Stuart Damon (born Stuart Michael Zonis; February 5, 1937  June 29, 2021) was an American actor and singer. He was best known for his 30-year portrayal of Dr. Alan Quartermaine on the American soap opera General Hospital, for which he won an Emmy Award in 1999. Outside the United States, he was known for the role of Craig Stirling in The Champions.

Early life
Damon was born in Brooklyn, New York, the son of Marvin Leonard Zonis, who was a manufacturer. Damon's parents were Russian Jewish immigrants who made their home in America after fleeing the Bolshevik Revolution.

Acting career
After a series of roles on Broadway, Damon's appearance as the Prince in the 1965 version of Rodgers and Hammerstein's Cinderella starring Lesley Ann Warren helped pave the way to a long career in television soap opera. That same year, he had a prominent featured role in the Broadway musical Do I Hear a Waltz? written by Richard Rodgers (music) and Stephen Sondheim (lyrics). He had earlier appeared in an Off-Broadway revival of The Boys From Syracuse with music by Rodgers and lyrics by Lorenz Hart. Damon is prominently featured on the cast albums of these musicals, as well as the hit Irma La Douce (1960).

Moving to Great Britain, Damon starred in the hit West End musical Charlie Girl with Anna Neagle in 1965, and was selected to appear as American secret agent Craig Stirling, alongside British actors Alexandra Bastedo and William Gaunt, in the ITC series The Champions. He also appeared with Roger Moore in an episode of The Saint which has been credited as the inspiration for the later series The Persuaders!, with Damon's role being played by Tony Curtis. In 1968, he appeared in the BBC TV adaptation of The £1,000,000 Bank Note and played Henry Adams in the starring role. Damon also played magician Harry Houdini in a lavishly staged London musical, Man of Magic.  In 1970 Damon released an LP called Stuart 'Champion' Damon recorded on Reflection records REF L7 which failed to chart.

In the 1970s, he was cast alongside Gene Barry and Catherine Schell for the series The Adventurer, appearing briefly in two episodes. Damon later spoke candidly about the fact that Barry did not want him in the series because of his height: at over six feet, he towered over the shorter Barry. After acting roles in several other British television series, including Thriller, The New Avengers, The Main Chance and children's series The Adventures of Black Beauty where he played a hypnotist, he returned to the United States.

In September 1974 he appeared as a solo singer in an episode of the UK TV variety programme The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club. The Champions theme tune was used as his walk-on music.

In 1977, he began his best known American role, as Dr. Alan Quartermaine Sr. on General Hospital. He also repeated the role on the short-lived GH spin-off Port Charles (1997–2003).

In 1999, Damon won the Best Supporting Actor Emmy, for his portrayal of Alan, a physician addicted to the painkiller hydrocodone. In 2005, Damon was reunited with Alexandra Bastedo and William Gaunt for the first time in almost 40 years, to provide audio commentary on a DVD release of The Champions. In December 2006, it was reported that Damon had been fired from General Hospital by Jill Farren Phelps, on the orders of Anne Sweeney and Brian Frons, and his last air date was scheduled for February 26, 2007, when his character died. The reason behind his release was not made public. The taping of the final scene occurred on February 5, coincidentally Damon's 70th birthday. Fellow actors on General Hospital spoke to the press about how upset they were over Damon's firing, with Damon's on-show wife Leslie Charleson saying, "This is the 30th anniversary for the two of us, in August. The timing leaves me very discouraged about the way soaps are going, the total disregard for history and the blatant disregard for the veterans."

Despite the death of the character, Damon had remained on the show, playing the ghost of Alan Quartermaine, haunting his sister Tracy about forging Alan's will. He remained with the show until December 23, 2008, when Alan appeared to Monica on Christmas to tell her that he loved her.

On September 18, 2009, Damon began appearing on As the World Turns as Janet and Teri Ciccone's "Uncle" Ralph Manzo, a businessman most likely involved with the mob. He left the series on October 30, 2009, but returned August 23-25, 2010. From March 19–25, 2010, Damon played the role of Governor Jim Ford on Days of Our Lives.

Damon returned to General Hospital for two episodes (August 26, 2011, and August 29, 2011), in which Alan appears in a fantasy sequence of Monica's. He returned again in November 2012 as a ghost when son AJ was announced to be alive, after son Jason's disappearance. He appeared, along with Rick Webber (Chris Robinson) and Emily Quartermaine (Natalia Livingston), as a hallucination shared by Tracy and Monica, for the show's 50th anniversary episode, which aired on April 2, 2013.

Personal life
Damon married Deirdre Ann Ottewill, a former actress, singer, and dancer on March 12, 1961. They had two children, Christopher and Jennifer Zonis. Damon died of kidney failure on June 29, 2021, aged 84, at the Motion Picture & Television Fund retirement community in Los Angeles, where he had lived for seven years.  Deirdre died on December 25, 2019, from Alzheimer's disease.

Awards and nominations

Works

Broadway
First Impressions – 1959
From A to Z – 1960
Irma La Douce – 1960
Do I Hear a Waltz? – 1965

Off-Broadway
Entertain a Ghost – 1962
The Boys from Syracuse – 1963

West End
Charlie Girl – 1965
Man of Magic (as Harry Houdini) – 1968

Film
A Touch of Class (1973) - Man Hailing Cab at End (uncredited)
Young Doctors in Love (1982) - Soap Cameos
Star 80 (1983) - Vince Roberts
Silent Assassins (1988) - General
Chairman of the Board (1998) - Doctor
Rain from Stars (2013) - Edward (final film role)

Television
Cinderella (1965, TV Movie) - Prince
Man in a Suitcase (1967) - Williams
The £1,000,000 Bank Note (1968) - Henry Adams
The Champions (1968-1969) - Craig Stirling
The Saint (1969) - Rod Huston
UFO (1971) - Howard Byrne
The Adventurer (1972-1973) - Vince
The Adventures of Black Beauty (1973) - Mr. Duncan
A Touch of the Casanovas (1975, TV Movie) - Casanova
The Main Chance (1975) episode "Payment by Result" - Allan Hartmann
Thriller: Nightmare for a Nightingale (1976)
Space: 1999 (1975-1977) - Guido Verdeschi / Parks
Yanks Go Home (1976-1977) - Cpl. Vince Rossi
The New Avengers (1977) - Marty Brine
General Hospital (1977–2013) - Dr. Alan Quartermaine
Fantasies (1982, TV Movie) - Hanson
Fantasy Island (1982-1983) - Richard Mallory / Dr. Randolph
Legend of the Champions (1983, TV Movie) - Craig Stirling
America (1985–1986) - Self - Host
Mike Hammer (1987) - Graham Richardson
Perry Mason: The Case of the Killer Kiss (1993, TV Movie) - Alex Straub
Me and My Hormones (1996) -  Bill
Port Charles (1997–2001) - Dr. Alan Quartermaine
As the World Turns (2009–2010) - Ralph Manzo
Days of Our Lives (2010) - Governor Jim Ford

Recording
Stuart Champion Damon, Reflection Records 1970

References

External links

Place of death missing
1937 births
2021 deaths
Male actors from Brooklyn
American male film actors
American male soap opera actors
American television talk show hosts
Jewish American male actors
American people of Russian-Jewish descent
Brandeis University alumni
Daytime Emmy Award winners
Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series winners

Stuart Damon


On-balance volume (OBV) ist ein Indikator in der Chartanalyse, der Preis und Volumen beim Börsenhandel in Beziehung setzt. OBV steht für die Berechnung des kumulativen Gesamtvolumens beim Börsenhandel eines fungiblen Wirtschaftsgutes oder Indexes.

Geschichte
Dieser Indikator wurde von Woods und Vignolia 1946 in einem Kurs vorgestellt und ursprünglich als cumulative volume bezeichnet. Joseph Granville machte die Technik unter dem Namen on-balance volume mit seinem 1963 erschienenen Buch Granville's New Key to Stock Market Profits bekannt.

Berechnung

Das Handelsvolumen jedes Tages wird je nach Entwicklung des Schlusskurses im Vergleich zum Schlusskurs des Vortages als positiver oder negativer Wert ausgewiesen. Dieser Wert wird zum OBV des Vortages addiert, so dass ein niedrigerer (höherer) Schlusskurs zu einem sinkenden (steigenden) OBV im Vortagesvergleich führt. Daraus folgt, dass das OBV steigt, wenn die Preise des betrachteten Wirtschaftsgutes oder Indexes steigen, und fällt, wenn sie sinken.

Interpretation

Die Berechnung ergibt, dass Maxima und Minima im Trend der Preisentwicklung von OBV und Preis zeitgleich erreicht werden.  Wenn sich OBV- und Preisextrema parallel bewegen wird dies als Bestätigung des aktuellen Preistrends interpretiert. Dies ist eine häufige Anwendung des Indikators.<ref> [http://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/onbalancevolume.asp Investopedia explains 'On-Balance Volume - OBV'''].   25. April 2012.</ref><ref> [http://thestockmarketwatch.com/learn-stock-market/on-balance-volume/ Investopedia explains 'On-Balance Volume'] bei Stockmarketwatch.   25. April 2012.</ref>

Erreicht OBV ein nur niedrigeres Maximum als das vorangegangene, während der Preis ein gleich hohes oder höheres Maximum als zuvor erzielt, wird von einer negativen Abweichung gesprochen. Dies gilt als ein bearishes'' Signal, weil bei sinkenden Preisen mehr Volumen erreicht wurde als bei steigenden Preisen. Umgekehrt gilt das Erreichen höherer Minima des OBV bei weiter sinkendem Preis als Signal für einen einsetzenden Bullenmarkt.

Widerstände können im OBV-Chart genauso wie im Preischart als Frühindikatoren verwendet werden. Diese Durchbrüche werden als Signale, dass sich der Trend im OBV umkehrt verstanden und können weitere Signale für den Preis des betrachteten Wirtschaftsgutes oder Indexes erzeugen.

Schwächen
Das On-Balance Volumen reagiert verzögert auf starke Veränderungen im Volumen. Zum Beispiel führen Handelsvolumensspitzen dazu, dass das OBV als kumulierter Wert anschließend eine Anpassungsperiode durchläuft während der die Aussagekraft eingeschränkt ist. War das Handelsvolumen in der Vergangenheit hoch und sinkt in der Folge, so ist die Entwicklung des OBV gedämpft und es wird schwieriger, Richtungsänderungen des Indikators zu erkennen. Steigt das Handelsvolumen plötzlich, so verändert sich das OBV auch bei nur wenig veränderten Preisen stark. Es gibt heute komplexere Handelsvolumen-Preisindikatoren, die Volatilität berücksichtigen und diese Schwäche dementsprechend nicht aufweisen.

Weitere Indikatoren
Andere Handelsvolumen-Preisindikatoren:
 Money flow
 Price and volume trend
 Accumulation/distribution index

Siehe auch
 Dimensionsanalyse – erklärt, warum Handelsvolumen und Preis in solchen Indikatoren multipliziert (und nicht dividiert) werden.

Einzelnachweise

Finanzanalyse

On-balance volume


Felice Casorati () a fost un pictor italian.

Biografie
Felice Casorati a fost fiul unui ofițer și și-a petrecut copilăria și tinerețea în numeroase garnizoane din diferite orașe, printre care Milano, Reggio nell'Emilia, Sassari și Padova. Casorati a început să studieze pianul, dar în curând s-a mutat din motive de sănătate la Universitatea din Padova, unde a absolvit facultatea de drept.

Pe lângă drept, Casorati a luat cursuri în pictură, mai întâi la Padova și din 1908 în Napoli. În anii 1907 și 1909 a expus pentru prima dată picturile sale la Veneția. Pictură lui a fost puternic caracterizată prin simbolism, în special, și stilul vienez Art Nouveau, îndeosebi de opera lui Gustav Klimt.

În anul 1918, după participarea să la în primul război mondial, s-a mutat la Torino, unde a rămas până la moartea să. Începutul anuilor 1920 Casorati a fost influențat de pictura metafizică a lui Giorgio De Chirico. În același timp, l-au influențat că pictori renascentiști, precum Piero della Francesca. Pe lângă naturi moarte, el a plasat figura umană în centrul tablourilor sale. El a pictat multe nuduri și portrete de femei. La sfârșitul anilor 1920 Casorati a predat la Academia de Artă din Torino, unde au fondat o școală.

În anul 1923 Felice Casorati a fost reținut pentru scurt timp, deoarece el a luat parte dintr-un grup antifascist.

Felice Casorati a fost reprezentat la numeroase expoziții naționale și internaționale. El a câștigat, printre altele, premiul pentru pictură la Bienala de la Veneția în 1938. Lucrarea lui Carità di San Martino din 1939 se află în Museo Cantonale d'Arte din Lugano.Museo Cantonale d'Arte, Lugano: Felice Casorati

Felice Casorati fost îngropat la Torino.

Literatură
 Gerd Roos; Der kühle Blick. Realismus der Zwanzigerjahre in Europa und Amerika. Prestel, München 2001, ISBN 3-7913-2513-2 (Katalog der gleichnamigen Ausstellung der Hypo-Kulturstiftung, 1. Juni bis 2. September 2001).
 Georgina Betolino, Francesco Poli: Catalogo generale dell'opera di Felice Casorati. Turin 1995.

Note

Legături externe

Pictori italieni
Nașteri în 1883
Decese în 1963

Felice Casorati


Exit er en dansk kortfilm fra 2004 instrueret af Robert Depuis efter eget manuskript. Filmen er lavet som en dukkeanimationsfilm, der desuden benytter sig af en del computer efterarbejde, compositing samt dele live action med 'almindelige' filmoptagelser. En blanding af teknikker og fortællemidler. Genren er action-thriller.

Handling
Skuddet sad perfekt. Gennem vinduet, gennem stolen og direkte gennem den fede mands pande. Han sank sammen, gled af stolen, ramte gulvet. Ingen kunne have overlevet det. Men den fede mand døde ikke.

Medvirkende
 Nicolas Bro - The Animator, Den fede mands stemme
 Henrik Larsen - Hitmans stemme

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Dukkefilm fra Danmark
Filmskolefilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2004

Exit


Januar

 3. januar – Martha Christensen, dansk forfatter (født 1926).
 7. januar – Murray Rothbard, amerikansk økonom (født 1926).
 9. januar – Peter Cook, engelsk komiker, satiriker og forfatter (født 1937).
 31. januar – George Abbott, amerikansk dramatiker (født 1887).

Februar

 2. februar – Fred Perry, engelsk tennisspiller (født 1909).
 2. februar – Donald Pleasence, engelsk skuespiller (født 1919).
 4. februar – Patricia Highsmith, amerikansk forfatter (født 1921).
 8. februar – Svend Saaby, dansk korleder og dirigent (født 1910).
 12. februar – Astrid Villaume, dansk skuespillerinde (født 1923).
 19. februar – Steen Rønne, dansk filmfotograf og instrutør (født 1937).
 21. februar – Bjarne Henning-Jensen, dansk filminstruktør (født 1908).
 21. februar – Morian Hansen, dansk racerkører og pilot (født 1905).

Marts

 12. marts – Mogens Voltelen, dansk arkitekt (født 1908).
 16. marts – Henry Stryhn, dansk fabrikant og grundlægger (født 1907).
 28. marts – Mogens Ellegaard, dansk accordeonspiller (født 1935).
 31. marts – Max Brüel, dansk arkitekt og jazzmusiker (født 1927).
 31. marts – Selena, mexicansk-amerikansk sanger (født 1971).

April

 14. april – Burl Ives, amerikansk sanger (født 1909).
 19. april – Tony Rodian, dansk skuespiller (født 1931).
 25. april – Ginger Rogers, amerikansk danser og skuespillerinde (født 1911).
 27. april – Zita Boye-Møller, dansk programvært (født 1944).

Maj

 5. maj – Mikhail Botvinnik, russisk skakspiller (født 1911).
 9. maj – Jeanne Darville, dansk skuespillerinde (født 1923).
 24. maj – Harold Wilson, engelsk premierminister (født 1916).
 28. maj – Henning Kronstam, kgl. dansk balletchef og solodanser (født 1934).

Juni

 3. juni – Arne Stæhr Johansen, dansk politiker og borgmester (født 1907).
 12. juni – Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli, italiensk pianist (født 1920).
 15. juni – Preben Lerdorff Rye, dansk skuespiller (født 1917).
 23. juni – Jonas Salk, amerikansk medicinsk forsker (født 1914).
 25. juni – Erik Kjersgaard, dansk historiker (født 1931).
 25. juni – Knud Christensen, dansk forbundsformand (født 1927).
 29. juni – Lana Turner, amerikansk skuespillerinde (født 1921).

Juli

 2. juli – Dan Sterup-Hansen, dansk maler og grafiker (født 1918).
 4. juli – Eva Gabor, ungarsk-amerikansk skuespiller (født 1919).
 4. juli - Bob Ross, amerikansk kunstner og tv-vært (født 1942).
 5. juli – Jytte Breuning, dansk skuespiller (født 1928).
 13. juli – Godtfred Kirk Christiansen, dansk fabrikant (født 1920).
 13. juli – Ingvar Blicher-Hansen, dansk direktør (født 1911).
 17. juli – Juan Manuel Fangio, argentinsk racerkører (født 1911).
 27. juli – Miklós Rózsa, ungarsk-amerikansk komponist (født 1907).

August

 2. august – Eva Gredal, dansk politiker (født 1927).
 3. august – Ida Lupino, britisk skuespiller og instruktør (født 1914).
 9. august – Jerry Garcia, amerikansk musiker (født 1942).
 11. august – Alonzo Church, amerikansk matematiker (født 1903).
 15. august – Karin Monk, dansk operasanger og sangpædagog (født 1903).
 18. august – Knud Holst, dansk forfatter (født 1936).
 19. august – Pierre Schaeffer, fransk komponist (født 1910).
 19. august – Karl Krøyer, dansk opfinder (født 1914).
 20. august – Hugo Pratt, italiensk tegneserieskaber (født 1925).
 21. august – Guri Richter, dansk skuespiller (født 1917).
 21. august – Henning Høirup, dansk biskop (født 1909).
 21. august – Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, indisk-amerikansk astrofysiker og nobelprismodtager (født 1910).
 23. august – Lene Bro, dansk politiker (født 1936).
 23. august – Alfred Eisenstaedt, tysk-amerikansk fotograf og fotojournalist (født 1898).
 29. august – Michael Ende, tysk forfatter (født 1929).

September

 8. september – Erich Kunz, østrigsk kammersanger og baryton (født 1909).
 15. september – Gunnar Nordahl, svensk fodboldspiller (født 1921).
 19. september – Avi Sagild, dansk skuespiller (født 1933).
 24. september – Meïr Stein, dansk kunsthistoriker (født 1920).
 27. september – Hermann Zobel, dansk forsikringsdirektør (født 1908).
 30. september – Ingolf L. Nielsen, dansk direktør og grundlægger (født 1925).

Oktober

 2. oktober – Carl Scharnberg, dansk forfatter (født 1930).
 4. oktober – Else Brems, kgl. dansk operasanger (født 1908).
 9. oktober – Alec Douglas-Home, britisk premierminister (født 1903).
 22. oktober – Kingsley Amis, engelsk forfatter (født 1922).
 26. oktober – Wilhelm Freddie, dansk maler og grafiker (født 1909).

November

 4. november – Yitzhak Rabin, israelsk ministerpræsident og nobelprismodtager (født 1922) – myrdet.
 5. november – Grete Hækkerup, dansk politiker (født 1914).
 5. november – Virtus Schade, dansk forfatter (født 1935).
 15. november – Karen Berg, dansk skuespillerinde (født 1906).
 23. november – Louis Malle, fransk filminstruktør (født 1932).

December

 2. december – Robertson Davies, canadisk forfatter (født 1913).
 12. december – Arveprinsesse Caroline-Mathilde, dansk arveprinsesse (født 1912).
 16. december – Niels Møller, dansk operasanger (født 1922).
 17. december – Finn Gerdes, dansk forfatter og maler (født 1914).
 18. december – Konrad Zuse, tysk ingeniør og opfinder (født 1910).
 25. december – Dean Martin, amerikansk skuespiller (født 1917).
 25. december – Emmanuel Levinas, fransk filosof og Talmud-tolker (født 1906).

Referencer

Døde i 1995


NGC 3377 es una galaxia elíptica (E5) localizada en la dirección de la constelación de Leo. Posee una declinación de +13° 59' 09" y una ascensión recta de 10 horas, 47 minutos y 42,3 segúns.

La galaxia NGC 3377 fue descubierta  el 8 de abril de 1784 por William Herschel.

Véase también
 Astronomía extragaláctica
 Lista de galaxias
 Lista de objetos NGC
 New General Catalogue

Referencias

Enlaces externos

NGC 3377
Constelación de Leo
Galaxias elípticas
Grupo M96

NGC 3377


الخطمي السوري أو خطمية شجرية أو خطمية (الاسم العلمي:Hibiscus syriacus) نوع نباتي شجيري يتبع جنس الخطمي. موطنه آسيا، يزرع للزينة زهرته بيضاء أو وردية أو فيرفيرية أو متضاعفة، تشبه الختمية .

المراجع

أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
ثقافة كورية جنوبية
الحياة النباتية في الوطن العربي
خبازية
خطمي
رموز كوريا الجنوبية الوطنية
نباتات الحدائق
نباتات الشام
نباتات الصين
نباتات دخيلة في الشام
نباتات طبية في آسيا
نباتات منسوبة إلى سورية
نباتات وصفت في 1753

خطمي سوري


Sophie Pascoe, née le  à Christchurch, est une nageuse handisport néo-zélandaise concourant en S9 pour les athlètes ayant un sévère handicap à un membre ou en ayant perdu un. Elle détient onze titres paralympiques (2008, 2012, 2016, 2020) et douze titres mondiaux (2010, 2013, 2015, 2019).

Biographie
Le 23 septembre 1995, alors qu'elle a à peine deux ans, son père lui roule dessus avec la tondeuse à gazon familiale. Après cet accident, elle est amputée de la jambe gauche sous le genou et sa jambe droite reste marquées de cicatrices.

Elle est l'athlète handisport la plus décorée de l'histoire de la Nouvelle-Zélande aux Jeux paralympiques.

Distinctions

 2022 : Dame compagnon de l'Ordre du Mérite de Nouvelle-Zélande

Palmarès

Jeux paralympiques

 Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2008 à Pékin :
   dos S10
   brasse SB9
   4 nages SM10
   papillon S10
 Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2012 à Londres :
   4 nages SM10
   papillon S10
   nage libre S10
   nage libre S10
   brasse SB9
 Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2016 à Rio de Janeiro :
   dos S10
   papillon S10
   4 nages SM10
   nage libre S10
   nage libre S10
 Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020 à Tokyo :
   nage libre S9
   4 nages SM9
   brasse SB8
   dos S9

Championnats du monde

 Championnats du monde 2010 à Eindhoven :
   papillon S10
   4 nages SM10
   nage libre S10
   dos S10
   brasse SB9
 Championnats du monde 2013 à Montréal :
   nage libre S10
   brasse SB9
   papillon S10
   dos S10
   nage libre S10
 Championnats du monde 2015 à Glasgow :
   4 nages SM10
   papillon S10
   nage libre S10
   dos S10
   nage libre S10
   brasse S10
 Championnats du monde 2019 à Londres :
   nage libre S9
   dos S9
   papillon S9
   nage libre S9

Jeux du Commonwealth

 Jeux du Commonwealth de 2014 à Glasgow :
   brasse SB9
   4 nages SM10
 Jeux du Commonwealth de 2018 à Gold Coast :
   brasse SB9
   4 nages SM10

Références

Liens externes

Nageuse handisport néo-zélandaise
Nageuse de nage libre
Nageuse de quatre nages
Nageuse de papillon
Nageuse de brasse
Nageuse de dos
Championne paralympique de natation
Championne paralympique néo-zélandaise
Médaillée d'argent paralympique néo-zélandaise
Médaillée de bronze paralympique néo-zélandaise
Nageuse aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2008
Nageuse aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2012
Nageuse aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2016
Nageuse aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020
Dame compagnon de l'ordre du Mérite de Nouvelle-Zélande
Naissance en janvier 1993
Naissance à Christchurch

Sophie Pascoe


El Valle de Panshir  es un valle localizado en el centro-norte del país asiático de Afganistán, a 120-150 km al norte de Kabul, en las estribaciones de la cordillera del Hindu Kush. Ubicado en la provincia de Panshir está dividido por el río Panjshir. El valle es habitado por más de  personas; es además la zona con la mayor concentración de tayikos en Afganistán. En abril de 2004, se convirtió en el corazón de la provincia de Panshir. También es notable por ser la cuna de Ahmad Shah Massoud.

Etimología
El nombre de Panshir significa «cinco leones» en persa. Se relaciona así con los cinco Pandavas del antiguo poema épico del Mahabharata. Los pandavas visitaron el lugar durante su viaje para encontrar el «Moksha».

En la cultura popular
 El valle de Panshir es tema central de El valle de los leones, novela de espías de Ken Follett.
 The Afghan Campaign, novela histórica de Steven Pressfield.
A Short Walk in the Hindu Kush, una descripción del mismo es mencionada por Eric Newby.
 The Lion's Grave, discurso del periodista Jon Lee Anderson.
 L'étoile du soldat,un film del director francés Christophe de Ponfilly.

Galería

Véase también
 Geografía de Afganistán
 Geografía de Asia

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Vista del Valle

Valles de Afganistán

Valle de Panshir


Unión Deportiva Salamanca a fost o echipă spaniolă de fotbal cu sediul în Salamanca, în comunitatea autonomă Castilia și León.

Fondată pe 16 martie 1923 și poreclit Los charros, clubul a jucat în cămăși albe și pantaloni scurți negri, jocurile de acasă desfășurându-se la Estadio el Helmántico, care avea o capacitate 17.341 spectatori.

Legături externe

Fondări în 1923
Desființări în 2013
Cluburi spaniole de fotbal

Union Deportiva Salamanca


ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن تقع ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن في محافظة جنوب الشرقية بسلطنة عمان في منطقة وسط من قطاع جعلان إذ يحدها من الشمال ولاية الكامل والوافي، وولاية صور من الشمال الشرقي، ومن الغرب ولاية بديه وولاية المضيبي، وولاية محوت من الجنوب الغربي، ومن الشرق ولاية جعلان بني بو علي وبحر العرب وهي تبعد عن العاصمة مسقط 300كم. وسكانها يتجاوزون 30 ألف نسمة تقريباً. ومن حيث المساحة فهي تعد أكبر ولاية في محافظة جنوب الشرقية، وثاني أكبر ولاية في محافظتي الشرقية ككل.

التسمية
لغة: جعل الشيء: أخذه، والجعال والجعالة والجعل والجعيلة وتجمع على جعائل: اجر العامل أو ما يعطى للمحارب إذا حارب، وتأتي هنا بمعنى المكافأة هكذا في لسان العرب والمنجد. وهناك من يذكر أن مالك بن فهم الازدي عندما جاء إلى عمان في هجرة الازد المشهورة وجه اثنين من أبنائه إلى هذه المنطقة ووعدهما بأنها ستكون جعالة لمن يتمكن منها أولا أي مكافأة له.

تاريخ نشأة الولاية
لقد ورد ذكر ولاية جعلان في فترة إمامة الإمام / المهنى بن جيفر اليحمدي من خلال رسالة وجهها إلى والي جعلان لإلقاء القبض على رجل يدعى وسيم بن جيفر من أرض المهرة  وقد عقدت الإمامة لهذا الامام في شهر رجب من عام 226هـ. ولكنني احسب أن تاريخ نشأة الولاية سابق لهذا التاريخ إذا ما علم أن العالم الجليل المنير بن النير بن مالك الجعلاني الذي شارك في تنصيب الإمام الجلندي بن مسعود في عام 131هـ باعتباره ممثلا لعلماء جعلان إلى جانب علمه وورعه ونزاهته وقدرته في الاختيار. ومن سيرته المشهوره التي بعث بها للإمام غسان بن عبد الله اليحمدي الذي تولى الإمامة في عام 192 هـ وقيادته لجيش جعلان في مواجهة محمد بن نور (والذي يطلق عليه العمانيون محمد بن بور نسبة إلى بوره وفسقه وما أرتكبه من جرائم بشعة) تحت لواء وقيادة الأمام عزان بن تميم، أي أن الولاية قامت مع قيام أول دولة مركزية للإمامة في عمان عام 131 هـجرية، ثم أنها أستمرت خاضعة لحكم الائمة الذين توالوا على حكم عمان منذ ذلك التاريخ فكانت بذلك مشعل يضئ الطريق لمن اتبع الهدى ومركز من مراكز الإشعاع الديني والثقافي قي شرق عمان ومابرحت جذوة العلم متلالئة في جنباتها.وعن كونها جعلان بني بو حسن فقد جاءت تسميتها نسبة لقبيلة بني بو حسن التي تقطنها، فهم من آل شمس نسبة إلى شمس بن مالك الازدي وتنحدر منه قبائل منها الصواويع والشحيمات وغيرهم ومن المعروف ان الشحيمات هم أول من سكن الولاية.

الجغرافيا
تقع منطقة جعلان بالمنطقة الشرقية، تحديدا في الحافة الجنوبية لجبال عمان بين خطي طول 59,00و59,30 وخطي عرض 22,00 و22,30. يحدها من الشمال ولاية الكامل والوافي، وولاية صور من الشمال الشرقي، ومن الغرب ولاية بديه وولاية المضيبي، وولاية محوت من الجنوب الغربي، ومن الشرق ولاية جعلان بني بو علي وبحر العرب. تبلغ مساحة ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن 12130كم2 تقريبا  وتعتبر بذلك أكبر ولايات جنوب الشرقية مساحة، وهي تتكون من سهل منبسط خصب في الوسط تحيط به رمال الشرقية والمعروفة احيانا برمال الوهيبه من الغرب والجنوب الغربي، ونهايات سلسلة جبال الحجر الشرقي البارزة من الشرق والشمال الشرقي وبحر العرب من الجنوب الشرقي والشمال الشرقي ايضا. وتعتبر أكثر ولايات جنوب الشرقية خصبا حيث تخترقها مجاري الاودية القادمة من ولايات إبراء والقابل وبدية عبر مسيلة البطحاء الشهيرة وكذلك من جبال الحجر الشرقي من وادي بني خالد وجبل قهوان التابع للولاية وسلاسل الجبال المحيطة به.

الطبيعة
تتكون ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن من أربع بيئات طبيعية مرتبطة ببعضها البعض وهي: -
 السهل الخصيب
يقع هذه السهل في وسط الولاية ويعتبر مركز الولاية والمدينة الرئيسية لها حيث يعيش به أغلب السكان، 64% من عدد سكان الولاية، ويشتهر هذا السهل بخصوبتة لكثرة الإفلاج به والتي يعتمد عليها السكان في ري مزارع النخيل المنتشرة بكثافة خاصة على حواف مجاري الاودية، إذ تحيط به أربعة أودية رئيسية (إضافة إلى أودية محلية عديدة خاصة من الجبال الشرقية) تتجمع بعد ذلك في مجر واحد يمثل تحد كبير لسكان الولاية ثم يذهب متفرقا في أكثر من مجرى إلى بحر العرب.
 الييئة الرملية وشبة الصحراوية
تقع في الجانب الغربي من الولاية وتتكون من كثبان رمال عالية تماثل سلسلة جبال الحجر الشرقي من حيث الارتفاع والكثافة ولكنها تفوقها مساحة وتتخللها واحات عظيمة من أشجار الغاف الكثيفة التي تمتد لعدة كيلومترات، غنية مراعيها بالأعشاب فتكثر فيها الحياة البرية وتزدهر فيها مهنة الرعي لإبناء البادية الذين يعتبرونها مصدر دخلهم الرئيسي بل والوحيد احيانا، وهي مرتع الغزال العربي أو الرئم إلى جانب احتضانها لحوض مياه الشرقية الذي تم اكتشافة اخيرا والذي يعتبر أكبر مخزون للمياه في المنطقة وقد بداء العمل في استغلاله فعلا لتوفير المياه الصالحة للإستخدام البشري لمئات الالاف من سكان المنطقة.
 البيئة الصخرية
في الجانب الشرقي من الولاية تشرق الشمس على سلسلة جبلية تمتد إلى أكثر من 15 كم يتوسطها جبل قهوان الذي ترتفع أعلى قمة فيه إلى 1386 متر، ولا يخفي ما لهذا الجبل من أهمية تاريخية واقتصادية حيث يوجد به مقطع صخري ظاهر يصل عمر الصخور فية أكثر من 800 مليون سنة وهو المقطع الوحيد الظاهر في السلطنة. يعيش في جبل قهوان الوعل العربي الذي أوشك على الانقراض ويتواجد حاليا في سلطنة عمان فقط في ثلاث مواقع هي وادي السرين وولاية نخل إلى جانب جبل قهوان في جعلان، ويعود سبب تكاثره في هذا الجبل لاحتوائه على مجموعة وافره من الاعشاب التي تأمن لهذا الحيوان غذاء وفيرا وحصناً أميناً إلى جانب احتوائة على ما يقارب 36 مورد مائي من عيون واودية وتجمعات مائية في الجيوب الصخرية.
 البيئة البحرية
في الجزء الشمالي الشرقي والجزء الجنوبي تطل الولاية على بحر العرب والمحيط الهندي الذي وصلت من خلاله الرسالة الربانية الخالـدة (الإسلام) إلى العالمين في أعالي البحار وماورائها – أينما حلوا ووجدوا – وتشتهر هذه السواحل إلى جانب ذلك بوفرة في مصائدها وتنوعها. حيث يعمل جميع السكان على هذه الشواطئ في مهنة الصيد ذات المردود العالي ولن نبالغ إذا قلنا أن أعلى دخل للفرد في هذه الولاية إنما هو دخل الصيادين لتوفر هذا البحر على ثروات سمكية كبيرة ومتنوعة ترفد الدخل القومي للسلطنة بنسبة لابأس بها إذ يفيض ناتج المصيد عن الاستهلاك المحلي لسكان الولاية والولايات المجاورة فيتم تصديره إلى أغلب الولايات العمانية ومن ثم إلى دول الخليج العربي وإلى عدد من الدول العربية الاخرى وإلى الدول الاسيوية والأوروبية والأمريكية بصورة مباشرة من خلال الصيادين أنفسهم أو بواسطة شركات الاسماك المتخصصة العديدة.

وتتألف بيئتها الاساسية من الشواطئ الصخرية والرملية وبعض الخيران، وتنتشر مستعمرات الشعاب المرجانية في بعض تلك الشواطئ الصخرية، وهي تعتبر ملاذاً لعدد هائل من مختلف انواع الكائنات البحرية. ومن الجدير بالذكر انه تم رصد بعض حالات لتعشيش السلاحف الخضراء في منطقة (قرون) الامر الذي يجعل لهذه الشواطئ اهمية على المستوى الوطني والإقليمي لتأمين إستمرارية حياة وبقاء هذا النوع من السلاحف المهددة بالانقراض والتي تتخذ من شبه جزيرة رأس الحد مركزاً لتعشيشها.

الجبال
تشتمل ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن على الكثير من الجبال ولعل أهمها جبل قهوان الذي جاءت تسميتة نسبة لحيوان الوعل العربي الذي يعيش به ويسمى بـ «قهوان» إذا أكمل من العمر خمس سنوات، وأسماء هذه الجبال كالتالـي:
 جبل قهـوان
 جبل دمــاء
 جبل مصـاوي
 جبل أبو حليفـة
 جبل الصخـام (الفحم)
 جبل عقيبــة
 جبل الميـاح
 جبل الجحلـة
 جبل الجريــف
 جبل تــال
 جبل المتناطحيـن
 جبل الضحـاة
 جبل الملاحـي
 جبل الحائريــة
 جبل الساجــه
 جبل قـرن عمـران
 جبل فقــاره
 جبل المنـاف
 جبل مليــدغ
 جبل أبو صريمـه
 جبل الخطــم
 جبل القــطار
 جبل الجرفــه
 جبل أبو سميــره
 جبل البليــدة
 جبل اللتيمــة
 جبل قليعـة
 جبل قــرون
 جبل القلعــة
 جبل المطانــب

المحميات
يوجد في ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن محمية جبل قهوان.

السكان
حسب آخر إحصائيات التعداد الذي أجرته وزارة الاقتصاد الوطني لعام 2003م بلغ عدد سكان الولاية (25.717) مزعيين على النحو التالي:-
عدد السكان العمانيين 23.158 (11.678 ذكور 11.480 إناث) بينما بلغ عدد الوافدين 2.559 (2.096 ذكور 463 إناث).

القرى
يبلغ عدد القرى والمناطق التابعة لولاية جعلان بني بو حسن (197) قرية ومنطقة.

الدين
يعتنق سكان جعلان بني بو حسن الدين الإسلامي. ويوجد بها أكثر من 200 مسجد أهمها مسجد السلطان قابوس.

العمران
تعتبر الحصون من أكثر الأماكن التي يأوي إليها الناس وقت الحرب للأمن من الأعداء ودرء شرهم وصد الخطر عن حياة السكان وحمايتهم، لذا كثرت في سلطنة عمان، وتحديداً في جعلان بني بو حسن. ويبنى الحصن عادة من الأحجار المرجانية والجص والخشب، بارتفاع يتراوح بين 10 إلى 15 متراً، ويتألف من باب سفلي داخلي يقود إلى سلم يؤدي إلى طبقات عدة، يتواجد فيها الحرس من أجل المراقبة والدفاع، حيث تحتوي جدرانها على فتحات ضيقة (مزاغل) موزعة على محيط جدرانها من أجل الرمي، وكذلك للقيام بأعمال الاستطلاع والاستكشاف للدفاع عن المنطقة من جميع الجهات. ويوجد في جعلان بني بو حسن 21 حصن هم:
 حصن جعلان القديم
 حصن جعلان بني بو حسن
 حصن الامير حمد بن مسلم (بيت حنوف الصواعي).
 حصن الغرفة
 حصن على بن ماجد
 حصن الخويسة
 حصن المعمور
 حصن المخاطرة
 حصن الصوبارة
 حصن التل
 حصن أولاد عبد الله
 حصن أولا وهيل وأولاد العبد
 حصن مخيزنات
 حصن فلج هلال
 حصن فلج ولد رشيد
 حصن شحيمات
 حصن راشد بن سعيد
 حصن فليج المفاهية
 حصن العمار
 حصن صنعاء
 حصن عين وشيلة
 حصن سيارية
 حصن العسكري

الترفيه والمهرجانات
تم تدشين المشروع السياحي (تجوال عمان) والذي أخذت خلاله ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن نصيباً وافراً من اللمحة السياحية والذي نظمه شؤون البلاط السلطاني وقد طاف الفرسان المشاركون وعددهم 110 فرسان وفارسات من السلطنة وفرنسا والولايات المتحدة الأمريكية وألمانيا وإيطاليا وبلجيكا وهولندا وسويسرا بعبور رمال الشرقية من الشمال إلى الجنوب بطول 180 كلم على خمس مراحل، ومن المتوقع أن يضع هذا الحدث السلطنة على خارطة الوجهات العالمية الأبرز لمغامرات الفروسية على مستوى العالم.جريدة عمان

الرياضة
 نادي جعلان
 فريق المنجرد
 فريق الغنيمية
 فريق اتحاد حدراء
 فريق الحصن
 فريق التضامن
 فريق الصقر
 فريق قهوان
 فريق التعاون
 فريق الشباب
 فريق المرصد

السياحة
تمتلك ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن مجموعة من المقومات السياحية والإمكانيات التي يمكن استغلالها على أسس علمية حيث تتنوع طبيعتها الجغرافية كما تتوافر بها سبل الراحة للرواد من المواطنين والسائحين مما يجعلها منطقة جذابة.. وحكم الجغرافيا كانت الولاية أكثر حظا في مقوماتها السياحية ويتضح ذلك مما يلي:-
 الشريط الساحلي
 الشريط الجبلي
 الواحة النهرية
 البيئة الصحراوية

أبراج جعلان بني بو حسن
 تعد أبراج ولاية جعلان بني بوحسن بمحافظة جنوب الشرقية من أقدم المعالم العمرانية والتاريخية بالولاية والتي مازالت حاضرة وشامخة تحكي أصالة الماضي التليد ويبلغ عددها أكثر من 21 برجاً تتوزع في جميع أرجاء الولاية.
وللأبراج أنظمة وقوانين كونها تعد مرصًدا دفاعًيا من مراصد الولاية وهي مواقع لحماية الولاية من الحروب في الماضي ويطلق على كل منها اسم يميزه عن غيره ومنها برج (الستين) و (الصفرة) و (المرصد).
وتظهر الأبراج التي شيدت فوق الجبال والصخور براعة الإنسان العماني وخصائص المعمار العماني الفريد، وقد بنيت بالحجارة المثبتة بخليط من الطين الذي يعطيها صلابة ومتانة أكبر كما تعد مادة الطين أداة أساسية في بناء البيوت والقلاع والحصون والأبراج لكونها مادة عازلة للحرارة في فصل الصيف وتبعث على الدفء في فصل الشتاء، وشيدت الابراج في أماكن عالية يستطيع الشخص منها التعرف على ما يجرى اسفلها، وتحتوي واجهات الأبراج على نوافذ صغيرة.
ولهذه الأبراج حكايات وتاريخ قديم يرويه الأجداد في التاريخ العماني اذ شيدت نتيجة لظروف معينة، وجعلت كتحصينات دفاعية وللحماية من الأخطار، وتتنوع المعالم التاريخية في ولاية جعلان بني بوحسن بمحافظة جنوب الشرقية التي يحدها من الجنوب ولاية جعلان بني بوعلي ومن ناحية الشمال ولاية الكامل والوافي ومن الغرب ولاية بدية في محافظة شمال الشرقية.
ومن أهم القلاع الموجودة بالولاية (قلعة أولاد مرشد) و (قلعة الفليج) و (قلعة أولاد سيف المنذري)و حصن العسكري و40 مسجًدا قديمًا والكثير من الأبراج من أهمها «برج الصفرة» الذي يعد من أقدم الأبراج التاريخية في جعلان وأشهرها، وقد أطلق عليه هذا الاسم نسبة إلى المكان الذي بنُي فيه وهو منطقة الصفرة، وتم بناء البرج على جبل يرتفع حوالي 200 متر عن سطح الأرض وهو مواكب لبرج (المرصد) الذي يقع في الجهة الجنوبية من الولاية، والذي بناه أهالي جعلان بنى بو حسن قبل مئات السنين. وبني برج الصفرة من الجص والحجر وجذوع النخيل التي استخدمت كذلك في تنفيذ أسقفه ويبلغ ارتفاعه حوالي عشرة أمتار، ويزيد من ارتفاع البرج انه بنُي في قمة جبل ليكون أعلى أبراج الولاية، ويعطي مسافة للمراقبة تصل حوالي 12 كيلو متراً.
ويتكون البرج من طابقين ودروازة (جدار السطح) زودت بشرفات ويفصل بين هذه الطبقات (مداميك) حجرية وهو عبارة عن مبنى مستدير يستدق كلما ارتفع إلى أعلى ولم يطل بالجص لعدم الحاجة إليه في هذا المكان البعيد وليكون عنصراً دفاعيا فقط بعيدا عن النواحي الجمالية.
ويتضمن البرج العديد من العناصر الدفاعية كالمرامي الدائرية الصغيرة (قطرها 5 سم) تستخدم لأغراض الرمي والمراقبة والمرامي المثلثة المائلة إلى الأسفل التي تستخدم لإطلاق النار.
ويصعد الحراس إلى هذا البرج بواسطة حبل يتدلى من فتحة مستطيلة الشكل تقع في الطبقة الثانية من الجهة الغربية، ويبلغ سمك جدرانه حوالي 35 سم ومحيط البرج من الأسفل يصل إلى 40 ,18م، وقد بنيت له مسانيد من الأسفل في الجهة الشمالية، وبالقرب منه يوجد موقع حرق الجص الذي استخدم في البناء.
ومن الأبراج التي توجد بجعلان بني بوحسن (برج المريبي) ويقع في بلدة المريبي إلى الغرب من جعلان القديمة، وقد بناه الاهالي في الخمسينيات من القرن الماضي لغرض حماية ومراقبة حدود الولاية من جهة الغرب ويقع وسط مساحات شاسعة من الأراضي الزراعيـة، وقد تم بناء البرج على شكل مستدير وله قاعدة عريضة كلما ارتفع تميل جدرانه إلى الداخل (يستدق) ويبلغ ارتفاعه حوالي 14 مترًا، ومحيط قاعدته من الأسفل يبلغ قطره 15,03 م.
أما (برج الشمس) فيقع في وسط الولاية، شرق بلدة (الغنيمية) وعلى نفس خط سير سور الولاية الشرقي، وقد بناه أهالي الولاية قبل مئات السنين لغرض المراقبة وتوفير الحماية من الجهة الشرقية، وتم بناؤه من الحجر والجص والآجر بشكل مستدير ويستدق كلما ارتفع إلى أعلى ويصل ارتفاعه إلى حوالي 10 أمتار ويتكون من ثلاث طبقات يفصل بين كل منها صفوف من أحجار الوادي وألواح حجرية تلف هيكل البرج بأكمله.
وتكون الطبقة الأولى متساوية عدا أحجار بارزة إلى الخارج في الجانب الغربي من البرج يتم الصعود من خلالها إلى الفتحة التي تقع في الطبقة الثانية، كما وضعت أسفل الألواح الحجرية مرامي مثلثة الشكل عددها 16، أما في الطبقة الثانية فقد وضعت فيها فتحة طولية مستطيلة الشكل 80 × 50 سم وتعتبر المدخل الرئيسي للبرج ومن خلالها يتضح سمك جدران البرج الذي يقدر بحوالي 40سم.
وتتواجد بهذه الطبقة في الجانبين الجنوبي والشرقي والجانب الشمالي فتحات معقودة واسعة من الخارج وضيقة من الداخل، كما يوجد بها العديد من المرامي الدائرية الصغيرة التي يصل قطرها إلى 5سم، أما الطبقة الثالثة والأخيرة فتنتهي بشرفات من الأعلى عددها 16 شرفة توجد في الناحية الجنوبية الشرقية وهي متلاصقة وتتضمن العديد من المرامي الصغيرة .

تتنوع المعالم الطبيعية في الولاية، لعل أهمها جبل قهوان ضمن جبال الحجر الشرقي الذي تقرر اعتماده محمية طبيعية للطهـر العربي النادر، بالإضافة إلى عدة عيون، ومجموعة أفلاج. كما تنتشر كهوف عدة في جبل قهوان، كانت تستخدم في ما مضى لإقامة سكان المنطقة الجبلية وحفظ قـوتهم وحيواناتهم عند اشتداد الرياح والعواصف والأمطار.

تختلف حـرف سكان الولاية باختلاف معالمها التضاريسية، فحيث تكون الأرض خصبة يزاولون الزراعة، في حين يحـترف سكان البادية رعي الأغنام والإبل.. علاوة على ذلك، ثمة بعض الصناعات التقليدية يمارسها السكان بشكل عام، كالشمارة التي تشمل جل المشغولات الجلدية، وصياغة الحلي والخناجر، والفخاريات التي تشكل الأودية الغربية للولاية مصدراً لمادتها الخام

مراجع

محافظة جنوب الشرقية
ولايات عمان

ولاية جعلان بني بو حسن


Takeru Otsuka (en ), né le  à Atsugi, est un snowboardeur japonais.

Palmarès

Coupe du monde
 1 petit globe de cristal :
 Vainqueur du classement big air en 2019.
 6 podiums dont 3 victoires.

Détails des victoires

Liens externes

Naissance en avril 2001
Naissance à Atsugi
Snowboardeur japonais
Sportif japonais du XXIe siècle

Takeru Otsuka


Afrika
 Aksumitisches Reich
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Amerika
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Asien
 China
 Kaiser: Song Mingdi (465–472)
 Nördliche Wei-Dynastie: Xian Wen (466–471)

 Iberien (Kartlien)
 König: Wachtang I. Gorgassali (452–502)

 Indien
 Gupta-Reich
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 Kadamba
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 Japan
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 Korea
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 Gaya
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Europa
 Weströmisches Reich
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 Konsul: Anthemius (468)

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 Ostgotenreich
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 Reich der Burgunden
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 Reich des Syagrius
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Religiöse Führer
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Liste der Staatsoberhäupter 468


Sobre a Contradição (Chinês simplificado: 矛盾论; pinyin: Máodùn Lùn) é um livro chinês escrito por Mao Tsé-tung em 1937, durante a guerra civil chinesa. O livro, na forma de ensaio sobre filosofia, aborda a interpretação de Mao do materialismo dialético, desenvolvida a partir de conferências ditadas por Mao ao Instituto Político e Militar Anti-Japonês, em Yan'an.

O ensaio foi desenvolvido com base na interpretação stalinista do materialismo dialético, dominante na União Soviética na época. Sobre a Contradição é uma obra influente na teoria marxista, particularmente no Marxismo-Leninismo e se tornou uma das principais bases filosóficas do movimento maoista. O livro segue sendo uma leitura essencial no marxismo chinês contemporâneo.

Conteúdo
Sobre a Contradição é divido em sete seções abordando diferentes aspectos da noção de "contradição" conforme concebida por Mao. Para Mao, a essência do marxismo seria a dialética, e a essência da dialética seria a contradição. A contradição seria uma lei universal segundo a qual uma coisa não existe de forma individual ou estática, e somente poderia ser definida a partir de suas relações de contradição com outras coisas, bem como a partir de suas próprias contradições internas.

Origem da dialética e concepção de contradição
Na primeira seção do livro, Mao defende que a história da filosofia foi marcada por duas concepções de mundo: uma metafísica e uma dialética. Para Mao, a concepção metafísica, seja ela idealista ou materialista, apenas examinaria a realidade a partir de objetos individuais, sendo incapaz de observar as relações entre objetos e seu desenvolvimento. Mao identifica essa perspectiva na filosofia ocidental, mas também na filosofia tradicional chinesa:

A concepção dialética, ainda que tão antiga quanto a metafísica, somente teria sido sistematizada de forma concreta por Hegel na forma da dialética idealista e, posteriormente, pelo proletariado internacional através de Marx e Engels como materialismo dialético e histórico.

Ao afirmar, na segunda seção, a "universalidade da contradição", Mao afirma tanto que todos os fenômenos naturais e sociais se desenvolvem a partir de contradições entre aspectos opostos, quanto que esse movimento dialético ocorre em todos os momentos da existência de um fenômeno ou objeto. Mao argumenta que mesmo conceitos como "vitória" não podem ser definidos sem o conceito oposto da "derrota".

Contradição principal e aspecto principal de uma contradição
Nas seções quatro e cinco, Mao propõe dois conceitos que viriam a se tornar centrais ao maoismo: a "contradição principal" e o "aspecto principal de uma contradição". O primeiro conceito propõe que, no caso de fenômenos complexos com um grande número de relações internas opostas, uma relação de contradição tem mais centralidade que todas as outras, e de fato define a existência de toda outra contradição. Mao exemplifica este conceito através de sua leitura do capitalismo:

Ele ainda propõe que a contradição principal de um certo sistema pode ser alterada dependendo da interação deste sistema com outros externos a ele. Por exemplo, as contradições de classe na China deixaram de ser a contradição principal durante a invasão japonesa na segunda guerra, ocasião em que a contradição entre colonizadores e colonizados assumiu este papel.

Dentro de uma relação dialética, também, haveria um aspecto que assumiria uma posição primária em relação aos outros. Essa posição seria mutável, e determinada pelo grau de desenvolvimento de cada aspecto da contradição em relação ao outro. No exemplo do capitalismo, a burguesia é o aspecto dominante da contradição burguesia-proletariado.

Contradições antagônicas e não antagônicas
Uma contribuição de Mao que o diferencia de outros teóricos do Marxismo-Leninismo é o conceito de antagonismo em relações de contradição. Enquanto algumas contradições, como aquela entre a burguesia e a nobreza durante o fim do feudalismo na Europa, necessariamente levariam à aniquilação de um dos dois aspectos, outras contradições poderiam se alterar mutuamente sem que um ou ambos os aspectos deixem de existir. Um exemplo seriam as contradições entre campo e cidade, que para Mao são antagônicas sob o capitalismo, mas não-antagônicas sob o socialismo e seriam resolvidas com o comunismo.

Mao posteriormente retomou estes conceitos em seu discurso Sobre o tratamento correto das contradições no seio do povo, de 1957.

Impacto
Sobre a Contradição foi um livro bem recebido em círculos marxistas internacionais, sendo elogiado por escritores como Louis Althusser, Alain Badiou e Slavoj Žižek. O livro também foi, juntamente com Sobre a Prática, de extrema importância para o desenvolvimento do maoismo na década de 1960, sendo profundamente influente na orientação ideológica de organizações e partidos como o PCdoB no Brasil, o PCTP em Portugal e os Naxalitas na Índia.

Críticas ao livro e à concepção maoista do materialismo dialético incluem a de que o conceito de contradição "não antagônica" necessariamente implica um tipo de conflito não-dialético e simplista.

Ver também
 Sobre a Prática
 O Estado e a Revolução
 Revolução Chinesa

Ligações externas
 Tradução para o Português feita em 1952 pela Edições do Povo, em Xangai.

Bibliografia

Livros maoistas
Livros da China
Livros de 1937
Terminologia maoista
Cultura da China
Literatura da China
Livros de política
Obras de filosofia
Mao Tsé-Tung

Sobre a Contradição


An Eriocaulon misionum in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alberto Castellanos. An Eriocaulon misionum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eriocaulon, ngan familia nga Eriocaulaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eriocaulon

Eriocaulon misionum


Potyond é um município da Hungria, situado no condado de Győr-Moson-Sopron. Tem  de área e sua população em 2015 foi estimada em 96 habitantes.

Localidades de Győr-Moson-Sopron

Potyond


Altes Herz geht auf die Reise steht für:

 Altes Herz geht auf die Reise (Roman), Roman von Hans Fallada (1936)

und die darauf beruhenden Filme

 Altes Herz geht auf die Reise (1938), deutsches Filmdrama
 Altes Herz geht auf die Reise (1987), DDR-Fernsehfilm

Altes Herz geht auf die Reise


Sultanatet Adel, også kendt som Kongeriget Adel, var en muslimsk stat der lå på Afrikas Horn. Adel blev grundlagt af Sabr ad-Din II, efter at Sultanatet Ifat blev erobret af Etiopien. Adel eksisterede fra 1415 til 1577.

Historie
I 1415 vendte Sa'ad ad-Din II, som var den ældste søn af den sidste sultan af Ifat, tilbage. Hans familie var i 1410 flygtet til Yemen, efter at Etiopien havde ødelagt Ifat-sultanatet. Adel begyndte hurtigt at få kontrol over meget af det land, som havde været kontrolleret af Ifat-sultanatet.

I det 16. århundrede organiserede Adal en effektiv hær ledet af Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, der invaderede Etiopien. Invasionen er kendt som .

Under krigen benyttede Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi kanoner, der var leveret af det Osmanniske Rige, som blev anvendt mod de etiopiske styrker og deres portugisiske allierede, under ledelse af Cristóvão da Gama. Efter Imam Ahmads død mistede Adal-sultanatet størstedelen af sit territorium til Etiopien. I 1550 overtog Nur ibn Mujahid magten, efter at han dræbte den etiopiske kejser Gelawdewos.

På grund af vedvarende Oromo-angreb kæmpede både Adal og Etiopiens hersker for at konsolidere deres magt uden for deres egne riger. Under Muhammed Jasas styre i 1577 blev hovedstaden flyttet fra Harar til Aussa. Adal-sultanatet gik senere under på grund af omfattende magtkampe blandt Afar folket.

Økonomi
Adal havde relationer og engageret sig i handel med andre lande i Nærorienten, Europa og Sydasien. Mange af de historiske byer på Afrikas Horn som Abasa og Berbera blomstrede under sin regeringstid med gårdhavehuse, moskéer, helligdomme, murede kabinetter og bymure. Adal nåede sit økonomiske højdepunkt i det 14. århundrede ved handel med slaver, elfenben og andre varer med byområder og kongeriger på den arabiske halvø gennem dens vigtigste havn Zeila.

Militær
Adalit-militæret blev opdelt i flere sektioner som infanteriet bestående af sværdfolk, bueskytter og lansere, som blev kommanderet af forskellige generaler og løjtnanter. Disse styrker blev komplementeret af en kavaleristyrke og senere i sultanatets historie også af skydevåben og kanoner under Etiopia–Adal krigen. De forskellige divisioner blev symboliseret med et tydeligt flag.

Adal-soldaterne brugte udførlige hjelme og stålrustning bestående af ringbrynje. Adels Kavaleri bar beskyttelseshjelme, der dækkede hele ansigtet bortset fra øjnene, og en brystplade. Ved belejringer brugte Adel stiger til at klatre op ad bygninger, bjerge og bakker.

Sultaner af Adal

Referencer

Forhenværende afrikanske lande
Forhenværende afrikanske monarkier

Sultanatet Adel


Rastok (Rastočko polje, Rastoka) krško je polje koje se nalazi u Hrvatskoj i Bosni i Hercegovini. Granica ga dijeli na dva dijela: sjeverozapadni dio površine 8 km2 koji pripada Vrgorcu, i jugoistočni dio površine 9,7 km2, koji pripada području Ljubuškog. Proteže u pravcu sjeverozapad-jugoistok paralelno s rijekom Tihaljinom (Mladom, Trebižatom). Dugo je 12 km, prosječne širine 1,5 km a melioracijska površina mu je 17,7 km2. Glavni vodotok polja je Matica Rastoka, koja je kanalom Parilo – Brza voda spojena s rijekom Mladom radi navodnjavanja polja. Polje je karakteristično po neuobičajeno velikom broju ponora, posebno u hercegovačkom dijelu.

Polje je sa sjeverozapada omeđeno padinama koje su produžetak brdsko-planinskoga područja Dalmatinske zagore, a s juga uzvisinama Škulja (401 m), Gradina (480 m) i Zveč (462 m), koje čine granicu između Rastoka i Vrgorskoga polja. Pored Vrgorskog polja i polja Bunina, Rastok je drugo polje po veličini na području Vrgorca. Važno je stanište vrsta pjegave crvenkrpice (Zamenis situla) i vrgoračke gobice (Knipowitschia croatica).

Izvori

Krška polja u Hrvatskoj
Vrgorac
Krška polja u Bosni i Hercegovini
Ljubuški

Rastok


Inițiativa de cooperare de la Istanbul (ICI) este o inițiativă lansată în cadrul summitului NATO de la Istanbul din 2004.

În cadrul acestui summit, liderii NATO au decis să ridice Dialogul Mediteraneean al Alianței într-un parteneriat autentic și să lanseze ICI cu țările selectate din regiunea mai largă a Orientului Mijlociu. Inițiativa este o ofertă de a se angaja în activități practice de cooperare în domeniul securității cu statele din întregul Orient Mijlociu. Această nouă inițiativă este alături de Programul Parteneriat pentru Pace al NATO și Dialogul Mediteraneean. NATO în sine consideră aceste parteneriate de cooperare în domeniul securității ca răspuns la noile provocări ale secolului XXI și ca o completare a deciziilor G8 și SUA-UE de susținere a cererilor de reformă din regiunea extinsă a Orientului Mijlociu. ICI oferă o cooperare practică cu națiunile interesate din Orientul Mijlociu extins în domenii precum:

Counter-ADM;
Contraterorism;
Instruire și educație;
Participarea la exercițiile NATO;
Promovarea interoperabilității militare;
Pregătirea în caz de dezastre și planificarea urgențelor civile;
Consultanță personalizată privind reforma apărării și relațiile civil-militare; și
Cooperarea privind securitatea frontierelor pentru a ajuta la prevenirea traficului ilicit de droguri, arme și oameni.

Membri

Referințe

NATO
2004 în relațiile internaționale

Inițiativa de cooperare de la Istanbul


The Baiyue (, Vietnamese: Bách Việt), Hundred Yue, or simply Yue (), were various ethnic groups who inhabited the regions of Southern China and Northern Vietnam during the 1st millennium BC and 1st millennium AD. They were known for their short hair, body tattoos, fine swords, and naval prowess.

During the Warring States period, the word "Yue" referred to the State of Yue in Zhejiang. The later kingdoms of Minyue in Fujian and Nanyue in Guangdong were both considered Yue states. Meacham (1996:93) notes that, during the Zhou and Han dynasties, the Yue lived in a vast territory from Jiangsu to Yunnan, while Barlow (1997:2) indicates that the Luoyue occupied the southwest Guangxi and northern Vietnam. The Book of Han describes the various Yue tribes and peoples can be found from the regions of Kuaiji to Jiaozhi.

The Yue tribes were gradually displaced or assimilated into Chinese culture as the Han empire expanded into what is now Southern China and Northern Vietnam.  Many modern southern Chinese dialects or those within Lingnan region bear traces of substrate languages originally spoken by the ancient Yue. Variations of the name are still used for the name of modern Vietnam, in Zhejiang-related names including Yue opera, the Yue Chinese language, and in the abbreviation for Guangdong.

Names
The modern term "Yue" (; Early Middle Chinese: Wuat) comes from Old Chinese *ɢʷat (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart 2014). It was first written using the pictograph "戉" for an axe (a homophone), in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions of the late Shang dynasty ( BC), and later as "越". At that time it referred to a people or chieftain to the northwest of the Shang. In the early 8th century BC, a tribe on the middle Yangtze were called the Yángyuè, a term later used for peoples further south. Between the 7th and 4th centuries BC "Yue" referred to the State of Yue in the lower Yangtze basin and its people. According to Ye Wenxian (1990), apud Wan (2013), the ethnonym of the Yuefang in northwestern China is not associated with that of the Baiyue in southeastern China.

The term Baiyue first appears in the book Lüshi Chunqiu compiled around 239 BC. It was later used as a collective term for many non-Huaxia/Han Chinese populations of Southern China and Northern Vietnam.

Ancient texts mention a number of Yue states or groups. Most of these names survived into early imperial times:

History

Yuyue
During the early Zhou dynasty, the Chinese came into contact with a people known as the Yuyue, but it is uncertain if they had any connection with the later Yue.

Wu and Yue

From the 9th century BC, two northern Yue tribes on the southeastern coastline of China, the Gouwu and Yuyue, came under the cultural influence of their northern Chinese neighbours. These two peoples were based in the areas of what is now southern Jiangsu and northern Zhejiang, respectively. Traditional accounts attribute the cultural exchange to Taibo, a Zhou dynasty prince who had self-exiled to the south. During the Spring and Autumn period, the Gouwu founded the state of Wu and the Yuyue the state of Yue. The Wu and Yue peoples hated each other and had an intense rivalry but were indistinguishable from each other to the other Chinese states. It is suggested in some sources that their distinctive appearance made them victims of discrimination abroad.

The northern Wu eventually became the more sinicized of the two states. The royal family of Wu claimed descent from King Wen of Zhou as the founder of their dynasty. King Fuchai of Wu made every effort to assert this claim and was the source of much contention among his contemporaries. Some scholars believe the Wu royalty may have been Chinese and ethnically distinct from the people they ruled. The recorded history of Wu began with King Shoumeng (r. 585-561 BC). He was succeeded in succession by his sons King Zhufan (r. 560-548 BC), King Yuji (r. 547-531 BC), and King Yumei (r. 530-527 BC). The brothers all agreed to exclude their sons from the line of succession and to eventually pass the throne to their youngest brother, Prince Jizha, but when Yumei died, a succession crisis erupted which saw his son King Liao taking the throne. Not much is known about their reigns as Yue history largely concentrates on the last two Wu kings, Helü of Wu, who killed his cousin Liao, and his son Fuchai of Wu.

Records for the southern state of Yue begin with the reign of King Yunchang (d. 497 BC). According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the Yue kings were descended from Shao Kang of the Xia dynasty. According to another source, the kings of Yue were related to the royal family of Chu. Other sources simply name the Yue ruling family as the house of Zou. There is no scholarly consensus on the origin of the Yue or their royalty.

Wu and Yue spent much of the time at war with each other, during which Yue gained a fearsome reputation for its martial valour:

Almost nothing is known about the organizational structure of the Wu and Yue states. Wu records only mention its ministers and kings while Yue records only mention its kings, and of these kings only Goujian's life is recorded in any appreciable detail. Goujian's descendants are listed but aside from their succession of each other until 330 BC, when Yue was conquered by Chu, nothing else about them is known. Therefore, the lower echelons of Wu-Yue society remain shrouded in mystery, appearing only in reference to their strange clothing, tattoos, and short hair by northern Chinese states. After the fall of Yue, the ruling family moved south to what is now Fujian and established the kingdom of Minyue. There they stayed, outside the reach of Chinese history until the end of the Warring States period and the rise of the Qin dynasty.

In 512 BC, Wu launched a large expedition against the large state of Chu, based in the Middle Yangtze River. A similar campaign in 506 succeeded in sacking the Chu capital Ying. Also in that year, war broke out between Wu and Yue and continued with breaks for the next three decades. Wu campaigns against other states such as Jin and Qi are also mentioned. In 473 BC, King Goujian of Yue finally conquered Wu and was acknowledged by the northern states of Qi and Jin. In 333 BC, Yue was in turn conquered by Chu.

Qin dynasty

After the unification of China by Qin Shi Huang, the former Wu and Yue states were absorbed into the nascent Qin empire. The Qin armies also advanced south along the Xiang River to modern Guangdong and set up commanderies along the main communication routes. Motivated by the region's vast land and valuable exotic products, Emperor Qin Shi Huang is said to have sent half a million troops divided into five armies to conquer the lands of the Yue. The Yue defeated the first attack by Qin troops and killed the Qin commander. A passage from Huainanzi of Liu An quoted by Keith Taylor (1991:18) describing the Qin defeat as follows:

Afterwards, Qin Shi Huang sent reinforcements to defend against the Yue. In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang ordered the construction of the Lingqu Canal, which linked the north and south so that reinforcements could be transported to modern Guangdong, Guangxi and northern Vietnam, which were subjugated and reorganized into three prefectures within the Qin empire. Qin Shi Huang imposed sinicization by sending a large number of Chinese military agricultural colonists to what are now eastern Guangxi and western Guangdong.

Minyue and Dong'ou

When the Qin dynasty fell in 206 BC, the Hegemon-King Xiang Yu did not make Zou Wuzhu and Zou Yao kings. For this reason they refused to support him and instead joined Liu Bang in attacking Xiang Yu. When Liu Bang won the war in 202 BC, he made Zou Wuzhu king of Minyue and in 192 BC, Zou Yao the king of Dong'ou (Eastern Ou). Both Minyue and Dong'ou claimed descent from Goujian.

In 154 BC, Liu Pi, the King of Wu, revolted against the Han and tried to persuade Minyue and Dong'ou to join him. The king of Minyue refused but Dong'ou sided with the rebels. However, when Liu Pi was defeated and fled to Dong'ou, they killed him to appease the Han, and therefore escaped any retaliation. Liu Pi's son, Liu Ziju, fled to Minyue and worked to incite a war between the Minyue and Dong'ou.

In 138 BC, Minyue attacked Dong'ou and besieged their capital. Dong'ou managed to send someone to appeal for help from the Han. Opinions at the Han court were mixed on whether or not to help Dong'ou. Grand commandant Tian Fen was of the opinion that the Yue constantly attacked each other and it was not in the Han's interest to interfere in their affairs. Palace counsellor Zhuang Zhu argued that to not aid Dong'ou would be to signal the end of the empire just like the Qin. A compromise was made to allow Zhuang Zhu to call up troops, but only from Kuaiji Commandery, and finally an army was transported by sea to Dong'ou. By the time the Han forces had arrived, Minyue had already withdrawn its troops. The king of Dong'ou no longer wished to live in Dong'ou, so he requested permission for the inhabitants of his state to move into Han territory. Permission was granted and he and all his people settled in the region between the Changjiang and Huai River.

In 137 BC, Minyue invaded Nanyue. An imperial army was sent against them, but the Minyue king was murdered by his brother Zou Yushan, who sued for peace with the Han. The Han enthroned Zou Wuzhu's grandson, Zou Chou, as king. After they left, Zou Yushan secretly declared himself king while the Han backed Zou Chou found himself powerless. When the Han found out about this the emperor deemed it too troublesome to punish Yushan and let the matter slide.

In 112 BC, Nanyue rebelled against the Han. Zou Yushan pretended to send forces to aid the Han against Nanyue, but secretly maintained contact with Nanyue and only took his forces as far as Jieyang. Han general Yang Pu wanted to attack Minyue for their betrayal, however the emperor felt that their forces were already too exhausted for any further military action, so the army was disbanded. The next year, Zou Yushan learned that Yang Pu had requested permission to attack him and saw that Han forces were amassing at his border. Zou Yushan made a preemptive attack against the Han, taking Baisha, Wulin, and Meiling, killing three commanders. In the winter, the Han retaliated with a multi-pronged attack by Han Yue, Yang Pu, Wang Wenshu, and two Yue marquises. When Han Yue arrived at the Minyue capital, the Yue native Wu Yang rebelled against Zou Yushan and murdered him. Wu Yang was enfeoffed by the Han as marquis of Beishi. Emperor Wu of Han felt it was too much trouble to occupy Minyue as it was a region full of narrow mountain passes. He commanded the army to evict the region and resettle the people between the Changjiang and Huai River, leaving the region (modern Fujian) a deserted land.

Lạc Việt (Luoyue)
Lạc Việt, known in Chinese history as Luoyue, was an ancient conglomeration of Yue tribes in what is now modern Guangxi and northern Vietnam. According to Vietnamese folklore and legend, the Lạc Việt founded a state called Văn Lang (Wenlang) in 2879 BC (?) and were ruled by the Hùng kings, who were descended from Lạc Long Quân (Lạc Dragon Lord). Lạc Long Quân came from the sea and subdued all the evil of the land, taught the people how to cultivate rice and wear clothes, and then returned to the sea again. He then met and married Âu Cơ, a goddess, daughter of Đế Lai. Âu Cơ soon bore an egg sac, from which hatched a hundred children. The first born son became Hùng King and ancestor of Luòyuè (Lạc Việt) people.

Despite its legendary origins, Lạc Việt history only begins in the 7th century BC with the first Hùng king in Mê Linh uniting the various tribes.

In 208, the Western Ou (Xi'ou or Nam Cương) king Thục Phán, a descendant of Shu royalty, conquered Văn Lang.

Âu Việt (Ouyue)

The Âu Việt, known in Chinese as Ouyue, resided in modern northeast Vietnam, Guangdong province, and Guangxi province. At some point they split and became the Western Ou (Xi'ou or Nam Cương) and the Eastern Ou (Dong'ou). In the late 3rd century BC, Thục Phán, a descendant of the last ruler of Shu, came to rule the Western Ou (Xi'ou or Nam Cương). In 219 BC, Western Ou came under attack from the Qin Empire and lost its king. Seeking refuge, Thục Phán led a group of dispossessed Ou lords south in 208 BC and conquered the Lạc Việt state of Văn Lang, which he renamed Âu Lạc (Ouluo). Henceforth he came to be known as An Dương Vương.

An Dương Vương and the Ou lords built the citadel Cổ Loa, literally "Old Snail"; so called because its walls were laid out in concentric rings reminiscent of a snail shell. According to legend, the construction of the citadel was halted by a group of spirits seeking to gain revenge for the son of the previous king. The spirits were led by a white chicken. A golden turtle appeared, subdued the white chicken, and protected An Dương Vương until the citadel's completion. When the turtle departed, he left one of his claws behind, which An Dương Vương used as the trigger for his magical crossbow, the "Saintly Crossbow of the Supernaturally Luminous Golden Claw".

An Dương Vương sent a giant called Lý Ông Trọng to the Qin dynasty as tribute. During his stay with the Qin, Lý Ông Trọng distinguished himself in fighting the Xiongnu, after which he returned to his native village and died there.

In 179 BC, An Dương Vương acknowledged the suzerainty of the Han dynasty, causing Zhao Tuo of Nanyue to become hostile and mobilize forces against Âu Lạc. Zhao Tuo's initial attack was unsuccessful. According to legend, Zhao Tuo asked for a truce and sent his son to conduct a marriage alliance with An Dương Vương's daughter. Zhao Tuo's son stole the turtle claw that powered An Dương Vương's magical crossbow, rendering his realm without protection. When Zhao Tuo invaded again, An Dương Vương fled into the sea where he was welcomed by the golden turtle. Âu Lạc was divided into the two prefectures of Jiaozhi and Jiuzhen.

Nanyue

Zhao Tuo was a Qin general originally born around  in the state of Zhao (within modern Hebei). When Zhao was annexed by Qin in , Zhao Tuo joined the Qin and served as one of their generals in the conquest of the Baiyue. The territory of the Baiyue was divided into the three provinces of Guilin, Nanhai, and Xiang. Zhao served as magistrate in the province of Nanhai until his military commander, Ren Xiao, fell ill. Before he died, Ren advised Zhao not to get involved in the affairs of the declining Qin, and instead set up his own independent kingdom centered around the geographically remote and isolated city of Panyu (modern Guangzhou). Ren gave Zhao full authority to act as military commander of Nanhai and died shortly afterwards. Zhao immediately closed off the roads at Hengpu, Yangshan, and Huangqi. Using one excuse or another he eliminated the Qin officials and replaced them with his own appointees. By the time the Qin fell in 221 BC, Zhao had also conquered the provinces of Guilin and Xiang. He declared himself King Wu of Nanyue (Southern Yue). Unlike Qin Shi Huang, Zhao respected Yue customs, rallied their local rulers, and let local chieftains continue their old policies and local political traditions. Under Zhao's rule, he encouraged Han Chinese settlers to intermarry with the indigenous Yue tribes through instituting a policy of "Harmonizing and Gathering" while creating a syncretic culture that was a blend of Han and Yue cultures.

In 196 BC, Emperor Gaozu of Han dispatched Lu Jia to recognize Zhao Tuo as king of Nanyue. Lu gave Zhao a seal legitimizing him as king of Nanyue in return for his nominal submission to the Han. Zhao received him in the manner of the local people with his hair in a chignon while squatting. Lu accused him of going native and forgetting his true ancestry. Zhao excused himself by saying he had forgotten the northern customs after living in the south for so long.

In 185 BC, Empress Lü's officials outlawed trade of iron and horses with Nanyue. Zhao Tuo retaliated by proclaiming himself Emperor Wu of Nanyue and attacking the neighboring kingdom of Changsha, taking a few border towns. In 181 BC, Zhou Zao was dispatched by Empress Lü to attack Nanyue, but the heat and dampness caused many of his officers and men to fall ill, and he failed to make it across the mountains into enemy territory. Zhao began to menace the neighboring kingdoms of Minyue, Xiou (Western Ou), and Luoluo. After securing their submission he began passing out edicts in a similar manner to the Han emperor.

In 180 BC, Emperor Wen of Han made efforts to appease Zhao. Learning that Zhao's parents were buried in Zhending, he set aside a town close by just to take care of their graves. Zhao's cousins were appointed to high offices at the Han court. He also withdrew the army stationed in Changsha on the Han-Nanyue border. In response, Zhao rescinded his claims to emperorship while communicating with the Han, however he continued using the title of emperor within his kingdom. Tribute bearing envoys from Nanyue were sent to the Han and thus the iron trade was resumed.

In 179 BC, Zhao Tuo defeated the kingdom of Âu Lạc and annexed it.

Zhao Tuo died in 137 BC and was succeeded by his grandson, Zhao Mo. Upon Zhao Mo's accession in 137 BC, the neighboring king of Minyue, Zou Ying, sent his army to attack Nanyue. Zhao sent for help from the Han dynasty, his nominal vassal overlord. The Han responded by sending troops against Minyue, but before they could get there, Zou Ying was killed by his brother Zou Yushan, who surrendered to the Han. The Han army was recalled. Zhao considered visiting the Han court in order to show his gratitude. His high ministers argued against it, reminding him that his father kept his distance from the Han and merely avoided a breach of etiquette to keep the peace. Zhao therefore pleaded illness and never went through with the trip. Zhao did actually fall ill several years later and died in 122 BC. He was succeeded by his son, Zhao Yingqi.

After the Han dynasty aided Nanyue in fending off an invasion by Minyue, Zhao Mo sent his son Yingqi to the Han court, where he joined the emperor's guard (宿衛, Sù wèi). Zhao Yingqi married a Han Chinese woman from the Jiu (樛氏) family of Handan, who gave birth to his second son, Zhao Xing. Yingqi behaved without any scruples and committed murder on several occasions. When his father died in 122 BC, he refused to visit the Han emperor to ask for his leave due to fearing that he would be arrested and punished for his behavior. Yingqi died in 115 BC and was succeeded by his second son, Zhao Xing, rather than the eldest, Zhao Jiande.

In 113 BC, Emperor Wu of Han sent Anguo Shaoji to summon Zhao Xing and the Queen Dowager Jiu to Chang'an for an audience with the emperor. The Queen Dowager Jiu, who was Han Chinese, was regarded as a foreigner by the Yue people, and it was widely rumored that she had an illicit relationship with Anguo Shaoji before she married Zhao Yingqi. When Anguo arrived, quite a number of people believed the two resumed their relationship. The Queen Dowager feared that there would be a revolt against her authority so she urged the king and his ministers to seek closer ties to the Han. Xing agreed to and proposed that relations between Nanyue and the Han should be normalized with a triennial journey to the Han court as well as the removal of custom barriers along the border. The prime minister of Nanyue, Lü Jia, held military power and his family was more well connected than either the king or the Queen Dowager. According to the Records of the Grand Historian and Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Lü Jia was chief of a Lạc Việt tribe, related to King Qin of Cangwu by marriage, and over 70 of his kinsmen served as officials in various parts of the Nanyue court. Lü refused to meet the Han envoys which angered the Queen Dowager. She tried to kill him at a banquet but was stopped by Xing. The Queen Dowager tried to gather enough support at court to kill Lü in the following months, but her reputation prevented it. When news of the situation reached Emperor Wu in 112 BC, he ordered Zhuang Can to lead a 2,000 men expedition to Nanyue. However, Zhuang refused to accept the mission, declaring that it was illogical to send so many men under the pretext of peace, but so few to enforce the might of the Han. The former prime minister of Jibei, Han Qianqiu, offered to lead the expedition and arrest Lü Jia. When Han crossed the Han-Nanyue border, Lü conducted a coup, killing Xing, Queen Dowager Jiu, and all the Han emissaries in the capital. Xing's brother, Zhao Jiande, was declared the new king.

The 2000 men led by Han Qianqiu took several small towns but were defeated as they neared Panyu, which greatly shocked and angered Emperor Wu. The emperor then sent an army of 100,000 to attack Nanyue. The army marched on Panyu in a multi-pronged assault. Lu Bode advanced from the Hui River and Yang Pu from the Hengpu River. Three natives of Nanyue also joined the Han. One advanced from the Li River, the second invaded Cangwu, and the third advanced from the Zangke River. In the winter of 111 BC Yang Pu captured Xunxia and broke through the line at Shimen. With 20,000 men he drove back the vanguard of the Nanyue army and waited for Lu Bode. However, Lu failed to meet up on time and when he did arrive, he had no more than a thousand men. Yang reached Panyu first and attacked it at night, setting fire to the city. Panyu surrendered at dawn. Jiande and Lü Jia fled the city by boat, heading east to appeal for Minyue's aid, but the Han learned of their escape and sent the general Sima Shuang after them. Both Jiande and Lü Jia were captured and executed.

Dianyue
In 135 BC, the Han envoy Tang Meng brought gifts to Duotong, the king of Yelang, which bordered the Dian Kingdom, and convinced him to submit to the Han. The Jianwei Commandery was established in the region. In 122 BC, Emperor Wu dispatched four groups of envoys to the southwest in search of a route to Daxia in Central Asia. One group was welcomed by the king of Dian but none of them were able to make it any further as they were blocked in the north by the Sui and Kunming tribes of the Erhai region and in the south by the Di and Zuo tribes. However, they learned that further west there was a kingdom called Dianyue where the people rode elephants and traded with the merchants from Shu in secret.

Han dynasty

In 111 BC, the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue (Southern Yue) and ruled it for the next several hundred years. The former territory of Nanyue was converted into nine commanderies and two outpost commands.

Nanyue was seen as attractive to the Han rulers as they desired to secure the area's maritime trade routes and gain access to luxury goods from the south such as pearls, incense, elephant tusks, rhinoceros horns, tortoise shells, coral, parrots, kingfishers, peacocks, and other rare luxuries to satisfy the demands of the Han aristocracy. Other considerations such as frontier security, revenue from a relatively large agricultural population, and access to tropical commodities all contributed to the Han dynasty's desire to retain control of the region. Panyu was already a major center for international maritime trade and was one of the most economically prosperous metropolises during the Han dynasty. Regions in the principal ports of modern Guangdong were used for the production of pearls and a trading terminal for maritime silk with Ancient India and the Roman Empire.

Sinicization of the southern Han dynasty which used to be Nanyue was the result of several factors.

Northern and central China was often a theater of imperial dynastic conflict which resulted in waves of Han Chinese refugees fleeing to the south. With dynastic changes, wars, and foreign invasions, Han Chinese living in central China were forced to expand into the unfamiliar and southern regions in large numbers. As the number of Han Chinese immigrants into the Yue coastal regions increased, many Chinese families joined them to escape political unrest, military service, tax obligations, persecution, or sought new opportunities. As early arrivals took advantage of the easily accessible fertile land, latecomers had to continue migrating to more remote areas. Conflicts would sometimes arise between the two groups but eventually Han Chinese immigrants from the northern plains moved south to form ad hoc groups and take on the role as powerful local political leaders, many of whom accepted Chinese government titles. Each new wave of Han immigrants exerted additional pressure on the indigenous Yue inhabitants as the Han Chinese in southern China gradually became the predominant ethnic group in local life while displacing the Yue tribes into more mountainous and remote border areas.

The difficulty of logistics and the malarial climate in the south made Han migration and eventual sinicization of the region a slow process. Describing the contrast in immunity towards malaria between the indigenous Yue and the Chinese immigrants, Robert B. Marks (2017:145-146) writes:

The Yue population in southern China, especially those who lived in the lower reaches of the river valleys, may have had knowledge of the curative value of the "qinghao" plant, and possibly could also have acquired a certain level of immunity to malaria before Han Chinese even appeared on the scene. But for those without acquired immunity—such as Han Chinese migrants from north China—the disease would have been deadly.

Over the same period, the Han dynasty incorporated many other border peoples such as the Dian and assimilated them. Under the direct rule and greater efforts at sinification by the victorious Han, the territories of the Lac states were annexed and ruled directly, along with other former Yue territories to the north as provinces of the Han empire.

Trưng Sisters
In 40 AD, the Lạc lord Thi Sách rebelled on the advice of his wife Trưng Trắc. The administrator of Jiaozhi Commandery, Su Ding, was too afraid to confront them and fled. The commanderies of Jiuzhen, Hepu, and Rinan all rebelled. Trưng Trắc abolished the Han taxes and was recognized as queen at Mê Linh. Later Vietnamese sources would claim that her husband was killed by the Han, thus stirring her to action, but Chinese sources make it clear Trưng Trắc was always in the leading position, alongside her sister Trưng Nhị. Together they came to be known as the legendary Trưng Sisters of Vietnamese history. A large number of names and biographies of leaders under the Trưng Sisters are recorded in temples dedicated to them, many of them also women.

In 42 AD, the veteran Han general Ma Yuan led 20,000 troops against the Trưng Sisters. His advance was checked by Cổ Loa Citadel for over a year, but the Lạc lords became increasingly nervous at the sight of a large Han army. Realizing that she would soon lose her followers if she did not do anything, Trưng Trắc sallied out against the Han army and lost badly, losing more than 10,000 followers. Her followers fled, allowing Ma Yuan to advance. By early 43 AD, both sisters had been captured and executed.

Post-rebellion sinicization

After the rebellion of the Trưng Sisters, more direct rule and greater efforts at sinicization were imposed by the Han dynasty. The territories of the Lạc lords were revoked and ruled directly, along with other former Yue territories to the north, as provinces of the Han empire. Division among the Yue leaders were exploited by the Han dynasty with the Han military winning battles against the southern kingdoms and commanderies that were of geographic and strategic value to them. Han foreign policy also took advantage of the political turmoil among rival Yue leaders and enticed them with bribes and lured prospects for submitting to the Han Empire as a subordinate vassal.

Continuing internal Han Chinese migration during the Han dynasty eventually brought all the Yue coastal peoples under Chinese political control and cultural influence. As the number of Han Chinese migrants intensified following the annexation of Nanyue, the Yue people were gradually absorbed and driven out into poorer land on the hills and into the mountains. Chinese military garrisons showed little patience with the Yue tribes who refused to submit to Han Chinese imperial power and resisted the influx of Han Chinese immigrants, driving them out to the coastal extremities such as the river valleys and highland areas where they became marginal scavengers and outcasts. Han dynasty rulers saw the opportunity offered by the Chinese family agricultural settlements and used it as a tool for colonizing newly conquered regions and transforming those environments. Displaced Yue tribes often staged sneak attacks and small-scale raids or attacks to reclaim their lost territories on Chinese settlements termed "rebellions" by traditional historians but were eventually stymied by the strong action of the Han dynasty's military superiority.

Shanyue
The Shanyue "Mountain Yue" were one of the last groups of Yue mentioned in Chinese history. They lived in the mountain regions of modern Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian.

Yan Baihu, or "White Tiger Yan", was a bandit leader of possibly Shanyue origins. When Sun Ce came to Wu Commandery in 195, Yan Baihu gave refuge to the displaced Xu Gong and threatened the flank of Sun Ce's army. However, Sun Ce paid him no attention and the two avoided any altercations. In 197, Cao Cao's agent Chen Yu provoked Yan into rebellion. Sun Ce sent Lü Fan to drive out Chen Yu while he himself attacked Yan. The defeated Yan fled south to join Xu Zhao but died soon afterwards. Remnants of Yan's band joined Xu Gong in 200 to threaten Sun Ce's rear as he attacked Huang Zu in the west. Sun Ce decided to retreat and finish off the bandits once and for all, only to fall into an ambush and die at their hands.

In 203, they rebelled against Sun Quan's rule and were defeated by the generals Lü Fan, Cheng Pu, and Taishi Ci. In 217, Sun Quan appointed Lu Xun supreme commander of an army to suppress martial activities by the Shanyue in Guiji (modern Shaoxing). Captured Shanyue tribesmen were recruited into the army. In 234, Zhuge Ke was made governor of Danyang. Under his governorship, the region was cleansed of the Shanyue through systematic destruction of their settlements. Captured tribesmen were used as front line fodder in the army. The remaining population was resettled in lowlands and many became tenant farmers for Chinese landowners.

Post-Han
The fall of the Han dynasty and the following period of division sped up the process of sinicization. Periods of instability and war in northern and central China, such as the Northern and Southern dynasties and during the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty sent waves of Han Chinese into the south.
Waves of migration and subsequent intermarriage and cross-cultural dialogue gave rise to modern Chinese demographics with a dominant Han Chinese majority and minority non-Han Chinese indigenous peoples in the south. By the Tang dynasty (618–907), the term "Yue" had largely become a regional designation rather than a cultural one, as in the Wuyue state during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in what is now Zhejiang province. During the Song dynasty, a bridge known as the Guojie qiao (World Crossing Bridge) was built at Jiaxing between the modern border of Jiangsu province and Zhejiang province. On the northern side of the bridge stands a statue of King Fuchai of Wu and on the southern side, a statue of King Goujian of Yue. Successive waves of migration in different localities during various times in Chinese history over the past two thousand years have given rise to different dialect groups seen in Southern China today. Modern Lingnan culture contains both Nanyue and Han Chinese elements: the modern Cantonese language resembles Middle Chinese (the prestige language of the Tang Dynasty), but has retained some features of the long-extinct Nanyue language. Some distinctive features of the vocabulary, phonology, and syntax of southern varieties of Chinese are attributed to substrate languages that were spoken by the Yue.

Legacy
In ancient China, the characters  and  (both yuè in pinyin and jyut6 in Jyutping) were used interchangeably, but they are differentiated in modern Chinese:

 The character "越" refers to the original territory of the state of Yue, which was based in what is now northern Zhejiang, especially the areas around Shaoxing and Ningbo. It is also used to write Vietnam, a word adapted from Nányuè (), (literal English translation as Southern Yue). This character is also still used in the city Guangzhou for the Yuexiu (越秀) District and when referring to the Nanyue Kingdom.
 The character "粵" is associated with the southern province of Guangdong. Both the regional dialects of Yue Chinese and the standard form, popularly called "Cantonese", are spoken in Guangdong, Guangxi, Hong Kong, Macau and in many Cantonese communities around the world.

Vietnam
"Việt" is the Vietnamese pronunciation of Yue. The modern name of Vietnam derives from Nanyue, or Nam Việt, except reversed.

Culture

The Han Chinese referred to the various non-Han "barbarian" peoples of southern China as "Baiyue", saying they possessed habits like adapting to water, having their hair cropped short and tattooed. The Han also said their language was "animal shrieking" and that they lacked morals, modesty, civilization and culture. According to one Han Chinese immigrant of the 2nd century BC: "The Yue cut their hair short, tattooed their body, live in bamboo groves with neither towns nor villages, possessing neither bows or arrows, nor horses or chariots." They also blackened their teeth.

Militarily, the ancient states of Yue and Wu were distinct from other Sinitic states for their possession of a navy. Unlike other Chinese states of the time, they also named their boats and swords. A Chinese text described the Yue as a people who used boats as their carriages and oars as their horses. The marshy lands of the south gave the Gouwu and Yuyue people unique characteristics. According to Robert Marks, the Yue lived in what is now Fujian province gained their livelihood mostly from fishing, hunting, and practiced some kind of swidden rice farming. Prior to Han Chinese migration from the north, the Yue tribes cultivated wet rice, practiced fishing and slash-and-burn agriculture, domesticated water buffalo, built stilt houses, tattooed their faces and dominated the coastal regions from shores all the way to the fertile valleys in the interior mountains. Water transport was paramount in the south, so the two states became advanced in shipbuilding and developed maritime warfare technology mapping trade routes to Eastern coasts of China and Southeast Asia.

Swords

The Yue were known for their swordsmanship and producing fine double-edged swords (). Kao Gong Ji stated that Wu and Yue manufactured the best double-edged swords. According to the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu and Yue, King Goujian met a female sword fighter called Nanlin (Yuenü) who demonstrated mastery over the art, and so he commanded his top five commanders to study her technique. Ever since, the technique came to be known as the "Sword of the Lady of Yue". The Yue were also known for their possession of mystical knives embued with the talismanic power of dragons or other amphibious creatures.

The Zhan Guo Ce mentions the high quality of southern swords and their ability to cleave through oxen, horses, bowls, and basins, but would shatter if used on a pillar or rock. Wu and Yue swords were highly valued and those who owned them would hardly ever use them for fear of damage, however in Wu and Yue these swords were commonplace and treated with less reverence. The Yuejue shu (Record of Precious Swords) mentions several named swords: Zhanlu (Black), Haocao (Bravery), Juque (Great Destroyer), Lutan (Dew Platform), Chunjun (Purity), Shengxie (Victor over Evil), Yuchang (Fish-belly), Longyuan (Dragon Gulf), Taie (Great Riverbank), and Gongbu (Artisanal Display). Many of these were made by the Yue swordsmith Ou Yezi.

Even after Wu and Yue were assimilated into larger Chinese polities, memory of their swords lived on. During the Han dynasty, Liu Pi King of Wu (195-154 BC) had a sword named Wujian to honour the history of metalworking in his kingdom.

Language

Knowledge of Yue speech is limited to fragmentary references and possible loanwords in other languages, principally Chinese. The longest is the Song of the Yue Boatman, a short song transcribed phonetically in Chinese characters in 528 BC and included, with a Chinese version, in the Garden of Stories compiled by Liu Xiang five centuries later.

See also
Bo people (China) (百濮), collective name for non-Sinitic people living in upper Yangtze river.
Southern Man
Sanmiao ()
Rau peoples

References

Sources

External links
 "The power of language over the past: Tai settlement and Tai linguistics in southern China and northern Vietnam", Jerold A. Edmondson, in Studies in Southeast Asian languages and linguistics, ed. by Jimmy G. Harris, Somsonge Burusphat and James E. Harris, 39–64. Bangkok, Thailand: Ek Phim Thai Co. Ltd.

1st-century BC Asian people
1st-century Asian people
Ancient peoples of China
Ancient Vietnam
Bouyei people
Cantonese people
Dai people
History of Fujian
History of Guangdong
History of Guangxi
History of Guizhou
History of Zhejiang
Kam people
Li people
Nanyue
Tai peoples
Tày people
Yue (state)
Zhuang people

Baiyue


Häuslingen ist ein Gemeindeteil der Gemeinde Wieseth im Landkreis Ansbach (Mittelfranken, Bayern).

Geographie
Durch das Dorf fließt ein Seitenarm des Hechelbachs, der ein linker Zufluss der Wieseth ist und westlich des Ortes eine Talmulde bildet. Im Nordwesten grenzt das Flurgebiet Birkenbusch an. 0,5 km im Nordosten liegt das Waldgebiet Baderschlag, 0,5 km im Osten das Waldgebiet Brand. Die Staatsstraße 2248 führt nach Wieseth (2,5 km südlich) bzw. nach Limbach (1,5 km nördlich). Eine Gemeindeverbindungsstraße führt nach Mittelschönbronn (1,5 km südwestlich).

Geschichte
Häuslingen lag im Fraischbezirk des ansbachischen Oberamtes Feuchtwangen. 1732 bestand der Ort aus fünf Anwesen und einem Gemeindehirtenhaus. Alleiniger Grundherr war das Hochstift Eichstätt (Stiftskapitel Herrieden: 2 Höfe, 1 Halbhof; Kastenamt Herrieden: 1 Hof, 1 Gut). An diesen Verhältnissen änderte sich bis zum Ende des Alten Reiches nichts. Von 1797 bis 1808 unterstand der Ort dem Justiz- und Kammeramt Feuchtwangen.

Mit dem Gemeindeedikt (frühes 19. Jahrhundert) wurde Häuslingen dem Steuerdistrikt Gräbenwinden und der Ruralgemeinde Oberschönbronn zugeordnet. Im Zuge der Gebietsreform in Bayern wurde diese am 1. Januar 1972 aufgelöst und Häuslingen nach Wieseth eingemeindet.

Einwohnerentwicklung

Religion
Der Ort ist seit der Reformation evangelisch-lutherisch geprägt und nach St. Wenzeslaus (Wieseth) gepfarrt. Die Einwohner römisch-katholischer Konfession waren ursprünglich nach St. Jakobus der Ältere (Elbersroth) gepfarrt, heute ist die Pfarrei Herz Jesu (Bechhofen) zuständig.

Literatur

Weblinks

Fußnoten

Ortsteil von Wieseth
Ort im Landkreis Ansbach
Dorf

Häuslingen (Wieseth)


عين تاغروت هي بلدة وبلدية في ولاية برج بوعريريج في الجزائر. بلغ عدد سكانها حسب تعداد عام 1998 ما يقارب 11103 نسمة.

بلديات ولاية برج بوعريريج

عين تاغروت


Democracia Cristiana Universitaria, también conocida por su acrónimo DCU, es un movimiento político democratacristiano presente en varias universidades de Chile. Es la rama universitaria de la Juventud Demócrata Cristiana de Chile (JDC), aunque conserva autonomía frente a ella.

Presencia por universidad

Universidad de Chile
La DCU existe desde mediados del  en la Universidad de Chile, en paralelo a la existencia del Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile (PDC), creado en 1957, año en que Patricio Rojas, miembro de la JDC, ganó la elección de presidente de la Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad de Chile (FECh). La democracia cristiana había tenido antes cierta injerencia en la política universitaria, tanto como "Movimiento Nacional de la Juventud Conservadora", que logró llevar a la presidencia de la FECh a José Ignacio Palma Vicuña en 1934, y como Falange Nacional desde 1935.

Con la llegada del democratacristiano Eduardo Frei Montalva a la presidencia de Chile, la importancia de la DCU en la universidad se refuerza, ganando la dirigencia de la FECh ininterrumpidamente entre 1963 y 1969. En 1968, bajo la presidencia de Jorge Navarrete, la FECh se tomó la Casa Central de la Universidad de Chile en demanda de reformas para la casa de estudios. El fenómeno se terminó con el advenimiento del gobierno de la Unidad Popular, que alzó la preferencia por el candidato de las Juventudes Comunistas Alejandro Rojas Wainer entre 1970 y 1973.

Tras el golpe de Estado de 1973, la FECh se disolvió, pasando a regir la oficialista FECECH. Cuando la FECh se reorganizó en 1984, nuevamente la DCU logró ganar varios años consecutivos la presidencia de la Federación, incluyendo a Germán Quintana, uno de los artífices del Paro de Federici. El retorno a la democracia inclinó nuevamente la balanza a favor de la izquierda, que ha tenido la hegemonía de la FECh desde inicios de la década de 1990.

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
Al igual que en la Universidad de Chile, la DCU cobró mayor relevancia en la Universidad Católica durante el gobierno de Frei Montalva, dominando la presidencia de la Federación de Estudiantes de la Universidad Católica de Chile (FEUC) entre 1963 y 1967, y logrando gran influencia para la reforma que se realizó en dicha casa de estudios durante el período de Miguel Ángel Solar, que a pesar de sentirse representado por los principios de la DCU era miembro del "Movimiento 11 de agosto". El gobierno de Salvador Allende, sin embargo, logró el fenómeno inverso al ocurrido en la Universidad de Chile, ya que a partir de 1970 el Movimiento Gremial de la Universidad Católica de Chile (MG UC), movimiento estudiantil de derecha creado por Jaime Guzmán, logró la hegemonía en la FEUC.

Durante la segunda mitad de la década de 1980, la oposición universitaria a Pinochet logró rearticularse, la cual fue liderada por las juventudes de los partidos de la Concertación, particularmente por la DCU que tuvo la presidencia de la FEUC entre 1985 y 1992, siendo sus últimos presidentes Patricio Zapata (1988), Claudio Orrego (1990), Clemente Pérez (1991) y Alberto Undurraga (1992).

Véase también
 Presidentes de la FECH
 Presidentes de la FEUC
 Consejeros Superiores FEUC

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Sitio web oficial
 Juventud Demócrata Cristiana

Movimientos políticos universitarios de Chile
Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile

Democracia Cristiana Universitaria


Güneykonak, Tunceli ilinin Ovacık ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün eski ismi "Çakperi"dir. 1955 yılı nüfus sayımında Çakperi adıyla kaydedilen yerleşim ismi sonrasında değiştirilmiş ve 1960 yılı nüfus sayımından itibaren günümüzdeki adıyla kayıtlarda yer almaya başlamıştır.

Coğrafya
Tunceli iline 53 km, Ovacık ilçesine 7 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Ovacık belde ve köyleri

Güneykonak, Ovacık


Ivo Hühn (Zagreb, 4. studenoga 1901.  Buenos Aires, 14. prosinca 1985.), hrvatski domovinski i iseljenički književnik, diplomat i pravnik.

Životopis
Rodio se je u Zagrebu, gdje se školovao sve do doktorata iz prava na Sveučilištu. Već kao student isticao se kao esejist, kritičar i humorist. U NDH neko je vrijeme bio pročelnikom Odjela za novinstvo, tisak i kulturne veze Ministarstva vanjskih poslova. 1943. je otišao iz Hrvatske u Austriju za hrvatskoga generalnog konzula u Beč, pa 1948. u Argentinu, u Buenos Aires. Surađivao je u listovima Kritici, Hrvatskoj reviji i Omladini. Uređivao je Slobodne spise i Almanah suvremenih problema. Bio je odbornikom Matice hrvatske. Suosnivač Likovnog udruženja Zemlja. Suosnivač i suurednik jedine hrvatske revije na španjolskom Studia croatica. Suosnivač Hrvatsko-argentinskoga kulturnog kluba i Hrvatsko-latinoameričkoga kulturnog instituta, oba u Buenos Airesu. Od tada se pojavljuje kao predavač, pisac i suradnik u hrvatskom kulturnom djelovanju u Buenos Airesu. Umro je u Buenos Airesu 1985. godine.

Djela

Objavio je djela:
 Zamagljeno sunce, roman, nedovršeni roman, ostao u rukopisu

 veći broj kraćih sastavaka

 Pustolovine Sebastijana Pikulice, humoristički roman  (1982.)

Nagrade i priznanja
Šimun Šito Ćorić uvrstio ga je u svoju antologiju 60 hrvatskih emigrantskih pisaca.

Izvori

Životopisi, Zagreb
Hrvati u Argentini

Dužnosnici NDH

Hrvatski pravnici

Hrvatski diplomati

Hrvatski romanopisci
Hrvatski esejisti
Hrvatski pjesnici

Ivo Hühn


Tasmetu, Tashmit o Tashmetum era una diosa de las súplicas en la mitología acadia, babilónica y asiria, esposa del dios de la escritura, la sabiduría y la vegetación Nabu.

Como "señora que escucha" y "señora que concede peticiones", Tasmetu escuchaba a los orantes y concedía sus peticiones. También era considerada diosa del amor. En astronomía se la asocia con la constelación de Capricornio.

Junto a Nabu, eran adorados en un templo de la ciudad de Borsippa, donde eran consideradas sus deidades tutelares.

Bibliografía
 Michael Jordon, Encyclopedia of Gods, Kyle Cathie Limited, 2002.

Mitología acadia
Mitología babilónica
Mitología asiria
Diosas tutelares
Diosas del amor y la lujuria

Tasmetu


Verbúðin er íslenskir dramaþættir, skrifaðir af Gísla Erni Garðarssyni, Birni Hlyn Haraldssyni og Mikael Torfasyni. Þættirnir eru framleiddir af Vesturport í samstarfi við RÚV. Fyrsti þátturinn var frumsýndur 26. desember 2021 og sá síðasti af átta 13. febrúar 2022.

Yfirlit
Þættirnir gerast á árunum 1983 til 1991 og fjalla um vinahóp sem kaupir gamlan togara með og byggir lítið sjávarútvegsveldi í þorpi í Vestfjörðum. Allt gengur vel þar til íslenska ríkið byrjar með kvótakerfið sem snýr lífi þeirra á hvolf og leiðir til afbrýðisemi, græðgi og svika.

Leikarar og persónur

 Nína Dögg Filippusdóttir sem Harpa
 Gísli Örn Garðarsson sem Jón Hjaltalín
 Björn Hlynur Haraldsson sem Grímur
 Guðjón Davíð Karlsson sem Einar
 Unnur Ösp Stefánsdóttir sem Freydís
 Anna Svava Knútsdóttir sem Ella Stína
 Kristín Þóra Haraldsdóttir sem Tinna
 Selma Björnsdóttir sem Gunný
 Hilmir Snær Guðnason sem Smári
 Pétur Jóhann Sigfússon sem Gils
 Steinunn Ólína Þorsteinsdóttir sem Jóna Margrét
 Sverrir Þór Sverrisson sem Pétur
 Ingvar Eggert Sigurðsson sem Torfi
 Jóhann Sigurðarson sem Sólon
 Jógvan Hansen sem Þrándur
 Benedikt Erlingsson sem Steingrímur Hermannsson
 Björgvin Franz Gíslason sem Hemmi Gunn
 Björn Stefánsson sem Laddi/Elsa Lund

Framleiðsla
Þættirnir voru teknir upp árið 2020 í Reykjavík og á Vestfjörðum.

Móttökur
Samkvæmt könnun hjá Prósent horfðu 57% íslendinga á fyrsta þáttinn og gáfu 88% af þeim honum jákvæða dóma. Eftir frumsýningu fyrsta þáttarins gagnrýndi Ásmundur Friðriksson, þingmaður Sjálfstæðisflokksins, þáttinn fyrir lýsingu hans á landsbyggðarfólki.

Verðlaun
Í september 2021 vann þáttaserían aðalverðlaunin á Series Mania hátíðinni. Í nóvember vann hún dómnefndarverðlaunin á Serielizados Fest á Spáni. Þann 2. febrúar 2022 tilkynnti Nordisk Film & TV Fond að Gísli Örn Garðarsson, Björn Hlynur Haraldsson og Mikael Torfason, rithöfundar Verbúðarinnar, hefðu unnið Nordic TV Drama Screenplay Award árið 2022.

Verbúðin vann 9 verðlaun á Eddunni 2023.

Framhald
22. nóvember 2022 var tilkynnt að Vesturport hafi haft störf við að skrifa aðra þáttaröð þáttana.

Tilvísanir

Ytri tenglar
 Verbúðin á RÚV
 Verbúðin á IMDB

Íslenskir sjónvarpsþættir

Verbúðin