Sigurnost posla ili sigurnost zaposlenja je vjerojatnost pojedinca da zadrži svoje zaposlenje tj. radno mjesto bez straha i s malom mogućnosti od gubitka posla i nezaposlenosti. Smatra se preduvjetom za stabilnu trgovinsku i gospodarsku razmjenu te temeljem dobrog odnosa zaposlenika i poslodavca.

Kao jedan od statističkih pokazatelja nezaposlenosti, ali i za promatranje poduzetničke klime u određenoj državi uzima se i sigurnost posla.

Osnovna ekonomska teorija smatra da tijekom gospodarskog širenja ("ekonomske ekspanzije") koje u povećanoj mjeri zahtijeva radnu snagu, kojoj se sigurnost dobivanja i zadržanja zaposlenja povećava. S druge strane, tijekom recesija, gospodarskih kriza i usporenja (stagnacija) redovito dolazi od smanjenja sigurnosti posla, no najčešće samo u vremenskom razdoblju do sljedeće veće potražnje za određenim zanimanjem.

Sigurnost posla ne mora se nužno odnositi samo na radnu snagu kao zaposlenike poduzeća, već i općenito na sigurnost poslovanja u zakonskim i pravnim okvirima određene zemlje.

Prema statistikama OECD-a najmanju mogućnost za gubitkom posla imaju Švicarska, Japan i Norveška (vjerojatnost manja od 3%).

Izvori

Rad

Sigurnost posla


DJ Tonka (pseudonimul lui Thomas-René Gerlach, ) este un artist german de muzică electronică. El este, de asemenea, cunoscut sub numele de Tonka, Chip Tunes și Thomastic.

Carieră
La începutul carierei sale, Thomas-René Gerlach lucrat cu producătorii Ian Pooley în trupa Outrage, Space Cube, iar T'N'I. Împreună au produs mai multe înregistrări în techno, progressive house și breakbeat. În 1996, parteneriatul a fost dizolvat (un EP cu piese nelansate a fost totuși lansat în 1997).

Ca artist solo, Gerlach a luat numele de DJ Tonka și a început să producă muzica house, cu influențe de la synthpop și de la stilul American garage house. El a realizat o oarecare notorietate ca și remixer, refăcând melodii cum ar fi "Trapped" pentru artistul disco Colonelul Abrams, "Love Shack" pentru The B-52's și "Push It" pentru Salt-N-Pepa.

Tonka îi menționează pe Grandmaster Flash și Depeche Mode în rândul celor care îl influențează. El a fondat, de asemenea, două case de discuri: Uplifting Records în 1997 și Vivienne Records în anul 2000.

Discografie

DJ Tonka Singles & EPs

 1995 Flashback (Force Inc. US)
 1995 Flashback, Remixes (Outland Rec./NL)
 1995 Got To Get Up (Force Inc. 100)
 1995 Feel (Force Inc. US,Disco Magic/Italy,Airplay Rec./France)
 1995 Feel, Remixes (Force Inc. US)
 1995 Phun-ky (Force Inc. US,Skint/UK,Dance Net/Australia)
 1996 Feel Phun-ky EP (Outland Rec./NL)
 1996 Old Skool (F.Inc.US,Dance Net/Aus,Happy One/Danm,Pen Pot/Italy)
 1996 Feel The Street vs Deskee (Force Inc. US)
 1996 Feel The Street vs. Deskee, Remixes (Outland Rec./NL)
 1996 Radical Noise, Remixes (Outland Rec./NL)
 1996 Happiness (Force Inc. US)
 1997 Old Skool - Joey Negro Rmx (Club Masters/UK)
 1997 Old Skool - Fletch Remix (Happy One/Danm)
 1997 The Night, Security (Upl,Warn/Ger,Ginger Music/Spain,Hitland/Italy,Airplane/France)
 1998 She Knows You (Uplifting Rec./Warner)
 1998 She Knows You, Birthday Edition (Uplifting Rec.)
 2000 Don´t Be Afraid (Vivienne Rec., Warner/Ger., BlancoYNegro/Spain)
 2000 Don´t Be Afraid, Nerio´s Dubwork Remix (Promo Only/Warner)
 2002 J.O.E, Never! (Vivienne Rec.)
 2002 Keep Klimbing (Vivienne Rec.)
 2004 84 (Vivienne Rec. Warner)
 2004 Get Back, PT1 (Vivienne Rec. Warner, BlancoYNegro/Spain)
 2004 Get Back, PT2 (Vivienne Rec. Warner, BlancoYNegro/Spain)
 2004 84 (Vivienne Rec.)
 2008 Orca, Freeze (Munich Disco Tech Vol.1, Great Stuff Germany)
 2008 Orca, Ian Pooley Rmx (Munich Disco Tech Vol.2, Great Stuff/Germany)
 2008 Drop Box EP (Alphabet City/Germany)
 2009 Ready For War EP (Southern Fried Records/UK)
 2011 Aliens & Earthlings (WePLAY/Germany)
 2012 Atlantis (WePLAY/Germany)
 2012 Atlantis Remixes (WePLAY/Germany)

 TONKA prezintă CHIP TUNES

 2001 Heartjumpa, Reflect, Fallin`, Passion (Chip Tunes,Warner/Germany)

Albume de studio

 1998: Peaktime (In One Go) (Warner/Germany)
 2004: 84 (Uplifting Rec. Warner/Germany)

Mix CD-uri

 1998: The House Of Disco (Vision Sound Carriers/Germany)
 2000: Essential Streetparades / Proved (Warner Music/Germany)

DJ Tonka remixuri

 1995 Ian Pooley - Celtic Cross Remixes (Force Inc.)
 1996 Celvin Rotane - You´ve Got To Be You (Alphabet City/Edel)
 1996 The Moodyman - The Dancer (After Midnight Rec.,UCA Records/NL)
 1996 Smokin´Beats - Disco Dancin´ (Music Man,Legato Rec.,News/Belgium)
 1996 Full Intention - America (Logic/Germany,Sugar Daddy,Stress Rec/UK)
 1996 The Hipgrinders - Good Times (Positiva,Additive/UK)
 1996 Gina G - I Belong To You (Eternal,Warner/UK)
 1997 Colonel Abrahams - Trapped (Up Beat,Warner/Germany,Mantra/Italy,Ginger/Spain)
 1997 Jimmy Somerville - Safe (Heaven Rec./Germany,Ginger/Spain)
 1997 Bootsy Collins - "I'm Leavin' U (Gotta Go, Gotta Go)" (feat. MC Lyte) (Warner/Germany,Mercury/US)
 1997 Dave Angel - Funk Music (Island/UK)
 1998 The Funkjunkeez a.k.a. Roger Sanchez - Got Funk? (Strictly/US, Motor/Germany)
 1998 Louise - All That Matters (EMI/UK)
 1998 Urban Soul - Love Is So Nice (VC,Virgin/UK)
 1998 Black & White Brothers - Put Your Hands Up (Edel/Germany,Happy Music/France)
 1998 DJ Tonka vs The B52's - Love Shack (Warner/Germany,Reprise/US)
 1998 K-Klass - Live It Up (EMI/UK, Dance Factory/Italy)
 1999 Salt-N-Pepa - "Push It" (Motor/Germany)
 1999 Tony Esposito - Kalimba De Luna (Warner/Germany)
 2000 Dominica - Gotta Let You Go (Fuel, East West, Warner/Germany,Outland Music/NL)
 2000 Bump a.k.a. Steve Travell & MA - I'm Rushing (Fuel,East West,Warn/Germany)
 2001 Cleptomaniacs a.k.a. Brian Tappert & John Julius Knight – All I Do (Edel/Germany)
 2002 Robin S. - Show Me Love (Stereoph,BMG/Ger., Champion/UK)
 2002 Robin S. - Luv 4 Luv (Stereophonic, BMG,Champion/UK)
 2002 Alizée - "L'Alizé (Tonka's Sunny Season Mix)" (Universal/Germany & France)
 2002 Sharam Jey pres the Punisher - Straight Up! (King Kong Rec,Warner/Germany)
 2004 Ian Pooley ft Jade & Dantelle - Heaven (Pooled Music,MOS/Germany)
 2004 Erick Morillo ft. Leslie Carter - Waiting In The Darkness (Subliminal/US)
 2005 Tonka vs The Adjuster - All over Again (Disco Inc.,Force Inc./Germany)
 2005 Room 5 a.k.a. Junior Jack - Make Love 2005 (EMI/Germany)
 2006 Ian Pooley & Tonka - Celtic Cross 2006 (Pooled Music/Germany)
 2006 Erick Morillo ft P.Diddy - Dance I Said (Subliminal/US)
 2008 MDX & Namito - Hot & Spicy (Long Distance Rec./Australia)
 2009 Gus Gus - Lust (Great Stuff/Germany)
 2009 Ian Pooley vs Zoo Brazil - Reader (Pooled Music/Germany)
 2009 Coburn - We Re-Interrupt This Programme (Tasted,Great Stuff/Germany)
 2009 Aquasky - You Know We Do It Big Girl (Passenger/UK)
 2009 AudioFun - Dirty Gold (Freek Records/UK)
 2010 Ellie Goulding - "Guns and Horses" (Polydor/UK)
 2010 Housse de Racket - Oh Yeah! (M20 Solution,Kuskus/France)
 2010 Simon Rose - Stachus (Bobble Music/Germany)
 2010 Mercedes - Shock Absorber (Eye Industries/UK)
 2010 Aggro Santos - Saint Or Sinner (Mercury Records,Future Rec./UK)
 2010 The Wanted - Heart Vacancy (Geffen Records/UK)
 2011 Natalia Kills - "Mirrors" (Interscope Rec./USA)
 2011 Dabruck & Klein ft Ollie James- I Found Love (WePLAY/Germany)
 2011 Arty - Around The World (WePLAY/Germany, Anjunabeats/UK)
 2012 The Disco Boys - Around The World (WePLAY/Germany)
 2012 Medina - Forever (EMI/ Germany)
 2012 Laserkraft 3D - Urlaub (WePLAY/Germany)
 2015 Robin Schulz - Headlights DJ Tonka's Sunlight Radio Mix (TONSPIEL/Warner Music Group)

Alte proiecte

 THOMASTIC (Producții și remixuri)

 1993 Eurostyle Tunes Vol.1 (Intense Rec./Germany)
 1993 I Want to Be Free - Rmx (Intense Rec. BMG Ariola/Germany)
 1993 Dream Team EP, Whirlpool Prod. - Dreaming, Remixes (Intense Rec./Germany)

 T´N´I (DJ Tonka & Ian Pooley)

 1991 Low Mass E.P. (Force Inc./Germany)
 1991 Trip Men w. Alec Empire (Force Inc./Germany)
 1991 Paris, No More Ugly Germans, Compilation & Single (Sony Music, Germany)
 1992 Disco Beam E.P. (Intense Rec. Germany)
 1992 Do You Still Care? ft Marie Pullins (Polydor/Germany)
 1993 Depart EP (Intense Rec/Germany)
 1993 I Want to Be Free (Intense Rec.,BMG Ariola/Germany)
 1994 Mad Situation, Be Straight (Force Inc./Germany)
 1995 Nothing Can Stop Us (Force Inc.100 Compilation/Germany)

 T´N´I Remixuri (DJ Tonka & Ian Pooley)

 1992 Paris Red - Do Ya (Feel It) (Dance Pool, Sony Music/Germany)
 1992 The Bionaut - Everybody is Kissing Everyone (Intense Rec/Germany)
 1992 Paradise Project - Deep Green (Sony, Germany)
 1993 Dream Team EP w. Whirlpool Prod. - Dreaming (Intense Rec./Germany)
 1993 Formosa - Dr. Strangelove (Sony/Germany)
 1993 Rainforest - The Birds (Now! Rec./Germany)
 1993 House Pimps - Get The Hook (Now! Rec./Germany)

 SPACE CUBE (DJ Tonka & Ian Pooley)

 1991 Space Cube EP (Force Inc./Germany)
 1992 Machine & Motion (Force Inc./Germany)
 1992 Pure Tendency - Ritchie Hawtin Rmx (R&S Rec./Belgium)
 1992 Kool Killer EP 1 (Force Inc/Germany)
 1993 Kool Killer EP 2 (Force Inc./Germany)
 1993 Kool Killer EP 3 (Force Inc./Germany)
 1993 Kool Killer EP, UK Mixes (Edge Rec/UK)
 1993 The Latest Adventures Of Kool Killer (Dragnet/Sony, Germany)
 1993 Sassion ft Gordon Matthewman & Force Mass Motion (Edge Rec/UK)
 1993 The Unrel. Project EP (Solid Preassure Continental/CH)
 1994 Inbound, Outbound (Riot Beats/Germany)
 1994 Kommerz Killer (Riot Beats/Germany)
 1995 Dschungelfieber, Remixes (Riot Beats/Germany)
 1996 DJ Tonka & Ian Pooley's Unrel. Space Cube Tracks (Upflifting Rec./Germany)

 SPACE CUBE Remixuri (DJ Tonka & Ian Pooley)

 1993 Ilsa Gold - Silke (Force Inc./Germany)
 1993 N.R.G. - I Need Your Lovin' (Force Inc./Germany,Chill Rec./UK,Pyro Tech/US)
 1993 D.A.C. Robinson - Lucky Strike (Rabbit City Records/UK)
 1995 Legend B - Lost In Love (Lanka/Germany)

 OUTRAGE (DJ Tonka & Ian Pooley)

 1991 Emperor, Daylight (Force Inc./Germany)

Legături externe

 Website-ul oficial
 Official SoundCloud Page
 Official Facebook Fanpage
 Official MySpace Page
 DJ Tonka at Discogs
 Booking Agency

Nașteri în 1973
Nașteri pe 24 iunie
DJ germani
Muzică electronică

DJ Tonka


Adrian Vuksanović (Kotor, 1980.), hrvatski manjinski dužnosnik iz Crne Gore, novinar i pjesnik. Diplomirani inženjer elektrotehnike.

Radio kao novinar, zatim u Elektroprivredi Crne Gore, a zadnjih godina kao profesor u Podgorici.

Zastupnik je crnogorskih Hrvata u hrvatskom vijeću za Hrvate izvan Republike Hrvatske. Jedan od osnivača Crnogorske paneuropske unije, čiji je čelnik nadzornog odbora.

Predsjednik je Hrvatske građanske inicijative, političke stranke Hrvata u Crnoj Gori sa sjedištem u Tivtu. Na izborima 2016. u Crnoj Gori bio je nositelj liste Hrvatske građanske inicijative. Predsjednik krovne zajednice Hrvata Boke kotorske "Dux Croatorum". Član je Savjeta Vlade Republike Hrvatske za Hrvate izvan domovine.
Član je saziva skupštine općine Tivat kao član HGI - Vjerni Tivtu. Druga članica HGI - Vjerni Tivtu u sazivu je Ružica Lazarević.

Novinar je Radio Duxa, crnogorske radijske postaje na hrvatskom jeziku.

Pjesme Adriana Vuksanovića objavljene su na stranici Kustodije.

Od 28. travnja 2022. godine, obnaša funkciju Ministra bez portfelja u Vladi Dritana Abazovića.

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
 (cg.) Radio Televizija Crne Gore Izbori 2016.: Intervju: Adrian Vuksanović, 4. listopada 2016.
 (cg.) Cafe del Montenegro Vi (se) pitate! Nosioci lista odgovaraju na pitanja čitalaca CdM-a!, 2. listopada 2016.
 (cg.) Kotor TV  N.D.: 'Dux Croatorum'  Organizatori karnevala duhovno ne pripadaju Kotoru, 16. siječnja 2015.
 (cg.) Radio Tivat  HGI: Unaprijediti politiku obrazovanja, 23. rujna 2016.

Životopisi, Kotor
Hrvatski novinari
Hrvatski pjesnici
Hrvati u Crnoj Gori
Hrvatski političari
Crnogorski političari od 1989.

Adrian Vuksanović


Loranthinae, biljni podtribus iz porodice ljepkovki. Postoje dva roda s ukupno osam vrsta iz Europe i Azije. Poluparazitski monotipični rod Cecarria ograničen je na Bismarckovo i Solomonovo otočje, Novu Gvineju i Filipine.  Od roda Loranthus u Hrvatskoj raste jedino europska žuta imela .ili europski ljepak

Rodovi
 Subtribus Loranthinae Engl.
 Cecarria Barlow (1 sp.)
 Loranthus L. (2 spp.)
 Hyphear Danser (4 spp.)

Izvori

Ljepkovke

Loranthinae


El distrito de Yauyucan es uno de los once que conforman la provincia de Santa Cruz, del departamento de Cajamarca, bajo la administración del Gobierno Regional de Cajamarca, en el norte central del Perú.

Desde el punto de vista jerárquico de la Iglesia católica forma parte de la Diócesis de Chiclayo, sufragánea de la Arquidiócesis de Piura.

Historia
El distrito fue creado mediante Ley  del 21 de abril de 1950, en el gobierno del Presidente Manuel A. Odría.

Geografía
Abarca una superficie de 35,37 km².
 Ríos:
 Lagos:

Capital
Tiene como capital al pueblo de Yauyucan. Se encuentra ubicada a una altura 2 400

Autoridades

Municipales

 2011 - 2014
 Alcalde: Mario Wilfredo Vargas Vásquez, del Partido Perú Posible (PP).
 Regidores:  Gonzalo Palomino Sánchez (PP), María Marleny Astochado Romero (PP), José Santa Cruz Torres (PP), Marco Becerra Mendoza (PP), Hernán Izquierdo Suxe (APRA).
 2007-2010
 Alcalde: Mario Wilfredo Vargas Vásquez, Perú Posible (PP).

Policiales
 Comisario:  PNP.

Religiosas
 Diócesis de Chiclayo
 Administrador apostólico: Mons. Ribert Francis Prevost, OSA.

Producción

Educación

Festividades

SE REALIZA LA FESTIVIDAD DE CORPUS CRISTI, SIENDO SU DÍA CENTRAL EL SEGUNDO JUEVES DE ENERO, FERIA A LA CUAL CONCURREN LOS CIUDADANOS DE PUEBLOS Y PROVINCIAS ALEDAÑAS; ASÍ COMO COMERCIANTES DE DISTINTAS PARTES DEL PAÍS.

Referencias

Véase también
 Organización territorial del Perú

Enlaces externos
 Portal Municipal
 INEI Perú

Yauyucan

Distrito de Yauyucan


Prețurile de transfer reprezintă valorile la care sunt efectuate tranzacțiile între companii la nivel intra-grup. Conform legislației de prețuri de transfer, principalul factor de decizie în procesul de stabilire a prețurilor îl reprezintă respectarea principiului valorii de piață. Mai exact, acest preț trebuie să corespundă prețului care ar fi fost achitat dacă produsele ar fi fost achiziționate de la o companie neafiliată grupului. Acest procent nu este de sine stătător, fiind diferit de la țară la țară.

Metode de stabilire a prețurilor de transfer

Alegerea metodelor de determinare a prețurilor de transfer diferă de la o societate la alta, oportunitatea aplicării oricăreia dintre metode fiind influențată de caracteristicile tranzacțiilor analizate.

Astfel, selectarea unei anumite metode depinde de existența tranzacțiilor comparabile desfășurate între persoane independente precum și de alți factori de comparabilitate printre care se enumeră:

- caracteristicile bunurilor sau serviciilor tranzacționate (e.x. caracteristicele fizice ale bunurilor, natura bunurilor - tangibile sau intangibile, etc.)

- funcțiile îndeplinite și riscurile asumate de părțile în tranzacție (ex. funcția de producție, marketing, distribuție, riscul de piață, riscul de inventar sau riscul de neîncasare a creanțelor, etc.)

- termenii contractuali ai tranzactiei respective (ex. termenii de plată, reducerile comerciale, garanțiile acordate etc.)

- circumstanțele economice (ex. condițiile pieței în care sunt tranzacționate bunurile respective etc.)

- strategiile de afaceri implementate (ex. scheme de penetrare a piețelor etc.).

Selectarea unei anumite metode depinde de completitudinea și acuratețea informațiilor disponibile. De asemenea, un alt factor foarte relevant îl reprezintă scopul utilizării metodei in cauză, fie că este necesar pentru planificarea fiscală, pentru documentație sau în vederea justificării valorii de piață a tranzacțiilor ce au fost efectuate. Cu toate acestea, pot exista situații în care este indicată utilizarea mai multor metode pentru a determina sau testa valoarea de piață a prețurilor de transfer practicate.

În plus, în momentul în care este stabilită metoda de prețuri de transfer, contribuabilii care desfășoară tranzacții cu persoane afiliate nu trebuie să omită prevederile legislației referitoare la ierarhizarea metodelor, precum și indicațiile specifice referitoare la aplicabilitatea metodelor.

Metodele de stabilire a prețurilor de transfer  sunt următoarele:

Metoda comparării prețurilor
Metoda comparării prețurilor este utilizată pentru a confrunta prețurile stabilite pentru transferul bunurilor sau serviciilor. Astfel, prețul aferent unei tranzacții între persoane afiliate este comparat cu prețul aferent unei tranzacții între terți. Această metodă poate fi folosită în special în cazurile în care bunurile sau serviciile care fac obiectul tranzacțiilor în cadrul unui grup multinațional sunt de asemenea obiectul tranzacțiilor între persoane independente.

Metoda cost plus
Pentru determinarea prețului pieței, metoda cost plus pornește de la costul înregistrat de producătorul bunurilor sau prestatorul serviciului într-o tranzacție controlată, la care se adaugă o marjă de profit corespunzatoare domeniului de activitate a contribuabilului. Dacă marja de profit este la valoare de piața, prețul de transfer va fi de asemenea la valoarea de piața.

Metoda prețului de revânzare
Metoda prețului de revânzare este utilizată pentru a stabili prețurile de transfer pornind de la prețul la care un produs care a fost achiziționat de la o persoană afiliată este revândut unui terț. Acest preț, prețul de revânzare, este ulterior redus cu o marjă brută corespunzătoare care să-i permită societății obținerea unui profit ce reflectă funcțiile îndeplinite de societate, riscurile asumate și condițiile pieței. Ceea ce rămâne după scăderea marjei de profit poate fi privit ca un preț de piață pentru transferul inițial de bunuri intre cele doua parți afiliate.

Metoda marjei nete
Metoda marjei nete se bazează pe teoria conform căreia marjele nete de profit obținute de societăți care desfășoară activități similare pe aceeași piață și în cadrul aceleiași industrii tind să se egalizeze după o anumită perioadă de timp.

Metoda împărțirii profitului
Metoda împărțirii profitului pornește de la identificarea profitului agregat obținut de persoanele afiliate în urma tranzacțiilor desfășurate. În continuare, acest profit este împărțit între persoanele afiliate pe baza unor principii economice care să aproximeze modul în care profitul ar fi fost repartizat celor doua părți în cadrul unei tranzacții realizate cu respectarea principiului valorii de piață. Astfel, profitul alocat fiecărei entități trebuie să reflecte funcțiile îndeplinite, riscurile asumate și activele folosite de fiecare dintre parți și este determinat prin raportarea la condițiile pieței similar cu modul în care societățile terțe ar împărți acest profit.

Referințe

Fiscalitate

Preț de transfer


For Øjnene er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1988 instrueret af Kirsten Graver.

Handling
En rejse i rum, akvarel og musik gennem øjne, blik. Videoens øjne ser eller ser ikke, spiller til eller spiller uden om den anden, der aldrig er til stede på skærmen, iagttageren.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1988

For Øjnene


Seedorf, Almanya'nın kuzeyinde Schleswig-Holstein eyaletinde, Segeberg iline bağlı bölge. 48,92 km² yüzölçüme sahiptir. Nüfusu, 30 Eylül 2006 itibarıyla yaklaşık 2245 kişi olarak tespit edilmiştir. Belediye Başkanlığı Horst Schramm tarafından yürütülmektedir.

Dış bağlantılar
 www.amt-trave-land.de

Segeberg iline bağlı yerleşim birimleri

Seedorf


Canada did not officially participate in the Vietnam War.  However, it contributed to peacekeeping forces in 1973 to help enforce the Paris Peace Accords.

Privately, some Canadians contributed to the war effort.  Canadian corporations sold war materiel to the U.S. government. In addition, at least 30,000 Canadians volunteered to serve in the U.S. armed forces during the war.  At least 134 Canadians died or were reported missing in Vietnam.

Meanwhile, tens of thousands of U.S. Vietnam War resisters emigrated to Canada to avoid the draft.  Largely middle class and educated, they had a significant impact on Canadian life.  After the war, tens of thousands of Vietnamese boat people were also admitted and became a unique part of Canadian life.

Beginnings

During the First Indochina War between France and the Indo-Chinese nationalist and communist parties, Canada remained militarily neutral but provided modest diplomatic and economic support to the French.  Canada was, however, part of the International Control Commission (along with Poland and India) that oversaw the 1954 Geneva Agreements that divided Vietnam, provided for French withdrawal, and would have instituted elections for reunification by 1956.  Behind the scenes, Canadian diplomats tried to discourage both France and the United States from escalating the conflict in a part of the world Canada had decided was not strategically vital.

Canada laid out six prerequisites to joining a war effort or Asian alliance like SEATO:
 It had to involve cultural and trade connections in addition to a military alliance.
 It had to demonstrably meet the will of the people in the countries involved.
 Other free Asian states had to support it directly or in principle.
 France had to refer the conflict to the United Nations organization.
 Any multilateral action must conform to the UN charter.
 Any action had to be divorced from all elements of colonialism.

These criteria effectively guaranteed Canada would not participate in the Vietnam War.

Canadian involvement in the war

At the start of the Vietnam War, Canada was a member of the International Control Commission (ICC) overseeing the implementation of the Geneva Agreements, and thus attempted to maintain an air of neutrality.  However, the Canadian negotiators were strongly on the side of the U.S. One representative (J. Blair Seaborn, younger brother of Robert Seaborn) was even involved in secretly exchanging messages between the U.S. and North Vietnam on behalf of the U.S., with the approval of the Canadian government. Canada also sent foreign aid to South Vietnam, which, while humanitarian, was directed by the U.S.
Canada tried to mediate between the warring countries, aiming for a conclusion that could allow the U.S. to leave the conflict honourably. It has also been commonly believed, as reported at the time, that the Canadian government of Prime Minister Lester Pearson publicly criticized U.S. war methods. Yet, the text of a speech which Pearson delivered at Temple University in Philadelphia on April 2, 1965 has debunked this widespread rumor, with Pearson even stating "The government and great majority of people of my country have supported wholeheartedly the US peacekeeping and peacemaking policies in Vietnam."

Meanwhile, Canadian industry exported military supplies and raw materials useful in their manufacture, including ammunition, napalm and Agent Orange, to the United States, as trade between the two countries continued without interruption or hindrance.

"500 firms sold $2.5 billion of war materials (ammunition, napalm, aircraft engines and explosives) to the Pentagon. Another $10 billion in food, beverages, berets and boots for the troops was exported to the U.S., as well as nickel, copper, lead, oil, brass for shell casings, wiring, plate armour and military transport. In Canada unemployment fell to record low levels of 3.9%".

Although these exports were sales by Canadian firms, not gifts from the Canadian government, they nonetheless benefited the U.S. war effort. The first official statement about the Canadian economic support given to the United States armed forces was by Lester Pearson on March 10, 1967, when he stated that the export of goods to Canada's southern ally was "necessary and logical" due to the extreme integration of both economies, and that an embargo would be a notice of withdrawal from North American defense arrangements.

As the war escalated, however, relations between Canada and the United States gradually deteriorated.  In his Temple University speech, while stating firm support for U.S. policy, Pearson also called for a pause in the bombing of North Vietnam. In a perhaps apocryphal story, when a furious President Lyndon B. Johnson met with Pearson the next day, he grabbed the much smaller Canadian by his lapels and talked angrily with him for an hour. After this incident, the two men somehow found ways to resolve their differences over the war and had further contacts, including later twice meeting in Canada. With the federal elections of 1968, which brought Pierre Trudeau to the prime ministry, Canadian policy changed radically to one of unrelenting criticism of U.S. policy in Vietnam. Trudeau called for immediate negotiations between the U.S. and North Vietnam and offered on at least one occasion to serve as mediator in the negotiations, annoying President Richard Nixon, who succeeded Lyndon Johnson after his own election to the U.S. presidency in 1968.

Assistance to the U.S. war effort

Canada's official diplomatic position in relation to the Vietnam War was that of a non-belligerent, which imposed a ban on the export of war-related items to the combat areas. Nonetheless, Canadian industry was also a major supplier of equipment and supplies to the U.S. forces, not sending these directly to South Vietnam but to the United States. The goods included relatively benign items like boots, but also aircraft, munitions, napalm, and commercial defoliants, the use of which was fiercely opposed by anti-war protesters at the time.
In accordance with the 1956 Defence Production Sharing Agreement, Canadian industry sold $2.47 billion in materiel to the United States between 1965 and 1973. Many of the companies were owned by US parent firms, but all export sales over $100,000 US (and thus, the majority of contracts) were arranged through the Canadian Commercial Corporation, a crown corporation which functioned as an intermediary between the United States Department of Defense and Canadian industry. In some cases Canadian defence contractors were even sent to the theatre of war to undertake company work, such as when de Havilland Canada sent mobile repair teams from the Downsview, Toronto plant to complete depot-level repair of battle-damaged de Havilland Caribou aircraft that were owned and operated by the U.S. Army. Furthermore, the Canadian and the American Defence departments worked together to test chemical defoliants for use in Vietnam, a collaboration only revealed to the public in 1981. Canada also allowed their NATO ally to use Canadian facilities and bases for training exercises and weapons testing as per existing treaties.

Between January 28, 1973 and July 31, 1973, Canada provided 240 peacekeeping troops to Operation Gallant, the peacekeeping operation associated with the International Commission of Control and Supervision (ICCS) Vietnam, along with Hungary, Indonesia, and Poland.  Their role was to monitor the cease-fire in South Vietnam per the Paris Peace Accords. After Canada's departure from the Commission, it was replaced by Iran.

Canadians in the U.S. armed forces

In a counter-current to the movement of U.S. draft evaders and deserters to Canada, about 30,000 Canadians volunteered to fight for the U.S. in Southeast Asia. Among the volunteers were 50 Mohawks from the Kahnawake reserve near Montreal.  U.S. Army Sergeant Peter C. Lemon, an immigrant from Canada, was awarded the U.S. Medal of Honor for his valour in the conflict. (This cross-border enlistment was not unprecedented:  Both the First and the Second World War saw thousands of Americans join the Canadian Armed Forces before the U.S officially declared war on Germany)

In 2015, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) produced a story remembering the Canadians who fought and died in the war.  According to that story, a Canadian veterans association estimates that 20,000 Canadians enlisted in the U.S. armed forces to fight alongside the Americans, while some historians put the number as high as 40,000. Of these, an estimated 12,000 saw combat in Vietnam, and at least 134 were killed or declared missing in action.

The 2015 CBC story paid special attention to Rob McSorley, a teen-age Army Ranger from Vancouver who was shot dead by North Vietnamese soldiers.  Other Canadians who gave their lives and were recognized in the story include:
 Thomas Edwin Fraser of the Six Nations Reserve in Ohsweken, Ontario
 Randolph Hatton from Toronto
 Robert Wilson Holditch from Port Robinson, Ontario
 Bruce Thomas Kennedy from Espanola, Ontario
 Jonathan Peter Kmetyk from St. Catharines, Ontario
 John J. Roden from Halifax, Nova Scotia
 Larry Semeniuk from Windsor, Ontario

 Murray Dean Vidler from Kerrobert, Saskatchewan.

In Windsor, Ontario, there is a privately funded monument to the Canadians killed in the Vietnam War. In Melocheville, Quebec, there is a monument dating from October 1989 funded by the Association Québécoise des Vétérans du Vietnam.

U.S. war resisters in Canada

U.S. draft evaders (often referred to by the disparaging term "draft dodgers") and military deserters who sought refuge in Canada during the Vietnam War would ignite controversy among those seeking to immigrate to Canada, some of it provoked by the Canadian government's initial refusal to admit those who could not prove they had been discharged from U.S. military service. This changed in 1968 with the installment of Pierre Trudeau as prime minister. On May 22, 1969, Ottawa announced that Canadian immigration officials could not ask about immigration applicants' military status if they appeared at the border seeking permanent residence in Canada. According to Valerie Knowles, draft evaders were usually college-educated sons of the middle class who could no longer defer induction into the Selective Service System. Deserters, on the other hand, were predominantly sons of the lower-middle and working classes who had been inducted into the armed services directly from high school or who had volunteered, hoping to obtain a skill and broaden their opportunities.

Starting in 1965, Canada became a choice haven for U.S. draft evaders and deserters. Because they were not formally classified as refugees but admitted as immigrants, there is no official estimate of how many draft evaders and deserters entered Canada during the Vietnam War. One informed estimate puts their number between 30,000 and 40,000.  Whether or not this estimate is accurate, the fact remains that emigration from the United States was high as long as the U.S. was participating in the war militarily and maintained compulsory military service. In 1971-72, Canada received more immigrants from the United States than from any other country.

Draft evaders

Estimates vary greatly as to how many males from the U.S. settled in Canada for the specific reason of dodging the draft or "evading conscription," as opposed to desertion, or other reasons.  Canadian immigration statistics show that 20,000 to 30,000 draft-eligible males from the U.S. came to Canada as immigrants during the Vietnam era. The BBC has reported that "as many as 60,000 young American men dodged the draft."  Estimates of the total number of U.S. citizens who moved to Canada due to their opposition to the war range from 50,000 to 125,000 This exodus was "the largest politically motivated migration from the United States since the United Empire Loyalists moved north to oppose the American Revolution." Major communities of war resisters formed in Montreal, the Slocan Valley, British Columbia, and on Baldwin Street in Toronto, Ontario.

They were at first assisted by the Student Union for Peace Action, a campus-based Canadian anti-war organization with connections to Students for a Democratic Society in the U.S. Canadian immigration policy at the time made it easy for immigrants from all countries to obtain legal status in Canada.  By late 1967, draft evaders were being assisted primarily by several locally based anti-draft organizations (over twenty of them), such as the Vancouver Committee to Aid American War Objectors and the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme.  As a counselor for the Programme, Mark Satin wrote the Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada in 1968.  It sold nearly 100,000 copies overall.  In 1970, Canadian singer Gordon Lightfoot recorded his song "Sit Down Young Stranger" to express his views on Canada's acceptance of American draft evaders.

The influx of these young men, who, as mentioned earlier, were often well educated and politically leftist, affected Canada's academic and cultural institutions, and Canadian society at large.  These new arrivals tended to balance the "brain drain" that Canada had experienced.  While some draft evaders returned to the United States after a pardon was declared in 1977 during the presidential administration of Jimmy Carter, roughly half of them stayed in Canada.

Prominent draft evaders who stayed in Canada permanently, or for a significant amount of time, have included:
 Mike Fisher – founding member of Heart, notable rock/pop band
 William Gibson – science fiction writer, winner of a Nebula Award
 Jim Green – Vancouver city councillor and mayoral candidate
 Michael Hendricks – gay rights advocate
 Jeffry House – lawyer, clients include many activists
 Bill King – musician and organizer of Toronto's Beaches Jazz Festival
 Michael Klein – activist physician, spouse of Bonnie Sherr Klein, father of Naomi Klein
 Keith Maillard – professor of creative writing, University of British Columbia
 Eric Nagler – children's entertainer on The Elephant Show
 Wayne Robinson – father of Svend Robinson, former Member of Parliament
 Jay Scott – film critic, The Globe and Mail
 Jesse Winchester – singer-songwriter
 Michael Wolfson – assistant chief statistician at Statistics Canada
 Harry Yates – human resources manager at the Ministry of the Attorney General of British Columbia

Deserters

Distinct from draft resisters, there were also deserters from the U.S. armed forces who also made their way to Canada. There was pressure from both the United States and Canada for the deserters to be arrested, or at least stopped at the border.

The deserters have not been pardoned and may still face pro forma arrest, as the case of Allen Abney demonstrated in March 2006. Another similar case was that of Richard Allen Shields: He had deserted the U.S. Army in Alaska in 1972 after serving a year in Vietnam. Twenty-eight years later, on March 22, 2000, while he attempted to drive a lumber truck across the US-Canada border (in Metaline Falls, Washington) he was arrested by U.S. Customs agents and jailed at Fort Sill.
He was discharged from the Army with an Other Than Honorable discharge in April 2000.
Other noteworthy deserters from that era include the following:
 Andy Barrie- former host of Canadian Broadcasting Corporation Radio's Metro Morning in Toronto (He later received a General discharge from the United States Army, became a Canadian citizen, and is free to travel to the U.S.)
 Dick Cotterill
 Michael Shaffer: "After six months in the Army, my application for CO status was denied and I was told that I would be going to Vietnam. I refused to draw my weapon and was ordered court-martialed. On Labour Day 1970 I was able to escape and cross into Canada ... During President Ford's Clemency Program in 1975, I went to Fort Dix seeking the "Undesirable Discharge" offered to deserters who turned themselves in. The Army decided that I wasn't eligible and court-martial proceedings were resumed. With help from the ACLU, I was released and two years later a Federal Court ordered the Army to discharge me Honourably as a Conscientious Objector ... I remained in Vancouver"
 Jack Todd – award-winning sports columnist for the Montreal Gazette
 Mike Tulley - Edmonton, Alberta area sound engineer and social activist

Missing-text controversy

In February 2009, text on how both draft evaders and resisters of the Vietnam War were ultimately allowed to stay in Canada suddenly vanished from the website of the Department of Citizenship and Immigration Canada."

Originally, the Government of Canada website had contained the following statements:

... Starting in 1965, Canada became a choice haven for American draft resisters and deserters, ... Although some of these transplanted Americans returned home after the Vietnam War, most of them put down roots in Canada, making up the largest, best-educated group this country had ever received.

The above statement (now gone from the website) was part of an extensive online chapter on draft resisters and deserters from the Vietnam war, which was found in the larger online document,"Forging Our Legacy: Canadian Citizenship and Immigration, 1900–1977" It was originally posted on the Government of Canada website in the year 2000, when the Liberal Party of Canada, led by Jean Chrétien, was in power and responsible for the content of that website but in 2009, the Ministry of Stephen Harper [took] "a much dimmer view of dozens of U.S. soldiers who've come north after refusing to serve in the invasion of Iraq. Some had already been deported to face military jail terms ranging from about six to 15 months."

The removal from the Citizenship and Immigration website occurred in the same month that its multi-party counterpart, the  Standing Committee on Citizenship and Immigration was debating that issue:  On February 12, 2009, that multi-party committee passed, for the second time, a non-binding motion reaffirming Parliament's earlier (June 2008) vote which recommended that the government let Iraq War resisters stay in Canada. A month and a half later, on March 30, 2009, the House of Commons of Canada again voted in a non-binding motion 129 to 125 in favour of the committee's recommendation.

After the war

The Vietnam War continued to resonate in Canada long after the war was over.

Vietnamese boat people

After the fall of South Vietnam in April 1975, hundreds of thousands of refugees, called boat people, fled Vietnam and adjacent nations.  According to Canadian immigration historian Valerie Knowles, from 1979 to 1980 Canada admitted an estimated 60,000 of these refugees, "most of whom had endured several days in small, leaky boats, prey to vicious pirate attacks, before ending up in squalid camps".  Knowles says it was the highest number of boat people accepted by any nation, including the United States, during that period.  The boat people constituted 25% of all newcomers admitted to Canada from 1978 to 1981.  This created a substantial Vietnamese community in Canada, concentrated especially in Montreal, Vancouver, and Toronto.

Cultural and political shifts

The Vietnam War was an important cultural turning point in Canada.  Coupled with Canada's centenary in 1967 and the success of Expo 67, Canada became far more independent and nationalistic.  The public, if not their representatives in parliament, became more willing to oppose the United States and to move in a different direction socially and politically.

Agent Orange in New Brunswick

In 1981, a government report revealed that Agent Orange, the controversial defoliant, had been tested at CFB Gagetown, New Brunswick.  In June 1966, the chemical was sprayed over nearly 600 acres (2.4 km2) of forest inside the base.  There are differing opinions about the level of toxicity of the site; but, in 2006, the Canadian government said it planned to compensate some of those who were exposed.  As of 2011, some claims have been paid but the administration of the compensation program has been criticized.

See also

Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Baldwin Village – a neighbourhood and commercial street in Toronto that became the centre of the American exile community
Canada and Iraq War resisters
Canada–Vietnam relations
Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War
New Zealand in the Vietnam War

References

Further reading
  McGill, Robert.  War Is Here: The Vietnam War and Canadian Literature (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2017) online book review
 Ross, Douglas A. In the Interests of Peace: Canada and Vietnam, 1954–1973, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984. .

 Squires, Jessica. Building Sanctuary: The Movement to Support Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, 1965–1973,   Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2013.  .
Forging Our Legacy: Canadian Citizenship and Immigration, 1900–1977, by Valerie Knowles.  Ottawa: Public Works and Government Services Canada, 2000. .
I Volunteered: Canadian Vietnam Vets Remember, by Tracey Arial.  Winnipeg: Watson & Dwyer Publishing, 1998. .
Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada, by Mark Satin.  Toronto: House of Anansi Press, "A List" reprint edition, 2017, orig. 1968.  New introduction by Canadian historian James Laxer, new afterword by Satin ("Bringing Draft Dodgers to Canada in the 1960s"). .
The New Exiles: American War Resisters in Canada, by Roger Neville Williams.  New York: Liveright Publishers, 1970.  Includes transcripts of interviews with resisters.  .
Northern Passage: American Vietnam War Resisters in Canada, by John Hagan. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2001. .
Quiet Complicity: Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War, by Victor Levant.  Foreword by Gwynne Dyer.  Toronto: Between the Lines Books, 1987. .
Snow Job: Canada, the United States, and Vietnam (1954–1973), by Charles Taylor. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1974. .
Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy, 1540-2015, by Valerie Knowles.  Toronto: Dundurn Press, 4th ed., 2016, p. 214 ("Draft-Age Americans in Canada" section).  Incorporates and updates parts of the Knowles booklet cited in this article.  .
Unknown Warriors: Canadians in the Vietnam War, by Fred Gaffen.  Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1990. .
"Vietnam War", by Victor Levant.  On the Canadian Encyclopedia website.  Accessed 14 December 2012.
War Is Here: The Vietnam War and Canadian Literature, by Robert McGill.   Kingston, Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2017.  .

External links

The war

 Canada's Secret War: Vietnam.  Digital archives, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
 Canadian Vietnam Veterans Association
 Canadian Vietnam Veterans Memorial Association
North Wall, Canadian Vietnam Veterans Memorial
Vietnam Veterans With a Mission .  Information and pictures.
 Vietnam War Bibliography: Canada.  Compiled by scholar Edwin L. Morse.
 The Vietnam War: Canada's Role, Part One.  Transcript of a CBC Radio broadcast.

War immigrants

Jack Pocock Memorial Collection, in the Discover Archives  at the University of Toronto.  Material from the Toronto Anti-Draft Programme and similar organizations, mostly from 1969–1975.
Manual for Draft-Age Immigrants to Canada.  Narrative and excerpt.
Seeking Sanctuary: Draft Dodgers.  Digital archives, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
Toronto Anti-Draft Programme.  Self-description from 1968.
 The Vietnam War: Canada's Role, Part Two: The Boat People.  Transcript of a CBC Radio broadcast.
Vietnam War Resisters in Canada , hosted by Vancouver Community Network.  Annotated guide to texts and websites from the 1960s to the present. Compiled by scholar Joseph Jones.
  Vietnamese Community in Canada.  Overview by Statistics Canada.

Canada–United States relations
Vietnam War
Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War
Draft evasion
History of Canada (1960–1981)
Political history of Canada
Canada–Vietnam relations
Articles containing video clips

Canada and the Vietnam War


Friedrich Valentin Hermann (født 1. februar 1828 i Frankfurt am Main, død 27. september 1907 i Leipzig) var en tysk violinist og komponist.

Hermann studerede ved Leipzig-konservatoriet fra november 1843. Han var discipel af violinisten Ferdinand David samt af Moritz Hauptmann, Niels Wilhelm Gade og Felix Mendelssohn. Konservatoriet var blevet grundlagt samme år. Hermann udviklede sig hurtig til en betydelig kunstner på sit instrument, men kastede sig særlig over lærergerningen (ved Leipzig-konservatoriet) og skaffede sig som sådan et anset navn. Også uden for Tyskland blev han kendt som den fortjenstfulde udgiver af en Violinskole og af største delen af den på Peters forlag udkomne klassiske violinmusik.

Kilder

 Friedrich Hermann (Composer, Arranger)  på Bach Cantatas Website

Violinister fra Tyskland
Klassiske komponister fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Personer fra Frankfurt am Main

Friedrich Hermann


Frederic Augustus de Anhalt-Dessau () (23 septembrie 1799 – 4 decembrie 1864), a fost prinț german din Casa de Ascania provenind din ramura Anhalt-Dessau.

Naștere și familie
Frederic s-a născut la Dessau la 23 septembrie 1799 și a fost al patrulea fiu (însă al treilea în viață) al lui Frederic, Prinț Ereditar de Anhalt-Dessau și a soției acestuia, Amalie de Hesse-Homburg, fiica lui Frederic al V-lea, Landgraf de Hesse-Homburg.

Căsătorie și copii
La 11 septembrie 1832, la Palatul Rumpenheim Palace din Offenbach am Main, Frederic Augustus s-a căsătorit cu Prințesa Marie Luise Charlotte de Hesse-Kassel (n. Copenhaga, 9 mai 1814 - d. Schloss Hohenburg, 28 iulie 1895). Ea era fiica Prințului Wilhelm de Hesse-Kassel și a Prințesei Louise Charlotte a Danemarcei, o soră a regelui Christian al VIII-lea al Danemarcei. Marie a fost sora mai mare a reginei Louise, soția regelui Christian al IX-lea al Danemarcei.

Frederic și Marie au avut trei fiice:
Adelaide Marie (n. 25 decembrie 1833, Dessau - d. 24 noiembrie 1916, Schloss Königstein), căsătorită la 23 aprilie 1851 cu Adolphe, Mare Duce de Luxembourg. Actualul Mare Duce de Luxembourg, Henri, este descendentul ei direct.
Bathildis Amalgunde (n. 29 decembrie 1837, Dessau - d. 10 februarie 1902, Schloss Nachod), căsătorită la 30 mai 1862 cu Prințul Wilhelm de Schaumburg-Lippe. Fiica ei ce mare, Charlotte, a fost soția lui Wilhelm al II-lea de Württemberg și, prin una din fiicele ei, Adelaide, ea a fost bunica ultimului șef al ramurei Wettin de Saxa-Altenburg, Georg Moritz.
Hilda Charlotte (n. 13 decembrie 1839, Dessau - d. 22 decembrie 1926, Dessau).

Note

Nașteri în 1799
Decese în 1864
Prinți de Anhalt-Dessau

Frederic Augustus de Anhalt-Dessau


is a coastal town located in Higashimuro District, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. , the town had an estimated population of 15,192 in 8354 households and a population density of 110 persons per km2. The total area of the town is .

Geography
Kushimoto has the distinction of being the southernmost point of Japan's main island, Honshū. It is located at the southernmost tip of Kii Peninsula, with the urban area on the isthmus connecting Cape Shionomisaki with the mainland. The island of Kii Oshima is located on the east side of the city, and is connected by the Kushimoto Ohashi Bridge, which was completed in September 1999. Parts of the coastal area of the town are within the limits of the Yoshino-Kumano National Park and include the Hashiguiiwa Rocks, which are a National Natural Monument.

Neighboring municipalities
Wakayama Prefecture
Susami, to the west
Kozagawa, to the north
Nachikatsuura, to the east

Climate
Kushimoto has a Humid subtropical climate (Köppen Cfa) characterized by warm summers and cool winters with light to no snowfall.  The average annual temperature in Kushimoto is 17.5 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2515 mm with September as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around 26.9 °C, and lowest in January, at around 8.1 °C. Kushimoto has a very wet climate. The area is subject to typhoons and the moist winds of the Kuroshio Current in summer. Kushimoto is famous as the Typhoon Ginza (after Ginza in Tokyo). The wettest month was September 1929 with  whilst in January 2010 the town received no rain for the second time since records began in 1913 and had the lowest monthly humidity on record at 47 percent. The heaviest daily rainfall was  on 17 October 1939.

Demographics
Per Japanese census data, the population of Kushimoto has decreased steadily over the past 60 years.

On April 1, 2005, Kushimoto absorbed the town of Koza, from Higashimuro District, to become the new town of Kushimoto.

History
The area of the modern city of Shingū was within ancient Kii Province. During the Edo period it was part of the holdings of Kishū Domain, under a cadet branch of the Tokugawa clan, headquartered at Wakayama Castle.

In 1791 the US captains John Kendrick of the Lady Washington and William Douglas of the Grace visited Kushimoto, hoping to open a trading relationship with Japan. News was sent to Wakayama Castle, which sent troops. However, Kendrick and Douglas departed two days before the troops arrived. The result of this first visit of Americans to Japan was largely symbolic for the United States. For Japan it resulted in a new system of alarms and coastal patrols, increasing Japan's isolation under sakoku.

Kushimoto village was established on April 1, 1889, within Nishimuro District, Wakayama with the creation of the modern municipalities system. On September 16, 1890, the Ertuğrul incident occurred, in which an Imperial Ottoman Navy frigate flounders in a typhoon off of Kushimoto with great loss of life.

Kushimoto was elevated to town status on November 12, 1907. Over the next decades, the town grew as a result of numerous mergers with the surrounding village, annexing Fujihashi in 1924, Arita, Shiono-Misaki, Tanami, and Wabuka in 1955 and Oshima in 1958.  On April 1, 2005, Kushimoto merged with the town of Koza, from Higashimuro District.  Due to its strong ties with the city of Shingū both for political and economic reasons, Kushimoto became part of Higashimuro District upon this merger.

Being in a strategic location, Kushimoto was home to many military installations during World War II, including the Kushimoto Seaplane Base and Shionomisaki Airfield. Both bases were attacked by the United States Navy and Air Force in 1945, including a naval bombardment on the night of 24/25 July. Shionomisaki Airfield now serves as a small base for the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force.

Kushimoto (or specifically, Cape Shionomisaki) was the epicenter of the Great Nankai earthquake, a magnitude 8.0 earthquake that struck the area on December 21, 1946, at 4:19am. This triggered a tsunami that enveloped the central part of town. Most of the Fujihashi neighborhood was destroyed but has since been rebuilt. There are memorials around town marking the event, including signposts indicating how far the tsunami had penetrated inland. Of the 269 casualties in Wakayama Prefecture, the majority were in Kushimoto and in the city of Kainan.

On September 26, 1959, a typhoon hit Kushimoto directly, causing a large scale storm and storm surge damage mainly in the Tokai region (especially Nagoya). This typhoon, called the Isewan Typhoon, killed 5,000 people and was the deadliest typhoon in modern Japan.

Name origin
There are two widely accepted views of the origin of the name "Kushimoto" frm. The first is explained by a strange tree growing in a shrine in Cape Shionomisaki, whose seedling is thought to have floated from a far off island to its current resting place. An archaic compound form of the Chinese character for "kushi" (串) is said to have meant "strange tree"; in combination with the second character "moto" (本), the name is supposed to represent "strange tree's origin." Another explanation dictates that the "kushi" character is a visual abstraction of the town's layout; Cape Shionomisaki and Oshima act as the smaller upper "kuchi" (口) radical, while the mainland acts as the larger lower one. The "bo" (|) radical that strikes through both of the others is said to represent the isthmus that runs through the town.

Communities and neighborhoods

Central
Fujihashi
Kushimoto

Western
Arita
Tanami
Wabuka

Eastern
Koza
Nishi-Mukai
Tahara

Southern
Oshima
Shiono-Misaki

Government
Kushimoto has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral town council of 13 members. Kushimoto, collectively with the other municipalities in Higashimuro District, contributes two members to the Wakayama Prefectural Assembly. In terms of national politics, the town is part of Wakayama 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.

Economy
Primary industries include horticulture and  commercial fishing.

Education
Kushimoto has nine public elementary schools and four public middle schools operated by the town government and one public high school operated by the Wakayama Prefectural Department of Education.

High schools
Kushimoto Koza High School

Junior high schools
Kushimoto Junior High School
Kushimoto-Nishi Junior High School
Nishi-Mukai Junior High School
Shionomisaki Junior High School

Elementary schools
Hashigui Elementary School
Kushimoto Elementary School
Koza Elementary School
Izumo Elementary School
Nishi-Mukai Elementary School
Oshima Elementary School
Shionomisaki Elementary School
Tahara Elementary School
Kushimoto Nishi Elementary School

Transportation

Railway
 JR West – Kisei Main Line
 -  -  -  -  -  -  -

Highway
  Kisei Expressway

Local attractions

Hashigui Beach
Hashigui-Iwa Coastal Scenic Area
Kashinozaki Lighthouse
Koza Coastal Scenic Area
Koza River
Kuroshima and Taijima
Kushimoto Marine Park
Okyoro Art Museum
Shionomisaki Lighthouse
Shionomisaki Southernmost Point Park
Shionomisaki Youth Hostel
Turkish Memorial and Museum
Umikongo Coastal Scenic Area
United States Friendship Museum

Kushimoto is famous for its many coastal rock formations, including Hashigui-Iwa and Umikongo. Cape Shionomisaki, located in the southern tip of the town, has a park and tower marking the southernmost point of Honshū. The island of Kii-Oshima, connected to the main town via a bridge, is home to two museums:
 The Turkish Memorial and Museum, located on the southeastern end of the island, commemorates the foundering and sinking of the Turkish ship Ertugrul on the rocky Oshima shore. As of 2005, there was discussion of salvaging the wreckage with a Turkish team to exhibit it in the local museum.
The United States Friendship Museum commemorates the visit of the brig Lady Washington and the brig Grace, which in 1791 took place decades before Commodore Matthew Perry's famed landing in Japan and opening of diplomatic relations with the United States. The museum also hosts a collection of American artifacts and items of nostalgia from its sister city, Hemet, in the United States.

Kushimoto had been the northernmost point where coral was found in Japan, beyond the Darwin Point of 29N latitude.  Nevertheless, the meandering Kuroshio warm current that normally protects the coral, led to influx of cold water in 2018 that killed off most of the coral.  Both water too hot or too cold can bleach coral.

Water sports
The surrounding wetlands and coastal areas in Kushimoto are designated areas of conservation through the Ramsar Convention of 1971. They have since become popular spots for scuba diving, with numerous diving establishments along National Highway 42.

The Kozagawa River, regulated by the Shichikawa Dam, is one of three rivers in southern Wakayama Prefecture known for kayaking.

Though waves are relatively tame compared with worldwide standards, Kushimoto is a popular surfing spot for locals and people from the bigger cities in the Kansai area.

Annual events and festivals
In late January or early February is the Shiono-Misaki Fire Festival. During this event, the large grassy field that designates Honshū's southernmost tip is ritually burned. Spectators may walk through the fire as it progresses through the field.

In February is the Oshima Boat Race. Festivals grounds are set up at Oshima Port, and two boats ritually race to and from the port on the mainland Kushimoto.

In August, the Summer Fireworks Festival takes place at Kushimoto Port.

In October is the Sunset Marathon. The marathon's route winds through Oshima and Shiono-Misaki.

Notable people from Kushimoto
Sanma Akashiya, TV comedian and actor

Sister city relations
Kushimoto has three sister cities:
 Yakakent (Turkey)
 Mersin (Turkey)
 Hemet, California (United States)

See also
125 Years Memory: Drama film commemorating the 125th anniversary of the Ertuğrul incident

References

External links

Official website

Towns in Wakayama Prefecture
Populated coastal places in Japan
Kushimoto, Wakayama

Kushimoto, Wakayama


Cheiropleuria, rod papratnica iz porodice Dipteridaceae, dio reda Gleicheniales. Postoje tri vrste iz tropske i istočne Azije (Kina, Japan, Tajland, Filipini, Vijetnam, Indonezija)

Vrste
 Cheiropleuria bicuspis (Blume) C.Presl
 Cheiropleuria integrifolia (D.C.Eaton ex Hook.) M.Kato, Y.Yatabe, Sahashi & N.Murak.
 Cheiropleuria parva M.Kato, Y.Yatabe, Sahashi & N.Murak.

Izvori

Gleihenijolike

Cheiropleuria


Kobzar (ukr. КоБзар), riječ iz iz ukrajinskog jezika (українсьҡа мова). Označava slijepe svirače u 19. st. koji su svirali narodne pjesme;glazb. ukrajinski narodni pjevač, pjeva narodne pjesme biline.

"Kobzar" je također naziva djela ukrajinskog poznatog pisca Tarasa Ševčenka (Тарас Шевченко) u kojem on nakon silnih zabrana ukrajinskog jezika, ukrajinski proglašava jezikom te proriče pad ruskog imperija što je izazvalo veliki bijes ruskog cara te je zbog toga Ševčenko prošao pravu golgotu u ionako kratkom životu ( 1814. – 1861. )

Ukrajinska kultura
Glazba

Kobzar


La Institución Educativa José Eusebio Caro está ubicada en la ciudad de Popayán, en el departamento del Cauca, Colombia. Es un establecimiento de Educación pública financiado por el Gobierno Nacional de carácter Mixto. Actualmente beneficia las comunas 7,8 y 9 de Popayán. Fue dirigido inicialmente por los Hermanos Maristas y posteriormente por los Hermanos Corazonistas hasta pasar a manos del Ministerio de Educación de Colombia. En la actualidad ofrece los niveles de: Educación preescolar, Educación primaria y Educación secundaria que estipula el Gobierono Nacional. En su historia ha recibido algunos reconocimientos como LA GRAN CRUZ DE BELALCAZAR y algunas placas conmemorativas que se encuentra ubicadas en la entrada del establecimiento. A partir del 7 de julio de 1980 el Gobierno Nacional le da el nombre del escritor y poeta José Eusebio Caro en honor a su memoria.

Historia

En 1952 el señor Nuncio apostólico de su Santidad, Monseñor Antonio Samoré, sugirió al Dr. Lucio Pabón Núñez, Ministro de Educación, la idea de fundar una Normal, en el sur del País. La idea fue acogida y el 2 de octubre del mismo año el Gobernador del Cauca, Dr. Luis Fernando Paredes y el Secretario de Educación Dr. Helcias Martán, firmaron el Decreto de Fundación de la Escuela Normal Rural Departamental. La dirección de la Normal fue encomendada a la comunidad de Hermanos Maristas, siendo su primer Rector el Hermano Antonio Máximo, graduado en Filosofía y en letras por la Universidad Javeriana y en Ingeniería Electrónica por la Universidad del Cauca.

La cuna de la Normal, fue una vieja casona de Don Ignacio Muñoz, situada junto al río Cauca. Un mes después de su fundación se nacionalizó y dos años más tarde dejaba el carácter de rural para convertirse en Normal Superior. El 1 de agosto de 1953 llegó como Rector de la Normal, el Hermano Elías Manuel Álvarez, a quien la institución le debe su primera y definitiva orientación. Como parte importante de la Normal, en mayo de 1954, inició labores la Escuela Anexa, en la casa de Don Aniceto Guzmán. Su primer director fue el Hermano Alfredo Zuluaga Ospina quien fue reemplazado tres meses después por el Hermano Rodolfo Sandoval, gran orientador de juventudes.

El 3 de septiembre de 1955 y, gracias al secretario de Educación, Rdo. Padre Raúl Zambrano Camader, la Normal pasa a funcionar en el antiguo local de la concentración "Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera", actual Colegio Francisco Antonio de Ulloa. Durante este tiempo, la Normal fue visitada, en reiteradas ocasiones, por los señores inspectores Nacionales y por los Jefes de Normales y Educación Primaria. Con motivo del Congreso Eucarístico Arquidiocesano, celebrado en Popayán, la Normal lució por primera vez su Pabellón, el 24 de enero de 1957. Después de tantas vicisitudes, llegó por fin el 18 de julio de 1959, día glorioso para la Normal ya que entrega a la sociedad sus primeros 18 maestros graduados.

En agosto del mismo año, llegó el Hermano Marcelo José Giraldo a reemplazar al Hermano Elías. Los cuatro años de rectorado del Hermano Marcelo, centraron su atención en la sincera orientación del Normalista, como persona y como futuro educador. En 1962, Editorial Bedout, organizó a nivel interdepartamental un evento académico que denominó "Campeonato de inteligencia ". Gracias al esfuerzo y dedicación de los participantes, la Normal ocupó el primer lugar entre muchos y renombrados Colegios Oficiales y Privados del Valle del Cauca, Cauca y Nariño. Con gran entusiasmo, los normalistas de ese entonces festejaron la conquista del anhelado campeonato de inteligencia.

Después de cuatro años de ausencia, nuevamente llega el Hermano Elías a orientar la Normal. Toma posesión de la rectoría en agosto de 1963.

En la escuela Anexa se realizó cambio en la dirección. El 27 de agosto de 1968 el Hermano Rodolfo Sandoval es reemplazado por el Hermano Guido Franco Burbano Erazo. El 19 de agosto de este mismo año, hubo nuevo cambio de Rector. Para reemplazar al Hermano Elías llegó el Hermano Luis Ordóñez. El Departamento necesitaba en ese entonces el local donde funcionaba la Normal, para dejar campo al Colegio Francisco Antonio de Ulloa, la Normal se trasladó a Villamarista. Correspondió al nuevo Rector organizar el traslado con la colaboración de doce soldados y de algunas personas de buena voluntad.

Llegó por fin el día en que la Normal podría funcionar en la propiedad de Chuni adquirida con antelación por el gobierno departamental en 1956 y cuya primera construcción, iniciada el 21 de abril de 1958 se destruyó totalmente como consecuencia de un fuerte vendaval, ocurrido dos meses después de iniciada,. El 21 de septiembre de 1972, es el día tan anhelado por la comunidad Normalista; ese día, se inician labores académicas en las instalaciones propias de Chuni.

Para reemplazar al Hermano Luis Ordóñez el 1 de septiembre de 1976 llega el Hermano Guido Franco Burbano Erazo. Durante su administración se celebraron con gran pompa las Bodas de Plata de la Normal, en febrero de 1978. Con este motivo, la Normal recibió del sr Alcalde de la ciudad, Doctor Guillermo Alberto González, la GRAN CRUZ DE BELALCAZAR.

El 4 de septiembre de 1978, la comunidad de los Hermanos Maristas dejó la orientación de la Normal y tomó su orientación la Comunidad Corazonista. Es nombrado Rector el Hermano Jesús Javier Galindo. Durante su rectorado se realizaron obras de importancia para el mejor funcionamiento académico como el laboratorio de Química y Garajes. Los Hermanos corazonistas dejaron la dirección de la Normal el 7 de julio de 1980 y a partir del mes de septiembre del mismo año el Ministerio de Educación de Colombia, nombró como nuevo Rector al licenciado Marco A. Gaviria Delgado. Un año después dejó la dirección de la Escuela Anexa el profesor cayo Antonio Burbano y para reemplazarlo fue promovido el profesor Jorge Alirio Caicedo Muñoz.

Durante la presente administración, la Normal ha ocupado puestos de distinción a nivel nacional, de acuerdo a los resultados publicados por el ICFES. El terremoto del 31 de marzo de 1983, ocasionó grandes daños en la planta física de la Normal. El ICCE asumió la reparación de Secundaria y Primaria. La empresa Coca-Cola, en un gesto de altruismo reconstruyó el preescolar de la Normal.

En cumplimiento de la Ley 715 de 2.001 el Gobierno Municipal Expide el Decreto 139 del 6 de agosto de 2003, el cual en su artículo 28 constituye la Institución Educativa José Eusebio Caro, fusionando cinco (5) Planteles Educativos, cuya localización es la siguiente:
 La sedes son las siguientes
 Sede Principal: Chuni - Comuna 9
 sede San José: Barrio San José  - Comuna 9
 Sede Los Campos: Barrio Los Campos – Comuna 7
 Sede Las Palmas: Barrio Las Palmas – Comuna 7
 Sede Chuni: Barrio Chuni – Comuna 9

Rectores que pasaron por la Institución

Véase también
 Educación en Colombia
 Universidad del Cauca

Escuelas católicas de Colombia
Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas

Institución Educativa José Eusebio Caro de Popayán


Ainura Sagyn é uma uma desenvolvedora de software do Quirguistão. Fundou a startup Tazar, aplicativo e site que conectam locais que produzem lixo (como restaurantes, fábricas, canteiros de obra e casas) com a indústria da reciclagem. Por sua atuação em prol do meio ambiente e da maior inserção das mulheres na área da tecnologia, ela tem recebido diversos prêmios, inclusive a inclusão de seu nome na lista da BBC 100 Mulheres, em 2022.

Vida profissional e ativismo
Ainura Sagyn nasceu em uma pequena região montanhosa do Quirguistão e cresceu em Talas. Ela é a primeira pessoa da família a ir para a faculdade, graças a uma bolsa integral para estudar ciência da computação em Bishkek, capital do seu país. Ela está cursando pós-graduação na área de Visão Computacional, na Universidade Autônoma de Madrid. Em seu país, ela tem participado de programas na mídia, palestrou durante o Dia da Mulher da ONU e é reconhecida como uma ativista em prol da maior inserção das mulheres na área de STEM. Como ela pontou, "Para trabalhar e estudar, viajei para muitos países, conferências e universidades na Europa, Ásia e no Vale do Silício".

Desde 2018, ela é embaixadora regional do Technovation Global Challenge, e ministrou vários cursos de codificação e STEM (Ciência, Tecnologia, Engenharia e Matemática) para mais de 2.000 meninas nas áreas rurais de todo o país. Sua intenção é proporcionar outras oportunidades para as meninas do país, onde a tradição é casar antes dos 23 anos, tornar-se dona de casa e ter quatro ou cinco filhos. Ainura Sagyn comenta que atuar na área de tecnologia é uma das ambições mais ousadas em algumas regiões do Quirguistão. A melhoria no cenário de inserção feminina na tecnologia é consequência, em parte, dos prêmios conquistados por startups fundadas por mulheres na Ásia Central. Ela vem dedicando parte dos prêmios que vem recebendo para os seminários de codificação para meninas que moram na zona rural do Quirguistão.

Além disso, ela tem focado no desenvolvimento de tecnologias para os problemas ambientais locais. Em conjunto com Aimeerim Tursunalieva, ela criou o Tazar, um aplicativo que conecta produtores de lixo com recicladores, para reduzir o tamanho dos aterros.

O aplicativo Tazar
No Quirguistão, a questão da reciclagem do lixo só foi levantada em 2018 e ainda não é amplamente disseminada entre a população. Em 2019, as desenvolvedoras Ainura Sagyn e Aimeerim Tursunalieva lançaram o aplicativo Tazar para tentar reduzir o volume de lixo que vai parar nos aterros de Biqueque, capital do Quirguistão. O app TAZAR tem três funções:

 Mapa com os pontos de coleta de recicláveis,
 Solicitar coleta de recicláveis,
 Guia de classificação adequada de recicláveis.
Por meio do aplicativo, os moradores urbanos entram em contato com os processadores de reciclagem independentes para doar ou vender seus materiais recicláveis. Mas, para além da questão ambiental, o aplicativo também vem ajudando a melhorar a vida financeira das mulheres locais. Mulheres desempregadas com filhos são 65% dos usuários do Tazar e trocam os pontos gerados no aplicativo por dinheiro ou cosméticos. Entre o final de 2020 e o início de 2022, mais de 10 toneladas de recicláveis deixaram de ir para os aterros.

Em 2019, Ainura Sagyn recebeu a Bolsa Toptal para Mulheres de $ 10.000 e mentoria de um especialista em aprendizado de máquina para tentar implementar reconhecimento de plásticos para tornar a reciclagem mais eficiente. Ela também quer integrar visão computacional e robótica para que mãos robóticas comandadas por programas de computador possam selecionar os recicláveis em centros de reciclagem.

Prêmios e Reconhecimentos

 ? - prêmio inDriver
 2019 - Toptal Scholarship for Women
 2021 - The award for female founders of IT startups
 2021 - Aurora Tech Award
 2021 - Student of Vision Abie Award
 2022 - Segundo lugar na premiação do The Eurasian Regional Center of ICYF (ICYF-ERC)
 2022 - BBC 100 Mulheres
Seu nome foi selecionado para a lista da BBC pela ampla cobertura de seu trabalho na mídia. Segundo a BBC,

Ver também
 100 Mulheres (BBC)
 Mulheres na categoria BBC 100 Mulheres

Quirguistão
Pessoas na lista BBC 100 Mulheres de 2022
Feministas

Ainura Sagyn


La Déclaration des droits des anciens combattants ( Veterans' Bill of Rights) est une charte de droits pour les vétérans des Forces armées canadiennes et de la Gendarmerie royale du Canada. Elle est promulgué par le Gouvernement du Canada en 2007 et vise à assurer les prestations aux anciens combattants et fait référence à eux en tant que citoyens spéciaux. En vise également à enraciner le respect et la dignité des anciens combattants et de leurs familles

Histoire

Lors des élections fédérales de 2006, le Parti conservateur du Canada fait campagne pour les droits des anciens combattants. Les Conservateur indiquent qu'une déclaration des droits permettrait de remédier au traitement honteux donné aux vétérans  par le gouvernement. En 2005, le chef conservateur Stephen Harper indique qu'il reçoit plusieurs plaintes envers le ministère des Anciens combattants en raison de son orientation qui n'est pas axé sur les services... que la bureaucratie fait en sorte de traiter les demandeurs comme des numéros, et que ultimement voilà pourquoi nous faisons la déclaration des droits, l'ombudsman et les changements structurels dont nous parlons pour essayer de déplacer cette orientation (We continue to receive complaints that the department is not service-oriented... that is, the bureaucracy treats people as a bureaucracy and a number and that's obviously why we're making the bill of rights, the ombudsman and the structural changes we're talking about to try to shift that focus.). À la suite des élections, les Conservateurs forment un gouvernement minoritaire.

La secrétaire parlementaire Betty Hinton participe à la présentation de la charte, tout comme divers groupe d'anciens combattants. En avril 2007, le premier ministre Harper et le ministre des Anciens combattants Greg Thompson, tiennent une conférence de presse à Kitchener en Ontario où ils indiquent que la déclaration des droits entrerait en vigueur sous peu et qu'elle serait accompagné d'un nouvel ombudsman pour les anciens combattants. Cette discussion prend place alors que Harper assiste au 90 anniversaire de la bataille de la crête de Vimy pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Auparavant, les Conservateurs budgétait 19 millions de dollars pour la création du bureau de l'ombudsman.

Texte
La Déclaration des droits des anciens combattants contient six droits se voulant clairs et concis. Il y est inscrit:

d'être traité avec respect, dignité, équité et courtoisie;
de prendre part aux discussions vous concernant;
d'être accompagné lors de vos rencontres avec Anciens Combattants;
d'obtenir de l'information claire sur nos services, en français ou en anglais, conformément à la Loi *sur les langues officielles ;
de savoir que votre vie privée sera protégée conformément à la Loi sur la protection des renseignements personnels ;
de recevoir des avantages et des services conformément à nos normes de service et d'être informé de vos droits d'appel.

Articles connexes
 Charte canadienne des droits et libertés
 Déclaration canadienne des droits

Liens externes

 Déclaration des droits des anciens combattants - ministère des Anciens combattants

Références

2007 au Canada
Loi du Parlement du Canada
Anciens combattants au Canada
Gendarmerie royale du Canada


Anselmo L. Figueroa (21 de abril de 1861 - Los Angeles, 14 de junho de 1915) foi um político e jornalista anarquista mexicano, integrante da Junta Organizadora do Partido Liberal Mexicano. Em setembro de 1910 encarrega-se da edição de Regeneración que inicia sua quarta época, agora com o lema "Semanário Revolucionário" desde Los Angeles, Califórnia, e no qual colaboram Ricardo Flores Magón, Lázaro Gutiérrez de Lara, Antonio I. Villarreal e Enrique Flores Magón que tinham sido encarcerados em Arizona no mês de agosto.

Junto com Ricardo e Enrique Flores Magón subscreveu o Manifesto de 23 de setembro de 1911 no qual propõem uma postura abertamente anarcocomunista ante o levantamento armado que nesse tempo se vivia em México.

De 14 de junho de 1911 a janeiro de 1914 esteve prisioneiro na penitenciária Mc Neil Island, Washington, junto com Livrado Rivera, Ricardo e Enrique Flores Magón, acusados todos pelo governo estadounidense numa corte de Los Angeles, de violar as leis de neutralidade pelos factos ocorridos em Baixa Califórnia em maio de 1911.

Ao sair de prisão em 1914, voltou a ocupar na edição de Regeneracion junto com seus colegas.

Faleceu em 14 de junho de 1915 por causa da pobreza e a deterioração de sua saúde pelos trabalhos forçados realizados na prisão.

Jornalistas do México
Anarquistas do México
Magonismo
Anarquistas

Anarquistas da Revolução Mexicana

Anselmo L. Figueroa