St Kilda West is an inner suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 5 km south of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Port Phillip local government area. St Kilda West recorded a population of 2,951 at the 2021 census.

St Kilda West is bounded by Albert Park and Canterbury Road in the north-east and south-east, West Beach Road, Scoops Lane and Beaconsfield Parade in the south-west, Port Phillip Bay in the west, and Fraser Street in the north and north-west. Fraser Street was the western boundary of the former City of St Kilda, now part of the City of Port Phillip.

It is an almost exclusively residential area characterised by a mix of Victorian terraces, modest Edwardian villas, interwar and post war walk-up flats, as well as some 1960s-70s hi-rise towers facing Port Phillip bay. The suburb's community and commercial facilities (including schools and shops) are located in nearby suburbs, and it is well served by public transport.

History

The area of St Kilda West was formerly part of a large swamp which included what is now Middle Park, which was drained in the early 1870s, and streets laid out in regular grid plan, subdivided in stages, but only built in sparsely at first. Wider tree lined boulevards were planned for Mary Street and Park Street. Similar to the rest of St Kilda, by the 1890s large terrace houses and large villas had been built along Beaconsfield Parade, Park Street and Mary Street. In the Edwardian era, some terraces were built, but the remaining areas further away from the beach and Fitzroy Street filled up with modest red brick houses, the same type that was quickly filling Middle Park. At the same time, like the rest of St Kilda some of the larger mansions and terraces became guest houses. The Catani Gardens on the beachfront were developed as part of the Edwardian beatification of the foreshore.

St Kilda West Post Office opened around March 1879 (from 1886 until 1970 it was known as St Kilda Railway Station office).

The St Kilda railway line, Melbourne's second which opened in 1857, ran along the northern edge of the area, terminating at the northeast corner at Fitzroy Street. Cable trams were built along that street in the 1880s, which was electrified in the 1920s. A new electric tram line from the city was built through Middle Park along Park Street, which opened on 31 October 1925. It originally turned south at Mary Street, then ran along Beaconsfield Parade to terminate at Fitzroy Street. On 8 November 1959 the track was straightened in favour of a short extension along Park Street to Fitzroy Street, now the terminus of Route 12.

Beginning just before World War I with the construction of the Canterbury in 1914, flats began to be built in the still vacant lots in St Kilda West, sometimes replacing earlier houses. This trend continued in the post-war period, including a number of high rise apartment towers on Beaconsfield Parade and on Canterbury Road.

By the 1980s the majority of St Kilda West had become a heritage precinct, and so there has been little redevelopment since. One notable change was the sale of the railway reservation along the other side Canterbury Road which was sold off in the 1990s, and developed as a row of townhouses.

Landmarks

 Beaconsfield Hotel, (1880) closed in 2004, the building is a notable landmark with its Italianate towers and has been proposed to be converted into apartments.
 The beach foreshore and Catani Gardens (1906) was planned by Italian civil engineer Carlo Catani with its Edwardian style central rotunda.
 The Canterbury flats built on Canterbury Road (1914-1919) by architects H.W. & F.B Tompkins is one of Melbourne's earliest apartment buildings.
 The West Beach Bathers Pavilion at West Beach (1928) was adaptively reused as a cafe and opened in 2004.
 The Gatwick Private Hotel was previously a boarding house, but was bought and renovated by the television show The Block.
 The former Cowderoy Dairy on Cowderoy Street (1932) is an art deco building that has been converted into a popular cafe adjacent to a small central park.
 St Kilda War Memorial was erected at Catani Gardens following World War II.
 Newman House on Canterbury Road (200) by architect Cassandra Fahey became a pop architecture icon when completed for local celebrity Sam Newman featuring an image of Pamela Anderson's face. Sam did not first obtain council permission, however permits were issued retrospectively when it became a major local landmark and won the award for Best New Residential Building in the Australian Institute of Architects Victorian Architecture awards. Newman never lived in the house and sold it for $1.1 million in mid-2002.

Open and recreational space

The suburb has several parks, most notably Catani Gardens and the West Beach foreshore. Other smaller parks include Johnson Reserve on Canterbury Road and the Jacoby Reserve, all of which have playground facilities for children.  The Cummins linear reserve on the median of Beaconsfield Parade has public toilets at the Cowderoy Street end. Just outside the suburb are the Albert Park and Lake running along the suburb's border to the north east and Cleve Gardens and St Kilda foreshore gardens to the south.

Transport

The main thoroughfares are Canterbury Road and Beaconsfield Parade. Both are dual carriageways. Park Street runs along the spine of the suburb and is a single carriageway.

Before conversion to light rail (route 96) in 1987, the rail reserve parallel to Canterbury Road served as the St Kilda railway line, with services to Flinders Street via Middle Park, Albert Park and South Melbourne.

St Kilda West is serviced by four tram routes:

Notable residents
 Jim Stynes (lived on Mary Street until his death in 2012)

See also
 City of St Kilda – St Kilda West was previously within this former local government area.

References

Suburbs of Melbourne
Suburbs of the City of Port Phillip
Port Phillip

St Kilda West, Victoria


Marquette County may refer to:

 Marquette County, Michigan, U.S.
 Marquette County, Wisconsin, U.S.
 Marquette County, a historic county in Manitoba, Canada

See also

Marquette County


Transplant rejection occurs when transplanted tissue is rejected by the recipient's immune system, which destroys the transplanted tissue. Transplant rejection can be lessened by determining the molecular similitude between donor and recipient and by use of immunosuppressant drugs after transplant.

Types of transplant rejection
Transplant rejection can be classified into three types: hyperacute, acute, and chronic. These types are differentiated by how quickly the recipient's immune system is activated and the specific aspect or aspects of immunity involved.

Hyperacute rejection

Hyperacute rejection is a form of rejection that manifests itself in the minutes to hours following transplantation. It is caused by the presence of pre-existing antibodies in the recipient that recognize antigens in the donor organ. These antigens are located on the endothelial lining of blood vessels within the transplanted organ and, once antibodies bind, will lead to the rapid activation of the complement system. Irreversible damage via thrombosis and subsequent graft necrosis is to be expected. Tissue left implanted will fail to work and could lead to high fever and malaise as immune system acts against foreign tissue.

Graft failure secondary to hyperacute rejection has significantly decreased in incidence as a result of improved pre-transplant screening for antibodies to donor tissues. While these preformed antibodies may result from prior transplants, prior blood transfusions, or pregnancy, hyperacute rejection is most commonly from antibodies to ABO blood group antigens. Consequently, transplants between individuals with differing ABO blood types is generally avoided though may be pursued in very young children (generally under 12 months, but often as old as 24 months) who do not have fully developed immune systems. Shortages of organs and the morbidity and mortality associated with being on transplant waitlists has also increased interest in ABO-incompatible transplantation in older children and adults.

Acute rejection

Acute rejection is a category of rejection that occurs on the timescale of weeks to months, with most episodes occurring within the first 3 months to 1 year after transplantation. Unlike hyperacute rejection, acute rejection is thought to arise from two distinct immunological mechanisms as lymphocytes, a subset of white blood cells, begin to recognize antigens on transplanted organ/graft. This recognition occurs due to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which are proteins on cell surface that are presented to the T-cell receptor found on T-cells. In humans, this is known as the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system and over 17,000 HLA alleles or genetic variants have been described such that it is extremely uncommon for any two people to have identical alleles. Other non-HLA proteins, known as minor histocompatibility antigens, do exist but generally are unable to cause acute rejection in and of themselves unless a multitude of non-HLA proteins are mismatched. As such, HLA matching (in addition to matching ABO groups) is critical in preventing acute rejection.

This process of recognition by T-cells can happen directly or indirectly and lead to acute cellular and acute humoral rejection respectively. Direct allorecognition is a phenomenon within transplant immunology where the dendritic cells, which are the body's antigen-presenting cells (APCs), migrate from donor tissue to lymphoid tissue (lymphoid follicles and lymph nodes) in the recipient and present their MHC peptides to recipient lymphocytes. In comparison, indirect allorecognition is more analogous to how foreign antigens are recognized by the immune system. Dendritic cells of the recipient come across peptides from donor tissue whether in circulation, lymphoid tissue, or in donor tissue itself. Since not the result of direct antigen presentation, these may not necessarily be intact MHC molecules but instead other proteins that are deemed different enough from recipient may engender a response. This process leads to the priming of T-cells to respond to the peptides secondarily going forward. A third semi-direct pathway has been described in which recipient APCs present fully intact donor MHCs, yet its relative contribution to acute rejection is not as well understood.

Acute cellular rejection occurs following direct allorecognition of mismatched donor MHC by cytotoxic T-cells that begin to secrete cytokines to recruit more lymphocytes as well as cause apoptosis or cell death directly. The greater the difference in MHC between donor and recipient, the more cytotoxic T-cells are recruited to damage the graft, which may be seen via biopsy in solid organ transplants, with increased lymphocyte infiltration indicative of more severe acute cellular rejection. Acute humoral rejection is a process usually initiated by indirect allorecognition arising from recipient helper T-cells. These helper T-cells have a crucial role in the development of B-cells that can create donor-specific antibodies. The antibodies deposit themselves within the donor graft and lead to activation of the complement cascade alongside antibody-mediated cytotoxicity with neutrophils, a type of white blood cell separate from lymphocytes, predominantly infiltrating into tissues.

Barring genetically identical twins, acute rejection is to be expected to some degree. Rates of clinically significant acute rejection that could endanger transplant have decreased significantly with the development of immunosuppressive regimens. Using kidney transplants as an example, rates of acute rejection have declined from >50% in the 1970s to 10-20%. Singular episodes of acute rejection, when promptly treated, should not compromise transplant; however, repeated episodes may lead to chronic rejection.

Chronic rejection

Chronic rejection is an insidious form of rejection that leads to graft destruction over the course of months, but most often years after tissue transplantation. The mechanism for chronic rejection is yet to be fully understood, but it is known that prior acute rejection episodes are the main clinical predictor for the development of chronic rejection. In particular, the incidence increases following severe or persistent acute rejection, whereas acute rejection episodes with return to function back to baseline do not have major effects on graft survival. Chronic rejection is generally thought of as being related to either vascular damage or parenchymal damage with subsequent fibrosis. While it is unknown the exact contribution of the immune system in these processes, the indirect pathway of allorecognition and the associated antibody formation seems to be especially involved.

Chronic rejection has widely varied effects on different organs. At 5 years post-transplant, 80% of lung transplants, 60% of heart transplants and 50% of kidney transplants are affected, while liver transplants are only affected 10% of the time. Therefore, chronic rejection explains long-term morbidity in most lung-transplant recipients, the median survival roughly 4.7 years, about half the span versus other major organ transplants. Airflow obstruction not ascribable to other cause is labeled bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS), confirmed by a persistent drop—three or more weeks—in forced expiratory volume (FEV1) by at least 20%. First noted is infiltration by lymphocytes, followed by epithelial cell injury, then inflammatory lesions and recruitment of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, which proliferate and secrete proteins forming scar tissue. A similar phenomenon can be seen with liver transplant wherein fibrosis leads to jaundice secondary to the destruction of bile ducts within the liver, also known as vanishing bile duct syndrome.

Rejection due to non-adherence
One principal reason for transplant rejection is non-adherence to prescribed immunosuppressant regimens. This is particularly the case with adolescent recipients, with non-adherence rates near 50% in some instances.

A pilot study conducted by Michael O. Killian PhD from Florida State University and Dr. Dipankar Gupta from University of Florida published in April 2022 in Pediatric Transplantation  studied the acceptability and feasibility of an asynchronous directly observed therapy mobile health application among adolescent heart transplant recipients. Patients in the study utilized emocha Health's digital medication adherence program which included asynchronous video messages and chat messages exchanged with a care team. Patients completing the study achieved a 90.1% adherence rate. The researchers noted that further randomized trials are required to confirm the initial findings. However, the results were very promising considering few options exist to support pediatric patients in taking their medications.

Rejection detection
Diagnosis of acute rejection relies on clinical data—patient signs and symptoms but also calls on laboratory data such as blood or even tissue biopsy. The laboratory pathologist generally seeks three main histological signs: (1) infiltrating T cells, perhaps accompanied by infiltrating eosinophils, plasma cells, and neutrophils, particularly in telltale ratios, (2) structural compromise of tissue anatomy, varying by tissue type transplanted, and (3) injury to blood vessels. Tissue biopsy is restricted, however, by sampling limitations and risks/complications of the invasive procedure. Cellular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of immune cells radiolabeled in vivo might—similarly to Gene Expression Profiling (GEP)—offer noninvasive testing.

Rejection treatment

Hyperacute rejection manifests severely and within minutes, and so treatment is immediate: removal of the tissue. Acute rejection is treated with one or several of a few strategies. Despite treatment, rejection remains a major cause of transplant failure. Chronic rejection is generally considered irreversible and poorly amenable to treatment—only retransplant generally indicated if feasible—though inhaled ciclosporin is being investigated to delay or prevent chronic rejection of lung transplants.

Immunosuppressive therapy

A short course of high-dose corticosteroids can be applied, and repeated. Triple therapy adds a calcineurin inhibitor and an anti-proliferative agent. Where calcineurin inhibitors or steroids are contraindicated, mTOR inhibitors are used.

Immunosuppressive drugs:
 Corticosteroids
 Prednisolone
 Hydrocortisone
 Calcineurin inhibitors
 Ciclosporin
 Tacrolimus
 Anti-proliferatives
 Azathioprine
 Mycophenolic acid
 mTOR inhibitors
 Sirolimus
 Everolimus

Antibody-based treatments

Antibody specific to select immune components can be added to immunosuppressive therapy. The monoclonal anti-T cell antibody OKT3, once used to prevent rejection, and still occasionally used to treat severe acute rejection, has fallen into disfavor, as it commonly brings severe cytokine release syndrome and late post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder. (OKT3 is available in the United Kingdom for named-patient use only.)

Antibody drugs:
 Monoclonal anti-IL-2Rα receptor antibodies
 Basiliximab
 Daclizumab
 Monoclonal anti-IL-6R receptor antibodies
 Tocilizumab
 Polyclonal anti-T-cell antibodies
 Anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG)
 Anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG)
 Monoclonal anti-CD20 antibodies
 Rituximab

Blood transfer

Cases refractory to immunosuppressive or antibody therapy are sometimes treated with photopheresis, or extracorporeal photoimmune therapy (ECP), to remove antibody molecules specific to the transplanted tissue.

Marrow transplant

Bone marrow transplant can replace the transplant recipient's immune system with the donor's, and the recipient accepts the new organ without rejection. The marrow's hematopoietic stem cells—the reservoir of stem cells replenishing exhausted blood cells including white blood cells forming the immune system—must be of the individual who donated the organ or of an identical twin or a clone. There is a risk of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), however, whereby mature lymphocytes entering with marrow recognize the new host tissues as foreign and destroy them.

Gene therapy
Gene therapy is another method that can be used. In this method, the genes that cause the body to reject transplants would be deactivated. Research is still being conducted, and no gene therapies are being used to date to treat patients. Current research tends to focus on Th1 and Th17 which mediate allograft rejection via the CD4 and CD8 T cells.

See also
 Graft-versus-host disease
 Graft-versus-tumor effect
 Immunosuppression
 Transplant engineering

References

External links

Immune system disorders
Transplantation medicine

de:Transplantation#Immunreaktionen

Transplant rejection


ද ඩිෆරන්ස් එන්ජින් යනු විලියම් ගිබ්සන් සහ බෲස් ස්ටර්ලින් විසින් රචිත අනුකල්ප ඉතිහාස නවකථාවකි.

එය විසින් ප්‍රතිජානනය කරනුයේ,   යාන්ත්‍රික පරිගණකයක් (සත්‍යලෙසින් ඔහුගේ ආන්තර එන්ජිම නොව විශ්ලේෂී එන්ජිම) තැනීමට ව්‍යවසායක නිපැයුම්කරු චාල්ස් බැබේජ් තුලවූ මහත් අභිලාෂය මුදුන් පත් කර ගත් පසුව අතිමහත් තාක්ෂණික හා සාමාජීය වෙනස්කම් වලට භාජනය වූ වික්ටෝරියානු බ්‍රිතාන්‍යය වෙයි .

මෙම නවකතාව 1990 දී බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විද්‍යා ප්‍රබන්ධ සම්මානය සඳහාද, 1991 දී හොඳම නවකතාව සඳහා නෙබියුලා සම්මානය සඳහාද, 1992 දී ජෝන් ඩබ්. කැම්ප්බෙල් අනුස්මරණ සම්මානය සහ ප්‍රී අවුරෝරා සම්මානය සඳහාද නම් කරනු ලැබීය.

පසුතලය
නවකතාව ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් දිගහැරෙනුයේ 1855 වසරෙහිදීය. 1824 පමණදී චාල්ස් බැබේජ් ඔහුගේ ආන්තර එන්ජිම තැනීම සාර්ථක ලෙසින් නිම කොට විශ්ලේෂී එන්ජිම ප්‍රවර්ධනය කෙරුමේ කටයුතු වල නියැලුනු බවට මනහ්කල්පනය කෙරෙමින් ඓතිහාසික පසුබිම යථාර්ථයෙන් අපසරණය වෙයි. ඔහු දේශපාලනික වශයෙන් ප්‍රබලයෙකු බවට පත් වන අතර  1830 මහා මැතිවරණයේදී වෙලින්ටන් හී සාමිවරයාගේ ටෝරි රජයට  විරුද්ධ වෙයි. තමන්ගේ පරාජය පසුපෙරළීම හා තාක්ෂණික විපරිණාමය සහ සාමාජීය  උක්ත්ෂේපණය කඩිනමින් සිදුවීම වැලැක්වීම අරමුණු කොට ගෙන වෙලින්ටන් විසින් රාජ්‍ය විරෝධී කුමන්ත්‍රණයක් 1830 දී දියත් කරන නමුදු 1831 දී ඔහු ඝාතනය කෙරෙනු ලබයි. ග්‍රීක නිදහස් යුද්ධයේදී මරණයට පත් නොවූ  බයිරන් සාමිවරයා විසින් නායකත්වය සැපයූ කාර්මික රැඩිකල්වාදී පක්ෂය මේ අයුරින්  බලයට පත් විය.

ද ඩිෆරන්ස් එන්ජින්


Sfârșitul verii este un film românesc din 1999 regizat de Alina Manolache.

Prezentare

Distribuție
Distribuția filmului este alcătuită din:

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1999 în film

Filme românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1999
Filme dramatice românești

Sfârșitul verii


O Sporting Tabaco tinha camisas azuladas. O Sporting Cristal manteve a cor das camisas com uma ligeira variação passando do azulado para o azul celeste. O segundo uniforme geralmente é de cor escura.

A empresa Adidas é a que produz os uniformes do clube desde 2013.

Evolução

Uniformes atuais

Uniformes dos jogadores
 1º - Camisa azul, calção e meias brancas;
 2º - Camisa verde, calção e meias verdes;
 2º - Camisa preta, calção e meias pretas.

Uniformes dos goleiros
 Camisa preta, calção e meias pretas;
 Camisa vermelha, calção e meias vermelhas;
 Camisa verde, calção e meias verdes.

Uniformes de treino
 Camisa preta, calção preto e meias brancas;
 Camisa branca, calção e meias pretas.

Uniformes anteriores

2022

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

 Treinos

2021

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

 Treinos

2020

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

 Treinos

2019

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2018

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2017

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2016

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2015

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2014

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2013

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2012

 Jogadores

2011

 Jogadores

2010

 Jogadores

2009

 Jogadores

2008

 Jogadores

2007

 Jogadores

2006

 Jogadores

2005

 Jogadores

2004

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2003

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2002

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

2001

 Jogadores

 Goleiros

Material esportivo

 Diadora: 1986
Calvo: 1987
Puma: 1998 – 1991
Polmer: 1992 – 1994
Umbro: 1995 – 1997
Adidas: 1998 – 2004
Marathon: 2005 – 2006
Joma: 2007 – 2009
Umbro: 2010 – 2012
Adidas: 2013 -

Ver também
 Club Sporting Cristal
 Futebol do Peru
 Campeonato Peruano de Futebol

Club Sporting Cristal

Uniformes do Club Sporting Cristal


Svahilijska obala (Swahili Coast, Zanguebar, Zanj) je obalno područje u Jugoistočnoj Africi čiji su stanovnici narod Swahili. Čine ju priobalna Kenija, priobalna Tanzanija i sjeverni priobalni Mozambik. Pojam također može biti oznakom nekih otoka i otočja poput onih u Zanzibaru, otoku Pateu i Komorima, koji su uz tu obalu. Svahilijska obala je razlikovne kulture, demografije, vjere i zemljopisa i uz ostale čimbenike, uključujući gospodarstvene posljedica je bila rastući secesionizam.

Povijest

Dio područja danas nazivana Svahilijskom obalom u povijesti su nosila ime Azanija (lat. Azania) ili Zingion (grč.) u grčko-rimskom dobu i kao Zanj ili Zinj u srednjoistočnoj, kineskoj i indijskoj literaturi od 7. do 14. stoljeća. Arheološki dokazi malih hinduskih naseobina iz Indije iz 2. stoljeća nađeni su uglavnom na Svahilijskoj obali Zanzibara, Kenije, Zimbabvea i Madagaskara. Povijesni dokumenti, uključujući Peripla Eritrejskog mora i radovi Ibna Batute opisuju društvo, kulturu i gospodarstvo Svahilijske obale na raznim točkama u njegovoj povijesti.

Uspon gradova-država na Svahilijskoj obali uvelike se može pridati ekstenzivnom sudjelovanju te regije u trgovinskoj mreži koja je prelazila Indijskim oceanom.

Izvori

Zemljopis Kenije
Zemljopis Tanzanije
Zemljopis Mozambika

Svahilijska obala


Ludwig von Herterich (født 13. oktober 1856 i Ansbach, død 25. december 1932 i München) var en tysk genre- og historiemaler.

Herterich, der var elev af Diez, fik under sin lærervirksomhed ved Münchens Akademi ikke ringe indflydelse på nyere München-kunst, særlig gennem sin koloristiske begavelse. Efter at have udført scener fra Bondekrigen malede han 1888 sit første betydeligere værk Johanna Stegen, senere Sankt Georg (Nye Pinakotek i München), portræt af Prins Luitpold (1893) med mere.

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Historiemalere
Portrætmalere
Malere fra Tyskland
Tyskere i 1800-tallet
Tyskere i 1900-tallet
Personer fra Ansbach

Ludwig von Herterich


Pi (Π π) (Yunanca:Πι, Pi), Yunan alfabesinin onaltıncı harfidir. Fenike alfabesi'nin pe  harfinden gelmektedir. Türkçedeki /p/ sesine karşılık gelir. Pi olarak adlandırılır ve matematik terimi olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Yunanca okunuşu pî (Piy), Türkçe okunuşu pi, İngilizce okunuşu pi (Pay) ve Arapça okunuşu pï (pïy) şeklindedir.

Örnek kullanımları
Παπούτσι (Papuçi) = Papuç

Παλαμίδα (Palamiđa) = Palamut

Πανηγύρι (Paniyiri) = Panayır

Πράσο (Praso) = Pırasa

Πολωνία (Polonia) = Polonya

Παπιγιόν ( Papiyon ) = Papyon

παράλληλη ( Parallilili ) = Paralel

Π

Pi (harf)


Radio-Activity  (German title: Radio-Aktivität) is the fifth studio album by German electronic music band Kraftwerk, released in October 1975. The band's first entirely electronic album is also a concept album organized around the themes of radioactive decay and radio communication. All releases of the album were bilingual, with lyrics in both English and German. The album was accompanied by single release of the title track, which was successful in France and Belgium.

Background
Following the success of its 1974 predecessor Autobahn, an album based on Germany's eponymous motorway network, Kraftwerk embarked on a tour of the United States with the "classic" lineup of the band formed by Ralf Hütter, Florian Schneider, Karl Bartos—who joined in February 1975—and Wolfgang Flür in April and May 1975.

Album title
Radio-Activity'''s album title displays Kraftwerk's typical deadpan humour, being a pun on the twin themes of the songs, half being about radioactivity and the other half about activity on the radio. Bartos revealed that the title was inspired by a chart column in the American magazine, Billboard, which featured the most played singles under the title "Radio Activity". According to Wolfgang Flur, the concept arose as a result of the many radio interviews that Ralf and Florian had given on their American tour.

 Composition and recording
The album was recorded in Kling Klang Studio, Düsseldorf, and it was self-produced by Hütter and Schneider. It was their first purely electronic album, and the first one to be performed by the "classic" band line-up. Karl and Wolfgang worked on electronic percussion. All the music was written by Hütter and Schneider, with Emil Schult collaborating on lyrics. For this album, the band had decided to record some vocals in English and Schult's command of the language after studying for a while in the United States was better than Hutter's or Schneider's. Tim Barr pointed out the impact his experiences had in the United States on his ability to speak the language and in more subtle ways as well. Schult also designed the artwork, which was based on a late-1930s 'Deutscher Kleinempfänger' radio.

The overture instrumental piece "Geiger Counter" used Geiger counter beats based on musique concrète. The album featured use of the distinctive Vako Orchestron keyboard to provide vocal choir on title track. "Antenna" used an echo chamber effect, and Hütter's Farfisa electronic piano was used on "Transistor". For the recording, extensive use was made of the vocoder.

 Release and promotion
In September 1975, the band toured the UK, playing 17 shows in England. By 1975, Hütter and Schneider's previous publishing deals with Capriccio Music and Star Musik Studio of Hamburg had expired. The compositions on Radio-Activity were published by their own newly set up Kling Klang Verlag music publishing company, giving them greater financial control over the use of songwriting output. Also, the album was the first to bear the fruit of Kling Klang as an established vanity label under the group's new licensing deal with EMI. Radio-Activity was released in October 1975. For their promotion, their record company sent them to a "real Atomkraftwerk" to take promotional photos. In these photos, the group was dressed in white protective suits and anti-radiation boots on their shoes. The album reached  on the Canadian charts in February 1976. The title track "Radioactivity" was released as a single in May 1976 and became a hit in France, selling 500,000 copies, and Belgium in the charts.

 Reception Radio-Activity was released to mixed reviews, with Rolling Stone criticizing the album: "...no cut on the album comes near the melodic/harmonic sense that pervaded Autobahn or the creative use of electronics on the much earlier album Ralf and Florian". Uncut wrote regarding their 2009 remaster that "begins like a heartbeat in the void, accelerating into the pulse that will form the spine of the title-song, an eerie tribute to the intangibles (music, disintegrating atoms) that linger in the atmosphere." It consider that "has a musty scent of Old Europe, which proved a hit with the synth groups of 1980-81 (eg, Ultravox and Visage), and it retains a blood-chilling, Wagnerian quality even now, thanks to Kraftwerk's use of the Vako Orchestron, a choir-like relative of the Mellotron."

Chris Power from Drowned in Sound praised it for the experimental feeling in 2009: "A bridge between electronic experimentalism and the powerful, groundbreaking unification of avant-garde form and catchy, commercial function that was just around the corner, Radio-Activity'' is the sound of Kraftwerk finding their way in a strange new landscape that they were in the very process of creating". In a retrospective review, Jason Ankeny from AllMusic called the album "a pivotal record in the group's continuing development" and stated that it "marked Kraftwerk's return to more obtuse territory, extensively utilizing static, oscillators, and even Cage-like moments of silence".

Track listing

Personnel
Adapted from 2009 remaster liner notes.

Kraftwerk
 Ralf Hütter – vocals, synthesizers, Orchestron, electronic piano, drum machine, electronics
 Florian Schneider – vocals, vocoder, votrax, synthesizers, electronics
 Karl Bartos – electronic percussion
 Wolfgang Flür – electronic percussion

Additional personnel
 Peter Bollig – technical engineer (Kling Klang Studio, Düsseldorf)
 Walter Quintus – sound mix engineer (Rüssl Studio, Hamburg)
 Robert Franke – photography
 Emil Schult – artwork
 Johann Zambryski – artwork reconstruction (2009 Remaster)

Charts

Weekly charts

Certifications and sales

References

Bibliography

External links

Kraftwerk albums
1975 albums
Concept albums
EMI Records albums
Capitol Records albums
Kling Klang Studio albums
Experimental music albums by German artists
Experimental pop albums
German-language albums

Radio-Activity


El LIBOR–OIS o diferencial LIBOR-OIS es la diferencia entre los tipos LIBOR y el overnight indexed swap (OIS). Este diferencial entre dos tipos está considerado como una medida de la salud del sistema bancario.

Barómetro de riesgo
El LIBOR a tres meses es en general un tipo flotante de financiación, que fluctúa dependiendo de la percepción de riesgo de los bancos prestamista. El OIS es un swap de tipos de interés derivado de un tipo nocturno, que generalmente está fijado por el banco central local. El OIS permite a los bancos que se basan en el LIBOR a tomar dinero prestado a un tipo fijo de interés sobre el mismo período de tiempo. En los Estados Unidos, el diferencial se basa en el tipo LIBOR en Eurodólares y en la Fed Funds rate.

El LIBOR es "arriesgado" en la medida que el banco prestamista suministra al banco prestatario con dinero en efectivo, y el OIS es "estable" en la medida que ambas contrapartes solamente intercambian el tipo flotante de interés por un tipo fijo de interés. El diferencial entre ambos es, así, una medida de las posibilidades de que los bancos prestatarios entren en quiebra. Esto refleja las primas de riesgo de crédito de las contrapartes, en contraste con las primas de riesgo de liquidez.

Niveles históricos
En Estados Unidos, el diferencial LIBOR–OIS se mantiene generalmente en torno a los 10 bps. Esto cambió abruptamente, cuando el spread saltó hasta una tasa de en torno a 50 bps a comienzos de agosto de 2007 cuando los mercados financieros comenzaron a apreciar la existencia de un entorno de riesgo elevado. En pocos meses, el Banco de Inglaterra se vio obligado a rescatar Northern Rock de la quiebra. El diferencial continuó manteniendo niveles históricamente altos según la crisis financiera iba desplegándose.

Cuando los mercados mejoraron, el diferencial cayó y hacia octubre de 2009 volvía al nivel de los 10 bps de nuevo, para volver a subir con fuerza durante los problemas de la crisis de la deuda soberana europea. En diciembre de 2011, el diferencial se situaba en un nivel de 40+ bps.

Véase también
 TED spread
 OIS

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 3 MO LIBOR - OIS SPREAD
 Dollar Libor-OIS Spread at 2-Year High Amid Europe Bank Concern

Tipos de oferta interbancaria
Terminología económica

Diferencial Libor-OIS


Sjeverna Hercegovina ili Gornja Hercegovina je mikroregija u Hercegovini. Teritorij ove regije predstavljaju jablanička, prozorsko-ramska, te konjička područja, koja se nalaze u sastavu Hercegovačko-neretvanske županije. Po vegetaciji ova se mikroregija razlikuje od ostatka Hercegovine jer je klima hladnija, tj. klima je umjerena kontinentalna, u odnosu na ostatak Hercegovine gdje je klima tipična mediteranska i submediteranska. Golog krša ima puno manje nego npr. u Istočnoj Hercegovini. Centar ove mikroregije je Konjic, a općina Konjic je ujedno i najveća u državi. Ostala dva urbana centra su Prozor-Rama i Jablanica. Gornja Hercegovina iznimno je bogata vodom, a osobito se na tom području ističu rijeke Neretva i Rama te Jablaničko i Ramsko jezero.

Zemljopis

Planine

Rijeke
Neretva
Rama
Gračanica
Volujak
Neretvica
Doljanka

Jezera

Stanovništvo
Prema rezultatima popisa stanovništva na području Sjeverne Hercegovine, na tom području živi 49.539 stanovnika.

Izvori

Regije u Bosni i Hercegovini

Sjeverna Hercegovina


Die Luisenschule ist ein Gymnasium der Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr. Es erhielt seinen heutigen Namen nach Königin Luise, die seit ihren Aufenthalten als junges Mädchen auf Schloss Broich in Mülheim an der Ruhr lange Zeit eine große Popularität genoss.

Geschichte der Schule
Die heutige Luisenschule geht auf eine 1838 gegründete private Höhere Mädchenschule zurück, die eine Erweiterung der 1835 ins Leben gerufenen – ebenfalls privaten – Höheren Bürgerschule war. Am 7. Juli 1852 kam es zur Gründung einer ersten öffentlichen Höheren Knabenschule durch die Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr, in die wiederum die Klassen der Mädchenschule integriert wurden. Erster Direktor der beiden Einrichtungen war Wilhelm Gallenkamp.

Seit 1858 nahm der jeweilige Prorektor der Knabenschule die Aufgaben des Direktors der Mädchenschule wahr. Prorektoren waren nacheinander Karl Gustav Andresen (1858–1863), Oskar Natorp (1863–1873) sowie Ludwig Finsterbusch (1873–1884). Im Jahre 1884 kam es zur endgültigen Trennung der beiden Anstalten: die Mädchenschule wurde selbständig und der ehemalige Prorektor Ludwig Finsterbusch ihr erster Direktor. Anlässlich des Umzugs in ein neues Schulgebäude erhielt die Schule 1892 den Namen "Luisenschule", den sie auch heute noch trägt.

1899 wurde der Direktor Finsterbusch in den Ruhestand versetzt. Sein Nachfolger Eduard Meyer beging 1902 mit einem feierlichen Festakt das 50-jährige Bestehen der Schule. Ab 1911 waren anerkannte höhere Mädchenschulen berechtigt, die Bezeichnung "Lyzeum" zu führen. Seitdem führte die Luisenschule lange Zeit den Namenszusatz "Lyzeum der Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr".

Ostern 1926 zu den Schulgebäuden der Luisenschule gehören das Hauptgebäude und eine Villa an der Adolfstraße, der letzte Block der Kaserne (Kaiserstraße/ Ecke Südstraße) und der städtische Kindergarten am Werdener Weg. In diesem Jahr wird die erste Reifeprüfung abgenommen.

Ab Ostern 1939 nach einem ministerialen Erlass war die Höhere Schule nach acht statt nach neun Jahren zu beenden. Durch die Auswirkungen des Zweiten Weltkriegs kam es zu häufigen Standortwechseln. Die Unterrichtsräume der Kaserne wurden durch die Schutzpolizei beschlagnahmt, und der Unterricht wurde in einen Flügel der Mittelschule an der Oberstraße verlegt. Außerdem besetzte die Heeresverwaltung das Gebäude der Luisenschule, so dass ebenfalls ein Umzug in die Eduardstraße 6 (heute Martin-von-Tours-Schule) erfolgen musste.
Der Bombenangriff auf Mülheim am 22. Juni 1943 verursachte einen Brand im Schulgebäude an der Adolfstraße. Die Schule musste auf unbestimmte Zeit geschlossen werden; der Unterricht wurde vorübergehend im Gebäude der Langemarck-Schule (heute Otto-Pankok Gymnasium) aufgenommen. Im Oktober 1943 wurden 60 Schülerinnen und drei Lehrerinnen mit der Kinderlandverschickung in die Tschechoslowakei gebracht. Sie fuhren nach Prag, von dort zunächst in das Lager Lettin bei Pilsen und wurden um Ostern 1944 in das Großlager Beching bei Tabor verlegt. Die Rückkehr nach Mülheim fand am 5. August 1945 statt. Im Februar 1945 wurde in Mülheim der Unterricht in Form von Arbeitskreisen aufgenommen, jedoch häufig durch Fliegeralarm gestört. Am 11. April 1945 während der Besetzung Mülheims durch die amerikanischen Truppen wurden die Arbeitskreise wieder aufgelöst.

Seit Herbst 1945 heißen die Knabenschulen wieder Gymnasium, und die Mädchenschulen erhielten den alten Titel Studienanstalt zurück. Auch die Schulzeit wurde wieder von acht auf neun Jahre verlängert. Durch die schwere Kriegsbeschädigung wurde der Unterricht nicht in der Luisenschule, sondern im Mittelschulgebäude aufgenommen. Die Schüler beider Schulen wurden in einem Gebäude unterrichtet.

1950 glich eine Schulreform die Unterrichtsinhalte und Ziele an die Knabenschule an. Die Studienanstalt hieß nun Neusprachliches Mädchengymnasium. 1951 zog die Luisenschule um in den Stadtteil Holthausen, ins heutige Schulgebäude An den Buchen 36. Die Schülerinnen mussten zwischen den beiden Schulgebäuden pendeln, da im neuen Gebäude der heutige Neubau mit den Fachräumen noch fehlte.

1973 wurde die Luisenschule eine Koedukationsschule mit reformierter Oberstufe, d. h., es gibt den ersten gemischten Jahrgang mit Mädchen und Jungen. In der Oberstufe wurde der Klassenverband durch das Kurssystem ersetzt. Mit dem Bau von Bungalow und Pavillon wurden 1974 Ersatzräume zur Verfügung gestellt, denn die Luisenschule zählte mittlerweile 1400 Schülerinnen und Schüler. Als erste Schule in Mülheim erhielt sie einen Groß-Computer. 2002 feierte die Schule ihr 150-jähriges Jubiläum. 2010 beschloss die Stadt Mülheim, das Schulgebäude im Rahmen eines ÖPP-Projektes für 1110 Schüler zu sanieren und zu modernisieren. Hierbei wurde das Atrium überdacht und eine großflächige Cafeteria eingerichtet. Ein massiver Neubau ersetzte Pavillon und Bungalow. Das Schulgelände wurde neu gestaltet.

Direktoren der Schule
Die Direktoren der Schule von 1838 bis heute:
 1838–1852 Gerhard Kerlen
 1852–1858 Wilhelm Gallenkamp
 1858–1863 Karl Gustav Andresen
 1863–1873 Oskar Natrop
 1873–1899 Ludwig Finsterbusch
 1899–1916 Eduard Meyer
 1916–1918 Albert Elgeti
 1918–1925 Otto Rabes
 1925–1945 Emil Vollert
 1945–1958 Maria Schmitter
 1958–1972 Ruth Beekmann
 1972–1997 Ulrich Wallow
 1997–2003 Dagmar Mühlenfeld
 2003–2015 Bernd Troost
 2015–2018 Holger Ellwanger
 2018–2018 Jens Teller
 2018–heute Heike Quednau

Bekannte ehemalige Schüler
 Margarete Stinnes (1840–1911), Mäzenin, Mitbegründerin der Leonhard-Stinnes-Stiftung
 Adeline Coupienne (1844–1925), Mutter von Hugo Stinnes
 Hedwig Pelzer (1854–1940), Ehefrau von August Thyssen
 Klara Bagel (1856–1918), Tochter von Julius Bagel, Ehefrau von Joseph Thyssen
 Elisabeth von Eicken (1862–1940), Malerin
 Hedwig Thyssen (1878–1960), Tochter von August Thyssen
 Luise Blumberg (1890–1974), Stadtverordnete (1919–1929), Abgeordnete des Rheinischen Provinziallandtags (1932–1933)
 Clärenore Stinnes (1901–1990), Rennfahrerin
 Klara Thyssen (1914–1984), Tochter von Julius und Jula Thyssen
 Irmel Weyer (* 1927), Ärztin, Entwicklungshelferin
 Frigga Haug (* 1937), Philosophin
 Dagmar Mühlenfeld (* 1951), Oberbürgermeisterin der Stadt Mülheim an der Ruhr, zuvor Schulleiterin
 Ulrike Beisiegel (* 1952), Präsidentin der Universität Göttingen (seit 2011)
 Cornelia Rundt (* 1953), niedersächsische Ministerin für Soziales, Gesundheit und Gleichstellung (2013–2017)
 Monika Griefahn (* 1954), Politikerin (SPD), niedersächsische Umweltministerin (1990–1998)
 Gisela Fischdick (* 1955), Schachgroßmeisterin
 Annette Weitzmann (* 1967), Schauspielerin
 Fabienne Deprez (* 1992), Badmintonspielerin
 Roman Müller-Böhm (* 1992), Politiker (FDP), Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages
 Timm Herzbruch (* 1997), Feldhockeyspieler

Literatur
 Eduard Meyer: Die Entwicklung der Luisenschule (Städt. Höheren Mädchenschule) zu Mülheim an der Ruhr. Der Schule gewidmet zu ihrem 50jährigen Jubiläum am 7. Juli 1902 von Direktor Ed. Meyer. Verlag Jul. Bagel, Mülheim an der Ruhr 1902.
 Luisenschule (städt. Höhere Mädchenschule) Mülheim a.d. Ruhr (Hrsg.): Bericht über das Schuljahr. Mülheim, R. 1902–1911 ()
 Lyzeum der Stadt Mülheim-Ruhr (Hrsg.): Bericht über das Schuljahr. Mülheim, R. 1912–1915 ()
 Eduard Meyer: Geschichte des Lyzeums zu Mülheim a.d. Ruhr. Bagel, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr 1912 ()
 Festschrift zur Hundertjahrfeier der Städtischen Luisenschule in Mülheim an der Ruhr. Mülheim an der Ruhr, 1952.
 150 Jahre Luisenschule Mülheim an der Ruhr 1852–2002. Mülheim an der Ruhr, 2002.

Weitere Quellen
 Stadtarchiv Mülheim an der Ruhr, Bestand 1205 (Höhere Mädchenschule / Luisenschule vor 1945)
 Stadtarchiv Mülheim an der Ruhr, Bestand 2004 (Luisenschule nach 1945)

Weblinks
 Homepage der Luisenschule
 Geschichte des höheren Schulwesens in Mülheim an der Ruhr

Einzelnachweise

Mulheim an der Ruhr
Gymnasium in Mülheim an der Ruhr
MINT-EC-Schule
Gegründet 1852

Luisenschule Mülheim an der Ruhr


Tütünlü, Ardanuç - Artvin ili Ardanuç ilçesine bağlı köy
 Tütünlü, Şemdinli - Hakkâri ili Şemdinli ilçesine bağlı köy

Tütünlü


Chaetosiphon može označavati:
 Chaetosiphon (Plantae) Huber, 1893, rod zelenih alga iz porodice Chaetosiphonaceae.
 Chaetosiphon (Animalia) Mordvilko, 1914, rod kukaca Hemiptera iz porodice Aphididae.

Chaetosiphon


Francesco Saverio Apuzzo ( 6 de abril de 1807 em Nápoles – 30 de julho de 1880 em Cápua ) foi Arcebispo de Cápua e Cardeal. Ele assumiu uma postura moderada no Concílio Vaticano I.

vida
Apuzzo, que foi confirmado aos nove anos , foi ordenado sacerdote em 18 de setembro de 1830 e recebeu seu doutorado em teologia em 1831. Depois disso, ele foi professor de dogmática. A partir de 1842 foi tutor dos príncipes da Sicília em nome do rei Fernando II. Em 1849 mudou-se para a Universidade de Nápoles Federico II, da qual mais tarde se tornou diretor.

Em 19 de janeiro de 1854 Apuzzo pelo Papa Pio IX nomeado bispo titular de Anastasiópolis e bispo auxiliar de Cápua. Recebeu sua consagração episcopal em 12 de maio do mesmo ano pelo Cardeal Giuseppe Cosenza, Arcebispo de Cápua, na catedral de lá. Em 1855, por intercessão de Fernando II, tornou-se arcebispo de Sorrento. Quando as tropas do combatente da liberdade italiano Giuseppe Garibaldi ocuparam a Sicília em 1860, Apuzzo exilou -se em Roma. Em 1862 tornou-se membro da Accademica della Religione Cattolicae participou do Concílio Vaticano I em 1869-1870. Ele não era um defensor absoluto da infalibilidade papal, mas não votou contra ela no concílio. Em novembro de 1871, o Papa Pio IX o nomeou ao Arcebispo de Cápua. Isso encerrou uma vaga de oito anos em Cápua. No consistório de 12 de março de 1877, ele recebeu Apuzzo no Colégio dos Cardeais e logo depois o nomeou Cardeal Sacerdote de Sant'Onofrio ,

Cardeal Francesco Saverio Apuzzo foi um dos eleitores de Leão XIII em 1878. e morreu dois anos depois, em Cápua, aos 73 anos. Seu túmulo está na catedral de lá.

Link Externo
 Sylwetka w słowniku biograficznym kardynałów Salvadora Mirandy
 Catholic-Hierarchy

Alunos da Universidade de Nápoles Federico II
Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio IX

Francesco Saverio Apuzzo


Siegfried Ebel (* 3. Februar 1934 in Schmölln, Thüringen; † 29. Juli 2019 in Würzburg) war ein deutscher Pharmazeut und Professor für Pharmazeutische Chemie an der Universität Würzburg.

Akademische Laufbahn
Ebel studierte ab 1956 an der Philipps-Universität Marburg. Dort beendete er 1959 sein Pharmazie- und  1961 sein Chemiestudium. Drei Jahre später folgte die Promotion am Institut für Pharmazeutische Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie bei H. Böhme. Anschließend bereitete Siegfried Ebel in Marburg bis 1968 seine Habilitation vor. Während dieser Zeit erlangte er mit der Lebensmittelchemiker-Hauptprüfung seinen dritten Studienabschluss.

Für seine erste Professur verblieb der Wissenschaftler 1969 an der Universität Marburg. Zwei Jahre danach folgte die Ernennung zum Abteilungsleiter für die Fachrichtung Pharmazeutische Chemie. In den frühen 1970er Jahren beschäftigte sich Ebel mit der Rechnersteuerung in der Analytischen Chemie. Die Arbeiten auf diesem Gebiet brachten ihm internationale Anerkennung ein. Ebel erhielt Aufträge aus der Industrie für die Schmiermittel- und Pflanzenschutzanalytik. 1977 baute er in Thailand das Institut für Arzneimittelprüfung auf und war auch in den folgenden Jahren in Asien aktiv, indem er zum Beispiel Gastprofessuren in Indonesien wahrnahm.

1982 wurde Ebel als Nachfolger von Carl Heinz Brieskorn an die Universität Würzburg berufen. Sein Arbeitsgebiet beinhaltet unter anderem die Analytik von Arzneistoffen und Arzneimitteln sowie die Automatisierung dieser Analytik und die dabei anfallende Datenverarbeitung. Des Weiteren widmete er sich den verschiedenen Analyseverfahren und ihren Kopplungen. In Würzburg wurde Ebel, wie bereits zuvor in Marburg, zum Dekan seiner Fakultät gewählt.

Mitgliedschaft in Gremien
Das Fachwissen Siegfried Ebels war bis zu seinem Tode international gefragt. So war er zum Beispiel Mitglied der Europäischen Arzneibuchkommission und dort auch Vorsitzender der Expertengruppe Pharmazeutische Chemie. Außerdem leitete er eine Expertengruppe gleichen Namens bei der Deutschen Arzneibuchkommission. Seit 1998 war Ebel Mitglied und stellvertretender Vorsitzender des Wissenschaftlichen Beirats des Bundesinstituts für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Apotheker (20. Jahrhundert)
Apotheker (21. Jahrhundert)
Lebensmittelchemiker
Hochschullehrer (Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg)
Hochschullehrer (Philipps-Universität Marburg)
Deutscher
Geboren 1934
Gestorben 2019
Mann

Siegfried Ebel


A dugout canoe or simply dugout is a boat made from a hollowed-out tree. Other names for this type of boat are logboat and monoxylon. Monoxylon (μονόξυλον) (pl: monoxyla) is Greek –  mono- (single) + ξύλον xylon (tree) – and is mostly used in classic Greek texts. In German, they are called Einbaum ("one tree" in English). Some, but not all, pirogues are also constructed in this manner.

Dugouts are the oldest boat type archaeologists have found, dating back about 8,000 years to the Neolithic Stone Age. This is probably because they are made of massive pieces of wood, which tend to preserve better than others, such as bark canoes. Along with bark canoes and hide kayaks, dugouts were also used by Indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Construction

Construction of a dugout begins with the selection of a log of suitable dimensions. Sufficient wood must be removed to make the vessel relatively light in weight and buoyant, yet still strong enough to support the crew and cargo. Specific types of wood were often preferred based on their strength, durability, and density. The shape of the boat is then fashioned to minimize drag, with sharp ends at the bow and stern.

First, the bark is removed from the exterior. Before the appearance of metal tools, dugouts were hollowed out using controlled fires. The burnt wood was then removed using an adze. Another method using tools is to chop out parallel notches across the interior span of the wood, then split out and remove the wood from between the notches. Once hollowed out, the interior was dressed and smoothed out with a knife or adze.

More primitive designs keep the tree's original dimensions, with a round bottom. However, it is possible to carefully steam the sides of the hollow log until they are pliable, then bend to create a more flat-bottomed "boat" shape with a wider beam in the centre.

For travel in the rougher waters of the ocean, dugouts can be fitted with outriggers. One or two smaller logs are mounted parallel to the main hull by long poles. In the case of two outriggers, one is mounted on either side of the hull.

Africa
The Dufuna canoe from Nigeria is an 8000-year-old dugout, the oldest boat discovered in Africa, and is, by varying accounts, the second or third-oldest ship worldwide.
The well-watered tropical rainforest and woodland regions of sub-Saharan Africa provide both the waterways and the trees for dugout canoes, which are commonplace from the Limpopo River basin in the south through East and Central Africa and across to West Africa. African teak is the timber favoured for their construction, though this comprises a number of different species, and is in short supply in some areas. Dugouts are paddled across deep lakes and rivers or punted through channels in swamps (see makoro or mtumbwi) or in shallow areas, and are used for transport, fishing, and hunting, including, in the past, the very dangerous hunting of hippopotamus. Dugouts are called pirogues in Francophone areas of Africa.

A Nok sculpture portrays two individuals, along with their goods, in a dugout canoe. Both of the anthropomorphic figures in the watercraft are paddling. The Nok terracotta depiction of a dugout canoe may indicate that Nok people utilized dugout canoes to transport cargo, along tributaries (e.g., Gurara River) of the Niger River, and exchanged them in a regional trade network. The Nok terracotta depiction of a figure with a seashell on its head may indicate that the span of these riverine trade routes may have extended to the Atlantic Coast. In the maritime history of Africa, there is the earlier Dufuna canoe, which was constructed approximately 8000 years ago in the northern region of Nigeria; as the second earliest form of water vessel known in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Nok terracotta depiction of a dugout canoe was created in the central region of Nigeria during the first millennium BCE.

The engineering and methodology (e.g., cultural valuations, use of iron tools) used in the construction of West African dugout canoes (e.g., rounded point sterns and pointed bows with 15° - 50° angle above water surface, increased stability via partly rounded or flat base, v-shaped hull, shallow draft for sailing water depths less than one foot, occasionally spanning more than one hundred feet in length) contributed to the capability of the canoes to be able to persist and navigate throughout the interconnected river system that connected the Benue River, Gambia River, Niger River, and Senegal River as well as Lake Chad; this river system connected diverse sources of water (e.g., lakes, rivers, seas, streams) and ecological zones (e.g., Sahara, Sahel, Savanna), and allowed for the transport of people, information, and economic goods along riverine trade networks that connect various locations (e.g., Bamako, Djenne, Gao, Mopti, Segou, Timbuktu) throughout West Africa and North Africa. The knowledge and understanding (e.g., hydrography, marine geography, how canoe navigation is affected by the depth of the water, tides in the ocean, currents, and winds) of West African canoers facilitated the skillful navigation of various channels of the regional river system, while engaging in activities such as trade and fishing. The construction schema for West African dugout canoes were also used among canoes in the Americas constructed by the African diaspora. The sacredness of canoe-making is expressed in a proverb from Senegambia: "The blood of kings and the tears of the canoe-maker are sacred things which must not touch the ground."  In addition to possessing economic value, West African dugout canoes also possessed a sociocultural and psychospiritual value.

In 1735 CE, John Atkins observed: "Canoos are what used through the whole Coast for transporting Men and Goods." European rowboats, which frequently capsized, were able to be outmaneuvered and outperformed in terms of speed by West African dugout canoes.  Barbot stated, regarding West African canoers and West African dugout canoes, the "speed with which these people generally make these boats travel is beyond belief."  Alvise da Cadamosto also observed how "effortlessly" Portuguese caravels were outperformed by Gambian dugout canoes.  The skill of Kru canoers to be able to navigate the challenging conditions of the sea was also observed by Charles Thomas.

Amid the 1590s CE, Komenda and Takoradi in Ghana served as production areas for dugout canoes made by the Ahanta people.  By 1679 CE, Barbot observed Takoradi to be "a major canoe-producing center, crafting dugouts capable of carrying up to eight tons."  Between the 17th century CE and 18th century CE, a production area and/or marketplace of dugout canoes was in Shama, which later became only a marketplace on Supome Island.  Amid the 1660s CE, in addition to other local canoers manufacturing dugout canoes, the Fetu people were observed by Muller as having bought dugout canoes that were made by the Ahanta people.

West Africans (e.g., Ghana, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Senegal) and western Central Africans (e.g., Cameroon) independently developed the skill of surfing. Amid the 1640s CE, Michael Hemmersam provided an account of surfing in the Gold Coast: "the parents 'tie their children to boards and throw them into the water.'" In 1679 CE, Barbot provided an account of surfing among Elmina children in Ghana: "children at Elmina learned "to swim, on bits of boards, or small bundles of rushes, fasten'd under their stomachs, which is a good diversion to the spectators." James Alexander provided an account of surfing in Accra, Ghana in 1834 CE: "From the beach, meanwhile, might be seen boys swimming into the sea, with light boards under their stomachs. They waited for a surf; and came rolling like a cloud on top of it. But I was told that sharks occasionally dart in behind the rocks and 'yam' them." Thomas Hutchinson provided an account of surfing in southern Cameroon in 1861: "Fishermen rode small dugouts 'no more than six feet in length, fourteen to sixteen inches in width, and from four to six inches in depth.'"

Asia

An 8000-year-old dugout canoe was found by archaeologists in Kuahuqiao, Zhejiang Province, in east China. This is the earliest canoe found in Asia.

The Moken, an ethnic group that lives in Myanmar's Mergui Archipelago and the north of Thailand as sea nomads, still builds and uses dugout canoes. According to the Moken's accounts of their people's origin, a mythical queen punished the forbidden love of their ancestral forefather for his sister-in-law by banishing him and his descendants to life on sea in dugout canoes with indentations fore and aft ("a mouth that eats and a rear that defecates"), symbolizing the unending cycle of ingestion, digestion and evacuation.

A centuries-old unfinished dugout boat, a big banca (five tons, measuring 8 by 2 by 1.5 meters) was accidentally retrieved on November, 2010 by Mayor Ricardo Revita at Barangay Casanicolasan, Rosales, Pangasinan, Philippines, in Lagasit River, near Agno River. It is now on display in front of the Municipal Town Hall.

Europe

In ancient Europe many dugouts were made from linden wood, for several reasons. First, linden trees were abundant in the Paleolithic after the melting of the Weichselian glaciation and readily available. Secondly, linden grew to be one of the tallest trees in the forests of the time, making it easier to build longer boats. Linden wood also lends itself well to carving and doesn't split or crack easily. It is also lighter than most other tree types in European old-growth forests, and for this reason, boats made from linden wood have a better cargo capacity and are easier to carry.

The Pesse canoe, found in the Netherlands, is a dugout which is believed to be the world's oldest boat, carbon dated to between 8040 BCE and 7510 BCE. Other dugouts discovered in the Netherlands include two in the province of North Holland: in 2003, near Uitgeest, dated at 617-600 BC; and in 2007, near Den Oever, dated at 3300-3000 BC.

Dugouts have also been found in Germany. In German, the craft is known as Einbaum (one-tree). In the old Hanseatic town of Stralsund, three log-boats were excavated in 2002. Two of the boats were around 7,000 years old and are the oldest boats found in the Baltic area. The third boat (6,000 years old) was 12 meters long and holds the record as the longest dugout in the region. The finds have partly deteriorated due to poor storage conditions.

In 1991, remains of a linden wood log-boat of nearly 6 meters were found at Männedorf-Strandbad in Switzerland at Lake Zürich. The boat has since been dated to be 6,500 years old.

In 1902 an oak logboat over 15 m long and 1 m wide, was found at Addergoole Bog, Lurgan, County Galway, Ireland, and delivered to the National Museum of Ireland. The Lurgan boat radiocarbon date was 3940 +/- 25 BP. The boat has holes suggesting that it had an outrigger or was joined to another boat.

In 2012, at Parc Glyndwr, Monmouth, Monmouthshire, Wales, UK, an excavation by the Monmouth Archeological Society, revealed three ditches suggesting a Neolithic dugout trimaran of similar length to the Lurgan log boat, carbon dated to 3700+/-35 BP.

De Administrando Imperio details how the Slavs built monoxyla that they sold to Rus' in Kiev. These boats were then used against the Byzantine Empire during the Rus'–Byzantine Wars of the 9th and 10th centuries. They used dugouts to attack Constantinople and to withdraw into their lands with bewildering speed and mobility. Hence, the name of Δρομίται ("people on the run") applied to the Rus in some Byzantine sources. The monoxyla were often accompanied by larger galleys, that served as command and control centres. Each Slavic dugout could hold from 40 to 70 warriors.

The Cossacks of the Zaporozhian Host were also renowned for their artful use of dugouts, which issued from the Dnieper to raid the shores of the Black Sea in the 16th and 17th centuries. Using small, shallow-draft, and highly maneuverable galleys known as chaiky, they moved swiftly across the Black Sea. According to the Cossacks' own records, these vessels, carrying a 50 to 70 man crew, could reach the coast of Anatolia from the mouth of the Dnieper River in forty hours.

More than 40 pre-historic log-boats have been found in the Czech Republic. The latest discovery was in 1999 of a 10 m long log-boat in Mohelnice. It was cut out of a single oak log and has a width of 1.05 m. The log-boat has been dated to around 1000 BC and is kept at the Mohelnice Museum (Museum of National History). Geographically, Czech log-boat sites and remains are clustered along the Elbe and Morava rivers.

Poland is known for so-called Lewin-type log-boats, found at Lewin Brzeski, Koźle and Roszowicki Las accordingly, and associated with the Przeworsk culture in the early centuries CE. Lewin logboats are characterized by a square or trapezoidal cross-section, rectangular hull-ends and low height of the sides in relation to vessel length. In addition, nearly all the Lewin-type boats have a single hole in the bow and two at the stern. The low height is a result of the parent log being split lengthwise in half, in order to obtain two identical timbers from a single trunk. The advantage lies in the resulting identical twin hulls, which are then joined to form a double-hulled raft. The paired hulls were joined by transverse poles, which did not go through the holes in the platform ends but were fastened to the top walls or in special grooves at the hull ends. These vessels were typically 7–12 m in length, and the largest of them could carry up to 1.5 tons of cargo because of the special design.

Many pre-historic dugout boats have been found in Scandinavia. These boats were used for transport on calmer bodies of water, fishing and maybe occasionally for whaling and sealing. Dugouts require no metal parts, and were common amongst the Stone Age people in Northern Europe until large trees suitable for making this type of watercraft became scarce. Length was limited to the size of trees in the old-growth forests—up to  in length. In Denmark in 2001, and some years prior to that, a few dugout canoes of linden wood, was unearthed in a large-scale archaeological excavation project in Egådalen, north of Aarhus. They have been carbon dated to the years 5210-4910 BCE and they are the oldest known boats in Northern Europe. In Scandinavia, later models increased freeboard (and seaworthiness) by lashing additional boards to the side of the dugout. Eventually, the dugout portion was reduced to a solid keel, and the lashed boards on the sides became a lapstrake hull.

In the United Kingdom, two log boats were discovered in Newport, Shropshire, and are now on display at Harper Adams University Newport. The Iron Age residents of Great Britain, were known to have used longboats for fishing and basic trade. In 1964, a logboat was uncovered in Poole Harbour, Dorset. The Poole Logboat dated to 300 BC, was large enough to accommodate 18 people and was constructed from a giant oak tree. It is currently located in the Poole Museum. An even older logboat (the Hanson log boat) was unearthed in 1998 in Shardlow south of Derby. It has been dated to the Bronze Ages around 1500 BCE and is now exhibited at Derby Museum and Art Gallery. There was another pre-historic boat at the same location, but it was buried in situ.

In Northern Europe, the tradition of making dugout canoes survived into the 20th and 21st centuries in Estonia, where seasonal floods in Soomaa, a 390 km2 wilderness area, make conventional means of transportation impossible. In recent decades, a new surge of interest in crafting dugouts (Estonian haabjas) has revitalized the ancient tradition. I December 2021 dugout boat culture of Estonia's Soomaa region was added to UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list.

The Americas

Dugout canoes were constructed by indigenous people throughout the Americas, where suitable logs were available.

The Native Americans of the Pacific Northwest were and are still very skilled at crafting wood. Best known for totem poles up to  tall, they also construct dugout canoes over  long for everyday use and ceremonial purposes. In the state of Washington, dugout canoes are traditionally made from huge cedar logs (such as Pacific red cedar) for ocean travelers, while natives around smaller rivers use spruce logs. Cedar logs have a resilience in salt water much greater than spruce.

In 1978, Geordie Tocher and two companions sailed a dugout canoe (the Orenda II), based on Haida designs (but with sails), from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada to Hawaii. The dugout was  long, made of Douglas fir, and weighed . The mission was launched to add credibility to stories that the Haida had travelled to Hawaii in ancient times. Altogether, the group ventured some 4,500 miles (7,242 km) after two months at sea.

Oceania

Pacific Islands
The Pacific Ocean has been the nursery for many different forms of dugout sailing craft. They differ in their sail plan (i.e., crab-claw or half-crab-claw, Latin, or triangular), hull formats (single, double, catamaran or proa), the absence or presence of a beam (a bridge for a double hull). Hull shapes and end forms vary greatly. Masts can "be right or made of double spars." Hulls can be constructed by assembling boards or digging out tree trunks. Intended use (fish, war, sea voyage) and geographical features (beach, lagoon, reefs) are reflected in the design. Importantly, there is an important dividing line: some craft use a tacking rig; others "shunt" that is change tack "by reversing the sail from one end of the hull to the other." Tacking rigs are similar to those seen in most parts of the world, but shunting rigs change tack by reversing the sail from one end of the hull to the other and sailing in the opposite direction (the "Pushmi-pullyu" of the sailing world).

In the Pacific Islands, dugout canoes are very large, made from whole mature trees and fitted with outriggers for increased stability in the ocean, and were once used for long-distance travel.

New Zealand
The very large waka is used by Māori people, who came to New Zealand probably from East Polynesia in about 1280. Such vessels carried 40 to 80 warriors in calm sheltered coastal waters or rivers. It is believed that trans-ocean voyages were made in Polynesian catamarans and one hull, carbon-dated to about 1400, was found in New Zealand in 2011. In New Zealand smaller waka were made from a single log, often totara, because of its lightness, strength and resistance to rotting. Larger waka were made of about seven parts lashed together with flax rope. All waka are characterized by very low freeboard. In Hawaii, waa (canoes) are traditionally manufactured from the trunk of the koa tree. They typically carry a crew of six: one steersman and five paddlers.

Australasia

The Australian Aboriginal people began using dugout canoes from around 1640 in coastal regions of northern Australia. They were brought by Buginese fishers of sea cucumbers, known as trepangers, from Makassar in South Sulawesi. In Arnhem Land, dugout canoes are used by the local Yolngu people, called lipalipa  or lippa-lippa.

Torres Strait Islander people used a double outrigger, unique to their area and probably introduced from Papuan communities and later modified. It was about  long, with two bamboo masts and sails made of pandanus-mat. They could sail as far as  and carry up to 12 people.

Solomon Islanders
The Solomon Islanders have used and continue to use dugout canoes to travel between islands. In World War II these were used during the Japanese occupation - with their small visual and noise signatures these were among the smallest boats used by the Allied forces in World War II. After the sinking of PT-109, Biuku Gasa reached the shipwrecked John F. Kennedy by dugout.

See also
 Log canoe
 Traditional fishing boat
 Tomol, Chumash plank-built boat

References

External links

 Fundamental origins of ship types
 Ship replicas in the world
 For more information on Tocher's voyage

Indigenous boats
Wood products
Canoes

Dugout canoe


Le casino de La Rochelle est un établissement de jeux situé allée du Mail à La Rochelle, dans le département français de la Charente-Maritime en région Nouvelle-Aquitaine.

Historique

Le casino de La Rochelle trouve son origine dans les Établissements de Bains de mer Marie-Thérèse, ouverts le 10 juin 1827 sous le patronage de la duchesse d'Angoulême.

En 1902, les Bains Marie-Thérèse sont acquis par la ville, qui agrandi l'établissement notamment avec la construction d'une salle de spectacle et l'aménagement des alentours.

Le Groupe Barrière prend la gestion du casino.

Notes et références

Sources
François de Vaux de Foletier, La Rochelle d'autrefois et d'à présent, Pijollet, 1923
Émile Couneau, La Rochelle disparue, 1904
Bains Marie-Thérèse, Vve Cappon, 1827
Nicolas Meynen, La Rochelle-Les Bains, un destin fragile, 2018

Liens externes

Casino en Charente-Maritime
La Rochelle
Groupe Lucien Barrière

Casino de La Rochelle


İstanbul'un İşgali, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve İtilaf Devletleri arasında imzalanan Mondros Bırakışması ile Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın bu ülkeler arasında sona erdiğinin ilan edilmesinin ardından gerçekleşmiştir. Osmanlı başkenti İstanbul, önce 13 Kasım 1918, sonra 16 Mart 1920'de olmak üzere iki kez işgal edildi. İlk işgalde, İstanbul'un önemli ve stratejik noktaları kontrol altına alındı ancak idareye el konulmadı; ikinci işgal ile idareye el konuldu. Eylül 1922'ye gelindiğinde, İzmir'in Kurtuluşu'ndan sonra, Mustafa Kemal Paşa İstanbul'u kurtarmak için Türk birliklerine İngiliz ve Fransız işgalindeki Çanakkale'ye hareket etmeleri emrini verdi. Bu emir üzerine Çanakkale Krizi patlak verdi. Türkler Kurtuluş Savaşı verdiği sırada İrlanda sorunuyla uğraşan Birleşik Krallık, Ankara Hükûmeti ile savaşın eşiğine geldi. Liberal Başbakan David Lloyd George Mustafa Kemal'in birliklerine karşı taarruza geçilmesini istediyse de müttefiklerinin desteğini alamadı ve ülkesindeki savaş karşıtı muhalefet ile (Newfoundland ve Yeni Zelanda dışında) dominyonların güçlü direnişiyle karşılaştı. Lloyd George'u gereksiz bir savaş başlatmaya çabalamakla itham eden Muhafazakâr Parti'nin 19 Ekim 1922'de Carlton Club deklarasyonu (Carlton Club meeting) ile koalisyondan ayrılması sonucu Lloyd George hükûmeti düştü. İlerleyen süreçte diplomatik olaylar Türklerin lehine gelişti. İşgal, son İtilaf birliklerinin 4 Ekim 1923'te şehri terk etmesinden sonra, Şükrü Naili Paşa komutasındaki 3. Kolordu birliklerinin 6 Ekim 1923'te tören eşliğinde şehre girmesiyle sona erdi.

İşgal öncesi gelişmeler
İstanbul, I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında İtilaf Devletleri'nin bir askeri hedefi olmuştu. Türk ordularının Suriye cephesinden çekildiği sırada başkenti vurup psikolojik baskı uygulamak isteyen İtilaf Devletleri İstanbul'a hava saldırıları gerçekleştirdi. Bu saldırılar, Osmanlı Devleti'ni bir an evvel barış masasına oturmaya zorlamak amacını taşıyordu. Ateşkes görüşmeleri Mondros'ta gerçekleştirildi ve İstanbul'un işgaline giden süreç, 30 Ekim 1918'de ateşkesin imzalanması ile başladı.

Ateşkesi takip eden günlerde İttihat ve Terakki kendini lağvetti. Enver, Talat, Cemal Paşalar yurt dışına kaçtı. 6 Kasım'da Boğazlar silahsızlandırıldı.

İtilaf Devletleri'nin İstanbul'a gelişi
İtilaf Devletleri Donanması, 7 Kasım'da mayınları temizlemek bahanesiyle Çanakkale Boğazı'ndan geçti ve İstanbul'a ulaştı. Önce İtilaf Devletleri'nin 61 harp gemisinden oluşan donanması 13 Kasım 1918 günü İstanbul önlerine demir attı. 11 harp gemisi ile bir Yunan zırhlısının da katılmasıyla, İstanbul önlerinde demirleyen gemi sayısı 73'e çıktı.

O gün İtilaf Filosu'ndan çoğu İngiliz 3626 asker karaya çıktı. İstanbul'da çeşitli resmî ve gayri-resmî binalara yerleştirildiler. Beyoğlu ve Rumeli yakası İngilizler, İstanbul yakası Fransızlar ve Anadolu yakası İtalyanlar'ın kontrolüne bırakılmıştı. İşgal komutanı Maitland Wilson, Beyoğlu'ndaki İngiliz Kız Lisesi'nde, törenle Karargâh kurdu. İstanbul önlerinde demirleyen gemi sayısı 15 Kasım'a kadar 167'ye çıktı.

Mustafa Kemal'in İstanbul'a gelişi
Filistin-Suriye-Irak cephesini savunan Yıldırım Ordular Grubu'nun Komutanı Mustafa Kemal Paşa, Yıldırım Ordular Grubu lağvedilince İstanbul'a hareket etti. 13 Kasım 1918'de, İtilaf Donanması'nın İstanbul önlerine demirlediği sırada Haydarpaşa Garı'na ulaştı. Boğaz'a demirli düşman savaş gemilerini gördüğünde, ünlü "Geldikleri gibi giderler" sözünü söyledi. İstanbul'da yaklaşık beş buçuk ay kaldı ve yakın arkadaşlarıyla görüşerek ülkenin kurtuluşuna yönelik faaliyetlerde bulundu.

İşgale karşı tepkiler

İtilaf Devletleri'nin İstanbul'a asker çıkarmaları Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi'nde ateşli ve sert tartışmalara sebep oldu. Bu tartışmalar Meclis'in sonunu getirdi ve Padişahın emri ile 21 Aralık 1918'de Osmanlı Mebusan Meclisi feshedildi.

İşgalden sonra İstanbul basını, kamplara ayrılmış olarak yayın yapmaya başladı: İngiliz yanlısı yayın yapanlar ile Kuvâ-yi Milliye hareketini destekleyenler. Süleyman Nazif'in 9 Şubat 1919'da Hadisat gazetesinde yayımlanan ve Fransız Generali'nin İstanbul'a gelişinin şehirdeki azınlıklar tarafından sevinç gösterileri ile karşılanmasını kınayan  "Kara Bir Gün" başlıklı yazısı, İstanbul'un işgaline dair o günlerde yazılmış yazıların en ünlülerindendir.

Millî Mücadele ile birlikte ülkedeki düşman işgallerine karşı mücadele ve yeni bir rejim arayışlarına başlanmıştır. İtilaf Devletleri Türk halkının tepkisini çekmemek ve işgalin haklılığını kanıtlamak için aşağıdaki bildiriyi yayınladılar:
 İşgal geçicidir.
 Padişahlığı ve halifeliği korumak ve güçlendirmek için işgaller gerçekleştirilmiştir.
 Azınlıklara yönelik bir katliam başlarsa İstanbul Türklerden alınacaktır.
 Herkes padişahlık makamının İstanbul'dan vereceği kararlara uyacaktır.

Paris Barış Konferansı

Barış antlaşmasını hazırlamak amacıyla İtilaf Devletleri arasında Paris Barış Konferansı yapıldı. ABD Başkanı Wilson'un amacı, Milletler Cemiyeti'nin kurulmasını sağlamaktı. İngiltere ve Fransa ise Osmanlının iyi şekilde paylaşımını gerçekleştirecek yolu arama çabası içindeydiler. Barış konferansında ayrı ayrı ortaya çıkacak Ermeni, Kürt, Arap, Mezopotamya, Suriye ve Hicaz Devletleri problemi vardı. Barış Konferansı; bir taraftan Türkiye'yi, Fransa, İngiltere, Rusya ve İtalya arasında bölen gizli anlaşmalar, diğer taraftan da İngilizlerin Araplara verdiği taahhütler karşısında kaldı. İttihatçıların yargılanması için antlaşmaya hükümler yerleştirmek istediler.

İttihatçıların yargılanması

Bu arada İttihatçılar yargılandı, Mondros ve Malta'ya sürgüne gönderildi. Ordu, anlaşma hükümlerince terhis ediliyordu. Resmi ve sivil birçok yöneticiyi, askeri, aydını savaş suçlusu ilan ederek tutukladılar, sürgüne gönderdiler.

İstanbul'da millî kurtuluş hareketi başladı. 15 Mayıs 1919'da İzmir'in İşgali üzerine işgali kınamak ve direnişi yaymak üzere İstanbul'da birçok miting düzenlendi. Halide Edip Adıvar'ın da konuşma yaptığı Sultanahmet Mitingi büyük yankı uyandırdı. İstanbul'daki bu gelişmeler sırasında Anadolu ve Trakya'da işgalcilere karşı Müdafaa-i Hukuk örgütleri kuruldu. Mustafa Kemal Paşa, meclisin dağıtılacağını, geçici işgalin tamamen hakimiyete dönüşeceğini anlayarak, Anadolu'daki kurtuluş hareketini örgütlemeye girişti.

Osmanlı Meclisi'nin toplanması
Damat Ferit Paşa'nın istifası üzerine, 3 Ekim 1919'da kurulan Ali Rıza Paşa Kabinesinin göreve gelmesi, Müttefikler'i hiç memnun etmemişti. Bu kabinenin bazı üyelerinin milliyetçi eğilimleri, İstanbul'daki Müttefik temsilcilerinin bilmedikleri bir husus değildi. Bu üyelerin başında Harbiye Bakanı Cemal Paşa gelmekteydi. Cemal Paşa, Müttefikler'in, Mondros Mütarekesi gereğince, Anadolu'daki askerî kontrolleri konusunda çatışma durumuna girmekte gecikmedi.

Ali Rıza Paşa kabinesi, kurulur kurulmaz, 9 Ekim 1919'da yayınladığı bir kararname ile, Meclis-i Mebusan seçimlerinin yapılacağını açıklamıştı. Seçimler sonucunda, Meclis-i Mebusan 12 Ocak 1920'de ilk toplantısını yaptı. Bilindiği gibi, özellikle Atatürk'ün talimat ve telkinleri ile, yeni Meclis'te kuvvetli bir milliyetçi hava ortaya çıktığı gibi, Misak-ı Millî'yi de 28 Ocak'ta bu Meclis yayınlayacaktır. Başka bir deyişle, Millî Hareket, Müttefikler'in gözleri önünde kendilerine meydan okumaktaydı ve daha da önemlisi, Müttefikler'in barış şartlarını hazırlamakta olduğu bir sırada, Türkler, kendilerinin kabul edebileceği barış şartlarını kendileri tespit ediyorlardı. Dahası, İstanbul Hükûmeti, bütün bu olup bitenlere egemen olmaktan çok uzak bulunuyordu.

Misak-ı Millî'nin açıklanması
12 Ocak 1920'de toplanan Meclis-i Mebusan, 28 Ocak 1920 tarihindeki gizli oturumunda "Ahd-i Millî" olarak Mîsâk-ı Millî kararlarını aldı ve kararlar bütün mebuslar tarafından imzalandı. 17 Şubat 1920 tarihli oturumunda da bu kararın basında yayınlanması ve bütün yabancı parlamentolara bildirilmesi kararlaştırıldı.

Üç Müttefik Yüksek Komiseri adına Fransız Yüksek Komiserliğince Sadrazam Ali Rıza Paşa'ya 20 Ocak 1920'de verilen bir nota ile, sadece Harbiye Bakanı Cemal Paşa'nın değil, Genelkurmay Başkanı Cevdet Paşa'nın da istifası istendi. Ertesi günü Paşaların istifası Yüksek Komiserlere bildirildi.

İtilaf Devletleri'nin İstanbul'u ablukaya alması

15 Mart'ta gelişmelerin istedikleri gibi gitmemesi üzerine Yüksek Komiserler ve işgal polisi şehri ablukaya aldı. İtilaf Devletleri İstanbul'u işgal edince bütün devlet binalarını ve karakolları denetim altına aldılar.

16 Mart 1920 sabah 05.45 sularında İngiliz askerleri araca bindirilmiş iki birlik halinde Beyazıt Direklerarasında bulunan Şehzadebaşı 10. Kafkas Tümenine bağlı karargâh birliği karakoluna geldiler. Bir araç asker dış güvenliği aldı, diğerleri koğuşu bastı. Askerlerin uyuduğu koğuşa giren İngiliz askerleri mızıka ve karargâh bölüğü erlerinden beşini ateş açarak öldürdü, onunu yaraladı.

Meclisi basarak milletvekillerinin bir kısmını tutuklayıp, bir kısmını sürgüne gönderdiler. Bir kısmı da kaçarak Anadolu'ya geçip, bağımsızlık mücadelesine katıldılar. Harbiye Nazırı Cemal Paşa'nın evi basıldı. Harbiye Nezâreti ablukaya alındı ve İngiliz General Shuttleworth Harbiye Nezâreti'nin kontrolünü eline aldı.

Meclis-i Mebusan basıldı mebuslardan Albay Kara Vasıf Bey ve Rauf Bey İngiliz askerleri tarafından tutuklandı.

Telgrafçı Hamdi Bey kendisini tehlikeye atarak İngilizlerin telgrafhaneyi bastığı ana kadar Ankara'ya Mustafa Kemal Paşa dikkatine telgraflarla gelişmeleri bildirdi.

Sevr Antlaşması'na giden yol

18 Ocak 1919'da Paris Barış Konferansı'nda Müttefikler Ermenistan, Suriye, Irak, Filistin, Arabistan'ın Osmanlı'dan ayrılmasını kararlaştırdılar. Yunanistan ise, Bandırma civarından Akdeniz bölgesi Kalkan'a çizilecek bir çizginin batısında kalan toprakları istiyordu.

10 Ağustos 1920'deki antlaşma Sevr'de yapıldı. Sevr Antlaşması, Karahisar mebusu Nebil Efendi tarafından şöyle yorumlandı: "Boşuna yorulmuşlar. Türkiye'yi yok diye idiler, daha iyi ederlerdi." Antlaşmayı Sadrazam Damat Ferit ile birlikte 4 kişi imzaladı.

Çanakkale Krizi, Lozan Antlaşması ve İstanbul'un Kurtuluşu

Ayrıca bakınız
 İngiliz Kemal
 Muharrem Alkor

Kaynakça
 Mümin Yıldıztaş, Yaralı Payitaht/İstanbul'un İşgali, Yeditepe Yayınları, İstanbul 2010

Türk Kurtuluş Savaşı
Askerî işgaller
İşgal
İşgal
İşgal
1918'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
1919'da Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
1920'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
1921'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
1922'de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu
1918'de Türkiye
1919'da Türkiye
1920'de Türkiye
1921'de Türkiye
1922'de Türkiye
1923'te Türkiye
VikiProje Tarih kaynak bekleyen maddeler

İstanbul'un İşgali


Heringsdorf er en by og kommune i det nordlige Tyskland, beliggende i Amt Oldenburg-Land under Kreis Østholsten. Kreis Østholsten ligger i den østlige del af delstaten Slesvig-Holsten.

Geografi
Heringsdorf grænser mod øst til Østersøen. I kommunen ligger landsbyerne og bebyggelserne Augustenhof, Fargemiel, Görtz, Kalkberg, Klötzin, Rellin, Siggen, Süssau og Weilandtshof. Ved tre af dem ligger der godser: Gut Augustenhof, Gut Görtz og Gut Siggen.

Heringsdorf er beliggende ved jernbanen Lübeck–Puttgarden, og der har tidligere været banegård og trinbræt.

Eksterne kilder/henvisninger

 Byens side   på amtets websted.
 Statistikamt Nord – Bevölkerung der Gemeinden in Schleswig-Holstein 4. Quartal 2013 (XLSX-Data) (Fortschreibung auf Basis des Zensus 2011)

Kommuner i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Slesvig-Holsten
Byer i Kreis Østholsten

Heringsdorf (Østholsten)


Distilarea în vid sau distilarea la vid este o metodă de distilare care se realizează în condiții de presiune scăzută, ceea ce are ca efect scăderea punctului de fierbere la majoritatea lichidelor. Fiind o distilare, tehnica este folosită pentru separarea și purificarea unor compuși pe baza diferenței punctelor de fierbere, fiind aplicabilă atunci când compusul care se dorește să se obțină prezintă un punct de fierbere la care nu se poate lucra, și care de asemenea poate favoriza descompunerea termică a acestuia. O presiune de lucru redusă are ca efect scăderea punctelor de fierbere, iar reducerea acestora se poate determina cu ajutorul relației Clausius-Clapeyron, utilizând o nomogramă.

Distilarea în vid îmbunătățește eficiența distilării, astfel că distilarea în vid a apei oceanice este cea mai eficientă metodă de desalinizare.

Note

Vezi și
 Distilare
 Evaporator rotativ
 Presiune de vapori

Legături externe
 D1160 Vacuum Distillation

Distilare
Vid

Distilare în vid


est le  de l'année 2022.

Événements
 Juin et juillet : des feux de forêt ont lieu en Europe et en Afrique du Nord.
 Du 22 mai au 5 juin :  édition des Internationaux de France de tennis (Roland Garros) à Paris.
  :
 les Danois approuvent par référendum la levée de l'option de retrait du pays de la politique de sécurité et de défense commune de l'Union européenne.
 en Chine, une personne est tuée et 6 blessées après qu'un tremblement de terre de magnitude 5,9 a frappé le Sichuan.
 2 juin : un premier cas de variole du singe est confirmé au Maroc.
 3 juin : déraillement d'un train régional en Bavière (Allemagne).
 4 juin : aux États-Unis : une fusillade fait trois morts dans une rue de Philadelphie.
 5 juin :
 une révision constitutionnelle est approuvée par référendum au Kazakhstan cinq mois après la révolte ayant secoué le pays.
 la Russie procède à des frappes aériennes sur la capitale ukrainienne, les premières depuis avril.
 Les États-Unis sont marqués par une flambée de violences par armes à feu, en particulier la tuerie dans une école d'Uvalde au Texas le  (21 morts). Depuis, plus d'une vingtaine de fusillades à plusieurs victimes ont eu lieu, selon l'association Gun Violence Archive.
 Une attaque se produit pendant l'office du matin à l'Église catholique St Francis dans la ville d'Owo, dans le sud-ouest du Nigeria. Des hommes armés tuent de nombreux fidèles.
 Au moins 49 personnes sont tuées et plus de 300 blessées dans une gigantesque explosion de produits chimiques, déclenchée par un incendie, dans un dépôt de conteneurs à Sitakunda, au Bangladesh.
 les quatre jours des festivités du jubilé de platine d'Élisabeth II s'achèvent au Royaume-Uni et dans les pays du Commonwealth.
 8 juin : en Iran, un déraillement de train dans le Khorassan méridional fait 22 morts.
 9 juin :
 La république populaire de Donetsk condamne à mort deux Britanniques et un Marocain qui avaient rejoint les forces ukrainiennes pour terrorisme, activités mercenaires et tentative de renversement du gouvernement de la Donetsk.
 En Roumanie, le pont de Luțca s'effondre et fait .
 10 juin : en Malaisie, le gouvernement malaisien annonce que la peine de mort sera abolie dans le pays, permettant d'autres types de condamnations.
 9 et 12 juin : attaque et massacre de Seytenga au Burkina Faso.
 11 juin : Elizabeth II du Royaume-Uni, doyenne des souverains vivants, accède à la deuxième place pour sa longévité chez les monarques d'États souverains, devancée seulement par le roi de France Louis XIV, mort en 1715. Elle a ravi la deuxième place au roi de Thaïlande Rama IX, mort en 2016.
 12 juin : le référendum en Italie n'aboutit pas à cause d'un manque de participation.
 13 juin : un train de voyageurs et une locomotive entrent en collision dans la ville de Vila-seca, en Catalogne, en Espagne, blessant 22 personnes.
 à partir du 13 juin : en Équateur, début des manifestations de protestation contre le gouvernement équatorien.
 14 juin : le différend territorial connu sous le nom de guerre du whisky entre le Canada et le Danemark concernant l'île Hans est résolu.
 17 juin : la Chine lance son troisième porte-avions, le Fujian (18), lors d'une cérémonie à Shanghai, renforçant encore sa capacité à projeter des militaires à l'étranger. Il possède désormais le deuxième plus grand nombre de porte-avions de tous les pays ; derrière seulement les onze porte-avions des États-Unis mais devant les deux exploités par le Royaume-Uni.
 18 juin aux 3 juillet : Championnats du monde de natation 2022.
 19 juin :
 au second tour des élections législatives en France, la coalition présidentielle n'obtient qu'une majorité relative ;
 élection présidentielle en Colombie ( tour), Gustavo Petro est élu ;
 au Mali, vingt civils sont tués par des hommes armés près de Gao et un casque bleu meurt dans l'explosion d'une mine, dans le nord du pays sahélien.
 21 juin : 29 avions militaires chinois pénètrent dans la zone de défense aérienne taïwanaise, incitant l'armée de l'air de Taïwan à tenter de les chasser.
 22 juin :
 un séisme en Afghanistan fait plus de mille morts.
 en Bulgarie, l'Assemblée nationale renverse par une motion de censure le gouvernement Petkov, formé en .
 23 juin :
 élections législatives à Grenade ;
 le Conseil européen accorde à l'Ukraine et à la Moldavie le statut de candidat à l'Union européenne.
 24 juin :
 une crise migratoire à Melilla (nord de l'Afrique) fait au moins 25 morts ;
 la Cour suprême abroge l'arrêt Roe v. Wade et supprime le droit fédéral à l'avortement aux États-Unis.
 25 juin :
 un attentat à Oslo en Norvège fait deux morts.
 le Gabon et le Togo rejoignent le Commonwealth.
 26 juin au 28 juin :  sommet du G7 à Schloss Elmau en Allemagne.
 27 juin :
 bombardement du centre commercial de Krementchouk  en Ukraine.
 les corps de 53 migrants déjà morts ou décédés peu après sont découverts dans la remorque surchauffée d'un camion à San Antonio aux États-Unis.
 27 juin au 10 juillet : Tournoi de Wimbledon 2022 en Angleterre.
 29 et 30 juin : sommet de l'OTAN à Madrid en Espagne.

Références

Voir aussi

Article connexe

 Décès en juin 2022

Juin 2022


ලක්‍ෂණ
අශ්‍රැතවත් පෘථග්ජනයෝ රූපයේ, වේදනාවන්ගේ, සංඥාවන්ගේ, සංස්කාරයන්ගේ සහ විඥානයේ අස්තඞගමයද, ආස්වාදයද, ආදීනවද, නිස්සරණයද ඇති සැටි නොදනිති.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රැතවත් ආර්යශ්‍රාවකයෝ

මූලාශ්‍ර

අශ්‍රැතවත් පෘථග්ජනයෝ


Gara Deda este o stație de cale ferată care deservește comuna Deda, județul Mureș, România.

Deda

Gara Deda


Blechnidium,  monotipski rod papratnica iz porodice Blechnaceae. Jedina vrsta je B. melanopus iz Kine (Yunnan), Tajvana sjeveroistočne Indije (Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya), Mjanmara, Butana. Rod je opisan 1859.

Sinonimi
 Blechnum melanopus Hook.
 Blechnidium plagiogyrifrons (Hayata) Hayata
 Blechnum plagiogyrifrons Hayata
 Spicanta melanopus (Hook.) Kuntze

Izvori

Rebračevke
Flora Yunnana
Flora Tajvana
Flora Butana
Flora Mjanmara
Flora Arunachal Pradesha
Flora Meghalaye

Blechnidium


تارتو ثاني أكبر مدن إستونيا إذ يبلغ تعداد سكانها نحو 102 ألفاً، وتعتبر تارتو بمثابة مركز للفكر والثقافة في البلاد خاصة وأنها تضم أقدم وأشهر جامعة إستونية وهي جامعة تارتو. تقع تارتو على بعد 186 كيلومتر إلى الجنوب الشرقي من العاصمة تالين وهي مركز جنوب إستونيا. يوجد أيضاً مطار للمدينة هو مطار تارتو، كما أنها أيضًا موطن الأكاديمية الأستونية للزراعة ومعاهد أخرى للتعليم العالي مثل الفانميوين الذي هو أقدم مسرح للتمثيل والموسيقى العريقة. ومن الصناعات التي قامت في تارتو صناعات الأغذية، والمنتجات الجلدية، والمنتجات الخشبية ومعدات الآلات والصناعات النسيجية.

تاريخ
بدأ أكبر استيطان في تارتو في القرن الخامس الميلادي. أما المدينة نفسها فقد تأسست عام 1030، وكانت جزءًا من أستونيا المستقلة من عام 1918 حتى عام 1940. وفي نفس العام وفي ظل السيطرة الروسية على أستونيا فرضت عليها روسيا أن تكون جزءا من الاتحاد السوفياتي (السابق)، غير أنها أصبحت دولة مستقلة مرة أخرى عام 1991.

توأمة
لتارتو اتفاقيات توأمة مع:
 كاوناس (1993 - )

أعلام

 فرانز أبنوس
 فريدريش ماكسيميليان فون كلنجر
 كارل إرنست فون باير
 جان كيرسيبو
 ماركو مارتن
 يوهان فريدريش فون
 رين تاراما
 كارل إرنست كلاوس
 فريدريش باروت
 توماس كلوسين

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 الموقع الرسمي لمدينة تارتو (بالإنجليزية)

أعضاء الرابطة الهانزية
أماكن مأهولة أسست في القرن 5
أماكن مأهولة في مقاطعة تارتو
بلديات إستونيا
تأسيسات سنة 1030
مدن إستونيا

تارتو


لمحة تاريخية
أدى تنظيم القوات المسلحة في المملكة العربية السعودية إلى إنشاء طبابة الجيش في الطائف عام 1367هـ؛ وكانت عبارة عن مستوصف يتسع لعشرة أسرّة. في عام 1370هـ أصبح مسمّاها (الصحة العسكرية).
في عام 1371هـ تم افتتاح مستشفى الأمير منصور العسكري في الطائف بسعة (36) سريراً وتمت زيادة السعة إلى مائة (100) سرير بنهاية العام. وفي عام 1373هـ تم افتتاح مستشفى الأمير مشعل في الخرج. في عام 1373هـ  تم افتتاح مستشفى القوات المسلحة في الرياض. في 29/12/1392 أصدر ولي العهد وزير الدفاع والطيران والمفتش العام أمراً بتعديل المسمى إلى (الإدارة العامة للخدمات الطبية للقوات المسلحة) واتسعت خدماتها لتشمل جميع القوات المسلحة وأصبحت ذات ميزانية مستقلة اعتبارا من العام المالي 1394هـ /1395 هـ.

تطوير القوى البشرية والكوادر الطبية تحرص الإدارة العامة للخدمات الطبية العمل على أيجاد كوادر طبية مدربة تتمكن من تقديم الخدمة الطبية لمنسوبي القوات المسلحة بمستوي عال من العلم والكفاءة حيث تم تدريب وتأهيل الشباب من أبناء الوطن وتشجيعهم على ارتياد المجال الطبي والخدمة الصحية الفنية فارتفعت نسبة تشغيل الشباب السعودي في الخدمات الطبية وتم تعيين خريجي الجامعات من الأطباء والصيادلة والتخصصات الطبية المساعدة الأخرى فتضاعفت أعداد الشباب السعودي المؤهل.

تنمية المجتمع السعودي
تشارك الإدارة العامة للخدمات الطبية في تنمية المجتمع السعودي من خلال حملات التوعية المستمرة وحملات التطعيم ضد الأوبئة والأمراض التي تفتك بالأطفال كما تشارك في خطة تنمية المجتمع السعودي في مجال التعليم الطبي وإيجاد الكوادر الوطنية المؤهلة للممارسة العمل الطبي بجميع مستوياته. كما تشارك في التنمية في مجال الإسكان بإقامة الوحدات السكنية التي تحتاجها المستشفيات لإسكان منسوبيها.

اقرأ أيضاً
 إدارة الخدمات الميدانية

اختصاصات طبية
طب عسكري في السعودية

إدارة الخدمات الطبية


Amobijum (lat. Ammobium), rod glavočika cjevnjača smješten u tribus Gnaphalieae. Pripadaju mu tri vrste zeljastog raslinja iz Australije i Tasmanije

Vrste
 Ammobium alatum R.Br.
 Ammobium calyceroides (Cass.) Anderb.
 Ammobium craspedioides Benth.

Sinonimi
 Nablonium Cass.

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori

Gnaphalieae

Amobijum