E je četrnaesti studijski album norveškog metal sastava Enslaved. Album je 13. listopada 2017. godine objavila diskografska kuća Nuclear Blast. Budući da je dugogodišnji klavijaturist Herbrand Larsen napustio sastav koncem 2016. godine, ovo je prvi album grupe na kojem klavijature svira Håkon Vinje i posljednji na kojem bubnjeve svira Cato Bekkevold prije svojeg odlaska iz skupine 2018. godine.

Godine 2017. dobio je norvešku nagradu Spellemann za najbolji metal album godine.

O albumu
Naslovnica prikazuje inicijal imena sastava, ali pisan runom ehwaz (koja sliči slovu 'M') na minimalističkoj i tamnoj, drvenoj podlozi. Izradio ju je dizajner i slikar Truls Espedal. Koncept simbola (koji znači 'konj') na određeni je način obrađen u pjesmi "Sacred Horse".

Enslavedov pisac pjesama i gitarist, Ivar Bjørnson, izjavio je:

Za singlove "Storm Son" i "The River's Mouth" bili su snimljeni glazbeni spotovi, a oba je režirao Josh Graham, koji je prethodno radio s grupama Soundgarden i Neurosis.

Glazbeni stil i tekstovi
U glazbenom je smislu album vrlo sličan svojem prethodniku, In Timesu iz 2015. godine, iako je od njega melodičniji i atmosferičniji, sličniji tradicionalnom progresivnom metalu.

Tekstovi pjesama bave se nordijskom mitologijom, Vikinzima, ali pogotovo prirodom i drevnom nordijskom spiritualnošću. Bjørnson objašnjava:

Popis pjesama

Osoblje

Enslaved
 Ivar Bjørnson – gitara, klavijature, prateći vokali, produkcija, inženjer zvuka
 Grutle Kjellson – vokali, bas-gitara, produkcija
 Arve Isdal – solo gitara, inženjer zvuka
 Cato Bekkevold – bubnjevi, udaraljke
 Håkon Vinje – klavijature, vokali

Dodatni glazbenici
 Daniel Mage – flauta (na pjesmi 5)
 Kjetil Møster – saksofon (na pjesmi 6)
 Einar Kvitrafn Selvik – vokali (na pjesmi 6)
 Iver Sandøy – bubnjevi i efekti (na pjesmi "Djupet"), produkcija, inženjer zvuka
Ostalo osoblje
 Jens Bogren – miksanje
 Tony Lindgren – mastering
 Truls Espedal – omot albuma

Izvori

Albumi sastava Enslaved
Albumi iz 2017.

E (album)


بلدة دير قانون بلدة سورية تابعة إداريا لمنطقة قدسيا التابعة بدورها لمحافظة ريف دمشق، ترتفع 900م عن سطح البحر، تقع بين ناحية عين الفيجة وناحية الديماس على الجهة الجنوبية للطريق الواصل بين قدسيا الجديدة ومضايا والجهة الشمالية للطريق الرئيسي المؤدي إلى الحدود السورية اللبنانية - نقطة عبور جديدة يابوس.

تحدها كل من القرى والبلدات التالية: عين الفيجة - دير مقرن - كفير الزيت - الحسينية - الديماس - مساكن الديماس -جديدة الوادي.

انظر أيضا
قائمة بلدات سوريا

مراجع وهوامش

أماكن مأهولة في منطقة قدسيا
بلدات سوريا
تجمعات سنية في سوريا
قرى محافظة ريف دمشق

دير قانون


Auguste-Henri Forel (; 1 September 1848 – 27 July 1931) was a Swiss myrmecologist, neuroanatomist, psychiatrist and eugenicist, notable for his investigations into the structure of the human brain and that of ants. He is considered a co-founder of the neuron theory. Forel is also known for his early contributions to sexology and psychology. From 1978 until 2000 Forel's image appeared on the 1000 Swiss franc banknote.

Early life
Born in 1848 in a villa La Gracieuse, at Morges, on Lake Geneva, Switzerland, to Victor Forel a pious Swiss Calvinist and Pauline Morin, a French Huguenot he was brought up in a protective household.

Auguste Forel was born in 1848 at Morges on Lake Geneva in Switzerland. His great uncle, who was an entomologist, introduced Forel to insect natural history when he was young. After reading a book by Pierre Huber, he became interested in ants.

Education
He went to school at Morges and Lausanne. In 1866 he began his studies at the University of Zurich's medical school. While at medical school he continued to collect colonies of ants in order to study their physiology, biology, anatomy, systematic and even posology, as he experimented with the effect of some biochemical agents on them.

In 1871 he went to Vienna and studied under Theodor Meynert (1833-1892), where he did his first comparative study of the thalamus. Forel was disappointed by Meynert.

In Zurich he was inspired by the work of Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886). In 1873 he moved to Germany to assist Gudden at his Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. He improved upon various techniques in neuro-anatomy including modifications to Gudden's microtome design.

Neuroscience
Forel had a diverse and mixed career as a thinker on many subjects.

In Zurich he was inspired by the work of Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886). In 1873 he moved to Germany to assist Gudden at his Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. He improved upon various techniques in neuro-anatomy including modifications to Gudden's microtome design.

In 1877 he described the nuclear and fibrillar organization of the tegmental region which is now known as Campus Foreli. He then became a lecturer at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität in Munich while also continuing his research on ants.

Neuron theory
Forel realized from experiments that neurons were the basic elements of the nervous system. He found that the neuromuscular junction communicated by mere contact and did not require the anastomosis of fibres. This came to be called the Contact Theory of Forel.

The word "neuron" was coined by Wilhelm von Waldeyer who published  a review of the work of Forel and others in 1891. Waldeyer synthesized ideas without actually conducting any research himself and published it in Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift a widely read journal which made him popular. Forel was very bitter about Waldeyer's achievement of fame that it is thought to have contributed to the decline in his interest in neuroanatomy and neurology.

Forel first described in 1877 the zona incerta area in the brain. He gave it this name as it a "region of which nothing certain can be said".

In 1879, he accepted an appointment as professor of psychiatry at University of Zurich Medical School. He was also assigned to the position of temporary director of the Psychiatric University Hospital Zürich asylumthe Burghölzli asylum, where he worked with only two other physicians treating 300 patients. He remained there for nineteen years, publishing papers on insanity, prison reform, and social morality. Burghölzli was very poorly run with corrupt staff and poor standards before Forel took over and converted to be among the best in Europe.

Myrmecology

Publications

Les fourmis de la Suisse (1874)
Following a field trip to southern Switzerland in his early twenties, Forel wrote a 450-page essay, Les Fourmis de la Suisse, which was first published in a three part series in a Swiss scientific journal, beginning in 1874. It earned him the Schafli prize awarded by the Swiss Natural History Society. Forel sent Charles Darwin a copy of the essay when it was published as a book in 1874, and Darwin commended his work. The Paris Academy of Science also honored him with the Thore prize for the essay. His 1874 450-page treatise, was selected by scholars for its cultural importanceit is part of the knowledge base of civilization. Les Fourmis de la Suisse was commended by Charles Darwin. It was translated into English when it was reissued in 1890.

Sir J.A. Hammerton wrote a chapter entitled "The Senses of Insects: Auguste Forel", in his 1937 book, Outline of Great Books in which he praised Forel's 1874 "prize essay on the Ants of Switzerland". Hammerton said that it was "the most important contribution to insect psychology ever made by a single student...He made the senses and mental faculties of insects his chief study. His work on insects has served the study of human psychology, and is in itself perhaps the most important contribution to insect psychology ever made by a single student."

The Senses of Insects 1885 (1908)

In an experiment to better understand ant communication, in 1886, Forel removed the antennas of a large number of ants of different species, then placed them in a box in order to observe their behaviour. He found that the ants without antennae were no longer aggressive towards other ants, in marked contrast to ants with antennae. This confirmed his thesis that ants use their antennas to distinguish friend from foe. He published his findings in English in 1908 in The Senses of Insects. In a 2016 study described in the Smithsonian Magazine, the author cited Forel. The experiment was one of a series undertaken in the 1880s and published in German at that time. The 1908 English translation included several previously published studies on the subject.

Le Monde Social des Fourmis (1921)
In 1919, Forel hired the well-known animal painter Erich W. Heinrich to work with him on his five volume myrmecological magnum opus treatise, Le Monde social des fourmis du Globe comparé à celui de L'homme. The five volumes were published in French in 1921. It was published in English in 1928.

In his 1924 Nature review of Forel's Le Monde social des fourmis, compareé à celui de l'homme in Nature, Malinowski said taking the analogy between society and organism literally by comparing human society to that of animals, "has misled and wrecked most of the earlier attempts at systematic sociology." He said that comparisons between "relations between human individuals in society" and that of other living organism" has limited value[a]s a method of sociological research and exposition this simile is worse than useless."

In 1914, Forel was a good friend of the well-known British entomologist Horace Donisthorpe, with whom he stayed in Switzerland; his ardent socialist views frequently caused political arguments between the two. In Horace Donisthorpe's 1927 edition of British Ants: their life history and classification. Donisthorpe said, "I should wish ... to protest against the ants being employed as a supposed weapon in political controversy. In my opinion an entomological work is not the appropriate means for the introduction of political theories of any kind, still less for their glaring advertisement."

Other myrmecological research
In 1898, Forel was credited with discovering Trophallaxis among ants.

Legacy

A travelling exhibition of Forel's lifeworkAugust Forel: Arzt Naturforscher Sozialreformerwas shown in 1986 in Zürich, and two years later, in Bern. The founder of the Institute of Brain Research in Zürich, Konrad Akert, described Forel as a "role model" and his contributions as a "social reformer" and scientist, "monumental". In his 2008 History of Psychiatry journal article citing the 1980s exhibitions, Zurich-based psychiatrist, Bernhard Kuechenhoff, said that from the perspective of the twenty first century, Akert's "judgement would have to be modified." According to Kuechenhoff, these exhibitions did not adequately reflect a "complete representation" of Forel's life because they ignored and failed to mention "Forel's "[latent] racist and eugenic thoughts and ideas" and his related social activism. Kuechenhoff said that while he sought to draw attention to Forel's views on these topics, he cautioned against the "risk of a biased judgement.

From 1978 until 2000 Forel's image appeared on the 1000 Swiss franc banknote.

Forel International School is named after him.

Personal life

Forel named his home as La Fourmilièrethe Ant Colony. Around 1900 Forel was a eugenicist. Forel suffered a stroke that paralyzed his right side in 1912, but he taught himself to write with his left hand and was able to continue his studies. After hearing of the religion from his son in law Dr. Arthur Brauns (married to his daughter Martha), in 1920 he became a member of the Bahá'í Faith, abandoning his earlier racist and socialist views, writing in his will and testament,

In 1922 he received a letter from ʻAbdu'l-Bahá known as the Tablet to Dr. Auguste Forel expounding on the differences between the mineral, vegetable, animal and human worlds, the spiritual nature of man and proofs of the existence of God. He was an agnostic and was strongly anti-capitalist, diverging from the Bahá'í religion of today.

Forel married Emma Steinheil in August 1883 and they had four daughters and two sons. In 1903 Forel and his family moved to live in his home, La Fourmiliere, in Yvorne near Lake Geneva. He died there on July 27, 1931, and was cremated in Lausanne two days later.

Partial bibliography
Ants and Some Other Insects: An Inquiry into the Psychic Powers of these Animals (1904)
Hypnotism; or, Suggestion and Psychotherapy: A Study of the Psychological, Psycho-physiological and Therapeutic Aspects of Hypnotism (1907)
Ameisen aus Sumatra, Java, Malacca und Ceylon. Gesammelt V.Prof. Dr. V. Buttel  Reepen in den Jahren, 1911–1912. Zool. Jahrd.Jena Abt. F.Syst. 36: 1–148. (1913).
Fourmis de Rhodesia, etc. recoltees par M. Arnold, le Dr. H. Brauns et K. Fikendey. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique. 57: 108–147.(1913).
Le monde social des fourmis du globe comparé à celui de l'homme. Genève, Kundig, 1921–1923, 5 volumes (1921-1923).

Citations

References

A

B

D

E

F
  This work has been selected by scholars as being culturally important, and is part of the knowledge base of civilization as we know it.

  With a preface by MacLeod Yearsley.
  Contents: Volume 1: Genèse, formes, anatomie classification, géographie, fossiles; Volume 2:  Sensations, physiologie, fourmis et plantes, hôtes, parasites, nids; Volume 3: Appareils d'observation. Fondation des fourmilières. Moeurs à l'intérieur des nids. Bétail, jardins, fourmis parasites. Appendice. La guerre des fourmis...par Edouard Bugnion; Volume 4: Alliances et guerres. Parabiose, lestobiose, esclavagisme; Volume 5: Moeurs spécialisées Epilogue, les fourmis. Les termites et l'homme.

H

K

L

M

V

W

Further reading
 Serina Heinen: "Zwischen Evolutionstheorie und Menschheitsreligion - Der Schweizer Monist, Baha'i und Eugeniker Auguste Forel" in: Das Prinzip Evolution. Darwin und die Folgen für Religionstheorie und Philosophie (hg. Mariano Delgado, Oliver Krüger, Guido Vergauwen), Stuttgart: W. Kohlhammer, 2010.
 Related documents on Bahá'í Library Online

External links

1848 births
1931 deaths
People from Morges
Swiss entomologists
Swiss eugenicists
Swiss psychiatrists
Swiss neuroscientists
People associated with the University of Zurich
Myrmecologists
Swiss Bahá'ís
Sexologists
Swiss health professionals
History of psychiatry
Converts to the Bahá'í Faith
20th-century Bahá'ís

Auguste Forel


La vuelta al mundo puede referirse a:

 Circunnavegación de la Tierra.
La primera vuelta al mundo, la expedición de Magallanes y Elcano
 La atracción de la noria.
 La vuelta al mundo: Programa de televisión de reportajes emitido por la cadena española Discovery Max entre 2009 y 2011.
 La vuelta al mundo: Historieta española de Zipi y Zape serializada 1970 y 1971.
 La vuelta al mundo: Historieta española de Mortadelo y Filemón publicada en 2022
 La vuelta al mundo de Willy Fog: Serie de animación española de 1983.
 Vuelta al mundo de Córdoba: Una antigua noria de diversiones luego transformada en escultura de la ciudad argentina de Córdoba.
La vuelta al mundo en ochenta días: Una novela de Julio Verne.
La vuelta al mundo en 80 días: Una película de 2004 basada en el libro del mismo nombre.

La vuelta al mundo


Agrilus kenge é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Curletti & Dutto, 1999.

Referências

kenge

Agrilus kenge


An Helictotrichon mortonianum in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Frank Lamson Scribner, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Johannes Jan Theodoor Henrard. An Helictotrichon mortonianum in nahilalakip ha genus nga Helictotrichon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Helictotrichon

Helictotrichon mortonianum


Dalmatinska nogometna liga – Splitska skupina (također i kao Dalmatinska nogometna liga – Srednja skupina) je bila jedna od tri skupine Dalmatinske nogometne lige u sezoni 1984./85., četvrtoga ranga nogometnog prvenstva Jugoslavije.
Zbog promjene sustava natjecanja, ukinuta je tadašnja jedinstvena Dalmatinska liga, kao i međuopćinske lige na području Dalmacije. Dalmatinska liga - Splitska (Srednja) skupina je zamijenila dotadašnju Međuopćinsku ligu Split – Makarska.
Sudjelovalo je 16 klubova, a prvak je bio "Borac" iz Glavica.

Ljestvica

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 Dalmatinska nogometna liga – Južna skupina 1984./85.
 Dalmatinska nogometna liga – Sjeverna skupina 1984./85.
 Hrvatska nogometna liga – Jug 1984./85.
 Prvenstvo NSO Split 1984./85.

Izvori
 Jurica Gizdić: 90 godina Splitsko-dalmatinskog nogometnog saveza, Split, 2010., , str. 90 (ljestvica do 29. kola)
 Jurica Gizdić: 50 godina Jadrana iz Tučepi, Tučepi, 2017., , str. 81-84
 Jurica Gizdić: HNK Sloga : 90 godina nogometa u Mravincima : 1925. – 2015., Mravince, 2015., , str. 95-97
 Jurica Gizdić: NK Omladinac : 100 godina baluna u Vranjicu, Vranjic, 2014.,
 Jurica Gizdić: 80 godina kliškog Uskoka, Klis, 2010., , str. 93-95
 Jurica Gizdić: NK Mračaj : veliki klub iz malog mista, Runovići, 2009., , str. 75-78
 Jurica Gizdić: NK Orkan : 90 godina nogometa u Dugom Ratu, Dugi Rat, 2008., , str. 134-137
 Jurica Gizdić: Od Kolektivca do Postira sardi : 1948. – 2008., Postira, 2008.,
 Jurica Gizdić: HNK Trogir : 95 godina nogometa u Trogiru, Trogir, 2007., , str. 139-141
 Jurica Gizdić: Dok je srca bit će i Croatie : 1974. Kujundžuša - Croatia 2004., Zmijavci, 2004., , str. 51-54

1984-85 split
1984-85 Split
Dalmacija

Dalmatinska nogometna liga – Splitska skupina 1984./85.


Hilflos ist der Titel des fünften Tatort-Krimis mit Maximilian Brückner und Gregor Weber in den Hauptrollen. Der von der ProSaar Medienproduktion für Degeto Film und den Saarländischen Rundfunk produzierte Beitrag wurde am 24. Januar 2010 erstgesendet.

Handlung
Tobias Rothgerber, Schüler einer Gesamtschule, erscheint bei der Polizei und gibt an, sich Sorgen um seinen besten Freund David Kullmann zu machen. Er befürchtet, ihm könne etwas zugestoßen sein, verschwindet jedoch wieder, ohne nähere Angaben zu machen. Kurz darauf meldet sich ein anonymer Anrufer mit dem Hinweis, in einem alten Parkhaus die Leiche eines Jungen gefunden zu haben. Wie sich herausstellt, handelt es sich tatsächlich um David. Die Ermittler Kappl und Deininger befragen die Klassenkameraden von David, niemanden jedoch scheint der Tod des Mitschülers zu berühren. Tobias wird zum Verhör mitgenommen. In der Vernehmung gibt der Jugendliche sich äußerst schweigsam. Die Indizien sprechen allerdings gegen ihn. So werden etwa seine Schuhabdrücke bei der Leiche gefunden und er wird als der anonyme Anrufer identifiziert. Tobias wird daher vorläufig in Gewahrsam genommen, gleichzeitig wird sein PC beschlagnahmt, um ihn nach Hinweisen zu durchsuchen.

Erste nützliche Anhaltspunkte erhalten die Kommissare von Tobias' Mitschülerin Anna Lena. Sie gibt an, David sei ein Einzelgänger gewesen und ständig gemobbt worden, hauptsächlich von seinem Klassenkameraden Jonathan Seibert. Im Verhör gibt Jonathan sich zunächst ungerührt, offensichtlich hat er jedoch ebenfalls etwas zu verbergen. Tobias wird nach zwei Tagen wieder entlassen und besucht Jonathan mehrmals. Jonathan will seiner Mutter nicht sagen, was die beiden in seinem Zimmer machen. Bei der Auswertung der Festplatte seines beschlagnahmten Computers werden Videos gefunden, auf denen zu sehen ist, wie Jonathan und David sich auf einem Parkdeck streiten und David von Jonathan über ein Geländer gestoßen wird. Dieser gesteht die Tat, beteuert jedoch, es sei ein Unfall gewesen. Tobias hingegen, der ebenfalls von Jonathan gemobbt wurde, hatte die Szene zufällig mitangesehen und gefilmt, ohne jedoch seinem Freund zu helfen. Statt die Tat anzuzeigen, erpresste er Jonathan damit. Nach Kommissar Kappls Einschätzung wollte er so auch einmal Macht über ihn ausüben. Nachdem Jonathan festgenommen worden ist, wird Tobias entlassen und beim Verlassen des Kommissariats von einem LKW überfahren. Wahrscheinlich war es Suizid.

Rezeption

Einschaltquoten
Die Erstausstrahlung von Hilflos am 24. Januar 2010 wurde in Deutschland insgesamt von 8,62 Millionen Zuschauern gesehen und erreichte einen Marktanteil von 22,6 % für Das Erste; in der Gruppe der 14- bis 49-jährigen Zuschauer wurden 3,16 Millionen Zuschauer und ein Marktanteil von 19,5 % erreicht.

Kritiken

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Hilflos
Deutscher Film
Filmtitel 2010

Tatort: Hilflos


Mark ist eine Gemarkung des Ortsteils Neuhaus-Schierschnitz der Gemeinde Föritztal im Landkreis Sonneberg in Thüringen.

Lage
Mark ist eine Straßenansiedlung an der Bundesstraße 89 im nördlichen Teil der Ortslage von Neuhaus-Schierschnitz.

Geschichte
1162 wurde Mark erstmals urkundlich erwähnt. Das Dorf wurde 1923 mit den Nachbarorten Buch, Gessendorf, Neuhaus und Schierschnitz zur Gemeinde Neuhaus-Schierschnitz verschmolzen.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ort im Landkreis Sonneberg
Geographie (Föritztal)
Straßendorf
Ersterwähnung 1162
Ehemalige Gemeinde (Landkreis Sonneberg)
Gemeindeauflösung 1923

Mark (Föritztal)


Prokletstvo Kennedyjevih, niz tragičnih događaja u poznatoj američkoj obitelji Kennedy, koji su zadesili potomke američkog poduzetnika i bankara Josepha P. Kennedyja st. (1888. – 1969.), a koji su u javnosti i medijima prikazani kao obiteljsko prokletstvo.

Kronologija tragičnih događaja u obitelji Kennedy

 12. kolovoza 1944. - poginuo je dvadesetdevetogodišnji Joseph P. Kennedy ml. u bombarderu koji je letio iznad East Suffokla u Engleskoj.
 13. svibnja 1948. - Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish je poginula u zrakoplovnoj nesreći u Francuskoj.
 9. kolovoza 1963. - Patrick Bouvier Kennedy, sin Johna F. Kennedyja umro je od posljedica sindroma respiratornog distresa dojenčadi.
 22. studenog 1963. - izvršen je atentat na američkog predsjednika Johna F. Kennedyja u Dallasu, Teksas.
 5. lipnja 1968. - izvršen je atentat na američkog senatora Roberta F. Kennedyja, koji je umro sljedeće jutro od posljedica ranjavanja.
 18. srpnja 1969. - Ted Kennedy je prouzročio smrt 28-godišnje suvozačice Mary Jo Kopechne kada je autom sletio s mosta na otoku Chappaquiddick, Massachusets.
 25. travnja 1984. - David A. Kennedy je umro u hotelu u Palm Beachu, Florida od posljedica predoziranja narkoticima.
 31. prosinca 1997. - Michael LeMoyne Kennedy je poginuo u skijaškoj nesreći prilikom koje se zaletio u stablo u Aspenu, Kolorado.
 16. srpnja 1999. - John F. Kennedy ml. je poginuo u zrakoplovnoj nesreći u zrakoplovu kojim je pillotirao, a koji se srušio u Atlantski ocean na pučini nedaleko od otoka Martha's Vineyard.
 16. rujna 2011. - Kara Kennedy, kćerka Teda Kennedyja umrla je od srčanog udara tijekom vježbanja u teretani u Washington DC.
 16. svibnja 2012. - Mary Richardson Kennedy, bivša supruga Roberta F. Kennedyja ml., počinila je samoubojstvo na svom imanju u Bedfordu, Westchester County, New York.
 1. kolovoza 2019. - Saoirse Roisin Kennedy Hill, unuka Roberta F. Kennedyja umrla je od slučajnog predoziranja narkoticima.
 2. travnja 2020. - Maeve Kennedy McKean i njen osmogodišnji sin Gideon McKean poginuli su tijekom prevrtanja kanua u zaljevu Chesapeake.

Bilješke

Literatura

 Farrington, Karen, Čuda i zagonetke neobjašnjivoga, Istraživanje najneobičnijih tajni našeg svijeta koje golicaju maštu, Mozaik knjiga, Zagreb, 2014.

Vanjske poveznice

 Prokletstvo američke obitelji Kennedy: Zla kob prati ih već sto godina, a tragedije se nižu jedna za drugom - tportal.hr
 Prokletstvo Kennedyjevih: Politička dinastija koja vrvi tragičnim sudbinama, skandalima i atentatima - dnevnik.hr

Kennedy
Urbane legende
Prokletstva

Prokletstvo Kennedyjevih


Die Streitkräfte Bangladeschs (offizielle Bezeichnung: Bangladesh Armed Force; bengalisch: , ) sind das Militär von Bangladesch.

Organisation und Führung
Der Commander-in-Chief (Oberbefehlshaber) ist der Präsident Bangladeschs.
Neben dem Oberbefehlshaber hat jede Teilstreitkraft (s. Abschnitt Teilstreitkräfte) einen weiteren eigenen Oberbefehlshaber.

Teilstreitkräfte
Die Streitkräfte Bangladeschs sind in drei Teilstreitkräfte unterteilt: das Heer, die Luftstreitkräfte und die Marine.

Heer

Das Heer umfasst derzeit ca. 132.150 Mann und ist damit die größte Teilstreitkraft der bangladeschischen Streitkräfte.
Das Heer wird derzeit von China, Frankreich, Deutschland, Russland, Südkorea, Vereinigtes Königreich, den USA und Malaysia beliefert.

Marine

Die bangladeschische Marine umfasst 16.900 Angehörige. Unter anderem auch ca. 80 Kampfschiffe und 4 Marineflieger (2 davon von einem deutschen Hersteller).

Luftstreitkräfte
Die Luftstreitkräfte Bangladeschs umfassen derzeit 14.000 Soldaten. Die Luftwaffe verfügt über folgende Flugzeugtypen (Stand Ende 2021):

Einsätze
Seit der Gründung 1971 waren die bangladeschischen Streitkräfte an folgenden militärische Konflikte beteiligt:
 Bangladesch-Krieg
 Chittagong-Hill-Tracts-Konflikt
 Zweiter Golfkrieg

Friedensmissionen

Rund 10.498 Soldaten sind hierbei im Einsatz als Friedenstruppen der Vereinten Nationen, damit rangiert Bangladesch an erster Stelle. Mehrfach wurde bangladeschisches Führungspersonal zu Kommandeuren von Friedensmissionen ernannt.

Weblinks

 Offizielle Website der bangladeschischen Armee
 Offizielle Website der bangladeschischen Luftwaffe
 Offizielle Website der bangladeschischen Marine

Einzelnachweise

Gegründet 1971
Organisation (Dhaka)

Streitkräfte Bangladeschs


Jaqueline Maria Lopes Lima (nascida em 23 de abril de 2001) é uma jogadora de badminton brasileira do clube de badminton Joca Claudino Esportes. Ela ingressou na seleção brasileira de badminton em 2016 e, em 2017, competiu no evento de equipes mistas no Campeonato Pan-Americano de Badminton de 2017, onde a equipe conquistou a medalha de prata. Ela conquistou seu primeiro título internacional sênior no torneio Brazil International Challenge 2017, em parceria com Sâmia Lima. Lima participou dos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão da Juventude de 2018, e fez parte da equipe Theta, que conquistou a medalha de bronze no evento por equipes mistas. Nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de Lima 2019, ela conquistou duas medalhas de bronze nas provas de duplas femininas e mistas.

Conquistas

Jogos Pan-Americanos
Duplas femininas

Duplas mistas

Campeonato Pan-Americano
Duplas femininas

Duplas mistas

Campeonato Pan-Americano Júnior
Duplas de meninas

BWF International Challenge/Série (17 títulos, 9 vice-campeões)
Individual

Duplas femininas

Duplas mistas

  BWF International Challenge tournament
  BWF International Series tournament
  BWF Future Series tournament

Ligações externas

Desportistas do Piauí
Badmínton do Brasil
Mulheres do Piauí

Jaqueline Lima


Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool, PC (26 April 172917 December 1808), known as Lord Hawkesbury between 1786 and 1796, was a British statesman. He was the father of Prime Minister Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl of Liverpool.

Early years, family and education
He was born in Winchester, the eldest son of Colonel Charles Jenkinson (1693–1750) and Amarantha (daughter of Wolfran Cornewall). The earl was the grandson of Sir Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Baronet, of Walcot, Oxfordshire. The Jenkinson family was descended from Anthony Jenkinson (died 1611), who was a sea-captain, merchant, and traveller and the first known Englishman to penetrate into Central Asia. Liverpool was educated at Charterhouse School and University College, Oxford, where he graduated Master of Arts in 1752.

Political career
In 1761, Liverpool entered parliament as member for Cockermouth and was made Under-Secretary of State by Lord Bute. He won the favour of George III, and when Bute retired Jenkinson became the leader of the "King's Friends" in the House of Commons. In 1763, George Grenville appointed him joint Secretary to the Treasury.

In 1766, after a short retirement, he became a Lord of the Admiralty and then a Lord of the Treasury in the Grafton administration. In 1772, Jenkinson became a Privy Councillor and Vice Treasurer of Ireland, and in 1775 he purchased the lucrative sinecure of Clerk of the Pells in Ireland and became Master of the Mint of Ireland.

From 1778 until the close of Lord North's ministry in 1782 he was Secretary at War. From 1786 to 1804, he was President of the Board of Trade and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, and he was popularly regarded as enjoying the confidence of the king to a special degree.

In 1786 he was created Baron Hawkesbury, of Hawkesbury in the County of Gloucester, and ten years later, Earl of Liverpool. He also succeeded his cousin in 1790 as the 7th Baronet of Walcot and to the family estates. He lived at Addiscombe Place, Surrey and in Hawkesbury, Gloucestershire. He died in London on 17 December 1808.

Family
Liverpool was twice married. In 1769 he married first Amelia, daughter of William Watts, governor of Fort William, Bengal, and of his wife, better known as Begum Johnson. Amelia died in July 1770, a month after the birth of her only child, Robert.

Liverpool married secondly Catherine, daughter of Sir Cecil Bishopp, 6th Baronet, and widow of Sir Charles Cope, 2nd Baronet, on 22 June 1782 at her house in Hertford Street, London. They had one son, Charles, who became 3rd Earl of Liverpool, and one daughter, Charlotte, who married James Grimston, 1st Earl of Verulam.

On Lord Liverpool's death, he was succeeded by his son from his first marriage, Robert, who became a prominent politician and eventually Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The Countess of Liverpool died in October 1827, aged 82.

Legacy
Liverpool wrote several political works, but according to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, other than for his Treatise on the Coins of the Realm (1805) these are "without striking merits".

The Hawkesbury River in New South Wales, Australia and Hawkesbury, Ontario, Canada were named after Jenkinson shortly after he was created Baron Hawkesbury.

At least two ships were named after Jenkinson under his title of Lord Hawkesbury: one launched in America in 1781—presumably under another name—but entered in Lloyd's Register from 1787 as the Lord Hawkesbury, sailing as a whaler; and the East Indiaman Lord Hawkesbury, launched in 1787.

Notes

References

Attribution:

Further reading

1727 births
1808 deaths
18th-century English people
19th-century English people
Alumni of University College, Oxford
British and English royal favourites
Chancellors of the Duchy of Lancaster
Jenkinson, Charles
1st Earl of Liverpool
Jenkinson, Charles
Members of the Privy Council of Great Britain
People educated at Charterhouse School
Nobility from Oxfordshire
Jenkinson, Charles
Jenkinson, Charles
Jenkinson, Charles
Jenkinson, Charles
Jenkinson, Charles
Jenkinson, Charles
Parents of prime ministers of the United Kingdom
Presidents of the Board of Trade
Peers of Great Britain created by George III
Lords of the Admiralty


An Dyckia pulquinensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni  Marx Carl Ludwig Ludewig Wittmack. An Dyckia pulquinensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dyckia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dyckia

Dyckia pulquinensis


එයාර් චීෆ් මාර්ෂල් මාකලන්දගේ ජොනී ටෙරන්ස් "ටෙරී" ද සිල්වා ගුණවර්ධන, VSV (-2014) ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාවේ 8 වන ගුවන් හමුදාපතිවරයා විය.

කොළඹ වෙස්ලි විද්‍යාලයෙන් අධ්‍යාපනය ලැබූ ගුණවර්ධන 1959 දෙසැම්බර් 31 දින රාජකීය ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාවට බැඳුණු අතර 1961 දී ගුවන් නියමු නිලධාරියෙකු ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. ඔහු අංක 1 බලඝණය සහ අංක 2 බලඝණය යන දෙකෙහිම බලඝණ නියමුවෙකු ලෙස සේවය කළේය. ඔහු BAC Jet Provosts සහ MiG-17s පියාසර කරන ප්‍රහාරක ජෙට් යානා සඳහා සුදුසුකම් ලැබූ පළමු නියමුවන්ගෙන් කෙනෙකි. ඔහු චීන වරායේ ගුවන් හමුදා ඇකඩමියේ අංක 2 බලඝණයේ අණදෙන නිලධාරී සහ අණදෙන නිලධාරියා ලෙස සේවය කළේය. ඔහු බ්‍රැක්නෙල්හි RAF මාණ්ඩලික විද්‍යාලයට සහ නවදිල්ලියේ ජාතික ආරක්ෂක විද්‍යාලයට ඇතුළත් විය. ඔහු 1986 මාර්තු මාසයේදී ගුවන් හමුදා මාණ්ඩලික ප්‍රධානියා ලෙස පත් කරන ලදී. 1991 අගෝස්තු 1 වන දින ඔහු ගුවන් හමුදාපතිවරයා ලෙස පත් කරන ලද අතර එයාර් මාර්ෂල් නිලයට උසස් කරන ලදී. ඔහු F-7 ස්කයිබෝල්ට් ලබා ගැනීමෙන් ප්‍රහාරක ජෙට් යානා නැවත ශ්‍රී ලංකා ගුවන් හමුදාවට හඳුන්වා දුන් අතර FMA IA 58 Pucarás අත්පත් කර ගැනීමෙන් එහි සැහැල්ලු ප්‍රහාරක හැකියාව වැඩි කළේය. ඔහු Mil Mi-17 බර ප්‍රවාහන හෙලිකොප්ටර් යානා ගුවන් හමුදා බලඇණියට එක් කළේය. ඔහුගේ ටෙන්නර් ගුවන් හමුදාවේ කලාප විධාන හඳුන්වාදීම දුටුවේය. 1996 පෙබරවාරි 16 දින විශ්‍රාම ගිය ඔහු එයාර් චීෆ් මාර්ෂල් නිලයට උසස් කරන ලදී. ඔහුගෙන් පසුව ඔලිවර් රණසිංහ පත් විය.

යොමු කිරීම්

ටෙරී ගුණවර්ධන


Borsele () er en kommune og en by, beliggende på Zuid-Beveland i den sydlige provins Zeeland i Nederlandene.

Byen er mest kendt for sin Atomkraftværk Kerncentrale Borssele

Kernerne
Landsbyen Borssele (skrevet med 2 s'er) i Borsele kommune (skrevet med kun én s).
Borsele Kommunen har følgende kerner: Borssele, Baarland, Driewegen, Ellewoutsdijk, 's-Gravenpolder, 's-Heer Abstkerke, 's-Heerenhoek, Heinkenszand, Hoedekenskerke, Nisse, Oudelande, Ovezande, Nieuwdorp og Lewedorp.

Eksterne henvisninger

 Kommunens hjemmeside
 borsele.net (Information over Borseles samfund)

Byer i Zeeland
Kommuner i Zeeland

Borsele


The flag of Minnesota is the state flag of the U.S. state of Minnesota. Its design features a modified version of the seal of Minnesota emblazoned on a blue field. The first version of the flag was adopted in 1893, in advance of the state's mounting an exhibition at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair. It was significantly revised in 1957 and received a minor update in 1983.

In recent years the flag has come under growing criticism. Longstanding frustrations with the flag's illegibility have been joined by concerns that the image depicted in the seal offers a revisionist view of Minnesota's settlement by Europeans that conceals the violence committed against indigenous peoples. In 2023, the Minnesota Legislature created a commission to redesign the flag and the Seal of Minnesota.

Design and use
The design and use of Minnesota's flag is prescribed by Section 1.141 of the state statutes.

The flag is rectangular and features a design emblazoned in the center of a field of medium blue. According to statute, the flag is bordered with gold and finished with gold fringe, but this is rarely used.

The central design features three concentric circular fields. The innermost field is filled with a simplified version of the state seal. Around the seal is a ring of blue ornamented with a wreath of pink-and-white lady's-slipper and a red ribbon upon which are written the years 1819 and 1893. At the top of the blue ring the year 1858 is set in gold. Around the blue ring is a white ring upon which 19 stars form five radially arrayed groups. Each group contains four stars except for the top-center group which has two stars of the standard size and one star larger than the rest. Between the bottom two groups the name of the state is set in red. Both the blue ring and the white ring are bordered with gold.

Design and symbolism of the seal

A Native American rides on horseback in the background, symbolizing Minnesota's Native American heritage. There is a sunset on the western horizon. The straight horizon line reflects the plains covering much of Minnesota. The Native American is riding toward the south. The native's horse and spear and the pioneer's ax, rifle, and plow represent tools of daily life. The only interaction between the figures is one observing the other.  The tools used by the Native American and the farmer represent the tools used for labor and hunting, while the stump symbolizes the taming of the land and the importance of the lumber industry to Minnesota in 1858. The Mississippi River and St. Anthony Falls are depicted in the revised seal to note the importance of these resources in transportation, industry and the settling of the state. The furrowing of the ground by the plow represents the submission of the land to the pioneer.  The plow also symbolizes the importance of agriculture to Minnesota and its future.  The waterfalls are not on the original state seal. Beyond the falls on the current seal are three pine trees representing the state tree and the three pine regions of the state: the St Croix, Mississippi, and Lake Superior.

Symbolism of other elements
Each of the three years cited was notable in Minnesota history. 1819 marked the founding of Fort Snelling; 1858 marked Minnesota's gaining of statehood; 1893 marked the adoption of first flag.

The pink-and-white lady's slipper is the state flower.

The 19 stars symbolize the fact that Minnesota was the nineteenth state to enter the Union after the original thirteen. The larger star at the top symbolizes the North Star.

Display and use

The flag is to be flown over the Minnesota State Capitol from sunrise to sunset.

When the flag is folded for storage, it should be folded in the same way as the national flag. When folding the flag for presentation or display, it must be folded lengthwise four times, then each side must be folded down so that the banner containing  is displayed on a triangle. The ends below the triangle must be folded in a complicated way to form a triangle that is then tucked into the upper triangle so that the state motto is prominently displayed on the front. (This method has been criticized as being over complicated.)

Desecration
Mutilating, defiling, or casting contempt upon the flag, attaching any design to the flag, or using the flag for advertising are misdemeanor offenses under State Statute 609.40, excepting flags on written or printed documents. However, following the 1990 Supreme Court ruling United States v. Eichman, enforcement of this law has been deemed unconstitutional.

History

1893 flag

In 1891, the Minnesota legislature voted to sponsor an exhibition at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, and in response then governor William Rush Merriam appointed a board to supervise the preparations. The board comprised only men, but preparations specific to the showcasing of "women's work" were passed off to an all-women group of volunteers known as the Women's Auxiliary Board. Minnesota had no official flag at that time, and the Auxiliary Board formed a six-person committee to design a flag. The committee held a contest to design the flag, and 200 entries were submitted. In February 1893, Amelia Hyde Center was announced the winner and received $15 for her winning design. The Board then successfully petitioned the legislature to officially adopt the design as the state flag.

Center's design was white on one side and bright blue on the other. In the center of the white obverse was the state seal wreathed in white moccasin flowers overlaying a ring of blue. A red ribbon across the seal bore a motto,  (French for "The Star of the North"). The years 1819 (establishment of Fort Snelling), 1858 (statehood), and 1893 (adoption of the flag) appeared in gold around the seal. "Minnesota" was written in gold under the seal, and 19 gold stars, representing the fact that Minnesota was the 19th state to be admitted after the original 13 states, were arranged in clusters to form the five points of a star. Historians have noted the design was likely influenced by various flags used by Minnesota's infantry regiments during the Civil War, many of which consisted of a blue field emblazoned with either an American eagle or the state seal with a scroll.

The first flag was made of silk and was embroidered by Pauline and Thomane Fjelde, who won a gold medal for their creation. The flag was adopted on April 4, 1893.

While the reverse of the official design was a solid blue field, some examples of the flag, particularly those mass produced in the twentieth century, featured the seal design on that side as well.

1957 flag

The flag was redesigned in 1957 in advance of the 1958 state centennial. Most significantly, the field of both the obverse (formerly white) and the reverse (formerly bright blue) were made royal blue; the unification allowed flags to be produced from a single piece of cloth, reducing manufacturing costs and making the flag more durable in high winds. Separately, the white lady's-slippers depicted in the original were replaced with the pink-and-white lady's-slipper native to Minnesota.

1983 revision
In 1983 the seal was redrawn, and the color field was lightened from a royal blue to a medium blue.

Criticism and calls for redesign

The Minnesota flag has been widely criticized for decades. Its similarity to other state flags has been a point of detraction since before the 1957 redesign, and its complex design and relative illegibility have been derided since the 1980s. In 2001, Minnesota's flag was chosen as one of the ten worst flag designs in an online poll conducted by the North American Vexillological Association (NAVA). The survey consisted of 100 NAVA members and 300 members of the public. Minnesota received a score of 3.13 on a scale of 1 to 10, on par with other flags that consisted of the state seal on a blue background, which were ranked very unfavorably. The same year, the St. Paul Pioneer Press and the Star Tribune each held an unofficial contest to design a new state flag.

In the past decade, the flag's design failings have been overshadowed by the symbolism of the seal, which has been prominently criticized for offering a fundamentally racist, revisionist view of Minnesota's settlement by Europeans.

On numerous occasions over a span of several decades, bills have been introduced in the Minnesota Legislature to establish a legislative task force for studying changes to the flag.

2023 redesign commission

In May 2023, the Minnesota Legislature authorized the creation of the Emblems Redesign Commission to redesign the Minnesotan flag and the seal of Minnesota. The authorization was done as part of the annual state budget. The new commission is charged with developing a new design for both the flag and seal, with the revised designs to be submitted to the Legislature for approval by January 1, 2024. Unless a law is passed indicating otherwise, the Commission's selected flag will become the state flag on May 11, 2024.

Under guidelines set out in the law, "the designs must accurately and respectfully reflect Minnesota's shared history, resources, and diverse cultural communities. Symbols, emblems, or likenesses that represent only a single community or person, regardless of whether real or stylized, may not be included in a design."

See also

State of Minnesota
List of Minnesota state symbols
Great Seal of the State of Minnesota

References

External links

The Minnesota Flag Statute
The Origin of the Minnesota State Flag
North Star Flag Website

Minnesota
Symbols of Minnesota
Flags of Minnesota
Minnesota
Flag controversies in the United States

Flag of Minnesota


කඩු හරඹය නැතහොත් ඔලිම්පික් කඩු හරඹය (Fencing, Olympic fencing) යනු තරගකරුවන් දෙදෙනෙකු, සැහැල්ලු දිග කඩු භාවිතයෙන්, ප්‍රතිවාදියාගේ සිරුර ස්පර්ශ කිරීමෙන් ලකුණු රැස් කර ගන්නා ක්‍රීඩාවකි. කඩු සටන් ශිල්පයෙහි සාම්ප්‍රදායික දක්ෂතාවයන් පදනම් කර ගනිමින් වර්තමාන ක්‍රීඩාව බිහිවූයේ 19 වන ශතවර්ෂය අග භාගයේ දී ඉතාලියානු පාසල්, සම්භාව්‍ය කඩු හරඹ සිදු කිරීමේ  පැරණි යුරෝපීය මාෂල් ආට් ක්‍රමවේදය වැඩිදියුණු කිරීමත් සමගය. පසුව ප්‍රංශ පාසල් විසින් ඉතාලියානු ක්‍රමවේදය වඩාත් ඔපමට්ටම් කරනු ලැබීය.

නවීන කඩු හරඹයෙහි ආකාර 3 ක් පවතී. ඒ එක එකෙහි ආයුධ සහ නීති රීති වෙනස් වන බැවින් ක්‍රීඩාව අංශ තුනකට බෙදී ඇත. ඒ foil, sabre සහ sword වශයෙනි. බොහෝමයක් තරගකරුවන් එක් ආයුධයක් පමණක් තෝරාගෙන පුහුණුවීම් සිදු කරනු ලබයි.

කඩු හරඹය, සියළු නූතන ඔලිම්පික් උළෙල වලදී ක්‍රීඩා කරනු ලැබූ ක්‍රීඩාවන් පහ අතුරින් එකක් වෙයි. අනෙක් ක්‍රීඩා හතර වන්නේ මලල ක්‍රීඩා, පාපැදි ධාවනය, පිහිනුම් සහ ජිම්නාස්ටික් වෙයි.

ක්‍රීඩා

කඩු හරඹය


Meg Harris (Albury, 7 de março de 2002) é uma nadadora australiana, campeã olímpica.

Carreira

Harris conquistou a medalha de ouro nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio na prova de revezamento 4×100 m livre, ao lado de Bronte Campbell, Emma McKeon, Cate Campbell, Mollie O'Callaghan e Madison Wilson com a marca de 3:51.60. Além disso, conquistou o bronze no revezamento 4×200 m livre.

Nadadores olímpicos da Austrália
Campeões olímpicos da Austrália
Nadadores nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos da natação

Meg Harris


Kup Hrvatske u ragbiju za sezonu 2017./18. je osvojila "Mladost" iz Zagreba.

Rezultati

Osmina završnice

Četvrtzavršnica

Poluzavršnica

Završnica

Poveznice
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske 2017./18.

Izvori
 rugby.hr, Kup Hrvatske 2017/18 - rezultati, pristupljeno 6. travnja 2018.

2017-18

Kup Hrvatske u ragbiju 2017./18.


William Graham Sumner (October 30, 1840 – April 12, 1910) was an American clergyman, social scientist, and neoclassical liberal. He taught social sciences at Yale University—where he held the nation's first professorship in sociology—and became one of the most influential teachers at any other major school.

Sumner wrote extensively on the social sciences, penning numerous books and essays on ethics, American history, economic history, political theory, sociology, and anthropology. He supported laissez-faire economics, free markets, and the gold standard, in addition to coining the term "ethnocentrism" to identify the roots of imperialism, which he strongly opposed.  As a spokesman against elitism, he was in favor of the "forgotten man" of the middle class—a term he coined. He had a prolonged influence on American conservatism.

Biography
Sumner wrote an autobiographical sketch for the fourth of the histories of the Class of 1863 Yale College. In 1925, the Rev. Harris E. Starr, class of 1910 Yale Department of Theology, published the first full-length biography of Sumner. A second full-length biography by Bruce Curtis was published in 1981.

Early life and education
Sumner was born in Paterson, New Jersey, on October 30, 1840. His father, Thomas Sumner, was born in England and immigrated to the United States in 1836. His mother, Sarah Graham, was also born in England. She was brought to the United States in 1825 by her parents. Sumner's mother died when he was eight.

In 1841, Sumner's father went prospecting as far west as Ohio, but came back east to New England and settled in Hartford, Connecticut, in about 1845. Sumner wrote about his high regard for his father: "His principles and habits of life were the best possible." Earlier in his life, Sumner said, that he accepted from others "views and opinions" different from his father's. However, "at the present time," Sumner wrote, "in regard to those matters, I hold with him and not with the others." Sumner did not name the "matters."

Sumner was educated in the Hartford public schools. After graduation, he worked for two years as a clerk in a store before going to Yale College, graduating in 1863. Sumner achieved an impressive record at Yale as a scholar and orator. He was elected to the Phi Beta Kappa Society in his junior year and in his senior year to the secretive Skull and Bones society.

Sumner avoided being drafted to fight in the American Civil War by paying a "substitute" $250, given to him by a friend, to enlist for three years. This and money given to him by his father and friends allowed Sumner to go to Europe for further studies. He spent his first year in the University of Geneva studying Latin and Hebrew and the following two years in the University of Göttingen studying ancient languages, history and Biblical science. All told, in his formal education, Sumner learned Hebrew, Greek, Latin, French, and German. In addition, after middle age he taught himself Dutch, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Russian, Polish, Danish, and Swedish.

In May 1866, he went to Oxford University to study theology. At Oxford, Henry Thomas Buckle planted the sociology seed in Sumner's mind. However, Herbert Spencer was to have the "dominating influence upon Sumner's thought."

Tutor, clergyman and professor
Except for a stint as a clergyman, Sumner's whole career was spent at Yale.

While at Oxford, Sumner was elected a tutor in mathematics. He was made a lecturer in Greek at Yale, beginning in September 1867.

On December 27, 1867, at Trinity Church, New Haven, Sumner was ordained a deacon in the Episcopal Church. In March 1869, Sumner resigned his Yale tutorship to become assistant to the rector of Calvary Episcopal Church (Manhattan). In July 1869, Sumner was ordained as a priest.

From September 1870 to September 1872, Sumner was rector of the Church of the Redeemer in Morristown, New Jersey. On April 17, 1871, he married Jeannie Whittemore Elliott, daughter of Henry H. Elliott of New York City. They had three boys: one died in infancy, Eliot (Yale 1896) became an officer of the Pennsylvania Railroad; Graham (Yale 1897) became a lawyer in New York City.

Robert Bierstedt writes that Sumner preached two sermons every Sunday at the Church of the Redeemer. They "stressed without surcease the Puritan virtues of hard work, self-reliance, self-denial, frugality, prudence, and perseverance". Furthermore, writes Bierstedt, "it may be said that Sumner spent his entire life as a preacher of sermons". However, Sumner "preferred the classroom to the pulpit", so he left the ministry and returned to Yale in 1872 as "professor of political and social science" until he retired in 1909. Sumner taught the first course in North America called "sociology".

Other than what he said in the ordination service, there is no information about what motivated Sumner to be ordained. At his ordination, Sumner said that he thought that he was "truly called" to the ministry.

Sumner did not make known, at least publicly, his reasons for leaving the ministry. However, he and historians suggest that it might have been a loss of belief and/or a dim view of the church and its clergy.

Clarence J. Karier says, "Sumner found that his deity vanished with the years." "I have never discarded beliefs deliberately", Sumner said later in life, but "I left them in a drawer and, after a while, when I opened it there was nothing there at all." Harris E. Starr found that Sumner "never attacked religion" or "assumed a controversial attitude toward it." At the same time, Starr found that during Sumner's time as a professor he stopped attending Trinity Church, New Haven, where he had been ordained deacon. After that, Sumner attended church only occasionally. However, in the closing years of his life, he baptized a little grandson, and not long before his death he attended New Haven's St. John's Church to receive Holy Communion. Starr wrote that these two events "suggest that deep down in his nature a modicum of religion remained."

In his book What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (1883), Sumner argued that the "ecclesiastical prejudice in favor of the poor and against the rich" worked "to replunge Europe into barbarism." Furthermore, Sumner asserted, that this prejudice still lives, nourished by the clergy. "It is not uncommon," he said, "to hear a clergyman utter from the pulpit all the old prejudice in favor of the poor and against the rich, while asking the rich to do something for the poor; and the rich comply."

The Yale University Library's guide to Sumner's papers ranks him as "Yale's most dynamic teacher of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Students clamored to enroll in his classes." Sumner's "genuine love for aspiring students, commanding personality, wide learning, splendid dogmatism, and mastery of incisive English" makes it easy to understand his reputation.

Sumner himself described his life as a professor as "simple and monotonous." "No other life could have been so well suited to my taste as this," he wrote in his autobiographical sketch.

In spite of Sumner's description of his life as "simple and monotonous," he was "a champion of academic freedom and a leader in modernizing Yale's curriculum." This led Sumner into conflict with Yale's President, Noah Porter who, in 1879, asked Sumner not to use Herbert Spencer's Study of Sociology in his classes. "Sumner saw this as a threat to academic freedom and bluntly refused Porter's request. The faculty soon split into two factions one supporting and the other opposing Sumner's defiance." Sumner stood his ground and won out.

Until his 1890 illness, Sumner wrote and spoke constantly on the economic and political issues of the day. His "acidic style" outraged his opponents, but it pleased his supporters. The rest of Sumner's life at Yale was routine. In 1909, the year of his retirement, Yale awarded Sumner an honorary degree.

Although Sumner was a professor of political science, his actual involvement in politics was limited to two things he reported in his autobiographical sketch. In 1873–1876, he served as an alderman in New Haven. In 1876, researching the contested presidential election, he went with a group to Louisiana to find "what kind of a presidential election they had that year." Sumner said that was his "whole experience in politics." From this experience, he concluded, "I did not know the rules of the game and did not want to learn."

Retirement and death
Sumner's health deteriorated steadily beginning in 1890, and after 1909, the year of his retirement, it "declined precipitously." In December 1909, while in New York to deliver his presidential address to the American Sociological Society, Sumner suffered his third and fatal paralytic stroke. He died April 12, 1910, in Englewood Hospital in New Jersey.

Sumner spent much of his career as a muckraker, exposing what he saw as faults in society, and as a polemicist, writing, teaching, and speaking against these faults. In spite of his efforts, his career ended with pessimism about the future. Sumner said, "I have lived through the best period of this country's history. The next generations are going to see wars and social calamities."

Economics
Sumner was a staunch advocate of laissez-faire economics, as well as "a forthright proponent of free trade and the gold standard and a foe of socialism." Sumner was active in the intellectual promotion of free-trade classical liberalism. He heavily criticized state socialism/state communism. One adversary he mentioned by name was Edward Bellamy, whose national variant of socialism was set forth in Looking Backward, published in 1888, and the sequel Equality.

Anti-imperialism
Like many classical liberals at the time, including Edward Atkinson, Moorfield Storey, and Grover Cleveland, Sumner opposed the Spanish–American War and the subsequent U.S. effort to quell the insurgency in the Philippines. He was a vice president of the Anti-Imperialist League which had been formed after the war to oppose the annexation of territories. In 1899 he delivered a speech titled "The Conquest of the United States by Spain" before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University. In what is considered by some to be "his most enduring work," he lambasted imperialism as a betrayal of the best traditions, principles, and interests of the American people and contrary to America's own founding as a state of equals, where justice and law "were to reign in the midst of simplicity." In this ironically titled work, Sumner portrayed the takeover as "an American version of the imperialism and lust for colonies that had brought Spain the sorry state of his own time." According to Sumner, imperialism would enthrone a new group of "plutocrats," or businesspeople who depended on government subsidies and contracts.

Sociologist
As a sociologist, his major accomplishments were developing the concepts of diffusion, folkways, and ethnocentrism. Sumner's work with folkways led him to conclude that attempts at government-mandated reform were useless.

In 1876, Sumner became the first to teach a course titled "sociology" in the English-speaking world. The course focused on the thought of Auguste Comte and Herbert Spencer, precursors of the formal academic sociology that would be established 20 years later by Émile Durkheim, Max Weber, and others in Europe. He was the second president of American Sociological Association serving from 1908 to 1909, and succeeding his longtime ideological opponent Lester F. Ward.

In 1880, Sumner was involved in one of the first cases of academic freedom. Sumner and the Yale president at the time, Noah Porter, did not agree on the use of Herbert Spencer's "Study of Sociology" as part of the curriculum. Spencer's application of supposed "Darwinist" ideas to the realm of humans may have been slightly too controversial at this time of curriculum reform. On the other hand, even if Spencer's ideas were not generally accepted, it is clear that his social ideas influenced Sumner in his written works.

Sumner and Social Darwinism
William Graham Sumner was influenced by many people and ideas such as Herbert Spencer and this has led many to associate Sumner with social Darwinism.

In 1881, Sumner wrote an essay titled "Sociology." In the essay, Sumner focused on the connection between sociology and biology. He explained that there are two sides to the struggle for survival of a human. The first side is a "struggle for existence," which is a relationship between man and nature. The second side would be the "competition for life," which can be identified as a relationship between man and man. The first is a biological relationship with nature and the second is a social link, thus sociology. Man would struggle against nature to obtain essential needs such as food or water and in turn this would create the conflict between man and man in order to obtain needs from a limited supply. Sumner believed that man could not abolish the law of "survival of the fittest," and that humans could only interfere with it and in so doing, produce the "unfit."

According to Jeff Riggenbach, the identification of Sumner as a social Darwinist

Historian Mike Hawkins, however, argues that it is accurate to describe Sumner as a social Darwinist because Sumner draws directly upon evolutionary theory to explain society and dictate policy.

Sumner was a critic of natural rights, famously arguing

Warfare
Another example of social Darwinist influence in Sumner's work was his analysis of warfare in one of his essays in the 1880s. Contrary to some beliefs, Sumner did not believe that warfare was a result of primitive societies; he suggested that "real warfare" came from more developed societies. It was believed that primitive cultures would have war as a "struggle for existence," but Sumner believed that war in fact came from a "competition for life." Although war was sometimes man against nature, fighting another tribe for their resources, it was more often a conflict between man and man, for example, one man fighting against another man because of their different ideologies. Sumner explained that the competition for life was the reason for war and that is why war has always existed and always will.

"The Forgotten Man"
The theme of "the forgotten man" was developed by Sumner over a series of 11 essays published in 1883 in Harper's Weekly, and further developed in two speeches delivered that year. Sumner argued that, in his day, politics was being subverted by those proposing a "measure of relief for the evils which have caught public attention." He wrote:

Sumner's "forgotten man" and its relationship to Franklin Roosevelt's "forgotten man" is the subject of Amity Shlaes's The Forgotten Man.

Legacy
Sumner's popular essays gave him a wide audience for his laissez-faire advocacy of free markets, anti-imperialism, and the gold standard. Sumner had a long-term influence over modern American conservatism as a leading intellectual of the Gilded Age.

Thousands of Yale students took his courses, and many remarked on his influence. His essays were very widely read among intellectuals, and men of affairs. Among Sumner's students were the anthropologist Albert Galloway Keller, the economist Irving Fisher, and the champion of an anthropological approach to economics, Thorstein Bunde Veblen.

The World War II Liberty Ship  was named in his honor.

Yale University has maintained a professorship named in Sumner's honor. The following have been the William Graham Sumner Professor of Sociology at Yale University:
 1909–1942: Albert Galloway Keller (1874–1956)
 1942–1954: Maurice Rae Davie (1914–1975)
 1963–1970: August Hollingshead (1907–1980)
 1970–1993: Albert J. Reiss Jr. (1922–2006)
 1999–2009: Iván Szelényi
 2011–2015: Richard Breen

Works
Sumner's works number "around 300 items" including books and articles on "economics, political science and sociology."

Books and pamphlets
 The Books of the Kings (Scribner, Armstrong & Co, 1872) Sumner wrote section on 2 Kings.
 A History of American Currency: with chapters on the English bank restriction and Austrian paper money: to which is appended "The bullion report" (New York: H. Holt and Co., 1874)
 What Social Classes Owe to Each Other (New York: Harper and Bros., 1883)
 Protection and revenue in 1877: a lecture delivered before the "New York Free Trade Club," April 18, 1878 (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878)
 Our Revenue System and the Civil Service: Shall They Be Reformed? (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1878)] contains preface by Sumner.
 Bimetalism: from the Princeton Review, 1879
 Andrew Jackson as a Public Man (Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin and Company, 1882)
 Lectures on the History of Protection in the United States: delivered before the International Free-Trade Alliance (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1883)
 Problems in Political Economy (New York: H. Holt and Company, 1883)
 Protectionism: the -ism Which Teaches that Waste Makes Wealth (New York: H. Holt and Company, 1885)
 Collected Essays in Political and Social Science (New York: Henry Holt and company, 1885)
 Alexander Hamilton (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1890)
 The Financier & the Finances of the American Revolution, Vol 1 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1891)
 The Financier & the Finances of the American Revolution, Vol 2 (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1891)
 Robert Morris (New York: Dodd, Mead, and Co., 1892). Morris' life adapted from The Financier & the Finances of the American Revolution
 A History of Banking in all the Leading Nations, Vol 1, edited by the editor of the Journal of Commerce and Commercial Bulletin (New York: The Journal of Commerce, 1896).
 The Conquest of the United States by Spain: a lecture before the Phi Beta Kappa Society of Yale University, January 16, 1899 (Boston: Dana Estes, 1899).
 The Predominant Issue: Reprinted from The International Monthly, November 1900 (Burlington, VT, The International Monthly, 1901)
 Folkways: a study of the sociological importance of usages, manners, customs, mores, and morals (Boston: Ginn and Co., 1906)
 Address of William Graham Sumner (New York: Reform Club Committee on Tariff Reform, June 2, 1906)
 The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 1 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)
 The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 2 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)
 The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller, Vol. 3 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)
 The Science of Society, with Albert G. Keller and Maurice Rea Davie, Vol .4 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1927; London: H. Milford, Oxford University Press, 1927)

Collected Essays
 War, and other essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1911). Keller's "Introduction" contains a verbal portrait of Sumner.
 Earth Hunger and Other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, Yale University, 1913)
 The Challenge of Facts: and Other Essays, ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1914)
 The Forgotten Man, and Other Essays ed. Albert Galloway Keller (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1918)
 Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, eds. Albert Galloway Keller and Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1934)
 Sumner Today: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, with Comments by American leaders, ed. Maurice R. Davie (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940)
 The Forgotten Man's Almanac Rations of Common Sense from William Graham Sumner , ed. A. G. Keller (New Haven: Yale University Press London, H. Milford, Oxford University Press,1943)
 Social Darwinism: Selected Essays of William Graham Sumner, ed. Stow Persons (Englewood Cliff, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963).
 The Conquest of the United States by Spain, and Other essays  ed. Murray Polner (Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1965)
 On Liberty, Society, and Politics: The Essential Essays of William Graham Sumner, ed. Robert C. Bannister (Indianapolis: Liberty Fund, 1992)

Periodical Publications (not in collections)
 "The Crisis of the Protestant Episcopal Church", The Nation 13 (October 5, 1871): 22–23
 "The Causes of the Farmer's Discontent", The Nation 16 (June 5, 1873): 381–382
 "Monetary Development", 1875, Harper's 51:304.
 "Professor Walker on bi-Metallism", The Nation 26 (February 7, 1878): 94–96
 "Socialism", Scribner's Monthly 16:6 (1878): 887–893.
 "Protective Taxes and Wages", North American Review 136 (1883): 270–276
 "The Survival of the Fittest:" Index n.s. 4 (May 29, 1884): 567 (June 19, 1884), 603–604
 "Evils of the Tariff System", North American Review 139 (1884): 293–299
 "The Indians in 1887", Forum 3 (May 1887): 254–262
 "The Proposed Dual Organization of Mankind", Popular Science Monthly 49 (1896): 433–439
 "Suicidal Fanaticism in Russia", Popular Science Monthly 60 (1902): 442–447
 "The Bequests of the Nineteenth Century to the Twentieth", Yale Review 22 (1933 [ written 1901] ), 732–754
 "Modern Marriage", Yale Review 13 (1924): 249–275.

Notes

Further reading
 Bannister, Robert C., Jr. "William Graham Sumner's Social Darwinism: a Reconsideration". History of Political Economy 1973 5(1): 89–109.  Looks at Sumner's ideas, especially as revealed in Folkways (1906) and his other writings. Contrary to the position of the kind of social Darwinism sometimes attributed to him, he insisted equally on a distinction between the "struggle for existence" of man against nature and the "competition of life" among men in society. Sumner did not really equate might and right, and did not reduce everything finally to social power.

 Barnes, Harry Elmer, "Two Representative Contributions of Sociology to Political Theory: The Doctrines of William Graham Sumner and Lester Frank Ward", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jul., 1919), pp. 1–23
 Beito, David T. and Beito, Linda Royster, "Gold Democrats and the Decline of Classical Liberalism, 1896–1900", Independent Review 4 (Spring 2000), 555–575.
 Bledstein, Burton J., "Noah Porter versus William Graham Sumner", Church History, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Sep., 1974), pp. 340–439.
 Carver, T. N, "William Graham Sumner (1840–1910)", Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 10 (Sep. 1918), pp. 865–867.
 Curtis, Bruce. William Graham Sumner. (Twayne's United States Authors Series, no. 391.) Twayne, 1981. 186 pp.
 Curtis, Bruce. "William Graham Sumner 'On the Concentration of Wealth'". Journal of American History 1969 55(4): 823–832.  Fulltext in Jstor. Sumner has usually been considered a dogmatic defender of laissez-faire and of conservative social Darwinism. But an examination of his unpublished essay of 1909, "On the Concentration of Wealth" (here published in full), reveals that his earlier views were subject to modification. In this 1909 essay he shows his concern for pervasive corporate monopoly as a threat to social equality and democratic government. His analysis was akin to that of a Wilsonian Progressive, although his remedies were vague and incomplete. This stand against plutocracy was consistent with his life and consisted of a long defense of a middle-class society against the pressures of greedy self-interest groups and demos, the mob. Earlier he was most concerned with threats from corrupt politicians. Later plutocracy threatened the middle classes through abuses which might have led to class warfare.
 Curtis, Bruce. "William Graham Sumner and the Problem of Progress". New England Quarterly 1978 51(3): 348–369.  Fulltext in Jstor. Sumner was one of the few late-19th-century Americans to reject a belief in inevitable human progress. Influenced by his understanding of Darwinism, Malthusian theory, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics, he came to believe the ancient doctrine of cycles in human affairs and in the universe. Based on Sumner's classroom notes and other writings.
 Curtis, Bruce. "Victorians Abed: William Graham Sumner on the Family, Women and Sex". American Studies 1977 18(1): 101–122. . Asks, did a Victorian consensus concerning sexuality exist? Sumner's life reveals many tensions and inconsistencies, although he generally supported the sexual status quo. His ideal of the middle-class family, nonetheless, led him to oppose the double sexual standard and to question the idea of a stable Victorian consensus on sexuality. He supported humane divorce policies and kinder treatment for prostitutes, and recognized women as sexual beings.
 Garson, Robert and Maidment, Richard. "Social Darwinism and the Liberal Tradition: the Case of William Graham Sumner". South Atlantic Quarterly 1981 80(1): 61–76. . Argues Sumner, drew upon themes and ideas that were firmly established in the political consciousness of Americans. The introduction of such devices as the struggle for survival and the competition of life served in fact to dramatize and highlight some of the central concerns of liberalism. When Sumner did repudiate certain fundamental premises of the liberal tradition, he did so on the grounds that the tradition was misconstrued and not because it was unsustainable. He did not discard liberal theory nor did he lose sight of its principal threads.
 Hartnett, Robert C., S. J. "An Appraisal of Sumner's Folkways", The American Catholic Sociological Review, Vol. 3, No. 4 (Dec., 1942), pp. 193–203.
 Hofstadter, Richard. "William Graham Sumner, Social Darwinist", The New England Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Sep. 1941), pp. 457–477, reprinted in Hofstadter, Social Darwinism in American Thought, 1860–1915 (1944).
 Keller, A. G., "William Graham Sumner", American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 15, No. 6 (May, 1910), pp. 832–35. Eulogy written shortly after Sumner died.
 Lee, Alfred Mcclung. "The Forgotten Sumner". Journal of the History of Sociology 1980–1981 3(1): 87–106. . Sumner as sociologist.
 Marshall, Jonathan. "William Graham Sumner: Critic of Progressive Liberalism". Journal of Libertarian Studies 1979 3(3): 261–277.
 McCloskey, Robert Green. "American conservatism in the age of enterprise, 1865–1910: A study of William Graham Sumner, Stephen J. Field, and Andrew Carnegie" (1964). It discusses Sumner's support for laissez-faire economics, free markets, anti-imperialism and the gold standard. It discusses Sumner's influence over modern conservatism as a leading intellectual of the Gilded Age.
 Pickens, Donald. "William Graham Sumner as a Critic of the Spanish American War". Continuity 1987 (11): 75–92.
 Pickens, Donald K. "William Graham Sumner: Moralist as Social Scientist". Social Science 1968 43(4): 202–209. . Sumner shared many intellectual assumptions with 18th-century Scottish moral philosophers, such as Adam Smith, Thomas Reid, and Dugald Stewart. They were part of ethical naturalism. The major reason for this ideological kinship was the historical fact that Scottish moral philosophy was one of the major sources for modern social science. Sumner's Folkways [1907] illustrates the Scottish influence.
 Shone, Steve J. "Cultural Relativism and the Savage: the Alleged Inconsistency of William Graham Sumner". American Journal of Economics and Sociology 2004 63(3): 697–715.  Fulltext online in Swetswise, Ingenta, and Ebsco
 Sklansky, Jeff. "Pauperism and Poverty: Henry George, William Graham Sumner, and the Ideological Origins of Modern American Social Science". Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 1999 35(2): 111–138.  Fulltext online at Swetswise and Ebsco
 Smith, Norman E. and Hinkle, Roscoe C. "Sumner Versus Keller and the Social Evolutionism of Early American Sociology". Sociological Inquiry 1979 49(1): 41–48.  Based on the contents of two recently discovered unpublished manuscripts of Sumner, concludes that he came to reject the basic premises of social evolutionism, 1900–10, and that his apparent support for the theory as stated in The Science of Society (1927, printed 17 years after Sumner's death) was actually the thought of Albert Galloway Keller, with whom he collaborated.
 Smith, Norman Erik. "William Graham Sumner as an Anti-social Darwinist". Pacific Sociological Review 1979 22(3): 332–347.  Sumner clearly rejected social Darwinism in the final decade of his career, 1900–10.

External links

 William Graham Sumner papers at Yale University Library
 Connecticut's Heritage Gateway
 Biography at ASA
 Works by William Graham Sumner
 Major Works of William Graham Sumner
 Review materials for studying William Graham Sumner

 William Graham Sumner, Selected writings
 The Conquest of the United States by Spain Scalable text on white, grey or black backgrounds.

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19th-century American essayists
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William Graham Sumner


عقد 780 هو عقد امتد بين 1 يناير 780 و31 ديسمبر 789 بحسب التقويم الميلادي. سبقه عقد 770 ولحقه عقد 790.

أحداث

 معركة كوبيداندون (788)
 موقعة فخ (786)
 مجمع نيقية الثاني (787)

مواليد

 ابن ذكوان (789)
 محمد بن سعد البغدادي (784)
 ابن الزيات (789)
 موسى بن موسى (785)
 أبو عبد الله محمد الأمين (787)
 آدي شانكارا (788)
 أبو محمد زيادة الله بن إبراهيم (788)
 زرياب (789)
 الزبير بن بكار (788)
 جانغ بو غو (787)
 إبراهيم بن عباس الصولي (783)

وفيات

 عبد الرحمن بن رستم (784)
 حماد بن سلمة (783)
 أدلكيس (788)
 فيرغيليوس سالزبورغ (784)
 المفضل (781)
 بشار بن برد (784)
 ليو الرابع (780)
 موريجاتوس الأستورياسي (788)
 الحسين بن يحيى الأنصاري (781)
 المقنع الخراساني (783)
 الخيزران بنت عطاء (789)

كتب

 موسوعة حضارة العالم (2002) لأحمد محمد عوف.

مراجع

روابط خارجية

 تصفح سنة بسنة عقد 780 ابتداءً من

عقد 780


Triarchy of the Lost Lovers treći je studijski album grčkog black metal-sastava Rotting Christ. Album je u travnju 1996. objavila diskografska kuća Century Media. Prvi je uradak skupine na kojem je primjetan jači utjecaj gothic metala.

Popis pjesama

Izvođači
 Necromayhem – vokal, gitara
 Necrosauron – bubnjevi
 Mutilator – bas-gitara

Produkcijsko osoblje
 Harry Busse – slike
 Andy "Angelraper" Classen – produkcija, inženjer zvuka
 Carsten Drescher – grafički dizajn, dizajn
 Stephen Kasner – omot albuma, dizajn omota, grafički dizajn

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
''Triarchy of the Lost Lovers na Discogsu

Albumi sastava Rotting Christ
Albumi iz 1996.

Triarchy of the Lost Lovers


Helgi Þór Ingason (f. 13. febrúar 1965) er íslenskur verkfræðingur og tónlistarmaður og starfar sem prófessor við Háskólann í Reykjavík. Ásamt fræðastörfum og kennslu hefur Helgi Þór meðal annars starfað tímabundið sem forstjóri Orkuveitu Reykjavíkur og framkvæmdastjóri SORPU og stýrt fyrirtækjunum í gegnum umfangsmikil breytingaferli.

Æviágrip
Helgi Þór Ingason fæddist í Reykjavík og foreldrar hans eru Katrín Sigurðardóttir húsmæðrakennari og Ingi Viðar Árnason framhaldsskólakennari. Helgi Þór lauk stúdentsprófi frá Menntaskólanum við Sund 1985. Hann lauk CS prófi í véla- og iðnaðarverkfræði frá Verkfræðideild Háskóla Íslands 1989, MSc prófi í verkfræði frá sama skóla 1990 og doktorsprófi í vélaverkfræði - með sérhæfingu í framleiðsluferlum í stóriðju - frá Norska Tækniháskólanum í Þrándheimi í árslok 1994. Helgi Þór hefur alþjóðlega vottun sem verkefnastjóri (Certified Senior Project Manager) og hann lauk SCPM prófi í verkefnastjórnun frá Stanford University 2010. Helgi Þór lærði á píanó hjá Jóni Stefánssyni organista og kórstjóra og í Tónskóla Sigursveins og hann nam við Jassdeild Tónlistarskóla FÍH um nokkurra ára skeið.

Helgi Þór er forstöðumaður og leiðandi fyrirlesari í MPM námi  við Háskólann í Reykjavík, sem er fjögurra missera meistaranám í verkefnastjórnun. Helstu áherslusvið hans eru verkefnastjórnun, gæðastjórnun, kvik kerfislíkön og nýting endurnýjanlegrar orku. Helgi Þór hefur kynnt rannsóknir sínar á ráðstefnum og í ritrýndum ráðstefnum. Hann er meðhöfundur nokkurra bóka um verkefnastjórnun, vöruþróun og gæðastjórnun. Útgefandi bóka Helga Þórs á Íslandi er Forlagið en erlendis er það Taylor & Francis sem gefur bækur hans út. Hann hlaut heiðurmerki Verkfræðingafélags Íslands árið 2016.

Helgi Þór hefur starfað sem framkvæmdastjóri SORPU, forstjóri Orkuveitu Reykjavíkur og dósent við Háskóla Íslands. Hann hefur veitt mörgum fyrirtækjum og stofnunum ráðgjöf undir nafni Nordica ráðgjafar ehf sem hann á og rekur ásamt Dr. Hauki Inga Jónassyni samstarfsmanni sínum. Undir merkjum Nordica hafa þeir félagar haldið úti námsprógramminu Verkefnastjórnun og leiðtogaþjálfun síðan árið 2003. Helgi Þór var forstöðumaður rannsókna og áður einn af sex stjórnarmönnum í rannsóknarráði (Research Management Board) IPMA - Alþjóðasamtaka verkefnastjórnunarfélaga. Í doktorsnámi sínu vann Helgi Þór að rannsóknum fyrir Íslenska járnblendifélagið á Grundartanga og varð síðar sérfræðingur á rannsókna- og þróunardeild félagsins og aðstoðarmaður framkvæmdastjóra félagsins og ritari stjórnar.

Í frítíma sínum spilar Helgi Þór á píanó og harmóniku og hann starfaði árum saman með Kór Langholtskirkju. Helgi Þór hefur leikið inn á 6 hljómplötur með þjóðlagasveitinni South River Band og eina hljómplötu með þjóðlagasveitinni Kólgu. Einnig hefur Helgi Þór gefið út hljómdiskinn Gamla hverfið með frumsaminni tónlist.

Heimasíða
Helgi Þór heldur úti heimasíðu og þar má m.a. finna bloggsíðu með pistlum sem hann hefur skrifað á undanförnum árum, sumir þeirra hafa birst í Viðskiptablaðinu.

Bækur
Ingason H.T.,Quality management - a project management perspective, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, UK 2020.

Jonasson H.I. & Ingason H.T. Project: Communication, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, UK/New York 2019.

Ingason H.T. & Jonasson H.I., Project: Execution, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, UK 2019.

Jonasson H.I. & Ingason H.T. Project: Leadership, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, UK/New York 2018.

Ingason H.T. and Jonasson H.I., Project: Strategy, Routledge/Taylor & Francis, UK/New York 2018.

Gunnarsdottir A. H. and Ingason, H.Th. Afburðastjórnun (a textbook on excellence in management). Published by Forlagid in December 2017.

Ingason, H.Th. Gæðastjórnun - samræmi, samhljómur og skipulag (a textbook on quality management). Published by Forlagid in April 2015.

Haukur Ingi Jonasson & Helgi Thor Ingason. Project ethics. Gower. UK. January 2013. (http://www.ashgate.com/isbn/9781409410966)

Helgi Þór Ingason & Haukur Ingi Jónasson. Project management skills - Skipulagsfærni (in Icelandic). JPV publishing, January 2012.

Haukur Ingi Jónasson & Helgi Þór Ingason. Communication skills - Samskiptafærni (in Icelandic). JPV publishing, January  2012.

Helgi Þór Ingason & Haukur Ingi Jónasson. Strategic planning skills (in Icelandic). JPV publishing, August 2011.

Haukur Ingi Jónasson & Helgi Þór Ingason. Leadership skills (in Icelandic). JPV publishing, August 2011.

Nokkrar ritrýndar greinar
Helgi Thor Ingason, Thordur V. Fridgeirsson, Haukur Ingi Jonasson: Project Management in Iceland: Expected Future Trends for Project Management and the Project Management Profession. Icelandic Journal of Engineering (Verktækni), Vol. 1, 2020.

Thordur V. Fridgeirsson, Helgi Thor Ingason, Haukur Ingi Jonasson: Project Management in Iceland: Current and Future Importance of Project Management within the Icelandic Economy. Icelandic Journal of Engineering (Verktækni), Vol. 1, 2020.

Helgi Thor Ingason, Thordur V. Fridgeirsson, Haukur Ingi Jonasson: The Evolution of Project Management in Iceland: The Path to a Profession. Icelandic Journal of Engineering (Verktækni), Vol. 1, 2020.

Thordur Vikingur Fridgeirsson, Bara Hlin Kristjansdottir and Helgi Thor Ingason: An alternative risk assessment routine for decision making; Toward a VUCA meter to assess the volatility, uncertainty, complexity and ambiguity of complex projects. IPMA world congress, Mexico 2019. Published by Springer Nature Switzerland AG.

Helgi Thor Ingason, Thordur V. Fridgeirsson and Haukur Ingi Jonasson: Projectification in Iceland measured – a comparison of two methods.  International Journal of Managing Projects in Business. ISSN: 1753-8378.

Yvonne-Gabriele, Schoper, Andreas Wald, Helgi Thor Ingason, Thordur Vikingur Fridgeirsson: Projectification in Western economies: A comparative study of Germany, Norway and Iceland. International Journal of Project Management. Vol. 36, No. 1 pp.(71-82), 2018.

Ingason, H. T., & Gudmundsson, G. R. (2018). Is the Flipped Classroom Method Useful for Teaching Project Management? Project Management Research and Practice, 5, ID-5375.

Olafsdottir AH, Stefansson G, Ingason H.Th. (2017). The value of group model building: a stakeholder perspective. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management 20 (1), 99-115.

Ingason, H., & Jónsdóttir, E. (2017). The house of competence of the quality manager. Cogent Business & Management, 4(1), Cogent business & management, 01 January 2017, Vol.4(1).

Olafsdottir, A. H., Ingason, H. T., & Stefansson, G. (2016). Defining the variables for a dynamic model of quality management in the construction industry: results from stakeholder group model-building sessions. International Journal of Productivity and Quality Management, 19(2), 187-208.

Ingason, H. T. (2015). Best Project Management Practices in the Implementation of an ISO 9001 Quality Management System. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 194, 192-200.

Ingason, H. T. (2015). IPMA Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct. International Journal of Project Management, 33(7), 1635.

Ingason, H., & Sigfusson, T. (2014). Processing of Aluminum Dross: The Birth of a Closed Industrial Process. JOM, 66(11), 2235-2242.

Sverrisdottir H.S., Ingason, H. T., & Jonasson H.I. (2014). The Role of the Product Owner in Scrum-comparison between Theory and Practices. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 119, 257-267.

Ingason, H., & Sigfusson, T. (2010). Maximizing industrial infrastructure efficiency in Iceland. JOM, 62(8), 43-49.

Ingason, H., & Jónasson, H. (2009). Contemporary knowledge and skill requirements in project management. Project Management Journal, 40(2), 59-69.
Fólk fætt árið 1965
Stúdentar úr Menntaskólanum við Sund
Íslenskir verkfræðingar
Prófessorar við Háskólann í Reykjavík

Helgi Þór Ingason


Der Winter- oder Zitzen-Stielbovist (Tulostoma brumale) ist eine Pilzart aus der Familie der Champignonverwandten und innerhalb der Gattung der häufigste Vertreter.

Merkmale

Makroskopische Merkmale
Der Fruchtkörper wächst unterirdisch heran. Er besitzt einen 1–4,5 cm langen Stiel. Seine Oberfläche ist blass ockerfarbenen und weist anliegende bis abstehende Schuppen auf. Er ist in den Kopfteil eingesenkt und besitzt eine zähe und feste Konsistenz.

Der Kopf ist kugelförmig und 4–10 mm breit. Er ist blass lederockerlich oder grau, im Alter schmutzig weiß gefärbt. Das Peristom ist zitzenförmig und befindet sich in einem braunen Hof. Die Öffnung ist deutlich nach oben gerichtet und glattrandig. Die äußere Hülle (Exoperidie) ist schnell vergänglich und bei älteren Fruchtkörpern kaum noch zu sehen. Die innere Hülle (Endoperidie) ist pergamentartig und glatt.

Das Sporenpulver ist rostbraun.

Mikroskopische Merkmale
Die Sporen sind mehr oder weniger kugelig und (3,5-)4–4,3(-4,8) Mikrometer groß. Ihre Oberfläche ist stumpf warzig. Die elastischen, farblosen und dickwandigen Hyphen des Capillitiums messen 3–7 mm in der Breite und sind mit kleinen Kristallen bedeckt. Sie sind dichotom verzweigt und an den Septen stark erweitert.

Artabgrenzung
Die Gattung der Stielboviste (Tulostoma) ist durch die rundlichen Sporenkapseln auf den deutlich abgesetzten Stielen gut zu erkennen. Innerhalb der Gattung ist der Zitzen-Stielbovist durch das zitzenförmige Peristom innerhalb eines dunkleren Hofes und den ockerfarbenen Stiel sowie mikroskopisch durch das an den Septen deutlich erweiterte Capillitium gekennzeichnet. Ähnlich ist der Schwarzbehöfte Stielbovist (Tulostoma melanocyclum) mit dunklerem Stiel und in der Regel etwas dunklerem Hof. Sein Capillitium weist keine Kristalle auf und ist an den Septen kaum erweitert. Der Gewimperte Stielbovist (Tulostoma fimbriatum) besitzt ein nach oben hin verjüngtes Peristom mit fransigem Rand. Auch sein Capillitium ist an den Septen nicht erweitert. Der Dünen-Stielbovist (Tulostoma kotlabae) besitzt manchmal ebenfalls ein an den Septen erweitertes Capillitium. Er hat jedoch keinen dunklen Hof und einen weißlichen Stiel.

Ökologie
Der Winter-Stielbovist ist meist auf flachgründigen und kalkhaltigen, neutralen Sand- und Lehmböden zu finden. Diese sind oft über Kalkstein, Kalksand, Gips oder basischem Eruptivgestein ausgebildet. So kommt der Pilz in lückigen Trocken-, Halbtrocken- und Sandrasen, sowie manchmal auch auf Mauern und an Straßenböschungen auf kalkhaltigen oder neutralen Böden vor. Oft ist er dabei bei dem Dach-Drehzahnmoos (Tortula ruralis) und nahe verwandten Arten anzutreffen. Die Fruchtkörper erscheinen meist spät im Jahr, im Oktober und November und überdauern oft bis ins Frühjahr.

Verbreitung
Der Winter-Stielbovist ist in Nordamerika, Europa, Zentralasien und im Iran verbreitet. In Australien und Neuseeland wurde er eingeschleppt. In Europa reicht das Gebiet vom Mittelmeer bis Irland, Südschottland und dem mittleren Fennoskandinavien im Norden. In den Schweizer Zentralalpen ist die Art bis in eine Höhe von 2400 Metern über dem Meeresspiegel anzutreffen.

Quellen

Literatur
 German Josef Krieglsteiner (Hrsg.), Andreas Gminder, Wulfard Winterhoff: Die Großpilze Baden-Württembergs. Band 2: Ständerpilze: Leisten-, Keulen-, Korallen- und Stoppelpilze, Bauchpilze, Röhrlings- und Täublingsartige. Ulmer, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-8001-3531-0.
 Hans E. Laux, Andreas Gminder: Der große Kosmos-Pilzführer. Alle Speisepilze mit ihren giftigen Doppelgängern. Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-440-12408-6.

Weblinks

Champignonverwandte

Winter-Stielbovist


Dvoranski Kup Hrvatske u hokeju za žene za 2017. je osvojila ekipa "Mladosti" iz Zagreba. Natjecanje je održano 17. prosinca 2017.

Sudionici
 Mladost - Zagreb
 Trešnjevka - Zagreb
 Zelina - Sveti Ivan Zelina
 Zrinjevac - Zagreb

Rezultati

Povezani članci
 Prvenstvo Hrvatske u dvoranskom hokeju za žene 2018.
 Kup Hrvatske u hokeju na travi za žene 2018.

Izvori

 hhs-chf.hr, ZVJEŠĆE VODITELJA NATJECANJA - KUP HRVATSKE 2017 - SENIORI, br. 264 / 17 , objavljeno 20. prosinca 2017., preuzeto 31. prosinca 2017.

2017

Kup Hrvatske u dvoranskom hokeju za žene 2017.


Vukovarska pasija i križni put je hrvatski dokumentarni film Hrvatske televizije, redatelja Eduarda Galića. Stručni suradnik i ilustrator u izradi dokumentarnog filma bio je Nenad Barinić.

Izvori

Hrvatski dokumentarni filmovi o Bitki za Vukovar

Vukovarska pasija i križni put


Jeg Fyrer Hit Efter Hit Af er det andet studiealbum fra den satiriske musikduo Je m'appelle Mads fra 2005. Albummet modtog fire ud af seks stjerner i musikmagasinet GAFFA.

Spor
 "Hvis Du Vil Ha Et Hit" - 3:09
 "Danmark" - 2:42
 "Der Er 13 Piger" - 2:58
 "Den Store Forskel" - 2:58
 "Til Fest Med De Kendte" - 2:09
 "Klip Klip Klip" - 2:57
 "Snakker Og Taler" - 2:21
 "Vi Kommer Sammen" - 3:02
 "Vi Kommer Stadig Sammen" - 0:44
 "Amerika" - 2:23
 "Ups Den Sved" - 2:44
 "Hittet Om Kroppen" - 2:42

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
Jeg Fyrer Hit Efter Hit Af på Discogs

Album fra 2005
Je m'appelle Mads
Album fra Danmark

Jeg Fyrer Hit Efter Hit Af


Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei (Roma, 28 de maio de 1748 - Roma, 24 de julho de 1833) foi um cardeal italiano.

Nascimento
Nasceu em Roma em 28 de maio de 1748. Segundo dos quatro filhos do príncipe Girolamo Mattei e sua segunda esposa, Maria Caterina Altieri. Os outros irmãos eram Alessandro Mattei (cardeal, 1779), Carlo Maria Mattei (cônego da basílica patriarcal do Vaticano); e Maria Eugenia (freira em Regina Coeli. O príncipe Girolamo teve um filho, Giuseppe (quarto duque de Giove), de sua primeira esposa Anna Maria Falconieri. Sobrinho dos cardeais Luigi Mattei (1753); e Vincenzo Maria Altieri (1777). Outros cardeais da família Mattei foram Girolamo Mattei (1586); Gaspare Mattei (1643); Orazio Mattei (1686); e Ruggero Luigi Emidio Antici Mattei (1875). Outro cardeal da família Altieri foi Giambattista Altieri , sênior (1643).

Educação
Recebeu o título de doutor in utroque iuris, tanto em direito civil quanto em direito canônico, por graça especial de Sua Santidade, em 29 de dezembro de 1801.

Início da vida
Cônego da basílica patriarcal do Vaticano em 1771; ele manteve esta posição até sua morte.

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 13 de junho de 1772. Referendário dos Tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica da Justiça e da Graça. Prelado doméstico de Sua Santidade, 1787. Secretário da SC de Indulgências e Relíquias Sagradas. Cânone da basílica patriarcal de Latrão. Secretário da SC da Visita Apostólica.

Episcopado
Eleito patriarca latino titular de Antioquia em 27 de setembro de 1822. Consagrado em Roma em 29 de setembro de 1822 pelo cardeal Giulio Maria della Somaglia, bispo de Ostia e Velletri, decano do Sacro Colégio dos Cardeais, coadjuvado por Gianfrancesco Falzacappa, arcebispo titular de Atena e secretário da SC do Concílio, e por Antonio Baldini, arcebispo titular de Neocesarea em Ponto e deputado dos mosteiros de Roma. Em 1826, ele recusou a nomeação para arcebispo de Ferrara.

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 15 de abril de 1833; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 18 de abril de 1833; morreu antes do consistório para a atribuição do título que foi realizado em 29 de julho de 1833.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 24 de julho de 1833, à tarde. Exposto e enterrado na igreja de S. Maria in Aracoeli, no túmulo de sua família.

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Gregório XVI

Lorenzo Girolamo Mattei


La cotorrita alirroja (Touit huetii), también denominada lorito de alas rojas y periquito frentinegro, es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Psittacidae que vive en Sudamérica.

Descripción
La cotorrita alirroja mide unos 15 cm de largo. Cuando está posada aparenta ser un loro de plumaje prácticamente verde, con la frente negra que se difumina en azul hacia el inicio de las mejillas. Pero al desplegar las alas muestra sus extremos y partes inferiores azules y las coberteras secundarias inferiores de color rojo intenso. Su pico es amarillento y tienen anillos oculares blancos. La base de su cola es amarilla y los machos presentan las plumas laterales de la cola rojas.

Distribución y hábitat

Se encuentra distribuido de forma discontinua en tres regiones muy separadas del subcontinente sudamericano. Está presente en Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Perú, Trinidad y Tobago y Venezuela.

Su hábitat natural es el dosel de los márgenes de las selvas húmedas tropicales de regiones bajas, hasta 400 m de altitud.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Fotos, vídeos y sonidos de la cotorrita alirroja en Internet Bird Collection

huetii
Aves de América del Sur
Taxones descritos por Coenraad Jacob Temminck
Animales descritos en 1830

Touit huetii


Bohemund VII. (umro 19. listopada 1287.), grof Tripolija od 1275. do 1287. Sin Bohemunda VI. i Sibile, sestre armenskog kralja Lava III. Postao je grofom Tripolija 1275., a majka mu je postala regent. Imao je problema s templarima koji su se utvrdili u Tripoliju. Uzalud je pokušavao ponovno osvojiti Antiohiju, nakon smrti sultana Baibarsa (1277.), koji ju je 1268. preoteo od Bohemundova oca. U samoj godini svoje smrti izgubio je Laodiceju (današnju Latakiju u Siriji), koju je zauzeo egipatski sultan, Baibarsov nasljednik Al-Said Barakah. Dvije godine nakon Bohemundove smrti i Tripoli je pao pod vlast egipatskog sultana.

Izvori

Poitiers od Antiohije

Bohemund VII.


Margaret of Huntingdon (died before 1228) was the eldest daughter of David, Earl of Huntingdon (died 1219) and his wife, Maud (died 1233), sister of Ranulf III, Earl of Chester (died 1232), and daughter of Hugh II, Earl of Chester (died 1181). Margaret was the second wife of Alan, Lord of Galloway (died 1234). She and Alan married in 1209, and had a family of a son and two daughters. The elder daughter, Christiana, married William de Forz (died 1260). The younger daughter, Dervorguilla (died 1290), married John de Balliol, Lord of Barnard Castle (died 1268). Margaret and Alan's son, Thomas—Alan's only legitimate son—may have lived into the 1220s, but died young.

Citations

References

1190s births
13th-century Scottish people
House of Dunkeld
People from Dumfries and Galloway
Scottish princesses
13th-century Scottish women
Year of death unknown
Daughters of Scottish earls

Margaret of Huntingdon, Lady of Galloway


يحوي هذا الملحق قائمة بتشكيلات المنتخبات التي شاركت في بطولة كأس العالم لكرة القدم 1934 التي أقيمت في إيطاليا.

المدرب: فيتوريو بوتسو

المدرب: كاريل بيترو

المدرب: أوتو نيرز

المدرب: هوغو ميسل

المدرب: أماديو غارسيا

المدرب: أودون ناداش

المدرب: هايني مولر

المدرب:  يوزيف ناغي

المدرب:  جورج كيمبتون

المدرب:  بوب غليندينينغ

المدرب: فيليبي باسكوسكي

المدرب: يوزيف أوريديل وكونستانتين رادوليسكو

المدرب:  جيمس ماكراي

المدرب: لويز فينهايس

المدرب: هيكتور غويتينك

المدرب: ديفيد غولد

المصادر

تشكيلات كأس العالم
كأس العالم 1934

تشكيلات منتخبات كأس العالم 1934


Bu madde Roma'nın kurucuları ile ilgilidir. Uzay Yolu'nun hayalî dünyaları için Romulus ve Remus (Uzay Yolu) maddesine bakınız

Romulus ve Remus, Roma Mitolojisine göre MÖ 753'te Roma şehrinin kurucularıdır.  Efsaneye göre Savaş Tanrısı Mars ile Rhea Silvia'nın ikizleridir. Ataları ise Truva'dan kaçan Afrodit'in oğlu Prens Aeneas'tır. Aeneas, Hektor'un kuzenidir.

Romulus, Roma şehrini beraber kurduğu kardeşi Remus'u öldürerek tahtın tek sahibi olmuştur. Remus, Romulus ile dalga geçtiği için Romulus'un Remus'u öldürdüğü sanılır.  Gerçekte yaşayıp, yaşamadığı bilinmeyen Romulus'un tarihsel bir kişi olduğu şüphelidir. 22 Şubat 2020'de, Roma'da süregelen kazılarda bulunan bir lahitin Romulus'a ait olabileceği söylendi ancak lahitin, kalıntı içermemesi sebebiyle kesin bir sonuca varılamayacağı da ifade edildi.

İtalyan mitolojisine Etrüskler (Tuskiler) aracılığıyla geçmiş olan bir söylencedir. Türklerin mağarada kurt tarafından beslenen çocuk motifi ile birebir aynıdır. Romus ve Romulus iki (veya ikiz) kardeştirler ve Roma şehrini kurmuşlardır. Bir ırmağa bırakılırlar ve dişi bir kurt onları sudan çıkararak bir mağarada emzirir. Daha sonra çiftçi bir aile tarafından bulunarak evlat edinilirler. Roma şehrini kurmak için de kurt tarafından emzirildikleri yeri seçerler. Bu yerin etrafını çevirirken tartışmaya başlar ve kavga ederler bunun üzerine Romulus kardeşi Romus'u öldürür. Böylece kurduğu kent devletinin ilk hakanı kendisi olur. Kardeşleri besleyen Lupa kara renkli olarak betimlenir.

Roma'nın merkezinde heykelleri vardır.

Görseller

Ayrıca bakınız
 Kurt Ana
 Kurt Ata

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Antik Roma'nın Kuruluş Efsanesi
Doğu ve Batı Mitolojilerinde Kurt

MÖ 8. yüzyıl Romalıları
Ares'in çocukları
Roma Kralları
Kardeşler
İkizler

Roma mitolojisinde krallar
Dişi kurt (Roma mitolojisi)

Romulus ve Remus