هو الشريف خالد بن منصور بن عبد الله بن حسين بن دخيل الله بن محمد بن لؤي العبدلي الهاشمي القرشي أحد قادة حسين بن علي شريف مكة قبل تحوله ليكون أحد قادة جيش إخوان من طاع الله.
تولى إمارة محافظة الخرمة بعد الأمير غالب بن لؤي حينما كانت الخرمة تابعة لدولة الشريف الحجازية

قتاله ضد حسين بن علي
ارسل خالد بن لؤي إلى الملك عبد العزيز رسالة يعرض فيها انضمامه مع أهل الخرمة ودخوله في طاعته وتأثره بدعوة الشيخ محمد بن عبد الوهاب في نجد.

قتاله مع الملك عبد العزيز
بعد انضمامه إلى قوات الملك عبد العزيز ارسل عبد الله بن الحسين ثلاث حملات صغيرة استطاع خالد بن لؤي هزيمتها جميعا ثم هاجم عبد الله بن الحسين تربة البقوم والخرمة في طريقه إلى نجد بقوة كبيرة ولكن هجوم الإخوان المفاجئ عليه أدى إلى هزيمته في معركة تربة.

زحف خالد بن لؤي مع سلطان بن بجاد على الطائف مع 16 أمير قبيلة أغلبهم من عتيبة واستطاعوا اخضاعها بعد مجزرة يعتقد ان ضحاياها وصلوا إلى 300 شخص، ودخل مكة مع القائد سلطان بن بجاد بن حميد العتيبي بدون قتال وشارك في حصار جدة مع سلطان بن بجاد وولاه بعدها الملك عبد العزيز على مكة لمدة 3 سنوات. قال القنصل البريطاني ريدر بولرد في رسائله أن بن لؤي تولى الأمور الدينية في مكة وأنه كان شخصاً غير صادق وفي نفس الوقت متعصب دينياً.
وصفه

ذريته
 سعد وهو من تولى إمارة الخرمة بعد أبيه، وشارك مع الملك عبد العزيز في بقية معارك التوحيد بعد وفاة والده، وساهم مع الملك عبد العزيز في إخماد فتنة السبلة، كنيته أبو نوره ؛ له من الذرية خالد وعبد العزيز. من أحفاده شاكر بن خالد بن سعد محافظ محافظة الخرمة
 زامل
 حسين
 محمد
 عبد الله

وفاته
قامت ثورة الادارسة في جازان عام 1351 هـ (1932 ميلادي) وأمره الملك عبد العزيز بالهجوم على مدينة صبيا ولكنه مرض فجأة عندما وصل إلى أبها وتوفى ودفن في وادي بيض بجازان وكان ذلك في يوم الجمعة 11 شعبان 1351 (1932 ميلادي)، وقد رثاه كثير من الشعراء منهم فيحان بن صامل العبدلي بعدة قصائد منها :-

المراجع

http://www.al-jazirah.com/2006/20061105/wo1.htm
https://twitter.com/faleh055570/status/786121445558611968?s=21
(مقابلة الشيخ خالد بن سعد بن خالد بن لؤي لجريدة الرياض)

http://www.moqatel.com/openshare/Mostlhat/Alaam/Mokatel7_1-26.htm_cvt.htm

أشخاص من شبه الجزيرة العربية
قادة إخوان من أطاع الله
قادة عسكريون مسلمون
وفيات 1351 هـ
وفيات 1933

خالد بن لؤي


Europski pravac E80 (ukratko: E80) je europski pravac koji vodi od Lisabona u Portugalu preko Španjolske, Francuske, Italije, Hrvatske, Crne Gore, Kosova, Srbije i Bugarske prema turskom gradu Gürbulak nedaleko iranske i armenijske granice.

Ukupna dužina iznosi oko 5.700 kilometara.

Europski pravci
Infrastruktura kopnenog prometa u Portugalu
Ceste u Španjolskoj
Ceste u Francuskoj
Ceste u Italiji
Autoceste u Hrvatskoj
Ceste u Crnoj Gori
Cestovna infrastruktura na Kosovu
Ceste u Srbiji
Ceste u Bugarskoj
Ceste u Turskoj

Europski pravac E80


"Lights and Shadows" er en sang fremført af gruppen O'G3NE som deltog i Eurovision Song Contest 2017. Sangen opnåede en 11. plads.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger

Singler fra 2017
Sange fra Eurovision Song Contest 2017
Eurovision Song Contest-sange fra Holland

Lights and Shadows


An Eragrostis hierniana in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alfred Barton Rendle. An Eragrostis hierniana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis hierniana


Willi Ulfig (* 26. November 1910 in Breslau; † 5. Februar 1983 in Regensburg) war ein deutscher Maler und Graphiker.

Leben
Nach dem Studium an der Breslauer Kunstgewerbeschule (bei Peter Kowalski) und Kunstakademie 1928 bis 1932 verbrachte er ein halbes Jahr als Stipendiat der Kunstakademie in Italien. Nach der Rückkehr verhinderte die politische Situation mit der Machtergreifung der Nationalsozialisten eine künstlerische Etablierung Ulfigs, dessen Frühwerk auf dem damals geächteten Expressionismus fußt. Ulfig arbeitete notgedrungen als Schriftenmaler und Bühnenbildner am Stadttheater Breslau, war als Soldat im Zweiten Weltkrieg in Frankreich stationiert (hier lernte er eine französisch geprägte, elegante Spielart expressionistischer Kunst kennen und schätzen) und schließlich Kriegsgefangener in Böhmen (CSR). 1945 freigelassen, begann er seine eigentliche künstlerische Entfaltung nun in der Freiheit der späteren Bundesrepublik mit der Ankunft in Regensburg (fast das gesamte malerische Werk vor 1945 ist verschollen).

1946 wurde er Mitglied der neu gegründeten Künstlervereinigung Donauwaldgruppe; 1947 bis 1949 hatte er erste Galerie-Ausstellungen, seit Anfang der 1950er Jahre stellte sich zunehmender künstlerischer Erfolg ein, der ihn zum wohl wichtigsten bildenden Künstler Ostbayerns in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts machte. Mit Studienreisen nach Italien, Griechenland, Ägypten, Irland, Südfrankreich und Holland schon in den frühen 1960er Jahren erweiterte er nun seine künstlerischen Themenkreise um die Landschaften Europas. Zahlreiche Einzelausstellungen im In- und Ausland, die Mitgliedschaft in der Münchner Künstlergenossenschaft und der Esslinger Künstlergilde zeugen von Ulfigs Wertschätzung.

Werk
Das künstlerische Schaffen Willi Ulfigs von den Anfängen an der berühmten Breslauer Kunstakademie bis zum reifen Spätstil der 1970er Jahre ist geprägt von der Auseinandersetzung mit den grundlegenden Entwicklungen der Moderne: die deutschen Expressionisten, Kubismus und die Fauves, orphistische Farbtheorien, später Informel und Tachismus wirkten auf eine überaus empfindsame, sensible Künstlernatur ein. Ulfigs ganz kompromisslos eigenständige Bildsprache bezieht sich auf diese Strömungen und verwandelt sie in lyrisch-expressive Empfindungsmalerei, die sanft und melancholisch, freundlich und tiefsinnig mystisch eine innere Welt beschreibt, die erfüllt ist von meditativer Gelassenheit.

Wurde Ulfigs Kunst zu Lebzeiten eigentlich immer nur bildimmanent interpretiert, so eröffnet sich seit der Jahrtausendwende zunehmend ein neuer Zugang zum künstlerischen Wollen einer ganzen Generation von Kunstschaffenden, denen Ulfig zugehört, genannt Verschollene Generation: eine aus dem Expressionismus erwachsene, mit realistischen Tendenzen der Neuen Sachlichkeit in den 1920er Jahren verwobene, ganz eigenständige künstlerische Sprache konnte sich – kulturpolitisch bedingt – nach Kriegsende nur regional artikulieren, wird nun von der kunsthistorischen Wissenschaft als bedeutender Teil der deutschen Kunstgeschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts wiederentdeckt.

Typische Arbeiten, chronologisch geordnet:

Ehrungen
 1965 Kulturpreis Ostbayern
 1971 Silbernes Lamm der Stadt Brixen
 1974 Kulturpreis der Stadt Regensburg
 2015 Umbenennung der städtischen Regensburger Hans-Herrmann-Schule in "Willi-Ulfig-Mittelschule"

Literatur und Einzelausstellungen

 Werner Huber: Willi Ulfig – Maler der Lebensfreude. In: Regensburger Almanach. 1970, S. 111–114
 Kurt Hofner: Willi Ulfig – oder: Zauber der Farbe. In: Regensburger Almanach. 1981, S. 103–112
 Edda Preißl: Alles für die Kunst – Zu Willi Ulfig unterwegs. In: Festschrift zum 36. Bayerischen Nordgautag. 2006 (Hrsg. Oberpfälzer Kulturbund), S. 243–245
 Wilhelm Amann: Der junge Ulfig. In: Regensburger Almanach. 2010, S. 154–155
 Reiner Meyer: Willi Ulfig – Stadtansichten von Regensburg. In: Regensburger Almanach. 2010, S. 156–167
 Wilhelm Amann: Der junge Ulfig. In: Die Oberpfalz. Monatsschrift für Geschichte, Schrifttum, Volks- und Heimatkunde. 103. Jahrgang (2015), Heft 6, S. 333–349

Willi Ulfig hatte eine schier unüberschaubare Zahl von Einzelausstellungen und Ausstellungsbeteiligungen. Folgende Einzelausstellungen waren von im Druck erschienenen Katalogbüchern begleitet:
 Willi Ulfig. Gemälde-Aquarelle-Graphik 1945–1974. Ausstellung anlässlich der Verleihung des Kulturpreises der Stadt Regensburg (Historisches Museum Regensburg 1974)
 Willi Ulfig. Aquarelle 1970–1980. Ausstellung anlässlich des 70. Geburtstags (Städtische Galerie Regensburg im Leeren Beutel 1981)
 Willi Ulfig. Ein Maler unterwegs – Skizzen und Studien. Ausstellung zum 70. Geburtstag des Künstlers (Ostdeutsche Galerie Regensburg 1981)
 Willi Ulfig 1910–1983. Gedächtnisausstellung veranstaltet von der Stadt Regensburg, dem Museum Ostdeutsche Galerie Regensburg und dem Kunst- und Gewerbeverein Regensburg (1987)
 Willi Ulfig. Materialien – Bilder – Dokumente. Ausstellung im Museum für Moderne Kunst Passau (1994), ISBN 3-928109-02-2
 Willi Ulfig 1910–1983. Ausstellungen zum 100. Geburtstag. Galerie Donau-Einkaufszentrum Regensburg, Kunstkontor Westnerwacht Regensburg, Städtische Galerie im Leeren Beutel Regensburg (2010/2011), ISBN 978-3-00-032478-9

Weblinks

 http://willi-ulfig.de/hp1461/NACHLASSVERWALTUNG-WILLI-ULFIG-1910-1983.htm?ITServ=CY4cc6aafaX1366c07cb37XY2d72
 http://kulturportal-west-ost.eu/biographies/ulfig-willi-2/
 http://www.regensburg.de/kultur/kulturdatenbank/eintrag/121366
 http://willi-ulfig-ms.schulen2.regensburg.de/index.php/de/schulname
 http://www.bergverein-kallmuenz.de/Maler-in-kallmuenz/29-willy-ulfig.html
 weitere Bilder und Zeichnungen von Willi Ulfig

Einzelnachweise

Maler des Expressionismus
Maler (Regensburg)
Verschollene Generation
Grafiker (Regensburg)
Träger des Kulturpreises der Stadt Regensburg
Deutscher
Geboren 1910
Gestorben 1983
Mann

Willi Ulfig


Politica ușilor deschise este un termen din afacerile externe folosit inițial pentru desemnarea politicii SUA la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea și începutul celui de-al XX-lea, care ar fi favorizat un sistem de comerț deschis, egal pentru toate țările, cu China. Aceasta a fost folosită în principal pentru medieze interesele concurente diferite puteri coloniale în China. În vremuri mai recente, termenul Politica ușilor deschise descrie politica economică inițiată de Deng Xiaoping în 1978 de reformare a economiei Chinei pentru întreprinderile străine care au vrut să investească în țară. Această ultimă politică a fost motorul care a dus la transformarea Chinei moderne.

Politica de la sfârșitul secolului al XIX-lea a fost enunțată pentru prima oară de Secretarul de stat John Hay în Open Door Note din 6 septembrie 1899, document care a fost distribuit cancelariilor principalelor puteri europene. John Hay propunea păstrarea Chinei deschise pentru comerțul cu toate țările pe baze egale, împiedicând oricare dintre marile puteri să obțină controlul asupra țării asiatice și cerea tuturor puterilor ca, în cadrul sferelor lor de influență, să se abțină să se amestece în orice port al unui tratat inegal sau interes legitim, să permită autorităților chineze să colecteze taxele vamale pe baze egale și să nu permită favorizarea resortisanților proprii în ceea ce privește taxele portuare sau pe căile ferate.
Politica ușilor deschise își avea rădăcinile în dorința mediului de afaceri american de intrare pe piața din China, dar avea legături și cu sentimentelor celor se opuneau imperialismului, care pledau pentru protejarea suveranității Chinei și împotriva tentativelor de partiție teritorială. Politica ușilor deschise nu a avut un statut legal bine definit și a servit în cele din urmă în interesul principalelor puteri coloniale aflate în concurență, fără o participare importantă din partea chinezilor, care a dus în cele din urmă la apariția unor resentimente puternice, fiind considerată de către istoricii chinezi ca un simbol al umilinței naționale.

În secolul trecut și în acest secol, cercetători precum Christopher Layne din școala neorealistă au generalizat utilizarea termenului la domeniul ușilor deschise politicilor și economiei națiunilor în relație cu politica și economică internaționale.

Cadrul general (Congo)
Din punct de vedere teoretic, politica ușilor deschise a SUA își avea origine în practica comercială britanică așa cum era reflectată în tratatele cu Dinastia Qing din China după Primul Război al Opiului (1839–1842). Conceptul ușilor deschise a fost prima oară enunțat la Conferința de la Berlin din 1885, unde a fost făcută o declarație conform căreia nicio putere nu putea să perceapă taxe preferențiale în regiunea Congo. Ca politică și concept, Politica Ușilor Deschise a fost un principiu niciodată adoptat oficial printr-un tratat sau prin dreptul internațional. S-a făcut aluzie la el sau a fost invocat, dar niciodată nu a fost impus ca atare. Începând cu 1931, odată cu ocuparea Maniciuriei de către Japonia și crearea Manchukuo, politica ușilor deschise a fost încălcată în mod frecvent, fără să existe nicio reacție oficială.

A doua politică a ușilor deschise (China)
Din punct de vedere tehnic, politica ușilor deschise a fost aplicată dor mai înainte de crearea Chinei Populare în 1949. După venirea la putere a lui Deng Xiaoping în 1978, termenul a făcut referire la politica Chinei de deschidere a țări pentru investițiile străine, politică care a inițiat mișcarea de transformare economică a republicii.

Originile
În timpul Priumului Război Sino-Japonez din 1895, China era amenințată de primejdia divizării teritoriale și colonizării de către puterile imperialiste precum Marea Britanie, Franța, Rusia, Japonia, Germania sau Italia. După victoria din Războiul hispano-american din 1898, odată cu ocuparea unui teritoriu, Filipinelor, Statele Unite au devenit mult mai implicate în Asia și era de așteptat să își apere interesele comerciale și politice în China. SUA s-au simțit amenințate de sferele de influență mai mari ale celorlalte puteri în China și s-au temut că ar putea pierde accesul la piața chineză dacă țara ar fi fost partiționată. Ca urmare, William Woodville Rockhill a formulat politica ușilor deschise pentru protejarea afacerilor și altor interese americane în China. Pe 6 septembrie 1899, secretarul de stat al SUA John Hay a trimis note marilor puteri (Franța, Germania, Regatul Unit, Italia, Japonia și Rusia) prin care le cerea să declare în mod oficial că vor apăra cu convingere integritatea teritorială și administrativă a Chinei și nu se vor influența folosirea liberă a porturilor din sferele lor de influență din China. The Open Door Policy stated that all nations, including the United States, could enjoy equal access to the Chinese market.

În replică, fiecare putere a încercat să evite orice fel declarație, afirmând că nu se poate angaja până când celelalte națiuni nu erau de acord cu cererea lui Hay. Până la urmă, în iulie 1900, Hay a anunțat că fiecare dintre puterile cărora le adresase cereri își exprimaseră acceptarea de principiu. Deși tratatele semnate după1900 se refereau la "politica ușilor deschise", competiția dintre marile puteri pentru obținerea de concesiuni speciale în China pentru drepturile de exploatare a căilor ferate și minelor, pentru acordarea de împrumuturi, exploatarea porturilor pentru comerțul liber și așa mai departe a continuat la fel nepotolită ca până atunci.

Pe 6 octombrie 1900, britanicii și germanii au semnat Acordul Yangtze, prin care declarau că se opuneau împărțirii Chinei în sfere de influență. Această înțelegere, semnată de Lord Salisbury și de ambasadorul Paul von Hatzfeldt, susținea politica ușilor deschise pentru comerțul liber propusă de SUA. Eșecul înregistrat de Germania în respectarea înțelegerii a dus în 1902 la crearea Alianței anglo-japoneze.

Evoluțiile ulterioare
În 1902, guvernul american a protestat împotriva incursiunii rușilor în Manciuria care a urmat Răscoalei boxerilor, acțiune care ar fi fost o încălcare a politicii porților deschise. Când Japonia a înlocuit Rusia în sudul Manciuriei după Războiul Ruso-Japonez (1904–1905), guvernele japonez și american au căzut de acord să mențină o politică de egalitate în Manciuria. În domeniul financiar, eforturile americane pentru păstrarea politicii ușilor deschise au condus în 1909 la formarea unui consorțiu bancar prin care urmau să se facă toate împrumuturile pentru căile ferate chinezești. Cele două părți aveau să aibă în 1917 un schimb de note în care SUA și Japonia își reînnoiau asigurările cu privire al respectarea politicii porților deschise, dar prin care SUA recunoștea interesele speciale ale niponilor în China (Acordul Lansing–Ishii). Politica ușilor deschise avea să fie slăbită în anii care aveau să vină printr-o serie de tratate secrete din 1917 dintre Japonia și Antanta, prin care aliații occidentali promiteau japonezilor cedarea posesiunilor germane din China după victoria în Primul Război Mondial. Respectarea acestor promisiuni de către puterile învingătoare consfințite prin Tratatul de la Versailles din 1919 a înfuriat opinia publică chineză și a provocat protestele cunoscute cu numele de "Mișcarea din 4 mai". Tratatul celor nouă puteri, semnat în 1922, a reafirmat în mod expres politica ușilor deschise.

Deoarece politica ușilor deschise a influențat negativ suveranitatea chineză, guvernul Republicii China (1912-1949) a încercat să revizuiască tratatele conexe cu puterile străine în anii douăsprezece și treizeci. Numai după încheierea celui de-al doilea război mondial, China a reușit să-și recâștige suveranitatea deplină.

În China contemporană

În istoria economică a zilelor noaste a Chinei, "politica ușilor deschise" se referă la noua politică anunțată de Deng Xiaoping în decembrie 1978, prin care era deschisă "ușa" pentru afacerile străine care doreau să investească în China. Zonele Economice Speciale au fost înființate în 1980, fiind destinate modernizării industriei Chinei și impulsionării economiei țării. Politica economică chineză s-a modificat în sensul încurajării și sprijinirii comerțului și investițiilor internaționale. Aceste reforme au marcat punctul de cotitură în dezvoltarea țării pe calea care a transformat China în "Fabrica mondială".

Au fost organizate la început patru Zone Economice Speciale - Shenzhen, Zhuhai și Shantou în Guangdong și Xiamen în Fujian. Aceste zone au fost plasate în mod strategic în apropiere de Hong Kong, Macau și Taiwan, dar având un regim de taxe favorabile și cu un nivel de salarizare redus pentru atragerea capitalului și afacerilor din aceste comunități chinezești din afara granițelor. Zona Shenzhen a fost prima înființată și a avut cea mai rapidă dezvoltare, cu o rată de creștere de 40% pe an între 1981 și 1993. Prin comparație, creșterea medie a produsului intern brut (GDP) a fost de 9,8% pentru întreaga țară. După succesul înregistrat cu primele patru zone, au fost înființate alte Zone Economice Speciale în alte regiuni ale Chinei.

În 1978, China se situa pe locul al 32-lea funcție de volumul exportului. În 1989, China își dublase volumul comerțului exterior și devenise al 13-lea cel mai mare exportator. În perioada 1978 – 1990, rata anuală a creșterii comerțului a fost de peste 15%, iar în deceniul care a urmat, această rată a continuat să crească într-un ritm și mai susținut. În anul 1978, cota exporturilor sale pe piața mondială a fost neglijabilă, în 1998 era încă mai mică de 2%, însă China înregistrase în 2010 o cotă de piață mondială de 10,4%, potrivit Organizației Mondiale a Comerțului (OMC), adică un export de mărfuri de peste 1,5 trilioane de dolari, cea mai mare din lume. În 2013, China a depășit SUA și a devenit prima națiune comercială la nivel mondial, cu o valoare totală a importurilor și exporturilor de 4,16 trilioane de dolari americani pe an.

Folosirea termenului în secolele al XX-lea și al XXI-lea
Cercetătorii școlii neorealiste precum Christopher Layne au generalizat utilizarea termenului în domeniile politic și economice al națiunilor în general, care interacționează la nivel global sau internațional.

Vedeți și
 Răscoala boxerilor
 Neoimperialism#China

Note

Bibliografie

 Esthus, Raymond A. "The Changing Concept of the Open Door, 1899-1910," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Vol. 46, No. 3 (Dec., 1959), pp. 435–454 JSTOR

 Mark Atwood Lawrence, "Open Door Policy", Encyclopedia of the New American Nation, (online).

 Sugita, Yoneyuki, "The Rise of an American Principle in China: A Reinterpretation of the First Open Door Notes toward China" in Richard J. Jensen, Jon Thares Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds. Trans-Pacific relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the twentieth century (Greenwood, 2003) pp 3–20 online

Resurse internet

 Textul primei Open Door Note
 Textul primei și celei de-a doua Open Door Note
 "Milestones: Secretary of State John Hay and the Open Door Policy in China" (U.S. Department of State Office of the Historian)
Istoria expansionismului Statelor Unite ale Americii
Imperialism
Istoria Chinei

Politica ușilor deschise


Kırım Tatarca'da şın/şappaz diye adlandırılan maniler, Kırım Tatar kültüründe önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Düğünlerde, bayramlarda bir araya gelen gençler bir yandan şarkı söyler, bir yandan oynarken aralarda maniler söyleyerek birbirleriyle atışırlardı.

Kırım'da kültür

Şappaz


Otrádnaya () es una stanitsa del raión de Tijoretsk del krai de Krasnodar, en Rusia. Está situada a orillas del río Tarapanka, afluente por la derecha del Beisug, 27 km al sur de Tijoretsk y 109 km al nordeste de Krasnodar, la capital del krai. Tenía 1 793 habitantes en 2010.

Es cabeza del municipio Otrádnenskoye.

Demografía

Composición étnica

De los 1 858 habitantes que tenía en 2002, el 93.4 % era de etnia rusa, el 2.7 % era de etnia ucraniana, el 0.8 % era de etnia georgiana, el 0.5 % era de etnia azerí, el 0.4 % era de etnia alemana, el 0.3 % era de etnia adigué, el 0.2 % era de etnia bielorrusa, el 0.2 % era de etnia armenia, el 0.1 % era de etnia griega y el 0.1 % era de etnia tártara

Enlaces externos y referencias

 Este artículo contiene datos geográficos extraídos de Google Earth y el mapa de Rusia de Yandex.ru, accesible desde este enlace.
 El municipio en la página web del raión
 Mapa topográfico en maps.vlasenko.net

Localidades del raión de Tijoretsk del krai de Krasnodar

Otrádnaya (Tijoretsk, Krasnodar)


fue una banda japonesa indie formada en 2006.

Historia

2006—2008: formación e inicios
La banda fue formada en 2006 por Emiru, Rubi y Saran, exmiembros de la banda monomono junto a Keita y Reon. Comenzaron sus actividades en diciembre de ese año y para febrero de 2007 ya habían lanzado dos demos e iniciado una serie de conciertos y presentaciones en vivo. Su primer sencillo  fue distribuido durante esas fechas. El 21 de noviembre lanzaron su segundo sencillo  el cual vendió todas sus copias y entró al Oricon Top 10 Indies Singles chart.

A mediados de 2008, tras algunos lanzamientos realizaron otra serie de presentaciones arregladas por ZEAL Link. En octubre, su canción «Kurukuru, to taiji wa mawaru» fue incluida en el álbum Shock Edge 2008, una recopilación de la revista SHOXX. Finalmente, cerraron ese año con un gran espectáculo el 25 de noviembre en el Shibuya Boxx donde distribuyeron el sencillo , una versión remasterizada de su primer demo.

2009—2010: Shinzou.
El 25 de marzo de 2009 lanzaron su primer álbum de estudio titulado  el cual alcanzó el puesto número 5 en el ranking del Oricon Indies Album Weekly Chart. Poco después anunciaron que el guitarrista Keita dejaría el grupo por razones personales, su último concierto con la banda se realizó el 5 de mayo en el Shinjuku Marz.

El 18 de octubre realizaron su primera presentación en Europa donde participaron junto a vistlip y Dio en la Tsukicon, una convención de anime que se llevó a cabo en Helsinki, Finlandia.

A mediados de diciembre lanzaron el sencillo  que alcanzó el sexto puesto en las listas de Oricon.

En 2010 realizaron diferentes giras nacionales y lanzaron los sencillos  en marzo,  en agosto y  en septiembre.

2011: Aruku
En 2011 el baterista Reon decidió dejar la banda. Poco después, el 9 de marzo lanzaron su segundo álbum de estudio .

El 10 de agosto lanzaron su decimocuarto y último sencillo «Koutei Penguin», que se quedó en el quinto lugar del Top 10 de sencillos indie de Oricon.

2012: separación
A comienzos de 2012 anuncian la separación definitiva del grupo para el 22 de febrero, fecha en que conmemoraron su quinto aniversario con un concierto y el lanzamiento del álbum recopilatorio Aicle. 2006-2012.

Música y estilo visual
Si bien formaron parte de la escena Oshare, su música, aunque permite apreciar el brillo y la temática positiva de este estilo, es definida como una mezcla entre el bubblegum pop y lo grotesco, en una entrevista su guitarrista Rubi menciona que «El tema de Aicle. es que hay algo grotesco en [la banda], pero al mismo tiempo la música es colorida y pop, [...] y eso es lo que reflejan nuestras letras. Lo que queremos expresar es el contraste entre los elementos oscuros y tenebrosos». En sus canciones combinan versos pegadizos, el uso de voz gutural y estrofas escalofriantes, lo que los hace diferenciarse de las bandas que sólo se centran en los aspectos positivos. Su vestimenta y estilo visual fue siempre colorido, el uso de gemas brillantes, llamativos arco iris de tela y pelo multicolor hizo que los definieran como atrevidos, increíbles, coloridos y sutilmente extraños.

Miembros
 Vocalista: Emiru
 Guitarrista: Rubi
 Bajista: Saran

exmiembros
 Baterista: Reon (hasta 2011)
 Guitarrista: Keita (hasta 2009)

Discografía

La banda ha lanzado dos álbumes de estudio, un álbum recopilatorio, 14 sencillos, han participado en dos compilaciones de varios artistas y cuentan con 11 vídeos musicales.

Álbumes

Sencillos

Álbumes recopilatorios

Compilaciones de varios artistas

Vídeos musicales

Referencias

Grupos de rock de Japón
Grupos de visual kei
Grupos de música formados en 2006

Aicle


معهد الإسكندرية العالي للهندسة والتكنولوجيا هو معهد عالي خاص تابع لوزارة التعليم العالي المصرية، أنشئ طبقًا للقرار الوزاري رقم (1103) لسنة 1997 يقدم شهادة البكالوريوس في الهندسة، يقع المعهد في منطقة مصطفى كامل بحي سموحة في مدينة الإسكندرية بجمهورية مصر العربية.

عن المعهد
المعهد أحد معاهد الهندسة الخاصة والمعتمدة داخل جمهورية مصر العربية، كما أنه يتوفر به قسم الميكاترونيات والذي يضم دراسة 3 أقسام وهي " الهندسة الميكانيكية والهندسة الالكترونية والهندسة الكهربية"، كما يعد أحد أقدم المؤسسات التعليمية الهندسية الخاصة داخل جمهورية مصر العربية.

نظام الدراسة

مدة الدراسة في المعهد هي خمس سنوات منهم سنة إعدادية؛ يحصل بعدها الطالب المُتخرِّج على شهادة البكالوريوس في أحد التخصصات الآتية:

 بكالوريوس هندسة الإلكترونيات والاتصالات.
 بكالوريوس هندسة الحاسبات.
 بكالوريوس هندسة الميكاترونيات.
 بكالوريوس الهندسة الصناعية.

السنة الدراسية في المعهد مقسمة إلى فصلين دراسيين (15 أسبوعًا لكل منهما)، وفصل دراسي صيفي للراسبين في بعض المواد (6 أسابيع).

السنة الإعدادية تكون مُشتركة لجميع طلاب الأقسام الأربعة:
 هندسة الإلكترونيات والاتصالات
 هندسة الحاسبات
 هندسة الميكاترونيات
 الهندسة الصناعية

وتكون السنة الأولى مُشتركة لطلاب الأقسام الثلاثة التالية:
 هندسة الإلكترونيات والاتصالات
 هندسة الحاسبات
 هندسة الميكاترونيات

لغة الدراسة والامتحانات هي اللغة الإنجليزية.

شروط القبول
يقبل المعهد طلاب الثانوية العامة المصرية المرشحين من الشعبة الهندسية عن طريق مكتب تنسيق القبول بالمعاهد والجامعات، كذلك الطلاب المتقدمين بطلبات تحويل بعد موافقة وزارة التعليم العالي والطلاب الحاصلين على شهادات معادلة من الدول العربية والأجنبية وحملة الدبلومة الأمريكية وشهادة الثانوية البريطانية وشهادة الثانوية الأزهرية وكذلك يقبل المعهد الطلاب المرشحين من غير أبناء جمهورية مصر العربية طبقاً للنظم العامة للدولة والقواعد التي تحددها وزارة التعليم العالي.

مصاريف الدراسة

المعهد غير تابع للحكومة ماليًا، لذلك يتم دفع مصروفات تعليمية من المنتسبين للمعهد لتمويل الخدمات المقدمة.

المصاريف الدراسية الخالصة (للعام الدراسي 2017 - 2018) 19030 جنيهًا مصريًا للسنة الدراسية الواحدة للطلاب المصريين.

هيئة التدريس

يُدرِّس في المعهد مجموعةٌ من الأساتذة المصريين الحاصلين على درجة الدكتوراه في الهندسة أو في التخصصات المقاربة كالعلوم وتكنولوجيا المعلومات بدرجةٍ أقل. كما يقوم بالتدريس بعض الأستاذة المُنتدبين، بعض أعضاء هيئة التدريس يقومون أيضًا بالتدريس في معاهد أو كليات مشابهة (بالأخص كلية الهندسة بجامعة الإسكندرية، وجامعة فاروس والأكاديمية العربية للعلوم والتكنولوجيا والنقل البحري) .

انظر أيضًا
 إحصائيات القبول بالجامعات المصرية.
 قائمة كليات الهندسة في مصر.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي للمعهد

التعليم في الإسكندرية
تأسيسات سنة 1996 في مصر
جامعات مصر
معاهد تعليمية مصرية
هيئات تعليمية أسست في 1996


Bernd Altenstein es un escultor alemán, nacido el  en Schloßberg; reside en Bremen.

Datos biográficos
Altenstein nació durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial  en  Schloßberg, en la región alemana de Prusia Oriental, en la actualidad es el territorio ruso del Óblast de Kaliningrado.

De 1964 a 1969 fue alumno de escultura en la Academia Estatal de Bellas Artes de Stuttgart (en alemán: Staatliche Akademie der Bildenden Künste) , en la clase del profesor Rudolf Daudert. De 1970 a 1975 fue asistente de investigación del profesor Jürgen Weber en la Universidad Técnica de Braunschweig. Desde 1975 Altenstein es profesor de la especialidad de artes plásticas en la Escuela Universitaria de Bellas Artes de Bremen  (en alemán: Hochschule für Künste)

Es miembro de la Federación de Artistas de Alemania,  de la secesión de Darmstadt,  y miembro fundador de la Sociedad de Arte Contemporáneo en Bremen.

En 2010 se convirtió en miembro de la Asociación Independiente de Bremen eV, un grupo de personas - en su mayoría de la comunidad empresarial - una asociación o circunscripción de electores en apoyo de la comunidad.

Notas y referencias

Notas

Enlaces externos

Escultores de Alemania del siglo XX
Escultores de Alemania del siglo XXI
Personas de Prusia Oriental

Bernd Altenstein


Positive airway pressure (PAP) is a mode of respiratory ventilation used in the treatment of sleep apnea. PAP ventilation is also commonly used for those who are critically ill in hospital with respiratory failure, in newborn infants (neonates), and for the prevention and treatment of atelectasis in patients with difficulty taking deep breaths. In these patients, PAP ventilation can prevent the need for tracheal intubation, or allow earlier extubation. Sometimes patients with neuromuscular diseases use this variety of ventilation as well. CPAP is an acronym for "continuous positive airway pressure", which was developed by Dr. George Gregory and colleagues in the neonatal intensive care unit at the University of California, San Francisco.  A variation of the PAP system was developed by Professor Colin Sullivan at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital in Sydney, Australia, in 1981.

The main difference between BiPAP and CPAP machines is that BiPAP machines have two pressure settings: the prescribed pressure for inhalation (ipap), and a lower pressure for exhalation (epap). The dual settings allow the patient to get more air in and out of their lungs.

Medical uses

The main indications for positive airway pressure are congestive heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. There is some evidence of benefit for those with hypoxia and community acquired pneumonia.

PAP ventilation is often used for patients who have acute type 1 or 2 respiratory failure. Usually PAP ventilation will be reserved for the subset of patients for whom oxygen delivered via a face mask is deemed insufficient or deleterious to health (see  retention). Usually, patients on PAP ventilation will be closely monitored in an intensive care unit, high-dependency unit, coronary care unit or specialist respiratory unit.

The most common conditions for which PAP ventilation is used in hospital are congestive cardiac failure and acute exacerbation of obstructive airway disease, most notably exacerbations of COPD and asthma. It is not used in cases where the airway may be compromised, or consciousness is impaired. CPAP is also used to assist premature babies with breathing in the NICU setting.

The mask required to deliver CPAP must have an effective seal, and be held on very securely. The "nasal pillow" mask maintains its seal by being inserted slightly into the nostrils and being held in place by various straps around the head. Some full-face masks "float" on the face like a hover-craft, with thin, soft, flexible "curtains" ensuring less skin abrasion, and the possibility of coughing and yawning. Some people may find wearing a CPAP mask uncomfortable or constricting: eyeglass wearers and bearded men may prefer the nasal-pillow type of mask. Breathing out against the positive pressure resistance (the expiratory positive airway pressure component, or EPAP) may also feel unpleasant to some patients. These factors lead to inability to continue treatment due to patient intolerance in about 20% of cases where it is initiated. Some machines have pressure relief technologies that makes sleep therapy more comfortable by reducing pressure at the beginning of exhalation and returning to therapeutic pressure just before inhalation. The level of pressure relief is varied based on the patient's expiratory flow, making breathing out against the pressure less difficult. Those who have an anxiety disorder or claustrophobia are less likely to tolerate PAP treatment. Sometimes medication will be given to assist with the anxiety caused by PAP ventilation.

Unlike PAP used at home to splint the tongue and pharynx, PAP is used in hospital to improve the ability of the lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide, and to decrease the work of breathing (the energy expended moving air into and out of the alveoli). This is because:
 During inspiration, the inspiratory positive airway pressure, or IPAP, forces air into the lungs—thus less work is required from the respiratory muscles.
 The bronchioles and alveoli are prevented from collapsing at the end of expiration. If these small airways and alveoli are allowed to collapse, significant pressures are required to re-expand them. This can be explained using the Young–Laplace equation (which also explains why the hardest part of blowing up a balloon is the first breath).
 Entire regions of the lung that would otherwise be collapsed are forced and held open. This process is called recruitment. Usually these collapsed regions of lung will have some blood flow (although reduced). Because these areas of lung are not being ventilated, the blood passing through these areas is not able to efficiently exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide. This is called ventilation–perfusion (or V/Q) mismatch. The recruitment reduces ventilation–perfusion mismatch.
The amount of air remaining in the lungs at the end of a breath is greater (this is called the functional residual capacity). The chest and lungs are therefore more expanded. From this more expanded resting position, less work is required to inspire. This is due to the non-linear compliance–volume curve of the lung.

Disadvantages
A major issue with CPAP is non-adherence. Studies showed that some users either abandon the use of CPAP, and/or use CPAP for only a fraction of the nights.

Prospective PAP candidates are often reluctant to use this therapy, since the nose mask and hose to the machine look uncomfortable and clumsy. Airflow required for some patients can be vigorous. Some patients will develop nasal congestion while others may experience rhinitis or a runny nose.  Some patients adjust to the treatment within a few weeks, others struggle for longer periods, and some discontinue treatment entirely. However, studies show that cognitive behavioral therapy at the beginning of therapy dramatically increases adherence—by up to 148%. While common PAP side effects are merely nuisances, serious side effects such as eustachian tube infection, or pressure build-up behind the cochlea are very uncommon. Furthermore, research has shown that PAP side effects are rarely the reason patients stop using PAP. There are reports of dizziness, sinus infections, bronchitis, dry eyes, dry mucosal tissue irritation, ear pain, and nasal congestion secondary to CPAP use.

PAP manufacturers frequently offer different models at different price ranges, and PAP masks have many different sizes and shapes, so that some users need to try several masks before finding a good fit. These different machines may not be comfortable for all users, so proper selection of PAP models may be very important in furthering adherence to therapy.

Beards, mustaches, or facial irregularities may prevent an air-tight seal. Where the mask contacts the skin must be free from dirt and excess chemicals such as skin oils. Shaving before mask-fitting may be necessary in some cases.  However, facial irregularities of this nature frequently do not hinder the operation of the device or its positive airflow effects for sleep apnea patients.  For many people, the only problem from an incomplete seal is a higher noise level near the face from escaping air.

The CPAP mask can act as an orthodontic headgear and move the teeth and the upper and/or lower jaw backward. This effect can increase over time and may or may not cause TMJ disorders in some patients. These facial changes have been dubbed "Smashed Face Syndrome".

Mechanism of action

Continuous pressure devices

Fixed-pressure CPAP
A continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine was initially used mainly by patients for the treatment of sleep apnea at home, but now is in widespread use across intensive care units as a form of ventilation. Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when the upper airway becomes narrow as the muscles relax naturally during sleep. This reduces oxygen in the blood and causes arousal from sleep. The CPAP machine stops this phenomenon by delivering a stream of compressed air via a hose to a nasal pillow, nose mask, full-face mask, or hybrid, splinting the airway (keeping it open under air pressure) so that unobstructed breathing becomes possible, therefore reducing and/or preventing apneas and hypopneas. It is important to understand, however, that it is the air pressure, and not the movement of the air, that prevents the apneas. When the machine is turned on, but prior to the mask being placed on the head, a flow of air comes through the mask. After the mask is placed on the head, it is sealed to the face and the air stops flowing. At this point, it is only the air pressure that accomplishes the desired result. This has the additional benefit of reducing or eliminating the extremely loud snoring that sometimes accompanies sleep apnea.

The CPAP machine blows air at a prescribed pressure (also called the titrated pressure). The necessary pressure is usually determined by a sleep physician after review of a study supervised by a sleep technician during an overnight study (polysomnography) in a sleep laboratory. The titrated pressure is the pressure of air at which most (if not all) apneas and hypopneas have been prevented, and it is usually measured in centimetres of water (cm). The pressure required by most patients with sleep apnea ranges between 6 and 14 cm. A typical CPAP machine can deliver pressures between 4 and 20 cm. More specialised units can deliver pressures up to 25 or 30 cm.

CPAP treatment can be highly effective in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. For some patients, the improvement in the quality of sleep and quality of life due to CPAP treatment will be noticed after a single night's use. Often, the patient's sleep partner also benefits from markedly improved sleep quality, due to the amelioration of the patient's loud snoring.

Given that sleep apnea is a chronic health issue which commonly doesn't go away, ongoing care is usually needed to maintain CPAP therapy. Based on the study of cognitive behavioral therapy (referenced above), ongoing chronic care management is the best way to help patients continue therapy by educating them on the health risks of sleep apnea and providing motivation and support.

Automatic positive airway pressure
An automatic positive airway pressure device (APAP, AutoPAP, AutoCPAP) automatically titrates, or tunes, the amount of pressure delivered to the patient to the minimum required to maintain an unobstructed airway on a breath-by-breath basis by measuring the resistance in the patient's breathing based on levels of airway blockage such as snore and apnea, thereby giving the patient the precise pressure required at a given moment and avoiding the compromise of fixed pressure.

Bi-level pressure devices
"VPAP" or "BPAP" (variable/bilevel positive airway pressure) provides two levels of pressure: inspiratory positive airway pressure (IPAP) and a lower expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) for easier exhalation. (Some people use the term BPAP to parallel the terms APAP and CPAP.) Often BPAP is incorrectly referred to as "BiPAP". However, BiPAP is the trademarked name of a BPAP machine manufactured by Respironics Corporation; it is just one of many ventilators that can deliver BPAP.
 Modes
 S (Spontaneous) – In spontaneous mode the device triggers IPAP when flow sensors detect spontaneous inspiratory effort and then cycles back to EPAP. The sensors' level of responsiveness may be adjusted if needed.
 T (Timed) – In timed mode the IPAP/EPAP cycling is purely machine-triggered, at a set rate, typically expressed in breaths per minute (BPM).
 S/T (Spontaneous/Timed) – Like spontaneous mode, the device triggers to IPAP on patient inspiratory effort. But in spontaneous/timed mode a "backup" rate is also set to ensure that patients still receive a minimum number of breaths per minute if they fail to breathe spontaneously.

Expiratory positive airway pressure devices

Nasal expiratory positive airway pressure (Nasal EPAP) is a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and snoring.

Contemporary EPAP devices have two small valves that allow air to be drawn in through each nostril, but not exhaled; the valves are held in place by adhesive tabs on the outside of the nose.  The mechanism by which EPAP may work is not clear; it may be that the resistance to nasal exhalation leads to a buildup in  which in turn increases respiratory drive, or that resistance to exhalation generates pressure that forces the upper airway to open wider.

Components
 Flow generator (PAP machine) provides the airflow
 Hose connects the flow generator (sometimes via an in-line humidifier) to the interface
 Interface (nasal or full face mask, nasal pillows, or less commonly a lip-seal mouthpiece) provides the connection to the user's airway

Optional features
 Humidifier adds moisture to low humidity air
 Heated: Heated water chamber that can increase patient comfort by eliminating the dryness of the compressed air. The temperature can usually be adjusted or turned off to act as a passive humidifier if desired. In general, a heated humidifier is either integrated into the unit or has a separate power source (i.e. plug).
 Passive: Air is blown through an unheated water chamber and is dependent on ambient air temperature. It is not as effective as the heated humidifier described above, but still can increase patient comfort by eliminating the dryness of the compressed air. In general, a passive humidifier is a separate unit and does not have a power source.
 Mask liners: Cloth-based mask liners may be used to prevent excess air leakage and to reduce skin irritation and dermatitis.
 Ramp may be used to temporarily lower the pressure if the user does not immediately sleep. The pressure gradually rises to the prescribed level over a period of time that can be adjusted by the patient and/or the DME provider.
 Exhalation pressure relief: Gives a short drop in pressure during exhalation to reduce the effort required. This feature is known by the trade name C-Flex or A-Flex in some CPAPs made by Respironics and EPR in ResMed machines.
 Flexible chin straps may be used to help the patient not breathe through the mouth (full-face masks avoid this problem), thereby keeping a closed pressure system. The straps are elastic enough that the patient can easily open his mouth if he feels that he needs to. Modern straps use a quick-clip instant fit. Velcro-type adjustments allow quick sizing, before or after the machine is turned on.
 Data logging records basic compliance info or detailed event logging, allowing the sleep physician (or patient) to download and analyse data recorded by the machine to verify treatment effectiveness.
 Automatic altitude adjustment versus manual altitude adjustment.
 DC power source versus AC power source.

Such features generally increase the likelihood of PAP tolerance and compliance.

Care and maintenance
As with all durable medical equipment, proper maintenance is essential for proper functioning, long unit life and patient comfort. The care and maintenance required for PAP machines varies with the type and conditions of use, and are typically spelled out in a detailed instruction manual specific to the make and model.

Most manufacturers recommend that the end user perform daily and weekly maintenance. Units must be checked regularly for wear and tear and kept clean. Poorly connected, worn or frayed electrical connections may present a shock or fire hazard; worn hoses and masks may reduce the effectiveness of the unit. Most units employ some type of filtration, and the filters must be cleaned or replaced on a regular schedule. Sometimes HEPA filters may be purchased or modified for asthma or other allergy clients. Hoses and masks accumulate exfoliated skin, particulate matter, and can even develop mold. Humidification units must be kept free of mold and algae. Because units use substantial electrical power, housings must be cleaned without immersion.

For humidification units, cleaning of the water container is imperative for several reasons. First, the container may build up minerals from the local water supply which eventually may become part of the air breathed. Second, the container may eventually show signs of "sludge" coming from dust and other particles which make their way through the air filter which must also be changed as it accumulates dirt. To help clean the unit, some patients have used a very small amount of hydrogen peroxide mixed with the water in the container. They would then let it stand for a few minutes before emptying and rinsing. If this procedure is used, it is imperative to rinse the unit with soap and water before reinstalling onto the machine and breathing.  Anti-bacterial soap is not recommended by sellers. To reduce the risk of contamination, distilled water is a good alternative to tap water. If traveling in areas where the mineral content or purity of the water is unknown or suspect, an alternative is to use a water from a "purifier" such as Brita. In cold climates, humidified air may require insulated and/or heated air hoses. These may be bought ready-made, or built from commonly available materials.

Automated activated oxygen (ozone) cleaners are becoming more popular as a preferred maintenance method.  However, the biological effects of using ozone as a PAP cleaning method has not scientifically been proven to provide a benefit to PAP users.

Portability
Since continuous compliance is an important factor in the success of treatment, it is of importance that patients who travel have access to portable equipment. Progressively, PAP units are becoming lighter and more compact, and often come with carrying cases. Dual-voltage power supplies permit many units to be used internationally - these units only need a travel adapter for the different outlet.

Long-distance travel or camping presents special considerations. Most airport security inspectors have seen the portable machines, so screening rarely presents a special problem. Increasingly, machines are capable of being powered by the 400-Hz power supply used on most commercial aircraft and include manual or automatic altitude adjustment. Machines may easily fit on a ventilator tray on the bottom or back of a power wheelchair with an external battery. Some machines allow power-inverter or car-battery powering.

A limited study in Amsterdam in January 2016 using an induced sleep patient and when awake whilst on CPAP stretched the pectoralis major frontal chest muscles to bring back the shoulders and expand the chest and noted an increase in blood oxygen levels of over 6% during the manual therapy and 5% thereafter. The conclusion by Palmer was that the manual stretching of the pectoralis major combined at the time of the maximum inflation of CPAP allowed the permanent increase in blood oxygen levels and reinflation of collapsed alveoli. Further studies are required.

Some patients on PAP therapy also use supplementary oxygen. When provided in the form of bottled gas, this can present an increased risk of fire and is subject to restrictions. (Commercial airlines generally forbid passengers to bring their own oxygen.) As of November 2006, most airlines permit the use of oxygen concentrators.

Availability

In many countries, PAP machines are only available by prescription. A sleep study at an accredited sleep lab is usually necessary before treatment can start. This is because the pressure settings on the PAP machine must be tailored to a patient's treatment needs. A sleep medicine doctor, who may also be trained in respiratory medicine, psychiatry, neurology, paediatrics, family practice or otolaryngology (ear, nose and throat), will interpret the results from the initial sleep study and recommend a pressure test. This may be done in one night (a split study with the diagnostic testing done in the first part of the night, and CPAP testing done in the later part of the night) or with a follow-up second sleep study during which the CPAP titration may be done over the entire night. With CPAP titration (split night or entire night), the patient wears the CPAP mask and pressure is adjusted up and down from the prescribed setting to find the optimal setting. Studies have shown that split-night protocol is an effective protocol for diagnosing OSA and titrating CPAP. CPAP
compliance rate showed no difference between the split-night and the two-night protocols.

 In the United States, PAP machines are often available at large discounts online, but a patient purchasing a PAP personally must handle the responsibility of securing reimbursement from his or her insurance or Medicare. Many of the internet providers that deal with insurance such as Medicare will provide upgraded equipment to a patient even if he or she only qualifies for a basic PAP. In some locations a government program, separate from Medicare, can be used to claim a reimbursement for all or part of the cost of the PAP device.
 In the United Kingdom, PAP machines are available on National Health Service prescription after a diagnosis of sleep apnea or privately from the internet provided a prescription is supplied.
 In Australia, PAP machines can be bought from the Internet or physical stores. There is no general requirement for a doctor's prescription, but many suppliers will require a referral. Low-income earners who hold a Commonwealth Health Care Card should enquire with their state's health department about programmes that provide free or low-cost PAP machines. Those who have private health insurance may be eligible for a partial rebate on the cost of a CPAP machine and the mask. Superannuation may be released for the purchase of essential medical equipment such as PAP machines, on the provision of letters from two doctors, one of whom must be a specialist, and an application to the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority (APRA).
 In Canada, CPAP units are widely available in all provinces. Funding for the therapy varies from province to province. In the province of Ontario, the Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care's Assistive Devices Program will fund a portion of the cost of a CPAP unit based on a sleep study in an approved sleep lab showing Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome and the signature of an approved physician on the application form. This funding is available to all residents of Ontario with a valid health card.

References

Intensive care medicine
Medical equipment
Medical pumps
Respiratory system procedures
Treatment of sleep disorders
Mechanical ventilation
Australian inventions

Positive airway pressure


George Helm Yeaman (* 1. November 1829 im Hardin County, Kentucky; † 23. Februar 1908 in Jersey City, New Jersey) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1862 und 1865 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Kentucky im US-Repräsentantenhaus. Von 1865 bis 1870 war er amerikanischer Gesandter in Dänemark.

Werdegang
George Yeaman besuchte die Grundschule und studierte danach Jura. Nach seiner 1852 erfolgten Zulassung als Rechtsanwalt begann er in Owensboro in diesem Beruf zu arbeiten. Im Jahr 1854 wurde er Richter im Daviess County. 1861 wurde er als Unionist in das Repräsentantenhaus von Kentucky gewählt. Nach dem Rücktritt des Abgeordneten James Streshly Jackson wurde Yeaman im zweiten Wahlbezirk von Kentucky als dessen Nachfolger in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 1. Dezember 1862 sein neues Mandat antrat. Bis zum 3. März 1863 beendete Yeaman die Legislaturperiode seines Vorgängers. Anschließend konnte er nach einer Wiederwahl bis zum 3. März 1865 eine volle Amtszeit im Kongress verbringen. Diese war von den Ereignissen des Bürgerkrieges geprägt.

Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1864 verlor Yeaman gegen Burwell C. Ritter von der Demokratischen Partei. Nach seinem Ausscheiden aus dem US-Repräsentantenhaus wurde er zum amerikanischen Gesandten in Dänemark ernannt, wo er auf Samuel Jordan Kirkwood folgte. Dieses Amt bekleidete er bis zum Jahr 1870. Nach seiner Rückkehr in die Vereinigten Staaten ließ er sich in New York City nieder. Dort hielt er am Columbia College juristische Vorlesungen. Außerdem wurde Yeaman Präsident der Medico-Legal Society of New York. Er starb am 23. Februar 1908 in Jersey City.

In der Filmbiografie Lincoln (2012) von Steven Spielberg wurde er durch Michael Stuhlbarg dargestellt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Kentucky
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Kentucky
Botschafter der Vereinigten Staaten in Dänemark
Richter (Vereinigte Staaten)
Rechtsanwalt (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1829
Gestorben 1908
Mann

George Helm Yeaman


HNK Kopanice je hrv. bosanskohercegovački nogometni klub iz Kopanica, Vidovice.

Osnovan je 1974. godine kao Jedinstvo.

Na području općine Orašje aktivno je djelovalo jedanaest nogometnih klubova, koji se natječu u četiri različita stupnja i ligaška natjecanja. Kopanice su bile član 2. ŽNL Posavine. Svi osim Kopanica nisu imale uključeni sastav u Omladinskoj ligi Posavskog ŽNS-a.

Izvori

Hrvatski nogometni klubovi u Bosni i Hercegovini
Kopanice

HNK Kopanice


Safran S.A. () er en fransk multinational flymotor, raketmotor, luftfartskomponent og sikkerhedsvirksomhed. Den blev etableret ved en sammenlægning mellem fly- og raketmotor og luftfartskomponentproducenten SNECMA og sikkerhedsvirksomheden SAGEM i 2005. Hovedkvarteret for virksomheden ligger i Paris. Koncernen er en del af aktieindeksene CAC 40 og Euro Stoxx 50.
Koncernens omsætning var i 2014 på 15,4 mia. Euro og der var 62.500 ansatte i 2012.

Navn
Navnet Safran, betyder bogstaveligt talt "rorblade", det blev valgt ud af 4.250 forslag. Navnet betragtes som passende for holdingselskabets retning, bevægelser og strategi. Safran kan også oversættes som krydderiet safran, som virksomheden nævner som en markør for tidlig international handel.

Ejerforhold
63,5 % af aktierne i Safran er fri markedskapital, 22 % er ejet af den franske stat og 14,4 % er ejet af medarbejderne.

Historie
I 1905 etablerede Louis Seguin virksomheden Gnome. Produktionen af den første rotormotor til fly, Gnome Omega, begyndte i 1909. Denne virksomhed fusionerede med Le Rhône, en virksomhed etableret i 1912 af Louis Verdet og Gnome et Rhône motorvirksomheden blev til. Gnome & Rhône blev nationaliseret i 1945 og blev til Snecma. I 2000 ændrede virksomheden navn til "Snecma Group" og gennemførte en række opkøb. En større koncern med supplerende forretninger blev skabt.

Sagem (Société d'Applications Générales de l'Electricité et de la Mécanique) blev etableret i 1924 af Marcel Môme. I 1939 gik Sagem ind på telefon og transmissionsmarkedet ved at tage kontrol over Société anonyme des télécommunications (SAT). I 1999 overtog det Société de Fabrication d'Instruments de Mesure (Sfim), en specialist i måleinstrumenter. I 2008 blev Sagem Mobile og Sagem Communications frasolgt. Sagem Mobile blev til Sagem Wireless i januar 2009.

Safran-koncernen
Safran-koncernen blev etableret 11. maj 2005 ved en fusion af Snecma og Sagem SA.

Den er delt i tre hovedafdelinger:

Aerospace propulsion
Aerospace propulsion afdelingen samler alle aktiviteter med betydning for fremdrift af fly, helikoptere, raketter, affyringsramper, til civilluftfart, militærluftfart og rumfart. Det gælder design, produktion, markedsføring, test, vedligeholdelse, reparation og eftersyn.

 Snecma (tidligere Snecma Moteurs)
 Kommercielle og militære motorer

 Turbomeca
 Turboshaft motorer til helikoptorer
 Jetmotorer til trænings og støttefly
 Turbiner til raketter og droner (Microturbo datterselskab)
 APU (Microturbo datterselskab)

 Herakles (tidligere Snecma Propulsion Solide)
 Solide raketmotorer til affyringsramper, strategiske og taktiske misiler
 Thermostructural kompositmaterialer

 Techspace Aero
 Komponenter til fly- og raketmotorer

Øvrige dattterselskaber
 Cenco
 Smartec
 SMA Engines
 Snecma Services Brussels
 Snecma Suzhou
 Snecma Xinyi Airfoil Castings

Luftfartsudstyr

Luftfartsudstyrsafdelingen designer, producerer, sælger og servicerer systemer og udstyr til civil og militær luftfart.

 Messier-Bugatti-Dowty
 Landingsstel design, produktion og service
 Hjul og karbonbremsere for primære kommericelle jetfly
 Bremsekontrolsystemer og hydrauliske systemer

 Aircelle
 Kommercielle flymotorer nacelles og thrust reversers

 Labinal
 Ledningssystemer til fly

 Hispano-Suiza
 Mekanisk, hydraulisk, elektronisk og elektrisk udstyr

 Safran Engineering Services
 Ingeniør og konsulentvirksomhed

 Technofan
 Fan designer og producent

Øvrige datterselskaber
 Cinch Connectors
 Globe Motors
 SLCA
 Sofrance
 Technofan Inc.

Forsvar og sikkerhed

Forsvarsdivisionen opererer i civile- militære- rumfartsmarkeder og dækker de følgende områder: inertial vejledning og navigationsudstyr (SIGMA INS er baseret på ring laser gyro sensorer), optroniske systemer og udstyr, avionik systemer, UAV (ubemandede luftfartøjer) systemer, luft-land systemer og udstyr, biometriske identifikationssystemer, sikre transaktionsterminaler og smartcard. 1. juli 2009 godkendte Europæiske Union overtagelsen af 81 % GE Security divisionen, som producerer luftfartssikkerhedssystemer og biometriske identifikationssystemer.

Safrans biometriske produkter og teknologier udgør "biometric data acquisition terminals, enrollment services, and processing software" benyttet i Aadhaar i Indiens nationale identifikationsnummer system og den største biometriske database i verden.

 Sagem
 Teknologier og services i optronik, avionik, elektronik og sikkerhedskritisk software

 Morpho
 Multibiometriske teknologier, smartcard, sikkerhedstransaktioner, identitetsstyringsløsninger, sprængstofdetekteringssystemer

Øvrige datterselskaber
Forsvar
 Sagem Avionics
 Vectronix

Sikkerhed
 MorphoTrak (amerikansk datterselskab til Morpho, tidligere Sagem Morpho):
 Sagem Orga (nu en division af Morpho):
 Morpho Detection (nu en division af Morpho, tidligere GE Homeland Protection):
 MorphoTrust USA (amerikansk datterselskab til Morpho USA, tidligere L-1 Identity Solutions):

Øvrige
 Safran Conseil

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Officielle webside
 Official website of Morpho, Safran's security business

Fremstillingsvirksomheder fra Frankrig
Etableret i 2005
Virksomheder i Paris
Motorproducenter

Safran S.A.


Australia a participat pentru prima dată la Jocurile Olimpice la prima ediție a Jocurilor moderne de la Atena și de atunci a trimis o delegația la toate Jocurile de vară și de iarnă, cu excepția ediției de iarnă din 1948. Codul CIO este AUS. A fost țară-gazdă la Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1956 de la Melbourne și la cele din 2000 de la Sydney.

Medalii după olimpiadă
Marginea roșie înseamnă ca Suedia a fost țara-gazdă.

Medalii la Jocurile de vară

Medalii la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă

Sportivii cei mai medaliați

Referințe
  Australia la Comitetul Internațional Olimpic
  Rezultate olimpice ale Bulgariei  pe Sports Reference

Australia la Jocurile Olimpice


Sobna jelica (Norfolška araukarija, lat. Araucaria heterophylla), vrsta drveta iz porodice araukarijevki, endem s otoka Norfolk.

Naraste 50 do 70 m. visine. Kora je sivo-smeđa. Popularno je kao ukrasno drvo u Australiji, Novom Zelandu, Havajima, Kaliforniji, i drugdje. IUCN izvještava da je vrsta ugrožena zbog ograničene i fragmentirane rasprostranjenosti, kao i pada kvalitete staništa.

Najstariji primjerak ove vrste star je 170 godina

Opis
Norfolški bor (kako ga nazivaju na engleskom), zimzeleno je drvo i ukrasna crnogorica iz obitelji Araucariaceae, podrijetlom s otoka Norfolk, smještenog u južnom Tihom oceanu između Nove Kaledonije i Novog Zelanda. Drvo velikih stabala koristi se u građevinarstvu, namještaju i brodogradnji. Biljka se uzgaja kao vanjski ukras u regijama s mediteranskom klimom, a atraktivne mladice diljem svijeta uzgajaju se kao sobne biljke. Bor s otoka Norfolk otkriven je tijekom druge ekspedicije kapetana Jamesa Cooka (1772–75) i ubrzo nakon toga uveden je u uzgoj. Unatoč uobičajenom nazivu, biljka nije pravi bor.

U prirodi bor na otoku Norfolk može narasti do visine od 60 metara (200 stopa), s deblom koje ponekad doseže 3 metra (10 stopa) u promjeru. Grane su raspoređene u simetrično, a debla su karakteristično ravna. Listovi mladih biljaka su igličasti i zakrivljeni prema gore, dok su listovi zrelih stabala ljuskasti i gusto se preklapaju. Okrugli ženski češeri su bodljikavi i dosežu promjer do 15 cm (6 inča). Neobična značajka ove vrste je da bočne grane odrezane sa stabla i ukorijenjene u tlu nastavljaju rasti vodoravno i nikada ne daju uspravnu stabljiku.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 The Gymnosperm Database

Araukarijevke
Flora Norfolka

Sobna jelica


The Accipitrinae are the subfamily of the Accipitridae often known as the "true" hawks, including all members of Accipiter and the closely related genera Microspizias,  Erythrotriorchis, and Megatriorchis. The large and widespread genus Accipiter includes goshawks, sparrowhawks, the sharp-shinned hawk and others. They are primarily woodland birds that hunt by sudden dashes from a concealed perch, with long tails, broad wings and high visual acuity facilitating this lifestyle. In light of recent genetic research, the kites of the traditional subfamily Milvinae may also belong to this group.

Hawks, including the accipitrines, are believed to have vision several times sharper than humans, in part because of the great number of photoreceptor cells in their retinas (up to 1,000,000 per square mm, against 200,000 for humans), a very high number of nerves connecting the receptors to the brain, and an indented fovea, which magnifies the central portion of the visual field.

Species in taxonomic order

 Subfamily Accipitrinae
 Genus Accipiter
 African goshawk, A. tachiro
 Besra, A. virgatus
 Bicolored hawk, A. bicolor
 Black sparrowhawk, A. melanoleucus
 Brown goshawk, A. fasciatus
 Chestnut-flanked sparrowhawk, A. castanilius
 Chinese sparrowhawk, A. soloensis
 Christmas goshawk, Accipiter fasciatus natalis
 Collared sparrowhawk, A. cirrocephalus
 Cooper's hawk, A. cooperii
 Crested goshawk, A. trivirgatus
 Dwarf sparrowhawk, A. nanus
 Eurasian sparrowhawk, A. nisus
 Fiji goshawk, A. rufitorques
 Frances's sparrowhawk, A. francesii
 Grey goshawk, A. novaehollandiae
 Grey-bellied hawk, A. poliogaster
 Grey-headed goshawk, A. poliocephalus
 Gundlach's hawk, A. gundlachi
 Henst's goshawk, A. henstii
 Imitator sparrowhawk, A. imitator
 Japanese sparrowhawk, A. gularis
 Levant sparrowhawk, A. brevipes
 Little sparrowhawk, A. minullus
 Madagascar sparrowhawk, A. madagascariensis
 Moluccan goshawk, A. henicogrammus
 Meyer's goshawk, A. meyerianus
 New Britain goshawk, A. princeps
 New Britain sparrowhawk, A. brachyurus
 Nicobar sparrowhawk, A. butleri
 Northern goshawk, A. gentilis
 Ovambo sparrowhawk, A. ovampensis
 Pied goshawk, A. albogularis
 Plain-breasted hawk, A. ventralis
 Red-chested goshawk, A. toussenelii
 Red-thighed sparrowhawk, A. erythropus
 Rufous-chested sparrowhawk, A. rufiventris
 Rufous-necked sparrowhawk, A. erythrauchen
 Rufous-thighed hawk, A. erythronemius
 Sharp-shinned hawk, A. striatus
 Shikra, A. badius
 Slaty-mantled sparrowhawk, A. luteoschistaceus
 Spot-tailed sparrowhawk, A. trinotatus
 Sulawesi goshawk, A. griseiceps
 Vinous-breasted sparrowhawk, A. rhodogaster
 White-bellied goshawk, A. haplochrous
 Genus Erythrotriorchis
 Chestnut-shouldered goshawk, E. buergersi
 Red goshawk, E. radiatus
 Genus Megatriorchis
 Doria's goshawk, M. doriae
 Genus Microspizias
 Tiny hawk, M. superciliosus
 Semicollared hawk, M. collaris
Several genera or species formerly classified in this subfamily, such as Micronisus, Urotriorchis and Circus, have since been moved out of Accipitrinae following phylogenetic studies. In contrast, other genera such as Microspizias, and Lophospiza have since been reclassified into Accipitrinae.

Hawks and humans
Hawks are sometimes used in falconry, a sport in which trained birds of prey are flown at small game for sport.

References

External links
Hawk videos on the Internet Bird Collection
Hawk photos taken on the central coast of California.

Bird subfamilies
Birds of prey
Accipitridae

Accipitrinae


Parodia aureicentra ist eine Pflanzenart aus der Gattung Parodia in der Familie der Kakteengewächse (Cactaceae). Das Artepitheton aureicentra leitet sich von den lateinischen Worten aureus für 'gelb' sowie centrum für 'Mitte' ab und verweist auf die Farbe der Mitteldornen.

Beschreibung
Parodia aureicentra wächst einzeln. Die dunkelgrünen kugelförmigen Triebe sind dicht bedornt und erreichen Durchmesser von bis zu 15 Zentimeter. Es sind 13 bis 15 Rippen vorhanden. Die auf ihnen befindlichen Areolen sind weiß bewollt. Die sechs bis zehn dunkel gelblich braunen Mitteldornen weisen Längen von 1,5 bis 2 Zentimeter auf. Einige von ihnen sind meist etwas bis deutlich gehakt. Die etwa 40 borstenartigen Randdornen sind ebenfalls dunkel gelblich braun und bis zu 1,2 Zentimeter lang.

Die leuchtend tiefroten Blüten erreichen Durchmesser von bis zu 4 Zentimeter. Die Früchte enthalten kleine braune Samen.

Verbreitung, Systematik und Gefährdung
Parodia aureicentra ist in der argentinischen Provinz Salta verbreitet.

Die Erstbeschreibung durch Curt Backeberg wurde 1936 veröffentlicht. Ein nomenklatorisches Synonym ist Bolivicactus aureicentrus  (2000). Es gibt zahlreiche weitere Synonyme.

In der Roten Liste gefährdeter Arten der IUCN wird die Art als " (NT)", d. h. als gering gefährdet geführt.

Nachweise

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

Parodia (Kakteen)
Aureicentra

Parodia aureicentra


This is an overview of the postage stamps and postal history of Australia.

Postal history
The six self-governing Australian colonies that formed the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901 operated their own postal service and issued their own stamps – see articles on the systems on New South Wales (first stamps issued 1850), Victoria (1850), Tasmania (1853), Western Australia (1854), South Australia (1855) and Queensland (1860). Section 51(v) of the Australian Constitution empowered the Commonwealth to make laws in respect of "postal, telegraphic, telephonic, and other like services".

The Commonwealth created the Postmaster-General's Department on 1 March 1901, which took over all the colonial mail systems and the then-current colony stamps. These stamps continued to be valid and became de facto Commonwealth stamps. Some of these stamps continued to be used for some time following the introduction in 1913 of the Commonwealth's uniform postage stamp series. These stamps continued to be valid for postage until 14 February 1966 when the introduction of decimal currency invalidated all stamps bearing the earlier currency.

Circumstances precluded the immediate issue of a uniform Commonwealth postage stamp. But there was no hindrance in respect to a Postage Due series. The first of these, the design of which was based on the current New South Wales postage due stamps, was issued in July 1902.

Postal rates became uniform between the new states on 1 May 1911 because of the extension of the United Kingdom domestic postal rate of 1d per half ounce (Imperial Penny Post) to Australia as a member of the British Empire. One penny became the uniform domestic postage rate. One penny postcards and lettercards also appeared in 1911. In the same year, the Postmaster-General's Department held a stamp design competition for a uniform series of Commonwealth postage stamps. This competition attracted over one thousand entries.

The "Roo" stamp

For most, Australian philately proper begins on 2 January 1913, 12 years after federation, with the issue of a red 1d (one penny) Kangaroo and Map, the design of which was adopted in part from the entry that won the Stamp Design Competition. This was the first definitive stamp with the sole nomenclature "Australia".  Although the delay between federation and the first stamps had several causes, one of the major reasons was political wrangling regarding the design.  There was a considerable amount of opposition to any inclusion of British royal symbols or profiles.

A design completion was announced in 1911, and several designs, including royal profiles were chosen.  The government decided on having only one design, and Charlie Frazer, then postmaster-general, inspired the basic outline of the new design. Blamire Young, a local watercolour artist, was commissioned to produce the final design.

The first definitive issue had fifteen stamps ranging in value from ½d (halfpenny) to £2 (two pounds). The Kangaroo and Map design was ordered by the Fisher Labor Government, which had in its ranks a number of pro-republicans who strenuously opposed the incorporation of the monarch's profile on Australian stamps. One of the first acts of the Cook Liberal Government, sworn in on 14 June 1913, was to order a series of postage stamps with the profile of George V. On 8 December 1913 the first of these, an engraved 1d carmine-red, appeared. Soon after, typographed values of the design ranging from ½d (halfpenny) to 1/4d (one shilling and four pence) appeared. The Postmaster-General's Department then went on to keep both basic designs on issue – 38 years for the Kangaroo and Map design, and 23 years for the George V (upon his death).

In 1948, H. Dormer Legge published the first definitive study of these stamps, The Kangaroo Issues of the stamps of the Commonwealth of Australia.

Later definitive stamps
With the accession of George VI in 1936 until the early 1970s, Australian definitives featured the monarch, Australian fauna and Australian flora.  However, particularly in the late 1950s, the depiction of the monarch – now Elizabeth II – on Australian definitives became confined to the base domestic letter rate and the preceding minor values. With the introduction of decimal currency on 14 February 1966, 24 new definitives were issued – the monarch was featured on the minor values (1c to 3c) and on the base domestic letter rate (4c) and the remainder featured Australian birds, Australian marine life, and early Australian maritime explorers. A feature of this issue was that where there was a direct conversion of value, the design was changed to reflect the new decimal currency value – for example, the 2/6d (two shilling and sixpence) Scarlet Robin definitive (issued 21 April 1965) become the new 25c decimal currency value; likewise the £2 (two pounds) Phillip Parker King definitive (issued 26 August 1964) became the new $4 decimal currency value.

The last base domestic letter rate definitive stamp featuring the monarch appeared on 1 October 1971. Since then, the designs of all Australian definitive values have focused on fauna, flora, reptiles, butterflies, marine life, gemstones, paintings, handicrafts, visual arts, community and the like. From 1980, a stamp has been issued annually to commemorate the monarch's birthday.

First commemorative stamp
Australia's first commemorative stamp was issued on 9 May 1927 to mark the opening of the first Parliament House in Canberra. Subsequently, issues have appeared regularly commemorating Australian achievements and landmarks in Australian history. The first Australian multicoloured stamps appeared on 31 October 1956 as part of the Melbourne Olympic Games commemorative issue. These were printed by a foreign company. The first Australian-printed multicoloured stamp, commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Australian Inland Mission, was issued on 5 September 1962.

There have been many special issues. The first Christmas stamp appeared on 6 November 1957. In recent years, designs for the Christmas issue have alternated each year between the religious and the secular. From 1993, in October of every year, Australia Post has commemorated Stamp Collecting month with special issues, typically featuring topics that are of interest to children such as pets, native fauna and space. Commencing with the 2000 Sydney Olympic Games, during the Summer and Winter Olympic Games, stamps featuring Australians who have won an Olympic gold medal are issued on the next postal business day after the achievement.

Airmails
Australia's first airmail-designated stamp appeared on 20 May 1929.  A special 3d (three pence) airmail stamp was available for mail sent on the Perth-Adelaide air service. The cost of this service was 3d per ½ oz plus normal postage. On 19 March 1931 and 4 November 1931, a further two airmail-designated stamps, both 6d (sixpence), appeared. After these, general definitives were used for mail sent by air.

Stamp booklets
Coin-operated vending machines were introduced in 1960 and have continued in various forms to the present day. These included Frama vending machines stamps, first issued in 1984 and discontinued in 2003, as well as various booklets. Booklet stamps were discontinued in 1973 but were reintroduced some years later. Stamp booklets were available from Advance Bank ATMs from 1984 until the bank's merger with St George Bank in 1996. These were Australia's first (and, to date, only) triangular stamp issue.

Self-adhesive stamps
Self-adhesive stamps were first issued in 1990. The first self-adhesive commemoratives appeared in 1993. Self-adhesive stamps have proved popular with users and very soon came to be in more common use than gummed stamps. Australia issues gummed versions of all self-adhesive stamps.

Prior to 1997, the only living persons to appear on stamps were the reigning monarch and other members of the royal family. Since 1997, Australia Post has issued stamps commemorating living Australians. In particular, an annual Australian Legends issue has commemorated living Australians who have made some significant contribution during their lives.

Stamps with personalized tabs were introduced in 1999. Australia Post has also used tabs to commemorate themes and individuals not considered significant enough for a stamp issue of their own.

Postal rates
Since the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax, separate stamps were introduced for domestic and international postage in 2001. Stamps inscribed "International Post" are not valid for domestic postage. Domestic stamps can be used for overseas postage but contribute less than face value towards the postage (the user must deduct the tax component).

Official Service stamps
From the 1913 to 1930, Commonwealth and State Government agencies used stamps (perfins) punctured with OS ("Official Service"). In 1931 the puncturing system was abandoned and stamps for government mail were overprinted OS. In February 1933, it was decided that government mail would no longer require postage stamps. The exception to OS stamps being restricted for the use of government agencies was the 4 November 1931 6d airmail stamp. The OS overprinted stamp was sold over post office counters to prevent speculation and was valid for all types of mail.

Joint issues
Australia has had joint stamp issues with New Zealand (1958, 1963 and 1988), the United Kingdom (1963, 1988 and 2005), some of its external territories (1965), the United States of America (1988), the U.S.S.R. (1990), People's Republic of China (1995), Germany (1996), Indonesia (1996), Singapore (1998), Greece (2000), Hong Kong (2001), Sweden (2001), France (2002) and Thailand (2002).

Postal stationery
Postal stationery was first issued by the Commonwealth of Australia in April 1911. Postcards based on the design of South Australia 1893 postcards and a "Stamp" design of a full face of King George V, engraved by Samuel Reading,  were issued in April 1911. Letter Cards with the same "Stamp" design were also issued. Envelopes, Registered envelopes and Newspaper wrappers were first issued in 1913, using the "Kangaroo on Map" "Stamp" design by Blamire Young. Aerogrammes were first issued in 1944.

External territories
Each Australian external territory has a specific postal and philatelic history.

Formerly administered by New South Wales, Norfolk Island used that colony's stamps after 1877. Norfolk Island used stamps of Australia between 1913 and 1947, attained postal independence and issued its own stamps on 10 June 1947. Norfolk Island lost postal independence in 2016.

The Territory of Papua, officially a British colony but administered by Australia, issued its own stamps from 1901. before this, it had used Queensland stamps. Stamps of Australia were issued there between 1945 and 1953 in the new Territory of Papua and New Guinea.

Transferred from Singapore to Australia by the United Kingdom in the 1950s, Christmas Island and Cocos (Keeling) Islands were progressively and separately integrated into the Australian postal system and losing their postal and philatelic independence in the 1990s. While Christmas Island had postal independence and issued its own stamps since 1958, the Cocos Islands used stamps of Australia from 1952 until its postal independence in 1979. The first Cocos stamps were issued in 1963.

Both territories lost their postal independence to Australia Post in 1993 for Christmas Island and 1994 for the Cocos Islands. Consequently, their stamps became valid within Australia and stamps of Australia became valid in the islands.

The Australian Antarctic Territory had always been using stamps of Australia but disposed of its stamps since 27 March 1957. They are valid for postage within Australia.

Military occupations and mandates

With military operations during World War I, Australia occupied two former German colonies, German New Guinea and Nauru. German colonial stamps were overprinted, followed by Australian stamps overprinted "North West Pacific Islands" in 1915. In the 1920s, stamps were issued for these two territories as League of Nations mandates.

Nauru and New Guinea were under Japanese occupation in 1942. At the end of World War II, in 1945, stamps of Australia were used in mandate of New Guinea and in Papua until 1 March 1953. The new combined Territory of Papua and New Guinea received its own stamps bearing the name "Territory of Papua and New Guinea" until its independence in 1975.

British Commonwealth Occupation Force

Between October 1946 and February 1949, in occupied Japan, the Australian stamps used as such by the military post offices were overprinted "B.C.O.F. / JAPAN / 1946" to avoid speculation on the currency value.

See also
Kangaroo stamps of Australia
Postage stamps and postal history of the Australian Antarctic Territory
Postage stamps and postal history of New South Wales
Postage stamps and postal history of Queensland
Postage stamps and postal history of South Australia
South Australian stamp overprints
Postage stamps and postal history of Tasmania
Postage stamps and postal history of Victoria
 Postage stamps and postal history of Western Australia
 Revenue stamps of Australia
 Postage stamps and postal history of New Zealand
 List of postage rates in Australia

References and sources
Notes

Sources
 Australia Post Philatelic Group: Australian Stamp Bulletin. Melbourne: Australian Postal Corporation, various bulletins.
 Higgs, John: The Australasian Stamp Catalogue. Sydney: Seven Seas Stamps, 1996.
 Kellow, Geoffrey, and others: Australian Commonwealth Specialist' Catalogue. Sydney: Brunsden-White, 1988–2002.
 Pitt, Alan: Stamps of Australia. Sydney: Renniks Publications, 2005.

Further reading

Dormer Legge, H. (1948) The Kangaroo Issues of the stamps of the Commonwealth of Australia. Melbourne: Orlo Smith & Co.
Dormer Legge, H. (1979) The 1913 Penny Kangaroo of Australia. London: Stanley Gibbons.

 Rosenblum, Alec A. The Stamps of the Commonwealth of Australia: a handbook for philatelists. Melbourne: Acacia Press, 1968 636p.

External links
 Australia and New Zealand Revenue and Railway Fee Stamp Catalogue
 The 1913 Kangaroo and Map Stamps — A Controversial "Advertisement for Australia"
  Australian stamps since 1913

Philately of Australia
Postal history of Australia
Postage stamps of Australia

Postage stamps and postal history of Australia


ලින් ඩැන් (උපත 1983, ඔක්තෝබර් 14) යනු චීනය වෙනුවෙන් තරඟ කරන වෘත්තීමය බැඩ්මින්ටන් ක්‍රීඩකයෙකි. ඔහු ඔලිම්පික් ශූරතා දෙකක්, ලෝක ශූරතා 5ක් සහ All England ශූරතා 5ක් හිමි කරගෙන ඇත. එදා මෙදා තුර බිහිවූ හොඳම බැඩ්මින්ටන් ක්‍රීඩකයන් අතුරින් විශිෂ්ටතමයා ලෙස සැලකුම් ලබයි. අවුරුදු 28 වන විට ලින් ඔලිම්පික් තරඟ, ලෝක ශූරතා, ලෝක කුසලාන, තෝමස් කුසලාන, සුඩිර්මන් කුසලාන, සුපර් සීරීස් මාස්ටර්ස් ෆයිනල්ස්, ඕල් එංග්ලන්ඩ් විවෘත, ආසියානු ක්‍රීඩා තරඟ, සහ ආසියානු ශූරතා යන බැඩ්මින්ටන් ලෝකයේ ප්‍රධානතම තරඟාවලි සියල්ලක්ම ජයග්‍රහණය කරමින්, එවැන්නක් සිදු කල පළමුවැන්නා බවට පත් විය.

1983 උපත්
ක්‍රීඩක ක්‍රීඩිකාවෝ

ලින් ඩැන්


La LDLC Arena, appelé par contrat de naming avec LDLC pour la période 2023-2031, est une salle omnisports, propriété de OL Groupe. Le bâtiment sert principalement pour le sport et les concerts.

Historique

Projet de construction
Le , le club annonce un projet de salle multifonction. Cette future salle accueillera notamment les matchs de LDLC ASVEL en EuroLigue. En 2021, la salle se nomme « OL Vallée Arena ». Le , OL Groupe et Groupe LDLC annoncent un accord sur le naming de la salle qui se nommera « LDLC Arena ».

Evènements

Concerts

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 OL Groupe
 Olympique lyonnais
 Parc Olympique lyonnais
 ASVEL Lyon-Villeurbanne

Liens externes

Salle de basket-ball en Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes
Sport à Décines-Charpieu
Olympique lyonnais
ASVEL Lyon-Villeurbanne

LDLC Arena


Linnets jul er det 17. studiealbum af den danske sangerinde og sangskriver Anne Linnet, der udkom den 22. november 2010 via Sony Music.

Spor

Personel
Anne Linnet - sang, kor, producer, tekstforfatter, komponist
Donna Cadogan - kor
Engelina Larsen - kor
Jesper Bo Hansen - elorgel, elklaver
Jonas Krag - guitar, dobro
Jon Grundtvig - trommer
Marcus Linnet - elbas, coproducer

Referencer

Anne Linnet-album
Album fra 2015
Julealbum

Linnets jul


ඒ ආර් රහුමාන් යනු දකූණු ඉන්දියාෙව් උපන් දැනට ඔසකාර් සම්මාන ලාභී එකම ඉන්දියාණු සංගීතඥයා ෙව් .ෙමාහු දමිල සංගීතය විෙශ්ෂෙයන් චිතපට සංගීතය වඩා සාස්තීය අංශය කරා ෙයාමු කරීමට පුෙරා්ගාමී වුණා. සාම්පදියික ෙව්ග රද්ම දමිල සංගීතය ෙවනුවට නිදහෙස් රස විදිය හැකි දමිල ගී නිර්මාණ බිහිකිරීම ආරම්බවනෙන් ඒ.ආර් ආගමනයත් සමගයි. වන්ෙද් මිතරම්, චින්න චින හාසයි, හරිහරන්ෙග් තූහිෙර් වැනි ගීත සියළ ජාතීන්ට රස විධිය හැකි වී ඔහු  සංගීතය තූල ලැබූ පරිතභාවෙය් ජයගූහණයනය.

ඒ අිර් රහුමාන්


Jeongan (정안) ou Anjeong (안정), née le 22 janvier 1355 et morte le 2 août 1412, est le nom posthume de la femme du roi Jeongjong, deuxième monarque de la période période Joseon en Corée. Elle était honorée de 1398 a l'abdication de son mari en 1400 sous le nom de Deok (덕) et sous le nom de Sundeok Dowager (순덕왕대) après cet événement. Elle a aussi été connue sous le nom de reine Ahn.

Notes et références

Naissance en 1355
Décès en 1412
Reine consort de Corée
Personnalité de la période Joseon

Jeongan


Krčki poni je hrvatska pasmina malena i čvrsta konja za jahanje i teglenje. Potječe s otoka Krka, kao i druge dvije autohtone pasmine krčko govedo i krčka ovca.
Krčki je poni gotovo izumrla pasmina. Prije svoga gotovog nestanka dobro je dokumentiran. Manjega je tjelesnog okvira u odnosu na novija zapažanja o današnjoj populaciji tovarnog konja mediteranske Hrvatske. Tijelo im je maleno i čvrsto.

Vidi
Podveleški tip bosanskoga brdskog konja

Literatura
Roman Ozimec: "Krčki poni, izumrla pasmina s otoka Krka?", Krčki kalendar 2014., 101-104. Glosa, Rijeka
Ogrizek, A. (1922.): Studie über die Abstammung des Insel-Veglia (Krk-) Ponys. Arbeiten des Lehrkanzel für Tierzucht an der Hochschule für Bodenkultur in Wien, 73-100

Izvori

Krk
Hrvatske konjske pasmine

Krčki poni


Lutz Quambusch (vollständig: Lutz Albrecht Quambusch; * 9. Mai 1944 in Fürstenwalde) ist ein deutscher Maler und Bildhauer in Witten.

Leben
Lutz Quambusch wurde als Sohn des Hans Albrecht Quambusch und der Mathilde Fellguth geboren und lebt seit 1945, unterbrochen durch längere Auslandsaufenthalte, in Witten. Von 1966 bis 1968 absolvierte er an der Staatlichen Hochschule für bildende Künste (Städelschule) in Frankfurt am Main ein Studium in Malerei und Freier Grafik bei Paul Eliasberg. Dem schloss sich 1968 bis 1971 ein Studium der Linguistik, Philosophie und Romanistik an der Universität Zürich an. Gleichzeitig absolvierte er ein Volontariat als Goldschmied.

Von 1971 bis 1979 arbeitete Lutz Quambusch im Burgund, in Stockholm und London als Maler, Bildhauer und Goldschmied. Später kam als das Betexten von Buchobjekten hinzu. 1980 verlegte er seinen Hauptwohnsitz zurück nach Witten wo er sich zunehmend auch im kulturellen Leben der Ruhrstadt engagierte. So organisierte er im Auftrag der Stadt Anfang der 1980er-Jahre vier Ausstellungen mit jeweils acht Wittener Künstlern. Mit einer Gruppe von sechs Künstlern veranstaltete er 1981–1985 den "Wittener Herbst – die kleinsten Kulturtage Europas", ehe er 1985 den Wittener Künstlerbund mitgründete, dessen Vorsitzender er bis 1991 war. Seit 1999 ist er künstlerischer Leiter der städtischen Galerie Haus Herbede.

Lutz Quambusch hat das Gesicht Wittens durch Gemälde und Skulpturen mitgeprägt. Er entwarf die neue Amtskette des Bürgermeisters der Stadt und wurde 2002 Preisträger im Rahmen des Projekts "Ab in die Mitte", das in Nordrhein-Westfalen für eine Belebung der Innenstädte durch künstlerische Aktivitäten sorgen soll. Er realisierte damals drei Projekte: "Urwald in der City", "Die erste Wittener Buchmesse" und "Skulptur im Stadtpark".

1988 wurde Lutz Quambusch der Kulturpreis der Stadt Witten verliehen.

Er ist Vater von drei Kindern.

Ausstellungen (Auswahl)
 1968: Galerie des Lyceum-Club (Neuchâtel, Schweiz)
 1972: Centre Culturel – Maison de la Culture (Nevers, Frankreich), Gruppenausstellung
 1974: Goethe-Institut (Stockholm)
 1974: Galerie Mélisa (Lausanne), Gruppenausstellung
 1975/1978: Galerie im Teatro Dimitri (Verscio, Schweiz)
 1975: British Crafts Centre (London), Gruppenausstellung
 1975: Electrum Gallery (London), Gruppenausstellung
 1976: Maison des Métiers d'Art Français (Paris), Gruppenausstellung
 1977: Galerie Numaga (Auvernier, Schweiz), Gruppenausstellung
 1977: «La pièce Unique» (Nîmes), Gruppenausstellung
 1977/2004: Märkisches Museum der Stadt Witten
 1980: Centre d'Art (Genf), Gruppenausstellung
 1982: Galerie im alten Wasserwerk (Siegburg)
 1982: Karl-Ernst-Osthaus Museum (Hagen), Gruppenausstellung mit dem Westdeutschen Künstlerbund
 1984: Galerie Maya Behn (Zürich)
 1984/1986: Galerie Kreutziger (Worpswede), Gruppenausstellung
 1987/1996/2004: Galerie Haus Herbede
 1989: Galerie zum Alten Kloster (Köln)
 1990/2001: Galerie bo 7 (Bochum), Einzelausstellung/Gruppenausstellung
 1991: Tczew, Gruppenausstellung mit dem Wittener Künstlerbund
 1995: Kulturhaus Wolfen, Gruppenausstellung
 1996: Beauvais, Gruppenausstellung mit dem Wittener Künstlerbund
 1997: Galerie Mittmann im Kubus des Neufert-Hauses (Weimar)
 1998: Barking-Dagenham, Gruppenausstellung mit dem Wittener Künstlerbund
 1999: Installation im Westfälischen Industriemuseum Zeche Nachtigall Witten: "Gedankenfeuer und Aschekreise – eine lyrisch- malerische-historische Installation"
 2004: Galerie du Mouton Bleu (Avallon, Frankreich)
 2005: Le Prieuré de Vausse (Châtel-Gérard, Frankreich)
 2010: "Exposition Européenne des Beaux-Arts" (Beauvais, Frankreich)

Werke im öffentlichen Raum (Auswahl)
 1990: "Seerobbe". (Bronzeskulptur) im Freizeitbad Heveney, Witten.
 2000: "Zeitkapsel". Mobile, zerlegbare Skulptur in Barking-Dagenham (England)
 1987: "Das Wittener Rathaus". Gemälde in sechs Teilen – zusammen mit D. Ullrich, P. Kosch, W. Gillwald, K. Kruska, M. Seils.
 1988: "Blick in die Untere Bahnhofstraße". Gemälde in sechs Teilen (für den Saalbau Witten), zusammen mit D. Ullrich, P. Kosch, W. Gillwald, K. Kruska, M. Seils.
 2002: "Ein Paar für Witten". Skulptur im Stadtpark Witten.
 2010: Ausführung und Bemalung einer Gusspfanne für die Firma Friedrich Lohmann (Wittener Stadtteil Herbede) am Aufgang zur Lake-Brücke.

Schriften
 Flugschrift (Hrsg. Manfred Mays u. Günter Wallraff), Köln 1963–1964 (Gedichte, Texte u. Illustrationen, Hefte 10–15)
 Libertäre Literatur Zeitschrift (Hrsg. Adolf A. Melter), Verlag Der Igel, Köln 1980–1981 (Illustrationen/Texte in Heften 5 und 6)
 Schmuck. Die internationale Avantgarde, von Ralph Turner, Peter Dormer, Dumont Buchverlag, Köln 1986, ISBN 3-7701-2067-1.
 Der Planer seines Missgeschicks, Ralph Driever Verlag Die Blaue Eule, Essen 1987 (Illustrationen / Federzeichnungen), ISBN 3-89206-158-0.
 Carte Postale, Dialogzeichnungen zusammen mit Michel Devrient, 300 Exemplare signiert/ nummeriert, Verlag "Groupe Courgette", Witten, Lausanne 1989
 Spuren der Abkehr, Band 24, Ralph Driever Verlag Die Blaue Eule, Essen 1991 (Illustrationen/Federzeichnungen), ISBN 3-89206-417-2.
 La réalité dans tous ses états, mit Michel Devrient, Lausanne, Editions Vie Art Cité, Lausanne 1991
 (K)ein Grund zur Traurigkeit. Dagmar Schumann (Leipzig), Anhaltische Verlagsgesellschaft, Dessau 1993 (Illustrationen farbige Federzeichnungen), ISBN 3-910192-24-6.
 Gedankenfeuer und Aschekreise, Westfälisches Industriemuseum Zeche Nachtigall Witten. Eine lyrisch-malerische, handwerklich-historische Installation. Texte und Gedichte zur Installation im Ringofen, Witten 1999
 Hoffnung hat keine Schonzeit, Dagmar Schumann, Förderkreis der Schriftsteller in Sachsen-Anhalt Heft 31, Leipzig 2001 (Federzeichnungen zu Gedichten und Texten)
 Toccata  und Fuge, Dagmar Schumann, Gedichte, Gedok Edition, Sachsen  2003 (Zeichnungen)
 Flavigny sur Ozerain – ein Kleinod im Burgund. (als Übersetzer) Verlag der SACF,  Flavigny 1995

Literatur

Weblinks

 Offizielle Webseite von Lutz Quambusch
 Werke von Lutz Quambusch auf der Seite des Wittener Künstlerbundes

Maler (Deutschland)
Bildhauer (Deutschland)
Künstler (Witten)
Deutscher
Geboren 1944
Mann

Lutz Quambusch


Svitlana Azarova (; * 9. Januar 1976 in Ismajil, Ukrainische SSR) ist eine ukrainisch-niederländische Komponistin Neuer Musik.

Leben und Werk
Azarova ging nach dem Abschluss am Pädagogischen Institut als Musiklehrerin im Jahr 1996 ans Konservatorium Odessa, wo sie Komposition bei Olexander Krasotov und Karmella Tsepkolenko studierte. Das Studium schloss sie im Jahr 2000 ab.

2003 war sie für sechs Monate Stipendiatin des Kulturministeriums der Republik Polen an der Musikakademie Frédéric Chopin in Warschau bei Marcin Błażewicz. Im Jahr 2003 wurde sie vom Dresdner Zentrum für zeitgenössische Musik (DZzM, heute Europäisches Zentrum der Künste Hellerau) eingeladen, an einem Projekt im Rahmen der Dresdner Tage der zeitgenössischen Musik teilzunehmen.

Ihre Komposition Asiope wurde am 6. Oktober 2004 im Festspielhaus Hellerau uraufgeführt. Darin werden die Grenzen unterschiedlicher Kunstgattungen sowie der Grenze zwischen Publikum und Bühne durch das Einbauen von Textsequenzen in die Musik aufgelöst. Die Ensemblespieler zitieren aus Anträgen für ein Visum, gleichzeitig werde so die Demütigung musikalisch spürbar, denen man sich dabei ausgesetzt fühlt. Das Werk spiele auf die Konfrontation westlicher und östlicher Idiomatik an, so wie ihre Komposition WestEast.

2005 nahm sie an der 9. Internationalen Akademie für neue Komposition und AudioKunst in Seefeld in Tirol teil, die von Bogusław Schaeffer und Richard Boulanger geleitet wurde. Danach siedelte sie in die Niederlande über und absolvierte ein Aufbaustudium am Conservatorium van Amsterdam bei Theo Loevendie mit einem Master of Music im Jahr 2007. Als Composer in Residence wirkte sie 2007 am Visby International Centre for Composers (VICC) in Gotland, und 2008 am Czech Music Information Centre in Prag.

Ihre Komposition Mover of the Earth, Stopper oft the Sun aus dem Jahr 2011 war eine Auftragsarbeit für das Orchestre National d' Île-de-France. Das Werk behandelt den revolutionären Umbruch, der durch das von Kopernikus vorgestellte heliozentrische Weltbild in der europäischen Geistesgeschichte ausgelöst wurde.

Von 2015 bis 2016 arbeitete sie an der von der Königlichen Dänischen Oper in Auftrag gegeben Oper Momo and the time thieves; the story of the child, who brought the stolen time back to the people. Diese Oper hatte am 15. Oktober 2017 auf der großen Bühne des Kopenhagener Opernhauses (Holmen) Weltpremiere.

Azarovas Werke werden von internationalen Ensembles und Orchestern aufgeführt. Dazu gehören Petra Stump (Klarinette), Mariko Nishioka und Yuka Sugimoto (Schlagwerk), Nieuw Ensemble (Niederlande), Stephan Vermeersch, Marcel Worms (Niederlande), Ensemble pass_ПОРТ unter der Leitung von Kevin John Edusei, das polnische Ensemble Sinfonia Iuventus unter der Leitung von Roman Rewakowicz, und das Eastern Connecticut Symphony Orchestra unter der Leitung von Toshiyuki Shimada.

Am 25. März 2023 spielte Ulrich von Wrochem in der Jakobuskirche Tübingen u. a. Azarova's I fell into the Sky als Zeichen der Solidarität mit der Ukraine.

Kompositionen (Auswahl)

 1999: Symphonic Poem für großes Symphonieorchester
 1999: Diagram für fünf Celli
 1999: Punished by Love Lied-Zyklus nach Versen von Ludmyla Olijnyk (auf Russisch) für Sopran und Klavier
 2000: The Dance of Birds für Streichorchester
 2000: Chronometer für Piano
 2001: As for the Clot it is Slowly... für solo Tuba
 2002: ...is there no alternative for you? für Ensemble
 2002: Axis of Every Karuss... für Klarinette, Piano und Cello
 2003: Symphonic Lana Sweet für großes  Symphonieorchester
 2003: West – East für Ensemble
 2003: Feet on Fire für zwei Schlagwerk
 2004: Asiope für Ensemble
 2005: Hotel Charlotte für Streicher Quartett
 2005: The Violinist's morning espresso für Violine
 2006: Model Citizens für Violoncello und Piano, Beauftragt von Doris Hochscheid und Frans van Ruth
 2006: Valentina's Blues für Piano. Beauftragt von Marcel Worms, veröffentlicht auf seiner CD Red, White and Blues, 32 New Dutch Blues (Attacca Records #27103)
 2007: Trojaborg für solo Klarinette
 2007: Epices für Sopran, Bassklarinette, Trompete, Schlagwerk, Piano, Violine
 2007: Onderdrukte Haast (Suppressed Haste) für Blechbläserquintett
 2007: On Tuesdays für Ensemble inspiriert durch Texte von Daniil Harms. Uraufgeführt durch Nieuw Ensemble
 2008: Beyond Context für Kammerorchester, in Auftrag gegeben vom Polnischen Institut in Kiew
 2008: From this kind... für Chor, Blechbläser und Schlagwerk inspiriert durch Texte von Oksana Zabuzhko
 2010: Pure thoughts transfixed, Symphonie für großes Orchester
 2011: Mover of the Earth, Stopper of the Sun für Sinfonieorchester (Ouvertüre), in Auftrag gegeben von ONDIF
 2013: Concerto Grosso für Violine solo, Viola solo und Streichorchester
 2014: Hundred thirty one Angstrom Symphonie für großes Orchester
 2015–2016: MOMO und die Zeit-Diebe; die Geschichte  von dem Kind, das den Menschen die gestohlene Zeit zurückbrachte. Oper für großes Orchester, Solisten, Chor (gemischt und Kinder), in Auftrag gegeben von der Königlichen Oper Kopenhagen (Holmen). Basiert auf dem Roman Momo von Michael Ende.
 2019: Hoc Vinces! für großes Orchester

Weblinks

 Website von Svitlana Azarova

Quellen

 Zdeněk K. Slaby, Petr Slaby.: Svitlana Azarova. In: The Encyclopedia of the World of Another Music (Svìt jiné hudby), vol. 2. Volvox Globator Publishing House, Prag, S. 73–74
 D. Kötter: Svitlana Azarova, Asiope, WestEast 8. Musica Viva Veranstaltung 2006 | 2007 [Sonderveranstaltung] S. 7, 10
 Von Adelbert, R. R. Reif: pass_PORT und Svitlana Azarova. In: Applaus #6/2007 S. 32.
 S. Schwarz.: Svitlana Azarova in Offene Grenzen. In: Süddeutsche Zeitung Wochenendeausgabe 30. Juni/1. Juli 2007.
 D. Desiateryk: Svitlana Azarova und pass_PORT in Kiev The Day #28, 26. Oktober 2004
 O. Perepelytsya: Svitlana Azarova in Contemporary composers of Ukraine reference guide-book, Issue 1. Odessa 2002 Association New Music, p. 100–101

Einzelnachweise

Komponist (Ukraine)
Komponist (Niederlande)
Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Komponist klassischer Musik (21. Jahrhundert)
Ukrainer
Niederländer
Geboren 1976
Frau

Svitlana Azarova


Trajnice (višegodiđšnje biljke, perene biljke, prema lat. perennis: trajan), višegodišnja je svaka biljka koja postoji nekoliko godina, obično s novim zeljastim rastom iz dijela koji preživi od vegetacijske sezone do vegetacijske sezone. Drveće i grmlje, uključujući sve golosjemenjače (češarke), su višegodišnje biljke, kao i neke zeljaste (nedrvenaste) cvjetnice i vegetativni pokrivači tla. Zeljaste trajnice u hladnim klimama obično prežive zimu pomoću podzemnih modifikacija korijena ili stabljike, kao što su lukovice, gomolji ili rizomi; nadzemni dijelovi ovih biljaka često odumiru u jesen.

Većina vrtnih trajnica ima samo ograničeno razdoblje cvatnje, ali, uz održavanje tijekom vegetacijske sezone, pružaju prisutnost lišća i oblik vrtnog krajolika. U popularne zeljaste trajnice spadaju zvončići, krizanteme, dalije, božike, floksovi, ružičasti makovi i jaglaci. U poljoprivredi, niz gospodarski važnih usjeva su višegodišnje i daju urod nekoliko godina. To uključuje sve drvene kulture (kao što su jabuke, citrusi, orašasti plodovi, kava,  palmino ulje itd.), borovnice, brusnice, šparoge, grožđe, lucernu, rabarbaru, vlasac, mentu i druge.

Zeljaste trajnice često se uzgajaju kao ukrasno bilje, a neki od primjera su plavo mišje uho (Hosta sieboldiana var. sieboldiana, sin. Hosta tokudama), vrsta funkije iz porodice šparogovki; puzava ivica (Ajuga reptans) koja poput tepiha prekriva tlo sa svojim smeđezelenim do crvenozelenim listovima;  vrtna bromelija, zimzelena trajnica porijeklom iz Čilea koja pripada rodu fascikularija (Fascicularia bicolor) koja podnosi temperature do do -10°; šiljati žednjak (Sedum acre), niska biljka s malim žutim cvjetićima.

Vidi i
Jednogodišnje biljke
Dvogodišnje biljke

Izvori

Biljke

Trajnice


Francisque Ravony (* 2. Dezember 1942 in Vohipeno, Region Vatovavy-Fitovinany, Madagaskar; † 15. Februar 2003 in Soavinandriana, Region Itasy, Madagaskar) war ein madagassischer Politiker und Rechtsanwalt. Er war Ministerpräsident von Madagaskar von 1993 bis 1995 unter Präsident Albert Zafy.

Ravony wurde als Ministerpräsident durch ein Votum der Nationalversammlung am 9. August 1993 gewählt. Er erhielt 55 Stimmen, während Roger Ralison und Manandafy Rakotonirina jeweils 46 Stimmen und 32 Stimmen empfingen.

Literatur

Einzelnachweise

Premierminister (Madagaskar)
Madagasse
Geboren 1942
Gestorben 2003
Mann

Francisque Ravony