En droit, la photographie est soumise à la fois au bon sens et aux normes juridiques. L'utilisation privée n'entraînerait pas de conflits juridiques ; toutefois, pour les questions de vie privée et de droits d'auteur, ainsi que pour les risques d'espionnage, de terrorisme et de harcèlement, les lois, lorsqu'elles existent, peuvent être compliquées en favorisant la rareté de la liberté d'expression.

Les bâtiments de l'Union européenne, tels que la Tour Eiffel de nuit et l'Atomium controversé, font partie des exemples d'interdictions, les personnes qui les distribuent se voyant infliger des amendes. En effet, la France, la Belgique et l'Italie n'adoptent pas de clause optionnelle pour la liberté de panorama.

Notes et références

Voir aussi
 Liberté de panorama

 Légalité de l'enregistrement par des civils

 Domaine public

Histoire de la photographie
Droit d'auteur
Propriété intellectuelle

Photographie et la loi


أتلانديش The Outlandish هي مجموعة موسيقى هيب هوب مكونة من ثلات دانماركيين عصام بشيري (مغربي اللأصل)، وقاص علي قادري (باكستاني الأصل) وليني مارتينيز (هوندوراسي الأصل)، يعرفون بتدينهم وأغانيهم الروحية.

هم شباب من أصول وثقافات مختلفة، حيث أن عصام مغربي مسلم، وليني هوندوراسي مسيحي كاثوليكي، ووقاص باكستاني مسلم. تعرفوا على بعض وهم صغار، والذي يجمع بينهم هو ان أهاليهم هاجروا إلى الدنمارك تحديداً كوبنهاغن.

في عام 1997 عملوا أول أغنية لهم "Pacific to Pacific" وتبنتهم شركة الإنتاج المعروفة BMG
التابعة لسوني.

أعمال

نجحوا بطرح 3 ألبومات أخرى :
 سنة 2000 Outland's Official.
 سنة 2003 Bread And Barrels of Water.
 سنة 2005 Closer Than Veins.
 سنة 2009 Sound Of A Rebel

التعاون

تم التعاون والغناء مع سامي يوسف بأغنية I've Seen ومع برهان جي بأغنية Beyond Words
كما تم التعاون مع مغني ركادة مغربي اسمه الطيبي بأغنية Reggada. وبآخر أغنية Nothing Left to Do في مقطع من محاضرة للشيخ الأمريكي عبد الله.

مواضيع الاغاني

مواضيع الأغاني يتمركز على وضع المسلمين حالياً، الصلاة وقراءة القرآن، العنصرية وظلم الإعلام للمسلمين، احترام الآخر، القضية الفلسطينية، والحج وبيت الله الحرام، والسلام والمحبة والتعايش بين الشعوب.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 الموقع الرسمي لأوْتلانديش
 موقع جمهور ومعجبي أوتلانديش
 موقع سامي يوسف

مرنمو موسيقى إسلامية
فائزون بجوائز إم تي في للموسيقى الأوروبية
فرق موسيقية
فرق موسيقية انحلت في 2017
فرق موسيقية أسست في 1997
فرق موسيقية دنماركية
فرق هيب هوب دنماركي
مسلمون دنماركيون
هيب هوب

آوتلانديش


Yenigüney, Antalya ilinin Gazipaşa ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Coğrafya
Antalya iline 204 km, Gazipaşa ilçesine 24 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Gazipaşa'nın mahalleleri

Yenigüney, Gazipaşa


Kaštel Ćipiko nalazi se u mjestu Kaštel Starome, na adresi ul. don Frane Ivasovića 1 (Trg Brce).

Opis
Kaštel Ćipiko u Kaštel Starom izgradio je 1481. trogirski plemić Koriolan Ćipiko. Izvorno je građen na hridinama u samome moru. Sjeverno pročelje utvrde markirano je obrambenom kulom po sredini pa ovaj dio kaštela ima izražen obrambeni karakter. Južni dio kaštela je stambena dvokatnica s reprezentativnim pročeljem. U dvorištu su sagrađena dvokatna krila zgrade na zapadnom i istočnom dijelu, a u tako suženom dvorištu nastao je trijem oblikovan u tradiciji kvatročentističkih dvoraca. Nad sjevernim ulazom u kaštel Koriolan je postavio natpis koji svjedoči da ga je izgradio pomoću "azijskog plijena" iz mletačko-osmanskih ratova.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-3251 zaveden je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "vojne i obrambene građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene vojne i obrambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Ćipiko, stari
Građevine u Kaštel Starom

Kaštel Ćipiko u Kaštel Starome


بلدية مونتالفوس (بالإسبانية: Montalvos) هي بلدية تقع في مقاطعة البسيط التابعة لمنطقة كاستيا لا مانتشا وسط إسبانيا.

الديموغرافيا
بلغ عدد سكان بلدية مونتالفوس 125 نسمة عام 2011 (وفقاً للمعهد الوطني الإسباني للإحصاء).

أعلام
 رودريغو روبيو

مراجع

مصادر
  الموقع الرسمي لبلدية مونتالفوس

بلديات البسيط
أماكن مأهولة في البسيط

مونتالفوس


Dan Kazuo (jap. ; * 3. Februar 1912 im Kreis Süd-Tsuru (heute: Stadt Tsuru), Präfektur Yamanashi; † 2. Januar 1976) war ein japanischer Schriftsteller.

Leben
Dan begann sechzehnjährig Gedichte, Romane und Theaterstücke in einer Schülerzeitung zu veröffentlichen und gewann mit einem der Romane einen Wettbewerb seiner Schule. Er studierte ab 1932 Wirtschaftswissenschaften an der Universität Tokio, widmete sich nach dem Abschluss des Studiums aber ganz der Literatur. Seine Lehrer waren Satō Haruo und Dazai Osamu.

1944, während er sich als Kriegskorrespondent in China aufhielt, wurde er für den Roman Tenmei mit dem Förderpreis des Noma-Literaturpreises ausgezeichnet. Nach dem Ende des Pazifikkrieges heiratete er und ließ sich als Schriftsteller in Tokio nieder. 1950 erhielt er für Shinsetsu Ishikawa Goemon den Naoki-Preis. Er reiste in den folgenden Jahren durch Japan, besuchte Europa, die Vereinigten Staaten, China, Russland, Australien und Neuseeland und lebte 1970 ein Jahr in Portugal.

1972 kehrte er nach Japan zurück und übernahm die Leitung der Literaturzeitschrift Politeia. Auf Grund einer schweren Krebserkrankung zog er sich nach Kyūshū zurück, wo er 1975 wenige Monate vor seinem Tod seinen letzten Roman Kataku no hito vollendete. Dieser wurde 1986 von Kinji Fukasaku verfilmt.

Werke
Ritsuko sono ai
Ritsuko sono shi
Shinsetsu Ishikawa goemon
Yūhi to kenjū
Kataku no hito

Quellen

Praia de Santa Cruz - Biografia de Kazuo Dan
 S. Noma (Hrsg.): Dan Kazuo. In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X, S. 273.

Autor
Roman, Epik
Literatur (Japanisch)
Literatur (20. Jahrhundert)
Geboren 1912
Gestorben 1976
Mann

Dan Kazuo


Enrique García Pereña (conocido como Enrik García) es un guitarrista, compositor, arreglista y productor español. Es principalmente conocido por ser el guitarrista, fundador y principal compositor de la banda de power metal sinfónico/metal neoclásico española Dark Moor en la cual, es el único miembro original actualmente. Por otro lado, es uno de los principales compositores de las bandas sonoras para películas del director Paul Naschy.

Aparte de su actividades profesionales, ejerce como profesor de guitarra eléctrica, teoría musical y composición en la academia de música `Enclave`en Madrid.

Discografía

Con Dark Moor
 Shadowland (1999)
 The Hall Of The Olden Dreams (2000)
 The Fall Of Melnibone EP (2001)
 The Gates Of Oblivion (2002)
 Dark Moor (2003)
 Between Light And Darkness EP (2003)
 Beyond The Sea (2005)
 Tarot (2007)
 Autumnal (2009)
 Ancestral Romance (2010)
 Ars Musica (2013)
 Project X (2015)
 Origins (2018)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de Enrik García
 Enrik García en Facebook
 Enrik García en Myspace

Guitarristas de rock de España
Guitarristas de heavy metal
Compositores de España
Músicos de Madrid
Dark Moor
Nacidos en Madrid

Enrik García


En tro kopi er det sjette album fra den danske gruppe Bifrost udgivet i 1982 på Mercury Records.

Besætningen var den samme som på forgængeren Kassen & hjertet. Det var sidste album, at sangeren Ida Klemann og guitaristen Mikael Miller var en del af gruppen.

Numre
Albummet indeholder følgende numre (her opdelt på de to oprindelige sider):

Medvirkende
På albummet medvirkede følgende:
Gruppens medlemmer
 Tom Lundén: sang, keyboards, piano, el-klaver, synthesizer, orgel
 Ida Klemann: sang
 Knut Henriksen: bas, akustisk og el-guitar
 Jeppe Reipurt: trommer, el-trommer, el-klaver, percussion
 Mikael Miller: akustisk og el-guitar
 John Teglgaard: el-guitar

Øvrige medvirkende
 Jesper Nehammer: lyricon (på "Souvenir")
 Niels Matiasen: saxofon (på "Den pris de vil ha")
 Flemming Rasmussen, Leif Roden: percussion

Referencer

Bifrost-album
Album fra 1982

En tro kopi


302 هـ هي سنة في التقويم الهجري امتدت مقابلةً في التقويم الميلادي بين سنتي 914 و915.

مواليد
 الحكم المستنصر بالله
 معز الدولة البويهي
 القدوري

وفيات
 القاسم بن ثابت العوفي

 القاسم بن ثابت السرقسطى
 حباسة بن يوسف
 عروبة بن يوسف

انظر أيضًا
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الأولى من سنة 302 هـ
 أحداث ومواليد ووفيات وقعت في الفترة الثانية من سنة 302 هـ

مراجع

تقويم هجري

302 هـ


Maxthon (, formerly named MyIE2) is a freeware web browser, created by JeffChen in Singapore. It is available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and as Maxthon Mobile for Android, iOS, and Windows Phone 8. Since version 6, Maxthon is based on Chromium.

Overview
Maxthon is a Hong Kong company known mainly for producing web browsers for Windows. It is headquartered in Singapore, with offices in Beijing, Hong Kong, and San Francisco, US. Most of Maxthon's engineers are based in the corporate headquarters in China, which develops and maintains versions of the Maxthon browser for Windows, macOS, Android, iOS, and Windows Phone.

Maxthon has also created other products including a Chinese language news and information portal i.maxthon.cn, a Chinese language casual gaming portal and humor website, a 'Kid Safe' web browser for Android and iOS, a free online account system named Maxthon Passport, and an English language news and information web portal i.maxthon.com.

Corporate history
In 2002, current CEO Ming Jie "Jeff" Chen () created MyIE2 browser based on open source product MyIE., in Singapore,  and renamed to "Maxthon" in 2003. In 2005, the team received seed funding from venture capital firm WI Harper Group and Morten Lund, the first Skype investor, and Chen moved the company to Beijing. In 2006, Maxthon received further investment from the US-based venture capital firm Charles River Ventures.

Maxthon was one of the twelve browsers Microsoft presented in 2010 at BrowserChoice.eu, a website allowing users of Windows residing in the European Economic Area to choose which default web browser to use on their computer. In late 2010, Maxthon began releasing new compatibilities, including browsers for Android Mac, iPhone and iPad. As of August 2012, Maxthon is still in the first tier of browsers in BrowserChoice.eu after the removal of Apple Safari. The Maxthon Cloud Browser was released on December 10, 2012.

Investment from Google

On April 10, 2007, TechCrunch reported that Google had invested at least US$1 million in Maxthon; this was denied the following day by Chen. However, in an interview with the Chinese web portal Sina.com, Chen did not rule out future "cooperation" between the two businesses.

Awards
Maxthon Browser has received several awards and recognitions over the years for its innovative features and user-friendly interface. Some of the awards and recognitions include:

 WebWare 100 Winner : Maxthon was selected as one of the top 100 web applications by WebWare 2009, a CNET site.
 About.com Reader's Choice Awards (2009, 2011,2014): Maxthon was voted as the Best Alternative Browser by the readers of About.com in both 2009, 2011 and 2014.
 Red Herring 100 Asia (2013): Maxthon was included in the Red Herring 100 Asia list, recognising the most promising private technology ventures from the Asian business region.
 PCWorld's 100 Best Products of 2011: Maxthon was ranked among the top 100 products by PCWorld magazine in 2011.
 Global Mobile Internet Conference (2012): Maxthon Mobile was awarded the Best Mobile Browser at the Global Mobile Internet Conference held in Beijing, China.
These awards showcase Maxthon Browser's commitment to innovation and user experience, even though it has not reached the same market share as some other major browsers.

Data privacy issues
In 2016, computer security researchers from Fidelis Cybersecurity and Exatel discovered the browser surreptitiously sending sensitive browsing and system data, such as ad blocker status, websites visited, searches conducted, and applications installed with their version numbers, to remote servers located in Beijing, China. According to Maxthon, the data is sent as part of the firm's 'User Experience Improvement Program' and it is "voluntary and totally anonymous." However, researchers found the data still being collected and sent to remote servers even after users explicitly opt out of the program. The researchers further found the data being sent over an unencrypted connection (HTTP), leaving users vulnerable to man-in-the-middle attacks. Fidelis' Chief Security Officer, Justin Harvey, noted the data "contains almost everything you would want in conducting a reconnaissance operation to know exactly where to attack. Knowing the exact operating system and installed applications, and browsing habits it would be trivial to send a perfectly crafted spear phish to the victim or perhaps set up a watering hole attack on one of their most frequented websites." Maxthon CEO Jeff Chen claimed that this was due to a bug that was fixed as soon as Maxthon was made aware of the issue; however, Exatel had notified Maxthon of the issue without getting any response.
The issue was found in Maxthon version 4.4.5. According to Maxthon, it was fixed in later version and no such issue was reported since then.

Software

Development history
According to Maxthon International CEO Ming Jie "Jeff" Chen, Maxthon was based on MyIE, a popular modification created by Chinese programmer Changyou to customize Internet Explorer web browser. Changyou posted most of the source code for MyIE on his Bulletin board system before leaving the project in 2000. Chen then continued independently developing MyIE and in 2002 released a new version, MyIE2. Users around the world were quite active in contributing to MyIE2's development, adding many plug-ins, skins and assisting with debugging. MyIE2 was renamed Maxthon in 2003.

Maxthon 2 was introduced in July 2007, and Maxthon 3 was released in September 2010. Later that year, Maxthon began introducing browsers for portable devices. In December, Maxthon for Android was released. On July 7, 2012, Maxthon for Mac was released, with Maxthon for iPhone and iPad released in August 2012. On December 10, 2012, Maxthon Cloud Browser, also named Maxthon 4, was released.

Features
Maxthon 5 introduced these features:

 UUMail: enhances the email experience by creating unlimited virtual email IDs to keep the real email address safe and filtering out spams to make sure the inbox stays clean and organized.
 Maxnote: the original 'Favorites' feature upgraded to 'Maxnote'. Users can collect everything, read anywhere, and record anytime.
Passkeeper: help users remember all passwords securely and smartly. Synced users passwords to the Cloud and then accessed on all different platforms & allows people to add and edit "Accounts" and "Private Notes". It also helps users to auto-generate random complicated passwords when registering on a website so there's no need to worry about passwords being cracked anymore.

Browser versions

Version 1.x
Maxthon version 1, which continued version 0 of MyIE2, was an Internet Explorer shell that implemented a tabbed browser using the Trident web browser engine which Microsoft introduced with Internet Explorer 4. As such, version 1 was compatible with every version of Windows from Windows 95 to Windows 7. Development of version 1 stopped in 2010 with the so-called Maxthon (Classic), version 22.214.171.124; earlier releases are available from Maxthon, and version 220.127.116.11, which fixed a bug in selecting the default search engine, is still available at other download sites.

There are many add-ons available for Maxthon Classic, and more are available through discussion forums. Specific threads may provide direct download links also.  Some add-ons are build-specific, but in that case, a clear indication of compatibility can often be found.

Maxthon 1.3.1 brought cloud-based service for online syncing bookmarks (favorites) in 2005.

Version 2.x
Maxthon Browser 2 is a multi-tab browser released in July 2007. A later modification in 2008 was the first browser on the market to offer cloud-based services for syncing bookmarks and history. Version 2.x also blocks malicious plug-ins to prevent pop-ups and floating ads, and supports a variety of plug-in tools and IE extensions. It also supports a wide variety of skins and is customizable. New features included:

Maxthon Passport: once the user signs in and registers for free membership, avatar remains in that space for future visits
Multi Tab Manager: right-clicking on the 'Tab menu' brings up a function intended to make browsing and other operations more efficient.
Mouse Gestures: right clicking and performing gestures with the mouse allows users to trigger customizable actions.
Maxthon Smart Accelerator: the built-in is intended to increase browsing speed; see icon at Maxthon status bar.
Autofill: automatically saves content entered into web forms and fills them automatically in the future.
Undo list: after closing a webpage accidentally, the Undo button and Undo can restore it. All closed pages and browsing history are recorded in Undo list.
Online Favorites: registering as a Maxthon Passport member allows instant access to cloud syncing services like online favorites.
Super Drag and Drop: users can drag and drop selected text for a web search in their default search engine, or a selected link or image to open in a new tab.
URL alias: through 'tab right click menu,' users can assign a 'special-sticky name' to a webpage, which can be entered in the address bar to open the corresponding webpage. Naming is possible through the right click tab menu.
Super agent: supports adoption of HTTP, HTTPS, Socks4, Socks4a, Socks5, and other internet connection proxies, and also supports proxy that require authentication. By setting the Advanced Proxy Rule, the browser can automatically switch to different proxy servers.
External Tools: users can add commonly used (i.e., possibly IE compatible only) tools and software shortcuts to their browser. The software can be set to start up and shut down with the browser.
Web Toolbar: provides users with a set of commonly used small features. Among them, The Maxthon website aggregates many entertainment and social networking sites.
AD blocking: through the menu "Webpage Content Block," Ad Hunter can block pop-ups, ads and malicious web harassment. Supports customizable filters.
URL Key: through settings center, set an URL Key and press a function key to open one or more URLs.
Web Sniffer: Web sniffer can capture FLV media files from video sites, allowing for download and saving. Users can also customize the type of files to sniff for.
Screen Capture: users can arbitrarily snap a whole page, a region, a specified window and page content to the clipboard. Users can also configure the saving path and file format of the screenshot through setting options.
Maxthon Download: without having to call other download programs, using the browser's built-in download can complete numbers of small download tasks. The download manager has several features.
Plug-ins (Extensions): plug-ins can be used or programmed and shared with other users

Version 3.x
Maxthon 3 was released in the fall of 2010, after a beta period of 8 months. It has two layout engines: WebKit and Trident. New features included:

Dual Display Engines: Maxthon uses the Ultra Mode, powered by the WebKit web browser engine, by default. It will switch automatically to Retro Mode, powered by the Trident engine, as needed to display older-style Web pages.
Mouse Gesture: allows navigating through the web by moving a mouse in patterns that tell the browser to go back, forward, refresh, or hide.
Super Drag & Drop: allows drag and drop to open new pages and images or perform a web search.
Smart Address Bar: allows searching by typing keywords directly into address bar
Magic Fill: Maxthon securely saves names and passwords of visited websites, then fills in that information on return.
AD Hunter: removes advertisements with one click and automatically blocks pop-up windows.
Maxthon Passport: once a user signs in and registers for free membership, avatar remains in that space for future visits.
Online Favorites: registering as a Maxthon Passport member allows instant access to cloud syncing services like online favorites.
Multi Search: after selecting this, a user can input keywords in the address or search bar, and it shows what multiple search engines return for the query.

Maxthon Cloud Browser
Also named Maxthon Cloud, Maxthon 4 was released on December 10, 2012. At the same time it released Passport and its cloud features. Maxthon Passport allowed users to sign-in and register for free membership, and their avatar remains in that space for future visits. Registering also gives users access to cloud syncing services like online favorites. New features include:

Cloud Push: supports sending text, images, websites/links and tabs to Mac, Android and Windows operating systems.
Cloud Share: supports sharing text, images, websites/links and files online.
Cloud Download: supports downloading files in various formats and uploading them to My Cloud for backup on any device.
My Cloud Tabs: lets users remember previous sessions, by automatically syncing tabs to Android, iOS, or Windows devices.
Cloud Sync: Syncs account data (Favorites, Settings and Magic Fill data) to other devices.
Reader Mode: adjusts font sizes and removes ads on articles for visibility, with a "night mode" option for low light.
Magic Fill: Maxthon securely saves names and passwords of visited websites, then fills in that information upon return.
Ad Hunter: removes advertisements with one click, and automatically blocks pop-up windows.
New Session: users and gamers can simultaneously log into the same website with different accounts.
Source Sniffer: extract all photos, embedded videos and audio files from a web page and download them.
SkyNote: save and access text notes anywhere, and sync them across Windows and Android.
Do Not Track: privacy from ad networks and beacons.
Google Safe Browsing: identifies websites and warns if they are not safe and not secure before visiting.
Privacy mode: disables browsing history.

MXNitro
On September 15, 2014, Maxthon released a beta version for a Windows web browser made for those with slow computers or internet connections. The browser fetched pages 3 times faster than other browsers. The browser had a clutter-free, intuitive look and feel designed expressly to make new users feel comfortable on first use. The browser never came out of beta.

Version 5.x
Maxthon 5 (also known as MX5) was released on October, 2016. In the 5.2.x versions, the core of the browser is updated to the Chromium 61 branch point which suggests that the core is using Blink, a fork of WebKit. Aside from a series of new added and improved features, Maxthon 5 also introduces a few major built in functions, such as Maxnote as "your collecting button for the web", Passkeeper as "your smart password manager", and UUMail as "the guardian of your inbox". Through this new version, Maxthon 5 is aiming to become an information assistant for users. New features included:
UUMail: enhances the email experience by creating unlimited virtual email IDs to keep the real email address safe and filtering out spams to make sure the inbox stays clean and organized.
Maxnote: the original 'Favorites' feature upgraded to 'Maxnote'. Users can collect everything, read anywhere, and record anytime.
Passkeeper: help users remember all passwords securely and smartly. Synced users passwords to the Cloud and then accessed on all different platforms & allows people to add and edit "Accounts" and "Private Notes". It also helps users to auto-generate random complicated passwords when registering on a website so there's no need to worry about passwords being cracked anymore.
Customization: support customization for proxy and core switch button, UEIP data feedback in setting-Privacy & Content, and auto-sync setting
External Tool: support external tool
Guest Mode: add guest mode
Interception: add popup window interception prompt
New Favorite Method: support dragging URL in a webpage to shortcut bar and make it favorite
Shortcut bar: add "add to this folder" for a folder in shortcut bar, support dragging to manage and organize entries, and support "delete" to recycle bin
Traffic Calculation: add upload traffic calculation in Infobox-menu

Version 6.x
Maxthon 6 (MX6) was released on 30 November 2020, with regular beta updates since. It claims to be the default browser for 670 million users. Some Maxthon 5 features are not (yet) supported. The browser has an emphasis on blockchain technologies, and offers 64-bit and 32-bit versions on Windows, as well as iOS, Android and portable versions.

With the official release of Version 22.214.171.1240 Maxthon moved to a Chromium base, but still support the dual Trident and Blink rendering engines.

For Mac
In July 2012, Maxthon Cloud Browser for macOS was released. It allows Mac users with a Maxthon Passport account to keep all user data in sync across different devices and operating systems. New features include:

Cloud Push: supports sending text, images, websites/links and tabs to Mac, Android and Windows operating systems.
Cloud Share: supports sharing text, images, websites/links and files with other people.
Cloud Download: supports downloading files in various formats and uploading them to 'My Cloud' for backup on any device.
My Cloud Tabs: lets users remember previous sessions, by automatically syncing tabs to Android, iOS, or Windows devices.
Cloud Sync: allows syncing of bookmarks, favorites, and other content across Windows, Mac and Android devices.
Super Drag and Drop: allows user to highlight a URL or webpage text, then drag and drop into the address bar to open a new page or execute a web search.
Mouse Gesture: allows simple shape creation with the mouse, and trigger commands like Refresh, Close Tab, Page Top/Down and Previous/Next Tab.
Extension Center: company supported feature for finding browser extensions, compatible with Google Chrome extensions.
Do Not Track:  privacy from ad networks and beacons.
Adobe Flash support pre-installed in software.
Full user data encryption for security.

Maxthon Mobile

For Android
Maxthon Mobile for Android, a version for Android phones, was first released in 2010, followed in 2011 by a version optimized for 10 inch tablets. New features in 2012 included:

Cloud Push: supports sending text, images, websites/links and tabs to Mac, Android and Windows operating systems.
Cloud Share: supports sharing text, images, websites/links and files online
Cloud Download: supports downloading files in various formats and uploading them to 'My Cloud' for backup on any device.
Cloud Tabs: lets users remember previous sessions, by automatically syncing tabs to Android, iOS, or Windows devices.
Sync Bookmarks/Favorites: sync bookmarks across Windows, iOS, and Mac devices.
Full screen browsing
App Center: function to find and group web apps and content.
Super Gesture:: allows the use of gestures to create, close, switch, and restore tabs.
Read-Ahead: preloads pages automatically.
Reader Mode: adjusts font sizes and removes ads on articles for visibility, with a "night mode" option for low light

Version 6.x (2020) is also available for Android - see above.

For iOS
Maxthon Mobile for iOS was launched in July 2012, for iPhone, iPad, and iOS universal. Maxthon Cloud Browser for iOS saves and syncs key settings, content and features for users across multiple platforms and other devices. Mouse gestures can control the opening and switching between tabs.
New features include:

Cloud Push: supports sending text, images, websites/links and tabs to Mac, Android and Windows operating systems.
Cloud Share: supports sharing text, images, websites/links and files online
Cloud Download: supports downloading files in various formats and uploading them to 'My Cloud' for backup on any device.
Cloud Tabs: lets users remember previous sessions, by automatically syncing tabs to Android, iOS, or Windows devices.
Sync Bookmarks/Favorites: works across Windows, Mac and iOS devices.
Reader Mode: adjusts font sizes and removes ads on articles for visibility, with a "night mode" option for low light
Brightness Control: adjust screen brightness within the browser.
Portrait Orientation Lock: supports switching the screen orientation in Maxthon Browser.
Privacy Protection: allows browsing without tracking
New User Interface: full-screen browsing mode.

Version 6.x (2020) is also available for iOS - see above.

For Windows Phone
Maxthon Mobile for Windows Phone was launched in October 2013. The features that were included in this version were:

 Cloud services with multi-device support
 Ease of use with (patent-pending) implementation of tabs
 Favorites optimized for mobile touch screens
 Live tiles in Quick Access
 Pop-up address bar

See also
List of web browsers
Comparison of web browsers

References

2005 software
Android (operating system) software
Chinese brands
Cross-platform web browsers
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Maxthon


ثنائي ميثيل فورماميد هو مركب عضوي صيغته الكيميائية C3H7NO. ويطلق عليه عادة بشكل مختصر (DMF)، وهو سائل عديم اللون مزوج مع الماء وغالبية السوائل العضوية. يستخدم DMF بشكل شائع كمذيب في التفاعلات الكيميائية. إن ثنائي ميثيل فورماميد النقي عديم الرائحة في حين أن المنتج التجاري أو المتفكك يكون له رائحة السمك بسبب الشوائب من ثنائي ميثيل أمين. واسم DMF مشتق من فورمالدهيد، وأميد حمض فورميك.

ثنائي الميثيل فورماميد هو مذيب قطبي (محب للماء) لا بروتوني ذو نقطة غليان مرتفعة. فهو يسهّل التفاعلات التي تتبع آليات قطبية، مثل تفاعلات SN2. يمكن اصطناع DMF من فورمات الميثيل وثنائي ميثيل أمين أو تفاعل ثنائي ميثيل أمين وأول أكسيد الكربون. يعتبر DMF غير مستقر في وجود مواد قلوية قوية مثل هيدروكسيد الصوديوم أو الحموض القوية مثل حمض هيدروكلوريك أو حمض كبريتيك ويتحلل عائدًا إلى حمض فورميك وثنائي ميثيل أمين، وخاصة في درجات الحرارة المرتفعة.

المراجع

ذيفانات الكبد
فورماميدات
مذيبات أميدية

ثنائي ميثيل فورماميد


Die N599 war eine französische Nationalstraße, die 1933 zwischen Marvejols und der N585 nördlich von Grandrieu festgelegt wurde. 1966 wurde der Abschnitt zwischen Saint-Amans und der N585 abgestuft und im Gegenzug die N600 an anderer Stelle innerhalb von Lozère verlängert. Ihre Länge fiel von 55,5 auf 25 Kilometer. 1973 wurde sie komplett abgestuft.

Weblinks
 Route nationale française auf WikiSara, eine Auflistung aller Nationalstraßen (französisch)

599

Route nationale 599


An Trisetum ligulatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Victor L. Finot ngan Fernando Omar Zuloaga. An Trisetum ligulatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Trisetum, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Trisetum

Trisetum ligulatum


În ziua de vineri, 11 aprilie 2008, în apropierea aeroportului din Chișinău, a avut loc prăbușirea avionului de transport An–32, al companiei sudaneze Kata Air Transport, ducând la moartea celor 8 persoane de la bord..

Echipaj
Avionul a fost asamblat în 1992, și avea numărul matricol ST-AZL.

La bord avea următorul echipaj:
Instructorul-comandant: V. Burghelo
N. Dmitrișin
A. Moiseenko
V. Vdovenko
V. Krasilnikov
A. Voloșciuc
V. Gaiduc
A. Tihonov

Accidentul

Referințe și note

2008 în Republica Moldova
Istoria Chișinăului
Accidente aviatice

Accidentul aviatic de la Chișinău din 2008


සබන් බුබුළක් යනු දේදුනු පැහැති පෘෂ්ඨයක් සහිත ගෝලයක හැඩය ගන්නාවූ ඉතාමත් තුනී  සබන් මිශ්‍රිත ජල පටලයකි. එක්කෝ ස්වභාවික අභාවය නිසාවෙන් හෝ නැතිනම් වෙනත් වස්තුවක් හා ස්පර්ශ වීම නිසාවෙන් හෝ, පුපරා යෑමට පෙරාතුව සබන් බුබුළක ආයු කාලය සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන් ස්වල්ප මොහොතක් පමණි. ඒවා බොහෝ විට දරුවන්ගේ ආශ්වාදය සඳහා භාවිතා වන අතර, සමහර විට කලාත්මක  රඟ දැක්වීම් වලදී පවා භාවිතා වෙයි. සබන් බුබුළු සැමවිටම ලක්ෂ්‍යයන් හෝ  දාරයන් අතර කුඩාම පෘෂ්ඨීය වර්ගඵලය දරන බැවින්,  අවකාශය හා සම්බන්ධ සංකීර්ණ ගණිතමය ගැටළු විසඳීමට ඒවා උපකාරි විය හැක..

භෞතික විද්‍යාව

පෘෂ්ඨික ආතතිය සහ හැඩය

සබන් බුබුළක පැවැත්ම සඳහා අනුග්‍රහය සපයන්නේ ද්‍රවයක (සාමාන්‍ය වශයෙන් ජලය) පෘෂ්ඨීය ස්තරය කිසියම් පෘෂ්ඨික ආතතියක් සහිත වීම නිසාවෙන්, එම ස්තරයට ප්‍රත්‍යස්ථ තලයක් ලෙසින් හැසිරීමට ඉඩ ලබා දෙන නිසාය. සබන් පටලය අතිශයින් සුනම්‍ය වන අතර යොදනු ලබන බලයට අනුරූපව රැලි නැගුම සිදු විය හැක.කෙසේවෙතත්, පරිශුද්ධ ද්‍රවයක් පමණක් භාවිතයෙන් නිර්මිත බුබුළක් ස්ථායි නොවන අතර, බුබුළ ස්ථායිකරණය සඳහා සබන් වැනි  ද්‍රාවිත  පෘෂ්ඨීය සක්‍රියකාරකයක් අවශ්‍ය වෙයි. සබන් විසින් ජලයේ පෘෂ්ඨික ආතතිය ඉහළ දමන බවට පොදු දුර්මතයක් පවතින නමුත්, දළ වශයෙන්, පරිශුද්ධ ජලයෙහි පෘෂ්ඨික ආතතියෙන් තුනෙන් පංගුවකට එය පහළ දමමින්, සබන් ඇත්ත වශයෙන් සිදු කරන්නේ ප්‍රතිවිරුද්ධ දෙයය. සබන් විසින් කරනුයේ බුබුළ  ශක්තිමත් කෙරුම නොවන අතර, මරන්ගෝනි ආචරණය නම් ක්‍රියාවලියක් ඔස්සේ එය සිදුකරනුයේ ඒවා ස්ථායි කරනය සිදු කිරීමයි. සබන් පටලය ඇදෙන විට, සබන් වල පෘෂ්ඨීය සාන්ද්‍රණය අඩුවෙන අතර, එම නිසාවෙන් පෘෂ්ඨික ආතතිය ඉහළ යයි. එබැවින් සබන් ක්‍රියා කරන්නේ බුබුළෙහි ඉතා දුර්වල කොටස් ශක්තිමත් කරන අයුරින් වන අතර, බුබුළෙහි කිසියම් එක් කොටසක් පමණට වඩා ඇදීම වළක්වාලයි. මෙයට අමතරව, සබන් විසින්  වාෂ්පීභවනය අඩුකරමින්, බුබුළෙහි පැවැත්ම දිගු කරයි; එනමුත් මෙම ආචරණය සංසන්දනාත්මකව කුඩාය.

බුබුළකට  ගෝලාකාරී හැඩය ලබා දෙන්නේද පෘෂ්ඨික ආතතිය නිසාය. කිසියම් දී ඇති පරිමාවකට හැකි තරම් කුඩා පෘෂ්ඨීය වර්ගඵලය ලබා දෙන්නේ ගෝලයක් වන අතර, එබැවින් ගෝලාකාර හැඩයක් ගැනුම නිසාවෙන් බුබළක පිටත පෘෂ්ඨය අවම වෙයි. වාත ධාරාවන් නිසා මෙම හැඩය විකෘත වෙන බවක් නිරික්ෂණය කල හැක. කෙසේවෙතත්, නිශ්චල  වාතයෙහි පහළට පැමිණීමට බුබළකට ඉඩ සැලසුවොත්, එය ගෝලාකාර හැඩයක් පවත්වා ගන්නවා මිස, නිදසුනක් වශයෙන් අපට බොහෝ විට දක්නට ලැබෙන කාටුන වලදී මෙන්,  වැහි බිඳුවක හැඩය නොගනියි. පහළට වැටෙන වස්තුවක් එහි අන්ත ප්‍රවේගයට පැමිණෙත්ම, එය වෙත ක්‍රියා කරන රෝධ බලය එහි බරට සමාන වෙයි.  එහි ප්‍රමාණය හා සංසන්දනය කරමින් වැහි බිඳුවක බර හා සැසඳීමෙහිදී බුබුළක බර ඉතා අඩු බැවින්, බුබළක හැඩය විකෘති වීම ඉතාමත් අඩු මට්ටක පවතියි. (විකෘති වීමට විරුද්ධ වන පෘෂ්ඨික ආතති අගය අවස්ථා දෙකෙහිදීම සමසම අගයක් ගනියි: සබන් විසින් ජලයේ පෘෂ්ඨික ආතතිය තුනෙන් පංගුවකට අඩු කරන නමුත්, එහි අභ්‍යන්තර හා බාහිර වශයෙන් පෘෂ්ඨ දෙකක් ඇති බැවින් පෘෂ්ඨික ආතති අගය සඵල ලෙසින් දෙගුණයක අගයක් ගනියි.)

සබන් බුබුළ


عيتنيت هي بلدة لبنانية تقع في محافظة البقاع، قضاء البقاع الغربي، وترتفع عن مستوى سطح البحر 1100 متر.

تبلغ مساحتها 18٫000 دونم ويبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 2500 نسمة.

يتألف مجلس بلديتها من 12 عضواً .

مصدر

وزارة الداخلية اللبنانية

قرى لبنان

عيتنيت


O padre Juan Vélez (12 de março de 1602 – 1661) foi um prelado católico romano nomeado bispo de Cebu.

Biografia
Juan Vélez nasceu em Córdoba, Espanha, e foi ordenado sacerdote em 1627. Serviu como reitor da igreja na Arquidiocese de Manila. A 26 de janeiro de 1660, o papa Alexandre VII nomeou-o bispo de Cebu. Embora tenha assumido o cargo de bispo de Cebu, morreu antes da sua consagração como bispo.

Mortos em 1661
Nascidos em 1602
Bispos católicos

Juan Velez (bispo)


Paulovnija (lat. Paulownia), biljni rod koji je nekada bio pripisivan porodici Scrophulariaceae (strupnikovke), a danas vlastitoj porodici paulovnijevki. Pripada mu osam vrsta listopadnog drveća koje je rašireno po Kini, Laosu i Vijetnamu.

Vrste roda paulovnija izuzetno brzo rastu, 20 stopa (6 metara= na godinu, kada je biljka mlada, tako da se koriste za pošumljavanje deforestiranih područja, što su uradile Australija, Njemačka, Kina, SAD i Panama.

Drvo paulovnije je tvrdo i lagano (prosječno 304 kg/m3, za P. elongata), pa se koristi u industriji i obrtništvu: stolarija, namještaj, furnir, daske za jedrenje, parketi, glazbala. Drvo je otporno na vlagu, pa je izvrstan izolacijski materijal koj ise koristi i pri izradi sauna.

Vrste
 Paulownia catalpifolia  T. Gong ex D.Y. Hong
 Paulownia elongata S.Y. Hu
 Paulownia fargesii Franch.
 Paulownia fortunei (Seem.) Hemsl.
 Paulownia × henanensis C.Y.Zhang & Y.H.Zhao
 Paulownia kawakamii T.Itô
 Paulownia taiwaniana  T.W. Hu & H.J. Chang
 Paulownia tomentosa Steud.

Galerija

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Medićolike

Paulovnija


Roland Hilti (* 2. Oktober 1963) ist ein Liechtensteiner Lehrer und Sportler.

Beruf und Ausbildung
Hilti besuchte das Liechtensteinischen Gymnasium in Vaduz und machte dort 1983 die Matura. Danach studierte er an der Universität Zürich Geschichte, Deutsch, Geografie und Sport. Seit 1989 unterrichtet er am Liechtensteinischen Gymnasium. Seit August 2008 gehört er als Prorektor der Schulleitung an.

2007 wurde er für die Vaterländische Union (VU) in den Gemeinderat von Ruggell gewählt und gehörte diesem für vier Jahre bis 2011 an. Bei den Gemeinderatswahlen 2011 konnte er sein Mandat nicht verteidigen.

Hilti ist verheiratet und hat drei Kinder. Von 1995 bis 2007 war Hilti Mitglied im Stiftungsrat des Liechtensteinischen Landesmuseums.

Sportliche Karriere
Von 1979 bis 2000 war Hilti als Fussballspieler aktiv. Er spielte in der 1. Mannschaft des FC Schaan sowie zwei Jahre beim USV Eschen-Mauren. In den 1990er Jahren spielte er mehrere Jahre in der liechtensteinischen Nationalmannschaft. Daneben war er von 1990 bis 1998 als Trainer im U 12- und U 18-Bereich beim Liechtensteiner Fussballverband tätig.

Neben dem Fussball ist Hilti seit den späten 1980er Jahren in der 1. Mannschaft des Badminton Clubs Vaduz aktiv. Bei den liechtensteinischen Meisterschaften wurde er zweimal Landesmeister im Herreneinzel und fünfmal im Herrendoppel.

Weblinks
 Internetseite der Vaterländischen Union anlässlich der Gemeinderatswahlen 2011

Einzelnachweise

Badmintonspieler (Liechtenstein)
Liechtensteiner Meister (Badminton)
Fußballnationalspieler (Liechtenstein)
Fußballspieler (FC Schaan)
Politiker (Liechtenstein)
VU-Mitglied
Liechtensteiner
Geboren 1963
Mann
Gymnasiallehrer

Roland Hilti


was a town located in Kishima District, Saga Prefecture, Japan.

On January 1, 2005, Ariake, along with the town of Fukudomi (also from Kishima District), was merged into the expanded town of Shiroishi.

The former Ariake Town Hall is now actually the site of the main Shiroishi Town Hall. Ariake borders the Ariake Sea, and from the Edo period through the Shōwa period land was reclaimed from this sea.

Geography
Ariake is long east to west. In the west it borders Shiota at Kishima Mountain, and in the east it borders the Ariake Sea and is an area of lowland rice paddies. To the north it becomes Shiroishi, and to the south it borders Kashima along the Shiota River. The eastern third of the town is reclaimed land. The town proper is northeast of the train station, Hizen-Ryūō, and near Megurie River.
 Mountains: Shiraiwa Mountain (340.3m, 1116.5 ft), Īmori Mountain (317.8m, 1042.7 ft)
 Rivers: Shiota River, Megurie River, Tadae River

Adjoining Municipalities
 Kashima
 Shiroishi
 Ureshino

History
 April 1, 1889 -
 Fukaura (深浦村) and Sakata (坂田村) were merged to become Ryūō (竜王村).
 Heta (辺田村), Tanoue (田野上村) and Togari (戸ケ里村) were merged to become Kinkō (錦江村).
 Ushiya (牛屋村) and Yokote (横手村) were merged to create Minami-Ariake (南有明村).
 April 1, 1955 - Kinkō (錦江村) and Ryūō (竜王村) were merged to create Ariake Village (有明村).
 September 30, 1955 - Minami-Ariake (南有明村) was incorporated into Ariake Village (有明村).
 October 1, 1962 - Ariake Village (有明村) became Ariake Town (有明町).
 January 1, 2005 - Ariake Town was incorporated into Shiroishi.

Transportation

Air
The closest airport is Saga Airport.

Rail
 JR Kyushu
 Nagasaki Main Line
 Hizen-Ryūō

Road
 National Highways: Route 207, Route 34

Dissolved municipalities of Saga Prefecture

Ariake, Saga


Monção  belediyesi, Portekiz'in Norte bölgesine bağlı Minho-Lima altbölgesinin belediyelerinden biridir.

Bucaklar
Belediyede 33 bucak (Por.: freguesia) yer almaktadır.

Portekiz'in belediyeleri
Minho-Lima

Monção


Robert Don Hunter Dougan () is an Australian composer, known for his genre-blending music. Mixing elements of orchestral music, trip hop, and bluesy vocals, his work is tangentially relatable to electronic music. He is known primarily for his breakthrough 1995 single "Clubbed to Death (Kurayamino Variation)", further popularised by 1999's The Matrix soundtrack. "Clubbed to Death" was re-released on his debut album Furious Angels in 2002, seven years after its initial release, as well as providing several variations of the song, most notably the Kurayamino variation; he has also provided a variation of the Moby song "Porcelain". In 1995, he teamed up with Rollo Armstrong to remix the U2 song "Numb"; the remix was titled "Numb (Gimme Some More Dignity Mix)".

Early life and education
Dougan was born in Melbourne, Australia in 1969 to Don and Margaret. One of six children, he was raised in Sydney, where he attended Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview and, later, the National Institute of Dramatic Art, where he studied acting. In one interview he recalled the only albums in the family home were of Beethoven, Louis Armstrong, Cleo Laine and Ennio Morricone.  In 1990, he travelled to London and began to work in music with his friend Rollo, both of whom had worked together and released material in Australia. He moved permanently to London in 1996.

Career
From 1991 to 1995, Dougan was a producer and remix artist. In 1994, his remixes started charting in the United Kingdom. He also released his first single, "Hard Times".

In 1995, his hit single "Clubbed to Death" gave him a recognised name in the UK dance club scene. He produced half a dozen remixes of it, including the "Kurayamino Variation". His label Mo' Wax Records was pleased and commissioned the follow-up, "Clubbed to Death 2" (later the bonus track on the album). CTD2 was never released as a single, but appeared on the James Lavelle disc of the 1996 DJ mix compilation album, Cream Live 2. During this time, he's said to have contributed music to Impossible Princess, the studio album of fellow-Australian, Kylie Minogue.

"Furious Angels" was not released on Mo' Wax, but Dougan eventually released it as a single in 1998 on Rollo's label Cheeky Records. Dougan worked for the following six years, doing remixes and licensing his tracks, in order to self-produce the album, which was backed by a full orchestra and a full choir. "Furious Angels" also featured as the musical score accompanying the introduction sequence for the 2000 racing simulation game Grand Prix 3.

In 1999, his exposure increased dramatically when his "Clubbed to Death (Kurayamino Variation)" was featured on the soundtrack of The Matrix. He contributed two more tracks to the soundtrack of 2003's Matrix sequel The Matrix Reloaded, "Château" and "Kung Fu" (a shortened version of "Furious Angels" made for The Matrix Reloaded). Some of the orchestral material for these tracks was recorded at 20th Century Fox Newman Scoring Stage where Star Wars had been scored.  "I'm Not Driving Anymore (instrumental)" was also used for the trailer of the film and as background music for the DVD menu. The song was also featured in the 2001 racing movie Driven (2001 film) with vocals. He credits this career breakthrough to support of American DJ, Jason Bentley.

In 2002 in the UK, and 2003 in the rest of the world, Dougan released his debut album Furious Angels, which was met with "Generally favorable" reviews from critics. Later in 2003, a two-disc re-release of Furious Angels featured all-instrumental versions on the second disc.

In 2006, Dougan was reportedly writing "a couple of songs" for Sugababes (for whom he produced the single "Too Lost in You"), and working on two albums of his own — one original, one classical.

A short film made for jewelry designer Solange Azagury-Partridge, The Letter, directed by Laurence Dunmore and starring Thandie Newton and Jason Isaacs features new music by Rob Dougan; the short film, however, does not mention the title of the song.

In May 2015, Dougan released The 22nd Sunday in Ordinary Time Sessions on his official site. The EP, recorded at London's Air Lyndhurst Studios with a 84-piece orchestra and 50-voice choir, consists of five instrumental songs and a 20-minute film of the sessions.

In October 2016, Dougan released Misc. Sessions EP on his official site. The EP, recorded at Abbey Road Studios with a 10-piece and 50-piece string section, consists of five tracks, with orchestra and instrumental mixes and an 18-minute film.

In 2018 Dougan compiled and released Films: Past and Future his first solely instrumental release, comprising 21 tracks available for the first time on vinyl, CD and digital download. The album was released via direct-to-fan company PledgeMusic just at the time that the organisation announced it was experiencing issues and had failed to pay many artistes the monies that had been pledged to them. In a personal project update posted on 18 February, Rob confirmed that he had been affected by the issues but, having already released the album digitally, had met the costs of physical releases himself, with the CD, vinyl and accompanying book due for release on 4 March 2019.

In February 2019, Dougan released The Life of the World to Come, a brand new four track EP which includes "The Life of the World to Come", "Beautiful Things", "Quasimodo's Dream" and "And Then I Think of You". Each song was released with an accompanying instrumental version and two of the tracks were cover versions - "Beautiful Things" written by Leslie Bricusse and "Quasimodo's Dream" by The Reels. The EP is published by Engard Ltd and was released by Dougan himself via Gumroad.

Dougan's vocal style has been compared to Tom Waits and Leonard Cohen, his composition approach to that of film score composers John Barry (composer) and Barry Adamson. He frequently uses orchestral elements in his music, notably Elgar's Enigma Variations in "Clubbed to Death (The First Mix)." Though placed in the camp of dance and techno, in an interview with the Guardian early in his career, Dougan distanced himself from the genre, identifying more strongly with Classical music:"I'm associated with dance music, with electronica, which makes me feel ill. I only learnt all the boring computer crap as a means to an end. Virtually all musicians these days use computers, but if you write a book on a computer, nobody calls it electronic writing... I know it's not a fashionable attitude, but there is a musical hierarchy, and writing a song is not the same as writing a symphony. Classical music is a lot harder to do: it's richer, and it will leave you with more."

Non-musical activities
In 2004, Dougan founded a vineyard called La Pèira in the Terrasses du Larzac region of France.

Discography

Albums

Studio albums

Compilation albums

Extended plays

Singles

Notes

A  Furious Angels was not released in the United States until May 2003, where it was released on the record labels Warner Bros. Records and Reprise Records.
B  "Clubbed to Death" only charted in the UK and Ireland after being re-released in 2002.

See also
 The Matrix (franchise)
 The Matrix
 The Matrix Reloaded
 The Matrix Revolutions

References

External links
 www.robdougan.org — Rob Dougan fan site
 IGN's 2003 interview — All about his involvement with The Matrix franchise's soundtracks.

1969 births
Australian electronic musicians
Australian expatriates in the United Kingdom
Australian male composers
Australian male singers
Australian male songwriters
Living people
Musicians from Melbourne
People educated at Saint Ignatius' College, Riverview
Reprise Records artists
Trip hop musicians
Warner Records artists

Rob Dougan


Amil asetat (pentil asetat) organik bileşik olup, CH3COO[CH2]4CH3 kimyasal formülüne ve 130.19g/mol molekül ağırlığına sahip bir esterdir.  Renksizdir. Muz ve elma benzeri bir kokuya sahiptir. Bileşik, asetik asit ve 1-pentanolün yoğunlaşma ürünüdür. Bununla birlikte, diğer pentanol izomerlerinden (amil alkoller) veya amil alkol karışımlarından oluşturulan esterler genellikle amil asetat olarak adlandırılır. İnsanlarda amil asetata maruz kalma belirtileri dermatit, merkezî sinir sistemi depresyonu, narkoz ve gözlerde ve burunda tahriştir.

Kullanımı

Amil asetat, gıdalarda tatlandırıcı olarak, boya ve verniklerde çözücü olarak ve penisilin hazırlanmasında kullanılır.

Sıvı bandajlarda aktif olmayan bir bileşendir.

Hefner lambasında yakıt olarak kullanılır.

Ayrıca bakınız
İzoamil asetat,  muz yağı olarak da bilinir.
Esterler, aynı fonksiyonel gruplara sahip organik moleküllerdir.

Kaynakça

Aromalar
Asetat esterler

Amil asetat


Frontend og backend er begreber som anvendes indenfor it-industrien til at betegne den aktivitet, der sker af eller tæt på brugeren (brugergrænsefladeorienteret aktivitet – front-end) og selve den grundlæggende aktivitet (ofte på serverniveau – back-end).

Frontend associeres ofte med webbaserede softwaremoduler baseret på HTML, CSS og JavaScript, da disse typer programmering alle afvikles af klienten - oftest brugerens internetbrowser - snarere end af serveren. Udviklerne af disse dele kaldes webudviklere eller webdesignere. Til sammenligning anvendes PHP og databaseprogrammering (såsom MySQL og lignende) på serveren, hvorfor kodning i disse sprog normalt udgør backend.

Informationsteknologi
Engelske vendinger

Frontend og backend


Uši (kukci), kukci
 Uš (otok), otočić u luci grada Korčule

Uš


Trevor George Meredith (født 25. december 1936 i Stottesdon, England) er en engelsk tidligere fodboldspiller (wing).

Meredith startede sin karriere hos Burnley, som han repræsenterede frem til 1964. Her var han med til at vinde det engelske mesterskab i 1960. Resten af sin karriere tilbragte han hos Shrewsbury Town, som han spillede mere end 200 ligakampe for inden sit karrierestop i 1972.

Titler
Engelsk mesterskab
 1960 med Burnley

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra England
Fodboldspillere fra Burnley F.C.
Fodboldspillere fra Shrewsbury Town F.C.

Trevor Meredith


The Siberian tiger, or Amur tiger, is a population of the tiger subspecies Panthera tigris tigris native to the Russian Far East, Northeast China and possibly North Korea. It once ranged throughout the Korean Peninsula, but currently inhabits mainly the Sikhote-Alin mountain region in southwest Primorye Province in the Russian Far East. In 2005, there were 331–393 adult and subadult Siberian tigers in this region, with a breeding adult population of about 250 individuals. The population had been stable for more than a decade because of intensive conservation efforts, but partial surveys conducted after 2005 indicate that the Russian tiger population was declining. An initial census held in 2015 indicated that the Siberian tiger population had increased to 480–540 individuals in the Russian Far East, including 100 cubs. This was followed up by a more detailed census which revealed there was a total population of 562 wild Siberian tigers in Russia. As of 2014, about 35 individuals were estimated to range in the international border area between Russia and China.

The Siberian tiger is genetically close to the now-extinct Caspian tiger. Results of a phylogeographic study comparing mitochondrial DNA from Caspian tigers and living tiger populations indicate that the common ancestor of the Siberian and Caspian tigers colonized Central Asia from eastern China, via the Gansu−Silk Road corridor, and then subsequently traversed Siberia eastward to establish the Siberian tiger population in the Russian Far East. The Caspian and Siberian tiger populations were the northernmost in mainland Asia.

The Siberian tiger was also called "Amur tiger", "Manchurian tiger", "Korean tiger", and "Ussurian tiger", depending on the region where individuals were observed.

Taxonomy

Felis tigris was the scientific name proposed by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for the tiger. In the 19th century, several tiger specimens were collected in East Asia and described:
Felis tigris altaicus proposed by Coenraad Jacob Temminck in 1844 were tiger skins with long hairs and dense coats sold in Japan, which originated in Korea, most likely from animals killed in the Altai and Pisihan Mountains.
Tigris longipilis proposed by Leopold Fitzinger in 1868 was based on a long-haired tiger skin in the Natural History Museum, Vienna.
Felis tigris var. amurensis proposed by Charles Dode in 1871 was based on tiger skins from the Amur region.
Felis tigris coreensis by Emil Brass in 1904 was a tiger skin from Korea.

The validity of several tiger subspecies was questioned in 1999. Most putative subspecies described in the 19th and 20th centuries were distinguished on the basis of fur length and colouration, striping patterns and body size – characteristics that vary widely within populations. Morphologically, tigers from different regions vary little, and gene flow between populations in those regions is considered to have been possible during the Pleistocene. Therefore, it was proposed to recognize only two tiger subspecies as valid, namely Panthera tigris tigris in mainland Asia, and P. t. sondaica in the Greater Sunda Islands and possibly in Sundaland.
In 2015, morphological, ecological and molecular traits of all putative tiger subspecies were analysed in a combined approach. Results support distinction of the two evolutionary groups: continental and Sunda tigers. The authors proposed recognition of only two subspecies: namely P. t. tigris comprising the Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, South China, Siberian and Caspian tiger populations; and P. t. sondaica comprising the Javan, Bali and Sumatran tiger populations.

In 2017, the Cat Specialist Group revised felid taxonomy and now recognizes all the tiger populations in mainland Asia as P. t. tigris.

Phylogeny

Several reports have been published since the 1990s on the genetic makeup of the Siberian tiger and its relationship to other populations. One of the most important outcomes has been the discovery of low genetic variability in the wild population, especially when it comes to maternal or mitochondrial DNA lineages. It seems that a single mtDNA haplotype almost completely dominates the maternal lineages of wild Siberian tigers. On the other hand, captive tigers appear to show higher mtDNA diversity. This may suggest that the subspecies has experienced a very recent genetic bottleneck caused by human pressure, with the founders of the captive population having been captured when genetic variability was higher in the wild.

At the start of the 21st century, researchers from the University of Oxford, U.S. National Cancer Institute and Hebrew University of Jerusalem collected tissue samples from 20 of 23 Caspian tiger specimens kept in museums across Eurasia. They sequenced at least one segment of five mitochondrial genes and found a low amount of variability of the mitochondrial DNA in Caspian tigers as compared to other tiger subspecies. They re-assessed the phylogenetic relationships of tiger subspecies and observed a remarkable similarity between Caspian and Siberian tigers, indicating that the Siberian tiger is the genetically closest living relative of the Caspian tiger, which strongly implies a very recent common ancestry. Based on phylogeographic analysis, they suggested that the ancestor of Caspian and Siberian tigers colonized Central Asia less than 10,000 years ago via the Gansu−Silk Road region from eastern China, and subsequently traversed eastward to establish the Siberian tiger population in the Russian Far East. The events of the Industrial Revolution may have been the critical factor in the reciprocal isolation of Caspian and Siberian tigers from what was likely a single contiguous population.

Samples of 95 wild Amur tigers were collected throughout their native range to investigate questions relative to population genetic structure and demographic history. Additionally, targeted individuals from the North American ex situ population were sampled to assess the genetic representation found in captivity. Population genetic and Bayesian structure analyses clearly identified two populations separated by a development corridor in Russia. Despite their well-documented 20th century decline, the researchers failed to find evidence of a recent population bottleneck, although genetic signatures of a historical contraction were detected. This disparity in signal may be due to several reasons, including historical paucity in population genetic variation associated with postglacial colonisation and potential gene flow from an extirpated Chinese population. The extent and distribution of genetic variation in captive and wild populations were similar, yet gene variants persisted ex situ that were lost in situ. Overall, their results indicate the need to secure ecological connectivity between the two Russian populations to minimize loss of genetic diversity and overall susceptibility to stochastic events, and support a previous study suggesting that the captive population may be a reservoir of gene variants lost in situ.

In 2013, the whole genome of the Siberian tiger was sequenced and published. Tigers in mainland Asia fall into two clades: the northern clade comprises the Siberian and Caspian tiger populations, and the southern clade all remaining continental tiger populations. A study published in 2018 was based on 32 tiger specimens using a whole-genome sequencing for analysis. Results support six monophyletic tiger clades and indicate that the most recent common ancestor lived about 110,000 years ago.

Characteristics

The tiger is reddish-rusty, or rusty-yellow in colour, with narrow black transverse stripes. The body length is not less than , condylobasal length of skull , zygomatic width , and length of upper carnassial tooth over  long. It has an extended supple body standing on rather short legs with a fairly long tail.

Body size
In the 1980s, the typical weight range of wild Siberian tigers was indicated as  for males and  for females. Exceptionally large individuals were targeted and shot by hunters.

In 2005, a group of Russian, American and Indian zoologists published an analysis of historical and contemporary data on body weights of wild and captive tigers, both female and male across all subspecies. The data used include weights of tigers that were older than 35 months and measured in the presence of authors. Their comparison with historical data indicates that up to the first half of the 20th century both male and female Siberian tigers were on average heavier than post-1970 ones. The average historical wild male Siberian tiger weighed  and the female ; the contemporary wild male Siberian tiger weighs  on average with an asymptotic limit being ; a wild female weighs  on average. Historical Siberian tigers and Bengal tigers were the largest ones, whereas contemporary Siberian tigers are on average lighter than Bengal tigers. The reduction of the body weight of today's Siberian tigers may be explained by concurrent causes, namely the reduced abundance of prey because of illegal hunting and that the individuals were usually sick or injured and captured in a conflict situation with people.

Measurements taken by scientists of the Siberian Tiger Project in the Sikhote-Alin range from  in head and body length measured in straight line, with an average of  for males; and for females ranging from  with an average of . The average tail measures  in males and  in females. The longest male measured  in total length including a tail of  and with a chest girth of . The longest female measured  in total length including tail of  and with a chest girth of .
A male captured by members of the Siberian Tiger Project weighed , and the largest radio-collared male weighed .

The Siberian tiger is often considered to be the largest tiger.
A wild male, killed in Manchuria by the Sungari River in 1943, reportedly measured  "over the curves", with a tail length of about . It weighed about . Dubious sources mention weights of  and even .

Skull
The skull of the Siberian tiger is characterized by its large size. The facial region is very powerful and very broad in the region of the canines. The skull prominences, especially in the sagittal crest and crista occipitalis, are very high and strong in old males, and often much more massive than usually observed in the biggest skulls of Bengal tigers. The size variation in skulls of Siberian tigers ranges from  in nine individuals measured. A female skull is always smaller and never as heavily built and robust as that of a male. The height of the sagittal crest in its middle part reaches as much as , and in its posterior part up to .

Female skulls range from . The skulls of male Caspian tigers from Turkestan had a maximum length of , while that of females measured . A tiger killed on the Sumbar River in Kopet Dag in January 1954 had a greatest skull length of , which is considerably more than the known maximum for this population and slightly exceeds that of most Siberian tigers. However, its condylobasal length was only , smaller than those of the Siberian tigers, with a maximum recorded condylobasal length of . The biggest skull of a Siberian tiger from northeast China measured  in length, which is about  more than the maximum skull lengths of tigers from the Amur region and northern India, with the exception of a skull of a northern Indian tiger from the vicinity of Nagina, which measured  "over the bone".

Fur and coat

The ground colour of Siberian tigers' pelage is often very pale, especially in winter coat. However, variations within populations may be considerable. Individual variation is also found in form, length, and partly in colour, of the dark stripes, which have been described as being dark brown rather than black.

The fur of the Siberian tiger is moderately thick, coarse and sparse compared to that of other felids living in the former Soviet Union. Compared to the extinct westernmost populations, the Siberian tiger's summer and winter coats contrast sharply with other subspecies. Generally, the coat of western populations was brighter and more uniform than that of the Far Eastern populations. The summer coat is coarse, while the winter coat is denser, longer, softer, and silkier. The winter fur often appears quite shaggy on the trunk and is markedly longer on the head, almost covering the ears. Siberian and Caspian tigers had the thickest fur amongst tigers.

The whiskers and hair on the back of the head and the top of the neck are also greatly elongated. The background colour of the winter coat is generally less bright and rusty compared to that of the summer coat. Because of the winter fur's greater length, the stripes appear broader with less defined outlines. The summer fur on the back is  long,  along the top of the neck,  on the abdomen, and  on the tail. The winter fur on the back is ,  on the top of the neck,  on the throat,  on the chest and  on the abdomen. The whiskers are .

Distribution and habitat

The Siberian tiger once inhabited much of the Korean Peninsula, Manchuria and other parts of north-eastern China, the eastern part of Siberia and the Russian Far East, perhaps as far west as Mongolia and the area of Lake Baikal, where the Caspian tiger also reportedly occurred.
During the late Pleistocene and Holocene, it was likely connected to the South China tiger population through corridors in the Yellow River basin, before humans interrupted gene flow.

Today, its range stretches south to north for almost  the length of Primorsky Krai and into southern Khabarovsk Krai east and south of the Amur River. It also occurs within the Greater Xing'an Range, which crosses into Russia from China at several places in southwest Primorye. This region represents a merger zone of the East Asian temperate broadleaf and mixed forest and the taiga, resulting in a mosaic of forest types that vary in elevation and topography. Key habitats of the Siberian tiger are Korean pine forests with a complex composition and structure.

The faunal complex of the region is represented by a mixture of Asian and boreal life forms. The ungulate complex is represented by seven species, with Manchurian wapiti, Siberian roe deer, and wild boar being the most common throughout the Sikhote-Alin mountains but rare in higher altitude spruce-fir forests. Sika deer are restricted to the southern half of the Sikhote-Alin mountains. Siberian musk deer and Amur moose are associated with the conifer forests and are near the southern limits of their distribution in the central Sikhote-Alin mountains.

In 2005, the number of Amur tigers in China was estimated at 18–22, and 331–393 in the Russian Far East, comprising a breeding adult population of about 250, fewer than 100 likely to be sub-adults, more than 20 likely to be less than 3 years of age. More than 90% of the population occurred in the Sikhote Alin mountain region. An unknown number of tigers survive in the reserve areas around Baekdu Mountain, on the border between China and North Korea, based on tracks and sightings.

In August 2012, a Siberian tiger with four cubs was recorded for the first time in northeastern China's Hunchun National Nature Reserve located in the vicinity of the international borders with Russia and North Korea. Camera-trap surveys carried out in the spring seasons of 2013 and 2014 revealed between 27 and 34 tigers along the China-Russian border.
In April 2014, World Wide Fund for Nature personnel captured a video of a tigress with cubs in inland China.
The tiger population in the Changbai Mountains dispersed westwards between 2003 and 2016.
Camera trap surveys between 2013 and 2018 revealed about 55 Siberian tigers in four forested landscapes in northeastern China: Laoyeling, Zhangguangcai Range, Wandashan and Lesser Khingan Mountains. Feces, urine and hair was used to genetically identify 30 tigers in this region. However, only Laoyeling is thought to support a breeding population.

Ecology and behavior

Siberian tigers are known to travel up to  over ecologically unbroken country. In 1992 and 1993, the maximum total population density of the Sikhote-Alin tiger population was estimated at 0.62 tigers in . The maximum adult population estimated in 1993 reached 0.3 tigers in , with a sex ratio of averaging 2.4 females per male. These density values were much lower than what had been reported for other subspecies at the time.
In 2004, dramatic changes in land tenure, population density, and reproductive output in the core area of the Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik Siberian Tiger Project were detected, suggesting that when tigers are well protected from human-induced mortality for long periods, the adult female population density increases significantly. When more adult females survived, the mothers shared their home ranges with their daughters once the daughters reached maturity. By 2007, population density of tigers was estimated at 0.8±0.4 tigers in  in the southern part of Sikhote-Alin Zapovednik, and 0.6±0.3 tigers in  in the central part of the protected area.

Siberian tigers share habitat with Amur leopards (P. pardus orientalis), but in the Changbai Mountains have been recorded more often in lower elevations than leopards.

Hunting and diet

Prey species of the tiger include ungulates such as Manchurian wapiti (Cervus canadensis xanthopygus), Siberian musk deer  (Moschus moschiferus), long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus), moose (Alces alces), Siberian roe deer (Capreolus pygargus) and sika deer (Cervus nippon), wild boar (Sus scrofa), and even sometimes small size Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) and brown bears (Ursus arctos). Siberian tigers also take smaller prey like hares, rabbits, pikas and even salmon. Scat was collected along the international border between Russia and China between November 2014 and April 2015; 115 scat samples of nine tigers contained foremost remains of wild boar, sika deer and roe deer.

Between January 1992 and November 1994, 11 tigers were captured, fitted with radio-collars and monitored for more than 15 months in the eastern slopes of the Sikhote-Alin mountain range. Results of this study indicate that their distribution is closely associated with distribution of Manchurian wapiti, while distribution of wild boar was not such a strong predictor for tiger distribution. Although they prey on both Siberian roe deer and sika deer, overlap of these ungulates with tigers was low. Distribution of moose was poorly associated with tiger distribution. The distribution of preferred habitat of key prey species was an accurate predictor of tiger distribution.

Results of a three-year study on Siberian tigers indicate that the mean interval between their kills and estimated prey consumption varied across seasons: during 2009 to 2012, three adult tigers killed prey every 7.4 days in summer and consumed a daily average of ; in winter they killed more large-bodied prey, made kills every 5.7 days and consumed a daily average of .

Interspecific predatory relationships

Following a decrease of ungulate populations from 1944 to 1959, 32 cases of Amur tigers attacking both Ussuri brown (Ursus arctos lasiotus) and Ussuri black bears (U. thibetanus ussuricus) were recorded in the Russian Far East, and hair of bears were found in several tiger scat samples. Tigers attack black bears less often than brown bears, as the latter live in more open habitats and are not able to climb trees. In the same time period, four cases of brown bears killing female tigers and young cubs were reported, both in disputes over prey and in self-defense. Tigers mainly feed on the bear's fat deposits, such as the back, hams and groin.

When Amur tigers prey on brown bears, they usually target young and sub-adult bears, besides small female adults taken outside their dens, generally when lethargic from hibernation. Predation by tigers on denned brown bears was not detected during a study carried between 1993 and 2002. Ussuri brown bears, along with the smaller black bears constitute 2.1% of the Siberian tiger's annual diet, of which 1.4% are brown bears.

The effect the presence of tigers has on brown bear behavior seems to vary. In the winters of 1970–1973, Yudakov and Nikolaev recorded two cases of bears showing no fear of tigers and another case of a brown bear changing path upon crossing tiger tracks. Other researchers have observed bears following tiger tracks to scavenge tiger kills and to potentially prey on tigers. Despite the threat of predation, some brown bears actually benefit from the presence of tigers by appropriating tiger kills that the bears may not be able to successfully hunt themselves. Brown bears generally prefer to contest the much smaller female tigers. During telemetry research in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve, 44 direct confrontations between bears and tigers were observed, in which bears in general were killed in 22 cases, and tigers in 12 cases. There are reports of brown bears specifically targeting Amur leopards and tigers to abstract their prey. In the Sikhote-Alin reserve, 35% of tiger kills were stolen by bears, with tigers either departing entirely or leaving part of the kill for the bear. Some studies show that bears frequently track down tigers to usurp their kills, with occasional fatal outcomes for the tiger. A report from 1973 describes twelve known cases of brown bears killing tigers, including adult males; in all cases the tigers were subsequently eaten by the bears.

The relationship between the Amur tiger and the Himalayan bear is not specifically studied. Numerous publications on these species there are mainly episodic and survey data on this issue are collected by different authors in selected areas which do not give a complete picture of the nature.

Tigers depress wolf (Canis lupus) numbers, either to the point of localized extinction or to such low numbers as to make them a functionally insignificant component of the ecosystem. Wolves appear capable of escaping competitive exclusion from tigers only when human pressure decreases tiger numbers. In areas where wolves and tigers share ranges, the two species typically display a great deal of dietary overlap, resulting in intense competition. Wolf and tiger interactions are well documented in Sikhote-Alin, where until the beginning of the 20th century, very few wolves were sighted. Wolf numbers may have increased in the region after tigers were largely eliminated during the Russian colonisation in the late 19th century and early 20th century. This is corroborated by native inhabitants of the region claiming that they had no memory of wolves inhabiting Sikhote-Alin until the 1930s, when tiger numbers decreased. Today, wolves are considered scarce in tiger habitat, being found in scattered pockets, and usually seen travelling as loners or in small groups. First hand accounts on interactions between the two species indicate that tigers occasionally chase wolves from their kills, while wolves will scavenge from tiger kills. Tigers are not known to prey on wolves, though there are four records of tigers killing wolves without consuming them. Tigers recently released are also said to hunt wolves.

This competitive exclusion of wolves by tigers has been used by Russian conservationists to convince hunters in the Far East to tolerate the big cats, as they limit ungulate populations less than wolves, and are effective in controlling wolf numbers.

Siberian tigers also compete with the Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) and occasionally kill and eat them. Eurasian lynx remains have been found in the stomach contents of Siberian tigers in Russia. In March 2014, a dead lynx discovered in Bastak Nature Reserve bore evidence of predation by a Siberian tiger. The tiger apparently ambushed, pursued, and killed the lynx but only consumed it partially. This incident marks one of the first documented cases of a tiger preying on a lynx, and indicates that the tiger might have been more intent on eliminating a competitor than on catching prey.

Reproduction and life cycle

Siberian tigers mate at any time of the year. A female signals her receptiveness by leaving urine deposits and scratch marks on trees. She will spend 5 or 6 days with the male, during which she is receptive for three days. Gestation lasts from 3 to 3½ months. Litter size is normally two or four cubs but there can be as many as six. The cubs are born blind in a sheltered den and are left alone when the female leaves to hunt for food. Cubs are divided equally between sexes at birth. However, by adulthood there are usually two to four females for every male. The female cubs remain with their mothers longer, and later they establish territories close to their original ranges. Males, on the other hand, travel unaccompanied and range farther earlier in their lives, making them more vulnerable to poachers and other tigers.
A Siberian tiger family comprising an adult male, a female and three cubs were recorded in 2015.

At 35 months of age, tigers are sub-adults. Males reach sexual maturity at the age of 48 to 60 months.

The average lifespan for Siberian tigers ranges from 16–18 years. Wild individuals tend to live between 10–15 years, while in captivity individuals may live up to 25 years.

Threats
Results of genetic analysis of 95 wild Siberian tiger samples from Russia revealed that genetic diversity is low, only 27–35 individuals contributed to their genes. Further exacerbating the problem is that more than 90% of the population occurred in the Sikhote Alin mountain region. Tigers rarely move across the development corridor, which separates this sub-population from the much smaller sub-population in southwest Primorye province.

The winter of 2006–2007 was marked by heavy poaching. Poaching of tigers and their wild prey species is considered to be driving the decline, although heavy snows in the winter of 2009 could have biased the data. In northern China's Huang Ni He National Nature Reserve, poachers set up foremost snare traps, but there is not sufficient personnel to patrol this  area throughout the year. In Hunchun National Nature Reserve, poaching of ungulate species impedes recovery of the tiger population.

In the past
After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, illegal deforestation and bribery of park rangers facilitated poaching of Siberian tigers. Local hunters had access to a formerly sealed off lucrative Chinese market, and this once again put the region's tiger population at risk of extinction. While improvement in the local economy has led to greater resources being invested in conservation efforts, an increase in economic activity has led to an increased rate of development and deforestation. The major obstacle in preserving the tiger is the enormous territory individual tigers require; up to  is needed by a single female and more for a single male.

The Siberian tiger was once common in the Korean Peninsula. It was eradicated during the period of Korea under Japanese rule between 1910 and 1945.

Conservation
Tigers are included on CITES Appendix I, banning international trade. All tiger range states and countries with consumer markets have banned domestic trade as well. At the 14th Conference of the Parties to CITES in 2007, stronger enforcement measures were called for, as well as an end to tiger farming.

In 1992, the Siberian Tiger Project was founded, with the aim of providing a comprehensive picture of the ecology of the Amur tiger and the role of tigers in the Russian Far East through scientific studies. By capturing and outfitting tigers with radio collars, their social structure, land use patterns, food habits, reproduction, mortality patterns and their relation with other inhabitants of the ecosystem, including humans is studied. These data compilations will hopefully contribute toward minimizing poaching threats because of traditional hunting. The Siberian Tiger Project has been productive in increasing local capacity to address human-tiger conflict with a Tiger Response Team, part of the Russian government's Inspection Tiger, which responds to all tiger-human conflicts; by continuing to enhance the large database on tiger ecology and conservation with the goal of creating a comprehensive Siberian tiger conservation plan; and training the next generation of Russian conservation biologists.

In August 2010, China and Russia agreed to enhance conservation and cooperation in protected areas in a transboundary area for Amur tigers. China has undertaken a series of public awareness campaigns including celebration of the first Global Tiger Day in July 2010, and International Forum on Tiger Conservation and Tiger Culture and China 2010 Hunchun Amur Tiger Culture Festival in August 2010.

Reintroduction

Inspired by findings that the Amur tiger is the closest relative of the Caspian tiger, there has been discussion whether the Amur tiger could be an appropriate subspecies for reintroduction into a safe place in Central Asia. The Amu-Darya Delta was suggested as a potential site for such a project. A feasibility study was initiated to investigate if the area is suitable and if such an initiative would receive support from relevant decision makers. A viable tiger population of about 100 animals would require at least  of large tracts of contiguous habitat with rich prey populations. Such habitat is not presently available in the delta and so cannot be provided in the short term. The proposed region is therefore unsuitable for the reintroduction, at least at this stage of development.

A second possible introduction site in Kazakhstan is the Ili River delta at the southern edge of Lake Balkhash. The delta is situated between the Saryesik-Atyrau Desert and the Taukum Desert and forms a large wetland of about . Until 1948, the delta was a refuge of the extinct Caspian tiger. Reintroduction of the Siberian tiger to the delta has been proposed. Large populations of wild boar inhabit the swamps of the delta. The reintroduction of the Bukhara deer, which was once an important prey, is under consideration. The Ili delta is therefore considered as a suitable site for introduction.

In 2010, Russia exchanged two captive Siberian tigers for Persian leopards with the Iranian government, as conservation groups of both countries agreed on reintroducing these animals into the wild within the next five years. This issue is controversial since only 30% of such releases have been successful. In addition, the Siberian tiger is not genetically identical to the Caspian tiger. Another difference is the climatic, with temperatures higher in Iran than in Siberia. Introducing exotic species into a new habitat could inflict irreversible and unknown damage. In December 2010, one of the tigers exchanged died in Eram Zoo in Tehran. Nevertheless, the project has its defenders, and Iran has successfully reintroduced the Persian onager and Caspian red deer.

In 2005, re-introduction was planned as part of the rewilding project at Pleistocene Park in the Kolyma River basin in northern Yakutia, Russia, provided the herbivore population has reached a size warranting the introduction of large predators.

In captivity

In recent years, captive breeding of tigers in China has accelerated to the point where the captive population of several tiger subspecies exceeds 4,000 animals. Three thousand specimens are reportedly held by 10–20 "significant" facilities, with the remainder scattered among some 200 facilities. This makes China home to the second largest captive tiger population in the world, after the U.S., which in 2005 had an estimated 4,692 captive tigers. In a census conducted by the U.S.-based Feline Conservation Federation, 2,884 tigers were documented as residing in 468 American facilities.

In 1986, the Chinese government established the world's largest Siberian tiger breeding base, the Harbin Siberian Tiger Park, and was meant to build a Siberian tiger gene pool to ensure the genetic diversity of the tiger. The Park and its existing tiger population would be further divided into two parts, one as the protective species for genetic management and the other as the ornamental species. It was discovered that when the Heilongjiang Northeast Tiger Forest Park was founded it had only 8 tigers, but according to the current breeding rate of tigers at the park, the worldwide number of wild Siberian tigers will break through 1,000 in late 2010. South Korea expected to receive three tigers pledged for donation in 2009 by Russia in 2011.

Attacks on humans

The Siberian tiger very rarely becomes a man-eater. Numerous cases of attacks on humans were recorded in the 19th century, occurring usually in central Asia excluding Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and the Far East. Tigers were historically rarely considered dangerous unless provoked, though in the lower reaches of the Syr-Darya, a tiger reportedly killed a woman collecting firewood and an unarmed military officer whilst passing through reed thickets. Attacks on shepherds were recorded in the lower reaches of Ili. In the Far East, during the middle and late 19th century, attacks on people were recorded. In 1867 on the Tsymukha River, tigers killed 21 men and injured 6 others. In China's Jilin Province, tigers reportedly attacked woodsmen and coachmen, and occasionally entered cabins and dragged out both adults and children.

According to the Japanese Police Bureau in Korea, in 1928 a tiger killed one human, whereas leopards killed three, wild boars four and wolves killed 48. Six cases were recorded in 20th century Russia of unprovoked attacks leading to man-eating behaviour. Provoked attacks are however more common, usually the result of botched attempts at capturing them. In December 1997, an injured Amur tiger attacked, killed and consumed two people. Both attacks occurred in the Bikin River valley. The anti-poaching task force Inspection Tiger investigated both deaths, tracked down and killed the tiger.

In January 2002, a man was attacked by a tiger on a remote mountain road near Hunchun in Jilin province, China, near the borders of Russia and North Korea. He suffered compound fractures but managed to survive. When he sought medical attention, his story raised suspicions as Siberian tigers seldom attack humans. An investigation of the attack scene revealed that raw venison carried by the man was left untouched by the tiger. Officials suspected the man to be a poacher who provoked the attack. The following morning, tiger sightings were reported by locals along the same road, and a local TV station did an on-site coverage. The group found tiger tracks and blood spoor in the snow at the attack scene and followed them for approximately 2,500 meters, hoping to catch a glimpse of the animal. Soon, the tiger was seen ambling slowly ahead of them. As the team tried to get closer for a better camera view, the tiger suddenly turned and charged, causing the four to flee in panic. About an hour after that encounter, the tiger attacked and killed a 26-year-old woman on the same road. Authorities retrieved the body with the help of a bulldozer. By then, the tiger was found lying 20 meters away, weak and barely alive. It was successfully tranquilized and taken for examination, which revealed that the tiger was anemic and gravely injured by a poacher's snare around its neck, with the steel wire cutting deeply down to the vertebrae, severing both trachea and esophagus. Despite extensive surgery by a team of veterinarians, the tiger died of wound infection. Subsequent investigation revealed that the first victim was a poacher who set multiple snares that caught both the tiger and a deer. The man was later charged for poaching and harming endangered species. He served two years in prison. After being released from prison, he worked in clearing the forest of old snares.

In an incident at the San Francisco Zoo in December 2007, a tiger escaped and killed a visitor, and injured two others. The animal was shot by the police. The zoo was widely criticized for maintaining only a  fence around the tiger enclosure, while the international standard is . The zoo subsequently erected a taller barrier topped by an electric fence. One of the victims admitted to taunting the animal.

Zookeepers in Anhui province and the cities of Shanghai and Shenzhen were attacked and killed in 2010. In January 2011, a tiger attacked and killed a tour bus driver at a breeding park in Heilongjiang province. Park officials reported that the bus driver violated safety guidelines by leaving the vehicle to check on the condition of the bus. In September 2013, a tiger mauled a zookeeper to death at a zoo in western Germany after the worker forgot to lock a cage door during feeding time. In July 2020, a female tiger attacked and killed a 55-year-old zookeeper at the Zürich Zoo in Switzerland.

In culture

The English name 'Siberian tiger' was coined by James Cowles Prichard in the 1830s. The name 'Amur tiger' was used in 1933 for Siberian tigers killed by the Amur River for an exhibition in the American Museum of Natural History.

The Tungusic peoples considered the tiger a near-deity and often referred to it as "Grandfather" or "Old man". The Udege and Nani people call it "Amba". The Manchu considered the Siberian tiger as Hu Lin, the king. Since the tiger has a mark on its foreheads that looks like a Chinese character for 'King' (), or a similar character meaning "Great Emperor", it is revered by the Udege and Chinese people.

The Siberian tiger is used in heraldic symbols throughout the area where it is indigenous.

A drawn Siberian tiger was the mascot of the 1981 Bandy World Championship, which was played in Khabarovsk in southeast Siberia.

See also

 Tiger populations
 Mainlaind Asian populations
 Bengal tiger
 Caspian tiger
 Indochinese tiger
 Malayan tiger
 South China tiger
 Sunda island populations
 Bali tiger
 Bornean tiger
 Javan tiger
 Sumatran tiger

 Amur leopard
 Bergmann's rule
 Holocene extinction

References

External links

 IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group: Tiger (Panthera tigris)
 IUCN/SSC Cat Specialist Group : Amur (P. t. altaica)
 21st Century Tiger
 Amur Leopard and Tiger Alliance (ALTA) – Conserving Amur leopards and tigers in the Russian Far East and China
 World Wide Fund for Nature: Amur tiger
 National Geographic Animals: Siberian Tiger Panthera tigris altaica
 Wildlife Conservation Society's Siberian Tiger Project
 Amur.org.uk: Preserving leopards and tigers in the wild
 USDA Information Resources on Tigers, Panthera tigris
 The Amur Tiger Programme : Two Adult Tigers Tagged in the Ussuri Nature Reserve

Siberian tiger
Mammals of China
Mammals of Russia
Fauna of the Russian Far East
Fauna of Northeast Asia
Northeast China
Siberian Tiger Re-population Project
National symbols of South Korea
Mammals described in 1884
Articles containing video clips

Siberian tiger


Christoffer Cichosz (født. 17. januar 1988) er en dansk håndboldspiller der spiller for Team Tvis Holstebro, og spiller streg. Han er 190 cm. Han har tidligere spillet for Mors-Thy Håndbold. Han har tidligere spillet for Mors-Thy Håndbold og Skjern Håndbold.

Kilder

Håndboldspillere fra Danmark
Håndboldspillere fra Skjern Håndbold
Håndboldspillere fra Mors-Thy Håndbold

Christoffer Cichosz


Marco Junio Silano puede referirse a las siguientes personas de la Antigua Roma:

 Marco Junio Silano (cónsul 109 a. C.).- Senador y cónsul en el año 109 a. C.
 Marco Junio Silano (cónsul 25 a. C.).- Senador y cónsul en el año 25 a. C.
 Marco Junio Silano (cónsul 15).— Senador y cónsul suffectus en el año 15.
 Marco Junio Silano (cónsul 46).— Senador y cónsul en el año 46.
 Marco Junio Silano (cónsul 54).— Senador y cónsul suffectus alrededor del año 54.
 Marco Junio Silano (legado).— Legado de Julio César en las Galias en el año 53 a. C.
 Marco Junio Silano (pretor).- Senador y pretor en el año 212 a. C.
 Marco Junio Silano (pretor 102 a. C.).— Senador y pretor alrededor del año 102 a. C.
 Marco Junio Silano (pretor 77 a. C.).— Senador y pretor en el año 77 a. C.
 Marco Junio Silano (tribuno de la moneda).— Encargado de la acuñación monetaria alrededor del año 145 a. C.
 Marco Junio Silano Torcuato.— Senador y cónsul en el año 19.
 Marco Junio Silano Lutacio Cátulo.— Último descendiente masculino conocido de los Junios Silano.

Marco Junio Silano