Mary Sue Hubbard (née Whipp; June 17, 1931 – November 25, 2002) was the third wife of L. Ron Hubbard, from 1952 until his death in 1986. She was a leading figure in  Scientology for much of her life. The Hubbards had four children: Diana (born 1952), Quentin (1954–1976), Suzette (born 1955), and Arthur (born 1958).

She became involved in Hubbard's Dianetics in 1951, while still a student at the University of Texas at Austin, becoming a Dianetics auditor. She soon became involved in a relationship with Hubbard and married him in March 1952. She accompanied her husband to Phoenix, Arizona, where they established the Hubbard Association of Scientologists – the forerunner of the Church of Scientology, which was itself founded in 1953. She was credited with helping to coin the word "Scientology", going on to play a leading role in the management of the Church of Scientology and rising to become the head of the Church's Guardian's Office (GO). In August 1978, she was indicted by the United States government on charges of conspiracy relating to illegal covert operations mounted by the Guardian's Office against government agencies. She was convicted in December 1979 and was sentenced to five years' imprisonment and the payment of a $10,000 fine. She was forced to resign her post in 1981 and served a year in prison in 1983, after exhausting her appeals against her conviction.

In the late 1990s, Hubbard fell ill with breast cancer and died in 2002.

Early life and involvement in Dianetics
Mary Sue Whipp was born in Rockdale, Texas, to Harry Hughes Whipp (Sept 2, 1893 – Oct 30, 1942) and Mary Catherine (née Hill) Whipp. She grew up in Houston, where she attended Rice University for a year before moving on to the University of Texas at Austin, from which she graduated as a Bachelor of Arts. She originally intended to work in petroleum research, but a friend persuaded her to travel with him to Wichita, Kansas, in mid-1951 to take a Dianetics course at the Hubbard Dianetic Foundation. She soon began an affair with Hubbard, who had just been divorced from his second wife Sara, and moved in with him within a few weeks of arriving in Wichita. She obtained a Hubbard Dianetic Auditor's Certificate and joined the Foundation's staff.

She became pregnant in February 1952, and married Hubbard the next month. By this time, the Foundation had filed for bankruptcy, and Hubbard's erstwhile backer, Don Purcell, was left to deal with its substantial debts. A bitter dispute broke out between the men over the ownership of the Foundation's remaining assets, with Hubbard resigning to start a rival "Hubbard College" on the other side of Wichita. Mary Sue was given partial responsibility for running the new Dianetics establishment. After six weeks of operation, it was replaced in April 1952 by the Hubbard Association of Scientologists, established in Phoenix, Arizona, to promote Hubbard's newly announced "science of certainty".

The establishment and expansion of Scientology
The Hubbards traveled to England in September 1952 when Mary Sue was eight months pregnant. According to the Church of Scientology, the reason for the trip was that "amid the constant violence of the turncoat Don J. Purcell of Wichita and his suits which attempted to seize Scientology, Mary Sue became ill and to save her life, Ron took her to England where several Dianetic groups had asked him to form an organization." Russell Miller gives a different explanation: "Hubbard wanted to go to London to establish his control over the small Dianetics group which had formed there spontaneously and Mary Sue insisted on accompanying him." Three weeks later, on September 24, 1952, she gave birth to her first child, Diana Meredith de Wolfe Hubbard. The Hubbards returned to the United States in November when their visa expired and moved into an apartment in Philadelphia.

They went back to London in December on a fresh visa and stayed there until the end of May 1953, before departing for an extended holiday in Spain. In October 1953, they returned to the US where Hubbard gave a series of lectures in Camden, New Jersey, and established the first Church of Scientology. By this time, Mary Sue was well advanced with her second pregnancy and remained largely confined to a rented house at Medford Lakes, New Jersey. They traveled to Phoenix for Christmas 1953, and it was there on January 6, 1954, that Mary Sue gave birth to her second child, Geoffrey Quentin McCaully Hubbard.

The Hubbards lived at a house on Tatum Boulevard (now 5501 North 44th Street) on the slopes of Camelback Mountain in Phoenix for the remainder of 1954. By this time, Mary Sue had become a key figure within the nascent Scientology movement. Although Hubbard himself was much admired by Scientologists, his wife was said to be much less popular. Russell Miller notes:

A family friend, Ray Kemp, later recalled: "their relationship seemed OK, but there never seemed to be a lot of love between them. She was not the affectionate type, she was more efficient than affectionate. They used to have fierce husband and wife domestic arguments." Joan Vidal, a friend of the sculptor Edward Harris, who was commissioned by Hubbard to create a bust of him, described Mary Sue as "a rather drab, mousy, nothing sort of person, quite a bit younger than him." Ken Urquhart, who worked for the Hubbards as their butler in the 1960s, commented that Mary Sue "could be very sweet and loving, but also very cold." Cyril Vosper, one of the Saint Hill staff at the time, noted the differing impressions left by the Hubbards: "I always had great warmth and admiration for Ron – he was a remarkable individual, a constant source of new information and ideas – but I thought Mary Sue was an exceedingly nasty person. She was a bitch."

Mary Sue became pregnant again four months after Quentin's birth, and on February 13, 1955, in Washington, D.C., she gave birth to her second daughter, Mary Suzette Rochelle Hubbard. Following the birth, the Hubbards moved into a house in Silver Spring, Maryland. A "Founding Church of Scientology" was established in Washington, D.C., and Mary Sue became its first Academy Supervisor.

The Hubbards returned again to London at the end of September 1955, where they took over the day-to-day management of the Hubbard Association of Scientologists International. They remained there until 1957, when Hubbard returned to lecture at the Academy of Scientology in Washington, D.C., with Mary Sue and the children following later. By this time Mary Sue was pregnant for a fourth time and gave birth to her final child, Arthur Ronald Conway Hubbard, on June 6, 1958.

A change in the visa regime in the UK enabled foreigners to remain indefinitely if they had sufficient means to support themselves. The Hubbards moved back to London in February 1959, settling for a while in Golders Green. Not long afterwards Hubbard bought Saint Hill Manor at Saint Hill Green, near East Grinstead, West Sussex.  The manor, a country house formerly owned by Sawai Man Singh II, the Maharajah of Jaipur, became both the new home of the Hubbards and the world headquarters of Scientology.

The Hubbards continued to carry out auditing of each other, and in February 1960 Mary Sue wrote to a friend to inform her that her husband had discovered that she had been the writer D.H. Lawrence in a past life. She intended to make use of this discovery by writing a book that would be "completely anti-Christ". The protagonist, "a bastard child", would be the son of the three most virile men in the town (a satire of the Holy Trinity). The mother had slept with all three men on the same night but as she did not know which had fathered the child, had "thereupon decided to call him Ali, son of ----, son of ----, and son of ---- which impressed the local inhabitants and created a stir throughout the country."

By this time, Mary Sue was working as the chief course supervisor at Saint Hill Manor. The Hubbards' relationship was unconventional, as their butler, Ken Urquhart, later recalled: "Neither Ron nor Mary Sue lived the way one might have expected in a house like that. They spent most of their time working; there was very little socializing. They would go to bed very late, usually in the small hours of the morning, and get up in the early afternoon ... [Mary Sue] had a separate bedroom, but usually had breakfast with him – scrambled eggs, sausages, mushrooms and tomatoes. After breakfast he would go into his office and I would rarely see him again until six-thirty when I had to have the table laid for dinner. At six-twenty-five I would go into his office with a jacket for him to wear to table and after dinner they would spend an hour or so watching television with the children and then he and Mary Sue would return to work in their separate offices."

On January 26, 1967, Mary Sue was confirmed as a Scientology "Clear", a somewhat elite rank at that time. Her achievement was commemorated in a special tribute edition of the Scientology newspaper The Auditor, titled simply: "Mary Sue Hubbard – Clear #208". In it, she thanked her husband "for having given the most precious gifts of freedom and true beingness to me and my fellow man. Without him, none of this would have been possible; and so to Ron goes my everlasting gratitude for having provided for all of us the road to Clear."

Life at sea
During the late 1960s, Scientology was faced by an increasingly hostile media and intensifying government scrutiny in a number of countries, notably Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Hubbard decided to take to the high seas in a bid to liberate Scientology from the attentions of hostile governments. On November 22, 1966, the Hubbard Explorational Company Limited was formed with Hubbard and Mary Sue as directors – Hubbard being described as expedition supervisor and Mary Sue as company secretary. Several ships were purchased to serve as the quarters of the newly created "Sea Org". The flagship of the Scientology fleet was the 3,280-ton vessel  – accidentally renamed the Royal Scotman due to a clerical error, a former cattle ferry on the Irish Sea run.

After the vessel had been renovated by Scientologists, Mary Sue and the children moved into the upper-deck accommodation in November 1968. The difference in the quality of living conditions between the Hubbards and the crew was stark:

In April 1969, Mary Sue was promoted by Hubbard to serve as the captain of the Royal Scotman and ordered to cruise up and down the coast of Spain to train the vessel's inexperienced crew of Scientologists, who had made a string of mistakes that infuriated Hubbard. The trip had the air of a punishment detail and was dubbed the "liability cruise"; conditions on board were reportedly appalling. According to Russell Miller, "The crew worked to the point of exhaustion, the food was meager and no one was allowed to wash or change their clothes. Mary Sue enforced the rules rigidly but shared the privations, and was scrupulously fair and popular." The entire crew was forced to wear gray rags to symbolize their demotion; it was said that even Mary Sue's corgi dog, Vixie, had a gray rag tied around her neck. The "liability cruise" ended in June 1969. The Royal Scotman was later renamed the Apollo.

Apart from captaining the Royal Scotman for a period, Mary Sue's duties included managing the sprawling empire of the Guardian's Office agency within the Church of Scientology and serving as the chair of an executive group known variously as the Commodore's Staff Aides, the Aides Council, and the International Board of Scientology Organizations. This body was responsible for overseeing each of the seven organizational subdivisions of the Church of Scientology. She played a central role in the financial management of the Church of Scientology's two principal corporations, the Church of Scientology of California and the United Kingdom Church of Scientology. She was a sole signatory to the Church of Scientology's trust accounts and was also a director of the Operation Transport Corporation (OTC), a company established in 1968 that served as a conduit for cash transfers from the Church of Scientology to L. Ron Hubbard personally; it was characterized by US Tax Court as a "sham corporation" whose role was the enrichment of the Hubbards. She personally handled large quantities of cash on Hubbard's behalf. In the summer of 1972, Hubbard ordered that around $2 million in cash be transferred from OTC bank accounts in Switzerland to the Apollo, where it was stored for the next three years in a locked file cabinet to which Mary Sue Hubbard had the only set of keys. Her salary was relatively modest, amounting to $30,430 ($150,732 in 2007 prices) between 1970 and 1972, though she did also benefit from tens of thousands of dollars a year in living expenses paid for by the Church of Scientology.

The Hubbards moved ashore in March 1972 after three years traveling aboard their ship from port to port in the Mediterranean. They set up home in a villa on the outskirts of the Moroccan city of Tangier. Their sojourn in Morocco ended abruptly in December 1972 when it became clear that the Church of Scientology was about to be indicted in France for fraud, and that Hubbard himself was potentially at risk of being extradited to appear in court if the case went to trial. Hubbard returned to the United States, living under a false name in New York City while Mary Sue and the children remained aboard the Apollo.  They were reunited in September 1973, when the possibility of extradition had passed. When it became known in October 1974 that the FBI wished to interview Hubbard, Mary Sue persuaded her husband to avoid going ashore in the United States and the Apollo spent the next year sailing from port to port in the Caribbean.

The Scientology fleet was finally disbanded in 1975, when Hubbard decided to move ashore and establish a "land base" in Florida. He and Mary Sue moved initially to Daytona Beach, Florida, in August 1975. They lived there incognito for a few months before moving into an apartment in Dunedin on the west coast of Florida, a few miles north of the town of Clearwater where a Scientology front company had bought the old Fort Harrison Hotel to serve as Scientology's new headquarters. The presence of the Hubbards was meant to be a secret, but in January 1976 he was recognized by a science fiction fan while on a shopping trip. Fearing arrest, he fled to Washington, D.C., with a handful of aides while Mary Sue was left behind in Florida continuing her day-to-day management activities.

In October 1976, Hubbard's eldest son by Mary Sue, Quentin, died by suicide at the age of 22. Mary Sue was grief-stricken, though she later attempted to persuade friends that Quentin had died from encephalitis. Her husband's reaction was one of fury, blaming Quentin for – in his eyes – letting him down.

The Guardian's Office scandal

On July 8, 1977, 134 agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation simultaneously stormed the Church of Scientology's offices in Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles, seizing nearly 50,000 documents and other evidence. The raids were in response to the federal government's discovery that the Church of Scientology had been carrying out a secret and highly illegal "dirty tricks" campaign against government agencies, individuals, and institutions deemed to be enemies of Scientology. A year later, on August 15, 1978, Mary Sue Hubbard was indicted by a grand jury, accused of masterminding a conspiracy against the government in her capacity as head of the Church's Guardian's Office.

Mary Sue was appointed by her husband as Guardian (later Controller) of the Guardian's Office (GO) in March 1966. Established in response to the battering that Scientology was receiving at the time from governments and the media, the GO was tasked with tackling any "threat of great importance" to Scientology. This work took a variety of forms, including public relations, legal actions, and the gathering of "intelligence" on perceived enemies. In the UK alone, it issued hundreds of writs against the media for publishing negative reports on Scientology. It carried out an international campaign against psychiatry, Interpol, the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and various other government agencies. Its eventual downfall was to result from the use of illegal methods, ordered and authorized by Mary Sue, to further its campaign.

Mary Sue was promoted to the position of Controller "for life" of the Guardian's Office in January 1969, with one of her subordinates, Jane Kember, being appointed to Mary Sue's old post of Guardian. Mary Sue continued to manage the GO from her various residences aboard the Apollo, and the villa in Tangier. At the order of both of the Hubbards, the GO ran scores of operations against Scientology's enemies. The targets were not just external enemies but dissident Scientologists; in 1969, Mary Sue wrote an order directing the GO to cull information from the confessional folders of Scientologists, breaking a rule of confidence that was supposedly sacrosanct. L. Ron Hubbard was said to have been fully aware of the GO's actions; the US government would later declare him to be an "unindicted co-conspirator" in the GO's illegal activities.

One of their primary targets was the IRS, with which Scientology was engaged in a bitter battle over tax exemptions. As part of a wider strategy codenamed Operation Snow White, the GO succeeded in infiltrating a Scientologist into the IRS to steal files about the government's litigation strategy against Scientology. Mary Sue was closely involved in the strategy; a letter written by her, approving the thefts, was later used in evidence against her. In March 1976, she approved an illegal plan to obtain "non-FOI data" from the government, meaning classified documents not available through the Freedom of Information Act. The GO's agent in the IRS, Michael Meisner, was ordered to obtain all files concerning L. Ron and Mary Sue Hubbard from the IRS Office of International Operations, which he succeeded in infiltrating.

The espionage continued for another three months before Meisner's luck ran out and he was caught in June 1976. Although he bluffed it out initially, a warrant was issued for his arrest in August. The situation was potentially disastrous for the GO and caused panic among the leadership. Mary Sue conspired with her subordinates to concoct alibis for Meisner and work out how to keep him out of the hands of the authorities, keeping him in hiding under a series of false identities. Meisner became increasingly reluctant to cooperate with his GO handlers and in April 1977 he was forcibly taken by GO staff to a new hiding place. He succeeded in escaping in May and turned himself in to the FBI, making a full confession. The raids of July 1977 were the result.

The case eventually came to trial in September 1979, following months of delay occasioned by a fierce rear-guard action by the Church of Scientology's lawyers. On October 8, a deal was struck between the government and the Church that the nine defendants – including Mary Sue – would each plead guilty to one charge of conspiracy if they agreed to sign a written stipulation by the government (essentially a public confession) of what they had done, thus avoiding a lengthy trial. They were formally found guilty on October 26, 1979. Mary Sue and two others received the heaviest penalties, a five-year prison sentence and a $10,000 fine. The other five defendants received lesser sentences and fines. Her husband avoided being indicted but was extremely concerned that Mary Sue would betray him. One of his aides, David Mayo, was dispatched by Hubbard to suggest that Mary Sue might consider a divorce. According to Mayo:

Downfall

Despite her conviction, Mary Sue remained in her post as Controller of the Guardian's Office (GO). There was no shortage of work for her to do; further legal difficulties were anticipated, as there was a New York grand jury investigating Operation Freakout, the GO's campaign against New York author Paulette Cooper, and a Florida grand jury looking into Scientology's activities in Clearwater. Around the end of February 1980, Ron Hubbard went into hiding and remained in seclusion in the small town of Creston, California, for the remaining six years of his life. Mary Sue, who had last met with her husband a few months before his disappearance, never saw or heard from him again.

Hubbard nonetheless remained active in the management of Scientology. The criminal conviction of the GO's top executives triggered a lengthy power struggle at the top of the Church of Scientology, which would lead eventually to Mary Sue being forced into retirement. Under his doctrine he believed that "mistakes do not just happen, somebody causes them, always". A disaster on the scale of the GO criminal case was clearly the result of the activities of someone hostile to Scientology – a suppressive person – operating within the GO. He issued an internal directive in 1979 asserting that major failures must result from the presence of multiple Suppressives, who would need to be rooted out along with their "connections". The downfall of the GO led Hubbard to distrust it, believing it to be riddled with Suppressives; he severed his communications with it and put his reliance instead on the Commodore's Messenger Organization (CMO), a group he had formed in 1968 and whose purpose was to relay messages to and from church staff as Ron's personal representatives. The Messengers, who were mostly in their teens and early twenties, became Hubbard's sole means of communication with the Church.

In 1981, the "All Clear Unit" was established within the CMO, tasked with the purpose of making it "All Clear" for Hubbard to come out of hiding. One of its principal figures was David Miscavige, a 21-year-old Messenger who had worked as a cameraman for Hubbard. In May 1981, he met with Mary Sue to tell her that her position as Controller of the Guardian's Office was untenable. She reacted angrily; in a 1992 trial in Canada, Miscavige told the court that she had called him "some pretty nasty names" and threatened him with a large ashtray held close to his face, but she had eventually agreed to step down. She subsequently changed her mind, believing that she had been tricked, and wrote to her husband to complain but received no response. Numerous other Guardian's Office personnel were purged as well.

In July 1981, all remaining GO staff were ordered to join the Sea Org, which would thus secure the CMO's control of the Guardian's Office, and the current Guardian, Jane Kember – who was one of those convicted on conspiracy charges – was to be removed. Mary Sue strongly opposed these changes and reappointed herself Controller, rescinding the CMO's permission to investigate the GO. CMO staff investigating the GO were physically expelled from the Church of Scientology's Los Angeles headquarters, and the Controller's files were guarded day and night. Mary Sue attempted to contact her husband to rescind the CMO's takeover bid but failed, and admitted defeat when the Messengers produced an undated dispatch from Hubbard instructing the GO to be put under the CMO when its senior executives went to prison. She stood down again, being replaced by a South African Scientologist named Gordon Cook, and Jane Kember was replaced by David Gaiman, a British Scientologist.

Miscavige provided a first-hand account of these events, in an affidavit submitted in a case heard in 1994 in California, Church of Scientology International vs. Steven Fishman and Uwe Geertz. He stated:

Speaking several years later to the St. Petersburg Times newspaper, Miscavige commented:

I knew if it was going to be a physical takeover we're going to lose because they had a couple thousand staff and we (the "messengers") had about 50. That is the amazing part about it.

According to the Church of Scientology, Hubbard himself did not find out about Mary Sue's resignation until five months later.

The convictions of Mary Sue Hubbard and the other GO staff executives were upheld by a federal appeals court in October 1981, and in November seven of those convicted dropped their appeals – but not Mary Sue, who continued to fight the charges. She lost her final appeal in April 1982 and was ordered to begin a prison term in January 1983. The original sentence of five years imprisonment was not carried out, and the court ordered a study of her claimed medical problems, before eventually replacing her sentence with a four-year term of imprisonment, with parole set at 40 months. She was sent to the federal prison in Lexington, Kentucky, to serve her sentence, though in the end, she was released after only a year of imprisonment.

Life after the Guardian's Office

After her resignation from the GO, Mary Sue Hubbard ceased to have any involvement in the management of the Church of Scientology. She did, however, resurface on a few occasions during the remaining years of her life. In 1984 she acted as an "intervenor" in the Church of Scientology of California's lawsuit against Gerry Armstrong. He had worked as an archivist for the Church of Scientology, gathering source material for a planned biography of L. Ron Hubbard. He became disillusioned with Scientology and left the Church, taking with him copies of biographical material, including Hubbard's letters to Mary Sue over the years. The Church sued in 1982 and Mary Sue joined the suit, charging that Armstrong had committed an "invasion of privacy". When the case came to trial in May 1984, she told the Superior Court of Los Angeles County that she had been "mentally raped" and "emotionally distressed" knowing that others had seen the documents. She told the court that she had not seen her husband since January 1980, "but I've written him personal letters ... but I don't believe he's getting them" as he had not replied to them. In June 1984, Judge Paul G. Breckenridge ruled against the Church and Mary Sue Hubbard, criticizing her credibility as a witness:

A month later, in the English High Court of Justice, Mr Justice Latey declared in a case in which Scientology was a prominent issue that "Mr Hubbard is a charlatan and worse, as are his wife, Mary Sue Hubbard, and the clique at the top privy to the cult's activities."

In October 1984, Mary Sue filed a $5 million lawsuit against her husband's first son, Ronald DeWolf, accusing him of "massive fraud" for attempting to have his father declared legally dead or mentally incompetent. L. Ron Hubbard died on January 24, 1986, at his ranch near Creston, California.

A Scientology spokesman informed the press that she had been left "a very generous provision" in her husband's will, though the details were kept secret. Mary Sue Hubbard continued to be active in Scientology well into the 1990s; in a 1994 Scientology magazine, she was listed as a "Patron" of the International Association of Scientologists, indicating a donation of $40,000. In December 1995, Hubbard had a mastectomy of her left breast. In 1998 she was diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer in addition to her existing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Mary Sue Hubbard died on November 25, 2002, aged 71, at her home in Los Angeles. Her body was cremated two days later and her ashes were scattered at sea off the California coast, where L. Ron Hubbard's ashes had similarly been scattered in January 1986.

See also
United States v. Hubbard

Notes

References

Further reading
 1979 sentencing memorandum for US v Hubbard, Criminal Case No. 78-401

1931 births
2002 deaths
American female criminals
American religious leaders
American Scientologists
Deaths from cancer in California
Deaths from breast cancer
L. Ron Hubbard family
People from Rockdale, Texas
Clergy from Houston
People from Medford Lakes, New Jersey
Religious leaders from Phoenix, Arizona
Scientology officials
Rice University alumni
University of Texas at Austin alumni
American members of the clergy convicted of crimes
People from Dupont Circle
Female religious leaders

Mary Sue Hubbard


Au sein de l'Armée canadienne, un régiment est placé dans l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire lorsque son existence n'est plus nécessaire. Un régiment placé dans l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire est « virtuellement dissous » et re-formé seulement lorsque le ministère de la Défense nationale juge que l'unité est requise à nouveau. L'ordre de bataille supplémentaire a été instituée comme alternative au lieu de directement dissoudre les régiments durant les rationalisations de l'armée dans les . Si un régiment de l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire est formé à nouveau, il reprend son ancienne place dans l'ordre de préséance ainsi que ses drapeaux, ses traditions et ses honneurs de bataille comme s'il n'avait jamais connu d'interruption de service.

Histoire
Le , le ministre de la Défense, Peter MacKay, a annoncé que The Halifax Rifles (RCAC) seraient ré-activés comme unité active de la Première réserve. Il s'agit du premier et du seul régiment de l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire à être ré-activé. Deux autres unités de l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire avaient auparavant été fusionnées avec d'autres unités de la Première réserve, soit The Irish Fusiliers of Canada (The Vancouver Regiment) qui fusionnièrent avec The British Columbia Regiment (Duke of Connaught's Own) en 2002 et les  qui fusionnèrent avec The South Alberta Light Horse en 2006.

Liste des régiments de l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire

Corps blindé royal canadien
  formés en 1875 et déplacés à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 12th Manitoba Dragoons formés en 1903 et déplacés à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1964
  formés en 1910 et déplacés à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1968

Régiment royal de l'Artillerie canadienne
 3rd Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery formé en 1951 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1992
 4th Regiment, Royal Canadian Horse Artillery formé en 1952 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1970
  formé en 1912 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1970
 12th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1905 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 14th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1912 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1968
 18th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1920 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1970
 21st Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1936 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1970
  formé en 1914 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
  formé en 1910 et déplacé à l'ordre du bataille supplémentaire en 1970
 29th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1898 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 34th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1942 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 37th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1905 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 39th Field Artillery Regiment (Self-Propelled), RCA formé en 1914 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 40th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1936 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1981
 44th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1946 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 46th Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1936 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1968
  formée en 1866 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1970
 53rd Field Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1946 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1968
  formé en 1872 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1970
 19th Medium Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1920 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
  formé en 1946 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 42nd Medium Artillery Regiment, RCA formé en 1931 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 1st Artillery Locating Regiment, RCA formé en 1946 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965

Corps d'infanterie royal canadien
 The Canadian Guards formés en 1951 et déplacés à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1970
 Victoria Rifles of Canada formés en 1862 et déplacés à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
 The Royal Rifles of Canada formés en 1862 et déplacés à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1966
  formé en 1871 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémenaire en 1964
 The Perth Regiment formé en 1886 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
  formé en 1905 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1968
  formés en 1908 et déplacés à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
  bataillon, The Irish Regiment of Canada formé en 1915 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1965
  formé en 1962 et déplacé à l'ordre de bataille supplémentaire en 1968

Notes et références

Armée canadienne

Ordre de bataille supplémentaire


Et blækhus er en beholder til opbevaring af blæk. I tidligere tid var et blækhus almindeligt på et skrivebord.

Blækhuse kendes allerede fra antikken. I middelalderen var blækhuse i form af et horn, et blækhorn en almindelig del af en skrivers udrustning. Disse blækhorn kunne enten holdes i hånden eller fastgøres til skrivepulten.

Blækhuse kan være meget enkle, evt. kan man bruge flasken, som man har købt blækket i. De kan også være store eller kostbart udsmykkede. Imposante blækhuse, evt. bygget sammen med indretninger til at opbevare penne, tronede på betydningsfulde personers skriveborde.

Historisk

Begyndelsen
Blækket blev opfundet før blækhuset. Det første blæk var en form for tusch med sod/kønrøg som pigment og en form for plantelim som gummi arabicum som bindemiddel. Dette tidlige blæk var i brug i både Kina og Ægypten omkring år 2600 f.kr. og blev brugt på papyrus for ægypternes vedkommende og på bambusstave i Kina. Jerngallusblæk kom i brug fra omkring år 300 f.kr.. Det fremstilles af et afkog af galæbler og jernsulfat. Det har en tendens til at ætse sig igennem skrivematerialet.

Blækhusets oprindelse fortaber sig i mørket. De første enkle og uudsmykkede blækhuse som f.eks. blækhorn af oksehorn havde opgaven at opbevare blækket og holde det flydende længst muligt. Fra den romerske antik kendes udsmykkede eksemplarer af bronze. I den sene middelalder begyndte succesrige handelsfolk og håndværkere at gøre blækhuset til et statussymbol.

Middelalderen og renæssancen
Fra blækhuset udviklede sig bord-skrivesættet, der kunne være lavet af udskåret og på anden vis udsmykket træ eller af metal og havde beholdere til blæk og penne. Som med mange andre brugsgenstande var blækhuse underlagt modens og kulturens forandringer. Enkle blækhuse af sølv fandtes fra slutningen af det 15. århundrede, pragtfuldt ornamenterede sølvblækhuse kom frem i løbet af det 16. århundrede.

Nyere tid
Kunsthåndværkere som sølvsmede, keramikere, metalarbejdere og møbelsnedkere skabte i begyndelsen af det 18. århundrede et boom i produktionen af blækhuse. Sølvsmedene, der hidtil først og fremmest havde været kendt for deres bakker og anden sølvservice, -bestik og lysestager, kombinerede deres værker med blækhuse, der var udvendigt formgivede og ciselerede, skrivesæt og strødåser til sand (i stedet for blæksugere). I det nordvestlige USA opstod i slutningen af det 18. århundrede mere end 70 blækhusfabrikanter. Mere end hundrede industrier på verdensplan producerede til eksport.

Den amerikanske uafhængighedserklæring blev underskrevet med blæk fra et blækhus af sterlingsølv. Abraham Lincolns skrivebord havde derimod et blækhus skåret i træ.

Blækhusenes store tid: Det 19. århundrede
Blækhusets gyldne tidsalder begyndte først med den viktorianske tid, altså i den anden halvdel af det 19. århundrede. Her dominerede blækhuse af sølv på sølvbakker fra Sheffield. Lord Nelson medbragte altid et sådant blækhus på sine togter. Også hofdamer og maitresser placerede skrivesæt af sølv på deres toiletborde.

Rejseblækhuse med læksikre lukker kunne medbringes i tasker og kufferter og var meget brugte af handelsrejsende. Alternativt kunne blækpulver medbringes og blandes op med vand efter behov.

Med udviklingen af en funktionel fyldepen fra 1884 begyndte blækhusene at vige fra markedet. Opfindelsen af kuglepennen i 1932 indledte blækhusets endelige nedgang. Dog var blækhuse af glas eller porcelæn langt op i det 20. århundrede at finde nedfældet i skolernes skrivepulte, da skolelever kun sjældent brugte de ret dyre fyldepenne. Til dem kan henføres den nu glemte morsomhed med at strø lidt heksemel i blækhuset, så pennen ikke kunne vædes med blæk.

De blækhuse, der anvendes i dag, er næsten altid blot de flasker af glas eller plast, som blækket sælges i. Enkelte fabrikanter af luksusvarer som f.eks. Montblanc fremstiller rigtige blækhuse. De benyttes normalt til opfyldning af fyldepennen.

Mange mennesker, der i dag stadig skriver med fyldepen, benytter blækpatroner i stedet for blækhus.

Galleri

Blækhuse i populærkulturen

 På trods af at megen kommunikation i dag sker elektronisk, finder vendingen "at fare i blækhuset" stadig anvendelse, når en person, måske lidt eksalteret, begynder at skrive et læserbrev eller lignende.
 I Den store Bastian, skrevet af Heinrich Hoffmann, bliver nogle uartige drenge, der har gjort nar af en "neger", som straf dyppet i et blækhus.
 Martin Luther hævdes at have kastet et blækhus efter djævelen, da denne forstyrrede ham i hans skrivearbejde. Luther skal have udtalt, at han bekæmpede djævelen med blæk, hvilket jo blot betyder at kæmpe skriftligt.

Noter

Tegne- og skriveudstyr
Kontorartikler

Blækhus


Ametist je ljubičasta varijanta kvarca, dragi kamen korišten za izradu nakita. Ime dolazi od grčkog αμεθυστoς - ne opiti se, jer se vjerovalo da štiti nositelja od opijanja. Antički Grci i Rimljani bi čaše za piće pravili od ametista, jer su vjerovali da se neće opiti ako piju iz njih.

Kemija
Kemijska formula je SiO2. Ametistova boja dolazi od nečistoća željeza. Kompleksan odnos željeza i aluminija odgovoran je za ljubičastu boju. Kada se zagrije, ametist mijenja boju u žutu. Sintetički (umjetno dobiven) ametist vrlo je sličan pravom, pa je jedino skupom kemijskom analizom moguće utvrditi razliku između sintetskog i prirodnog ametista.

Dodatna literatura

Vanjske poveznice

Mindat: mineralogical information, crystallography and nomenclature
gemstone.org – International colored Gemstone Association

Izvori

Drago kamenje
Minerali

Ametist


La historia de un hombre real (título original en ruso Повесть о настоящем человеке, Póvest o nastoyáschem cheloveke) es una ópera en cuatro actos con música de Serguéi Prokófiev, su opus 117. Se compuso entre 1947 y 1948, y fue su última ópera.

El libreto, del compositor y Mira Mendelson, se basa en la novela homónima de Borís Polevói; este a su vez se basaba en la historia del piloto Alekséi Marésiev. La ópera se estrenó el 3 de diciembre de 1948 en el Teatro Kírov de Leningrado. El público estaba formado por oficiales culturales soviéticos que dieron a la obra una recepción mala. Esto fue una gran decepción para el compositor que había pretendido que su ópera rehabilitara su reputación con las autoridades comunistas después de haber sido acusado de "formalismo" antes ese año. Como resultado, las representaciones de La historia de un hombre real fueron prohibidas al público en general hasta después de la muerte de Prokófiev. Tuvo su estreno con público el 7 de octubre de 1960 en el Teatro Bolshói, Moscú.

Personajes

Referencias
Notas

Fuentes
Holden, Amanda (Ed.), The New Penguin Opera Guide, Nueva York: Penguin Putnam, 2001. ISBN 0-14-029312-4
Licencia

Óperas de Serguéi Prokófiev
Óperas en ruso
Óperas de 1948
Óperas estrenadas en San Petersburgo

La historia de un hombre real


The United States Foreign Service is the primary personnel system used by the diplomatic service of the United States federal government, under the aegis of the United States Department of State. It consists of over 13,000 professionals carrying out the foreign policy of the United States and aiding U.S. citizens abroad. The current director general is Marcia Bernicat.

Created in 1924 by the Rogers Act, the Foreign Service combined all consular and diplomatic services of the U.S. government into one administrative unit. In addition to the unit's function, the Rogers Act defined a personnel system under which the United States Secretary of State is authorized to assign diplomats abroad.

Members of the Foreign Service are selected through a series of written and oral examinations. They serve at any of the 265 United States diplomatic missions around the world, including embassies, consulates, and other facilities. Members of the Foreign Service also staff the headquarters of the four foreign affairs agencies: the Department of State, headquartered at the Harry S Truman Building in the Foggy Bottom neighborhood of Washington, D.C.; the Department of Agriculture; the Department of Commerce; and the United States Agency for International Development.

The United States Foreign Service is managed by a Director General, an official who is appointed by the President of the United States, with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Director-General is traditionally a current or former Foreign Service Officer. Congress created the position of Director-General of the Foreign Service through the Foreign Service Act of 1946.

Between 1946 and 1980, the Director-General was designated by the Secretary of State. The first Director General, Selden Chapin, held the position for less than six months before being replaced by Christian M. Ravndal, who held the position of Director General until June 1949. Both men were Career FSOs.

Starting on November 23, 1975 until October 2, 2016 under a departmental administrative action, the Director General concurrently held the title of Director of the Bureau of Human Resources. The two positions are now separate. As the head of the bureau, the Director General held a rank equivalent to an Assistant Secretary of State.  Three of the last four Directors General have been women.

Historical background
On September 15, 1789, the 1st United States Congress passed an Act creating the Department of State and appointing duties to it, including the keeping of the Great Seal of the United States.  Initially there were two services devoted to diplomatic and consular activity. The Diplomatic Service provided ambassadors and ministers to staff embassies overseas, while the Consular Service provided consuls to assist United States sailors and promote international trade and commerce.

Throughout the 19th century, ambassadors, or ministers, as they were known prior to the 1890s, and consuls were appointed by the president, and until 1856, earned no salary. Many had commercial ties to the countries in which they would serve, and were expected to earn a living through private business or by collecting fees. This was an arrangement challenged in the first professional survey of the service, David Baillie Warden's pioneering work On the Origin, Nature, Progress and Influence of Consular Establishments (1813). As acting consul in Paris, Warden had found himself being treated by American merchants as no more than a hireling agent.

In 1856, Congress provided a salary for consuls serving at certain posts; those who received a salary could not engage in private business, but could continue to collect fees for services performed.

Lucile Atcherson Curtis
Lucile Atcherson Curtis was the first woman in what became the U.S. Foreign Service. Specifically, she was the first woman appointed as a United States Diplomatic Officer or Consular Officer, in 1923 (the U.S. did not establish the unified Foreign Service until 1924, at which time Diplomatic and Consular Officers became Foreign Service Officers).

Rogers Act
The Rogers Act of 1924 merged the diplomatic and consular services of the government into the Foreign Service. An extremely difficult Foreign Service examination was also implemented to recruit the most outstanding Americans, along with a merit-based system of promotions. The Rogers Act also created the Board of the Foreign Service and the Board of Examiners of the Foreign Service, the former to advise the Secretary of State on managing the Foreign Service, and the latter to manage the examination process.

In 1927 Congress passed legislation affording diplomatic status to representatives abroad of the Department of Commerce (until then known as "trade commissioners"), creating the Foreign Commerce Service. In 1930 Congress passed similar legislation for the Department of Agriculture, creating the Foreign Agricultural Service. Though formally accorded diplomatic status, however, commercial and agricultural attachés were civil servants (not officers of the Foreign Service). In addition, the agricultural legislation stipulated that agricultural attachés would not be construed as public ministers. On July 1, 1939, however, both the commercial and agricultural attachés were transferred to the Department of State under Reorganization Plan No. II. The agricultural attachés remained in the Department of State until 1954, when they were returned by Act of Congress to the Department of Agriculture. Commercial attachés remained with State until 1980, when Reorganization Plan Number 3 of 1979 was implemented under terms of the Foreign Service Act of 1980.

Foreign Service Act of 1946
In 1946 Congress at the request of the Department of State passed a new Foreign Service Act creating six classes of employees: chiefs of mission, Foreign Service Officers, Foreign Service Reservists, Foreign Service Staff, "alien personnel" (subsequently renamed Foreign Service Nationals and later Locally Employed Staff), and consular agents.  Officers were expected to spend the bulk of their careers abroad and were commissioned officers of the United States, available for worldwide service.  Reserve officers often spent the bulk of their careers in Washington but were available for overseas service.  Foreign Service Staff personnel included clerical and support positions.  The intent of this system was to remove the distinction between Foreign Service and civil service staff, which had been a source of friction.  The Foreign Service Act of 1946 also repealed as redundant the 1927 and 1930 laws granting USDA and Commerce representatives abroad diplomatic status, since at that point agricultural and commercial attachés were appointed by the Department of State.

The 1946 Act replaced the Board of Foreign Service Personnel, a body concerned solely with administering the system of promotions, with the Board of the Foreign Service, which was responsible more broadly for the personnel system as a whole, and created the position of Director General of the Foreign Service.  It also introduced the "up-or-out" system under which failure to gain promotion to higher rank within a specified time in class would lead to mandatory retirement, essentially borrowing the concept from the U.S. Navy.  The 1946 Act also created the rank of Career Minister, accorded to the most senior officers of the service, and established mandatory retirement ages.

Foreign Service Act of 1980
The new personnel management approach was not wholly successful, which led to an effort in the late 1970s to overhaul the 1946 Act. During drafting of this Act, Congress chose to move the commercial attachés back to Commerce while preserving their status as Foreign Service Officers, and to include agricultural attachés of the Department of Agriculture in addition to the existing FSOs of the Department of State, U.S. Information Agency, and U.S. Agency for International Development.

The Foreign Service Act of 1980 is the most recent major legislative reform to the Foreign Service. It abolished the Foreign Service Reserve category of officers, and reformed the personnel system for non-diplomatic locally employed staff of overseas missions (Foreign Service Nationals). It created a Senior Foreign Service with a rank structure equivalent to general and flag officers of the armed forces and to the Senior Executive Service. It enacted danger pay for those diplomats who serve in dangerous and hostile surroundings along with other administrative changes. The 1980 Act also reauthorized the Board of the Foreign Service, which "shall include one or more representatives of the Department of State, the United States Information Agency, the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Labor, the Office of Personnel Management, the Office of Management and Budget, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, and such other agencies as the President may designate."

This board is charged with advising "the Secretary of State on matters relating to the Service, including furtherance of the objectives of maximum compatibility among agencies authorized by law to utilize the Foreign Service personnel system and compatibility between the Foreign Service personnel system and the other personnel systems of the Government."

Members of the Foreign Service

The Foreign Service Act,  et seq., defines the following members of the Foreign Service:
Chiefs of mission are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Ambassadors at large are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.
Senior Foreign Service (SFS) members are the senior leaders and experts for the management of the Foreign Service and the performance of its functions.  They are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.  SFS may come from the FSO or Specialist ranks and are the equivalent to flag or general officers in the military.
Foreign Service Officers (known informally as "generalists") are appointed by the President, with the advice and consent of the Senate.  These are mostly diplomat "generalists" who, along with some subject area experts, have primary responsibility for carrying out the functions of the Foreign Service.
Foreign Service Specialists provide special skills and services required for effective performance by the Service (including, but not limited to Facilities Managers, IT Specialists, Nurse Practitioners, Office Managers, and Special Agents of the Diplomatic Security Service). They are appointed by the Secretary of State.
Foreign Service Nationals (FSNs) are personnel who provide clerical, administrative, technical, fiscal, and other support at posts abroad. They may be native citizens of the host country or third-country citizens (the latter referred to in the past as Third Country Nationals or TCNs).  They are "members of the Service" as defined in the Foreign Service Act unlike other Locally Employed Staff,  (also known as LE Staff) who in some cases are U.S. citizens living abroad.
Consular agents provide consular and related services as authorized by the Secretary of State at specified locations abroad where no Foreign Service posts are situated.

Additionally, Diplomats in Residence are senior Foreign Service Officers who act as recruiters for the United States Foreign Service. They operate in designated regions and hold honorary positions in local universities.

Foreign affairs agencies
While employees of the Department of State make up the largest portion of the Foreign Service, the Foreign Service Act of 1980 authorizes other U.S. government agencies to use the personnel system for positions that require service abroad. These include the Department of Commerce (Foreign Commercial Service), the Department of Agriculture (specifically the Foreign Agricultural Service, though the Secretary of Agriculture has also authorized the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service to use it as well), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).  USAID, Commerce, and Agriculture senior career FSOs can be appointed to ambassadorships, although the ranks of career ambassadors are in the vast majority of cases drawn from the Department of State, with a far smaller sub-set drawn from the ranks of USAID Mission Directors.

Foreign Service size
The total number of Foreign Service members, excluding Foreign Service Nationals, from all Foreign Service agencies (State, USAID, etc.) is about 15,600. This includes:
7,999 Foreign Service Officers, called "generalist" diplomats
5,791 Foreign Service Specialists (consular fellows are counted by State Human Resources as specialists)
1,700, with plans to hire 150 more at USAID
229 Foreign Commercial Service
150 to 165 Foreign Agricultural Service
40 APHIS
20 to 25 U.S. Agency for Global Media

Employment
The process of being employed in the Foreign Service is different for each of the five categories as defined in the Foreign Service Act.

The evaluation process for all Department of State Foreign Service Officers and specialists can be broadly summarized as: Initial application, Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP), Oral Assessment, clearances and final suitability review, and the register.

All evaluation steps for Generalist and Specialist candidates are anchored using certain personality characteristics. For Generalists there are 13, for Specialists there are 12. Familiarity with these characteristics dramatically improves a candidate's probability of success.

Initial application

Step 1 for a Generalist is the Foreign Service Officer Test (FSOT). For a Specialist, it is an application on USAJobs.

FSOT

Generalist candidates take the Foreign Service Officer Test (FSOT), a written exam consisting of three sections job knowledge, hypothetical scenarios (changed from biographical information), English grammar and usage, and an essay. Those who pass the FSOT are invited to submit short essays called Personal Narrative Questions (PNQs) for review by the Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP). Approximately 25 to 30 percent of candidates pass both the FSOT and the Personal Narrative Questions/Qualifications Evaluation Panel phase of the process. After the screening process, less than 10% of those that pass the FSOT are invited to an oral assessment, administered in person in Washington, D.C., and other major cities throughout the United States. Approximately 10% of the original applicants at the written exam will ultimately pass the oral assessment.

USAJobs

Specialists fill out applications tailored to their particular knowledge areas. Given how varied the specialties are, applications vary. Candidates are asked to rate their own levels of experience, citing examples and references who can verify these claims.

QEP

As of 2019, a candidate first submits Personal Narrative Questions. Recently, these have been six essays that ask for examples of how the candidate met certain challenges, anchored by the 13 personality characteristics. Soon after the submission deadline, the candidate takes the Foreign Service Officer Test (FSOT). If a Generalist candidate's score on the FSOT meets or exceeds cutoff, their application in its entirety will be reviewed by a Qualifications Evaluation Panel. The Qualifications Evaluation Panel (QEP) (which is composed of three current Foreign Service Officers), was one of the most significant changes to the Foreign Service hiring process in decades.  To be invited to take the Oral Assessment an applicant must not only pass the FSOT but also the Qualifications Evaluation Panel review. The Department of State's Board of Examiners can find some candidacies unacceptable despite the fact that they passed the FSOT.

Specialists also undergo a QEP, but their essays were collected as part of the initial application on USAJobs. Foreign Service Specialist (FSS) candidates are evaluated by Subject Matter Experts for proven skills and recommended to the Board of Examiners for an oral assessment based on those skills.

Oral assessments

The oral assessment also varies for Generalists and Specialists. For Specialists there is a structured oral interview, written assessment, and usually an online, objective exam. For Generalists, there is a written assessment, structured oral interview, and structured group exercise.

The various parts of the oral assessment are aggregated and scored on a seven-point scale. At the end of the day a candidate will be informed if their score met the 5.25 cutoff score necessary to continue their candidacy. This score becomes relevant again after the final suitability review. Successfully passing the oral assessment grants a candidate a conditional offer of employment.

Clearances and final suitability review

Candidates must then obtain a Class 1 (Worldwide Available) medical clearance, top secret security clearance, and suitability clearance. Depending upon the candidate's specific career track, they may also require eligibility for a top secret Sensitive Compartmented Information (TS/SCI) clearance. Once a candidate's clearance information has been obtained, a Final Suitability Review decides if this candidate is appropriate for employment in the Foreign Service. If so, the candidate's name is moved to the Register.

Failure to obtain any of these clearances can result in a candidate's eligibility being terminated. It can be difficult for a candidate to receive a TOP SECRET clearance if they have extensive foreign travel, dual citizenship, non-United States citizen family members, foreign spouses, drug use, financial problems or a poor record of financial practices, frequent gambling, and allegiance or de facto allegiance to a foreign state.   Additionally, it can be difficult for anyone who has had a significant health problem to receive a Class 1 Medical Clearance.

The Foreign Service rejected all candidates with HIV until 2008 when it decided to consider candidates on a case by case basis. The State Department said it was responding to changes in HIV treatment, but the policy change came after a decision by the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia in Taylor v. Rice that suggested the ban on HIV-positive applicants would not survive a lawsuit challenging it.

Register

Once an applicant passes the security and medical clearances, as well as the Final Review Panel, they are placed on the register of eligible hires, ranked according to the score that they received in the oral assessment. There are factors that can increase a candidate's score, such as foreign language proficiency or Veteran's Preference. Once a candidate is put on the register, they can remain for 18 months. If they are not hired from the register within 18 months, their candidacy is terminated.  Separate registers are maintained for each of the five Generalist career cones as well as the 23 Specialist career tracks.

Technically, there are many registers. One for each Foreign Service Specialty, and one for each Generalist Cone. The rank-order competitiveness of the register is only relevant within each candidate's career field. Successful candidates from the register will receive offers of employment to join a Foreign Service Class. Generalists and Specialists attend separate orientation classes.

Generalist candidates who receive official offers of employment must attend a 6-week training/orientation course known as A-100 at the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) in Arlington, Virginia. Specialist orientation at FSI is 3 weeks long. Depending upon the specialty, employees will then undergo several months of training before departing for their first assignment.

All Foreign Service personnel must be worldwide available: that is, they may be deployed anywhere in the world based on the needs of the service.  They also agree to publicly support the policies of the United States Government.

Service terms and conditions
Members of the Foreign Service are expected to serve much of their career abroad, working at embassies and consulates around the world. By internal regulation the maximum stretch of domestic assignments should last no more than six years (extensions are possible at the six-year limit for medical reasons, to enable children to complete high school, etc. The eight year limit is difficult to pierce and is reserved for those who are deemed "critical to the service" and for those persons at the Deputy Assistant Secretary level).  By law, however, Foreign Service personnel must go abroad after ten years of domestic service. The difficulties and the benefits associated with working abroad are many, especially in relation to family life.

Dependent family members generally accompany Foreign Service employees overseas. This has become more difficult in regions marked by conflict and upheaval (currently many posts in the Middle East) where assignments are unaccompanied.  The children of Foreign Service members, sometimes called Foreign Service brats, grow up in a unique world, one that separates them, willingly or unwillingly, from their counterparts living continuously in the United States of America.

While many children of Foreign Service members become very well developed, are able to form friendships easily, are skilled at moving frequently and enjoy international travel, other children have extreme difficulty adapting to the Foreign Service lifestyle.  For both employees and their families, the opportunity to see the world, experience foreign cultures firsthand for a prolonged period, and the camaraderie amongst the Foreign Service and expatriate communities in general are considered some of the benefits of Foreign Service life.

Some of the downsides of Foreign Service work include exposure to tropical diseases and the assignment to countries with inadequate health care systems, and potential exposure to violence, civil unrest and warfare. Attacks on US embassies and consulates around the worldBeirut, Islamabad, Belgrade, Nairobi, Dar es Salaam, Baghdad, Kabul, and Benghazi, among othersunderscore the dangers faced.

Foreign Service personnel stationed in nations with inadequate public infrastructure also face greater risk of injury or death due to fire, traffic accidents, and natural disasters.  For instance, an FSO was one of the first identified victims of the 2010 Haiti earthquake.

For members of the Foreign Service, a personal life outside of the U.S. Foreign Service can be exceptionally difficult. In addition to espionage, there is also the danger of personnel that use their position illegally for financial gain. The most frequent kind of illegal abuse of an official position concerns Consular Officers. There have been a handful of cases of FSOs on Consular Assignments selling visas for a price.

Members of the Foreign Service must agree to worldwide availability.  In practice, they generally have significant input as to where they will work, although issues such as rank, language ability, and previous assignments will affect one's possible onward assignments.  All assignments are based on the needs of the Service, and historically it has occasionally been necessary for the Department to make directed assignments to a particular post in order to fulfill the Government's diplomatic requirements.  This is not the norm, however, as many Foreign Service employees have volunteered to serve even at extreme hardship posts, including, most recently, Iraq and Afghanistan.

The State Department maintains a Family Liaison Office to assist diplomats, including members of the Foreign Service and their families, in dealing with the unique issues of life as a U.S. diplomat, including the extended family separations that are usually required when an employee is sent to a danger post.

Issues

Clientitis

Clientitis (also called clientism or localitis) is the tendency of resident in-country staff of an organization to regard the officials and people of the host country as "clients."  This condition can be found in business or government.

A hypothetical example of clientitis would be an American Foreign Service Officer (FSO), serving overseas at a U.S. Embassy, who drifts into a mode of routinely and automatically defending the actions of the host country government.  In such an example, the officer has come to view the officials and government workers of the host country government as the persons he is serving.  Former USUN Ambassador and White House National Security Advisor John Bolton has used this term repeatedly to describe the mindset within the culture of the US State Department.

The State Department's training for newly appointed ambassadors warns of the danger of clientitis,  and the Department rotates FSOs every 2–3 years to avoid it. During the Nixon administration the State Department's Global Outlook Program (GLOP) attempted to combat clientitis by transferring FSOs to regions outside their area of specialization.

Robert D. Kaplan writes that the problem "became particularly prevalent" among American diplomats in the Middle East because the investment of time needed to learn Arabic and the large number of diplomatic postings where it was spoken meant diplomats could spend their entire career in a single region.

Foreign Service career system
The Foreign Service personnel system is part of the Excepted Service and both generalist and specialist positions are competitively promoted through comparison of performance in annual sessions of Selection Boards.  Each foreign affairs agency establishes time-in-class (TIC) and time-in-service (TIS) rules for certain categories of personnel in accordance with the provisions of the Foreign Service Act. This may include a maximum of 27 years of commissioned service if a member is not promoted into the Senior Foreign Service, and a maximum of 15 years of service in any single grade prior to promotion into the Senior Foreign Service.  Furthermore, Selection Boards may recommend members not only for promotions, but for selection out of the service due to failure to perform at the standard set by those members' peers in the same grade. The TIC rules do not apply to office management specialists, medical specialists, and several other categories but most members of the Foreign Service are subject to an "up or out" system similar to that of military officers.

This system stimulates members to perform well, and to accept difficult and hazardous assignments.

See also

 A-100 Class
 Cookie pusher
 Diplomatic Security Service
 Foreign Agricultural Service
 Foreign Relations of the United States
 Gays and Lesbians in Foreign Affairs Agencies (GLIFAA)
 Senior Foreign Service
 United States Agency for International Development
 United States Commercial Service
 United States Department of State
 Foreign Service Military Rank Equivalency

References

Further reading
 Arias, Eric, and Alastair Smith. "Tenure, promotion and performance: The career path of US ambassadors." Review of International Organizations 13.1 (2018): 77-103. online
 Barnes, William, and John Heath Morgan. The Foreign Service of the United States: origins, development, and functions (Historical Office, Bureau of Public Affairs, Department of State, 1961)

 Haglund, E. T. "Striped pants versus fat cats: Ambassadorial performance of career diplomats and political appointees." Presidential Studies Quarterly (2015) 45(4), 653–678.
 Ilchman, Warren Frederick. Professional Diplomacy in the United States, 1779-1939: A Study in Administrative History (U of Chicago Press, 1961).
 Jett, Dennis. American Ambassadors: The Past, Present, and Future of America's Diplomats (Springer, 2014).
 Keegan, Nicholas M. US Consular Representation in Britain since 1790 (Anthem Press, 2018).
 Kennedy, Charles Stuart. The American Consul: A History of the United States Consular Service 1776–1924 (New Academia Publishing, 2015).

 Paterson, Thomas G. "American Businessmen and Consular Service Reform, 1890s to 1906." Business History Review 40.1 (1966): 77-97.
 Roberts, Priscilla.  "'All the Right People: The Historiography of the American Foreign Policy Establishment." Journal of American Studies 26#3 (1992): 409-434.
 Roy, William G. "The process of bureaucratization in the US State Department and the vesting of economic interests, 1886-1905." Administrative Science Quarterly (1981): 419-433.
 Schulzinger, Robert D. The Making of the Diplomatic Mind: The Training Outlook and Style of the United States Foreign Service Officers, 1908-1931
 Stewart, Irvin. "American Government and Politics: Congress, the Foreign Service, and the Department of State, The American Political Science Review (1930) 24#2 pp. 355–366,
 Wood, Molly M. "Diplomatic Wives: The Politics of Domesticity and the" Social Game" in the US Foreign Service, 1905-1941." Journal of Women's History 17.2 (2005): 142-165.

External links
 Foreign Service Act (The Foreign Service Act)
 Foreign Service Pay Schedule (Foreign Service Pay Schedule)
 Foreign Service (U.S. Department of State Careers)
 American Foreign Service Association, a professional association representing Foreign Service employees.
 Associates of the American Foreign Service Worldwide: online resources and community for U.S. diplomatic families.
 Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training
 U.S. Agency for International Development
 United States Department of Commerce
 Foreign Agricultural Service
 BBC article on DSS
 Washington Post article on the Bureau of Diplomatic Security
 Lambda Legal Briefing on Taylor v. Rice
 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations

United States Department of State
Foreign relations of the United States
United States Foreign Service
United States Department of State agencies
Foreign relations agencies of the United States
1924 establishments in the United States

United States Foreign Service


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 161. østlige længdekreds

161. længdegrad


Dumplin'  é um filme estado-unidense do género comédia realizado por Anne Fletcher e escrito por Kristin Hahn, com base no romance homónimo de Julie Murphy. Foi protagonizado por Danielle Macdonald, Jennifer Aniston, e Odeya Rush. Estreou-se mundialmente na Netflix a 7 de dezembro de 2018, no Brasil a 8 de fevereiro de 2019, e em Portugal a 21 de março de 2019.

Elenco
 Danielle Macdonald como Willowdean "Dumplin'" Dickson
 Jennifer Aniston como Rosie Dickson
 Odeya Rush como Ellen "Elle" Dryver
 Maddie Baillio como Millie Mitchellchuck
 Bex Taylor-Klaus como Hannah Perez
 Luke Benward como Bo Larson
 Georgie Flores como Callie Reyes
 Dove Cameron como Bekah Colter
 Harold Perrineau como Lee Wayne / Rhea Ranged
 Kathy Najimy como senhora Mitchellchuck
 Ginger Minj como Candee Disch
 Hilliary Begley como Lucy Dickson
 Sam Pancake como Dale
 Dan Finnerty como Eugene Reed
 Molly McNearney como Delia Shepherd
 Tian Richards como Marcus
 Ryan Dinning como Patrick
 Andrew Fletcher como Tim

Produção
A 15 de março de 2017, Jennifer Aniston foi escalada para o filme, no papel de Rosie Dickson, a mãe de Dumplin'. A 13 de junho de 2017, Danielle Macdonald foi escalada para o papel da protagonista. A 15 de agosto de 2017, Odeya Rush foi escolhida para o papel de Ellen "El" Dryver, a melhor amiga de Willowdean. A 21 de agosto de 2017, foram escalados Dove Cameron, Luke Benward, Bex Taylor-Klaus, Maddie Baillio, Georgie Flores, e Ginger Minj para o filme.

A rodagem do filme foi iniciada a 21 de agosto de 2017, na cidade estado-unidense de Covington, na Jórgia, e concluída em outubro do mesmo ano. Em setembro de 2018, a plataforma de transmissão contínua Netflix adquiriu os direitos de distribuição do filme.

Banda sonora

A banda sonora, lançada a 30 de novembro de 2018, apresenta canções escritas ou gravadas pela cantora de música country, Dolly Parton. Parton interpretou todas as músicas do álbum e escreveu seis das doze faixas exclusivas do filme, com as seis restantes sendo regravações de alguns dos sucessos anteriores de Parton, incluindo uma versão com instrumentos de cordas da canção "Jolene". Outros cantores que participaram da banda sonora são Elle King, Miranda Lambert, Mavis Staples, Alison Krauss, Rhonda Vincent, Sia, Macy Gray, Willa Amai, Jennifer Aniston e Danielle Macdonald.

Faixas

Reconhecimentos

Recepção
No sítio eletrónico de agregador de críticas Rotten Tomatoes, o filme possui um índice de aprovação de 86%, com base em 64 avaliações, e uma classificação média de 6,6/10. O consenso crítico do sítio é: "Elevado por uma banda sonora sólida e um elenco incrível, o filme oferece um drama edificante e doce que adiciona novos ingredientes suficientes para uma fórmula reconfortantemente confiável." No sítio Metacritic, o filme tem uma pontuação média ponderada de 53 de 100, com base em 16 críticas, indicando "críticas mistas ou médias".

Filmes em língua inglesa
Filmes dos Estados Unidos de 2018
Filmes de comédia musical dos Estados Unidos
Filmes de comédia musical da década de 2010
Filmes dirigidos por Anne Fletcher
Filmes com trilha sonora de Jake Monaco
Filmes originais da Netflix
Filmes baseados em literatura jovem-adulta
Filmes baseados em romances de autores dos Estados Unidos
Filmes com temática feminista
Filmes sobre amadurecimento
Filmes sobre amizade
Filmes sobre competições
Filmes ambientados no Texas
Filmes gravados na Geórgia (Estados Unidos)
Concursos de beleza dos Estados Unidos

Dumplin' (filme)


Genilson da Rocha Santos (født 1. december 1971) er en tidligere brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Kawasaki Frontale.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Genilson da Rocha Santos


Jamie Neushul (12 de maio de 1995) é uma jogadora de polo aquático estadunidense, campeã olímpica.

Carreira
Neushul fez parte da equipe campeã olímpica pela Seleção Estadunidense de Polo Aquático Feminino nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020 em Tóquio, após derrotar a equipe espanhola por 14–5.

Jogadores de polo aquático olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Campeões olímpicos dos Estados Unidos
Jogadores de polo aquático nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas nos Jogos Olímpicos de Verão de 2020
Medalhistas olímpicos do polo aquático

Jamie Neushul


قحطان القحطاني (18 سبتمبر 1954 -)، ممثل بحريني. بدايته الفنية كانت في عام 1973 في البحرين ومن ثم بدأ الكويت، تخرج من المعهد العالي للفنون المسرحية في الكويت عام 1978.

أعماله الفنية

في التلفزيون
 مغامرات جاسم
 حبابة.
 المرايا.
طيبة وبدر.
 امرؤ القيس.
 ابن تيمية.
 بيت أبو خالد.
 السديم.
 عذاري.
 عيون من زجاج.
 لعنة امراة.
 أيام السراب.
 ليلة عيد.
 الحب المستحيل.
 وجع الانتصار.
 خوات دنيا.
 الخطايا العشر (2018)
 هواجيس
 الزقوم  2022
 عودة خالتي 2022

من المسرحيات
 عائلة بوغانم.
 مغامرة رأس المملوك.
 عشاق حبية.

من الأفلام
 الحاجز.

روابط خارجية

المراجع

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
ممثلون وممثلات بحرينيون
مواليد 1374 هـ
مواليد 1954

قحطان القحطاني


Das Mixed der Australian Open 1992 war ein Tenniswettbewerb in Melbourne.

Titelverteidiger war die Paarung Jeremy Bates und Jo Durie. Das Finale gewann die Paarung Mark Woodforde und Nicole Provis in drei Sätzen gegen Todd Woodbridge und Arantxa Sánchez Vicario.

Setzliste

Hauptrunde

Halbfinale, Finale

Obere Hälfte

Obere Hälfte 1

Obere Hälfte 2

Untere Hälfte

Untere Hälfte 1

Untere Hälfte 2

Weblinks

Mixed
1992

Australian Open 1992/Mixed


Digitalis lanata (numită popular degețel lânos) este o specie de plantă din genul Digitalis ce crește în principal în estul Europei, și este foarte toxică datorită conținutului de digoxină și digitoxină.

Caracteristici

Vezi și
 Digitalis purpurea

Referințe

Plante toxice

Digitalis lanata


En geología, un  géiser marítimo es un lugar junto al mar en el que el agua pulverizada se proyecta al aire debido al movimiento de los flujos a través de una cueva que comprime el aire en su extremo.

Cuando el mar penetra en el canal subterráneo, comprime el aire en el fondo de la cueva y cuando baja la marea el aire comprimido empuja el aire con violencia por los orificios abiertos.

Uno de los más destacados se encuentra en Kiama, en Nueva Gales del Sur, Australia.

Bufadero y géiser marino
El bufadero es un agujero natural abierto por la erosión del mar en las rocas, o propio de la contextura de éstas, en el que rompe, como si bufara, el agua de la marea alta.Es un término onomatopéyico. Designa a las cuevas costeras que tienen unas grietas o agujeros en su parte superior por donde sale un violento chorro de agua "bufando" cuando las olas llenan la cueva de golpe. Es provocado por el rompimiento de las olas contra una cueva que se encuentra en la parte baja del acantilado, alcanzando una altura de hasta 20 metros. Es a menudo considerado un géiser marítimo, sin embargo, no se trata de ninguna fuente termal como son los géiseres. Este fenómeno geológico costero es más precisamente una chimenea natural abierta en el acantilado, comunicada con cuevas marinas.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Schéma animé du mécanisme

Accidentes costeros y oceánicos

Géiser marítimo


Marianne Heimbach-Steins (*Köln, 26. siječnja 1959.) katolička je teologinja i akademska predstavnica kršćanskog socijalnog nauka.

Život
Od 1977. do 1983. Heimbach-Steins studirala je katoličku teologiju i njemački jezik u Bonnu, Würzburgu i u švicarskom Fribourgu. Godine 1983. položila je prvi državni ispit, od 1983. do 1985. obavila je pripravnički staž za nastavu u raznim gimnazijama u Bavarskoj te položila drugi državni ispit. Od 1987. do 1996. radila je kao asistentica na Institutu za kršćanske društvene znanosti na Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU) u Münsteru.

Godine 1988. stekla je doktorat iz teologije na Sveučilištu u Würzburgu. Godine 1989. udala se za Georga Steinsa. Godine 1994. habilitirala je u Münsteru na temu Unterscheidung der Geister – Strukturmoment christlicher Sozialethik: Dargestellt am Werk Madeleine Delbrels (Razlikovanje duhova - strukturni element kršćanske socijalne etike: ilustracija djela Madeleine Delbrel). Od 1996. do 2009. držala je katedru za kršćanski socijalni nauk i opću sociologiju religije na Katoličkom teološkom fakultetu Sveučilišta Otto Friedrich u Bambergu (Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg). Od listopada 2009. profesorica je u Münsteru i vodi Institut za kršćanske društvene znanosti na Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU). U tom svojstvu urednica je Godišnjaka za kršćanske društvene znanosti. Institut za kršćanske društvene znanosti također izdaje "Sozialethische Arbeitspapiere" o aktualnim društvenim, političkim i crkvenim temama i razne serije knjiga, kao što je aktualna serija "Gesellschaft-Ethik-Religion"  u izdanju Verlag Schöningh, pod njezinim vodstvom. Pod njezinim su vodstvom habilitirali Andreas Lienkamp, Daniel Bogner i Alexander Filipović.

Od 2011. do 2015. bila je predsjednica Sveučilišnog vijeća Sveučilišta u Bambergu. Od 2013. do 2018. bila je glavna prijaviteljica u Exzellenzcluster "Religion und Politik", a 2015. članica osnivačica Centra za interdisciplinarna istraživanja održivosti (Zentrums für Interdisziplinäre Nachhaltigkeitsforschung - ZIN) na WWU Münster, gdje je bila članica uprave do 2019. Također je od 2015. prodekanica za znanstvenoistraživački rad, internacionalizaciju i akademski podmladak na Katoličkom bogoslovnom fakultetu Sveučilišta. Od listopada 2018., zajedno s Judith Könemann, vodi Centar za istraživanje roda Katoličkog bogoslovnog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Münsteru.

Heimbach-Steins članica je Središnjeg odbora njemačkih katolika (Zentralkomitee der deutschen Katholiken - ZdK) i Teološke komisije Udruženja njemačkih katoličkih žena (Katholische Deutsche Frauenbund - KDFB), kao i jedna od osnivača udruge AGENDA - Forum katoličkih teologinja (AGENDA – Forum katholischer Theologinnen). Aktivna je i kao članica Societas ethica (Europsko društvo za etička istraživanja), u Znanstvenom savjetodavnom odboru Berlinskog instituta za kršćansku etiku i savjetovanje o politici (Berliner Institut für christliche Ethik und Politik - ICEP), kao i u mreži Catholic Theological Ethics in the World Church i radnoj skupini Ljudska prava i kulturne tradicije (Menschenrechte und kulturelle Traditionen) njemačke komisije Iustitia et Pax. Godine 2011. Heimbach-Steins potpisala je memorandum Kirche 2011: Ein notwendiger Aufbruch.

Mediteranski teološki susreti
Profesorica Marianne Heimbach-Steins bila je predavač na 1. Mediteranskim teološkim susretima na temu "Sloboda i odgovornost za izgovorenu riječ", koje je organizirala Riječka nadbiskupija od 10. do 16. srpnja 2022. u Lovranu. Susreti su namijenjeni studentima i apsolventima katoličkih, protestantskih i pravoslavnih teoloških fakulteta Jugoistočne Europe, a uz Heimbach-Steins predavači su bili: Luke Bretherton (Duke University in Durham), Cyril Hovorun (University College Stockholm) i Branko Murić (Sveučilište u Zagrebu).

Tom je prilikom profesorica Heimbach-Steins istaknula da si "Crkva koja vjeruje u djelovanje Duha Svetoga treba uzeti slobodu i pustiti teologiji da traži i ispituje gdje Duh puše. Kako bi mogla prenijeti kršćansku poruku u novo doba, teologija mora identificirati slijepe točke u crkvenom naučavanju i otvoriti nove putove". Za Mediteranske teološke susrete je rekla da je riječ o otvorenoj i dobroj atmosferi "u kojoj se može njegovati otvorena riječ i u kojoj su sudionici očito voljni otvoriti se jedni drugima, ispitati argumente i obrasce mišljenja i teološki surađivati.

Djela
Knjige, spisi

 "Der ungelehrte Mund" als Autorität. Mystische Erfahrung als Quelle kirchlich-prophetischer Rede im Werk Mechthilds von Magdeburg (Mystik in Geschichte und Gegenwart I/6), Stuttgart/Bad Cannstatt 1989
 Unterscheidung der Geister – Strukturmoment christlicher Sozialethik. Dargestellt am Werk Madeleine Delbrêls, Münster 1994, 2., erw. Aufl. 2006
 Für eine Zukunft in Solidarität und Gerechtigkeit. Wort des Rates der Evangelischen Kirche in Deutschland und der Deutschen Bischofskonferenz zur wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Lage in Deutschland. Eingeleitet und kommentiert von Marianne Heimbach-Steins und Andreas Lienkamp (Hrsg.) unter Mitarbeit von Gerhard Kruip und Stefan Lunte, München 1997
 Einmischung und Anwaltschaft. Für eine diakonische und prophetische Kirche, Ostfildern 2001
 Menschenrechte in Gesellschaft und Kirche. Lernprozesse – Konfliktfelder – Zukunftschancen, Mainz 2001
 (mit Gerhard Kruip), Bildung und Beteiligungsgerechtigkeit. Sozialethische Sondierungen, Bielefeld 2003
 (unter Mitwirkung von Alois Baumgartner, Thomas Bohrmann, Gerhard Drösser, Thomas Hausmanninger, Werner Veith) Christliche Sozialethik. Ein Lehrbuch, Band 1: Grundlagen, Regensburg 2004
 (unter Mitwirkung von Alois Baumgartner, Isidor Baumgartner, Thomas Bohrmann, Gerhard Drösser, Thomas Hausmanninger, Johannes Frühbauer, Hartmut Köß, Markus Vogt, Albert Wohlfarth) Christliche Sozialethik. Ein Lehrbuch, Band 2: Konkretionen, Regensburg 2005
 "… nicht mehr Mann und Frau" (Gal 3,28). Sozialethische Studien zu Geschlechterverhältnis und Geschlechtergerechtigkeit, Regensburg 2009
 Religionsfreiheit. Ein Menschenrecht unter Druck, Paderborn 2012
 Christliche Sozialethik. Theologie im Fernkurs, Aufbaukurs, Lehrbrief 16, Würzburg 2013
 Religionsfreiheit oder: Die Gretchenfrage des Umgangs mit den Menschenrechten, Mönchengladbach 2013
 Grenzverläufe gesellschaftlicher Gerechtigkeit: Migration – Zugehörigkeit – Beteiligung (Gesellschaft – Ethik – Religion Bd. 5), Paderborn 2016
 Europa und Migration. Sozialethische Denkanstöße (Kirche und Gesellschaft Grüne Reihe Nr. 438), hrsg. von der Katholischen Sozialwissenschaftlichen Zentralstelle, Mönchengladbach. J.P. Bachem, Köln 2017, ISBN 978-3-7616-3141-6.
 Religion als Ressource politischen Handelns – Chancen und Herausforderungen für die innerchristliche Ökumene (ICS AP 9), Münster 2017
 (mit Alexander Filipovic, Josef Becker, Maren Behrensen, Theresa Wasserer) Grundpositionen der Partei "Alternative für Deutschland" und der katholischen Soziallehre im Vergleich – eine sozialethische Perspektive (ICS AP 8), Münster 2017

Uredništva (izbor)

 (mit Andreas Lienkamp, Joachim Wiemeyer) Brennpunkt Sozialethik. Theorien – Aufgaben – Methoden (FS Franz Furger), Freiburg 1995
 (mit Peter Hünermann, Albert Biesinger, Anne Jensen) Diakonat. Ein Amt für Frauen in der Kirche – ein frauengerechtes Amt?, Ostfildern 1997
 (mit Andreas Lienkamp, Joachim Wiemeyer) Franz Furger, Christliche Sozialethik in pluraler Gesellschaft. Posthum herausgegeben (Schriften des Instituts für Christliche Sozialwissenschaften 38), Münster 1997
 (mit Volker Eid) Kirche – Lebenswichtig. Was Kirche zu geben und zu lernen hat, München 1999
 Religion als gesellschaftliches Phänomen. Soziologische, theologische und literaturwissenschaftliche Annäherungen (Bamberger Theologisches Forum Bd. 3), Münster 2002
 (mit Gudrun Cyprian) Familienbilder. Interdisziplinäre Sondierungen, Opladen 2003
 (mit Gerhard Kruip), Bildung und Beteiligungsgerechtigkeit. Sozialethische Sondierungen, Bielefeld 2003
 (mit Eleonore Ploil, Bärbel Kerkhoff-Hader, Ines Weinrich), Genderforschung in Bamberg. Forschungsforum. Berichte aus der Universität Bamberg, 11 (2003) Bamberg 2003
 (mit Heimo Ertl, Heinz-Günther Schöttler), Religionen im Dialog. Judentum – Christentum – Islam (Bamberger Theologisches Forum, Bd. 5), Münster 2003
 (mit Margit Eckholt), Im Aufbruch – Frauen erforschen die Zukunft der Theologie, Ostfildern 2003
 (mit Eleonore Ploil, Bärbel Kerkhoff-Hader, Ines Weinrich), Strukturierung von Wissen und die symbolische Ordnung der Geschlechter. Gender-Tagung Bamberg 2003, Münster 2004
 (mit Heinz-Günther Schöttler), "... nicht umsonst gekommen". Pastorale Berufe, Theologie und die Zukunft der Kirche (Bamberger Theologisches Forum, Bd. 8), Münster 2005
 (mit Rotraud Wielandt, Reinhard Zintl), Religiöse Identität(en) und gemeinsame Religionsfreiheit. Eine Herausforderung pluraler Gesellschaften (Judentum – Christentum – Islam. Bamberger Interreligiöse Studien, Bd. 3), Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag 2006
 (mit Gerhard Kruip und Axel Bernd Kunze), Das Menschenrecht auf Bildung und seine Umsetzung in Deutschland: Diagnosen – Reflexionen – Perspektiven (Forum Bildungsethik 1), Bielefeld (wbv) 2007
 (mit Harm Goris), Die Rolle der Religion in Recht und politischer Ordnung heute (Judentum – Christentum – Islam. Bamberger Interreligiöse Studien, Bd. 5), Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag 2008
 (mit Gerhard Kruip und Katia Neuhoff), Bildungswege als Hindernisläufe. Zum Menschenrecht auf Bildung in Deutschland (Forum Bildungsethik 5), Bielefeld (wbv) 2008
 (mit Rotraud Wielandt), Was ist Humanität? Interdisziplinäre und interreligiöse Perspektiven (Judentum – Christentum – Islam. Bamberger Interreligiöse Studien, Bd. 6), Würzburg: Ergon-Verlag 2008
 (mit Gerhard Kruip und Axel Bernd Kunze), Bildung, Politik und Menschenrecht. Ein ethischer Diskurs (Forum Bildungsethik 6), Bielefeld (wbv) 2009
 (mit Gerhard Kruip und Axel Bernd Kunze), Bildungsgerechtigkeit – Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven (Forum Bildungsethik 8), Bielefeld (wbv) 2009
 (mit Heiner Bielefeldt, in Kooperation mit der Deutschen Kommission Justitia et Pax), Religionen und Religionsfreiheit. Menschenrechtliche Perspektiven im Spannungsfeld von Mission und Konversion (Judentum – Christentum – Islam. Bamberger Interreligiöse Studien, Bd. 7), Würzburg 2010.
 (mit Gerhard Kruip), Kooperative Bildungsverantwortung. Sozialethische und pädagogische Perspektiven auf "Educational Governance" (Forum Bildungsethik 9), Bielefeld 2011
 (mit Gerhard Kruip, Saskia Wendel), "Kirche 2011: Ein notwendiger Aufbruch". Argumente zum Memorandum, Freiburg 2011
 (mit Daniel Bogner), Freiheit, Gleichheit, Religion. Orientierungen moderner Religionspolitik, Würzburg 2012
 (mit Georg Steins, unter Mitarbeit von Alexander Filipović und Kerstin Rödiger), Christliche Sozialethik und biblische Hermeneutik, Stuttgart 2012
 Ressourcen – Lebensqualität – Sinn. Gerechtigkeit für die Zukunft denken (Gesellschaft – Ethik – Religion Bd. 1), Paderborn 2013
 Begrenzt verantwortlich? Sozialethische Positionen in der Flüchtlingskrise (Theologie kontrovers), Freiburg 2016
 (mit Thomas Schüller, Judith Wolf) Katholische Krankenhäuser – herausgeforderte Identität (Gesellschaft – Ethik – Religion Bd. 9), Paderborn 2017
 (mit Anna Maria Riedl) Kindeswohl zwischen Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. Theorie und Praxis im Gespräch (Gesellschaft – Ethik – Religion Bd. 10), Paderborn 2017
 (mit Sabine Schlacke) 2017. Die Enzyklika Laudato si' – ein interdisziplinärer Nachhaltigkeitsansatz? Baden-Baden 2017
 Zerreißprobe Flüchtlingsintegration (Theologie kontrovers), Freiburg 2017
 (mit Martin Baumeister, Michael Böhnke, Saskia Wendel u. a.) Menschenrechte in der katholischen Kirche. Historische, systematische und praktische Perspektiven (Gerechtigkeit – Ethik – Religion Bd. 12), Paderborn 2018
 (mit Maren Behrensen, Linda Hennig) Gender – Nation – Religion. Ein internationaler Vergleich von Akteursstrategien und Diskursverflechtungen (Religion und Moderne), Frankfurt 2019

Poveznice

 Literatur von und über Marianne Heimbach-Steins im Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek
 Christliche Sozialethik: Der Ansatz von Marianne Heimbach-Steins (Universität Bamberg), PDF (1,13 MB)
 Personenseite der katholisch-theologischen Fakultät an der Universität Münster
 Marianne Heimbach-Steins in der Datenbank renommierter Wissenschaftlerinnen AcademiaNet (englisch)

Izvori

Njemački rimokatolički teolozi

Marianne Heimbach-Steins


Ignatavičius ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Evaldas Ignatavičius (* 1967), litauischer Diplomat und Politiker, stellvertretender Außenminister
 Mantas Ignatavičius (* 1978), litauischer Basketballspieler

Ignatavičius


Sanel ist ein männlicher Vorname. Das weibliche Pendant des Namens lautet Sanela.

Der Vorname Sanel ist wahrscheinlich von dem bosnischer Wort "San" abgeleitet, welches Traum bedeutet. Er ist in Bosnien und Herzegowina, Slowenien, Montenegro und Nordmazedonien verbreitet.

Namensträger

 Sanel Beer (1886–1981), österreichisch-US-amerikanischer Arzt und Schriftsteller
 Sanel Ibrahimović (* 1987), bosnisch-herzegowinischer Fußballspieler
 Sanel Jahić (* 1981), bosnisch-herzegowinischer Fußballspieler
 Sanel Kapidžić (* 1990), dänisch-bosnischer Fußballspieler
 Sanel Kuljić (* 1977), österreichischer Fußballspieler
 Sanel Šehić (* 1984), slowenischer Fußballspieler

Männlicher Vorname
Bosnischer Personenname

Sanel


التاينو  هم شعب من الأراواك وهم السكان الأصليون في منطقة الكاريبي وفلوريدا. كانوا هم السكان الرئيسيين في جزر كوبا وجامايكا وهيسبانيولا وبورتوريكو في زمن الاتصال الأوروبي في أواخر القرن الخامس عشر. وكانوا يعرفون باسم لوكايان في جزر الأنتيل الكبرى وجزر الأنتيل الصغرى الشمالية وجزر البهاماس. كانوا يتكلمون بلغة التاينو، وهي إحدى لغات الأراواك.

هاجر أجداد التاينو إلى منطقة الكاريبي قادمين من موطنهم الأصلي في أمريكا الجنوبية (فنزويلا الحالية)، وثقافتهم قريبة من ثقافة هنود وسط أمريكا. انقسموا في زمن الاتصال الأوروبي إلى ثلاث مجموعات واسعة على رأسها: التاينو الغربيون (جامايكا وكوبا وجزر البهاماس) والتاينو القدماء (هيسبانيولا وبورتوريكو) والتاينو الشرقيون (شمال جزر الأنتيل الصغرى)، ومجموعات أخرى من قبائل التاينو في فلوريدا، مثل تيكيستا، كالوسا، خايغا، أيس، وجماعات أخرى غير هؤلاء. وكانت جماعات التاينو في نزاع مع قبائل الكاريب من جزر الأنتيل الصغرى الجنوبية.

في زمن وصول كولومبس في عام 1492، كانت هناك خمسة مشيخات وأقاليم للتاينو في هيسبانيولا، كل منها يقودها كاسيكي (زعيم)، الذي تدفع له الجزية. وكانوا يسمون الجانب الجبلي من جزيرة هيسبانيولا أيتي («أرض الجبال العالية»)، الذي اشتق منه اسم هايتي باللغة الفرنسية.

أما كوبا، أكبر جزر الأنتيل، فقد قسمت أصلا إلى 29 مشيخة. أصبحت معظم مستوطناتهم مواقع لمدن استعمارية أسبانية وأبقت على الأسماء الأصلية، مثل هافانا، باتابانو، كاماغوي، باراكوا، بايامو. اسم كوبا نفسه أتى من لغة التاينو؛ لكن المعنى الدقيق لاسم غير واضح ولكن قد يترجم إما «مكان الأراضي الخصبة الوفيرة» (كوباو)، أو «المكان العظيم» (كوابانا).

بورتوريكو أيضا انقسمت إلى مشيخات. وكان الكاسيكي (الزعيم) يتلقى جزية كبيرة بوصفه القائد المورث من قبائل التاينو. ويعتقد أن تجمعاتهم السكنية في وقت الغزو الاسباني قد تتضمن 3000 فرد.

كان التاينو تاريخيا أعداء قبائل الكاريب المجاورة، وهم مجموعة أخرى تعود أصولهم إلى أمريكا الجنوبية، والذين عاشوا في جزر الأنتيل الصغرى. وكانت العلاقة بين المجموعتين موضع كثير من الدراسات. تم طرد التاينو إلى شمال شرقي الكاريبي (من منطقة أمريكا الجنوبية) في القرن الخامس عشر بسبب غارات الكاريب. تم أخذ النساء كسبايا، ما أدى وجود العديد من نساء الكاريب يتحدثن لغة التاينو.

عندما أتى الإسبان لأوّل مرّة في جزر البهاما وكوبا وهيسبانيولا في عام 1492، وبعد ذلك في بورتوريكو، لم يجلبوا معهم النساء في حملاتهم الأولى. واتّخذوا من نساء التاينو زوجات، فأصبح أطفالهم من المستيزو. كما كان العنف الجنسي الّذي مارسه الإسبان في هيسبانيولا مع نساء التاينو شائعاً أيضاً.  يشير الباحثون إلى أنّ هناك اختلاطاً عرقيّاً وثقافيّاً في كوبا، وأنّ عدداً من قرى الهنود نجت حتى القرن التاسع عشر.

انقرضت ثقافة التاينو تقريباً بعد استيطان المستعمرين الإسبان، ويرجع ذلك أساساً إلى الأمراض المعدية الّتي لم تكن لديهم مناعة ضدّها. سجلّ أوّل تفشّي لوباء الجدري في هيسبانيولا في ديسمبر 1518 أو يناير 1519. قتل الوباء 90% من المواطنين الّذين لقوا حتفهم بالفعل. كما تسبّبت الحروب وظروف الاستعباد القاسية من قبل المستعمرين بالعديد من الوفيات. وبحلول عام 1548، انخفض تعداد السّكّان الأصليّين إلى أقلّ من 500. ابتداء من عقد 1840، كانت هناك محاولات لخلق هويّة شبه أصليّة للتّاينو في المناطق الريفيّة في كوبا وجمهورية الدومينيكان وبورتوريكو. ظلّ هذا التيار في تسارع بين المجتمع البورتوريكي في الولايات المتّحدة في السّتّينات.

انظر أيضًا
 إنريكيو

مراجع

أمريكيون أصليون
تاريخ بورتوريكو الاجتماعي
تاريخ بورتوريكو الثقافي
تاريخ جمهورية الدومينيكان
جزر الهند الغربية الأسبانية
حضارات قبل كولومبية
سكان الكاريبي الأصليين
شعوب أصلية في كوبا
قبائل أمريكية أصلية
مجموعات عرقية في الكاريبي
مجموعات عرقية في أنتيغوا وباربودا
مجموعات عرقية في باربادوس
مجموعات عرقية في باهاماس
مجموعات عرقية في بورتوريكو
مجموعات عرقية في جامايكا
مجموعات عرقية في دومينيكا
مجموعات عرقية في سانت فينسنت والغرينادين
مجموعات عرقية في سانت كيتس ونيفيس
مجموعات عرقية في سانت لوسيا
مجموعات عرقية في سورينام
مجموعات عرقية في غرينادا
مجموعات عرقية في هايتي

تاينو


الدكتور موسى حافظ موسى رفاعي أبو لبدة (البواقنة) هو شاعر وفنان شعبي فلسطيني.

سيرته الذاتية
ولد عام 1947 في مخيم جنين لعائلة مهجرة من قرية السنديانة قضاء حيفا. درس في جنين ثم أكمل دراسته في العراق حاصلا على اللقب الأول في التاريخ من جامعة بغداد. حائز على جائزة نوح إبراهيم للفن الشعبي. حاصل على وسام الاستحقاق والتميز الفلسطيني لعام 2012 من محمود عباس رئيس دولة فلسطين، حاصل على شهادة الدكتوراه الفخرية في التراث الشعبي من منظمة اليونسكو العالمية لعام 2000

مهنته
هو شاعر فلسطين يدافع عن الموروث الشعبي الفلسطيني ضد محاولات طمسه حيث يمثل التراث الفلسطيني بين طياته هوية الشعب الفلسطيني و تميزه  يحيي الفنان المهراجانات والأفراح في معظم أنحاء فلسطين ولأبناء الجاليات الفلسطينية في الخارج، حيث يجيد أنواع عديدة من الشعر الشعبي أو ما يعرف بالزجل أو الحداء، من ضمنها العتابا والمعنّى والميجنا.

مناصبه
يشغل الشاعر مناصب عديدة منها:
 أمين سر اتحاد الفنانين في الشمال (شمال الضفة الغربية): جنين، طولكرم وقلقيلية.
 أمين سر منتدى الفن الشعبي في فلسطين.
 عضو المجلس الأعلى للفلكلور الفلسطيني.
 عضو اتحاد الكتاب الفلسطينيين.

مراجع

أشخاص من مخيم جنين
أشخاص يحتمل أن يكونوا أحياء
شعراء الزجل
شعراء وشاعرات فلسطينيون
فنانون فلسطينيون
حائزون على وسام الاستحقاق والتميز الفلسطيني
مواليد 1957

موسى حافظ


An Enteropogon mollis in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Clayton. An Enteropogon mollis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Enteropogon, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Enteropogon

Enteropogon mollis


Matilde Schrøder er en dansk elitesvømmer inden for brystsvømning og svømmer for Berns Swim Team/Nationalt Træningscenter (NTC). Hun har tidligere svømmet for H2Odense.

I 2016 gjorde Matilde Schrøder entré på den internationale svømmescene, da kollega Rikke Møller Pedersen måtte melde afbud til kortbane-VM i Windsor. Matilde Schrøder blev med kort varsel indkaldt som reserve, og det endte med en bronzemedalje til holdet (medleyholdkap).

I 2017 deltog Matilde Schrøder i kortbane-EM i Royal Arena i København, hvor hun opnåede placeringerne 23 i 50 meter brystsvømning og 21 i 100 meter brystsvømning. Bedre gik det ved langbane-EM i Glasgow i 2018, hvor hun opnåede en plads i semifinalen.

Matilde Schrøder har sideløbende med sin svømmekarriere færdiggjort en STX som Team Danmark-elev.

Svømmere fra Danmark

Matilde Schrøder


Piknik (İngilizce: Picnic).

 1955 ABD yapımı Piknik (film, 1955) .

Diğerleri:

 Yönetmenliğini Curtis Harrington'ın yaptığı 1948 ABD yapımı kısa film.
 Başrollerini Guru Dutt ve Sadhana'nın paylaştığı 1964 Hindistan yapımı film.
 Yönetmenliğini Shaheed Latif'in yaptığı, başrolünü Anand Bakshi'nin üstlendiği 1966 Hindistan yapımı film.
 Yönetmenliğini Ladislav Smocek, Vladimír Sís'in üstlendiği; başrollerini Jirí Hálek (Rozden) ve Pavel Landovský'nin (Burda) paylaştığı 1967 Çekoslovakya yapımı film.
 Yönetmenliğini Sasikumar'ın üstlendiği, başrolünde Adoor Bhasi ve Prem Nazir'in oynadığı 1975 Hindistan yapımı film.
 Dinko Tucakovic tarafından yönetilen 1982 Yugoslavya yapımı kısa film.
 Yönetmenliğini Marshall W. Mason'ın yaptığı, başrollerini Gregory Harrison ve Jennifer Jason Leigh'in paylaştığı 1986 yapımı televizyon filmi. (Bu film aynı zamanda 1955 yapımı filmin yeniden çekimidir.)
 Yönetmenliğini Paul Vester'in yaptığı 1988 yapımı kısa animasyon film.
 Yönetmenliğini Aparna Sen'in yaptığı, başrollerini Shabana Azmi ve Konkona Sen Sharma'nın üstlendiği 1989 Hindistan yapımı film.
 Yönetmenliğini Hiroshi Okuhara'nın yaptığı, başrollerini Satoko Sakurai ve Taro Kondo'nun üstlendiği 1993 Japonya yapımı film.
 Yönetmenliğini Shunji Iwai'nin yaptığı, başrollerini Chara ve Tadanobu Asano'nun üstlendiği 1996 Japonya yapımı film.
 Yönetmenliğini Audrey Concannon'un yaptığı 1999 Birleşik Krallık yapımı kısa film.
 Yönetmenliğini Ivan Passer'in yaptığı, başrollerini Bonnie Bedelia ve Josh Brolin'in paylaştığı 2000 ABD yapımı televizyon filmi. (Bu film aynı zamanda 1955 yapımı filmin yeniden çekimidir.)

Piknik (film)


Pyromanen er en norsk dramafilm fra 2016. Filmen er instrueret af Erik Skjoldbjærg. Filmen blev vist ved Toronto International Film Festival 2016.

Filmen fik tre nomineringer ved Amandaprisen 2016.

Medvirkende
 Per Frisch som Ingemann
 Agnes Kittelsen som Elsa
 Trond Nilssen som Dag
 Liv Bernhoft Osa som Alma
 Henrik Rafaelsen som Lensmann Johansen
 Per Tofte - Olav
 Gerdi Schjelderup - Johanna

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Norske film fra 2016
Dramafilm fra Norge

Pyromanen


Marcos Berríos, major dans la U.S. Air Force, est un astronaute américain sélectionné en 2021 au sein du groupe d'astronautes 23 de la NASA.

Biographie

Marcos Berríos a grandi à Guaynabo, à Porto Rico. Alors qu'il était réserviste dans la Garde nationale aérienne, Berríos a travaillé comme ingénieur en aérospatiale pour l'U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate à l'aéroport Moffett Federal Airfield en Californie. Il est pilote d'essai et détient un baccalauréat en génie mécanique du Massachusetts Institute of Technology et un master en génie mécanique ainsi qu'un doctorat en aéronautique et astronautique de l'Université Stanford. Pilote distingué, Berríos a accumulé plus de 110 missions de combat et  de vol dans plus de 21 appareils différents.

Notes et références

Major de l'United States Air Force
Astronaute américain
Étudiant du Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Étudiant de l'université Stanford

Marcos Berríos


ඉඟිණිමිටිය යනු ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වයඹ පලාතේ පුත්තලම දිස්ත්‍රික්කයේ පිහිටි ප්‍රදේශයකි.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ඉඟිණිමිටිය ජලාශය

ඉඟිණිමිටිය