USS Birmingham (CL-62) was a  light cruiser of the United States Navy, which were built during World War II. The class was designed as a development of the earlier s, the size of which had been limited by the First London Naval Treaty. The start of the war led to the dissolution of the treaty system, but the dramatic need for new vessels precluded a new design, so the Clevelands used the same hull as their predecessors but were significantly heavier. The Clevelands carried a main battery of twelve  guns in four three-gun turrets, along with a secondary armament of twelve  dual-purpose guns. They had a top speed of .

She was laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company of Newport News, Virginia, on 17 February 1941 and launched on 20 March 1942 by Mrs. Cooper Green, wife of the president of the Birmingham City Commission. She was commissioned on 29 January 1943, Captain John Wilkes in command. Birmingham earned eight battle stars, receiving heavy damage on at least three occasions.

Design

The Cleveland-class light cruisers traced their origin to design work done in the late 1930s; at the time, light cruiser displacement was limited to  by the Second London Naval Treaty. Following the start of World War II in September 1939, Britain announced it would suspend the treaty for the duration of the conflict, a decision the US Navy quickly followed. Though still neutral, the United States recognized that war was likely and the urgent need for additional ships ruled out an entirely new design, so the Clevelands were a close development of the earlier s, the chief difference being the substitution of a two-gun  dual-purpose gun mount for one of the main battery  gun turrets.

Birmingham was  long overall and had a beam of  and a draft of . Her standard displacement amounted to  and increased to  at full load. The ship was powered by four General Electric steam turbines, each driving one propeller shaft, using steam provided by four oil-fired Babcock & Wilcox boilers. Rated at , the turbines were intended to give a top speed of . Her crew numbered 1285 officers and enlisted men.

The ship was armed with a main battery of twelve 6 in /47 caliber Mark 16 guns in four 3-gun turrets on the centerline. Two were placed forward in a superfiring pair; the other two turrets were placed aft of the superstructure in another superfiring pair. The secondary battery consisted of twelve  /38 caliber dual-purpose guns mounted in twin turrets. Two of these were placed on the centerline, one directly behind the forward main turrets and the other just forward of the aft turrets. Two more were placed abreast of the conning tower and the other pair on either side of the aft superstructure. Anti-aircraft defense consisted of twenty-eight Bofors  guns in four quadruple and six double mounts and twenty-one Oerlikon  guns in single mounts.

The ship's belt armor ranged in thickness from , with the thicker section amidships where it protected the ammunition magazines and propulsion machinery spaces. Her deck armor was  thick. The main battery turrets were protected with  faces and  sides and tops, and they were supported by barbettes 6 inches thick. Birminghams conning tower had 5-inch sides.

Service history
Birmingham was laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company at Newport News, Virginia on 17 February 1941. The completed hull was launched on 20 March 1942. Fitting-out work was completed less than a year later, by which time she had been moved to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, and she was commissioned there on 29 January 1943. Captain John E. Wilkes served as the ship's first commander. On 20 February, Birmingham embarked on her shakedown cruise in the Chesapeake Bay, which also included gunnery tests to confirm the structural integrity of her main battery turrets, practice launching and recovering her seaplanes, and shooting practice for her gun crews. On 19 March, the ship sailed for Annapolis, Maryland, to be inspected, before returning to Norfolk on 3 April for repairs. Another round of initial training followed in the Chesapeake from 23 April, including night firing practice, refueling at sea, and fighter director exercises. In late May, she returned to Norfolk for additional repairs, before departing on 8 June for the Mediterranean Sea to join forces then engaged in the Mediterranean Theater.

World War II

European Theater
Birmingham reached Mers El Kébir in French Algeria on 22 June, where she made preparations to join the invasion fleet that was to conduct Operation Husky, the invasion of Sicily. She was assigned to Task Group (TG) 86.1, along with the light cruiser  and the destroyers  and , which sortied on 29 June. The ships escorted part of the invasion force, which arrived off the landing beaches on the morning of 9 July. TG 86.1 helped guide the landing ships to their designated beaches, after which Birmingham shifted to shore bombardment to cover their approach. She launched two of her seaplanes to help spot the fall of shot and search for Axis artillery batteries.

During operations off the invasion beaches, Birmingham was escorted by Ludlow and the destroyer . Poor visibility hampered the cruiser's gunners, and her aircraft were repeatedly engaged by friendly forces that mistook them for hostile planes. At 07:15, one of the aircraft returned to Birmingham, having been badly damaged by friendly ground fire and a German Messerschmitt Bf-109 fighter, and half an hour later, the second seaplane withdrew as well, having nearly been shot down by a pair of British Bell P-39 Airacobra fighters. At 09:18, Birmingham checked her fire, as Allied ground forces had achieved their initial objectives by that time. The ship continued to operate off the Sicilian coast for the next nine days, providing fire support to ground forces as they fought their way inland, and protecting minesweepers as they cleared Axis mines from the area.

Birmingham left the waters off Sicily on 21 July to refuel at Bizerte in French Tunisia; she thereafter sailed to Algiers in French Algeria before moving on to Mers El Kébir. On 27 July, she departed for the United States, arriving in Norfolk on 8 August, where she underwent repairs that lasted for ten days. From there, she sailed to join the forces engaged with Japan in the Pacific Ocean. She passed through the Panama Canal on 22 August and reached Pearl Harbor in Hawaii on 5 September.

Pacific Theater
After arriving in Pearl Harbor, Birmingham was assigned to TG 15.1 as part of the escort for the aircraft carrier  and the light carriers  and . The unit sortied on 11 September to launch a raid on Japanese positions at Tarawa and Makin, returning to Pearl Harbor on 23 September. After refueling and rearming, they sortied again on 29 September to attack Wake Island. Birmingham was detached from the carrier group on 5 October to carry out shore bombardments of the island, targeting coastal batteries and storage dumps. Her spotter aircraft came under attack by a Mitsubishi A6M Zero, but the spotter was only hit by two bullets from the Zero before it escaped. TG 15.1 left the area on 6 October and arrived back in Pearl Harbor five days later.

Solomon Islands operations

Birmingham was reassigned to the Solomon Islands campaign, and she got underway on 21 October to join the naval forces operating there. She reached Espiritu Santo on 4 November, and the next day joined the escort for a convoy of six transport ships headed to Bougainville; two other light cruisers and four destroyers comprised the rest of the escort group. The group safely arrived in Empress Augusta Bay on the morning of 8 November and while they were unloading their cargoes, Birmingham and the other escorts patrolled to the southwest of the bay. Throughout the afternoon and early evening, Birmingham and her sister ship  detected a total of thirteen Japanese aircraft in the distance, but none of them attacked the Allied flotilla during this period. At around 18:30, a Japanese Mitsubishi G4M medium bomber closed with the American ships. At the same time, the air-search radars on the American cruisers picked up a large attack force incoming, at a distance of about .

Birmingham and the other two cruisers opened fire with their main batteries at 19:11, at a range of , to try to disrupt the incoming aerial attack. As the Japanese aircraft closed in the darkness, the American ships launched flares to illuminate the planes. Birmingham engaged an Aichi D3A Val that was approaching the ship and inflicted fatal damage with her 20 mm and 40 mm guns, though not before the Val released its bomb. It skipped on the water and struck Birminghams hull on the starboard quarter; the explosion tore a hole in the hull that was  wide and destroyed her aircraft hangar. Almost immediately after, another aircraft hit Birmingham with a torpedo on her port bow, blowing a  hole and causing significant damage to the hull structure. Two of her fuel oil storage compartments were also flooded. The ship's damage control teams quickly moved to contain the flooding and suppress fires from both hits, but a second Val made an attack run at Birmingham. The anti-aircraft gunners destroyed the plane as it dove on Birmingham, but its bomb nevertheless struck turret #4. The mount and all three gun barrels were damaged in the blast. In total, the three attacks killed two men and wounded another thirty-two.

Birmingham was still able to steam at  and maintain her position in the formation. Further Japanese attacks occurred throughout the night, but the ships' 5-inch guns kept the aircraft at bay. At 19:58, Birmingham shot down a G4M that was dropping flares over the formation, and later that night her 5-inch guns destroyed another G4M at a range of . Birmingham withdrew without further damage, and reached the central Solomons by the morning; from there, the ships sailed on to Florida Island on 10 November. There, the ship received temporary repairs to shore up the damaged bulkheads. A vent for the flooded compartments in the bow was also created to reduce pressure on the forward bulkheads, and while steaming back to the United States, it created periodic geysers of water, which earned the ship the nickname "Old Faithful". Birmingham left Florida on 16 November for Espiritu Santo, though she stayed there only briefly before continuing on to Hawaii, which she reached on 1 December.

Repairs and training
The ship was dry docked in Pearl Harbor for repairs to her hull, and on 18 December she departed for the Mare Island Navy Yard in San Francisco, California, arriving there four days later. There, she underwent permanent repairs, including six new 6-inch guns and new aircraft catapults. On 7 February 1944, while she was being moved in the harbor, Birmingham accidentally collided with the merchant vessel , and had her bow damaged again. Further repairs were necessitated, which lasted about a week. She thereafter conducted a short shakedown cruise before sailing from Mare Island on 18 February to return to Pearl Harbor, arriving there on 23 February. The ship thereafter took part in training exercises off Kahoolawe in the Hawaiian islands before leaving Hawaii on 5 March. She sailed next to the Ellice Islands, refueling at Funafuti on 10 March, before continuing on to the Solomons. She arrived in Purvis Bay there four days later, where she was assigned to Task Group 53.1.

Birmingham spent the next two months conducting training exercises in preparation for upcoming amphibious invasions planned for the Marianas Islands. These exercises included shore bombardment practice and coordination practice between shore-based fire control teams and the ship's gunners, along with bombardments of Japanese positions on the Shortland Islands in company with her sisters  and  and four destroyers. During this action, she engaged in a gunnery duel with shore batteries on the island. On 24 May, she took part in a large-scale simulated amphibious invasion on Guadalcanal, which included live-fire practice in Kula Gulf. On 3 June, the ship returned to Purvis Bay, by which time some fifty men aboard the vessel were suffering from bacillary dysentery. As a result, the ship's medical team fumigated the ship to kill disease-carrying insects. The next day, she sortied as part of the escort for a convoy of transports and Landing Ships, Tank bound for the Marshall Islands, which were being used as the staging ground for the upcoming invasion of the Marianas. Dysentary continued to spread among the crew, and by 10 June, a total of 244 men had been infected. She nevertheless sailed that day as part of the invasion fleet.

Mariana and Palau Islands campaign

Birmingham was transferred to TG 52.17, which arrived off Saipan on 14 June for the imminent invasion of Saipan; the ship protected minesweepers clearing Japanese mines off the island and covered Underwater Demolition Teams (UDT) clearing obstacles around the landing beaches. She also fired on Japanese positions in the area. The next day, Birmingham cruised off Garapan to cover UDTs on the beach and engaged Japanese coastal artillery and anti-aircraft guns in the area. She then closed to  from shore, and at 08:46, she came under heavy fire from several Japanese guns. The ship received light damage to her upper works, but quickly returned fire, and over the course of the next two hours, silenced most of the guns and destroyed two ammunition dumps being used to supply them. In the course of the action, she had fired 1,345 rounds from her main battery and 1,172 shells from her secondary guns. Later in the day, she again closed with the beach to draw fire from shore guns, which were then engaged by American carrier planes.

On 16 June, Birmingham returned to the invasion beaches and joined the shore bombardment group that supported the ground forces as they went ashore. Birmingham shelled Japanese positions near an airfield as marines fought to secure it. By 09:00, her crew had begun coordinating with a ground-based fire control team, and the ship spent the rest of the day responding to fire support requests. Later that day, she was assigned to Task Unit 52.1.1, which spent the next two days bombarding Japanese positions on Saipan and neighboring Tinian. By that time, the US had received reports of a large scale Japanese counteroffensive approaching from the Philippines. Birmingham accordingly withdrew to replenish ammunition and stores from the attack cargo ship  before rejoining the fleet on 17 June.

The ship joined TG 58.3, which was centered on the aircraft carrier  and the light carriers Princeton and . The fleet had positioned itself some  to the west of the Marianas to protect the invasion force. Japanese patrol aircraft located the American fleet on the morning of 19 June and, in the ensuing Battle of the Philippine Sea, launched a series of air strikes, but American combat air patrols intercepted most of them before they reached the fleet. After shooting down hundreds of Japanese aircraft, the American aircraft launched strikes of their own against the Japanese carriers on 20 June and inflicted further losses on the Japanese fleet, including the sinking of the carrier . The American aircraft arrived back at their carriers late in the evening and faced difficult night landings; Birmingham assisted by lighting signal smoke pots, and she also put life rafts to rescue pilots who had to ditch their aircraft at sea. The Americans pursued the retreating Japanese on 21 June, but were unable to catch them and returned to the Marianas.

Birmingham next left the fleet on 26 June in company with three destroyers to shell Japanese positions on Tinian, particularly in Tinian Town, the main settlement on the island. They also used white phosphorus shells to set fire to sugar cane fields near the town, and they sank five sampans in port. The Americans then withdrew to replenish ammunition before returning to Tinian the next day for further bombardments. Over the course of the day's shelling, the ships destroyed about seventy-five percent of Tinian Town and burned much of the surrounding farmland. Birmingham moved back to Saipan on 28 June and resumed gunfire support duties off Garapan, which she carried out for the next several days. These operations included destroying three Japanese tanks on 5 July. The next day, Birmingham returned to Tinian to resume attacks on that island through the day, before withdrawing later in the evening.

With Saipan under American control, the ship next joined the bombardment group covering the invasion of Guam on 21 July. She attacked Japanese positions on the island as American troops went ashore but encountered little return fire. On 23 July, she returned to Saipan to begin preparatory bombardments for the invasion of Tinian, which took place two days later. During the preparatory phase, Birmingham closed with the shore and used her 20 mm and 40 mm guns to attack Japanese trench lines. On the 25th, one of her spotter aircraft estimated that the ship had killed approximately 250 soldiers. She remained off Tinian through 1 August, bombarding Japanese forces as American troops fought to secure the island. In the course of operations during the campaign, Birmingham fired a total of 7,683 rounds from her main guns and 10,875 shells from her 5-inch guns. On 7 August, Birmingham got underway, bound for Eniwetok for maintenance and to replenish ammunition and stores in preparation for the next stage of the campaign.

She then joined TG 38.5, which sortied on 3 September to attack the Palau Islands in the western Carolines. She joined the screen for the carriers  and Lexington and the light carrier , which carried out a series of air strikes on Anguar, Pelelieu, and Babeldaob between 6 and 7 September. These marked the beginning of preparatory attacks leading to the invasion of Pelelieu the following week. The Fast Carrier Task Force moved on to attack airfields in the southern Philippines, both to draw Japanese attention away from Palau and to neutralize aircraft that might interfere with the invasion. These attacks began on 9 September. During one of these raids, aircraft spotted a Japanese convoy of small coastal vessels off Mindanao; Birmingham, her sister , and the destroyers , , , and  were detached to intercept it. American aircraft helped direct the ships to their target, and in the course of the action, Birmingham sank three cargo ships, a large sampan, and a small motor boat, and she assisted in the destruction of eight smaller vessels. Birmingham and the rest of the ships returned to the carriers, which continued to strike targets in the Philippines through 12 September. During this period, Birmingham used one of her seaplanes to recover a downed pilot from the carrier . The fleet returned to the Carolines for further strikes there, before resuming attacks on the Philippines later in September. On 27 September, the fleet withdrew to the Kossol Roads to refuel and replenish ammunition.

Philippines campaign

The fleet then moved north to its next staging ground at Ulithi, and Birmingham arrived there on 2 October. There, she was assigned to TG 38.3, which sortied the next day to carry out an attack on the Ryukyu Islands. This raid was intended to reduce Japanese forces in the region that might interfere with the planned invasion of Leyte in the Philippines. The Fast Carrier Task Force arrived off the Ryukyus on 10 October and inflicted significant damage to Japanese aircraft and installations on the islands. The following day, the carriers turned their attention to the island of Luzon in the Philippines, striking airfields there and then shifting once again to Formosa on 12 October. The Formosa Air Battle continued into the next day, which saw intense Japanese counterattacks that damaged the heavy cruiser . Birmingham was among the vessels detached to cover the withdrawal of Canberra, which was towed by the heavy cruiser . The carriers' combat air patrol kept Japanese aircraft at bay, but later that morning, Birmingham left the Canberra group to cover the withdrawal of her sister , which had also been badly damaged by a Japanese torpedo bomber. The ships were still retreating on 16 February when they came under attack once again; Birmingham shot down a Nakajima B6N torpedo bomber, but it had already hit Houston with another torpedo. Birmingham also assisted in the destruction of another B6N that had attempted to attack Santa Fe.

Birmingham left the withdrawing formation on 17 October and rejoined TG 38.3, where she refueled at sea from the oiler . The Fast Carrier Task Force then covered the invasion of Leyte from 19 October, carrying out air strikes on various targets through the Philippines. Japanese air forces launched a series of counterattacks on 24 October, and during one of these, a Yokosuka D4Y dive bomber scored a hit on Princeton that caused serious damage and several large fires; Birmingham and the three destroyers Morrison,  and  remained with the stricken carrier after she fell out of formation. The destroyers initially attempted to come alongside and spray the burning carrier to help the ship's crew suppress the fires, but they repeatedly collided with Princeton in the heavy seas. Birmingham then came alongside instead, as her larger hull could better absorb collisions. She sent thirty-eight men and fourteen water hoses over to Princeton, and they helped the carrier's crew put out one of the two large fires.

Later in the day, Birmingham received reports of Japanese aircraft approaching, and around the same time, one of the destroyers reported detecting a submarine just  away. Birmingham immediately pulled away from Princeton so she could evade any incoming attacks. Only one Japanese aircraft actually approached the formation, but it did not attack, and the submarine report was determined to have been a false alarm. Birmingham then returned alongside Princeton to resume firefighting, but at 15:22, just as she was coming back alongside Princeton, the fires reached the carrier's aft magazines, setting off a catastrophic explosion. The blast destroyed much of the carrier's stern, throwing debris all along Birminghams starboard side and inflicting grave casualties among the cruiser's crew. Out of her crew of nearly 1,300, 233 men were killed, 211 were seriously wounded, and 215 received lighter injuries, more than half of the crew. The surviving crew began fighting several fires aboard Birmingham and treating the survivors, and then she broke off from the stricken carrier. Efforts continued aboard Princeton, but these ultimately proved futile, and Reno and Irwin scuttled her with torpedoes. Birmingham eventually arrived back at Mare Island in early November for repairs; during this period, she also received modifications to allow her to serve as a flagship. Her propulsion system was also overhauled, and she received all new 5- and 6-inch gun barrels, along with additional 20- and 40-millimeter gun mounts. Work on the ship was completed on 17 January 1945.

Battles of Iwo Jima and Okinawa

After returning to service, Birmingham briefly cruised off San Francisco to calibrate her equipment, before moving to San Diego for combat practice on 24 January. Over the next week, her crew took part in anti-aircraft gunnery drills, practicing operating her seaplanes, and other exercises, before departing on 4 February to rejoin the fleet. She stopped briefly in Pearl Harbor on the way, and arrived at Saipan on 25 February to refuel. The following day, she reached the fleet off Iwo Jima, where the Battle of Iwo Jima was already in full swing. On 1 March, she joined the coastal bombardment force and began engaging Japanese targets on the island. She operated there for the next five days, during which time she destroyed Japanese defensive positions in support of a marine advance on 1 March, supported another offensive on the eastern side of the island on 3 March, and shelled Japanese held caves from a distance of  on 4 March. By that time, the marines had secured the airfield on the southern end of the island.

On 5 March, the heavy cruiser  replaced Birmingham in the shore bombardment unit, and the latter vessel departed for Ulithi. After arriving on 8 March, she began to make preparations for the planned attack on Okinawa. She and the rest of the invasion fleet sortied on 21 March for the Ryukyus, arriving off the island four days later. She took part in a preparatory bombardment on the morning of 25 March, she retired to cover minesweepers clearing paths for the invasion craft. The next day, she joined a bombardment group that consisted of the battleships  and , the light cruiser , and the heavy cruiser Wichita, along with escorting destroyers. The unit was stationed off the western coast of Okinawa to support American ground forces there, which had not yet gone ashore. The American commanders believed that the Japanese units on the island might attempt to board vessels in the invasion fleet, Birmingham distributed M1918 Browning Automatic Rifles to the 20 mm and 40 mm gun crews to defend against boarders.

On 26 March, numerous Japanese aircraft attacked the invasion fleet, and Birminghams gunners contributed to the fleet's anti-aircraft defense. Later in the day, the bombardment group closed with the beaches to bombard Japanese defenses. Birmingham repeated these attacks in different sectors on 28 and 29 March, and also covered the operation of UDT units preparing the invasion beaches. The assault began on the morning of 1 April, and at 06:08, Birmingham opened fire on the target beaches. Shortly thereafter, a D3A bomber closed with the ship, but a 5-inch shell damaged the aircraft as it approached, slowing it so the 20 mm and 40 mm guns could take it under fire; the bomber exploded in mid-air some  from the ship. Following the preparatory bombardment, the amphibious assault vessels began to go ashore, and Birmingham transferred control of her guns to a fire direction party ashore; she spent the rest of the day responding to requests for fire support as the soldiers and marines fought their way inland.

The ship remained off the island for the next several days, and on 6 April, she helped repel a large-scale aerial attack, during which her gunners shot down a D3A bomber and assisted with the destruction of three D4Y bombers. Planned fire support duty was canceled the following day when the American fleet received reports that the large battleship  and several other vessels had sortied to attack the invasion fleet. Birmingham was among the vessels assembled to block the Japanese flotilla should it break through; she and two cruisers and ten destroyers took up a screening position on the right flank of the Allied fleet. At 19:11, Birmingham received news that American carrier aircraft had sunk Yamato, two light cruisers, and three destroyers, neutralizing the threat to the invasion beaches. She resumed bombardment duties the next day, remaining on station off the island until 12 April, when she was recalled to help defend the main fleet from a major Japanese air attack. During the action, her gunners claimed one Japanese aircraft.

Birmingham next moved to Iejima to conduct preparatory bombardments over the following three days before American forces landed on 16 April. The ship then withdrew to Kerama Retto to replenish ammunition and stores before returning to Okinawa to resume fire support missions there. These operations continued until 22 April, when she withdrew to Kerama Retto to take on more ammunition. She resumed bombarding Japanese positions on the island through the end of the month and into early May. These included attacks on the airfield at Naha to disrupt Japanese operations there. On 4 May, another major Japanese counterattack appeared, and at around 08:40, a Nakajima Ki-43 Hayabusa  made a diving attack on Birmingham; the pilot approached from such a steep angle that only the 20 mm guns could elevate high enough to engage the aircraft, and they lacked the power to destroy the plane before it crashed into the ship. The blast destroyed the ship's sick bay, penetrated three deck levels, and tore a hole in the hull below the waterline on the starboard side. The resulting fires were quickly suppressed and seriously injured men were transferred to the hospital ship . The  killed fifty-two men and wounded another eighty-two. Birmingham came alongside the salvage ship  for temporary repairs before departing for Guam on 5 May; she arrived there five days later, where she was dry-docked on 13 May.

End of the war and later career

On 21 May, Birmingham got underway to return to Pearl Harbor, arriving there seven days later. There, she was dry-docked at the Pearl Harbor Naval Shipyard on 7 June for repair work that lasted for six weeks. She emerged from the shipyard on 22 July, after which she took on ammunition, fuel, and stores before embarking on combat training in Hawaiian waters in preparation to resume operations against Japan. She departed Pearl Harbor on 12 August and joined TG 12.3, which was steaming to Wake Island, where she was to shell the isolated Japanese garrison there to practice gunnery drills. Three days later, while still en route to Wake, the ships received word that Japan had surrendered, so the attack on the island was called off. Over the course of her wartime career, Birmingham was awarded eight battle stars. The ship headed to Eniwetok, which she reached on 19 August. She refueled there and continued on to Okinawa, arriving there on 26 August. She was initially ordered to sail for Kyushu to take part in the occupation of Japan, and she got underway on 7 September, but while on the way her orders were changed to send her south to the naval forces stationed in Australia and New Guinea.

Birmingham sailed south, passing through Leyte on 14 September to refuel, and continuing on until she reached Brisbane, Australia, on 23 September. There, she became the flagship of Rear Admiral Clifford E. Van Hook, the commander of US naval forces in Australia. She served in this capacity for the next five months, cruising between Sydney, Melbourne, and Brisbane. The ship eventually returned to San Francisco on 22 March 1946. On 2 April, she was moved to San Diego, where she was assigned to the 19th Fleet, to be prepared for decommissioning. On 16 October, she was assigned to the Pacific Reserve Fleet, San Diego, and on 2 January 1947, she was formally decommissioned. She remained in the Navy's inventory for the next decade, ultimately being stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 March 1959. Birmingham was then sold to the National Metals and Steel Corp. on 13 October to be broken up for scrap.

Footnotes

Notes

Citations

References

Further reading

External links

navsource.org: USS Birmingham
The Mighty "B" – Captain Thomas B. Inglis
Solomons Islands Damage Report, 8 November 1943

Cleveland-class cruisers
World War II cruisers of the United States
1942 ships
Ships built in Newport News, Virginia

USS Birmingham (CL-62)


William Crawford Gorgas (født 3. oktober 1854, død 3. juli 1920) var en amerikansk militærlæge.

Gorgas er blevet verdensberømt for sit arbejde mod den gule feber. I 1901 befriede han Habana for feberen, idet han fandt ud af, at smittebæreren var en bestemt flue, og fik denne udryddet. I 1905 påbegyndte han et arbejde mod den gule feber i Panamadistriktet, og inden årets udgang havde han nedkæmpet feberplagen. Senere har Gorgas i Sydafrika og Sydamerika udrettet store arbejder for bekæmpelsen af den gule feber.

Kilder

Militærlæger
Læger fra USA

William C. Gorgas


Economia heterodoxă se referă la școli și gândiri economice care se află în afara "economiei mainstream". Este un termen umbrelă folosit pentru a denumi diverse orientări, școli, tradiții.

Vezi și

Referințe și note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Economie politică
Teorii economice

Economie heterodoxă


Magic 1278 (official callsign: 3EE) is a commercial radio station in Melbourne, Australia owned by Nine Entertainment Co, and run under a lease agreement by Ace Radio.

History

1935–1991: 3XY

1935–1967 - Diverse programming
3XY began broadcasting on 8 September 1935, the original licence being held by the inaugural United Australia Party (and later the Liberal Party). [Rival station 3KZ was licensed to the Industrial Printing Co. Ltd. for and on behalf of the Australian Labor Party (Victorian Branch).] However, from commencement, 3XY's programs were provided by Efftee Broadcasters Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of Efftee Studios, who were the first in Australia to produce sound films. Efftee was owned by Frank Thring Sr., father of internationally renowned actor Frank Thring Jr.
Frank Thring Sr. died of cancer on 1 July 1936, and Efftee Studios and Efftee Broadcasters were inherited by his second wife, Olive. Nevertheless, Frank Thring Jr., who was only 10 year's old when his father died, often referred to himself as the proprietor.

Tom Holt, the father of the future Prime Minister of Australia, Harold Holt. was in control of Efftee Studios at this time and Frank Thring Sr. appointed him as the first manager of 3XY. 3XY originally broadcast from studios in the former ballroom at the top of the Princess Theatre, Melbourne, but in the early 1960s, the station moved to purpose-built studios in Faraday Street, Carlton; this was the first of a number of subsequent relocations.

Like virtually all broadcasters prior to the introduction of television in Australia and the invention of the transistor radio, 3XY broadcast a variety of programming styles; theoretically providing something of appeal to all its prospective listeners. The station's original slogan The Quality Station was taken seriously by management, who tried to produce programs which they often perceived as being superior to similar programs being produced by rival stations.

3XY was the last commercial radio station to come on air in Melbourne until 3MP began broadcasting in 1976, 41 years later.  By the time 3XY began broadcasting in 1935, most listeners had established their broadcasting patterns and they often continued to listen to 3XY's rivals, which is usually seen as the reason why 3XY was very low in the ratings for some decades. Despite generally low ratings, there were a few popular programs, including the children's session sponsored by Peters Ice Cream, One Man's Family, Raising a Husband, etc. The station also produced some top class live variety programs with artists of the calibre of Stella Lamond; Doug McKenzie; Helen Reddy, Max Reddy, Leslie Ross, etc.

Frank Thring Jr. started his career as both a thespian and radio announcer at 3XY in 1941, as a young man of 15. His numerous jobs at the 3XY microphone included being Uncle Frankie in the children's session. Thring's acting career, whilst mainly centred around the Melbourne theatre scene, also included periods in London and Hollywood.

The late Bert Newton grew up in the Melbourne suburb of Carlton where he became a scout. His first broadcast in a radio, television and theatrical career that spanned nearly 60 years was in the 3XY program Scouting Around, hosted by Tom Jones. In the mid-1950s, Newton presented the 3XY midnight-to-dawn program. He returned to the station in the early 1970s (see below).

Because of the lack of listeners, 3XY did not get as much advertising revenue as some of its rivals, but this was, in part, compensated for by the broadcasting of many sponsored religious programs, particularly on Sunday afternoons, as  well as sponsored non-English programs, mainly Italian. At the time, 3XY had to comply with an Australian Broadcasting Control Board regulation that required anything broadcast in any foreign language to also be translated into English.

From the commencement of the 1936 Australian rules football season (about seven months after 3XY had first come on air) it became the very first station to broadcast descriptions of Victorian Football Association games. 3XY later broadcast games of the Victorian Football League. They also broadcast descriptions of Melbourne thoroughbred horse races each Saturday, as well as transmitting some interstate races. On some weeknights, harness races, then known as the trots, were broadcast.

Prior to 1967, the station had many prominent announcers, as well as a number of broadcasters who would go on to achieve fame at other stations.  These included Frank Avis, Laurie Bennett, Graham Berry, Carl Bleazby, John Boland, John Burls, Ray Chapman, Peter Charleston, Bern Davis, Col Denovan, Jack Dyer, Keith Eden, Doug Elliot, Peter Evans, Vi Greenhalf, Mary Hardy, Ken Hibbins, Geoff Hiscock, Ken Howard, Tom Jones, Craig Kelly, Maurie Kirby, Wayne Kirby, Paul Konik, Alwyn Kurts, Ray Lawrence, Barry Looms, Bernice (Binny) Lum, Alex McNish, Bruce Mansfield, John Magee, Ian Major, Tom Miller, Alf Minister, Bert Newton, Bill Passick, Sir Eric Pearce, Stan Rofe, Bob Rogers, Will Sampson, Dennis Scanlon, Barry Seeber, Wallace Sharland, David Shoreland, Paul Sime, Clyde Simpson, Eric (''Tiny'') Snell, Roy Stenye, Cyril Stokes, John Storr, Jeff Sunderland, Madge Thomas, Frank Thring Jr., Hal Todd, Iven Walker, Mike Walsh, Jeff Warden, Dorothy Wilby, Madge Wister, Johnny Young, etc.

Between 1954 and 1962, 3XY was Victoria's only 24-hour broadcaster. (In the 1930s, the Postmaster-General's Department issued 24-hour licences to one station in each capital city market except Melbourne. In Melbourne, since 1931, 3AK had been broadcasting almost exclusively in the early-morning hours when other stations were off the air. However, on 1 February 1954, 3AK began broadcasting exclusively during hours of daylight, and concurrently 3DB, 3UZ and 3XY were all given 24-hour licences, but both 3DB and 3UZ had ceased all-night broadcasting within six months.  Nevertheless, between 1962 and 1968, the Australian Broadcasting Control Board had granted 24-hour licences to all Melbourne commercial stations; 24-hour transmission on ABC stations was to follow within a few years.)

An excellent history of the first 10 years or so of 3XY can be accessed in the following book: Fitzpatrick, Peter, The Two Frank Thrings, 2012, Monash University Publishing, Clayton, Victoria.

1967–1989 - Melbourne's top pop music station
From 1 July 1967, under the direction of General Manager Bob Baeck the station became Melbourne's dominant music radio station and remained so until the mid 1980s, with a Top 40 music radio format, which often topped the ratings. Its sister station during this era was Sydney's 2SM. Of the many promotions conducted by the station, the most important during the 1970s/80s was Rocktober held annually during the month of October.

3XY dropped all of its religious programming in the late 1960s under the direction of Program Manager Dick Heming. (Heming received a letter of complaint from a woman who signed herself 'Yours in Christianity' but which concluded: 'I have prayed to the Lord that you be struck dead'.)

In the early 1970s, there was a head-on battle for the lucrative Top 40 market between 3XY, by then managed by Rod Muir, and Rhett Walker's 3AK.  The fact that 3XY won the battle is reflected in 3AK's rapid change away from its Top 40 format.  However, 3XY's fortunes declined in the late 1980s after the advent of FM radio in Australia, a few years earlier.

3XY DJs during this era included: Barry Bissell, Hans Christian, Jack Daniels, Greg Evans, Peter Grace, Peter Harrison, Jane Holmes, John Hood, Craig Huggins, Kevin Hillier, Mark Irvine, Peter James, Chris Maxwell, Peter O'Callaghan, John O'Donnell, John Peters, Stan Rofe, Lee Simon, Peter Grubby Stubbs, Richard Stubbs, Gary Suprain, Paul Turner, Karl van Est.

As well as its Top 40 format, in the early 1970s, 3XY also experimented with a personality format with Bert Newton conducting the breakfast program, and Graham Kennedy presenting a morning session from a studio especially constructed at a cost of $10,000 in the bedroom of his house in Frankston, thus saving him from even having to leave home to present the show.  He often broadcast whilst in pyjamas. During the late 1970s Derryn Hinch presented a current affairs morning program.

The Liberal Party continued to have a marked influence at 3XY. In the late 1970s and 80s, the manager of the station was Stanley Guilfoyle, husband of Liberal Senator Margaret Guilfoyle. Magnus Cormack, a former Liberal senator, served as chairman of the company after his retirement from politics in 1978. The company's articles of association provided that, upon the sale of the company, any proceeds should be "given or transferred to some institution or institutions having objects similar to the objects of the company". In 1986, the radio licence was sold to businessman Paul Dainty for $15 million. The proceeds were used to establish the Cormack Foundation, which became a major donor to the Victorian Liberals.

1989–1991 - The temporary end of the 3XY callsign
After losing the ratings and financial battle with FM rivals 3EON and 3FOX, the 3XY licence was bought in late 1989 by the parent company of BAY-FM, a Geelong based station which was then just about to come on air.  When BAY-FM commenced broadcasting in December 1989, 3XY briefly simulcast the BAY-FM overnight programs, retaining its rock music format during the day. However, once new studios in Corio Bay were completed, Bay FM and 3XY began full-time simulcasting, 3XY breaking only for coverage of Australian Football League (AFL) games, which they were contracted to cover. After a period of 12 months, the then-Australian Broadcasting Authority demanded that the two stations begin separate programming. While the two stations remained in their Corio studios, Bay FM relaunched with an easy listening format, with 3XY retaining its soft rock format. In 1991, 3XY was sold to AWA, owners of 2CH Sydney and other stations, who almost immediately shut the station down and re-opened it seven months later as 3EE.

3XY's transmitter was turned off at 1.00 pm on 23 September 1991. The final on-air program as 3XY was a one-hour pre-recorded special, commissioned by AWA and produced and presented by music historian Glenn A. Baker. It was a tribute showcasing the music of 1976 when 3XY was number one in the radio ratings. Roxanne Bennett was the last 'live' announcer on 3XY, finishing her shift at 12 noon that day with Spectrum's song I'll Be Gone the final song played before the one hour pre-recorded special was aired. The last song to be ever aired on 3XY, was AC/DC's It's a Long Way to the Top (If You Wanna Rock 'n' Roll), at the end of the pre-recorded special.

AWA formally applied for a change of callsign from 3XY to 3EE and a change of frequency from 1422 kHz to 693 kHz. Both requests were granted by the Australian Broadcasting Authority. Although it was a relaunch of the 3XY licence that had existed since 1935 and not the issuing of a new licence, AWA chose to promote the forthcoming 3EE as a "completely new" station.

(A new licence for the 1422 kHz frequency was purchased at auction in 1994 by the Greek Media Group. Initially the licence was for a specified period of three years, and was then to be subject to a five yearly auction cycle. This rule was removed, and the station was effectively permitted to continue on a permanent basis. The new station adopted the 3XY call-sign. It is a narrowcast Greek language commercial station, with no connection to the station of 1935–91.)

1992–1993: 3EE
The "new" station 3EE began official transmission at 7.00am Friday 2 July 1992. Promoted as The Breeze, the station had a mix of easy listening music, personality talk and Saturday AFL football. Some programs garnered a loyal following but overall the station failed to gain a commercially viable audience in its target demographic of people aged 40+. AWA had a three-year strategy to grow the 3EE audience, but in 1993 the company decided to exit the commercial broadcasting sector and concentrate on its core business of electronics design and manufacture. AWA sold 3EE to Wesgo, owner of another Melbourne station, 3MP, based in Frankston, an outer south-eastern suburb. A few months later in 1994, AWA sold 3EE's sister station in Sydney 2CH, bringing to an end AWA's 70 years in radio broadcasting.

1993–2017: Magic 693/1278

Magic 693
3MP and 3EE simulcast their programs until the ABA ordered that they cease the practice and recommence two separate formats. As from December 1993, 3EE used the marketing name of Magic 693, whilst retaining its official call-sign 3EE. It had a 1940s, 1950s and 1960s music format, while 3MP maintained its more mainstream easy listening format on 1377.

Media operator Southern Cross Broadcasting, which also owned Melbourne radio stations 3AK and 3AW, bought the 3MP and 3EE licences, and in accordance with media ownership laws which restrict any organisation from owning more than two radio stations in one region, they chose to keep 3AW and 3EE (Magic 693), while selling off the lower–rating 3AK and 3MP licences.

Magic 1278
From 1 May 2006, Magic 693 became Magic 1278 after switching frequencies with 3AW. The change was suggested by 3AW's then Midnight-to-Dawn host Keith McGowan.  By doing so, it placed 3AW between Radio National and ABC Radio Melbourne, meaning that Melbourne's three major talk stations were together on the AM radio dial.

On 13 April 2015, the station's entire on air line-up, and most of the programming and production team, was made redundant, as the result of the merger of Fairfax Media's radio assets and the Macquarie Radio Network. Immediately, a new music format was introduced that focused on the classic hits of the 1960s and 1970s. In November 2015, it was announced that the station would begin networking programming into Brisbane on sister station Magic 882. The last song to be played on Magic 1278 was Thank You for the Music by ABBA.

2017–2018: Talking Lifestyle
On Monday 27 February 2017, Macquarie Radio Network relaunched 3EE as Talking Lifestyle. The launch of Talking Lifestyle into the Melbourne and Brisbane market followed 18 months of development by Macquarie Media and a soft launch in the Sydney market in September 2016 through 2UE. The Brisbane outlet was 4BH.

Presenters for the station broadcast from either Sydney or Melbourne. The on-air line-up included Ed Phillips, Catriona Rowntree, Nick Bennett, Dee Dee Dunleavy and Sabina Read.

2018–2020: Macquarie Sports Radio

On Wednesday 4 April 2018, the three Talking Lifestyle branded stations relaunched with a new sports radio format under the name Macquarie Sports Radio with coverage of the 2018 Commonwealth Games. 1278 did broadcast Melbourne Storm matches as well as a selection of interstate NRL matches broadcast by the Continuous Call Team

2020–2021: Magic 1278 (second incarnation)
On 21 January 2020, Nine Entertainment announced the Macquarie Sports Radio brand would be abandoned and the station – along with its interstate sister stations 2UE and 4BH – would return to an all-music format "built around the best of the '50s, '60s and '70s" with a "soft launch" on 2 February 2020.

Nine Radio leases Magic 1278 to Ace Radio
On 28 October 2021, Nine Radio and Ace Radio entered into a deal for Ace to manage the radio station, along with sister stations 2UE and 4BH, from early 2022. Ace Radio took control of the station on 14 January 2022. The station relaunched with a new presenter line-up, logo and imaging on this date.

See also
 Radio Times

References

External links
Magic 1278 official site
Magic 693/3AW Change-over
3XY publicity from Broadcast Year Book and Radio Listeners Annual 1946-47, courtesy The Radio Heritage Foundation

Nine Radio
Oldies radio stations in Australia
Radio stations in Melbourne
Radio stations established in 1935
Rock radio stations in Australia
1935 establishments in Australia

Magic 1278


Aldrig skråt er en dansk eksperimentalfilm fra 1952 instrueret af Søren Melson.

Handling
En færdselspropagandafilm med budskabet: "Man skal aldrig gå skråt over gaden" formidlet via abstrakt tegneteknik. En cirkel i et kaos af streger udvikles til et "For Gaaende"-skilt med lydbaggrund trafikulykke, ambulance, kirkeklokker. Filmen blev aldrig udsendt (kilde: Helge Krarup og Carl Nørrested: Eksperimentalfilm i Danmark, 1986).

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Eksperimentalfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1952

Aldrig skråt


Kankelau er en kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Schwarzenbek-Land i den sydvestlige del af Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg. Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg ligger i delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Kankelau ligger fem kilometer nordøst for Schwarzenbek og ca. 34 km øst for Hamborg. I den nordlige del af kommunen krydser motorvejen A24 (fra Hamborg til Berlin) kommunen i øst-vestlig retning.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Kommunens side på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2014 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Herzogtum Lauenburg

Kankelau


Grande Prêmio de Havana, também conhecido como Grande Prêmio de Cuba, foi uma competição autmobilística realizada por um breve período no final dos anos 1950 em Havana, Cuba, disputada pela última vez em 1960. A corrida de 1958 é a mais lembrada, por ter servido como o pano de fundo para o sequestro do piloto campeão mundial de Fórmula 1, Juan Manuel Fangio, por rebeldes antigovernamentais ligados ao Movimiento 26 de Julio. Há uma reportagem exclusiva no jornal Zig Zag do homem que supostamente sequestrou Fangio e uma nota de Fangio.

Histórico
A corrida foi criada em 1957 quando Fulgêncio Batista idealizou criar um evento para atrair turistas, principalmente dos Estados Unidos. Um circuito de rua foi estabelecido na Calle Malecón. A primeira corrida foi um sucesso; foi vencido por Fangio dirigindo um Maserati 300S , levando para casa Carroll Shelby dirigindo uma Ferrari 410 S e Alfonso de Portago em uma Ferrari 860 Monza .

No ano seguinte, a equipe oficial da Maserati chegou com força com sua frota de carros Maserati 300S e Fangio e Stirling Moss como pilotos. Na véspera da corrida, Fangio foi sequestrado em seu hotel por um homem armado. O governo cubano ordenou que a corrida continuasse. Moss e Masten Gregory lideraram a corrida que teve bandeira vermelha após apenas seis voltas. Armando Garcia Cifuentes bateu com sua Ferrari na multidão, matando sete pessoas.

A corrida de 1959 foi cancelada quando a revolução de Fidel Castro entrou em seus estágios finais. A corrida voltou em 1960, em um novo local nas estradas de serviço ao redor de um aeródromo militar. Moss, dirigindo um Maserati Birdcage para a equipe privada Camoradi , teve uma vitória confortável sobre a Ferrari 250 TR59 da NART dirigida por Pedro Rodríguez com Masten Gregory em terceiro em um Porsche 718.

Lista de Vencedores

Curiosidades
 A internacional "Cuban Race" ocorreu em fevereiro de 1905, após a afiliação do Habana Automóvil Club à International Association of Automobile Racing . denominado Arroya Arenas-San Cristobel-Arroya Arenas , ocorreu no trajeto de ida e volta Havana-San Cristóbal.
 Uma primeira corrida aconteceu em julho de 1903 graças ao mecânico local Honoré Lainé, para comemorar a fundação do Habana Automóvil Club do qual era membro.
 O Grande Prêmio de 1958, o sequestro de Fangio e o acidente mortal de Cifuentes são mencionados no filme de Chris Marker "Cuba sí" (à 25 min 17 s).

Competições de automobilismo

Grande Prêmio de Havana


Matthew Griswold (March 25, 1714 – April 28, 1799) was the 17th governor of Connecticut from 1784 to 1786. He also served as the 21st lieutenant governor (and the first since statehood). He was also chief justice of the Superior Court, during the American Revolution (1769–1784).

Early life

Matthew Griswold was born in Lyme, Connecticut, the eldest son of John Griswold, politician and landowner, and Hannah (Lee) Griswold. He was the fourth generation of his family to live in Connecticut; the Griswold family had emigrated there from England in 1639. Through his mother, he is connected to the DeWolf family.

The Griswolds were one of the wealthiest and most respected families in Lyme; several Griswolds served in public office in Connecticut over the generations. In his mid-20s, he decided to study law. He was admitted to the New London Bar in 1742 and opened a practice in Lyme. Many of his legal cases involved settling estates and collecting debts. He became a well-liked and respected teacher of the law as well and over the years developed one of the first and finest collections of law books in Connecticut.

He married then Deputy Governor Roger Wolcott's daughter Ursula on November 10, 1743, and had seven children with her. Their son, Roger Griswold, later also became governor of Connecticut. Matthew Griswold was brother-in-law to Oliver Wolcott and Erastus Wolcott.

Career
His reputation as a fair and hard-working lawyer won Griswold the appointment of king's attorney for New London County. The king's attorney represented the interests of England and her colonies in court. That Griswold held this position for over 30 years stands as a testimony to both his ability as a lawyer and his fair-mindedness. Griswold's busy law practice left much of the management of Black Hall to Ursula.

Griswold was elected to the Connecticut General Assembly in 1748, and from 1751 to 1759. He was then elected to the Council of Assistants, serving from 1759 to 1769. Griswold and eight other councilmembers demonstrated opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765 when Governor Thomas Fitch was required to take an oath to support it. Griswold became a member of the Sons of Liberty, who publicly protested the Stamp Act.

In each of the years from 1769 to 1784, he was elected Deputy Governor of Connecticut. In that position, he also served as chief justice of the Superior Court. During this time, he was concerned about education, and was a member of a committee to improved teaching at Yale College. Yale awarded him a Doctor of Laws in 1779 in appreciation.

American Revolution

Griswold was a strong supporter of the colonists' cause during the American Revolution. He served on many committees that oversaw troop movements, military appointments, provisions, and defense; he especially focused on defending American ships and the Connecticut shoreline. According to family legend, Griswold twice evaded British soldiers as they searched for him, an important target, in his own home.

Governorship and later years
After the end of the war, Griswold was chosen to be Governor in 1784 by the General Assembly, after he failed to receive a majority of votes in the regular election. He was re-elected in 1785,  but then lost to Samuel Huntington in 1786. In 1788, as delegate from Lyme, he became president of Connecticut's convention to ratify the new United States Constitution. Later in 1788, Ursula Griswold died, and Matthew Griswold retired from public life.

Death
Griswold continued to manage his family estate, Black Hall, until his death on April 28, 1799. He is interred at Duck River Cemetery, Old Lyme, New London County, Connecticut. His brother-in-law was Rev. Jonathan Parsons, father of General Samuel Holden Parsons. His sister Sarah Griswold was the mother of James Hillhouse.

See also

List of governors of Connecticut

References

External links

The Political Graveyard

1714 births
1799 deaths
People from Lyme, Connecticut
People of colonial Connecticut
Griswold family
American people of English descent
Connecticut Federalists
Federalist Party state governors of the United States
Governors of Connecticut
Members of the Connecticut General Assembly Council of Assistants (1662–1818)
Chief Justices of the Connecticut Supreme Court
18th-century American politicians

Matthew Griswold (governor)


An Sobralia bletiae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Heinrich Gustav Reichenbach. An Sobralia bletiae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Sobralia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Sobralia

Sobralia bletiae


Esta é uma lista de todos os militares que integraram o Exército Libertador (Liberais) durante a Guerra Civil Portuguesa.

General e Comandante-chefe

Esquadra Libertadora

Links Externos

http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/1223385076S5uNI9wi7Vj94PQ1.pdf], Acesso 15 de abril
http://analisesocial.ics.ul.pt/documentos/n236_a02.pdf

Militares na Guerra Civil Portuguesa

Lista de militares do Exército Libertador (Liberais)


Eurocorps, located in the French city of Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin), is a multinational corps headquarters. Founded by France and Germany in 1992, it is today composed of personnel from six framework nations and five associated nations. The framework nations place the Eurocorps at the service of the European Union (EU) and NATO, which certified it in 2002 as one of its nine High Readiness Land Headquarters (HRF (L) HQ).

The precedents of the Eurocorps date back to 1989, when German Chancellor Helmut Kohl and the President of the French Republic, François Mitterrand, initiated military cooperation by establishing the Franco-German Defense and Security Council and creating a joint brigade, which became operational in 1991.

Subsequently, in 1992, at the La Rochelle summit, both countries signed the report that led to the creation of Eurocorps. That same year, the first German and French officers joined the unit. In 1993 Belgium joined the unit, followed by Spain a year later. In 1995 it was officially declared operational, and the following year Luxembourg joined. In 2022 Poland became the sixth framework nation. Currently there are five associated countries: Greece, Turkey, Italy, Austria and Romania. There have also been, during different periods, military personnel from Canada (2003-2007), the United Kingdom (1999-2002), the Netherlands (1999-2002) and Finland (2002-2005).

The Eurocorps was formally established on a legal basis by the Treaty concerning the Eurocorps and the status of its headquarters, also known as "Treaty of Strasbourg", an agreement signed in Brussels on 22 November 2004 by the defense ministers of the five member countries at that time (Germany, France, Belgium, Spain and Luxembourg) and ratified by their respective national parliaments.  It became effective on 26 February 2009.

The purpose of the treaty, as stated in article 1, is to "define the fundamental principles relating to the missions, organization and functioning of the Eurocorps".

Article 2 defines the European military group as "the multinational army corps consisting of the Headquarters and the units in respect of which the Contracting Parties have effected the transfer of command to the Commanding General of the Eurocorps".

As for Eurocorps missions, article 3 states that they may be entrusted to it in the context of the United Nations, the Western European Union (WEU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) evacuation missions, humanitarian missions, peacekeeping or crisis management.

Participating countries
Six countries participate in the corps as member states. The treaty allows for any EU member state to become a member of Eurocorps, subject to the approval of existing Eurocorps members. Additionally, there are five associated members.  The Eurocorps is staffed by personnel from both framework and partner nations.

Participating members

  – since 1993
  – since 1992
  – since 1992
  – since 1996
  – since 2022
  – since 1994

Associated members

  – 2002-11; since 2021
  – since 2002
  – since 2009
  – since 2016
  – since 2002

Former associated members

  – 2003-07
  – 2002-06
  – 1999-2002
  – 1999-2002

History
Eurocorps has its origins in the Franco-German Brigade, created in 1989. Following this approach, on 14 October 1991, France and Germany announced their intention to further strengthen European defense integration through the establishment of a corps headquarters. During the Franco-German summit in La Rochelle on 22 May 1992, French President François Mitterrand and German Chancellor Helmut Kohl decided to launch the project and to establish the Eurocorps headquarters. Although initially it was a Franco-German association, the Eurocorps was soon opened up to all member states of the Western European Union (WEU).

On 19 June, the European Union issued the Petersberg Declaration, which defined those missions that could be entrusted to the WEU and that Eurocorps would also undertake: ensuring the common defense of allied countries, carrying out peacekeeping or peace-keeping operations for the benefit of the United Nations or the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, as well as other missions of a humanitarian nature.

On 1 July 1992, a provisional General Staff is installed in the French city of Strasbourg to create the foundations of the Eurocorps Headquarters.

On 21 January 1993, an agreement was signed with SACEUR placing the Eurocorps at the disposal of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. On 1 October of the same year, the Eurocorps headquarters was definitively established in Strasbourg, on the basis of the General Staff activated a few months earlier.

During these first years, several countries joined the Franco-German initiative. On 12 October 1993, Belgium joined the Eurocorps with a mechanized division; on 1 July 1994, the Spanish Council of Ministers authorized the participation of Spain with a mechanized division; Luxembourg joined the project on 7 May 1996.

In November 1995, the Eurocorps reached the necessary conditions to be officially declared operational.

At that time the Eurocorps had the following units permanently affiliated: the 1st French Armored Division, the 10th German Armored Division, the 1st Belgian Mechanized Division, which included a Luxembourg reconnaissance company, the Mechanized Division "Brunete" and the Franco-German Brigade, totaling 50,000 troops, 645 tanks, 1,400 armored vehicles and 360 artillery pieces.

This situation continued until 1999, when the heads of state and government of the five Eurocorps framework nations declared at the European Council held in Cologne (3 and 4 June) their agreement to "adapt the European Army Corps, and in particular its Headquarters, to the new strategic scenario in order to convert it into a European Rapid Reaction Corps, responding to the European Union's desire to have forces adapted to crisis management operations".

The political statement was subsequently developed in the Luxembourg Report, November 1999, which set out the general guidelines for the aforementioned transformation, once again respecting the dual transatlantic and European orientation, by keeping the Eurocorps at the disposal of NATO and the EU for crisis management operations.

Poland was accepted as a member in 2010. This was expected to become effective from 1 January 2016, but was delayed to January 2017. However, a change in government with the 2015 Polish election led to the application for full membership being withdrawn in favour of remaining an associate member. In November 2021, Poland again expressed an interest in joining as a full member, and it became a framework member in 2022.

On 25 February 2003, Austria and Finland signed a treaty which allowed them to send staff to the headquarters of the corps. Finland remained an associated nation of the corps until 2005, and Austria until 2011. Romania became an associated nation in April 2016, while Austria rejoined as an associate nation in 2021. In addition, the Netherlands and United Kingdom have sent liaison officers to the headquarters of the corps.

The Eurocorps has adopted a modular philosophy and the affiliation of large units is no longer permanent. Today, such affiliation is based on the actual missions in which the Eurocorps has to intervene and its only permanent units are the Headquarters and a multinational support brigade.

Eurocorps is today one of the nine NATO High Readiness Land Headquarters (HRF (L) HQ), having been certified as such in 2003 and is fully integrated in the NATO Response Force (NRF) rotation system, the Eurocorps HQ is also offered to the EU for crisis management operations as a Land Component Command or European Union Battlegroups Headquarters (EUBG).

Badge
The chest badge was created by an officer of the French Army's employment office, Lieutenant Colonel Pellabeuf. This badge, approved on 18 June 1993 under the number G4000, was produced by the Delsart company and, by order of the Chief of Staff, General Clerc, was worn for the first time on 5 November 1993, during the official ceremony of creation of the corps and in the presence of the Ministers of Defense of the three participating countries at that time (Germany, France and Belgium).

Its description is "an insignia in the form of a shield symbolizing the defense of the European continent".

Europe is represented by two symbols:

 The blue background and the golden stars of the European flag,
 A symbolic silhouette of the continent that allows us to hide some of the stars and thus avoid over-identification with the European Union or the Council of Europe.

On the other hand, a sword reminds us that the Eurocorps is a large military unit.

Organisation

Politico-military direction
The Eurocorps belongs to the six framework nations and is not subordinate to any other supranational defense organization. It is deployed on the authority of the Common Committee representing the member states, the Chief of Defence, and the Political Director of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Its mission is to ensure the political-military direction and the coordination and conditions of employment of the forces and it is the collegiate body in charge of maintaining relations with Western defense alliances (EU and NATO) and other international organizations. This committee considers requests for support from multinational organizations such as the UN, NATO, OSCE. The Corps can also be deployed at the request of the framework nations.

Structure
The Eurocorps Headquarters is composed of a Command Group, a General Staff, a Multinational Support Brigade and the NSD.

Command Group

 Located in the "Aubert de Vincelles" barracks. It is composed of the Eurocorps lieutenant general, a second-in-command general, a chief of staff and the heads of the various divisions of the General Staff.

General Staff

 Located in the "Aubert de Vincelles" barracks. Multinational in nature, it is designed to be used with great flexibility and to be completed in a progressive and balanced manner with personnel from the different participating countries. The working language is English.

Multinational Support Brigade

 Located in the "Aubert de Vincelles" and "Lizé" barracks. It is made up of military personnel from the various member countries. Its task is to provide the necessary support for the deployment and support of the HQ (communications, protection, food, transport, accommodation...)

NSD

 National support detachment. It is in charge of national issues of the different framework states and is located at the barracks of "Lizé".

Relationship with EU defence policy

The European Corps is presently not established at the EU level (referred to as the Common Security and Defence Policy, CSDP); it is for instance not a project of the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) of the CSDP. The European Corps and its assets may however contribute in the implementation of the CSDP, when made available as a multinational force in accordance with article 42.3 of the Treaty on European Union (TEU).

Operations
The corps has:
From May 1998 to January 2000: deployment in the Balkans, where Eurocorps participates in four successive contingents of the NATO Stabilization Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR).
Led KFOR III in Kosovo from 18 April 2000 to October 2000
Led the ISAF6 Force in Afghanistan from 9 August 2004 to 11 February 2005.
From 1 July 2006, to 10 January 2007, the headquarters of the corps was the land component stand by element of the NATO Response Force 7.
From 1 July 2010 to 10 January 2011, the headquarters of the corps was the land component stand by element of the NATO Response Force 15 (NRF 15).
In 2012, the corps has deployed to ISAF in Afghanistan.
In the second semester the Eurocorps supported Germany with 57 soldiers in the EU mission EUTM Mali.
July 2016 to July 2017: twelve-month standby period as headquarters of the ground component of two successive rotations of the European Union Battle Group (EUBG).
From July 2016 to January 2018: deployment to the Central African Republic, where Eurocorps leads three successive contingents of the European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic (EUTM RCA).
In January 2020, Eurocorps takes a one-year NATO alert as command of the ground component of NATO Response Force 20.
First and second half of 2021 European Union Training Mission in Mali (EUTM MALI).
Second half of 2021 and first half of 2022 European Union Training Mission in the Central African Republic (EUTM RCA) aims to advise and support the government in the training of the country's new armed forces, which are playing an important role in the stabilization of the country.

Eurocorps Commanding Generals
The key positions of the HQ, including that of its chief general, are assigned on a rotating basis among the nations. Since its foundation, the Heads of the Eurocorps have been as follows:

 Lieutenant General Helmut Willmann: 1993-1996 (Germany)
 Lieutenant General Pierre Forterre: 1996-1997 (France)
 Lieutenant General Léo Van Den Bosch: 1997-1999 (Belgium)
 Lieutenant General Juan Ortuño Such: 1999-2001 (Spain)
 Lieutenant General Holger Kammerhoff: 2001-2003 (Germany)
 Lieutenant General Jean-Louis Py: 2003-2005 (France)
 Lieutenant General Charles-Henri Delcour: 2005-2007 (Belgium)
 Lieutenant General Pedro Pitarch Bartolomé: 2007-2009 (Spain)
 Lieutenant General Hans-Lothar Domröse: 2009-2011 (Germany)
 Lieutenant General Olivier de Bavinchove: 2011-2013 (France)
 Lieutenant General Guy Buchsenschmidt: 2013-2015 (Belgium)
 Lieutenant General Alfredo Ramírez Fernández: 2015-2017 (Spain)
 Lieutenant General Jürgen Weigt: 2017-2019 (Germany)
 Lieutenant General Laurent Kolodziej: 2019-2021 (France)
 Lieutenant général Peter Devogelaere: 2021-2023 (Belgium)
 Lieutenant General Jarosław Gromadziński: 2023- (Poland)

See also
 Combined Joint Expeditionary Force (CJEF)
 European Institutions in Strasbourg
 Franco-British Defence and Security Cooperation Treaty and Downing Street Declaration
 EUFOR
 European Gendarmerie Force
 European Maritime Force
 European Astronaut Corps
 EU Battlegroup
 Common Security and Defence Policy
 Common Security and Defence Policy#Structure
 European Security Strategy
 European Defense Agency
 Overseas interventions of the European Union
 Ukraine
 NATO

Notes

References

External links

 https://www.eurocorps.org/
 A proposed evolution in the Eurocorps and ESDI in NATO (French language)
 An integrated European regiment: A proposed evolution in the Eurocorps and ESDI in NATO

Military units and formations established in 1992
Multinational units and formations
Organizations based in Strasbourg
1992 in the European Economic Community
1992 establishments in France
NATO Rapid Deployable Corps

Eurocorps


Hecheres Beltrán (Santa Cruz de Tenerife, España, 1978) es un escritor en lengua española.

En el año 2006 resultó ganador del VIII Premio Odisea con su obra Cruzando el límite, otorgado por la editorial Odisea, dedicada específicamente a libros de temática homosexual.

Obras

Cruzando el límite (2006).

Billete de ira y vuelta (2008).

Suspiros en la ciudad (2008) Fotonovela.

Enlaces externos

 Blog oficial del escritor

Escritores de España del siglo XXI
Escritores LGBT

Hecheres Beltrán


Jonkheer Bernard Amé Léonard du Bus de Gisignies (Sint-Joost-ten-Node, 21 de junio 1808 - Bad Ems, Alemania, 6 de julio 1874) fue un noble, político neerlandés, y posteriormente un ornitólogo y paleontólogo belga.

Era el segundo hijo de Leonard Pierre Joseph du Bus de Gisignies. Se casó con Petronilla Truyts el 19 de mayo de 1845, teniendo dos hijos viscondes: Bernard Daniel (Sint-Joost-ten-Node, 7 de octubre 1832-Bruselas, 17 de febrero 1917) y Chretien (Sint-Joost-ten-Node, 4 de noviembre 1845-Jabbeke, 3 de julio de 1883).

Estudió leyes en la Universidad Católica de Lovaina, pero pronto se interesó más en la ornitología. En 1835, presentó un manuscrito a la Real Academia de Bélgica en donde describía el pájaro Leptorhynchus pectoralis. Fue miembro del Parlamento por Soignies.

En 1846, fue el primer director de la Real Instituto Belga de Ciencias Naturales. En esa ocasión donó 2474 aves de su propia colección para el museo. En 1860, durante la construcción de nuevas fortificaciones alrededor de Amberes, se involucró en la paleontología. Halló numerosos fósiles principalmente de ballenas. También obtuvo el esqueleto de una Balaena mysticetus y de un joven Balaenoptera musculus, que todavía están en exhibición en el museo. En 1860, el esqueleto de un mamut fue hallado cerca de Lier (Bélgica), y fue llevado al museo (en exhibición desde 1869). En ese momento el único esqueleto de un mamut exhibido en museo era el de San Petersburgo (Rusia).

En 1867, fue director de la Sección de Ciencias de la Real Academia de Bélgica.

Véase también
Taxones descritos por Bernard du Bus de Gisignies

Fuentes
 Bernard du Bus de Gisignies (Dutch)
 Heemkundige Kring van Malle (Ed.), Camera Obscura op Oost- en Westmalle, 1980
 Bart De Prins (Ed.), Leonard du Bus de Gisignies, Heemkundige Kring van Malle, 1999

Enlaces externos

Ornitólogos de Bélgica
Zoólogos de Bélgica
Paleontólogos de Bélgica
Nobles de Bélgica del siglo XIX
Nobles de los Países Bajos del siglo XIX
Nacidos en Tournai

Bernard du Bus de Gisignies


Aborichthys tikaderi, vrsta manje slatkovodne ribe iz reda šaranki, koja živi kao endem na pet lokaliteta u indijskoj državi Arunachal Pradesh. Do sada je pronađena u rijekama Kalpangi, Subansiri, Labia, Sipu i Noadhing, a postoji mogućnost da je ima i u nekim drugim indijskim državama, uključujući Assam.

Maksimalno naraste 10.9 cm. Ova vrsta zbog gradnji brana danas se vodi kao osjetljiva.

Izvori

Aborichthys
Riblje endemske vrste

Aborichthys tikaderi


Cette liste contient tous les joueurs de hockey sur glace ayant été repêchés par les Toros de Toronto puis par les Bulls de Birmingham, franchise de l'Association mondiale de hockey. Les joueurs listés ci-dessus n'ont pas obligatoirement joué un match sous le maillot de l'équipe.

Elle regroupe les joueurs depuis le Repêchage de 1973 organisé par l'AMH, jusqu'au Repêchage de 1977. Les joueurs sont classés par année de repêchage. Les deux premières colonnes donnent le rang et le tour duquel le joueur a été repêché suivis de son nom, de sa nationalité et de sa position de jeu.

Toros de Toronto

1973

1974

1975

1976

Bulls de Birmingham

Repêchage amateur de 1977

Notes et références

Toros de Toronto
Bulls de Birmingham (AMH)

Toronto

Liste des choix de repêchages des Toros de Toronto


An Notyliopsis beatricis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Pedro Ortiz Valdivieso. An Notyliopsis beatricis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Notyliopsis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Notyliopsis

Notyliopsis beatricis


Den højeste straf er en portrætfilm fra 2000 instrueret af Tómas Gislason efter manuskript af Tómas Gislason, Ole Sohn.

Handling
I 1937 forsvandt kommunisten Arne Munch-Petersen i Sovjetunionen. 62 år senere vender den tidligere leder af Danmarks kommunistiske parti Ole Sohn tilbage til Moskva for at undersøge hans skæbne. "Den højeste straf" er en usædvanlig dokumentarfilm: En konkret rejse med Ole Sohn på detektivarbejde i de russiske arkiver, en historisk rejse tilbage til 30'ernes stalinistiske terrorregime, hvor tusindvis af mennesker forsvandt. Og en følelsesmæssig rejse i begreber som angst, paranoia og meningsløshed. "Den højeste straf" er en raffineret konstruktion, hvor fortid og nutid spejler hinanden. Gamle og nye optagelser er mikset i en virtuos montage, hvor sovjetisk propaganda-æstetik og moderne grafisk design går op i en højere enhed.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kommunister fra Danmark
Portrætfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2000

Den højeste straf


Casting Call este un film românesc din 2015 regizat de Conrad Mericoffer. Rolurile principale au fost interpretate de actorii Victor Rebengiuc, Paul Ipate.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 2015 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 2015

Casting Call


Les Phaeosacciaceae sont une famille d'algues de l'embranchement des Ochrophyta  de la classe des Phaeosacciophyceae et de l'ordre des  Phaeosacciales.

Le genre Phaeosaccion vit exclusivement dans les eaux froides, des zones boréales-arctiques (nord-est de l'Amérique du Nord et nord de l'Europe).

Étymologie
Le nom vient du genre type Phaeosaccion, dérivé du grec , « brun, sombre », et , « petit sac », en référence à l'aspect des thalles de cette algue .

Description
Le genre type Phaeosaccion possède un thalle de forme tubulaire ou de sac, monostromatique (c'est-à-dire formée d'une couche unique de cellules), atteignant  de long et  de large, de couleur brun olive, ressemblant à de jeunes plants de Scytosiphon (algue brune de la famille des Scytosiphonaceae), de sorte que ce genre a été considéré comme un membre des Phéophycées pendant près d'un siècle.

Systématique
Quand il créa cette famille en 1949, Jean Feldmann la considéra comme faisant partie de l'ordre des Scytosiphonales, c'est-à-dire une Phaeophyceae. Dans les années 1970, des études morphologiques et biochimiques ont un temps attribué cette algue à la classe des Chrysophyceae avant que la classe des Phaeosacciophyceae ne soit créée en 2020.

Liste des genres
Selon  :
 Chlorophaeoclonium Péterfi, 1948
 Giraudyopsis P.J.L.Dangeard, 1965 - nom invalide
 Phaeosaccion Farlow, 1882 - genre type

L'ordre des Scytosiphonales. Travaux botaniques dédiés à René Maire. Mémoires hors-série de la Société d'Histoire naturelle de l'Afrique du Nord, Alger, Mai 1949, p. 103-115, pages 112-113

Publication originale
 .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Références biologiques

Liens externes

Phaeosacciales
Famille d'algues (nom scientifique)

Phaeosacciaceae


Manzila Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin (; born 17 July 1959) is a British non-affiliated life peer and community activist of Bangladeshi descent. In 2009 she was included on The Guardian's Muslim Women Power List for Britain. She previously sat for Labour when, in 2012, Uddin was required to repay £125,349, the largest amount in the United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal.

Early life
Manzila Pola Khan was born on 17 July 1959 to a Bengali Muslim Khan family from Rajshahi, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). She moved with her parents to the United Kingdom in 1973, when she was 13 years of age, and she grew up in the East End of London. She attended the Plashet School in East Ham, and was educated at the University of North London, where she earned a degree in social work.

Political career
Uddin started her professional career by creating and leading community working groups in the late 1970s. In 1980, she started working as a Youth and Community worker with the YWCA, and then a Liaison Officer for Tower Hamlets Social Services, and Manager of Tower Hamlets Women's Health Project. She then began working for Newham social services in 1988. In 1990, Uddin was elected a Labour councillor in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, the first Bengali woman to hold such an office of a local authority in the United Kingdom. She was the Deputy Leader of Tower Hamlets council from 1994 to 1996.

In 1997, she applied to be the Labour parliamentary candidate for the Bethnal Green and Bow constituency, but did not reach the shortlist. Appointed a Labour "working peer" by Tony Blair, she was raised to the peerage as Baroness Uddin, of Bethnal Green in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, for life by Letters patent in the afternoon of 18 July 1998, at the House of Lords. She was the youngest woman on the benches and the only Muslim and Asian woman to be appointed to the House of Lords. She was invited to the House of Lords for her contribution to the advancement of women and disability rights, swearing in by saying "Almighty Allah" as she took her seat in the parliament. Since entering the House of Lords she has supported a handful of initiatives.

Uddin has been long campaigning for the increase of skills of Asian women living in Britain. She helped found the first purpose-built education and training centre for Asian women in the UK called the Jagonari Centre, located at Whitechapel, East London, in 1987. Uddin is a member of the EOP Implementation Committee, and a trustee of St Katherine's and Shadwell Trust.

In 2005, she was selected by Blair to be part of a delegation to tackle Islamic extremism. However, in August 2006, Uddin was a signatory to an open letter to Blair criticising the UK's foreign policy. It was an open letter criticising the government's stance on the Middle East. It was signed by three Muslim MPs (which included Sadiq Khan and Mohammed Sarwar), three peers and 38 community groups. The letter was criticised by the then Foreign Office minister, Kim Howells who criticised Muslim leaders for condemning British foreign policy. In 2008, she was made the chairwoman of the ethnic minority women's taskforce.

In 2009, Uddin was nominated for the shortlist of female Peer of the Year at the Women in Public Life Awards though was ultimately unsuccessful.

In 2010, the National Executive Committee of the Labour Party suspended Uddin indefinitely from the party in light of the expenses claim allegations.  In 2019, a Labour Party spokesperson stated that Uddin was a member of the Labour Party.

In October 2010, under the recommendation of The Privileges and Conduct Committee of The House of Lords a suspension is to be handed down to Pola Uddin until Easter 2012 at the earliest for claiming expenses "to which she was not entitled". The committee also acknowledged a repayment agreement for expenses wrongly claimed.

In December 2019, Uddin campaigned for the successful Labour Party candidate for Poplar and Limehouse, Apsana Begum, during the 2019 General Election.

Uddin is Treasurer of the All Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) for International Students, and Chair of the APPG on the Metaverse and Web 3.0.

Expenses scandal

In May 2009, an article by The Sunday Times Insight team alleged that Uddin submitted House of Lords Expenses for a flat in Maidstone, Kent as her main residence.   The article alleged Uddin claimed £30,000 per annum of tax-free expenses since purchasing the flat in 2005, and since 2001 on an unnamed residence outside London. The flat purchase was said to be connected with her to claim for second home allowance on her existing London property, a scheme that ostensibly exists to compensate politicians living outside London for the cost of accommodation close to Parliament.  Residents living near the flat in Maidstone reportedly said they had not seen any occupiers in the flat since Uddin purchased it and that it had remained completely unfurnished until 2009, but Uddin claims: "The Maidstone property is furnished and I strongly deny that I have never lived there". Uddin's husband even denied having a property in Kent when questioned on the issue by the Times, and she appeared on the electoral roll at her London address from 1996 to date. Additionally her Facebook page states how she has lived in the East End of London for over 30 years.

Uddin claimed a total of £29,675 for accommodation in 2007–08, a time when the maximum daily accommodation claim was £165 a day. This represents a claim at the maximum possible rate for 179 days, more days than the Lords actually sat that year.

Scottish National Party MP Angus Robertson called for an investigation on the report to the House of Lords authorities and the police. Uddin said, "I do not believe that I have done anything wrong or breached any House of Lords rules." She stated "I strongly deny that I have never lived there. Indeed I have stayed there regularly since buying it".

Uddin claimed her main home had been outside London since 2001, earning an extra £83,000 as a result. Despite repeated questioning she has refused to state the location and details of her main home between 2001 and 2005 for which expenses were also claimed. In January 2010 The Times newspaper revealed the property she had claimed for during this period was owned and occupied by her brother and his family, with Uddin's sister-in-law stating she couldn't recollect the Peer ever living there. She also has one of the highest claims for overnight subsistence of any member of the Lords.

Uddin's home in Wapping, where she lives and is registered to vote, is a housing association property. Spitalfields Housing Association received a public subsidy of £37.8 million in 2008. The average rent for its properties is £104 a week, a sixth of the market rate. The allegations of fraud led the Conservative opposition leader in Tower Hamlets, Peter Golds, to state, "Lady Uddin is depriving a low-income family of a home which was built for the needy at public expense".

On 5 May 2009, one of the senior Lord's officials, Clerk of the Parliaments, announced that the House of Lords authorities would investigate the report by the Sunday Times. Uddin welcomed the investigation: "I welcome this review and will co-operate fully with him in the hope of a speedy resolution and clarity that I did not break the rules of the House."

On 23 November 2009, Uddin's cases was passed to the police for possible prosecution for fraud. The Daily Telegraph later reported that she was refusing to co-operate with the police investigation, refusing to answer any questions.

The Crown Prosecution Service announced on 10 March 2010 that Baroness Uddin would not face any charges on the grounds that a senior parliamentary official ruled that a peer's "main house" might be a place they visit only once a month. There were no indications that the expenses would be paid back.

On 18 October 2010, the House of Lords Privileges and Conduct Committee ruled that Baroness Uddin had 'acted in bad faith' and recommended that she should be asked to repay £125,349 as well as being suspended from Parliament until Easter 2012.

On 21 October 2010 the House of Lords voted to accept the committee's recommendations. However, in November 2011, it was revealed that no formal mechanism existed to prevent Baroness Uddin's return to the House of Lords, even if she refused to repay the expenses that were fraudulently claimed, leading many members of her own party to call for her to resign rather than bring the House of Lords into further disrepute.

In December 2011 the House Committee in the Lords recommended that Uddin and Lord Hanningfield should not be allowed back to the Lords until the outstanding expenses had been repaid. The money was repaid in 2012 with the help of £124,000 of loans from friends, and she returned to membership of the House of Lords in May 2012.

The amount of money Uddin was required to repay, £125,349, was the largest amount of the United Kingdom parliamentary expenses scandal.

Bangladesh mansion
Further expenses claims by Uddin were later discovered when The Sunday Times revealed that she owns a mansion in Bangladesh. The mansion was described as made out of Italian marble with tiles, mosaics and with a balcony. The mansion was believed to have been built after Uddin became a peer in 1998, costing £140,000 which was organised by her husband Komar, located in Jawa Bazar in Chhatak; this is where many of her in-laws are originally from. However Uddin claims that the land was bought by her husband's family, purchased by Komar's father in 1980.

Nomination
In January 2013, Uddin was nominated for the Muslim Woman of the Year award at the British Muslim Awards, but did not win.

Personal life
Uddin is married to Komar Uddin; his family is originally from Chhatak, Sunamganj District. Together they have four sons and one daughter.

See also
British Bangladeshi
List of British Bangladeshis
List of ethnic minority politicians in the United Kingdom

References

External links

Can Muslim Women Curb Terror? ABC News
Al Jazeera – Everywoman – Baroness Uddin (21/12/07) Video
Baroness Uddin talks about Geert Wilders Video
World Autism Awareness Day/Baroness Uddin/Ivan Corea Video

1959 births
Living people
Bangladeshi Muslims
British Muslims
Bangladeshi emigrants to England
British people of Bangladeshi descent
Naturalised citizens of the United Kingdom
Councillors in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets
Life peeresses created by Elizabeth II
Labour Party (UK) life peers
People educated at Plashet School
Alumni of the University of North London
People from Shadwell
People from Rajshahi District
Women councillors in England

Pola Uddin, Baroness Uddin


Tunel Čepićko polje – Plominski zaljev je odvodni tunel u Republici Hrvatskoj.

Pušten je u funkciju 1932. godine. Vodio je najjužnijega ruba ondašnjeg Čepićkog jezera, danas polja prema Plominskom zaljevu. Tunel je dugačak 4250 metara. Njime je odvodnjavanjem isušeno to jezero i postalo je obradivo polje. Približne je visine 4 metra i širine do 6 metara. Strogo je zabranjen ulazak i prolazak kroz tunel. Podnica je od betona. Zbog agresivnog djelovanja vode i mikroorganizama prema središtu tunela podnica je u sve lošijem stanju i nakon jednog dijela je više nema. Za suhih godina je prohodan. U godinama obilnih oborina, Boljunčica koja je nekada plavila Čepićko polje i tvorila jezero, nabuja pa napuni tunel skoro do vrha. Vode se tunelom odvode u Plominski zaljev.

Izvori

Povezani članci
Tunel Učka
Čepićko jezero
Čepićko polje

Čepićko polje - Plominski zaljev

Tunel Čepićko polje – Plominski zaljev


Skreiabanen var en sidebane til Gjøvikbanen, der gik fra Reinsvoll til Skreia i Norge. Den åbnede 26. november 1902. Oprindeligt var det meningen, at Gjøvikbanen skulle have fulgt dele af Skreibanens forløb, men det blev ændret som følge af stærke industriinteresser i Raufoss og Hunndalen. Persontrafikken på Skreiabanen blev indstillet i 1963, mens godstrafikken fortsatte frem til 1987. Selve banen blev nedlagt formelt i 1988, og allerede samme år blev det meste af sporet taget op. En stor del af traceen er efterfølgende omdannet til gang- og cykelsti. Strækningen fra Reinsvoll til Bøverbru kalkverk blev imidlertid bevaret til eventuel fremtidig brug.

Skreia Stations stationsbygning, pakhus, udhus og remise er tegnet af Paul Due, mens sønnen Paul Armin Due har tegnet bygninger til mellemstationerne og Reinsvoll. Paul Armin Dues bygninger er i jugendstil, og Reinvoll er noget større end mellemstationerne. Skreia Station er i dragestil og minder om Gjøvikbanestationer som Gran, Jaren, Eina, Hakadal og Kjelsås. Bøverbru fik senere tilføjet en stationsmesterbolig i stil med Paul Dues ledvogterhuse på den sydlige del af Solørbanen, mens Lena fik en ny stationsbygning i 1913.

Noter

Litteratur

Eksterne henvisninger
 Skreiabanen på openstreetmap.org
 Billeder på Digitalt Museum
 Skinnelangs: Skreiabanen

Nedlagte jernbanestrækninger i Norge
Etableret i 1902
Ophørt i 1987

Skreiabanen


Quetzalcoatlus este un gen dispărut de pterozaur. A trăit la sfârșitul Cretacicului (vârsta Maastrichtian) în America de Nord, cu 70-66 de milioane de ani în urmă. A fost membru al familiei  Azhdarchidae, o familie de pterozauri avansați fără dinți, cu gâturi neobișnuit de lungi și rigidizate. Numele său provine de la zeul suprem în mitologia aztecă, Quetzalcoatl.

Singura specie tip a Quetzalcoatlus este Quetzalcoatlus northropi.

Descriere

Primele fosile incomplete de Quetzalcoatlus au fost descoperite în 1971 de Douglas A. Lawson în parcul național Big Bend din Texas, și includea câteva oase ale brațului. Când a fost denumită pentru prima dată ca specie nouă în 1975, oamenii de știință au estimat că cele mai mari fosile Quetzalcoatlus proveneau de la un individ cu o anvergură a aripilor de 15,9 metri. Alegând partea de mijloc din trei extrapolări la proporțiile altor pterozauri a rezultat o estimare de 11 metri, 15,5 metri, respectiv 21 metri. În 1981, alte studii avansate au redus aceste estimări la 11-12 metri.

Clasificare

Mai jos este o cladogramă care arată plasarea filogenetică a Quetzalcoatlus în cadrul Azhdarchoidea de Andres și Myers (2013).

Note

Pterodactyloidea
Pterosauri din Cretacic

Quetzalcoatlus


Hematozoarul este un protozoar parazit care trăiește în hematii la om și în tubul digestiv al țânțarului anofel. Cele mai cunoscute exemple sunt paraziții care transmit malaria și trypanosoma, dar sunt cunoscute, de asemenea, un număr mare de specii care infectează păsările și sunt transmise de artropode.

Hematozoare comune

Trypanosoma brucei ssp.
Acest grup de paraziți protozoare include doi agenți patogeni care provoacă tripanosomiaza africană, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense și Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Un al treilea agent patogen, specie identică din punct de vedere morfologic, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, infectează animalele sălbatice și domestice, dar nu-i îmbolnăvește pe oameni, pentru că este lizată de apolipoproetina L1 din fracțiunea de lipoproteină din serul uman.

Vectorul acestor protozoare este musca țețe (Glossina spp.)

Referințe

Paraziți

Hematozoar