Antoine-Augustin Cournot (28. agúst 1801 – 31. mars 1877) var franskur heimspekingur og stærðfræðingur sem átti gríðarlegan þátt í þróun hagfræðinnar sem fræðigrein. Cournot var fyrsti hagfræðingurinn sem, með sérþekkingu á báðum greinum, beitti stærðfræði við meðferð hagfæði. Cournot  ásamt Johann Heinrich von Thünen eru taldnir fyrstu stærðfræðilegu hagfræðingarnir. Hann naut virðingar í lifanda lífi, en það var ekki fyrr en áhrif hans á hagfræðina komu ekki fram fyrr en eftir andlát hans. Hann er jafnan talinn einn mikilvægasti forgöngumaður jaðarbyltingar Nýklassískrar hagfræði.

Cournot var virtur og viðurkenndur vísindamaður meðan hann lifði en það var ekki tekið mark á rannsóknum hans og skrifum. Það var fyrst eftir andlát hans að áhrif hans á þróun hagfræðinnar komu fram.

Ferill og framlög til hagfræði
Cournot stundaði nám við Normal Superior School í París þaðan sem hann útskrifaðist í raunvísindum árið 1823. Hann var formaður stærðfræðigreiningar við háskólann í Lyon 1834. Rektor Academy of Dijon frá 1854 til 1862.

Cournot er þekktur fyrir margvíslegar hagfræðikenningar sínar, en flestar þeirra eru tengdar jafnvægi á markaði. Frægasta verk hans er bókin Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses (1838) (Rannsóknir á stærðfræðilegum grundvallaratriðum auðæfanna), þar sem hann beitti stærðfræðilegum aðferðum við greiningu hagfræðilegra viðfangsefna. Verkið hlaut ekki mikilla vinsælda á árum Cournot, hann reyndi að endurskrifa bókina tvisvar en það gekk brösuglega. Á síðari tímum hefur ritið haft mikil áhrif á hvernig hagfræði er kennd.

Cournot byggði hagfræðilegar kenningar sínar á því að það eru einungis tvær tegundir af þátttakendum á markaði, annarsvegar eru framleiðendur, og hinsvegar kaupendur, sem báðir hafa það markmið að hámarka ábata sinn. Í bók sinni beitti Cournot aðferðum jaðargreiningar, einn fyrstur hagfræðinga. Hann sýndi fram á að hagnaður er hámarkaður þegar jaðarkostnaður er jafn jaðartekjum, og notaði aðferðir jaðargreiningar til að þróa nokkuð ítarlega hagfræði greiningu fyrirtækja. Cournot sett fram eftirspurn og framboð sem fall af verði og var fyrstur til að teikna eftirspurnarfall, sem hafði áhrif á verk Alfred Marshall.

Mikilvægasta framlag Cournot til hagfræðinnar voru kenningar hans um framboð og eftirspurn og markaðsjafnvægi undir einokun, tvíkeppni og fullkomni samkeppni. Hann var fyrstur til að skilgreina og teikna eftirsprunarferil sem sýndi samband milli verðs og eftirspurnar. Hann sýndi þar fram á að hagnaðarhámörkun framleiðanda er náð þar sem jaðarkostnaður jafngildir jaðartekjum. Þar að auki kynnti hann hugmyndina um verðteygni eftirspurnar en hún, líkt og margar aðrar kenningar hans, eru grundvallaratriði í hagfræði nútímans.

Cournot uppgötvaði einnig í raun hugmyndina um leikjafræði en bókin hans kom út 100 árum áður en John Nash frumsýndi sínar kenningar í leikjafræði. Í bókinni víkkar Cournot greiningu á markaðsskipulagi, en hann rannsakaði tvíkeppni þar sem einungis tvö fyrirtæki með sömu kostnaðarföll, keppast með einsleitar vörur í kyrrstöðu.

Stærðfræðileg nálgun Cournot hafði mikil áhrif á kenningar sem komu fram um 1870 með svokallaðri jaðarbyltingu hagfræðinnar og nýklassíska hagfræði. Jafnvægiskenning Léon Walras er talinn vera fyrir áhrifum stærðfræðilegum verkum Cournot. Einnig setti Cournot fram kenningar um hegðun einokunarfyrirtækja og er Cournot-samkeppnin kennd við hann.

Tilvísanir

Franskir heimspekingar
Franskir stærðfræðingar

Antoine Augustin Cournot


The Suspicions of Mr Whicher (literalmente, Las sospechas de Mr. Whicher) es la adaptación cinematográfica del libro The Suspicions of Mr Whicher (El asesinato de Road Hill en español), escrito por Kate Summerscale y basado en un célebre asesinato de la Inglaterra victoriana, el asesinato de Road Hill. Fue dirigida por James Hawes, con Paddy Considine en el papel del detective de Scotland Yard Jack Whicher.

Sinopsis
Basada en hechos reales, The Suspicions of Mr Whicher narra el asesinato de Road Hill House, acaecido en el verano de 1860 en el condado de Wiltshire, Reino Unido. En la casa de la familia Kent se produjo el secuestro y asesinato del hijo menor, Francis Saville Kent, de tres años. El hecho consternó a la opinión pública británica y, tras las primeras pesquisas del superintendente de la policía local y siendo desestimada la sospecha sobre la niñera de la familia, Elizabeth Gough, Scotland Yard envió al detective Jack Whicher, conocido como «el príncipe de los sabuesos», a investigar el caso. Sus investigaciones le condujeron a sospechar de Constance y William Kent, los hijos mayores de la familia. Los adolescentes, celosos del pequeño Saville, odiaban a su madrastra Mary, su antigua niñera, con la que su padre Samuel engañó a su madre. Pero la falta de colaboración de la policía local y la falta de pruebas físicas provocaron que el caso, sustentado tan solo en las sospechas de Mr. Whicher, fuera desestimado en juicio.

Cinco años después, Constance se confesó como única culpable del asesinato y fue procesada. La condena a muerte fue conmutada por la de cadena perpetua debido a su juventud. Constance Kent fue liberada tras 20 años de condena y emigró a Australia, donde se reunió con su hermano William.

Crítica
The Suspicions of Mr Whicher fue estrenada por la cadena de televisión británica Independent Television (ITV) el 25 de abril de 2011. Johnn Crace, del diario The Guardian, destaca que la película perdió en detalle frente al libro (ganador del Premio Samuel Johnson en 2008), aunque ganó en drama. Señala que se trata de una excelente adaptación, en la que destaca la actuación del protagonista, encarnado por Paddy Considine, así como el trabajo del resto del reparto.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Telefilmes

The Suspicions of Mr Whicher


Onthophagus tubericollis é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Raffray em 1877.

Referências

Ligações externas

tubericollis
Coleópteros descritos em 1877

Onthophagus tubericollis


An Aulonemia jauaensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Emmet J. Judziewicz ngan Gerrit Davidse. An Aulonemia jauaensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Aulonemia, ngan familia nga Poaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Venezuela. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Aulonemia

Aulonemia jauaensis


Susječno (Kalinovik, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Kalinovik, BiH
 Susječno (Konjic, BiH), naseljeno mjesto u općini Konjic, BiH

Susječno


Félix Gaillard d'Aimé (;
5 November 1919 – 10 July 1970) was a French Radical politician who served as Prime Minister under the Fourth Republic from 1957 to 1958. He was the youngest head of a French government since Napoleon.

Career
A senior civil servant in the Inland Revenue Service, Gaillard joined the Resistance and served on its Finance committee. As a member of the Radical Party, he was elected deputy of Charente département in 1946. During the Fourth Republic, he held a number of governmental offices, notably as Minister of Economy and Finance in 1957.

Prime minister

He became Prime Minister in 1957, but, not unusually for the French Fourth Republic; his term of office lasted only a few months. Gaillard was defeated in a vote of no confidence by the French National Assembly, in March 1958, after the bombing of Sakiet-Sidi-Youssef, a Tunisian village.

Later political career

President of the Radical Party from 1958 to 1961, he advocated an alliance of the center-left and the center-right parties. He represented a generation of young politicians whose careers were blighted by the advent of the Fifth Republic.

Death
Gaillard was last seen alive on 9 July 1970, when he and three passengers boarded his yacht, the Marie Grillon and departed the island of Jersey to return to the French mainland after a brief stay. The next day, bits of the wreckage of the yacht were found at the Minquiers reefs, along with the bodies of the two passengers. Gaillard's body was found, along with that of another passenger, floating in the English Channel on 12 July.

Gaillard's Ministry, 6 November 1957 – 14 May 1958
Félix Gaillard – President of the Council
Christian Pineau – Minister of Foreign Affairs
Jacques Chaban-Delmas – Minister of National Defense and Armed Forces
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury – Minister of the Interior
Pierre Pflimlin – Minister of Finance, Economic Affairs, and Planning
Paul Ribeyre – Minister of Commerce and Industry
Paul Bacon – Minister of Labour and Social Security
Robert Lecourt – Minister of Justice
René Billères – Minister of National Education, Youth, and Sports
Antoine Quinson – Minister of Veterans and War Victims
Roland Boscary-Monsservin – Minister of Agriculture
Gérard Jaquet – Minister of Overseas France
Édouard Bonnefous – Minister of Public Works, Transport, and Tourism
Félix Houphouët-Boigny – Minister of Public Health and Population
Pierre Garet – Minister of Reconstruction and Housing
Max Lejeune – Minister for the Sahara

References

1919 births
1970 deaths
Politicians from Paris
Radical Party (France) politicians
Prime Ministers of France
French Ministers of Finance
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fourth Republic
Deputies of the 1st National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 2nd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 3rd National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Deputies of the 4th National Assembly of the French Fifth Republic
Members of Parliament for Charente
Sciences Po alumni
University of Paris alumni
French Resistance members
French people of the First Indochina War
French people of the Algerian War
Deaths due to shipwreck at sea
Deaths from explosion

Félix Gaillard


Tabăra de refugiați Khan Yunis (în , ortografiat și Tabăra de refugiați Khan Younis), este o tabără de refugiați palestinieni din guvernoratul Khan Yunis, situată la vest de orașul Khan Yunis și la doar doi kilometri est de țărmul Mării Mediterane din sudul Fâșiei Gaza. În timp ce UNRWA consideră că circa 84.325 refugiați palestinieni trăiau în tabără în 2017, Biroul Central de Statistică Palestinian a înregistrat o populație de 41.182 de locuitori în recensământul din același an.

Tabăra Khan Yunis a fost înființată după războiul arabo-israelian din 1948, găzduind circa 35.000 de refugiați palestinieni. Pe 3 noiembrie 1956, tabăra și orașul Khan Yunis au fost ocupate de armata israeliană. În operațiunea militară care a urmat, circa 275 de palestinieni au fost uciși, inclusiv 140 de refugiați din tabără. Locuitorii au declarat că majoritatea victimelor au fost ucise după sfârșitul ostilităților, în timp ce soldații israelieni percheziționau locuințele în căutarea suspecților palestinieni înarmați. Totuși, autoritățile israeliene au afirmat că decesele au fost rezultatul rezistenței armate opuse de locuitorii taberei de refugiați.

Conform UNRWA, mulți din locuitorii taberei și-au pierdut casele ca urmare a operațiunilor militare israeliene. UNRWA a început eforturile de reconstrucție la începutul anilor 2000, dar lucrările au fost în mare parte oprite ca urmare a blocadei impuse de Israel împotriva Fâșiei Gaza după preluarea de către Hamas a teritoriului. UNRWA consideră că cel puțin 10.000 de locuințe necesită să fie reconstruite.

Locuitori notabili
 Mohammed Assaf

Note

Legături externe

 Descrierea taberei Khan Yunis pe pagina UNRWA
 Welcome To Khan Yunis R.C.

Khan Yunis
Guvernoratul Khan Yunis
Fondări în 1948
1948 în Israel
1948 în Palestina

Tabăra de refugiați Khan Yunis


Usseira Portekiz'de Óbidos belediyesine bağlı olan, 7,12 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 918 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Óbidos'un bucakları

Usseira


أستروبو (بالبلغاريَّة: Острово؛ باليونانيَّة: Άρνισσα - أرنيسا ) هي مدينة في بيلا في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 1508 نسمة.

مراجع

أماكن مأهولة في بيلا (مقاطعة)
إذيسا

أرنيسا


Ellen Buttrick, née le  à Leeds (Yorkshire), est une rameuse handisport britannique. Après seulement douze mois d'entrainement, elle réussit à remporter une médaille d'or aux Championnats du monde en quatre barré en 2019.

Carrière
Elle commence à s'intéresser à l'aviron en regardant les compétitions des Jeux de Londres. En 2014, alors qu'elle étudiante en géographie à l'Université de Northumbria, on lui diagnostique une maladie de Stargardt qui lui fait perdre la vue. Elle se tourne alors vers le handisport avec l'idée d'aller aux Jeux paralympiques.

En 2018, elle fait partie de l'équipage qui remporte l'or en quatre barré aux Mondiaux, titre conservé lors des Mondiaux 2019. Pour ses premiers Jeux en 2020, elle remporte sa première médaille d'or en quatre barré avec Giedre Rakauskaite, James Fox et Ollie Stanhope.

En plus de ses études, elle travaille au Refugee Council de Leeds qui vient en aide à des familles syriennes réfugiées.

Palmarès

Jeux paralympiques

  médaille d'or en quatre barré aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020 à Tokyo

Championnats du monde

  médaille d'or en quatre barré aux Championnats du monde d'aviron 2018 à Plovdiv
  médaille d'or en quatre barré aux Championnats du monde d'aviron 2019 à Ottensheim

Références

Liens externes

Rameuse handisport britannique (aviron)
Sportif aveugle
Aveugle britannique
Championne paralympique d'aviron
Championne paralympique britannique
Rameuse (aviron) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance en mars 1995
Naissance à Leeds

Ellen Buttrick


Musculus articularis cubiti (eller blot articularis cubiti) er en muskel i albuen.

Den anses af nogle kilder for at være en del af musklen triceps brachii.

Den er også kendt som "subanconeus musklen", på grund af dens forhold til anconeus.

Den klassificeres som en muskel i det posteriore brachium.

Referencer

Muskelsystemet

Articularis cubiti


Quasiperiodicidade é a propriedade de um sistema que apresenta periodicidade irregular. O comportamento periódico é definido como recorrente em intervalos regulares, como "a cada 24 horas". O comportamento quasiperiódico é um padrão de recorrência com um componente de imprevisibilidade que não se presta a uma medição precisa. É diferente do conceito matemático de uma função quase periódica, que tem uma regularidade crescente em vários períodos. A definição matemática de função quasiperiódica é um conceito completamente diferente; os dois não devem ser confundidos.

Climatologia
As oscilações climáticas que parecem seguir um padrão regular, mas que não têm um período fixo, são chamadas de quasiperiódicas.

Dentro de um sistema dinâmico como o oceano-atmosfera oscilações podem ocorrer regularmente, quando são forçadas por um forçamento externo regular: por exemplo, o conhecido ciclo inverno-verão é forçado por variações na luz solar do movimento periódico (muito próximo do perfeito) da Terra ao redor do sol. Ou, como os recentes ciclos da era glacial, eles podem ser menos regulares, mas ainda bloqueados por forças externas. No entanto, quando o sistema contém o potencial para uma oscilação, mas não há forte força externa forçando-o a ser bloqueado por fase, o "período" provavelmente será irregular.

O exemplo canônico de quase-periodicidade em climatologia é El Niño-Oscilação Sul. Na era moderna, tem um "período" entre quatro e doze anos e um pico de densidade espectral em torno de cinco anos.

Teoria dos sistemas

Quasiperiodicidade


Almora, Hindistan'ın Kumaun bölgesinde bulunan bir şehirdir. 1560 yılında Kalyan Chand tarafından kurulmuştur.

Ayrıca bakınız
Hindistan'daki şehirler listesi

Uttarakhand'daki şehirler

Almora (şehir)


é um empreendedor da internet japonês mais conhecido por ser o fundador do fórum mais acessado do Japão, o 2channel, e por ser o atual administrador do 4chan. Ele também é um autor de livros de autoajuda e apresentador de TV. Ele é frequentemente conhecido pelo seu nome próprio, , o qual usa, intencionalmente em caixa baixa, tanto como pseudônimo e como nome de usuário.

Até fevereiro de 2013, foi diretor e conselheiro da Niwango, mais conhecida pelo Nico Nico Douga.

Christopher Poole, fundador do 4chan, anunciou formalmente em 21 de setembro de 2015 que havia vendido o site para Nishimura. Após uma disputa com o provedor de hospedagem do 2channel, Nishimura não administra mais o 2channel, mas opera um concorrente dele, o 2ch.sc.

Carreira
Nishimura nasceu em Sagamihara, Kanagawa, mas foi criado em Tóquio. Fundou o Tokyo Access LP em 1998.Da seção "sobre o autor" da descrição do livro em Amazon.co.jp: 1998年、中央大学在学中に合資会社東京アクセスを設立。[Em 1998, enquanto matriculado na Universidade Chuo, ele estabeleceu a sociedade limitada Tokyo Access.]</ref> Em maio de 1999, ele abriu o 2channel enquanto estudava na University of Central Arkansas. Em junho de 2001, ele fundou Irregulars and Partners KK com Ichirō Yamamoto, que estava envolvido na gestão do 2channel, mas depois saiu.

Graduou-se em literatura pela Universidade Chuo em 2000.

Em janeiro de 2007, Nishimura foi conselheiro da Skip-Up KK, CEO da Tokyo Plus KK, cofundador da   KK, e diretor da Niwango, a empresa que criou o Nico Nico Douga. Ele deixou seu cargo na Niwango em fevereiro de 2013.

2channel

Durante 2008, o 2ch gerou uma receita anual de mais de ¥100 milhões para Nishimura. O site também era administrado por 300 "administradores voluntários" que não recebiam remuneração. Nishimura justificou isso com o comentário: "Eu não acho que seja tão diferente de um cara que abre uma loja de conveniência em frente a uma estação de trem. Eles conseguem ganhar um milhão de ienes por dia."

Em agosto de 2013, um vazamento acidental colocou os detalhes de cartões de crédito de milhares de usuários do 2channel em domínio público e esse evento resultou em uma série de ações judiciais contra o site. Na mesma época, o movimento anti-matome ocorreu por todo o 2channel, um desenvolvimento controverso da comunidade envolvendo usuários protestando contra   que eram especializados em resumir as threads do 2channel e estavam tirando o tráfego do site.

Em 19 de fevereiro de 2014, Jim Watkins, como presidente da N.T. Technology, Inc., o registrador de domínio do 2channel, apreendeu o domínio do 2channel. Ele assumiu o controle total do site, liberou Nishimura de todo o poder e assumiu o papel de administrador do site. Watkins alegou que Nishimura não havia pago o dinheiro devido, o que levou à apreensão como forma de cobrir as dívidas de Nishimura, enquanto Nishimura alegou que de fato pagou tudo o que devia e que a transferência de domínio era um sequestro de domínio ilegal. Em resposta, Nishimura criou seu próprio clone de 2channel em 2ch.sc, coletando o conteúdo de todo o site do 2channel e atualizando o 2ch.sc à medida que novas postagens apareceriam no 2ch.net. Em uma sessão de perguntas e respostas no 4chan logo após se tornar o proprietário do site, Nishimura afirmou que o 2channel foi roubado por Watkins.

Em outubro de 2017, Watkins renomeou o 2channel para 5channel e o transferiu para a Loki Technology Inc. para evitar complicações legais.

4chan

Em 21 de setembro de 2015, ele comprou o site 4chan de Christopher Poole. O valor pago não foi divulgado.

Os usuários do 4chan se referem a ele comumente como 'hiro', mas também pelos insultos étnicos "gook moot" ou "Hiroshima Nagasaki", "Jackie 4chan", ou simplesmente "hiroshimoot".

Ações judiciais

Como réu
Nishimura perdeu uma série de processos por difamação que o levaram a receber uma quantia considerável de penalidades. Em 2008, ele disse à Wired que não tinha intenção de pagar, dizendo: "Se o veredito exigir a exclusão de coisas, farei isso", mas "simplesmente não cumpri com as exigências de pagamento. Uma operadora de celular se sentiria responsável quando alguém recebesse um telefonema ameaçador?"</ref>

Como requerente
Nishimura entrou com uma série de ações contra Jim Watkins em conexão com sua alegação de que o 2channel foi apreendido ilegalmente. Ele tentou recuperar o domínio tanto por meio da Política Uniforme de Resolução de Disputas de Nomes de Domínio da OMPI quanto por meio do sistema judiciário japonês. Por meio do Escritório de Patentes do Japão, Nishimura possui a marca "2channel", embora a OMPI tenha se recusado a intervir em seu nome por causa disso, sugerindo que fossem ao tribunal, pois não era, em sua opinião, um caso de "cybersquatting", mas sim uma "disputa de negócios".

Vida pessoal
Nishimura é casado. Desde maio de 2019, vive em Paris, para onde se mudou em 2015.</ref>

Bibliografia

Citado

Notas de rodapé

Notas

Referências

Leitura adicional

Ligações externas

 hiroyuki no YouTube

Vlogueiros do YouTube
Alunos da Universidade Chuo
Naturais de Sagamihara
Pessoas vivas
Nascidos em 1976

Hiroyuki Nishimura


Heike Roock (* 19. Juni 1958 in Bartmannshagen) ist eine ehemalige deutsche Mittelstreckenläuferin, die sich auf die 800-Meter-Distanz spezialisiert hatte und für die DDR startete.

1978 wurde sie hinter Ulrike Bruns DDR-Vizemeisterin in der Halle und Fünfte bei den Leichtathletik-Halleneuropameisterschaften in Mailand. Heike Roock startete für den SC Empor Rostock.

Persönliche Bestzeiten
 400 m: 54,03 s, 15. Juni 1977, Berlin
 800 m: 1:59,83 min, 14. Juni 1978, Berlin
 Halle: 2:00,6 min, 22. Februar 1978, Cottbus
 1000 m: 2:37,6 min, 21. Juli 1977, Potsdam

Literatur
 Klaus Amrhein: Biographisches Handbuch zur Geschichte der Deutschen Leichtathletik. 1898–2005. Band 2: Lehnertz – Zylka. 3. Auflage, 12.–21. Hundert. Deutsche Leichtathletik-Promotion-und-Projektgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2005.

Einzelnachweise

800-Meter-Läufer (Deutschland)
Leichtathlet (DDR)
DDR-Bürger
Deutscher
Frau
Geboren 1958

Heike Roock


(7578) Georgböhm, denumire internațională (7578) Georgbohm, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
7578 Georgböhm este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul La Silla de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,79 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 3,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 7001-8000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1990
Centura de asteroizi

7578 Georgböhm


Flying in a Blue Dream, Amerikalı gitar virtüözü ve besteci Joe Satriani'nin üçüncü stüdyo albümüdür. Diğer hemen tüm albümleri enstrümantal olan Joe Satriani'nin bu albümde birkaç şarkıda vokalleri bulunuyor. Albümdeki 8. şarkı olan "Big Bad Moon"un klibi de çekilmiştir.

Şarkı listesi
Tüm besteler Joe Satriani.

 Flying in a Blue Dream - 5:28
 The Mystical Potato Head Groove Thing - 5:05
 Can't Slow Down - 4:46
 Headless - 1:28
 Strange - 4:55
 I Believe - 5:50
 One Big Rush - 3:20
 Big Bad Moon - 5:13
 The Feeling - 0:52
 The Phone Call - 3:00
 Day at the Beach (New Rays from an Ancient Sun) - 2:03
 Back to Shalla-Bal - 3:15
 Ride - 4:58
 The Forgotten (Part One) - 1:10
 The Forgotten (Part Two) - 5:10
 The Bells of Lal (Part One) - 1:19
 The Bells of Lal (Part Two) - 4:08
 Into the Light - 2:25

Personel
GRUP
 Joe Satriani – Banjo, Bas, Gitar, Mızıka, Perküsyon, Aranjör, Klavye, Programming, Arka Vokal, Prodüktör
 Stuart Hamm - Bas
 Simon Phillips – Davul
 Jeff Campitelli - Perküsyon, Davul, Programming, Drum Machine
 Bob Smith – Perküsyon, Davul, Programming, Drum Machine
 John Cuniberti - Perküsyon, Sitar, Prodüktör, Ses Mühendisi
PRODÜKSİYON
 David Bett - Sanat Yönetmeni
 Mick Brigden - Sanat Yönetmeni
 Daniel Levitin – Ses Danışmanı
 Bernie Grundman - Mastering
 Stephen Hart – Yrd. Mühendis
 Matt Kelly – Yrd. Mühendis
 David Luke – Yrd. Mühendis
 David Lune – Yrd. Mühendis
 Chad Munsey – Yrd. Mühendis
 Dave Plank – Yrd. Mühendis
 Michael Rosen – Yrd. Mühendis
 Michael Semanick – Yrd. Mühendis
 Tom Size – Yrd. Mühendis
 Matt Wallace – Yrd. Mühendis
 Pete Scaturro – Programming, Tasarım
 Ken Friedman - Fotoğraf
 Jeff Katz – Fotoğraf
 Neil Zlozower – Fotoğraf

Müzik listeleri
Albüm - Billboard (Kuzey Amerika)

Single - Billboard (Kuzey Amerika)

Kaynakça

İngilizce albümler
Joe Satriani albümleri
Enstrümantal rock albümleri
Hard rock albümleri
1989 albümleri

Flying in a Blue Dream


Jasmin Hagendorfer é uma artista contemporânea, cineasta, curadora, produtora e organizadora de festivais originária e baseada em Viena (Áustria). É conhecida por ser uma das fundadoras e diretora criativa do Porn Film Festival Vienna .   As suas práticas artísticas são a instalação,  a escultura  e a performance. O seu trabalho aborda temas sociais e políticos e questões sobre identidade de gênero com ênfase em trabalhos políticos em pós-pornografia.

Referências

Artistas da Áustria
Mulheres artistas
Pessoas vivas
Artistas feministas
Artistas contemporâneos

Jasmin Hagendorfer


Agnes Meyer Driscoll (July 24, 1889 – September 16, 1971), known as "Miss Aggie" or "Madame X'", was an American
cryptanalyst during both World War I and World War II and was known as "the first lady of naval cryptology."

Early years
Born Agnes May Meyer in Geneseo, Illinois, in 1889, Driscoll moved with her family to Westerville, Ohio, in 1895 where her father, Gustav Meyer, had taken a job teaching music at Otterbein College. In 1909, he donated the family home to the Anti-Saloon League, which had recently moved its headquarters to Westerville. The home was later donated to the Westerville Public Library and is now home to the Anti-Saloon League Museum and the Westerville Local History Center.

Education
Driscoll attended Otterbein College from 1907 to 1909. In 1911, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the Ohio State University, having majored in mathematics and physics and studied foreign languages, statistics and music. She was fluent in English, French, German, Latin and Japanese. From her earliest days as a college student, she pursued technical and scientific studies. After graduation, she moved to Amarillo, Texas, where she lived from 1911 to 1918 and worked as director of music at a military academy and, later, chair of the mathematics department at the local high school.

1918–1939
On June 22, 1918, about one year after America entered World War I when America had just started allowing women to enlist, Driscoll enlisted in the United States Navy. She was recruited at the highest possible rank of chief yeoman and after some time in the Postal Cable and Censorship Office she was assigned to the Code and Signal section of the Director of Naval Communications. After the war ended, she made use of an option to continue working at her post as a civilian. Except for a two-year break, when she worked for a private firm, she remained a leading cryptanalyst for the U.S. Navy until 1949.

In 1920, while continuing to work with the Navy, Driscoll studied at the Riverbank Laboratories in Geneva, Illinois, where fellow code breakers, including William F. Friedman and Elizebeth Smith Friedman worked. She is known to have also worked at the American Black Chamber run by Herbert Yardley. This was the first U.S. peace time code-breaking agency which set out to break codes used in diplomatic correspondence.

Her efforts were not limited to manual systems; she was involved also in the emerging machine technology of the time, which was being applied both to making and breaking ciphers. In her first days in the Code and Signal section, she co-developed one of the U.S. Navy's cipher machines, the "Communications Machine". This cipher machine became a standard enciphering device for the Navy for most of the 1920s. In recognition of her work, the United States Congress awarded Driscoll $15,000, which she shared with the widow of the machine's co-inventor, William Greshem.

In 1923, the inventor Edward Hebern, creator of the fledgling Hebern Electric Code Company, was attempting to create a more secure rotor-driven cipher machine. Driscoll left the Navy to test the machine, but it failed to deliver a more secure encryption system. She returned to the Navy in spring 1924.

In August 1924, she married Michael Driscoll, a Washington, D.C. lawyer.

Driscoll, with Lieutenant Joseph Rochefort, broke the Japanese Navy manual code, the Red Book Code, in 1926 after three years of work and helped to break the Blue Book Code in 1930.

In early 1935, Driscoll led the attack on the Japanese M-1 cipher machine (also known to the U.S. as the ORANGE machine), which was used to encrypt the messages of Japanese naval attaches around the world.

In 1939, she made important inroads into JN-25, the Japanese fleet's operational code used for the most important of messages. She successfully solved the cipher component of the "5-num" system which used number groups as substitutes for words and numbers which was further encrypted with a digital cipher. After that, the Navy could read some standard format messages, such as weather reports, but the bulk of the messages remained to be discovered. This work was later developed and exploited after the attack on Pearl Harbor for the rest of the Pacific War and provided advance warning of the Japanese attack on Midway Atoll. She was unable to take part in this work because, in October 1940, she was transferred to a team working to break the German naval Enigma cipher.

During this period, Driscoll mentored the following naval cryptographers:
 Joseph Rochefort
 Thomas Dyer
 Edwin T. Layton
 Joseph Wenger

1940–1959
After starting the work against JN-25, Driscoll was transferred to a new group, which attacked the German Enigma ciphers using a catalog approach (similar to rainbow tables). After almost two years of work on her new assignment, Driscoll and her team were unable to make progress in solving the German device. That was partly due to her unwillingness to use machine support or a mathematical approach, but she also refused the help of British code breakers from Bletchley Park who had traveled to the United States to advise her. Besides, the US and UK did not communicate effectively and her approach was both fruitless and had been tried by the British, who determined that it was unlikely to work. Ultimately this work was superseded by the US-UK cryptologic exchanges of 1942–43.

In 1943, she worked with a team to break the Japanese cipher Coral. It was broken two months later, although Driscoll is said to have had little influence on the project.

In 1945, she appears to have worked on attacking Russian ciphers.

Driscoll was part of the navy contingent that joined the new national cryptologic agencies, firstly the Armed Forces Security Agency in 1949 and then the National Security Agency in 1952. While with the Armed Forces Security Agency she may have contributed to attacking a cipher called Venona.

From 1946 until her retirement from the National Security Agency, she filled a number of positions, but she did not advance to the ranks of senior leadership.

She retired from Armed Forces Security Agency in 1959.

Death
She died in 1971 and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Honors
In 2000, she was inducted into the National Security Agency's Hall of Honor.
In 2017, an Ohio Historical Marker was placed in front of the Meyer home in Westerville honoring Agnes Meyer Driscoll and her achievements, referring to her as "the first lady of naval cryptology."

References

The original version of this article appears to have been copied from the NSA Hall of Honor entry for Agnes Meyer Driscoll, which is in the public domain.

Bibliography

External links

 "Agnes Meyer Driscoll", Biographies of Women Mathematicians, Agnes Scott College
  – National Security Agency

1889 births
1971 deaths
Ohio State University College of Arts and Sciences alumni
Otterbein University alumni
American cryptographers
20th-century American educators
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Intelligence analysts
National Security Agency cryptographers
People from Westerville, Ohio
American women civilians in World War II
American women mathematicians
20th-century American mathematicians
Mathematicians from Washington, D.C.
Mathematicians from Ohio
20th-century women mathematicians
Women cryptographers
Yeoman (F) personnel
20th-century American women educators
20th-century American women scientists

Agnes Meyer Driscoll


Sertavul Geçidi, İç Anadolu'yu Akdeniz'e bağlayan önemli geçitlerden biridir. Toros dağlarında ve D 715 no.lu kara yolu üzerindedir.  1.650 rakımlı geçit kışları zor geçit verse de en yakın bağlantı geçitlerinden biridir. Zirvenin kuzeyi Karaman ve güneyi de Mersin iline ait Mut ilçesidir.

Sertavul'da jandarma karakolu, sağlık ocağı, postane gibi kamu kurumlarının yanı sıra çeşitli sosyal tesisler bulunur.

Türkiye'de geçitler
Geçit
Mersin ilindeki yeryüzü şekilleri

Sertavul Geçidi


Hookston bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Hookston (Kalifornien)
 Hookston (Mississippi)

Hookston


Osek se poate referi la mai multe locuri din Republica Cehă, Polonia și Slovenia:

 Osek, Teplice, oraș în districtul Teplice
 Osek, Beroun, sat în districtul Beroun
 Osek, Jičín, sat în districtul Jičín
 Osek, Písek, sat din districtul Pisek
 Osek, Rokycany, sat în districtul Rokycany
 Osek, Strakonice, sat în districtul Strakonice
 Osek nad Bechvou, sat în districtul Prerov
 Velký Osek, sat în districtul Kolín
 Mănăstirea Osek, mănăstire în orașul Osek din districtul Teplice
 Osek, Nova Gorica, un sat din comuna Nova Gorica a Sloveniei
 Òsek - Osiek, powiatul Wejherowo, sat din voievodatul Pomerania al Poloniei
 OSEK, sistem de operare pentru platforme cu uz dedicat în aplicații industriale

Dezambiguizare
Pagini de dezambiguizare referitoare la denumiri geografice

Osek


An Isachne veldkampii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni K.G.Bhat ngan Nagendran. An Isachne veldkampii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Isachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Ginklasipika han IUCN an species komo nangangarat-an duro. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Isachne

Isachne veldkampii


Sachs Harbour er en lille by på den sydlige del af Banks Island i Northwest Territories i Canada, i den nordlige del af landet, 3.900 km nordvest for hovedstaden Ottawa. Sachs Harbour ligger 46 meter over havet og har 112 indbyggere.

Terrænet omkring Sachs Harbour er ret fladt, det højeste punkt i nærheden er Sachs Harbour Flyveplads, ca 1 km nord for byen, som er 85 meter over havet.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

Northwest Territories

Sachs Harbour


Southgate is one of the 14 residential neighbourhoods in Crawley, a town and borough in West Sussex, England.  Crawley was planned and laid out as a New Town after the Second World War, based on the principle of self-contained neighbourhoods surrounding a town centre of civic and commercial buildings.  Southgate was one of the four in the "inner ring" closest to the town centre, and was intended to be the largest of the nine designed in the original master plan.  It was built in two stages between the 1950s and the 1970s, but retains some older buildings from before the New Town era and has "significant areas of pre-New Town character".

The area was settled by pre-Roman people, and industrial and other artefacts from that era were found during construction of the neighbourhood.  In the 19th century, after Crawley was connected to the national railway network, housing developed south of the line around the Brighton Road, which divides the modern neighbourhood in two.  New Town-era expansion produced a large residential area with a high proportion of terraced houses and a range of schools, places of worship and community facilities; but some historic buildings and areas of open space remain, including an award-winning park.  The population at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2011 was 8,533.

History
In the century before the Romans arrived in Britain, the area now covered by West Sussex was ruled by the Atrebates, a Belgic tribe led by Commius.  They were found to have been present in the area now covered by Southgate when building work took place in 1969.  The Southgate West development was underway on land covered by Hogs Hill Farm, which occupied a ridge of land between the Horsham and Brighton Roads.  Land clearance revealed two ditches filled with debris such as bones and pieces of pottery.  The next year, a large house on Horsham Road was demolished to make way for a new road of houses; the builders discovered similar pits, and the remains were identified as pre-Roman using carbon dating techniques.  The remains of crucibles, slag and other ironworking materials were also discovered; these were confirmed as being from the same era, the 2nd and 1st centuries BC.  It was later confirmed that the Hogs Hill Farm remains dated from the Roman era, meaning that the ironmaking and pottery-producing activities of the Atrebates were continued by their conquerors.  By the time the excavations and investigation finished, evidence of three iron bloomeries, a small flint mine, roof tiles (possibly from a building on the site) and many pieces of pottery had been found and catalogued.

These discoveries confirmed for the first time the existence of Iron Age, pre-Roman ironmaking and industrial development in the area of northern Sussex now occupied by Crawley.  Despite this, investigation and analysis were initially discouraged.  The Commission for the New Towns, responsible for the town's development at that stage, did not want building work to be delayed, and tried to prevent archaeologists, other professionals, enthusiasts and the general public alike visiting the Hogs Hill Farm site and searching for remains.  Workers on the site were expressly forbidden from doing so, although the first discovery had in fact been made by one.  By the time the second site was developed in 1970, attitudes had changed, and professional groups were involved from the beginning.

Crawley began to develop slowly from the 13th century, when it was granted a royal charter for a market.  Its ecclesiastical parish, centred on St John the Baptist's Church, was tiny in comparison to neighbouring Worth and Ifield.  The parish had an unusual shape: very narrow, long from north to south, and gradually widening to the north until it met the county boundary with Surrey.  This directed development northwards along the High Street, part of the ancient London to Brighton road which had provided the impetus for development to begin.  The road was partly turnpiked after an Act of Parliament in 1696, and became fully turnpiked in 1770.  By this time the distinction between the name "London Road" (the section north of the church) and "Brighton Road" (southwards) had been made; and tollgates were built north and south of the town: these became known as the North Gate and South Gate.

Crawley was connected to the railway network in 1848 when a line was built from Three Bridges to Horsham.  It crossed the High Street at a level crossing at the south end of the built-up area.  The provision of fast, regular trains to London and other destinations stimulated residential and commercial development, especially around the station.  South of the line, around the Brighton Road, there was plenty of land for building; in the second half of the 19th century, two building firms—the most important in Crawley's pre-New Town history—exploited it by building two areas of housing which still exist today, forming the northernmost part of the Southgate neighbourhood.  Richard Cook set up a building firm next to the railway line soon after its completion; in the early 1870s he built some streets of mainly terraced houses west of Brighton Road.  Confusingly in the context of Crawley's later history, this area was called "New Town", a name which persisted for many years; it had no connection with the later establishment of the New Town of Crawley under the New Towns Act 1946, the name being merely a coincidence.  Based around Springfield Road and West Street, at the junction of which was Cook's yard, the "New Town" area had 43 houses in 1875.  In the early 1880s, James Longley established his building company nearby, which by 1909 had built an estate of houses east of the Brighton Road.  The roads East Park and Malthouse Road had a mixture of terraced cottages, semi-detached houses, detached houses and large villas, all built from red brick.  Large houses were also built down both sides of the Brighton Road.  Goffs Park Road, between the Brighton and Horsham Roads, began to be built up in 1895, and saw more residential development in the interwar period.

Apart from these residential buildings, farms and their associated land, there was little else in the area now known as Southgate until Crawley Development Corporation started building the neighbourhood in the 1950s.  Some shops, a corn merchant's premises and a brewery were built near the level crossing in the late 19th century.  Crawley's first permanent cinema, the Imperial, was established nearby in 1911, replacing a temporary structure; it burnt down in 1928 but was rebuilt, only to be superseded by a larger building in the town centre in the 1930s.  It has been a car dealership since the 1940s.  Further down the Brighton Road, near the Hogs Hill Farm where Iron Age remains were later found, the Half Moon Inn and Hotel was built in the late 19th century, and rebuilt in 1890.  To the west, Goffs Park was established as a parkland and recreational area by the early 20th century.  It covers more than , and its recreational features now include play areas for children, playing fields, sports pitches, lakes, a golf course and a miniature railway.

During World War II, the Crawley area was hit by about 50 high explosive bombs and 2,000 incendiary bombs.  The attack which caused the greatest loss of life happened on 10 July 1944, when Southgate's Victorian streets were hit by two V-1 flying bombs.  One landed in Malthouse Road and did not detonate, but another destroyed 15 houses, killed seven people and injured 44 more when it exploded at the junction of Oak Road and West Street.

New Town era

Crawley was designated as a New Town in January 1947 after the New Towns Act 1946 identified it as a suitable site for one.  A Development Corporation was formed, led by the architect Thomas Bennett, and planner Anthony Minoprio provided a master plan for the town's development.  He proposed a double ring of nine neighbourhoods surrounding an extended town centre. Southgate was to form the southern part of the inner ring, between the town centre and the southern section of the planned Crawley ring road (which already existed, formed by Crawley and Southgate Avenues).  Its built-up area, excluding Goffs Park—which would lie within the neighbourhood's northwest corner—was to be .

The development was intended to take place in two stages: Southgate East, east of the Brighton Road, was to have been built in the early 1950s, and land west of Brighton Road (Southgate West) was to be reserved for expansion of the neighbourhood in the early 1960s.  Both stages were delayed: the Development Corporation did not finalise their plan for Southgate East until 1954, several years after building should have started.  Work was eventually carried out between 1955 and 1957, making Southgate the seventh neighbourhood to be started.

Southgate West suffered even longer delays, partly because of problems with the planned construction processes.  Work should have started in 1961 but had to wait until 1968; plans were not submitted until 1966.  The archaeological discoveries in 1969 and 1970 caused further delays, and Southgate West was not complete until 1972.

The master plan proposed that a neighbourhood centre, consisting of community centre, public house, school, church and shopping parade, should be an integral part of each neighbourhood.  Initially the Development Corporation provided temporary community centre buildings; West Sussex County Council provided a permanent facility in 1974.  A shopping parade was built on Wakehurst Drive in Southgate East in the mid-1950s; the Development Corporation tried to provide some architectural diversity between the neighbourhoods, and as such it was designed as an arcade.  St Mary's Church was built opposite the parade in 1958; and infant and junior schools were provided in both halves of the neighbourhood.

In the early 21st century, commercial development spread along Southgate Avenue south of the railway line: a series of seven-storey office blocks were built.  The Arora International Hotel Gatwick/Crawley also stands nearby.

Location within Crawley

Southgate is south of the Northgate neighbourhood (which includes Crawley town centre) and West Green; the Arun Valley railway line forms the boundary.  Gossops Green lies to the west, Broadfield is to the southwest, Tilgate is to the south and Furnace Green shares a small border to the east.  These are separated from Southgate by the A23 (Crawley Avenue)—part of the Crawley bypass built in the 1930s—and the A2004 Southgate Avenue.  The A2219 Brighton Road, part of the original turnpike, coaching route and later main road from London to Brighton, runs through the heart of Southgate from north to south.  The neighbourhood is roughly pentagonal and covers .

When the New Town was planned, each neighbourhood was allocated a colour, which appears on street name signs together with the neighbourhood's name.  Southgate's colour is dark brown.

Governance

When Crawley Urban District was formed in May 1956, it was divided into eight wards whose boundaries were identical with those of eight of the extant and planned neighbourhoods.  By 1983, nine years after the district became a borough, the town had thirteen wards.  This position remained the same until an electoral review in 2002, which created two new wards.  Throughout these changes, Southgate's ward boundaries remained the same, and they are still coterminous with those of the neighbourhood.  The ward elects three councillors.

Demography
The neighbourhood is coterminous with the administrative ward of the same name, which is one of the fifteen wards in Crawley.  These divisions are used for collecting census and other statistical and demographic data.  Southgate's population of 8,106 at the time of the 2001 United Kingdom Census made it Crawley's fifth most populous neighbourhood.  Based on its  area, its population density was —more than twice as high as the  density for Crawley overall.

At the census date there were 3,421 households, of which 2,317 (68%) were owned by the occupier, 756 (22%) were rented from Crawley Borough Council or another public-sector landlord, 274 (8%) were rented privately and 74 (2%) were occupied rent-free.  These proportions are almost identical to the housing tenure mix of Crawley as a whole.  The relatively high population density is partly explained by the relatively high proportion of residents who live in purpose-built flats or maisonettes of various types: 16% compared to the Crawley figure of 11%.  Many low-rise blocks of flats were built in Southgate West in the 1970s—in particular the extensive Caburn Heights development of three-storey blocks.  The most prevalent housing type in Southgate, in which 52% of residents live, is the terraced house.  The proportion is about  in Southgate West.

According to the census, 90.6% of Southgate residents were White, 6.3% were Asian or Asian-British, 0.8% were Black or Black-British, 1.5% were mixed-race and 0.7% were from another ethnic background.  The proportion of white people was slightly higher, and that of Asian people slightly lower, than in Crawley overall; other proportions were comparable to Crawley as a whole.  Southgate's age profile at the census date was older than that of Crawley as a whole, in common with the other inner neighbourhoods: 1,609 residents (19.8%) were under 18 years old, 4,853 (59.9%) were between 18 and 64 years old, and 1,644 (20.3%) were 65 years old or older.  The corresponding figures for Crawley were 23,748 (23.8%), 61,338 (61.5%) and 14,658 (14.7%).

Economy

Modern Southgate is primarily residential, and the area was mostly undeveloped before the New Town was created.  Nevertheless, some commercial and industrial development existed around the Brighton Road and railway line, and farming provided employment.  Two sets of local shops serve the modern neighbourhood, but its proximity to Crawley town centre and main transport routes mean that, as intended in Anthony Minoprio's masterplan, residents travel outside Southgate for most of their employment and shopping requirements.

In common with other areas around Crawley, the land to the south was held by several large farms.  Malthouse Farm had its own small-scale brickworks as well; Hilltop Farm was at the highest point in the area,  above sea level; and Hogs Hill Farm, named after the herds of pigs farmed there, stood on a ridge east of the Brighton Road.

Crawley's two main building firms had their yards and works in the Victorian streets near the railway line.  Richard Cook's firm, which built the houses and streets of the 19th-century "New Town" development, was founded in 1861 and was based at the corner of two of the new streets.  The works included a brickyard; poor drainage led to soil and dirty water from it polluting the surrounding area.  The Crawley and Ifield Vigilance Committee, an amateur pressure group, demanded improvements for several years, and proper drains were eventually laid.  Cook and Sons' advertisements revealed the range of products manufactured: the works made bricks, tiles, pipes and pottery, and his team of labourers carried out all types of building and contracting work.  James Longley and Sons became the most famous business in Crawley and one of its largest: in 1898 more than 700 people worked for it.  Longley moved his small firm from Turners Hill in 1881 when he bought Malthouse Farm and its brickworks.  Expansion was rapid, and they received commissions for Christ's Hospital school near Horsham, the King Edward VII sanatorium in Midhurst, Graylingwell Hospital in Chichester, the choir stalls in Westminster Abbey and almost every railway station owned by the London, Brighton and South Coast Railway.  Longley and Sons, which soon became Longley and Company, quickly became one of southeast England's main building firms; but it was nearly ruined on 20 March 1924 when the joinery and timber works, all stock inside it and sixty machines were destroyed by fire.  The firm recovered, though, and was able to tender for a wide range of contracts in the New Town era, including Hazelwick School, much of the Manor Royal industrial estate, Crawley fire station, the Queen's Square shopping area and Crawley College's tower block extension.

Neither building firm survives. Cook's lasted into the New Town era but wound down after that; their work survives in the streets of Southgate and at St Peter's Church in West Green, a school in Handcross, the churchyard of St Margaret's Church, Ifield and elsewhere.  Longley and Company ceased trading in 2000, and the works and associated buildings were demolished soon afterwards to make way for housing and a hotel.  The Arora International Hotel Gatwick/Crawley, which has conference facilities, a large health and fitness suite and restaurant, was built on the site at the end of East Park in 2001.  The 4-star hotel has 432 bedrooms.

Public buildings and facilities

St Mary's Church is the Anglican parish church of Southgate.  The churches in the Broadfield, Furnace Green and Tilgate neighbourhoods are linked to it as daughter churches.  Architects Henry Braddock and D.F. Martin-Smith designed it in 1958.  The concrete and glass structure has a small flèche on top of a bell tower, and has an adjoining hall which can be opened out to increase the capacity of the church.  It is on Wakehurst Drive opposite the main shopping parade.  The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a meetinghouse on Horsham Road; it was designed by the chief architect of the town, Sir Thomas Bennett, and built in 1964 on land provided by Crawley Development Corporation.  ChristChurch (formerly Gateway Church International) on Brewer Road is a non-denominational church associated with the New Covenant Ministries International movement; its barnlike building has a semicircular roof.

St Wilfrid's Catholic School is a 900-pupil voluntary aided secondary school, which opened in 1952 in the former Oakwood House next to Goffs Park.  It was extended several times and became a comprehensive in 1967.  Former pupils include Robert Smith of rock band The Cure.  A Roman Catholic primary school, St Francis of Assisi School, is located on Southgate Drive.  Southgate Primary School was formed in 2004 from a merger between a first school and a middle school on the same site. The school is now a 400 pupil fast-growing school. These had in turn been formed from the original Southgate County Infant and Junior School, opened in 1956.  Residential development in Southgate West resulted in the opening of first and middle schools there, in 1969 and 1970 respectively; these closed in 2004 and were replaced by Hilltop Primary School.

The Development Corporation set up a sub-committee in 1953 to decide how public houses should be provided in the New Town neighbourhoods.  The Downsman pub was built shortly afterwards next to the shopping parade.  Elsewhere, Goffs Manor pub and restaurant is near Goffs Park, and the Half Moon remains on the Brighton Road. As at July 2014, The Half Moon is closed for refurbishment and is due to reopen in August 2014 as the New Moon.

St. Catherine's Hospice, a charity which provides hospice care to patients throughout West Sussex and Surrey,   is based on Malthouse Road in the 19th-century part of Southgate.  Crawley's new skatepark was built on playing fields at Southgate Avenue in 2007.

Heritage

Two of the 100 listed buildings and structures in the Borough of Crawley are in Southgate.  Goffs Manor, in Goffs Park, is a Grade II-listed 16th-century farmhouse which is now a restaurant and pub.  Before its conversion, actor Peter Vaughan owned and lived in it.  The building is timber-framed, as many Crawley houses of the time were, although little of this is now visible.  The upper floor is hung with red tiles.  The roof is made of slabs of Horsham Stone.  An original open fireplace remains inside.  The signal box next to the level crossing on Crawley High Street, another Grade II-listed building, is just on the Southgate side of the railway line.  It was built in about 1860 and has a hipped roof.

Crawley Borough Council has designated a conservation area around the level crossing on Brighton Road.  Part of this falls within Southgate's boundaries.  Elsewhere, Goffs Park Road has been given the status of an Area of Special Environmental Quality.  Goffs Park itself was given a Green Flag Award in July 2008 in recognition of its high standards.

There were 59 locally listed buildings in Crawley as of 2010; seven are in Southgate.  Crawley Museum is based in Goffs Park House in Goffs Park, although in March 2010 plans were announced to move it elsewhere in the town—possibly to Tree House, a vacant council-owned listed building in the town centre.  Goffs Park House was designed in 1882 by architect William Buck and built by a Horsham-based firm on behalf of banker Edwin Henty.  The red-brick, Bath stone and sandstone building combines the Queen Anne Revival and Vernacular styles.  Its large grounds have become Goffs Park.  Nightingale House on the Brighton Road dates from 1901 and was originally a bank branch.  Its "striking corner turret", oriel windows and detailed treatment of the ground-floor elevation make it a local landmark.  The four villas at 108–122 Malthouse Road, forming eight semi-detached houses, are of a similar date and retain most of their original features such as carved timber porches and stained glass panelling.  The local building firm James Longley & Company built them.  Goffs Park Road was developed with large houses in the early 20th century, and Park Lodge and Masons Hall (now offices) are two examples.  Park Lodge has been considerably altered but retains the character of a "late Victorian red-brick villa"; Masons Hall is later (1905) and "rather eccentric", resembling a Tuscan villa and featuring a campanile-style projection at one corner.  Nearby, 49 Brighton Road, a large detached villa, is an example of Richard Cook's late-19th-century housing in the "New Town" area of Southgate.  It has red-brick walls with ornate mouldings, timber-framed gables and original sash windows.  St Mary's Church is also on the local list.

Transport
Metrobus, which operates most local bus services in Crawley, serves several stops in Southgate.  The nearest railway station is Crawley, which has a rear entrance on East Park Road in the north of the neighbourhood.

Levels of vehicle ownership, as measured by the 2001 census, are lower than in Crawley as a whole.  At the census date, the mean number of vehicles per household was 1.09 (the overall Crawley figure was 1.21), and 25.4% of households had no transport of their own, compared to 20.4% in Crawley overall.

References

Notes

Bibliography

Neighbourhoods in Crawley

Southgate, West Sussex


Tuğba Karademir (d. 17 Mart 1985, Ankara) Türk artistik buz patencisi.

1995 yılında aldığı Balkan birinciliği ile buz pateni alanında Türkiye'ye ilk altın madalyasıdır.  Olimpiyat ve Dünya Şampiyonası'nda finalde yarışan ilk Türk buz patencisidir.

Kişisel Hayatı
Karademir, 17 Mart 1985'te Ankara'da doğdu. Türkiye'deyken babası restoran işletmecisiydi, annesi ise havacılık sektöründe çalışıyordu. Kariyerini devam ettirmek için Barrie, Ontario, Kanada'ya taşındıktan sonra, başlangıçta kızlarının eğitim masraflarını karşılamak için ek işler aldılar.  Barrie'deyken yerel bir devlet okulu olan Allandale Heights'a kaydoldu.

Akıcı bir şekilde Türkçe ve İngilizce bilmektedir. 2011 seçimlerinde Adalet ve Kalkınma Partisi'nden Bolu milletvekili aday adayı olmuştur. Karademir, 14 Ağustos 2021'de evlendi.

Spor yaşamı
1985 yılında Mengen'de doğdu. 5,5 yaşında iken Ankara'da buz pateni yapmaya başladı. İlk defa 8 yaşında Hollanda'daki uluslararası bir yarışmada milli sporcu oldu. Söz konusu yarışta 13 yaş ve altındaki sporcuların yarıştığı klasmanda 5. oldu, sonraki yıllarda aynı yarışta defalarca birinciliği elde etti.

1995 yılında Ankara'da düzenlenen Balkan Şampiyonası'nda birinci olarak Türkiye'ye ilk defa Balkan birinciliği kazandırdı.

Kanada Buz Pateni Federasyonu yetkilileri tarafından aldığı davet üzerine figür patenciliği alanında ilerleyebilmek için 1996'da annesi Sabite Karademir ve babası Tayfun Karademir ile birlikte Kanada'ya yerleşti. Toronto kentinde öğrenimini sürdürürken bir yandan da dünyanın en iyi buz pateni eğitmenlerin ile çalışma fırsatı buldu. 1999 yılının Haziran ayında belinden rahatsızlanması nedeniyle 1 yıl spora ara verdi, 2000 yılında tekrar spora döndü. Eski dünya ve olimpiyat şampiyonları Kanadalı Kurt Browning, Brian Orser, Elvis Stojko, İngiliz Steven Cousins, Robert Tebby ve Japon Takashi Honda'dan oluşan ekip tarafından çalıştırıldı. Kanada şampiyonasındaki başarılarıyla Kanada Figür Pateni Federasyonu'nun dikkatini çekti ve Kanada Milli Takımı'na girmeyi başardı, ancak Türkiye'yi temsil etmeyi tercih ederek takımı bıraktı.

2001 yılında yarışmaya gitmek için yola çıkmak üzereyken ayağını burkması nedeniyle Kış Olimpiyatlarına katılamadı. Bunun basit bir burkma olmadığı, bileğinin kırıldığı anlaşıldı. İyileşmesi 2 yılını aldı.

2004 yılında Avrupa ve Dünya Şampiyonaları'nda ilk elemeleri geçmeyi başardı. Ancak ikinci elemelerde takıldı.

2005 yılında Avrupa Şampiyonası'nda serbest programda yarışan ilk Türk sporcusu oldu. Bu şampiyonada kısa programda 37 patenci arasında 21'nci oldu; ilk 24 patenci arasında yer aldığı için 29 Ocak Cumartesi günü yapılan serbest program yarışmasına katılma hakkını elde etti. İkinci sırada piste çıkan Tuğba, serbest programda 17. oldu. Kısa ve serbest program sonunda toplam 106.98 puan alarak genel klasmanda 19. oldu. 2006'da Kocaeli Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kağıtspor Kulübü ile anlaşarak bu kulübün sporcusu olarak spor hayatına devam etti.

Ocak 2006'da Avrupa Artistik Patinaj Şampiyonası'nda 13. oldu. Bu kendisinin, o zaman için, en iyi derecesi anlamına da geliyordu.

2006 Kış Olimpiyatları'na Türkiye adına katılan Tuğba Karademir, buz pateni yarışmasının tek Türk sporcusu oldu. Kısa programda 29 sporcu arasında ilk 24'e girerek (22.) serbest dalda yarışmaya hak kazandı. Serbest dalda 21. ve toplamda 21. oldu.

2006 Dünya Artistik Patinaj Şampiyonası'nda, elemelerde 26., kısa programda 21., elemelerle kısa program toplamında 22., serbest programda 16. ve son toplamda 18. oldu. Dünya 18.'si olduğu için, ISU tarafından belirlenecek iki Grand Prix yarışmasına katılmaya hak kazandı. Tuğba Karademir, Dünya Şampiyonası'nda, kısa program, serbest program ve kısa programla serbest program toplamı olmak üzere, sırasıyla, 44.47, 89.84 ve ikisinin toplamı olan 134.31 ile, bugüne kadar kendisine ait (ve Türkiye'ye ait) en iyi puanlarını topladı ve en iyi derecesini elde etti. Böylece, Türkiye adına Dünya Artistik Patinaj Şampiyonası'nda serbest programa katılıp ilk 20'ye girme başarısını gösteren ilk Türk sporcu oldu. Tuğba Karademir, 2006 yılındaki bu başarılarıyla, ISU Grand Prix Yarışmalarına katılma hakkını kazanan ilk Türk artistik buz pateni sporcusu olma başarısını da göstermiş oldu.

2007 yılına Üniversite Kış Oyunları ile başladı. Bu yarışmada toplam 107.53 puan elde eden Karademir, genel klasmanda 14.lüğe oturdu.

2008 yılında Slovakya'nın başkenti Bratislava'da düzenlenen Ondrej Nepela Memorial turnuvasında yarıştı ve toplam 122.11 puanla 2. sırayı aldı ve Türkiye uluslararası plandaki 2. madalyasını kazandırdı.

Karademir, 2009-2010 sezonu için iki yeni program hazırladı. Kısa programda "Bazaar İstanbul" albümünden oluşan bir derleme ile kayacak ve koreografiyi Kurt Browning yaptı. Karademir serbest programı için "Tango de Exilados" müziği seçti. Serbest program koreografisini ise Romain Haguenauer hazırladı. Bu iki programın kıyafetlerini ise Karademir, annesi ile birlikte tasarladı.

Karademir, 2010 Avrupa Artistik Patinaj Şampiyonası'nda kısa programda kariyerinin en yüksek puanını elde etti. Kısa programda toplam 533.88 puan aldı.

Karademir, 2010 Vancouver Kış Olimpiyatı oyunlarında 24.02.2010 tarihinde yapılan kısa program elemelerinde 50.72 puan elde ederek 21. oldu ve 25.02.2010 (TSI 26.02.2010 sabaha karşı) tarihinde yapılan Serbest Programa katılma hakkını kazandı, serbest programda 24. oldu.

2010 Mart' ta amatör sporu bırakarak yarışma kariyerini noktaladı. Kanada'da işletme ve  hukuk alanında yüksek öğrenimini tamamladı.

Aldığı sonuçlar

2003'ten sonra

2003'ten önce

 J = Junior level

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Resmî İnternet Sayfası
 Hakkında çıkan yabancı basında bir haber
 ISU'da yayınlanan performans biyografisi

1985 doğumlular
Türk buz patencileri
2006 Kış Olimpiyatları buz patencileri
Türk asıllı Kanadalılar
Yaşayan insanlar
Türk Olimpiyat buz patencileri

Tuğba Karademir


Bockscar, B-29 Superfortress model, ABD yapımı bir bombardıman uçağının adıdır. 9 Ağustos 1945'te bu uçaktan Japonya'nın Nagasaki kentine savaş esnasında kullanılmış ikinci atom bombası atılmıştır.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Manhattan Projesi
 Enola Gay
 Nagasaki'ye atom bombası saldırısı

II. Dünya Savaşı'nda kullanılan uçaklar
Bombardıman uçakları
Manhattan Projesi
Hiroşima ve Nagasaki'ye atom bombası saldırısı
Boeing uçakları
II. Dünya Savaşı Pasifik Cephesi

Bockscar


Dronning Victoria eller Dronning Viktoria kan henvise til flere dronninger med dette navn:

Regerende dronninger
 Victoria af Storbritannien (1819–1901), regerende dronning af Det Forenede Kongerige Storbritannien og Irland 1837–1901

Ikke-regerende dronninger
 Victoria af Storbritannien (1840–1901), dronning af Preussen og Tysk Kejserinde 1888–1888
 Victoria af Baden (1862–1930), dronning af Sverige 1907–1930
 Victoria Eugenie af Battenberg (1887–1969), dronning af Spanien 1906–1931

Se også
 Kronprinsesse Victoria af Sverige

Dronning Victoria (flertydig)


Navigatori care dispar este un film românesc din 1966 regizat de Iancu Moscu.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1966 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1966

Navigatori care dispar


المعركة لأجل ويسنوث  هي لعبة استراتيجية تناوب الأدوار حرة مفتوحة المصدر صدرت تحت رخصة جنو العمومية صممها دافيد وايت عام 2003.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي للعبة

ألعاب أميغا أو إس 4
ألعاب إستراتيجية تناوب الأدوار
ألعاب فيديو 2003
ألعاب فيديو إستراتيجية
ألعاب فيديو عن أدوار لاعبين تكتيكية
ألعاب فيديو فردية وجماعية
ألعاب فيديو مبرمجة بلغة لوا
ألعاب فيديو مطورة في أستراليا
ألعاب فيديو مفتوحة المصدر
ألعاب لينكس
ألعاب ماك أو إس
ألعاب مورف أو إس
ألعاب ويندوز
برمجيات أندرويد حرة ومفتوحة المصدر
برمجيات حرة بلغة سي++
برمجيات حرة تستخدم إس دي ال

ذا باتل فور ويسنوث


مواقع التراث العالمي هي معالم تقوم لجنة التراث العالمي في اليونسكو بترشيحها ليتم إدراجها ضمن برنامج مواقع التراث الدولية التي تديره اليونسكو. هذه المعالم قد تكون طبيعية، كالغابات وسلاسل الجبال، وقد تكون من صنع الإنسان، كالبنايات والمدن، وقد تكون مختلطة.

هنالك العديد من المواقع في الدول العربية مسجلة ضمن قائمة اليونسكو لمواقع التراث العالمي. حيث تتوزع الدول العربية في قارتي أفريقيا وآسيا. وقد بلغ مجموع المواقع المدرجة نحو 84 موقعاً في عام 2023، احتلت المغرب النصيب الأكبر من مواقع التراث برصيد 9 مواقع، كما أضيفت بعض المواقع مؤخراً مثل موقع الزبارة الأثري في قطر عام 2013، وفي سنة 2014 تم تسجيل كل من جدة التاريخية في السعودية، ومدرجات بتير في فلسطين، وقلعة أربيل في كردستان العراق. وأضيفت أهوار العراق عام 2016. وبابل عام 2019 كموقعٍ ثقاقي وحضاري، وآخرها معالم مملكة سبأ - مأرب عام 2023. توجد عدد من المواقع المهددة بالخطر وتحديداً في مصر وفلسطين والعراق واليمن بالإضافة إلى جميع المواقع في سوريا بسبب الحرب، كما أُضيفت جميع مواقع التراث العالمي في ليبيا إلى قائمة الخطر بسبب الأوضاع في البلاد، وذلك في اجتماع لجنة التراث العالمي الأربعين الذي عقد في تركيا في تموز (يوليو) 2017.

القائمة
هنا قائمة بمواقع التراث العالمي في الدول العربية التي تم ترتيبها أبجدياً، أما المواقع فهي مرتبة في الدول على حسب تاريخ إدراجها في قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي (اليونسكو) وهي كالتالي:

طالع أيضاً
 قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي المعرضة للخطر
 قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي في المغرب العربي
 قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي في أفريقيا
 قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي في غرب آسيا

ملاحظات
 : يوجد في فلسطين التاريخية 14 موقع مُسجل على قائمة التراث العالمي (حتى أيلول/ سبتمبر 2023)، منها 5 مواقع في الضفة الغربية والقدس الشرقية، بالإضافة إلى 9 مواقع داخل إسرائيل.

مصادر

وصلات خارجية
 المركز العالمي للتراث (يونسكو) - الموقع الرسمي
 قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي - الموقع الرسمي
 قائمة بمواقع التراث العالمي المهددة بالخطر (بالإنجليزية)
 VRheritage.org - وثائق عن مواقع التراث العالمي
 Worldheritage-Forum - معلومات عن مواقع التراث العالمي

قوائم متعلقة بالدوري العربي

السياحة في الوطن العربي
بيئة الوطن العربي
جامعة الدول العربية
قوائم متعلقة بالوطن العربي

محميات طبيعية
مواقع التراث العالمي المعرضة للخطر

قائمة مواقع التراث العالمي في الدول العربية


The Battle of Celaya, 6–15 April 1915, was part of a series of military engagements in the Bajío during the Mexican Revolution between the winners, who had allied against the regime of Gen. Victoriano Huerta (February 1913-July 1914) and then fought each other for control of Mexico. The Constitutionalists under Gen. Venustiano Carranza faced off against the Army of the División del Norte of Pancho Villa. The first battle of Celaya was fought April 6–7, 1915, near Celaya in present-day Guanajuato, Mexico. The second battle of Celaya was fought April 15–16. These encounters between the Constitutionalist Army led by Gen. Álvaro Obregón, Venustiano Carranza's best general, and the army under the command of Pancho Villa were crucial in determining the outcome of the Mexican Revolution.

Obregón chose the site of battle, arrived in advance to prepare it and kept to his defensive strategy, knowing Villa's propensity for blind cavalry charges over an open field. Villa's defeat was the result of his multiple tactical miscalculations and overconfidence in his much larger, undefeated army's ability to best Obregón's army under any circumstances. Villa's División del Norte outnumbered Obregón's Constitutionalists 2:1, but Obregón had lured Villa far from his communication and supply lines to a field with existing canals and trenches. Obregón was able to utilize many tactical innovations from the Western Front in the First World War—namely trenches, barbed wire and machine guns—in the defense. Villa continued his use of massed cavalry charges. New logistical and troop movement techniques such as the use of trains were seen.

Obregón and Villa met twice more in the Bajío at León (also called the battle of Trinidad), in a protracted battle lasting 38 days, and at Aguascalientes in July, sealing the Constitutionalists' victory over Villa. Taken together these battles in the Bajío are considered a watershed event in the Mexican Revolution and helped determine the military course of it.  "The two battles of Celaya did not bring the warring to an end, but they foretold Villa's ultimate defeat." Villa lost as many as 50,000 men in these Bajío battles, and he ceased to be a force to contend with on a national scale.

Commanders and armies

The commander of the Constitutionalist forces was Álvaro Obregón. He, like Villa, had no formal military education but had served in a professional army. His military career began when he belatedly joined pro-Madero forces in 1912 to put down the anti-Madero rebellion of Pascual Orozco, but to his regret he had not joined Madero's original call for revolution in 1910.

His military service was quite distinguished and he initially left the army as a colonel. He deftly navigated the shifting political alliances that marked the early days of the Mexican Revolution. Eventually he was appointed to be the senior general in the Carranza administration. Obregón often enlisted the help of military advisers and was an avid student of the latest military technological and tactical advancements. One of his most respected advisers was Col. Maximilian Kloss, a German immigrant turned army officer. Kloss' military advice and remarkable insight into the nature of Villa's style of war would prove decisive at Celaya. Obregón himself was known to be an urbane, intellectual person.

Villa, by contrast, was nearly illiterate and had never served in a professional army. However, he complemented his staff with Gen. Felipe Angeles, a capable career officer. After defecting to Villa's División del Norte from Venustiano Carranza's Constitutionalist Army in March 1914, Angeles became one of Villa's most trusted military advisers. Unlike Villa, Angeles was more careful and calculating. Privately, he thought that Villa was often too rash in his decision-making. Angeles' initial absence due to an injury while riding his horse would prove critical at the beginning of the Battle of Celaya.

The army of Pancho Villa, the División del Norte, which had fought alongside the Constitutionalist Army (1913–14) to oust Victoriano Huerta, was not an army in the modern, industrialized sense. In addition to their military component, Villa's army also included a large component of camp followers or soldaderas, who followed behind the main military force. These camp followers were often refugees, soldiers' wives and family, and support personnel. This often slowed down Villa's military forces and he eventually banned them. Villa himself was an excellent horseman from his early days as a bandit and tended to favor his cavalry and rely upon its speed to quickly maneuver around an enemy force. Before the Battle of Celaya, Villa's forces had never been defeated in a major battle against its opponents.

Obregón was a skilled military commander and understood that if Villa could be lured into a decisive battle, his forces could be completely destroyed. Villa had consulted with his chief military adviser, Felipe Angeles, who attempted to convince him to avoid a major set-piece battle. History would vindicate Angeles' military expertise, as Villa's forces and tactics were no match for Obregón's use of modern weaponry and tactics. Reportedly, Villa's rationale for insisting on engaging Obregón's forces was that he did not want to appear weak or inhibit the fighting spirit of his men. However, his actual words to Gen. Angeles cannot be completely verified, as no actual record of their conversation exists. Obregón's men made excellent use of barbed wire and field-expedient obstacles to slow, disrupt and maneuver Villa's forces into the fields of fire prepared for them. As a fighting force, the cavalry and infantry elements of the Villistas were highly mobile in early 20th-century terms. Villa used the rail system to maneuver his troops quickly, just as the Rurales, the crack rural police force of Porfirio Díaz, were deployed before the Revolution.

Prelude

Villa was known to be a rash and sometimes overconfident commander who would not refuse a battle with Obregón's forces. This weakness would prove to be his undoing at Celaya. Also, Villa and Obregón intensely disliked each other, which led to a war of words before the battle. Publicly, Villa referred to Obregón as "El Perfumado" or "the one who wears perfume", referring to Obregón's perceived more refined qualities. While Villa was often impulsive and inflammatory, he was sometimes shrewd and cunning. Obregón understood Villa's character and often tried to infuriate and provoke him. Immediately before the Battle of Celaya, Obregón boasted of his eventual defeat of Villa and even offered to dedicate his inevitable victory to his friends. As the war of words between the two commanders became more heated, Villa gave the following statement to the newspaper Vida Nueva on the night before the battle began: "This time Obregón will not escape me. I know that he will attempt to withdraw as he always does, but I shall force him to fight in order to destroy the forces that constitute an obstacle to military operations without being of any great use to the enemy." As both sides sought a decisive battle, the stage was set for a huge military engagement. Obregón lured Villa to the field of battle that Obregón had chosen in the Bajio. Villa's fighting style was traditional warfare relying on frontal attacks and cavalry charges. Obregón, however, would adopt advanced tactics in the forms of trenches and barbed wire being used in the world war.

First battle

Strategic preparation
Obregón's strategy was to draw Villa's army away from its lines of communication and supply and choose the place for a major encounter. Obregón's lines of communication and supply were much shorter than Villa's, but they were stretched nonetheless, as Obregón moved north, closer to Villa's territory. Emiliano Zapata's followers might have cut Obregón's supply lines near Veracruz, but did not, "to Villa's disgust."  Before the Battle of Celaya began, Obregón's forces occupied the field first, a strategic advantage. This was critical to the primarily defensive strategy of Obregón. In a broad stroke he planned to goad Villa into an all-out frontal assault on his well-prepared defensive positions. As students of modern warfare, Obregón and his military advisers were acutely aware that machine guns, barbed wired and dug-in artillery gave a marked advantage to a defender. The terrain at Celaya was excellent for a defending force with modern armaments.

Obregón's advance forces arrived at Celaya in early March, nearly a month before the battle itself.  By early April he had increased the size of his forces, with "6,000 cavalry, 5,000 infantry, 86 machine guns and 13 field pieces." It is unclear how many Villa commanded at Celaya.

While Villa planned to use his artillery assets to weaken Obregón's defensive position, his overall plan was simply a full frontal assault by his cavalry and infantry at dawn on April 6, 1915. Prior to the battle, Villa had not personally surveyed the battlefield and was confident that his forces would punch through any defenses or his cavalry could outmaneuver them. The Constitutionalists had prepared cleared, overlapping fields of fire for their machine guns. Additionally, there were many ditches and small irrigation canals that, when improved, would serve as trenches to provide excellent cover and concealment to Obregón's forces.

Critically, both Villa's División del Norte and Obregón's forces suffered chronic shortages of munitions. This was due in large part to the demand for ammunition created by the First World War and also to the increasing cost of the ammunition that remained for sale. This lack of ammunition resupply would prove to be a pivotal issue in the Battle of Celaya. Allegedly, some of the ammunition that Villa had purchased before the battle from private vendors from the US was faulty and failed to perform under the conditions of the battle. Whether or not this was deceit on the part of the suppliers is difficult if not impossible to discern. Furthermore, Villa's forces were at a marked disadvantage regarding their artillery. Not only did Obregon's forces possess 15 more artillery pieces than Villa, their scarce European-sourced ammunition was vastly more lethal, reliable and had a further effective range. Before the battle began, Villa was well aware of his force's shortage of ammunition and communicated this in a message to Emiliano Zapata. Additionally, Villa's forces did not attempt to disrupt the resupply of Obregón's forces from the port city of Veracruz.

Battle

After the Constitutionalists occupied the battlefield on April 4, 1915, their commanders knew that the Villistas were close. As Obregón's troops fortified their defensive positions and waited for the Villista main attack, Villa's forces began to move towards Celaya on April 5. In order to disrupt the movement of Villa's forces, Obregón ordered a 1,500-man element to occupy a hacienda called "El Guaje" near Celaya, to serve as a base to attack the railways that Villa relied upon for movement of his troops. This was a tactical miscalculation, as the majority of the Villista forces were already nearby and immediately attacked the comparatively small Constitutionalist force. As soon as Obregón heard of the engagement, he quickly boarded a troop train to personally reinforce his men at the hacienda. A competent military mind, Obregón immediately realized that this initial tactical error could be the perfect ruse to lure the bulk of Villa's forces into his defensive positions. Obregon ordered his forces to retreat; the Villistas took the bait and pursued the Constitutionalists back towards their prepared positions at Celaya.

As Villa's forces attacked the enemy defenses, their advance was halted by Obregon's machine guns and artillery. Instead of using his cavalry to outmaneuver the enemy defenses, Villa ordered his troops to launch wave after wave of frontal assaults against Obregón's positions. After the battle, Obregón recalled that the Villistas launched nearly 40 assaults with only a single penetration of his own lines. Even this minor success was thwarted by a quick-thinking Obregón. As the Villistas occupied the defensive positions they had captured, Obregón ordered his bugler to sound general retreat. The Villistas, believing the order to have come from their own bugler, were fooled into retreating and surrendered the only ground they had gained during the fighting. As Villa's men retreated, Obregón seized the opportunity and ordered a devastating counterattack.

In addition to his battle-weary forces, Obregón also called in his reserve, which pushed the Villistas back to their own lines. In a stroke of good fortune for Obregón, the Villistas' supply of ammunition for their small arms had run low after the day's fighting. In the middle of the retreat, one of Villa's commanders defected to the Constitutionalists and opened fire on Villa's troops. By a series of good tactical decisions and considerable luck, Obregón had won the first battle of Celaya.

Aftermath
The results of the first battle were not catastrophic or conclusive for either side. Importantly, however, Villa was dealt his first major military setback as a commander. Despite that, morale among the Villistas was still high and they were prepared to re-engage the Constitutionalists. Villa was quick to place the blame for the day's defeat on his lack of ammunition and resupply. This fact, combined with his failure to maintain a reserve force and his playing into the hands of Obregón by engaging on the battleground Obregon had chosen, is a more realistic appraisal of the defeat.

Villa consulted his staff, who understood that they would need to attempt to either outmaneuver Obregón or force him out of his defensive position. According to Friedrich Katz, Villa sent a letter to Obregón asking him to abandon Celaya in the hope that civilian casualties could be avoided. Obregón declined Villa's invitation, clearly understanding Villa's real intention to deceive him into abandoning his advantageous defense position. Villa's appeal proved popular with foreigners in Celaya, who feared the damage the Villista artillery would wreak on the city.

Second battle

Preparation

Both sides resupplied to their best ability for the ensuing battle they knew would come, as neither side was going to retreat. However, ammunition was running low on both sides of the battlefield. Obregón wisely calculated that Villa would not attempt to bypass his defenses. In preparation, Obregón ordered his men to place much more barbed wire along potential Villista avenues of approach and cover the obstacles with additional machine-gun fire. Understanding the critical impact his reserve force had had earlier, Obregón ordered Gen. Cesareo Castro to lead a nearly 6,000-man cavalry force to conceal themselves in a nearby wooded area. The Villistas did not observe the force being positioned and were to be surprised by a reserve element. In addition to their military advantages, Obregón's men were emboldened by their resounding earlier defeat of the Villista forces. Villa himself was a victim of his earlier successes. He knew that his own prestige and the prestige of his army was at stake and they had to attack Obregón wherever they found him. Despite being low on ammunition, with morale dropping and at a tactical disadvantage, Villa's forces prepared to attack.

Battle

The second battle of Celaya began on April 13, 1915, with a massive frontal assault by the Villista cavalry on the Constitutionalist defensive lines. As in the first battle, the Villista cavalry was repeatedly driven back again and again by the overwhelming machine-gun fire from Obregón's trenches. The Villistas continued this tactic for nearly two days as their cavalry and infantry conducted assault after assault on the trenches, each time meeting defeat. Even after the Villista artillery attempted to weaken the enemy's defenses with artillery barrages, the defenses continued to repulse every Villista attack.

However, all was not well with Obregón's forces. After days of fighting and limited resupply, their ammunition supply was running dangerously low. So precarious was their logistical situation that Obregón wrote an urgent telegram to President Carranza on the second day of fighting on April 14, 1915: "I have the honor of telling you that the fighting has become desperate. We have no reserves of ammunition and we only have sufficient bullets to fight for a few hours more. We will undertake every effort to save the situation." After receiving the message, Carranza immediately dispatched a train loaded with munitions to Obregón at Celaya. This resupply was critical to continue the fight against Villa's massive numbers of soldiers. As Villa's troops were exhausted after nearly 48 hours of combat, Obregón sprang his reserve cavalry force from the north and counterattacked as he had done in the previous battle. With a larger, more mobile reserve force, the attack was completely devastating to the Villistas and a full retreat ensued. Obregón sealed his victory at Celaya by ordering his forces to completely drive the Villistas from the field.

Aftermath

While Villa and his senior staff had escaped, Obregón had won a nearly total victory for the Constitutionalists. Many of the Villista junior officers were not as fortunate as their senior commanders and were captured or surrendered to Obregón's forces. Obregón ordered all of the 120 officers his men had captured to be executed. In addition to capturing many of the Villistas' experienced officers, the Constitutionalists also captured thousands of small arms and ammunition, hundreds of horses and dozens of almost irreplaceable artillery pieces.

Subsequent events
Following the battle at Celaya, Obregón sent a telegram to President Carranza saying, "Fortunately, Villa led the attack personally" explaining his victory against Villa. Estimates of casualties on both sides vary widely, as Villa attempted to soften the blow of his defeat after the battle. The Battle of Celaya is referred to by some historians of the period as Pancho Villa's "Waterloo" in the sense that he was dealt a crippling military defeat. Irreparable damage was done to both his military power and his critical aura of invincibility. Further, a number of domestic and foreign observers of the revolution came to the conclusion that the Villistas were not capable of defeating the Constitutionalist army.

Militarily, the Villistas were never again as strong as they were before taking the field at Celaya in April 1915. As a result of the disastrous battle, Villa himself was forced to go on the defensive in an attempt to reorganize his forces and procure war materiel lost at Celaya. His faithful adviser Gen. Felipe Angeles argued that Villa should return to northern Mexico, where he had allies and could reconstruct the División del Norte.

Villa, displaying supreme confidence in his military judgement, decided to conduct a defensive battle at León similar to what Obregón had done at Celaya. Obregón himself continued his to pursue his destruction of Villa in the ensuing battles of the revolution. At the battle of León, Obregón lost his right arm in the fighting and nearly died.

The location of the battle of Celaya is in the immediate vicinity of the present-day city of Celaya, Guanajuato, Mexico. The site of the battlefield is currently not commemorated by any official major monument or museum. In Mexico City there is a monument to Obregón on the site where he was assassinated in 1928; until 1986, the monument contained Obregón's arm, which he lost at León, preserved in formaldehyde.

The battle of Celaya would prove to be Villa's last major contribution in the civil war as he was no longer a powerful leader. Thus, the United States began to shift their support to the victorious constitutionalists and forcing Villa to go on the run.

External links

Further reading
Atkin, Ronald. Revolution! Mexico 1910-1920. New York: John Day Company, 1970.
Clausewitz, Carl Von. On War. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1989.
Cumberland, Charles C. Mexican Revolution: The Constitutionalist Years. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press, 1972.
Gilly, Adolfo. The Mexican Revolution. New York: The New Press, 2005.
Gonzales, Michael J. The Mexican Revolution: 1910-1940. Albuquerque, New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 2002.
Hall, Linda. Alvaro Obregón: Power & Revolution in Mexico 1911-1920. College Station, Texas: Texas A&M Press, 1981.
Katz, Friedrich. The Life and Times of Pancho Villa. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998.
Krauze, Enrique. Mexico: Biography of Power. New York: HarperCollins 1997.
Machado, Manuel A. Centaur of the North: Francisco Villa, the Mexican Revolution, and Northern Mexico. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press, 1988.
Muñoz, Rafael F. Vamanos con Pancho Villa!. Mexico City: Espasa-Calpe Argentina, S.A., 1950.
Obregón, Álvaro, Ocho Mil Kilómetros en campaña: Relación de las acciones de armas efectuadas en más de veinte Estados de la República durante un período de cuatro años. Mexico City: Librería de la Vda. de Ch. Bouret, 1917

References

Celaya
1915 in Mexico
Celaya
Celaya
April 1915 events

Battle of Celaya


Ginkovnice (lat. Ginkgoales), biljni razred čiji je danas jedini živi predstavnik G. biloba, porodica ginkovke (Ginkgoaceae), dok su sve ostale porodice zastupljene od fosilnih vrsta. Ginkovnice čine samostalan razred Ginkgoopsida i diviziju Ginkgophyta.

Opis
Ginkofit je skupina golosjemenjačkih biljaka od posebnog interesa za paleobotaničare. Dva od tri roda ginkofita, Ginkgoites i Baiera, su izumrla. Treći rod, Ginkgo, ima samo jednog člana, Ginkgo biloba, koji se obično naziva stablo ginka. Poznato je i kao "drvo gospinog vlaska" ("maidenhair tree") zbog sličnosti njegovih dvousnih listova s onima kod paprati "maidenhair" (Gospin vlasak). G. biloba je možda najstarija živuća sjemenska biljka, a neki je smatraju jednim od svjetskih čuda.

Osnovne značajke
Fosilno lišće sličnog oblika i žilavosti živom ginku pronađeno je u jurskom razdoblju (prije 199,6 milijuna do 145,5 milijuna godina). Ti su fosili opisani iz geografski odvojenih područja kao što su Australija, zapad Sjeverne Amerike, Mongolija, Aljaska, Engleska i središnja Europa. Fosili se jako razlikuju po obliku i obično se opisuju kao vrste iz roda Ginkgoites. Međutim, gotovo isti stupanj varijacije u obliku lista može se naći na živom stablu ginka. Neki paleobotaničari su stoga preporučili napuštanje roda Ginkgoites i priznavanje nekoliko vrsta Ginkgo.

U fosilnim zapisima postoji jedna vrsta lista ginkofita koja se općenito smatra posebnim oblikom i daje mu generičku oznaku Baiera. List je duboko razdijeljen na četiri segmenta i nema peteljku (petiole). Nakon mezozoika, rasprostranjenost ginka postupno je opadala, a neki botaničari vjeruju da su udaljeni dijelovi jugoistočne Kine posljednja prirodna domovina "stabla gospinog vlaska". Nakon uklanjanja vanjske mesnate ovojnice sjemena, jezgra sjemena se koristi kao hrana u Kini i Japanu. Već 3000 godina ili dulje, ekstrakti lista ginka preporučuju se u kineskoj medicini kao korisni za srce i pluća. Ginko je istraživan za svoje djelovanje u liječenju astme, sindroma toksičnog šoka i raznih poremećaja cirkulacije. Osim toga, koristili su ga mnogi pojedinci za navodno poboljšanje funkcije pamćenja, što je proučavano u nadi da će se pronaći lijek ili preventiva za Alzheimerovu bolest.

Oblik i funkcija
stabljika

U zrelosti stablo ginka može doseći visinu od 20 do 30 metara (65 do 100 stopa). Mlada stabla često imaju središnje deblo s pravilnim bočnim grananjem; kod starijih stabala grananje je nepravilno.

Uočljiva značajka Ginkga je posjedovanje dugih grana i kratkih ili zakržljalih grana. Listovi se stvaraju na dugim granama tijekom proljetnog rasta. Sljedećih godina formiraju se grozdovi lišća na bočnim kratkim granama. Ginko je listopadni, a lišće nekih sorti u jesen poprimi lijepu zlatnu boju. Boja se donekle razlikuje među hortikulturnim sortama. Postoji određena plastičnost u obliku rasta u tome što kratka grana može postati duga grana ili se vrh duge grane može pretvoriti u kratku granu. Međudjelovanje između ove dvije vrste grana odgovorno je za nepravilniji oblik starijih stabala. Čini se da je grananje kontrolirano raspodjelom auksina, prirodnog biljnog hormona.

Promjeri debla starijih primjeraka ginka mogu postati veliki kao rezultat sekundarnog rasta. Vaskularni kambij stvara sekundarni floem i sekundarni ksilem (drvo) za provođenje vode i otopljenih minerala. Aktivnost rasta vaskularnog kambija održava se u deblu i dugim izbojcima i proizvodi prilično tvrdo drvo s dobro definiranim godovima rasta. Aktivnost vaskularnog kambija traje u kratkim izbojcima, ali se svake godine proizvodi samo ograničena količina mekog drva.

Lišće

Jedno od najizrazitijih obilježja G. biloba je lišće (obični zeleni list za razliku od cvjetnih listova, ljuski i brakteja) koje se sastoji od lisne peteljke i lepezaste oštrice s dihotomnim žilama ili lamine. Iako biloba (ili dvokrilac, podijeljen na dva režnja) ispravno opisuje oblik mnogih listova ginka, postoji veliki raspon varijacija u stupnju režnjeva i disekcije među listovima istog stabla. Dvousni i nerazdijeljeni listovi javljaju se na kratkim granama, dok je većina listova na gornjem dijelu dugačke grane podijeljena dubokim sinusom na dva režnja, od kojih svaki može biti dodatno režnjevit. Listovi s više režnjeva pojavljuju se i na novim granama (izbojcima) koje izlaze iz debla u razini tla.

Dihotomni uzorak žilanja na plojki lista je upečatljiva morfološka karakteristika ginka. Dva vaskularna snopa protežu se kroz peteljku i daju dva sustava dihotomno razgranatih žila. Ova vrsta žilavosti također je bila prisutna u lišću izumrlih pripadnika Ginkgoales. Takav sustav venacije često se naziva otvorenim tipom, bez venskih fuzija. Pokazalo se, međutim, da se srastanje vena može pojaviti s nekim redovitim uvjetima.

Reproduktivne strukture i funkcije

Završetak cijelog reproduktivnog ciklusa, od pojave oprašivanja do proizvodnje sjemena s dobro razvijenim embrijima, traje oko 14 mjeseci. Oprašivanje i razvoj spolne ili gametofitne faze životnog ciklusa odvija se u prvoj godini (od travnja do rujna), ali razvoj embrija nije dovršen do proljeća sljedeće godine.

Ginko je dvodomni, što znači da se strukture koje proizvode pelud i ovule proizvode na zasebnim stablima. Reproduktivne strukture ograničene su na kratke grane, gdje su vidljive u proljeće u pazušcima ljuski pupova i lišću.

Strobilus koji proizvodi pelud je labava, viseća struktura nalik mačici koja se sastoji od glavne osi na koju su pričvršćeni brojni dodaci, od kojih svaki obično nosi dva mikrosporangija na vrhu. Mejoza se događa u stanicama mikrosporangija, dajući brojne haploidne mikrospore. Diobe stanica odvijaju se unutar mikrospora, što rezultira stvaranjem petostaničnih peludnih zrnaca (muški gametofiti).

Ovuliferne strukture također nastaju u pazušcima ljuski pupova i listovima ogranaka. Svaki se sastoji od stabljike koja nosi dva ili ponekad tri ili više uspravnih ovula. Jajna stanica se sastoji od ovojnice (buduće sjemenke) koja okružuje tkivo zvano nucellus. U nucelusu se događa mejoza, što rezultira stvaranjem četiri haploidne megaspore stanice. Otprilike u to vrijeme zrnca peluda oslobađaju se iz mikrosporangija muškog drveća. Pelud (muški gametofit) nošen je strujama vjetra i prianja uz kapljicu oprašivanja koja izlazi iz mikropila na vrhu integumenta. Povlačenje kapljice dovodi peludna zrnca u peludnu komoru u nucelusu, gdje se razvijaju u višerazgranate cjevčice (muški gametofiti).

Jedna od megaspora u ovuli koja nastaje mejozom povećava se i podvrgava nizu slobodnih dioba jezgre (bez stvaranja stijenke). Nakon što se proizvede oko 8000 haploidnih jezgri, počinju se formirati stanične stijenke. Nakon što ženski gametofit postane stanični, arhegonije (obično dvije) pokreću se na površini prema mikropilarnom kraju ovule. Arhegonij se sastoji od stanica vrata i velike jajne stanice.

Bazalni kraj muškog gametofita nalik filamentu visi u šupljini iznad ženskog gametofita (koja se naziva komora za oplodnju). Spermatogena stanica muškog gametofita se dijeli, što rezultira proizvodnjom dva spermija s više bičeva. Spermatozoidi i sadržaj polenove cijevi otpuštaju se u oplodnu komoru. Spermiji plivaju u tekućini kratko vrijeme. Približno 1000 flagela pričvršćeno je na spiralnu traku na prednjem kraju. Spermij ulazi u arhegonij i stapa se s jezgrom jajeta. Ginko i cikas su jedine biljke za proizvodnju sjemena koje imaju pokretnu spermu.

Rast embrija (embriogeneza) može započeti ubrzo nakon oplodnje, ali se nastavlja nakon što sjemenke u razvoju padnu na tlo. Embrij urasta u hranjivo tkivo ženskog gametofita. Sjeme u zrelosti sastoji se od dikotilnog zametka, hranjivog tkiva ženskog gametofita i ovojnice sjemena koja se sastoji od tvrdog unutarnjeg sloja i mesnatog vanjskog sloja narančaste boje. Zbog prisutnosti maslačne kiseline, nakon raspadanja mesnati sloj ispušta miris sličan užeglom maslacu.

Klasifikacija
U ranijim sustavima klasifikacije, Ginkgo je svrstan u razred Coniferopsida, zajedno s crnogoricom (npr. bor, jela, smreka). Posljednjih godina Ginkgo i njegovi fosilni saveznici svrstani su u zasebnu skupinu, odjel Ginkgophyta (ponekad klasificiran kao razred Ginkgopsida), u znak priznanja mnogih karakteristika koje su gore navedene. Podrijetlo ranih predaka ginka proteže se u fosilnim zapisima do vremenskog koordinata s precima četinjača, ali čini se da su dvije skupine evoluirale neovisno.

Podjela
 Ginkgoaceae
 †Karkeniaceae
 †Pseudotorelliaceae
 †Schmeissneriaceae
 †Umaltolepidiaceae
 †Yimaiaceae

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Golosjemenjače
Biljne divizije
Biljni razredi
Biljni redovi

Ginkovnice


Braulio Sáez Garcia OCD (* 23. März 1942 in Quintanaloranco, Spanien) ist ein spanischer Ordensgeistlicher und emeritierter Weihbischof in Santa Cruz de la Sierra.

Leben
Braulio Sáez Garcia trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Unbeschuhten Karmeliten bei, legte die Profess am 28. März 1966 ab und empfing am 25. März 1968 die Priesterweihe.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 18. Februar 1987 zum Titularbischof von Tacapae und Weihbischof in Oruro. Der Bischof von Oruro, Julio Terrazas Sandoval CSsR, spendete ihm am 13. Mai desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Gonzalo de Jesús María del Castillo Crespo OCD, Weihbischof in La Paz, und Gonzalo López Marañón OCD, Apostolischer Vikar von San Miguel de Sucumbíos.

Am 7. November 1991 wurde er zum Bischof von Oruro ernannt. Am 11. September 2003 nahm Papst Johannes Paul II. seinen Verzicht auf das Bistum Oruro an und ernannte ihn zum Weihbischof in Santa Cruz de la Sierra und Titularbischof von Rhasus.

Papst Franziskus nahm am 12. April 2018 seinen altersbedingten Rücktritt an.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (20. Jahrhundert)
Titularbischof
Weihbischof
Karmelit (OCD)
Spanier
Geboren 1942
Mann
Person (Oruro)
Person des Christentums (Bolivien)
Römisch-katholische Kirche in Bolivien

Braulio Sáez García


Le territoire sous tutelle de la Somalie, officiellement territoire sous tutelle de la Somalie sous administration italienne est un territoire sous tutelle de l'Organisation des Nations unies, administrée par l'Italie. Sa capitale est Mogadiscio.

Créée en 1950 à la suite de la dissolution de l'administration militaire britannique, elle disparaît lors de l'indépendance de la Somalie le  juillet 1960.

Notes et références

Histoire de la Somalie
Relations entre l'Italie et la Somalie
Ancienne colonie italienne
Division administrative fondée en 1950
Division administrative disparue en 1960

Territoire sous tutelle de la Somalie


Yalan makinesi (poligraf) sorgulama sırasında insana bağlanarak yalan söyleyip söylemediğini tespit etmeye çalışan alet. Temel olarak yalan söyleyen insanın vücudundaki fizyolojik değişimleri (kan basıncı ve nabız artışı gibi) ölçerek çalışır. Backster etkisini de keşfetmiş olan Cleve Backster tarafından icat edilmiştir.

Özellikle Amerika'da büyük ölçüde kullanım alanı bulmuş, bir dönem adli delil olarak bile değerlendirilmiş, daha sonraları tarafsız uzmanların görüşleri doğrultusunda şüpheyle yaklaşılmıştır.

Sözdebilim
Adli psikoloji
Makineler
Kolluk ekipmanları
Makine
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri icatları
1902 tanıtımları

Yalan makinesi