El Instituto Santa María (ISM) es un establecimiento de educación básica, particular subvencionado, ubicado en la comuna de Limache, Chile, dependiente de la Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas.

Historia

En 1944 comenzó a funcionar un seminario Marista en el edificio que actualmente ocupa el instituto, en los terrenos conocidos hasta ese entonces como la Ex Villa Santa Teresa, en San Francisco de Limache.

En 1971, el entonces seminario, recibe la autorización para transformarse en un establecimiento educacional, que actualmente recibe a unos 350 estudiantes.

Véase también
 Congregación de los Hermanos Maristas
 Marcelino Champagnat
 Instituto Rafael Ariztía
 Instituto O'Higgins
 Instituto Alonso de Ercilla
 Instituto San Fernando

Enlaces externos
 Sitio oficial
 Sitio de la Congregación Marista en Chile

Referencias

Limache
Santa Maria
Escuelas de la Región de Valparaíso

Instituto Santa María


The voiced retroflex plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a d, the letter that is used for the corresponding alveolar consonant. Many South Asian languages, such as Hindi and Urdu, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) .

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex stop:

Occurrence

See also
 African D
 Index of phonetics articles

Notes

References

External links

Retroflex consonants
Plosives
Pulmonic consonants
Voiced oral consonants
Central consonants

Voiced retroflex plosive


النابروكسين  هو مشتق افيوني يشابه تركيبة الكودين لكن الفرق أن نابروكسين أنجح وأقوى جسدياً لتخفيف الألم لكن لا يؤثر عقلياً بمستقبلات السيروتونين أو الدوبامين لكن ناجح في تخفيف أي نوع من الألم أكثر من المجموعة الافيونية يستعمل أساساً لتخفيف الألم الحمى والالتهابات الناتجة عن:
 الفصال
 الحصوات الكلوية
 التهاب المفاصل الرثياني
 التهاب المفاصل الصدافي
 تخفيف الأعراض الجانبية من إدمان افيوني
 النقرس
 التهاب الفقار المقسط
 عسر الطمث
 التهاب الأوتار
 التهاب الغضاريف
 التهاب المفاصل الزلالية
ويسوق حول العالم بأسماء تجارية مختلفة منها:Aleve, Anaprox, Antalgin, Feminax Ultra, Flanax, Inza, Midol Extended Relief, Miranax, Nalgesin, Naposin, Naprelan, Naprogesic, Naprosyn, Narocin, Proxen, Synflex,Nexorpan.Nopain.Desman Xenobid.inaprol. وقد تم تسويق الدواء لأول مرة في عام 1976 بوصفة طبية

التركيب والتفاصيل
تبلغ نقطة الانصهار للنابروكسين 153 °م

التخليق
Naproxen has been produced by Syntex industrially as follows:

الأثار الجانبية
الأدوية اللاسترويدية المضادة للالتهابات سواءً تلك اللاانتقائية non-selective اوالانتقائية selective anti-cox II لها علاقة بزيادة خطيرة وقد تكون مميتة في مشاكل عديدة في القلب والاوعية الدموية. ومع ذلك النابروكسين يعتبر أقل هذه الأدوية في مشاكل القلب والاوعية الدموية مثل احتشاء عضلة القلب. وبحسب جميعة القلب الأميركية يعتبر النابروكسين هو الأكثر أمانا مقارنة مع الديكلوفيناك الذي زادت التحذيرات مؤخراً من مخاطره الشديدة على القلب لتصل خطورته لخطورة الادوية الانتقائية أو المعروفة بال anti-cox II مثل سيليكوكسيب «سيليبركس» واتوريكوكسيب «أركوكسيا» حيث تربط الدراسات زيادة الانتقائية على cox-II بزيادة المخاطر على القلب.
نابروكسين مثله مثل باقي هذا النوع من الأدوية يسبب مشاكل في الجهاز الهضمي مثل حرقان المعدة والتهاب المعدة، امساك، أو إسهال، وقرحة معدة في الجرعات العالية لذا ينصح باستخدامه مع مثبطات مضخات البروتون مثل لانسوبرازول أو اوميبرازول

انظر أيضا
 الأسبرين
 الباراسيتامول
 الإيبوبروفين

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

 MedlinePlus Information on naproxen
 FDA Statement on Naproxen, released 20 December 2004
 Alzheimer's Disease Anti-Inflammatory Prevention Trial
 Forbes article (expressing the point of view that the risk of heart attack or stroke was overstated)
 Which NSAID for Heart Disease Patients? - Medscape
 U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Naproxen

أحماض البروبيونيك
أدوية الخيول
أدوية لاستيرويدية مضادة للالتهاب
إيثرات النفثول
خافضات حرارة
علامات تجارية لباير
مسكنات ألم
نفثولات

نابروكسين


Vintilă Davidescu () a fost un general român care a luptat în cel de-al Doilea Război Mondial.

A îndeplinit funcția de secretar general al Ministerului de Război până pe 11 septembrie 1944, când a fost înlocuit cu generalul de divizie Dumitru Carlaonț, urmând a i se încredința altă însărcinare.

După instalarea guvernului Petru Groza, generalul de divizie Vintilă Davidescu a fost trecut din oficiu în poziția de rezervă, alături de alți generali, prin decretul nr. 860 din 24 martie 1945, invocându-se legea nr. 166, adoptată prin decretul nr. 768 din 19 martie 1945, pentru "trecerea din oficiu în rezervă a personalului activ al armatei care prisosește peste nevoile de încadrare".

Note

Legături externe
  Generals.dk

Nașteri în 1890
Decese în 1973
Generali români din Al Doilea Război Mondial

Vintilă Davidescu


المغريط قرية صغيرة، تبعد  9,5 كم عن مركز مدينة اللاذقية  سوريا  - شمالا، وهي تتبع إداريا لمنطقة اللاذقية، عدد سكانها حوالي 1500 نسمة . و تشتهر بزراعة الحمضيات والزيتون

المراجع

تجمعات محافظة اللاذقية السكانية

المغريط


Dead or Alive 5 es un videojuego de lucha perteneciente a la saga de lucha en 3D Dead or Alive. Fue lanzado para las consolas PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita y Xbox 360. Es el primer videojuego multiplataforma de la saga desde Dead or Alive 2.

Lanzamiento

Su primer tráiler surgió en el Tokyo Game Show en septiembre de 2011. En él se pudo ver un combate entre Ryu Hayabusa y Hayate, el tráiler mostró que los jugadores no solo deberán estar pendientes del enemigo, sino también del entorno y que este formará parte esencial del combate, pudiendo afectar a uno de los jugadores o a ambos.

Poco después mostraron unas imágenes donde aparecían Ayane y Hitomi.

El director y productor, Yosuke Hayashi, comentó que quería envolver a los jugadores en la lucha como nunca antes lo había hecho ningún videojuego, criticando en su opinión, la monotoneidad de los juegos de lucha actuales.

En marzo de 2012 se mostró un nuevo gameplay del juego, tratándose de una pelea entre Ayane y Kasumi, y después, otra entre la propia Kasumi contra Akira Yuki, principal personaje de la saga de videojuegos de lucha Virtua Fighter.

Personajes

  Kasumi
  Ayane
  Hayate
  Ryu Hayabusa
  Helena Douglas
  Zack
  Bayman
  Kokoro
  Christie
  Jann Lee
  Lei Fang
  Hitomi
  Bass Armstrong
  Tina Armstrong
  La Mariposa / Lisa Hamilton
  Brad Wong
  Eliot
  Gen Fu
  Alpha-152 (Jefe final)
  Rig
  Mila
  Ein (versión Ultimate)
  Leon (versión Ultimate)
  Marie Rose (versión Ultimate)
  Phase-4 (versión Ultimate)
  Nyotengu (versión Ultimate)
  Raidou (versión Last Round)
  Honoka (versión Last Round)

Otros Personajes

De Virtua Fighter
  Akira Yuki
  Sarah Bryant
  Pai Chan
  Jacky Bryant (versión Ultimate)

De Ninja Gaiden
 Rachel (versión Ultimate)
  Momiji (versión Ultimate)

De Samurai Warriors 4
  Naotora Ii (versión Last Round)

De Fatal Fury/The King of Fighters
  Mai Shiranui (versión Last Round)

Escenarios
 Jaleo
 Zona de guerra
 El gran circo
 Flujo
 Sakura
 Combustible
 Espectáculo de lucha
 Hogar
 Profundidad
 Santuario
 Templo del dragón
 Los confines de la tierra
 La calle
 Vivo o muerto
 Espectáculo de tigres
 Sudor
 Laboratorio
 Isla de Zack (DLC gratuito)
 Tokio Sky City (versión Ultimate)
 Mundo perdido (versión Ultimate)
 Bosque (versión Ultimate)
 Portaviones (versión Ultimate)
 Desierto árido (versión Ultimate)

Secuelas

Dead or Alive 5 Plus
Dead or Alive 5 Plus es una versión mejorada de DOA5 para PlayStation Vita lanzado en marzo de 2013. El juego agrega más opciones para el modo Entrenamiento y un modo de juego táctil. En realidad, fue mejor recibido que el DOA5 original, con puntajes de revisión promedio de 83.40% en GameRankings y 80/100 en Metacritic.

Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate
Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate es una versión actualizada de DOA5 lanzada en septiembre de 2013 para PlayStation 3 y Xbox 360, [125] disponible en tiendas y en formato digital. Ultimate incluye nuevos modos y algunas características de Dead or Alive 5 Plus, así como varios escenarios y luchadores nuevos (incluyendo Ninja Gaidens Rachel y Momiji, y Virtua Fighters Jacky Bryant, así como el regreso de los personajes Leon y la identidad karateka amnésica de Hayate, Ein, de Dead or Alive 2), y características totalmente nuevas, como batallas multijugador en línea de dos contra dos, entre muchos otros cambios. Tres nuevos personajes femeninos: Marie Rose, Phase-4 y Nyotengu, se unieron a la lista del juego en 2014.

Una versión digital gratuita, titulada Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate: Core Fighters, que presenta cuatro personajes jugables y el modo en línea, con personajes adicionales y contenido del modo historia disponible como contenido descargable para la compra, fue lanzada para la PlayStation 3 a través de PlayStation Store junto con la versión comercial. Una versión arcade titulada Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate: Arcade fue desarrollada en cooperación con Sega (Ringedge 2 Hardware) para su lanzamiento solo en Japón a finales de 2013, que también incluye a los tres nuevos personajes que se introdujeron en esta versión como DLC para la versión de consola.

Dead or Alive 5 Last Round
Dead or Alive 5 Last Round para PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One y Microsoft Windows (a través de Steam) fue lanzado en febrero de 2015 para las consolas y el mes siguiente en Steam. Tiene un lanzamiento solo digital para PlayStation 3 y Xbox 360 y un lanzamiento físico para PlayStation 4 y Xbox One, que incluye una versión gratuita para las últimas consolas. Entre otros cambios, el jefe original de Dead or Alive, Raidou, regresa como un cyborg, junto con un nuevo personaje femenino llamado Honoka.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Videojuegos de 2012
Videojuegos de lucha
Videojuegos de ninjas
Videojuegos para PlayStation 3
Videojuegos para PlayStation Vita
Videojuegos para Xbox 360
Videojuegos de Team Ninja
Videojuegos de Koei Tecmo
Videojuegos de Dead or Alive
Videojuegos ambientados en el siglo XXI
Videojuegos con protagonistas femeninas
Videojuegos ambientados en Japón
Videojuegos ambientados en China
Videojuegos ambientados en la Antártida
Videojuegos con antagonistas femeninas
Videojuegos con finales alternativos
Videojuegos de un solo jugador y de multijugador

Dead or Alive 5


قوة تسارع منخفضة أو  هي مرحلة ايروديناميكية الطيران بحيث يكون الطيار وهيكل الطائرة منعدمي الوزن بشكل مؤقت، بسبب أن الطائرة تكون بحالة سقوط حر أو تباطؤ عمودي عند قمة الصعود. وقد تحدث بشكل أفقي عند المناورات الالتفاف. وقد يكون لها تأثير مدمر للطائرة، خصوصا لدى المروحيات، فهيكل البعض منها يحتاج أن يكون مقدار حملها لاصفري وبشكل دائم.

التأثير
بالطائرات الصغيرة

معظم الطائرات الصغيرة وأيضا جميع الطائرات الشراعية ليست لديهم مشكلة مع حالة 0 g وهي حالة انعدام الوزن، وبالواقع هؤلاء يستمتعون بحالة صفر للجاذبية داخل قمرة القيادة الطائرة. ولإنتاج تلك الحالة فإن الطائرة ستستخدم الطيران الباليستي (القذفي)، وهي بالأساس قطع مكافئ مقلوب. وهي الطريقة الوحيدة لإنتاج حالة جاذبية تعادل الصفر على الأرض.

المروحيات

بالمقابل، فإن حالة التسارع المنخفض قد يكون مدمر للمروحيات. وفي مثل تلك الحالات فإن الدوار قد ينتقل من الحدود العادية إلى حالة تعرف باهتزاز السارية، فيسبب بانحناء الدوار وقطع السارية، وبالتالي فصل النظام بأكمله من الطائرة، مسببة بسقوطها على الأرض. وهذا ينطبق بقوة على المروحية ذات الدوار شبه الثابت التي تحتوي على ريشتين كما هو بمعظم المروحيات الخفيفة.

وقد اكتشفت تلك الظاهرة أول مرة بعد حدوث العديد من الحوادث التي اصابت المروحيات من نوع (Bell UH-1) و(AH-1). وقد كانت تصطدم بالأرض بدون أي سبب واضح. ولكن اكتشف بعد ذلك بأن أكثرها يقع أثناء الطيران المنخفض بالمرور بسلسلة من التلال ثم تبدأ بالنزول بعد الارتفاع. أما أنظمة الدوارات المفصلية بالكامل والثابتة فلا تخسر تحكمها حتى بحالة 0 g، ولكنها قد تواجه تلك الحالة متوقفة على المفاصل المتحركة لتتوازن مع الصاري، ولكن لايقع بها الحالات الخطرة كتمايل الدوار

الطائرات ثابتة الجناح

يستطيع حالة انخفاض التسارع التأثير بطائرة عند بعض الحلات، خصوصا عند تخلخل تيار الهواء المار على الأجنحة، مسببة بصعوبة أو تعطيل التحكم بالأسطح الإيروديناميكية.

فالتحكم بالطائرة خلال أسطح التوجيه يعتمد فقط على السرعة الجوية. لذلك فالمحافظة على السرعة هو أفضل أنواع التحكم. وقد تزداد المقدرة على التحكم، بسبب عدم الحاجة لإنتاج رفع. وبالرغم من زيادة الرفع، فإن قوة التسارع (g-force) ستمنع أي حركة استعراضية لأن السرعة ازدادت فيحصل التسوية ما بين السرعة وقوة التسارع الضرورية. تعتبر قوة 0 g هي المشكلة الأبسط للطائرات، ولكن هناك استثناءات على سبيل المثال لا الحصر، فالطائرات ذات نظام تغذية وقود بالجاذبية، وتكون بحالة سرعة منخفضة عند قوة تسارع 0 g، فإنها ستنهار إن لم ترفع من سرعتها.

الاستخدام في وكالات الفضاء
كل وكالة تستخدم طائرات مدنية نفاثة معدلة (التعديل من ناحية المحركات وذلك بتقويتها) لتشبيه حالة تسارع منخفض. وكالة الفضاء الأوروبية تستخدم ايرباص A300 على سبيل المثال. ناسا تستخدم طائرة تسمى (Vomit Comet). عملية تشبيه ل0 g هي قطع مكافئ المقلوب وتستغرق 25 ثانية.

جاذبية
ديناميكا هوائية
مخاطر الطيران
مصطلحات الطيران
مفاهيم رحلات الفضاء

قوة تسارع منخفضة


Velebitska priča je hrvatski dokumentarni film o Domovinskom ratu i Planinskoj satniji Velebit. Film govori što se događalo od 1991. do 1995. na južnom Velebitu. Proizvođač filma je MMC Kopriva 2011. godine. Postrojba je osnovana u Hrvatskom planinarskom savezu ljeta 1991. godine. Postrojba je uskoro postala Specijalna postrojba Glavnog stožera HV-e, u sastavu koje bilo je stotinjak dragovoljaca. Dragovoljci te postrojbe bili su ponajbolji hrvatski alpinisti, speleolozi, visokogorski planinari i gorski spašavatelji iz planinskih društava Hrvatskog planinarskog saveza, koji su se dobrovoljno okupili oko zapovjednika Jerka Kirigina sa željom da u obrani države sa svojim visokogorskim iskustvom budu najkorisniji na području koje od svih najbolje poznaju - na planini Velebitu.

Film je na festivalima dokumentarnog filma u Hrvatskoj i inozemstvu ostvario zapažene rezultate.

Vanjske poveznice
YouTube - Velebitska satnija
Portal Hrvatskoga kulturnog vijeća Recenzija J. Novaka

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi o Domovinskom ratu

Velebitska priča


Nitzer Ebb () is a British EBM group formed in 1982 by Essex school friends Vaughan "Bon" Harris (programming, synthesizers, drums, vocals), Douglas McCarthy (vocals), and David Gooday (drums). The band was originally named La Comédie De La Mort but soon discarded that and chose the name Nitzer Ebb by cutting up words and letters and arranging them randomly to create something Germanic without using actual German words.

History

Initial releases (1983–1987)
The group released their demo Basic Pain Procedure in 1983, but it was two years until they met PWL producer Phil Harding, who produced their 1985 debut single "Isn't It Funny How Your Body Works?" and helped them set up their own label, Power Of Voice Communications. The band at the time was inspired by the post-punk scene and specifically acts like "Siouxsie and the Banshees, Killing Joke and Bauhaus who were having a big influence on us, in some ways stylistically but also in the energy that they gave".

They released three more singles on their own label, "Warsaw Ghetto" (1985), "Warsaw Ghetto Remixes" (1986) and "Let Your Body Learn" (1986), before signing to Mute Records in 1986. The singles "Murderous" (1986) and "Let Your Body Learn" (1987) followed, building their reputation in the Industrial Rock and EBM scenes, as well as making inroads into the developing Chicago House scene.

"Join In The Chant" (1987) became part of the Balearic beat scene that influenced the UK acid house scene.

International success, disbandment (1987–1995)
Their debut album That Total Age was released in 1987. Depeche Mode, longtime friends and label mates of the band, invited them to open for the European leg of their successful Music For The Masses Tour in 1987.

David Gooday left after the tour and they completed their next album Belief (1989) as a duo. Mark 'Flood' Ellis became their new producer. They recruited Julian Beeston to assist them on their own world tour, and he soon became a regular contributor both on and off stage.

In 1989, they teamed with German EBM pioneers Die Krupps to rerecord their 1981 single "Wahre Arbeit - Wahrer Lohn" as "The Machineries of Joy".

The third Nitzer Ebb album Showtime, released in 1990, revealed a less confrontational sound. The single "Fun to Be Had" (1990) featured a remix by George Clinton and was a hit on the US dance chart.

Their fourth album, Ebbhead (1991), showcased a more traditional songwriting style with an emphasis on melodic choruses was produced by Alan Wilder from Depeche Mode and Flood. They promoted the album with a global tour that took them from the southern U.S. to northern Siberia (in the Siberian city of Barnaul).

Their fifth album, Big Hit (1995), featured a greater use of 'real' instruments, especially guitars and drums. McCarthy and Harris recruited Jason Payne (percussion), to their main line-up and brought in John Napier (guitar, percussion) to assist with live performances.

Big Hit was the final release by the band for almost 15 years. McCarthy was a regular collaborator with Alan Wilder's Recoil project, and he records with French electronic producer Terence Fixmer as Fixmer/McCarthy. Bon Harris moved to Los Angeles, where he became a successful producer and recorded as 13mg and as a member of Maven.

Reunion (2006–present)

Nitzer Ebb began work on new material in Los Angeles in early 2007, with a retrospective documentary still in the pipeline. During 2007, Nitzer Ebb continued its trend of replacing drummers as Kourtney Klein left the band to be replaced by Jason Payne. A first track, "Once You Say", with Depeche Mode songwriter Martin L. Gore on backing vocals, was played in June 2007 by Dave Clarke in his White Noise show on VPRO's 3 Voor 12. This track, along with "Payroll", were debuted live as Nitzer Ebb played a handful of shows and festivals during 2007. These tracks were then featured on Nitzer Ebb's album, Industrial Complex.

McCarthy and Harris reunited up with Jason Payne and producer Flood to finish up the first new Nitzer Ebb record in over a decade. In the meantime, Fixmer/McCarthy released its second album in June 2008, Into the Night.

The band announced a US tour for fall–winter 2009 and were selected as the opening act of the January and February European and Russian dates of Depeche Mode's Tour of the Universe in 2010.

In 2019, the band announced a North American tour that included the original band members David Gooday and Simon Granger. In 2021, the band continued more tour dates including in Europe.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Harris and McCarthy got together to work on a side project called D-R-A-G.

In November 2021, McCarthy collapsed before a show in Palm Beach, Florida and had to go to the hospital. The band emphasized it was due to complications from a pre-existing illness and it had nothing to do with COVID-19. The band went on to perform with Harris on lead vocals.

Influences and legacy
The single "Murderous" has been sampled by other electronic music acts, such as Information Society (on "Now That I Have You") and Kode IV (on "Success"). Nitzer Ebb's early tracks also made inroads to techno culture, notably in Richie Hawtin's 1999 DJ mix, Decks, EFX & 909.

Band members

Members
 Bon Harris – programming, synthesizers, drums, vocals, bass (1982–present)
 Douglas McCarthy – vocals, guitars (1982–present)
 David Gooday – vocals, drums (1982–1987, 2019–present)
Simon Granger – writing, arrangement and artwork (1983–1995, 2019–present)

Former members
 Duc Nhan Nguyen – drums (1987–1988)
 Julian Beeston – drums (1989–1992)
Jason Payne – drums (1992–1995, 2007–2019)

Touring members
 David Lovering – drums (1994–1995)
 John Napier – guitars, percussion (1995)
 Kourtney Klein – drums (2006–2007)

Discography

Studio albums and EPs

Soundtracks
 Saw IV "Payroll (John O Mix)" (2007)
 Grand Theft Auto IV "Let Your Body Learn" (2008)
 NCIS "Promises" (2009)
 Saw VI "Never Known" (2009)
 Saw VII "Promises" (2010)
 Castle "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" (2010)
 Tony Hawk: Ride (video game) "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" (2010)
 The Following "Murderous" (2013)

Singles

B-sides and non-album tracks

Music videos
 Murderous (1987)
 Let Your Body Learn (1987)
 Control I'm Here (1988)
 Hearts and Minds (1989)
 Shame (1989)
 The Machineries of Joy (1989)
 Lightning Man (1990)
 Fun to Be Had (1990)
 Family Man (1991)
 I Give to You (1991)
 Godhead (1992)
 Ascend (1992)
 Kick It (1995)
 I Thought (1995)

Tributes
 Muscle and Hate - Nilaihah Records, (2005)

References

External links

 NITZEREBBPRODUKT - Official website

British electronic body music groups
British industrial music groups
British musical quartets
English dance music groups
English musical trios
English techno music groups
English electronic music groups
English new wave musical groups
Geffen Records artists
Musical groups from Essex
Musical groups established in 1982
Mute Records artists
1982 establishments in England
Rhythm King artists

Nitzer Ebb


පුවක් වලින් ඩයි වර්ණක සාදයි,පුවක් තාල වර්ගයට අයත් ගසකි. පුවක් ගෙඩි විට කෑමට යොදා ගනී.හෙක්ටයාර් 1ක තනි පුවක් වගාවකින් ලක්ෂ 5ක පමණ ආදායමක් වාර්ෂිකව උපයාගත හැකිය. තනි වගාවකදී හෙක්ටයාර් 1ක සිටුවිය  හැකි පුවක් ගස් ප්‍රමාණය 1100කි. වසරකට පුවක් ගසකින් ගෙඩි 750කට වඩා නෙළාගත හැකිය. තනි වගාවක් මෙන්ම උස් සෙවණ ශාක සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වගාවක් ලෙස ද ඇළ වේලි දිගටද වැට මායිම්වලද පුවක් වගා කළ හැකි ය.

ගෙඩියේ වර්ණය හා ප්‍රමාණය අනුව වෙනස්කම් ඇති පුවක් වගා දර්ශ දැකිය හැකි වේ.

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වර්තමාන ආර්ථිකයට සුවිශාල රුකුලක් බවට පත් වී තිබෙන වැවිල්ලක් ලෙස පුවක් වගාව ප්‍රචලිත වී තිබේ. අපනයන කෘෂි භෝගයක් ලෙස පුවක් වගාව අන්තර්ජාතික මට්ටමින්ද කීර්තියක් ලබා තිබීමද සුවිශේෂ වේ. මෑත කාලයේ සුළු පරිමාණ පුවක් වගාකරුවකුට වුවද, තම ආර්ථික මට්ටම සාර්ථක ලෙස ගොඩනඟාගැනීමට හැකියාව ලැබී තිබේ.

හෙක්ටයාර් 1ක තනි පුවක් වගාවකින් ලක්ෂ 5ක පමණ ආදායමක් වාර්ෂිකව උපයාගත හැකිය. තනි වගාවකදී හෙක්ටයාර් 1ක සිටුවිය හැකි පුවක් ගස් ප්‍රමාණය 1100කි. වසරකට පුවක් ගසකින් ගෙඩි 750කට වඩා නෙළාගත හැකිය. තනි වගාවක් මෙන්ම උස් සෙවණ ශාක සමඟ මිශ්‍ර වගාවක් ලෙස ද ඇළ වේලි දිගටද වැට මායිම්වලද පුවක් වගා කළ හැකි ය.

ගෙඩියේ වර්ණය හා ප්‍රමාණය අනුව වෙනස්කම් ඇති පුවක් වගා දර්ශ දැකිය හැකි වේ. මේ අනුව 'දේශීය පුවක්' හා 'හම්බන් පුවක්' ලෙස වර්ග දෙකක්ද විදේශවලින් ගෙනැවිත් ව්‍යාප්ත කළ 'රට පුවක්' නමැති ප්‍රභේදයද දැකිය හැකිය.

පුවක් වගාව සඳහා සුදුසු පාරිසරික තත්ත්ව

මුහුදු මට්ටමේ සිට මීටර් 1000ට වැඩි ප්‍රදේශ සුදුසු වේ. වාර්ෂික වර්ෂාපතනය 1750ට වැඩි හොඳින් පැතිරුණු වර්ෂාපතනයක් අවශ්‍ය වේ. උෂ්ණත්වය සෙල්සියස් අංශක 15-32ක පරාසය සුදුසු වේ. තවද මේ වගාව සඳහා හොඳින් ජලය බැස යන ලෝම පස සුදුසුය. පසේ ප්‍රමාණවත් තරම් තෙතමනය රැඳිය යුතුෙය. සිටුවා පළමු වසර 2-3ක කාලයක් තුළ 40%ක් පමණ සෙවණ සැපයීම අවශ්‍ය වේ. වයස්ගත වත්ම මඳ සෙවණ තත්ත්වයන් තුළ වඩා හොඳ අස්වැන්නක් ලබා දේ. උස් සෙවණ සහිත බෑවූම් ඉඩම් සුදුසුය.

ප්‍රචාරණය

පුවක් බීජ ලබාගැනීම සඳහා මවු ශාක තෝරාගැනීම පැළ සිටුවා අවුරුදු 5කින් පමණ පළමු අස්වැන්න (පිදීම) ලැබීමට හැකි වීම. අවුරුදු 10ත්-15ත් අතර වයස ශාක වඩා සුදුසුය. මීටර් 5ත්-10ත් අතර උසකින්ද 25-45 cm විෂ්කම්භයකින්ද යුක්ත ශාක විය යුතුය. කඳෙහි පර්ව කෙටි වීම (20කට අඩු) සුදුසුය. මස්තකයේ වැඩි පත්‍ර සංඛ්‍යාවක් තිබීම. (10ට වැඩි විය යුතු ය) ඒකාකාරීව පල දරන ශාකයක් වීම. පල දරන කාලයෙහි හොඳින් වැඩුණු පුෂ්ප මංජරී 3ත්-4ත් අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් ගසේ තිබිය යුතුය. ඒවා කඩා හැලෙන ස්වභාවයෙන් තොර විය යුතු ය. ඉත්හත ඇති ගෙඩි සංඛාව වැඩි වීම (250ක් පමණ වීම) මෝරන විට එම ගෙඩි හැලී යෑම අවම වීම.

සිටුවීම සඳහා පුවක් තෝරාගැනීම

හොඳින් ඉඳුණු පසු පුවක් ගෙඩි තෝරාගත යුතු ය. පුවක් ඉඳීමට සාමාන්‍යයෙන් මල් පීපී 9 1/2 - 10 1/2ක් පමණ කාලයක් ගත වේ. බරෙන් වැඩි පුවක් ගෙඩි විය යුතුය. ගෙඩිය ඇතුළත බීජයේ දිග සෙ.මී 3.5ක් හා විෂ්කම්භය 2.5ක් වීම අවශ්‍ය වේ. අලුත් පුවක් ගෙඩි (නෙළාගත් වහාම) පැළ කිරීමට සුදුසු වේ. ජලයේ සිරස්ව පාවෙන පුවක් වඩාත්ම සුදුසුය.

තවාන් දැමීම

තවාන් දැමීම අස්වනු නෙළාගැනීමත් සමඟම තෝරාගත් පුවක් ගෙඩිවල නටුවට සවි වූ පැත්ත (ඇස්ස) උඩ අතට සිටින සේ සෙ.මී. 5-6 පරතරයට ප්‍රාථමික තවානක සිටුවාගත යුතුය.දිනපතා ජල සම්පාදන කළ යුතුය. සාමාන්‍යයෙන් බීජ තවාන් කර මාස එකහමාරකින් පමණ ප්‍රරෝහණය ආරම්භ වී මාස තුනක සමඟ කාලයක් තුළ සිදු වේ. ප්‍රාථමික තවාන මීටරයක් පළලට තරමක් දික්ව හා සෙ.මී 15ක් උසට සිටින සේ වැලි හෝ මතුපිට පස්වලින් හෝ වැලි හා මතුපිට පස් මිශ්‍රණයකින් සාදාගත හැකිය. පත්‍ර 2-3ක වැඩෙන පැළ සෙ.මී. 30X20 ප්‍රමාණයේ පොලිතීන් බඳුන් තුළ පිහිටුවා ගත යුතු ය. මෙම බඳුන් මතුපිට පස් , කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය හා වැලි 1: 1: 1 අනුපාතයට සැකසූ මිශ්‍රණයකින් පුරවා ගත යුතු ය. වියළී උෂ්ණ කාලගුණවල දී ජලය හා අවශ්‍ය පරිදි සෙවණ සැපයිය යුතුය. පැළයට කෙළින්ම හිරුඑළිය වැටුණ හොත් පැළයේ වර්ධනය බාල වීම මෙන් ම පත්‍ර කහ පාට වීම, වර්ධනය දුර්වල වී ඒවා ඒවා පිලිස්සීම සම පැළ මැරී යෑම සිදු වේ.

ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ සිටුවීම සඳහා පැළ තේරීම

සිටුවන අවස්ථාවේදී පැළයක විසිරුණු පත්‍ර ගණන හතරට වැඩි විය යුතුය. සිහින් වූ උස් පැළවලට වඩා කඳ මහත, උසින් අඩු පැළ වඩාත් සුදුසු වේ.

ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ පුවක් පැළයක් සිටුවීම

ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ පැළ සිටුවීම යල-මහ වැසි ආරම්භයත් සමඟ සිදු කිරීම සුදුසු වේ. පුවක් පැළයක් සිටු වීම සඳහා අඩි 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 x 1 1/2 ප්‍රමාණයේ වළක් සකසාගත යුතු ය. කාබනික ද්‍රව්‍ය මිශ්‍ර මතුපිට පස් සෙ.මී. 15 පමණ පිරවිය යුතුය. පුවක් පැළ හා පේළි අතර පරතරය අඩි 10 x10 වන සේ සිටුවාගත යුතු ය. සකසාගත් වළේ ගැඹුරින් සිටුවීම මඟින් සුළඟට ඇදවැටීම පාලනය වන අතර, පසු කාලයක වැඩි අස්වැන්නක්ද ලැබේ.

පැළය සිටුවා පොල් අතු, කෙසෙල් අතු වැනි තාවකාලික සෙවණක් සැපයිය යුතු ය. හිරු එළිය කෙළින්ම පතිත වූ විට පත්‍ර පිලිස්සී වර්ධනය අඩු වේ. පැළ සිටුවා වසර දෙකකට පසු පැළයේ ඇති ගැට සංඛ්‍යාව හතරකට වඩා වැඩි විය යුතුය. ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ පැළ සිටුවා වසර පහකින් ප්‍රථම අස්වැන්න නෙළාගත හැකි විය යුතුය. එක් එක් අවස්ථාවේදී දුර්වල පැළ ඉවත් කිරීමද කළ යුතුය. පුවක් යනු අවුරුදු 40ක්-50ක් පමණ ජීවත් වන ගසක් බැවින් හොඳ අස්වැන්නක් ලබා දෙන සුදුසු පැළයක් මුල දීම සිටු වීම අනාගතය වෙනුවෙන් ඉටු කරන වැදගත් මෙහෙවරක් බව කිව යුතුය. පුවක් වගාව නඩත්තු කටයුතු අඩු, පහසු වගාවකි.

පොහොර යෙදීම

කොම්පෝස්ට්/ ගොවිපළ පෙහොර පැළයකට කි.ග්රෑම් 12 ක් පැළ සිටුවා පළමු වසරේ සිට යෙදීම සුදුසු ය. නයිට්‍රජන් පෝෂක ද්‍රව්‍ය ග්රෑම් 100, පොස්පරස් පෝෂක ද්‍රව්‍ය ග්රෑම් 40, පොටෑසියම් පෝෂක ද්‍රව්‍ය ග්රෑම් 140 ක් වශයෙන් රසායනික පොහොර යෙදිය යුතුය. ක්ෂේත්‍රයේ පැළ සිටුවා පළමු අවුරුද්දේ මුළු ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 1/3ක්ද, දෙවන අවුරුද්දේ මුළු ප්‍රමාණයෙන් 2/3ක්ද , තුන්වන අවුරුද්දේ සිට මුළු ප්‍රමාණයමද යෙදිය යුතුය.

අස්වැන්න

ගෙඩි හට ගැනීම පැළ සිටුවා අවුරුදු 6-7කින් සිදු වන අතර, අවුරුදු 10-15කින් උපරිමයට පත් වී එය අවුරුදු 40ක් පමණ පවතී. පසුව අස්වැන්න අඩු වේ. රට පුවක් ජූලි සිට සැත්තැම්බර් දක්වාද සිංහල පුවක් ඔක්තෝබර් සිට අප්‍රේල් දක්වාද අස්වැන්න ලබා දේ. දේශීය එක් පුවක් ගසකින් පුවක් ඉති 3ක්-5ක් පමණ අවුරුද්දකට ලබාගත හැකි අතර, එක් ඉත්තකින් ගෙඩි 250ක්-400ක් පමණ ලබාගත හැකිය.

පුවක් කල් තබාගැනීමේ ක්‍රම

මඩ පුවක් - පල් පුවක් /

නිර්වායු තත්ත්වයට පත් කිරීමෙන්

කරුංකා - අව්වේ වියළා ගැනීමෙන්

පෙති පුවක් - නොමේරූ පුවක් කපා

වියළා ගැනීමෙන්

පුවක්


කඩවර කංකාරිය පවත්වන පලාත්

කඩවර  කංකාරිය කන්ද උඩරට පමණක් නොවෙයි, උතුරුමැද හා වයඹ යන පළාත්වලත් දකින්න ලැබෙනවා. උතුරුමැද පළාතේ පවත්වන කඩවර නැටීම, කොහොඹා යක් කංකාරියේ එක් අවස්ථාවක් ලෙස ගත හැකියි. වයඹ පළාතේ ක නැටීම, දළකඩවරට ගොටු පිදේනි කැපකොට දීමට සීමාවන්නක් ලෙස දැක්වීමට පුළුවන්. උඩරට මධ්‍යම පළාතේ කඩවර යක් කංකාරියේ දී රීරි කඩවර, කොට කඩවර, රතිකඩවර, දළ කඩවර යන යකුන්ට වෙන වෙනම දොළ පිදේනි, ගොටු කැපකොට දෙනවා. පන්යක්‌කම, කපුයක්‌කම, නයියක්‌කම, වැදියක්‌කම, දරුයක්‌කම, බොරුයක්‌කම, මහයක්‌කම යන යක්‌කම් හතක් මුළු රැයක් එළිවන තෙක් පවත්වනවා.

කඩවර කංකාරිය පවත්වන අවස්තා

නිසි කාලයට දරුගැබ් ගැනීම් සිදුනොවීම, හටගත් ගැබ ගබ්සාවීම, නියමිත කාලයට මාස් ශුද්ධිය ඇති නොවීම, කිලිමාල, ලේමාල වැළඳීම මෙන්ම මල්වර දෝෂ, තනිකම් දෝෂ, රතිකම් දෝෂ, ඇඟ වෙව්ලීම ආදී ස්‌ත්‍රීන් හා සම්බන්ධ වූ ලෙඩ රෝග හා සබැඳි යක්ෂයන්ට පවත්වන තොවිලයක් ලෙස කඩවර කංකාරිය සැලකෙනවා. එමෙන්ම දරු ප්‍රසූතිය පමාවීම, අංගවිකල දරුවන් බිහිවීම, බිහි වූ දරුවන් විවිධ සංකූලතා නිසා දින කිහිපයකින් මරණයට පත්වීම සෞඛ්‍ය පිළිවෙත් දියුණු නොවූ පුරාණයේ බහුල වූ අතර, ඒවා සිදුවන්නේ ද කඩවර බැල්ම නිසා බව එකල දැඩි සේ විශ්වාස කළා.

මේ ලෙඩරෝගවලින් කාන්තාවන් නිදහස්‌කර ගැනීමට කඩවර යක්ෂයාට පුද පූජා දොළ පිදේනි පුදා සතුටු කළ යුතු බව යි සැලකුණේ. එසේ යක්ෂයා සතුටුකර තම බලාපොරොත්තු ඉටුකර ගැනීමට තුන්තිස් පැයක්  මුළුල්ලේ කඩවර යක් කංකාරියක් පැවැත්විය යුතු බව විශ්වාස කර තිබෙනවා.

කඩවර සමයම


The Gospel of the Hebrews (), or Gospel according to the Hebrews, is a lost Jewish–Christian gospel. The text of the gospel is lost, with only fragments of it surviving as brief quotations by the early Church Fathers and in apocryphal writings. The fragments contain traditions of Jesus' pre-existence, incarnation, baptism, and probably of his temptation, along with some of his sayings. Distinctive features include a Christology characterized by the belief that the Holy Spirit is Jesus' Divine Mother and a first resurrection appearance to James, the brother of Jesus, showing a high regard for James as the leader of the Jewish Christian church in Jerusalem. It was probably composed in Greek in the first decades of the 2nd century, and is believed to have been used by Greek-speaking Jewish Christians in Egypt during that century.

The Gospel of the Hebrews is the only Jewish–Christian gospel which the Church Fathers referred to by name, believing there was only one Hebrew Gospel, perhaps in different versions. This has created confusion as modern scholars believe that the Church Fathers were in reality quoting three different gospels. All are known today only from fragments preserved in quotations by the early Church Fathers. Modern scholars have given these three different gospels the working name Gospel of the Hebrews, the Gospel of the Nazarenes and the Gospel of the Ebionites.

Passages from the gospel of the Hebrews were quoted or summarized by three Alexandrian Fathers – Clement, Origen and Didymus the Blind; it was also quoted by Jerome, either directly or through the commentaries of Origen. The Gospel did not contain the genealogical records or the virgin birth narrative now appended to the Greek gospels.

The gospel was used as a supplement to the canonical gospels to provide source material for their commentaries based on scripture. Eusebius included it in his list of disputed writings known as the Antilegomena, noting that it was used by "Hebrews" within the Church; it fell out of use when the New Testament canon was codified at the end of the 4th century.

Origin and characteristics
The Gospel of the Hebrews, as known to scholars, is thought to have been composed in Greek. The provenance has been associated with Egypt; it probably began circulating in Alexandria, Egypt, in the first decades of the 2nd century and was used by Greek-speaking Jewish–Christian communities there. The communities to which they belonged were traditional, conservative Christians who followed the teaching of the primitive Christian church in Jerusalem, integrating their understanding of Jesus with strict observance of Jewish customs and law, which they regarded as essential to salvation. Despite this, the gospel displays no connection with other Jewish–Christian literature, nor does it appear to be based on the Greek rendition of the Gospel of Matthew or the other canonical gospels of what is now orthodox Christianity. Instead, it seems to be taken from alternative oral forms of the same underlying traditions. Some of the fragments suggest a syncretic gnostic influence, while others support close ties to traditional Jewish Wisdom literature.

Content

The Gospel of the Hebrews is preserved in fragments quoted or summarized by various early Church Fathers. The full extent of the original gospel is unknown; according to a list of canonical and apocryphal works drawn up in the 9th century, known as the Stichometry of Nicephorus, the gospel was 2,200 lines, just 300 lines shorter than Matthew. Based on the surviving fragments, the overall structure of the gospel appears to have been similar to the canonical ones. It consisted of a narrative of the life of Jesus which included his baptism, temptation, transfiguration, Last Supper, crucifixion, and resurrection. The gospel also contained sayings of Jesus. The events in the life of Jesus have been interpreted in a way that reflects Jewish ideas present in a Hellenistic cultural environment.

There is wide agreement about seven quotations cited by Philipp Vielhauer in the critical 3rd German edition of Wilhelm Schneemelcher's New Testament Apocrypha, translated by George Ogg. The translations below follow Vielhauer's order:

Fragment 1 identifies Jesus as the son of the Holy Spirit; this idea is found also in the Egyptian Coptic Epistle of James, another indication of the Egyptian origin of the gospel.

Fragment 2 uses the language of Jewish Wisdom literature, but applies it to the Holy Spirit: the Spirit has waited through all the prophets for the Son. The "rest" that the Holy Spirit finds in the Son may belongs to the Christian gnostic idea of the pre-existent Redeemer who finally becomes incarnate in Jesus.

Fragments 2 and 3, giving accounts of Jesus' baptism and temptation or transfiguration, spring from the widespread Greco-Roman myth of the descent of divine Wisdom; this underlies the parallel passages in the gospels of Matthew (11:25–30), Luke (7:18–35 and 11:49–51) and John (1:1–18), as well as the Gospel of Thomas. The differences between fragment 3 and the orthodox canonical gospels are considerable: their third-person narrative has become an account by Jesus himself, Satan is replaced by the Holy Spirit, and the Holy Spirit is identified as Jesus' mother.

Fragment 4 is a "chain-saying", seek–find–marvel–reign–rest, describing the steps towards salvation, where "rest" equals the state of salvation. The saying is similar to themes found in Jewish Wisdom literature, and the similarity to a saying in the Gospel of Thomas suggests that the text may have been influenced by gnostic Wisdom teaching.

Fragments 5 (on Ephesians 5.4) and 6 (on Ezekiel 18.7) are ethical sayings of Jesus, suggesting that such teachings formed a significant part of the gospel.

Fragment 7 emphasizes the importance of James, the brother of Jesus and head of the Jewish–Christian movement in Jerusalem after Jesus' death, thereby testifying to the Jewish character of the community of the gospel.

In addition to direct quotations, other gospel stories were summarized or cited by the Church Fathers. The translations below are from Vielhauer & Strecker (1991), except "b2" which is from Klauck (2003):

The summary of a gospel passage identifies Mattias, (which is the Greek form of Matthew, from Hebrew Matityahu, meaning "gift of God") as the name of the tax-collector who was called to follow Jesus.

The citation by Eusebius of a story he found in the writings of Papias is believed to refer to an alternate version of the account in John's gospel of Jesus and the woman taken in adultery.

Although Didymus does not name his source, he found this independent tradition of the story of the sinful woman in a non-canonical gospel in Alexandria which may have been the Gospel of the Hebrews.

Christology
The theology of the gospel is strongly influenced by Jewish–Christian wisdom teaching. The Holy Spirit is represented as a manifestation of Divine Wisdom who is called "Mother". The feminine aspect of the Spirit is an indication of Semitic influence on the language of the gospel. The Spirit takes Jesus to Mount Tabor by a single hair, echoing Old Testament themes in the stories of Ezekiel (Ezkiel 8:3) and Habbakuk (Dan. 14:36 LXX). The gospel emphasizes the fulfillment of the prophecy of Isaiah 11:2 in Jesus' baptism, but also adopts elements of Jewish Wisdom theology. The Spirit has been gathered in one place at the moment of Jesus' baptism, so that he has become the only Son of the Spirit in which he has found eternal "rest" and reigns forever. The "seek–find" and "rule–rest" language also comes from Jewish Wisdom tradition as stages on the way to salvation during which the believer is encouraged to emulate divine Wisdom.

The "rest" that the Holy Spirit waits for and finally finds in the Son is also found in Gnostic speculations. The wisdom chain-saying which describes the progression of seeking, marveling, and finding salvation, is similar to the Hermetic conception of salvation found in the Alexandrian . "Rest" is not only to be understood as the ultimate goal of the seeker after truth, which leads to salvation; it is also descriptive of a unity with the wisdom which lies at the heart of the Godhead. The "resting" of the Holy Spirit at the moment of Jesus' Baptism may also be understood in this timeless sense, as the union and rest of the pre-existent Son with his Father, in keeping with the Gnostic conception of "rest" as the highest gift of salvation.

Reception

Eusebius listed the Gospel of the Hebrews in his Antilegomena as one of the disputed writings of the early Church. Despite this, the Church Fathers occasionally used it, with reservations, as a source to support their exegetical arguments. Eusebius reports that the 2nd century Church Father Hegesippus used the gospel as a source for writing his Hypomneumata ("Memoranda") in Rome (c. 175–180). The Alexandrian Fathers – Clement, Origen, and Didymus the Blind – relied directly on the gospel to provide prooftexts as a supplement to the canonical gospels. Clement quoted from the gospel as part of a discourse on divine Wisdom. Origen used it to compare differing views of the relationship between the Word and the Holy Spirit. Jerome claimed to have used the gospel as a prooftext, although he may have relied in part on excerpts from the commentaries of Origen. He quoted from it as a proof from prophecy based on Isaiah 11:2 to explain how Jesus was the fulfillment of messianic expectations. The Gospel of the Hebrews was excluded from the canon by the early Church with the closing of the New Testament canon at the end of the 4th century, and was no longer cited as a source in Church literature.

Subsequent to the closing of the canon, the gospel is mentioned in a homily "On the Virgin Mary" attributed to Cyril of Jerusalem in a collection of apocryphal stories believed to have been written in Coptic in the first half of the 6th century. The author (known to scholars as Pseudo-Cyril) refers to the Gospel of the Hebrews in a polemical dialogue between a monk and Cyril over the nature of Mary, whom the monk contends was a divine power sent from heaven. Cyril condemns the monk's teaching as a heresy, which the author attributes to Carpocrates, Satornilus, and Ebionites. Not all later mentions of the gospel were polemical; Bede (), after listing some apocryphal gospels rejected by the Church, includes the Gospel of the Hebrews among the "ecclesiastical histories" and refers to its usage by Jerome.

Relationship to other texts
The early Church Fathers believed there was only one Jewish–Christian gospel, perhaps in different versions; however, scholars have long recognized the possibility there were at least two or three. Jerome's references to a Gospel of the Hebrews, or variants of that name, are particularly problematic because it is unclear which gospel he is referring to as the source of his quotations. Hegesippus, Eusebius, and Jerome all used an Aramaic gospel, which Jerome referred to as the gospel used by a Jewish Christian sect known as the Nazarenes. The Gospel of the Nazarenes is the name adopted by scholars to describe the fragments of quotations believed to originate from an Aramaic gospel that was based on traditions similar to the Gospel of Matthew. A third gospel was known only to Epiphanius of Salamis, which he attributed to a second Jewish Christian group known as the Ebionites. Scholars have conventionally referred to seven fragments of a Greek gospel harmony preserved in quotations by Epiphanius as the Gospel of the Ebionites. The existence of three independent Jewish–Christian gospels with distinct characteristics has been regarded as an established consensus. However, that conclusion has recently been challenged with respect to the composition of the gospel known to the Nazarenes and its relationship to the Gospel of the Hebrews. Others suggest that these three titles may have been referring to one and the same book. The relationship between the Gospel of the Hebrews and the other Jewish–Christian gospels, as well as a hypothetical original Hebrew Gospel, is uncertain and has been an ongoing subject of scholarly investigation.

See also
Gospel of the Nazarenes
Gospel of the Ebionites
List of Gospels
Jewish–Christian gospels

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

  ()

  (6th German edition, translated by George Ogg)

  (3rd German edition, translated by George Ogg)
  (6th German edition, translated by George Ogg)

Further reading

External links

 Early Christian Writings – Gospel of the Hebrews

Hebrews
Lost apocrypha
2nd-century Christian texts
Antilegomena

Gospel of the Hebrews


127689 Doncapone este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
127689 Doncapone este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Collepardo de Ugo Tagliaferri și Franco Mallia. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,29 ua, o excentricitate de 0,15 și o înclinație de 7,1° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 127001-128000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2003
Centura de asteroizi

127689 Doncapone


Kolumbija
 Magdalena (departman)
 Magdalena (rijeka)

Meksiko
 Magdalena (Jalisco, Meksiko), općina
 Magdalena (Sonora, Meksiko), općina
 Magdalena (Veracruz, Meksiko), općina

Magdalena


جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية اختصارا (SGSSI) هي من أقاليم ما وراء البحار البريطانية في جنوب المحيط الأطلسي. هذه الأرض هي عبارة عن مجموعتين من الجزر الأولى جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية، والثانية، هي جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية. يبلغ طول جورجيا الجنوبية  40 كم (25 ميلا)  وعرضها 4 كلم (ميلين) وهي إلى حد بعيد أكبر جزيرة في الإقليم. ساندويتش الجنوبية تقع ب  إلى الجنوب الشرقي من جورجيا الجنوبية. إجمالي مساحة الأرض هو

لا يوجد سكان أصليون على أي من هذه الجزر، السكان الحاليون هم فقط موظفوا الحكومة البريطانية، نائب مدير مكتب البريد، وعلماء، وموظفي الدعم من المسح البريطاني لأنتاركتيكا الذين يعملون في محطات علمية في جزيرة بيرد، والعاصمة، نقطة الملك إدوارد، فضلا عن موظفي متحف في غريتفيكن القريب.

المطالبة البريطانية لسيادة جورجيا الجنوبية تعود لعام 1775، وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية تعود لعام 1908. أراضي «جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية» تشكلت في عام 1985 ؛ سابقا كانت محكومة كجزء من تبعيات جزر فوكلاند. طالبت الأرجنتين بجورجيا الجنوبية في عام 1927، وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية في عام 1938.

حافظت الأرجنتين على محطة بحرية، كوربيتا أوروغواي، في ميناء فاراداي بجزيرة ثول في جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية في الفترة من 1976 حتى عام 1982 عندما أُغلقت من قبل البحرية الملكية. مطالبة الأرجنتين بجورجيا الجنوبية لعام 1982 ساهمت في حرب فوكلاند، خلالها احتلت القوات الأرجنتينية لفترة قصيرة الجزيرة، والتي لا تزال حتى يومنا هذا غير محلولة (انظر أيضا سيادة جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية).

التاريخ

جورجيا الجنوبية

يقال أنه قد تم رؤية جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية لأول مرة في عام 1675 من قبل انطوني دي لا روش، وهو تاجر لندني، كان اسمها جزيرة روش في بعض الخرائط في وقت مبكر، وجزيرة ببيس من قبل آخرين. ارتأت الجزيرة لسفينة تجارية تدعى ليون تابعة لإسبانيا التي عملت انطلاقا من سان مالو في 28 يونيو أو 29 يونيو 1756.

في 1775 قام الكابتن جيمس كوك بالدوران حول الجزيرة، وقدم أول هبوط، وادعى أنها أراضي بريطانيا العظمى، وأطلقوا عليها اسم «جزيرة جورجيا» تكريما لجورج الثالث ملك بريطانيا. كانت الترتيبات الحكومية البريطانية الأولى لجنوب جورجيا أًنشأت بموجب براءات تمليك 1843.

في عام 1882 أرسلت بعثة ألمانية لمراقبة عبور الزهرة، كانت ترابط في الخليج الملكي على الجانب الجنوبي الشرقي من الجزيرة.

طوال القرن 19 كانت جورجيا الجنوبية قاعدة سدادات، في القرن التالي، قاعدة صائدي الحيتان حتى 1960. أول محطة صيد حيتان، وأول سكن دائم، أنشئ في غريتفيكن النرويجية في عام 1904 من قبل كارل انطون لارسن. عملت من خلال شركة الصيد الأرجنتينية، والتي استقرت في غريتفيكن. ظلت محطة عاملة حتى العام 1965.

تعمل محطات صيد الحيتان بموجب عقود الإيجار التي تمنحها بريطانيا (عبر حاكم جزر فوكلاند). سبع محطات، وكلها على الساحل الشمالي مع مرافئ بدءا من الغرب:
 مرفأ الأمير أولاف (1911-1916 مصنع سفن ومحطة برية صغيرة، 1917-1931)
 مرفأ ليث (1909-1965)
 سترومنس (من 1907 مصنع سفن، ومحطة برية 1913-1931، وساحة إصلاح في 1960/1961)
 هوسفيك (من 1907 مصنع سفن، محطة برية 1910-1960، سحبت من الخدمة في 1930-1945)
 غريتفكن (1904-1964)
 غودثول (1908-1929، قاعدة برية بدائية، ومصنع سفن للعمليات الرئيسية)
 مرفأ المحيط (1909-1920)

مع نهاية صناعة صيد الحيتان هجرت المحطات. وبصرف النظر عن الحفاظ على المباني القليلة مثل متحف وكنيسة في غريتفكن، لم يبق منها إلا البعض متهالكا.

ابتداء من 1905 تعاون مكتب الأرصاد الجوية الأرجنتيني في الحفاظ على مرصد الأرصاد الجوية في غريتفكن بموجب شروط عقد الإيجار البريطاني لمحطة صيد الحيتان حتى تغيرات في عام 1949.

في عام 1908 أصدرت المملكة المتحدة خطابات براءات الاختراع لوضع ترتيبات دستورية لممتلكاتها في جنوب المحيط الأطلسي. فضلا عن جورجيا الجنوبية، غطت براءات التمليك جزر أوركني الجنوبية وجزر سيتلاند الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية وأرض غراهام. (تم تمديد المطالبة في عام 1917 لتشمل أيضا قطاع من القارة القطبية الجنوبية يصل إلى القطب الجنوبي.)

في عام 1909 تم إنشاء مركز إداري وإقامة في نقطة الملك إدوارد على جورجيا الجنوبية، بالقرب من محطة صيد الحيتان من غريتفكن. تمارس الإدارة المحلية البريطانية الدائمة والحاكم المقيم حيازة فعالة، وينفذ القانون البريطاني، وينظم جميع الأنشطة الاقتصادية والعلمية وغيرها في الإقليم، الذي كان آنذاك يحكم بوصفه تبعيات جزر فوكلاند.

في نيسان/أبريل 1916، تقطعت السبل بايرنست شاكلتون وفريقه في إطار البعثة الإمبراطورية لأنتاركتيكا وأصبحوا على جزيرة الفيل، نحو 800 ميلا جنوب غرب جورجيا الجنوبية. ركب شاكلتون وخمسة من رفاقه في قارب صغير لطلب المساعدة، وفي يوم 10 مايو، بعد رحلة ملحمية، هبطوا في خليج الملك هاكون على الساحل الجنوبي من جورجيا الجنوبية. في حين أن ثلاثة ظلوا على الشاطئ، ذهب شاكلتون واثنين من رفاقه الآخرين مسافة 22 ميل برّا ليصلوا إلى المساعدة في سترومنيس محطة صيد الحيتان. الأعضاء ال 22 المتبقين من الرحلة، الذي كانوا باقين على جزيرة الفيل، تم إنقاذهم جميعا في وقت لاحق. في يناير من عام 1922، خلال رحلة استكشافية في وقت لاحق، توفي شاكلتون على متن سفينة قبالة جنوب جورجيا. ودُفن في غريتفيكن.

طالبت الأرجنتين بجورجيا الجنوبية في عام 1927.

خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية نشرت البحرية الملكية سفينة تجارية مسلحة للقيام بدوريات في جنوب الجورجية ومياه القطب الجنوبي ضد المغيرين الألمان، مع اثنين من أسلحة عيار أربعة بوصات (لا تزال موجودة) لحماية خليج كمبرلاند وخليج سترومنس، ويحرسه متطوعون من بين صائدي الحيتان النرويجيين. تم توسيع القاعدة في نقطة الملك إدوارد كمحطة أبحاث في 1949/1950 من جانب المسح البريطاني لأنتاركتيكا (حتى عام 1962 كان يدعى مسح تبعيات جزر فوكلاند).

بدات حرب الفوكلاند يوم 19 مارس 1982. عندما قامت مجموعة من الأرجنتينيين، متنكرين في زي تجار خردة معدنية، باحتلال محطة مهجورة لصيد الحيتان في مرفأ ليث على جورجيا الجنوبية. يوم 3 أبريل هاجمت القوات الأرجنتينية واحتلت غريتفيكن. من بين ضباط القيادة الحامية كان الأرجنتيني الفريدو استيز، نقيبا في البحرية الأرجنتينية الذين، بعد سنوات، أدينوا بجرائم ارتكبت خلال الحرب القذرة في الأرجنتين.

تم الاستيلاء على الجزيرة من قبل القوات البريطانية في 25 أبريل في عملية باراكيت. في عام 1985، توقفت إدارة جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية بوصفها تبعية جزر فوكلاند وأصبحت إقليما منفصلا. قاعدة نقطة الملك إدوارد، التي أصبحت حامية عسكرية صغيرة بعد حرب الفوكلاند، عادت إلى الاستخدام المدني في عام 2001 ويديرها حاليا المسح البريطاني لأنتاركتيكا.

جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية

اكتشفت الجزر الجنوبية الثمانية من جزر ساندويتش من قبل جيمس كوك في 1775، والشمالية الثلاث من قبل فابيان فون بلينجشوزن عام 1819. سميت الجزر باسم «أرض ساندويتش» من قبل كوك على اسم إيرل الرابع ساندويتش، الأميرال الأول. كلمة «الجنوبية» تم إضافتها لاحقا لتمييزها عن «جزر ساندويتش»، التي تعرف الآن باسم «هاواي».

في المملكة المتحدة رسميا ضمت جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية من خلال براءات تمليك 1908، وتجميعها مع الأراضي البريطانية الأخرى التي تسيطر عليها في القارة القطبية الجنوبية وتبعيات جزر فوكلاند.

طالبت الأرجنتين بجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية في عام 1938، وتحدت السيادة البريطانية في هذه الجزر في عدة مناسبات. من 25 يناير 1955، خلال صيف عام 1956 حافظت الأرجنتين على محطة الصيف تنينتي اسكيفل في خليج فيرجسون على الساحل الجنوبي الشرقي لجزيرة ثول. من عام 1976 إلى عام 1982، حافظت الأرجنتين على قاعدة بحرية اسمها كوربيتا أوروغواي في ميناء فاراداي (في الساحل الشرقي الجنوبي) من الجزيرة نفسها. على الرغم من أن بريطانيا اكتشفت الوجود الأرجنتيني عام 1978، واحتجت وحاولت حل القضية بالوسائل الدبلوماسية، لم تبذل أي جهد لإزالتها بالقوة حتى بعد حرب الفوكلاند.تمت إزالة القاعدة في نهاية الأمر في 20 يونيو 1982.

في يوم 10 فبراير 2008، ضرب زلزال صغير بلغت شدته 6.5 درجة على مقياس ريختر كان مركزه على مسافة 205 كيلو متر من جزيرة بريستول.<ref>[11] ^ 2008 شباط  / يوم 30 يونيو 2008 في الساعة 06:17:53 بالتوقيت العالمي ضرب زلزال قوته 7.0 درجة المنطقة. كان مركزه في 58.160 جنوبا 21.893 غربا، و283 كيلومترا (176 ميلا) شرق (73 درجة) من جزيرة بريستول.

جغرافيا

جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية هي مجموعة من الجزر النائية والقاتمة في جنوب المحيط الأطلسي. معظم الجزر على ارتفاع حاد من البحر ووعرة وجبلية. في المرتفعات الجزر مغطاة بالجليد والثلوج بصورة دائمة.

مجموعة جورجيا الجنوبية

مجموعة جورجيا الجنوبية (الاسم الإسباني جورجيا ديل سور) تبعد حوالي 1,390 كيلومتر (864 ميل) من الشرق إلى الجنوب الشرقي من جزر فوكلاند، في 54 ° -55 درجة جنوبا، 36 ° -38 ° غربا. وتضم جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية نفسها (حتى الآن أكبر جزيرة في الإقليم)، جنبا إلى جنب مع الجزر التي تحيط بها بعض الجزر النائية والمعزولة إلى الغرب والشرق والجنوب الشرقي. ويبلغ مجموع مساحة الجزر 3,756 كيلومتر مربع (1,450 ميل مربع)، بما في ذلك جزر القمر الصناعي (باستثناء جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية التي تشكل مجموعة جزر منفصلة).

مجموعة الجزر الواقعة في جورجيا الجنوبية

جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية، أو جزيرة ببيس (سان بيدرو بالإسبانية)، تقع في، وتبلغ مساحتها 3,528 كيلومتر مربع. وهي جبلية وجرداء إلى حد كبير. أحد عشر قمم ترتفع إلى أكثر من 2,000 متر (6,562 قدم) ومنحدرات تتخللها الأودية العميقة التي امتلأت بالأنهار الجليدية (مثلجة فورتونا كونها الأكبر). أعلى قمة هي جبل باغيت في سلسلة الارديس على 2,934 مترا (9,626 قدم).

جيولوجيا، تتألف الجزيرة من النيس والشست الطينية، مع أي أثر للحفريات، مما يدل على أن الجزيرة، مثل جزر فوكلاند، شظية باقية من بعض الأراضي الأكبر التي اختفت الآن، وعلى الأرجح يشير إلى التمديد السابق لنظام الأنديز.

أصغر الجزر والجزر الصغيرة قبالة سواحل جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية تشمل:

 جزيرة أنينكوف
 جزيرة بيردر
 جزيرة كوبر
 جزيرة العشب
 جزر بيكرزجيل
 جزر ويلكوم
 جزر ويليس
 جزيرة الثالوث

الصخور النائية التالية تعتبر أيضا جزءا من مجموعة جورجيا الجنوبية:
 صخور شاغ الشمال الغربي من جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية
 صخور سوداء الشمال الغربي من جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية إلى الجنوب الشرقي من الصخور شاغ
 صخور كليرك الجنوب الشرقي من جزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية

جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية

تتشكل جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية (الاسم الإسباني: جزر ساندويتش ديل سور) من 11 جزيرة في معظمها بركانية (باستثناء جزر القمر الصناعي الصغير والصخور البحرية)، مع بعض براكين نشطة. تشكل قوسا جزريا يمتد من الشمال إلى الجنوب في المنطقة 56 ° 18' - 59 ° 27 'S، 26 ° 23' - 28 ° 08'W، بين نحو وجنوب شرق جورجيا الجنوبية.

أقصى شمال جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية تشكل جزر ترافيرساي ومجموعة جزر كاندليماس، في حين أن الجزر الجنوبية تشكل جزر ثول الجنوبية.أكبر ثلاث جزر جزيرة سوندرز وجزيرة مونتاجو وجزيرة بريستول—تربط بين المجموعتين. أعلى نقطة في الجزر هي جبل بليندا (1,370 متر / 4,495 قدم) على جزيرة مونتاجو.

جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية هي غير مأهولة، وإن كانت بصورة دائمة مأهولة محطة البحوث الأرجنتينية التي تقع في جزيرة ثول من 1976 حتي 1982 (لمزيد من التفاصيل، انظر «فقرة تاريخ» أعلاه). هناك محطات طقس تلقائية في جزيرة ثول وجزيرة زافودوفسكي إلى الشمال الغربي من جزيرة زافودوفسكي يقع حامي السرب، بركان مائي مغمور.

و يبين الجدول التالي جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية من الشمال إلى الجنوب:

هناك سلسلة من ستة ممرات تفصل بين كل واحدة من الجزر أو مجموعات الجزر.

المناخ

تحافظ البحار الباردة بشكل دائم على المناخ البارد البحري في الجزر، ويكون الطقس قاسيا جدا ومتغير. درجات الحرارة اليومية القصوى النموذجية في جنوب جورجيا في مستوى سطح البحر تبلغ حوالي 0 درجة مئوية (32 درجة فهرنهايت) في الشتاء (يناير) و8 درجة مئوية (46 درجة فهرنهايت) في الصيف (أغسطس). أدنى درجات الحرارة في فصل الشتاء عادة ما تكون عن -5 درجة مئوية (23 درجة فهرنهايت)، ونادرا ما تنخفض دون -10 درجة مئوية (14 درجة فهرنهايت). والأمطار السنوية في جنوب جورجيا حوالي 1500 ملم (59 بوصة)، والكثير منها يقع متجمدا أو على شكل ثلوج، ومن الممكن ان تهطل في أي شهر. داخليا، خط الثلوج في فصل الصيف هو على ارتفاع حوالي 300m.

تهب الرياح الغربية طوال العام وتتخللها فترات من الهدوء. وهذا يعطي الجانب الشرقي من جنوب جورجيا (الجانب المواجه للريح) مناخا لطيفا أكثر من الجانب الغربي. تجعل الظروف الجوية السائدة عموما الجزر صعبة لاقتراب السفن، على الرغم من أن الساحل الشمالي لجورجيا الجنوبية لديه العديد من الخلجان الكبيرة التي توفر مراسي جيدة.

خلال ظروف رياح الفون، تهب الرياح بزيادة في الجانب الغربي وبانخفاض في الجانب الشرقي من الجبال وتصبح أكثر دفئا وجفافا، وهذا ينتج في معظم الظروف مناخا لطيفا أحيانا عندما تكون درجات الحرارة أكثر من 20 درجة مئوية في فصل الصيف. سجلت درجات الحرارة الأعلى ب 23.5 درجة مئوية في غريتفيكن.

تكون البحار المحيطة بجورجيا الجنوبية باردة على مدار العام نظرا لقربها من انتاركتيكا. وعادة ما تظل خالية من حزمات الجليد في فصل الشتاء، على الرغم من الجليد الرقيق الذي يتشكل في الخلجان المحمية، وكتل جليدية متحركة شائعة. تنخفض درجات الحرارة في البحر إلى 0 درجة مئوية في أواخر آب/أغسطس، وترتفع إلى حوالي 4 درجات مئوية فقط في مطلع نيسان / أبريل.

جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية هي أكثر برودة من جورجيا الجنوبية، حيث تقع أكثر جنوبا، وأكثر عرضة للجو القطبي البارد. كما أنها محاطة بالجليد البحري في الفترة من منتصف أيار / مايو إلى أواخر تشرين الثاني (حتى لفترة أطول في نهايتها الجنوبية).

السياسة

تمارس الملكة السلطة التنفيذية في وتمارس من قبل المفوض، وهو المنصب الذي يعقده حاكم جزر فوكلاند.المفوض الحالي هو ألن هاكل؛ أصبح المفوض يوم 25 أغسطس 2006. يتعامل كبير المسؤولين التنفيذيين (مارتن كولينز) مع مسائل السياسة العامة وهو أيضا مدير الثروة السمكية SGSSI، مسؤولة عن توزيع رخص الصيد. يتعامل موظف تنفيذي (ريتشارد ماكي) مع المسائل الإدارية المتعلقة بالأرض. وهناك أيضا موظف بيئي (دارين كريستي). وزير المالية والنائب العام في الإقليم يعينون بحكم تعيينات مماثلة في حكومة جزر فوكلاند.

كما لا يوجد دائما سكان على الجزر، وليس هناك مجلس تشريعي ولا انتخابات. تدير وزارة الخارجية البريطانية العلاقات الخارجية للإقليم. منذ عام 1982، والإقليم يحتفل بيوم التحرير يوم 14 يونيو.

دستور الإقليم (اعتمد في 3 أكتوبر 1985)، هو الطريقة التي توجه الحكومة، ومدى توافر المراجعة القضائية نوقش في سلسلة من الدعاوى في عام 2001 إلى عام 2005 ؛ انظر على وجه الخصوص رجينا ضد وزير الدولة للشؤون الخارجية وشؤون الكومنولث (المستأنف) من طرف واحد كوارك صيد الأسماك المحدودة [2005] UKHL 57. على الرغم من أن الحكومة هي موجهة كليا من قبل وزارة الخارجية البريطانية، فقد رئي أن قراراته في إطار هذا الاتجاه لا يمكن الطعن كما لو كانوا في مقررات القانون من الدوائر الحكومية في المملكة المتحدة، وبالتالي الاتفاقية الأوروبية لحقوق الإنسان لا تطبق.

الاقتصاد

حيث لا يوجد سكان أصليون، النشاط الاقتصادي في جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية محدود. تبلغ إيرادات الأراضي 3.9 مليون جنيه إسترليني 90 ٪ من مستمد من تراخيص الصيد (أرقام عام 2002). المصادر الأخرى للدخل هي بيع الطوابع البريدية والنقود المعدنية والسياحة والجمارك ورسوم الميناء.

الصيد

يجري صيد الأسماك في جميع أنحاء جورجيا الجنوبية وفي المياه المتاخمة لها في بعض أشهر السنة، مع تراخيص الصيد تباع من الإقليم والنواع هي قرديس البحر واسماك أخرى.تراخيص الصيد تجلب الملايين من الجنيهات سنويا، ومعظمها ينفق على حماية مصايد الأسماك والبحوث. جميع مصائد الأسماك تنظم وتدار وفقا لنظام اتفاقية حفظ الموارد البحرية الحية في أنتاركتيكا.

في عام 2001، حصلت حكومة جورجيا الجنوبية على شهادة من مجلس الإشراف البحري المستدامة لسمك باتاغونيا المسنن، والتي تشهد بأنهم اجتمعت لجنة السلامة البحرية والمعايير البيئية وتضع قيودا على توقيت وكمية المسنن التي يمكن اصطيادها.

السياحة

لقد أصبحت السياحة أكبر مصدر للدخل في السنوات الأخيرة، مع العديد من السفن السياحية واليخوت الشراعية التي تزور الجزر (الطريقة الوحيدة لزيارة جورجيا الجنوبية هو عن طريق البحر). ترتكز مكاسب الإقليم في الدخل من رسوم الهبوط وبيع التذكارات. السفن السياحية في كثير من الأحيان تجمع بين زيارة غريتنفيكن مع رحلة إلى انتاركتيكا.

استئجار اليخوت الزيارات عادة ما يبدأ في جزر فوكلاند، آخر ما بين أربعة وستة أسابيع، وتتيح للضيوف زيارة الموانئ النائية في جنوب جورجيا، وحتى جزر ساندويتش الجنوبية. تبحر السفن المطلوب الآن أن ترسو عليها ولم تعد قادرة على التعادل حتى أرصفة صيد الحيتان القديمة على الساحل. والجزيرة كما وردت في فيديو عاصفة وارين ميلر.

طوابع البريد

مصدر كبير للدخل يأتي من الخارج من مسألة جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية طوابع البريد التي يتم إنتاجها في المملكة المتحدة.

سياسة معقولة (مجموعات قليلة من الطوابع هي التي تصدر كل سنة) جنبا إلى جنب مع جاذبية الموضوع (لا سيما الحيتان) يجعلها شعبية جدا مع جامعي الطوابع.

الحياة النباتية والحيوانية

يدعم جورجيا الجنوبية عدد كبير من الطيور البحرية، بما فيها طيور قطرس، وهي مستعمرة كبيرة من طيور البطريق الملك والبطريق من مختلف الأنواع الأخرى، جنبا إلى جنب مع البريونات ونورس وخطاف البحر. هناك نوع واحد فقط من الأنواع البرية فريد من نوعه لهذا الارخبيل وهو جشنة جورجيا الجنوبية.

الفقمة كثيرة في الجزر، ويمكن أن ترى الحوت في المياه المحيطة بالجزر. لا توجد ثدييات اصلية، على الرغم من وجود بعض الرنة، الذي قدم في وقت مبكر من القرن 20، يعيشون على جورجيا الجنوبية، جنبا إلى جنب مع الجرذ والفأر.

النباتات الأصلية في جورجيا الدنوبية تقتصر على العشب والطحلب والمسطح وسرخس وعدد قليل من النباتات المزهرة الصغيرة الأخرى. وهناك عدد من الأنواع الأخرى أدخلت على الاصلية. ليست هناك أشجار أو شجيرات.

شئون عسكرية

بعد حرب الفوكلاند عام 1982، أصبح الوجود العسكري البريطاني بدوام كامل في المحافظة في نقطة الملك ادوارد. هذا وقد خفض خلال 1990، وغادرت آخر مفرزة جورجيا الجنوبية في آذار / مارس 2001 عندما تم بناء المحطة الجديدة والتي تحتلها المسح البريطاني في انتاركتيكا.

المنشأة العسكرية البريطانية الرئيسية في المنطقة هي في سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني (ماونت بليزانت) و (مرفأ ماري) في فوكلاند الشرقية. عدا ذلك، حفنة من سفن الدورية تابعة للبحرية البريطانية في المنطقة. تقوم بزيارة جورجيا الجنوبية بضع مرات في كل سنة، وأحيانا تنشر دوريات صغيرة من المشاة. رحلات سلاح الجو الملكي البريطاني من سي-130 هيركوليز وفيكرز VC10 أحيانا دورية للأراضي.

اتش ام اس» انديرانس« ، سفينة البحرية الملكية البريطانية كاسحة الجليد، تعمل في منطقة جورجيا الجنوبية خلال جزء من جنوب لمعظم مواسم الصيف. وهي تضطلع الهيدرولوجية وعمل الخرائط وكذلك تقديم المساعدة العلمية مع العمل الميداني للمسح البريطاني لانتاركتيكا، وحدات فيلم عالي لمحة والتصوير الفوتوغرافي، وبعث فريق الشباب بعثات ب س اي س.

الحواشي

المراجع

 جورج فورستر، رحلة في العالم في صاحب الالبريطانية السفينة الشراعية القرار بقيادة الكابتن جيمس كوك، خلال عامي 1772 و3 و4 و5 (2 مجلدات)، لندن، 1777.
 ر. هيدلاند، وجزيرة جورجيا الجنوبية، مطبعة جامعة كامبريدج، 1984.

وصلات خارجية

حكومة
 الموقع الحكومي لجورجيا الجنوبية

 معلومات عامة

أخرى
 موقع رابطة جورجيا الجنوبية
 تراث جورجيا الجنوبية
 صور حية من كام جورجيا الجنوبية
 معلومات عن جورجيا الجنوبية (موقع روسي)
 عملية الباراكوات
 غزو الأرجنتين في جورجيا الجنوبية
 ويكي جورجيا الجنوبية

أقاليم تابعة في أمريكا الجنوبية
أقاليم ما وراء البحار البريطانية
بلدان وأقاليم ناطقة بالإنجليزية
تأسيسات سنة 1985 في أقاليم ما وراء البحار البريطانية
جزر أقواس بركانية
جزر شمال المحيط الأطلسي
جزر فوكلاند
جزر متنازع عليها
دول وأقاليم أسست في 1985
صيد الفقمة
مناطق طيور هامة في القارة القطبية الجنوبية

جورجيا الجنوبية وجزر ساندويتش الجنوبية


Otto Franke (; Gernrode, 27 de septiembre de 1863 - Berlín, 2 de septiembre de 1946), sinólogo alemán.

Biografía
Franke ejerció como intérprete al servicio del Imperio Alemán en Pekín, Tientsin, Shanghái y Amoy (1888-1901) antes de retornar a Alemania. A partir de enero de 1910 ocupó la cátedra de Lenguas e Historia de Extremo Oriente del Instituto Colonial de Hamburgo. De 1923 a 1931 fue profesor de Sinología en la Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität de Berlín. Se destacó por su obra historiográfica en cinco tomos, la primera historia de China completa en alemán.

Su hijo fue el sinólogo Wolfgang Franke.

Selección de obras
 Studien zur Geschichte des konfuzianischen Dogmas und der chinesischen Staatsreligion. Verlag Friedrichsen, Hamburg 1920.
 Geschichte des chinesischen Reiches. 5 Bde. Berlín 1932-1952 (Nachdruck: ISBN 3-11-017034-5)
 Erinnerungen aus zwei Welten : Randglossen zur eigenen Lebensgeschichte. De Gruyter, Berlín 1954.
 "Sagt an, ihr fremden Lande ..." Ostasienreisen. Tagebücher und Fotografien (1888-1901). Herausgegeben von Renata Fu-Sheng Franke und Wolfgang Franke. Institut Monumenta Serica, Sankt Augustin 2009 (ISBN 978-3-8050-0562-3)

Bibliografía
 Bruno Schindler: Otto Franke zu seinem 70. Geburtstage am 27. September 1933 sei der Band IX dieser Zeitschrift gewidmet. Asia Major 9, 1933, S. 1-2, PDF)
 Fritz Jäger: Bibliographie der Schriften von Professor Dr. O. Franke. Asia Major 9, 1933, S. 3-20 PDF
 Renata Fu-Sheng Franke, Wolfgang Franke (Hrsg.): Sagt an, ihr fremden Lande - Ostasienreisen. Tagebücher und Fotografien (1988-1901). Institut Monumenta Serica 2009, ISBN 978-3-8050-0562-3.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 umass.edu (University of Massachusetts): Otto Franke (Englisch)

Sinólogos de Alemania
Intérpretes
Orientalistas de Alemania del siglo XIX
Orientalistas de Alemania del siglo XX
Nacidos en Gernrode

Otto Franke


ත්‍රෛපාක්ෂික ආක්‍රමණය, සූවස් යුද්ධය, හෝ  දෙවන අරාබි-ඊශ්‍රායෙල යුද්ධය ලෙසින්ද හැඳින්වෙන ( ; ;   "කදේශ් ක්‍රියාන්විතය," හෝ   , "සයිනායි යුද්ධය"), සූවස් අර්බුදය යන්නෙන් හැඳින්වෙන්නේ, ඊජිප්තුව එක් පසෙකින්ද, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ඊශ්‍රායෙලය අනෙක් පසින්ද යන දෙපාර්ශවය අතර සිදුවූ සහ, බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය, ප්‍රංශය සහ ඊශ්‍රායෙලය පසුබැසිය යුතු බවට බල කිරීමෙහිදී ප්‍රධාන භූමිකාවන් ඉටු කල එක්සත් ජනපද, සෝවියට් සංගමය, සහ එක්සත් ජාතීන්ද සහිත වූ 1956 අගභාගයේදී සිදුවූ රාජ්‍ය තාන්ත්‍රික සහ හමුදාමය  ඝට්ටනයකි.

සටහන්

සූවස් අර්බුදය


ජාතික පර්යේෂණ සභාව යනු, ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ රාජ්‍ය අංශයේ නවීන විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ සඳහා මූල්‍ය සහ වෙනත් පහසුකම් සැපයීම සඳහා පිහිටුවා ඇති රාජ්‍ය ආයතනයකි.

අතීතය

ස්ථාපනය
ක්‍රි.ව. 2007 දී ජනාධිපති නියෝගයක් මගින් ස්ථාපනය කෙරී ඇත.

කාර්යයන් හා අරමුණු

ජනාධිපති විධානයේ දක්වා ඇති අරමුණු හා කාර්යයන් පහත දැක්වේ.
	ඉහළ මට්ටමේ ඵලදායීතාවයන්ගෙන් යුක්ත විද්වතුන්ට අමතරව පෞද්ගලික අංශයේ හා කර්මාන්ත අංශයේ නියෝජිතයන්ගේ සහභාගීත්වය ජාතික පර්යේෂණ සභාව වෙත ලබා ගැනීම;
	උසස් පර්යේෂණ උපාධි සඳහා ලියාපදිංචිව සිටින පර්යේෂණ සිසුන්ගේ අවශ්‍යතා සැපයීමෙන් සියළුම විද්‍යාත්මක දැනුම් ක්ෂේත්‍රයන්හී මූලික හා ව්‍යවහාරික පර්යේෂණ ප්‍රවර්ධනය හා මානව සම්පත් සංවර්ධනයට පහසුකම් ඇති කිරීම;
	රාජ්‍ය අංශයේ සෑම විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ ආයතනයකටම පර්යේෂකයින්ගේ පර්යේෂණ ප්‍රයත්නය සැලසුම් කිරීම හා සම්බන්ධීකරණය කිරීම;
	රාජ්‍ය අංශයේ විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ හා සංවර්ධන ආයතනයන්හී තනි තනි පර්යේෂණ කටයුතුවලට පහසුකම් සැපයීම සහ කාර්ය සාධනය ඇගැයීමට ලක් කර එකී පර්යේෂණවලට අවශ්‍ය මුදල් යෙදවීමට කලින් කලට ජනාධිපති කාර්යාලය මඟින් මහා භාණ්ඩාගාරයට නිර්දේශ කිරීම;
	රාජ්‍ය අංශයේ විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ හා සංවර්ධන ආයතන හා විශ්වවිද්‍යාලවල පර්යේෂකයින් අතර උපාධි ප්‍රදානය අරමුණු කොට ක්‍රියාත්මක කෙරෙන සහයෝගීතා පර්යේෂණ වැඩසටහන් ප්‍රවර්ධනය, ඒවාට අවශ්‍ය මුදල් යෙදවීම හා ඒවාට පහසුකම් සැලසීම;
	කර්මාන්ත, විශ්වවිද්‍යාල සහ රාජ්‍ය අංශයේ විද්‍යාත්මක පර්යේෂණ සහ සංවර්ධන ආයතන අතර පැවැත්වෙන සහයෝගීතා වැඩසටහන් ප්‍රවර්ධනය හා ඒ සඳහා පහසුකම් සැලසීම;
	සාර්ථක පර්යේෂණ හා නවීකරණයන් සඳහා ජාතික මට්ටමේ පිළිගැනීම හා ප්‍රදානයන් සිදුකෙරෙන ක්‍රම ඇති කිරීම;
	ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ජාතික සංවර්ධන අවශ්‍යතාවන්ට ඵලදායී ප්‍රතිචාරයක් දක්වන විද්‍යා හා තාක්ෂණ පර්යේෂණ සංස්කෘතියක් හා ප්‍රජාවක් පෝෂණය කිරීම හා පවත්වාගෙන යාම;

පාලනය
සභාපති හා කවුන්සිලය විසින් එහි කාර්යයන් පාලනය කෙරේ. 2013 සැප්තැම්බර් මස දී නව කවුන්සිලයක් පත්කරනු ලැබූ අතර සභාපති තනතුර සඳහා මහාචාර්ය ජානක ද සිල්වා පත්කරනු ලැබිණි. ජාතික පර්යේෂණ සභාව ආරම්භයේ සිටම එහි කවුන්සිලයේ සාමාජිකයකු ලෙස ඹහු ක්‍රියා කළේය.

අඩවියෙන් බැහැර පිටු
 ජාතික පර්යේෂණ සභාව - නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

ජාතික පර්යේෂණ සභාව (ශ්‍රී ලංකා)


Stevenage Football Club (known as Stevenage Borough Football Club until 2010) is a professional association football club based in the town of Stevenage, Hertfordshire, England. The club competes in EFL League One, the third tier of the English football league system, having earned promotion during the 2022–23 season. They play their home games at Broadhall Way in Stevenage.

Founded in 1976 following the demise of the town's former club, they joined the United Counties League in 1980 and enjoyed success in the club's first year at senior status; winning the United Counties League Division One and the United Counties League Cup. Following three promotions in four seasons in the early 1990s, the club were promoted to the Conference National in 1994. Despite winning the league in the 1995–96 season, the club were denied promotion to the Football League due to insufficient ground facilities. Stevenage remained in the top tier of non-League for the following fourteen seasons, before the club earned promotion to the Football League after winning the Conference Premier in the 2009–10 season.

The promotion served as the catalyst for a rebranding of the club, dropping the word 'Borough' from its title in June 2010. In their first season in the Football League, Stevenage won promotion to League One, the third tier of English football, via the play-offs. The club achieved their highest league finish during the 2011–12 season courtesy of a sixth-placed finish in League One. The core of the team that helped guide the club to its success throughout 2009 to 2012 departed, and Stevenage were relegated back into League Two at the end of the 2013–14 season.

The club has also enjoyed success in national cup competitions, becoming the first team to win a competitive final at the new Wembley Stadium in 2007, beating Kidderminster Harriers 3–2 to lift the FA Trophy in front of a competition record crowd of 53,262. They won the competition again in 2009. The club has also produced a number of notable results in the FA Cup against high-profile opposition.

History

1976–2010
Stevenage Borough was formed in 1976 following the bankruptcy of Stevenage Athletic. Chairman Keith Berners, and "a number of like-minded volunteers" were tasked with arranging a team to play Hitchin Town Youth at Broadhall Way in November 1976, as a "curtain-raiser" for the new club. However, the Broadhall Way pitch was subsequently dug up for non-footballing purposes after Stevenage Borough Council sold the land to a local businessman, who dug a trench across the full length of the pitch to ensure no football was played. Consequently, the new club started out playing in the Chiltern Youth league on a roped-off pitch at the town's King George V playing fields, and moved up to intermediate status, joining the Wallspan Southern Combination shortly after. Stevenage Borough Council granted consent for the club to incorporate the name "Borough" in their title and to adopt the town's civic emblem as the club badge. In 1980, the council reacquired the lease for Broadhall Way and allowed the football club to become its tenant. With the council as their landlords and a refurbished stadium, Stevenage Borough took on senior status, under the management of Derek Montgomery, and joined the United Counties Football League in the same year. The club's first competitive league match was a 3–1 victory against ON Chenecks on 16 August 1980, played in front of 421 people. In their first season as a senior club, the team won the United Counties League Division One championship, scoring over a hundred goals. The club also won the United Counties League Cup during the same season.

After three successive seasons in the United Counties Premier Division, the club joined Division Two North of the Isthmian League in 1984, and the following season earned promotion to Isthmian League Division One after finishing the season as champions. Two years later, the club were relegated back to the Division Two North, having finished second bottom of the division. Brian Williams was tasked with steadying the club following the relegation; appointed as manager in July 1988. He spent two full seasons in charge, guiding Stevenage to two fourth-place finishes. Paul Fairclough was appointed as the club's manager in June 1990 and he would ultimately guide the team to four league titles in eight years. The club won promotion during the 1990–91 season, Fairclough's first season in charge, winning 34 of their 42 games. The league triumph included winning every match played at home, scoring 122 goals and amassing 107 points. The following season, Stevenage won the Isthmian League Division One title, remaining unbeaten at home for the second consecutive season, and were promoted to the Isthmian League Premier Division. A third promotion in four years followed at the end of the 1993–94 season, as Stevenage were promoted to the Football Conference after winning the Isthmian League Premier Division. Two seasons later, Stevenage won the Conference, but were denied promotion to the Football League, due to insufficient ground facilities, thus reprieving Torquay United, who had finished in last place of Division Three. During the same season, the club reached the First Round of the FA Cup for the first time, losing 2–1 to Hereford United of the Third Division at Edgar Street.

The 1996–97 season saw the club progress to the Third Round of the FA Cup for the first time after a 2–1 victory against Leyton Orient at Brisbane Road. They were drawn against Birmingham City at Broadhall Way, but ground issues saw the tie switched to St Andrew's; Birmingham won the match 2–0. The following season, the club reached the Fourth Round where they drew Premier League club Newcastle United at Broadhall Way. A temporary stand was erected behind the South Stand, allocated to the Newcastle supporters, which increased the stadium capacity to 9,000, enough to satisfy The FA. Stevenage held Newcastle to a 1–1 draw, with Giuliano Grazioli equalising after Alan Shearer had given Newcastle an early lead. Stevenage lost 2–1 in the replay at St James' Park, a goal from Alan Shearer that "appeared to not cross the line" proved the difference. Despite earning a large amount of revenue from the two respective cup runs, news emerged that the club were in financial difficulties and that the chairman, Victor Green, was going to close the club down if no buyer was found. Phil Wallace purchased the club and set about rebuilding the finances and the relationship with the local council.

During the 2001–02 season, the club reached the FA Trophy final for the first time, losing 2–0 to Yeovil Town at Villa Park. The following season, Stevenage were positioned in last place of the Conference National in January, seven points from safety. The club appointed Graham Westley as manager in January 2003. Westley guided the club to 12th position, winning eight games out of a possible 12 in the league. During the 2004–05 season, Stevenage made the play–offs after finishing fifth under the guidance of Westley. The team lost 1–0 to Carlisle United at the Britannia Stadium in the play-off final. The following year, the team finished sixth, outside of the play-off places, and Westley's contract was not renewed, ending his three-and-a-half-year spell as manager. The club appointed Mark Stimson as their new manager and the team finished in eighth position in Stimson's first season as manager. That season, the club reached the FA Trophy final again, where they came back from 2–0 down to beat Kidderminster Harriers 3–2 in front of a record FA Trophy crowd of 53,262. The victory meant that Stevenage were the first team to win a competitive final at the new Wembley Stadium.

After the FA Trophy success in 2007, as well as keeping the majority of the first-team at the club, Stevenage started the 2007–08 season by breaking a new club record when the defence kept eight consecutive clean sheets. Stimson was offered a new contract by Stevenage in October 2007, but resigned the following day and subsequently joined Football League club Gillingham. In November 2007, he was replaced by Peter Taylor. After failing to make the play-offs, Taylor resigned at the end of the season and was replaced by former manager Graham Westley. On Westley's return, Stevenage started the season slowly before going on a 27–game unbeaten run from December to March and reached the play-offs, where they lost in the semi-finals to Cambridge United, 4–3 on aggregate. During the same season, Stevenage enjoyed success in cup competitions; winning the Herts Senior Cup for the first time, beating Cheshunt 2–1 in the final, and the FA Trophy, where they beat York City 2–0 in the final.

The following season, Westley retained the majority of the squad and Stevenage were positioned in first place by New Year's Day. The squad won eight consecutive games through February and March 2010, and Stevenage were promoted to the Football League for the first time in the club's history with two games to spare. Promotion was secured thanks to a 2–0 victory at Kidderminster Harriers, as Stevenage finished the season 11 points clear at the top of the table. The club reached the final of the FA Trophy again, losing to Barrow 2–1 after extra-time. Shortly after the end of the season, chairman Phil Wallace stated that the club will start its life in the Football League as Stevenage Football Club, dropping the word 'Borough' from its name as of June 2010.

Football League (2010–present)
Stevenage's first Football League fixture was against Macclesfield Town in August 2010, ending in a 2–2 draw at Broadhall Way. Following four defeats in six games in December 2010 and January 2011, the club were in 18th position, just four points above the relegation zone. During a congested period throughout February and March 2011, Stevenage won nine games out of eleven, propelling the club up the league table and into the play-off positions. Stevenage subsequently reached the League Two play-offs, finishing in sixth place. They faced Torquay United in the 2011 Football League Two play-off final on 28 May 2011 at Old Trafford. Stevenage won the game 1–0, securing a place in League One for the first time in the club's history, meaning the club had also earned back-to-back promotions. During the same season, Stevenage equalled their previous best performance in the FA Cup, reaching the Fourth Round of the competition before losing 2–1 to Reading. In the previous round, Stevenage were drawn against Premier League club Newcastle United, whom they had previously met, and lost over two "bitter" games, during the 1997–98 season. Stevenage subsequently beat Newcastle 3–1 at Broadhall Way, the first time the club had ever beaten first tier opposition.

In their first season in the third tier of English football, Stevenage were positioned in the League One play-off places following a fourteen-game unbeaten run that lasted for three months. In January 2012, Westley opted to leave Stevenage in order to take up the vacant managerial position at Preston North End. Former Colorado Rapids manager Gary Smith replaced Westley. A run of four wins in their last five games meant that Stevenage finished in sixth, thus taking the final play-off place, losing 1–0 on aggregate to Sheffield United in the semi-final. Stevenage also reached the Fifth Round of the FA Cup for the first time in their history during the season, losing 3–1 to Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur in a replay at White Hart Lane, after the two teams drew 0–0 at Broadhall Way.

The majority of the squad that had helped the club win back-to-back promotions into League One departed at the end of the season. New management under Smith, alongside a change in transfer policy, resulted in a complete squad overhaul. Stevenage were positioned within the top six places midway through the 2012–13 season, but a run of 14 losses from 18 matches from December 2012 meant the club were closer to the relegation places three months later. Smith was subsequently sacked in March 2013 and replaced by Westley, returning for his third spell at the club. The team finished in 18th place that season. A further squad overhaul took place ahead of the 2013–14 season and Stevenage were ultimately relegated back to League Two after finishing in last place in the League One standings that season. The team made the play-off semi-finals in their first season back in League Two, losing to Southend United.

The club opted against offering Westley a new contract and replaced him with Teddy Sheringham in May 2015, taking on his first managerial role. Sheringham was sacked in February 2016 with the club positioned in 19th. First-team coach Darren Sarll took caretaker charge for the remainder of the season and was given the role on a permanent basis after helping the club secure League Two safety. During Sarll's first full season in the charge, the club finished three points from the play-off positions. With Stevenage in 16th place during the 2017–18 season, Sarll was sacked in March 2018; Wallace stating the club "had not seen the progress expected" since making a number of signings during the January transfer window. Former player and first-team coach, Dino Maamria, replaced Sarll as manager. During the 2018–19 season, Maamria's first full season in charge, the club finished 10th, one point from the play-off places. In May 2019, Wallace announced a 12% public equity offering, through sports investment platform Tifosy, with the aim of raising funds to invest in player wages and increase the transfer budget. The offer closed on 31 July 2019, at which time the club stated a total of £300,000 worth of shares had been purchased.

The club started the 2019–20 season without a win in the opening month of the season and Maamria was subsequently sacked in September 2019. First-team coach Mark Sampson took caretaker charge, but with the club in 23rd-place after several months under his management, Graham Westley returned for a fourth spell in December 2019. Two months later, Westley resigned, and was replaced by Alex Revell, who had previously assumed the role of player-coach at the club. The club were in last place of League Two when the season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. EFL clubs formally agreed to end the season during an EFL meeting on 9 June 2020, although "ongoing disciplinary matters" involving 23rd-placed Macclesfield Town, who had not paid their players on six separate occasions during the season, meant Stevenage might be reprieved. Stevenage were initially relegated from League Two after an independent disciplinary panel opted to deduct Macclesfield two points on 19 June, with a further four suspended, the maximum number they could deduct without relegating them, highlighting this as a key factor in the sanctions they had chosen to impose. The EFL successfully appealed against the panel's sanctions on Macclesfield, winning on 11 August; the four suspended points were applied to the 2019–20 season, meaning Stevenage finished 23rd and so remained in League Two.

Under Revell's management, the club finished the 2020–21 season in 14th position in League Two. After three victories in the first 16 matches of the 2021–22 season, Revell left his position as first-team manager and was replaced by Paul Tisdale in November 2021. Tisdale left the club in March 2022, with Stevenage having won three of his 21 matches as manager. With the club positioned in 22nd place in League Two after a nine-match winless run, three points above the relegation places, Steve Evans was appointed as manager. The club won four of their final nine matches to avoid relegation and finish in 21st position. During the 2022–23 season, under Evans' management, Stevenage earned promotion into League One after finishing in second place in League Two. That season, the club also defeated Premier League club Aston Villa at Villa Park in the FA Cup third round. Stevenage trailed in the match, before scoring two goals in the final two minutes to win 2–1.

Club identity

Crest
The club has had five crests since its formation in 1976. The first club crest was created in 1980 when Stevenage took on senior status, adopting the town's civic emblem as the basis of the crest. When the club were promoted to the Conference National in 1994, the crest was changed to the Stevenage Borough Council 'tick' in recognition of the help the club had received from the council in its rise through the leagues. Shortly after former chairman Victor Green took over the club, in 1996, a new crest was introduced, modelled on the town's coat of arms; incorporating the club's colours of red and white, as well as a hart – which features on both the Stevenage and Hertfordshire coat of arms. This crest was adjusted slightly in 2010 to remove the word 'Borough', in-line with the club's name change prior to playing in the Football League. The crest was modified ahead of the 2011–12 season by being placed in a shield, but reverted to the former version two years later. A new crest was created in June 2019; the hart being "brought to the forefront of the new design". The club stated that the previous crest "presented modern-day challenges due to its complex and detailed design" and therefore the new crest, circular in design, enabled the club to create a more visible identity on both a commercial and social level.

Colours
The club have always played in red and white colours. Prior to taking on senior status, the team wore red and white stripes. This changed from 1980 to 1988 when the club adopted plain red shirts and white shorts, although did wear an all red strip during the 1982–83 season. The club reverted to stripes from 1988, and the strip design has varied considerably over the years. To mark the 40th anniversary of the club during the 2016–17 season, supporters were consulted about their favourite strip and the result was a re-creation of the diagonal stripes worn from 1996 to 1998.

A table of kit suppliers and shirt sponsors appear below:

Stadium

Broadhall Way

The club plays at Broadhall Way, previously home to Stevenage Town and Stevenage Athletic. Following the bankruptcy of the town's former club, the stadium was not used for three years. The newly formed Stevenage Borough moved into Broadhall Way in 1980 as a result of the council re-purchasing the stadium. Following Stevenage's successful 1995–96 Football Conference campaign, the Hertfordshire club were denied promotion to the Football League because of insufficient ground capacity and facilities. In the early 2000s, the ground was upgraded, with a new £600,000 stand opening, including an executive suite underneath. In January 2009, Stevenage signed a seven-figure sponsorship deal with the Lamex Food Group, resulting in the renaming of Broadhall Way to The Lamex Stadium. As a result of the club securing promotion as league champions during the club's 2009–10 season, Broadhall Way hosted League football for the first time during the 2010–11 season.

The ground's pitch includes four stands – the East Terrace, the North Stand, the West Stand, and South Stand. The West Stand is all-seated and covered, and covers the length of the pitch, although it has open corners to either side of the stand. At the back of the stand there are a number of glass-fronted areas to various club offices and executive boxes. The club shop is situated next to the West Stand, opposite to the club's official car-park. Opposite to the West Stand is the East Terrace, which is a covered terrace for home supporters. The terrace has a gable with a clock sitting on its roof above the half-way line, as well as holding a television gantry on its roof.

The North Terrace was situated behind the goal at the north end of the ground and was just seven steps deep. Three-quarters of the terrace was covered, whilst one-quarter was open and without cover. The stand held a capacity of 700 people, and offered facilities for disabled fans. In January 2013, the club announced they were due to present plans to replace the existing North Terrace with a new £1.2 million 1,700 seat stand, although these did not materialise due to "numerous obstacles put in the way". In July 2017, the club asked fans to contribute towards a mini-bond investment scheme, through sports investment platform Tifosy, in an attempt to fund the remaining £500,000 needed to go towards developing the new North Stand. Five weeks after the campaign started, the £500,000 target was met after investment from over 200 fans. The North Terrace was demolished in January 2018. The 1,428 all-seater stand was officially opened in December 2019.

Opposite the North Stand is the South Stand, which is a single tiered, all-seated covered stand. The stand was built in 2001, costing £600,000. The South Stand is reserved for away supporters and can hold a capacity of 1,400. The stand also has an electronic scoreboard in the centre of the roof, which was installed in 2001, making it visible to home supporters. The scoreboard was replaced in October 2011. Behind the stand is the supporters' club. A new set of floodlights were installed before the start of the club's 2007–08 season.

Training facilities
The club opened a £5million training facility in nearby Shephalbury Park in the Autumn of 2002. In June 2011, the club announced it had secured a 42-acre former sports ground in Bragbury End – with the intention of developing the site into a new training complex. Work began on the development in the summer of 2011, and the staff began to use the complex towards the latter stages of the 2012–13 season.

Records and statistics
Stevenage's highest Football League finish was sixth place in League One during the 2011–12 season. The same season, the club recorded their best run in the FA Cup when they reached the fifth round of the competition. Stevenage's largest victory in a league match came courtesy of an 11–1 win over British Timken Athletic in the United Counties League in December 1980, whilst their heaviest defeat is an 8–0 loss to Charlton Athletic in an EFL Trophy match in October 2018.

The record for the most number of appearances for Stevenage is held by Ronnie Henry, who played 502 matches in all competitions over two spells with the club. Martin Gittings is the club's top goalscorer with 217 goals in all competitions. He is the only player to have scored over 100 goals for the club.

Players

Current squad

Notable players

Player of the Year
As voted for by Supporters Association members and season ticket holders at the club.

 1993   Martin Gittings
 1994   Stuart Beevor
 1995   Mark Smith
 1996   Barry Hayles
 1997   Paul Barrowcliff
 1998   Lee Harvey
 1999   Robin Trott
 2000   Chris Taylor
 2001   Mark Smith
 2002   Jason Goodliffe
 2003   Jason Goodliffe
 2004   Lionel Pérez
 2005   Dannie Bulman
 2006   Alan Julian
 2007   Ronnie Henry
 2008   Steve Morison
 2009   Mark Roberts
 2010   Scott Laird
 2011   Jon Ashton
 2012   Mark Roberts
 2013   James Dunne
 2014   Luke Freeman
 2015   Dean Wells
 2016   Michael Tonge
 2017   Matt Godden
 2018   Danny Newton
 2019   Scott Cuthbert
 2021   Elliott List
 2022   Luke Norris
 2023   Carl Piergianni

Management

Club officials
Directors
Chairman: Phil Wallace
Directors: Stuart Dinsey, Marcus Taverner, Marc Wallace, Paul Wallace
Chief executive officer: Mike Pink

Management
Manager: Steve Evans
Assistant manager: Paul Raynor
First team coach: Alex Revell
Goalkeeping coach: Ian Pledger
First team physio: Matt Rogers
Club doctors: Kevin Zammit, Adam Maguire

Managerial history

Statistics are correct as of match played 8 May 2023

Honours

League

League Two (level 4)
 Runners-up: 2022–23
 Play-off winners: 2011

Conference National (level 5)
Champions: 1995–96, 2009–10

Isthmian League
Premier Division champions: 1993–94
Division One champions: 1991–92
Division Two North champions: 1985–86, 1990–91

United Counties League
Division One champions: 1980–81

Cup

FA Trophy
Winners: 2006–07, 2008–09
Runners-up: 2001–02, 2009–10

United Counties League, League Cup
Winners: 1980–81

Herts Senior Cup
Winners: 2008–09

References

External links

Football clubs in England
English Football League clubs
Association football clubs established in 1976
1976 establishments in England
Isthmian League clubs
National League (English football) clubs
Football clubs in Hertfordshire
Stevenage

Stevenage F.C.


Broasca de trestie (Rhinella marina) este un amfibian din ordinul Anura.

Mediul de viață și răspândire geografică

Broasca trăiește în mlaștinile cu trestie, de unde și denumirea. Este o specie originară din America, dar care a fost introdusă în Australia, unde a devenit dăunătoare.

Alcătuirea corpului

Corpul este format din trei părți principale: cap, trunchi și membre. Capul este mare, cu ochi bulbucați. Trunchiul este cel mai mare segment al corpului și cuprinde majoritatea organelor interne. Membrele sunt inegal dezvoltate, cele posterioare fiind mai puternice ca cele anterioare, pentru a servi la locomoție.

Funcțiile organismului

Circulația

Este un animal poichiloterm (cu sânge rece), care are inima tricamerală. Circulația este incompletă.

Respirația

Este pulmonară, dar și cutanee (prin piele), deoarece plămânii sunt slabi dezvoltați. Pentru ca pielea să poată absorbi oxigenul, trebuie să se mențină umedă, motiv pentru care e sensibilă la uscăciune. Nu prezintă cutie toracică.

Adaptări

Pielea prezintă glande care secretă o substanță toxică, motiv pentru care nu are mulți dușmani naturali, ceea ce o face invazivă în Australia. Este mai rezistentă la apă sărată ca alți amfibieni. Se hrănește cu insecte.

Înmulțirea și dezvoltarea

Broasca de trestie se înmulțește prin icre, care sunt toxice. Din icre ies mormolocii cu branhii. Treptat, plămânii se dezvoltă, ca și membrele, ceea ce face animalul să vină pe uscat. Și coada dispare, broasca devine adult, se înmulțește și ciclul se reia.

Note

Legături externe

 Armata australiană luptă cu broaștele de trestie

Anura

Broasca de trestie