranging in elevation from  west of the dunes to the  summit of Kit Carson Peak. The purchase approximately tripled the size of the monument. The ranch was split into three sections: the Sangre de Cristos section east of Crestone became part of the Rio Grande National Forest; the section west of the dunes was designated the Baca National Wildlife Refuge and managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service; the section east of the dunes was transferred first to the Rio Grande National Forest and later redesignated a national preserve in 2004 managed by the National Park Service. The national preserve remains open to regulated seasonal hunting, as it was when designated national forest land, but is protected from logging and mining activities which are generally permitted in national forests.

In 2016, the federal government began negotiations toward purchasing  of the Medano–Zapata Ranch from the Nature Conservancy. The plan is to complete the park, making it fully accessible to the public, by acquiring the final piece of privately-held land located within the current park boundaries. The land includes the area presently occupied by the bison herd, as well as adjacent meadows and wetland areas.

In May 2019, the Great Sand Dunes National Park and Preserve was designated an International Dark Sky Park by the International Dark-Sky Association.

See also

 List of national parks of the United States
 List of areas in the United States National Park System
 Alamosa National Wildlife Refuge
 Monte Vista National Wildlife Refuge
 Zapata Falls – located just south of the park

References

External links

  – National Park Service
 Great Sand Dunes – National Parks Foundation
 Pinon Flats Campground – Recreation.gov
 Alamosa Convention & Visitors Bureau
 Baca Ranch – The Nature Conservancy
 Zapata Ranch  – bison tours and lodging
 Nearby attractions

Dunes of the United States
San Luis Valley of Colorado
National parks in Colorado
National parks of the Rocky Mountains
Protected areas of Alamosa County, Colorado
Protected areas of Saguache County, Colorado
Protected areas established in 2004
Sandboarding locations
Sangre de Cristo National Heritage Area
Landforms of Colorado
Landforms of Alamosa County, Colorado
Landforms of Saguache County, Colorado
2004 establishments in Colorado


An Anthurium maximum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni René Louiche Desfontaines, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Adolf Engler. An Anthurium maximum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Colombia. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium maximum


داخل حسن علي الغزي مطرب عراقي ريفي، ولد في (قرية دار الشط) التابعة لقضاء الشطرة (قرب الناصرية) عام
1909 ، كان يمتاز صوته بحنجرة قوية ونفس طويل وكذلك كان يملك بحة في صوته ميزته عن جميع أقرانه من مطربي الريف، وأتخذ من (المسبحة) (المسباح) جزءاً من الالات الموسيقية التي كانت ترافقه.

بداياته في الناصرية
وبدأ الغناء عندما كان يخرج لرعي ابقار عائلته وهو في سن ال (8) سنوات، وفي عمر ال (12) أخذ يتردد مع أخيه الأكبر إلى القرية المجاورة لقريته وهي قرية (السادة العبد الصاحب) والتي كانت تعج بالغناء ليل ونهار بواسطة مطرب القرية (محبوب العبد) وكان داخل حسن يحضر هذا الغناء وكذلك حضيري أبو عزيز بنفس الوقت وعندما بلغ داخل حسن سن الرشد أخذ يرافق محبوب إلى مدينة الشطرة يغني في حفلاته وتعلم منه الكثير من أصول الغناء الريفي وأطواره المختلفة.

رحل في أوائل أيام شبابه من الشطرة إلى مدينة الناصرية لغرض العمل في تصليح الزوارق، ومن ثم عمل شرطياً في عام 1927 وكان أيضاً يقوم بنقل المسافرين بزورقه من الشطرة إلى الدواية عن طريق (الهور) الذي كان يغمر هذه المنطقة انذاك.

داخل حسن في بغداد
ولكنه ترك عمله في الشرطة وسافر إلى بغداد عام 1936 وتقدم للعمل في دار ألاذاعة كمطرباً للغناء الريفي. وأصبح مطرباً ريفياً معتمداً في الإذاعة العراقية، وقام بتسجيل أغانيه على الاسطوانات لشركات التسجيل الصوتي الكبيرة والمشهورة عالمياً مثل شركة (سودا، نغم، كولومبيا، وجقماقجي وبلغت أغانيه أكثر من 137 أغنية، وعندما تأسس تلفزيون العراق في الخمسينيات قام بتسجيل أغانيه وحفلاته للتلفزيون العراقي، ووجهت له دعوات من دول عربية مثل (سوريا، لبنان، مصر) وبدأ بتسجيل أغانيه والاطوار الريفية في أحدث الاستوديوهات للتسجيل الصوتي في ذلك الوقت.

داخل حسن وام كلثوم
التقى داخل حسن مع أم كلثوم في حلب أثناء تسجيله لإحدى الاسطوانات فسمعت صوته واعجبت به كثيرا ودعته إلى القاهرة ليغني هناك ولكنه أعتذر لها قائلا: (يا ست الله ايخليج آنه في بغداد كوة امدرج لهجتي بالله تريديني اغني بالقاهرة اشلون ادبره وياهم) فضحكت ام كلثوم وقدمت له هدية عبارة عن قطعة من الملابس إلى زوجته وقدم لها شال ظلت محتفظة به إلى ان توفيت.

داخل حسن في (الاحواز)
حضر داخل حسن في إيران في (الاحواز) بدعوة من الشيخ صوگر عنافجة، وحضر مع الفنانة ريم محمود في هذا الحفل.

وفاته
أحيل عام 1978 على التقاعد وعاد إلى الناصرية وظل فيها حتى توفي عام 1985.

أغانيه
 كمرة وربيعة
 يا ماخذين الولف
 انا غريب بهل البلد
 عيني يابو عيون السود
 يا طبيب (الحان عباس جميل)
 شلك على ابن الناس
 وحق اللي تعبدة الناس
 يا غزال
 البصرة
 هنا يا من جنة وجنت.

و غيرها ومن الاغاني والابوذيات..ِِ

مصادر

أشخاص من محافظة ذي قار
شيعة عراقيون
مغنون ومغنيات عراقيون
مواليد 1909
وفيات 1985

داخل حسن


Marcel Faure (1906-1999), résistant français, Compagnon de la Libération.

 Marcel Faure (1922), roman de Jean-Charles Harvey.

Marcel Faure


Die Morocco International 2011 fanden vom 13. bis zum 15. Mai 2011 in Marrakesch statt. Es war die zweite Auflage der Titelkämpfe.

Finalergebnisse

Weblinks
 tournamentsoftware.com

2011
Badminton 2011
Sportveranstaltung in Marrakesch

Morocco International 2011


Gumbranch est une ville américaine située dans le comté de Liberty, en Géorgie. Selon le recensement de 2020, sa population est de .

Liens externes

Municipalité en Géorgie (États-Unis)
Comté de Liberty (Géorgie)

Gumbranch (Géorgie)


ඔහුගේ අදියර නම ජෙට් ලී විසින් වඩාත් ප්රකට ලී Lianjie (උපත 26 අප්රේල් 1963),, බීජිං උපත ලැබූ චීන චිත්රපට නළුවෙකු, චිත්රපට නිෂ්පාදක, සටන් චිත්ර ශිල්පියා, හා විශ්රාමික වුෂු ශූර වේ. ඔහු සොබාදහමට සිංගප්පූරු පුරවැසියෙකි. Wu බින් සමග පුහුණුව වසර තුනකට පසු, ලී බීජිං වුෂු කණ්ඩායම සඳහා සිය පළමු ජාතික ශූරතාව දිනා ගැනීමට සමත් විය. වයස අවුරුදු 19 දී වූෂු සිට විශ්රාම යාමෙන් පසුව ඔහු එම චිත්රපටය Shaolin පන්සල (1982) ඔහුගේ මංගල කරමින් චිත්රපට නළුවෙකු බවට චීනයේ ප්රීති ඝෝෂා මධ්යයේ දිනා ගැනීමට ගියේ ය. ඔහු වඩාත් කැපී පෙනෙන අධ්යක්ෂ Zhang Yimou ගේ 2002 Hero පෙරමුණ ලෙස බොහෝ බරපතළ පිළිගැනීමට පාත්ර වූ සටන් කලාවන් මහා කාව්යය චිත්රපට, සිනමා තරුවක් කළේය සහ පසු, චීනය මාලාවේ කාල ඔහු ජනප්රිය වීරයෙක් වොං Fei-බහුතරයකින් තොර චිත්රණය කරන මත. චීන-නොවන චිත්රපටය තුළ li පළමු භූමිකාව මාරක අවි 4 (1998) දී ද්රෝහියෙකු ලෙස විසිකොට දැමීම වූ අතර, හොලිවුඩ් චිත්රපට චිත්රපටය තුළ තම පළමු ප්රධාන භූමිකාව රෝමියෝ දී හැන් ගී ගයන්න මෙන් විය Die යුතුය (2000). ඔහු ඩ්රැගන් මුදා හැරියේ ක Luc Besson කිස් සමඟ ප්රංශ සිනමා ඇතුලු බොහෝ ක්රියාත්මක චිත්රපට, සිනමා තරුවක් බලා ගොස් තිබේ. ඔහු එක් කෙනෙකුට (2001), ජැකී චෑන්, සිල්වෙස්ටර් ස්ටැලෝන් සමග Expendables චිත්රපට තුනම සමග Forbidden Kingdom (2008) සම රඟපෑ, සහ ද මමී දී මාතෘකා චරිතයෙහි ද්රෝහියෙකු ලෙස විසිකොට දැමීම: ද ඩ්රැගන් එම්පරර් ටූම්බ් ඔෆ් (2008).

1963 උපත්

ජෙට් ලී


Gubernia Iaroslavl (în ) a fost o diviziune administrativă (gubernie) a Imperiului Rus, situată în Rusia Europeană, în regiunea Volga Superioară. Ea a existat din 1777 până în 1929; sediul acesteia a fost în orașul Iaroslavl.

Referințe

Legături externe
 Ярославская губерния

Iaroslavl

Gubernia Iaroslavl


Kunimitsu Sekiguchi (født 26. december 1985) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

|-
|2010||1||0
|-
|2011||2||0
|-
!Total||3||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kunimitsu Sekiguchi


Port Chicago can refer to:

 Port Chicago, California, former town in the United States
 Port Chicago disaster, deadly explosion that occurred at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in Port Chicago, California on 17 July 1944, killing 320 people
 Port Chicago Naval Magazine National Memorial, at the site of the disaster

Port Chicago


Haidy Moussa ( ), é uma cantora e atriz egípcia. Em 2016 e 2017 ela recebeu DG (Dear Gest) e MEMA Award ( Middle East Music awards ) de melhor cantora em ascensão. Haidy iniciou sua carreira musical no Cairo Opera House que é considerado um dos lugares mais significativos relacionados à música no Egito.

Início de vida
Haidy nasceu em 15 de novembro de 1993 em Mansoura, ela é a caçula de sua família, ela tem dois irmãos Sharef e Hisham. Haidy vive em família artística, seu pai Moussa Moussa e seu irmão Hisham são populares no campo das belas artes.

Carreira
O pai de Haidy havia insistido em crescer seu talento então Haidy se juntou ao Palácio da Cultura em Mansoura, além disso, aos 9 anos, o maestro egípcio Selim Sahab ouviu a voz de Haidy, depois disso ele insistiu em ver Haidy se juntando a ele no " Ópera ", apesar da distância entre Cairo e Mansoura, Haidy treinou, praticou, cantou e desenvolveu seu talento ao lado de Selim Sahab na Ópera.

Shows musicais
Aos 19 anos, Haidy participou do Arab Idol (2ª temporada) em 2012 e chegou aos episódios ao vivo e foi excluído após o segundo prime ao vivo. Desde esse programa até 2015 Haidy apresentou dois singles, um do seu país Egito e outro no sotaque do golfo. Durante esse período, ela também estudou estudos de mídia na Universidade de Mansoura. Em 2015, Haidy ingressou na competição Star Academy Arab World e chegou à final.

Em 2016, Haidy lançou seu primeiro single Noa'ta w mn awl elstr.

em 2017, Haidy lançou seu segundo single Lama ted7akly.

em 2018 Haidy lançou seu primeiro álbum Henyat El-Donia.

Premios e honras

 DG Melhor Cantora em Ascensão 2016.
 MEMA Melhor estrela em ascensão feminina 2017.
 Lista das 100 mulheres mais bonitas do mundo da beleza: 2016 (38º), 2017 (13º), 2018 (?) e 2019 (33º).

Discografia

 Henyat El Donia (2018)

Filmografia

 L'la Se'r (2017)

Referências

Atrizes do Egito
Naturais de Almançora

Haidy Moussa


කත්‍රිනා කයිෆ් (born Katrina Turquotte; උපත 1983 ජූලි 16) බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය සිනමා නිලියෙක සහ නිරූපිකාවක වන කත්‍රිනා ඉන්දීය චිත්‍රපට වල ඇගේ වඩා ප්‍රසිද්ධියක් උසුලනු ලබයි.

ආශ්‍රිත

1983 උපත්

කත්‍රිනා කයිෆ්


Luengos es una pedanía perteneciente al municipio de Santas Martas, situado en Esla-Campos con una población de 33 habitantes según el INE.
Está situado al lado de la A-231.

Demografía

Tiene 33 habitantes, 13 varones y 20 mujeres censados en el municipio.Aunque en verano la población suele ascender considerablemente.

Referencias

Localidades de Santas Martas

Luengos


Camille Grognot ( 1792 - 1869 ) fue un micólogo, botánico, y pteridólogo francés.

Algunas publicaciones
 . 1863. Plantes cryptogames-cellulaires du département de Saone-et-Loire: avec des tableaux synoptiques pour les ordres, les familles, les tribus et les genres, et al description succincte de plusiers espèces, et de beaucoup de variétés nouvelles, reconnues par l'auteur. Editor M. Dejussieu, 296 pp.

 --------------------------. 1861. Plantes vasculaires (phanérogames et cryptogames) du Département de Saône-&-Loire, á ajouter á celles mentionnées dans le Catalogue raisonné des plantes du Département de Saône-et-Loire par M. Carion. 204 pp.

 --------------------------. 1841. Questions sur diverses branches des sciences médicales. Editor Méd. Paris

Realizó identificaciones y clasificaciones de más de 90 especies, las que publicaba habitualmente en: ''''

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Escritores en francés del siglo XIX
Micólogos de Francia del siglo XIX
Pteridólogos de Francia del siglo XIX

Camille Grognot