Colorado State University (Colorado State or CSU) is a public land-grant research university in Fort Collins, Colorado. It is the flagship university of the Colorado State University System. Colorado State University is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It was founded in 1870 as Colorado Agricultural College, and in 1935 was renamed the Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. In 1957, the Colorado General Assembly approved its current name, Colorado State University.

In 2018, enrollment was approximately 34,166 students, including resident and non-resident instruction students. The university has approximately 2,000 faculty in eight colleges and 55 academic departments. Bachelor's degrees are offered in 65 fields of study, with master's degrees in 55 fields. Colorado State confers doctoral degrees in 40 fields of study, in addition to a professional degree in veterinary medicine. CSU's campus boasts the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory (EECL), the University Center for the Arts, which houses the Avenir Museum of Design and Merchandising and the Gregory Allicar Museum of Art, the James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital, and the Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA).

The Colorado State Rams compete in the NCAA Division I Mountain West Conference. Swimmer and six-time Olympic gold medalist Amy Van Dyken is one of CSU's most notable athletes. The school renamed West Drive, which stretches along the west side of the Administration Building at the south end of CSU's Oval, Amy Van Dyken Way. CSU graduates include Pulitzer Prize winners, astronauts, CEOs, and two former governors of Colorado. In fiscal year 2021, CSU spent $447.2 million on research and development

History

Early years
It was founded first as the Colorado Agricultural College. Arising from the Morrill Act of 1862, the act to create the university was signed by the Colorado Territory governor Edward M. McCook in 1870. While a board of 12 trustees was formed to "purchase and manage property, erect buildings, establish basic rules for governing the institutions and employ buildings," the near complete lack of funding by the territorial legislature for this mission severely hampered progress.

The first  parcel of land for the campus was deeded in 1871 by Robert Dazell. In 1872, the Larimer County Land Improvement Company contributed a second  parcel. The first $1000 to erect buildings was finally allocated by the territorial legislature in 1874. The funds were not, however, and trustees were required to find a matching amount, which they eventually obtained from local citizens and businesses.

Among the institutions which donated matching funds was the local Grange, which was heavily involved in the early establishment of the university. As part of this effort, in the spring of 1874 Grange No. 6 held a picnic and planting event at the corner of College Avenue and West Laurel Street, and later plowed and seeded 20 acres (80,000 m2) of wheat on a nearby field. Within several months, the university's first building, a -by-24-foot red brick building nicknamed the "Claim Shanty" was finished, providing the first tangible presence of the institution in Fort Collins.

After Colorado achieved statehood in 1876, the territorial law establishing the college was required to be reauthorized. In 1877, the state legislature created the eight-member State Board of Agriculture to govern the school. Early in the 21st century, the governing board was renamed the Board of Governors of the Colorado State University System. The legislature also authorized a railroad right-of-way across the campus and a mill levy to raise money for construction of the campus' first main building, Old Main, which was completed in December 1878. Despite wall cracks and other structural problems suffered during its first year, the building was opened in time for the welcoming of the first five students on September 1, 1879, by university president Elijah Evan Edwards. Enrollment grew to 25 by 1880.

During the first term at Colorado Agricultural College in fall 1879, the school functioned more as a college-prep school than a college because of the lack of trained students. Consequently, the first course offerings were arithmetic, English, U.S. history, natural philosophy, horticulture and farm economy. Students also labored on the college farm and attended daily chapel services. The spring term provided the first true college-level instruction. Despite his accomplishments, Edwards resigned in spring 1882 because of conflicts with the State Board of Agriculture, a young faculty member, and with students. The board's next appointee as president was Charles Ingersoll, a graduate and former faculty member at Michigan State Agricultural College, who began his nine years of service at CAC with just two full-time faculty members and 67 students, 24 of whom were women.

President Charles Ingersoll
Agricultural research would grow rapidly under Ingersoll. The Hatch Act of 1887 provided federal funds to establish and maintain experiment stations at land-grant colleges. Ainsworth Blount, CAC's first professor of practical agriculture and manager of the College Farm, had become known as a "one man experiment station", and the Hatch Act expanded his original station to five Colorado locations. The curriculum expanded as well, introducing coursework in engineering, animal science, and liberal arts. New faculty members brought expertise in botany, horticulture, entomology, and irrigation engineering. CAC made its first attempts at animal science during 1883–84, when it hired veterinary surgeon George Faville. Faville conducted free weekly clinics for student instruction and treatment of local citizen's diseased or injured animals. Veterinary science at the college languished for many years following Faville's departure in 1886.

President Ingersoll believed the school neglected special programs for women. Despite the reluctance of the institution's governing board, CAC began opening the door to liberal arts in 1885, and by Ingersoll's last year at CAC the college had instituted a "Ladies Course" that offered junior and senior women classes in drawing, stenography and typewriting, foreign languages, landscape gardening and psychology. Ingersoll's belief in liberal yet practical education conflicted with the narrower focus of the State Board of Agriculture, and a final clash in April 1891 led to his resignation. In 1884, CAC would celebrate the commencement of its first three graduates.

Professor Louis G. Carpenter

One of the early notable professors was Louis George Carpenter (March 28, 1861 – September 12, 1935) who was happy to be called "Professor Carp." He was a college professor and later the Dean of Engineering & Physics at Colorado State University formerly known as the Colorado Agricultural College. He was also an Engineer, Mathematician and an Irrigation and Consulting Engineer.

Carpenter began teaching mathematics at Michigan State Agricultural College and did so from 1883 to 1888.

Carpenter was recruited by President Charles Ingersoll and accepted the chair of the Engineering & Physics Department of the then Colorado Agricultural College. It was there where he began the first organized and systematic college program for irrigation engineering. Those completing such instruction were awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Irrigation Engineering. In addition, Carpenter was a strong advocate to expand education opportunities to minorities and women. He helped promote and organize newly accredited degree programs despite opposition from those unwilling to change.

Carpenter declined the Presidency of that college (later university) in 1891 and several times during his tenure. Despite difficulty to enact change, he was significant in being able to help transform the farm focused college into a university of higher learning.

In 1889 he became the director of the Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station.

Carpenter was one of the foremost leading experts on irrigation systems. During his life he investigated irrigation systems not only in North America but also in Canada and Europe. This led to his engineering consulting and water law. He became Colorado's State Engineer which he held for several years while still teaching.

In 1911, Carpenter left academics and established an engineering consulting firm in Denver, Colorado. This covered not only included Irrigation Engineering but consulting on hydraulic construction projects and the problems associated with such projects. He did this traveling around Canada, the United States and Western Europe with his brother running the office until his retirement in 1922. He left many papers to the university and was given an honorary doctorate before his death in 1935.

Turn of the 20th century

Alston Ellis encountered limited funding and decided rapidly in 1895 to reduce the number of Experiment Stations. Female students grew in number from 44 in 1892 to 112 in 1896, and by fall 1895, the college's new domestic-economy program was in place. Football had a one-year stint at CAC in 1893, but Ellis was not a supporter of extracurricular activities and was especially hostile towards football.

Barton Aylesworth became the school's fourth president in 1899, and the combination of his non-confrontational style with the presence of the vocal Colorado Cattle and Horse Growers Association on the governing board allowed ranching and farming interests to take the college's agricultural programs to new heights, greatly influencing the development of the entire school. Initially, the influence of ranching interests brought tremendous progress to CAC's agricultural programs. Enrollment quadrupled, studies in veterinary medicine were re-established, and CAC's Experiment Station benefited from lobbying that finally secured state appropriations. Eventually, conflicts with agricultural interests may have prompted Aylesworth to begin promoting a more balanced curriculum at CAC, which he then fought hard to defend. The conflict also led him to tire and negotiate his resignation.

Aylesworth was a big supporter of extracurricular activities. Football returned to the college in fall 1899, but baseball was the school's most popular sport. In 1903, the women's basketball team won CAC's first unofficial athletic championship, culminating with a victory over the University of Colorado. New clubs, fraternities, and sororities also emerged. By 1905, the school had a fledgling music department, which two years later became the Conservatory of Music.

President Charles Lory
Taking office in 1909, CAC President Charles Lory oversaw the school's maturation and reconciled longstanding conflicts between supporters of a broad or specialized curriculum. He embarked on a demanding schedule of personal appearances to make Colorado Agricultural College known as an institution that served the state's needs. Another of Lory's notable achievements was putting the school on solid fiscal ground, meeting rising construction costs and freeing the institution of debt.

The onset of World War I influenced all aspects of CAC, but nowhere was the impact more apparent than in the institution's programs for farmers. World War I created demands for American agricultural products, and CAC established new food production committees, information services and cultivation projects to help improve food production and conservation in Colorado. World War I also drew men from campus to Europe's battlefields. In June 1916, the National Defense Act created the Reserve Officers Training Corps. A few months later CAC applied to establish an ROTC unit in Fort Collins and resurrected a defunct National Guard unit on campus.

During the early 1930s, CAC's community-wide activities were greatly influenced by the Great Depression and the Dust Bowl. The Extension Service organized relief programs for inhabitants of Eastern Colorado, of whom a survey found 20,000 to be urgently in need of food, and helped sustain cropland threatened by pests and drought. President Lory sought to help Colorado farmers by pushing for major tax reforms to relieve them of high tax burdens, and played a significant role in a 1930s project that supplied irrigation water for agricultural development in Eastern Colorado.

Lory and the State Board had challenges of their own back on campus. In response to claims that the university was falling behind national standards, the board retired or demoted several senior professors and administrators deemed past the peak of their proficiency, and hired new doctorate-holding personnel while consolidating sections of lecture courses. A student petition led to the governing-board to change the college's name to more accurately reflect the diversity of its academic programs, and in 1935 the school became the Colorado State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, or Colorado A&M for short. After 31 years of leadership, President Lory announced his retirement in 1938.

From World War II into the modern era
Soon after Pearl Harbor, Colorado A&M began to look like a military post, with the college serving as many as 1,500 servicemen. New President Roy Green tried to prepare for the sudden departure of students and arrival of servicemen by improving ROTC facilities, and introducing military-training programs. Although servicemen filed onto campus, student enrollment at Colorado A&M, 1,637 in fall 1942, dropped to 701 by fall 1943, and female students outnumbered their male counterparts for the first time. When the war ceased in 1945, soldiers returning from Europe and the Pacific filled U.S. higher-education institutions. Nearly 1,040 students attended the college in fall 1946, and about 1,600 students enrolled by spring 1946. Close to 80 former "Aggies" died in World War II including football talent Lewis "Dude" Dent.

Colorado A&M becomes a university under Bill Morgan
Colorado A&M shed its image as a narrow technical college and became a university in appearance and title during the 1950s under President Bill Morgan. Providing adequate student housing for an increasing number of youth approaching college age and improving cramped instructional facilities were among the first tests of Morgan's leadership. He responded, and five new residence halls were completed between 1953 and 1957.

Academic offerings grew to include advanced degrees. The State Board of Agriculture approved a doctoral degree in civil engineering in 1951, and three years later allowed other qualified departments to offer doctorates. Morgan believed students earning this advanced degree should hold it from a university, and so began a campaign to upgrade Colorado A&M to university status. In 1957, the Colorado General Assembly approved the new name of Colorado State University.

1960s: Student activism
Colorado State became a scene of intense student activism during the 1960s and early 1970s. The reduction of strict campus regulations for women was among the early targets of student activists, coming to the forefront in 1964 when a 21-year-old female student moved into unapproved off-campus housing to accommodate her late hours as editor of the student newspaper.

The civil-rights movement on campus also picked up momentum and visibility. In spring 1969, shortly before Morgan's retirement, Mexican-American and African-American student organizations presented a list of demands to university officials primarily urging increased recruitment of minority students and employees. The demonstrators' occupation of the Administration Building continued to the front lawn of Morgan's home. Students and university representatives took their concerns to state officials, but Colorado legislators rejected a subsequent university request for funds to support minority recruitment.

Anti-military protest took place in dramatic form at Colorado State from 1968 to 1970. On March 5, 1968, several hundred students and faculty with anti-war sentiments marched to Fort Collins' downtown War Memorial and wiped blood on a placard tied to the memorial. Hecklers and blockaders created such a disturbance that police had to disperse the non-marchers. In May 1970, as campus peace activists held the second day of a student strike in the gymnasium in response to the U.S. invasion of Cambodia and the student deaths at Kent State University, one or more arsonists set Old Main ablaze, destroying the 92-year-old cornerstone of Colorado State.

2000s: CSU under President Penley
In his welcoming address for the fall 2007 semester, former CSU President Larry Edward Penley called for CSU to set the standard for the 21st century public land-grant research university. He identified as the heart of this ideal the contribution to the prosperity and quality of life of the local and international community, in part through fostering relationships and collaborations with federal research partners, the business community and key industries. A part of this approach was Colorado State's Supercluster research model, designed to utilize interdisciplinary, issue-based research on pressing global issues in which the university has particular expertise and connect research results to the marketplace. Initial Superclusters in infectious disease and in cancer research were launched. As well, new residence halls were constructed according to national green building standards, and a sustainability advisory committee was charged to coordinate green activities at Colorado State.

While maintaining historic ties to local agriculture, administration officials also emphasized the desire to better connect with the local community. As such, CSU became party to UniverCity, a multi-organization initiative that links the school with city government, community and business associations to expand and synchronize working relationships. Another goal set by the university was to improve undergraduate education. Penley stated that essential tasks were access and graduation rates, particularly for qualified low-income and minority students, and an education international in scope suited to a global economy.

Penley resigned in 2008.

Later 2000s: After President Penley
While a statistics professor at CSU, Mary Meyer declared that a study of salaries by CSU created salary goals for women faculty that were "substantially smaller than for men". This led CSU to start studying pay equity in 2015, which in turn led later that year to a quarter of female full professors receiving higher pay.

Joyce E. McConnell became the first female president of CSU in 2019. On June 9, 2022, the CSU Board of Governors and President McConnell announced she would be leaving her position as of June 30, 2022. Former Provost Rick Miranda was chosen to serve in an interim role while a new president is identified. In December 2022, the CSU Board announced the appointment of Amy Parsons, once its vice president of operations, then executive vice chancellor, as its 16th president effective Feb. 1, 2023.

Campus

Colorado State University is located in Fort Collins, Colorado, a mid-size city of approximately 142,000 residents at the base of the Front Range of the southern Rocky Mountains. The university's  main campus is located in central Fort Collins, and includes a  veterinary teaching hospital. CSU is also home to a  Foothills Campus, a  agricultural campus, and the  Pingree Park mountain campus. CSU uses  for research centers and Colorado State Forest Service stations outside of Larimer County.

Main campus
At the heart of the CSU campus lies the Oval, an expansive green area  around, lined with 65 American Elm trees. Designed in 1909, the Oval remains a center of activity and a major landmark at CSU. The Administration Building, constructed in 1924, faces the Oval from the south end, while several academic and administrative buildings occupy its perimeter. The Music Building, once the university library, currently houses the Institute for Learning and Teaching, which provides academic and career counseling as well as other student-focused programs. The music department moved to the University Center for the Arts upon its opening in 2008.  At the northwest corner of the Oval is Ammons Hall, formerly the women's recreational center and now home to the University Welcome Center. Just to the east of Ammons stands Guggenheim Hall, which currently houses the Department of Manufacturing Technology and Construction Management. The building was constructed in 1910 as a gift from U.S. Senator Simon Guggenheim to promote the study of home economics, and was recently renovated according to green building standards. Rounding out the Oval are the Weber Building, the Statistics Building, the Occupational Therapy Building, and Laurel Hall.

Another campus focal point is the main plaza, around which can be found Lory Student Center and Morgan Library, as well as several academic buildings. The Lory Student Center, named for former CSU President Charles Lory, houses Student Media, numerous organization offices, Student Government, and spaces to eat, drink and study. The Morgan Library was originally constructed in 1965 and named for former CSU President William E. Morgan. Following the flood of '97, this facility went through an extensive improvement project that included an addition to the main building and a renovation of the existing structure, with works completed in 1998. Current holdings include more than 2 million books, bound journals, and government documents. Morgan Library also contains a  addition called the Study Cube that seats 80 additional patrons. With a university issued ID card, students and staff are able to access the Cube 24 hours a day, including during finals week. To accommodate, the Loan and Reserve desk checks out laptops and other accessories over night if checked out less than six hours prior to closing.

 Colorado State University's oldest existing building is Spruce Hall, constructed in 1881. Originally a dormitory that played a vital role in the early growth of the school's student enrollment, Spruce now houses the Division of Continuing Education and the Office of Admissions. The newest academic building on campus is the Behavioral Science building, which was completed in summer 2010. Other recent projects include the 2006 Transit Center addition to the north end of Lory Student Center (certified LEED Gold), an expansion of the Student Recreation Center, and the new Computer Science Building, completed in 2008.

 In 2008, CSU also opened its University Center for the Arts, located in the old Fort Collins High School. CSU purchased this historic building in 1995 and has since converted it into a new home for its programs in music, dance, theatre and the visual arts. The three-phase building project included a 318-seat University Theatre, a 100-seat Studio Theatre, and the  Runyan Music Hall, an adaptable rehearsal and performance space created out of the old high school gymnasium. The center also houses the University Art Museum, the Avenir Museum of Design and Merchandising, a 285-seat organ recital hall, and the 200-seat University Dance Theatre.

The campus is served by Transfort bus service, including the MAX Bus Rapid Transit route that opened in 2014.

Veterinary hospital
The James L. Voss Veterinary Teaching Hospital was constructed in 1979 and houses 28 specialties under one roof, ranging from emergency to oncology. Located in the Veterinary Health Complex south of the main campus in Fort Collins, the hospital has 79 veterinarians on clinics, educating 280 third- and fourth-year veterinary students on clinical rotations. In fiscal 2019, the hospital logged nearly 47,000 cases.

Foothills Campus
The  Foothills Campus, located on northwest edge of Fort Collins, is home to the department of atmospheric sciences, as well as several research and outreach centers. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Engineering Research Center, B.W. Pickett Equine Center, Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA), the Colorado Division of Wildlife, and the Animal Reproduction Biotechnology Lab can all be found at the Foothills Campus.

Organization

Administration
Colorado State University is a public land-grant institution and Carnegie Doctoral/Research University Extensive. The Board of Governors presides over the Colorado State University System, including the flagship campus in Fort Collins together with Colorado State University–Pueblo and the CSU–Global Campus. The Board consists of nine voting members appointed by the Governor of Colorado and confirmed by the Colorado State Senate, and four elected non-voting members. Voting members are community leaders from many fields, including agriculture, business, and public service. A student and faculty representative from each university act as non-voting Board members.

The 14th president of Colorado State University was Anthony A. Frank. A 13-member Board of Governors oversees the Colorado State University System. Joe Zimlich, President and CEO of Bohemian Companies, serves as the current chairman of the Board of Governors.

At its December 2008 public meeting, the Board of Governors of the CSU System decided it was in the best interest of all CSU System campuses to separate what had previously been a conjoined position of CSU System chancellor and CSU Fort Collins president. On May 5, 2009, Joe Blake was named the finalist for the chancellor position.

Academics
Colorado State offers 150 programs of study across 8 colleges and 55 departments. In addition to its notable programs in biomedical sciences, engineering, environmental science, agriculture, and human health and nutrition, CSU offers professional programs in disciplines including business, journalism, and construction management as well as in the liberal and performing arts, humanities, and social sciences. CSU also offers bachelor's degrees, graduate degrees, certificates, and badges online.

Fall Freshman Statistics

The university employs a total of 1,540 faculty members, with 1,000 on tenure-track appointments. The student-faculty ratio is 17:1. CSU awarded 6,090 degrees in 2009–2010, including 4,336 bachelor's degrees, 1,420 master's degrees, 203 doctoral degrees, and 131 Doctor in Veterinary Medicine degrees.

Academic colleges

College of Agricultural Sciences
In order to prepare students in land stewardship and natural resources, the College of Agricultural Sciences offers majors in traditional disciplines such as agronomy, animal science, and horticulture and Landscape Architecture, in addition to Organic Agriculture, Agricultural Biology, and Agribusiness degrees suited to contemporary developments. College facilities include greenhouses, farms, ranches, and an equine center. In conjunction with the School of Education, the College of Agricultural Sciences provides an interdisciplinary program that leads to a Bachelor of Science and a teaching license in Agricultural Education. The college offers master's degrees in Agricultural Education, Agricultural Extension Education, Integrated Resource Management, Pest Management, and the Peace Corps Masters International Program. The college faculty also mentor M.S. and Ph.D. students in Agricultural Biology (Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Weed Science), Agricultural and Resource Economics, Animal Sciences, Horticulture, and Soil and Crop Sciences  The college-sponsored Specialty Crops Program aims to help local growers master production systems, and explore marketing opportunities for their specialty crops. The faculty, staff, and students in the college conduct fundamental and applied research in agricultural sciences and also work in extension and engage with agricultural communities and businesses to implement new discoveries in food production and safety, in food and environmental sustainability, and in human well-being.

College of Health and Human Sciences
With programs in education, individual and family development, health, housing, or apparel/interior design and merchandising, studies in the College of Health and Human Sciences are human-centered, focused on social problems and quality of life issues. CHHS is one of the largest on campus with more than 4,000 undergraduate students and over 850 graduate students. Extension specialists, such as in the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, provide valuable health, nutrition, and food safety information to the public. The Human Performance Clinical Research Laboratory in the Department of Health and Exercise Science provides heart attack prevention evaluations to underserved populations, and the Center for Community Partnerships works with citizens with disabilities. The college also has a role in the new Colorado School of Public Health, to be jointly operated with UC Denver Health Sciences Center and the University of Northern Colorado.

College of Business
Colorado State University's College of Business offers a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration. Colorado State's on-campus Master of Business Administration (MBA) program offers several degrees. The Computer Information Systems (CIS) concentration within the Master of Science in Business Administration (MSBA) is one of the oldest CIS degrees in the country. The new Global and Sustainable Enterprise MSBA takes on environmental conservation, microfinance, public health, alternative energy and agriculture from a business perspective. Each student completes a summer of fieldwork, typically in a developing country. The Denver-based Executive MBA Program instructs professionals, emerging business leaders and mid-to-senior level managers. For over 40 years, CSU has also provided a well-regarded Distance MBA Program. The college was reaccredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business in Fall 2011.

Business courses (accounting, shorthand, and typewriting) were first offered at Colorado A&M in 1944. The first formal business program (a two-year secretarial certificate) was offered in 1950. The bachelor's degree in business was first offered in 1956 and within two years the School of Business was formed and located in Johnson Hall. In 1966, the College of Business was established and located in the Clark building. The undergraduate programs at the College of Business gained AACSB accreditation in 1970, with the graduate programs earning accreditation in 1976. In 1995, the College of Business moved to its current home in Rockwell Hall and a couple years later a new Classroom and Technology Wing was added. The college's growth continued in 2005 with the approval of plans to expand Rockwell Hall and the addition of a Business minor to the college's offerings. Construction of Rockwell Hall West was completed in 2009, and the following year the college hosted General Colin L. Powell as keynote speaker to celebrate the grand opening of the addition. The College of Business was ranked in Top 10 for "Best Administered MBA Program" in 2012 and 2013 by the Princeton Review.

Walter Scott, Jr. College of Engineering
The Walter Scott, Jr. College of Engineering, originally the first engineering program in the state of Colorado, contains the departments of Atmospheric Science, Chemical and Biological Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Mechanical Engineering. A new degree concentration in International Engineering is available as a dual degree in the Liberal Arts and Engineering Science. College of Engineering students are engaged in international service projects through groups such as Engineers Without Borders.

In 2005, college faculty generated $50 million in research expenditures, exceeding an average of $500,000 per faculty member. In FY12, those funds grew to approximately $65.4 million and about $620,000 for each of the 105 faculty members dedicated for research expenditures. The college is home to four recognized Colorado State University Programs of Research and Scholarly Excellence: the Department of Atmospheric Science, the Center for Extreme Ultraviolet Science and Technology, the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory, and the Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Program.

The university's department of Mechanical Engineering was once the authority for the Motorsport Engineering Research Center. The research and development facility was located near the foothills campus of the school. The center houses the university's Formula SAE team, and is still home to past and present formula SAE competition open wheeled race cars, and the current EcoCAR2 team, developing a hydrogen propulsion Chevrolet Malibu sedan. The Department of Mechanical Engineering also once offered a motorsports engineering concentration at the masters level. However, in recent years, lack of demand saw a phasing out, and the former research campus was converted to the "Factory" where CSU Mechanical engineering researchers look into advanced applications of composites like carbon fiber. Some of this research still applies to motorsport engineering, but the facility is no longer dedicated solely to motorsport research. Renowned materials engineering professor Dr. Donald W. Radford coordinates the CSU Factory campus, which has major connections to Boeing. It is a site of many automotive innovations, such as research of advanced plastics for modern exhaust manifolds. The Boeing aeronautical corporation also has major sponsorship of nacelle aerodynamic designs, directed by Dr. Steven Guzik.

Along with the Factory of the Foothills Campus, the Department of Mechanical Engineering also facilitates the Powerhouse Energy Institute. At this lab, massive internal combustion generators are investigated and made more efficient. The lab is also home to a CSU company developing biofuel derived from algae. Laser ignition spark plugs and clean burning cookstoves are additional examples to technologies developed from this lab. The lab is the largest in the nation of any academic engines research lab, and works with clients including Woodward Inc, Caterpillar, John Deere, and VanDyne AMG superturbo.

The university's College of Engineering also houses the NSF EUV ERC, or the Engineering Research Center. This facility has connections to UC Berkeley and CU Boulder, and researches Extreme Ultraviolets. The building is home to the world's largest wave hydraulic simulator, and an earthquake shake table for half scale buildings. Nearby one can find the CIRA, or Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, in connections with NOAA. Other advanced labs include the CHILL radar facility and a research lab in equine sciences. The center is also home to the Ion Propulsion and plasma Space engineering lab under direction of Dr. John Williams (former JPL Ion group engineer), which develops ion propulsion rocket thrusters to advance planetary spacecraft.

In August 2013, Colorado State University opened a new state of the art 122,000 biomedical engineering building for academic and research purposes. Examples of research in the new facility include nanoscale single molecule biophysics, biofuel production and environmental pollutants, biomaterials and medical devices, nanoscale biosensors and drug therapy. Other recent research by joint graduate students and professors include Graphene production in biocatalyst oxidation reaction chambers, and methane emissions studies. Being reputable for advanced research in biological and veterinary science, CSU is heavily involved in biological-mechanical engineering applications, and large scale fab production of carbon graphite could help advance computer chips over Silicon limitations and also the potential of Space elevators.

Additionally, the college has completed construction on the Advanced Beam Laboratory, beside the NSF ERC. the Advanced beam lab houses both a short-pulse, high-peak-power laser system and a linear particle accelerator for researching and advancing particle acceleration technologies, as well as advanced laser technology. The particle accelerator relates to the department of physics, which houses an on-campus quantum computing lab, and is interested in dark matter and big bang origins.

The college of engineering is highly selective, more so than the university as a whole. Mechanical engineering Master's candidates are considered past a 3.0 undergraduate GPA. In the years following 2016, the college of engineering saw major changes to some curriculum. In mechanical engineering, Dr. John Petro took over lectures and learning of senior design practicum to transition mechanical engineering students into practicing engineers. Due to previous logistics issues and feedback from graduate students in the EcoCAR three practicum, Dr. Petro and these students helped the department implement the required extensive learning of Lean manufacturing, the Toyota production system and its subsidiary quality principles of Kaizen, Muda elimination, Jidoka, Poka Yoke, 6S and six-sigma practices. These philosophies were now required to be explained by all senior design teams to graduate. This learning of the Toyota way coupled with the house of quality in sophomore design and statistics for seniors is an emulation of the curriculum set by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Similarly, some engineering departments have implemented Economics courses, and the electrical and computer engineering department was among the first in the world to attempt a revolutionary new curriculum layout to help retain more students.

College of Liberal Arts
The college was established in 1951 and underwent multiple name changes over time. In 1934 it was called The Division of Science and Arts. In 1968, the arts and sciences colleges split, and became the College of Humanities and Social Sciences. In 1977 the college was renamed to the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences. Finally, in 1992, it was named the College of Liberal Arts.

Liberal Arts is the largest college at Colorado State, with 17 departments (19 majors, 35 minors, 54 concentrations, 23 Graduate & PhD Programs). In total, CLA houses over 6400 Undergraduate Students, over 500 Graduate students, +300 faculty members, and have an estimated alumni population of over 50,000 former students. The departments include: Anthropology and Geography,
Art & Art History, Communication Studies, Economics, English, Ethnic Studies, History, Interdisciplinary Liberal Arts, International Studies, Journalism & Media Communication, Languages, Literatures & Cultures, Arts Management, Philosophy, Political Science, School of Music, Theatre & Dance, Sociology, and Women's and Gender Studies.

Warner College of Natural Resources
The origins of the Warner College of Natural Resources can be traced to CSU's first forestry course in 1904. Over the following 100 years the college has grown to become a comprehensive natural resources college, and contains the academic departments of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources; Geosciences; Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology; Forest and Rangeland Stewardship; and Ecosystem Science and Sustainability. Research areas include forest sciences, fisheries, wildlife and conservation biology, geology, geophysics, hydrogeology, geomorphology, ecosystem science, rangeland ecology, recreation and tourism, watershed management, and environmental sciences.

The college has also traditionally been highly involved in supporting the agricultural and natural resources community. The Colorado Natural Heritage Program (CNHP) tracks Colorado's rare and imperiled species and habitats, and Colorado Water Knowledge provides water information of all kinds. The Environmental Learning Center, located three miles (5 km) east of campus on the Poudre River, hosts CSU research projects and educational programs. The Western Center for Integrated Resource Management works on sustainability and profitability with graduate students and local farmers. The college provides broad technical assistance, training, and research opportunities for protected area managers and students in Africa, Latin America, Asia, and the United States.

College of Natural Sciences
The College of Natural Sciences had the third highest enrollment of all colleges on CSU's campus with 3,684 students and the third largest undergraduate major, psychology. One quarter of participants in the CSU Honors Program are in Natural Sciences, and the college provides undergraduate students the opportunity to participate in a Living Learning Community located in Laurel Village. Graduate and undergraduate students complete their coursework in the departments of Biochemistry, Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Mathematics, Physics, Psychology, Statistics, Zoology, and the Center for Science Math and Technology Education. Interdisciplinary degree programs cover Cellular and Molecular Biology, Ecology, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering.

College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
The College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences is home to the No. 3 ranked veterinary medicine program in the nation, according to U.S. News & World Report. The program is an integral part of the four departments that, along with the James L. Voss Veterinary Medical Center and the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, comprise the college. Two faculty members are members of the National Academy of Sciences, five faculty members are University Distinguished Professors, and one faculty member is a University Distinguished Teaching Scholar. Undergraduate programs are offered in Biomedical Sciences and Neuroscience. The Undergraduate Biomedical Sciences program has three concentrations: Anatomy and Physiology, Environmental Health, and Microbiology. The college houses a variety of graduate programs at both the M.S. and PhD levels, many of which also require the doctor of veterinary medicine degree. Interdisciplinary programs explore biotechnology, neuroscience, resource and livestock management.

The College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences at Colorado State University has the largest research program of any college of veterinary medicine in the world. Research facilities and programs include the Robert H. and Mary G. Flint Animal Cancer Center, and the Equine Orthopedic Research Center. The Environmental Health Advanced Systems Laboratory researches the use of computer-based technology in environmental health studies. Over the last 10 years, The EHASL has worked with the US Environmental Protection Agency, National Cancer Institute, and Centers for Disease Control. In 1977, the college's dean, William Tietz, was appointed President of Montana State University. In 2012, the College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences obtained a new dean, Dr. Mark Stetter. Dr. Stetter left the University in October 2021.

Institutes and centers
Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere (CIRA)
Information Science & Technology Center at Colorado State University (ISTeC)
Energy Institute
Public Lands History Center – In 2007, a group of CSU History and Anthropology faculty and research associates created the Center for Public History and Archaeology with the dual goal of providing practical and meaningful work experiences for graduate students and helpful collaborative projects for public agencies such as the National Park Service. In 2010, the name was changed to Public Lands History Center to better describe its focus and collaborative mission. The center's mission is to "foster the production of historical knowledge through collaborative engagement with institutions responsible for the sustainable stewardship of protected areas, water, and other critical resources." The center's Director is one of its founders, CSU Professor of History and noted environmental historian Mark Fiege.

Rankings

Princeton Review: The Review named CSU's MBA program as one of the 10 best administered programs nationwide in 2007, and 2012–2015.

Business Week: Included CSU's undergraduate business program among the best in the country in 2011, ranked at No. 89 In 2014 the College of Business moved up in the ranks to be ranked 73rd (an increase of 16 places from the previous year) in Bloomberg Business Week's Undergraduate rankings.

Notable areas of research
Historically, CSU faculty were at the forefront of radiation treatment for cancer, environmental and animal ethics, and weather forecasting. A 1961 feasibility study at CSU was crucial for the establishment of the Peace Corps.

Research in the Engines and Energy Conversion Laboratory has created a technological solution to limit pollutants from single-stroke engines, and is now in widespread use in the Philippines. The Center for Disaster and Risk Analysis is dedicated to reducing the harm and losses caused by natural, technological, and human-caused disasters. Projects have looked at Muslim-Americans after September 11, Hurricane Katrina, the 2010 BP Oil Spill, and childcare disaster planning.

Outlying campuses cater to a range of research activities including crops research, animal reproduction, public health and watershed management. The Colorado Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES) was established in 1888 in accordance with provisions of the Hatch Act of 1887, calling for experiment stations at land-grant universities. State and federal funds support CAES research programs. In 2007, research activities included pest management, food safety and nutrition, environmental quality, plant and animal production systems, and community and rural development. The NSF Engineering Research Center for Extreme Ultra Violet Science and Technology, funded by the National Science Foundation, partners industry with Colorado State University, CU-Boulder, and the University of California-Berkeley. The Colorado Center for Biorefining and Biofuels (C2B2) is the first research center created under the umbrella of the new Colorado Renewable Energy Collaboratory, involving CSU, CU, Colorado School of Mines, and the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. The center develops biofuels and bio-refining technologies. Colorado State's research Supercluster model brings together researchers across disciplines to work on topics of global concern in which CSU has a demonstrated expertise. Research results are connected to the marketplace through transfer, patenting and licensing activities carried out by experts with a focus on each research area.

CSU also has a well established research program in infectious disease. The Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, funded by the National Institutes of Health, is home to scientists developing vaccines and drugs for some world's most devastating diseases. The Biocontainment Laboratory also houses one of 10 US Regional Centers of Excellence for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, funded by a $40 million grant from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Much of the Cancer Supercluster, which involves the collaboration of five colleges, is based around the work of the university's Animal Cancer Center, the largest center of its kind in the world.

International programs
Approximately 950 students per year participate in educational programs abroad, and nearly 1,300 foreign students and scholars from more than 85 countries are engaged in academic work and research on campus. The initial pilot studies for the Peace Corps were conducted by Colorado State faculty, and the university is consistently one of the top-ranking institutions in the nation for the recruitment of Peace Corps volunteers. Since 1988, CSU and the Peace Corps have participated in four cooperative master's degree programs in English, Food Science and Human Nutrition, Natural Resources, and Agriculture. The program involves at least 2 semesters of course work at CSU combined with time abroad as a Peace Corps volunteer. Colorado State offers various programs on campus for students interested in international issues. Regional specializations with core courses and electives are available in Asian Studies, Middle East/North Africa Studies, Latin American and Caribbean Studies, or Russian, Eastern and Central Europe Studies. The Global Village Living Learning Community is a housing option for students with international interests.

Honors Program
The Honors Program provides challenging and enriching programs for high achieving students in all majors through two academic tracks. One track is designed for students aiming to complete their general education requirements within the Honors Program, and a second is composed of upper division courses, usually appropriate for currently enrolled or transfer students. The Academic Village, which opened in fall 2007, offers 180 Honor students the opportunity to live in the Honors Living Learning Community. 1,126 students participated in the Honors Program in fall 2007.

Athletics

Colorado State University competes in 17 sponsored intercollegiate sports, including 11 for women (cross country, indoor track, outdoor track, volleyball, basketball, golf, tennis, swimming, softball, soccer and water polo) and six for men (football, cross country, indoor track, outdoor track, basketball, and golf). Colorado State's athletic teams compete along with 8 other institutions in the Mountain West Conference (MW), which is an NCAA Division I conference and sponsors Division I FBS football. The Conference was formed in 1999, splitting from the former 16-member Western Athletic Conference. CSU has won 9 MW tournament championships and won or shared 11 regular season titles. Rams football teams won or shared the Mountain West title in 1999, 2000 and 2002.

On December 13, 2011, Jim McElwain was introduced as the head football coach at Colorado State. McElwain had worked as the Alabama offensive coordinator from 2008 to 2011. On December 4, 2014, Jim McElwain accepted the head coach position at the University of Florida. This was the first time a Colorado State Rams head coach left the team for another program.

 On December 5, 2014, the Colorado State University System Board of Governors gave approval to build Colorado State Stadium, a multi-use stadium on campus to replace Hughes Stadium, built several miles from campus in the 1960s.

Mascots

Over the years Colorado State University has displayed several mascots. An unknown black bear cub, often seen wearing sweaters, appeared at football games from 1909 to 1919. Purchased by a student in 1912, a bulldog named Peanuts would roam around campus. He served as a secondary mascot and was fed peanuts by the student body. Peanuts was poisoned by students of the University of Colorado Boulder and died in 1918. After Peanuts' death, Glenn Morris, an alum of Colorado State University donated another bulldog named Gallant Defender to the university. The first ram to become the mascot of Colorado State University was Buck, introduced in 1946. Colorado State University's mascot remains the ram to this day. It was during a basketball game half time contest that CAM the Ram became the name of the beloved mascot.

Student life

Fort Collins is located  north of Denver, an approximately two-hour drive from major ski resorts and a 45-minute drive from Rocky Mountain National Park. There are opportunities for students to be active, with bike trails and hiking nearby. In 2006, Money ranked Fort Collins as the "Best Place to Live" in the United States.

Clubs and activities
There are over 450 student organizations including 34 honor societies at CSU. 60% of undergraduates participate in intramural sports while 10% join one of 19 fraternities and 14 sororities. There are 30 sport clubs, including cycling, baseball, water polo, triathlon, wrestling, and rugby. 300 music, theatre and dance performances, exhibitions, and other arts events take place on campus each year. The student government is the Associated Students of Colorado State University. CSU's daily newspaper is the Rocky Mountain Collegian. CSU also has a student-run campus television station and a student radio station, KCSU FM.

Sport clubs
Sport Clubs at Colorado State University were established in 1978. They are run and funded by student fees and team fundraisers and compete with other colleges and universities but not at the NCAA level. There are currently 30 Sport Club teams. Every year the clubs take a combined 150 trips. There are over 1,000 students associated with the program. Last year 23 of these teams competed at regional and national championships. The programs have enjoyed a significant amount of recent success with National Championships in: Men's Ice Hockey (1995)
Women's Lacrosse (2008, 2010, 2011, 2013); Baseball (2004–2010);
Men's Lacrosse (1999, 2001, 2003, 2006, 2012).

The sports for which there are clubs at Colorado State University include: Alpine Skiing, Baseball, Bowling, Crew, Cycling, Field Hockey, Horse Polo (Men's and Women's), Ice Hockey (Men's and Women's), In-Line Hockey, Lacrosse (Men's and Women's), Logging Sports, Rodeo (Men's and Women's), Rugby (Men's and Women's), Shotgun Sports (Men's and Women's), Snowboard, Soccer (Men's and Women's), Swimming, Synchronized Ice Skating, Triathlon (Coed), Ultimate Frisbee Summer League, Ultimate Frisbee (Men's and Women's), Volleyball, Water Polo (Men's and Women's), and Wrestling (Men's and Women's)

Student media
The Rocky Mountain Collegian is CSU's student-run daily newspaper. The paper has a fully functional website and a mobile application, and students have complete control over editorial decisions. The paper was founded in 1891, and was a weekly publication by the 1930s. During the 1940s and 1950s, the paper earned disrepute in the local community for its unpopular support of women's rights and anti-racism stance. By the 1970s, the Collegian was consistently publishing daily. Editorial quality and financial support have varied over the years, at times rising among elite college newspapers and at others struggling to publish. During the 1990s, the paper was twice selected as one of the top 12 daily student papers in the country. In late 2007, the Collegian published a staff article that incited national debate about free speech. The article read, in its entirety, "Taser This...Fuck Bush." This event, as well as President Penley's considerations of "partnering" out the Collegian by Gannett in January 2008, lead to proposals in making CSU's student media, including the Rocky Mountain Collegian, a not-for-profit organization independent from the university. This resulted in the entirety of CSU Student Media separating from the university to operate under an independent company, the Rocky Mountain Student Media Corporation.

KCSU is Colorado State's student-run station, with a format focusing on alternative and college rock music, including indie rock, punk, hip-hop, and electronic music. News, sports, and weather updates along with talk programs and specialty shows round out the programming schedule. Broadcasting at 10,000 watts, KCSU is among the larger college stations in the country, reaching approximately 250,000 listeners.
KCSU first began broadcasting in 1964 as a station owned, operated, and financed by students. Following a long period as a professional station, KCSU again became student-run in 1995, at which time the current format was adopted. As with the Collegian and CTV, KCSU was hit hard by the 1997 flood, and for a time was forced to broadcast from remote locations. Now back in its original Lory Student Center location, KCSU has benefited from revamped production facilities and updated equipment.

CTV is CSU's student-run television station, that allows students to hone their media skills- reporting, writing, producing, shooting, editing- in an educational environment. The station is a winner of fourteen Rocky Mountain Collegiate Media Association awards and a Student Emmy Award from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Heartland Chapter. Content includes news shows on Tuesdays and Wednesdays, a sports show on Mondays, and an entertainment show Thursdays. CTV was founded in 1989, and currently broadcasts weeknights on the university cable station (Comcast channel 11) at 8 pm, with reruns at 9 am and noon the next day.

Student-run magazine College Avenue was founded in 2005 with the goal, as put forth by its founding editors, of giving students a new forum to address controversial issues affecting the campus community from their vantage point. Since its first issue in the fall 2005, the magazine is released quarterly.

Greek life
Greek life at Colorado State began in the fall of 1915. Currently, 10% of undergraduates join one of CSUs 19 fraternities and 14 sororities. The CSU Inter-Fraternity Council acts as the governing body for the 19 fraternities, each with a delegate representative. Similarly, the CSU Panhellenic Council governs the sororities. CSU Greek organizations are involved in several philanthropic activities around campus, among them CSUnity, Cans around the Oval, Habitat for Humanity, and RamRide. The governing bodies recently raised $25,000 towards the sponsorship of a Habitat for Humanity home.

From 1932 until 1949, Colorado State University was home to the Eta chapter of Phrateres, a philanthropic-social organization for female college students. Eta was the seventh chapter installed and Phrateres eventually had over 20 chapters in Canada and the United States. (The chapter name "Eta" was reused for the chapter installed at Arizona State University in 1958.)

Residence halls
13 residence halls provide on-campus living for over 5,000 students. First-year students are required to live in one of the halls on campus, and upperclassman and graduate living are offered in the university-owned Aggie Village, which has space for 973 individuals. The halls also have several Living-Learning communities that directly link the on-campus living environment with a specific academic focus in Honors, engineering, natural sciences, health and wellness, equine sciences, leadership development, or pre-veterinary medicine. The Key Academic and Key Service Communities create an academically focused residential community for freshmen who share a desire for academic achievement, active involvement in classes, community service, campus activities, and appreciation of diversity. Residents share classes and take advantage of yearlong service opportunities with a close-knit group of 19 other students.

CSU Honors Program participants have the opportunity to live in the Honors Living Community. Academic Village, which opened in the fall 2007, houses Living Learning Communities for 180 Honors and 240 Engineering students. Students in the College of Natural Sciences can choose to live in Laurel Village, which opened in fall 2014.

University apartments
Students, faculty, and staff may choose to live in the university apartments. Colorado State University University Housing oversees University Village, International House, Aggie Village Family, and Aggie Village. Known as a "global community" Apartment Life's mission to diversity shows in the fact that approximately 60 percent of residents and staff are from 80 different nations. Residents of CSU and Fort Collins community members enjoy a diverse amount of enrichment programs offered through the University Housing staff.

Student demographics
In fall 2007, CSU opened its doors to 24,983 students, among them 20,765 undergraduates, 2,332 master's students, 1,347 doctoral students, and 539 professional students in the College of Biomedical and Veterinary Medicine. 80% of undergraduates are Colorado residents, and within the student population 50 states and 79 countries are represented. 52% of undergraduates are women, 13.2% of undergraduates are ethnic minorities (excluding international students), and 3% of undergraduates are 30 and over. Of minority students, 48% are Hispanic, 24% Asian American, 16% African American, and 12% Native American. Over the past ten years, minority enrollment has increased 35%, from 2,361 to 3,178, an increase from 10.9% to 13.2% of the student population. Though progress has been made, increasing minority enrollment at CSU has been a challenge for school administrators, one made yet more difficult by high dropout rates in many Colorado high schools with concentrated minority populations.

Notable alumni and faculty
See the List of Colorado State University people.

See also

Colorado State University Pueblo
List of colleges and universities in Colorado
List of forestry universities and colleges
Bibliography of Colorado
Geography of Colorado
History of Colorado
Index of Colorado-related articles
List of Colorado-related lists
Outline of Colorado

Notes

References

Further reading

 Hansen II, J. E. (1977). Democracy's College in the Centennial State: A History of Colorado State University. Salt Lake City, Utah: Publisher's Press.
 Hansen II, J. E. (2007). Democracy's University: A History of Colorado State University, 1970–2003. Canada.

External links

 Colorado State Athletics website

CSU 01
Land-grant universities and colleges
Buildings and structures in Fort Collins, Colorado
Education in Fort Collins, Colorado
Schools in Larimer County, Colorado
Veterinary schools in the United States
Universities and colleges established in 1870
1870 establishments in Colorado Territory
Tourist attractions in Larimer County, Colorado

Colorado State University


Fiddleheads or fiddlehead greens are the furled fronds of a young fern, harvested for use as a vegetable.

Left on the plant, each fiddlehead would unroll into a new frond (circinate vernation). As fiddleheads are harvested early in the season before the frond has opened and reached its full height, they are cut fairly close to the ground.

Fiddleheads from brackens contain a compound associated with bracken toxicity, and thiaminase.

The fiddlehead resembles the curled ornamentation (called a scroll) on the end of a stringed instrument, such as a fiddle. It is also called a crozier, after the curved staff used by bishops, which has its origins in the shepherd's crook.

Varieties
The fiddleheads of certain ferns are eaten as a cooked leaf vegetable. The most popular of these are:

 Bracken, Pteridium aquilinum, found worldwide (Toxic if not cooked fully)
 Ostrich fern, Matteuccia struthiopteris, found in northern regions worldwide, and the central/eastern part of North America (See health warning)
 Lady fern, Athyrium filix-femina, throughout most of the temperate northern hemisphere.
 Cinnamon fern or buckhorn fern, Osmunda cinnamomea, found in the eastern parts of North America, although not so palatable as ostrich fern.
 Royal fern, Osmunda regalis, found worldwide
 Midin, or Stenochlaena palustris, found in Sarawak, where it is prized as a local delicacy
 Zenmai or flowering fern, Osmunda japonica, found in East Asia
 Vegetable fern, Athyrium esculentum, found throughout Asia and Oceania
Fiddleheads' ornamental value makes them very expensive in the temperate regions where they are not abundant.

Sources and harvesting

Available seasonally, fiddleheads are both foraged and commercially harvested in spring.  When picking fiddleheads, it is recommended to take only one third the tops per plant/cluster for sustainable harvest. Each plant produces several tops that turn into fronds.

Culinary uses

Fiddleheads have been part of traditional diets in much of Northern France since the beginning of the Middle Ages, across Asia, and also among Native Americans for centuries. They are also part of the diet in the Russian Far East where they are often picked in the wild in autumn, preserved in salt over winter, and then consumed in spring.

Asian cuisine
In Indonesia, young fiddlehead ferns are cooked in a rich coconut sauce spiced with chili pepper, galangal, lemongrass, turmeric leaves and other spices. This dish is called gulai pakis or gulai paku, and originated from the Minangkabau ethnic group of Indonesia.

In the Philippines, young fronds of Diplazium esculentum or pakô is a delicacy often made into a salad with tomato, salted egg slices, and a simple vinaigrette dressing.

In East Asia, fiddleheads of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) are eaten as a vegetable, called kogomi () in Japan, gosari () in Korea, and juécài () in China and Taiwan.  In Korea, a typical banchan (small side dish) is gosari-namul (), which consists of prepared fernbrake fiddleheads that have been sauteed.  It is also a component of the popular dish bibimbap, yukgaejang, and bindae-tteok.

In Japan, bracken fiddleheads are a prized dish, and roasting the fiddleheads is reputed to neutralize any toxins in the vegetable. In Japan, fiddleheads of flowering fern (Osmunda japonica), known as zenmai (), as well as those of the ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris), known as kogomi (), are commonly eaten in springtime. Fiddleheads in Japan are considered sansai, or wild vegetables. They are also traditionally used to make warabimochi, a Japanese-style dessert.

Indian cuisine
In the Indian subcontinent, it is found in the Himalayan states of North and Northeast India. In the state of Tripura, it is known as muikhonchok in the Kokborok language. As part of the Tripuri cuisine; fiddlehead fern is prepared by stir frying as bhaja served as a side dish. In Manipur it is known as 'Chekoh' in the local Thadou language. Usually eaten stir fried with chicken, eggs, prawns or other proteins.

In Mandi (Himachal Pradesh) it is called Lingad and used for vegetable pickling, In the Kullu Valley in Himachal Pradesh, it is known locally as  and is used to make a pickle . In the Kangra Valley it is called  in the Kangri dialect and is eaten as vegetable. In Chamba it is known as "kasrod".
In Kumaon division of Uttarakhand, it is called limbra. In Garhwal division of Uttarakhand, it is called  and eaten as a vegetable. In Darjeeling and Sikkim regions, it is called  (नियुरो) and is common as a vegetable side dish, often mixed with local cheese. and sometimes pickled. In Southern regions of West Bengal it is known as dheki shaak or dheki shaag.

In Assam, it is known as  (); there it is a popular side dish. In the area of Jammu in Jammu and Kashmir, it's known as kasrod (कसरोड). The most famous Dogra dish is kasrod ka achaar (fiddlehead fern pickle). In Poonch, it is known as 'Kandor'(कंडोर) in local language. In Kishtwar, it is known as  (टेड) in the local language Kishtwari. It is also cooked as a dry vegetable side dish to be eaten with rotis or parathas.In Ramban district of Jammu and Kashmir, it is called "DheeD" in Khah language.

Nepali cuisine
In Nepal, it is a seasonal food called  (नियुरो) or niuro (निउरो). There are three varieties of fiddlehead most commonly found in Nepali cuisine, namely सेती निउरो having whitish green stem, काली निउरो having dark purple stem, and ठूलो निउरो having large green stems.  It is served as a vegetable side dish, often cooked in local clarified butter. It is also pickled.

North American cooking
Ostrich ferns (Matteuccia struthiopteris), known locally as "fiddleheads", grow wild in wet areas of northeastern North America in spring.  The Maliseet, Mi'kmaq, and Penobscot peoples of Eastern Canada and Maine have traditionally harvested fiddleheads, and the vegetable was introduced first to the Acadian settlers in the early 18th century, and later to United Empire Loyalist colonists as they began settling in New Brunswick in the 1780s. Fiddleheads remain a traditional dish in these regions, with most commercial harvesting occurring in New Brunswick, Quebec and Maine, and the vegetable is considered particularly emblematic of New Brunswick.  North America's largest grower, packer and distributor of wild fiddleheads established Ontario's first commercial fiddlehead farm in Port Colborne in 2006.  Fiddlehead-producing areas are also located in Nova Scotia, Vermont and New Hampshire.  The Canadian village of Tide Head, New Brunswick, bills itself as the "Fiddlehead Capital of the World."

Fiddleheads are sold fresh and frozen.  Fresh fiddleheads are available in the market for only a few weeks in springtime, and are fairly expensive. Pickled and frozen fiddleheads, however, can be found in some shops year-round. The vegetable is typically steamed, boiled and/or sautéed before being eaten hot, with hollandaise sauce, butter, lemon, vinegar and/or garlic, or chilled in salad or with mayonnaise.

To cook fiddleheads, it is advised to remove the brown papery husk before washing in several changes of cold water, then boil or steam them. Boiling reduces the bitterness and the content of tannins and toxins. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention associated a number of food-borne illness cases with fiddleheads in the early 1990s. Although they did not identify a toxin in the fiddleheads, the findings of that case suggest that fiddleheads should be cooked thoroughly before eating. The cooking time recommended by health authorities is 15 minutes if boiled and 10 to 12 minutes if steamed. The cooking method recommended by gourmets is to spread a thin layer in a steam basket and steam lightly, just until tender crisp .

Māori cuisine
Māori people have historically eaten young fern shoots called pikopiko, which can refer to several species of New Zealand ferns.

Constituents
Fiddleheads are low in sodium, but rich in potassium.

Many ferns also contain the enzyme thiaminase, which breaks down thiamine. This can lead to beriberi, if consumed in extreme excess.

Further, there is some evidence that certain varieties of fiddleheads, e.g. bracken (Pteridium genus), are toxic. It is recommended to fully cook fiddleheads to destroy the shikimic acid. Ostrich fern (Matteuccia struthiopteris) is not thought to cause cancer, although there is evidence it contains a toxin unidentified as yet.

See also
Boyi and Shuqi: two Chinese princes who were said to have famously survived exile in the wilderness for a long while on a diet of fiddleheads

References

Further reading
 Barrett, L. E. and Diket, Lin.  FiddleMainia.  WaveCloud Corporation:  2014.  .
 Lyon, Amy, and Lynne Andreen. In a Vermont Kitchen. HP Books: 1999. . pp 68–69.
 Strickland, Ron. Vermonters: Oral Histories from Down Country to the Northeast Kingdom. New England Press: 1986. .

External links

Facts on Fiddleheads, University of Maine, 2018

Canadian cuisine
Japanese cuisine
Leaf vegetables
New England cuisine
Perennial vegetables
Ferns
Spring (season)
Vermont cuisine

Fiddlehead


Kushtrim Munishi, kosovski nogometaš i nogometni trener. Igrao u veznom redu i napadu.

Debitirao 1990. godine. 1990./91. i 1991./92. igrao je za Prištinu u 2. saveznoj ligi Jugoslavije.
Igrao za Prištinu, Zagłębie iz Lubina, Leoben, Lokomotivu iz Plovdiva, Partizani iz Tirane, Besianu, Kosova i Flamurtari iz Prištine, KEK, Gjilani i Hysi. U zadnjoj sezoni svoje karijere igrao je za Prishtinu i bio je ključni igrač u osvajanju naslova.

Proglašen najboljim nogometašem Kosova, najboljim športašem i najboljim strijelcem tri puta.
Odigrao jednu prijateljsku utakmicu za Kosovu, protiv Albanije 14. veljače 1993. i postigao jedini pogodak.

Trenirao Prištinu 2016. godine. Danas trenira igrače Prištine mlađe od 17 godina. Trenirao je i selekciju do 19 godina i bio je direktor nogometne akademije.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
(alb.) Historia e Klubit , Službene stranice KF Prishtina, Povijest kluba
(eng.) Profil na FootballDatabase.
(polj.) Profil na 90minut.

Kosovski nogometni treneri
Kosovski nogometaši

Kushtrim Munishi


Las islas Querquenes son un archipiélago situado en la costa oriental de Túnez (en árabe: قرقنة; en francés: îles Kerkennah ), en el golfo de Gabes. Las islas son bajas y no superan los 13 metros sobre el nivel del mar. Las islas principales son Chergui y Gharbi. El archipiélago tiene una superficie de 180 km² y una población de 14400 personas en el año 2006.

La principal ciudad del archipiélago de Kerkennah es Remla (en la isla de Chergui), que tiene una población de 2000 habitantes.

Las islas han sido declaradas el 2 de febrero de 2012 sitio Ramsar (n.º 1704).

Batallas e incursiones
El 20 de febrero de 1511 desembarcó en la mayor de las islas una avanzada de 400 hombres al mando del coronel veneciano Jerónimo Vianelo, pero la traición de un alférez, dio al traste con la misión cuando los lugareños refugiados en un extremo de la isla degollaron por la noche a Vianelo y sus hombres cuando dormían, el Conde de Oliveto, Pedro Navarro tuvo que retirarse.

El 24 de junio de 1576, tras la pérdida de Túnez, el Tercio Costa de Granada se embarca en la flota de Álvaro de Bazán y Guzmán para asolar el archipiélago.

El 28 de septiembre de 1611, España atacó la fortaleza de Querquenes con treinta y cuatro galeras, doce de las escuadras de Nápoles, diez de Génova, siete de Sicilia y cinco de Malta, conquistándola. Fueron hundidas once embarcaciones de procedencia turca y berberisca y capturados quinientos turcos a los que pusieron a los remos.

Véase también
 Geografía de Túnez
 Geografía de África

Bibliografía

Referencias

Enlaces externos
Mapa de las islas en Wikimapia

Archipiélagos e islas de Túnez
Sitios Ramsar en Túnez
Municipios de Túnez

Islas Querquenes


Tozlu ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Eren Tozlu (* 1990),  türkischer Fußballspieler

Tozlu ist der Name folgender Orte:
 Tozlu (Tufanbeyli),  Ortschaft im Landkreis Tufanbeyli der türkischen Provinz Adana

Tozlu


Adils krig er en kortfilm fra 2014 instrueret af Frederik Louis Hviid efter manuskript af Morten Pape, Allan Hyde og Frederik Louis Hviid.

Handling

Adil har kun et brændende ønske: At blive genforenet med sin bror, der for længe siden drog i krig uden ham. Han erfarer dog hurtigt at alting har sin pris og Adil må tilsidesætte sin moral for at kunne udføre en række opgaver for en lyssky gruppe, som til gengæld vil opfylde hans ønske og sende ham ned til sin bror. Dagen oprinder og muligheden for at komme af sted opstår pludselig - men der venter dog en sidste opgave, der skal bevise hans værd som loyal og koldblodig soldat. Snart smuldrer Adils selvforståelse, og grænsen imellem ven og fjende synes at være mere utydelig end nogensinde før.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2014

Adils krig


Nicolò Capocci (n. sfârșitul secolului XIII - d. 26 iulie 1368, Montefiascone) a fost un cardinal italian.

A studiat dreptul la Universitatea din Perugia; mai târziu, în 1362, a fondat acolo Collegium Gregorianum (mai târziu numit Sapienza vecchia).

A fost propus ca episcop de Utrecht în 1341, însă numirea, fiind într-o situație de conflict, a durat doar un an. El a fost în Spania ca episcop de Urgel, 1348-1351. A acționat ca legat papal în Franța, încercând să facă pace cu englezii. În 1356 a fost acolo cu Hélie de Talleyrand-Périgord, chiar înainte de bătălia de la Poitiers. S-a certat cu Talleyrand, mai târziu în acel an, și a funcționat independent de Paris. El a fost în Anglia în iunie 1357, înapoi cu Talleyrand. La jumătatea anului 1358, legații și papa Inocențiu al VI-lea au deznădăjduit la un tratat eficient: eșecul total al celei mai lungi misiuni papale de pace a secolului al XIV-lea.

Note

Cardinali italieni
Decese în 1368
Italieni din secolul al XIV-lea

Nicolò Capocci


Le château de Ternant est un château  du  situé à Ternant (Côte-d'Or), en Bourgogne-Franche-Comté.

Localisation
Le château est isolé en forêt de Ternant à l'ouest du village, sur la rive sud de la RD 104b.

Historique

Du  au , le principal seigneur de Ternant est le chapitre de Vergy puis celui de Nuits-Saint-Georges à qui on doit la construction de la "Maison basse seigneuriale" en 1560. Le chapitre de Nuits vend le fief en 1675 à Louis de Pélissier qui reconstruit sur l'emplacement d'un ancien relais de chasse des sires de Vergy. En 1740, les Pélissier vendent le fief à Amé François Chavansot Berbis. En 1773, le propriétaire est André-Charles Dubard, conseiller à la cour des comptes, dont la veuve doit vendre l'édifice comme bien national à la famille Lagneau.

Architecture

Construit aux  et remanié au , le corps de bâtiment est encadré par deux tours carrées aux toits à l'impériale. D'autres vestiges sont réemployés dans les maisons qui le jouxtent.

Les deux corps de bâtiment, y compris l'escalier et la galerie de bois  qui les relie et l'oratoire sont inscrits aux monuments historiques par arrêté du 22 décembre 1987.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Liste des châteaux de la Côte-d'Or
 Liste des monuments historiques de la Côte-d'Or

Liens externes

Ternant
Ternant
Monument historique dans la Côte-d'Or
Monument historique inscrit en 1987

Château de Ternant


විනිසුරු වීරවාගු සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම් (සිවසුප්‍රමනියම් ලෙසද හැදින්වේ; 1908  මාර්තු 14 - 1985 දෙසැම්බර් 5) ප්‍රමුඛ ලංකා දෙමළ නීතිඥයෙකු සහ විනිසුරුවරයෙකි. ඔහු මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු, දිසා විනිසුරුවරයෙකු, අතිරේක ස්ථිර ලේකම්වරයෙකු, අධිකරණ අමාත්‍යාංශයේ වැඩබලන ස්ථිර ලේකම්වරයෙකු සහ ලංකා ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයේ විනිසුරුවරයෙකු ද විය.

මුල් ජීවිතය සහ පවුල
සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම් උපත ලැබුවේ 1908 මාර්තු 14 වැනිදාය.    ඔහු උතුරු බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාවේ වන්නර්පන්නයි ප්‍රදේශයේ නොතාරිස්වරයෙකු වූ KS වීරවගුගේ පුත්‍රයා විය. ඔහුට සහෝදරයන් හතර දෙනෙක් සහ සහෝදරියන් දෙදෙනෙක් සිටියහ. සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම්ගේ සොහොයුරා වන වෛද්‍ය නඩරාජා කොළඹ ප්‍රධාන වෛද්‍ය නිලධාරියා විය. සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම් යාපනය හින්දු විද්‍යාලයෙන් සහ ආනන්ද විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබීය.    ලන්ඩන් විශ්වවිද්‍යාලයෙන් ඔහුට BA උපාධියක් පිරිනමන ලදී.   පසුව ඔහු නීතිඥයෙකු ලෙස සුදුසුකම් ලැබීය.

සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම් කොළඹ වෛද්‍ය ත්‍යාගරාජාගේ දියණිය වන මනෝන්මනී සමඟ විවාහ විය. ඔවුන්ට පුතුන් තිදෙනෙක් සිටියහ - වෛද්‍ය ත්‍යාගරාජා, යෝගේස්වරන් සහ සිවකුමාර්.

වෘත්තීය
සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම් 1933 මාර්තු 8 වැනි දින තැබෑරුමට කැඳවනු ලැබීය    පසුව ඔහු යාපනයේ නීති කටයුතු කළේය .    1941 පෙබරවාරි 27 දින අධිකරණ සේවයට බැඳුණු ඔහු මාතර මහේස්ත්‍රාත්වරයෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළේය.    ඔහු 1962 දී සහකාර කොමසාරිස් ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී  ඔහු අධිකරණ අමාත්‍යාංශයේ දිසා විනිසුරු, අතිරේක ස්ථිර ලේකම්, වැඩබලන ස්ථිර ලේකම් ලෙස ද කටයුතු කළේය.    ඔහු 1966 දී ශ්‍රේෂ්ඨාධිකරණයට පත් වූ අතර  දී විශ්‍රාම ගියේය

සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම් නීති කොමිෂන් සභාවේ සාමාජිකයෙකු, බණ්ඩාරනායක ජාත්‍යන්තර අධ්‍යයන මධ්‍යස්ථානයේ භාරකාර මණ්ඩලය, ආචාර්ය එන්.එම් පෙරේරා අනුස්මරණ භාරයේ කළමනාකරණ මණ්ඩලය, සමස්ත ලංකා හින්දු විද්‍යාලයේ යාපනයේ ආදි ශිෂ්‍ය සංගමයේ විධායක කමිටුව ලෙස කටයුතු කළේය. කොංග්‍රසය, කොළඹ හින්දු අධ්‍යාපන මණ්ඩලයේ සභාපති සහ හින්දු උපදේශක සභාවේ සභාපති ආරුමුග නාවලර් සබායි.

සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම් 1985 දෙසැම්බර් 5 වන දින වයස අවුරුදු 77 දී මිය ගියේය

යොමු කිරීම්

1985 මරණ
1908 උපත්

වී. සිවසුබ්‍රමනියම්


කොග්ගල දුම්රිය ස්ථානය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බස්නාහිර පළාතේ කොග්ගල පිහිටි දුම්රිය ස්ථානය වේ. එය කතළුව සහ හබරාදූව දුම්රිය ස්ථාන අතර පිහිටා තිබේ. කොග්ගල දුම්රිය ස්ථානය, කොළඹ කොටුව දුම්රිය ස්ථානයේ සිට කිලෝමීටර 129.1 පමණ දුරකින් පිහිටා තිබේ.

සම්බන්ධතා

මූලාශ්‍ර

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දුම්රිය ස්ථාන

කොග්ගල දුම්රිය ස්ථානය


ආශා බෝස්ලේ (උපත 1933 සැප්තැම්බර් 8) යනු ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවක වේ. හින්දි සිනමාවේ පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස ඇය ප්‍රකටව සිටී. ඇයගේ සංගීත දිවිය ආරම්භ වන්නේ වර්ෂ 1943 සිට වන අතර ඇය වසර 60 කට අධික කාලයක් වර්තමානය දක්වා මෙම ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ රැදී සිටී. ඇය බොලිවුඩ් සිනමා නිර්මාණ දහසකට අධික ප්‍රමාණයකට පසුබිම් ගායනයෙන් දායක වී ඇත. මීට අමතරව බෝස්ලේ පෞද්ගලික ඇල්බම රාශියකටද, ඒක පුද්ගල ප්‍රසංග ගණනාවකටද ඉන්දියාවේදී මෙන්ම පිටරට වලදීද සහභාගී වී ඇත. බෝස්ලේ පසුබිම් ගායිකා ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර්ගේ සහෝදරියක් වේ.

බෝස්ලේගේ ගීත අතර, චිත්‍රපට ගීත, පොප් ගීත, බජන් ගීත, පාරම්පරික ඉන්දියානු ගීත, ජන ගීත ආදිය වේ. හින්දි භාෂා ගීත වලට අමතරව, වෙනත් ඉන්දියානු භාෂා ගීත සහ විදේශීය භාෂා ගීත 20කට අධික ප්‍රමාණයක්ද ඊට අයත් වෙයි. වර්ෂ 2006දී ඇය පවසන්නේ ඇය ගීත 12,000ක් පමණ ගායනා කළ බවයි. ඇය ගැයූ මෙම ගීත ප්‍රමණය සම්බන්ධව වෙනත් මූලාශ්‍රයන්හීද දැක ගත හැකි වෙයි. 2011හිදී, ලෝක ගිනස් වාර්තා පොතට අනුව ඉතිහාසයේ වැඩිම ගීත ගායනා කල පුද්ගලයා බවට ඇය නිළ වශයෙන් නම් කරන ලදී. ඉන්දියානු රජය ඇයට වර්ෂ 2000දී දඩසාහෙබ් පහල්කේ සම්මානයද, වර්ෂ 2008දී පද්ම විභූශණ සම්මානයද පුදන ලදී.

මුල් කාලය සහ වෘත්තීය ජීවිතය
ආශා බෝස්ලේ උපත ලැබුවේ සන්ග්ලිහි සංගීතමය පවුලක දිනනාත් මන්ගේෂ්කාර් දාව වන අතර ඔවුන් මරාති-භාෂාව කතාකරන ගෝමන්තක් මරාතා සමාජයට අයත්විය. ඇගේ පියා රංග නළුවකු හා සම්භාව්‍ය ගායකයකු විය. ඇය වයස අවුරුදු නවයක් වූ විට, ඇගේ පියා මිය ගියේය.

ඇයගේ පවුලේ අය පූනේ සිට කොල්හපූර් වෙත ගිය අතර පසුව ඔවුන් මුම්බායි වෙත ගියහ. ඔවුන්ගේ පවුලේ අයට සහයෝගය පිණිස ඇය සහ ඇගේ වැඩිමහල් සොහොයුරියවූ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් ගීත ගැයීමට සහ චිත්‍රපට රංගනයට දායක විය. ඇයගේ පලමු චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ "චල චල නව් බලා", එය මරාති චිත්‍රපටයක්වූ මජ්හා බල් (1943)විය. චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා සංගීතය දත්තා දව්ජේකර් විසින් රචනා කරන ලදී. ඇයගේ හින්දි සිනමා මුල්ම ගීතය වන්නේ සාවන් ආයා හන්ස් රාජ් බෙහෙල්ස් චුරන්යා චිත්‍රපටයයි (1948). ඇගේ පළමු ඒකල හින්දි චිත්‍රපට ගීතය වූයේ රාට්කි රාණී (1949)ය. වයස අවුරුදු 16 දී, ඇය ඇගේ පවුලේ කැමැත්තට එරෙහිව 31ක් හැවිරිදි ගන්පට්‍රාඕ බෝස්ලේ සමඟ විවාහ විය.

වෘත්තීය

1960 මුල දී, ගීතා දත්, ශම්ශඩ් බෙගුම්, සහ ලතා මන්ගේෂ්කාර් වැනි ප්‍රමූඛ ගායකයන් ස්ත්‍රී පෙරමුණ චිත්‍රපට ගායනය සඳහා ගායනා ආධිපත්‍යයක් විය. ඇය විසින් ගායනා කල සජ්ජාඩ් හුසෙන් විසින් සන්ග්ඩිල් චිත්‍රපටය සඳහා රචනා කරන ලද ගීතය ප්‍රේක්ෂකයන් අතර පිළිගැනීමට ලක්විය.

සම්මාන

ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් සම්මාන
18 වතාවක් ඇයගේ නම ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකාවක ලෙස යෝජනා වී ඇති අතර 7ත් වතාවාක් ඇය ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම පසුබිම් කාන්තා ගායිකාවක ලෙස සම්මාන හිමි කරගෙන ඇත.

ෆිල්ම් ෆෙයාර් හොඳම කාන්තා පසුබිම් ගායිකා සම්මානය

 1968:  "ගරිබින් කි සුනෝ" (ඩස් ලක්, 1966)
 1969: "පර්දේ මෙයින් රෙහෙන් දෝ" (ශිකාර්, 1968)
 1972: "පියා ටු අබ් ටෝ ආජා" (කැරවැන්, 1972)
 1973: "ඩූම් මරෝ ඩූම්" (හරේ රාමා කරේ ක්‍රිශ්නා, 1972)
 1974:"හොනෙ ලගී හඉන් රාට්" (නයිනා, 1973)
 1975: "චේන් සේ හිම්කෝ කභි" (ප්‍රාන් ජයේ පර් වචාන් නා ජයේ, 1974)
 1979: "යෙහේ මෙර දිල්" (දොන්, 1978)

මූලාශ්‍ර

1933 උපත්
ඉන්දියානු පසුබිම් ගායිකාවන්
ඉන්දියානු ගායිකාවන්
ඉන්දියානු සිනමාව
ඉන්දියාව

ආශා බෝස්ලේ


Mikhail Romanovich "Mischa" Bakaleinikov (; ) a fost un dirijor și compozitor de film.

Filmografie
A realizat coloana sonoră a numeroase filme, printre care:
Ladies of Leisure (1930)
Jane Eyre (1934)
 Behind the Green Lights (1935)
Blondie (1938)
 Sergeant Mike (1944)
 The Girl of the Limberlost (1945)
 The Woman from Tangier (1948)
The Strawberry Roan (1948)
 The Blazing Sun (1950)
 Gun Fury (1953)
 Flame of Calcutta (1953)
The 49th Man (1953)
Cell 2455, Death Row (1955)
It Came from Beneath the Sea (1955)
Earth vs. the Flying Saucers (1956)
Hellcats of the Navy (1957)
The Giant Claw (1957)
20 Million Miles to Earth (1957)
The 27th Day (1957)
Screaming Mimi (1958)
Have Rocket, Will Travel (1959)

Note

Legături externe

 All Movie Profile
 List of Movies at Cinefania

Nașteri în 1890
Decese în 1960
Compozitori de muzică de film
Americani de origine rusă
Oameni din Moscova
Dirijori americani

Mischa Bakaleinikoff


Esta comuna está conformada por 22 barrios, antiguamente denominada comuna 10 limita con las comunas de Estación, Cumanday, La Macarena, Universitaria y Palogrande.

División
La comuna está conformada por 22 barrios, los cuales son:

Sitios de interés
Guamal
 Meals de Colombia (fábrica de helados)
Uribe
 Clínica Manizales
Vélez
 Cementerio San Esteban

Referencias

 https://web.archive.org/web/20190629154002/http://www.alcaldiamanizales.gov.co/

Comunas de Manizales

La Fuente (Manizales)


مطار العريش الدولي  هو مطار دولي يقع قرب العريش عاصمة محافظة شمال سيناء في مصر، وهو مركز عمليات الخطوط الجوية الفلسطينية، انتقلت الشركة إلى هذا المطارِ بعدما دمر مطار ياسر عرفات الدولي من قبل القوات الإسرائيلية في 2006.

شركات وخطوط الطيران
 الخطوط الجوية الفلسطينية
 الملكية الأردنية

مراجع

محافظة شمال سيناء
مطارات سابقة في مصر
مطارات مصر

مطار العريش الدولي


An Trichoceros antennifer in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Alexander von Humboldt ngan Aimé Bonpland, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Carl Sigismund Kunth. An Trichoceros antennifer in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trichoceros, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Image gallery

Trichoceros

Trichoceros antennifer


Preneto (; ), também conhecido como Prineto (; ), era uma cidade da antiga Bitínia na costa da Propôntida. Fica no lado norte do Monte Argantônio (Samanli), e na entrada sul do golfo de Izmit. Situava-se a 28 milhas romanas a noroeste de Niceia. Estêvão de Bizâncio a chamou de Pronecto (; ) e afirma que foi fundada pelos fenícios. Se isso for verdade, seria um lugar muito antigo, que dificilmente pode ser concebido, pois é mencionado apenas por escritores muito tardios. De acordo com Jorge Cedreno, foi destruída por um terremoto. Era um bispado; não mais a sede de um bispo residencial, continua sendo uma sé titular da Igreja Católica. Seu sítio está localizado perto de Karamürsel, na atual Turquia.

Bibliografia

Cidades da Roma Antiga
Cidades do Império Bizantino

Preneto


KK Odžak je bosanskohercegovački košarkaški klub iz Odžaka.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
KK Odžak Eurobasket

Hrvatski košarkaški klubovi u Bosni i Hercegovini
Odžak

KK Odžak


Yerleşim yerleri
 Taştepe, Gönen - Balıkesir ili Gönen ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taştepe, Ezine - Çanakkale ili Ezine ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taştepe, Lapseki - Çanakkale ili Lapseki ilçesine bağlı köy
 Taştepe, Kınık - İzmir ili Kınık ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taştepe, Battalgazi - Malatya ili Battalgazi ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taştepe, Pütürge - Malatya ili Pütürge ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Taştepe, Araklı - Trabzon ili Araklı ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Taştepe


මෙම රාජවංශයෙන් නිර්මාණය කරන ලද්දේ ඊට පෙර පැවති ශිෂුනාග රාජවංශයට අයත් රජෙකු වු මහානන්දින් රජුගේ අනියම් පුත්‍රයෙකු විසිනි. ඔහු මහා පද්ම නන්ද වු නම් වු අතර මෙම රාජ වංශයේ වසර 100 ක පාලන කාලයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් ඔහු විසින් පාලනය කරන ලදී. ඔහු මිය යන විට වයස අවුරුදු 88 ක් විය. නන්ද රාජ වංශයේ අවසානයත් සමග මෞර්ය රාජවංශය ආරම්භ විය.

මෞර්ය රාජවංශය

මෙහි දැක්වෙන්නේ මෞර්ය රාජවංශය එහි උච්චතම අවධියේ පැතිරි තිබු ආකාරයයි.

ක්‍රි.පු. 321 දී පිටුවහල් කරන ලද හමුදා ජනරල් වරයෙකු වු චන්ද්‍රගුප්ත මෞර්ය විසින් මෞර්ය රාජ වංශය ආරම්භ කරන ලද අතර ඔහු විසින් එවකට පාලකයාව සිටි නන්ද රාජ වංශික දාන නන්ද රජු සිහසුනෙන් පහ කොට මෞර්ය අධිරාජ්‍ය ආරම්භ කළේය. මෙම කාලය තුළදී ඉන්දියා උප මහද්වීපයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් පළමුවරට තනි රාජ්‍යයක පාලනයට නතුවිය. මේ අතර පර්සියානු සහ ග්‍රීක බලපෑම් හේතුවෙන් උතුරු ඉන්දියාව අස්ථාවරවීම තම වාසියට හරවා ගත් චන්ද්‍ර ගුප්ත තම පාලන සමය තුළ දී මෞර්ය අධිරාජ‍්‍යයේ දේශ සීමාවන් පර්සියාව සහ මධ්‍යම ආසියාව දක්වා ව්‍යාප්ත කිරීමට සමත්විය. මේ ඔස්සේ ඔහු ඉන්දියානු උප මහද්වීපයෙන් වැඩි කොටසක් ද ගන්ධාරා ප්‍රදේශය ද තම පාලනයට නතු කර ගැනීමට සමත්විය. චන්ද්‍ර ගුප්තට පසුව ඔහුගේ පුත් බින්දුසාර සිහසුනට පත්වු අතර ඔහු තම රාජධානිය වර්ථමාන ඉන්දියාවේ බහුතර ප්‍රදේශයක් ආවරණය වන සේ පැතිරවීමට සමත් වු අතර ඔහුට තම රාජධානියට ඇදාගත නොහැකි වූයේ වර්තමාන ඉන්දියාවේ වඩාත්ම දකුණින් සහ නැගෙනහිරින් පිහිටි ප්‍රදේශ පමණි.

මෙහි දැක්වෙන්නේ එහි උපරිම තත්ත්වයේදී නන්දා අධිරාජ්‍යයේ පැතිරීමයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magadha#Nanda_dynasty

ඉන්දියාව

නන්ද රාජවංශය


Johan Gottlieb Gahn () a fost un chimist și metalurgist suedez, cunoscut pentru descoperirea elementului mangan (în 1774).

Gahn a studiat în Uppsala (1762–1770) și sa familiarizat cu studiile chimiștilor Torbern Bergman și Carl Wilhelm Scheele. În 1770 sa stabilit la Falun, unde s-a ocupat de îmbunătățirea procesului de prelucrare a cuprului prin topire și a fost implicat în construirea mai multor fabrici, inclusiv pentru producția de vitriol și sulf.

Între 1773 și 1817 a fost chimist al Consiliului suedez al minelor Bergskollegium. Gahn a foarte reticent în a-și publica el însuși rezultatele științifice, dar le-a comunicat în mod liber lui Bergman și Scheele. Una dintre descoperirile lui Gahn a fost că dioxidul de mangan ar putea fi redus la forma metalică folosind carbon, devenind primul care a izolat acest element în forma sa metalică.

În 1784, Gahn a fost ales membru al Academiei Regale Suedeze de Științe. El și-a clădit, de asemenea, o carieră managerială în mineritul suedez.

Note

Lectură suplimentară

Legături externe

 Articol în Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon
 Eggerlz HP, Palmstedt C. Nekrolog.  Jahann Gottlieb Gahns Leben.  // Jahrbuch der Chemie und Physik.  - Nürnberg, 1822.  P. 140.

Nașteri în 1745
Decese în 1818
Chimiști din secolul al XIX-lea
Chimiști din secolul al XVIII-lea
Membri ai Academiei Regale Suedeze
Descoperitori de elemente chimice
Chimiști suedezi

Johan Gottlieb Gahn


Takahiro Sasaki (født 25. september 1974) er en tidligere japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Cerezo Osaka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Takahiro Sasaki


Hvalospjev ljubavi je biblijski tekst, koji se nalazi u trinaestom poglavlju Prve poslanice Korinćanima u Novom zavjetu. Napisali su ga apostol Pavao i Sosten u Efezu. Ovo poglavlje pokriva temu ljubavi.

To je pjesma hvale, kao i pokušaj objašnjenja što je ljubav nabrajanjem njezinih kvaliteta. Prema apostolu Pavlu, dar ljubavi daje smisao i vrijednost svim ostalim karizmama. Apostol Pavao ističe da je Ljubav želja za dobrom i srećom. To je nesebični dar sebe, sila koja pobjeđuje sebičnost ("ne traži svoje") (1 Kor 13,5). Također naglašava važnost same vjere kroz nekritičko povjerenje ("sve vjeruje, svemu se nada") (1 Kor 13,7).

Stihovi 1-3 bave se suštinskom naravi ljubavi: bez nje su svi duhovni darovi posve bezvrijedni. U drugom dijelu, od stiha 4 do 8, Pavao nabraja osobine ljubavi navođenjem šesnaest glagola. Sedam glagola izriče što ljubav jest, a devet glagola ono što nije. Konačno, u posljednjem dijelu, u stihovima 8 - 12, Pavao ističe trajnost ljubavi pa stoga i njene nadmoćnosti nad svim ostalim duhovnim stvarnostima.

Hvalospjev ljubavi obično se naziva najljepšom "Pjesmom novozavjetnih pjesama". U prvoj enciklici, koju je napisao papa Benedikt XVI., Deus caritas est (hrv. Bog je ljubav, 2005.), Hvalospjev ljubavi naziva se "Magna Carta cijele katoličke službe".

Tekst Hvalospjeva ljubavi, kao biblijsko čitanje tijekom mise, često se čita prilikom obreda vjenčanja u kršćanskim crkvama.

 Ljubav je velikodušna, dobrostiva je ljubav, ne zavidi, ljubav se ne hvasta, ne nadima se; nije nepristojna, ne traži svoje, nije razdražljiva, ne pamti zlo. (1 Kor 13, 4-5)

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 Hvalospjev ljubavi na wikiizvoru

Sveti Pavao
Novi zavjet

Hvalospjev ljubavi


Clattenburg ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Mark Clattenburg (* 1975), englischer Fußball-Schiedsrichter
 Mike Clattenburg, kanadischer Filmregisseur

Clattenburg


අජිත් රත්නසේකර (ඉංග්‍රීසි: Ajith Rathnasekara) යනු  සම කළමනාකාර අධ්‍යක්ෂ Kandy | Uptown ඇඟලුම් ප්‍රදර්ශනාගාර ව්‍යාපාර ආයතනය.

ජීවන සටහන්

අජිත් රත්නසේකර  කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසුවෙකි.

ආශ්‍රිත

 නුවර ගිහින් kandy හෙව්වට වැඩක් නැහැ

 කොළඹ නාලන්දා විද්‍යාලයයේ ආදි සිසු වෙළඳ ව්‍යාපාර නියමුවන්

චරිත කතා
ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයෝ
ආදි නාලන්දියයෝ
ශ්‍රී ලාංකික බෞද්ධයෝ
ලාංකික සිංහලයෝ

අජිත් රත්නසේකර


Aceasta este o listă de filme thriller lansate în anii 2000.

Note

2000

2000
Thriller

Listă de filme thriller din anii 2000