Bachata Stereo es el tercer álbum de estudio del cantautor Daniel Santacruz.

Información del álbum

Producido por Daniel Santacruz y Alejandro Jaén. En Bachata Stereo Santacruz se inclina aún más al género bachata, logrando una fusión interesante entre elementos pop y tropicales. El álbum fue producido, escrito y grabado casi en su totalidad entre febrero y mayo del 2011.

Bachata Stereo cuenta con 13 canciones mayormente escritas por Daniel Santacruz y un cover de la canción Te amo de Franco De Vita.
Arreglos en su mayoría de Richy Rojas en combinación con Santacruz, también participan como arreglistas Ambiorix Francisco, Nano Paredes, Massimo Bellaroba y Tony Rijos. Las sesiones vocales fueron grabadas en «Música Futura Studio» de Miami y las sesiones instrumentales entre New York, Santo Domingo y Miami. El disco cuenta con varios duetos: Se busca un corazón con Alexandra (Monchy y Alexandra), El movimiento del amor con el grupo Italiano Hispánico Latino y No para de llover interpretada junto a Alejandro Jaén, coproductor del álbum.

Cuando un hombre se enamora es el primer sencillo de Bachata Stereo, canción que ya ocupa lugares importantes dentro de la música tropical en Europa y parte de Latinoamérica. El video de la misma fue realizado a principios del 2011 en Milán, Italia.

Nominación al Grammy Latino

El 14 de septiembre del 2011 fueron anunciadas las nominaciones de la duodécima edición del premio Grammy Latino dentro de las que quedó Bachata Stereo en la categoría de Mejor álbum tropical contemporáneo a solo dos meses de su lanzamiento.

Lista de canciones

Referencias

http://www.listin.com.do/entretenimiento/2011/9/12/203310/Daniel-Santacruz-mas-cerca-de-la-bachata

Enlaces externos

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Álbumes de 2011

Bachata Stereo


ලංකේශ්වරී/නිකුම්භිලා යනු (IAST : Lankēśvarī; සංස්කෘත දී : लंकेश्वरी/निकुम्भिला) යනු ලංකාවට ඊශ්වරිය යන්නයි. රාමායණයට අනුව ඇය පුරාණ ලංකාව තුළ වන්දනාවට පාත්‍ර වූ කුළ දෙවඟනයි. ඇය විශ්වයේ සර්වබලධාරි දෙවඟන වන ආදි පරාශක්තියේ ස්වරූපයක් ලෙස සැළකේ

නිරුක්තිය
thumb|වම|රාම කුමරු සහ රාවණ රජු දුර්ගා දේවියට නමස්කාර කිරීම
ශක්‍ත රාමායණය අනුව රාවණ රජු තම සියලු ශක්තින් ලබා ගනු ලැබුවේ ශක්ති දෙවඟනගේ ලංකේශ්වරි ස්වරූපයට සාධනා කිරිමෙනි. වාල්මිකි රාමායණයට අනුව ඇය උග්‍ර ස්වරූපයක් වන නිකුම්භිලා/ප්‍රත්‍යන්ගිරා දේවිය ලෙසින්ද හඳුන්වනු ලබයි. එමඟින් ඔහුට අසීමිත ශක්තියක් ලැබුණු අතර එය බ්‍රහ්ම විෂ්ණු ශිව ආදි ත්‍රීමුර්තියටද  වැලැක්විය නොහැකි විය. රාවණ ගේ පීඩා ඉවසීමට නොහැකි වූ විට සමස්ථ දේව ගණයා දුර්ගා මෑණියන්ට කන්නලව් කිරිමෙන් පසුව ඇයගේ අණ පරිදි විෂ්ණු දෙවිඳුන් රාම අවතාරය ගනිමින් රාවණ සංහාරයට කිරිමට මනු ලොව ජන්මය ලැබුවේය. හනුමාන් ලංකාපුරයට පැමිණිමෙන් අනතුරුව ලංකේශ්වරි දේවිය ලංකා රාජධානියෙන් පිටවන්නිය. එතැන් පටන් රාවණ අධිරාජ්‍යයේ බිඳවැටීම ආරම්භ වේ.

ප්‍රකට වීම

එක් කාලයක රාවණ රජු ශිව දෙවිඳුන්ගේ රුද්‍ර ස්වරූපය උදේසා දීර්ඝ තපසක් ආරම්භ කළ අතර තපස අවසානයේ ශිව දෙවිඳුන් පාර්වති මෑණියන් සමඟින් රාවණ ඉදිරියේ ප්‍රකට විය. එනමුදු පාර්වති මෑණියන් දුටු රාවණ රජු මාතෘ ප්‍රේමයෙන් නොව කාම තෘෂ්ණාවෙන් යුතුව ඇය දෙස බලා තම වරය ලෙසට පාර්වති මෑණියන්ව විමසුවේය. ශිව දෙවියන් තම බැතිමතා වෙනුවෙන් එම වරය ලබා දුන්නත් පාර්වති මෑණියන් එයට එතරම් රුචි නොවුවාය. නමුත් ශිව දෙවිදුන්ගේ ලිලාවන් පිළිබඳව දන්නා මෑණියන් පාගමනින්ම රාවණ සමඟ ලංකාපුරයට පිටත් උනු අතර ශිව දෙවිඳුන් සමාධියට කාවැදුනහ.

රාවණ රජු මෑණියන් සමඟ පාගමනින්ම ලංකා පුරයට පැමිණ කුම්බලා ග්‍රාමය පසු කරන විට ඔහුගේ පිටු පසින් විශාල රස්නයක් දැනෙන්නට පටන් ගැනුණි. ඔහු පසුපස හැරි  බලන විට දුටුවේ මෑණියන් අථර්වන බද්‍රකාලි (ප්‍රත්‍යන්ගිරා) ස්වරූපයෙන් සිටින ආකාරයයි. ඇයගේ ප්‍රචණ්ඩ ස්වරූපය දැක බියෙන් තැති ගත් රාවණ දෙවඟනට නැවතත් ශිව ලෝකය වෙත යන ලෙස ආයාචනා කරේය. නමුත් මෑණියන් බිහිසුනු ලෙස සිනා සී රාවණට පිළිතුරු දුන්නාය.

"මා කෙසේද මාගේ ස්වාමියාගේ අණට පිටු පාන්නේ? ඔබමයි පැවසුවේ ඔබට මා අවශ්‍ය බව."

බියෙන් වෙව්ලුන රාවණ රජු රුද්‍ර දෙවියන්ට කන්නලව් කරන්න පටන් ගත් පසු එතුමා ප්‍රකට වීය. රාවණයන් මෑණියන් කෙරෙහි තෘෂ්ණාවෙන් බැලීම පිළිබඳව සමාව යැදු අතර ශිව දෙවිඳුන් ඔහුට සමාව ලබා දී කාමයේ ආදීනව පිළිබඳව පැවසූහ. ඉන්පසු රාවණ රජු ප්‍රථ්‍යන්ගිරා දේවිය වෙත හැරි නිල්-කුම්භ-ඉලා (නිල්-ස්ථිර, කුම්භ-ස්ථාපනය, ඉලා-රැඳෙන්න) ලෙස පැවසු අවස්ථාවේ පටන් මෑණියන්ට නිල්කුම්භඉලා යනුවෙන් නාමයක් ලැබන අතර පසුව එතුමියව නිකුම්භිලා ලෙසින් ආමන්ත්‍රණය කරන්න පටන් ගත්හ. එතැන් පටන් රාවණ රජු සෑම මසකම අමාවක දින සහ අව තුදුස්වක(අමාවකට පෙර) දින නිකුම්භිලා දේවියට පුද පුජා පැවැත්වීම ආරම්භ කරනු ලැබුවේය.

නිකුම්භිලා යාගය
වාල්මිකි රාමායණයට අනුව ඉන්ද්‍රජිත් විසින් නොපෙනි යාමේ ශක්තිය ලබා ගැනීමට නිකුම්බිලා යාගය සිදු කරන නමුත් ලක්ශමණ සහ හනුමාන් විසින් එය විනාශ කර දමයි.

රාම කුමරුන්ගේ පද්ම පූජාව
thumb|දකුණ|රාම කුමරුන්ගේ සහස්‍ර පද්ම පූජාව
අත්භුත රාමායණය, ශක්ත රාමායණය - දේවී මහාභාගවත පුරාණය සහ කෘත්තිවාස රාමායණයට අනුව රාම කුමරුන් ලංකාවට යාත්‍රා කිරිමට අරඹන දිනයේ සිටම දුර්ගා මාතාවට පුජා පැවැත්වීම ආරම්භ කරයි. එතුමා ලංකාපුරයට පැමිණි පසු අවසන් සටනට පෙර දුර්ගා මෑණියන් ප්‍රසන්න කිරීමට පද්ම පූජාව සිදු කරත්, දෙවඟන තම බැතිමතා පරික්ශා කිරිමට අවසාන පුෂ්පය අතුරුදහන් කරයි. තම පුජාව අසම්පූර්ණ වීම වැළක්වීමට රාම කුමරු තම නේත්‍රා පූජා කිරීමට සැරසෙයි. එයින් සතුටට පත් දුර්ගා දේවිය විජයග්‍රහණය ලැබීමට රාම කුමරුන්ට ආශිර්වාද කරයි

ආශ්‍රේයයන්

ලංකේශ්වරි දේවිය


BMC, 1964 yılında İzmir'de kuruldu. İlk yıllarda Austin ve Morris markalı ticari araçları üretti. 1966 yılından itibaren kamyon, kamyonet, traktör ve motor üretmeye başladı. BMC'nin başlagıçta %74 olan yerli sermaye oranı 1989 yılında Türkiye'nin %100 yerli sermayeli tek ticari araç üreticisi konumuna yükseldi.

BMC, 1976 yılında, Türkiye'de ilk dizel motor üretimini ve benzinli motorların dizel adaptasyonunu gerçekleştirdi. Motorlu araçların yanı sıra, endüstriyel motorları, jeneratörleri, deniz motorlarını ve askeri amaçlı ürünleri de üretmeye başladı. Yine bu yıllarda, Leyland serisine ait ilk hafif ticari araç olan Leyland 30 kamyoneti piyasaya sundu. 1983 yılında Volvo Truck Corporation ile ortaklık kuran BMC, Türkiye'nin ilk turbo motorlu ticari araçları olan Yavuz serisini üretti. 1985 yılında anlaşma yaptığı Cummins Engine Company ile Cummins motorlu Fatih serisi kamyonları üretmeye başladı.

1989 yılında şirketin bütün hisseleri Çukurova Holding tarafından satın alındı. 1990 yılında ünlü İtalyan tasarım kuruluşu Pininfarina ile iş birliği anlaşması imzalayarak, altı yıl süren yoğun çalışma ve 120 milyon ABD Doları'nı aşan yatırımın sonucunda, 1996 yılının Haziran ayında sınai ve ticari mülkiyeti BMC'ye ait olan Profesyonel'i piyasaya sundu.

BMC 2,8 tondan 40 tona kadar Yük ve Yolcu taşımacılığının tüm sınıflarında özel araç üretimi yapan Türkiye'nin tek Dünyanın dört üreticisinden biridir.

Ayrıca BMC fabrikaları bünyesinde müşteri isteğine göre 6 ay gibi kısa bir sürede araç tasarlayıp üretebilen bir firmadır.
2004 yılında 40 milyon dolarlık yatırımla tüm mühendislik çalışmaları BMC'ye ait olan BMC Megastar'ı üretti.

18 Mayıs 2013 tarihinde holdingin en büyük hissedarı olan Mehmet Emin Karamehmet'in, Cavit Çağlar ile İnterbank ile ilgili kredi ilişkilerinden kaynaklanan 440 milyon dolar borçtan kalan, 75 milyon doların ödenmemesi nedeniyle TMSF tarafından Skyturk360, Show TV, Akşam Gazetesi ve BMC şirketlerine el konulmuştur.

BMC, 30 Nisan 2014'te TMSF tarafından yapılan ihalede tek katılımcı olarak teklif veren iş insanı Ethem Sancak'a ait olan "Es Mali Yatırım" tarafından 751 milyon TL ye satın almıştır. Rekabet Kurumu 21 Mayıs 2014 tarihinde internet sitesinden yaptığı açıklamayla BMC'nin Es Mali Yatırım ve Danışmanlık A.Ş.'ye devredilmesi işlemine izin verilmesinde sakınca bulunmadığını duyurdu.

22 Haziran 2021 tarihli, Ticari Sicil Gazetesinde yayımlanan Ethem Sancak ve Öztürk Ailesi'ne ait olan %50.1'lik hisseleri, Fuat Tosyalı'nın sahibi olduğu Tosyalı Holding'e satıldığı duyuruldu.

Şirket Teknofest İstanbul'un paydaşlarından biridir. Ayrıca TOGG Yerli Otomobil projesine katılan 5 şirketten biridir.

Üretilen bazı modelleri

Üretimi Devam Eden Kamyon/Çekici Serileri
 BMC Tuğra

Üretimi Durdurulmuş Kamyon/Çekici Serileri
 BMC Profesyonel

Üretimi Durdurulmuş Yolcu Taşıma Araçları
 Midilux
 BMC Megastar
 Probus TBX
Probus SCB
 Belde SB
 Belde 220CB
Belde 250SB
Belde 260CB
Belde 280CB
Belde 280CB CNG
Belde 300CB Körüklü
 Hawk
Üretimi Devam Eden Yolcu Ulaşım Araçları

 Neocity (8,5 M)
 Neocity (10 M)
 Procity TR (10,6 M)
 Procity TR (12 M)
 Procity TR Körüklü (18 M)
 Procity TR CNG (12 M)
 Procity TR CNG Körüklü (18 M)
Üretmiş Olduğu Zırhlı Askeri Araçlar

 BMC Kirpi
 BMC Vuran
 BMC Toma
 BMC Tulga
 BMC Amazon
 BMC Yeni Altay

Ayrıca

 BMC Power

Kaynakça

Dış Bağlantılar

 İnstagram'da BMC OTOMOTİV
 İnstagram'da BMC POWER
 İnstagram'da BMC SAVUNMA

Türkiye merkezli otomotiv şirketleri
Çukurova Holding
Kamyonet üreticileri
Türkiye merkezli otobüs üreticileri
Kamyon üreticileri
Türkiye merkezli savunma şirketleri
Türk markaları
1964'te kurulan şirketler
İzmir merkezli şirketler

BMC (Türkiye)


An Micropera obtusa in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni John Lindley, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Tang och Fa Tsuan Wang. An Micropera obtusa in nahilalakip ha genus nga Micropera, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Micropera

Micropera obtusa


අසාහාන් සුල්තාන් රාජ්‍යය යනු වර්‍ෂ 1630 සිට 1946 දක්වා පැවති මැලේ සුල්තාන් රාජ්‍යයකි. මෙය වත්මන් ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ සුමාත්‍රා දූපතේ උතුරු සුමාත්‍රා පළාත තුළ පිහිටි අසාහාන් ප්‍රාන්තය ආවරණය කොට තිබුණි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

සුමාත්‍රාවේ ඉතිහාසය
පෙර සුල්තාන් රාජ්‍යයන්
ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ යටත් විජිතයට පෙර රාජ්‍යයන්
උතුරු සුමාත්‍රා
ඉන්දුනීසියාවේ ඉස්ලාමීය රාජ්‍යයන්

අසාහාන් සුල්තාන් රාජ්‍යය


Das Nebelparderfell ist das Fell des Nebelparders, einer seltenen Großkatze aus dem südöstlichen Asien. Es wurde in Anlehnung an die Fellzeichnung auch als Schildkrötleopard oder Schildkrötenleopard gehandelt.

Die Heimat des Nebelparders sind die südlichen Ausläufer des Himalaja: Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan und Assam; das südliche China, Hinterindien, die Malaiischen Halbinseln und die Sunda-Inseln Sumatra und Borneo. Früher kam die Art auch auf Taiwan und Hainan vor.

In der Zeit nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg erfolgte eine Verarbeitung des auffälligen Pelzes zu Jacken und Mänteln, schon wegen des begrenzten Vorkommens allerdings nur in geringem Umfang.

1971 empfahl die International Fur Trade Federation dem Handel, auf die Verarbeitung von Nebelparderfellen ganz zu verzichten. Im Washingtoner Artenschutzübereinkommen steht der Nebelparder (Neofelis nebulosa) inzwischen in Liste 1 (absolutes Handelsverbot), in der EG-Verordnung 750/2013 in Anhang A. Die Erstlistung und der Höchstschutz erfolgte zum 20. Juni 1976. Nach dem Bundesnaturschutzgesetz streng geschützt ist der Nebelparder seit dem 31. August 1980.

Fell

Das Fell ist etwa 75 bis 105 Zentimeter lang und hat damit etwa die Größe und die Struktur eines kleinen Leopardenfells; der Gesamteindruck ist weniger farbenfreudig als beim Leoparden. Der Schweif hat die beachtliche Länge von 70 bis 90 Zentimeter. Die Tatzen sind groß und breit, die Krallen ungewöhnlich lang.

Die Fellfarbe ist aschfarbig Grau in gelblich-bräunlicher, teils rötlicher Schattierung, die Bauchseite ist weißlich. Die Grundfarbe tritt infolge der intensiven Fleckung stark zurück. Das Kinderkleid zeigt auf gelblichem Grund tiefschwarze Flecken, die sich erst im Lauf der Entwicklung zu der charakteristischen Zeichnung aufhellen. Je nach Herkunft gibt es eine breite Streuung im Umfang und in der Form der Fellzeichnung. Über den Nacken ziehen sich etwa sechs Längslinien, die beiden äußeren sehr breit, die inneren sehr schmal. Der Aalstrich auf dem Rücken besteht, nicht immer in voller Länge, aus zwei schwarzen Streifen, die aber meist in Flecken zerfallen. Neben dem für das Nebelparderfell typischen doppelten Aalstrich sind vor allem charakteristisch die großen schwarzgeränderten, schrägstehenden Flecken an den Seiten mit den gegenüber der Grundfarbe verdunkelten "Höfen" in schildpattartiger Musterung, nach denen man dem Fell im Deutschen den Handelsnamen Schildkrötleopard gab. Der englische Tiername clouded leopard beschreibt die Flecken als Wolken, für das Französische werden ebenfalls die beiden, dem Deutschen entsprechenden Bezeichnungen genannt, panthère nebuleuse und laut einem deutschen Fachbuch auch panthère tortoise.

Die Form der Flecken ist vielgestaltig, unter anderem lang, breitgezogen (streifig), ovalähnlich, gewinkelt (eckig). Teils sind es Vollflecke (unter anderem Tupfen, Punkte), teils sind sie dunkel umrandet, mitunter allseitig oder einseitig. Bei kompletter Umrandung ist die Mitte heller getönt, teils auch gepunktet. Bei einseitiger Umrandung geht die Tönung der nicht umrandeten Seiten allmählich in die Grundfarbe über. Die Fleckung der Unterläufe und der Unterseite (Mitte) ist kleiner (Vollflecke, teils getupft), teils sind sie schwächer verteilt. Die Flecken sind meist zu breiten Quer- oder Diagonalbändern angeordnet. Der Schwanz hat dunkle Ringe. Die ungewöhnliche Art der Fellzeichnung gleicht in erstaunlichem Maß der ebenfalls in Südostasien beheimateten, wesentlich kleineren Marmorkatze. Es sind auch schwarze oder fast weiße Nebelparder bekannt.

Die Behaarung ist kurz, anliegend, gröber und schwächer im Wuchs. In einer Einteilung der Pelzarten in die Haar-Feinheitsklassen seidig, fein, mittelfein, gröber und hart wird das Nebelparderhaar als hart eingestuft. Einzelheiten über den Haarwechsel scheinen nicht bekannt zu sein.

 Es lassen sich drei Varietäten unterscheiden:
 1. Indischer Himalaja – Südchina
 Ockergelb, oft mit grauem Anflug; teils dunkel Bräunlichgelb, Seitenflecken zu breiten Querbändern geformt. Schwanz mit großen unregelmäßigen Ringen gezeichnet.
 Formosa (Taiwan): Kürzerer Schwanz.

 2. Hinterindien
 Groß, vor allem im Norden. – Grau bis Graugelb. – Schwanz mit zahlreichen dunklen Ringen.

 3. Sunda-Inseln: Sumatra – Borneo
 Größer als die hinterindische Varietät, Grundfarbe Schmutziggelb.

Geschichte, Handel
Die Nutzung des Fells erfolgte ursprünglich durch die jeweilige einheimische Bevölkerung, wohl vor allem für Umhänge von Jägern und Kriegern. Später kam im internationalen Handel die Verwendung in der Art von Jagdtrophäen, als Vorleger und Wandschmuck sowie als Felldecken hinzu. Infolge des kleinen Vorkommensgebiets, noch dazu in entlegenen Gebirgsräumen, war die Ausbeute sehr gering. In den 1950er bis zur Inschutzstellung des Nebelparders Anfang der 1970er Jahre wurde das Fell auch in der westlichen Welt zu Bekleidung verarbeitet. 1971 wurde deshalb vermutet, dass durch die verstärkte Nachfrage nach "gefleckter Ware" auch das Aufkommen von Nebelparderfellen gestiegen war und eine stärkere Lichtung der Bestände erfolgte.

Den Namen Schildkröt-Leopard anstelle Nebelparder für das Fell sollen sich Wildwarenhändler aus dem Rauchwarenhandelszentrum Niddastraße in Frankfurt am Main ausgedacht haben, darunter Bruno Seiler, weil ihnen das als Handelsbezeichnung eingängiger erschien.

Die Rohfellanlieferung erfolgt offen, nicht rund abgezogen.

Zahlen, Fakten
 1907 bis 1909 fielen im Jahresdurchschnitt 200 Nebelparderfelle an.
 1911 schrieb der Rauchwarenhändler Emil Brass, dass er auf den Märkten von Shanghai zahlreiche Nebelparderfelle gesehen hat, von denen aber keines vollständig erhalten war.
 1958 findet sich eine der seltenen Abbildungen eines Kleidungsstücks aus Nebelparder- beziehungsweise Schildkrötleopardfell, eines Paletots, in der Pelzmodellzeitschrift Hermelin, Heft 1, S. 7, Modell Nr. 5547, gearbeitet von der Firma Straube-Daiber in Stuttgart.
  1965 wurde der Fellverbrauch für eine für einen Nebelpardermantel ausreichende Felltafel mit 6 bis 10 Fellen angegeben (sogenanntes Mantel-"Body"). Zugrunde gelegt wurde eine Tafel mit einer Länge von 112 Zentimetern und einer durchschnittlichen Breite von 150 Zentimetern und einem zusätzlichen Ärmelteil. Das entspricht etwa einem Fellmaterial für einen leicht ausgestellten Mantel der Konfektionsgröße 46 des Jahres 2014. Die Höchst- und Mindest-Fellzahlen können sich durch die unterschiedlichen Größen der Geschlechter der Tiere, die Altersstufen sowie deren Herkunft ergeben. Je nach Pelzart wirken sich die drei Faktoren unterschiedlich stark aus.
 1975, zur Frankfurter Pelzmesse, bot Peter Böttger, der Frankfurter Spezialist für gefleckte Großkatzenfelle, seine letzten, inzwischen geschützten Schildkrötenleopardenfelle an.

Siehe auch
 Weitere Pelzarten
 Pelz
 Kürschner

Anmerkung

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Pelzart

Nebelparderfell


Tarumaa ist ein Dorf (estnisch küla) im Kreis Ida-Viru (Ost-Wierland) im Nordosten Estlands. Seit Oktober 2013 liegt es in der Landgemeinde Lüganuse (Lüganuse vald). Bis zu deren Bildung lag es in der Landgemeinde Maidla (Maidla vald).

Beschreibung und Geschichte
Das Dorf hat 8 Einwohner (Stand 2000). Es ist eine für die Gegend typische kleine Waldsiedlung. Sie wurde erstmals 1533 urkundlich erwähnt. In der Nähe des Dorfes, auf der Heide Kartuliaugunõmm, haben Archäologen einen unterirdischen Friedhof freigelegt.

Den Großen Nordischen Krieg und die anschließende Pestepidemie Anfang des 18. Jahrhunderts überlebte nur ein Einwohner Tarumaas. Er hatte den Namen Tenno. Alle Einwohner des Dorfes seit dieser Zeit stammten oder stammen von ihm ab.

Weblinks
 Beschreibung und Geschichte (estnisch)

Einzelnachweise

Ort in Estland
Geographie (Lüganuse)
Ersterwähnung 1533

Tarumaa


La djurleita forma parte de la clase de los minerales sulfuros, concretamente un sulfuro de cobre. Se le nombró así en honor del químico sueco Seved Djurle.

Fue descubierto en 1962 en Barranca de Cobre, estado de Chihuahua (México).

Características químicas
Estrechamente relacionado con la calcosina, otro sulfuro de cobre, a veces para distinguirlos se requieren complicadas tecnologías de laboratorio como la difracción de rayos X. Pertenece al grupo de la calcosina-digenita.

Formación y yacimientos
Aparece en las zonas de enriquecimiento secundario de yacimientos de cobre. Es extraído y explotado industrialmente como mena del cobre.

Es común encontrarlo asociado a otros minerales, como son: pirita, digenita, calcopirita, bornita y anilita.

Enlaces externos

Referencias

 Djurleita, mindat.org.
 Djurleita, webmineral.com.
 Manual de djurleita, Mineral Data Publishing.

Minerales sulfuros
Minerales de cobre
Sistema monoclínico

Djurleita


131245 Bakich este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
131245 Bakich este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Junk Bond Observatory de David Healy (astronom). Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,79 ua, o excentricitate de 0,08 și o înclinație de 4,3° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 131001-132000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2001
Centura de asteroizi

131245 Bakich


Onigiri einnig kallað omusubi og  nigirimeshi er vinsæll japanskur skyndibiti sem er hrísgrjónabollur gerðar úr hvítum soðnum hrísgrjónum sem mótaðar eru sívalt eða þríhyrningslaga form og oft vafin inn í nori (þurrkuð þangblöð). Onigiri er oft með ýmis konar fyllingu og kryddi svo sem  súrsuðu grænmeti og fiskmeti.

Japönsk matargerð

Onigiri


22. dalmatinska pješačka pukovnija "Grof Von Lacy" (k.u.k. Infanterieregiment Graf Von Lacy Nr. 22, 22. Dalmatinisches Infanterie Regimente) bila je postrojba u sastavu pukovnija Austro-ugarske vojske. Stožer pukovnije bio je od 1818. do 1869. u Trstu, kasnije u Zadru, Dubrovniku, Splitu te Sinju. U Prvom svjetskom ratu postrojba se borila na Srbijanskom Bojištu te na Talijanskom bojištu.

Povijest
Jedna od ukupno 102 pješačke pukovnije zajedničke austrougarske vojske u potpunosti je bila unovačena i ustrojena od vojnika iz Dalmacije, prvenstveno iz benkovačkog, sinjskog, imotskog, makarskog i metkovskog kotara. Početkom rata 22. pukovnija se počela popunjavati i iz onih kotara novačenja predviđenom za popunu u ratnu mornaricu, od otočnih mjesta Raba do Korčule i priobalnim mjesta od Zadra do Opuzena.

Ona je imala svoju dugu povijest još od 1709. sve do 3. studenoga 1918. kada je nakon završetka rata i raspada Austro-Ugarske raspuštena. Pukovnija je nosila naziv vlasnika (počasnog) pukovnije, a od 1888. carskom zapovjedi trajno se naziva prema grofu Lacyu. Službeni naziv 1914. je Infanterieregiment Graf von Lacy Nr. 22. odnosno pješačka pukovnija grof von Lacy br. 22. s kojim nazivom ulazi u Prvi svjetski rat.

Prvi svjetski rat
Izbijanjem Prvog svjetskog rata postrojba se šalje u BiH prema Srbiji u sklopu 13. brdske brigade (3) i 5 brdske brigade (2).

U prvim mjesecima rata na Balkanskom bojištu plan austrougarske vojske da brzo porazi Srbiju i svoje postrojbe pošalje na Istočno bojište u Galiciju izjalovio se i u prosincu 1914. morali su se s velikim gubitcima povući preko Drine i Save na teritorij Monarhije. U početku rata 1914. pukovnija sudjeluje na Srpskom (balkanskom) bojištu. Prvi sukob s crnogorskom vojskom zbio se kod Okolišta 15. kolovoza, a zatim je pukovnija napredovala i prešla crnogorsku granicu. Pukovnija je sudjelovala u drugom napadu austrougarske ofenzive prelaskom preko Drine u rujnu 1914., zatim u potiskivanju srbijanskih i crnogorskih snaga iz istočne Bosne u listopadu, u trećem napadu i posljednjoj ofenzivi u zapadnoj Srbiji od studenoga do početka prosinca i na kraju sudjeluje u povlačenju austrougarske vojske iz Srbije preko Save i u istočnu Bosnu u prosinca 1914.

Ubrzo će 22. dalmatinska, nakon ulaska Italije u rat na strani Antante u svibnju 1915., biti premještena na Jugozapadno talijansko bojište i tamo ostati do kraja rata. Pukovnija je s drugom, trećom, šestom(-) i sedmom(-) bojnom, sudjelovala u svih jedanaest ofenziva talijanske vojske, znanih kao Jedanaest sočanskih bitaka 1915. – 1917., istučući u obrani kote 383 kod Plave, na obrambenim položajima Podgora – Gorica i kasnije Zagora – Vodice.

Zajedno s domobranskim pukovnijama 23. zadarskom i 37. gruškom čini jezgru 58. pješačke divizije (koja se zbog toga često u literaturi naziva "dalmatinska"), čije brdske (gebirgs) brigade (4. i 5.), pod zapovjedištvom generala Erwina Freiherr Zeidlera čine glavnu okosnicu goričke obrane.

Po završetku Treće sočanske bitke zapovjednik Jugozapadnog bojišta general pukovnik nadvojvoda Eugen uputio je pohvalu za iskazanu hrabrost svih dalmatinskih postrojba (23. domobranska, 37. domobranska te 22 pješačka) iz sastava XVI. korpusa;"Među herojima treće bitke na Soči moraju u prvom redu biti spomenuti sinovi Dalmacije. Oni su svojom primjernom hrabrošću ponovo dokazali da spadaju među moje najbolje vojnike. Stoga molim Vašu ekscelenciju da to proglasi u cijeloj zemlji i stanovništvu Dalmacije i izrazi moju zahvalnost za odanost caru i državi, kojom njegovi sinovi tako sjajno djeluju na bojnom polju"

General pukovnik nadvojvoda EugenPukovnija je imala najveće gubitke u Šestoj i Desetoj bitki na Soči. U Šestoj bitki je izgubljena gotovo cijela druga bojna i s njom zajedno zarobljen njezin proslavljeni zapovjednik dopukovnik Turudija, zajedno s preživjelima iz sedme bojne, pridodani su također teško stradaloj 23. domobranskoj. U Desetoj bitki na Soči 22. pukovnija je doživjela najveće gubitke u ratu. Tijekom nepuna četiri dana borba od 14. do 17. svibnja 1917. na uzvisinama Zagora – Vodice, druga i treća bojna bile su potpuno uništene. Iz stroja je izbačeno (mrtvih, ranjenih i zarobljenih) 45 časnika i dočasnika te 2309 vojnika.

Sudjeluje i u dvanaestoj ofenzivi zajedničke austrougarsko-njemačke vojske u listopadu 1917. kod Kobarida i prodoru prema Udinama i Piavi.

Dio pukovnije, prva, četvrta, peta bojna i zapovjedništvo pukovnije je nakon nepune godine dana s položaja na Sočanskom bojištu u travnju 1916. premještena na Južnotirolsko bojište (Valsuganu). Tamo je pukovnija u vrlo zahtjevnim i teškim zimskim uvjetima sve do veljače 1918. sudjelovala u planinskim borbama u dolini Adige, masive Meletta, Col del Rossa i zloglasnom kanjonu Val Franzela, kada je premještena u Venetsku nizinu na donju Piavu gdje je ostala do kraja rata.

Nakon reorganizacije austrougarske vojske, krajem veljače 1918. dvije bojne (II i III) su pridodane iz 22. pukovnije iz kojih je formirana 122. pješačka pukovnija u čiji sastav ulazi i 5. bojna 97. pješačke pukovnije. Ova bratimska pukovnija postojala je kratko vrijeme (osam mjeseci), samo posljednju godinu rata. Njeni položaji su bili na rijeci Piavi gdje je imala velike gubitke tijekom lipnja i srpnja 1918. godine.

Posljednji položaji, prije povlačenja austrougarske vojske krajem listopada 1918., koje su držali ostatci 22. pukovnije bili su na rijeci Piavi.

U nepunih pet godina Prvog svjetskog rata u nju je unovačeno preko 50 000 vojnika iz Dalmacije. Do kraj rata Pukovnija je imala preko 7500 poginulih te preko 10 000 ranjenih

Jedini spomen poginulim pripadnicima 22. (i 122.) pukovnije je 12. rujna 1937. postavljena spomen-ploče u kripti kapelice (grobnici) maršala grofa Lacy u Neuwaldegger Parku danas Schwarzenbergparku u Beču. Na spomen-ploči piše: "U spomen poginulim herojima dalmatinske carske i kraljevske pješačke pukovnije grof von Lacy br. 22. 1914. – 1918."

Sastav
Hrvati i Srbi 92 %, Talijani 5 %, ostali 3 %.

Zapovjednici
 1905. – 1910. – gen. Dušan Velebit (Sjeverna skupina - Zadar)
 1907. – 1912. – gen. von Strakov (Južna skupina - Dubrovnik)
 1910. – 1913. – gen. Felix Adrian
 1913. – 1914. – gen. Streith
 1915. – 1917. – gen. Zechbauer
 1917. – 1918. – puk. Gustav Wolf

Galerija

Izvori

Literatura
 Tado Oršolić, 22. Dalmatinska pješačka pukovnija "Grof Von Lacy", HAZU, 2019.
 John R. Schindler, Isonzo: The Forgotten Sacrifice of the Great War, Praeger, 2001.,

Poveznice

 INFANTERIEREGIMENTER der ö.u. Armee im Mai 1914
 Isonzofront.com - Austro-Hungarian Regiments[neaktivna poveznica

Povijest Dalmacije
Austrougarske pukovnije u Prvom svjetskom ratu

22. dalmatinska pješačka pukovnija


Thomas Mayne Reid (4 aprilie 1818 – 22 octombrie 1883), a fost un romancier american de origine scoțiano-irlandeză. "Căpitanul" Reid a scris multe romane de aventuri asemănătoare cu cele scrise de Frederick Marryat și Robert Louis Stevenson. El a fost un mare admirator al lordului Byron. Acțiunea acestor romane are loc în teritorii sălbatice și puțin cunoscute la acea vreme: vestul Americii, Mexic, Africa de Sud, Himalaya și Jamaica.

Biografie

Primii ani
Reid s-a născut în Ballyroney, un mic cătun de lângă Katesbridge, comitatul Down, în partea de nord a Irlandei, fiind fiul rev. Thomas Mayne Reid Sr., care era un înalt cleric al Adunării Generale a Bisericii Prezbiteriene din Irlanda. Tatăl său dorea ca el să devină preot prezbiterian, astfel încât în septembrie 1834 el s-a înscris la Institutul Academic Regal din Belfast. Deși a stat timp de patru ani, el nu s-a putut motiva suficient pentru a-și finaliza studiile și a obține o diplomă. S-a întors acasă la Ballyroney pentru a preda la școală.

În decembrie 1839 s-a urcat la bordul navei Dumfriesshire care mergea la New Orleans, Louisiana, ajungând acolo în ianuarie 1840. La scurt timp după aceea, a găsit un loc de muncă ca funcționar pe o plantație de porumb sau de comerciant în piața de porumb. El a rămas timp de șase luni în New Orleans. S-a spus că a renunțat la acel loc de muncă pentru că a refuzat să-i bicuiască pe sclavi. (Reid a folosit mai târziu Louisiana ca loc unde se petrecea acțiunea uneia dintre cele mai bine vândute cărți ale sale, romanul anti-sclavie intitulat The Quadroon.)

De la New Orleans, Reid a călătorit în Tennessee. Pe o plantație din apropiere de Nashville, el i-a meditat pe copiii dr. Peyton Robertson, pe care unii biografi ai lui Reid l-au confundat cu tatăl medicului, generalul James Randolph Robertson. (Douăzeci de ani mai târziu, Reid a stabilit acțiunea romanului său The Wild Huntress în statul Tennessee.) După moartea dr. Robertson, Reid a fondat o școală privată la Nashville. În 1841 s-a angajat ca funcționar la un comerciant din Natchez, Mississippi sau Natchitoches, Louisiana (locul din urmă pare mult mai probabil). Deși Reid a susținut mai târziu că a făcut mai multe călătorii în Vest în această perioadă a vieții sale (pe care și-a bazat unele dintre romanele sale), dovezile efectuării unor astfel de călătorii sunt vagi și confuze.

Carieră literară
La sfârșitul anului 1842 Reid a ajuns în Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, unde și-a început cariera literară scriind atât proză, cât și poezie pentru ziarul local Morning Chronicle, sub pseudonimul Bhe Poor Scholar. (Se pare, de asemenea, că a lucrat și ca transportator de hârtie.) Prima sa scriere verificabilă a fost o serie de poeme epice numită Scenes in the West Indies.

La începutul anului 1843, Reid s-a mutat la Philadelphia, unde a rămas timp de trei ani. În acest timp el a lucrat ca jurnalist și din când în când a publicat poezii în Godey's Lady's Book, Graham's Magazine, Ladies National Magazine și alte publicații similare, folosind același pseudonim pe care l-a întrebuințat și la Pittsburgh. Aici l-a cunoscut pe Edgar Allan Poe și cei doi au devenit colegi de băutură pentru un timp. Poe îl va numi mai târziu pe Reid "un colosal, dar cel mai pitoresc mincinos. A prostit pe un număr surprinzător de mare de oameni, dar cu priceperea unui artist, și de aceea l-am ascultat cu atenție".

Când a început Războiul Mexicano-American în primăvara anului 1846, Reid lucra pe post de corespondent pentru New York Herald la Newport, Rhode Island (care va deveni mai târziu locul unde se petrecea acțiunea unui alt roman). În acest moment el a început să folosească pseudonimul Ecolier, pe lângă Poor Scholar.

Pe 23 septembrie 1846, Reid s-a alăturat ca locotenent II în Regimentul 1 Infanterie din New York format din voluntari. În ianuarie 1847 regimentul a plecat din New York cu vaporul. New york-ezii au avut tabăra timp de mai multe săptămâni pe insula Lobos înainte de a lua parte la invadarea zonei centrale a statului Mexic de către generalul-maior Winfield Scott, care a început pe 9 martie, la Veracruz. Folosind pseudonimul Ecolier, Reid a fost corespondent pentru ziarul new york-ez Spirit of the Times, care i-a publicat ciclul Sketches by a Skirmisher. Pe 13 septembrie, în Bătălia de la Chapultepec, tânărul ofițer de origine irlandeză a suferit o rană severă la coapsă în timp ce conducea un atac. El a fost ulterior promovat la rangul de locotenent I pentru curaj în luptă. Pe 5 mai 1848 Reid și-a dat demisia, iar în iulie s-a întors la New York, cu regimentul său.

Love's Martyr, prima sa piesă de teatru, s-a jucat la Walnut Street Theater din New York timp de cinci nopți, în octombrie 1848. El a publicat War Life, o relatare a  evenimentelor din timpul serviciului militar, în 27 iunie 1849.

Aflând de începerea Revoluției Bavareze, s-a dus în Anglia pentru a se oferi voluntari. Dar, după trecerea Atlanticului s-a răzgândit și a plecat acasă, în nordul Irlandei. În scurt timp s-a mutat la Londra, iar în 1850 a publicat primul său roman, The Rifle Rangers. Acesta a fost urmat de The Scalp Hunters (1851; dedicat comandorului Edwin W. Moore, pe care l-a întâlnit în 1841), The Desert Home (1852) și The Boy Hunters (1853). Această din urmă carte, având acțiunea petrecută în Texas și Louisiana, a fost un "jurnal de călătorie științific juvenil". Ea a devenit o carte favorită a tânărului Theodore Roosevelt, care va deveni un mare fan al lui Reid. În același an Reid s-a căsătorit cu fiica editorului său, aristocratul englez G. W. Hyde, domnișoara Elizabeth Hyde, ce avea vârsta de 15 ani.

După o perioadă scurtă de timp liber  pe care a petrecut-o cu noua lui soție, el a revenit curând la scris. Continuându-și romanele sale de aventuri cu acțiunea petrecută în America, el a publicat mai multe romane de succes: The White Chief (1855), The Quadroon (1856), Oceola (1858) și The Headless Horseman (1865, tradus în limba română Călărețul fără cap).

El a cheltuit banii în mod liber, construind inclusiv o fermă vastă, o reproducere elaborată a unei hacienda mexicane pe care o văzuse în timpul Războiului Mexicano-American. Acest stil de viață extravagant l-a adus la faliment în noiembrie 1866. În luna octombrie a anului următor s-a mutat la Newport, Rhode Island, în speranța de a recăpăta succesul american de care avusese parte anterior. S-a întors la New York în anul 1867 și a fondat Onward Magazine.

Ultimii ani
Reid a predat la Steinway Hall în New York și-a publicat romanul The Helpless Hand în 1868. Dar America nu mai era cea pe care o cunoscuse Reid cu ani mai înainte. Rana pe care a primit-o la Chapultepec a început să-l deranjeze și el a fost spitalizat timp de mai multe luni la spitalul St. Luke în iunie 1870. Elizabeth ura America și, după ce a fost externat din spital, el și soția sa s-au întors în Anglia pe 22 octombrie 1870 și au trăit în Ross on Wye, Herefordshire.

Suferind de melancolie acută, el a fost în curând din nou internat in spital. A încercat să scrie, dar a finalizat puține lucrări. El a trăit în principal de pe urma pensiei oferite de Armata SUA, care nu era suficientă pentru a-i acoperi cheltuielile. Reid a murit la Londra, la vârsta de 65 de ani, și a fost îngropat în cimitirul Kensal Green. Pe piatra sa de mormânt se află un citat din The Scalp Hunters: "Aceasta este iarba preeriei; este numită greșit: ea este Grădina lui Dumnezeu."

Influență și moștenire
Cărți precum Young Voyagers au avut o mare popularitate, mai ales în rândul băieților. El a fost, de asemenea, foarte popular în întreaga lume; poveștile lui din vestul Americii i-au captivat pe copiii din toate țările, inclusiv din Europa și Rusia. Printre cărțile sale, dintre care multe au fost traduse în Polonia și Rusia, au fost The Rifle Rangers (1850), Scalp Hunters (1851), Boy Hunters (1853), War Trail (1851), Boy Tar (1859) și Headless Horseman (1865/6). Vladimir Nabokov a considerat Călărețul fără cap ca romanul de aventuri favorit din copilăria sa - "care i-a dat o viziune a preeriilor, a marilor spații deschise și a cerului de deasupra". La 11 ani, Nabokov a tradus chiar Călărețul fără cap în limba franceză. Alexander Bek menționează că K. K. Rokossovky, viitor Mareșal al Uniunii Sovietice, ar fi citit scrierile lui Reid, la care s-ar fi referit la începutul anului 1942. Czeslaw Milosz a menționat că a citit în copilărie, de asemenea, traducerile rusești ale lui Reid, care i-au permis să învețe limba rusă și alfabetul chirilic. Un capitol din Reid apare în colecția sa de eseuri Împărat al Pământului (1976).

În autobiografia sa, președintele american Teddy Roosevelt afirmă că Mayne Reid a fost o persoană care l-a inspirat puternic de timpuriu. Aristocrat timid și astmatic, Theodore Roosevelt era pasionat de zoologie și de călătoriile aventuroase. Cărțile de aventuri ale lui Mayne Reid ar fi putut constitui o sursă de inspirație pentru extinderea parcurilor naționale în cele două mandate ale lui T. Roosevelt.

Russell Miller, în biografia lui Arthur Conan Doyle, a afirmat că Mayne Reid era unul dintre autorii favoriți din copilărie ai lui Conan Doyle și a avut o mare influență asupra scrierilor lui Conan Doyle.

Deși Mayne Reid s-a numit el însuși și este menționat de multe ori ca fiind "căpitan", Historical Register and Dictionary of the U.S. Army a lui Francis B. Heitman îl menționează doar ca locotenent.

Scrieri
Reid a scris aproximativ șaptezeci și cinci de romane și multe povestiri și schițe.
 The Rifle Rangers; or, Adventures in Southern Mexico (1850)
 The Scalp Hunters: A Romance of the Plain (1851)
 The Desert Home: The Adventures of a Lost Family in the Wilderness (1851)
 The Forest Exiles; or, The Perils of a Peruvian Family Amid the Wilds of the Amazon (1852)
 The White Chief; A Legend of North Mexico (1855)
 The Boy Hunters, or, Adventures in Search of a White Buffalo (1855)
 The Hunter's Feast; or, Conversations Around the Camp-fire (1856)
 The Bush Boys: History and Adventures of a Cape Farmer and His Family (1856)
 The Quadroon: Or, A Lover's Adventures in Louisiana (1856)
 The War Trail; or, The Hunt of the Wild Horse (1857)
 The Plant Hunters; or, Adventures Among the Himalaya Mountains (1858)
 Osceola the Seminole, or, The Red Fawn of the Flower Land (1858)
 The Lone Ranch (1860)
 The Scalp Hunters (1860)
 Bruin: The Great Bear Hunt (1860)
 The Lone Ranch: A Tale of the Staked Plain (1860)
 The Wild Huntress; or, The Big Squatter's Vengeance (1861)
 The Maroon: A Tale of Voodoo and Obeah (1862)
 The Cliff Climbers (1864)
 The Boy Slaves (1865)
 The Headless Horseman (1866), în română Călărețul fără cap
 The Giraffe Hunters (1867)
 Afloat in The Forest; or A Voyage Among the Tree-Tops (1867)
 The White Squaw (1868)
 The Headless Horseman: A Strange Story of Texas (1868)
 The Helpless Hand: A Tale of Backwoods Retribution (1868)
 The Planter Pirate: A Souvenir of Mississippi (1868)
 The Yellow Chief: A Romance of the Rocky Mountains (1869)
 The Fatal Cord (1869)
 The Castaways (1870)
 The Vee-Boers: A Tale of Adventure in Southern Africa (1870)
 The Finger of Fate (1872)
 The Death Shot; or, Tracked to Death (1873)
 The Cuban Patriot, or, The Beautiful Creole: An Episode of the Cuban Revolution (1873)
 The Death Shot (1874)
 The Young Yagers, or, A Narrative of Hunting Adventures in Southern Africa (1875)
 The Giraffe Hunters (1876)
 The Flag of Distress: A Story of the South Sea' (1876)
 Gwen Wynn; A Romance of the Wye (1877)
  The Man-Eaters (1878)
 The Specter Barque: A Tale of the Pacific (1879)
 The Captain of the Rifles; or, The Queen of the Lakes: A Romance of the Mexican Valley (1879)
 The Land Pirates, or, The League of Devil's Island: A Tale of the Mississippi (1879)
 The Ocean Hunters, or, The Chase of the Leviathan: A Romance of Perilous Adventure (1881)
 The Ocean Waifs: A Story of Adventure on Land and Sea (1882)
 Blue Dick, or, The Yellow Chief's Vengeance: A Romance of the Rocky Mountains (1883)
 The Hunters' Feast (foileton 1854, carte 1883)
 Gaspar, the Gaucho, or, Lost on the Pampas: A Tale of the Gran Chaco (1883)
 The Island Pirate: A Tale of the Mississippi (1884)
 The Land of Fire: A Tale of Adventure (1885)
 The Lost Mountain: A Tale of Sonora (1885)
 The Free Lances: A Romance of the Mexican Valley (1888)
 The Tiger Hunter: A Hero in Spite of Himself (1889)
 No Quarter! (1890)
 The White Gauntlet (1892)
 The Guerilla Chief and Other Tales
 The Bandolero, A Marriage among the Mountains
 The Boy Tar
 The Child Wife
 Ran Away to Sea
 Wood Rangers: The Trappers of Sonora
 The Young Voyageurs: Boy Hunters in the North

Referințe

Legături externe
Resurse
 "Reid, Captain Mayne" Bio  - at the Northern Illinois University Libraries
 Captain (Thomas) Mayne Reid - Bio and selected free ebooks - at Athelstane
 Bio & Mayne Reid Manuscripts, ca. 1866, U. of North Carolina, Greensboro

 "Literary History American West"   (PDF 8.7mb) - at Texas Christian University
Surse

 Works by or about Mayne Reid at Internet Archive

 Works by Mayne Reid at Manybooks.net

Nașteri în 1818
Decese în 1883
Romancieri irlandezi

Thomas Mayne Reid


6480 Scarlatti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
6480 Scarlatti este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatoire de Haute-Provence de Eric Walter Elst. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,37 ua, o excentricitate de 0,23 și o înclinație de 2,4° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 6001-7000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Familia  Nysa

Asteroizi cu nume de oameni
Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1988
Centura de asteroizi

6480 Scarlatti


Edmund Henry Hynman Allenby, Birinci Vikont (23 Nisan 1861 - 14 Mayıs 1936), Britanyalı mareşal. I. Dünya Savaşı'nda Filistin ve Suriye'deki Britanya harekâtını yönetti. 9 Aralık 1917'de Kudüs'ü zapt ederek "Kudüs Fatihi" unvanını aldı. 19-21 Eylül 1918'de iki Osmanlı ordusunun tamamen yok edilmesiyle sonuçlanan Megiddo Muharebesi'nde uyguladığı süratli piyade ve süvari taktikleri, II. Dünya Savaşı'nda Almanların geliştirdiği Yıldırım Savaşı (Blitzkrieg) yönteminin öncüsü olarak kabul edilir.

Sandhurst'deki Kraliyet Askeri Okulu'nda eğitim gördü. 1882'de Inniskilling Dragoons adlı süvari birliğine katılarak Bechuanaland (1884-1885) ve Zululand'de (1888) savaştı. 1889-1902 arasında II. Boer Savaşı'na katıldı. I. Dünya Savaşı'nda bir süvari tümenini Fransa'ya götürdü ve orada 3. Ordu komutanlığına getirildi. (Ekim 1915). Nisan 1917'de, Arras'daki savaşlarda büyük yararlılık gösterdi.

29 Haziran 1917'de Mısır Seferi Kuvvetleri (Egyptian Expeditionary Force) komutanlığına atandı. Süvari ve hareketli birliklerin kalıplaşmış savaş taktiklerinde yaptığı değişiklikler şaşkınlık uyandırdı. 1917 Ekim ayı sonunda başlattığı taarruzla Birüssebi ve Gazze'yi ele geçirdi. Gazze'deki karargâhından Cemal Paşa yönetimindeki Osmanlı kuvvetlerine karşı genel taarruz başlattı. 9 Aralık'ta düşen Kudüs'e, 11 Aralık günü kentin dini kimliğine saygı ifadesi olarak yaya girdi ve Filistin yönetimini kurdu. Uzun bir aradan ve 15 Eylül 1918'de Bakü Muharebesi (1918) sonucunda Azerbaycan Osmanlı hakimiyetine girdikten bir gün sonra 16 Eylül 1918'de yeniden saldırıya geçen Allenby, 19 Eylül'de Megiddo'da Mareşal Liman von Sanders komutasında üç ordudan oluşan Osmanlı Yıldırım Ordular Grubu'nu tamamen imha edip, Nablus Hezimetine uğratarak büyük bir zafer kazandı. 1 Ekim'de Şam, 16 Ekim'de Humus ve 25 Ekim'de Halep İngilizlerin eline geçti. 8 Ekim'de ateşkes talep eden Türk tarafının isteği kabul edilerek, 30 Ekim'de Mondros Mütarekesi imzalandı.

Ekim 1919'da vikont unvanını aldı. 1919-1925 arasında Mısır yüksek komiseri olarak görev yapan Allenby, siyasi karışıklık içinde ülkeye yön vermeyi başardı. Böylece Mısır'ın 1922'de bağımsız bir devlet olarak tanınmasında etkili oldu.

Kudüs'ün ele geçirilmesi
Allenby atından indi ve subaylarıyla birlikte Yafa Kapısı'ndan yürüyerek şehre girdi. Alman İmparatoru II. Wilhelm'in 1898'de Kudüs'e at sırtında girişinin yerel vatandaşlar tarafından pek hoş karşılanmayan bu küstahlığına kasıtlı bir tezat oluşturuyordu. Bunu, Kudüs'ün Yahudilik, Hristiyanlık ve İslam için önemli olan Kutsal Şehir statüsüne saygı duyduğu için yaptı. Kudüs halkı, Allenby'nin yaya olarak girişini alçakgönüllülüğünün bir işareti olarak gördü.  Daha sonra Allenby resmi raporunda şunları söyledi:

"[Kudüs vatandaşları] ilk başta Osmanlıların gitmesine sevindikleri ve İngilizlerle iyi bir ilişki kurmak istedikleri için sıcak karşıladılar. İngilizlerin kalmasını istemedikleri için de temkinliydiler."

1914'te Müttefiklere karşı bir cihat ilan eden Osmanlıların Pan-İslam propagandasını dikkate alan Allenby, bizzat cesaretini kırmıştı. Haçlı imajını kullanmak, basın görevlilerinin basın açıklamalarında haçlı ve haçlı terimlerini kullanmasını yasakladı ve her zaman İslam ile değil, sadece Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ile savaşmakta ısrar etmek için elinden geleni yaptı. Allenby, "Kudüs'ün önemi stratejik öneminde yatıyor, bu askeri harekatta dini bir dürtü yoktu" dedi.

Mayıs 1918'de Allenby, Kudüs'te Haim Weizmann ve Kudüs Hahambaşısı ile bir araya geldi.

Allenby, Kudüs'teki Hristiyan, Yahudi ve Müslüman topluluk liderlerini kabul etti ve üç inancın da dini yerlerine saygı gösterilmesini sağlamak için onlarla birlikte çalıştı. Allenby, Kudüs'ün Müslüman nüfusuna ulaşmanın en iyi yolunun bu olduğunu düşünerek İslami dini yerleri korumak için Hint Müslüman askerlerini gönderdi.

Mısır Valisi
Allenby 31 Temmuz 1919'da mareşal oldu ve 7 Ekim'de Suffolk'da Allenby Vikontu'nu kurdu.

1919'da Mısır Özel Yüksek Komiseri olarak atanması, ülkenin İngiliz yönetimine karşı gösterilerle kesintiye uğramasıyla geldi. 1914'ten beri sıkıyönetim altındaydı ve Saad Zağlul da dahil olmak üzere birçok Mısırlı lider Malta'ya sürgün edilmişti.

Bu sürgünler, Kahire'nin izole olduğu ülke çapında ayaklanmalara yol açmıştı. Allenby'nin ilk yanıtı uzlaştırıcıydı. Sömürge Dairesi'ni Zağlul ve Vefd'den gelen heyetinin Fransa'ya gitmesine izin vermeye ikna etti. Niyetleri Mısır davasını Paris Barış Konferansı'na sunmaktı, ancak resmi olarak tanınmadılar ve başarısızlıkla Mısır'a döndüler.

1921'in başlarında, Zağlul adına daha fazla isyan ve gösteri yapıldı. Bu kez Allenby, Zaghlul ve diğer beş liderin Seyşeller'e sınır dışı edilmesini emretti. On altı isyancı idam edildi. Ertesi yıl Allenby, uygulanmasında ısrar ederek Londra'ya gitti. Sıkıyönetim'in sona ermesini, bir Mısır Anayasasının hazırlanmasını ve Zaglul'un geri dönmesini içeriyorlardı. İlerleme kaydedildi: Mısır'a sınırlı bir öz yönetim hakkı verildi ve Ekim 1922'de bir anayasa taslağı yayınlandı ve Ocak 1924'te Zaghlul hükûmetinin kurulmasına yol açtı. Ertesi Kasım, Mısır ve Sudan'daki İngiliz kuvvetlerinin komutanı Sir Lee Stack, Kahire'de öldürüldü. Allenby'nin yanıtı acımasızdı ve Mısır Hükûmeti tarafından ödenecek 500.000 sterlinlik küçük düşürücü bir para cezası içeriyordu. Mayıs 1925'te Allenby istifa etti ve İngiltere'ye döndü.

Emekliliği
Allenby, 12 Eylül 1925'te Cinque Ports Kalesi Kraliyet Mühendisleri Fahri Albayı olarak atandı ve Deal Kalesi'nin başkomseri oldu.

Murray ve Allenby, 1931'de Aldershot'ta Filistin seferi hakkında konferanslar vermek üzere davet edildiler. Önceden mektuplaşan Murray, Batı Cephesini (1917 sonbaharında) Filistin'e asker nakletmenin riske atmaya değip değmediğini sordu. Allenby bu sorudan kaçındı, ancak 1917'de ve 1918 baharında Müttefiklerin savaşı kazanma ihtimalinin çok uzak olduğu yorumunu yaptı. Rusya çekiliyordu, ancak Amerikalılar henüz güçlü değildi. Fransa ve İtalya zayıfladı ve belki de Almanya'nın Belçika'dan veya Alsace-Lorraine'den veya Avusturya-Macaristan'ın Trentino'dan vazgeçmesiyle barış yapmaya ikna edilebilirdi. Bu koşullar altında, Almanya'nın Doğu Avrupa ve Balkanlar'ın kontrolünde kalması muhtemeldi ve İngiltere'nin Almanya'nın Hindistan yolunu kapatmak için Orta Doğu'da bir miktar toprak ele geçirmesi mantıklıydı. Allenby'nin görüşleri, o sırada Savaş Kabinesi'nin görüşlerini yansıtıyordu.

Allenby, somon balığının Tay'dakiler kadar büyük olup olmadığını görmek için 74 yaşında son kez balığa çıkmak için Patagonya'ya gitti.

Ölümü
14 Mayıs 1936'da Londra, Kensington'daki evinde 75 yaşında iken aniden beyin anevrizmasından öldü. Cesedi yakıldı ve külleri Westminster Abbey'e gömüldü.

Mirası
 Tel Aviv kentinin ana caddesi Allenby Street adını taşır.
 İsrail ile Ürdün arasında Şeria Nehri üzerindeki geçiş noktasının adı da Allenby Köprüsü'dür.

Kaynakça

1861 doğumlular
Nottinghamshire doğumlular
1936 yılında ölenler
Britanyalı mareşaller
İsrail tarihi
II. Boer Savaşı'nda Britanya Ordusu personeli
Banyo Nişanı sahipleri
Yükselen Güneş Nişanı sahipleri
Osmanlı döneminde Filistin
Londra'da ölenler
Westminster Abbey'de defnedilenler

Edmund Allenby


Esta é uma lista de instituições de ensino superior do estado brasileiro do Pará. O critério de inclusão abrange aquelas instituições com registro no Ministério da Educação (MEC), segundo dados do sistema e-MEC em 2019, e localizadas no Pará.

Lista

Públicas

Privadas

Ver também

 Lista de instituições de ensino superior do Brasil

Lista de instituições de ensino superior do Pará


Rei Hirakawa (født 20. april 2000) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder FC Tokyo.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Rei Hirakawa


Santulhão Portekiz'de Vimioso belediyesine bağlı olan, 47,53 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 508 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia).

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Vimioso

Santulhão


Julián Castro kan henvise til

 Julián Castro (amerikansk politiker) - en amerikansk politiker født 1974
 Julián Castro (venzuelansk præsident) - en venezuelansk militærofficer og tidligere præsident i Venezuela (1858 - 1859)

Julián Castro


Mabel Irene Lockerby (née le  et morte le ) est une artiste canadienne.

Biographie
L'année de naissance de Lockerby est parfois attribuée à 1887 d'après son propre curriculum vitae, mais elle est née en 1882. Ses parents sont Alexander Lockerby, un épicier et  Barbara Cox. Elle a sept frères et sœurs, dont quatre ont survécu jusqu'à l'âge adulte. La famille a grandi dans plusieurs maisons de la rue MacKay à Montréal.

Elle étudie à l'Art Association of Montreal avec William Brymner et Maurice Cullen. Elle remporte deux prix, un pour son dessin dans la "classe antique" (1902) et un autre pour la composition (1911)  En 1914, elle commence à exposer à l'exposition annuelle du printemps de l'Association et continue à peindre tout au long de la Première Guerre mondiale.

Elle est membre du groupe Beaver Hall. Elle expose régulièrement avec ce groupe et, en 1926, le Musée des beaux-arts du Canada achète une de ses œuvres. Elle se joint au Groupe des peintres canadiens en 1939 et est membre de la Société d'art contemporain de Montréal .Son travail est exposé à l'exposition de l'Empire britannique à Wembley Park, Wembley, Angleterre en 1924 et 1925, à l'exposition universelle de New York en 1939 et à l'exposition du 400e anniversaire à Sao Paulo, Brésil en 1954.

Son style de peinture se caractérise par des couleurs riches, des coups de pinceau visibles et un sens aigu du design. Elle peint principalement des portraits, des natures mortes et des paysages avec personnages.  Dans les années 1930, elle intègre l'humour et la fantaisie dans son travail  Le Musée des beaux-arts du Canada possède quatre de ses pièces dans sa collection, dont sa peinture Early Winter. Son travail fait également partie des collections du Musée des beaux-arts de l'Ontario et du Musée des beaux-arts de Hamilton. La Galerie Walter Klinkhoff organise en 1989, une exposition rétrospective.

Lockerby est décédée à Montréal à l'âge de 94 ans après avoir subi un accident vasculaire cérébral quelques mois plus tôt.

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre canadien du XXe siècle
Peintre canadienne
Naissance en mars 1882
Naissance à Montréal
Décès en mai 1976
Décès à Montréal
Anglo-Québécois
Décès à 94 ans

Mabel Lockerby


Acestă listă este clasamentul pe medalii la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 1992, cu toate țările care au cucerit medalii la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 1992 de la Albertville din perioada 8–23 februarie, la care au participat 1.801 sportivi din 64 de țări.

Tabelul medaliilor
Ordinea țărilor din acest tabel este în conformitate cu regulile oficiale publicate în convenția COI și cu informațiile oferite de către Comitetul Olimpic Internațional. Așadar, primele țări sunt luate în ordinea numărului de medalii de aur. Apoi, sunt luate în considerare medaliile de argint, iar mai apoi cele de bronz. Dacă scorul este egal, țările sunt ordonate alfabetic.

Pentru a sorta acest tabel după o anumită coloană, apăsați pe iconița  de lângă titlul coloanei.
Legendă
 Țara gazdă

Referințe
  1992 Albertville Winter Games  pe Sports Reference

Clasamentul pe medalii
1992

Clasamentul pe medalii la Jocurile Olimpice de iarnă din 1992


Dubstep je glazbeni žanr koji je nastao u južnom Londonu, u Engleskoj. Nastao je kasnih 90-ih godina prošlog stoljeća po uzoru na dub, techno, regaee, drum and bass (bubanj i bass), jungle, broken beat i 2-step garage. Glazba općenito sadrži rijetke, sinkopirane bubnjeve i udaraljke s basovima koji sadrže istaknute sub-bass frekvencije.

Najranija dubstep izdanja datiraju iz 1998., a obično su prikazani kao B-strane na kazetama 2-step garage-a. Te su pjesme bile tamnije, više eksperimentalne, s manjim naglaskom na vokal, i pokušavali su inkorporirati elemente breakbeat-a i drum and bass-a u 2-step.

Danas je dubstep jedna od najpoznatijih podvrsta elektroničke glazbe.

Izvori

Glazba

Dubstep


Armando Castellazzi (født 7. oktober 1904, død 4. januar 1968) var en italiensk fodboldspiller (midtbane/back).

Castellazzi blev verdensmester med Italiens landshold ved VM 1934 på hjemmebane, og spillede én af italiernes fem kampe i turneringen. I alt nåede han at spille tre kampe for landsholdet.

På klubplan repræsenterede Castellazi Inter i fødebyen hele sin karriere.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Italien
Fodboldspillere fra FC Internazionale Milano
Verdensmestre i fodbold
Personer fra Milano

Armando Castellazzi


Les élections régionales en Bavière () sont organisées tous les cinq ans dans le Land de Bavière, sauf en cas de dissolution anticipée, afin de désigner les députés régionaux qui siègent au sein du Landtag.

Résumé

Notes et références

Élections régionales en Bavière


Enugu ( ; ) is the capital city of Enugu State in Nigeria. It is located in southeastern part of Nigeria. The city had a population of 820,000 according to the last Nigerian census. The name Enugu is derived from the two Igbo words Énú Ụ́gwụ́, meaning "hill top", denoting the city's hilly geography. Enugu acquired township status in 1917 and was called Enugwu-Ngwo, but because of the rapid expansion towards areas owned by other indigenous communities, the city was renamed Enugu in 1928.

Since the 17th century the location of present-day Enugu has been inhabited by the Enugwu-Ngwo and Nike ( ) subgroup of the Igbo people. In 1900, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate was established by the colonial administration of the British Empire. The discovery of coal by the colonists led to the creation of what was then known as the Enugu Coal Camp, named after the nearby village of Enugu Ngwo, under which coal was first found. The nearby city of Port Harcourt was created for the purpose of shipping this coal abroad, being located  south of the camp. Coal mining opportunities in Enugu attracted people from throughout the region; this marked the core of the first urban settlement of what is today known as simply Enugu. Enugu developed as one of the few cities in West Africa created entirely from European contact. By 1958 Enugu had over 8,000 coal miners.  there are no significant coal mining activities left in the city.

Enugu became the capital of the Eastern Region after Nigeria's independence in 1960; a succession of territorial adjustments in 1967, 1976 and 1991 led to Enugu becoming the capital of what is now Enugu State. On 30 May 1967 Enugu was declared the capital of the short-lived Republic of Biafra; for this Enugu is known as the "capital of Igboland." After Enugu was captured by the Nigerian armed forces, the Biafran capital was moved to Umuahia.

Industries in the city include the urban market and bottling industries. Enugu is also one of the primary filming locations for directors of the Nigerian movie industry, dubbed "Nollywood". Enugu's main airport is the Akanu Ibiam International Airport.

The 2006 national census in Nigeria estimated the population of Enugu state at 3,267,837. While males constitute 48.84% of the population, the female population constitute 51.16% (1,596,042 males and 1,671,795 females). However, demographers have indicated that the actual population of Enugu state is around 6 million. Enugu state has three senatorial zones namely; Enugu North, Enugu East and Enugu West.

History

Early history
The first settlement in the Enugu area was the small Nike village of Ogui, which was present since the era of the Atlantic Slave Trade. Nike in the Igbo language means "with strength or power." It was through slave raiding that the Nike people acquired most of their lands, which were mostly unsettled. The Nike used slaves for a defence strategy, placing Slave camps at the edge of their territories so that it was harder for an enemy to access the free born. The Nike people were allied to the Aro people who formed the Aro Confederacy (1690–1901) which was an Igbo Organisation that controlled slave trading in the Enugu area. Along with the Aro people who came to trade from Arochukwu in the south were the Hausa people who came to trade from the north. The Hausa traders provided horses to the Nike which were used for rituals by the Igbo. Both the Aro and Hausa migrated back and forth to what is now the city of Enugu and were considered foreigners to the area.

Industrialisation

A British campaign to invade Arochukwu and open up the hinterland for British military and political rule was carried out in 1901. A war between the British and Aro officially started on 1 December 1901 lasting till 24 March 1902 when the Aro were defeated. The Aro Confederacy ended and the rest of Aro dominated areas was added to The Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria, declared in 1900. Europeans first arrived in the Enugu area in 1903 when the British/Australian geologist Albert Ernest Kitson led an exploration of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate to search for especially valued mineral resources under the supervision of the Imperial Institute, London. By 1909 coal was found under the village of Enugwu Ngwo in the Udi and Okoga areas, and by 1913 the coal was confirmed to be in quantities that would be viable commercially. By 1914 the colonial government had already merged the Northern and Southern Nigeria Protectorate to form the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria.

In 1915 the British began talks with the indigenous people of the land that would become Enugu about its acquisition in order to lay the Eastern Line railway and to build a colliery. The first houses built in the area were in a temporary settlement consisting of Igbo traditional mud housing inhabited by a W. J. Leck and some other Europeans on Hill-top, the only plain on the escarpment rolling before the jungled Milliken Hill. Antiques of the old residence of the colonialists called the "Europeans quarters" still abound on the Hill-top, an outskirt of Enugwu-Ngwo town. Another settlement known as Ugwu Alfred (Igbo: Alfred's Hill) or "Alfred's Camp", inhabited by an Alfred Inoma (a leader of indigenous labourers from Onitsha) and his labourers, was located on a hillside. After the land acquisition by the British, Frederick Lugard, the Governor-General of Nigeria at the time, named the colliery built at the bottom of the Udi Hills Enugu Coal Camp to distinguish it from Enugwu Ngwo which overlooks the city from atop a scarp on Enugu's west. The first coal mine in the Enugu area was the Udi mine opened in 1915 which was shut down two years later and replaced with the Iva Valley mine. Enugu became a major coal mining area and the only significant one in West Africa. The Eastern Line railway connecting Enugu with Port Harcourt was completed in 1916 in order to export the coal through its seaport of which the city was created for this purpose. Enugu became one of the few cities in West Africa created out of contact with Europeans. By 1916 parts of Enugu reserved for Europeans were set up by the colonial government. The area now known as the Government Reserved Area (GRA) became the European Quarters located north of the Ogbete River; alongside this was a section developed for African residents located south of the river. The built-up area of Enugu comprised these two areas, and by 1917 the city officially gained township status. On the African side of the city a rapid influx of migrant workers sparked the development of squatter camps on the Udi Hills near the coal mines and the Iva Valley.

In 1938 Enugu became the administrative capital of the Eastern Region. The number of employed coal miners in Enugu grew from 6,000 (of mostly Udi men) in 1948 to 8,000 in 1958. Enugu's population rose sharply with its industrialisation; the population of the city reached 62,000 in 1952. Mining in Enugu was sometimes turbulent, as demonstrated by the events of 18 November 1949 when 21 striking miners were shot and killed and 51 wounded by police under British governance. The massacre that came to be known as "The Iva Valley Shooting" fueled nationalist or "Zikist" sentiments among most Nigerians, and especially amongst Eastern Nigerians. "Zikisim" was a post World War II movement that was created out of admiration for Nnamdi Azikiwe who was a prominent nationalist of the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The shooting was right after a period of unrest when miners were angered by the belief that their full pay was being held back by the colliery management, a belief that was pushed by the nationalist press. Many of the Zikists tried to use the Iva Valley shooting to fuel their nationalistic agenda and push the British imperial administration, out of Nigeria. A detailed account of the incident was also published in the memoirs of the British Resident of Enugu at the time, James Stewart Smith.

Independence, war, and after

Enugu became a municipality in 1956 with Umaru Altine its first mayor. After four years passed, Nigeria gained its independence in 1960. On 27 May 1967 the Nigerian government divided the Western, Northern and Eastern Region into 12 states and Enugu was made the capital of the new East Central State. On 30 May 1967 Enugu was declared the capital of the short-lived Republic of Biafra, the latter created out of the eastern Nigerian states of East Central, Cross River and Rivers. Biafra was declared by Ojukwu because of Eastern Nigeria after their members were attacked injured and killed in a series of ethnic attacks launched by some other ethnic groups in other parts of the country following the first military coup executed by mostly Igbo Officers, in which top northern Nigerian leaders among others were assassinated. The main rivals of the mostly Igbo Eastern Nigerians were the Hausa/Fulani people of Northern Nigeria. A northern headed war on the secession  (1967—1970) and continuous attacks on the Igbos in other part of Nigeria lead Igbos from northern and western Nigeria to return to their "native" areas in eastern Nigeria and Enugu became a destination. Radio Biafra, alternatively the Voice of Biafra (formerly the Eastern Nigerian Broadcasting Service), was based in Enugu; it was from here that the Biafran leader, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu, broadcast speeches and propaganda to Biafrans and Nigeria. Because of the war, Enugu witnessed a decrease in the number of non-Igbo, specifically non-eastern Nigerian residents. On 4 October 1967 the Nigerian military bombarded Enugu with artillery just outside its boundaries before capturing it a week later, shortly after this Umuahia became the new capital of the republic. Years after the Republic of Biafra reverted to Nigeria, Enugu is still regarded as the "Capital of Igboland."

Enugu resumed in 1970 as the capital of the East Central State after the republic was dissolved. On 3 February 1976 the East Central State was made into two new states, Imo and Anambra; there were then 19 states in Nigeria; Enugu was the capital of Anambra. On 27 August 1991 the military dictatorship of Ibrahim Babangida divided the old Anambra State into two new states, Enugu State and Anambra State. Enugu remained as the capital of the newly created Enugu State, while Awka became the capital of the new Anambra State.

Geography

Topography

Despite its name meaning hill top in the Igbo language, Enugu lies at the foot of an escarpment and not a hill. Enugu is located in the Cross River basin and the Benue trough and has the best developed coal in this area. Precambrian basement rock in this region is overlaid with sediments bearing coal from the Cretaceous and Tertiary age. Coal seams in the Enugu coal district measure between  in thickness and the reserves have been estimated to be more than 300 million tones. Enugu's hills at the extreme may reach an elevation of . Highlands surrounding Enugu for the most part are underlain by sandstone, while lowlands are underlain by shale. Much of the escarpment stretching from Enugu to Orlu has been ravaged by soil and gully erosion. Other geological features in Enugu include the Nike Lake near which the Nike Lake Hotel has been built. The Ekulu, Asata, Ogbete, Aria, Idaw and Nyaba rivers are the six largest rivers located in the city. The Ekulu River is the largest body of water in Enugu urban and its reservoir contributes to part of the city's domestic water supply.

Water
Water is a scarce resource in Enugu. The major way residents get water is by drilling boreholes into the ground but the presence of shale underground makes it difficult to drill through. Another reason for this is the coal formation all through the state. A solution to this will be to harvest surface water from streams.

Climate
Enugu is located in a tropical rain forest zone with a derived savannah. The city has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw). Enugu's climate is humid and this humidity is at its highest between March and November. For the whole of Enugu State the mean daily temperature is . As in the rest of West Africa, the rainy season and dry season are the only weather periods that recur in Enugu. The average annual rainfall in Enugu is around , which arrives intermittently and becomes very heavy during the rainy season. Other weather conditions affecting the city include Harmattan, a dusty trade wind lasting a few weeks of December and January. Like the rest of Nigeria, Enugu is hot all year round.

Cityscape and architecture
The tallest building in Enugu's Central Business District (CBD) is the African Continental Bank (ACB) tower with six stories. The tower was built in the late 50s for the African Continental Bank Limited which was founded by Nnamdi Azikiwe who became the first president of Nigeria after the country's independence from the United Kingdom in October 1960. The opening of the building took place on 30 April 1959. Other tall buildings include the Hotel Presidential opened in August 1963. The seven story building contains 100 rooms and is located in the Independence Layout. Hotel Presidential cost $2.5 million to build and was commissioned by the government of what was then the Eastern Region to serve visiting businessmen, officials and tourists. In the middle of Enugu is the Michael Okpara Square, dedicated to the premier of the former Eastern Region Michael Okpara. Beside the square is located the Enugu State Government House, Enugu State House of Assembly and Enugu State Judiciary Complex.

Enugu's coal mines are dotted around on the outskirts of the city, a majority of which are closed. The Colliery Camp mines are located in the Iva Valley which is near the neighboring town of Ngwo and Hilltop of Enugu. The Iva Valley coal mine is accessed through the Iva Valley road linking Enugu with Ngwo. Other coal mines are located in the Ogbete and Coal Camp layouts; these mines are located on the periphery of the city near the Iva Valley as well.

Architectural design in Enugu's early years was in the hands of the British colonial administration; Enugu's architecture was consequently very European. English cottage housing and Victorian houses were used for housing Europeans and Nigerian colonial civil servants in the early 20th century until Europeans started trying to adapt their architecture to the tropical climate. Some other examples of these European styles are visible in churches of the colonial era, such as the Holy Ghost Cathedral with its Greco-Roman stained glass windows depicting Europeans. Enugu's roads were reflective of its British rule; much of the city's narrow roads in the GRA have been preserved dating back to the incorporation of the city itself. Low rent one bedroom flats in Enugu and other Nigerian cities are known as "face-me-I-face-you" for the way a group of flats face each other and form a square where a compound entrance is led into.

Government

Enugu city covers three local government areas: Enugu East, Enugu North and Enugu South. A Local Government Council exists for each of these seats that manages sectors including primary education and health; an elected Executive Chairman and a group of elected Councilors form the Local Government Council that heads each Local Government Area. Enugu South is split between its rural and urban parts when electing an Executive Chairman. The Executive Chairmen include Paul Ogbe for Enugu South Urban, Theresa Egbo for Enugu South Rural, Emma Onoh for Enugu North, and Christopher Ugwu for Enugu East; these chairmen represent their LGA's in the Enugu State House of Assembly. The Ministry of Lands, Survey and Town Planning (at the state level) and the Local Planning Authority (at the local government level) are responsible for the administration of urban lands and town planning. Government House, Enugu is where the government of the state is based. On the federal level, the city of Enugu is split between two congressional areas; Enugu North/South represented by Chukwuegbo Ofor and Enugu East represented by Gilbert Nnaji; both representatives are in the People's Democratic Party (PDP) as is Ifeanyichukwu Ugwuanyi (GBURU-GBURU), the governor of Enugu State.

Demographics

According to the 2006 Nigerian census, the Enugu metropolitan area has an estimated population of 722,664. This estimate along with population estimates of other Nigerian cities have been disputed with accusations of population inflation and deflation in favour of the northern part of the country. The population of Enugu is predominantly Christian, as is the rest of southeastern Nigeria. Like the rest of Nigeria most people in Enugu speak Nigerian English alongside the dominant language in the region. In this case the dominant language is Igbo. Nigerian English, or pidgin (a mix of English and indigenous words) is often used because of ethnic diversity and sometimes because of the diversity of dialects in the Igbo language. In cultural and linguistic terms Enugu is within the Northern cluster of the Igbo region which includes other towns such as Owo, Nike, Agbani, and cities like Awka and Nsukka.

The indigenous people of Enugu include Enugwu-Ngwo people who live on the aged Hill-Top plain towards the Milliken Hills on the west, with their farm lands sprawling all over the valley, the Ogui Nike who live in the areas surrounding Hotel Presidential, Obiagu, Ama-Igbo, Ihewuzi and Onu-Asata. Other groups include the Awkunanaw people, who live mainly in the Achara Layout and Uwani areas. Other Nike people live around the Abakpa, Iji-Nike, and Emene areas of the city. Most of the non-indigenous people of Enugu are migrants from other parts of the Igbo cultural area. After the majority Igbo, the Yoruba people are another significant ethnic group found present in Enugu; other groups include the Hausa, Kanuri, Ijaw, and Fulani people.

Crime
Enugu's crime rate rose in 2009 as kidnapping and armed robbery rates increased in southeastern Nigeria specifically between September and December. The Enugu State government sought to check the high kidnapping rates by passing a bill in February 2009 that made kidnapping by the use of a weapon a capital offence; the bill was passed by the Enugu House of Assembly unanimously. 1,088 arrests were made in the city between September and December 2009; 270 of these were in September, 303 were in October, 295 in November and 220 were in December. 477 of these detainees were accused of committing capital offences which included kidnapping. The motives of kidnappers in Enugu are primarily financial and some ransoms went into the millions of Naira. The Chief Press Secretary to the Governor of Enugu State, Dan Nwomeh, had his ransom set as high as ₦500 million (3.3 million US Dollars ), dropping to ₦200 million and then ₦50 million before he was released without a ransom being paid because of the refusal of the government to negotiate with the kidnappers. Much of the crime in Enugu and the rest of Nigeria has been attributed to unemployment.

Culture

As a Northern Igbo city, Enugu shares cultural traits with its neighbouring towns. Two important Igbo traditional festivals take place in Enugu annually; the Mmanwu festival and the New yam festival. The Mmanwu festival takes place in November and features various types of masquerades that each have a name. This festival is held at the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium as a parade of carnival-like masquerades that are accompanied by music and it is supported by the Enugu Council of Arts and Culture. The second important Igbo festival, the New yam festival known as 'iwa ji', is held between August and October marking the harvesting and feasting of the new yam. The yam is a root vegetable that is the staple crop and a cultural symbol for the Igbo people. Recently created festivals include the Enugu Festival of Arts which is managed by the Enugu Council of Arts and Culture. The festival highlights African culture and traditions and it is here that the Enugu Council of Arts and Culture included the Mmanwu parade as part of the events. The Enugu Festival of Arts was started in 1986; it has modernised the Mmanwu festival by transferring it from its traditional village surroundings to the urban setting of Enugu. Diana, Princess of Wales was a notable spectator of Enugu's cultural shows when she visited the city in 1990. visitors to the city can enjoy a wide variety of the cities native delicacies especially its Famous Okpa "Okpa Enugu", Abacha a local delicacy made from cassava "African salad" fiofio and host of other delicacies like Nkwobi, pepper soup.

The tourism industry in Enugu, managed by the Enugu State Tourism Board (ESTB), is small; however, the state government recognises a variety of historic and recreational sites. These sites include places like the Udi Hills, from which the majority of Enugu city can be viewed.The Nike lake Resort in the outskirt of the city, the famous Iva Valley which served as residential quarters for European workers managing the Coal Mining activities.  The Polo amusement park is a funfair that is among the first generation of public parks in the city; other parks in the city include the Murtala Muhammed Park. Enugu's former coal mines, Onyeama and Okpara, are open to public visits. Some other spots include: The Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Sculptural Garden and Art Gallery, the Eastern Region Parliamentary Building, the Old Government Lodge, and Enugu Golf course. Enugu Zoo is another attraction in the city. It is divided into the botanical garden and the zoological section. A National Museum is located near Enugu at its north, although it receives few visitors. It is managed by National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM). Other galleries include the Bona Gallery.

Entertainment

Music

Enugu rose as an important centre for Highlife music in Nigeria in the 1950s. The Igbo dominated version of the genre grew out of earlier "Igbo blues" or "palm wine music" and further spread in popularity to the Southern Cameroons where Enugu had considerable influence in arts and culture in towns such as Limbe, Tiko and Douala. Some prominent musicians with origins in Enugu include Sonny Okosun, an afrobeat musician who was born and raised in Enugu and joined his first band The Postmen that was based in the city in 1965; Celestine Ukwu joined Michael Ejeagha's Enugu based Paradise Rhythm Orchestra in 1962 before creating his own band and had a recreational club in the city after the Nigeria Civil War; other musicians include 2Face Idibia; a Hip hop/R&B musician who partly grew up and studied music in the city. Other notable musicians originating from Enugu include rapper Phyno, Slowdog, William Onyeabor, and highlife musician Flavour N'abania.

Media and literature

English-language newspapers published and sold in Enugu include the Daily Star, Evening Star, The Renaissance and New Renaissance. One of the earliest newspapers published in Enugu was the Eastern Sentinel published by Nnamdi Azikiwe's Zik Group in 1955, but failed in 1960. Among the city's television and radio stations are the Nigerian Television Authority's network affiliate (NTA Enugu) headquarters located at Independence Layout; and the Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) network affiliate station (Radio Enugu) which broadcasts in English, Igbo, Efik, Ijaw and Tiv. Enugu State Broadcasting Service Television (ESBS-TV) is a state owned television broadcasting company which offers 18 hours of continuous broadcasting on weekends. Enugu, after Lagos is the preferred city for shooting films in Nigeria and a film production centre in the East. In 2007, Enugu hosted the first-ever film festival in the state, the Enugu International Film Festival. Held at Hotel Presidential, the festival's intent was to highlight Enugu as a "film making hub" in Africa including movie premiers and prizes for different film categories.

Some of Nigeria's well-known writers were born and have lived in the city of Enugu.
Chinua Achebe, writer of Things Fall Apart lived in Enugu in 1958, the year the book was published. He again moved to the city during the Nigerian Civil War after escaping Lagos with his family. It was at this time that he met and became friends with Nigerian poet Christopher Okigbo where they started the publishing house Citadel Press, among its titles How the Dog was Domesticated and How the Leopard Got His Claws. Okigbo lived in Enugu during the early months of the Nigerian Civil War. His home in Hilltop contained many of his unpublished writings which were mostly destroyed by bombing early in the war. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, writer of Half of a Yellow Sun, a winner of the Orange Prize for Fiction in 2007, was born in Enugu in 1977 and grew up in Nsukka.

Sports
The Enugu Rangers, a first-division professional league association football team, is Enugu's home team that plays in the Nigerian Premier League and are based in the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium. Former Rangers players include Jay-Jay Okocha and Taribo West. Enugu's main sports centre is the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, named after Nnamdi Azikiwe, the first president of Nigeria. The stadium remained the centre of sports for the whole of the Eastern Region until the Nigerian Civil War broke out. At the war's end the stadium was refurbished. Enugu was a host for the 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup games (24 October – 15 November) alongside Calabar and five other Nigerian cities with matches taking place at the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium. Its hosting of the FIFA U-17 World Cup benefited Enugu through the renovation of the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, having had such things as a new artificial surface laid. City's Top flight Football Team Enugu Rangers won the Nigerian Professional Football League in 2016.

Economy

Nicknamed the Coal City, Enugu's economy in the early 20th century depended on coal mining in the Udi plateau; this industry was the pushing force towards the city's growth. The Nigerian Coal Corporation has been based in Enugu since its creation in 1950 where it controlled coal mining. With the creation of the Eastern Line, Enugu was connected with the sea via Port Harcourt to its south and later connected to the city of Kaduna to Enugu's north. The Nigerian Civil War brought widespread devastation that forced a decline in coal production from damage or destruction of equipment.  coal mining is no longer the major source of income and mines lay unused. Other minerals mined in Enugu include iron ore, limestone, fine clay, marble, and silica sand.

In Enugu most goods are sold in open markets or by street hawkers; a significant number of street hawkers in Nigeria are children. , around 44 under-16-year-olds (equally boys and girls) hawk on every street on every hour in Enugu. There are three main urban markets in Enugu: Ogbete Market, Awkunanaw Market and New Market. New Market is a major market for the sale of garri. Ogbete market is patronised by merchants from all over the surrounding area, including merchants from cities like Onitsha, Aguleri, Abakaliki and Aba. In Ogebete market non-food goods are also sold. Brewing and soft-drink bottling are among other industries in the city; there is also a Mercedes assembly plant as well as the production and manufacturing of machinery, pottery, tiles, steel, cement, asbestos, petroleum, and pharmaceuticals. For a period of time Sosoliso Airlines had its head office on the grounds of Akanu Ibiam International Airport in Enugu.

The former Eastern Region was once famed for producing half the world's total output of palm kernels. Since the Nigerian Civil War production has markedly declined largely because the plantations and processing equipment were either damaged or destroyed. The production of other important cash crops such as cocoa, groundnut and groundnut oil, rubber, cassava, cotton and cotton seed and timber tumbled after the civil war and the subsequent oil boom years. Consequently, the area called Enugu State as well as the rest of Nigeria, which was once a self-sufficient net exporter in agricultural produce, must import food.

Education

Enugu has three main tertiary institutions: the Enugu State University of Science & Technology (ESUT); the University of Nigeria, Nsukka Campus (UNN)and  Enugu Campus (UNEC); and the Institute of Management and Technology (IMT). Another notable tertiary institution in Enugu State is the Federal Cooperative College, Oji River (FCCO). Godfrey Okoye University, Caritas University, Renaissance University, Coal City university, Novena University, Esut Business School.
The city is also home to Our Saviour Institute of Science and Technology, a polytechnic, Marist Polytechnic   and Bigard Memorial Seminary. Some notable secondary schools in Enugu include the College of the Immaculate Conception (CIC) built in 1940, Holy Rosary College (HRC) built in 1943, Daughters of Divine Love  (DDL)  Colliery Comprehensive Secondary school, Queen's Secondary School, Federal Government College, Royal Crown Academy, Nsukka and the University of Nigeria Secondary school. University Teaching Hospital (UNTH) Enugu, under the university of Nigeria, is another university located in the city.

Healthcare

In Enugu, health care services can be obtained at several institutions including the ESUT (Enugu State University of Science and Technology) Teaching Hospital; University of Nigeria, Enugu, Teaching Hospital; Park Lane General Hospital in the GRA; PMC (Peenok Medical Center) located on Ziks Avenue in Uwani; Hansa Clinic on Awolowo Street in Uwani; Niger Foundation Hospital and Diagnostic Centre on Presidential Close in the Independence Layout; and the Ntasi Obi Ndi no n'Afufu Hospital organization located on Enuguabor Street in the Trans-Ekulu layout, among others. Some of the specialist hospitals in Enugu include the Psychiatric Hospital Enugu and the National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu (NOHE).

Many of the hospitals in Enugu are privately run. The UNTH and the National Orthopaedic Hospital are among some of the government controlled hospitals in the city. The medical equipment for the UNTH was upgraded in 2009 as well as parts of the hospital which were renovated in the same year. Most hospitals in the city suffer from a poor standard of medical facilities available to them; many of the city's citizens travel abroad for medical care. However, hospitals have been aided by foreign organisations and by Enugu's community at home and abroad who have donated medicine and other medical equipment. The most developed government hospital in Enugu is the Park Lane Hospital. The governor has said that the state has bought some ambulance service vehicles in March 2010. Enugu State has established free medical care for pregnant women and for all children under 5 years of age in the state. The child healthcare programme, founded under the District Health System (DHS), was added to the states 2008 budget. Enugu State has a HIV/AIDS prevalence of 6.5%, one of the highest in the country.

Transport

Enugu is located on the narrow-gauge Eastern Line railway linked to the city of Port Harcourt; the Enugu train station is by the side of the National Stadium; dating back to its coal-mining origins, it is located on Ogui Street. The main forms of transportation in the city are buses, taxi cabs and buses., Okada (motorcycles) once served as public transportation in the city until the state government banned them from this use in April 2009. Most transport enters and leaves the city through Enugu's Ogbete Motor Park, Garki Motor Park serves as a transport pick-up point as well. Unregistered taxis are known as Kabu Kabu and are differentiated with registered ones through the lack of yellow paint on the unregistered vehicles.

In 2009, Enugu introduced a taxi job scheme under 'Coal City Cabs' to help in the eradication of poverty in the city. 200 registered Nissan Sunny taxis, provided by the state government; and 200 registered Suzuki taxis, provided by the Umuchinemere Pro-Credit Micro Finance Bank, were given out on loan to unemployed citizens in the city who will operate as taxi drivers and will own the vehicles after payments are completed. 20 buses with the capacity for 82 passengers seated and standing were introduced as Coal City Shuttle buses on 13 March 2009 to run as public transport for Enugu urban.

The main airport in the state is the Akanu Ibiam International Airport which can be accessed by buses and taxis. Renovations began on 30 November 2009 to upgrade it to accommodate wide-bodied aircraft. These plans include extending the  runway by  to make it  long; the runway will be widened from . It is estimated that the project will cost ₦4.13bn (27.3 million US Dollars ).

The A3, or the Enugu-Port Harcourt highway, was opened in the 1970s and links the two cities together by passing through Aba, a major urban settlement. The A3 goes further on past Enugu's north to link to the city of Jos via Makurdi. Two more highways, the A232 from Benin City, Asaba and Onitsha to Enugu's east and the A343 from Abakaliki to Enugu's west, makes Enugu the site of a major junction.

See also

 Cinema of Nigeria
 People from Enugu
 Railway stations in Nigeria
Waawa people, of Enugu State
Owo

References

Bibliography

External links

 The Coal City – Updates from Enugu and Enugu State
 Igbo Enugu Guide – A guide to Enugu and Igboland's culture and language

Cities in Enugu State
State capitals in Nigeria
Populated places established in 1909
1909 establishments in the Southern Nigeria Protectorate
Capitals of former nations
Cities in Nigeria
Towns in Igboland

Enugu


Gerd Kaimer (* 3. Juli 1926 in Elberfeld; † 11. Dezember 2016) war ein deutscher Politiker (SPD). Von 1984 bis 1997 war er Oberbürgermeister von Solingen.

Herkunft, Studium und berufliche Tätigkeit
Der Vater von Gerd Kaimer war ein Schleifer aus Solingen, seine Mutter die Tochter eines Wuppertaler Webers. Er wuchs in Solingen auf. Seine Erlebnisse während NS-Herrschaft und Zweitem Weltkrieg bewogen ihn, sich künftig für Kinder und Jugendliche zu engagieren. Seine erste Anstellung als Volksschullehrer bekam Kaimer 1947. 1951 legte er sein Zweites Staatsexamen ab. Später machte er eine Weiterbildung zum Realschullehrer und war ab 1974 als Schulrat in Remscheid tätig. Darüber hinaus engagierte er sich in vielfältigen Funktionen für die Jugend; so gründete er in den Nachkriegsjahren einen Kinderchor, organisierte in den folgenden Jahrzehnten zahlreiche Aktivitäten und war Mitglied in verschiedenen Verbänden der Kinder- und Jugendarbeit.

Ab 1948 war Gerd Kaimer Mitglied der SPD. Von 1957 bis 1961 saß er zum ersten Mal im Rat der Stadt Solingen. 1973 wurde er erneut in den Rat gewählt; von 1984 bis 1997 war er Oberbürgermeister von Solingen. In seine Amtszeit fiel der Mordanschlag von Solingen im Mai 1993, nach eigenen Aussagen sein "schlimmster Moment". In den folgenden Tagen kam es zu gewaltsamen Demonstrationen in der Stadt; Kaimer gelang es, durch eine Rede per Megafon an die Demonstranten, die Situation entscheidend zu entschärfen. 1996 wurde ihm der Ehrenring der Stadt Solingen verliehen.

Kaimer war seit 1951 verheiratet, die Ehe blieb kinderlos. Er starb am 11. Dezember 2016 im Alter von 90 Jahren.

Weblinks

 Susanne Genath: Der Jugend Antworten geben. Rheinische Post, 24. Januar 2009, abgerufen am 13. Dezember 2016.

Einzelnachweise

Bürgermeister (Solingen)
Ehrenringträger der Stadt Solingen
SPD-Mitglied
Deutscher
Geboren 1926
Gestorben 2016
Mann

Gerd Kaimer


Valdivieso ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Crescente Errázuriz Valdivieso (1839–1931), chilenischer Dominikanerbruder, Erzbischof von Santiago de Chile
 Francisco Menéndez Valdivieso (1830–1890), Präsident von El Salvador
 Gabriel Larraín Valdivieso (1925–2008), chilenischer Geistlicher, Weihbischof im Erzbistum Santiago de Chile
 Josep Rocabruna i Valdivieso (1879–1957), katalanischer Violinist
 Juan Valdivieso (1910–2007), peruanischer Fußballtorwart
 Manel Valdivieso (* 1967), katalanischer Dirigent
 Rafael Valdivieso Miranda (* 1968), panamaischer Bischof von Chitré

Valdivieso


Kærlighed pr. Flytteomnibus er en dansk stumfilm fra 1915, der er instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr. efter manuskript af A.V. Olsen.

Handling

Medvirkende
 Lauritz Olsen - Kandidat Hoppe
 Stella Lind - Erna Müller
 Oscar Stribolt - Ernas far
 Betzy Kofoed
 Oscar Nielsen

Eksterne henvisninger

Film instrueret af Lau Lauritzen Sr.
Stumfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1915

Kærlighed pr. Flytteomnibus


East Azerbaijan Province ( Āzarbāijān-e Sharqi; ) is one of the 31 provinces of Iran. It is located in Iranian Azerbaijan, bordering Armenia, Republic of Azerbaijan, Ardabil province, West Azerbaijan province, and Zanjan province. The capital of the province is Tabriz. East Azerbaijan province is in Region 3 of Iran, with its secretariat located in its capital city, Tabriz.

At the 2006 census, East Azerbaijan province's population was 3,527,267 in 911,241 households. The following census in 2011 counted 3,724,620 people in 1,085,455 households. At the 2016 census, the province's population was 3,909,652 in 1,223,028 households.

Geography

The province covers an area of approximately 47,830 km², it has a population of around four million people. The province has common borders with the Republic of Azerbaijan, Armenia and Autonomous Nakhchivan in the north, West Azerbaijan in the west, Zanjan in the south, and Ardabil in the east. A fine network of roads and railways connects East Azerbaijan to other parts of Iran and neighboring countries.

The highest point in East Azerbaijan is the volcanic peak of Sahand Mountain at  of elevation, lying south of Tabriz, whereas the lower-lying areas are around Garmadooz (Ahar). The hills and mountains of the province are divided into three ranges: the Qara Daq Mountains, the Sahand and Bozqoosh Mountains, and the Qaflan Kooh Mountains.

The climate of East Azerbaijan is affected by Mediterranean Continental as well as the cold semi-arid climate. Gentle breezes off the Caspian Sea have some influence on the climate of the low-lying areas. Temperatures run up to 8.9 °C in Tabriz, and 20 °C in Maraqeh, in the winter dropping to −10 to −15 °C at least (depending on how cold the overall year is). The ideal seasons to visit this province are the spring and summer months.

Administrative divisions

At the 1986 census, there were twelve counties in East Azerbaijan province. By the 1996 census, two additional counties had been formed: Jolfa (from part of Marand), and Malekan (from part of Bonab).  Between 1996 and 2002, five new counties were formed: Ajabshir, Azarshahr, Charuymaq, Osku, and Varzaqan. In 2010 Kaleybar was split, with the northern part becoming Khoda Afarin, while the southern part retained the name Kaleybar.

Cities
According to the 2016 census, 2,809,424 people (over 71% of the population of East Azerbaijan province) live in the following cities: Abish Ahmad 2,715, Achachi 3,647, Ahar 100,641, Ajab Shir 33,606, Aqkand 2,902, Azarshahr 44,887, Bakhshayesh 6,102, Basmenj 12,692, Benab-e Marand 4,311, Bonab 85,274, Bostanabad 21,734, Duzduzan 3,627, Gugan 11,742, Hadishahr 34,346, Hashtrud 20,572, Heris 10,515, Hurand 4,658, Ilkhchi 16,574, Javan Qaleh 700, Jolfa 8,810, Kaleybar 9,324, Khamaneh 3,056, Kharaju 1,824, Kharvana 3,353, Khomarlu 1,902, Khosrowshahr 21,972, Khvajeh 4,011, Kolvanaq 7,465, Koshksaray 8,060, Kuzeh Kanan 4,730, Leylan 6,356, Malekan 27,431, Mamqan 11,892, Maragheh 175,255, Marand 130,825, Mehraban 5,772, Mianeh 98,973, Mobarak Shahr 4,456, Nazarkahrizi 1,215, Osku 18,459, Qarah Aghaj 6,102, Sahand 82,494, Sarab 45,031, Sardrud 29,739, Shabestar 22,181, Sharabian 4,877, Sharafkhaneh 4,244, Shendabad 8,489, Siah Rud 1,548, Sis 6,106, Sufian 9,963, Tabriz 1,558,693, Tark 2,031, Tasuj 7,522, Tekmeh Dash 2,974, Teymurlu 5,375, Torkamanchay 7,443, Varzaqan 5,348, Vayqan 4,678, Yamchi 10,392, Zarnaq 5,343, and Zonuz 2,465.

History

East Azerbaijan is one of the most archaic territories in Iran. During the reign of Alexander III of Macedon in Iran (331 BCE), a warrior known as Attorpat led a revolt in this area, then a territory of the Medes, and thereafter it was called Attorpatkan. Since then this vicinity has been known as Azarabadegan, Azarbadgan and Azarbayjan.

Islamic researchers proclaim that the birth of the prophet Zoroaster was in this area, in the vicinity of Lake Orumieh (Chichesht), Konzak City. Needless to say, this province was subject to numerous political and economical upheavals, attracting the interest of foreigners. The Russians in particular have tried to exert a lasting influence in the region over the past 300 years, occupying the area on numerous occasions. The constitutionalist movement of Iran began here in the late 19th century.

Ethnic tensions in Azerbaijan can legally trace their origins back to the colonialist policies of Imperial Russia and later the Soviet Union. In a cable sent on 6 July 1945 by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, the local Soviet commander in Russian (northern) held Azerbaijan was instructed as such:

In 1945, the Soviet Union helped set up the Azerbaijan People's Government in what is now East Azerbaijan.

Culture

From a cultural point of view, the most outstanding features are the language, Azerbaijani, and folklore of this region. The language of Azerbaijan is originally "a branch of the Iranian languages known as Azari" (see Ancient Azari language). However, the modern Azeri language is a Turkic language very closely related to the language of Republic of Azerbaijan and Turkey.  Apart from this, the province also boasts numerous learned scholars, gnostics, several national poets such as Mowlana Baba Mazeed, Khajeh Abdol Raheem Aj Abadi, Sheikh Hassan Bolqari, and Abdolqader Nakhjavani, to name a few, and the contemporary poet Ostad Mohammad Hossein Shahriyar. The current leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei, also originally comes from this region.

Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization has registered 936 sites of historical significance in the province. Some are contemporary, and some are from the antiquity of ancient Persia. "Zahak Citadel", for example, is the name of an ancient ruin in East Azerbaijan, which according to various experts, was inhabited from the second millennium BC until the Timurid era. First excavated in the 1800s by British archeologists, Iran's Cultural Heritage Organization has been studying the structure in 6 phases.

East Azerbaijan enjoys a rich compendium of Azeri traditions. Many local dances and folk songs continue to survive among the various peoples of the province. As a longstanding province of Iran, Azerbaijan is mentioned favorably on many occasions in Persian literature by Iran's greatest authors and poets.

East Azerbaijan today

East Azerbaijan province is an industrial centre of Iran. East Azerbaijan province has over 5000 manufacturing units (6% percent of national total). The value of product from these units in 1997 was US$374 million (373 billion rials = 4.07% of the national total). Total investments were valued at US$2.7 billion (2.4513 trillion rials) in 1997.

Some of the major industries in East Azerbaijan are glass industries, paper manufacturing, steel, copper and nepheline syenite, oil refinery, petrochemical processing facilities, chemical products, pharmaceutical processing, foundries, vehicle and auto-parts industries, industrial machines, agricultural machines, food industries, leather, and shoe industries.

East Azerbaijan has an excellent position in the handicraft industry of Iran, which has a large share in the exports of the province. Tabriz carpets are widely known around the world and in international markets for their vibrant designs and colors. At present there are about 66,000 carpet production units in the province, employing some 200,000 people. The annual production of these carpets is roughly 792,000 m², which comprises more than 70% of Iran's carpet exports. 35% of all Iranian carpets are produced in East Azerbaijan. East Azerbaijan province is also one of the richest regions of Iran in natural minerals, with 180 mines in 1997, of which 121 units are currently in operation, and the rest are being planned.

UNESCO has two Biosphere reserves in East Azerbaijan province. One in Lake Urmia and the other at Arasbaran.

Colleges and universities
East Azerbaijan also has some of Iran's prestigious universities including:
 Sahand University of Technology
 Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
 University of Tabriz
 Azerbaijan University of Tarbiat Moallem
 Tabriz Islamic Arts University
 University of Maragheh
 Engineering and Technical College of Bonab
 Islamic Azad University of Bonab
 Islamic Azad University of Tabriz
 Islamic Azad University of Shabestar
 Islamic Azad University of Maragheh
 Islamic Azad University of Miyaneh
 University College of Nabi Akram, Tabriz

Notable people
 Qatran Tabrizi, poet
 Ahmad Kasravi, historian
 Samad Behrangi
 Sattar Khan, revolutionary leader
 Bagher Khan, revolutionary leader
 Gayk Bzhishkyan
 Kazem Sadegh-Zadeh
 Parvin E'tesami, poet
 Ali Daei, Iranian soccer player
 Karim Bagheri, soccer star
 Iraj Mirza, poet and politician
 Maqsud Ali Tabrizi
 Ivan Galamian
 Hassan Roshdieh
 Shams Tabrizi, mystic
 Vartan Gregorian, President of Carnegie Corporation
 Ali Salimi
 Ali Soheili, Prime Minister of Iran
 Ebrahim Hakimi, Prime Minister of Iran
 Mahmud Jam, Prime Minister of Iran
 Mohammad Hossein Shahriar
 Asadi Tusi is buried here

See also
 Aras Free Zone
 List of East Azarbaijan cities and towns by population

References

External links

 Official website
 Cultural Heritage Organization of East Azerbaijan
 The Union for Handwoven Carpets of East Azerbaijan
 Recent Photos from Azerbaijan
 Arasbaran UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
 Lake Urmia UNESCO Biosphere Reserve
 East Azerbaijan Research Park net portal
 Azerbaijan entries in the Encyclopædia Iranica
 Bahram Moshiri's brief talk on Azerbaijan.

Provinces of Iran

East Azerbaijan province


Onthophagus nigropubens é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1908.

Referências

Ligações externas

nigropubens
Coleópteros descritos em 1908

Onthophagus nigropubens