Magikarp, known in Japan as , is a Pokémon species in Nintendo and Game Freak's Pokémon franchise. Created by Ken Sugimori, Magikarp first appeared in the video games Pokémon Red and Blue and subsequent sequels. They have later appeared in various merchandise, spinoff entries, and animated and printed adaptations of the franchise. Known as the Fish Pokémon, Magikarp is found in many bodies of water, especially lakes, rivers, and ponds. Magikarp received mixed responses from critics, with some criticism directed towards it for being useless or pointless.

Description
Magikarp is a red, medium-sized fish, although shiny Magikarp are golden in color. Its notable characteristics include large, heavy scales. Its fins are primarily white, but it has a stiff, three-pointed fin on its back and a four-pointed fin on its stomach which are both yellow. The shape of the dorsal fin resembles a crown, leading to its Japanese name Koiking. It also has long barbels, which are white on females and tan on males. Although this Pokémon is capable of surviving in even the most polluted ponds, it is usually overlooked by trainers because it is pathetically weak. Even in the heat of battle it will do nothing but flop around. They are normally seen using Splash, which is unusual, as it makes them easy targets to predators. Before the species multiplied, it is believed that the ancestors of Magikarp were actually much stronger than the Magikarp seen today, and this belief has led scientists to research this species. Long-lived Magikarp are able to utilize their immense splashing power to leap high enough to jump mountains. Magikarp is found in many bodies of water, such as lakes, rivers, and ponds. It is not a strong swimmer, and currents in the water will sweep it downstream.

The concept of Magikarp evolving into Gyarados is based on the Chinese mythological tale of the carps leaping over the Dragon Gate. According to the legend, carps that leap over a legendary waterfall called the Dragon Gate are rewarded for their perseverance and transformed into dragons. In the Nintendo 64 game, Pokémon Snap, the only way for the player to see a wild Gyarados is to knock a Magikarp into a waterfall, where it will evolve.
In the first generation of Pokémon games, Magikarp can only learn 2 moves by level. The moves are Splash and Tackle, at levels 1 and 15, respectively.
From generations 2 to 8, Magikarp can learn the aforementioned moves at those respective levels, plus the move Flail, at level 25.
In some generations, Magikarp can learn Hydro Pump and Bounce, however, the method to learn these moves is not by leveling up.
There are some Magikarp that have been awarded to players (either in-game or by events) that know a few moves other than the mentioned before, however, those are few specimens.

Appearances

In video games
In the video game series, Magikarp is seen commonly when fishing with an Old or Good Rod. In Pokémon Red and Blue, and their remakes, an NPC will sell the player a Magikarp. In Pokémon Diamond and Pearl, Magikarp appear flopping around in a dried-up lake. It has appeared in several Pokémon games later such as Pokémon Yellow, Pokémon Gold and Silver, Pokémon Crystal, Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire, Pokémon FireRed and LeafGreen, Pokémon Emerald, Pokémon Platinum, Pokémon HeartGold and SoulSilver, Pokémon Black and White, Pokémon Black 2 and White 2, Pokémon X and Y, Pokémon Omega Ruby and Alpha Sapphire, Pokémon Sun and Moon, Pokémon Ultra Sun and Ultra Moon, Pokémon: Let's Go, Pikachu! and Let's Go, Eevee!, Pokémon Sword and Shield, Pokémon Brilliant Diamond and Shining Pearl,  and Pokémon Scarlet and Violet.

Outside of the main series, in Pokémon Stadium, Magikarp featured in its own mini-game called "Magikarp Splash", in which players must Splash high enough to hit the button at the top of the screen as many times as it can. It also appeared in Pokémon Snap, Pokémon Pinball, Pokémon Channel, Pokémon Pinball: Ruby & Sapphire, Pokémon Trozei!, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Blue Rescue Team and Red Rescue Team, Pokémon Ranger, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Time and Explorers of Darkness, Pokémon Mystery Dungeon: Explorers of Sky, Pokémon Rumble, PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure, Pokémon Rumble Blast, PokéPark 2: Wonders Beyond, Pokémon Conquest , Pokémon Rumble U, Pokémon Battle Trozei, Pokémon Shuffle, Pokémon Rumble World, Pokémon Picross, and Pokémon Rumble Rush. A mobile video game, called Pokémon: Magikarp Jump, was announced in February 2017 under the title Splash! Magikarp, and was released for Android and iOS on 25 May 2017. It also appears in Pokémon Go and New Pokémon Snap.

In other media
In the anime, Magikarp has appeared several times, most notably as the subject of a running gag in which a salesman attempts to trick Team Rocket into buying Magikarp in various guises, the first one being in Battle Aboard the St. Anne. In The Joy of Pokémon, a Nurse Joy from the Orange Islands befriended a giant Magikarp that saved her as a child. It evolved into an equally large Gyarados, but it remained friendly, which happens rarely. In The Wacky Watcher, Ash, Misty, and Tracey help a Pokémon Watcher named Dr. Quackenpoker observe the migration and evolution of a school of Magikarp. Another, in Ya See We Want an Evolution, was nicknamed the strongest Magikarp. This Magikarp was unique in that it was in fact able to battle very well, even knocking out Pikachu. An official music video of Magikarp was made called "I Love Magikarp", the song featured how weak Magikarp is. It appears also on Pokétoon Magikarp's Journey.

In film
A Magikarp appears in the film Pokémon: Detective Pikachu, evolving into Gyarados after Detective Pikachu threw a Magikarp to help battle against a Charizard.

Reception

Magikarp has been regarded as one of the weakest Pokémon in the series, as well as one of the worst Pokémon. GamesRadar described it as "the ultimate in useless Pokemon", though noted its evolution Gyarados as one of the "most well-known" characters in the series. IGN regarded it as being "comic relief" until it evolves into Gyarados. IGN also criticized Magikarp as the "worst Pokémon ever", citing its low statistics and low utility. Steven Bogos of The Escapist listed Magikarp as 61st of their favorite Pokémon, stating that one of the most useless Pokémon, that if you can manage to level up, turns into one of the most bad-ass: Gyarados.

The book Gaming Cultures and Place in Asia-Pacific cited it as an "example of a common recurring and weak element" in the games, whose presence rather than function was to "emphasize the exclusivity and strength of other, rarer creatures for players to find". Loredana Lipperini, author of the book Generazione Pokémon: i bambini e l'invasione planetaria dei nuovi, described it as "innocuous-looking." Stephen Totilo of Kotaku also gave criticism to Magikarp, commenting that the using it as his character in Pokémon Rumble made him learn the "hard way" that he "couldn't have had a worse idea." The Australian Broadcasting Corporation's Good Game has praised PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure for its faithfulness to various Pokémon's abilities; while Torterra and Hitmontop were described as using Razor Leaf and Rapid Spin, they merely described Magikarp's actions as just "being Magikarp." In Pokémon Sword and Shield, Magikarp was one of the most hated Pokémon due to some players using Magikarp during the game's multiplayer raids. The website Bright Side of the Sun used an analogy involving Magikarp, commenting that the words "defense" and "rebounding" were "tossed around" more by their coach to them than "a Magikarp card at a Pokémon convention in 1997." Patricia Hernandez of Kotaku said that Magikarp is the best Pokémon Go buddy. Shane Redding of Screen Rant ranked Magikarp as Generation 1 Pokémon that make no sense. Kyle Hilliard of GameInformer listed Magikarp as one of the pointless video game pets that we love. Gortexfogg of Destructoid claimed that Magikarp is the greatest Pokémon, stating that "because he entirely fails at being a Pokémon. He is just a fish, a simple carp. It is that irony that sets him apart as the greatest." Khee Hoon Chan of Paste noted that while players who dislike Magikarp, He had to defend it due to still how useful the Pokémon is, and stating that " existence is still a labor of love, one that has turned into a legacy. It even inspired a song."

A variety of merchandise depicting Magikarp have been produced such as Poké lids, Toys, Plush, 18k luxurious gold and silver necklaces, and the Pokémon Trading Card Game. Magikarp has been also cosplayed by a Twitch streamer to jokingly "compete" with hot tub streamers, and by a baby on Honolulu Comic book convention being deemed to be the cutest cosplay ever.

References

Further reading

External links

 Magikarp on Pokemon.com
 Webpage listing the moves Magikarp can learn on Pokémon Red, Blue, and Yellow

Fictional fish
Pokémon species
Video game characters introduced in 1996
Video game characters with water abilities

ca:Línia evolutiva de Magikarp#Magikarp
es:Anexo:Pokémon de la primera generación#Magikarp
pl:Lista Pokémonów (121-140)#Magikarp

Magikarp


Saint Philip, São Filipe, or San Felipe may refer to:

People
 Saint Philip the Apostle
 Saint Philip the Evangelist also known as Philip the Deacon
 Saint Philip Neri
 Saint Philip Benizi de Damiani also known as Saint Philip Benitius or Filippo Benizzi, from Florence, 13th century
 Saint Philip Minh Van Doan of the Vietnamese Martyrs

Places

In the Americas
 Saint Philip Parish, Antigua and Barbuda
 The Parish of Saint Philip, Barbados, located in Barbados
 San Felipe, Baja California, Mexico
 San Felipe Creek (Salton Sea)
 San Felipe Creek (Santa Clara County)
 San Felipe, Orange Walk, Belize
 San Felipe, Guainía, Colombia
 Saint Philip, Indiana, United States
 San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico, United States
 San Felipe, Texas, United States
 Del Rio, Texas, United States, formerly named San Felipe Del Rio
 San Felipe, Yucatán, Mexico
 San Felipe, Lima, a neighborhood in Jesus Maria District, Peru
 San Felipe, Yaracuy, in Venezuela
 San Felipe de Puerto Plata, in the Dominican Republic
 San Felipe, Chile
 San Felipe, Retalhuleu, in Guatemala
 San Felipe, Panama, a division of Panama City
 Castillo de San Felipe (disambiguation)

Elsewhere
 São Filipe, Cape Verde
 São Filipe, Cape Verde (municipality)
 Sint Philipsland (island), a former island in the Dutch province of Zeeland
 Sint Philipsland (village), a village in the Dutch municipality of Tholen
 San Felipe, Zambales, in the Philippines
 San Felipe, fictional island in the novel Success To The Brave by Douglas Reeman (writing as Alexander Kent)

Ships
 San Felipe (shipwreck), wrecked in Florida
 San Felipe incident (1596), wrecked in Japan
 San Felipe incident (1835), involved in a naval battle between Mexico and Texas

Other uses
 Saint Philip (Nanni di Banco), a c. 1410–1412 sculpture of Philip the Apostle
 Convento de San Felipe el Real, a former convent in Madrid
 San Felipe Cooperative School in Lima, Peru

See also
 San Felipe Municipality (disambiguation)
 Philip (disambiguation)

Saint Philip


The radio programs listed below are all from the United States.

0-9
 15 Minutes with Bing Crosby (1931)
 2000 Plus (1950–1952)
 2000X (2000)
 21st Precinct (1953–1956)
 The $64 Question (1950–1952)

A
 A Christmas Sing with Bing (1955–1962), annual program of Christmas music.
 The A&P Gypsies, variety (1930, NBC-Red, 8:30–9:30 p.m. Mondays). The host and band leader was Harry Horlick. Announcers were Phillips Carlin and Milton Cross.
 A.L. Alexander's Goodwill Court (1936, NBC, 30 minutes weekly).
 A.L. Alexander's Mediation Board, advice (1943–1952, Mutual).
 The Abbott and Costello Children's Show (1947–1949, ABC).
 The Abbott and Costello Show, comedy, 30 minutes (1940, 1942–1947, NBC; 1947–1949, ABC).
 Abbott Mysteries, mystery (1945–1947, Mutual Broadcasting System, 30 minutes). Based on the novels by Frances Crane.  The stars were Julie Stevens as Jean Abbott and Charles Webster as Pat Abbott. The writers included Howard Merrill and Ed Adamsom.
 ABC Mystery Theater, mystery (1951–1954), ABC
 The Abe Burrows Show, comedy (1947-1948, CBS, 15 minutes).
 Abie's Irish Rose, comedy (1942–1944, NBC, 8:00–8:30 p.m. Sunday).
 Academy Award (radio), anthology (1946, CBS, 30 minutes). Music: Leith Stevens. Producer: Lee Engelbach. Adaptations: Frank Wilson.
 Accordiana (1934, CBS, 8:30-9:00 p.m. Tuesday), with soprano Vivienne Segal, tenor Oliver Smith, and the Abe Lyman Orchestra.
 Acousticon Hour, (1927–1928, NBC, 5:30–6:00 p.m. Sundays).
 Action, anthology series (1945); one episode: High Explosive with Jane Wyatt, Robert Lowery, and star and narrator William Gargan.
 The Adam Carolla Show (2006–2009).
 Add a Line, game, (1949, ABC, 30 minutes). Host: John Nelson.
 The Adele Clark Show, variety, (1945–1946, ABC, 30 minutes).; Host and Singer: Adele Clark. Announcer: Gene Kirby. Music: Jack Kelly and his orchestra.
 Adopted Daughter (1937-1941).
 Adult Education Series (1938–1957).
 Adventure Parade, anthology (1946–1949, MBS, 15 minutes). Host/Storyteller: John Griggs. Announcer: George Hogan.
 Adventures by Morse, adventure (1944, syndicated, 30 minutes). Elliott Lewis, David Ellis, and Russell Thorson as Bart Friday. Barton Yarborough as Skip Turner. Writer/Producer: Carlton E. Morse.
 Adventures in Odyssey (1987–present).
 The Adventures of Babe Ruth.
 The Adventures of Bill Lance, crime drama (1947–1948, ABC, 30 minutes). Gerald Mohr as Bill Lance. Announcer: Owen James.
 The Adventures of Champion, adventure (1949–1950, MBS, 15 minutes).  Adventures of Gene Autry's horse, Champion.
 The Adventures of Christopher Wells, crime drama (1947–1948, CBS, 30 minutes). Myron McCormick and Les Damon as Christopher Wells. Charlotte Lawrence and Vicki Vola as Stacy McGill. Orchestra: Peter von Streeden.
 The Adventures of Dick Cole, adventure (1942, syndicated, 30 minutes). Dick Cole was a comic book character. Leon Janney played Dick Cole. The announcer was Paul Luther and music was by Lew White.
 The Adventures of Ellery Queen (1939–1948).
 The Adventures of Father Brown, crime drama, (1945, MBS, 30 minutes).
 The Adventures of Frank Merriwell, adventure (1946–1949, NBC, 30 minutes).
 The Adventures of Frank Race, adventure (1949–1950, syndicated, 30 minutes).  The stars were Tom Collins and Paul Dubov as Frank Race and Tony Barnett as Mark Donovan.  The announcer was Art Gilmore, and the music by Ivan Ditmars.
 The Adventures of Gracie, (also known as The Vintage White Owl Program) comedy, (1934–1935, CBS, 30 minutes). The hosts and stars were George Burns and Gracie Allen. Vocalists included The Picken Sisters and the White Owl Buccaneers.  The announcer was Bill Goodwin.  Robert E. Dolan led the orchestra.
 The Adventures of Helen and Mary, children's, (1929–1934, CBS, 30 minutes).  Became Let's Pretend. Estelle Levy played Helen, Patricia Ryan played Mary. Maurice Brown was the announcer.
 The Adventures of Leonidas Witherall, mystery, (1944–1945, MBS, 30 minutes).  Starring Walter Hampden as Leonidas Witherall, Agnes Moorehead and Ethel Remey as Mrs. Mollett and Jack MacBryde as Police Sgt. McCloud. The announcer was Carl Caruso, with music by Milton Kane. The program was produced by Roger Bower.
 The Adventures of Maisie (1945–1952).
 The Adventures of Nero Wolfe, mystery (1943–1944, ABC, 30 minutes).
 The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, comedy, (1944–1954, CBS 1944–1948, NBC 1948–1949, CBS 1949, ABC 1949–1954, 30 minutes).
 The Adventures of Philip Marlowe, crime drama (1947, NBC; 1948–1951, CBS).
 The Adventures of Rin Tin Tin, adventure (1955, MBS, 30 minutes).
 The Adventures of Sam Spade (1946–1951)
 The Adventures of Superman (1940–1951).
 The Adventures of the Abbotts, mystery (1954–1955, NBC, 30 minutes). Claudia Morgan as Jean Abbott and Les Damon as Pat Abbott.
 The Adventures of the Thin Man (1941–1950).
 The Affairs of Ann Scotland (1946-1947)
 Afropop Worldwide (1988).
 Against the Storm (1939–1952).
 The Air Adventures of Jimmie Allen (1933–1943).
 The Al Franken Show (2004–2007).
 The Al Jolson Show (1932–1949).
 Al Pearce (1928–1947).
 The Aldrich Family (1939–1953).
 Alec Templeton Time (1939–1948).
 Alex Dreier (1945–1963).
 Alka-Seltzer Time.
 Alias Jimmy Valentine (1938–1939)
 The All-Negro Hour (1929-1935)
 All Songs Considered (2000–present).
 All Things Considered (1971–present).
 AllNight with Jason Smith (2005–present).
 Amanda of Honeymoon Hill (1940–1946)
 Amazing Facts (1965–present).
 The Amazing Mr. Malone.
 The Amazing Nero Wolfe, mystery (1945, MBS, 30 minutes).
 America Abroad, documentary (2003– )
 America Calling (1941)
 The American Album of Familiar Music (1931–1951)
 American Catholic Radio
 American Country Countdown (1973–present)
 American Gold with Dick Bartley (1992–2009)
 American Farmer (1945–1963)
 The American Forum of the Air (1937–1956)
 American Mercury Presents: Meet the Press (1945–present)
 American Portraits (1938–1951)
 American Radio Warblers (1937–1952)
 The American School of the Air (1930–1948)
 American Top 40 (1970–1995, 1998–present).
 America's Town Meeting of the Air (1935–1956).
 Amos 'n' Andy (1929–1960).
 And They Call It Democracy (2005–2008).
 The Andre Kostelanetz Show (1932–1948).
 Anything Anything with Rich Russo (2008–present).
 The Answer Man (1937–1956).
 Arch Oboler's Plays (1939–1940).
 Archie Andrews (1943–1953).
 Arco Birthday Party.
 Are We Alone? (2003–present)).
 The Armstrong Theater of Today (1941–1954).
 Arnold Grimm's Daughter (1937-1942)
 The Art of Living (1949–1958).
 Art Van Damme (1940–1952).
 Arthur Godfrey Time (1945–1972).
 Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts (1946–1958).
 Arthur Tracy, the Street Singer (1931–1942).
 Assabe and Sabina (1944–1955, WSAN, 15 minutes weekly).
 The Atwater Kent Hour.
 Audience of Two (2001–present).
 Aunt Jemima (1930–1953).
 Aunt Jenny's Real Life Stories (1937–1956).
 Aunt Mary (1944–1961).
 Author's Playhouse (1941–1945).

B
 Bachelor's Children (1935–1946)
 Back to God Hour (1948–1963)
 Back to the Bible (1939–present)
 Backstage Wife (1935–1959)
 Backtrax USA (1993–present)
 The Baker's Broadcast (1933–1938)
 Bandstand USA (1949–1963)
 Barry Farber (1960–present)
 Baukhage Talking (1942–1953)
 Bay State Rock with Carmelita (1986–present)
 Beaker Street (1966–present)
 Beat the Band (1940–1944)
 The Beatrice Kay Show (1946)
 Believe It Or Not (1930–1948)
 The Bell Telephone Hour (1940–1958)
 Ben and Brian's Big Top-20 Countdown
 The Ben Bernie Show (1931–1943)
 Benny Goodman Show (1936–1946)
 Betty and Bob (1932–1941)
 Betty Crocker Magazine of the Air (1926–1952)
 Betty Moore (1931–1943)
 Between the Bookends (1935–1956)
 Beulah (1945–1954)
 The Big Show (1950–1951)
 The Big Show (1995–present)
 The Big Show with John Boy and Billy (1986–present)
 Big Sister (1936–1952)
 Big Town (1937–1952)
 The Bill Goodwin Show (1947– )
 The Billie Burke Show (1943–1946)
The Billy Madison Show (2005– present)
Bing Crosby Entertains (1933–1935)
 The Bing Crosby Show (1931–1956)
 The Bird's Eye Open House (1943–1946)
 The Bishop and the Gargoyle (1936–1942)
 Black Hood (1943–1944)
 The Black Mass (1960–1965)
 The Black Museum (1951)
 Blackhawk (1950)
 Blackstone Plantation (1929–1934)
 Blind Date (1943-1946)
 Blondie (1939–1950)
 Blue Beetle (1940)
 Blue Collar Radio (2005–present)
 Boake Carter (1933–1944)
 The Bob and Ray Show (1946–1989)
 Bob and the Showgram (2004–present)
 The Bob and Tom Show (1983–present)
 The Bob Becker Program (1934–1944)
 The Bob Crosby Show (1935–1946)
 The Bob Edwards Show (2004–present)
 The Bob Hope Show (1938–1958)
 Bobby Benson and the B-Bar-B Riders (1932–1955)
 Bold Venture (1951–1952)
 Boston Symphony (1926–1957)
 Boston Blackie (1944–1950)
 The Bottom Forty
 Box 13 (1948–1949)
 Brave Tomorrow (1943–1944)
 Break the Bank (1945–1955)
 The Breakfast Club (1933–1968)
 Breakfast in Hollywood
 Breakfast with Burrows, CBS, 1949.  Host: Abe Burrows.
 Breakfast with Dorothy and Dick (1945–1960)
 Breakfast with the Beatles (1976?–present)
 Breen and DeRose (1927–1939)
 Brenda Curtis (1939–1940)
 Bringing Up Father (1941)
 Broadway Is My Beat (1949–1954)
 The Brody Nighttime Radio Show
 Breakfast with Bubba
 Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (1932–1947)
 Bulldog Drummond (1941–1954)
 Burns and Allen (1932–1950)
 The Buzz with Scotty Rorek @ Zita Ost (2009 – present)

C
 Cafe Nashville (2008–present)
 Cal Tinney (1938–1953)
 California Melodies (1932–1944)
 Calling All Cars (1933–1939)
 Calling America (1939–1963)
 Camel Caravan (1933–1954)
 The Campbell Playhouse (1938–1940)
 Campusanity (2005–present)
 Can You Top This? (1940–1954)
 Capital Chat
 Captain Flagg and Sergeant Quirt (1941-1942)
 Captain Midnight (1940–1949)
 Captain Tim Healy's Stamp Club (1933–1945)
 Car Talk (1977–present)
 The Carnation Contented Hour (1932–1951)
 Carson Robinson's Buckaroo (1932–1949)
 The Carters of Elm Street (1939–1940)
 The Casebook of Gregory Hood (1946–1950)
 Casey, Crime Photographer (1943–1955)
 The Catholic Hour (1929–1956)
 Cavalcade of America (1935–1953)
 CBS Church of the Air (1931–1956)
 CBS Radio Mystery Theater (1974–1982)
 CBS Radio Workshop
 The CEO Show with Robert Reiss
 Challenge of the Yukon (aka Sergeant Preston of the Yukon) (1938–1955)
 The Chamber Music Society of Lower Basin Street (1940–1952)
 Champion Spark Plug Hour
 Chandu the Magician
Charlie Chan
 The Chase
 The Chase and Sanborn Hour (1929–1948)
 ChatterBox Video Game Radio (2004–present)
 Cheerio (1927–1940)
 Chesterfield Supper Club (1944–1950)
 Chicago Theater of the Air (1940–1954)
 Chicken Man (1966–?)
 Chuck Cecil's Swinging Years (1956 on)
 Church of the Air (1937–1963)
 The Cinnamon Bear
 The Cisco Kid (1942–1954)
 Cities Service Concerts (1927–1956)
 Clara, Lu, and Em (1931–1945)
 The Clark Howard Show (2003–present)
 Claudia
 Cleveland Symphony Orchestra (1933–1947)
 The Clicquot Club Eskimos (1926–1936)
 Cloak and Dagger (1950)
 Club Fifteen (1947–1953)
 Club Matinee (1937–1946)
 Club Time (1945–1954)
 Coast to Coast AM with George Noory and Ian Punnett or Art Bell and George Knapp on weekends. Formerly The Art Bell Show. (1978–present)
 Coast to Coast on a Bus (1927–1948)
 Coca-Cola Topnotchers (1930–1932)
 Coke Time (1930–1956)
 Colgate Sports Newsreel (1939–1957)
 Cook's Travelogue (1926–1939)
 CounterSpin (2004–present)
 Counterspy (1942–1957)
 Country Top 40 (2006–present)
 The Couple Next Door (1937–1960)
 The Court of Missing Heirs (1937–1947)
 Crap From The Past (1992–present)
 Creeps by Night (1944)
 Crime Classics (1953–1954)
 Crime Doctor (1940–1947)
 Crime Does Not Pay (1949–1952)
 Cruisin' America With Cousin Brucie (1986–1992)
 Curt Massey (1943–1962)
 Curtain Time (1938–1950)
 Curtis Institute of Music (1929–1942)

D
 DVD Talk Radio
 Dan Harding's Wife (1936–1939)
 The Dan Patrick Show (1999–present)
 Dark Fantasy (1941–1942)
 A Date with Judy (1941–1950)
 Dateline (1943–1963)
 Dave & Darren (2004–present)
 The Dave Ramsey Show (1992–present)
 Dave, Shelly, and Chainsaw (1990–present)
 David Harum
 The David Lawrence Show
 The David Lee Roth Show (2006)
 Death Valley Days (1930–1944)
 Deep Space
 Defense Attorney
 Delilah
 Democracy Now! (1996–present)
 Destination Freedom (1948–1951)
 Dick Clark's Rock Roll and Remember (1982–2006)
 Dick Clark National Music Survey  (1981–1986)
 The Dick Haymes Show (1944–1948)
 Dick Tracy
 Dimension X (1950–1951)
 The Dinah Shore Show
 Doc Barclay's Daughters (1939–1940)
 Does He Take Sugar?
 Don and Mike (1985–present)
 Don Winslow of the Navy (1939–1943)
 Don't You Believe It (1938–1947)
 Doo-Wop Express
 Dorothy Lamour Show (1935–1949) (1935)
 Double or Nothing (1940–1953)
 Dragnet (1949–1957)
 Dr. Christian (1937–1954)
 Dr. Demento (1974–present)
 Dr. Rock & the Medicine Show (2003–present)
 Dr. I.Q. (1939–1950)
 Dr. Standish, Medical Examiner (1948)
 Dramas of Youth (1933–1940s)
 Drene Time
 Drew Mariani
 Drew & Mike
 The Dudley & Bob Show (1994–present)
 Duffy's Tavern (1941–1951)
 Dr. Laura (1994–present)
 Loveline  with  Dr. Drew (1983–present)

E
 ESPN Radio College GameDay Road Tour (2000–present)
 Earplay (1970s–1980s)
 Earth & Sky (1991–present)
 Eastman School of Music Symphony (1932–1942)
 Easy Aces (1931–1945)
 EcoTalk
 Ed Norris Show
 The Ed Schultz Show (2004–2014)
Ed Sullivan Entertains (1943–1944)
Ed Sullivan's Pipelines (1946
The Ed Sullivan Show (1932)
Ed Sullivan Variety (1941)
The Eddie Bracken Show
Eddie Condon's Jazz Concerts
 Eddie Michaux Congregation (1933–1953)
 The Eddy Duchin Show (1933–1957)
 The Eddy Howard Orchestra (1947–1956)
 The Edgar Bergern/Charlie McCarthy Show (1937–1956)
 Edward R. Murrow (1938–1959)
 El Vacilón de la Mañana (1993–present)
 Eleanor Roosevelt (1932–1949)
 The Electric Hour (1944–1946)
 Elliot in the Morning (1999–present)
 Elmer Davis News (1939–1955)
Elvis Duran and the Morning Show (1996–present)
 Emperor Rosko Show
 Enna Jettick Melodies (1928–1939)
 The Eno Crime Club (1931-1936)
 Escape (1947–1954)
 Eternal Light (1946–1970s)
 Ethel and Albert
"eTown" (1991–present)
 The Eveready Hour (1923–1930)
 Everyman's Theater (1940–1941)

F
 Face the Nation (1954–1970)
 Faith in Our Time (1945–1954)
 The Falcon (1943–1954)
 Falcon's Rock Block (2007–present)
 Family Skeleton (1953–1954)
 Family Theater (1947–1957)
 Famous Jury Trials (1936–1949)
 Father Coughlin (1930–1942)
 Fat Guys at the Movies (2013–present)
 Father Knows Best (1949–1954)
 The Fat Man (1946–1951)
 Favorite Story (1946–1949)
 The FBI in Peace and War (1944–1958)
 Fibber McGee and Molly (1935–1956)
 The Fifth Horseman (1946, NBC, Summer short-run series of eight special half-hour weekly episodes), Rare and obscure early post-World War II anti-nuclear radio docudrama serial
 Fireside chats (1933–1944)
 The Firefighters (quarter hour children's radio show)
 The First Nighter Program (1930–1953)
 The Five Mysteries Program
 The Fleischmann's Yeast Hour (1929–1936)
 Floydian Slip (1989, 1994–present)
 Flywheel, Shyster and Flywheel (1930s)
 The Ford Sunday Evening Hour (1934–1946)
 Foreign Assignment (1943–1944)
 Fort Laramie (1956)
 Foreign Policy Association Program (1927–1940)
 Forever Ernest (1946)
 Four Star Playhouse (1949)
 Frances Adair (1935–1938, NBC, with soprano Frances Adair)
 Frank and Ernest (1949–1963)
 The Fred Allen Show (1932–1949)
 The Fred Waring Show (1931–1957)
 The Freddy Martin Orchestra (1932–1947)
 Frederick William Wile (1926–1936)
 The Free Beer and Hot Wings Morning Show (1997–present)
 The Free COO (Free advice for building and running a startup company) (2012–present)
 The Ford Sunday Evening Hour (1934–1946)
 Frontlines of Freedom (2007–present)
 Front Page Farrell (1941–1954)
 Frontier Gentleman (1958)
 Fry Night Fights (1937–1956)
 Fulton Lewis, Jr. (1937–1956)

G
 Gabriel Heatter (1935–1960)
 Galen Drake Show (1945–1960)
 Gamenight
 Gang Busters (1935–1957)
 Garden Gate (1941–1956)
 Gaslight Gayeties (1944–1945)
 Gasoline Alley (1931–1949)
 Gateway to Hollywood (1939)
 The Gay Nineties Revue (1939–1944)
 Gene Autry's Melody Ranch (1940–1956)
 The General Mills Radio Adventure Theater (1977)
 General Motors Concerts (1934–1957)
 The George Jessel Show (1933–1954)
 Ghost Stories (1935–1951)
 The Gibson Family (1934–1935)
 The Ginny Simms Show (1942–1951)
 Glamour Manor (1944-1947)
 The Glenn Beck Program (2000–present)
 The Golden Age of Radio (1970–1977)
 The Goldbergs (1929–1947)
 Good News of 1938 (1937–1940)
 The Gospel Hour (1939–present)
 The Gospel Singer (1933–1942)
 Grand Central Station (1937–1953)
 Grand Hotel (1933–1945)
 Grand Ole Opry (1925–present)
 Grand Slam (1943–1953)
 Grandpa and the Toad (1958–1963)
 The Great Gildersleeve (1941–1957)
 The Great Sounds with Ray Otis (1986–1990)
 The Greatest Story Ever Told (1947–1956)
 The Green Hornet (1938–1952)
 The Guiding Light (1937–1952)
 Gunsmoke (1952–1961)
 Gutsy geeks (2001–present)
 Guy Lombardo Show (1929–1957)
 Gznollo (1958–1975)

H
 H. R. Baukhage (1942–1953)
 H. V. Kaltenborn News (1930–1953)
 The Hall of Fantasy (1952–1953)
 Hallmark Hall of Fame(1948–1953)
 Hallmark Playhouse (1953–1955)
 The Halls of Ivy (1949–1952)
 Hannibal Cobb (1950–1951)
 Hap Hazard (1941-?)
 The Happiness Boys (1920s)
 The Happy-Go-Lucky Hour
 Happy Jack Turner (1932–1941)
 Harry Wismer Sports (1945–1955)
 Harvest of Stars (1945–1950)
 Have Gun, Will Travel (1957–1963)
 Hawaii Calls (1935–1975)
 Hawk Larabee (1946–1948)
 Heartbeat Theatre (1956–1977)
 Hedda Hopper (1939–1951)
 Helen Hayes Theater (1935–1946)
 Helpmate
 The Henry Morgan Show (1940–1951)
 Here on Earth - Radio Without Borders (2003– )
 Here, There, and Everywhere (2005–present)
 The Herd with Colin Cowherd
 The Hermit's Cave (1935? – 1944)
 Hilltop House (1937–1955)
 Hobby Lobby (1937–1944)
 Hollywood Showcase (1937-1948)
 Home of the Brave (1941)
 Hop Harrigan (1942–1948)
 Hot and Fresh (2006–present)
 Hot Copy (1941–1944)
 The Hour of Charm (1935–1948)
 Hour of Decision (1953–present)
 Hour of Faith (1942–1956)
 House of Glass (1935–1954)
 Housekeeper's Chat (1926–1944)
 Howard K. Smith (1945–1956)
 The Howard Stern Radio Show (until January 2006)
 The Howie Chizek Show (1972–June, 2012)
 Howie Wing (1938–1939)
  The Hilary Duff Show (1987–1990)
The Hollering with Hammer show (2016–2017)

I
 I Deal in Crime (1946–1948)
 I Fly Anything (1950–1951)
 I Love a Mystery (1939–1952)
 I Love Lucy (1952)
 I Was a Communist for the FBI (1952–1954)
 In Person, Dinah Shore (1942–1943)
 Indie A–Z (2008–)
 Information Please (1938–1948)
 Inner Sanctum Mysteries (1941–1952)
 Invitation to Learning (1940–1963)
 The Ipana Troubadors
 Irene Beasley (1930–1939)
 Irene Rich Show (1933–1944)
 Irving Aaronson Orchestra (1935, NBC)
 Island Venture (1945–1946, CBS)
 It Pays to Be Ignorant (1942–1944, 1944–1950 and 1951)
 It Pays to Be Married (1944–1955)
 It's Your Business (1944–1956)

J
 "Jack Hammer and Andre Kane (2007–present)
 Jack Armstrong the All American Boy (1933–1950)
 The Jack Benny Program (1932–1955)
 Jack Berch and His Boys (also known as The Jack Berch Show) (1935–1954)
 The Jack Carson Show (1943–1956)
 The Jack Eigen Show (1951–1971)
 Jack Kirkwood Show (1943–1953)
 The Jack Pearl Show (1932–1951)
 The Jan Garber Orchestra (1934–1967)
 The Jane Pickens Show (1948–1957)
 Jean Shepherd (1948–1977)
 The Jim Bohannon Show (1993–present)
 The Jim Backus Show (1947–1958)
 The Jim Rome Show (1996–present)
 The Jimmy Wakely Show (1946–1958)
 The Joan Davis Show
 Joan Davis Time (1947–1948)
 Joanie's Tea Room (1945–1947)
 Joe and Mabel
 John R. Gambling (2000–present)
 John MacVane (1945–1956)
 John Steele, Adventurer
 John's Other Wife (1936–1942)
 Johnny Fletcher (1948)
 Johnny Mercer's Music Shop (1943)
 Johnny Modero, Pier 23 (1947)
 The Johnson Family (1941–1950)
 Joseph C. Harsch (1947–1956)
 Joyce Jordan, M.D. (1938–1955)
 Judy and Jane (1932–1947)
 The Judy Canova Show (1943–1953)
 The Jumbo Fire Chief Program (1935–1936)
 Jungle Jim (1935–1954)
 Junior Miss (1942–1954)
 Just Plain Bill (1932–1955)

K
 Kate Hopkins, Angel of Mercy (1939–1942)
 The Kate Smith A&P Bandwagon (1936, CBS, 8–9:00 p.m. Thursdays)
 The Kate Smith Hour (1930–1958)
 Kate Smith's Coffee Time (1935, CBS, 7:30–7:45 p.m. Tuesday–Thursday)
 Katie's Daughter
 Kay Kyser's Kollege of Musical Knowledge (1938–1949)
 Kidd Kraddick in the Morning (1992–present)
 King Biscuit Flower Hour (1973–present)
 Korn's-A-Krackin' (KWTO and Mutual, 1940s)
 Kraft Music Hall (1933–1949)

L
 Ladies Be Seated (1943–1950)
 Land of the Lost (1944–1948)
 The Landt Trio (1928–1951)
 The Lanny Ross Show (1929–1952)
 The Larry King Show (1978–present)
 The Lars Larson Show
 Laundryland Lyrics (1929–?)
 The Laura Ingraham Show (2001–present)
 The Lazlow Jones Show (through 2005)
 Leading Question (1953–1963)
 Leave It to Joan (1949)
 Legends of Success (2002–present)
 The Les Paul Show
 Let George Do It (1946–1955)
 Let's Dance (1934–1935)
 Let's Pretend (1937–1954)
 Life and Love of Dr. Susan
 Life Can Be Beautiful (1938–1954)
 Life Online with Bob Parsons (2005–present)
 The Life of Riley (1944–1951)
 The Light of the World (1940–1950)
 Lights Out (1934–1947)
 The Linda Chavez Show
 Linda's First Love (1939–1950)
 Little Orphan Annie (1931–1943)
 Little Steven's Underground Garage (2002–present)
 Live from the 60s with the Real Don Steele (1988–1993)
 Living Dramas of the Bible (1937)
 The Lone Ranger (1933–1954)
 Lonely Women (1942–1943)
 Longines Symphonette (1943–1958)
 Looking Over the Week (1933–1946)
 The Louella Parsons Show (1931–1951)
 Louisiana Hayride (1948–1958)
 Lone Journey (1940–1952)
 Long John Nebel
 Lorenzo Jones (1937–1955)
 Lowell Thomas and the News (1930–1976)
 Lum and Abner (1931–1953)
 The Lutheran Hour (1930–present)
 Lux Radio Theater (1934–1955)

M
 Ma Perkins (1933–1960)
 Magic Island
 Major Bowes Capitol Family Hour (1925–1941)
 Major Bowes Amateur Hour (1935–1946)
 Make It Happen With Michelle McCullough (2013–present)
 The Man Called X (1944–1952)
 Manhattan Merry-Go-Round (1933–1949)
 The March of Time (1931–1945)
 MARINA's Musical Health Talk (2012–Present)
 The Mark & Brian Show (1987–present)
 Mark Trail (1950–1952)
 Marketplace (1989–present)
 Martin Agronsky (1944–1956)
 The Mary Lee Taylor Show (1937–1954)
 Mary Margaret McBride (1937–1954)
 Mary Small (1934–1946)
 Maurice, the Singer of Romance (1935, NBC, Morrie Abrams, singer)
 MaslowWoman Live Radio (2012–present, radio network, Dr. W. RICHE, Host)
 Meet Corliss Archer (1943–1955)
 Meet Mr. Weeks (1939-1941)
 The Mercury Theatre on the Air (1938)
 Meredith Willson (1936–1954)
 Message of Israel (1935–1956)
 Metropolitan Opera (1931–present)
 Metropolitan Opera Auditions of the Air (1935–1958)
 The Michael Medved Show (1996–present)
 The Michael Reagan Radio Show (1992–present)
 Michael Shayne
 The Mickey Mouse Theater of the Air (1938)
 Midweek Hymn Sing (1926–1936)
 Midweek Politics (2005–present)
 The Mike Malloy Show (2004–present)
 Mike and the Mad Dog (1989–2008)
 The Mildred Bailey Revue (1933–1944)
 The Milton Berle Show (1939–1948)
 The Mixing Board with Paul Stewart (2011–present)
 Modern Romances (1936–1955)
 Molle Mystery Theater (1943–1954)
 Mom's the Word (2007–present)
 Monday Morning Headlines (1944–1956)
 Monitor (1955–1975)
 Morgan Beatty News (1942–1953)
 Morning Edition (1979–present)
 Morning Sedition (2004–2005)
 Morning Sickness with Eric and Harrison (2006–present)
 The Morton Downey Show (1930–1951)
 Mr. and Mrs. North (1942–1954)
 Mr. District Attorney (1939–1953)
 Mr. Keen, Tracer of Lost Persons (1937–1955)
 Murder at Midnight (1946–1947)
 Murder Is My Hobby (1945-1946)
 Music & the Spoken Word (Mormon Tabernacle Choir) (1929–present)
 Music Appreciation Hour (1928–1941)
 Music from Hollywood (1937–1950)
 Music That Satisfies (1932–1945)
 Musical Album (1927–1936)
 My Favorite Husband (1948–1951)
 My Friend Irma (1947–1954)
 My Little Margie (1952–1955)
 Myrt and Marge (1931–1947)
 The Mysterious Traveler (1943–1952)
 Mystery Chef (1931–1945)
 Mystery Is My Hobby

N
 National Barn Dance (1933–1950)
 National Church of the Air (1927–1956)
 The National Farm and Home Hour (1929–1958)
 National Radio Forum (1931–1943)
 The Navy Hour (1930–1954)
 NBC Music Appreciation Hour (1929–1941)
 NBC Symphony Orchestra (1937–1954)
 The Neal Boortz Show (1977–present)
 Nell Vinick (1929–1942)
 Nelson Olmsted (1939–1951)
 Nestle Chocolateers (1030-?)
 The New Adventures of Sherlock Holmes (1939–1947)
 The New Adventures of Nero Wolfe (1950–1951)
 New York Philharmonic Orchestra (1927–1963)
 News on the Hour (1950, NBC, with newscaster Robert Abernethy)
 Newsroom of the Air (1940–1955)
 Nick Carter, Master Detective (1943–1955)
 Nightbeat (1950–1952)
 Nights with Alice Cooper (2004–present)
 Niteshift with Mike Sargent (1990–present)
 Noah Webster Says (1942–1951)
 Northwestern University Reviewing Stand (1936–1963)
 Now Hear This (1951)
 Nutmeg Junction (2018 to present)

O
 Of Men and Books (1939–1948)
 Official Detective (1946–1957)
 Oklahoma City Symphony Orchestra (1949–1963)
 The Old-Fashioned Revival Hour (1936–1961)
 Old Gold on Broadway (1933–1948)
 On the Line with Bob Considine (1947–1963)
 One Man's Family (1932–1959)
 One Night Stand (1942–1962)
 The O'Neills (19343–1943)
 Open Forum (1961–2011)
 Open House Party (1988–present)
 The Opie & Anthony Show (1994–present)
 The Original Amateur Hour
 Our Gal Sunday (1937–1959)
 Our Miss Brooks (1948–1957)
 Our Secret Weapon (1942–1943), CBS Radio, counterpropaganda talk with Rex Stout
 Ozark Jubilee (1953–1960) on ABC Radio
 On Air With Ryan Seacrest (2004–Present)
 On the Move With Enrique Santos (2018–present)

P
 Painted Dreams (1930–1938?)
 The Passing Parade (1938–1949)
 Pat Novak for Hire
 Pat O'Daniel and His Hillbilly Boys (1930s)
 Paul Harvey (1952–2008)
 The Paul Whiteman Hour (1927–1954)
 The Pause That Refreshes (1934–1948)
 Penthouse Party
 People Are Funny (1942–1960)
 The People's Platform (1938–1952)
 Pepper Young's Family (1936–1959)
 The Perry Como Show (1943–1955)
  Perry Mason (1943–1955)
 Pete Kelly's Blues (1951)
 The Phil Cook Show (1930–1952)
 The Phil Harris-Alice Faye Show (1948–1954)
 Phil Hendrie Show
 The Philadelphia Symphony (1932–1957)
 The Philip Morris Playhouse (1939–1953)
 The Phil's Gang Show (1997–present)
 Pick and Pat (1934–1945)
 Planetary Radio (2002–present)
 Planet Mikey (2005–present)
 The Playhouse (2000–present)
 Poets Cafe (2002–present)
 Police Headquarters (1932)
 Portia Faces Life (1940–1951)
 Pot o' Gold (1939–1947)
 A Prairie Home Companion (1974–present)
 The Preston and Steve Show (1999–February 2005, May 2005–present)
 Problem Corner
 Professor Quiz (1936–1948)
 Proudly We Hail (1947–1957)

Q
 Queen for a Day (1945–1957)
 Quiet, Please (1947–1949)
 Quiz Kids (1940–1953?)

R
 R&B Showcase Radio Show (1986–present)
 Radio Bible Class (1940–1961)
 Radio Bible Hour (1935–present)
 Radio City Music Hall (1932–1942)
 Radio Daze (1996–1998)
 The Radio Factor with Bill O'Reilly
 The Radio Guild (1929–1940)
 Rambling with Gambling (1925–2000)
 The Ranch Boys (1934–1956)
 Ray Perkins (1930–1941)
 Raymond Gram Swing (1936–1951)
 The Red Foley Show (1951–1961)
 Red Ryder (1942–1951)
 The Red Skelton Show (1941–1952)
 Religion in the News (1933–1950)
 Renfro Valley Barn Dance
 The Richard Maxwell Show (1929–1946)
 Rick and Bubba (2002–2006)
 Rick Dees Weekly Top 40 (1983–present)
 Rick Rydell (2001–present)
 Right to Happiness (1939–1960)
 Rin-Tin-Tin (1930–1955)
 Ring of Fire (2004–present)
 Road of Life (1937–1959)
 The Rob Arnie and Dawn Show  (1996–present)
 The Robert Q. Lewis Show (1945–1959)
 The Rochester Orchestra (1929–1942)
 Rock & Religion Radio Show (A.K.A. Rock Scope)  (1977–1981)
 Romance (1932–1957)
 The Romance of Helen Trent (1933–1960)
 Rosemary (1944–1955)
 Roy Rogers Show (1944–1955)
 The Rubinoff Orchestra (1931–1943)
 The Rudy Vallée Show (1929–1947)
 Rush Limbaugh (nationally 1988–present)
 Rovers Morning Glory (2003–present)

S
 Say it loud Teen Radio
 Sacred Heart Program
 The Sammy Kaye Show (1937–1956)
 Saturday Night Serenade (1936–1948)
 The Savage Nation with Michael Savage (2000–present)
 SCORE (306) Radio: Counselors to America's Small Business (1998–present) on WVOX
 "The Scott Vincent Show" (1955–1959)
 Scattergood Baines (1938–1950)
 The Screen Guild Theater (1939–1952)
 The Sealed Book (1945)
 The Sean Hannity Show (nationally 2001–present)
 Second Husband (1937–1946)
 The Second Mrs. Burton (1946–1960)
 Selected Shorts
 Sergeant Preston of the Yukon (1946–1955)
 Seth Parker (1929–1939)
 The Shadow (1937–1954)
 Shell Chateau (1935–1937)
 Silver Theatre (1937–1950)
 Sinfonietta (1935–1945)
 Singin' Sam (1930–1947)
 Singing Story Lady (1932–1941)
 Singin' Sam (1930–1947)
 The Six Shooter (1952–1954)
 *Sleep No More
 Smilin' Ed Maxwell Show (1932–1941)
 Smoke Dreams (1928–1946)
 Snow Village Sketches (1928–1947)
 Songs by Dinah Shore (1941–1942)
 The Sound of Young America
 The Southernaires Quartette (1930–1951)
 Space Patrol (1952–1955)
 The Sportsbash
 The Stan Freberg Show (1957)
 Stan Lomax (1935–1944)
 Star and the Story (1944)
  StarDate (1978–date)
 Stella Dallas (1938–1955)
 Stoopnagle and Budd (1930–1937)
 Stop Me If You've Heard This One (1939–1948)
 Stop the Music (1948–1952)
 The Story of Mary Marlin (1935–1952)
 Story Time (1929–1956)
 Strictly from Dixie (1941–1954)
 The Strange Dr. Weird (1944–1945)
 Strike It Rich (1947–1957)
 Stroke of Fate (1953)
 Studio One
 Suspense (1942–1962)
 Sunday at the Memories (1973–1990)
 Swingin' Years (1956–2006)

T
 T3: Trends, Tips & Tools for Everyday Living" (2003–2004) on WVOX
 Take It or Leave It (1940–1950)
 Talent Round-Up (ABC, 1955)
 Tales of Fatima (1949)
 Tales of the Texas Rangers (1950–1952)
 Tarzan (1932–1953)
 The Ted Lewis Show (1934–1948)
 The Ted Steele Orchestra (1939–1955)
 Tech Talk Radio (2000–present)
 Terry and the Pirates (1937–1948)
 Texaco Star Theater (1938–1948)
 That Brewster Boy (1941–1945)
 Theatre Guild on the Air (1945–1954)
 The Lives of Harry Lime (1951–1952)
 The Third Shift (2004–present)
 This Amazing America (1940)
 This American Life (1995–present)
 This I Believe (1951–1955, 2005–present)
 This Is Nora Drake (1947–1959)
 This Is Your FBI (1945–1953)
 The Thom Hartmann Program (2003–present)
 The Three Suns (1940–1956)
 Three X Sisters (1932–1937)
 Time After Island Time
 Today's Children (1932–1938)
 Tom Corbett, Space Cadet (1952)
 The Tom Joyner Morning Show (1994–present)
 The Tom Leykis Show (1994–present)
 Tom Mix (1933–1950)
 Tommy & the Bull (1990–1995)
 Tommy & Rumble (1995–present)
 Tommy Riggs and Betty Lou (1938–1946)
 Tom Terris (1932–1941)
 The Tommy Dorsey Show (1937–1947)
 This is Hell (1998–present)
 Today's Homeowner with Danny Lipford (2009–present)
 Tony Won's Scrapbook (1930–1943)
 Total Axxess (on)
 The Town Crier (1929–1943)
 Too Beautiful to Live (2008–present)
 Treasury Agent (1946–1958)
 True Confessions (1944–1958)
 True Detective Mysteries (1929–1958)
 True or False (1938–1956)
 Truth or Consequences (1940–1957)
 Tune Detective (1931–1947)
 Tune Up, America!
 Twenty Questions (1946–1954)

U
 Uncle Don (1928–1947)
 University of Chicago Round Table (1933–1955)
 Uncle Charlie's Tent Show (1935)

V
 Valiant Lady (1938–1952)
 Vic and Sade (1932–1957)
 Victor Lindlahr (1936–1953)
 Viva America  CBS (1942–1949)
 The Vintage White Owl Program (see The Adventures of Gracie)
 The Voice of Experience (1933–1944)
 The Voice of Firestone (1928–1957)
 The Voice of Truth (1943–present)
 Voice of Prophecy (1941–present)
 Vox Pop (1935–1947)
 Voyage of the Scarlet Queen (1947–1948)

W
 Waffles Radio (2006–present)
 Walter Winchell's Journal (1932–1955)
 Walton & Johnson
 Waltz Time (1933–1948)
 Washington Merry-Go-Round (1935–1953)
 We Love and Learn (1942–1951)
 We, the People (1936–1951)
 Weekend 22 (? – Present)
 Weekend Edition (1985–present)
 Wendy Warren and the News (1947–1958)
 Whad'Ya Know? (1985–present)
 What's My Name? (1938–1950)
 What's the Name of That Song? (1944–1954)
 When a Girl Marries (1939–1958)
 The Whisperer (1951)
 The Whistler (1942–1955)
 The Wife Saver (1932–1942)
 Wilderness Road (1936–1945)
 Wings of Healing (1952–1963)
 Wings Over Jordan (1939–1949)
 The Witch's Tale (1931–1938)
 The Woolworth Hour (1955-1957)
 Woman in White (1938–1947)
 The Woody Herman Show (1945–1956)
 Words and Music (1931–1945)
 World News Today (1941–1963)
 Worldview (1994–present)
 Wrestling Observer Live (1999–present)

X
 X Minus One (1955–1958)
 The Xavier Cugat Show (1933–1944)

Y
 You Bet Your Life (1947–1950)
 Young Dr. Malone (1939–1960)
 Young Widder Brown (1938–1956)
 Your Business Matters (2000–2004) on WVOX
 Your Goodtime Oldies Magazine (1992–1995)
 Your Hit Parade (1935–1959)
 Your Story Hour (1949–present)
 Yours Truly, Johnny Dollar (1949–1962)

Z
 The Zero Hour (1973–1974)
 The Ziegfeld Follies of the Air (1932, 1936)

References

Sies, Luther F. Encyclopedia of American radio 1920–1960.  Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2000.
Terrace, Vincent (1981). The Radio's Golden Years: Encyclopedia of Radio Programs, 1930–1960.  A. S. Barnes.

See also

 List of Canadian radio programs
 List of old-time radio people
 List of old-time radio programs
 List of UK radio programs

Us radio programs
Radio programs

List of U.S. radio programs


Ophidocladus, monotipski rod crvenih algi smješten u vlastiti tribus Ophidocladeae, dio porodice Rhodomelaceae.Jedina vrsta je morska alga O. simpliciusculus.

Sinonimi
 Polysiphonia simpliciuscula P.Crouan & H.Crouan 1852; bazionim
 Polysiphonia obscura Harvey 1855
 Polysiphonia corallioides Suhr ex Kützing 1864
 Rhodosiphonia californica Hollenberg 1943
 Ophidocladus californicus (Hollenberg) Kylin 1956
 Ophidocladus herposiphonioides Joly & Cordeiro 1963

Izvori

Rhodomelaceae

Ophidocladus


මහජන එක්සත් පෙරමුණ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ  වාමාංශික දේශපාලන පක්ෂයකි.  වර්තමානයේදී පක්ෂයට නායකත්වය සපයන්නේ පිලිප් ගුණවර්ධනගේ පුත්, දිනේෂ් ගුණවර්ධන විසිනි.

ගුණවර්ධනයන්ගේ පෙර පක්ෂය පදනම් කරගෙන 1959දී පිලිප් ගුණවර්ධන හා පී. එච්. විලියම් සිල්වා විසින් මඑපෙ පිහිටුවා ගන්වා ලද්දේ පූර්වයෙහිවූ  මඑපෙ හී ප්‍රතිපත්ති අනුව යමිනි. 1960 මාර්තු මහ මැතිවරණයෙහිදී, මඑපෙ විසින් පාර්ලිමේන්තු ආසන 10 දිනා ගන්නා ලදි. 1960 ගණන් වලදී මෙම කණ්ඩායම ලංකා සම සමාජ පක්ෂය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කොමියුනිස්ට් පක්ෂය හා එක්වෙමින් එක්සත් වාමාංශික පෙරමුණ පිහිටුවා ගත්හ. 1963, සැප්තැම්බර් 29 දිනදී  කම්කරුවන් මිලියනයක් නියෝජනය කළ නියෝජිතයන් 800 විසින් ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ කම්කරුවන්ගේ ඉල්ලීම් හා එල්ලයන් ඇතුලත් ඉල්ලීම් 21 අඩංගු අධිකාර පත්‍රයක් අපරානුමත කළහ.

1983දී, මඑපෙ නායක,  දිනේෂ් ගුණවර්ධන, මහරගම අතුරු මැතිවරණය සඳහා පොදු අපේක්ෂකයා වූ අතර එය අතිශය බහුතරයකින් දිනා ගනිමින් ශ්‍රී ලංකා පාර්ලිමේන්තුවෙහි විපක්ෂ මන්ත්‍රීවරුන් 8 දෙනාගෙන් එක් අයෙකු විය.

මඑපෙ 1989දී,  නව සමානුපාතික නියෝජන ක්‍රමය යටතේ තනිවම තරග වැදුනු අතර පාර්ලිමේන්තු ආසන 225 අතුරින් ආසන තුනක් දිනා ගැනුමට සමත් වූයේ කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සඳහා පාම දිනේෂ් ගුණවර්ධන, කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සඳහා පාම බන්දුල ගුණවර්ධන සහ ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාම ලෙස ගීතාංජන ගුණවර්ධන ලෙසිනි.

2000දී , මඑපෙ ජනතා සන්ධානයේ පාර්ශව සාමාජීකයෙක් වූ අතර කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සඳහා පාම දිනේෂ් ගුණවර්ධන, කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය සඳහා පාම බන්දුල ගුණවර්ධන සහ ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාම ලෙසින් සෝමවීර චන්දුසිරි යන අයුරින් නියෝජිතයන් තිදෙනෙක් පාර්ලිමේන්තුව තුල  මඑපෙ නියෝජනය කළහ.

මඑපෙ පක්ෂය 2004 අප්‍රේල් 2 දින පැවැති   පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයේදී,   ජනප්‍රිය ඡන්දයෙන් 45.6% ක් දිනා ආසන 225 න් 105 දිනාගත් එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානයේ කොටසක් විය. එක් ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාම වරයෙකුද  ඇතුළුව පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ මඑපෙ නියෝජිතයන් දෙදෙනෙකු වූහ. නියෝජිතයන් දෙදෙනා නම් නාගරික සංවර්ධන හා පූජනීය ප්‍රදේශ සංවර්ධන ඇමති සහ ආණ්ඩුපක්ෂයේ  ප්‍රධාන සංවිධායක, දිනේෂ් ගුණවර්ධන පාම සහ නිවාස ඇමති,   ගීතාංජන ගුණවර්ධන පාම වූහ.

මඑපෙ පක්ෂය 2010 අප්‍රේල් මස පැවැති අවසන් පාර්ලිමේන්තු මැතිවරණයේදී,  පාර්ලිමේන්තු ආසන 225 කින් 143 දිනා 2/3 කිට්ටු බලයක් දිනාගත් එක්සත් ජනතා නිදහස් සන්ධානයේ කොටස්කරුවකු විය. වර්තමාන පාර්ලිමේන්තුවේ ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාම වරයෙකු  ඇතුළුව  මඑපෙ නියෝජිතයන් තිදෙනෙකු සිටිති. නියෝජිතයන් තිදෙනා නම් කොළඹ දිස්ත්‍රික්කය වෙනුවෙන් ජලාපවාහන හා ජලසම්පාදන ඇමති සහ ආණ්ඩු පක්ෂයේ ප්‍රධාන සංවිධායක දිනේෂ් ගුණවර්ධන පාම, ජාතික ලැයිස්තු පාම නියෝජ්‍ය විදේශ කටයුතු ඇමති ගීතාංජන ගුණවර්ධන සහ දිගාමඩුල්ල (අම්පාර) දිස්ත්‍රික්කය වෙනුවෙන් නීතිඥ ශ්‍රියානි විජේවික්‍රම පාම යන අය වෙති.

ආශ්‍රිත

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ දේශපාලන පක්ෂ

මහජන එක්සත් පෙරමුණ


Karl Friedrich Theodor Dahl (24 de junio de 1856 en Rosenhofer Brok, al norte de Dahme, Holstein-29 de junio de 1929 en Greifswald) fue un zoólogo alemán, y en particular un aracnólogo.

Hijo de un granjero, Dahl estudió en las universidades de Leipzig, Friburgo, Berlín y Kiel. Su tesis doctoral (1884) fue Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Baus und der Funktion der Insektenbeine. Se convirtió en Privatdozent en 1887, con la tesis de habilitación Ueber die der Cytheriden westlichen Ostsee. Alrededor de este momento viajó a los Países bálticos y, entre 1896 y 1897, al archipiélago Bismarck, cerca de Nueva Guinea. Él también estaba interesado por la biogeografía.

El 1 de abril de 1898 Dahl se convirtió en el conservador de las colecciones de arácnidos del Museo de Historia Natural de Berlín, donde trabajó con su antiguo maestro, el entonces director del museo Karl Möbius. Dahl permaneció en Berlín hasta que se jubiló y su colección se mantiene en este museo.

A pesar de que describió a muchos grupos de animales, Dahl se concentró en las arañas. También estaba interesado en la biogeografía y en la conducta animal.

El 19 de junio de 1899 se casó con María Dahl (1872-1972), una compañera de trabajo en el Instituto Zoológico de Kiel. También publicó varios trabajos sobre las arañas.

Algunas publicaciones
 Dahl, 1883 . Analytische Bearbeitung der Spinnen Norddeutschlands mit einer anatomisch-biologischen Einleitung. Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein, vol. 5, 13-88
 Dahl, 1886 . Monographie der Erigone-Arten im Thorell' schen. Sinne, nebst anderen Beiträgen zur Spinnenfauna SchleswigHolsteins. Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins für Schleswig-Holstein, vol. 6, 65-102
 Dahl, 1901 . Über den Wert des Cribellums und Calamistrums für das System der Spinnen und eine Uebersicht der Zoropsiden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 1901, 177-199
 Dahl, 1901 . Nachtrag zur Uebersicht der Zoropsiden. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 1901, 244-255
 Dahl, 1901 . Über die Seltenheit gewisser Spinnenarten. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 1901, 257-266
 Dahl, 1902 . Über algebrochene Copulationsorgane männlicher Spinnen im Körper der Weibchen. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 1902, 36-45
 Dahl, 1902 . Über Stufenfänge echter Spinnen im Riesengebirge. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 1902, 185-203
 Dahl, 1903 . Berichtigungen zu seinem Vortrag über Stufenfänge echter Spinnen am Riesengebirge. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 1903, 183-184
 Dahl, 1904 . Üeber das System der Spinnen (Araneae). Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin, vol. 1904, 85-120
 Dahl, 1906 . Symbiose, Kommensualismus und Parasitismus. Naturw. Wochenschr., vol. 5, 734-735
 Dahl, 1906 . Die gestreckte Körperform bei Spinnen und das System der Araneen. Zoologischer Anzeiger, vol. 31, 60-64
 Dahl, 1907 . Synaema marlothi, eine neue Laterigraden-Art und ihre Stellung in System. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, vol. 3, 369-395
 Dahl, 1907 . Ameisenähnliche Spinnen. Naturwissenschaftliche Wochenschrift (N.F.) vol. 6, n. 48, 767-768
 Dahl, 1908 . Die Lycosiden oder Wolfsspinnen Deutschlands und ihre Stellung im Haushalt der Natur. Nach statistichen Untersuchungen dargestellt. Nova Acta Academiae Caesarae Leopoldino-Carolinae Germanicae Naturae Curiosorum, vol. 88, 175-678
 Dahl, 1909 . Araneae, Spinnen. Die Süsswasserfauna Deutschlands. Jena, vol. 12, 1-12
 Dahl, 1912 . Seidenspinne und Spinneseide. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, vol. 6, 1-90
 Dahl, 1912 . Araneae Über die Fauna des Plagefenn-Gebietes. Das Plagefenn bei Choren, Berlín, 575-622
 Dahl, 1913 . Vergleichende Physiologie und Morphologie der Spinnentiere unter besonderer Berucksichtigung der Lebensweise. 1. Die Beziehungen des Körperbaues und der Farben zur Umgebung. Jena, 1-113
 Dahl, 1914 . Die Gasteracanthen des Berliner Zoologischen Museums und deren geographische Verbreitung. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, vol. 7, 235-301
 Dahl, F. & Dahl, M. 1927 : Spinnentiere oder Arachnoidea. Lycosidae s. lat. (Wolfspinnen im weiteren Sinne). Die Tierwelt Deutschlands. Jena, vol. 5, 1-80

Fuentes
 Pierre Bonnet (1945). Bibliographia araneorum, Les frères Doularoude (Toulouse).

Referencias
  1930. Friederich Dahl. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin, 15: 625-632.
  1945. Bibliographia araneorum. Tome I. Douladoure, Toulouse, p. 50.

Enlaces externos

Zoólogos de Alemania del siglo XIX
Aracnólogos de Alemania
Escritores en alemán
Miembros de la Leopoldina

Friedrich Dahl


La resolución 292 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas, fue aprobada por unanimidad el 10 de febrero de 1971, tras haber examinado la petición de membresía por parte del Reino de Bután para poder ser miembro de las Naciones Unidas. En esta resolución, el Consejo recomendó a la Asamblea General la aceptación de Bután como miembro.

Véase también
Bután
Anexo:Estados miembros de las Naciones Unidas

Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas aprobadas en 1971
0292
Resoluciones del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas referentes a Bután

Resolución 292 del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas


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Glasovi

Izvorna inačica
 Frank Welker – Scooby-Doo
 Will Forte – Shaggy Rogers
 Iain Armitage – mladi Shaggy Rogers
 Zac Efron – Fred Jones
 Pierce Gagnon – mladi Fred Jones
 Gina Rodriguez – Velma Dinkley
 Ariana Greenblatt – mlada Velma Dinkley
 Amanda Seyfried – Daphne Blake
 Mckenna Grace – mlada Daphne Blake
 Mark Wahlberg – Blue Falcon
 Jason Isaacs – Dick Dastardly
 Kiersey Clemons – Dee Dee Sykes
 Ken Jeong – Dynomutt, Dog Wonder
 Tracy Morgan – Captain Caveman
 Simon Cowell – Simon Cowell
 Ira Glass – Ira Glass

Hrvatska inačica
 Dražen Bratulić – Shaggy Rogers
 Boris Barberić – Scooby-Doo
 Dušan Bućan - Plavi Sokol/Brian Crown
 Radovan Ruždjak - Dick Dastardly
 Sanja Marin – Daphne Blake
 Vanja Ćirić - Velma Dinkley
 Andrea Andrassy - Dee Dee Skyes
 Hrvoje Klobučar – Fred Jones
 Danijel Radečić - Psinamit
 Robert Ugrina - Kapetan Kamen i Muttley
 Zoran Pribičević - Policajac Gray
 Enes Vejzović - Ken
 Iva Šulentić - Judy Takamoto
 Roko Krasovac – Mladi Shaggy Rogers i Ben
 Božo Kelava - Chad, Chet i Mladi Fred Jones
 Lora Simkić - Mlada Daphne Blake
 Eva Biljan - Mlada Velma Dinkley
 Marko Jelić - Vlasnik restorana, Ira Glass, Gdin. Rigby i Policajac Frank
 Dora Jakobović - Gđa. Rogers, Policajka North, Dispečerica Stevens, Policajka Jaffe i Jamie Rivea

Prijevod i prilagodba: Dražen Bratulić

Redatelj dijaloga: Tomislav Rukavina

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Scooby Doo
Američki animirani filmovi 2020-ih

Scooby-Doo! (2020.)


2. ŽNL Karlovačka predstavlja 6. stupanj nogometnih natjecanja u Hrvatskoj. Prvoplasirani klub prelazi u viši rang - 1. ŽNL Karlovačku, dok iz lige nitko nije ispadao.

Tabela

Strijelci
 19 - Filip Andrić (NK Barilović)
 18 - Tihomir Trgovičić (NK Barilović)
 17 - Ivan Mravunac (NK Šišljavić)
 16 - Miroslav Radović (NK Tuškani)
 13 - Davor Okičić (NK Kupa Donje Mekušje)

Bilješke
NK Barilović je kažnjen oduzimanjem 3 boda
NK Tuškani su kažnjeni oduzimanjem 3 boda
NK Josipdol je kažnjen oduzimanjem 3 boda
NK Eugen Kvaternik Rakovica je kažnjen oduzimanjem 6 bodova

Izvori

 NK Kupa Donje Mekušje: natjecanja
 Krešimir Perušić - 100 godina nogometa u Karlovačkoj županiji 1903-2003, Karlovac 2004., ISBN 953-9969-0-6, str. 304

1996-97
karlovačka-2

2. ŽNL Karlovačka 1996./97.


Trata je nenaseljeni otočić zapadno od otoka Molata. Od obale Molata je udaljen oko 75 metara, a nabliži otok je Kamenjak, oko 150 metara sjeverozapadno.

Površina otoka je 3.435 m2, a visina oko 5 metara.

Izvori

Sjevernodalmatinski otoci

Trata


El alma al aire en directo, es el primer concierto del cantautor español Alejandro Sanz lanzado en DVD. Forma parte de su exitosa gira El alma al aire y fue grabado el 28 de junio de 2001, en el estadio Vicente Calderón en Madrid ante más de 50.000 personas. Este concierto salió a la venta casi al mismo tiempo que su Alejandro Sanz: MTV Unplugged grabado en Miami ese mismo año.

Un DVD con una duración de 2 horas, y que consta de una selección de 18 canciones, abarcando temas de toda su discografía, incluyendo una "Bulería". Además este DVD incluye también una sección EXTRAS, con entrevistas, Making–Of, Galería de Fotos etc. Fue lanzado a finales de 2001 bajo el sello de Warner Music.

Lista de canciones

DVD

 Tiene que ser pecado
 Aquello que me diste
 Ese último momento
 Llega, llegó soledad
 Cuando nadie me ve
 Me iré
 Hay un universo de pequeñas cosas
 Siempre es de noche
 Medley: Si tú me miras, La fuerza del corazón, Si hay dios, Viviendo deprisa
 Hoy que no estás
 Mi soledad y yo
 El alma al aire
 Amiga mía
 Y, ¿si fuera ella?
 Quisiera ser
 Bulería
 ¿Lo ves? [Piano y voz]
 Corazón partío

Extras

 Entrevista con Santiago Segura
 Making-of
 Discografía
 Galería de Fotos
 músicos

Personal

 Alfonso Pérez – Piano y Coros
 Luis Miguel Balandrón – Coros
 Carlos Martín – Trombón
 Luis Dulzaídes – Percusión
 Josep Salvador – Guitarra eléctrica y coros
 Ludovico Vagnone – Dirección Musical y Guitarra
 Lulo Pérez – Trompeta, Teclado y Percusión
 Maurizio Sgaramella – Batería
 Helen de Quiroga - Coros
 Meritxell Sust – Coros
 Pierpaolo Vallero – Saxo y Teclados

Enlaces externos
 Web oficial de Alejandro Sanz
 Web sobre Alejandro Sanz  Biografía, discografía, fotos, vídeos, giras, conciertos, foro, noticias.

Alejandro Sanz

El alma al aire en directo


An Anthurium striatum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Karl Heinrich Koch ngan Louis Mathieu. An Anthurium striatum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Anthurium, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Peru. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Anthurium

Anthurium striatum


Don Askarian (* 10. Juli 1949 in Stepanakert, Bergkarabach; † 6. Oktober 2018 in Berlin) war ein sowjetisch-deutscher Filmproduzent, Regisseur und Drehbuchautor armenischer Herkunft.

Leben
Im Jahr 1967 ging er nach Moskau und studierte Geschichte. Er arbeitete nach seinem Studium ein Jahr lang als Regieassistent und Filmkritiker. Zwischen 1975 und 1977 wurde Don Askarian als Dissident inhaftiert. Im Jahr 1978 emigrierte er aus der UdSSR nach West-Berlin. Seitdem lebte und arbeitete er in Deutschland, den Niederlanden und in Armenien, wo er eine Produktionsfirma gründete.
Er war Preisträger mehrerer internationaler Filmfestivals. Von Deutschland bis Singapur haben weltweit bereits etwa drei Dutzend persönliche Retrospektiven der Filme von Don Askarian stattgefunden. Im Jahr 1996 veröffentlichte Don Askarian sein Buch The Dangerous Light.

Filmografie
 1984: Der Bär
 1988: Nagorno Karabakh: Armenian History Volumes IV and V
 1988: Komitas
 1992: Avetik
 1998: Paradschanow
 2000: Musiker (Musicians)
 2001: An der alten römischen Straße (On the Old Roman Road)
 2007: Ararat – 14 Ansichten
 2008: Vater (Father)

Auszeichnungen
 1988: 6 Goldmedaillen vom Mechitaristen Orden während des Internationalen Filmfestivals in Venedig (Beste Regie, bester Hauptdarsteller, bester Produzent, bester Radakteur, bestes Drehbuch, bester Nebendarsteller)
 1989: Interfilmpreis – Komitas – Filmfestival Max Ophuls Preis
 1990: Preisträger des Riga Film Festivals
 1992: Spezialpreis, Internationales Filmfestival Mannheim
 1993: Beste Regie – Avetik – vom Festival Internacional de Cinema da Figueira da Foz, Portugal
 2003: Goldene Nadel – Fotografien – Artfilm Festival Slowakei
 2003: Goldene Kamera für das Lebenswerk – Artfilm Festival Slowakei

Weblinks

 Offizielle Homepage

 http://hcl.harvard.edu/hfa/films/2002janfeb/hieroglyphs.html
 http://www.max-ophuels-preis.de

Filmproduzent
Filmregisseur
Drehbuchautor
Armenier
Geboren 1949
Gestorben 2018
Mann

Don Askarian


Orthophytum zanonii é uma espécie de planta do gênero Orthophytum e da família Bromeliaceae.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 2004 por Elton Martinez Carvalho Leme.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie rupícola e herbácea.

Descrição

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é encontrada no estado brasileiro do Espírito Santo.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de vegetação sobre afloramentos rochosos.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Louzada, R.B. Orthophytum  in Flora e Funga do Brasil.

Ligações externas
 Orthophytum zanonii no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Orthophytum
Plantas descritas em 2004
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Orthophytum zanonii


Uprava japanskog carskog dvora (宮内庁, Kunai-chō)  je agencija japanske vlade koja se bavi stvarima u svezi s japanskom carskom kućom i čuvanjem pečata japanskog cara i države Japana.
Nadređena agencija je Kabinetski ured  (内閣府 Naikaku-fu), podagencija Kabineta Japana (内閣 Naikaku), izvršne grane japanske vlade.

Upravi je prethodila ustanova ministarstvo carskog dvora  (宮内省 Kunai-shō?) koja je bila odjel japanske vlade u carskom dvoru u Kyotou.  Postojala je od razdoblja Asuke, od 8. stoljeća, od 701., formalizirana u razdoblju Heianu, reorganizirana u razdoblju Meijiju i postojala sve do poslije Drugog svjetskog rata. Godine 1947. prestala je djelovati, a zamijenio ga je Ured carskog dvora koji je postojao do 1949. godine. Uprava japanskog carskog dvora stvorena je 1. lipnja 1949. godine.

Uprava japanskog carskog dvora jedinstvena je među konvencionalnim vladinim agencijama i ministarstvima, jer ne odgovara izravno japanskom premijeru na razini kabineta, niti ju pogađa zakonodavstvo koje ju je uspostavilo kao neovisnu vladinu ustanovu  (独立行政法人, Dokuritsu gyōsei hōjin).

Izvori

Poveznice
 Carska palača u Tokiju

Vanjske poveznice
(jap.) Službene stranice

Povijest Japana
Politika Japana
Državne institucije

Uprava japanskog carskog dvora


Smithville Township ist der Name folgender Townships in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Smithville Township (North Carolina)
 Smithville Township (South Dakota)

Smithville Township


El Instituto Literario de Yucatán fue una de las instituciones docentes fundamentales en el sistema educativo superior del estado de Yucatán, México. Creado por decreto gubernamental durante la administración del gobernador Manuel Cepeda Peraza el 18 de julio de 1867, el Instituto Literario inició su funcionamiento el 15 de agosto del mismo año. Es el antecedente de la Universidad del Sureste, de la Escuela Preparatoria Uno, y por ende de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.

Datos históricos
El antecedente más remoto del Instituto Literario fue el Colegio de San Francisco Javier, establecido por Cédula Real de Felipe III con fecha del 16 de julio de 1611, aunque su apertura fue demorada hasta el año de 1618. El principal promotor del Colegio fue el capitán Martín del Palomar, quien legó un predio situado una esquina al norte de la Catedral, cuyo solar abarcaba lo que hoy conocemos como Iglesia de la Tercera Orden, el Callejón del Congreso y el Teatro Peón Contreras. En 1624 se le dio el título de Universidad que fue cerrada en 1767 a causa de la expulsión de los dominios españoles por el Rey Carlos III, de la Compañía de Jesús. A raíz de esto la educación media y superior fue totalmente adscrita al Seminario Conciliar de San Ildefonso, institución también confesional fundada en 1751 por los franciscanos.

Ya en el México independiente, la primera institución educativa superior establecida en Yucatán fue la  Universidad Literaria. Creada en 1824 por las leyes de Instrucción Pública expedidas por el Congreso Republicano aunque esta estuvo aún adscrita al Seminario Conciliar de San Ildefonso que aún tenía carácter confesional. En ese entonces la educación superior en Yucatán carecía de las cátedras básicas de medicina, ingeniería y jurisprudencia.

En 1832, el gobernador José Segundo Carvajal promulgó un decreto mediante el cual se creaba el Instituto Científico y Literario de Yucatán en la ciudad de Mérida. En él se impartirían cátedras de lengua castellana, gramática general, inglés, francés, latín, lógica, matemáticas, historia, geografía entre otras.  En 1833 sobrevino una terrible epidemia de cólera y, en octubre de ese mismo año, hubo un cambio de gobernador. El Instituto nunca fue establecido.

El primero de septiembre del año de 1857, Honorato Ignacio Magaloni abrió el Liceo Científico Comercial, liceo laico de primera y segunda enseñanza, que habría de extinguirse en 1866.

En 1859 se fundó el Liceo Comercial y, en el año de 1862, se creó el Colegio Civil Universitario, precursor del Instituto Literario del Estado, respondiendo a la necesidad de la instrucción laica en el estado de Yucatán.

El 18 de julio de 1867 el general Manuel Cepeda Peraza firmó el decreto fundacional del Instituto iniciándose así la enseñanza superior, laica y liberal a cargo del Estado en Yucatán. Inició su funcionamiento el 15 de agosto del propio año en el local del Colegio de San Pedro (actual edificio emblemático de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán). La vida del Instituto se prolongó hasta el año de 1922, en que fue creada la Universidad Nacional del Sureste, durante el gobierno socialista de Felipe Carrillo Puerto, antecedente inmediato de la actual Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán.

El legado material de que fue dotado en su fundación el Instituto Literario estuvo integrado por los activos del extinto Colegio Civil Universitario, entre los que se encontraban los de la Comisión Científica, que había sido creada por el Comisario Imperial, representante en Yucatán del segundo imperio mexicano. Las escuelas que lo conformaron originalmente fueron: la Escuela Preparatoria, la Escuela Especial de Medicina, la de Cirugía y Farmacia, la Escuela Especial de Jurisprudencia y Notariado y la Escuela Normal de Profesores, creada en 1868.

El 25 de marzo de 1922, el gobernador Felipe Carrillo Puerto, a instancias del secretario de Educación Pública federal, José Vasconcelos, decretó la conversión del Instituto Literario en Escuela Preparatoria, para dar paso en la misma legislación a la creación de la Universidad Nacional del Sureste. Era parte de un plan, a nivel nacional, para crear diversas Universidades Regionales en todo México. Esta última después se convertiría en la Universidad del Sureste, después en la Universidad de Yucatán y por último en la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, su nombre actual.

Algunos rectores o directores
El primer director del Instituto Literario y al mismo tiempo autor de su reglamento interno fue Olegario Molina Solís, quien más tarde sería gobernador de Yucatán.

Después de él fueron nombrados connotados yucatecos para dirigir la que entonces era la máxima casa de estudios del estado y de la región. Destacan entre otros: Diego Peniche Vega, sucesor de Olegario Molina; Serapio Baqueiro Preve; Agustín Vadillo Cicero (1895); Óscar Ayuso O'Horibe, durante la administración de Salvador Alvarado; Julio Rendón; Manuel Castilla Solís (1917 a 1919); Conrado Menéndez Mena (hijo de Rodolfo Menéndez de la Peña), quien sería el último director del Instituto en 1922, antes de su conversión en Escuela Preparatoria y de la creación de la Universidad Nacional del Sureste.

Véase también
 Felipe Carrillo Puerto
 Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Efemérides: el 18 de julio de 1867 Con acceso el 5 de diciembre de 2011.

Universidades de Mérida
Educación en el estado de Yucatán
Instituciones educativas establecidas en 1867
México en 1867
Universidades de México fundadas en el siglo XIX

Instituto Literario de Yucatán


Nabua ist eine philippinische Stadtgemeinde in der Provinz Camarines Sur, in der Verwaltungsregion V, Bicol. Sie hat  Einwohner (Zensus ), die in 42 Barangays lebten. Die Gemeinde liegt an der wichtigen Nord-Süd-Verbindung, dem Maharlika Highway, ca. 22 km südöstlich von der Provinzhauptstadt Pili entfernt. Ihre Nachbargemeinden sind Bula und Baao im Norden, Bato im Süden, Iriga City im Osten und Balatan im Westen.

Baranggays

Weblinks

 Nabua auf Philippine-Islands.Ph

Ort auf den Philippinen

Nabua (Camarines Sur)


In Catholic canon law, an interdict () is an ecclesiastical censure, or ban that prohibits certain persons or groups from participating in particular  rites, or that the rites and services of the church are prohibited in certain territories for a limited or extended time.

Definition
An interdict is a censure, or prohibition, excluding the faithful from participation in certain holy things, such as the Liturgy, the sacraments (excepting private administrations of those that are of necessity), and ecclesiastical burial, including all funeral services.

The prohibition varies in degree, according to the different kinds of interdicts. Interdicts are either local or personal. The former affect territories or sacred buildings; the latter directly affect persons. A general local interdict is one affecting a whole territory, district, town, etc., and this was the ordinary interdict of the Middle Ages; a particular local interdict is one affecting, for example, a particular church. A general personal interdict is one falling on a given body or group of people as a class, e.g. on a chapter, the clergy or people of a town, or a community; a particular personal interdict is one affecting certain individuals as such, for instance, a given bishop, a given cleric.

Interdict differs from excommunication, in that it does not cut one off from the communion of the faithful. It differs from suspension also in that the latter affects the faculties of clerics, while the interdict affects the access of the faithful to religious rites. While the clergy cannot exercise their functions towards those under interdict, or in interdicted places or buildings, their powers are not directly affected, as happens in case of suspension.

1917 Code of Canon Law

Distinctions
Only the Holy See was empowered to impose a general interdict on a diocese or State or a personal interdict on the people of a diocese or country, but bishops too could impose a general interdict on a parish or on the people of a parish or a particular interdict on a place (such as a church or oratory, an altar or a cemetery) or a person.

Effects

A local interdict forbade in general the public celebration of sacred rites. Exceptions were made for the dying, and local interdicts were almost entirely suspended on five feasts of the year: Christmas Day, Easter Sunday, Pentecost, Corpus Christi and the feast of the Assumption of Mary.

Those who were under personal interdict were forbidden to be present at any religious rite except the preaching of the word of God; while mere attendance by them did not require that they be expelled, if they were well known to be under interdict they were to be prevented from taking an active part.

1983 Code of Canon Law

An interdict today has the effect of forbidding the person concerned to celebrate or receive any of the sacraments, including the Eucharist, or to celebrate the sacramentals. One who is under interdict is also forbidden to take any ministerial part (e.g., as a reader if a layperson or as a deacon or priest if a clergyman) in the celebration of the Eucharist or of any other ceremony of public worship.

These are the only effects for those who have incurred a latae sententiae interdict, namely, one incurred automatically at the moment of committing the offence for which canon law imposes that penalty. For instance, a priest may not refuse Communion publicly to those who are under merely automatic interdict, even if he knows that they have incurred this kind of interdict – unless the cause for the interdict is known to the priest not only privately but publicly, and is persistent, in which case (though not technically by reason of the interdict) people are to be withheld Communion by force of can. 915.

However, in the case of a ferendae sententiae interdict, one incurred only when imposed by a legitimate superior or declared as the sentence of an ecclesiastical court, those affected are not to be admitted to Holy Communion (see canon 915), and if they violate the prohibition against taking a ministerial part in celebrating the Eucharist or some other ceremony of public worship, they are to be expelled or the sacred rite suspended, unless there is a grave reason to the contrary. In the same circumstances, local ordinaries and parish priests lose their right to assist validly at marriages.

Automatic (latae sententiae) interdict is incurred by anyone using physical violence against a bishop, as also by a person who, not being an ordained priest, attempts to celebrate Mass, or who, though unable to give valid sacramental absolution, attempts to do so, or hears a sacramental confession.
Automatic interdict is also incurred by anyone falsely accusing a priest of soliciting sexual favours in connection with confession or attempting to marry while having a perpetual vow of chastity.

An interdict is also the censure that canon law says should be imposed on someone who, because of some act of ecclesiastical authority or ministry publicly incites to hatred against the Holy See or the Ordinary, or who promotes or takes up office in an association that plots against the Church, or who commits the crime of simony.

Notable local canonical interdicts

Norway
Pope Innocent III placed the Kingdom of Norway under interdict in October 1198. Although King Sverre forged letters to show that the interdict had been lifted, he and his subjects remained under interdict until Sverre's death in 1202.

England
Pope Innocent III also placed the kingdom of England under an interdict for six years between March 1208 and May 1213, after King John refused to accept the pope's appointee Stephen Langton as Archbishop of Canterbury.

Scotland
Following the rejection by Robert the Bruce (crowned King of Scotland in 1306) of papal mediation between England and Scotland, Pope John XXII placed Scotland under interdict in 1317 or 1318 because of continuing Scots raids into England; in 1328 the same Pope lifted the interdict in the light of the Treaty of Edinburgh–Northampton.

Hungary
 The town of Buda was placed under an interdict by papal legate Niccolò Boccasini in 1303, who was sent there to build support for Charles of Anjou, Pope Boniface VIII's favoured candidate for the Hungarian throne. In response, the burghers of Buda excommunicated the Pope and all bishops and priests loyal to him.

Italy

 Rome itself was placed under interdict by Pope Adrian IV as a result of a rebellion led by Arnold of Brescia in 1155.
Pope Gregory XI placed the city of Florence under interdict in March 1376 during the War of the Eight Saints.
 Pope Sixtus IV decreed an interdict against the Republic of Florence in 1478 in response to the hanging of Francesco Salviati (bishop) in response to his involvement in the Pazzi conspiracy.
 On 23 June 1482, Pope Sixtus IV decreed an interdict against the Republic of Venice, unless it abandoned within 15 days its siege of Ferrara. The Venetians managed to evade it by an appeal to a future council.
 On 27 April 1509, as he entered the War of the League of Cambrai, aiming to recover papal control of the Romagna, where Venice had seized several cities in 1503, Pope Julius II issued an interdict against Venice. When Venice accepted peace terms on 14 February 1510, the interdict was lifted.
 The Venetian Interdict of 1606-1607 is a better known and more lengthy case. Pope Paul V placed the Republic of Venice under interdict in 1606 after the civil authorities jailed two priests.
In 1909, the town of Adria in Italy was placed under interdict for 15 days after a local campaign against the move of a bishop.

Malta
Interdiction featured in 20th-century Maltese politics.

Between 1930 and 1933, those who voted for the progressive Compact parties (Constitutional Party, Labour Party) were interdicted and refused burial in sacred grounds. Once again, between 8 April 1961 and 4 April 1969, the National Executive of the Malta Labour Party was interdicted and voting Labour became a mortal sin; the leadership of the Malta Labour Party, readers, advertisers and distributors of Party papers as well as its voters were interdicted by the local bishop. In both cases, the Nationalist Party won elections while its opponents were interdicted.

France
Pope Innocent III put the whole kingdom of France under interdict on 13 January 1200 to force Philip II of France to take his wife Ingeborg of Denmark back. After a reconciliation ceremony, the interdict was lifted on 12 September 1200.

United States
In 1955, after white parishioners had refused to let a black priest enter a chapel situated about 20 miles from New Orleans, Archbishop Joseph Rummel placed the chapel under interdict.

Notable personal canonical interdicts

Bishop René Henry Gracida of Corpus Christi, Texas interdicted a Roman Catholic politician in the late 20th century for supporting legal abortion; the unnamed individual died while under interdict.

See also
 Excommunication (Catholic Church)
 Dima Yakovlev Law
 Magnitsky Act
 Magnitsky legislation

References

External links

Catholic penal canon law
History of Malta
Catholic Church legal terminology

Interdict


En falsk frugt, også kaldet flerfoldssamfrugt, er en frugt, hvor en del af kødet ikke stammer fra frugtknuden men fra tilstødende væv, for eksempel blomsterbund eller yderbægeret. Eksempler på falske frugter er jordbær, ananas, almindelig figen og hyben. Kernefrugter, såsom æbler og pærer, er også falske frugter.

Frugter er i almindelighed en betegnelse for det, der bliver tilbage, efter at en blomst er visnet, altså efter at bestøvningen og befrugtningen har fundet sted. Tilbage bliver en udviklet frugtknude, og bag de opsvulmede vægge finder man frøanlægget. Antallet af frøanlæg afgør, om der er tale om enkeltfrugter eller flerfoldsfrugter. Der er forskellige måder at skelne på: Nogle er frugter er opspringende (kapsler), mens andre ikke er (bær, stenfrugt og nødder). Derudover skelner man mellem enkeltfrugter, flerfoldsfrugter, samfrugter og flerfoldssamfrugter, hvilket afgøres af hvor mange småfrugter, der er.

For en nød gælder det, at frøgemmet er tørt og ikke selv springer op, når den er moden. Frøskallen er tynd. Jordbærret, der er en falsk frugt, har en række nødder, der alle sidder på opsvulmede blomsterbunde.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Plantemorfologi

Falsk frugt


Greenmount bezeichnet mehrere

Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:
 Greenmount (Kentucky)
 Greenmount (Maryland), Stadtteil von Baltimore
 Greenmount (Pennsylvania)

in Australien:
 Greenmount (Queensland)
 Greenmount (Western Australia), Vorort von Perth
 Greenmount Beach, Surferparadis an der Gold Coast

in Kanada:
 Greenmount (Prince Edward Island)

im Vereinigten Königreich:
 Greenmount (Greater Manchester), England

Weiteres:
 Greenmount-Nationalpark, Nationalpark in Australien, nahe Perth

Greenmount


Skive Stadion (sponsornavn: Hancock Arena) er et dansk fodboldstadion, der er beliggende i Skive. Der er 523 overdækkede siddepladserpå tribunen.

Stadionrekorden blev sat i 1955 med 10.000 tilskuere i forbindelse med et lokalopgør mellem Skive IK og Viborg FF.

Renoveringer samt faciliteter
De forestående renoveringer og installationer har været som følgende:
 1999 - Kunststofbelægning
 2009 - Renoveret belægning
 2003 & 2010 - Bygninger
2017 - Banevarme
2020 - Lysanlæg

Skive Stadion har udover fodboldbanen også faciliteter til atletik og idræt, blandt andet seks rundbaner, otte ligeløbsbaner, elektronisk tidtagning, længdespring, trespring samt stangspring m.m.

Referencer

Fodboldstadioner i Danmark
Stadion

Skive Stadion


Prije borbe
Zbog srpske agresije na BiH, u Zenicu i okolicu slilo se mnogo muslimansko-bošnjačkih izbjeglica i prognanika.

No prije bošnjačke službene inačice početka rata u travnju 1992., još veljače 1992. Armija BiH, mjesecima prije nego što je VRS osvojila Jajce, Dobretić i Kotor-Varoš, imala je plan za osvajanjem Središnje Bosne. Veljače 1992. bilo je prvo veliko vojno savjetovanje u selu Mehuriću kod Travnika, poznato poslije po mudžahedinskom vojnom logoru i zatvoreničkom logoru za Hrvate. Sefer Halilović ustvrdio je tad da postoji 70 tisuća naoružanih vojnika "koji će silom spriječiti uspostavu HZHB u Središnjoj Bosni".

Već svibnja 1992. godine bili su napeti odnosi između Muslimana-Bošnjaka i Hrvata.

Sredinom 1992. srednjobosanske organizacije HDZ BiH i SDA ratovale su priopćenjima, gdje je SDA neutemeljeno optuživala HDZ za "podjelu Bosne", zaboravljajući prijašnje ponude Izetbegovića Karadžiću, te za "uspostavu nelegitimne Hrvatske Republike Herceg- Bosne", a HDZ BiH skretao je pozornost na to priopćenjima da "SDA stvara islamsku republiku u srcu Europe u kojoj Hrvatima nema mjesta". Šikarniranja Hrvata počela su još te godine pa su Hrvati iz Zenice slali apele već ljeta 1992. godine. Hrvate su Muslimani masovno otpuštali iz javnih poduzeća, RTV Zenica o Hrvatima je govorila kao "ustašama", muslimanski mediji umanjivali su doprinos zeničkih brigada HVO-a u borbi protiv VRS, pa su bili prvi incidenti i ubojstva. Srbi Središnje Bosne uglavnom su napustili ove prostore, a preostali su bili uz HVO-u. Držali su se dogovora te HVO-u predali oružje i vojarne JNA u Središnjoj Bosni, te priznali lojalnost HVO-u.
29. kolovoza 1992. TO BiH aktivirala je tobože "obrambeni" Plan Be, u stvari muslimanskobošnjački osvajački plan, kako je tijek događaja pokazao. Premda su još trajala grčevita borba za Jajce, Muslimani su listopada 1992. poduzeli masovna razoružavanja pripadnika HVO-a u Novom Travniku i Zenici. 20. listopada 1992. jugozapadno od Zenice, kod Ahmića, pripadnici Armije BiH po nalogu Envera Hadžihasanovića, zapovjednika 3. korpusa Armije BiH blokirali su glavnu prometnicu i odbili propustiti pripadnike HVO-a na putu za prijeko potrebnu obranu jajačkog prolaza i Jajca koje se još borilo. Jasno je Armija BiH pokazala da zaista planira ofenzive protiv HVO-a i podjelu Središnje Bosne na enklave.

No za borbu su došli i muslimani iz islamskih zemalja, često skriveni kao humanitarni djelatnici. Ali, cilj nije bio vraćanje izgubljenog teritorija i povratak u svoj rodni kraj koji su im okupirali Srbi, nego zloporaba hrvatskog gostoprimstva i gramzivost za tuđim. Namjesto zbivanja ljudi u zajedničkoj nevolji, ruka pomoći zlorabljena je, a dobročiniteljima Hrvatima zadan je izdajnički udarac. Grad je snažno obojen u islamsko obilježje. Po sebi to nije bio problem jer takva privremena promjena demografske slike, kako se onda mislilo, mogla je pridonijeti tome, jer izbjeglice i prognanici nisu zatajile sebe. No, navidiku je bila velika netolerancija prema katolicima. Kino Metalurg pretvoreno je u Balkanski islamski centar, obojen u zeleno i u njega su smjeli samo izabrani.

Već 1. siječnja 1993. muslimanske snage su protjerale Hrvate iz hrvatskog dijela Zenice i odmah se uselili u njihove kuće.

Uz već postojeće napade na Hrvate po okolnoj Bosni i Hercegovini, Hrvati zeničke općine često su doživljavali teška maltretiranja i ponižavanja. Ostajali su bez radnih mjesta i izgonili su iz iz stanova i kuća.

26. siječnja 1993. pripadnici 7. Muslimanske brigade Armije RBiH napravili su Dusini, ubivši devetoro hrvatskih civila a zapovjedniku zeničkog HVO-a Zvonku Rajiću izvadili srce.

Borba
14. travnja Muslimani su planski zatvorili svaku komunikaciju. Potpuno su blokirali cestu od Novog Travnika do Uskoplja i njome su se smjeli služiti koristiti samo UNPRFOR i Armija BiH.

15. travnja Muslimani su poduzeli veliki napad na HVO na Vitez, Busovaču, Kiseljak, Zenicu, Kakanj, Fojnicu. Iz sveg raspoloživog napale su Vitez, snažno topničko-pješački napali Busovaču sa šest brigada iz Zenice i Kaknja. Mudžahedini su oteli zapovjednika zeničkog HVO-a Živka Totića. U divljačkom napadu mudžahedina na Totića poginula su još četvorica vojnika HVO-a te jedan civil – prolaznik. Nešto prije ubili su vojnika zeničkog HVO-a na straži Slavka Puđu. Radi napada na Travnik, autobusi s vojnicima Armije BiH pošli su iz Zenice preko Guče Gore u Travnik da ih Hrvati ne bi vidjeli.

Napali su 15. travnja u zeničkoj općini sela Čajdraš i Podbriježje, rano ujutro u 5:30h sveopći napad na sjedište HVO, masakr nad hrvatskim pučanstvom masakr. Ispred crkve u Čajdrašu strijeljali su civile i vojnike ispred crkve u Čajdrašu, uhitili 424 bojovnika HVO-a koje su zatočili u KPD i Rudnik. Broj zatočenih u KPD Zenica narastao je na 505 gdje su ih maltretirali i tukli. Od ta maltretiranja preminuo je predsjednik HDZ-a Zenica Slavko Miletić. 15. travnja protjerali su iz Zenice 15 tisuća Hrvata. Kroz 25 logora prošlo je 1986 Hrvata, od kojih su najzloglasniji bili Muzička škola i KPD Zenica. Okrutno su ubili 48 civila, poginulo je 78 vojnika HVO-a i ubili su šestoro djece.

Opća hajka na pripadnike HVO u Zenici bila je 17. travnja 1993. godine. 18. travnja izbila je žestoka bitka. 18. travnja 1993. godine postrojbe Armije BiH počinile su ratni zločin nad Hrvatima nastanjenim u selu Šušnju. Ubili su najmanje 30 Hrvata, a ostale Hrvate iz tog sela su protjerali.
13. svibnja 1992. Matea Jurić poginula je u unakrsnoj vatri između jedinica bivše JNA i pripadnika jedinica teritorijalne odbrane ARBiH, dok se s roditeljima vozila u putničkom automobilu. Tom prilikom ranjena je i njena majka Slavica i Matea je postala time prva civilna žrtva u Zenici. Civile su naoružani MOS-ovci odvodili iz domova. Postojanje ovog logora u središtu grada potvrdio je UN i ICRC. ICRC je potvrdio 6 logora pod vlašću BiH vlade ili Muslimanskih snaga, a broj zatočenih na oko 500 zatočenika. Broj iz ICRC-ova podatka odudara od stvarnosti. Armija BiH i HVO vodile su žestoku bitku od 18. travnja do 8. lipnja 1993. godine. Nakon bitke muslimansko-bošnjačke snage zatočile su 520 Hrvata u zatvor Zenica. Hrvate su prisilili napustiti Zenicu. Preostale su htjeli mobilizirati, a one koji se nisu odazvali mobilizaciji, suđeni su i poslani u zatvor (70 osoba) ili u logor Muzičku školu (15 osoba). Radio Zenica na čelu s novinarom Adamirom Jerkovićem otvoreno je raspirivao mržnju prema Hrvatima. Od nečovječnog postupanja umrlo je novorođenče u zeničkoj bolnici. Rodilja je izbačena 24. travnja 1993. godine, jer je liječnik odbio pružiti pomoć novorođenčetu uz riječi: "Zato što je otac djeteta pripadnik HVO-a.", a zbog neprimljene pomoći dijete je umrlo. 28. travnja 1993. godine katolički svećenici zeničke općine izdali su priopćenje zeničkoj i svjetskoj javnosti u kojemu govore o nevoljama katolika i pozivaju se na kršćansko načelo "ne čini drugome ono što ne želiš da drugi tebi učine". U zeničkoj općini Hrvati su ubijani po selima na krajnje okrutan način, uključujući i nemoćne Muslimane za koje su se Hrvati brinuli. Ističe se pokolj u Šušnju. Među ubijenima je i otac poznatog mirovnjaka i profesora na sarajevskoj franjevačkoj Teologiji fra Ive Markovića. Protiv počinitelja zločina u Šušnju general Armije BiH Stjepan Šiber je pokrenuo istragu, no ništa. Hrvati optužuju zeničkog gradonačelnika Besima Spahića što nije štitio svoje građane Hrvate. Kaznene prijave Hrvati su podnijeli protiv Ramiza Džafirovića, predsjednika općinske vlade, Fuada Džidića, sociologa, ministra koordinatora za religiju u općinskoj vladi, Ervina Bašića zvanog Strela, zapovjednika Zelene legije, Šerifa Patkovića, jednoga od zapovjednika zloglasne 7. muslimanske brigade, Mahmuta ef. Karalića, ideologa te brigade i niz drugih Muslimana-Bošnjaka. Borbe su potrajale do 8. lipnja 1993. godine.

Posljedice
U drugoj ofenzivi Armije BiH Zenica je pala. Nakon progona, brigade HVO-a Zenice izbjegle su najviše u Vitez gdje su nastavile braniti Lašvansku dolinu.

Na hrvatskim stratištima u općini Zenica za sukoba Armije BiH i HVO-a bilo je 156 žrtava. Ubijena su 82 zarobljena vojnika HVO-a te 74 civila od čega troje djece i 71 odrasla osoba. Rezultat muslimansko-bošnjačke agresije na prostore bosanskohercegovačkih Hrvata zeničke općine je progon 14 tisuća Hrvata.

Prema mjestu i nadnevku pogibije: u selu Dusini 26. siječnja 1993. bilo je 10 žrtava, u Čajdrašu 2. travnja 2, u Podbrežju 15. travnja 4, u Grmu 18. travnja 6, u Šušnju 18. travnja najmanje 30, u Stranjanima u travnju 3, u selu Zahdlijama 4, u selu Želju travnja 1993. 12, u Šušnju 5. lipnja 17 i u Čajdrašu/Talniku 24. prosinca 3 žrtve.

Izvori

Zenica
Zenica

Bitka za Zenicu 1993.


Grace Tame, née le , est une militante australienne et défenseure des survivants d'agressions sexuelles. Elle reçoit le titre honorifique d'Australienne de l'année le 25 janvier 2021.

Victime d'abus sexuel et conséquences
Grace Tame est au collège l'école pour filles de , située à Hobart, lorsqu'elle reçoit un diagnostic d'anorexie.

Elle est sollicitée à l'âge de 15 ans, puis abusée sexuellement à plusieurs reprises par son professeur de 58 ans. Bien que l'école ait eu de multiples occasions d'intervenir, les abus ne se sont pas arrêtés avant que Tame signale les agissements de son agresseur.

Ce dernier est arrêté et reconnu coupable de l'infraction de « maintenir une relation sexuelle avec une personne de moins de 17 ans ». Grace Tame suggère que cela devrait être requalifié en crime et renommé comme dans d'autres juridictions en raison de l'utilisation trompeuse du mot « relation » alors qu'il y a abus. Il est également condamné pour possession de pornographie juvénile.

En condamnant l'agresseur de Tame, la juge Helen Wood déclare que l'adolescente était « particulièrement vulnérable compte tenu de son état mental » et que son agresseur « savait que son état psychologique était précaire ». Au moment des abus, la jeune fille avait par ailleurs un trouble du spectre de l'autisme non diagnostiqué.

En 2017, la commentatrice sociale Bettina Arndt mène une interview avec l'agresseur de Tame. Celui-ci affirme alors avoir observé un « comportement sexuellement provocateur de la part d'étudiantes ». Grace Tame critique ensuite Arndt pour avoir soutenu son agresseur, l'accusant de « banaliser » et de « rire » de son agression. Par ailleurs, Arndt ne contacte pas Tame pour sa version de l'histoire et publie son nom ainsi que sa photo sans son consentement.

Son agresseur parle ensuite publiquement de l'affaire à plusieurs reprises, mais Tame ne peut agir en réponse à cause de la loi tasmanienne. Il est finalement de nouveau emprisonné pour production de contenu pédopornographique après avoir décrit en ligne comment il avait abusé sexuellement de Grace Tame.

Prises de position
La loi sur la preuve de Tasmanie interdit la publication d'informations identifiant les survivants d'agressions sexuelles depuis 2001. En pratique, cela empêche Grace Tame et d'autres survivants de parler publiquement de leurs expériences, alors même que son agresseur se vante de ses crimes sur les réseaux sociaux.

Le cas de Grace Tame conduit la journaliste et défenseure des victimes d'agressions sexuelles Nina Funnell à travailler à ses côtés pour créer une campagne appelée #LetHerSpeak, en partenariat avec Marque Lawyers et End Rape on Campus Australie. L'objectif est d'annuler cette loi et une loi similaire dans le Territoire du Nord. La campagne attire le soutien de célébrités telles qu'Alyssa Milano, Tara Moss et John Cleese, ainsi que des personnalités du mouvement MeToo.

En août 2019, Grace Tame s'exprime pour la première fois publiquement après que la campagne a permis l'obtention, par l'intermédiaire de la Cour suprême de Tasmanie, d'une exemption de la loi sur la preuve. Elle est ainsi la première femme victime d'agression sexuelle en Tasmanie à obtenir une ordonnance du tribunal pour pouvoir parler de son expérience.

En octobre 2019, en réponse à la campagne #LetHerSpeak menée par Funnell et mettant en vedette Tame, la procureure générale de Tasmanie Elise Archer annonce que la législation sera modifiée pour permettre aux victimes d'agressions sexuelles de s'exprimer publiquement. Archer annonce aussi des changements prévus dans la formulation du crime, notant que « le mot relation a des connotations de consentement ». En avril 2020, la loi est modifiée.

Tame étend ensuite son combat, s'efforçant d'aider les gens à comprendre comment fonctionnent la sollicitation d'enfants à des fins sexuelles ou la manipulation psychologique, et à éliminer les stigmates associés aux agressions sexuelles. Elle travaille par exemple avec le Los Angeles Human Trafficking Squad. Elle préconise l'éducation comme moyen de prévention primaire des abus sexuels sur les enfants, plutôt que de trop se concentrer sur les réponses, ce qui peut « alimenter la croyance inconsciente que les abus sexuels sur les enfants ne sont qu'un fait de la vie que nous devons accepter dans notre société ». Finalement, elle milite pour éradiquer la double victimisation et normaliser la prise de parole, et affirme qu'une plus grande cohérence est nécessaire entre les lois fédérales et celles des États.

Prix et distinctions
En octobre 2020, Tame est nommée Australienne de Tasmanie de l'année 2021.

À la veille de l'Australia Day 2021, elle est nommée Australian of the Year. Elle est la première Tasmanienne récipiendaire du prix et la première en tant que survivante publique d'agression sexuelle.

Vie publique
Grace Tame figure en couverture du numéro australien de mai 2021 du magazine Marie Claire. Elle est la première non-célébrité à figurer sur la couverture du magazine au cours de ses 25 ans d'histoire.

Un portrait de Tame par Kirsty Neilson est finaliste du prix d'art prix d'arc Archibald 2021. Neilson s'est dite inspirée par la passion, la force et la bravoure de Tame.

En 2021, Tame est nommée l'une des « leaders de la prochaine génération » par le magazine TIME et par l'Australian Financial Review comme l'une des « 10 personnes les plus puissantes sur le plan culturel en Australie en 2021 ».

Vie privée
Le père de Grace Tame est l'ancien joueur de cricket tasmanien .

En 2013, Tame abandonne le St Michael's Collegiate, puis se réinscrit dans un autre lycée. Elle déménage ensuite aux États-Unis, où elle est diplômée du Santa Barbara City College en arts du théâtre et en arts libéraux.

En 2017, Tame épouse l'acteur américain Spencer Breslin. Ils divorcent ensuite à une date inconnue.

Depuis fin 2020, elle est en couple avec le Tasmanien Max Heerey. Le 22 janvier 2022, elle annonce ses fiançailles avec Heerey.

Tame est une artiste visuelle, et sa clientèle a inclus John Cleese. Elle est également professeure de yoga et coureuse de fond, ayant notamment remporté le marathon de Ross 2020.

Références

Liens externes

  Van Badham, A prime minister who lives by the photo op dies by the photo op – and Grace Tame owes Scott Morrison nothing, The Guardian (26 janvier 2022)
  Katharine Murphy, Young women like Grace Tame weren't socialised to shut up when authority figures speak – and it feels like progress, The Guardian (25 janvier 2022)

Autiste
Militant pour les victimes d'abus sexuels
Peintre australien du XXIe siècle
Naissance en décembre 1994

Grace Tame