HD 209458 b is an exoplanet that orbits the solar analog HD 209458 in the constellation Pegasus, some  from the Solar System. The radius of the planet's orbit is , or one-eighth the radius of Mercury's orbit (). This small radius results in a year that is 3.5 Earth-days long and an estimated surface temperature of about . Its mass is 220 times that of Earth (0.69 Jupiter masses) and its volume is some 2.5 times greater than that of Jupiter. The high mass and volume of HD 209458 b indicate that it is a gas giant.

HD 209458 b represents a number of milestones in exoplanetary research. It was the first of many categories:
 a transiting extrasolar planet
 The first planet detected through more than one method
 an extrasolar planet known to have an atmosphere
 an extrasolar planet observed to have an evaporating hydrogen atmosphere
 an extrasolar planet found to have an atmosphere containing the elements oxygen and carbon
 one of the first two extrasolar planets to be directly observed spectroscopically
 The first extrasolar gas giant to have its superstorm measured
 the first planet to have its orbital speed measured, determining its mass directly.
Based on the application of newer theoretical models, as of April 2007, it is thought to be the first extrasolar planet found to have water vapor in its atmosphere.

In July 2014, NASA announced finding very dry atmospheres on HD 209458 b and two other exoplanets (HD 189733 b and WASP-12b) orbiting Sun-like stars.

HD 209458 b has been nicknamed "Osiris" after the Egyptian god. This nickname has been acknowledged by the IAU, but  it has not yet been approved as an official proper name.

Detection and discovery

Transits
Spectroscopic studies first revealed the presence of a planet around HD 209458 on November 5, 1999. Astronomers had made careful photometric measurements of several stars known to be orbited by planets, in the hope that they might observe a dip in brightness caused by the transit of the planet across the star's face. This would require the planet's orbit to be inclined such that it would pass between the Earth and the star, and previously no transits had been detected.

Soon after the discovery, separate teams, one led by David Charbonneau including Timothy Brown and others, and the other by Gregory W. Henry, were able to detect a transit of the planet across the surface of the star making it the first known transiting extrasolar planet. On September 9 and 16, 1999, Charbonneau's team measured a 1.7% drop in HD 209458's brightness, which was attributed to the passage of the planet across the star. On November 8, Henry's team observed a partial transit, seeing only the ingress. Initially unsure of their results, the Henry group decided to rush their results to publication after overhearing rumors that Charbonneau had successfully seen an entire transit in September. Papers from both teams were published simultaneously in the same issue of the Astrophysical Journal. Each transit lasts about three hours, during which the planet covers about 1.5% of the star's face.

The star had been observed many times by the Hipparcos satellite, which allowed astronomers to calculate the orbital period of HD 209458 b very accurately at 3.524736 days.

Spectroscopic
Spectroscopic analysis had shown that the planet had a mass about 0.69 times that of Jupiter. The occurrence of transits allowed astronomers to calculate the planet's radius, which had not been possible for any previously known exoplanet, and it turned out to have a radius some 35% larger than Jupiter's. It had been previously hypothesized that hot Jupiters particularly close to their parent star should exhibit this kind of inflation due to intense heating of their outer atmosphere. Tidal heating due to its orbit's eccentricity, which may have been more eccentric at formation, may also have played a role over the past billion years.

Direct detection
On March 22, 2005, NASA released news that infrared light from the planet had been measured by the Spitzer Space Telescope, the first ever direct detection of light from an extrasolar planet. This was done by subtracting the parent star's constant light and noting the difference as the planet transited in front of the star and was eclipsed behind it, providing a measure of the light from the planet itself. New measurements from this observation determined the planet's temperature as at least . The nearly circular orbit of HD 209458 b was also confirmed.

Spectral observation
On February 21, 2007, NASA and Nature released news that HD 209458 b was one of the first two extrasolar planets to have their spectra directly observed, the other one being HD 189733 b. This was long seen as the first mechanism by which extrasolar but non-sentient life forms could be searched for, by way of influence on a planet's atmosphere. A group of investigators led by Jeremy Richardson of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center spectrally measured HD 209458 b's atmosphere in the range of 7.5 to 13.2 micrometres. The results defied theoretical expectations in several ways. The spectrum had been predicted to have a peak at 10 micrometres, which would have indicated water vapor in the atmosphere, but such a peak was absent, indicating no detectable water vapor. Another unpredicted peak was observed at 9.65 micrometres, which the investigators attributed to clouds of silicate dust, a phenomenon not previously observed. Another unpredicted peak occurred at 7.78 micrometres, for which the investigators did not have an explanation. A separate team led by Mark Swain of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory reanalyzed the Richardson et al. data, and had not yet published their results when the Richardson et al. article came out, but made similar findings.

On 23 June 2010, astronomers announced they have measured a superstorm (with windspeeds of up to ) for the first time in the atmosphere of HD 209458 b. The very high-precision observations done by ESO's Very Large Telescope and its powerful CRIRES spectrograph of carbon monoxide gas show that it is streaming at enormous speed from the extremely hot day side to the cooler night side of the planet. The observations also allow another exciting "first"—measuring the orbital speed of the exoplanet itself, providing a direct determination of its mass.

As of 2021, the spectra of planetary atmosphere taken by different instruments remains highly inconsistent, indicating either metal-poor atmosphere, temperatures below blackbody equilibrium or disequilibrium atmosphere chemistry.

Rotation
In August 2008, the measurement of HD 209458 b's Rossiter–McLaughlin effect and hence spin–orbit angle is −4.4 ± 1.4°.

The study in 2012, updated the spin-orbit angle to −5°.

Physical characteristics

Stratosphere and upper clouds
The atmosphere is at a pressure of one bar at an altitude of 1.29 Jupiter radii above the planet's center.

Where the pressure is 33±5 millibars, the atmosphere is clear (probably hydrogen) and its Rayleigh effect is detectable. At that pressure, the temperature is .

Observations by the orbiting Microvariability and Oscillations of STars telescope initially limited the planet's albedo (or reflectivity) below 0.3, making it a surprisingly dark object. (The geometric albedo has since been measured to be 0.038 ± 0.045.) In comparison, Jupiter has a much higher albedo of 0.52. This would suggest that HD 209458 b's upper cloud deck is either made of less reflective material than is Jupiter's, or else has no clouds and Rayleigh-scatters incoming radiation like Earth's dark ocean. Models since then have shown that between the top of its atmosphere and the hot, high pressure gas surrounding the mantle, there exists a stratosphere of cooler gas.  This implies an outer shell of dark, opaque, hot clouds; usually thought to consist of vanadium and titanium oxides, but other compounds like tholins cannot be ruled out yet. A 2016 study indicates the high-altitude cloud cover is patchy with about 57 percent coverage. The Rayleigh-scattering heated hydrogen rests at the top of the stratosphere; the absorptive portion of the cloud deck floats above it at 25 millibars.

Exosphere
On November 27, 2001, astronomers announced that they had detected sodium in the atmosphere of the planet, using observations with the Hubble Space Telescope. This was the first planetary atmosphere outside the Solar System to be measured. The core of the sodium line runs from pressures of 50 millibar to a microbar. This turns out to be about a third the amount of sodium at HD 189733 b.

The additional data did not confirm the presence of sodium in the atmosphere of HD 209458 b as in 2020.

In 2003–4, astronomers used the Hubble Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph to discover an enormous ellipsoidal envelope of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen around the planet that reaches . The hydrogen exosphere extends to a distance RH=3.1 RJ, much larger than the planetary radius of 1.32 RJ. At this temperature and distance, the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of particle velocities gives rise to a significant "tail" of atoms moving at speeds greater than the escape velocity. The planet is estimated to be losing about  of hydrogen per second. Analysis of the starlight passing through the envelope shows that the heavier carbon and oxygen atoms are being blown from the planet by the extreme "hydrodynamic drag" created by its evaporating hydrogen atmosphere. The hydrogen tail streaming from the planet is approximately  long, which is roughly equivalent to its diameter.

It is thought that this type of atmosphere loss may be common to all planets orbiting Sun-like stars closer than around . HD 209458 b will not evaporate entirely, although it may have lost up to about 7% of its mass over its estimated lifetime of 5 billion years. It may be possible that the planet's magnetic field may prevent this loss, because the exosphere would become ionized by the star, and the magnetic field would contain the ions from loss.

Atmosphere composition
On April 10, 2007, Travis Barman of the Lowell Observatory announced evidence that the atmosphere of HD 209458 b contained water vapor. Using a combination of previously published Hubble Space Telescope measurements and new theoretical models, Barman found strong evidence for water absorption in the planet's atmosphere. His method modeled light passing directly through the atmosphere from the planet's star as the planet passed in front of it. However, this hypothesis is still being investigated for confirmation.

Barman drew on data and measurements taken by Heather Knutson, a student at Harvard University, from the Hubble Space Telescope, and applied new theoretical models to demonstrate the likelihood of water absorption in the atmosphere of the planet. The planet orbits its parent star every three and a half days, and each time it passes in front of its parent star, the atmospheric contents can be analyzed by examining how the atmosphere absorbs light passing from the star directly through the atmosphere in the direction of Earth.

According to a summary of the research, atmospheric water absorption in such an exoplanet renders it larger in appearance across one part of the infrared spectrum, compared to wavelengths in the visible spectrum. Barman took Knutson's Hubble data on HD 209458 b, applied to his theoretical model, and allegedly identified water absorption in the planet's atmosphere.

On April 24, the astronomer David Charbonneau, who led the team that made the Hubble observations, cautioned that the telescope itself may have introduced variations that caused the theoretical model to suggest the presence of water. He hoped that further observations would clear the matter up in the following months. As of April 2007, further investigation is being conducted.

On October 20, 2009, researchers at JPL announced the discovery of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and methane in the atmosphere.

The refined spectra obtained in 2021 has detected instead water vapor, carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, methane, ammonia and acetylene, all consistent with the extremely high carbon to oxygen molar ratio of 1.0 (while Sun has C/O molar ratio of 0.55). If true, the HD 209458 b may be a prime example of the carbon planet.

Magnetic field
In 2014, a magnetic field around HD 209458 b was inferred from the way hydrogen was evaporating from the planet. It is the first (indirect) detection of a magnetic field on an exoplanet. The magnetic field is estimated to be about one tenth as strong as Jupiter's.

See also
 51 Pegasi b
 YZ Ceti another extra solar planet with evidence of magnetic fields
 HAT-P-11b another extra solar planet with evidence of magnetic fields
 Tau Boötis b another extra solar planet with evidence of magnetic fields

References

Further reading

 .
 .
 .
 .

External links

 Hubble Finds Three Surprisingly Dry Exoplanets

 AAVSO Variable Star Of The Season. Fall 2004: The Transiting Exoplanets HD 209458 and TrES-1

Exoplanets discovered in 1999
Giant planets
Hot Jupiters
Pegasus (constellation)
Transiting exoplanets
Exoplanets detected by radial velocity
Exoplanets with proper names

HD 209458 b


රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රවෘති යනු රූපවාහිනිය හරහා වර්තමාන සිද්ධි වාර්තා කිරීමය. තත්පර ගණනක් හෝ පැය ගණනක් දිගු විය හැකි අතර ලෝක , ජාතික, ප්‍රාදේශිය පුවත් තොරතුරු ගෙන ඒම රූප මත පදනම් ව ඇති  අතර සිද්ධි පිළිබදව වීඩියෝද පෙන්වයි.  හදිසි හෝ ඉතා වැදගත් ප්‍රවෘතියක් ඇතිවිට වැඩසටහන් පෙල ගැස්වීම බාධා කර එය විකාශනය කෙරේ. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් ප්‍රවෘති වැඩසටහන් පෙල ගැස්වීමට ඇතුලත් කර ඇත.

කේබල්ප්‍රවෘති
කේබල් ප්‍රවෘති යනු වර්තමාන සිදුවීම සදහා දවසේ පැය 24 ට කැප කර ඇති රූපවාහිනි නාලිකාය. මෙහි ආරම්බකයා CNN වේ. ඔවුන්ගේ නව සොයාගැනිම් අනුව එය කේබල් නිවුස්  නෙට්වර්ක් ලෙස නම් කර ඇත. චන්ද්‍රිකා වෙනත් තාක්ෂන දියුණුවත් සමග කේබල් යන වදන එ තරම සුදුසු නොවූවත්  තවම බාවිතා වේ. අල් සිරා ,ෆ්‍රාන්ශ් 24, BBC නිවුස්,ස්ටාර් නිවුස්,ෆොක්ස් නිවුස් වැනි නාලිකා බොහොමයක් දැනට බිහිවී ඇත. සමහර නාලිකා විශේෂි කරනය කර තවදුරටත් ගෙනයයි. උදා ESPN ( ක්‍රීඩා ) , CNBC ,බ්ලුම්බර්ග් ටෙලිවිෂන් සහ ෆොක්ශ් බිස්නස් නෙට්වර්ක් ( මූල්‍ය)

කේබල් පුවත් සහ සාම්ප්‍රදායික පුවත් විකාශනය වන අතර හදුනා ගැනිමට සදහා 'ජාල පුවත්' යන වදන යෙදේ. උද- M5NBC  සහ එහි NBC නිවුස් ජාලය

රූපවාහිනි ප්‍රවෘති නාලිකා.

රූපවාහිනි ප්‍රවෘති නාලිකා යනු ප්‍රවෘති ප්‍රකාශනයේ විශේෂ කරයි. සිදු කරන රූපවාහිනි නාලිකයාය. ලොව ප්‍රථම රූපවාහිනි ප්‍රවෘති නාලිකාව CNN ය.

ප්‍රවෘත්ති - රූපවාහිනී ප්‍රවෘත්ති විකාශනය


OzIris in Parc Astérix (Plailly, Hauts-de-France, Frankreich) ist eine Stahlachterbahn vom Modell Inverted Coaster des Herstellers Bolliger & Mabillard, die am 7. April 2012 eröffnet wurde.

Die 40 Meter hohe Bahn verfügt auf 1000 m über fünf Inversionen: einen Dive-Loop, einen Looping, einen Immelmann sowie zwei Zero-g-Rolls.

Züge
OzIris besitzt drei Züge mit jeweils acht Wagen. In jedem Wagen können vier Personen (eine Reihe) Platz nehmen.

Weblinks

 OzIris auf der Parkwebsite (französisch)
 Daten und Bilder in der Roller Coaster DataBase

Stahlachterbahn
Erbaut in den 2010er Jahren
Achterbahn hergestellt von Bolliger & Mabillard
Parc Astérix
Bauwerk in Plailly
Achterbahn in Frankreich
Inverted Coaster

OzIris


Ramón Medina Bello (født 29. april 1966) er en tidligere argentinsk fodboldspiller.

Argentinas fodboldlandshold

|-
|1991||4||0
|-
|1992||2||1
|-
|1993||8||4
|-
|1994||3||0
|-
!Total||17||5
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Argentina
Deltagere ved verdensmesterskabet i fodbold 1994

Ramón Medina Bello


القهوة الفرنسية عبارة عن قهوة بالحليب، وإن كانت كل دول العالم تعملها بتسميات مختلفة. وهي عبارة عن القهوة السادة مع الحليب المخفوق وتقدم في فنجان كبير.

يحتوي كل كوب من القهوة بالحليب مع السكر (250مل تقريباً) على 126 وحدة حرارية ويمكن استعمال الحليب الخالي من الدسم للتخفيف من الوحدات الحرارية والدهون.

طريقة تحضير القهوة الفرنسية
طريقة التحضير ضعي الحليب والماء في وعاء على النار، ثم اتركيه حتى يغلي، ثم أضيفي إليه القهوة الفرنسية. أضيفي الكاكاو واخلطي كل المقادير جيداً على النار حتى تمتزج جيداً.

قهوة
منبهات

قهوة فرنسية


سبعة  وتكتب Se7en هو فيلم جريمة أمريكي أنتج في عام 1995 من إخراج ديفيد فينشر و تأليف أندرو كيفن وكر، تدور قصة الفيلم حول محقق متقاعد (فريمان) وبديله (بيت) الذين يشتركان في التحقيق في سلسلة جرائم مستوحاة من الخطايا السبع المميتة

القصة
تدور قصة الفيلم حول محققان أحدهما عجوز والآخر شاب يتحدان معا لتولي قضية هي الأخيرة للعجوز والأولى للشاب وتكون مهمتهما فيها القبض على قاتل متسلسل يختار ضحاياه من بين مرتكبي الخطايا السبعة المهلكة، كالبدين الذي يأكل بنهم والمحامي الثري نتيجة الجشع... وهكذا.

فريق التمثيل
 مورغان فريمان بدور Detective Lt. William Somerset
 براد بيت بدور Detective David Mills
 جوينيث بالترو بدور Tracy Mills
 كيفين سبيسي بدور John Doe

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أفلام أمريكية في عقد 1990
أفلام قتلة متسلسلين أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية
أفلام أمريكية مستقلة
أفلام إثارة وجريمة في عقد 1990
أفلام إثارة وجريمة في 1995
أفلام إنتاج 1995
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية
أفلام باللغة الإنجليزية في عقد 1990
أفلام براد بيت
أفلام جريمة درامية في 1995
أفلام جريمة وإثارة أمريكية
أفلام جريمة ودراما أمريكية
أفلام حائزة على جائزة الإمبراطورية لأفضل فيلم
أفلام درامية 1995
أفلام إثارة درامية أمريكية
أفلام إثارة درامية في عقد 1990
أفلام جريمة درامية في عقد 1990
أفلام ديفيد فينشر
أفلام دينية
أفلام سجلها هوارد شور
أفلام عن السيكوباثيين
أفلام عن الموت
أفلام عن القتل
أفلام محققي الشرطة
أفلام مستقلة 1995
أفلام مستقلة عقد 1990
أفلام مصورة في كاليفورنيا
أفلام مطاردة أمريكية
أفلام مطاردة في عقد 1990
أفلام من إخراج ديفيد فينشر
أفلام نيو لاين سينما
أفلام نيو نوار أمريكية
السبع خطايا المميتة في الثقافة الشعبية
نيو-نوار

سبعة (فيلم)


Gadderbaum, Almanya'nın Kuzey Ren-Vestfalya eyaletinde, Bielefeld kentine bağlı semt. Nüfusu, 31 Ocak 2005 itibarıyla 10.840 kişidir. Yüzölçümü 8,66 km²'dir.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Stadtbezirk Gadderbaum
 Informationen zu Gadderbaum
 Alte Ansichtskarten aus Gadderbaum

Bielefeld'in ilçe ve semtleri

Gadderbaum


أندريه بروير  ممثل أمريكي من مواليد 1 يوليو 1962، حائز على جائزة إيمي مرتين عام 1998 كأفضل ممثل في مسلسل درامي عن القاتل: حياة على الشارع وعام 2006 كأفضل ممثل في مسلسل قصير عن دوره في لص.

مواقع خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 20
أفارقة أمريكيون في القرن 21
توحيديون كونيون أمريكيون
حائزون على جائزة إيمي
خريجو جامعة ستانفورد
خريجو مدرسة جوليارد
رجال أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 20
رجال أمريكيون أفارقة في القرن 21
ممثلو أداء صوتي رجال أمريكيون
ممثلو أفلام أمريكيون
ممثلو تلفزيون أمريكيون
ممثلون أمريكيون أفارقة
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 20
ممثلون أمريكيون في القرن 21
ممثلون من شيكاغو
ممثلون من ولاية نيوجيرسي
مواليد 1962
مواليد في شيكاغو

أندريه بروير


63. Altın Küre Ödülleri 2005 yılının en iyi filmleri ve televizyon programlarını belirlemek amacıyla 16 Ocak 2006 tarihinde Los Angeles, Kaliforniya'daki Beverly Hilton otelinde düzenlendi. 7 dalda aday gösterilen Ang Lee'nin yönettiği Brokeback Dağı filmi En İyi Film, En İyi Yönetmen, En İyi Senaryo ve En İyi Şarkı dallarında 4 ödül kazanarak adından söz ettirdi.

Kazananlar

Film

Televizyon

En Çok Aday Olanlar ve Kazandıkları Ödüller

Kaynakça

Yıllarına göre Altın Küre Ödülleri
Altın Küre Ödülleri

63. Altın Küre Ödülleri


Le Fantôme de Laurent Terzieff est un film français réalisé par Jacques Richard et sorti en 2021.

Synopsis
Portrait de Laurent Terzieff : « Au début de juillet 2010, Laurent Terzieff est mort. Et s'achevait une des plus brûlantes trajectoires théâtrales de la deuxième moitié du , marquée par la passion, l'exigence, l'intégrité morale et artistique. »

Fiche technique
 Titre : Le Fantôme de Laurent Terzieff
 Réalisation : Jacques Richard
 Scénario : Jacques Richard
 Sociétés de production : Les Films de Chaillot - Théâtre du Lucernaire
 Société de distribution : Les Films de Chaillot
 Pays de production :
 Genre : documentaire
 Durée :
 Date de sortie : France -

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
 Marie-Noëlle Tranchant, lefigaro.fr, « Pour saluer la mémoire de Laurent Terzieff », 10 juillet 2020

Liens externes

 Entretien avec Jacques Richard à propos du film, 26 juin 2020  sur le site du CNC

Film français sorti en 2021
Film documentaire français
Film documentaire sur un acteur
Film documentaire sur le théâtre

Le Fantôme de Laurent Terzieff


TIR (Fransızca: Transports Internationaux Routiers, Türkçe tercümesi:  Uluslararası Karayolu Taşımacılığı), Birleşmiş Milletler Teşkilatı bünyesindeki Uluslararası Nakliyat Birliği (IRU) tarafından 15 Ocak 1959 tarihinde Cenevre'de imzalanan bir anlaşma. Bu anlaşma 11 ülke (Avusturya, İsveç, Portekiz, Bulgaristan, Finlandiya, Macaristan, Fransa, Malta, İsviçre, Tunus ve Yugoslavya) arasında imzalanan birleşik taşımacılığına (kara yolu, demiryolu, havayolu, denizyolu) ve konteyner kullanılmasına izin veren bir sözleşmedir.

Uygulamada bu anlaşmaya dahil ülkelerin kara yolu vasıtaları, vasıtada yüklü bulunan gümrüklü eşyanın cinsini, miktarını, mahiyetini belirten bir TIR karnesiyle yine vasıtanın belli yerlerine takacakları TIR plakaları taşırlar. TIR karnesinde belirtilen ve vasıtada yüklü bulunan eşyanın gümrük kontrolü mahreç ülkede yapılmakta, varış noktasına kadar güzergahta bulunan ülkelerin gümrüklerinde sadece harici kontroller (şüpheli durumlar hariç) yeterli olmaktadır.

Bu buluş ülkelerarası ticari eşya nakliyatını çok kolaylaştırmış ve hızlandırmıştır. Aranan tek husus, TIR plakası taşıyacak kamyon ve konteynerlerin sözleşmeye bağlı teknik şartnamede belirtildiği şekilde eşyayı koruyucu teçhizatı havi olmasıdır.

Türkiye'de bu hususun tespiti ve Uygunluk Belgesinin verilmesi, TIR sözleşmesinin tatbiki ve kontrolü gümrük idarelerince yapılmaktadır.

TIR kamyonlarının taşıdıkları yüklerin vergileri hususunda, muhtemel kayıplara karşı tazmini açısından, Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar Birliği, kefil kuruluş olarak, uluslararası görev yapmaktadır.

TIR sözleşmesinde, bu kolaylığı kötüye kullanacak, kaçak mal taşıyanlarla ilgili cezai hükümler mevcutsa da Türkiye sözleşmenin bu hükümlerini imzalamamış, bu gibi durumlarda kendi mevzuatını uygulayacağını üye ülkelere bildirmiştir.

Kaynakça

Gümrük
Uluslararası ulaşım

TIR


Oštrulja ili oštrulj (lat. Aulopyge huegelli) slatkovodna je riba iz porodice šarana (Cyprinidae). Endem je Hrvatske i Bosne i Hercegovine, i jedini predstavnik  roda Aulopyge na svijetu. Živi u vodama Cetine, Krke, Čikole i Zrmanje, a česta je i u ponornicama u kršu oko Duvanjskog, Livanjskog i Glamočkog polja. Zimi i kada nadzemne vode presuše oštrulje se sele u mračno podzemlje.  Staništa su joj grožena pregradnjom i regulacijom rijeka.

Glava joj je uska i jako zašiljena, usta mala i potkovasta, s četiri brčića. Žućkastosive je boje s crnosmeđim mrljama i točkama na bokovima i leđima. Naraste do 20 cm. Naziv oštrulja ili oštrulj dobila je zbog tvrde bodlje s nazubljenim unutarnjim rubom u leđnoj peraji. Bočna pruga joj je valovita. Tijelo oštrulje u pravilu je bez ljusaka, golo, što je česta prilagodba životu u podzemlju.

Žive u jatima, hrane se planktonom, algama i obraštajem na biljkama ili ličinkama vodenih kukaca. Imaju četiri ždrijelna zuba kojima se služe za gutanje plijena.

Pare se za visokog vodostaja u proljeće. Ženka ima cjevčicu za odlaganje jaja koja je srasla s prvom šipčicom podrepne peraje. Tisuće jaja polaže u pukotine i među korijenje, a mužjak ih oplođuje plivajući uz nju.

Izvori

Endemska fauna Hrvatske
Endemska fauna Bosne i Hercegovine
Riblje endemske vrste

Oštrulja


Taşpınar aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

 Taşpınar, Tufanbeyli - Adana ili Tufanbeyli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Adıyaman - Adıyaman ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taşpınar, Aksaray - Aksaray ili bir köy
 Taşpınar, Çubuk - Ankara ili Çubuk ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Gölbaşı - Ankara ili Gölbaşı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Polatlı - Ankara ili Polatlı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Altıeylül - Balıkesir ili Altıeylül ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Yeşilova - Burdur ili Yeşilova ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taşpınar, Karacabey - Bursa ili Karacabey ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Mustafakemalpaşa - Bursa ili Mustafakemalpaşa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Çorum - Çorum ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taşpınar, Silvan - Diyarbakır ili Silvan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Aziziye - Erzurum ili Aziziye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Araç - Kastamonu ili Araç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taşpınar, Küre - Kastamonu ili Küre ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taşpınar, Kıbrıs - Kıbrıs'ta bir köy
 Taşpınar, Rize - Rize ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taşpınar, Terme - Samsun ili Terme ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taşpınar, Koyulhisar - Sivas ili Koyulhisar ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taşpınar, Artova - Tokat ili Artova ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taşpınar, Sorgun - Yozgat ili Sorgun ilçesine bağlı köy

Taşpınar


Kilsyth (; Scottish Gaelic Cill Saidhe) is a town and civil parish in North Lanarkshire, roughly halfway between Glasgow and Stirling in Scotland. The estimated population is 10,380. The town is famous for the Battle of Kilsyth and the religious revivals of the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries. The town now has links with Cumbernauld at one time being part of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth District Council. The towns also have the same members of parliament at Holyrood and Westminster.

Location
Historically part of Stirlingshire, Kilsyth is at an elevation of  above sea level and occupies a narrow strip of land between the Kilsyth Hills to the north and the River Kelvin to the south. To the east and west it is bordered by marshland and bogs. The centre of the town is close to the confluence of the Garrell and Ebroch burns.

From earliest recorded times Kilsyth was one of the main routes between Glasgow, Falkirk and Edinburgh, and is very close to the Roman Antonine Wall, the Forth and Clyde Canal and the main Glasgow to Edinburgh railway line, with the nearest railway station at Croy. Formerly two separate stations existed in the town on separate, although linked, railway lines. One, the Kelvin Valley Railway went to Glasgow-Maryhill while the other, the Kilsyth and Bonnybridge railway, went via Banknock to Falkirk. The town occupies a sheltered position in the Kelvin Valley, and is bisected by the A803 between Kirkintilloch and Falkirk. The old drovers' road from Stirling, (the Tak Ma Doon Road), and the route south to Cumbernauld via Auchinstarry Bridge, intersect the A803 at Kilsyth.

History and development

There is archaeological evidence of settlement since Neolithic times The Romans recognised the strategic significance of Kilsyth; the Antonine Wall forts of Bar Hill and Croy Hill are clearly visible from the present-day town. In the Middle Ages, Kilsyth held a key strategic position on one of the main routes across the narrowest part of Scotland. It was the site of two, now ruined, castles at Balcastle and Colzium. These were shown in Timothy Pont's map of 1580 and can also been seen on Blaeu's map which was derived from it. The town officially came into being in 1620 although a barony of Kilsyth preceded this. Regarding the name of the town, modern research into Kilsyth's toponymy leads to different findings than earlier analysis.

The civil war Battle of Kilsyth took place on hillsides between Kilsyth and Banton in 1645. Kilsyth was later closely associated with the various attempts by the Jacobites to regain the crown. Bonnie Prince Charlie is reported to have spent the night in the town in January 1746. The battlefield is now under Banton Loch which is a largely artificial body of water used to feed the Forth and Clyde Canal, close to its highest elevation. The canal was cut through Dullatur Bog in 1769–1770 bringing economic benefit to Kilsyth. (It apparently disturbed many small toads which relocated by hopping northwards).

Historically the parish was known as Moniabrugh, or one of its variants, with its name changing sometime in the 18th century. The town economy has shifted over the past three centuries from dairy farming, handloom weaving, tambouring and extractive industries to light engineering, transport and service industries. Many of the townsfolk of working age now commute to work in larger towns or Glasgow.

Religion and revivals
Following its foundation as an early monastic settlement, the town has a long tradition of radical protestantism. John Livingstone described himself as being from Monyabrock, an old name for Kilsyth. The town was the scene of major revivals for example under the leadership of James Robe in 1742. William Hamilton Burns a minister in Kilsyth, and his son William Chalmers Burns a missionary to China also saw revival in 1839, part of the Second Great Awakening. William Irvine (evangelist and founder of the Two by Twos and Cooneyites sects) was born in Kilsyth in 1863. The formation of the new Church of God, the first Pentecostal Church in Scotland in 1902 led to further outbreaks of revival in 1908 and to Kilsyth becoming an early focus of Pentecostalism.

Administration
Kilsyth was originally part of the deanery of Lennox. The parish was called variously Monyabroch, Monaeburgh, or Moniabrocd, but part of the parish was called Kelvesyth by the beginnings of the 13th century. The lands passed through the hands of branches of the Callendar and Livingston families as their fortunes waxed and waned, eventually becoming the property of the Edmonstones. Kilsyth was established as a Burgh of Barony in 1620. A Town Charter was granted in 1826, permitting the holders of plots to elect a Town Council. It used to be part of Stirlingshire, but is now within North Lanarkshire jurisdiction.

In 2012, the multi-member ward was represented by three elected councillors; Jean Jones (Labour), Heather McVey (Labour) and Alan Stevenson (SNP). Jamie Hepburn MSP was elected as Cumbernauld and Kilsyth (Scottish Parliament constituency) member of the Scottish Parliament on 5 May 2011 with a majority of 3459. Since May 2015, Stuart MacDonald has been Westminster MP for the Cumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East (UK Parliament constituency). He is a member of the Scottish National Party. As he said in his maiden speech he has sometimes been mistaken for his namesake who is also an SNP MP.

Kilsyth Community Council, as the locally elected representative body, is an active community group but enjoys very limited powers.

Since 1995 Kilsyth has been part of North Lanarkshire. The arms of Cumbernauld and Kilsyth District Council featured an open Bible and the shuttle and miner's lamp. These symbols were taken from the earlier arms of Kilsyth. However the open Bible and the miner's lamp were the only symbols which were carried on to the North Lanarkshire coat of arms.

Attractions and events
Kilsyth has many of the elements associated with a Scottish market town, including a pedestrianised Main Street with a wide range of local and specialist independent shops, attractive parks and gardens at Burngreen and Colzium complete with bandstands, welcoming hostelries such as the Coachman Hotel, the Boathouse and the Scarecrow pub, and a fair choice of local restaurants - European, Indian, Chinese, and fish & chips. The nearby villages of Croy, Banton, Queenzieburn, and Twechar are within easy walking distance from Kilsyth.

Townhead reservoir, known locally as Banton Loch, is the site of the Battle of Kilsyth and is the main reservoir for the Forth and Clyde Canal. A thriving marina has been developed at Auchinstarry close to the climbing wall and lakes at the old quarry.

Kilsyth Lennox Golf Club was founded in 1899.  The original nine-hole course was the Balmalloch area of the town, but moved in 1905 to the present position North East of the town. Between 1997 and 2002, the majority of the greens and tees were redesigned by Rocky Roquemore, the American Golf Course architect. The club hosts a Festival of Golf in the first week in July.

Kilsyth has a public swimming pool, open seven days a week, a public library, a small cottage hospital and health centre, and a range of recreational facilities such as tennis courts and bowling clubs. A feature of Burngreen Park is a children's road safety attraction with a model road layout and bikes, etc. for hire. It is also an accredited Walkers are Welcome town.

Nearby attractions include the Falkirk Wheel, a huge boat lift that connects the Union and Forth & Clyde Canal networks, and the Antonine Wall – marking the northern edge of the Roman Empire. Kilsyth is about 30 minutes from Glasgow, 15 minutes from Falkirk, 30 minutes from Stirling and 45 minutes from Edinburgh by car, bus (new express link in 2011) or train from nearby Croy station.

Kilsyth has held an international carnival in mid-August – in 2007 this was held on Sunday August 12 and headlined the Peatbog Faeries and David Sneddon. It is held in the grounds of the wooded Colzium estate nearby. Following a two-year break, the carnival was relaunched in mid-August 2010 as a multi-day music, comedy and dance festival under the banner of the BIG KIC headlining Salsa Celtica, Dougie MacLean and Fred MacAulay.

Civic Week festivities are held in June each year, with the traditional crowning of the Civic Queen. The festival features a variety of cultural and sports activities usually featuring members of clubs/groups from the town. A Christmas Festival is held annually, supported by the Rotary Club of Kilsyth.

The town is well represented on the football front, being the home of Kilsyth Rangers F.C. who are the local junior team, and there are two amateur teams - Kilsyth United AFC & Kilsyth Amateurs.  There is also the Golden Gloves Boxing Club and many other groups and organisations. Kilsyth has three primary schools: Kilsyth Primary and Balmalloch Primary, and St Patrick's Primary School (Roman Catholic). Children from each school can progress to Kilsyth Academy while children from St Patrick's Primary generally advance to St. Maurice's High School located in nearby Cumbernauld. Kilsyth Academy is situated on Corrie Road and hosts a range of functions throughout the year.

Notable residents

Prof James Jeffray (1759–1849) anatomist

William Irvine (Scottish evangelist)

Twin Town
  Meulan, France.
Kilsyth artworks include several pieces by William Piper including one about Kilsyth and Meulan.

Sources
 Incorporates material from Kilsyth_Scotland, Banton Primary and ケルビンバレーパーク 最安値・口コミ・おススメ商品・サービス made available under the GFDL.

References

Towns in North Lanarkshire

Kilsyth


Yohei Naito (født 9. juli 1988) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Giravanz Kitakyushu.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yohei Naito


Francisco "Paco" Alcácer García (født 30. august 1993 i Torrent) er en spansk fodboldspiller, der spiller som angriber hos Bundesliga-klubben Borussia Dortmund. Han skrev i år 2016 under på en 5-årig kontrakt med FC Barcelona, men blev lejet ud til den tyske storklub i sommeren 2018.

Landshold
Alcácer står (pr. november 2015) noteret for 10 kampe og seks scoringer for Spaniens landshold, som han debuterede for den 4. september 2014 i en kamp mod Frankrig.

Eksterne henvisninger

 http://en.valenciacf.com/ver/41891/paco-alcacer-.html
 http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j300522.html
 http://www.futbolme.com/resultados-directo/jugador/paco-alcacer/2247

Fodboldspillere fra Spanien
Fodboldspillere fra Valencia CF
Fodboldspillere fra Getafe CF
Fodboldspillere fra FC Barcelona

Paco Alcácer


التخارج ويقال له التظهير هو أن نضع شيئا خارج حدود ذاته، فعلى سبيل المثال عندما ندون الملاحظات فإننا نخارج وظيفة الذاكرة التي تنتمي أساسًا إلى الدماغ ونضعها على ورقة. وفي مثال آخر فعندما ننتحل الأعذار فإننا نخارج الذنب المرافق لأفعالنا. وبحسب فرويد فإن التخارج هي وسيلة دفاع لاواعية حيث يسقط الفرد خصائصه الداخلية على العالم الخارجي.

انظر أيضا
 استدماج

مراجع

تحليل نفسي
علم النفس الاجتماعي

تخارج (نفس)


Pirokumulus (latinski πυρ:pŷr ili pyrós - vatra + kumulus - hrpa) je gusti oblak kumulusa povezanog s vatrom ili vulkanskom erupcijom. Često se događa istovremeno s vatrenom olujom, no može se pojaviti neovisno.

Visinom doseže troposferu ili čak donju stratosferu i može uključivati oborine (iako obično slabe), tuču, munje, ekstremne vjetrove niske razine, a u nekim slučajevima čak i tornade. Kombinirani učinci ovih pojava mogu uzrokovati znatno veće širenje požara i uzrokovati izravne opasnosti na tlu uz "uobičajene" požare.

Prisutni su uglavnom u područjima s visokom razinom požara, poput Kalifornije, Azurne obale i jugoistočne Australije.

Podrijetlo

Pirokumulus nastaje zbog intenzivnog zagrijavanja zraka iznad kopna, što uzrokuje konvekciju vrućeg zraka odn. termiku. Zračna masa raste do visine gdje postaje stabilna, često u prisutnosti vlage. Vlaga iz okoline (tj. vlaga koja je već bila u zraku prije ekstremne pojave) i vlaga uzrokovana izgorjelom vegetacijom ili. zbog erupcije vulkana dobro se kondenziraju zbog prisutnosti čestica pepela u zraku. Stvaranje oblaka može biti uzrokovano šumskim požarima, vulkanskim erupcijama i povremeno industrijskim aktivnostima. Eksplozija nuklearnog oružja također uzrokuje konvekciju, što stvara takozvani oblak gljivu. Prisutnost jezgre vjetra na malim visinama može pojačati njezino stvaranje.

U pirokumulusu su prisutne jake turbulentne struje, što se odražava u jakim udarima na površini, što može dodatno pridonijeti širenju požara. Veliki pirokumulus povezan s vulkanskom erupcijom može uzrokovati nastanak munja. Proces nije u potpunosti razjašnjen, ali pretpostavlja se da je povezan s polarizacijom naboja zbog jake turbulencije i sa svojstvima čestica pepela ili prašine u oblaku, a osim toga temperatura u oblaku je znatno ispod ledišta, pa se očekuje da će i elektrostatička svojstva kristala leda pridonijeti pojavi. Munjevni pirokumulus zapravo je podvrsta kumulonimbusa, olujnih oblaka, a u ovom slučaju naziva se i pirokumulonimbusom .

Izgled

Pirokumulus je zbog pepela i dima često sive do smeđe boje. Često može biti vrlo širok ili povećan zbog povećanog stvaranja kondenzacijskih jezgri u prisutnosti različitih čestica, a to može rezultirati stvaranjem nove oluje čija munja može zapaliti nove požare.

Učinci na šumske požare
U odnosu na vatru, pirokumulus može inhibirati ili stimulirati ili. pojačava širenje vatre. Ponekad se vlaga u zraku kondenzira, a zatim padne na područje požara poput kiše, koja ga može ugasiti. U slučaju da se pirokumulus uvelike poveća, nastaje pirokumulonimbus, podvrsta kumulonimbusa, koji stvaranjem munja može izazvati nove požare.

Vidi također

 kumulonimbus

Izvori

Oblaci

Pirokumulus


Yassıalan, Sinop ilinin Durağan ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1487 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 135 km, Durağan ilçe merkezine 10 km uzaklıktadır. Köy yakınlarındaki Darıkolu mevkiinde iki adet tümülüs bulunur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Durağan belde ve köyleri

Yassıalan


Đonulije (tur. gönüllü, dobrovoljac), u Osmanskom carstvu dobrovoljačka najamnička konjica. U Bosni i Hercegovini pojavljuju se početkom 16. stoljeća kao vojnički red serhad-kulu (krajišnika), a zatim i jerli-kulu (lokalnih vojnih snaga).

Postoje sve do kraja 18. stoljeća, te redovito sačinjavaju dio plačeničkih posada krajiških utvrda. Đonulije se upotrebljavaju za obranu varoši, kasaba, a učestvovali su i u operacijama izvan njih. Organizacijski su se dijelili u džemate, a oni u buljuke. Zapovjednik đonulije imao je naziv đonluaga ili đonlaga.

Literatura

 "Derbendžije". U: Vojna enciklopedija, sv. 2. Beograd: Izdanje redakcije Vojne enciklopedije, 1970, str. 609.
 H. Kreševljaković, Kapteanije u BOsni i Hercegovini, Sarajevo, 1954.

Osmanske vojne postrojbe

Đonulije


Anush Babajanyan, née le  à Erevan (Arménie), est une photojournaliste arménienne.

Fondatrice du collectif de femmes photographes 4Plus, elle est connue pour son travail sur les zones de conflit du Caucase. En 2019, elle est récompensée par la bourse Canon de la femme photojournaliste.

Biographie
Anush Babajanyan naît le  à Erevan, capitale de l'Arménie, et étudie à l'Institut Media Caucasus. En 2005, elle sort diplômée d'un programme de cours de photographie offert par World Press Photo puis, en 2006, elle obtient un diplôme de journaliste de l'Université américaine de Bulgarie.

Après avoir travaillé comme sous-traitante pour la BBC en Arménie, elle devient photojournaliste indépendante. À partir de 2008, elle démarre le projet Inlandish pour lequel elle photographie dans les rues d'Erevan des femmes qui se distinguent par leurs tenues. En 2009, Anush Babajanyan documente la vie des familles survivantes du tremblement de terre de Gyumri dont 4'000 d'entre elles vivent encore dans des cabanes insalubres (domiks) vingt ans après le séisme.

En 2013, elle cofonde le collectif 4Plus avec ses consœurs Nazik Armenakyan et Anahit Hayrapetyan. Leur premier projet, mOther Armenia, expose des photos décrivant les problèmes majeurs rencontrés par les Arméniennes.

La même année, elle reçoit une bourse de l'Open Society Foundations Documentary Photography Project pour soutenir son travail sur les liens entre l'Arménie et la Turquie.

En 2016, Babajanyan lance un projet visant à documenter les expériences des Arméniens Syriens qui ont fui la guerre civile syrienne à Erevan. Ses photographies montrent la vie domestique des réfugiés et les souvenirs qu'ils ont amenés avec eux de leurs vies antérieures. Avec John Stanmeyer et Serra Akcan, elle démarre Bridging Stories, un programme de formation à la photographie permettant aux turcs et aux arméniens de prendre et de partager des photos de leur vie quotidienne sur Instagram, afin de promouvoir la compréhension entre leurs peuples.

En 2017, elle voyage en Côte d'Ivoire, où elle s'intéresse à la croyance populaire dans les pouvoirs mystiques des jumeaux. En 2019, elle est récompensée par la bourse Canon de la femme photojournaliste.

Ses photographies ont été publiées dans The New York Times, The Washington Post, VICE News, National Geographic, Foreign Policy Magazine et d'autres publications internationales et régionales. Elle travaille également pour l'UNICEF.

Prix et distinctions
 2013 : Bourse de l'Open Society Foundations Documentary Photo
 2017 : Médaille d'argent au concours de photographie des VIIIes Jeux de la Francophonie Côte d'Ivoire/Abidjan
 2018 : 2ᵉ place aux Sony Awards
 2019 : Bourse Canon de la femme photojournaliste

Publications

 The House of Culture
 A Troubled Home

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en octobre 1983
Naissance à Erevan
Femme photographe
Photographe arménien du XXIe siècle
Journaliste arménien du XXIe siècle
Médaillé aux Jeux de la Francophonie de 2017
Médaillé aux Jeux de la Francophonie
Photojournaliste

Anush Babajanyan


Aşıklı, Sinop ilinin Boyabat ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köy, 1925 yılından beri aynı adı taşımaktadır.

Coğrafya
Köy, Sinop il merkezine 123 km, Boyabat ilçe merkezine ise 33 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Boyabat belde ve köyleri

Aşıklı, Boyabat


පී. ඩබ්ලිව්. විදානගමගේ (1934 පෙබරවාරි 22 – 2013 අගෝස්තු 24) යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් විනිසුරුවෙකි . ඔහු 1984 සහ 1987 අතර ටෙස්ට් තරග හතරකට සහ 1982 සහ 1991 අතර එක්දින තරග 23කට සහභාගි විය

යොමු කිරීම්

2013 මරණ
1934 උපත්

පී. ඩබ්ලිව්. විදානගමගේ


LPRC Oilers é um clube de futebol da Libéria com sede em Monróvia. Seu estádio é a Liberia Petroleum Refining Company. Os LPRC Oilers têm sido uma presença constante no futebol liberiano desde o final da década de 1980. A equipe é considerada uma das melhores equipes da Libéria.

Títulos

 Liga da Libéria : 7

 1991, 1992, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2019, 2021.

 Copa da Libéria : 6

 1988, 1989, 1993, 1999, 2000, 2005.

 Supercopa da Libéria : 1

 2002.

 Copa Presidente: 2

 2015, 2019.

Desempenho em competições da CAF

 Liga dos Campeões da CAF : 3 jogos

 2006 – Rodada Preliminar
 2020 – Rodada Preliminar
 2022 -

 Copa Africana de Clubes dos Campeões : 2 aparições

 1992 : Rodada Preliminar
 1993 : Primeira rodada

 Taça dos Vencedores das Taças da CAF : 5 jogos

 1987 - Primeiro round
 1989 - Quartas de final
 1990 - Primeiro round
 1994 - Segunda rodada
 1999 - Primeiro round
 2019 - Primeira rodada

Libéria

LPRC Oilers


Miguel León-Portilla (Cidade do México, 22 de fevereiro de 1926 - Cidade do México, 1 de outubro de 2019) foi um antropólogo e historiador mexicano.

León-Portilla foi uma das autoridades mais respeitáveis e comumente citadas nas referências sobre cultura e literatura astecas nas eras pré-colombianas e coloniais entre a academia mexicana. Muitas de suas obras foram traduzidas para o inglês e são amplamente lidas. Em 2013, a Biblioteca do Congresso dos Estados Unidos concedeu-lhe o Prêmio Lenda Viva.

Infância e educação
Nascido na Cidade do México, Miguel León-Portilla se interessou pelos povos originários do México desde cedo, incentivado por seu tio Manuel Gamio, um ilustre arqueólogo. Gamio teve uma influência duradoura em sua vida e carreira, inicialmente levando-o quando menino em viagens a importantes sítios arqueológicos no México. León-Portilla frequentou o Instituto de Ciências em Guadalajara e depois obteve um B. A. (1948) e M. A. (1951) na Jesuit Loyola University, em Los Angeles. Retornando ao México em 1952, ele mostrou a Gamio uma peça que havia escrito sobre Quetzalcoatl, o que resultou em Gamio apresentando seu sobrinho a Ángel Garibay K., cujas publicações nas décadas de 1930 e 1940 trouxeram a literatura náuatle à ampla atenção do público no México. León-Portilla começou a frequentar a faculdade de direito e trabalhar em uma empresa financeira. Ao mesmo tempo, lecionava no Mexico City College, uma escola de língua inglesa no bairro de Condesa. Outros instrutores incluíram importantes estudiosos da história e cultura indígena mexicana, Wigberto Jiménez Moreno, Fernando Horcasitas e Eduardo Noguera. Gamio persuadiu León-Portilla a abandonar seus estudos de direito e seu trabalho no setor financeiro para trabalhar no Instituto Indígena Interamericano, uma organização especializada da Organização dos Estados Americanos, que Gamio dirigia. León-Portilla iniciou seus estudos de pós-graduação na UNAM, concluindo sua tese de doutorado, La Filosofía Náhuatl estudiada en sus fuentes, em 1956, que lançou sua carreira acadêmica.

Carreira
Sua dissertação sobre a filosofia Nahua foi publicada no México e depois traduzida para o inglês como Aztec Thought and Culture: A Study of the Ancient Nahuatl Mind (1967) e depois em muitas outras línguas. Foi a primeira de suas muitas obras a ser traduzida para o inglês. Suas traduções de textos em náuatle e espanhol sobre a conquista do México, publicados pela primeira vez no México como Visión de los vencidos, traduzidos para o inglês como The Broken Spears, são a maneira como muitos estudantes de graduação nos Estados Unidos são apresentados a relatos de participantes indígenas e não conquistadores espanhóis.

León-Portilla liderou um movimento para entender e reavaliar a literatura e a religião náuatle, não apenas da era pré-colombiana, mas também da atual, especialmente porque o náuatle ainda é falado por 1,5 milhões de pessoas. Seus trabalhos em inglês sobre literatura incluem Pre-Columbian Literatures of Mexico (1986), Fifteen Poets of the Aztec World (2000), e com Earl Shorris, In the Language of Kings: An Anthology of Mesoamerican Literature, Pré-colombiana ao Presente (2002). Ele também comparou a literatura dos Nahuas com a do Inca. Outra área de pesquisa foi sobre religião e espiritualidade indígenas, com trabalhos como Native Meso-American Spirituality (1980), e South and Meso-American Native Spirituality: From the Cult of the Feathered Serpent to the Theology of Liberation (1997). Ele também publicou um trabalho sobre os maias, tempo e realidade no pensamento dos maias (1990).

León-Portilla foi fundamental para trazer à luz as obras do franciscano pe. Bernardino de Sahagún, uma fonte primária do século XVI sobre a civilização asteca, cujos doze volumes de História Geral das Coisas da Nova Espanha, muitas vezes referido como o Códice Florentino, são cruciais para a compreensão da religião, sociedade e cultura Nahua, bem como quanto a fornecer um relato da conquista do México do ponto de vista mexica. León-Portilla foi o primeiro a designar Sahagún como o "Pai da Antropologia no Novo Mundo".

Contribuiu para a compreensão do desenvolvimento do campo da história mesoamericana no México. Com Garibay, León-Portilla fez contribuições ao estudo do historiador mesoamericano do século XIX Manuel Orozco y Berra. León-Portilla também publicou dois volumes sobre o trabalho de humanistas mesoamericanos, incluindo seu mentor Garibay.

No campo dos estudos coloniais náuatles, particularmente a Nova Filologia, o trabalho de León-Portilla em uma coleção de testamentos do final do século XVI em náuatle, Os Testamentos de Culhuacan, contribuiu para a compreensão das interações em nível local dentro de uma cidade nahua.

Um interesse subordinado mas importante de León-Portilla foi a história inicial e etnografia da Península de Baja California. Ele abordou essa região em mais de 30 livros e artigos, incluindo um volume de 1995 reunindo várias de suas publicações anteriores.

No início de sua carreira acadêmica em 1969, ele foi premiado com uma bolsa Guggenheim. Esse foi o primeiro de muitos prêmios e reconhecimentos acadêmicos, incluindo a Medalha de Honra Belisario Domínguez, a mais alta condecoração concedida pelo Senado mexicano. Em 1970, foi eleito membro do Colégio Nacional e, em 1995, membro da Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos. De 1987 a 1992, ele atuou como delegado permanente de seu país na UNESCO, período durante o qual ele nomeou com sucesso cinco sítios pré-colombianos no México para inclusão na Lista do Patrimônio Mundial. Em 12 de dezembro de 2013, León-Portilla recebeu o Prêmio Lenda Viva da Biblioteca do Congresso dos EUA. Ele também foi membro da Academia Mexicana de Línguas e da Academia Mexicana de História.

Vida pessoal
León-Portilla casou-se com Ascensión Hernández Triviño, um linguista e acadêmico espanhol, em 1965. A filha deles, Marisa León-Portilla, também é historiadora.

León-Portilla morreu na Cidade do México em 1º de outubro de 2019 depois de ter sido hospitalizado durante grande parte do ano.

Trabalhos notáveis
León-Portilla escreveu mais de uma centena e meia de artigos para várias instituições e mais de quarenta livros dos quais os seguintes títulos estão entre os mais conhecidos:

Referências

Associados estrangeiros da Academia Nacional de Ciências dos Estados Unidos
Historiadores do México
Antropólogos do México

Miguel León-Portilla