Sezonul 1992-1993  este un sezon greu dificil complicat de grea încercare care amenința echipa cu retrogradarea, echipa nu a retrogradat totuși dar oricum a fost pe muchie de cuțit! chiar și așa lotul experimentat al echipei și cu ajutorul lui Aurel Drăgan care ajută enorm echipa și în acest sezon tocmai ca să nu retrogradeze în liga a III-a, echipa poartă tot numele de Gloria CFR Galați nume care l-a primit în sezonul 1990-1991, la capitolul antrenori în acest sezon nu va fi pregătită doar de Aurel Drăgan ci și de Ion Diaconescu dar și Claudiu Vaișcovici care deși era jucător! a prins câteva etape și ca antrenor în acest sezon!.

Echipă

Echipă

Transferuri

Sosiri

Plecări

Sezon

Seria I

Rezultate

Rezultate

Sezon intern

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|- bgcolor=white
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!width=150|Comentarii
|- bgcolor="#D0F0C0
|1
|Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț
|
 34
|
 20
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 7
|
 7
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 54
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 +24
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 47
||
 Promovare în Liga I
|-
|2
|Steaua Mizil
|
 34
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 19
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 3
|
 12
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 71
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 +31
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 41
|-
|3
|FC Argeș Pitești
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 34
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 16
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 9
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 9
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 64
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 +32
|
 41
|-
|4
|Flacăra Moreni
|
 34
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 19
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 3
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 12
|
 48
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 +41
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 41
|-
|5
|ASA Târgu Mureș
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 34
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 18
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 3
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 13
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 48
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 +40
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 39
|-
|6
|Unirea Focșani
|
 34
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 14
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 9
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 11
|
 44
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 +34
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 37
|-
|7
|Gloria Buzău
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 34
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 15
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 5
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 14
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 62
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 +55
|
 35
|-
|8
|Callatis Mangalia
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 34
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 15
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 5
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 14
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 41
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 +43
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 35
|-
|9
|Faur București
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 34
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 15
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 4
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 15
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 51
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|10
|Portul Constanța
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 15
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 4
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 15
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 57
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 +53
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 34
|-
|11
|CSM Suceava
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 34
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 14
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 6
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 14
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 44
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 +47
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 34
|-
|12
|Politehnica Iași
|
 34
|
 14
|
 3
|
 17
|
 45
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 +46
|
 31
|-
|13
|Chimia Râmnicu Vâlcea
|
 34
|
 13
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 5
|
 16
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 56
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 +62
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 31
|-
|14
|Foresta Fălticeni
|
 34
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 14
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 3
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 17
|
 37
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 +50
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 31
|-
|15
|Autobuzul București
|
 34
|
 12
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 6
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 16
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 42
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 +49
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 30
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|16
|Gloria CFR Galați
|
 34
|
 12
|
 6
|
 16
|
 39
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 +49
|
 30
|- bgcolor=#FF8888
|17
|Olt Scornicești
|
 34
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 11
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 4
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 19
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 36
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 -72
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 26
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 Retrogradare în Liga III
|-
|18
|Unirea Slobozia
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 34
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 5
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 5
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 24
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 23
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 -94
|
 15

Sezoanele echipei Dunărea Galați

Dunărea Galați în sezonul 1992-1993


Natalka Hennadiivna Bilotserkivets, en , née le  à Kuianivka dans l'oblast de Soumy, est une écrivaine, poétesse et traductrice ukrainienne.

Biographie
Natalka Bilotserkivets est née dans le village de Kuianivka près de Soumy et a fait des études de philologie  à l'université de Kiev. Elle a épousé le poète et essayiste Mykola Riabtchouk et vit à Kiev. Elle travaille comme rédactrice pour le magazine "Culture ukrainienne".

Son premier recueil de poèmes "Ballade sur les Invincibles" (Balada pro neskorenykh) a été publié en 1976, alors qu'elle était encore à l'université. Elle a également publié les recueils "Le Feu souterrain" (Підземний вогонь) en 1984 et "Novembre" (Листопад) en 1989.

Les collections "Allergie" (Алергія) en 1999 et "Hôtel central" (Готель Централь) en 2004 ont remporté les concours du Livre du mois en 2000 et 2004 respectivement.

Ses poèmes se trouvent dans l'anthologie de la poésie ukrainienne Ils sont traduits dans de nombreuses langues.

Outre la poésie, Natalka Bilotserkivets est également l'auteur d'essais littéraires critiques sur la littérature ukrainienne et étrangère, dont les œuvres de Jean-Paul Sartre, J.D. Salinger, Patrick Süskind, Herman Hesse, Youri Trifonov et Otar Tchiladzé. Elle a traduit également vers l'ukrainien, notamment des œuvres de César Vallejo et Czesław Miłosz.

Sources

Liens externes

Femme de lettres ukrainienne
Poétesse ukrainienne
Traductrice ukrainienne
Philologue ukrainien
Essayiste ukrainien
Naissance en novembre 1954
Naissance en RSS d'Ukraine
Traducteur ukrainien du XXe siècle
Traducteur ukrainien du XXIe siècle
Poète ukrainien du XXe siècle
Poète ukrainien du XXIe siècle

Natalka Bilotserkivets


بحيرة ماراكايبو أكبر بحيرة في أمريكا الجنوبية، تقع شمال غربي فنزويلا، تبلغ مساحتها 13,512 كم².

يبلغ مسطح البحيرة 13210 km² ويبلغ عمق البحيرة 50 م. البحيرة مرتبطة مع البحر الكاريبي من خلال قناة سان كارلوس ويبلغ طول القناة 75 كم وتصب قناة سان كارلوس في خليج فنزويلا، ويصب في بحيرة ماراكايبو كل من نهر: كاتاتومبو، سانتا آنا، غاما، و المياه في شمال البحيرة مالحة وفي جنوبها عذبة، و تعتبر البحيرة من أغنى المناطق بالنفط في فنزويلا وفي عام 1964م حدث تلوث كبير فيها بسبب تسرب نفط من ناقلة.

انظر أيضا

 البحر الكاريبي

مراجع

بحيرة ماراكايبو
جغرافيا زوليا
خلجان فنزويلا

بحيرة ماراكايبو


عبد الهادي بن الحاج أوانج (20 أكتوبر 1947) رئيس الحزب الإسلامي الماليزي وهو رئيس حكومة ولاية ترغكانو في ماليزيا.

التعليم
 تخرج من الجامعة الإسلامية في المدينة المنورة عام 1973،
 حصل على الماجستير في السياسة الشرعية من جامعة الأزهر عام 1975.

صدر له أكثر من عشرة كتب منها "الصراع بين الإسلام والعلمانية في ماليزيا" و"نظام الحكم في الإسلام".

النشاط السياسي
 أحد مؤسسي الحزب في ستينيات القرن الماضي
 تلقى تعليمه في المملكة العربية السعودية ثم انتقل إلى مصر؛ حيث تعرَّف على جماعة الإخوان المسلمين، وبعد عودته إلى ماليزيا واصل عمله في الحزب الإسلامي مستفيدًا مما تلقاه في مدرسة الإخوان المسلمين التي يرى أنها مدرسةٌ تربويةٌ شاملة.
 عندما خرج الحزب الإسلامي من الحكومة عام 1978، كُلفت بمهام رئيس قسم التربية للحزب فقام بتطبيق خبراته وقرأته في المدرسة الإخوانية في الحزب الإسلامي على حسب الواقع في ماليزيا
 أصبح عضواً في برلمان ترغكانو عام 1982، ثم عضواً في البرلمان المركزي لماليزيا عام 1990، ثم أصبح رئيساً لوزراء ترغكانو في أعقاب نجاحه في الانتخابات البرلمانية التي وقعت عام 1998.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 زعيم الحزب الإسلامي الماليزي يؤيد الوحدة السياسية للملايو، الجزيرة نت، 12 أغسطس 2008م
 (إخوان أون لاين) يحاور رئيس الحزب الإسلامي بماليزيا، 6 أبريل 2007م
 عبد الهادي ترغكانو: رئيس وزراء سلطنة ترغكانو في ماليزيا: ماليزيا ودول الجوار والحملة الأميركية على أفغانستان، 31 أكتوبر 2001

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من ترغكانو
أعضاء الاتحاد العالمي لعلماء المسلمين
أعضاء ديوان الرعية
إخوان مسلمون ماليزيون
خريجو الجامعة الإسلامية بالمدينة المنورة
خريجو جامعة الأزهر
دعاة ماليزيون
سياسيون ماليزيون في القرن 21
علماء دين سنة ماليزيون
علماء دين مسلمون سنة
قادة أحزاب سياسية في ماليزيا
ماليزيون من أصل ملايوي
مراقبو الإخوان المسلمين
مسلمون ماليزيون
مشاعر معادية للمسيحيون في ماليزيا
مواليد 1366 هـ
مواليد 1947
ناشطو ديمقراطية إسلاميون

عبد الهادي أوانج


Kagami in Kōchi Prefecture was the name of:
 Kagami, Kōchi (Kami), a former town in Kami District, Kōchi (now part of Kōnan, Kōchi)
 Kagami, Kōchi (Tosa), a former village in Tosa District, Kōchi (now part of Kōchi, Kōchi)

Kagami, Kōchi


ඉන්ෆුලුවෙන්සා යනු  ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා වෛරස් මගින් මිනිසාට ඇතිකරන බෝවන රෝගයයි.

රෝග ලක්‍ෂණ

මෙම රෝගය ඉතාලි බසින් ඇදී ආ  ඉන්ෆුලුවෙන්ස්   හෙවත් " බලපෑම" යන අරුත් ඇති වදනකි. මනුෂ්‍යයින් තුල මෙමගින් උණ ඇඟ සිසිල් කර වෙව්ලීම, උගුරේ කැක්කුම, ඇඟපත වේදනාව , තදබල  හිසරදය  , කැස්ස , ඇඟපත වේදනාව සහ අප්‍රානික වීම යන රෝග ලක්ෂණ ඇති කරයි. රෝගය බැරෑරුම් අවස්ථාවලදී ...... කුඩා ළමුන්ට හා වැඩිහිටියන්ට මාරාන්තික වන නියටෝනියාව ඇතිවේ. ඇතැම් අවස්ථා වලදී මෙය සාමාන්‍ය කැස්ස හෙම්බිරිස්සාව ලෙස වරදවා වටහා ගතද ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සාව යනු ඊට වඩා බරපතල, වෙනස් වූ වෛරස කාණ්ඩයක් නිසා ඇති කරන රෝගී තත්ත්වයකි.  මෙමගින් විශේෂයෙන්ම කුඩාළමුන්ට වමනය හා ඔක්කාරය ඇති කරයි. නමුත් මෙම රෝග ලක්ෂණ සාමාන්‍ය බඩේ අජීරණයක් හෝ පාචන තත්ත්වයක  ලක්ෂණ වුවද ඇතැම් අවස්ථා වලදී ආන්ත්‍රික උණ, පැය විසිහතරේ උණ, ලෙසද හැදින්වේ.

වෛරසය
ඉන්ෆුලුවෙන්සා උණ ලෙස හැඳිනවෙන කුරුල්ලන්ට හා ක්ෂීරපායින්ට වැළ‍ඳෙන ඕතොමික්සොවිරිඩේ. නම් වෛරස් වර්ගයට අයත් ආර්.එන්.ඒ. වෛරසයක් මගින් ඇති කරන

	රෝගය බෝවන්නේ ආසාදිත ක්ෂිරපායින්ගේ කැස්ස, කිවිසුම, මගින් පිටවන වෛරස රැගත් බිඳිති මගින් හා පක්ෂීන්ගේ වසුරු මගිනි. තවද ඛෙටය,  සොටු, මලපහ, හා රුධිරය මගින්ද රෝගය බෝවිය හැකිය. ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා වෛරසය මිනිස් සිරුරේ උෂ්ණත්වය සතියක් පමණද, සෙල්සියස් අංශක බිංදුවේ (320 F) දින තිහක් පමණ ඊටත් වඩා අඩු උෂ්ණත්වයක වඩා වැඩි කාලසීමාවක්ද පැවතිය හැකිය. බොෆ් ඉන්ෆිලුවෙන්සා වෛරස ඉතා පහසුවෙන් විෂබීජහරණය හා පවිත්‍රකාරකයක් මගින් විනාශ කළ හැකිය.

	රෝගය ලොවපුරා ව්‍යාප්තවන්නේ සෘතුමය වෙනස්කම් අනුවයි. මෙමගින් ලොව පුරා වසංගත අවස්ථාවන් හිදී රෝගීන් මිලියන ගණනින්ද වසංගත නොවන අවස්ථාවන්හිදී දහස් ගණනින්ද මරණයට පත්වේ. විසිවන ශතවර්ෂයේදී ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා වසංගත අවස්ථාවන් තුනක් ඇතිවු අතර එමගින් මිලියන දහයක් ජනතාව මරණයට පත්වුණි.  මෙම අවස්ථා තුනේදීම වෙන්වු  වෛරස කාණ්ඩ තුනක් මගින් රෝගය ඇතිවුනි. බොහෝවිට මෙම අළුත් වෛරස වර්‍ග මිනිසාටඇතුලුවුයේ වෙනත් සත්ව කොට්ඨාශ වලිනි. 1990 දී  H5N1 නම්වු මාරාන්තික කුරුළු වෛරසය ප්‍රභේදයක් මගින් ආසියාව පුරා ඉන්ෆුලුවෙන්සා වසංගත රෝගී තත්ත්වයක් ඇති කළ  අතර එම ගින්  මිනිස් ජීවිත ගණනාවක් බිලිගනී. නමුත් වාසනාවකට මෙන් මෙම වෛරසය මිනිසුන්  අතර පහසුවෙන් ව්‍යාප්ත වන අන්දමට ජාන විකෘත්ති වීමක් සිදුවී නොමැත.

	සංවර්ධිත රටවල් වල ජනතාවට රෝගය ඇතිවීම වැළැක්වීම සඳහා එන්නතක් හදුන්වා දී ඇත. මෙම එන්නත රෝගය ඇති වීමට වැඩි අවධානමක් ඇති අයට හා  කුරුළු ගොවි පොළෙහි කාර්යයන්හි නියුතු  වූවන්ට ලබාදේ. වඩාත් බහුලවම භාවිතා වන ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා එන්නත් වන්නේ අක්‍රිය කර පිරිසිදු කරන ලද ත්‍රිසංයුජ වෛරසයන්ගෙන් සාදන ලද්දකි.  මෙම එන්නත අන්තර්ගත වන්නේ ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා A වෛරස ප්‍රභේදB  වෛරස ප්රභේද  එකකින්වේ. එක් වසරක් සඳහා නිෂ්පාදනය කරන  ලද එන්නතක් ඊළග වසර සඳහා බලනොපවත්නේ ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා වෛරසය සීඝ්‍රලෙස කාලයක් සමගින් අළුත් ප්‍රභේදයන් ඇතිකරගන්නා බැවිනි. වෛරසය තුල පවත්නා නියුරැ මිනිඩේස් නම් එන්සයිම  අක්‍රිය කරන ඖෂධ වර්‍ග රෝගය සඳහා ප්‍රතිකාර ලෙසට භාවිතාවේ.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 හීං බිංකොහොඹ

මූලාශ්‍ර

ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා

ඉන්ෆ්ලුවෙන්සා


Tonino ist als selbstständige Verkleinerungsform von Antonio ein italienischer männlicher Vorname.

Namensträger

 Tonino Ascari (1942–2008), italienischer Autorennfahrer und Unternehmer
 Tonino Benacquista (* 1961), französischer Schriftsteller und Drehbuchautor
 Tonino Cervi (1929–2002), italienischer Regisseur, Produzent und Drehbuchautor
 Tonino De Bernardi (* 1937), italienischer Filmregisseur
 Tonino Delli Colli (1923–2005), italienischer Kameramann
 Tonino Guerra (1920–2012), italienischer Lyriker und Drehbuchautor
 Tonino Picula (* 1961), kroatischer Politiker
 Tonino Pulci (eigentlich Antonio Pulci; 1947–2012), italienischer Schauspieler, Filmregisseur und Drehbuchautor
 Tonino Ricci (1927–2014), italienischer Filmregisseur und Drehbuchautor
 Tonino Tesei (* 1961), italienischer Komponist
 Tonino Valerii (1934–2016), italienischer Filmregisseur und Drehbuchautor

Siehe auch
 Toninho

Einzelnachweise

Männlicher Vorname
Kurzform (Vorname)
Italienischer Personenname

Tonino


Marco Vélez (Carolina (Puerto Rico), Puerto Rico; 26 de julio de 1980) es un exfutbolista puertorriqueño. Jugó de defensa y se destacó en dicha posición en los Puerto Rico Islanders de la North American Soccer League.

Trayectoria

Profesional
Vélez fue seleccionado por el MetroStars en el MLS SuperDraft 2003, pero decidió firmar con Seattle Sounders de la USL First Division en vez de jugar en la Major League Soccer. Vélez jugó como delantero durante la temporada de 2003, antes de regresar a la defensa en 2004. Ayudó a Seattle Sounders de llegar a la final de la liga en 2004.

Vélez firmó con los Puerto Rico Islanders en 2005, donde anotó dos goles en 22 partidos jugando como defensor. Durante la temporada 2006, Vélez jugó un papel importante en la clasificación para la Copa de Campeones de la CONCACAF, la primera vez en la historia del equipo. Vélez fue elegido para ser el capitán del equipo.
Durante la temporada 2007, Vélez anotó un gol y una asistencia en veintisiete partidos. Sus partidos como defensor fue crucial para el avance de Puerto Rico Islanders por primera vez en la historia a las semifinales de la USL First Division.

En julio de 2007, pasó a los California Cougars de la Major Indoor Soccer League, pero nunca jugó para el equipo.

Vélez fue transferido a Toronto FC en 2008, y se convirtió en el primer jugador de Puerto Rico para participar en la Major League Soccer. Hizo su debut en la MLS el 29 de marzo de 2008 en una derrota 2-0 ante el Columbus Crew. En su primera temporada en la Major League Soccer, Vélez fue titular en todos los juegos en los que participó.

El 13 de agosto de 2009 volvió a su antiguo club, el Puerto Rico Islanders. Vélez dejó a Toronto con 38 apariciones, 31 de ellos como titular. El defensor recopilo 2.753 minutos y anotó en dos ocasiones, cuatro amonestaciones, y dos expulsiones.

Internacional
Vélez hizo su debut con la selección de fútbol de Puerto Rico en 2004, y fue nombrado capitán del equipo por el entrenador Colin Clarke en 2008. Marco Vélez llevaba alejado de las canchas desde 2012, pero no fue hasta el año 2014 que puso fin a su carrera como futbolista debido a un reemplazo de su cadera izquierda que puso fin a sus días como jugador.

Clubes

Palmarés

Campeonatos nacionales

Futbolistas de Puerto Rico
Futbolistas del Toronto FC
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol de Puerto Rico

Marco Velez


قوانين فرداي للتحليل الكهربائي قام مايكل فارداي - المعروف بإيجاده قانون الحث الكهرومغناطيسي - سنة 1834 بإيجاد قانونين فيزيائين في التحليل الكهربائي بناء على أبحاث في كيفية إنتاج الكهرباء عن طريق التجارب الكهركيمائية يحكمان العلاقة بين كتلة المادة وبين مقدار الكهرباء التي تولدها هذه المادة، أوجد فاراداي هذه القاونين عندما كان يقوم بأبحاث تدرس التغيرات الكيمائية التي تحدثها الكهرباء وكذلك في المقابل وسيلة إنتاج الكهرباء عن طريق التغيرات الكيمائية.

القوانين
القانون الأول
 كتلة المادة المتفاعلة في قطب كهربائي أثناء التحليل الكهربائي تتناسب طرديا مع كمية الكهرباء المنقولة في هذا القطب.

القانون الثاني
 لكمية معينة من الكهرباء فإن كتلة عنصر ما متفاعل عند قطب كهربائي تتناسب طرديا مع الوزن المكافئ لهذا العنصر.

الصيغة الرياضية

حيث

 m هي كتلة المادة المتفاعلة عند القطب
 Q هي كمية الشحنة الكهربية العابرة خلال المادة
 F = 96 485 C mol-1 هو ثابت فرداي
 M هي الكتلة المولية للمادة
 z معدل نقل الإلكترونات إلى عدد الأيونات.

و الجدير بالذكر أن M / z هي الوزن المكافئ للمادة.

مراجع

تحليل كهربائي
قوانين علمية
كيمياء كهربائية
معادلات كيميائية كهربائية

قوانين فرداي للتحليل الكهربائي


Atkins Jefferson "Jeff" McLemore (* 13. März 1857 bei Spring Hill, Tennessee; † 4. März 1929 in Laredo, Texas) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker. Zwischen 1915 und 1919 vertrat er den Bundesstaat Texas im US-Repräsentantenhaus.

Werdegang
Jeff McLemore besuchte sowohl öffentliche als auch private Schulen. Im Jahr 1878 zog er nach Texas, wo er als Cowboy und Zeitungsreporter arbeitete. Später war er in Colorado und in Mexiko im Bergbau tätig. Danach arbeitete er in San Antonio in der Zeitungsbranche. In den folgenden Jahren war er in den Städten Corpus Christi, Austin und Houston Zeitungsverleger. Gleichzeitig begann er als Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei eine politische Laufbahn. Zwischen 1892 und 1896 war er Abgeordneter im Repräsentantenhaus von Texas; von 1896 bis 1898 saß er im Stadtrat von Austin.

In den Jahren 1900 bis 1904 fungierte McLemore als Sekretär der Demokratischen Partei von Texas. Bei den Kongresswahlen des Jahres 1914 wurde er im 18. Wahlbezirk von Texas in das US-Repräsentantenhaus in Washington, D.C. gewählt, wo er am 4. März 1915 die Nachfolge von Hatton W. Sumners antrat. Nach einer Wiederwahl konnte er bis zum 3. März 1919 zwei Legislaturperioden im Kongress absolvieren. Diese waren von den Ereignissen des Ersten Weltkrieges geprägt. Im Jahr 1918 wurde er von seiner Partei nicht mehr zur Wiederwahl nominiert.

Nach dem Ende seiner Zeit im US-Repräsentantenhaus arbeitete McLemore wieder in der Zeitungsbranche. Im Jahr 1928 kandidierte er erfolglos für den US-Senat. Er starb am 4. März 1929 in Laredo und wurde in Austin beigesetzt.

Weblinks

Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses der Vereinigten Staaten für Texas
Mitglied des Repräsentantenhauses von Texas
Mitglied der Demokratischen Partei (Vereinigte Staaten)
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1857
Gestorben 1929
Mann

A. Jeff McLemore


Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. este o companie americană fondată în Scoția, cunoscută mai ales pentru publicarea Encyclopædia Britannica, cea mai veche enciclopedie publicată încontinuu din lume.

Istoric

Compania a fost fondată la Edinburgh, Scoția, în secolul al XVIII-lea, în contextul științifico-cultural al Iluminismului Scoțian. Un tipograf, Colin Macfarquhar, și un gravor, Andrew Bell, au format un parteneriat pentru a crea o nouă carte care să întruchipeze noul spirit al cunoașterii. William Smellie a fost angajat să redacteze lucrarea originală în trei volume, publicând câte un volum începând cu 1768.

Reputația enciclopediei a crescut în cursul publicării volumelor ulterioare.

Sears Roebuck
Ediția a 11-a a fost publicată în 1910/1911.

În 1920 marca înregistrată și drepturile de publicare au fost vândute către Sears Roebuck, care le-a deținut până în 1943, când proprietatea companiei a trecut la William Benton.

Cea de-a 12-a ediție a fost publicată în 1921/1922, iar cea de-a 13-a ediție a fost publicată în 1926. În anul 1929 a fost publicată ediția a 14-a complet revizuită.

Pe la mijlocul anilor 1930 sediul companiei a fost mutat la Chicago, Illinois, Statele Unite ale Americii, iar colectivul redacțional nu a mai fost destrămat după finalizarea unei noi ediții, ci a fost păstrat ca un departament editorial permanent, pentru a ține pasul cu dezvoltarea rapidă a cunoștințelor de la acea vreme.

Începând din 1936 a fost tipărită în fiecare an o nouă ediție a enciclopediei, care includea ultimele modificări și actualizări. În 1938 a apărut prima ediție a suplimentului Britannica Book of the Year. Acest supliment anual este publicat inclusiv în prezent.

William Benton
William Benton a publicat Encyclopædia Britannica din 1943 până la moartea sa, în 1973. Benton a achiziționat, de asemenea, compania Electrical Research Products Inc. Classroom Films pe care a redenumit-o Encyclopædia Britannica Films. După moartea văduvei lui Benton, Helen Benton, în 1974, Fundația Benton a continuat să coordoneze publicarea Encyclopædia Britannica până când a fost vândută lui Jacqui Safra în 1996.

În 1947 Britannica a lansat 10 Eventful Years, un compendiu al evenimentelor din perioada celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial în 4 volume.

În 1952 Britannica a publicat setul de referință Great Books of the Western World, un set de 54 de volume al "marilor cărți" ale culturii occidentale.

Drepturile de publicare ale Compton's Encyclopedia au fost achiziționate de Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. în 1961. Merriam-Webster Inc. a fost o subsidiară a companiei Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. din 1964.

La 9 martie 1976 Federal Trade Commission din S.U.A. a interzis companiei Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., să folosească a) practici de publicitate înșelătoare în recrutarea agenților de vânzări și realizarea unor vânzări mai mari și b) practici de vânzare înșelătoare în cadrul prezentărilor din ușă în ușă prezentări ale agenților săi de vânzări.

Jacqui Safra
Jacqui Safra a ajuns proprietar al companiei în 1996.

Sub proprietatea lui Safra, compania a întâmpinat unele probleme financiare, iar colaboratorii independenți au așteptat până la șase luni pentru a-și primi drepturile de autor și personalul nu a beneficiat ani de zile de măriri de salarii, potrivit unui raport publicat în New York Post. Măsurile de reducere a costurilor au inclus utilizarea fotografiilor fără drepturi de autor. În decembrie 2002 compania Britannica le-a spus angajaților că va mări contribuția plătită în conturile lor de pensii 401 (k), apoi le-a eliminat în totalitate. Un purtător de cuvânt al companiei a declarat: "A avut loc strângerea curelei și au fost adoptate unele reduceri de costuri, dar nu vom intra în detalii... Suntem o companie privată".

Note

Lectură suplimentară
 "Encyclopædia Britannica May Refer to 'For Sale' to Raise Capital", Portland Oregonian, 7 aprilie 1995
 Richard A. Melcher, "Dusting Off the Britannica", Business Week, 20 octombrie 1997
 Robert McHenry, "The Building of Britannica Online"
 Steve Barth, "Britannica on the Virtual Bookshelf", Knowledge Management Magazine
 Dorothy Auchter, "The Evolution of Encyclopædia Britannica", Reference Services Review 27, no. 3: 297
 Sydney Morning Herald online

Legături externe
 Site-ul companiei
 Encyclopædia Britannica Corporate, "Company History"

Encyclopædia Britannica
Fondări în 1768
Edituri din Statele Unite ale Americii

Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.


Robert Briton Selby (born March 27, 1945) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey left winger who played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto Maple Leafs, Philadelphia Flyers and St. Louis Blues from 1965 to 1971. He also played in the World Hockey Association (WHA) for the Quebec Nordiques, New England Whalers and Toronto Toros from 1972 to 1975.

Playing career
Selby started his hockey career with the Toronto Marlboros in the OHA where he played five seasons. Selby got his first taste of a championship win in 1963–64, when the Marlboros swept the Edmonton Oil Kings in 4 games to win their fourth Memorial Cup. In 1964–65, Selby was called up by the Toronto Maple Leafs to replace injured forward Ron Ellis in the NHL. He played 3 games with the Leafs, scoring 2 goals. Selby scored his first NHL goal against the New York Rangers' Jacques Plante in his first NHL game. Ellis would return and the Leafs sent Selby back down to the juniors.

The following season, Selby had a full-time roster spot with the Leafs. Selby scored a total of 27 points in his rookie season and was awarded the Calder Memorial Trophy, for best rookie of the season. His total of 27 points is the lowest scoring total by a Calder-winning forward since 1937–38. Struggling early on the next season, the Leafs sent Selby down to the minors to play with the Vancouver Canucks in the WHL. He played 15 games before injuring his leg, sidelining him out for the remainder of the year. In 1967, the NHL expanded by introducing 6 new teams. Selby was claimed by the Philadelphia Flyers in the Expansion Draft. During his first year with the Flyers, Selby set career highs in goals, assists, and points. The Flyers traded Selby back to his old team, the Maple Leafs, in 1968–69. Selby spent one season with the Leafs, before being traded again, this time to the St. Louis Blues. His stay with the Blues would be short however, as he was sent down to the minors with the Kansas City Blues.

In 1972–73, a newly formed league, the World Hockey Association was created. Selby was selected in the WHA General Player Draft by the Houston Aeros. Seeing an opportunity to jump out of the minors, Selby took it and signed on with the Aeros. Before even playing a game with the Aeros, he was immediately traded to the Quebec Nordiques. After playing only 7 games with the Nordiques, he was quickly traded to the Philadelphia Blazers, who in turn traded him to the New England Whalers. He spent 63 games with the Whalers, winning the Avco World Trophy, the WHA championship. In 1973–74, he was traded to the Toronto Toros, where he would retire.

Post-playing career
After his playing career, Selby became a history teacher at North Toronto Collegiate Institute, from which he retired in 2010.

Awards and achievements
 Memorial Cup champion in 1964
 Calder Memorial Trophy winner in 1966
 Avco World Trophy champion in 1973

Career statistics

Regular season and playoffs

References

External links

1945 births
Living people
Calder Trophy winners
Canadian ice hockey left wingers
Canadian people of English descent
Kansas City Blues (ice hockey) players
New England Whalers players
Philadelphia Flyers players
Quebec Nordiques (WHA) players
St. Louis Blues players
Ice hockey people from Kingston, Ontario
Toronto Maple Leafs players
Toronto Marlboros players
Toronto Toros players
Vancouver Canucks (WHL) players

Brit Selby


«Cuba va / Vamos subiendo la cuesta» es un sencillo oficial del cantautor chileno Ángel Parra como solista, lanzado originalmente en Chile en 1972. El lado A corresponde a una versión de la canción «Cuba va», compuesta por los cubanos Pablo Milanés, Noel Nicola y Silvio Rodríguez para el documental homónimo del director Félix Green. Esta canción apareció posteriormente en el álbum de Parra titulado Antología de la canción revolucionaria, vol. 1 (1992).

Lista de canciones

Véase también
 Cuba va

Referencias

Sencillos de 1972
Sencillos de Ángel Parra
Sencillos de Discoteca del Cantar Popular

Cuba va / Vamos subiendo la cuesta


පරණගම වලව්ව
  වෑත්තෑව, ගලගෙදර.

මහනුවර දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ ගලගෙදර ප්‍රදේශයේ පිහිටා ඇති පරණගම වලව්ව අවුරුදු 100කට පෙර ඉතිහාසයකට උරුමකම් කියනවා.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ පොලිස් උසාවියේ සිංහල භාෂාවෙන් නඩු ඇසූ ප්‍රථම ශ්‍රී ලාංකිකයා ලෙස සැලකෙන ජෝර්ජ් පරණගම මහතා වාසය කල වලව්ව මෙය වන අතර
එය ඉදි කර තිබෙන්නේ 1839 වර්ෂයේදීයි.

තවද වර්ෂ 1834 දී ඉංග්‍රීසීන්ට විරුද්ධව
අරගලයට නායකත්වය දුන්නේද මෙම වලව්වේ පරණගම අධිකාරම් හා ඔහුගේ දියණිය වූ ස්වර්ණපාලී පරණගම යන අය වේ.ඔවුන් වාසය කල පැරණි වලව්ව  1834 අරගලයේදී ඉංග්‍රීසීන් විසින් එය ගිනිබත් කර විනාස කර අැත . ඉන් පසුව මෙම නව වලව්ව ගොඩනගා අැත.

මහල් දෙකකින් සමන්විත පරණගම වලව්වේ පහල මාලයේ තිබෙන සියලුම ලක්ෂණ ඒ ආකාරයෙන්ම ඉහල මාලයේද දැක ගත හැකියි.

දෙවන මහලේ බිම සකස් කිරීමට ලී යොදා ගෙන තිබෙන අතර එම ලී අද වන විට දිරා ගොස් තිබෙනවා.

ඉතිහාසය පිලිබදව අධ්‍යනය කරන අයෙකුට වසර 100කට වඩා පැරණි කන්ද උඩරට ප්‍රභූ  පැලැන්තියේ වලව් වල වාස්තු විද්‍යාත්මක ලක්ෂණ සහ ගොඩනැගිලි තාක්ෂණය පිලිබදව මෙම පරණගම වලව්ව තුලින් අධ්‍යනය කල හැකියි.

පරණගම වලව්ව


El nengón es un género musical originario de la isla de Cuba.  Es considerado como el precursor del changüí y el son, desarrollados en el oriente de Cuba, específicamente en la provincia de Guantánamo.

Características
El nengón se caracteriza, en oposición al changüí y el son, por una mayor simplicidad en su ejecución, con pocas o ninguna síncopa. Los principales subgéneros de nengón que se dan a lo largo del  en la parte oriental de Cuba son el nengón de montuno, el nengón del cauto, el nengón serrano y el nengón de changüí.

Originalmente, era interpretado con un instrumento conocido como tingo talango, que hacía las veces de bajo.  Este instrumento de origen congolés consiste en una rama de árbol flexible que, en forma de arco, tensiona una cuerda  atada al extremo de la rama y a una piedra enterrada en el suelo.

Con el tiempo, el tingo talango fue sustituido por la marímbula y el nengón "moderno" comenzó a interpretarse con la misma instrumentación del changüi.

Fuentes y referencias

 Nengón the first form of son in Cuba (en inglés)

Música de Cuba

Nengón


An Festuca parodiana in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni St.-yves ngan Parodi, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Elisa G. Nicora. An Festuca parodiana in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca parodiana


Le fascia temporal recouvre le muscle temporal.

C'est un revêtement solide et fibreux, recouvert latéralement par les muscles auriculaires antérieur et supérieur, par l'aponévrose épicrânienne et par une partie du muscle orbiculaire de l'œil.

Les vaisseaux temporaux superficiels et le nerf auriculo-temporal le traversent de bas en haut.

Supérieurement, c'est une couche unique, attachée à toute l'étendue de la ligne temporale supérieure.

En bas il se divise en deux couches qui s'insèrent sur les deux lèvres de l'arcade zygomatique.

Entre ces deux couches se trouvent une peu de tissu graisseux, la branche orbitaire de l'artère temporale superficielle, et un filament de la branche zygomatique du nerf maxillaire,

Sa surface profonde permet l'insertion des fibres superficielles du muscle temporal.

Le fascia parotidien prolonge le fascia temporal.

Notes et références

Crâne

Fascia temporal


The events in India during 1970

Incumbents

Union Government
 President of India – V. V. Giri
 Prime Minister of India – Indira Gandhi
 Vice President of India – Gopal Swarup Pathak
 Chief Justice of India – Mohammad Hidayatullah (until 16 December), Jayantilal Chhotalal Shah (starting 17 December)

States: Governors
 Andhra Pradesh – Khandubhai Kasanji Desai
 Assam – Braj Kumar Nehru
 Bihar – Nityanand Kanungo
 Gujarat – Shriman Narayan
 Haryana – Birendra Narayan Chakraborty
 Jammu and Kashmir – Bhagwan Sahay
 Karnataka – Gopal Swarup Pathak
 Kerala – V. Viswanathan
 Madhya Pradesh – K. Chengalaraya Reddy
 Maharashtra – P V Cherian
 Meghalaya – Braj Kumar Nehru
 Nagaland – B.K. Nehru
 Odisha – Shaukatullah Shah Ansari
 Punjab – Dadappa Chintappa Pavate
 Rajasthan – Sardar Hukam Singh
 Tamil Nadu – Sardar Ujjal Singh
 Uttar Pradesh – Bezawada Gopala Reddy
 West Bengal – Shanti Swaroop Dhavan

Events
 National income - 468,169 million
 21 January - A state transport bus was torched by Communist Party of India (Marxist) workers at Chavassery, Kannur district killing four passengers.
 4 March – New Pimpri-Chinchwad Municipal Corporation formed in the state of Maharashtra
 7 September – Maharashtra Pollution Control Board is established under the provisions of Maharashtra Prevention of Water Pollution Act, 1969.
 17 September - 1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election in which Communist Party of India and Indian National Congress contested as a United Front against a Communist Party of India (Marxist) led coalition were held.
 31 October - Mangalore Mail crashes into a stationary Cochin Mail at 8:10 p.m. (IST) at the Perambur station, Chennai, killing 16 and injuring 108.
 Bajaj Auto rolls out its 100,000th vehicle.

Births

January to June
29 January – Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore, politician and Olympic medalist
21 February – Karunas, comedian-actor.
21 March – Shobana, actress and dancer.
16 April – Mukesh Kumar, field hockey player.
26 April  Saranya Ponvannan, actress.
18 May  Rekha Josephine, actress.
1 June  R. Madhavan, actor.
18 June  Arvind Swamy, actor.
19 June – Rahul Gandhi, Indian politician and leader of the Indian National Congress.

July to December
9 July – Neil Nongkynrih, pianist and conductor (d. 2022)
19 July – P. Amudha, IAS officer
21 July – Siddhartha Mukherjee, biologist
22 July – Devendra Fadnavis, Politician, 18th chief minister of Maharashtra.
6 August – M. Night Shyamalan, Indian American writer -director.
16 August
Saif Ali Khan, actor.
Manisha Koirala, actress.

15 September  Ramya Krishnan, actress.
29 September  Khushbu, actress and politician.
10 October – Ali, actor.
17 October – Anil Kumble, cricketer.
17 October – Aadukalam Naren, actor.
27 November – Thirumal Valavan, field hockey player.
12 December – Cheran, director and actor.
20 December – Sohail Khan, actor, producer and director.
25 December – Rajesh Singh Adhikari, Indian military officer. (d. 1999)
28 December – Sajid Khan, actor.

Deaths

24 June – Sawai Man Singh II of Jaipur, last ruling Maharaja of Jaipur (b. 1911).
24 July – Peter de Noronha, businessman, philanthropist and civil servant (b. 1897).
21 November – C. V. Raman, physicist, awarded the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics (b. 1888).

See also
 Bollywood films of 1970

References

India
Years of the 20th century in India
1970s in India

India

1970 in India


Esta é a lista de prefeitos de Itaú, município brasileiro do estado do Rio Grande do Norte.

I
Itaú (Rio Grande do Norte)

Lista de prefeitos de Itaú (Rio Grande do Norte)


La statue-menhir est une statue-menhir appartenant au groupe rouergat découverte à Mounes-Prohencoux, dans le département de l'Aveyron en France.

Description
Elle a été découverte en 1983 par Michel Maillé lors de travaux agricoles au lieu-dit les Vignals sur un replat dominant la vallée du Rance. Elle a été sculptée et gravée sur une dalle de grès permien d'origine locale. Elle mesure  de hauteur sur  de largeur et  d'épaisseur.

La statue est complète mais elle a été partiellement endommagée par des instruments aratoires. Le visage est complet (yeux, nez, tatouages). Les deux bras et la jambe gauche sont visibles. Les mains sont posées près des seins. C'est une statue-menhir qui a changé de sexe : féminine à l'origine, comme l'indique la chevelure au verso, elle a été masculinisée par le rajout d'un baudrier, de « l'objet » et d'une hache au niveau du cœur. Les attributs féminins ont été sculptés alors que les attributs masculins ont été gravés. C'est le seul exemple connu de masculinisation, tous les autres changements de sexe connus s'étant fait dans le sens d'une féminisation. C'est aussi la seule statue féminine à avoir les jambes jointes.

Notes et références

Annexes

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Sites mégalithiques de l'Aveyron
 Liste des statues-menhirs de France

Vignals
Site mégalithique dans l'Aveyron

Statue-menhir des Vignals


Blake Govers est un joueur de hockey sur gazon australien qui joue comme attaquant pour la NSW Pride dans la Hockey One League et l'équipe nationale australienne.

Il est le frère cadet de l'ancien joueur de hockey international Kieran Govers. Il entraîne un groupe de jeunes athlètes féminines au Southern River Hockey Club, basé dans le sud de Perth, WA.

Carrière internationale
Il a participé au tournoi masculin aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016 et à la Coupe du monde masculine de hockey sur gazon 2018. Lors de la Coupe du monde 2018, il a été le co-meilleur buteur avec sept buts. Il a été le meilleur buteur de la ligue professionnelle 2019 puisqu'il a marqué 12 buts en 14 matches pour l'Australie. En décembre 2019, il a été nominé pour le prix du meilleur jeune joueur de l'année.

Carrière en club
Au cours de la saison 2014-2015, Govers a joué pour le Wimbledon Hockey Club en Angleterre, où il a marqué cinq buts lors de la finale du championnat. Il a également joué aux Pays-Bas pour HC Bloemendaal lors de la saison 2016-2017.

Références

Liens externes

Naissance en juillet 1996
Joueur australien de hockey sur gazon
Médaillé d'argent olympique australien
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance à Wollongong

Blake Govers


Fagiano Okayama (ファジアーノ岡山), er en japansk professionel fodboldklub, baseret i byen Okayama i Okayama-præfekturet, og de spiller i J2 League.

Historiske slutplaceringer

Nuværende trup
Pr. 10. september 2019.

Noter

Eksterne henvisninger
 J.League

Fodboldklubber i Japan

Fagiano Okayama


Wilhelm Hegeler (født 25. februar 1870 i Varel i Oldenborg, død 8. oktober 1943 i Irschenhausen) var en tysk forfatter.

Han studerede først jura, blev derpå efter adskillige rejser forfatter og bosatte sig i München, Berlin og siden 1905 i Weimar. Han debuterede 1893 med romanen Mutter Bertha, har senere blandt andet udgivet romanerne Sonnige Tage, Ingenieur Horstmann (oversat på dansk), Das Aergerniss og flere andre. Han har udviklet sig til en livfuld og underholdende fortæller, ofte med et udpræget satirisk element. Fra hans hånd foreligger også en studie over Heinrich von Kleist (1905) og satiren Des Königs Erziehung (1911). Blandt hans senere romaner kmå nævnes Die Leidenschaft des Hofrats Horn (1914) og Der verschüttede Mensch (1924).

Værker
 Mutter Bertha, Berlin 1893
 Und alles um die Liebe, Berlin 1894
 Pygmalion, Berlin 1898
 Sonnige Tage, Berlin 1898
 Nellys Millionen, Berlin 1899
 Ingenieur Horstmann, Berlin 1900
 Pastor Klinghammer, Berlin 1903
 Kleist, Berlin [u.a.] 1904
 Flammen, Berlin 1905
 Pietro der Korsar und die Jüdin Cheirinca, Berlin 1906
 Das Ärgernis, Berlin 1908
 Die frohe Botschaft, Stuttgart [u.a.] 1910
 Den Himmel über mir und unter mir die Wellen, Berlin 1911
 Des Königs Erziehung, Stuttgart 1911
 Der Mut zum Glück, Berlin [u.a.] 1911
 Eros, Berlin 1913
 Tiefurt, Weimar 1913
 Die Leidenschaft des Hofrat Horn, Berlin 1914
 Die goldene Kette, Berlin [u.a.] 1915
 Bei unseren Blaujacken und Feldgrauen, Berlin 1916
 Der Siegeszug durch Serbien, Berlin 1916
 Zwei Freunde, Stuttgart [u.a.] 1921
 Der verschüttete Mensch, Stuttgart [u.a.] 1922
 Otto der Schmied, Berlin 1923
 Der Apfel der Elisabeth Hoff, Stuttgart 1925
 Das Gerücht und andere Erzählungen, Berlin 1926
 Die zwei Frauen des Valentin Key, Stuttgart 1927
 Goya und die Bucklige, Leipzig 1928
 Der Zinsgroschen, Hamburg 1928
 Das Wunder von Belair, Hamburg [u.a.] 1931
 Der innere Befehl. Ein Yorck-Roman, Universitas Deutsche Verlags-Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin  1936; erschien im selben Jahr unter dem Titel: Die Entscheidung. Roman aus dem Schicksalsjahre 1812 im Wegweiser-Verlag, Berlin
 Das Gewitter, Leipzig 1939
 Das Kastenmännchen, Prag [u.a.] 1943

Litteratur

 Carl Behrens:

Romanforfattere fra Tyskland
Tysksprogede forfattere
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet

Wilhelm Hegeler


Ivan Luka Garanjin (Trogir, 5. ožujka 1764. – Trogir, 2. ožujka 1841.), hrvatski gospodarstveni stručnjak, kulturni djelatnik, gospodarstvenik i arheolog. Iz hrvatske plemićke obitelji Garagnin.

Unaprijeđivao poljodjelstvo, stočarstvo i stočarstvo u Dalmaciji. Imao lapidarij. Osnovao privatni botanički vrt, na uzornom posjedu kod Trogira. Ondje je izvodio znanstvene pokuse. Jedan od najuglednijih fiziokrata u Hrvata. Napisao djelo Ekonomsko-politička razmišljanja u Dalmaciji (1806.), gdje je prikazao gospodarske (ne)prilike u Dalmaciji i predložio kako reformirati.  dao je prijedloge za reformu prilika u Dalmaciji s kritičkim prikazom tadašnjega stanja. Suosnivač katštelansko-trogirske gospodarske akademije.
Aktivan i na arheološkom polju. Otkupio arheološke predmete iz Solina, prvi sustavno iskapao Salonu te je otkrio temelje i dio amfiteatra. Pridonio obiteljskoj knjižnici Garanjin-Fanfogna u Trogiru.

Izvori

Životopisi, Trogir
Hrvatski ekonomisti
Hrvatski arheolozi
Garanjin

Ivan Luka Garanjin (gospodarstveni stručnjak)


Timaeus (; , ) is one of Plato's dialogues, mostly in the form of long monologues given by Critias and Timaeus, written  360 BC. The work puts forward reasoning on the possible nature of the physical world and human beings and is followed by the dialogue Critias.

Participants in the dialogue include Socrates, Timaeus, Hermocrates, and Critias. Some scholars believe that it is not the Critias of the Thirty Tyrants who appears in this dialogue, but his grandfather, who is also named Critias. It has been suggested from some traditions (Diogenes Laertius (VIII 85) from Hermippus of Smyrna (3rd century BC) and Timon of Phlius ( 320 –  235 BC) that Timaeus was influenced by a book about Pythagoras, written by Philolaus, although this assertion is generally considered false.

Introduction

The dialogue takes place the day after Socrates described his ideal state. In Plato's works, such a discussion occurs in the Republic. Socrates feels that his description of the ideal state was not sufficient for the purposes of entertainment and that "I would be glad to hear some account of it engaging in transactions with other states" (19b).

Hermocrates wishes to oblige Socrates and mentions that Critias knows just the account (20b) to do so. Critias proceeds to tell the story of Solon's journey to Egypt where he hears the story of Atlantis, and how Athens used to be an ideal state that subsequently waged war against Atlantis (25a). Critias believes that he is getting ahead of himself, and mentions that Timaeus will tell part of the account from the origin of the universe to man.

Critias also cites the Egyptian priest in Sais about long-term factors on the fate of mankind:There have been, and will be again, many destructions of mankind arising out of many causes; the greatest have been brought about by the agencies of fire and water, and other lesser ones by innumerable other causes. There is a story that even you [Greeks] have preserved, that once upon a time, Phaethon, the son of Helios, having yoked the steeds in his father's chariot, because he was not able to drive them in the path of his father, burnt up all that was upon the earth, and was himself destroyed by a thunderbolt. Now this has the form of a myth, but really signifies a declination of the bodies moving in the heavens around the earth, and a great conflagration of things upon the earth, which recurs after long intervals.

The history of Atlantis is postponed to Critias. The main content of the dialogue, the exposition by Timaeus, follows.

Synopsis of Timaeus' account

Nature of the physical world

Timaeus begins with a distinction between the physical world, and the eternal world. The physical one is the world which changes and perishes: therefore it is the object of opinion and unreasoned sensation. The eternal one never changes: therefore it is apprehended by reason (28a).

The speeches about the two worlds are conditioned by the different nature of their objects. Indeed, "a description of what is changeless, fixed and clearly intelligible will be changeless and fixed," (29b), while a description of what changes and is likely, will also change and be just likely. "As being is to becoming, so is truth to belief" (29c). Therefore, in a description of the physical world, one "should not look for anything more than a likely story" (29d).

Timaeus suggests that since nothing "becomes or changes" without cause, then the cause of the universe must be a demiurge or a god, a figure Timaeus refers to as the father and maker of the universe. And since the universe is fair, the demiurge must have looked to the eternal model to make it, and not to the perishable one (29a). Hence, using the eternal and perfect world of "forms" or ideals as a template, he set about creating our world, which formerly only existed in a state of disorder.

Purpose of the universe
Timaeus continues with an explanation of the creation of the universe, which he ascribes to the handiwork of a divine craftsman. The demiurge, being good, wanted there to be as much good as was the world. The demiurge is said to bring order out of substance by imitating an unchanging and eternal model (paradigm). The ananke, often translated as 'necessity', was the only other co-existent element or presence in Plato's cosmogony. Later Platonists clarified that the eternal model existed in the mind of the demiurge.

Properties of the universe

Timaeus describes the substance as a lack of homogeneity or balance, in which the four elements (earth, air, fire and water) were shapeless, mixed and in constant motion. Considering that order is favourable over disorder, the essential act of the creator was to bring order and clarity to this substance. Therefore, all the properties of the world are to be explained by the demiurge's choice of what is fair and good; or, the idea of a dichotomy between good and evil.

First of all, the world is a living creature. Since the unintelligent creatures are in their appearance less fair than intelligent creatures, and since intelligence needs to be settled in a soul, the demiurge "put intelligence in soul, and soul in body" in order to make a living and intelligent whole. "Wherefore, using the language of probability, we may say that the world became a living creature truly endowed with soul and intelligence by the providence of God" (30a-b).

Then, since the part is imperfect compared to the whole, the world had to be one and only. Therefore, the demiurge did not create several worlds, but a single unique world (31b). Additionally, because the demiurge wanted his creation to be a perfect imitation of the Eternal "One" (the source of all other emanations), there was no need to create more than one world.

The creator decided also to make the perceptible body of the universe by four elements, in order to render it proportioned. Indeed, in addition to fire and earth, which make bodies visible and solid, a third element was required as a mean: "two things cannot be rightly put together without a third; there must be some bond of union between them". Moreover, since the world is not a surface but a solid, a fourth mean was needed to reach harmony: therefore, the creator placed water and air between fire and earth. "And for these reasons, and out of such elements which are in number four, the body of the world was created, and it was harmonised by proportion" (31-33).

As for the figure, the demiurge created the world in the geometric form of a globe. Indeed, the round figure is the most perfect one, because it comprehends or averages all the other figures and it is the most omnimorphic of all figures: "he [the demiurge] considered that the like is infinitely fairer than the unlike" (33b).

The creator assigned then to the world a rotatory or circular movement, which is the "most appropriate to mind and intelligence" on account of its being the most uniform (34a).

Finally, he created the soul of the world, placed that soul in the center of the world's body and diffused it in every direction. Having thus been created as a perfect, self-sufficient and intelligent being, the world is a god (34b).

The creation of the world-soul
Timaeus then explains how the soul of the world was created (Plato's following discussion is obscure, and almost certainly intended to be read in light of the Sophist). The demiurge combined three elements: two varieties of Sameness (one indivisible and another divisible), two varieties of Difference (again, one indivisible and another divisible), and two types of Being (or Existence, once more, one indivisible and another divisible). From this emerged three compound substances, intermediate (or mixed) Being, intermediate Sameness, and intermediate Difference. From this compound one final substance resulted, the world-soul. He then divided following precise mathematical proportions, cutting the compound lengthways, fixed the resulting two bands in their middle, like in the letter Χ (chi), and connected them at their ends, to have two crossing circles. The demiurge imparted on them a circular movement on their axis: the outer circle was assigned Sameness and turned horizontally to the right, while the inner circle was assigned to Difference and turned diagonally and to the left (34c-36c).

The demiurge gave the primacy to the motion of Sameness and left it undivided; but he divided the motion of Difference in six parts, to have seven unequal circles. He prescribed these circles to move in opposite directions, three of them with equal speeds, the others with unequal speeds, but always in proportion. These circles are the orbits of the heavenly bodies: the three moving at equal speeds are the Sun, Venus and Mercury, while the four moving at unequal speeds are the Moon, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn (36c-d). The complicated pattern of these movements is bound to be repeated again after a period called a 'complete' or 'perfect' year (39d).

Then, the demiurge connected the body and the soul of the universe: he diffused the soul from the center of the body to its extremities in every direction, allowing the invisible soul to envelop the visible body. The soul began to rotate and this was the beginning of its eternal and rational life (36e).

Therefore, having been composed by Sameness, Difference and Existence (their mean), and formed in right proportions, the soul declares the sameness or difference of every object it meets: when it is a sensible object, the inner circle of the Diverse transmit its movement to the soul, where opinions arise, but when it is an intellectual object, the circle of the Same turns perfectly round and true knowledge arises (37a-c).

The world as a whole, the planets, and the stars are living, visible gods (39e) that have an important role in creating human beings and regulating their moral life (41d).

The elements
Timaeus claims that the minute particle of each element had a special geometric shape: tetrahedron (fire), octahedron (air), icosahedron (water), and cube (earth).

Timaeus makes conjectures on the composition of the four elements which some ancient Greeks thought constituted the physical universe: earth, water, air, and fire. Timaeus links each of these elements to a certain Platonic solid: the element of earth would be a cube, of air an octahedron, of water an icosahedron, and of fire a tetrahedron. Each of these perfect polyhedra would be in turn composed of triangular faces the 30-60-90 and the 45-45-90 triangles. The faces of each element could be broken down into its component right-angled triangles, either isosceles or scalene, which could then be put together to form all of physical matter. Particular characteristics of matter, such as water's capacity to extinguish fire, was then related to shape and size of the constituent triangles. The fifth element (i.e. Platonic solid) was the dodecahedron, whose faces are not triangular, and which was taken to represent the shape of the Universe as a whole, possibly because of all the elements it most approximates a sphere, which Timaeus has already noted was the shape into which God had formed the Universe.

The extensive final part of the dialogue addresses the creation of humans, including the soul, anatomy, perception, and transmigration of the soul. Plato also discusses the creation of the body, as well as the causes of bodily and psychic diseases.

Later influence

The Timaeus was translated into Latin first by Marcus Tullius Cicero around 45 BC (sections 27d–47b), and later by Calcidius in the 4th century AD (up to section 53c). Cicero's fragmentary translation was highly influential in late antiquity, especially on Latin-speaking Church Fathers such as Saint Augustine who did not appear to have access to the original Greek dialogue. The manuscript production and preservation of Cicero's Timaeus (among many other Latin philosophical works) is largely due to the works of monastic scholars, especially at Corbie in North-East France during the Carolingian Period.

Calcidius' more extensive translation of the Timaeus had a strong influence on medieval Neoplatonic cosmology and was commented on particularly by 12th-century Christian philosophers of the Chartres School, such as Thierry of Chartres and William of Conches, who, interpreting it in the light of the Christian faith, understood the dialogue to refer to a creatio ex nihilo. Calcidius himself never explicitly linked the Platonic creation myth in the Timaeus with the Old Testament creation story in Genesis in his commentary on the dialogue.

The dialogue was also highly influential in Arabic-speaking regions beginning in the 10th century AD. The Catalogue (fihrist) of Ibn al-Nadīm provides some evidence for an early translation by Ibn al-Bitriq (Al-Kindī's circle). It is believed that the Syrian Nestorian Christian Hunayn ibn Ishaq (809–873 AD) corrected this translation or translated the entire work himself. However, only the circulation of many exegeses of Timaeus is confirmed. There is also evidence of Galen's commentary on the dialogue being highly influential in the Arabic-speaking world, with Galen's Synopsis being preserved in a medieval Arabic translation.

In his introduction to Plato's Dialogues, 19th-century translator Benjamin Jowett argues that "Of all the writings of Plato, the Timaeus is the most obscure and repulsive to the modern reader."

See also
 Critias (dialogue)
 Sophist
 Statesman
 Philebus
Proclus
Marcus Tullius Cicero
Calcidius
Augustine
 Johannes Kepler
 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
 Plotinus
 Esoteric cosmology
 Khôra
 Religious cosmology
 Creation myth
 Teleological argument

Notes

Bibliography
 Bartninkas, V. (2023). Traditional and Cosmic Gods in Later Plato and the Early Academy Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Broadie, S. (2012). Nature and Divinity in Plato's Timaeus. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge Univ. Press.
Campbell, Douglas R. "The Soul's Tomb: Plato on the Body as the Cause of Psychic Disorders," Apeiron 55 (1): 119-139. 2022.

 Gregory, A. (2000). Plato's Philosophy of Science. London: Duckworth.

 Lennox, J. (1985). "Plato's Unnatural Teleology." In Platonic Investigations. Edited by D. J. O'Meara, 195–218. Studies in Philosophy and the History of Philosophy 13. Washington, DC: Catholic Univ. of America Press.
Johansen, Thomas. 2004. Plato's Natural Philosophy: A Study of the Timaeus-Critias. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Miller, Harold W. "The Aetiology of Disease in Plato's Timaeus," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association
 Mohr, R. D., and B. M. Sattler, eds. (2010). One Book, the Whole Universe: Plato's Timaeus Today. Las Vegas, NV: Parmenides.
 Morgan, K. A. (1998). "Designer History: Plato's Atlantis Story and Fourth-Century Ideology". Journal of Hellenic Studies 118:101–118.
 Morrow, G. R. 1950. "Necessity and Persuasion in Plato's Timaeus." Philosophical Review 59.2: 147–163.

 Osborne, C. (1996). "Space, Time, Shape, and Direction: Creative Discourse in the Timaeus." In Form and Argument in Late Plato. Edited by C. Gill and M. M. McCabe, 179–211. Oxford: Clarendon.
 Pears, Colin David. (2015-2016). "Congruency and Evil in Plato's Timaeus." The Review of Metaphysics: A Philosophical Quarterly 69.1: 93–113.
 Reydams-Schils, G. J. ed. (2003). Plato's Timaeus as Cultural Icon. Notre Dame, IN: Univ. of Notre Dame Press.

 Slaveva-Griffin, Svetla. (2005). "'A Feast of Speeches': Form and Content in Plato's Timaeus." Hermes 133.3: 312–327.

External links

Greek text at Perseus
Greek text at Greek Wikisource

Project Gutenberg edition (includes Benjamin Jowett's introduction)
R. G. Bury translation at Perseus
York University edition
Bilingual Edition of Plato's Timaeus in English and Greek side by side

Digby 23 Project at Baylor University

Dialogues of Plato
Books about Atlantis
Physical cosmology
Ancient Greek physics
Historical physics publications
Metaphysics literature

Timaeus (dialogue)


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El Abierto de Estados Unidos 1971 es un torneo de tenis disputado en superficie dura, siendo el cuarto y último torneo del Grand Slam del año.

Finales

Senior

Individuales masculinos

 Stan Smith vence a  Jan Kodeš, 3–6, 6–3, 6–2, 7–6.

Individuales femeninos

 Billie Jean King vence a  Rosemary Casals, 6–4, 7–6.

Dobles masculinos

 John Newcombe /  Roger Taylor vencen a  Stan Smith /  Erik van Dillen, 6–7, 6–3, 7–6, 4–6, 7–6.

Dobles femeninos

 Rosemary Casals /  Judy Tegart Dalton vencen a  Gail Chanfreau /  Françoise Durr, 6–3, 6–3.

Dobles mixtos

 Billie Jean King /  Owen Davidson vencen a  Betty Stöve /  Robert Maud, 6–3, 7–5.

Junior

Individuales masculinos
El torneo comenzó en 1973.

Individuales femeninos
El torneo comenzó en 1974.

Dobles masculinos
El torneo comenzó en 1982.

Dobles femeninos
El torneo comenzó en 1982.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial

Abierto de Estados Unidos 1971

Abierto de Estados Unidos 1971


An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. An exotoxin can cause damage to the host by destroying cells or disrupting normal cellular metabolism. They are highly potent and can cause major damage to the host. Exotoxins may be secreted, or, similar to endotoxins, may be released during lysis of the cell. Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote process of membrane vesicle trafficking, which is quite active at the host–pathogen interface.

They may exert their effect locally or produce systemic effects. Well-known exotoxins include: botulinum toxin produced by Clostridium botulinum; Corynebacterium diphtheriae toxin, produced during life-threatening symptoms of diphtheria; tetanospasmin produced by Clostridium tetani. The toxic properties of most exotoxins can be inactivated by heat or chemical treatment to produce a toxoid. These retain their antigenic specificity and can be used to produce antitoxins and, in the case of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, are used as vaccines.

Exotoxins are susceptible to antibodies produced by the immune system, but some exotoxins are so toxic that they may be fatal to the host before the immune system has a chance to mount defenses against them. In such cases, antitoxin, anti-serum containing antibodies, can sometimes be injected to provide passive immunity.

Types

Many exotoxins have been categorized. This classification, while fairly exhaustive, is not the only system used. Other systems for classifying or identifying toxins include:

 By organism generating the toxin
 By organism susceptible to the toxin
 By secretion system used to release the toxin (for example, toxic effectors of type VI secretion system)
 By tissue target type susceptible to the toxin (neurotoxins affect the nervous system, cardiotoxins affect the heart, etc.)
 By structure (for example, AB5 toxin)
 By domain architecture of the toxin (for example, polymorphic toxins)
 By the ability of the toxin to endure in hostile environments, such as heat, dryness, radiation, or salinity. In this context, "labile" implies susceptibility, and "stable" implies a lack of susceptibility.
 By a letter, such as "A", "B", or "C", to communicate the order in which they were identified.

The same exotoxin may have different names, depending on the field of research.

Type I: cell surface-active

Type I toxins bind to a receptor on the cell surface and stimulate intracellular signaling pathways.  Two examples are described below.

Superantigens

Superantigens are produced by several bacteria.  The best-characterized superantigens are those produced by the strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes that cause toxic shock syndrome.  Superantigens bridge the MHC class II protein on antigen-presenting cells with the T-cell receptor on the surface of T cells with a particular Vβ chain. As a consequence, up to 50% of all T cells are activated, leading to massive secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, which produce the symptoms of toxic shock.

Heat-stable enterotoxins

Some strains of E. coli produce heat-stable enterotoxins (ST), which are small peptides that are able to withstand heat treatment at 100 °C.  Different STs recognize distinct receptors on the cell surface and thereby affect different intracellular signaling pathways.  For example, STa enterotoxins bind and activate membrane-bound guanylate cyclase, which leads to the intracellular accumulation of cyclic GMP and downstream effects on several signaling pathways.  These events lead to the loss of electrolytes and water from intestinal cells.

Type II: membrane damaging

Membrane-damaging toxins exhibit hemolysin or cytolysin activity in vitro.  However, induction of cell lysis may not be the primary function of the toxins during infection.  At low concentrations of toxin, more subtle effects such as modulation of host cell signal transduction may be observed in the absence of cell lysis. Membrane-damaging toxins can be divided into two categories, the channel-forming toxins and toxins that function as enzymes that act on the membrane.

Channel-forming toxins

Most channel-forming toxins, which form pores in the target cell membrane, can be classified into two families: the cholesterol-dependent toxins and the RTX toxins.

 Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins

Formation of pores by cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDC) requires the presence of cholesterol in the target cell.  The size of the pores formed by members of this family is extremely large: 25-30 nm in diameter. All CDCs are secreted by the type II secretion system; the exception is pneumolysin, which is released from the cytoplasm of Streptococcus pneumoniae when the bacteria lyse.

The CDCs Streptococcus pneumoniae Pneumolysin, Clostridium perfringens perfringolysin O, and Listeria monocytogenes listeriolysin O cause specific modifications of histones in the host cell nucleus, resulting in down-regulation of several genes that encode proteins involved in the inflammatory response. Histone modification does not involve the pore-forming activity of the CDCs.

 RTX toxins

RTX toxins can be identified by the presence of a specific tandemly repeated nine-amino acid residue sequence in the protein.  The prototype member of the RTX toxin family is haemolysin A (HlyA) of E. coli. RTX is also found in Legionella pneumophila.

Enzymatically active toxins

One example is the α toxin of C. perfringens, which causes gas gangrene; α toxin has phospholipase activity.

Type III: intracellular
Type III exotoxins can be classified by their mode of entry into the cell, or by their mechanism once inside.

By mode of entry
Intracellular toxins must be able to gain access to the cytoplasm of the target cell to exert their effects.

 Some bacteria deliver toxins directly from their cytoplasm to the cytoplasm of the target cell through a needle-like structure.  The effector proteins injected by the type III secretion apparatus of Yersinia into target cells are one example.
 Another group of intracellular toxins is the AB toxins.  The 'B'-subunit (binding) attaches to target regions on cell membranes, the 'A'-subunit (active) enters through the membrane and possesses enzymatic function that affects internal cellular bio-mechanisms. A common example of this A-subunit activity is called ADP-ribosylation in which the A-subunit catalyzes the addition of an ADP-ribose group onto specific residues on a protein.  The structure of these toxins allows for the development of specific vaccines and treatments. Certain compounds can be attached to the B unit, which is not, in general, harmful, which the body learns to recognize, and which elicits an immune response. This allows the body to detect the harmful toxin if it is encountered later, and to eliminate it before it can cause harm to the host. Toxins of this type include cholera toxin, pertussis toxin, Shiga toxin and heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli.

By mechanism

Once in the cell, many of the exotoxins act at the eukaryotic ribosomes (especially 60S), as protein synthesis inhibitors. (Ribosome structure is one of the most important differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes, and, in a sense, these exotoxins are the bacterial equivalent of antibiotics such as clindamycin.)

 Some exotoxins act directly at the ribosome to inhibit protein synthesis. An example is Shiga toxin.
 Other toxins act at elongation factor-2. In the case of the diphtheria toxin, EF2 is ADP-ribosylated and becomes unable to participate in protein elongation, and, so, the cell dies. Pseudomonas exotoxin has a similar action.

Other intracellular toxins do not directly inhibit protein synthesis.
 For example, Cholera toxin ADP-ribosylates, thereby activating tissue adenylate cyclase to increase the concentration of cAMP, which causes the movement of massive amounts of fluid and electrolytes from the lining of the small intestine and results in life-threatening diarrhea.
 Another example is Pertussis toxin.

Extracellular matrix damage

These "toxins" allow the further spread of bacteria and, as a consequence, deeper tissue infections.  Examples are hyaluronidase and collagenase. These molecules, however, are enzymes that are secreted by a variety of organisms and are not usually considered toxins. They are often referred to as virulence factors, since they allow the organisms to move deeper into the hosts tissues.

Medical applications

Vaccinations
Exotoxins have been used to produce vaccines. This process involves inactivating the toxin, creating a toxoid that does not induce toxin-related illness and is well tolerated. A widely used toxoid vaccine is the DPT vaccine, which is usually administered in multiple doses throughout childhood with adjuvants and boosters for long-term immunity. DPT vaccine protects against pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria infections, caused by the exotoxin-producing Bordetella pertussis, Clostridium tetani and Corynebacterium diphtheriae respectively. Vaccination with the toxoids generates antibodies against the exotoxins, forming immunological memory as protection against subsequent infections. The DPT vaccination may cause adverse side effects, such as swelling, redness and fever, and is contraindicated in some populations. Effective vaccination schedules have reduced rates of mortality linked to pertussis, tetanus and diphtheria but formal controlled trials to test the efficacy of the vaccine have not been conducted. Additionally, pertussis persists endemically and is one of the most common causes of vaccine-preventable deaths.

Cancer treatment
As exotoxins are highly potent, there has been development in their application to cancer treatment. Cancer cells can be eliminated without destroying normal cells like in chemotherapy or radiation by attaching an antibody or receptor ligand to the exotoxin, creating a recombinant toxin that is targeted to certain cells. The cancer cell is killed once the toxin is internalized; for example, Pseudomonas exotoxin disrupts protein synthesis after cellular uptake. Multiple versions of recombinant exotoxin A, secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, have entered clinical trials against tumor growth but have yet to be approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA). A recombinant diphtheria exotoxin has been approved by the FDA for treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, an immune system cancer. Further testing to improve clinical efficacy of treatment using recombinant exotoxins continues.

See also
 Infectious disease
 Mycotoxin
 Membrane vesicle trafficking

References

External links

Toxins
Microbiology

Exotoxin


Anthony Norman Albanese (f. 2. mars 1963) er ástralskur stjórnmálamaður og núverandi forsætisráðherra Ástralíu. Hann hefur verið leiðtogi ástralska Verkamannaflokksins frá 30. maí árið 2019 og tók við embætti forsætisráðherra þann 23. maí 2022 eftir sigur Verkamannaflokksins í þingkosningum sama mánuð.

Æviágrip
Albanese fæddist 2. mars árið 1963 í Darlinghurst-hverfinu í Sydney. Móðir hans var af írskum ættum en faðir hans ítalskur. Hann gekk í skólann St Mary's Cathedral og síðan í Háskólann í Sydney, þar sem hann nam hagfræði. Hann gekk í Verkamannaflokkinn á námsárunum og vann síðan fyrir flokkinn sem rannsóknarfulltrúi.

Stjórnmálaferill
Eftir útskrift úr hagfræðinámi var Albanese kjörinn á ástralska þingið fyrir Grayndler-kjördæmi í Nýja-Suður-Wales í kosningum þann 2. mars 1996. Hann hlaut sæti í ríkisstjórn í fyrsta sinn þann 3. desember 2007 þegar hann varð héraðsþróunar- og byggðamálaráðherra í ríkisstjórn Kevins Rudd eftir kosningasigur Verkamannaflokksins. Julia Gillard hélt honum í ráðuneytinu þegar hún varð forsætisráðherra í júní 2010.

Anthony Albanese bauð sig fram til embættis varaleiðtoga Verkamannaflokksins þann 26. jnú 2013. Hann hlaut 61 atkvæði og sigraði fyrrum flokksleiðtogann Simon Crean, sem hlaut 38 atkvæði. Rudd, sem sneri aftur á forsætisráðherrastól stuttu síðar, gerði Albanese að varaforsætisráðherra í stjórn sinni.

Eftir að Verkamannaflokkurinn galt afhroð í þingkosningum þann 7. september 2013 bauð Albanese sig fram til leiðtoga flokksins. Hann hlaut 59,9 % atkvæða almennra flokksmeðlima í leiðtogakjörinu á móti Bill Shorten en aðeins 36,1 % atkvæða þingmanna flokksins og því var vegið meðaltal 48 %. Bill Shorten varð því nýr flokksleiðtogi en Albanese varð skuggaráðherra ferðamannamála. Eftir ósigur Verkamannaflokksins í þingkosningum ársins 2016 varð Albanese skuggaráðherra innviða- og samgöngumála.

Leiðtogi Verkamannaflokksins
Eftir að Verkamannaflokkurinn bað annan ósigur í þingkosningum árið 2019 sagði Bill Shorten af sér sem flokksleiðtogi og Albanese var kjörinn nýr leiðtogi án mótframboðs þann 30. maí.

Gróðureldarnir í Ástralíu 2019-2020 og kórónuveirufaraldurinn höfðu mjög neikvæð áhrif á vinsældir forsætisráðherrans Scotts Morrison úr Frjálslynda flokknum en Albanese tókst engu að síður ekki í fyrstu að auka fylgi Verkamannaflokksins. Þess vegna fóru margir stjórnmálaskýrendur að spá því að Albanese myndi víkja úr embætti flokksleiðtoga í byrjun árs 2021. Fylgi Morrisons og Frjálslynda flokksins hélt hins vegar áfram að dragast saman árið 2021 og voru Albanese og Verkamenn komnir með forystu í skoðanakönnunum undir lok ársins.

Forsætisráðherra
Í maí árið 2022 unnu Verkamenn sigur í þingkosningum Ástralíu og bundu þannig enda á níu ára stjórn Frjálslynda flokksins. Albanese tók því við af Morrison sem forsætisráðherra Ástralíu. Eftir að ljóst var að Verkamannaflokkurinn hefði unnið kosningarnar lýsti Albanese því yfir að hann hygðist leggja aukna áherslu á loftslagsmál eftir "glataðan áratug" undir stjórn íhaldsmanna.

Tilvísanir

Forsætisráðherrar Ástralíu

Anthony Albanese


Kritičko čitanje oblik je jezične analize koja propituje postavljene tvrdnje, potporne točke i moguće protuargumente. Sastavni dio kritičkog čitanja je sposobnost reinterpretacije i rekonstrukcije radi bolje jasnoće i čitljivosti pročitanog sadržaja. Identifikacija mogućih nejasnoća i nedostataka u autorovu rasuđivanju, uz sposobnost da se opsežno obrađuju je vrlo bitna za ovaj proces. Kritičko čitanje, slično akademskom pisanju, zahtijeva povezivanje dokaznih točaka s odgovarajućim argumentima:

Kao što priznaju mnogi znanstvenici i rječnici,
"…priča ima onoliko verzija koliko ima čitatelja. Svatko uzima ono što hoće i izmjenjuje ih po svojoj mjeri. Netko uzima samo dio priče dok ostatak odbacuje, neki ju iscrpljuju kroz svoju mrežu predrasuda dok je neki boje svojim vlastitim užitkom."— John Steinbeck, The Winter of Our Discontent (1961)

Ne postoji jednostavan odnos između tih razina. Kao "hermetički krug", razumijevanje pojedinih riječi ovisi o razumijevanju teksta kao cjeline (kao i kulture u kojoj je tekst proizveden) i obratno: tekst se ne može razumjeti ako se ne razumiju riječi unutar teksta.

Kritičko čitanje danog teksta podrazumijeva kritičko ispitivanje pojmova koji se koriste, kao i čvrstoće argumenata, vrijednosti i relevantnosti pretpostavki i tradicija na kojima se tekst zasniva.

"Čitanje između linija" je sposobnost otkrivanja relevantnih poruka i pristranosti.

Simptomatsko čitanje
Thurston (1993, str.638) uvodi koncept "simptomatskog čitanja" "Simptomatsko čitanje se koristi u književnoj kritici kao sredstvo analize prisustva ideologije u književnim tekstovima. Francuski marksisti filozofi Louis Althusser i Etienne Balibar razvijaju tehniku simptomatskog čitanja u Reading Capital". Dorfman i Mattelart kasnije koriste simptomatsko čitanje kao sredstvo analize prisutnosti imperijalističke ideologije u Disneyevim slikovnicama.

Međusobna priroda čitanja i pisanja
Kada čitate, morate tražiti informacije i suočeni ste s različitim pogledima koji vas prisiljavaju da razmatrate svoju poziciju. U tom procesu, čitatelj se pretvara u "pisca", bez obzira je li piše ili objavljuje vlastite ideje.

Čitanje i pisanje su međusobni procesi, čitanje je aktivan proces i najbolji način učenja kritičkog čitanja je vježbanjem akademskog pisanja.

Bazerman (1994) piše o aktivnoj ulozi čitatelja i primjedbe (p. 23): "Lijek za stvarnu dosadu je pronalaženje naprednije knjige o temi, jedini lijek za pseudo-dosadu je potpuna uključenost u knjigu pred sobom". Bazermanova knjiga koristi napredna teorijska znanja znanstvenih istraživanja, dokumenata i njihovih sastava. Na primjer, poglavlje 6 govori o "Prepoznavanju brojnih glasova unutar teksta".  Dani praktični savjeti bazirani su na tekstualnoj teoriji (Mikhail Bakhtin i Julia Kristeva). Poglavlje 8 je nazvano "Procjena knjige kao cjeline: Pregled knjige", a prvi naslov je "knjige kao alat".

Epistemološka pitanja
Kritičko čitanje se uglavnom odnosi na epistemološka pitanja. Hermeneutika (npr. Verzija koju je razvio Hans-Georg Gadamer) prikazuje da način čitanja i tumačenja tekstova ovisi o našem "predrazumijevanju" i "predrasudama". Ljudsko znanje je uvijek interpretativno pojašnjenje svijeta, a ne čista teorija. Hermeneutika se stoga može shvatiti kao teorija o kritičkom čitanju. Ovo polje je do nedavno bilo povezano s humanističkim znanostima, a ne znanošću. Situacija se promijenila kada je Thomas Samuel Kuhn objavio svoju knjigu (1962) Struktura znanstvenih revolucija, koja se može smatrati kao hermeneutskim tumačenjem znanosti jer zamišlja znanstvenike pod kontrolom pretpostavki koje su povijesno ugrađene i jezične paradigme koje usmjeravaju konceptualizaciju te istraživanja njihovih studija. Znanstvene revolucije impliciraju da jedna paradigma zamjenjuje drugu i uvodi novi skup teorija, pristupa i definicija. Prema Mallery; Hurwitz i Duffy (1992) pojam paradigme usmjerenoj na znanstvenoj zajednici je analogna Gadamerovom pojmu lingvistički kodirane društvene tradicije. Na taj način hermeneutika izaziva pozitivizam da znanost može sakupiti objektivne činjenice. Promatranja se stvaraju na pozadini teorijskih pretpostavki: ovisne su o teoriji.

Zaključno, kritičko čitanje nije nešto što svaki učenjak može činiti. Način na koji čitamo djelomično određuje intelektualne tradicije koje su oblikovale naša uvjerenja i razmišljanja. Općenito čitamo radove unutar vlastite kulture ili tradicije mane kritički u odnosu na čitanje radova iz drugih tradicija ili "paradigmi".

Poznati primjer
Psiholog Cyril Burt poznat po svojim studijama o utjecaju nasljednosti na inteligenciju. Nedugo nakon smrti, njegova studija o nasljeđivanju i inteligenciji dovodi do nezadovoljstva nakon što su se pojavili dokazi koji ukazuju na krivotvorenje podataka istraživanja. Tuckerov rad (1994.) prikazuje kako se "kritičko čitanje" provodilo u otkrivanju krivotvorenih podataka, kao i u mnogim poznatim "ne kritičkim čitanjima" Burtovih radova od strane psihologa. Tucker prikazuje da su priznati stručnjaci iz područja istraživanja inteligencije slijepo prihvatili istraživanje, iako ono nije imalo znanstvene vrijednosti i vjerojatno je lažirano. Htjeli su vjerovati da je IQ nasljedan i smatrali su da nekritičke empirijske tvrdnje podupiru to gledište. Ovaj rad pokazuje kako se kritičko čitanje (i suprotno) može odnositi na uvjerenja, kao i na interese i strukture moći.

Također pogledajte
Egzegeza
Hermeneutika

Izvori

 Althusser, Louis & Balibar, Étienne (1970). Reading Capital. Translated by Ben Brewster. London: New Left Books.
 Bazerman, Charles (1994). The Informed Writer: Using Sources in the Disciplines.  5 edition. Houghton Mifflin Company.
 Brody, Roberta (2008). The Problem of Information Naïveté. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 59(7), 1124–1127.
 Dorfman, Ariel & Mattelart, Armand (1971). Para Leer al Pato Donald. Valparaíso, Chile: Ediciones Universitarias de Valparaíso. English translation: Dorfman, Ariel & Mattelart, Armand (1973). How to Read Donald Duck. Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic. New York: International General.
 Eco, Umberto (1992). Interpretation and overinterpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
 Ekegren, P. (1999). The Reading of Theoretical Texts. A Critique of Criticism in the Social Sciences. London: Routledge. (Routledge Studies in Social and Political Thought, 19).
 Halpern, D.F. (2003), Thought & Knowledge: An Introduction to Critical Thinking, 4th ed., Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
 Kuhn, T. S. (1962, 1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
 Mallery, J. C.; Hurwitz, R. & Duffy, G. (1992). Hermeneutics. IN: Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence. Vol. 1-2. 2nd ed. Ed. by S.C. Shapiro (Vol 1, pp. 596–611). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
 Riegelman, Richard K. (2004). Studying a Study and Testing a Test: How to Read the Medical Evidence. 5th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
 Slife, Brent D. & Williams, R. N. (1995). What's behind the research? Discovering hidden assumptions in the behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. ("A Consumers Guide to the Behavioral Sciences").
 Thurston, John (1993). Symptomatic reading. IN: Encyclopedia of contemporary literary theory: Approaches, scholars, terms. Ed. by Irena R. Makaryk. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. (P. 638).
 Tucker, William H. (1994). Facts and fiction in the discovery of Sir Cyril Burt's flaws. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 30, 335-347.

Vanjske poveznice

 Dorfman, Ariel. Blurb introducing "How to read Donald Duck":
 Lye, John (1997). CRITICAL READING: A GUIDE
 What Is Critical Reading?

Pedagogija

Kritičko čitanje


In computer science, the number of concurrent users (sometimes abbreviated CCU) for a resource in a location, with the location being a computing network or a single computer, refers to the total number of people simultaneously accessing or using the resource. The resource can, for example, be a computer program, a file, or the computer as a whole.

Keeping track of concurrent users is important in several cases. First, some operating system models such as time-sharing operating systems allow several users to access a resource on the computer at the same time. As system performance may degrade due to the complexity of processing multiple jobs from multiple users at the same time, the capacity of such a system may be measured in terms of maximum concurrent users.

Second, commercial software vendors often license a software product by means of a concurrent users restriction. This allows a fixed number of users access to the product at a given time and contrasts with an unlimited user license. For example: Company X buys software and pays for 20 concurrent users. However, there are 100 logins created at implementation. Only 20 of those 100 can be in the system at the same time, this is known as floating licensing.

Concurrent user licensing allows firms to purchase computer systems and software at a lower cost because the maximum number of concurrent users expected to use the system or software at any given time (those users all logged in together) is only a portion of the total system users employed at a company. The concurrent licenses are global and shared by anyone who needs to use the system. This contrasts with "named-seats" licensing, in which one license must be purchased for each and every individual user, whether they are using the system or not.

If a company employs 400 system users in which 275 work during the day and 125 work at night, then they can opt to purchase only 275 concurrent user licenses since there will never be more than 275 users on the system during a normal work day. The night workers share 125 of the day users' licenses to use the system. For named-seat licenses, this same company would have to purchase 400 individual licenses, one for each user, and licenses would not be globally shared. The available options for licensing are entirely at the discretion of the vendor selling the product.

See also
Floating licensing

References

Computing terminology
Software licenses

Concurrent user


Tychtchenko (en ) est le nom de famille ukrainien de plusieurs personnes (par ordre alphabétique) :

 Ihor Tychtchenko (1989-), footballeur ukrainien
 Vadym Tychtchenko (1963-2015), footballeur et entraîneur soviétique puis ukrainien

Patronyme ukrainien

Tychtchenko


Hetlingen er en by og en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Haseldorf under Kreis Pinneberg. Kreis Pinneberg ligger i den sydlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi

Hetlingen ligger omkring 7 km nordvest for Wedel direkte diget til Elben i Haseldorfer Marsch. Mod øst går Bundesstraße B 431 fra Wedel over Uetersen mod Elmshorn.

Til Hetlingen hører Hetlinger Schanze, Giesensand, Idenburg og Julssand, samt Hetlinger Moor, der er en del af Holmer Sandberge.

Fra Hetlingen krydser højspændingsledningerne Elbekreuzung 1 og Elbekreuzung 2 over Elben. De 227 meter høje højspændingsmaster ved Elbekreuzung 2 er de højeste i Europa. Hetlingen er også hjemsted for det største rensningsanlæg i Slesvig-Holsten, der behandler spildevand for et stort område med 450.000 indbyggere.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens websted
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Pinneberg

Hetlingen


Das Kremlin Cup 2011 ist ein Damentennisturnier der WTA Tour 2011 im Olimpijski in Moskau. Das Hartplatzturnier der Kategorie Premier fand vom 17. bis 23. Oktober 2011 statt.

Im Einzelfinale setzte sich Dominika Cibulková gegen Kaia Kanepi in drei Sätzen durch. Das Endspiel im Doppel gewannen Vania King und Jaroslawa Schwedowa in zwei Sätzen gegen die Paarung Anastasia Rodionova / Galina Woskobojewa.

Qualifikation
Die Qualifikation für den Kremlin Cup 2011 fand vom 15. bis zum 16. Oktober 2011 statt. Ausgespielt wurden vier Plätze für das Hauptfeld des Einzelwettbewerbs.

Einzel

Setzliste

Ergebnisse

Doppel

Ergebnisse

Weblinks

Turnier der WTA Tour 2011
Tennisturnier in Moskau
Olimpijski

Kremlin Cup 2011/Damen


Alfred Schmidt (* 25. Februar 1929 in Holthausen (Herne); † 16. Februar 2017) ist ein ehemaliger deutscher Fußballspieler. Der Torhüter hat von 1952 bis 1962 für den SV Sodingen in der damals erstklassigen Fußball-Oberliga West 160 Ligaspiele absolviert.

Laufbahn
Im Kriegsjahr 1943 meldete sich Alfred Schmidt in der Jugendabteilung des SV Sodingen an. In den ersten Jahren war er als Feldspieler aktiv, erst mit 18 Jahren wechselte er in das Tor. In der Saison 1949/50 gelang dem "Kumpelverein" im Schatten des Förderturms der Zeche Mont-Cenis der Aufstieg in die 2. Liga West, 1952 sogar der Aufstieg in die Oberliga West. Neben Johann Adamik und Leo Konopczynski gehörte der Torhüter beim Aufstieg zu den Leistungsträgern und avancierte gemeinsam mit ihnen zu den drei Idolen des Bergarbeitervereins im Umfeld des Förderturms. Mit dem Aufstieg des SV Sodingen schien sich noch einmal das Märchen von Alt-Schalke zu wiederholen, eine Knappenelf, von einem Pütt in Herne. Harald Landefeld hielt im Oberligabuch "Helmut, erzähl mich dat Tor …" dazu fest: Schmidt hat als Schweißer Akkord gearbeitet und nach acht Stunden Arbeit das Torhütertraining in der "Sandkuhle" absolviert. Trainiert wurde zum Teil in der Dunkelheit auf einem Ascheplatz, ehe die Zechenleitung einen Scheinwerfer spendierte, mit dem wenigstens eine Ecke des Spielfeldes ausgeleuchtet werden konnte.

Beim Debüt in der Oberliga brachte Sodingen am 24. August 1952 vor 18.000 Zuschauern ein 2:2-Heimremis gegen die Spielvereinigung Erkenschwick zustande. Die Defensive der Sodinger formierte sich dabei vor Torhüter Schmidt mit dem Verteidigerpaar Alfons Nowak und Leo Konopczinski, sowie der Läuferreihe mit Karl-Heinz Edler, Siegfried Geesmann und Gerhard Harpers. Das Interesse und die Verbundenheit der Zuschauer mit den Spielen der Grün-Weißen war außergewöhnlich. Das zweite Heimspiel am 7. September gegen den 1. FC Köln (0:1) fand vor 25.000, das Spiel am 12. Oktober gegen Borussia Dortmund (1:2) ebenfalls vor 25.000 und das torreiche Heimspiel am 25. Januar 1953 gegen den FC Schalke 04 gar vor 28.000 Zuschauern statt. Die gesamte Runde kämpften Schmidt und Kollegen aber gegen den Abstieg. Der Klassenerhalt wurde mit 25:35 Punkten auf dem elften Rang erreicht. Wegen seiner herausragenden Leistungen, aber auch seiner Gelenkigkeit und seiner spektakulären Paraden erhielt der Sodinger Keeper bald den Beinamen "der Gummimann". Bundestrainer Sepp Herberger setzte ihn auch am 4. Juni 1953 in einem Testspiel in Augsburg in einer DFB-Auswahl – mit Gerhard Harpers, Herbert Schäfer, Fritz Semmelmann, Felix Gerritzen, Josef Derwall, Willi Schröder, Hans Schäfer – gegen eine Elf von Süddeutschland – Herbert Erhardt, Hans Bauer, Richard Gottinger, Max Morlock, Ulrich Biesinger, Richard Herrmann – ein. Schmidt erlitt aber zu Beginn der zweiten Halbzeit einen Jochbeinbruch mit Gehirnerschütterung und musste deshalb ab der 52. Spielminute durch Günter Klemm ersetzt werden.

Ausgerechnet in der Erfolgsrunde 1954/55 – Sodingen zog als Vizemeister der Oberliga West in die Endrunde um die deutsche Meisterschaft ein –, musste er aber seinen Stammplatz im Tor an den drei Jahre jüngeren Günter Sawitzki abtreten und kam auch 1955/56 zu nur zwei Einsätzen in der Oberliga. Nach dem Wechsel von Sawitzki zum VfB Stuttgart zur Runde 1956/57 war Schmidt aber wieder die Nummer eins der Grün-Weißen. Zwar entwickelten sich mit Hans Cieslarczyk und Josef "Jupp" Marx in den nächsten Runden zwei Talente zu Leistungsträgern, aber im Übrigen war die Mannschaft überaltert und kämpfte durchgehend gegen den Abstieg. Auch der 3:2-Erfolg am Schlusstag der Runde 1958/59, am 22. April 1959 bei Rot-Weiss Essen, konnte mit 21:39 Punkten den Absturz in die 2. Liga nicht mehr verhindern. Zwar glückte 1959/60 unter Trainer Robert Gebhardt in der Zweitklassigkeit der 2. Liga West – Schmidt hatte an der Seite der Mitspieler Josef Marx (30-16), Hans-Werner Wundrock (27-16), Johann Adamik (22-5), Leo Konopczynski (28-0), Erwin Heidinger (29-1), Helmut Niemann (27-3), Friedhelm Panne (30-8), Heinz Schmied (26-0), Gerd Wilbrandt (26-0) alle 30 Ligaspiele absolviert – die Meisterschaft und damit die sofortige Oberligarückkehr, aber nach weiteren zwölf Monaten war das Kapitel Oberligafußball in Sodingen endgültig erledigt. Der 33-jährige Routinier beendete mit seinem Einsatz am 14. April 1962 beim 1:1-Heimremis gegen Rot-Weiß Oberhausen nach insgesamt 160 Oberligapartien seine Laufbahn in der höchsten Leistungsklasse des Westfußballs.

Schmidt erhielt 1962 die Ehrennadel des Westdeutschen Fußballverbandes und beendete ein Jahr später endgültig seine Spielerlaufbahn. Als Trainer war er im Amateurbereich dem Fußball noch Jahre verbunden, machte beruflich eine Umschulung zum Bankkaufmann und arbeitete 20 Jahre lang bei der Herner Sparkasse.

Stationen
 1947 bis 1963: SV Sodingen

Literatur
 Hardy Grüne, Lorenz Knieriem: Enzyklopädie des deutschen Ligafußballs. Band 8: Spielerlexikon 1890–1963. AGON Sportverlag, Kassel 2006, ISBN 3-89784-148-7.
 Ralf Piorr (Hrsg.): Der Pott ist rund. Das Lexikon des Revier-Fußballs: Die Vereine, Band 2. Klartext Verlag. Essen 2006. ISBN 3-89861-356-9.
 Harald Landefeld, Achim Nöllenheidt (Hrsg.): Helmut, erzähl mich dat Tor... Neue Geschichten und Porträts aus der Oberliga West 1947–1963. Klartext, Essen 1993, ISBN 3-88474-043-1.

Einzelnachweise

Fußballtorhüter (SV Sodingen)
Deutscher
Geboren 1929
Gestorben 2017
Mann

Alfred Schmidt (Fußballspieler, 1929)


Natalia Oreiro (d. 19 Mayıs 1977, Montevideo, Uruguay), Tu Veneno albümü ile Latin Grammy ödüllerine aday gösterilmiş, kariyerinin büyük kısmını Arjantin'de yapmış Uruguaylı şarkıcı ve oyuncu.

İlk yıllarda daha çok pembe dizilerde yer alan Natalia Oreiro, daha sonraki yıllarda sinema filmlerinde başrol aldı. Müzikal kariyeri, ilk sinema filmi Un Argentino en New York'ta seslendirdiği "Que Sí, Que Sí"  ile başlayan sanatçının ilk albümü Arjantin'de  çift platin plak, Yunanistan, İsrail ve Slovenya'da altın plak kazandı. İkinci albümü Tu Veneno ile de Arjantin'de 2000 yılında ilk, 2002 yılında ikinci altın plak ödülünü kazandı. 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda Uruguay millî futbol takımının "vaftiz annesi" (ispanyolca: madrina) seçildi. 2006 yılında başrolünde oynadığı Sos mi vida dizisindeki  Esperanza Muñoz - La Monita rolü ile 2006 Martín Fierro Ödülleri'nde "en iyi komedi (kadın) oyuncusu" seçildi. 2010 yılında Esquire dergisinin "Yaşayan En Seksi Kadın Atlası"nda yer aldı.

Biyografi

İlk yıllar
Carlos Oreiro Poggio ve Mabel Iglesias Bourié'nin kızı olan Natalia, henüz çocuk yaşta Coca-Cola, Pepsi ve Johnson & Johnson gibi dünyaca ünlü markaların reklamlarında boy göstermeye başladı. Sekiz yaşından on dört yaşına kadar drama dersleri aldı. On beş yaşında Latin Amerika'nın en önemli şovlarından biri olan El Show de Xuxa'ya katıldı ve birinci oldu. On altı yaşına geldiğinde Uruguay'dan Arjantin'e taşınmaya ve kariyerini orada devam ettirmeye karar verdi. 17 yaşında MTV de VJ'lik yaptı. 1995 yılında Dulce Ana adlı dizide rol aldı. 90-60-90 modelos  (1996) adlı dizinin oyuncu listesine de ismini yazdıran Natalia, asıl çıkışı Valeria rolünü oynadığı, Arjantin'de ve birçok ülkede tanınmasını sağlayan Ricos y famosos (1997) adlı dizi ile yaptı. Daha sonraki yıl ise şöhret olmak isteyen, hırslı bir genci oynadığı sinema filmi Un Argentino en New York (1998) ile seyircinin karşısına çıktı. Film, Arjantin'de 1998 yılında Titanik filminden sonra en çok izlenilen film oldu ve filmi toplam 1.634.702 kişi izledi.

İlk albüm ve Muñeca Brava

Sinema filminden sonra kendi adını taşıyan ilk debut albümü olan Natalia Oreiro'yu piyasaya sundu. Albüm, aralarında Türkiye, Amerika ve İsrail'in de bulunduğu otuz beş ülkeye satıldı. "Cambio dolor" albümden çıkan ilk single'dır ve ilk video klip de bu şarkıya çekildi.  Ayrıca "Me Muero de Amor", "Vengo del Mar", "Que Si, Que Si" şarkıları albümde ön plana çıkan diğer şarkılardır. Natalia'nın ilk sinema filmi olan Un Argentino en New York'un soundtrack parçası olan "Que Si, Que Si" albüme bonus track olarak eklendi. Ayrıca albüm Cnn.Com da yılın en başarılı 100 albümü arasına girmeyi başardı. "Cambio dolor" şarkısı ayrıca Arjantin ve Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinde hafta içi her gün primetimeda gösterilen  Muñeca Brava (Vahşi Güzel) (1998-1999) adlı dizinin de tema şarkısı oldu. Natalia, dizide, doğumundan sonra terk edilmiş bir kız olan Milagros'u canlandırdı. Dizi, 63 ülkede (özellikle Arjantin, Fransa, Şili, Peru, İsrail, Macaristan, Polonya ve Rusya) ve 23 dilde yayınlandı.  Muñeca Brava dizisindeki rolü ile 1998 ve 1999 yıllarında iki kez Martín Fierro Ödülleri'nde "En iyi kadın oyuncu" olarak aday gösterildi. Ocak 2000'de  E! Entertainment Television tarafından "Yılın Ünlüsü" seçildi.

Tu Veneno dönemi

Natalia, ikinci albümü olan Tu Veneno ile müzik kariyerine devam etti ve albümünü  "Gala de la Hispanidad", "Gala de Murcia", "Festival de la Calle 8"  adlı festivallerde tanıttı.
Tu Veneno, rock ağırlıkta şarkıların yanı sıra latin pop müziğini de içeren, hard rock ile pop müziğin birleştirildiği ve geleneksel latin ritimlerinin bol bol yer aldığı bir Oreiro albümü oldu. "Rio de la Plata", "Tu Veneno" ve "Como Te Olvido" gibi beğenilen şarkılar albümde yer aldı ve bu şarkılara video klip çekildi. Natalia Oreiro, bu albümde Betty Page'in saç şeklini kullandı. Don Francisco tarafından sunulan, prestijli Latin TV şov programı Sabado Gigante Internacional'da albümünü başarılı bir şekilde tanıttı. 2000 yılında Şili'de yapılan Viña del Mar Festivali'nde "yılın kraliçesi" seçildi. Ayrıca Oreiro, bu albüm ile En İyi Kadın Vokal Albüm dalında Latin Grammy ödüllerine aday gösterildi, ancak ödülü Christina Aguilera'nın Mi Reflejo albümü aldı ve bu adaylık ilk şarkıcı ödüllere aday gösterilen ilk Uruguaylı müzisyen oldu. Oreiro, albümünün son video klibi olan "Como te Olvido"'ya klip çekmek için Romanya'ya giti. Dracula's Castle'de (Drakula Şatosu) klibi Tudor Giurgiu tarafından çekildi.

Evlilik

31 Aralık 2001'de Arjantin'in ünlü rock grubu "Divididos"'un solisti Ricardo Mollo ile Brezilya'nın Fernando de Noronha adasında gizlice evlendi.

Turmalina dönemi

Oreiro'nun üçüncü albümü olan   Turmalina, 2002 yılında ünlü yapımcı Kike Santander tarafından piyasaya sunuldu. Süper kahraman tasarımı ile dinleyicilerin karşısına geçen Natalia, ilk kez bu albümde söz yazdı ve beste yaptı. Uzun bir dünya turnesinde olan Oreiro, bu albüm için gerekli olan seslendirme çalışmalarını Amerika, Rusya, Uruguay ve Arjantin'de gerçekleştirdi. 70'li ve 80'li yılların tarzlarından esinlenilerek pop-rock dokunuşlarıyla süslenen Turmalina, Oreiro'nun diskografisindeki özel yerini aldı. "Que Diga Lo Que Quieran (Ne Söylemek İsterlerse Onu Söylesinler)" albümden çıkan ilk single çalışmasıdır. Natalia'nın ilk şarkı sözü denemesini gerçekleştirdiği "A Las De Libertad (Özgürlüğün Kanatları) ", bir denizcinin Natalia'nın yakın bir arkadaşına duyduğu aşkı anlatan gerçek yaşamdan alınma "Mar (Deniz)", Natalia'nın söz yazımına yardım ettiği  "Cayendo (Düşüş)", Kachorra adlı popüler TV dizisinin jenerik müziği "Cuesta Arriba, Cuesta Abajo", Natalia'nın Fredy Bessio ile söylediği 2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası'nda Uruguay'ın millî şarkısı olan "Pasión Celeste" şarkıları da albümde öne çıkan diğer şarkılardır.  Natalia, bu albümü ile Polonya, İsrail, Macaristan, Romanya ve Rusya gibi birçok ülkede konser verdi.

Sos Mi Vida dönemi
Natalia, 2006 yılında Facundo Arana ile başrolünü paylaştığı hafta içi her akşam Arjantin'in Canal 13 kanalında gösterime giren Sos mi vida adlı dizide başrol oynadı. 8 Ocak 2007 tarihinde dizi 231. bölümü ile sona erdi. Sos mi vida dizisi, Paraguay, Uruguay, Venezuela, Ekvador, Polonya, Romanya, Rusya, İsrail, İspanya ve Macaristan gibi 40'tan fazla ülkede yayınlandı. Türkiye'de 40. bölümden itibaren reytinglerden dolayı kaldırılan dizi Arjantin TV ve Radyo,Gazeteciler Birligi  (APTRA) tarafından düzenlenen Martin Fierro Ödülleri ve Prize Bugler Spectacles'de "Yılın dizisi, En iyi kadın-erkek komedi oyuncusu" olmak üzere birçok ödül kazandı. Dizinin Arjantin'deki genel reyting tablosu 26.9'du.

Greenpeace  ve Oreiro
2001 yılından beri, üyesi olduğu Greenpeace'in Arjantin'de düzenlediği birçok kampanyaya katıldı ve gönüllü olarak tanıtım filmlerinde görev aldı. Önceki yıllarda iklim değişikliği ile meydana gelecek çevre zararlarına dikkat çeken Greenpeace'in tanıtım reklamlarında oynayan Oreiro , Mayıs 2007' de yapılan Big Blue March kampanyasına katılarak desteğini sürdürdü.

Diğer çalışmaları
2002 yılında Pablo Rago ile birlikte Kaçak Kız adlı televizyon dizisinde rol aldı. Dizinin final bölümü Arjantin'de 20 rating puanı aldı. 2003 yılında Eduardo Mignon yönetimindeki Cleopatra filminde Norma Aleandro ve Leonardo Sbaraglia gibi deneyimli oyuncularla başrol oynadı. Oreiro, özellikle Doğu Avrupa ve Rusya'da 2003 yılında 30'a yakın konser verdi. Bazı konserleri 12.000 dinleyiciye ulaştı. 2004 yılında başrolünde yer aldığı El deseo dizisi, diğer yapımları kadar başarılı olamadı. İlk haftasında  27.1 rating alan  dizi, sonraki bölümlerde aynı rating başarısını elde edemedi ve dizinin ratingi düşmeye başladı.

2006 yılında Sos mi vida dizisine devam ederken Arjantin'in Rosario kentinde çekilen La peli filminde yer aldı. 2007 yılında Patite Feo adlı bir çocuk dizisinde konuk oyuncu olarak yer aldı.

Oyuncu, 2008 yılında İsrail kökenli Dori Media şirketinin yapımını gerçekleştirdiği ve internet üzerinde yayınlanacak ilk pembe dizi  olan Amanda O'da Luciano Castro ile birlikte yer aldı.

Özel hayatı
2001 yılında, Oreiro, en iyi rock grupları Sumo ve Divididos'un üyesi olarak kariyeriyle tanınan Arjantinli şarkıcı ve müzisyen Ricardo Mollo ile bir ilişkiye başladı. O yıl 31 Aralık'ta gizlice evlendiler. 26 Ocak 2012'de Buenos Aires'teki bir klinikte Oreiro bir erkek çocuk dünyaya getirdi. Çocuğa Merlín Atahualpa Mollo Oreiro adı verildi. Natalia Oreiro ve oğlu, 25 Ekim 2021'de Rus vatandaşlığı aldı.

Albümleri

 1998: Natalia Oreiro
 2000: Tu Veneno
 2002: Turmalina

Oyunculuk kariyeri

Sinema filmleri
2011: Mi primera boda
2011: Kayıp Çocukluk
2010: Miss Tacuarembó
2009: Francia
2009: Música en Espera
2006:  La peli
2006: Las vidas posibles
2005: La guerra de los gimnasios
2003: Cleopatra
1998: Un argentino en New York

Televizyon dizileri
2012   Lynch
2008: Amanda O
2006: Aşk Meleğim
2006: V ritme tango
2005: Botines
2004: El deseo
2002: Kaçak Kız
1998: Vahşi Güzel
1997: Aşk Meleği
1994: Inconquistable corazón

Ödülleri ve adaylıkları

Sinema ve TV

Müzik

Notlar ve kaynaklar

Dış bağlantılar

 Las Oreiro resmî web-sitesi

 All Music Guide'da Natalia Oreiro

|-
! colspan="3" style="background: #DAA520;" | Martín Fierro Ödülleri
|-

1977 doğumlular
Montevideo doğumlular

20. yüzyılda kadın oyuncular
21. yüzyılda kadın oyuncular
Uruguaylı kadın şarkıcılar
Uruguaylı pop şarkıcıları
Uruguaylı dizi oyuncuları
Uruguaylı sinema oyuncuları
Yaşayan insanlar
21. yüzyıl kadın şarkıcıları

Natalia Oreiro


منتخب إيران لكرة اليد هو الممثل الرسمي لدولة إيران في لعبة كرة اليد.

سجل النتائج في البطولة الآسيوية
 1989: 8
 1991: 11
 1993: 9
 2000: 5
 2002: 5
 2004: 7
 2006: 4
 2008: 4

سجل النتائج في الألعاب الآسيوية
 1986: 5
 1998: 4
 2006: البرونزية

روابط إضافية
 IR Iran Handball Federation

مراجع

كرة اليد في إيران
منتخبات آسيا لكرة اليد
منتخبات إيران الرياضية
منتخبات كرة اليد
منتخبات كرة يد وطنية رجالية

منتخب إيران لكرة اليد


Descrizione del modo tenuto dal Duca Valentino nello ammazzare Vitellozzo Vitelli, Oliverotto da Fermo, il Signor Pagolo e il duca di Gravina Orsini muitas vezes abreviado como The Description por razões de brevidade, é um trabalho do cientista político renascentista italiano e historiador Nicolau Maquiavel. A obra descreve os métodos usados por Cesare Borgia para suprimir e assassinar membros da família Orsini, uma família principesca da Roma renascentista. Ambos Vitellozzo Vitelli e Oliverotto da Fermo foram estrangulados na noite de sua captura em 31 de dezembro de 1502.

Ligações externas

 E-book text

Livros de 1503


මොස්කව් රුසියාවේ අගනුවර සහ විශාලතම නගරය වේ. රුසියාව නගරය මධ්‍යම රුසියාවේ මොස්ක්වා ගඟේ පිහිටා ඇති අතර ජනගහනය නගර සීමාව තුළ මිලියන 12.4 ක් වාසය කරන බවට ඇස්තමේන්තු කර ඇත. නාගරික ප්‍රදේශයේ මිලියන 12 කට වැඩි ජනතාවක් සහ නගරය වර්ග කිලෝමීටර් 2,561.5 (වර්ග සැතපුම් 989) ක භූමි ප්‍රදේශයක් ආවරණය කරයි.

රුසියාව

මොස්කව්


Dewey Phillip "Phil" Bryant (født 9. december 1954 i Moorhead, Mississippi) er en amerikansk politiker, som var den 63. guvernør for den amerikanske delstat Mississippi. Han er medlem af det Republikanske parti.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Officiel profil for Guvernør Bryant på Mississippis officielle hjemmeside.
 Phil Bryant officielle kampagneside på www.philbryant.com

Guvernører i Mississippi

Phil Bryant