පාහියංගල ගල්ලෙන සොබාදහමේ මනස්කාන්ත නිර්මාණයක් වන අතර.ගංගා, දියඇලි සහ වනාන්තර වලින් හෙබියා වූ සොඳුරු කඳු මුදුනක පිහිටි පාහියංගල දර්ශනීය මෙන්ම ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික වටිනාකමකින් යුත් පූජනීය ස්ථානයක් ලෙසින් අද්‍යතනය වන විට නම් දරා ඇත.මෙය මානව පරිණාමයේ ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික යුගයට අයත් වේ.මෙය දකුණු ආසියාවේ කටාරම් නොකෙටූ විශාලතම ස්වාභාවික ගල් ලෙනයි.මෙහි මිනිසුන් 3500කට එකවර සිටිය හැකිය.මෙහි විශාලත්වය දැක ගැනීමට ගුහාව ඇතුලටම ගොස් පිටත බැලිය යුතුය.මෙහි අවුරුදු 35000-60000 අතර කාලයේ ආදී මානවයා වාසය කර ඇත.ඔවුන් මුහුදු මාළු, ලුණු ,මෝර දත් පළඳනා භාවිතා කර තිබේ.මෙම ගල්ලෙන ගලක් වසර සියක්දහස් ගණනක් මුළුල්ලේ විඛාදනය වීමෙන් සෑදී ඇත.

පාහියංගල ලෙනෙහි පිහිටීම සහ විශාලත්වය.

බස්නාහිර පලාතට අයත් කළුතර දිස්ත්‍රික්කසේ නැගෙනහිර පස්හයාදුන් කෝරළයේ යටගම්පිටිය නම් ග්‍රාමයෙහි පිහිටි මෙම ස්වභාවික ගල්ලෙන පස්යොදුන්-කුකුළු යන දෙකෝරළ මායිමෙහි පිහිටා තිබේ. මෙරටෙහි ගල්ලෙන් අතර ප්‍රකටව පවත්නා දඹුලු ලෙන, මාතලේ අළුලෙන, කුරුණෑගල
දේවමැදි  හත්පත්තුවේ වාරියපොළට නුදුරින් පිහිටි කබල්ලෑලෙන, රුහුණේ මුල්ගිරිගල, සියනෑ කෝරළයේ වාරණ ලෙන ආදී ලෙන් විහාර ප්‍රථම වරට දුටු අයෙකු විස්මයට පත්වන බැව් ප්‍රථම වර  දුටු අය පවසති. පාහියංගල ලෙනද එලෙසම ප්‍රථම වරට දුටු ඇස් විස්ම කරවන ස්වභාවික නිර්මාණයකි. කොළඹ සිට කළුතර ඔස්සේ දිවෙන මාර්ගයේ සැතපුම් පනහක්ද(50),කොළඹ සිට කැස්බෑව ඔස්සේ හොරණ-කලවැල්ලාව මාර්ගයේ සැතපුම් හතලිහක්ද(40),පසුකළ විට මෙම ලෙන හමුවේ.

සමුද්‍ර මට්ටමින් අඩි 400ක් පමණ උසින් පිහිටි මෙම පාහියංගල ලෙනට යාම සඳහා ගල්පඩි 496ක් පසු කළ යුතුය. එතැන් සිට නයි පෙනයක හැඩයෙන් අඩි 468ක් උසට නැගීගිය මෙය පිහිටා තිබෙනුයේ ලෙන් කට අඩි 150ක් පමණ උසින් සහ අඩි 175ස් පමණ පළලින් අර්ධ කවාකාරවය. ලෙනේ මුළු දිග අඩි 282ක් වන අතර පළල ඉතා අධික තැන අඩි 160ක් පමණ වේ.එය ලංකාවේ  අති විශාල ගල්ලෙන ලෙස ප්‍රකට දඹුලු ලෙනේ පළල මෙන් තුන් ගුණයකටත් වඩා වැඩිය. මේ ගල්ලෙනට අයත් නොතෙමී සිටිය හැකි මුළු භූමි ප්‍රදේශයෙහි මිනිසුන් 3000 කට පමණ රැස්වී සිවිය හැකියැයි විශ්වාස කරයි. මේ අනුව බලන විට ලංකාවේ දැනට පවත්නා විශාලතම ගල්ලෙන මෙය බැව් පැවසීම නිවැරදිය

පාහියන් නාමය.

පස්යොදුන් සහ කුකුළු යන දෙකෝරළයේ මායිම්ගලව පිහිටි මෙම සුවිසල් ලෙන් පර්වතය සඳහා පාහියංගල යන නාමය ලැබුණේ කෙසේද යන්න පිළිබඳව විමසා බැලුව හොත් විවිධ ජනප්‍රවාද පවතී. ක්‍රි.ව. 5වන සියවසේ මුල් භාගයේ පමණ අනුරාධපුර රාජධානියේ රජකම් කළ මහානාම රජු දවස ලංකාවට පැමිණි චීන ජාතික පාහියන් භික්ෂුව මේ ලෙනෙහි වැඩ වාසය කළ හෙයින් පසු කලෙක මායිම්ගල පාහියංගල නම් ලද බැව් ජනප්‍රවාදයේ පවතී. සුප්‍රකට දේශ සංචාරකයෙකු වූත්,ධර්ම ගවේශිකයෙකු වූත් චීන ජාතික පාහියන් භික්ෂුව ලංකාවට පැමිණ දෙවර්ෂයක් පමණ මෙරට නොයෙකුත් පලාත්වල සංචාරය කොට ත්‍රිපිටක ධර්මය හා වෙනත් ඵෙතිහාසික තොරතුරු රැස්කර ගෙන සිය රටට ගිය බව ඉතිහාසයේ සඳහන් වේ. ,පාහියන්ගේ ගමන් විස්තරය, නමින් ඔහු විසින්ම රචිත ඓතිහාසික ග්‍රන්ථයෙන් උන්වහන්සේගේ ගමන් බිමන් සහ ඇස දුටු දේ පිළිබඳව සවිස්තරයක් පැනෙන මුත් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ගතකළ දෙවර්ෂය තුළ වැඩ වාසය කළ ස්ථාන  පිළිබඳව සඳහන් නොකරන ලද බැව් එය පරිශීලනය කළ අයගේ අදහසයි.

පාහියන් භික්ෂුව මෙම ලෙනෙහි වැඩ වාසය කළා යැයි යන මතය සාක්ෂාත් කිරිමට තරම් ඵෙතිහාසික සාධකයක් පෙන්විය හැකිව නැති නමුත් චීන ජාතිකයින් අතර මේ  පිළිබඳව බලවත් විශ්වාසයක් පවතින බැව් පැවසේ. ක්‍රි.ව.1940 දී  පමණ ලංකාවට පැමිණි චීනයේ තායිෂූ සංඝරාජ තුමා දිවයිනේ ගතකළ කාලය තුළදී සිය ජාතික ඉතියාසයට ආලෝකයක් ගෙන දුන් පාහියන් නාමයට ගරුකරනු වස් මෙම ලෙනට පැමිණ තොරතුරු පරික්ෂාකර ගිය බවට වාර්තා වේ. මෙතුළින් චීන ජාතිකයින් අතර පවත්නා විශ්වාසය මැනවින් පිළිඹිබු වේ.

පාහියන් ලෙන විහාරයක් වීම සහ එහි සඟ පරපුර.

මෙම ඵෙතිහාසික පාහියන් ලෙන භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේලාගේ පාලන තන්ත්‍රයට පත්ව ශත වර්ෂ දෙකහාමාරකට වඩා නොවන බැව් පැවසේ. මෙම වකවානුවේදී ප්‍රථමව මෙම ලෙන සොයා භික්ෂු වාසයට යෝග්‍ය පරිදි සකස් කිරිමෙහි ලා මූලිකව ක්‍රියා කන ලද්දේ පොරවගම උන්වහන්සේ නමින් ප්‍රකටව සිටි භික්ෂූන් වහන්සේ නමකි. ඒ හෙයින් මෙම පාහියංගල ලෙන් විහාරයෙහි නිර්මාතෘවරයා ලෙස සැලකෙන්නේ උන්වහන්සේය. උන්වහන්සේ ගුහාව අවහිර කරමින් වැටී තිබුණු ගල් කුට්ටි කඩා ඇද දමා බිම සමතලා කොට වර්තමාන දියුණුවේ අඩිතාලම දැමීමට පුරෝගාමි වූහ. යෝධ පුරුෂයෙකු යැයි කියන පොරෝගම උන්වහන්සේ ගල් කැඩීම සඳහා භාවිතා කර තිබෙනුයේ යකුළක් නොව අඩි 6ක් පමණ දිගැති එවැනිම වූ ගල් ආයුධයකි.මෙකල මිනිසුන් සිව් දෙනෙකු විසින්වත් එසවිය නොහැකි තරම් යැයි කියනු ලබන එය දැනට ලෙන තුළ බැඳ තිබෙන මහා බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේගේ පාදමට තබා වඳින ලදැයි පැවෙස්. එලෙසම පොරොවගම හිමියන් ගල්ලෙන භික්ෂු වාස භූමියක් බවට පත්කරලීම උදෙසා උන්වහන්සේ විසින්ම කපා ඔපදැමූ යෝධ උළුවහු දෙක අද්‍යතනයේ පවා මෙම ලෙන් විහාර භූමිය තුළින් දැක බලා ගත හැකිවනු ඇත. පොරෝගම උන්වහන්සේගෙන් අනතුරුව පිළිවෙලින් යේරවත්තේ සෝභිත, වෑවල ධම්මජෝති, උඩුමුල්ලේ සරණංකර, උඩුවලකන්දේ ජිනානන්ද, ජඹුරලියේ පඤ්ඤානන්ද, වෑවල ධම්මරංසි, කඳනේ පඤ්ඤාශේකර යන ස්ථවීරපාදයන් වහන්සේලා මෙහි අධිපති ධූරයට පත්ව ඇත. වෑවල ධම්මරංසි හිමියන් සහ උන්වහන්සේගේ ශිෂ්‍ය කඳනේ පඤ්ඤාශේකර හිමියන් යන දෙදෙනාගේම ශිෂ්‍ය ගෞරව ශාස්ත්‍රවේදී යටගම්පිටියේ චන්දිම හිමියන් වර්තමාන විහාරාධිපතිත්වය උසුළනු ලබන අතර උන්වහන්සේ ශිෂ්‍ය හිමිවරුන් 40කගේ පමණ ගුරු ස්වාමීන් වහන්සේ වනු ඇත.

පාහියංගල මානවයා

පාහියංගල ගල්ලෙනෙහි පුරා විද්‍යා පර්යේෂණ කටයුතු ආරම්භ කරන ලද්දේ 1986/87 වර්ෂ වලදීය. මෙම කටයුතු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පුරා විද්‍යා         දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව මගින් සිදුකරන ලදී. විශේෂයෙන්ම මෙම කැනීම් කටයුතු හා ගවේෂණ කටයුතු කෙරුණේ ලංකාවේ ආදි වාසින් පිළිබඳව තොරතුරු
සොයනු වස්ය.මෙම පර්යේෂණ වලදී ආසියාවේ වාසය කරන නූතන මිනිසාට සමාන ලක්ෂණ ඇති පැරණිම මානව අවශේෂ සොයාගන්නා ලදී. මෙම මානව භෂ්මාවශේෂ කැනීම් වලෙන් මතුපිටට ගැනීමට පාහියංගල ලෙනට ඇමෙරිකාවේ කෝනර් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයේ මානව විද්‍යා මහාචාර්යයවරයෙකු වන කෙනත් කෙනඩි මහතාද  පැමිණ ඇත. මෙලෙස භෂ්මාවශේෂ හමුවූ මී මුත්තාගේ වයස අවු:37000කි. කාබන් 14 නැමති විද්‍යාත්මක කාල වාර්තා ක්‍රමය උපයුක්ත කොට දියුණු රසායනාගාර තුළදී මෙකී වයස තීරණය කොට ඇත. ආසියාවේ ජීවත්වන නූතන මිනිසාගේ ඉපැරණි මිනිසා කුරුවිට බටදොඹ ලෙනින් සොයාගත් බලංගොඩ මානවයා බැව් මෑතක් වන තුරුම පිළිගෙන තිබුණි. එකී මානව යුගයට අයත් එනම් වසර 28000කට පෙර ජීවත් වූ මිනිසාගේ හිස් කැබලි ද, මෙකී පර්යේෂණ භූමිය තුළින් සොයාගෙන ඇති බැව් පැවසේ. මෙය මොසෝතික් යුගයට අයත් හෝමෝ සේපියන්ගේ මුල්ම අවධිය ලෙස සැලකේ. එබැවින් පාහියංගල මානවයාට,බලංගොඩ මානවයාට වඩා ඉපැරණි ඵෙතිහාසිකත්වයක් ඇති බැව් මෙම පර්යේෂණ තුළින් පිළිඹිබු වීමෙන් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ විසූ ආදීම මිනිසා පාහියංගල මානවයා බැව් මේ වන විට සාක්ෂාත් වී ඇත.

අවුරුදු දස දහස් ගණනක් පැරණි ඝන දූවිලි තට්ටුවකින් වැසී ඇති මෙම පුරා බිමෙහි ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසික පිහිටි බිම ඇත්තේ දැනට පිහිටා ඇති පොළොව මට්ටමෙන් මීටර් 16ක් පමණ පහළින් බව සොයාගෙන ඇත. තවදුරටත් කරන පර්යේෂණ කටයුතු වලදී මෙම ගල්ලෙනෙහි වාසය කරන ලද ආදිවාසින් ගල් අවි තාක්ෂණයේ දියුණුම අවි වන ක්ෂුද්‍ර ගල් මෙවලම් භාවිතාකර ඇති  බව සොයා ගෙන ඇති අතර ඒවා විවිධ ජ්‍යාමිතික හැඩතලයන්ගෙන් ද යුක්ත බැව් හමුවූ ගල් මෙවලම් තුළින් මැනවින් පසක් වෙනු ඇත. එලෙසම මෙම ලෙනෙහි විසූ ආදි මානවයා ගින්දර භාවිතා කළ බවට වසර දස දහස් ගණන් පැරණි,කැනීම් කටයුතු වලදී සොයාගන්නා ලද අඟුරු සාක්ෂි දරයි.

ලෙන් විහාරයෙහි පවතින සිතුවම් සහ මූර්ති.

මෙම ලෙන් විහාරයෙහි ගල්ලෙන දකුණු පසට වන්නට කුඩා විහාරයක් පවතී. මෙහි විහාරාධිපතිව වැඩ විසූ වෑවල ධම්මජෝති ස්වාමිපාදයන් වහන්සේගේ පාලන සමයෙහි මෙය තනන ලදැයි පැවසේ.මෙම තුඩා විහාරයෙහි මහනුවර යුගයට අයත් සිතුවම් හා මූර්ති දක්නා ලැබේ.මුචලින්ද නාග
දරණය මත වැඩ සිටින බුද්ධ ප්‍රතිමා වහන්සේ,දෑගසව් දෙනම සහ විෂ්ණු,සමන් යන දෙවිවරුන්ගේ ප්‍රතිමාවන් මෙහිදී දක්නා ලැබෙනු ඇත.මෙහිදී බුදුරජාණන් වහන්සේගේ දෑගසවු වහන්සේලාගේ මූර්තිවල විශේෂිත වූ ලක්ෂණයක් දක්නා ලැබෙනු ඇත. එනම් සිවුරේ රැළිති සහ අත්ලේ රේඛාවන් ඉතා ක්‍රමානුකූලව දක්වා තිබීම එකී වි‍ශේෂත්වයයි. එලෙසම මීට ඇතුළු වන ස්ථානයේ දොරටුව දෙපස අසිපතක් රැගත් දොරටුපාල රූප දෙකක් චිත්‍රයට නගා ඇති අතර දකුණුපස දොරටුපාල රූපය අසල සක් පිඹින අයෙකුගේ සිතුවමක් ද දක්නා ලැබේ. මීට අමතරව විහාරගෙය ඇතුළත බිත්ති මත නෙළුම් මල් මෙන්ම ලියතඹරා මල් ද සිතුවම් කර තිබෙනු දක්නා හැකිය. මෙකී සිතුවම් හි විශේෂිත ලක්ෂණය වනුයේ එකී සියළුම සිතුවම් වර්ණ ගැන්වීමේදී උපයුක්ත කොට ගෙන ඇත්තේ ස්වභාවික වනයෙන් ලබාගන්නා ලද ගස්වල මුල්, කොළ, අතු සහ පොතුවලින් සාදාගන්නා ලද වර්ණයන් වීමයි. මෙලෙස වර්ණ ගැන්වූ සිතුවම් අද්‍යතනයේ පවා නොනැසී පවතින අයුරු එය නරඹන්නට යන අයට දැක බලාගත හැකිවනු ඇත.

අවට වන ලැහැබ.

පාහියංගල ගල්ලෙන සුවිශේෂත්වයක් උසුළනුයේ මානව වංශ විද්‍යාව,පුරා විද්‍යාව හෝ ප්‍රාග් ඓතිහාසිකත්වය අතින් පමණක් නොවේ. පාරිසරික විද්‍යාව අතින් ද ඉහළ වටිනාකමක් මේ සඳහා හිමිවනු ඇත. මන්ද පස්යොදුන්,කුකුළු යන දෙකෝරළයේ මායිමට මැදිවු සොඳුරු වන පෙතක මෙහි පිහිටීම සනිටුහන්ව ඇති නිසාවෙනි. මෙ‍ම රක්ෂිත වන පෙදෙස පහතරට නිවර්තන තෙත් කලාපීය වනාන්තර ගනයට අයත් යැයි කියන අතර මීට දකුණු දෙසින් දිවෙන සිංහරාජ වනය ද,ඊසාන දෙසින් දිවෙන මා කෙළි වනය ද මේ හා සමාන කමක් දක්වයි. මෙම වන පෙතෙහි පිහිටි සමුද්‍ර මට්ටමින් අඩි 200-400 දක්වා භූමි ප්‍රමාණය ලෙනට අයත් ප්‍රදේශය ලෙස සලකන අතර අඩි 400-1100 දක්වා දළ බෑවුම් සහිත ප්‍රදේශය කඳු මුදුන වන අතර ඊසාන දිශාවට මුහුණලා මෙම පර්වත ප්‍රදේශයේ අක්කර 80 ක පමණ වන ප්‍රදේශයක් පවතී. දිවයිනේ තෙත් කලාපයේ පිහිටි මෙම වනයට වර්ෂාපතනය ලැබෙනුයේ නිරිත දිග මෝසම් වැසි වලිනි. මෙලෙසින් ලැබෙන වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය මිලි ලීටර් 2060300ක් පමණ වේ. තුරුලතා වැඩීමට මනා උෂ්ණත්වයක් මෙහි පවත්නා අතර වෘක්ෂලතා විශේෂ 49ක් ද, වැල් වර්ග 11ක් පමණ ද, ජලජ පැලෑටි විශේෂ 8ක් පමණ ද, සත්ව විශේෂ 10ක් පමණ ද හඳුනාගෙන ඇත. මීට අමතරව උඩවැඩියා විශේෂ 23 ක් පමණ ද මෙම සොඳුරු වන පෙත තුළින් හඳුනාගෙන ඇත.

පිංතූර ගැලරිය

මූලාශ්‍ර

1. පූජ්‍ය ජෝතිපාල,ගෝනහේනේ. පාහියංගල පුරාණය.

2. දෙසතිය සඟරාව, 1995 ජූලි

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු.

පාහියංගල පිළිබඳ තවත් තොරතුරු බිඳක්
පාහියංගල ලෙන

ශ්‍රී ලංකාව

පාහියංගල


Johan 1. af Sachsen (født 30. juni 1468, død 16. august 1532), også kaldet Johan den Stædige () var kurfyrste i Sachsen i Tyskland fra 1525 til 1532. Han var den fjerde søn af Kurfyrste Ernst af Sachsen og Elisabeth af Bayern og efterfulgte sin barnløse bror Frederik den Vise som kurfyrste i 1525. Han huskes blandt andet for at organisere den lutheranske kirke som statskirke i Kurfyrstendømmet Sachsen i samarbejde med Martin Luther. I 1532 blev Johan efterfulgt af sin søn Johan Frederik 1.

Eksterne henvisninger

Referencer

Se også
 Kurfyrstendømmet Sachsen
 Tysk-romerske kejsere
 Paverækken

Ernestinske linje af Huset Wettin
Kurfyrster af Sachsen
Personer i reformationen
Personer i Tysklands historie
Personer fra Meissen
Personer fra Sachsen

Johan 1. af Sachsen (1468-1532)


Sorso (sasarski: Sòssu) je grad i općina (comune) u pokrajini Sassariju u regiji Sardiniji, Italija. Nalazi se na nadmorskoj visini od 136 metara i ima 14 732 stanovnika. Prostire se na 67,01 km². Gustoća naseljenosti je 220 st/km².Susjedne općine su: Castelsardo, Sassari, Sennori i Tergu.

Izvori

Gradovi na Sardiniji

Sorso


Ocupația austro-ungară a Serbiei 1915–1918 în timpul Primului Război Mondial (oficial în  și în  — administrarea militară k. u. k. a Serbiei), a durat din 1915 până în 1918.

Vezi și
 Convenția militară de la Belgrad din 13 noiembrie 1918

Austro-Ungaria în Primul Război Mondial
Serbia în Primul Război Mondial

Ocupația austro-ungară a Serbiei 1915-1918


Zamanın ölçülmesi, kullandığımız zaman sistemi Dünya'nın kendi ekseni çevresindeki hareketini esas almaktadır. Gezegenin kendi etrafındaki bir tam dönüşü bir gün;Güneşin yörüngesindeki bir tam dönüşü ise bir yıldır. Dünya dönerken güneş gökyüzünde yükselmeye başlar, en tepeye tırmanır ve gözden kaybolana dek alçalır.

Takvim

Antik uygarlıklar,yaşamlarını düzene sokmak için bu hareketlerden faydalanırdı.
Babilliler MÖ 2400'lerde yılı 12 eşit parçaya ve günü 24 saate ayırmışlar.Babilliler ve onlardan ayrı olarak Mısırlılar,yıl uzunluğu 365 gün 6 saat olarak hesaplamışlardır.
Takvimler; günü ayı, ve yılı takip etmek için düzenlenmekteydi. Tatiller ve festivallerin belirlenmesi,tohum ekimi ve hasat zamanı gibi işlerin planlanması için kullanılmaktaydı.
MÖ 46'da kullanılmaya başlayan  Jülyen takvimi, Roma imparatoru Julius Cesar ın talimatıyla hazırlanmıştır.
16. yüzyıl a gelindiğinde Jülyen takvimi Dünya hareketleriyle uyumlu olmaktan uzaktı. Jülyen takvimi geliştirilerek hazırlanan Gregoryen takvimi 1582de kabul edildi. 1752'de hazırlanan bu takvim ile Jülyen takviminden 11 gün çıkarılmıştır. Diğer uluslar kendi takvimlerini geliştirmiş ve bunlar halen kullanılmaktadır.

 Artık yıl
 30 Şubat
 Gregoryen takvimi - Miladi takvim
 Jülyen takvimi - Mali takvim - Rumi takvim
 Hicri takvim
 Aylar

Saat

 Dünya saatleri
 Eşgüdümlü evrensel zaman :UTC
 Greenwich Mean Time : GMT - Zaman dilimi
 Yaz saati uygulaması
 Avrupa Yaz Saati
 Artık saniye
 Ulusal saat

Zaman

Zamanın ölçülmesi


Double Fine Productions, Inc. is an American first-party video game developer of Xbox Game Studios based in San Francisco, California. Founded in July 2000 by Tim Schafer shortly after his departure from LucasArts, Double Fine's first two games – Psychonauts and Brütal Legend – underperformed publishers' expectations despite critical praise. The future of the company was assured when Schafer turned to several in-house prototypes built during a two-week period known as "Amnesia Fortnight" to expand as smaller titles, all of which were licensed through publishers and met with commercial success. Schafer has since repeated these Amnesia Fortnights, using fan-voting mechanics, to help select and build smaller titles. Double Fine is also credited with driving interest in crowdfunding in video games, having been able to raise more than  for the development of Broken Age, at the time one of the largest projects funded by Kickstarter, and more than US$3 million for the development of Psychonauts 2.

The company continued to build on its independent developer status and has promoted efforts to help other, smaller independent developers through its clout, including becoming a video game publisher for these titles. Double Fine has also been able to acquire rights to remaster some of the earlier LucasArts adventure games, including Grim Fandango, Day of the Tentacle, and Full Throttle. Microsoft purchased the studio in June 2019 after previously taking over Psychonauts 2's publishing.

History
Double Fine was founded by former LucasArts developer Tim Schafer, together with some colleagues from LucasArts, in July 2000. In the years prior, LucasArts had started to shift development away from adventure games into more action-oriented ones as part of the general trend in the gaming industry. Schafer, who had just finished producing the adventure game Grim Fandango, a title met with critical praise but was a commercial disappointment, saw others leaving LucasArts and was unsure of his own position there. He was approached by colleagues suggesting they launch their own studio to develop their own titles. Schafer departed LucasArts in January 2000, co-founding Double Fine later that year.

Schafer started Double Fine with programmers David Dixon and Jonathan Menzies in what was once a clog shop in San Francisco. After several months of working on the demo for what would become Psychonauts, a mixture of personnel from the Grim Fandango development team and other new employees were slowly added to begin production.

After the implementation of Amnesia Fortnights in 2011 as a means to find new titles to publish, the company is split into a number of teams with about 15 people each. Each team has the capabilities of fully developing a small game on its own, but for their larger titles, like Psychonauts 2, the company temporarily merges two or more of these teams, and with the option of unmerging the teams once the project is finished.

The company remains situated in San Francisco. The name "Double Fine" is a play on a sign on the Golden Gate Bridge that used to display "double fine zone" to warn motorists that fines on that stretch of road were double normal rates. Double Fine's logo and mascot is called the Two-Headed Baby, frequently abbreviated 2HB, an abbreviation also used for Moai, an integrated development environment. The Double Fine website is also host to seven webcomics, which are created by members of Double Fine's art team and are collectively referred to as the Double Fine Comics.

On June 9, 2019, during Microsoft's press conference at E3 2019, it was announced that Double Fine had been acquired by the company and was becoming part of Xbox Game Studios. According to Schafer, through the acquisition, Double Fine will be able to retain its independent nature but will not have to struggle with finding publishers for its games, a problem it has had in its past. Schafer spoke to Microsoft's Xbox Game Pass, a games subscription service for Microsoft Windows and Xbox users, as one favorable aspect of the acquisition. Schafer felt many of Double Fine's games, particularly Psychonauts and its sequel, do not have an aesthetic that people would necessarily pay the full price for, but the subscription approach of Game Pass lowers that barrier and will potentially get more people to try the game. Thus, Schafer felt that being acquired by Microsoft would allow the studio to continue to develop experimental games and allow these projects greater exposure. A month ahead of the release of Psychonauts 2, in July 2021, Schafer stated he was happy with Microsoft's handling of Double Fine; he called the acquisition a "limited integration" with Double Fine retaining all control on the creative elements while leaving the financial issues up to Microsoft to manage, and left the studio able to focus their creative skills on finishing the game without feeling any budgetary crunch. Double Fine and 2 Player Productions released PsychOdyssey, a 22 hour documentary on the making of Psychonauts 2 in February 2023.

Projects
Double Fine's first completed project was Psychonauts, a multi-platform platform game following Raz (named after Double Fine's animator Razmig Mavlian), a psychically-gifted boy who breaks into a summer camp for psychic children to try to become part of an elite group of psychic heroes called Psychonauts. Critically praised, it was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. Despite its acclaim, however, it did not sell well initially.

Double Fine's second project was Brütal Legend, a hybrid real time strategy, action-adventure game following a heavy metal roadie named Eddie Riggs, whose name is derived from both Eddie the Head, the Iron Maiden mascot, and Derek Riggs, the artist who created the mascot. The story follows Eddie as he is transported to a fantasy world in which demons have enslaved humanity. Tim Schafer has credited the inspiration for the game to the lore, fantasy themes, and epic Norse mythology of heavy metal music found in both its lyrical content and its album art. Brütal Legend was published by Electronic Arts and was released in North America on October 13, 2009 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, and later for Microsoft Windows.

Amnesia Fortnight
During the development of Brütal Legend, a publishing issue arose. Activision, having acquired the rights to the title through its merger with Vivendi Games, decided to drop it and forced Schafer to locate another publisher. During this period, in approximately 2007, Schafer attempted to boost the company's morale by engaging the team in an "Amnesia Fortnight". For a two-week period, the employees were split into four groups, told to forget their current work on Brütal Legend (hence the "Amnesia"), and tasked to develop a game prototype for review by the other groups. The four ideas were successfully made into playable prototypes. The four prototypes produced were Custodians Of The Clock, Happy Song, Love Puzzle, and Tiny Personal Ninja.

The process was repeated later near the end of Brütal Legend, providing an additional two prototypes. The prototypes produced were Costume Quest and Stacking.

Schafer credits the concept of the Amnesia Fortnights to film director Wong Kar-Wai. During the long, three-year filming of Ashes of Time, Wong had taken some of his actors and film crew to Hong Kong to shoot footage for fun, ultimately resulting in the films Chungking Express and Fallen Angels. Schafer noted these were some of the director's more famous films. Schafer eventually signed a publishing deal with Electronic Arts for Brütal Legend.

These Amnesia Fortnight periods proved fortuitous, as Schafer considers these to have kept the company viable. Upon completion of Brütal Legend, Double Fine started work on its sequel but was told to stop development shortly after as Electronic Arts decided against publishing it. With no other publishing deals lined up at the time, Schafer turned back to the eight game ideas developed from Amnesia Fortnight, believing they could be developed further into short, complete games. Schafer also looked at the success of smaller focused games like Geometry Wars on the various download services, realizing the potential market for similar titles. Schafer and his team selected the best four, and began shopping the games to various publishers, and successfully worked publishing details with these. Two of these games, Costume Quest and Stacking, were picked up by THQ and released digitally on the Xbox Live and PlayStation Network storefronts. Both games were considered successful and THQ expressed interest in helping Double Fine produce similar titles. Iron Brigade was prototyped between 2008 and 2009 as Custodians Of The Clock, and was originally released as Trenched before the title was changed due to trademark issues. It was developed as an Xbox Live Arcade game in association with Microsoft Game Studios, and similarly received positive praise from journalists. A fourth game, Sesame Street: Once Upon a Monster, expanded from the Happy Song prototype, was published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment in association with the Sesame Workshop for the Xbox 360 using the Kinect controller. Though it initially was not a licensed title, Schafer and his team found it to be an ideal fit for their first licensed-property game. The four unused ideas may be used for a game in the future, according to Schafer, but believes some of them may be unsellable to a publisher.

The development groups for these games were headed by the former leads from Brütal Legend: lead animator Tasha Harris for Costume Quest, lead art director Lee Petty for Stacking, lead designer Brad Muir for Iron Brigade, and lead programmer Nathan Martz for Once Upon a Monster. This was to not only put these teams under people who had been in the industry for a long time, but as a means to help promote these leads. The remaining staff were split among the four teams, with some later swapping to make sure each team has appropriate resources when needed, such as artists and programmers. Double Fine did not have to lay off any of the staff during this time, and instead were able to hire Ron Gilbert, Schafer's former collaborator at LucasArts, to work on the new titles, as well as a future title that Gilbert has envisioned. Schafer stated that though they could likely make another large game akin to Psychonauts or Brütal Legend, they would likely keep the smaller teams to continue to work on these smaller titles, due to the gained experience shared by the company.

In 2011, the prototyping process was repeated in Double Fine's last private amnesia fortnight. The prototypes produced during this period were Middle Manager Of Justice, a superhero simulation game, Whispering Rock Psychic Summer Camp, a camp-building game based on Psychonauts, and Brazen, a Monster Hunter-style four-player online co-op game.

In November 2012, Double Fine, along with Humble Bundle, announced Amnesia Fortnight 2012, a charity drive based on the previous Amnesia Fortnight. During this, those that paid a minimum of  had the opportunity to vote on 23 concept ideas. After the completion of the voting period, Double Fine developed the top five voted ideas into game prototypes that were available for those that purchased the bundle. The prototypes were (in order of receiving the most votes): Hack 'n' Slash, a The Legend of Zelda-inspired action-adventure, where players need to hack to solve puzzles, led by senior programmer Brandon Dillon, Spacebase DF-9, a sim game set in space, led by designer-programmer JP LeBreton, The White Birch, an ambient platform game (inspired by Ico and Journey), led by art director Andy Wood, Autonomous, a retro-futuristic sandbox robot game, led by art director Lee Petty, and Black Lake, a fairytale exploration game led by senior artist Levi Ryken. In addition, the purchaser received the initial prototypes of Costume Quest, Happy Song (what would become Once Upon a Monster), and Brazen, a Monster Hunter-style four-player online co-op homage to Ray Harryhausen, which was led by Brad Muir, who was also project lead of Iron Brigade. The development of the prototypes was documented by 2 Player Productions.

The Indie Fund announced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013 that they provided funding for two titles from Double Fine. The first game created with Indie Fund backing was revealed on October 15, 2013 to be Spacebase DF-9, a fleshed out commercial version of one of the Amnesia Fortnight 2012 prototypes. The game was released as an alpha version on Steam Early Access, and was developed with user feedback received during the early access release period. Development was canceled at version "Alpha 6e" with the next patch released as the finished game. This release did include source code that was released to the community. Largely due to backlash from the abrupt end of development, Spacebase DF-9 has more negative user reviews on the Steam store than positive. The other game partially funded with Indie Fund backing was revealed on December 10, 2013 to be Hack 'n' Slash, another full commercial version of an Amnesia Fortnight 2012 prototype. Hack 'n' Slash was released through Steam Early Access in the first half of 2014.

An additional prototype from the 2012 Amnesia Fortnight, Autonomous, was released as an expanded full free release for the Leap Motion controller on November 18, 2013.

In February 2014, Double Fine, and the Humble Bundle group began another charity drive titled Amnesia Fortnight 2014. During this drive, those that paid a minimum of  had the opportunity to vote on 29 concept ideas. In addition, those that paid more than the average will get to vote on a concept idea for a prototype led by Pendleton Ward, the creator of Adventure Time. After the completion of the voting period, Double Fine developed the top voted ideas into game prototypes that were available for those that purchased the bundle. As with Amnesia Fortnight 2012, 2 Player Productions filmed the production of the prototype, which was available to people who purchased the bundle, as well as on a Blu-ray, along with the prototypes on a DVD, for those who paid a minimum of . The four pitches that were made into prototypes for Amnesia Fortnight 2014 were Dear Leader, an emergent narrative game led by Anna Kipnis, Little Pink Best Buds, a game about little pink creatures who want to be your friend led by Pendleton Ward, Mnemonic, a surreal, first-person noir adventure led by Derek Brand, and Steed, a game set in a storybook land full of inept heroes led by John Bernhelm. One idea, Bad Golf 2, was not selected as a prototype, but a group of Double Fine fans have started working on developing the title themselves, with the blessing of its conceptor, Patrick Hackett and permission of Double Fine.

In April 2017, a third charitable public Amnesia Fortnight was jointly held by Double Fine and Humble Bundle. For Amnesia Fortnight 2017, two prototypes were chosen from the 25 prototype videos by means of the top public votes. These were The Gods Must Be Hungry and Darwin's Dinner. A multi-player virtual reality party game prototype, I Have No Idea What I'm Doing, was chosen by Tim Schafer. Another, the four-player competitive game, Kiln, was chosen by the Double Fine team members that were working on Amnesia Fortnight. This was done to give the team a bit of control, rather than have all of the choices be as a result of online voting. In addition, three fan pitches for prototypes were included in Amnesia Fortnight 2017. All three fan pitches, Pongball, The Lost Dev Team, and Amnesia Adventure, were developed into prototypes. The top pick, Pongball, was included in the Amnesia Fortnight 2017 prototype downloads, and the fans were mentored by Double Fine developers.

Dracogen funding
Double Fine has received financial investment from Steven Dengler's investment company Dracogen. The investment started as a result of a Twitter conversation between Dengler and Schafer in March 2011, where Schafer commented that the cost of bringing Double Fine's games to personal computers would be high. Dengler asked Schafer for a monetary value, though at the time Schafer believed Dengler was joking around and offered a value of around . As more formal conversations ensued, however, the company worked with Dengler to set an amount, signing an initial deal to bring Psychonauts to the macOS and to bring Costume Quest and Stacking to Microsoft Windows.

Following this initial agreement, a subsequent deal was made with Dracogen for three iOS mobile games, the first of which is Middle Manager of Justice. The game itself is based on another idea from the Amnesia Fortnights, a simulation game with RPG elements that involves managing teams of superheroes and then fighting as those heroes in battles. Dengler's children helped to provide some of the drawings of superheroes for the game. Middle Manager of Justice was released for iOS in December 2012, and the Android version was released on August 14, 2013.

Dropchord, a motion-based rhythm puzzle game for macOS, Microsoft Windows, iOS and Android, was as well financed by Dracogen. It was a launch title for the Leap Motion Airspace app store when the Leap Motion controller was released on July 22, 2013.

As of 2012, Dengler has invested about one million dollars into Double Fine, which Schafer said has "paid off for both sides". Schafer has said that Dengler's funding has allowed the company to realize the ability of self-publishing, and believes they would be able to self-publish a triple-A title with Dracogen's financial assistance.

Crowdfunding
In February 2012, Double Fine and 2 Player Productions announced a crowdfunding campaign through Kickstarter, initially codenamed Double Fine Adventure. It aimed to create a new adventure game featuring art by Double Fine's in-house artist Nathan Stapley. The Kickstarter effort was started because the adventure genre has been perceived as niche and commercially risky. The project aimed to collect  for the game's development and  for the filming of the game's development by 2 Player to be released alongside the game. The project reached its  funding goal in under nine hours of the month-long drive. Within 24 hours, Double Fine Adventure had raised more than a million dollars, becoming the most funded and most backed project ever on Kickstarter until it was surpassed by the Pebble watch in April 2012. The game was developed with Moai, and was released in two parts, Act 1 in early 2014 and Act 2 in April 2015. The game was ultimately named Broken Age.

On May 30, 2013, Double Fine started their second crowdfunding campaign through Kickstarter. The game, Massive Chalice, is a strategy video game for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux, directed by Brad Muir.

Additional projects through publishers
Although Double Fine has experienced success through crowdfunding, the company has not renounced working with publishers. Their crowdfunding success has, however, granted them enough independence to be more selective about the publishers they work with and the types of publishing deals they are willing to accept. Talking to gaming news site Polygon, Schafer explained: "We've changed our relationship with publishers. They used to be our sole source of income. Now that we've been self-publishing, we can kind of pick and choose who we work with and work with publishers that have similar goals that we have...[who] have the same kind of mission and believe in the same kind of things we believe in."

In February 2012, the casual video game, Double Fine Happy Action Theater, was published for the Xbox 360 Kinect through the Xbox Live Arcade by Microsoft Game Studios. The title is less a game and more an interactive toy, in which the Kinect is used to create augmented video on the players' screen, putting the players into scenarios such as walking through lava or playing in a giant ball pit. Happy Action Theater was the first game to be directed by Tim Schafer since Brütal Legend in 2009, and came about during Once Upon a Monster, finding that his young daughter had difficulty with the Kinect precision and aimed to make a game that required far less precision but was still enjoyable. Its sequel, Kinect Party, featuring even more augmented reality scenarios, was published by Microsoft Game Studios in December 2012.

On February 22, 2012, Double Fine filed a trademark for the name "The Cave", later confirming that this was not related to the Double Fine Adventure project. In May 2012, it was revealed that The Cave was the title of an adventure and platform game developed by Ron Gilbert during his tenure at Double Fine. It was published by Sega in January 2013. Gilbert subsequently left the company on amiable terms to pursue other game development opportunities.

At PAX Prime 2013, it was revealed that Double Fine had a game in development that would be released as free downloadable content for The Playroom, the augmented reality mini-game compilation that utilizes the PlayStation Camera on PlayStation 4. Titled My Alien Buddy, it built on their experience on augmented reality that they gained while making Double Fine Happy Action Theater and Kinect Party for Microsoft. The alien buddy is a deformable toy with which the player can interact. My Alien Buddy was released on December 24, 2013.

On November 21, 2014, Double Fine announced that due to a publishing deal falling through, that it was forced to cancel an unannounced project and let 12 staff go.

As part of a deal with Nordic Games, who gained the publishing rights to Costume Quest and Stacking and the distribution rights to Psychonauts from the takeover of THQ after their bankruptcy, Double Fine took over all publishing rights, while Nordic Games retained and restarted distributing retail copies of all three titles for Microsoft Windows and macOS in early 2014.

Double Fine Presents
Double Fine announced in March 2014 that it would begin publishing indie games under the moniker Double Fine Presents. Using that program, Double Fine makes its publishing capabilities and offices available for other independent developers to help them finish their work by funding, publishing, and promoting it. The idea came about during the Amnesia Fortnight 2014, where local San Francisco independent developers were working alongside Double Fine in their studios during the two-week period, with the intent to help give them exposure through the production process as it was filmed by 2 Player Productions. The idea of Double Fine providing more long-term assistance to these indies arose during this event, forming the basis for this program. According to Double Fine's COO Justin Bailey, the goal of this approach is to "help indies build their own community and empower them with the knowledge and tools they need to succeed on their own", providing them assistance "customized to what indies need without also creating a certain codependence" that other publishing means require.

The first such game created in this fashion is Escape Goat 2, the sequel to Escape Goat, by MagicalTimeBean. This included a humorous video introducing both the game and Double Fine's program, which was filmed during the week of the 2014 Game Developers Conference in March 2014. For the second title, Last Life by Rocket Science Amusements, Double Fine helped to prepare and present a Kickstarter campaign to help funding the final development of the title. The third title announced under this program was Mountain by David OReilly, a procedural terrarium that provides an ambient, minimalist, zen-like experience full of secrets and mysteries. In August 2014, Double Fine announced that a fourth game would be released under the program, the multiplayer beat 'em up Gang Beasts by Boneloaf, which launched into Steam Early Access on August 29, 2014. The latest addition to the Double Fine Presents program is GNOG by KO_OP, a puzzle-adventure released in 2016.

Following Microsoft's acquisition of Double Fine in June 2019, the fate of the Double Fine Presents publishing label was unclear. Schafer stated in September 2019 that the fate of Double Fine Presents is unclear, but that while they will likely end up stop publishing, they will still likely engage with the community through the Day of the Devs events to support other independent developers. Ooblets changed to a self-publishing model following Double Fine's acquisition, while another, Knights and Bikes, remained under the label. Gang Beasts also turned to self-publishing by June 2020, as it described that Double Fine's publishing was "winding down".

Events
Double Fine and iam8bit host an annual free festival, , in San Francisco with food, drink, and playable demos of unreleased indie games since 2012.

Games developed

Games published

Awards
 Game Developers Conference — Best New Studio (2006)
 Official Xbox Magazine — Developer of the Year (2011)

References

External links

 "The Amnesia Fortnight Movie" by Double Fine

2000 establishments in California
2019 mergers and acquisitions
American companies established in 2000
Companies based in San Francisco
Microsoft subsidiaries
Video game companies based in California
Video game companies established in 2000
Video game development companies
Video game publishers
Webcomic syndicates
Xbox Game Studios

Double Fine


Mons. Giovanni Gaspari (Pescara, 6. lipnja 1963.), talijanski katolički svećenik, visoki crkveni dužnosnik i diplomat

Životopis
Rodio se je 1963. u Pescari. 4. srpnja 1987. godine zaredio se je za svećenika. Inkardiniran je u nadbiskupiju Pescara-Penne. Diplomirao je kanonsko pravo te je stekao licencijat iz moralne teologije. Od 1. srpnja 2001. je u vatikanskoj diplomatskoj službi. Radio je u papinskim predstavništvima u Iranu, Albaniji, Meksiku, Litvi i u Odjelu za odnose s državama Državnog tajništva Svete Stolice. Uz materinski talijanski, govori engleski, španjolski i francuski. 21. rujna 2020. godine papa Franjo imenovao ga je apostolskim nuncijem u Angoli i Svetom Tomi i Principu. Na službi je naslijedio Hrvata mons. Petra Antuna Rajiča. Istovremeno ga je postavio na mjesto naslovnog biskupa Biogradske biskupije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

(eng.) Catholic Hierarchy

Biskupi u Italiji
Talijanski biskupi

Giovanni Gaspari


An Canistrum in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Canistrum in nahilalakip ha familia nga Bromeliaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Canistrum

Canistrum


In historical linguistics, the homeland or Urheimat  (, from German ur- "original" and Heimat, home) of a proto-language is the region in which it was spoken before splitting into different daughter languages. A proto-language is the reconstructed or historically-attested parent language of a group of languages that are genetically related.

Depending on the age of the language family under consideration, its homeland may be known with near-certainty (in the case of historical or near-historical migrations) or it may be very uncertain (in the case of deep prehistory). Next to internal linguistic evidence, the reconstruction of a prehistoric homeland makes use of a variety of disciplines, including archaeology and archaeogenetics.

Methods
There are several methods to determine the homeland of a given language family. One method is based on the vocabulary that can be reconstructed for the proto-language. This vocabulary – especially terms for flora and fauna – can provide clues for the geographical and ecological environment in which the proto-language was spoken. An estimate for the time-depth of the proto-language is necessary in order to account for prehistorical changes in climate and the distribution of flora and fauna.

Another method is based on the linguistic migration theory (first proposed by Edward Sapir), which states that the most likely candidate for the last homeland of a language family can be located in the area of its highest linguistic diversity. This presupposes an established view about the internal subgrouping of the language family. Different assumptions about high-order subgrouping can thus lead to very divergent proposals for a linguistic homeland (e.g. Isidore Dyen's proposal for New Guinea as the center of dispersal of the Austronesian languages). The linguistic migration theory has its limits because it only works when linguistic diversity evolves continuously without major disruptions. Its results can be distorted e.g. when this diversity is wiped out by more recent migrations.

Limitations of the concept

The concept of a (single, identifiable) "homeland" of a given language family implies a purely genealogical view of the development of languages. This assumption is often reasonable and useful, but it is by no means a logical necessity, as languages are well known to be susceptible to areal change such as substrate or superstrate influence.

Time depth

Over a sufficient period of time, in the absence of evidence of intermediary steps in the process, it may be impossible to observe linkages between languages that have a shared Urheimat: given enough time, natural language change will obliterate any meaningful linguistic evidence of a common genetic source.
This general concern is a manifestation of the larger issue of "time depth" in historical linguistics.

For example, the languages of the New World are believed to be descended from a relatively "rapid" peopling of the Americas (relative to the duration of the Upper Paleolithic) within a few millennia (roughly between 20,000 and 15,000 years ago), but their genetic relationship has become completely obscured over the more than ten millennia which have passed between their separation and their first written record in the early modern period. Similarly, the Australian Aboriginal languages are divided into some 28 families and isolates for which no genetic relationship can be shown.

The Urheimaten reconstructed using the methods of comparative linguistics typically estimate separation times dating to the Neolithic or later. It is undisputed that fully developed languages were present throughout the Upper Paleolithic, and possibly into the deep Middle Paleolithic (see origin of language, behavioral modernity). These languages would have spread with the early human migrations of the first "peopling of the world", but they are no longer amenable to linguistic reconstruction. The Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) has imposed linguistic separation lasting several millennia on many Upper Paleolithic populations in Eurasia, as they were forced to retreat into "refugia" before the advancing ice sheets. After the end of the LGM, Mesolithic populations of the Holocene again became more mobile, and most of the prehistoric spread of the world's major linguistic families seem to reflect the expansion of population cores during the Mesolithic followed by the Neolithic Revolution.

The Nostratic theory is the best-known attempt to expand the deep prehistory of the main language families of Eurasia (excepting Sino-Tibetan and the languages of Southeast Asia) to the beginning of the Holocene. First proposed in the early 20th century, the Nostratic theory still receives serious consideration, but it is by no means generally accepted. The more recent and more speculative "Borean" hypothesis attempts to unite Nostratic with Dené–Caucasian and Austric, in a "mega-phylum" that would unite most languages of Eurasia, with a time depth going back to the Last Glacial Maximum.

The argument surrounding the "Proto-Human language", finally, is almost completely detached from linguistic reconstruction, instead surrounding questions of phonology and the origin of speech. Time depths involved in the deep prehistory of all the world's extant languages are of the order of at least 100,000 years.

Language contact and creolization
The concept of an Urheimat only applies to populations speaking a proto-language defined by the tree model. This is not always the case.

For example, in places where language families meet, the relationship between a group that speaks a language and the Urheimat for that language is complicated by "processes of migration, language shift and group absorption are documented by linguists and ethnographers" in groups that are themselves "transient and plastic." Thus, in the contact area in western Ethiopia between languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan and Afroasiatic families, the Nilo-Saharan-speaking Nyangatom and the Afroasiatic-speaking Daasanach have been observed to be closely related to each other but genetically distinct from neighboring Afroasiatic-speaking populations. This is a reflection of the fact that the Daasanach, like the Nyangatom, originally spoke a Nilo-Saharan language, with the ancestral Daasanach later adopting an Afroasiatic language around the 19th century.

Creole languages are hybrids of languages that are sometimes unrelated. Similarities arise from the creole formation process, rather than from genetic descent. For example, a creole language may lack significant inflectional morphology, lack tone on monosyllabic words, or lack semantically opaque word formation, even if these features are found in all of the parent languages of the languages from which the creole was formed.

Isolates
Some languages are language isolates. That is to say, they have no well accepted language family connection, no nodes in a family tree, and therefore no known Urheimat. An example is the Basque language of Northern Spain and southwest France. Nevertheless, it is a scientific fact that all languages evolve. An unknown Urheimat may still be hypothesized, such as that for a Proto-Basque, and may be supported by archaeological and historical evidence.

Sometimes relatives are found for a language originally believed to be an isolate. An example is the Etruscan language, which, even though only partially understood, is believed to be related to the Rhaetic language and to the Lemnian language. A single family may be an isolate. In the case of the non-Austronesian indigenous languages of Papua New Guinea and the indigenous languages of Australia, there is no published linguistic hypothesis supported by any evidence that these languages have links to any other families. Nevertheless, an unknown Urheimat is implied. The entire Indo-European family itself is a language isolate: no further connections are known. This lack of information does not prevent some professional linguists from formulating additional hypothetical nodes (Nostratic) and additional homelands for the speakers.

Homelands of major language families

Western and central Eurasia

Indo-European
The identification of the Proto-Indo-European homeland has been debated for centuries, but the steppe hypothesis is now widely accepted, placing it in the Pontic–Caspian steppe in the late 5th millennium BCE. The leading alternative is the Anatolian hypothesis, proposing a homeland in Anatolia in the early 7th millennium BCE.
Caucasian
The unrelated Kartvelian, Northwest Caucasian (Abkhaz-Adygean) and Northeast Caucasian (Nakh-Daghestanian) language families are presumed to be indigenous to the Caucasus. There is extensive evidence for contact between the Caucasian languages, especially Proto-Kartvelian, and Proto-Indo-European, indicating that they were spoken in close proximity at least three to four thousand years ago.

Although Dravidian languages are now concentrated in southern India, isolated pockets further north, placenames and substrate influences on Indo-Aryan languages indicate that they were once spoken more widely across the Indian subcontinent. Reconstructed Proto-Dravidian terms for flora and fauna support the idea that Dravidian is indigenous to India. Proponents of a migration from the northwest cite the location of Brahui, a hypothesized connection to the undeciphered Indus script, and claims of a link to Elamite.
Turkic
Turkic languages are today spoken across an area stretching from northwest China to the edge of Europe, but Proto-Turkic lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna and subsistence point to a homeland in the taiga-steppe zone of southern Siberia and Mongolia around the Altai-Sayan region. Early contact with Mongolic languages also points to this area. Genetic studies suggest that most of the expansion of the language family was due to language replacement rather than migration, but have identified shared elements originating from the South Siberia-Mongolia area.
Uralic
Inherited tree names seem to indicate a Uralic homeland to the east of the Ural Mountains. The internal branching of the family suggests an area between the Ob River and Yenisey River. Uralic speakers are not genetically distinguished from their neighbours, but do share a genetic component that is of Siberian origin.

Eastern Eurasia
Japonic
Most scholars believe that Japonic was brought to northern Kyushu from the Korean Peninsula around 700 to 300 BCE by wet-rice farmers of the Yayoi culture, spreading from there throughout the Japanese Archipelago and somewhat later to the Ryukyu Islands. There is fragmentary placename evidence that now-extinct Japonic languages were still spoken in central and southern parts of the Korean peninsula several centuries later.
Koreanic
All modern Koreanic varieties are descended from the language of Unified Silla, which ruled the southern two-thirds of the Korean peninsula between the 7th and 10th centuries. Evidence for the earlier linguistic history of the peninsula is extremely sparse. The orthodox view among Korean social historians is that the Korean people migrated to the peninsula from the north, but no archaeological evidence of such a migration has been found.
Sino-Tibetan
The reconstruction of Sino-Tibetan is much less developed than for other major families, so its higher-level structure and time depth remain unclear. Proposed homelands and periods include: the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River about 4–8 kya, associated with the hypothesis of a top-level branching between Chinese and the rest (most likely); southwestern Sichuan around 9 kya, associated with the hypothesis that Chinese and Tibetan form a subbranch; Northeast India (the area of maximal diversity) 9–10 kya.
Hmong–Mien
The most likely homeland of the Hmong–Mien languages is in Southern China between the Yangtze and Mekong rivers, but speakers of these languages may have migrated from Central China as a result of the expansion of the Han Chinese.
Kra–Dai
Most scholars locate the homeland of the Kra–Dai languages in Southern China, possibly coastal Fujian or Guangdong.
Austroasiatic
Austroasiatic is widely held to be the oldest family in mainland Southeast Asia, with its current discontinuous distribution resulting from the later arrival of other families. The various branches share a great deal of vocabulary concerning rice cultivation, but few related to metals. Identification of the homeland of the family has been hampered by the lack of progress on its branching. The main proposals are Northern India (favoured by those who assume an early branching of Munda), Southeast Asia (the area of maximal diversity; most likely) and southern China (based on claimed loanwords in Chinese).
Austronesian
The homeland of the Austronesian languages is widely accepted by linguists to be Taiwan, since nine of its ten branches are found there, with all Austronesian languages found outside Taiwan belonging to the remaining Malayo-Polynesian branch.

North America
Eskimo–Aleut
The Eskimo–Aleut languages originated in the region of the Bering Strait or Southwest Alaska.
Na-Dené and Yeniseian
The Dené–Yeniseian hypothesis proposes that the Na-Dené languages of North America and the Yeniseian languages of Central Siberia share a common ancestor. Suggested homelands for this family include Central or West Asia, Siberia, or Beringia, but there is currently not enough evidence to resolve the question.
Algic
The Algic languages are distributed from the Pacific coast to the Atlantic coast of North America. It is suggested that Proto-Algic was spoken on the Columbia Plateau. From there, pre-Wiyot and pre-Yurok speakers moved southwest to the North Coast of California, while the pre-Proto-Algonquian speakers moved to the Great Plains, which was the center of dispersal of the Algonquian languages.
Uto-Aztecan
Some authorities on the history of the Uto-Aztecan language group place the Proto-Uto-Aztecan homeland in the border region between the USA and Mexico, namely the upland regions of Arizona and New Mexico and the adjacent areas of the Mexican states of Sonora and Chihuahua, roughly corresponding to the Sonoran Desert. The proto-language would have been spoken by foragers, about 5,000 years ago. Hill (2001) proposes instead a homeland further south, making the assumed speakers of Proto-Uto-Aztecan maize cultivators in Mesoamerica, who were gradually pushed north, bringing maize cultivation with them, during the period of roughly 4,500 to 3,000 years ago, the geographic diffusion of speakers corresponding to the breakup of linguistic unity.

South America
Tupian
Proto-Tupian, the reconstructed common ancestor of the Tupian languages of South America, was probably spoken in the region between the Guaporé and Aripuanã rivers, around 5,000 years ago.

Africa and Middle East
Afroasiatic
There is no consensus on the location of the Afroasiatic homeland, though based on current evidence somewhere in the eastern Sahara or adjacent regions is considered most likely. Proto-Afroasiatic is estimated to have begun to break up in the 8th millennium BCE. Proto-Semitic is thought to have been spoken in the Near East between 4400 and 7400 BCE, with Akkadian representing its earliest known branch.
Niger–Congo
The validity of the Niger–Congo languages has become controversial. It probably originated in West Africa — where the greatest diversity is found — soon after the start of the Holocene. Its expansion may have been associated with the expansion of Sahel agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the desiccation of the Sahara in c. 3500 BCE.
Mande
Valentin Vydrin concluded that "the Mande homeland at the second half of the 4th millennium BC was located in Southern Sahara, somewhere to the North of 16° or even 18° of Northern latitude and between 3° and 12° of Western longitude." That is now Mauritania and/or southern Western Sahara.
Nilo-Saharan
The validity of the Nilo-Saharan family remains controversial. Proponents of the family view the border area between Chad, Sudan, and the Central African Republic as a likely candidate for its homeland from around the start of the Holocene.
Central-Sudanic
The original homeland of Central Sudanic speakers is likely somewhere in the Bahr el Ghazal region.
Khoe-Kwadi
The homeland of Khoe-Kwadi was likely the middle Zambezi Valley over 2,000 years ago.

Australia
Pama-Nyungan
The Gulf Plains, west of Queensland

See also
Genetic relationship (linguistics)
Nationalist historiography
Sprachbund

References

Sources

  (Translation of  )

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Historical linguistics
Origin hypotheses of ethnic groups
German words and phrases

Linguistic homeland


Alatoseta, monotipski rod glavočika smješten u potporodicu Gnaphalieae. jedina vrsta je A. tenuis, južnoafrički endem, sukulent iz provincija Northern Cape i Western Cape.

Izvori

Gnaphalieae
Flora Kapskih provincija

Alatoseta


Le gouvernement Barton est le gouvernement qui dirige l'Australie de  à . C'est le premier gouvernement fédéral australien : Il entre en fonction le jour de l'unification de l'Australie en fédération, le . Dirigé par Edmund Barton, c'est un gouvernement minoritaire, formé par le Parti protectionniste avec le soutien sans participation du Parti travailliste.

Formation
L'Australie au  est composée de six colonies britanniques distinctes les unes des autres. L'unification est acquise à la suite de conférences au long des années 1890, de la rédaction d'une Constitution de l'Australie, et de son adoption par référendum dans chacune de ces colonies. Celles-ci deviennent les six États de l'Australie.

Edmund Barton, avocat et ancien procureur général de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud, est « passionnément » fédéraliste : Il joue un rôle important dans le processus d'unification du pays-continent, et préside la commission constitutionnelle durant la convention fédérale de 1897-1898. Il est ainsi « considéré comme le choix logique pour être le premier Premier ministre de l'Australie », et est invité par le représentant de la reine Victoria et futur premier gouverneur général d'Australie, Lord Hopetoun, à former un gouvernement. Il s'agira d'un gouvernement provisoire, en attendant les premières élections législatives fédérales en mars 1901.

Edmund Barton forme un gouvernement composé principalement de dirigeants des colonies devenues États de la fédération. C'est donc un gouvernement de fortes personnalités autonomes, parfois qualifié d'« orchestre de chefs d'orchestre », tandis que Barton lui-même n'a jamais dirigé un gouvernement. Il nomme huit ministres (autres que lui-même), distribuant six ministères à six personnalités des six États et y ajoutant deux ministres sans portefeuille ; il annonce son gouvernement le jour de Noël 1900, et les ministres prêtent serment et entrent en fonction le , jour de naissance de la fédération, au  de Sydney face à une foule de  personnes.

Le nouveau gouvernement doit rapidement entrer en campagne pour les élections législatives du mois de mars. Il promet l'instauration du droit de vote des femmes, la création d'une Haute Cour d'Australie (conformément à la Constitution), des premiers préparatifs pour une capitale fédérale à bâtir, l'instauration d'un système fédéral de taxes douanières, et la construction d'un chemin de fer transcontinental pour unifier l'est et l'ouest du pays. Les élections en mars produisent un parlement sans majorité, où le Parti protectionniste dispose de trente-deux sièges sur soixante-quinze à la Chambre des représentants et de onze sièges sur trente-six au Sénat. Le Parti pour le libre-échange a vingt-six sièges à la Chambre et dix-sept au Sénat ; le Parti travailliste, dix-sept sièges à la Chambre et huit au Sénat. Les travaillistes soutiennent globalement une politique de protectionnisme, et permettent au gouvernement Barton d'avoir la confiance du Parlement et ainsi de gouverner. George Reid, le chef du Parti pour le libre-échange, devient le premier Chef de l'opposition parlementaire.

Membres

Composition initiale
Le premier gouvernement d'Australie est le suivant :

Changements ultérieurs
Le ministre de la Défense James Dickson meurt le . Un remaniement ministériel a alors lieu : John Forrest devient ministre de la Défense, cédant au sénateur James Drake la responsabilité des Postes.

Elliott Lewis, ministre sans portefeuille intégré au gouvernement pour y représenter la Tasmanie, ne se présente pas aux élections législatives fédérales de 1901. Conformément à la Constitution, seuls les députés et sénateurs peuvent être ministres, et il quitte donc le gouvernement. Le député fédéral tasmanien Philip Fysh entre au gouvernement, sans portefeuille, pour lui succéder.

Un nouveau remaniement a lieu en août 1903, quelques semaines avant la démission d'Edmund Barton. Charles Kingston a démissionné en juillet en raison d'un désaccord avec le gouvernement. William Lyne le remplace comme ministre du Commerce extérieur, cédant son propre ministère de l'Intérieur à John Forrest, qui cède celui de la Défense à James Drake, qui cède le ministère des Postes à Philip Fysh.

Législation
À l'entrée en fonction de ce gouvernement, les institutions fédérales sont encore rudimentaires. C'est initialement « un gouvernement sans parlement, sans service public et sans locaux », le Premier ministre n'ayant pas de bureau dédié et devant emprunter une pièce dans les locaux de Parliament House, le bâtiment qui abrite le Parlement de Nouvelle-Galles du Sud à Sydney. Pour loger le parlement fédéral, le Parlement de Victoria cède son local de Parliament House à Melbourne, qui devient la capitale provisoire de l'Australie. Edmund Barton y obtient un bureau, mais n'a d'autre choix que de loger dans « un petit espace de grenier » dans ce même bâtiment. De là, le gouvernement introduit les mesures nécessaires pour compléter les fondements de la fédération : La loi Commonwealth Franchise Act de 1902 accorde aux femmes le droit de vote et le droit de se porter candidates aux élections fédérales, et en 1903 la Haute Cour d'Australie est créée. Un ensemble de lois posent « les fondements légaux, financiers et administratifs » des diverses institutions fédérales.

Le gouvernement met par ailleurs en place des mesures protectionnistes, instituant des droits de douane au niveau fédéral, avec le soutien des travaillistes. Avec le soutien également des travaillistes afin de protéger les salaires et les conditions de travail des ouvriers australiens, il fait adopter la « Loi de restriction de l'immigration » de 1901, interdisant presque entièrement l'immigration venue d'Asie. Dans le même temps, en 1901, le gouvernement expulse les travailleurs mélanésiens des plantations du Queensland. C'est la politique de l'« Australie blanche », adoptée malgré l'opposition du gouvernement impérial à Londres.

En matière de la place de l'Australie dans l'Empire britannique, Edmund Barton obtient l'accord du Parlement australien pour l'envoi de soldats volontaires australiens supplémentaires à la seconde guerre des Boers que mène le Royaume-Uni dans le sud de l'Afrique. Il obtient de Londres le maintien et l'accroissement d'une flotte de la Royal Navy à Sydney pour la protection de l'Australie. Et pour contribuer à la réussite de l'Alliance britanno-japonaise, le gouvernement Barton accueille en grande pompe une visite de navires de guerre japonais en Australie en mai et juin 1903.

Fin
Souffrant de problèmes de santé, Edmund Barton démissionne en septembre 1903 et devient l'un des premiers juges de la Haute Cour. Le procureur général Alfred Deakin le remplace comme Premier ministre, et les protectionnistes conservent de peu leur majorité relative des sièges aux élections de décembre 1903, malgré un recul au profit des travaillistes.

Références

Barton
Histoire de l'Australie
1901 en Australie
1902 en Australie
1903 en Australie

Gouvernement Barton


Symon Vasylovytsj Petljúra (úkraínska: Си́мон Васи́льович Петлю́ра) var úkraínskur stjórnmálamaður, herforingi og blaðamaður. Hann var leiðtogi úkraínska hersins og forseti úkraínska alþýðulýðveldisins á stuttum tíma úkraínsks sjálfstæðis frá 1918 til 1921, eftir hrun rússneska keisaradæmisins árið 1917.

Petljúra er umdeild persóna og mikið hefur verið deilt um arfleifð hans. Sumir úkraínskir þjóðernissinnar líta á hann sem sjálfstæðishetju en hins vegar hefur Petljúra víða verið fordæmdur vegna fjöldamorða á Gyðingum (pogrom) sem framin voru af hermönnum hans. Í orði kveðnu fordæmdi Petljúra slík morð og lagði við þeim þungar refsingar, en gagnrýnendur hans telja hann ekki hafa gert nóg til að stöðva ofbeldið. Petljúra var ráðinn af dögum í París árið 1926 af Sholem Schwarzbard, Gyðingi sem vildi hefna fjöldamorðanna. Schwarzbard var í kjölfarið sýknaður af vígi Petljúra í ljósi Gyðingaofsóknanna sem höfðu viðgengist undir stjórn hans.

Æviágrip
Symon Petljúra tók þátt í stofnun Úkraínska sósíaldemókratíska verkamannaflokksins árið 1905 og var ritstjóri tveggja sósíalískra vikublaða. Þegar fyrri heimsstyrjöldin braust út árið 1914 varð Petljúra liðsforingi í rússneska hernum.

Þegar rússneska keisaradæmið hrundi í rússnesku byltingunni árið 1917 gekk Petljúra til liðs við miðstjórn Úkraínu (rada), sem lýsti yfir sjálfstæði landsins frá Rússlandi. Í júlí 1917 var Petljúra útnefndur stríðsmálaráðherra nýja úkraínska alþýðulýðveldisins.

Eftir að stjórn bolsévika dró Rússland úr fyrri heimsstyrjöldinni með Brest-Litovsk-sáttmálanum árið 1918 hertóku Þjóðverjar Úkraínu og settu á fót leppstjórn undir stjórn Pavlo Skoropadskyj, sem tók sér tign höfuðsmanns. Þegar Þjóðverjar hörfuðu frá Úkraínu undir lok styrjaldarinnar tók Petljúra sér forystuhlutverk í úkraínsku sjálfstæðishreyfingunni og tókst að kollvarpa stjórn Skoropadskyj. Petljúra hlaut sæti í fimm manna framkvæmdaráði alþýðulýðveldisins og varð æðsti hershöfðingi (ataman) herafla þess.

Í rússnesku borgarastyrjöldinni börðust Petljúra og bandamenn hans bæði gegn rauða hernum, sem vildi koma Úkraínu aftur undir rússneska stjórn í nafni kommúnismans, og hvíta hernum sem vildi endurreisa keisaradæmið. Hvítliðar hertóku Úkraínu og kollvörpuðu stjórn Petljúra undir lok ársins 1918. Þegar hvítliðar urðu að hörfa frá Úkraínu haustið 1919 komst Úkraína undir stjórn bolsévika.

Í apríl 1920 gekk Petljúra í bandalag við Józef Piłsudski, leiðtoga Póllands, í von um að geta með hans hjálp rekið Sovétmenn frá Úkraínu. Petljúra og her hans studdu Piłsudski í stríði Póllands og Sovétríkjanna. Pólverjar sigruðu Sovétmenn í stríðinu en í Riga-sáttmálanum þar sem samið var um vopnahlé tókst ekki að semja um sjálfstæði Úkraínu.

Petljúra bjó í Varsjá í nokkra mánuði en flutti síðan til Parísar ásamt útlegðarríkisstjórn sinni.

Hlutverk í Gyðingaofsóknum
Ofbeldi gegn Gyðingum var útbreitt meðal allra deiluaðila í Úkraínu á tíma rússnesku borgarastyrjaldarinnar. Alls er talið að um 35.000 til 50.000 Gyðingar hafi verið drepnir á þessum tíma. Af um 1.236 árásum á Gyðinga (pogrom) sem gerðar voru í Úkraínu bar her alþýðulýðveldisins undir stjórn Petljúra ábyrgð á 493.

Deilt hefur verið um hlutverk Petljúra í Gyðingaofsóknunum. Bent hefur verið á að Petljúra hafi reynt að stöðva ofbeldi gegn Gyðingum og hafi lagt dauðarefsingar gegn því að fremja pogrom. Þann 26. ágúst 1919 gaf Petljúra út yfirlýsingu þar sem hann fordæmdi pogrom og lýsti því yfir að þeir sem fremdu þau skyldu reknir úr her alþýðulýðveldisins og að litið yrði á þá sem svikara. Í yfirlýsingunni sagði Petljúra að líkt og Úkraínumenn hefðu Gyðingar verið hnepptir í þrældóm og sviptir þjóðfrelsi sínu, og að "Gyðingaþjóðin [hefði verið] með okkur frá örófi alda og [hefði] deilt með okkur örlögum og eymd okkar." Eftir að Petljúra tók við stjórn framkvæmdaráðs alþýðulýðveldisins skipaði hann jafnframt rannsóknir á Gyðingamorðum sem framin höfðu verið í Kamjanets-Podílskyj og Proskúrív og krafðist þess að fremjendur þeirra yrðu dregnir fyrir herrétt.

Petljúra hefur engu að síður verið gagnrýndur fyrir að gera ekki nóg til að koma í veg fyrir pogrom og fyrir að hafa verið tregur til að refsa herforingjum sem ofsóttu Gyðinga af ótta við að glata stuðningi þeirra. Meðal annars hefur verið bent á að hann heimsótti borgina Zjytomyr í mars 1919 á meðan ofbeldishrina gegn Gyðingum var yfirstandandi en stöðvaði hana ekki.

Morðið á Petljúra og eftirmálar
Þann 25. maí 1926 var Petljúra skotinn til bana á götum Parísar af Sholem Schwarzbard, Gyðingi sem hafði misst ættingja sína í fjöldamorðunum í Úkraínu og vildi ná fram hefndum. Réttarhöldin yfir Schwarzbard vöktu mikla athygli á sínum tíma og fjöldi frægra manna á borð við Albert Einstein, Henry Bergson, Maksím Gorkíj og Paul Langevin báru vitni. Þar sem Schwarzbard gekkst frjálslega við því að hafa drepið Petljúra gekk vörn hans út á að sýna fram á voðaverkin sem framin hefðu verið gegn Gyðingum af stjórn úkraínska alþýðulýðveldisins. Eftir átta daga réttarhöld kom kviðdómur saman og sýknaði Schwarzbard eftir 32 mínútna umræður.

Tilvísanir

Úkraínskir blaðamenn
Úkraínskir byltingarmenn
Úkraínskir stjórnmálamenn
Þjóðhöfðingjar Úkraínu

Symon Petljúra


Iurii Graț (n. 8 decembrie 1948, Moscova) este un fizician-teoretician sovietic și rus, profesor universitar la Moscova.

Biografie
Născut ca fiu al lui Vladimir Graț. Fost membru ULCT .A absolvit școala medie la Moscova și a studiat la facultatea de fizică a Universitații din Moscova (1966-1972). În anii 1972-1975 este doctorand la catedra de fizică teoretică  a facultății de fizică, unde i-a avut ca conducători pe prof. A.A. Sokolov și conferențiarul Dmitri Galțov. În același an susține teza de doctor, iar în anul 1995 susține și teza de doctor habilitat, avîndu-l ca consultant pe profesorul Dmitri Galțov. Este profesor la catedra de fizică teoretică din anul 1998, iar din anul 2014 este profesor emerit al Universității din Moscova.

Activitatea didactică și științifică
Predă cursurile de mecanică a mediilor continui și de mecanică teoretică pentru astronomi.
Tema tezei de doctor habilitat: efecte nelocale în teoria interacției gravitaționale.
Domeniile de interes științific sunt: teoria clasică și cuantică a câmpurilor, procese radiative în câmpuri externe gravitaționale și electromagnetice, cosmologie.
A publicat 85 de lucrări științifice, este coautor a 3 monografii.

Baza de date Biblus
 Biblus
 Biblus

Despre
Enciclopedia " Moskovskii Universitet", Moscova, Ed. Moskovskii Universitet.
Fizicieni ruși
Nașteri în 1948
Nașteri pe 8 decembrie
Oameni din Moscova

Iuri Graț


Intel® Core™ i5 Processor

لمحة عن المنتج
يستخدم هذا المعالج Turbo boost technology مما يجعله يقوم بأداء ذكي أثناء تحرير الصور ومشاهدة الفيديو
كما يمكن لهذا المعالج أن يقوم بعدة مهام بسهولة مما يمكننا من الحصول على إنتاجية أعلى.

الفوائد
1-الأداء : إن Turbo boost technology تزيد السرعة بشكل كبير.

2-يتميز هذا المعالج بتعددية المهام مما يمكنه من إنجاز مهام عدة في آن واحد.

3-إنجاز حسابات أسرع دون الحاجة إلى فترات التثبيط.

4-الوسائل الإعلانية : سهولة تحويل الفيديو و الصور إلى إشارات رقمية.

5-اللعب : يحسن اللعبة بنسبة 32% في الذكاء الاصطناعي لمميزات اللعبة.

المميزات المزود بها هذا المعالج وفوائدها

Quad Core Processing
تزودنا بأربع نوى كاملة من أجل التنفيذ في حزمة واحدة في المعالج مما يساعد نظام التشغيل والتطبيقات أن تقوم بأداء إضافي . وهذا يجعل المستخدمين يقومون بمهام عدة عبر أنواع عديدة من التطبيقات .
Intel Turbo Boost Technology
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8Mb smart cache
يمكن المستوى الأخير من الخابية النوى الأربعة من الاتصال بالتطبيقات المتنوعة .
Integrated Memory Controller
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مواصفاته :
2.66 GHz: تواتره
8MB ذاكرته الخابية :
	: ينتمي هذا المعالج ..MIMD البنية إلى

النوى

لينفيلد Lynnfield

في الثامن من أيلول من عام 2009 قامت شركة إنتل بإطلاق أول معالج من نوع Core i5 .

Core i5 750: معالج من معالجات إنتل رباعية النوى ذات النوع لينفيلد تردده 2.66 غيغا هيرتز مع تعطيل تعدد النوى

معالجات أنتل ذات النوع لينفيلد فيها 8 ميغا كاش (من المستوى الثالث), وسرعة ناقلات تصل لـ 2.5 GT/s مع دعم الذواكر ثنائية القناة: دي دي آر 3 إس دي رام-800/1066/1333

هنالك بعض المعالجات المشابهة مع بعض التعديلات في المزايا (كتفعيل تعدد النوى وترددات الساعة) تعرف باسم Core i7-8xx و سلسلة معالجات Xeon 3400

أراندل

:
من فئة معالجات الهاتف النقال (Core i5-5xx)  والتي تملك قدرات رسومية مدمجة مع المعالج ولكن بنواتي معالج اثنتين فقط.

من المتوقع أن يتم إطلاق هذا المعالج في أوائل العام 2010 بالتزامن مع معالجات Core i7-6xx و Core i3-3xx المبنية على نفس النوع من الرقاقات

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بينما معالجات الـ Core i7-6xx ستستخدم كامل الكاش ولكن يكون هنالك دعم للتيربو بوست في معالجات الـ Core i3-3xx

كلاركديل

:
يعد كلاركديل كنسخة للحواسيب المكتبية من معالجات أراندل
مع تفعيل تعدد النوى وكامل الـ4 ميغا كاش (من المستوى الثالث).

وصلات خارجية
Intel® Core™ i5 Processor

إنتل
معالجات إنتل إكس 86
منتجات عرضت في 2009

إنتل كور i5


Justen Blok né le 27 septembre 2000, est un joueur de hockey sur gazon néerlandais. Il évolue au poste de défenseur au HC Rotterdam et avec l'équipe nationale néerlandaise.

Carrière

Championnat d'Europe
  : 2021

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2020

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en septembre 2000
Joueur néerlandais de hockey sur gazon
Champion d'Europe de hockey sur gazon
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Justen Blok


Echipa națională de baschet masculin a Georgiei (Georgian: საქართველოს ეროვნული საკალათბურთო ნაკრები) reprezintă țara Georgia în concursurile internaționale de baschet. Aceasta se află sub controlul Federației Georgiene de Baschet (GBF), care a fost stabilită la 4 iunie 1991, după ce Georgia a devenit independentă față de Uniunea Sovietică. Țara este membru FIBA din 1992. Primul joc oficial a fost disputat împotriva Poloniei în 1995.

Echipa a debutat în Campionatul European de Baschet în 2011. S-a calificat pentru următoarele trei turnee în 2013, 2015 și 2017 .

Istorie

Epoca sovietică
Până în 1991, Georgia a făcut parte din Uniunea Sovietică și jucătorii născuți în Georgia au jucat pentru Echipa Națională de Baschet a Uniunii Sovietice. Jucători născut în Georgia, care au jucat pentru Uniunea Sovietică și au câștigat medalii la Jocurile Olimpice, FIBA World Cup și EuroBasket, sunt: Nodar Dzhordzhikiya, Otar Korkia, Guram Minashvili, Vladimer Ugrekhelidze, Levan Moseshvili, Zurab Sakandelidze și Mihail Korkia.

Independența Georgiei
După obținerea independenței față de Uniunea Sovietică, în mai multe rânduri Echipa Națională a Georgiei a încercat fără succes să se califice la EuroBaschet.

Echipa a jucat, de asemenea, în EuroBaschet Divizia B de trei ori și a promovat în 2009 , după ce a învins Belarusul în play-off. După extinderea EuroBaschet, în 2011, de la 16 la 24 de echipe, Georgia, s-a calificat la competiție pentru prima dată, și de atunci au jucat la fiecare turneu.

Echipa a jucat cinci meciuri în Grupa D. A câștigat meciuri împotriva Belgiei și Ucrainei, și a pierdut trei meciuri, dar a avansat în runda a doua, unde a pierdut toate cele trei meciuri.

După ce a terminat a doua grupa de calificări, Georgia s-a calificat pentru a doua oară la Eurobaschet. După o victorie lejeră 84-67 în meciul de deschidere, contra Poloniei, Georgia a pierdut restul de patru meciuri rămase, și a terminat turneul.  Eurobaschet 2013 a fost singurul turneu, unde Georgia nu a putut câștiga mai mult de un meci.

Georgia s-a calificat la Eurobaschet pentru a treia oară consecutivă în 2014. In grupă, după trei înfrângeri consecutive, Georgia a învins Macedonia 90-75. În ultimul meci Georgienii s-au întâlnit cu una dintre gazde și i-au bătut cu 71-58 , astfel calificându-se în fazele eliminatorii, pentru prima dată, unde au suferit o înfrângere cu 81-85 împotriva Lituaniei, care avea să fie finalistă la acel turneu.

În calificările Eurobaschet 2017, Georgia, a terminat grupa după victoria cu 90-84 asupra Muntenegrului și s-a calificat la  Eurobaschet pentru a patra oară consecutivă.

Echipa

Lotul actual
Lotul pentru EuroBasket 2017.

Antrenori

Recorduri în competiții

Eurobaschet

Cupa Mondială

Tbilisi City Hall Cup

Statistici

Rezultate notabile

Referințe

Baschet
Fondări în 1992

Echipa națională de baschet a Georgiei


Erkekler tek çifte, 1904 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda kürek programında yer alan kategorilerden biriydi. 30 Temmuz'daki müsabakada tümü ABD'li dört sporcu mücadele etti.

Sonuçlar

Final

Tek çifte E

1904 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda kürek - Erkekler tek çifte


Tuks may refer to:
 Tuks Senganga, South African rapper
 a colloquial name for the University of Pretoria

See also
 Tuk (disambiguation)

Tuks


Moïse et Pharaon, ou Le passage de la Mer Rouge (título original en francés; en español, Moisés y el Faraón, o El cruce del mar Rojo) es una ópera en cuatro actos con música de Gioacchino Rossini y libreto en francés de Luigi Balocchi y Étienne de Jouy. Es una ampliación que hizo Rossini de la ópera Mosè in Egitto. Se estrenó en París el 26 de marzo de 1827 en la Ópera de París.

Historia
Antes de 1820, Rossini compuso cuatro óperas por año. Ya había compuesto tres antes de presentar la primera versión de Moisés liderada por Barbaia, para el teatro San Carlos de Nápoles, y que estaba dedicado a Isabella Colbran, amante de Barbaia. Isabella se había casado con el artista. El libretista había hecho de la sobrina de Moisés, Sinaida (Anaïde en francés), el punto de apoyo del antagonismo entre Moisés y el Faraón. El éxito fue inmediato.

Se trata de una versión reformada de Mosè in Egitto, estrenada por Rossini en el Teatro San Carlos de Nápoles el 5 de marzo de 1818 sobre un libreto en italiano de Andrea Leone Tottola, basado en una tragedia de Francesco Ringhieri L'Osiride (1760). Es una versión ampliada (pasa de tres a cuatro actos), con libreto en francés y el añadido de un ballet en el tercer acto, así como un final enteramente nuevo para este acto. Se consultó a expertos que habían acompañado a Napoleón en su campaña de Egipto para la creeación de los decorados.

Los intérpretes principales fueron Levasseur (Moïse), Cinti-Damoreau (Anaïde) y Nourrit (Aménophis). La 100.ª representación de esta versión tuvo lugar en 1838.

Esta ópera rara vez se representa en la actualidad; en las estadísticas de Operabase aparece con solo 2 representaciones en el período 2005-2010.

Discografía
De esta versión francesa existen varias grabaciones:
 Moise, dirección de Lamberto Gardelli, con Magda Calmar, Josef Grégor (Hungaroton): esta grabación omite el ballet del tercer acto y el dúo entre el Faraón y su hijo.
 Moise, dirección de Wladimir Jurowski en el Festival de Pesaro con Michele Pertusi (grabación difícil de encontrar y que tiene un añadido al final del último acto, suprimido por Rossini en el último momento).
 Moise, dirección de Tullio Serafin con Nicola Rossi-Lemeni: esta versión comporta numerosos cortes.
 Moise, dirección de Wolfgang Sawallisch con Ruggero Raimondi: tiene también cortes.
 Moise, DVD dirección de Riccardo Muti con ocasión de la apertura de la temporada de la Scala de Milán 2003.

Referencias
Notas

Bibliografía
 Harewood, Mosè in Egitto, en Tout l'opéra, de Monteverdi à nos jours (Gustav Kobbé, edición establecida y revisada por el conde de Harewood. Traducido del inglés por Marie-Caroline Aubert, Denis Collins y Marie-Stella Pâris. Adaptación francesa de Martine Kahanne. Complementos de Jean-François Labie y Alain Pâris), Robert Laffont, Collection Bouquins, 1993, págs. 303–306. ISBN 2-221-07131-X
Licencia

Enlaces externos

Óperas de 1827
Óperas de Gioacchino Rossini
Óperas en francés
Óperas estrenadas en París

Moïse et Pharaon


Bilim

 Kutup (fizik'te) bir mıknatısın farklı özellikler gösteren iki ucuna verilen isim.
 Kutup (karmaşık analiz), karmaşık analizde bir tanımdır.

Coğrafya
 Kuzey Kutbu
 Güney Kutbu
 Kutup ışıkları
 Kuzey Kutup Dairesi
 Güney Kutup Dairesi

Felsefe

 Kutup (ezoterizm)'de
 Arapça kökenli olup, aslında "eksen" anlamına gelen bu terim, bir çarkın veya benzer bir şeklin ekseni olarak sembolik kullanımında, yatay tekâmülden dikey tekâmüle geçişin söz konusu olduğu "tezahür etmemiş alem"i simgeler.
 İnsanlar arasında her dönemde var olmuş, tekâmül düzeyi çok yüksek, yüce bir amaca hizmet için doğmuş varlıkları ifade eder. Bunlar insanlığa tekâmül yolunda önemli katkıları olmuş, fakat genellikle isimleri bilinmeyen, ünlü olmayan kimselerdir.
 Uzakdoğu ezoterizminde yerküre çakralarını ifâde eder.
 Kutup (Tasavvuf'ta), devrin en büyük velîsi anlamında kullanılır. Her devrin ayrı bir kutbu olmuştur. Meselâ Mûsâ Peygamber, zamanının kutbudur.
 Kutup (Bektâşîlik'te) en yüksek derece anlamına gelir.

Hayvanlar

 Kutup ayısı
 Kutup martısı
 Kutup tilkisi

Diğer

 Kutup Yıldızı (anlam ayrımı)

Kutup (anlam ayrımı)


Freakazoid!, bir Amerikalı animasyon televizyon dizisidir. Yönetmeni Steven Spielberg'dir. İki sezon boyunca Kids' WB! kanalında yayınlanmıştır. 8 Mart 2003 tarihinden sonra Cartoon Network'te yayınlanmıştır.

Dizi genel olarak, Freakazoid isminde bir süper kahramanın kötülerle olan savaşını konu alır.

Hikâye
Freakazoid, aslında Dexter Douglas isimli 16 yaşında bir çocuktur. Bilgisayar oyunundan etkilenir ve oyunu açmak için kodu girmek isterken yanlışlıkla kedisi "@[=g3,8d]\&fbb=-q]/hk%fg" kodunu girer ve Dexter sonrasında Delete tuşuna basınca kendisini Freakazoid adında mavi bir kahraman olarak bulur.
Dizi Washington şehrinde geçer.

Karakterler

Ana karakterler
 Freakazoid: Dizinin baş kahramanı. Asıl kimliği: Dexter Douglas'tır. "Freaka Dışarı" dediğinde Freakazoid'a dönüşür. "Freaka İçeri"dediğinde tekrar kendi haline yani Dexter'a döner. Mağara adamı ve Lobe gibi birçok düşmanı vardır. Polis olan yardımcı bir arkadaşı da vardır.
 Duncan Douglas: Dexter'ın ağabeyi.
 Debbie Douglas: Dexter'ın annesi.
 Douglas Douglas: Dexter'ın babası.
 Bay Chubbikins: Dexter'ın kedisi.
 Memur Cosgrove: Freakazoid'in yardımcısı polis memuru.

Düşmanlar
 Lobe: Freakazoid'in en çok görülen düşmanıdır. Pembe beyin olarak da bilinir ve yanında iki tane koruma vardır.
 Igitoris: Freakazoid'in ilk düşmanıdır. Freakazoid olmak ister.
 Mağara Adamı: Karakterlerin en eğitimlisi. The New Yorker dergisinde köşe yazarıdır.
 Kraliçe Kobra: Yılanlara hükmedebilen bir karakterdir. Yaşadığı ortam genelde kanalizasyonlardır.

Dış bağlantılar
 Kids' WB! resmi sitesi
 Cartoon Network resmi sitesi

Warner Bros. çizgi filmleri
Antropomorfik karakter içeren animasyon televizyon dizileri
Warner Bros. Television dizileri
Süper kahramanlar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri animasyon televizyon dizileri
Kurgusal erkek karakterler
Washington, DC'de geçen televizyon dizileri

Freakazoid!


Upletka ili piumbadura.(ponekad fiumbadura) je način završavanja ili spajanja konopa ili čeličnih užeta bez zavezivanja čvora ili korištenja dodatne opreme ili temperature. Upletke se vrlo često rade kako bi na krajevima bila omča (Očeta), uz dodatak očnice (radanče) ili bez njih.

Izvori

Tehnologija

Upletka


Illinzi (ukrainisch ) ist der Name mehrerer Orte in der Ukraine:

 Stadt in der Oblast Winnyzja, siehe Illinzi

 Dorf in der Oblast Iwano-Frankiwsk, Rajon Kolomyja, siehe Illinzi (Kolomyja)
 Dorf in der Oblast Tschernihiw, Rajon Nischyn, siehe Illinzi (Nischyn)

 ehemaliges Dorf (bis 1986/1999) in der Oblast Kiew, Rajon Tschornobyl, siehe Illinzi (Tschornobyl)

Illinzi (Begriffsklärung)


Vincent (isim) - Avrupa ve Amerika'da yaygın olarak kullanılan bir erkek adı. "Vince" olarak da kullanılır.

Kişiler

Önada Göre

 Saints Vincent ve Anastasius
 Aziz Vincent de Paul: Din adamı
 Lérinsli Aziz Vincent
 Vincent DePalo: Kaşif
 Vincent A. Mahler: Siyaset bilimicisi
 Vincent Alsop: Din adamı
 Vincent Baron
 Vincent Barzynski
 Beauvaislı Vincent: Sanayici
 Vincent Canes
 Vincent Caraffa: İsa'ya bağlı generalerden yedincisi.
 Vincent Chin: Irk ayrımı suçu kurbanı.
 Vincent Contenson
 Vincent de Valverde
 Vincent Espinel: Şair ve yazar.
 Aziz Vincent Ferrer
 Vince Foster: Avukat
 Vincent Louis Gotti
 Vincent Houdry
 Vincent Kadlubek: Krakow Piskoposu
 Vincent Kartheiser:Aktör
 Vincent Kompany: Belçikalı futbolcu
 Vincent Richard Impellitteri:Politikacı
 Vincent Mary Pallotti
 Vincent M. Brennan: Politikacı
 Vince McMahon
 Vincent Price: Aktör.
 Vincent Regan: Aktör.
 Vince Russo: Amerikalı yazar.
 Vincenc Strouhal: Çek fizikçi.
 Vincent van Gogh: Hollandalı ressam.
 Vince Vaughn:Amerikalı aktör.
 Vince Young:Amaerikan futbolu oyuncusu.
 Vincent (şef): Huron şefi
 I. Vincent: Mantua Dükü
 I. Vincent (piskopos): 516 yılı civarında Zaragoza (İspanya) Piskoposu.
 II. Vincent: 569 yılından sonra ve 586 yılından önceki bir dönemde Zaragoza (İspanya) Piskoposu.
 III. Vincent: 1111 yılındaki Zaragoza (İspanya) Piskoposu.
 Alexandre Vincent Jandel
 Jedediah Vincent Huntington: Katolik din adamı, yazar.
 J.-M.-Vincent Audin: Yazar
 Stephen Vincent Benét: Yazar
 Thomas Vincent Faustus Sadler: Katolik misyoner
 Edna St. Vincent Millay:Şair

Soyada Göre

 A. Vincent
 Alex Vincent
 Angela Vincent: Biolog
 Ava Vincent: Porno yıldızı
 Beverly M. Vincent
 Bev Vincent
 Brooke Vincent
 Cerina Vincent
 Colin Vincent
 Cyril Vincent
 David Vincent
 Edgar Vincent
 Fay Vincent
 Francis Thomas Vincent, Jr.
 François-Elie Vincent
 Frank Vincent
 Gene Vincent
 George Vincent
 George Robert Vincent
 Graham Vincent-Smith
 H. Vincent
 Holly Vincent
 Innocent Vincent
 Isabel Vincent
 Jamie Vincent
 Jan-Michael Vincent
 Jay Vincent
 Jean Vincent
 John Vincent (general): İngiliz general.
 John Vincent (tarihçi): İngiliz tarihçi.
 John Carter Vincent
 June Vincent
 Justin Vincent
 Keydrick Vincent
 Kira Vincent-Davis
 Kyle Vincent
 Lou Vincent
 Lynn Vincent
 Marcel Vincent
 Marjorie Vincent
 Mary Ann Vincent
 Nick Vincent
 Norah Vincent
 Pierre H. Vincent
 Pierre L. J. Vincent
 Rhonda Vincent
 Richard Vincent (baron)
 Richard Vincent (oyun yazarı)
 Robert Vincent
 Sam Vincent
 Sam Vincent (basketbol)
 Samuel Vincent
 Sonny Vincent
 Sténio Vincent
 Steven Vincent
 Strong Vincent
 Tim Vincent
 Tony Vincent
 Troy Vincent
 Vinnie Vincent

Hayalî Karakterler

 Vincent Crabbe: Harry Potter karakteri.
 Vincent Valentine: Final Fantasy VII karakteri.
 Vincent (Pokemon): Bir Pokémon karakteri. "Jackson" olarak da bilinir.
 V.I.N.CENT: Disney'im bilim-krgu filmi The Black Hole'daki bir robot.
 Charles Vincent:Hayalî karakter
 Harry Vincent:Hayalî karakter

Coğrafya
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde:

 Vincent, Alabama
 Vincent, California
 Vincent, Iowa
 Port Vincent, Louisiana
 East Vincent Township, Pennsylvania
 West Vincent Township, Pennsylvania
 St. Vincent, Minnesota
 St. Vincent Township, Minnesota

Diğer:

 Vincent, Batı Avustralya
 Vincent, Jura: Fransa'nın Jura départementında bir komün ismi.
 Saint Vincent ve Granada

Diğer Anlamlar

 Vince Kasırgası: 2005 Atlantik kasırga mevsiminde İspanya'yı vuran kasırga.
 Vincent (film)
 Vincent (şarkı): Don McLean'in Vincent van Gogh'a adadığı şarkı.
 Vincent (dizi film): Bir televizyon dizisi.
 Vincent (kitap): Joey Goebel'in bir romanı.
 Vincent Motorsikletleri
 Mike Jones (güreşçi): Vincent takma adını kullanan bir profesyonel güreşçi.

Vincent


Juan Martín Mujica Ferreira (født 22. december 1943, død 11. februar 2016) var en uruguayansk fodboldspiller (forsvarer) og -træner.

Mujica spillede gennem sin karriere 23 kampe og scorede to mål for Uruguays landshold. Han var en del af landets trup til VM 1970 i Mexico, og spillede alle uruguayanernes seks kampe i turneringen, hvor holdet sluttede på fjerdepladsen.

På klubplan spillede Mujica blandt andet for Nacional, Defensor Sporting og Liverpool Montevideo i hjemlandet, samt for Lille og Lens i Frankrig.

Mujica var, efter at have indstillet sin aktive karriere, træner, og stod blandt andet i spidsen for sin gamle klub som aktiv, Nacional, for colombianske Millonarios og Atlético Nacional, samt for Grêmio i Brasilien.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Uruguay
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1970
Fodboldspillere fra Club Nacional de Football
Fodboldspillere fra RC Lens
Fodboldspillere fra Lille OSC
Fodboldtrænere fra Uruguay

Juan Mujica


Nahija Al-Asharah je nahija u okrugu Mayadin, u sirijskoj pokrajini Deir ez-Zor. Po popisu iz 2004. (prije rata), nahija je imala 96.001 stanovnika. Administrativno sjedište je u naselju Al-Asharah.

Izvori

Sirijske nahije
Pokrajina Deir ez-Zor

Al-Asharah (nahija)


Esta é a lista de prefeitos de Cerro Corá, município brasileiro do estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

C

Lista de prefeitos de Cerro Corá (Rio Grande do Norte)


S&M, (Symphony & Metallica) Amerikalı heavy metal grubu Metallica'nın, San Francisco Senfoni Orkestrası ile birlikte 21-22 Nisan 1999 tarihlerinde verdikleri canlı konser kayıtlarını içeren ve 23 Kasım 1999'da Elektra Records etiketiyle çıkardıkları 9. albümleri.

Senfonik düzenlemeleri ve orkestranın şefliğini Michael Kamen yapmıştır.

Konserde daha önce hiçbir albümlerinde yer vermedikleri "No Leaf Clover" ve "Minus Human" isimli iki parçayı da seslendirmişlerdir.

Albümdeki şarkılar

1. disk
 "The Ecstasy of Gold" (Morricone) – 2:30
 "The Call of Ktulu" (Burton, Hetfield, Mustaine, Ulrich) – 9:34
 "Master of Puppets" (Burton, Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 8:54
 "Of Wolf and Man" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:18
 "The Thing That Should Not Be" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 7:26
 "Fuel" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:35
 "The Memory Remains" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:42
 "No Leaf Clover" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:43
 "Hero of the Day" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:44
 "Devil's Dance" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:26
 "Bleeding Me" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 9:01

2. disk
 "Nothing Else Matters" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 6:47
 "Until It Sleeps" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:29
 "For Whom the Bell Tolls" (Burton, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:52
 "Minus Human" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 4:19
 "Wherever I May Roam" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 7:01
 "The Outlaw Torn" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 9:58
 "Sad But True" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 5:46
 "One" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 7:53
 "Enter Sandman" (Hammett, Hetfield, Ulrich) – 7:39
 "Battery" (Hetfield, Ulrich) – 7:24

Grup
Grup
 James Hetfield - Gitar, Vokal
 Lars Ulrich - Davul
 Jason Newsted - Bas
 Kirk Hammett - Gitar

San Francisco Orkestrası
 Orkestra Şefi - Michael Kamen
 Klakson - Eric Achen, Joshua Garrett, Douglas Hull, Jonathan Ring, Bruce Roberts, Robert Ward, James Smelser
 Çello - David Teie (şef), Richard Andaya, Barara Bogatin, Jill Rachuy Brindel, David Goldblatt
 Keman - Jeremy Constant, Daniel Banner, Enrique Bocedi Paul Brancato, Catherine Down, Bruce Freifeld, Connie Gantsweg, Michael Gerling, Frances Jeffrey, Judiyaba, Yukiko Kamei, Naomi Kazama, Kum Mo Kim, Yasuko Hattori, Melissa Kleinbart, Chumming Mo Kobialka, Daniel Kobialka, Rudolph Kremer, Kelly Leon-Pearce, Diane Nicholeris, Florin Parvulescu, Anne Pinsker, Victor Romasevich, Philip Santos, Peter Shelton
 Trampet - Chris Bogios, Glenn Fischthal, Andrew McCandless, Craig Morris
 Fagot - Steven Braunstein, Stephen Paulson, Rob Weir
 Kontrbas - Charles Chandler, Laurence Epstein, Chris Gilbert, William Ritchen, Stephen Tramontozzi, S. Mark Wright
 Perküsyon - Steven Braunstein, Stephen Paulson, Rob Weir
 Viyola - Don Ehrlich, Gina Feinauer, David Gaudry, Christina King, Yun Jie Liu, Seth Mausner, Nanci Severance, Geraldine Walther
 Trombon - John Engelkes, Tom Hornig, Paul Welcomer, Jeff Budin
 Obua - Julie Ann Giacobassi, Eugene Izotov, Pamela Smith
 Timpani - David Herbert
 Flüt - Linda Lukas, Catherine Payne, Paul Renzi
 Klarnet - Sheryl Renk, Anthony Striplen, Luis Beez
 Harp - Douglas Rioth
 Klavye - Marc Shapiro
 Tuba - Peter Wahrhaftig

Dış bağlantılar
 Albümdeki şarkıların sözleri
 OrionTurk Turkish Local Chapter

Metallica albümleri
1999 albümleri

S&M (albüm)


Sophie Thatcher, née le  à Chicago (Illinois), est une actrice américaine.

Biographie

Filmographie

Cinéma
 2018 : Prospect : L'Ambre de la lune verte (Prospect) de Christopher Caldwell et Zeek Earl : Cee
 2019 : The Tomorrow Man de Noble Jones : Jeanine
 2023 : Le Croque-mitaine (The Boogeyman) de Rob Savage : Sadie

Séries télévisées
 2016 : Chicago Police Department : Carolyn Clifford
 2016 : L'Exorciste : Regan MacNeil jeune (2 épisodes)
 2018 : Chicago Med : Deb (4 épisodes)
 2020 : When the Street Lights Go On : Becky Monroe (10 épisodes)
 2021-2022 : Yellowjackets : Natalie jeune (10 épisodes)
 2021-2022 : Le Livre de Boba Fett : Drash (3 épisodes)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Actrice américaine
Naissance en octobre 2000
Naissance à Chicago
Actrice de Star Wars

Sophie Thatcher


Philip John Smyth (Adelaida, 11 de mayo de 1958) es un exjugador y exentrenador de baloncesto australiano. Fue miembro de la selección de baloncesto de Australia, equipo con el que participó de cinco ediciones del Campeonato Mundial de Baloncesto y de cuatro ediciones de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano.

Trayectoria

Jugador

Clubes
Smyth jugó para los Sturt Sabres hasta 1981, haciendo su debut en la NBL recién en 1982, luego de ser contratado por los St. Kilda Saints, un equipo de Melbourne. En su primera temporada en la máxima categoría del baloncesto profesional australiano fue reconocido como el Mejor Jugador Defensivo de la liga, galardón que volvería a recibir en tres ocasiones más.

Fichó luego con los Canberra Cannons, donde jugaría entre 1982 y 1992. Allí se consagró campeón de la NBL en tres ocasiones: 1983, 1984 y 1988, siendo uno de los hombres más destacados de su equipo.

Pese a que ya era un jugador de avanzada edad, retornó a su ciudad natal para unirse a los Adelaide 36ers en 1993. Jugó las siguientes dos temporadas en ese equipo, dándole protagonismo en el campeonato.

Por desavenencias con el entrenador dejó a los 36ers en 1995 y fichó con los Sydney Kings. Sin embargo no llegó a culminar su última temporada como jugador profesional, debido a que una lesión lo sacó de competición a la mitad del torneo.

En 1997 fue incluido en el Salón de la Fama Deportivo de Australia, como reconocimiento a su exitosa carrera.

Selección nacional
Smyth jugó con la selección de baloncesto de Australia en cinco ediciones del Campeonato Mundial de Baloncesto: Filipinas 1978 donde terminaron 7.°, Colombia 1982 donde terminaron 5.°, España 1986 donde terminaron 17.°, Argentina 1990 donde terminaron 7.°, y Canadá 1994 donde terminaron 5.°. Es uno de los 11 jugadores internacionales que han alcanzado a tener tanta presencia en ese torneo a lo largo de la historia.

Asimismo Smyth participó de cuatro ediciones del torneo de baloncesto masculino de los Juegos Olímpicos de Verano: Moscú 1980 donde terminaron 8.°, Los Ángeles 1984 donde terminaron 7.°, Seúl 1988 donde terminaron 4.°, y Barcelona 1992 donde terminaron 6.°. En ese último certamen se produjo una polémica luego de que la prensa malinterpretara lo que había declarado sobre la enfermedad que padecía Magic Johnson.

Entrenador
En 1998 fue contratado como entrenador de los Adelaide 36ers, algo que resultó un tanto sorpresivo dado que Smyth tenía una muy escasa experiencia como entrenador luego de haber trabajado con jugadores juveniles en el Instituto Australiano de Deportes durante algunos de los años en los que vivió en Canberra. Sin embargo la actuación de Smyth al frente de su equipo fue satisfactoria, ya que conquistó en tres ocasiones el título de la NBL. Dejó el cargo tras una década de trabajo, dedicándose luego a comentar baloncesto en la televisión web de su país.

En 2020 se rumoreó que Smyth volvería al banquillo de los 36ers, pero rechazó la propuesta.

También entrenó a la selección de baloncesto de Australia en 2001, pero sólo ocupó el cargo durante ocho meses, renunciando luego de que su equipo fallara a la hora de conseguir la clasificación al Campeonato Mundial de Baloncesto de 2002, algo que nunca antes les había sucedido a los australianos desde que empezaran a jugar el torneo en 1970.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en olympedia.org
 Ficha en aussiehoopla.com
 Ficha en australia.basketball
 Ficha en sportsreference

Entrenadores de baloncesto de Australia
Baloncestistas de Australia
Baloncestistas de la selección de Australia
Baloncestistas de la NBL Australiana
Baloncestistas de los Canberra Cannons
Baloncestistas de los Adelaide 36ers
Nacidos en Adelaida

Phil Smyth


Yerleşim yerleri
 Ayaş - Ankara ili ilçesi
 Ayaş Yolu

Kişiler
 Seyhun Ayaş

Ayaş (anlam ayrımı)