Financial accounting is a branch of accounting concerned with the summary, analysis and reporting of financial transactions related to a business. This involves the preparation of financial statements available for public use. Stockholders, suppliers, banks, employees, government agencies, business owners, and other stakeholders are examples of people interested in receiving such information for decision making purposes.

Financial accountancy is governed by both local and international accounting standards. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) is the standard framework of guidelines for financial accounting used in any given jurisdiction. It includes the standards, conventions and rules that accountants follow in recording and summarizing and in the preparation of financial statements.

On the other hand, International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a set of  accounting standards stating how particular types of transactions and other events should be reported in financial statements. IFRS are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB). With IFRS becoming more widespread on the international scene, consistency in financial reporting has become more prevalent between global organizations.

While financial accounting is used to prepare accounting information for people outside the organization or not involved in the day-to-day running of the company, managerial accounting provides accounting information to help managers make decisions to manage the business.

Objectives
Financial accounting and financial reporting are often used as synonyms.

1. According to International Financial Reporting Standards: the objective of financial reporting is:

To provide financial information that is useful to existing and potential investors, lenders and other creditors in making decisions about providing resources to the reporting entity.

2. According to the European Accounting Association:

Capital maintenance is a competing objective of financial reporting.

Financial accounting is the preparation of financial statements that can be consumed by the public and the relevant stakeholders. Financial information would be useful to users if such qualitative characteristics are present. When producing financial statements, the following must comply:
Fundamental Qualitative Characteristics:
 Relevance: Relevance is the capacity of the financial information to influence the decision of its users. The ingredients of relevance are the predictive value and confirmatory value. Materiality is a sub-quality of relevance. Information is considered material if its omission or misstatement could influence the economic decisions of users taken on the basis of the financial statements.
 Faithful Representation: Faithful representation means that the actual effects of the transactions shall be properly accounted for and reported in the financial statements. The words and numbers must match what really happened in the transaction. The ingredients of faithful representation are completeness, neutrality and free from error. It signifies that the accountants have acted in good faith during the process of representation.
Enhancing Qualitative Characteristics:
 Verifiability: Verifiability implies consensus between the different knowledgeable and independent users of financial information. Such information must be supported by sufficient evidence to follow the principle of objectivity.
 Comparability: Comparability is the uniform application of accounting methods across entities in the same industry. The principle of consistency is under comparability. Consistency is the uniform application of accounting across points in time within an entity.
 Understandability: Understandability means that accounting reports should be expressed as clearly as possible and should be understood by those to whom the information is relevant.
 Timeliness: Timeliness implies that financial information must be presented to the users before a decision is to be made.

Three components of financial statements

Statement of cash flows (cash flow statement)
The statement of cash flows considers the inputs and outputs in concrete cash within a stated period. The general template of a cash flow statement is as follows:
Cash Inflow - Cash Outflow + Opening Balance = Closing Balance

Example 1: in the beginning of September, Ellen started out with $5 in her bank account. During that same month, Ellen borrowed $20 from Tom. At the end of the month, Ellen bought a pair of shoes for $7. Ellen's cash flow statement for the month of September looks like this:
Cash inflow: $20
Cash outflow:$7
Opening balance: $5
Closing balance: $20 – $7 + $5 = $18

Example 2: in the beginning of June, WikiTables, a company that buys and resells tables, sold 2 tables. They'd originally bought the tables for $25 each, and sold them at a price of $50 per table. The first table was paid out in cash however the second one was bought in credit terms. WikiTables' cash flow statement for the month of June looks like this:
Cash inflow: $50 - How much WikiTables received in cash for the first table. They didn't receive cash for the second table (sold in credit terms).
Cash outflow: $50 - How much they'd originally bought the 2 tables for.
Opening balance: $0
Closing balance: $50 – 2*$25 + $0 = $50–50=$0 - Indeed, the cash flow for the month of June for WikiTables amounts to $0 and not $50.

Important: the cash flow statement only considers the exchange of actual cash, and ignores what the person in question owes or is owed.

Statement of financial performance (income statement, profit & loss (p&l) statement, or statement of operations)
The statement of profit or income statement represents the changes in value of a company's accounts over a set period (most commonly one fiscal year), and may compare the changes to changes in the same accounts over the previous period. All changes are summarized on the "bottom line" as net income, often reported as "net loss" when income is less than zero.

The net profit or loss is determined by:

Sales (revenue)

– cost of goods sold

– selling, general, administrative expenses (SGA)

– depreciation/ amortization

= earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)

– interest and tax expenses

= profit/loss

Statement of financial position (balance sheet)
The balance sheet is the financial statement showing a firm's assets, liabilities and equity (capital) at a set point in time, usually the end of the fiscal year reported on the accompanying income statement. The total assets always equal the total combined liabilities and equity. This statement best demonstrates the basic accounting equation:
 Assets = Liabilities + Equity
 The statement can be used to help show the financial position of a company because liability accounts are external claims on the firm's assets while equity accounts are internal claims on the firm's assets.

Accounting standards often set out a general format that companies are expected to follow when presenting their balance sheets. International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) normally require that companies report current assets and liabilities separately from non-current amounts. A GAAP-compliant balance sheet must list assets and liabilities based on decreasing liquidity, from most liquid to least liquid. As a result, current assets/liabilities are listed first followed by non-current assets/liabilities. However, an IFRS-compliant balance sheet must list assets/liabilities based on increasing liquidity, from least liquid to most liquid. As a result, non-current assets/liabilities are listed first followed by current assets/liabilities.

Current assets are the most liquid assets of a firm, which are expected to be realized within a 12-month period. Current assets include:
cash - physical money
accounts receivable - revenues earned but not yet collected
Merchandise inventory - consists of goods and services a firm currently owns until it ends up getting sold
Investee companies - expected to be held less than one financial period
prepaid expenses - expenses paid for in advance for use during that year

Non-current assets include fixed or long-term assets and intangible assets:

fixed (long term) assets
property
building
equipment (such as factory machinery)
intangible assets
copyrights
trademarks
patents
goodwill

Liabilities include:
current liabilities
trade accounts payable
dividends payable
employee salaries payable
interest (e.g. on debt) payable
long term liabilities
mortgage notes payable
bonds payable

Owner's equity, sometimes referred to as net assets, is represented differently depending on the type of business ownership. Business ownership can be in the form of a sole proprietorship, partnership, or a corporation. For a corporation, the owner's equity portion usually shows common stock, and retained earnings (earnings kept in the company). Retained earnings come from the retained earnings statement, prepared prior to the balance sheet.

Statement of retained earnings (statement of changes in equity)
This statement is additional to the three main statements described above. It shows how the distribution of income and transfer of dividends affects the wealth of shareholders in the company. The concept of retained earnings means profits of previous years that are accumulated till current period. Basic proforma for this statement is as follows:

Retained earnings at the beginning of period

+ Net Income for the period

- Dividends

= Retained earnings at the end of period.Basic concepts

The stable measuring assumption

One of the basic principles in accounting is "The Measuring Unit principle": The unit of measure in accounting shall be the base money unit of the most relevant currency. This principle also assumes the unit of measure is stable; that is, changes in its general purchasing power are not considered sufficiently important to require adjustments to the basic financial statements."

Historical Cost Accounting, i.e., financial capital maintenance in nominal monetary units, is based on the stable measuring unit assumption under which accountants simply assume that money, the monetary unit of measure, is perfectly stable in real value for the purpose of measuring (1) monetary items not inflation-indexed daily in terms of the Daily CPI and (2) constant real value non-monetary items not updated daily in terms of the Daily CPI during low and high inflation and deflation.

Units of constant purchasing power

The stable monetary unit assumption is not applied during hyperinflation. IFRS requires entities to implement capital maintenance in units of constant purchasing power in terms of IAS 29 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies.

Financial accountants produce financial statements based on the accounting standards in a given jurisdiction. These standards may be the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of a respective country, which are typically issued by a national standard setter, or International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).

Financial accounting serves the following purposes:
 producing general purpose financial statements
 producing information used by the management of a business entity for decision making, planning and performance evaluation
 producing financial statements for meeting regulatory requirements.

Objectives of financial accounting

 Systematic recording of transactions: basic objective of accounting is to systematically record the financial aspects of business transactions (i.e. book-keeping).  These recorded transactions are later on classified and summarized logically for the preparation of financial statements and for their analysis and interpretation.
 Ascertainment of result of above recorded transactions: accountant prepares profit and loss account to know the result of business operations for a particular period of time. If expenses exceed revenue then it is said that the business is running under loss. The profit and loss account helps the management and different stakeholders in taking rational decisions. For example, if business is not proved to be remunerative or profitable, the cause of such a state of affairs can be investigated by the management for taking remedial steps.
 Ascertainment of the financial position of business: businessman is not only interested in knowing the result of the business in terms of profits or loss for a particular period but is also anxious to know that what he owes (liability) to the outsiders and what he owns (assets) on a certain date. To know this, accountant prepares a financial position statement of assets and liabilities of the business at a particular  point of time and helps in ascertaining the financial health of the business.
 Providing information to the users for rational decision-making: accounting as a 'language of business' communicates the financial result of an enterprise to various stakeholders by means of financial statements. Accounting aims to meet the financial information needs of the decision-makers and helps them in rational decision-making.
 To know the solvency position:''' by preparing the balance sheet, management not only reveals what is owned and owed by the enterprise, but also it gives the information regarding concern's ability to meet its liabilities in the short run (liquidity position) and also in the long-run (solvency position) as and when they fall due.

Graphic definition
The accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owners' Equity) and financial statements are the main topics of financial accounting.

The trial balance, which is usually prepared using the double-entry accounting system, forms the basis for preparing the financial statements. All the figures in the trial balance are rearranged to prepare a profit & loss statement and balance sheet. Accounting standards determine the format for these accounts (SSAP, FRS, IFRS). Financial statements display the income and expenditure for the company and a summary of the assets, liabilities, and shareholders' or owners' equity of the company on the date to which the accounts were prepared.

Asset, expense, and dividend accounts have normal debit balances (i.e., debiting these types of accounts increases them).

Liability, revenue, and equity accounts have normal credit balances (i.e., crediting these types of accounts increases them).

 0 = Dr Assets                            Cr Owners' Equity                Cr Liabilities
           .       _/\       .
           .      /    Cr Retained Earnings (profit)         Cr Common Stock  \      .
           .    _/\___      .            .
           .   / Dr Expenses       Cr Beginning Retained Earnings \     .            .
           .     Dr Dividends      Cr Revenue                           .            .
       \/  \__/
        increased by debits           increased by credits

           Crediting a credit
 Thus -------------------------> account increases its absolute value (balance)
            Debiting a debit

           Debiting a credit
 Thus -------------------------> account decreases its absolute value (balance)
           Crediting a debit

When the same thing is done to an account as its normal balance it increases; when the opposite is done, it will decrease.  Much like signs in math: two positive numbers are added and two negative numbers are also added.  It is only when there is one positive and one negative (opposites) that you will subtract.

However, it is important to note that there are instances of accounts, known as contra-accounts, which have a normal balance opposite that listed above. Examples include:
 Contra-asset accounts (such as accumulated depreciation and allowances for bad debt or obsolete inventory)
 Contra-revenue accounts (such as sales allowances)
 Contra-equity accounts (such as treasury stock)

Financial accounting versus cost accounting

Financial accounting aims at finding out results of accounting year in the form of Profit and Loss Account and Balance Sheet. Cost Accounting aims at computing cost of production/service in a scientific manner and facilitate cost control and cost reduction.
Financial accounting reports the results and position of business to government, creditors, investors, and external parties.
Cost Accounting is an internal reporting system for an organisation's own management for decision making.
 In financial accounting, cost classification based on type of transactions, e.g. salaries, repairs, insurance, stores etc. In cost accounting, classification is basically on the basis of functions, activities, products, process and on internal planning and control and information needs of the organization.
 Financial accounting aims at presenting 'true and fair' view of transactions, profit and loss for a period and Statement of financial position (Balance Sheet) on a given date.  It aims at computing 'true and fair' view of the cost of production/services offered by the firm.

Related qualification
Many professional accountancy qualifications cover the field of financial accountancy, including Certified Public Accountant CPA, Chartered Accountant (CA or other national designations, American Institute of Certified Public Accountants AICPA and Chartered Certified Accountant (ACCA).

See also
 Constant item purchasing power accounting
 DIRTI 5
 Historical cost accounting
 Philosophy of accounting
 Accounting analyst, whose job involves evaluating public company financial statements
 Management accounting, the other main division of accounting
 Bookkeeping

References

Further reading
 David Annand, Introduction to Financial Accounting, Athabasca University,
 Financial Accounting (2015)
 Johnny Jackson, Introduction to Financial Accounting, Thomas Edison State University.
 Alexander, D., Britton, A., Jorissen, A., "International Financial Reporting and Analysis", Second Edition, 2005,

Financial accounting


Mary Meeker (nascida em setembro de 1959) é uma capitalista de risco estadunidense e ex-analista de valores mobiliários de Wall Street. Seu trabalho principal é na Internet e novas tecnologias. Ela é a fundadora e sócia geral da BOND, uma empresa de capital de risco com sede em São Francisco. Ela atuou anteriormente como sócia da Kleiner Perkins.

Meeker foi chamada de "Rainha da Internet". Em 2021, ela foi listada em 84º lugar como a mulher mais poderosa do mundo. Um "VC líder perene na lista Midas", ela apareceu na 21a posição em 2021. Em 2022, ela ficou em segundo lugar na lista de investidores do sexo feminino.

Infância e educação
Nascida em Portland, Indiana, filha de Gordon e Mary, Meeker também tem um irmão, Dick, que é 21 anos mais velho que ela. Seu pai Gordon era "louco por golfe", o que levou Meeker a se tornar capitã do time de golfe da Jay County High School; ela credita seu pai "intenso e competitivo" por sua personalidade tipo A.

Meeker recebeu um bacharelado em psicologia pela DePauw University, em 1981, e um MBA em finanças pela Cornell University, em 1986. Em maio de 2000, ela recebeu um título honorário de Doutor em Letras da DePauw.

Carreira
Em 1982, Meeker ingressou na Merrill Lynch como corretora da bolsa. Após a pós-graduação, ela começou como analista cobrindo o setor de tecnologia na Salomon Brothers, em 1986. Ela trabalhou para a Cowen de 1990 a 1991, antes de se mudar para o Morgan Stanley para se especializar na cobertura de computadores pessoais e indústrias de software de consumo.

Morgan Stanley
Em agosto de 1995, o Morgan Stanley atuou como gerente principal do IPO da Netscape. Em fevereiro de 1996, Meeker e Chris DePuy, do Morgan Stanley, publicaram "The Internet Report", um relatório histórico da indústria que ficou conhecido como "a bíblia" para investidores no boom das pontocom. Foi amplamente compartilhado na web e também foi publicado como um livro. Ao longo dos anos, o Morgan Stanley publicou relatórios de referência semelhantes liderados por Meeker sobre publicidade online, comércio eletrônico, evolução da pesquisa, Internet na China e Internet móvel.

Meeker foi difamada na imprensa como outros vários analistas famosos que foram questionados em investigações de fraude depois que a bolha das pontocom estourou em 2000 a 2002. Meeker não foi acusada de qualquer irregularidade. O Morgan Stanley e nove outras firmas de investimento foram obrigadas a participar de um acordo legal global.

Em agosto de 2004, o Morgan Stanley, com Meeker como analista de pesquisa, atuou como gerente-chefe do IPO do Google. Meeker foi caracterizada por Andrew Serwer na revista Fortune em 2006 como "absolutamente de primeira quando se trata de identificar tendências de grande porte antes que elas entrem em foco. Ela reúne enormes quantidades de dados e os monta em relatórios volumosos que, embora às vezes incoerentes e excessivamente ambiciosos, são recheados com um milhão de pontos de partida." Meeker é frequentemente creditada por suas abrangentes e rápidas visões gerais anuais do setor de Internet nas conferências da Web 2.0 em San Francisco a cada outono.

Durante o tumultuado período de Morgan Stanley, em abril de 2005, quando as decisões de gestão do CEO Phil Purcell estavam sendo intensamente examinadas, Meeker, juntamente com os colegas Steve Roach, Byron Wien e Henry McVey, escreveu uma carta aos então co-presidentes Zoe Cruz e Steve Crawford, que expressaram suas preocupações sobre os danos à cultura da empresa. A carta serviu como um importante catalisador para aumentar o foco do conselho de administração na profundidade dos desafios enfrentados pela Morgan Stanley na época. Em junho de 2005, John J. Mack foi nomeado CEO do Morgan Stanley, substituindo Phil Purcell. Uma cópia da carta está incluída no livro de Patricia Beard, Blue Blood and Mutiny: The Fight for the Soul of Morgan Stanley, publicado pela HarperCollins, 2007. Meeker foi nomeada "uma das dez pessoas mais inteligentes em tecnologia" pela revista Fortune em 2010.

Kleiner Perkins
Em dezembro de 2010, Meeker deixou seu cargo de diretora administrativa da Morgan Stanley e chefe da equipe de pesquisa de tecnologia global do banco para se tornar sócia da empresa de capital de risco Kleiner Perkins, onde participou de mais de 20 negócios diferentes. Meeker atua nos conselhos do provedor de assinatura eletrônica DocuSign, da empresa de pagamentos móveis Square, Inc., e da empresa de empréstimos peer-to-peer Lending Club.

Em fevereiro de 2011, Meeker criou e compilou o 'USA Inc.', um relatório apartidário que analisava o governo dos EUA (e suas finanças) de uma perspectiva empresarial. As ações de sucesso que Meeker defendia desde o início incluíam Dell, Microsoft, Intuit, Netscape, AOL, Amazon.com, Yahoo!, eBay e Google . As escolhas fracassadas incluíram a AOL após a aquisição da Time Warner, Excite@Home e drugstore.com.

Meeker foi uma das testemunhas no processo de discriminação de gênero de Ellen Pao.

Bond Capital
Em setembro de 2018, Meeker deixou a Kleiner para iniciar sua própria empresa de capital de risco, Bond Capital (estilizado BOND), com sede em São Francisco. Ela levantou US $ 1,2 bilhão para seu fundo de estreia. Em maio de 2019, a BOND anunciou seu primeiro investimento fora do fundo, uma rodada de US$ 70 milhões na plataforma de portfólio online Canva. Em março de 2021, o BOND fechou seu segundo fundo com US$ 2 bilhões em compromissos de capital.

Relatório de tendências da Internet
O Relatório de Tendências da Internet da Meeker é um dos relatórios anuais mais esperados para investidores de tecnologia. Ela o publica todos os anos desde 1995, quando era analista de tecnologia no Morgan Stanley.

O Relatório inclui dados e análises sobre as principais tendências que moldam a Internet, o comportamento do consumidor e as mudanças culturais. Nos últimos anos, Meeker entregou o relatório como parte de uma apresentação em conferência, mais recentemente em 2019 na Code Conference da Vox/Recode.

Naturais de Portland (Indiana)
Corretores de bolsa
Alunos da Universidade Cornell

Mary Meeker


Bab-ı Esrar, 1995'te Kalan Müzik tarafından yayınlanmış Yansımalar albümü.

Albümdeki parçalar

 Sızı
 Son Kuşlar
 Yakamoz
 Ayrılıklarda
 Bulutlar
 Yaban Gülü
 Kervan
 Sırlar
 Bab-ı Esrar
 Akdeniz

Enstrümanlar
 Gitar: Birol Yayla
 Ney: Aziz Şenol Filiz
 Bendir: Aziz Şenol Filiz
 Tambur: Birol Yayla
 Nefes: Aziz Şenol Filiz

Katkıda Bulunanlar
 Yapım: Hasan Saltık
 Grafik Tasarım: Pınar Kazma Çınar
 Fotoğraf: Serkant Ali Çetin
 Tonmaister: Hasan Bitmez
 Kapak İllüstrasyonu: Pınar Kazma Çınar
 Yapım: Kalan Müzik
 Stüdyo: Stüdyo Metropol
 Baskı: Onur Ofset

Kaynakça
 Bab-ı Esrar albüm bilgileri
 Yansımalar resmi internet sayfası

1995 albümleri

Bab-ı Esrar (albüm)


O British Army Airplane No 1 ou às vezes Cody 1 foi um biplano construído por Samuel Franklin Cody em 1907 na Army Balloon Factory em Farnborough. Ele fez o primeiro voo motorizado e sustentado reconhecido no Reino Unido em 16 de outubro de 1908.

Antecedentes
Nos primeiros anos do século XX, o interesse limitado do Exército Britânico em assuntos aeronáuticos estava amplamente confinado ao uso de balões ou pipas amarrados para fins de observação de artilharia. Muitas pessoas não acreditaram nas alegações dos irmãos Wright de vôo controlado e sustentado, em 1907, um experimento oficialmente sancionado na Army Balloon Factory, em Farnborough, foi limitado à construção do "British Army Dirigible No 1" "Nulli Secundus", que foi o primeiro dirigível motorizado do Exército, sob a supervisão do Coronel JE Capper, superintendente da fábrica. Além disso, alguns experimentos altamente secretos com planadores estavam sendo realizados em Blair Atholl, na Escócia, por J. W. Dunne em colaboração com Capper. No final de 1907 o Diretor de Fortificações, superior imediato de Capper, foi persuadido a permitir o uso de alguns recursos da Fábrica de Balões para a construção de uma aeronave motorizada, a ser projetada e construída pelo americano Samuel Franklin Cody, então trabalhando com Capper no "Nulli Secundus".

Projeto e desenvolvimento

O British Army Airplane No 1 era um biplano de configuração semelhante ao projetado pelos irmãos Wright, sendo um biplano de três compartimentos com superfícies de controle horizontais montadas na frente das asas e um leme atrás; mas era maior, com uma envergadura de 52 pés (16 m).

A aeronave tinha uma longa história de alterações, mas, como construída inicialmente, tinha uma fuselagem de madeira de seção quadrada curta, com o motor montado na parte superior na frente do bordo de ataque da asa inferior, com o assento do piloto atrás dele. Um par de suportes em V na frente carregava duas rodas em um eixo e uma roda traseira era montada na parte de trás. Isso foi aumentado por pequenas rodas montadas na borda de ataque nas pontas das asas inferiores. As asas tinham longarinas de madeira nas bordas dianteira e traseira e tinham um arranjo para alterar a curvatura quando no solo por meio de fios tensionados entre as longarinas. As asas foram conectadas por suportes interplanos aerodinâmicos, alguns experimentos em túnel de vento em seções de suporte foram realizados em Farnborough. O controle lateral deveria ser alcançado usando um par de pequenos ailerons montados acima do bordo de ataque da asa inferior. O profundor montado na frente foi disposto em três conjuntos de lanças de bambu presas a soquetes na borda de ataque das asas, os membros inferiores inclinando-se abruptamente para cima, de modo que as superfícies ficassem logo abaixo do nível da asa superior. Estes poderiam ser operados em conjunto para atuar como profndores, além de auxiliar no controle lateral da aeronave. Um único leme retangular foi montado entre duas lanças, a superior presa ao centro da longarina traseira e a inferior à parte traseira da fuselagem. Um grande triângulo de lona foi esticado entre a borda de fuga da asa superior e a extremidade da lança de cauda superior. Uma pequena superfície vertical fixa também foi montada acima da asa superior.

O motor acionava um par de hélices na configuração por tração usando uma transmissão por correia. Os radiadores gêmeos foram montados verticalmente em uma configuração em V. A intenção original era usar um motor Panhard-Levassor de 50 hp, mas ele se mostrou pouco confiável quando testado em bancada. Sem financiamento para um novo motor, Cody teve que esperar até que o motor Antoinette de 50 hp (37 kW) que havia sido montado no "Nulli Secundus" estivesse disponível. Isso aconteceu em agosto de 1908, quando Cody transferiu o motor para sua aeronave.

Histórico operacional

Primeiro voo e carreira no exército

O amigo, assistente e biógrafo de Cody, G. A. Broomfield, mais tarde afirmaria que o primeiro voo ocorreu em maio de 1908. A. V. Roe foi na época alegado ter voado em junho de 1908 e Broomfield queria dar primazia a Cody. Ambas as alegações foram posteriormente rejeitadas, com a alegação de Broomfield sobre Cody sendo exposta como uma farsa total.

Cody realizou testes de taxiamento da aeronave em setembro, deixando o solo brevemente no último deles. A aeronave foi então devolvida à oficina para a primeira de uma longa série de modificações a serem feitas. Os pequenos ailerons foram removidos, uma roda de nariz adicionada, os radiadores movidos para fora de sua posição central para os suportes interplanos dianteiros e modificações foram feitas nas lanças que suportam o elevador. Desta forma, com uma Union Jack voando do suporte entre as lanças de cauda superior e inferior, a aeronave foi apresentada à imprensa em Farnborough em 13 de outubro. Após mais testes em solo, Cody finalmente julgou as condições adequadas para um teste de voo em 16 de outubro e fez o primeiro voo motorizado e sustentado reconhecido no Reino Unido, que cobriu apenas 1.390 pés (424 m).

O voo de 16 de outubro terminou quando Cody tentou fazer uma curva para evitar árvores e a ponta de uma asa tocou o chão. O acidente resultante causou danos substanciais, e o resto do ano foi gasto em repará-lo e fazer grandes modificações. A folga entre as asas foi aumentada de 8 pés (2,44 m) para 9 pés (2,74 m), as lanças que transportam os dois conjuntos de superfícies de controle foram alongadas e a provisão para controle lateral feito pela instalação de um sistema de deformação das asas e ajuste de movimento diferencial superfícies em cada extremidade do elevador. Os radiadores foram movidos para os suportes interplanos traseiros, o triângulo de lona que se estendia entre o bordo de fuga da asa superior e o topo do leme foi removido e o pequeno estabilizador vertical foi movido de cima da asa superior para uma posição entre as lanças centrais que suportam o profundor e ligadas ao controle do leme. Novas hélices maiores foram instaladas.

Em 6 de janeiro de 1909, este trabalho foi concluído e os testes continuaram, nesta ocasião com várias serpentinas anexadas para que o fluxo de ar pudesse ser observado. Mais testes no solo foram feitos, os ailerons se moveram para uma posição no meio dos suportes interplanos traseiros e os radiadores se moveram levemente para frente para ajustar o trim da aeronave. Nesta forma Cody fez outro vôo em 20 de janeiro cobrindo cerca de 1.200 pés (370 m) e atingindo uma altura de 25 pés (7,6 m), mas caiu após uma curva, Cody não se feriu. A aeronave foi novamente levada de volta à fábrica para alterações e reparos. Os ailerons foram descartados e um par de estabilizadores horizontais foram instalados na frente do leme. Cody voou a aeronave novamente em 18 de fevereiro, desta vez pousando sem mais danos do que um pneu estourado e um fio de corda quebrado. Outros vôos bem-sucedidos foram feitos em 22 de fevereiro, após os quais os estabilizadores traseiros foram removidos e os ailerons reposicionados, agora sendo colocados em estabilizadores curtos que se arrastavam dos suportes interplanos dianteiros, e o leme dianteiro foi movido para uma posição acima do profundor.

Apesar do fato de que a aeronave de Cody poderia agora ser considerada um sucesso, em fevereiro de 1909 um relatório do Sub-Comitê de Navegação Aérea do Comitê de Defesa Imperial havia recomendado que todas as experimentações de mais pesados que o ar financiadas pelo governo deveriam parar, deixando o desenvolvimento para o setor privado. O financiamento deveria ser fornecido para a construção de aeronaves; o apoio oficial para qualquer outra coisa se limitava à tolerância de atividades de aviação em algumas terras do governo. Se Cody desejasse desenvolver ainda mais a aeronave, teria que fazê-lo às suas próprias custas e não como funcionário da Balloon Factory. O contrato de Cody, com renovação prevista para setembro daquele ano, não foi renovado, mas ele foi autorizado a manter a aeronave, agora oficialmente excedente às exigências, e continuar a usar o Laffan's Plain para testes de voo. O Exército ficou com apenas um conjunto de desenhos do British Army Airplane No 1 rotulado como "Top secret", possivelmente o primeiro conjunto completo de desenhos técnicos para uma aeronave.

Uso subsequente

O relacionamento pessoal de Cody com Capper não foi prejudicado e ele continuou a operar a aeronave em Farnborough. Em 14 de maio de 1909 ele fez um vôo de mais de uma milha entre Laffan's Plain e Danger Hill. Mais tarde, no mesmo dia, ele tentou repetir o desempenho a pedido do Príncipe de Gales, que estava observando as manobras do Exército em Aldershot. Infelizmente, na descolagem foi apanhado por uma rajada ao virar a máquina para evitar algumas tropas no solo, e foi obrigado a aterrar, tendo a aeronave sofrido alguns danos na cauda. O príncipe, no entanto, ficou satisfeito, contando a Cody seu prazer em ver um avião britânico que podia voar.

De volta à oficina, Cody fez mais ajustes, descartando os lemes duplos e movendo os radiadores para que agora ficassem na frente dos suportes interplanos dianteiros. A roda traseira foi removida e substituída por uma derrapagem substancial. Em meados de julho Cody voou a aeronave novamente, conseguindo completar um voo circular de quatro milhas em 21 de julho, após o qual decidiu instalar um E.N.V. de 60 hp. Motor tipo F. É importante ressaltar que a posição do piloto e do motor foram trocadas: o assento do piloto agora está diretamente na frente da borda de ataque da asa e o motor acima dela. A posição dos ailerons também foi ajustada; os estabilizadores foram removidos, os ailerons agora sendo montados diretamente nos suportes interplanos dianteiros.

Além de pequenos ajustes, esta foi a forma final da aeronave. Ele voou por três milhas em 11 de agosto. Cody ficou inicialmente surpreso com a experiência proporcionada pela nova posição do assento, registrando "Acho que minha nova posição na frente do motor tem efeitos muito mais sensacionais nos nervos do que a antiga posição, de fato até ontem à noite eu nunca soube que tinha qualquer nervosismo. Acho, no entanto, que vou superar essa leve timidez depois de algumas corridas". mas a aeronave agora estava funcionando bem e depois de vários vôos em 13 de agosto, Cody considerou seguro o suficiente para levar um passageiro. No dia seguinte esta honra foi para Capper, e mais tarde naquele dia Cody levou sua esposa para um vôo de três milhas, fazendo dela a primeira mulher a voar em um avião no Reino Unido.

Em 8 de setembro de 1909 ele fez um vôo de mais de uma hora, cobrindo cerca de 40 milhas (64 km), pousando porque estava sem combustível. Ele também voou a aeronave no Doncaster Flight Meeting em outubro de 1909. Embora não tenha ganhado nenhum dos prêmios oferecidos, Cody aproveitou sua aparição para assumir publicamente a cidadania britânica em 28 de outubro e prontamente incluiu seu nome no Daily Mail prêmio para a primeira aeronave britânica a fazer um voo circular de mais de uma milha. No entanto, a reunião de Doncaster não havia sido sancionada pelo Royal Aero Club e, portanto, quaisquer voos feitos lá não puderam ser oficialmente ratificados, e o prêmio acabou sendo ganho por J.T.C. Moore-Brabazon em 30 de outubro.

Em janeiro, Cody esperava ganhar o prêmio de £ 1.000 oferecido por Sir William Hartley por um voo entre Manchester e Liverpool, que deveria ser feito antes de 26 de janeiro. Embora ele tenha levado a aeronave para Aintree, sua tentativa foi impedida pelo nevoeiro. Após este voo, Cody concentrou seus esforços na nova aeronave que estava construindo, o Cody Michelin Cup Biplane.

Nomenclatura
Originalmente, a aeronave de Cody foi oficialmente chamada de British Army Airplane No 1. Depois que o Ministério da Guerra parou de apoiar os experimentos de Cody, ela foi simplesmente chamada de "Cody Flyer" ou equivalente. Qualquer tentativa de descrever suas várias formas como "Cody 2" e assim por diante corre o risco de confundir esta aeronave com as aeronaves subsequentes construídas por Cody, e certamente não foram usadas em fontes contemporâneas. As aeronaves subsequentes tendem a ser referidas como "o novo avião do Sr. Cody", posteriormente sendo conhecido por sua conquista mais notável na aeronave, como no caso do "Cody Michelin Cup Biplane". Para confundir ainda mais, o nome "Cody Cathedral" é usado indiscriminadamente tanto para esta aeronave quanto para o Cody V de 1912, também conhecido como "Military Trials Biplane".

Réplica
Uma réplica em tamanho real foi construída em 2008 por uma grande equipe de voluntários do "Farnborough Air Sciences Trust". Não foi projetado para voar, mas tentou reproduzir fielmente os materiais e a construção do original.

Ver também
 Cody Michelin Cup
 Cody Circuit of Britain
 Cody IV
 Cody V
 Cody Floatplane

Desenvolvimentos comparáveis
 Wright Model A

Bibliografia
 Driver, Hugh The Birth of Military Aviation. London: The Boydell Press for the Royal Historical Society, 1997
 Hare, Paul R. The Royal Aircraft Factory. London: Putnam, 1990.

 Lewis, P. British Aircraft 1809–1914. London, Putnam and Co., 1962
 Penrose, Harald. British Aviation: The Pioneer Years 1903–1914. London: Putnam, 1967

Ligações externas

 First powered flight's centenary

Aviação no Reino Unido
Aviões militares a pistão
Aviões monomotor
Aviões biplanos

British Army Aeroplane No 1


Toros kurbağası (Rana holtzi), Ranidae familyasından ortalama boyları 6 cm ile 7.5 cm arasında değişen Türkiye'de endemik bir kurbağa türüdür. Ayrıca dünyada ötmeyen tek kurbağa türü de toros kurbağasıdır. Yalnızca Orta Toroslar'da bulunan Bolkar Dağlarındaki Çiniligöl (2600 m.) ve Karagöl'de (2500 m.) yaşadığı sanılırken, 2007 yılında yapılan bir araştırma ile bu dağın yaklaşık 3000 m. yüksekliğinde Eğrigöl mevkiinde de yaşamakta olduğu ilk kez tespit edilmiştir.

Bu türün morfolojik yapısı sırt bölgesi sarı, yeşil siyah desenli gözlenebilirken karın pembe veya sarımsı olabilmektedir. Temel besinleri, göl kenarındaki çayırlıklarda yaşayan böcekler ve diğer eklem bacaklılardır. 1990'lı yıllarda Toros kurbağasının ürediği göllere bilinçsizce sonradan getirilen aynalı sazan balıkları yüzünden nesli tükenme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalmıştır.

Toros kurbağalarının yaşam alanı çok dardır, bu nedenle soyları tehlikeye girmeye açıktır. Tür, yolların bu kurbağaların yaşam alanı olan dağ göllerine kadar uzatılmaması, kamp yapımına izin verilmemesi ve göllerin denetlenmesi yollarıyla korumaya alınabilir.

2007 yılının Ekim ayında Niğde İl Çevre ve Orman Müdürü Metin Süzgeç, toros kurbağalarının sayısında önemli bir artış gözlemlediklerini açıkladı. Süzgeç, "Rana Holtzi, endemik bir tür olmasından dolayı Çevre ve Orman Bakanlığınca koruma altına alınmış türlerdendir. Son günlerde yapılan kontrollerde kurbağa yavrularının göl çevresinde çok sayıda olduğu tespit edilmiştir" dedi.

İlk başlarda, 1984 yılında doğadaki canlıların ve yaşadıkları ortamların korunması amacı ile düzenlenen Uluslararası BERN sözleşmesi ile toros kurbağası koruma altına alındı.  1999 senesinden beri bu kurbağalar Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı, Niğde Valiliği ve Uluslararası Çevre Örgütleri tarafından korunma altında tutuluyor. Niğde, Ulukışla'ya bağlı Maden köyünde, Maden-Der adıyla Kurbağaları Koruma Derneği kuruldu Derneğin amacı toros kurbağalarının korunmasını sağlamak. Niğde Valiliği ise bu bölgede piknik yapılmasını, hatta Karagöl'den su alınmasını bile yasakladı. Geçtiğimiz yıl Niğde Valiliği Çevre Koruma Kurulu Bolkar Dağları'nı özel koruma alanı ilan etmiş ve bölgenin bitki örtüsünü, Coğrafi yapısın ve görünümünü bozacak her türlü etkinliği engellemek için çalışmalar başlatmıştı.

Biçimsel özellikleri
Vücut boyu 7.5 cm kadar olabilen Toros kurbağalarının derisi yumuşak, düz ve incedir. Nadiren dişilerde siğilli bir deri de görülebilmektedir. Başlarının yanında belirgin bir şekilde temporal (şakak) şeritler bulunmaktadır. Erkek olanlarda iç ses kesesi bulunduğu için, bunlar ova kurbağaları gibi ötmezler. Sırt kısımlarındaki renkler sarımsı, kirli yeşil veya sarımsı pembe olmakla birlikte siyaha yakın lekeleri de vardır. Bu lekeler arka bacaklarının üzerinde de bulunabilir. Karın bölgeleri genellikle lekesizdir ve pembe, sarı, nadiren de griye yakın bir renkte olabilir.

Çevresel ve yaşamsal özellikleri

Yaşam alanı
Toros kurbağaları kenarları çayırlık dağ göllerinde yaşamaktadır. Nadiren suyun içinde bulundukları gözlemlenmiştir. İlk olarak Dünya'da yaşadığı bilindiği tek yerin Ulukışla toroslarında 2560 m. yükseklikteki Karagöl olduğu biliniyordu. Fakat 2007 yılında yapılan bir araştırma ile bu dağın yaklaşık 3000 m. yüksekliğinde Eğrigöl mevkiinde de yaşamakta olduğu ilk kez tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca Karagöl'den 100 m. daha yüksekte bulunan ve daha küçük olan Çiniligöl'de de çok ender olarak yaşadığı bilinmektedir. Bu gölde ender olarak görülmesinin sebebi ise göl etrafındaki çayırlık yerlerin yok oluşudur. Bu yüzden çok sıcak yaz aylarında bile, hayatta kalma koşulları için uygun serinlikte olan bu yüksek yayla gölünde yaşamlarını milyonlarca yıldan beri sürdürmektedirler.

Beslenme
Toros kurbağası, yaşadığı Çinigöl ve Karagöl'ün yüksekliği nedeniyle kısa dönem bir etkin yaşam sürdürmektedir. Bu dönemlerde gölün çevresini oluşturan çayırlık ve bitkili kısımların içinde yaşayan böcekleri yiyerek beslenirler. Beslenmek amacıyla çayırlık alanda böcek bulabilmek için sudan zaman zaman 30–40 m. uzağa gidebilmektedirler. Gölün çevresinde yapılan araştırmalarda bitki türlerinin çok iyi gelişmiş olduğu kısımlarda, diğer bölgelere göre daha fazla kurbağa örneği saptanmıştır. Bu sebeple göl kenarında çayırların ve bitki türlerinin iyi gelişmesi, buradaki toros kurbağasının yaşaması için büyük önem taşımaktadır. Göl kenarındaki bitki türlerinin iyi gelişmesi, bu çayırlıklarda keçi sürülerinin dolaşarak buraları gübrelemesine bağlıdır. Bu nedenle keçi ve koyun sahiplerine sürülerini gölün etrafında dolaştırmasını teşvik etmek, toros kurbağasının yaşamanı sürdürebilmesi için iyi bir ortam oluşturacaktır.

Üreme
Üreme duyusu, Mayıs ayının sonundan Ekim ayına kadar olan yaklaşık 4 aylık bir süre içinde aktif olan toros kurbağası, üreme biyolojisini tamamlamak zorundadır. Yani bu 4 aylık zaman dilimi içinde, toros kurbağası çiftleşip yumurta bırakmak zorundadır. Sezon bitene kadar da iribaş denilen yavruların, kuyruklarını kaybedip küçük kurbağa haline gelmeleri gerekmektedir.

Üreme sezonunun kısa olmasından kaynaklanan bir sorun ise bazı yerleri hâlâ buzlu olan gölün erimiş kısımlarında zaman zaman 14-16 erkek kurbağanın bir dişiyi yumurtlatmak üzere kucakladığı tespit edilmiştir. Böylece çok sayıda kurbağadan oluşan yumakta bırakılacak yumurtaların, erkekler tarafından döllenmesi sağlanmış olmaktadır.

Coğrafi özellikler
Toros kurbağası (Rana holtzi), Dünya'da yalnızca Türkiye'nin Niğde ili Ulukışla ilçesi sınırları içerisindeki Toros Dağları'nda 2560 metre yükseklikteki Eğrigöl, Karagöl ve Çiniligöl'de  yaşamaktadır. Karagöl yaklaşık 60 hektar büyüklükte ve en derin yeri 12 metre olan tektonik bir göldür.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
Mehmet Zülfü Yıldız & Bayram Göçmen (2012), Population dynamics, reproduction, and life history traits of Taurus Frog, Rana holtzi Werner, 1898 (Anura: Ranidae) in Karagöl (Ulukışla, Niğde), Turkey, Herpetologica Romanica, Vol. 6, 2012, pp. 1–40
TÜBİTAK Türkiye Taksonomik Tür Veritabanı'nda Toros kurbağası
 Kentselhaber.com'da "Toros kurbağası sayısında artış" haberi.
 Ekoses.com'da "Rana Holtzi (Toros Kurbağaları) "

Gerçek su kurbağaları
Türkiye'deki kurbağalar

Toros kurbağası


මද සරුභාවය(Subfertility) යනු යම් ශාකයකට හෝ සත්ත්ව කාණ්ඩයකට ස්වාභාවික ප්‍රජනක ක්‍රම මගින් නව අනිතයෙකු ඇති කිරීමේ නොහැකියාවයි. මිනිසා පිලිබඳ සැලකීමේදී මද සරුභාවය යනු උපත් පාලන ක්‍රම වලින් තොරව වසරක් ක්‍රමාණුකූලව ලිංගික සංසර්ගයේ යෙදීම මගින් දරුවන් ලගා ගැනීමට ඇති නොහැකියාවයි. අතීතයේදි මෙය වඳ භාවය(Infertility) ලෙස සැලකුවද වෛද්‍යය විද්‍යාවට අනුව එය මද සරුභාවය ලෙස සලකයි.

මද සරුභාවයට හේතු
අතීතයේනම් යම් පවුලක දරුවන් නැතිනම් එයට හේතුව කාන්තාවගේ වඳ බව ලෙස සළකන්නට සමාජය නැඹුරු වෙලා තුබුනා. එසේ වූවත් මද සරුභාවය කාන්තාවට පමණක් සීමා වූ කරුණක් නොවේ. කාන්තා හේතු(female factors)  නිසා 20 - 35% පමණ මද සරු තත්ත්ව ඇති වෙන අතර , පුරුෂයන් (Male factors) නිසා 20 - 30% පමණ ප්‍රමාඅණයක් ඇති වේ. බොහෝවිට බහුල වන්නේ දෙද්නාගේම හේතු(combined factors)  නිසා ඇතිවන තත්ත්වයි. ඒවා 25 - 40% අතර ප්‍රමාණයක් වේ.

මද සරුභාවය සඳහා බලපාණ කරුණු

මේ සඳහා හේතු බොහොමයක් පවති. සමහර කරුණු ඉහත සඳහන් ලෙස පුරුෂයාගෙන් ඇතිවන් අතර සමහර කරුණු කාන්තාවගෙන් හෝ දෙදෙනාගෙන්ම ඇතිවේ,

1. ජානමය හේතු (Genetic factors)

2. සමාජ රෝග (STI)

3. පතිදේහ නිසා ඇතිවන මඳ සරුභවය (Immune subfertility)

4. වයස හා සම්බන්ධ ගැටලු (Age related issues)

5. ගර්භාශය ආශ්‍රිත රෝග (Problems in uterus)

මද සරුභාවය සඳහා ප්‍රතිකාර (Treatments for Subfertility)
මේ සඳහා විව්ධ වූ ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රම පවති

1. මද සරුභාවය සඳහ වූ සාකචිඡා (Fertility counselling)

2. ගර්භානිතාවය වැඩි කරන ප්‍රතිකාර ක්‍රම (Medical treatments)

3. IUI

4. කළලයක් ඇතුලත් කිරීම (IVF)

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි

 Infertility (Wikipaedia)
 How to get pregnant fast : Online Pregnancy Care

මද සරුභාවය


2021  අගෝස්තු 26 දිනදී දේශීය වේලාවෙන් පැය 17:50 ට  (13:20 UTC),  ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානය වෙතින් පුද්ගලයින් ඉවත්කිරීම අතරතුර, ඇෆ්ගනිස්තානයෙහි කාබුල් නුවර, හමිඩ් කර්සායි ජාත්‍යන්තර ගුවන්තොටුපොළ තුල ඇබේ දොරටුව සමීපයෙහි මරාගෙන මැරෙන බෝම්බ පිපිරවීමක් සිදු විය. මෙම ප්‍රහාරයෙන් ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයේ සිවිල් වැසියන් 169 ක් සහ ඇමරිකානු එක්සත් ජනපද හමුදාවේ 13 දෙනෙකු ඇතුළුව අවම වශයෙන් පුද්ගලයින් 182 ක් ජීවිතක්ෂයට පත් වූ අතර, 2020 පෙබරවාරි මාසයෙන් පසු ඇෆ්ගනිස්ථානයේ යුද්ධයේදී, ඇමරිකානු හමුදාව තුල සිදු වූ පළමු මරණය මෙයයි.

මූලාශ්‍ර

2021 කාබුල් ගුවන්තොටුපොළ ප්‍රහාරය


Richard Hooker (1554–1600) was an English priest and theologian.

Richard Hooker may also refer to:

Richard Hooker (author) (1924–1997), American writer and surgeon
Richard Hooker (tennis), played in 1898 U.S. National Championships – Men's Singles

See also
Richard Hooker Wilmer (1816–1900), bishop of Alabama

Richard Hooker (disambiguation)


__KEIN_INHALTSVERZEICHNIS__

Der Jüdische Friedhof Thalmässing ist eine jüdische Begräbnisstätte in Thalmässing, einem bayerischen Markt im mittelfränkischen Landkreis Roth.

Der Friedhof mit einer Fläche von 14 Ar befindet sich am Südrand des Ortes und beherbergt etwa 130 Grabsteine.

Geschichte
Als Thalmässing noch über keinen eigenen Friedhof verfügte, wurden die verstorbenen Juden des Ortes auf dem jüdischen Friedhof von Georgensgmünd bestattet. Der jüdische Friedhof von Thalmässing wurde 1832 eingeweiht; seine Errichtung war durch Spenden der Familien Heidecker und Niedermair möglich geworden. Die erste Bestattung auf dem Friedhof war am 10. Februar 1833 die von Abraham Wallerstein.

Während der Zeit des Nationalsozialismus wurde der Friedhof geschändet, wobei Grabsteine zerstört und entfernt wurden. Bei Besetzung des Ortes im Jahr 1945 durch US-amerikanische Truppen befand sich unter den Soldaten der Nachfahre eines in Thalmässing ansässigen Juden, der ehemalige NSDAP-Mitglieder zur Wiederherstellung des Friedhofs heranzog. Die entfernten Grabsteine wurden zurückgebracht, stehen jedoch nicht mehr an ihren ursprünglichen Standorten innerhalb des Friedhofgeländes.

Im Jahr 1968 wurde das Taharahaus des Friedhofs abgerissen.

Siehe auch
 Jüdische Gemeinde Thalmässing

Literatur
 Lothar Mayer: Jüdische Friedhöfe in Mittel- und Oberfranken. Michael Imhof Verlag, Petersberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-86568-572-8, S. 182–185. (mit vielen Fotos)

Weblinks

 Der jüdische Friedhof von Thalmässing bei Alemannia Judaica (mit vielen Fotos)
 Der jüdische Friedhof von Thalmässing beim Zentralarchiv zur Erforschung der Geschichte der Juden in Deutschland
 Der jüdische Friedhof von Thalmässing beim Haus der Bayerischen Geschichte (mit Fotos)

Thalmassing
Sakralbau in Thalmässing
Baudenkmal in Thalmässing
Friedhof
Erbaut in den 1830er Jahren
Thalmassing

Jüdischer Friedhof (Thalmässing)


The prime minister of the Faroe Islands is the head of government of the Faroe Islands.

The Faroese term  (plural: ) literally means "lawman" and originally referred to the legal function of lawspeaker. This old title was brought back into use to refer to the head of government after the islands obtained Home Rule in 1948. In recent decades the Faroese government has started using "Prime Minister" as the official English translation of , reflecting the increased autonomy of the islands. This translation does not apply to the pre-1816 office, only the modern leaders of the Faroese government.

List of Løgmenn

Løgmenn as lawmen (–1816)
Many of the earlier holders of this position are not known.

Løgmenn as Prime Ministers during the Home Rule era (1948–present)

See also
Politics of the Faroe Islands
List of deputy prime ministers of the Faroe Islands

References

Faroe Islands, prime ministers of
Prime Minister

List of lawmen and prime ministers of the Faroe Islands


Korgeneral, birçok ülkenin kara ve hava kuvvetlerinde asıl görevi kolordu komutanlığı olan ve tümgeneral ile orgeneral arasındaki askerî rütbedir. Görevi kolordu komutanlığı veya kuvvet komutanlığı kurmay başkanlığıdır. NATO kodu OF-8'dir. Deniz Kuvvetlerindeki karşılığı koramiraldir. Rütbe bekleme süreleri 4 yıldır.

Rütbeler

Türkiye

Osmanlı Devleti

Dünya da Kara Kuvvetleri rütbeleri

Hava Kuvvetleri rütbeleri

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk Silahlı Kuvvetleri subay rütbe dereceleri ve işaretleri

Kaynakça

Korgeneral


Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider (d. Buenos Aires, 19 Kasım 1937 – ö. 31 Ağustos 1967), Tania ya da Gerilla Tania olarak da bilinir, Küba Devrimi'nden sonra Küba hükûmetinde ve çeşitli Latin Amerika devrimci hareketlerinde önemli rol oynamış olan komünist devrimci ve casus. Che Guevara'nın komutasında Bolivya'da komünist isyancılarla birlikte çarpışan tek kadındı.

1937 doğumlular
1967 yılında ölenler
Arjantinli aktivistler
Arjantinli komünistler

Alman casuslar
Alman komünistler
Doğu Almanlar

Che Guevara

Haydée Tamara Bunke Bider


Fünfring steht für:
 Cyclische chemische Verbindungen mit fünf Ringgliedern
 Fünfeck

Fünfring


Clear Light es el álbum debut y único que publicó la banda psicodélica de Los Ángeles Clear Light. Fue lanzado en septiembre de 1967 y alcanzó el puesto 126 en la gráfica Billboard pop de álbumes logrando poco éxito.

Lista de temas
 "Black Roses" (Clear Light, Dios) 2:09
 "Sand" (Douglas Lubahn) 2:38
 "A Child's Smile" (Clear Light, Michael Ney) 1:37
 "Street Singer" (Greg Copeland, Steve Noonan) 3:17
 "The Ballad of Freddie and Larry" (Cliff De Young, Ralph Schuckett) 1:56
 "With All in Mind" (Bob Seal) 2:58
 "Mr. Blue" (Tom Paxton) 6:25
 "Think Again" (Clear Light, Douglas Lubahn) 1:37
 "They Who Have Nothing" (Bob Seal) 2:34
 "How Many Days Have Passed" (Bob Seal) 2:24
 "Night Sounds Loud" (Douglas Lubahn) 2:26

Enlaces externos
http://allmusic.com/album/clear-light-r60854 Clear Light  en Allmusic.com

Álbumes en inglés
Álbumes debut de 1967

Clear Light (álbum)


est une revue mathématique électronique en libre accès à comité de lecture spécialisée dans le domaine de la combinatoire algébrique. Elle est publiée par le Centre Mersenne. Les rédacteurs en chef sont Akihiro Munemasa (Université du Tōhoku), Satoshi Murai (Université Waseda), Hendrik Van Maldeghem (Université de Gand), Brendon Rhoades (Université de Californie à San Diego), David Speyer (Université du Michigan).

Historique
La revue a été créée en 2018, lorsque le comité de rédaction d'alors du Journal of Algebraic Combinatorics de  Springer Science+Business Media démissionnent pour protester contre les prix élevés pratiqués par l'éditeur et l'accessibilité limitée à la revue. Le comité a par la suite lancé sa propre revue en libre accès, Algebraic Combinatorics. Ils critiquent la maison Springer pour le « double dipping », c'est-à-dire la facturation de coût d'abonnement élevé aux bibliothèques, auxquels s'ajoutent des frais élevés pour les auteurs qui souhaitent rendre leurs publications en libre accès. Le comité a par la suite lancé sa propre revue en libre accès, sous le nom Algebraic Combinatorics.

Objectifs

Le journal publie des articles dans lesquels l'algèbre et la combinatoire interagissent : l'algèbre impliquée peut être l'algèbre commutative, la théorie des groupes, la théorie des représentations, la géométrie algébrique, l'algèbre linéaire, la théorie de Galois, les algèbres associatives ou de Lie, entre autres possibilités, et la combinatoire peut être énumérative, la théorie du codage, les systèmes de racines, le design combinatoire, la théorie des graphes, la géométrie d'incidence ou d'autres sujets.

Résumé et indexation
La revue est résumée et indexée dans le Directory of Open Access Journals, Scopus, Mathematical Reviews ou ZbMATH. Le facteur d'impact donné par SCImago Journal Rank est 0,91 pour l'année 2021.

Références

Voir aussi

 Glossa

Liens externes

Revue de mathématiques
Revue en libre accès

Algebraic Combinatorics (journal)


Tudor Minstrel (1944-1971), est un cheval de course pur-sang anglais. Il fut l'un des meilleurs chevaux européens de l'immédiat après-guerre.

Carrière de course
Poulain de grande naissance, élevé en Angleterre par son propriétaire John Arthur Dewar, neveu et héritier du distillateur de whisky Thomas Dewar, Tudor Minstrel est confié au plus grand entraîneur de son temps, Fred Darling, et monté par son alter ego chez les jockeys, Gordon Richards. Il réalise une saison de 2 ans parfaite, qui commence par deux victoires à Bath et Salisbury au printemps, et un premier coup d'éclat au meeting de Royal Ascot dans les importants Coventry Stakes, qu'il remporte par quatre longueurs. Quatre longueurs sanctionnent également sa supériorité dans les National Breeders Produce Stakes en juillet à Sandown, et met fin de manière prématurée à sa saison. À l'issue de celle-ci, il est classé numéro 1 des 2 ans de l'année sur l'échelle des handicapeurs.

En 1947, Tudor Minstrel fait son retour sur l'hippodrome de ses débuts, Bath, et s'impose facilement, ce qui le confirme dans son statut de favori des 2000 Guinées. Et il fait plus que confirmer ce statut puisqu'il écrase l'adversité de huit longueurs : jamais on avait enregistré un tel écart à l'arrivée des Guinées au 20e siècle. C'est d'autant plus impressionnant que Gordon Richards a ralenti son poulain à l'approche de l'arrivée, laissant les observateurs considérer qu'il aurait gagné de vingt longueurs si son jockey l'avait soutenu. Il n'en faut pas plus pour faire de Tudor Minstrel "le cheval du siècle". Et on le sait, il n'y a pas mieux qu'un cheval du siècle pour causer une surprise du siècle. Celle du 7 juin 1947 a lieu devant 400 000 spectateurs massées dans les tribunes d'Epsom, parmi lesquels le roi George VI. C'est jour de pluie et de froid, jour de Derby. Tudor Minstrel, épouvantail de la course, n'est pas un favori si parfait puisque certains considèrent qu'il manque de tenue et que les 2 400 mètres seront de trop pour lui, malgré ses origines où figurent quelques bons stayers. Mais la confiance règne, et l'on n'hésite pas à écrire que le poulain pourrait gagner ce Derby même en tractant une charrette. Ils avaient tort : le poulain est à la peine dans la ligne droite et s'éteint peu à peu, terminant loin, très loin quatrième à tel point que l'on renonce à compter les longueurs. 2 400 mètres, c'est long.

Car c'est bien une affaire de tenue, et Tudor Minstrel le prouve en revenant sur sa distance fétiche du mile pour s'imposer facilement dans les St James's Palace Stakes. Et la tenue, ça se joue parfois à peu, quelques centaines de mètres. L'entourage de Tudor Minstrel le constate lors de son deuxième essai sur une distance supérieure au mile, sur les 2 000 mètres des Eclipse Stakes. Le poulain court nettement mieux, mais doit s'incliner face au poulain de l'Aga Khan Migoli, qui n'a pas de problème de distance, lui, puisqu'il a terminé deuxième du Derby et gagnera l'année suivant le Prix de l'Arc de Triomphe. Non, décidément, Tudor Minstrel est un miler et rien d'autre, mais il est le meilleur d'entre eux : il fait ses adieux en septembre par une victoire dans les Knights Royal Stakes, sur le mile, comme à ses plus beaux jours.

Malgré ses deux défaites dues à ses aptitudes à la distance, l'impression laissée par Tudor Minstrel dans les Guinées demeure. Et Timeform ne s'en remet pas, lui attribuant un rating inouï de 144, qui restera le plus haut de l'histoire jusqu'à ce qu'il soit dépassé vingt ans plus tard par Sea Bird et son 145, puis égalé par les légendaires Brigadier Gerard et Secretariat, et à nouveau supplanté par Frankel, qui met tout le monde d'accord cinquante ans plus tard du haut de son 147. Une telle hiérarchie pose toutefois question, car si Tudor Minstrel était sans aucun doute un crack, le considérer comme l'égal de Brigadier Gerard et Secretariat, et supérieur à un Ribot ou un Mill Reef, semble quelque peu démesuré.

Résumé de carrière

Au haras
Tudor Minstrel a bien réussi au haras, donnant un vainqueur de Kentucky Derby, Tomy Lee, en 1959, mais aussi Sing Sing (numéro 1 des 2 ans anglais en 1959), King of the Tudors (Sussex Stakes, Eclipse Stakes), l'Américaine What a Treat (Alabama Stakes, Gazelle Stakes, Beldame Stakes) ou Toro (Poule d'Essai des Poulains). L'une de ses filles est en outre la deuxième mère du grand étalon Blushing Groom et une autre a donné le bon reproducteur Be My Guest. En revanche, si l'on retrouve son nom dans les pedigrees de Celtic Swing ou Ouija Board, via son petit-fils Welsh Pageant, sa descendance en lignée mâle est quasiment éteinte.

Origines
Tudor Minstrel est, avec Abernant, l'autre super crack issu du champion britannique Owen Tudor, qui remporta durant la guerre les substituts du Derby et de la Gold Cup, lesquels ne pouvaient se dérouler sur leur hippodrome respectifs, réquisitionnés par la guerre. Owen Tudor fut capable de donner des chevaux compétitifs sur un large éventail de distance, comme en témoigne aussi le champion Right Royal, vainqueur du Prix du Jockey Club et des King George VI & Queen Elizabeth Stakes.

L'origine maternelle de Tudor Minstrel est exceptionnelle. Sansonnet, la mère, fut une excellente poulinière puisqu'elle donna un autre classique, Neolight (par Nearco), lauréate des Cheveley Park Stakes, des Coronation Stakes, et qui prit un accessit d'honneur dans les 1000 Guinées. Sansonnet était la sœur de Fair Trial (par Fairway), l'un des bons chevaux de sa génération (Queen Anne Stakes, Select Stakes, troisième des Eclipse Stakes) et surtout un étalon de premier plan, champion sire en 1950 et broodmare champion sire l'année suivante, de The Black Abbot (par Abbot's Trace), vainqueur des Gimcrack Stakes et troisième des Champagne Stakes, et de Riot (par Colorado), qui donna une lauréate des Oaks, Commotion. Lady Juror, la mère de Sansonnet, Fair Trial, The Black Abbot et Riot, avait remporté les Jockey Club Stakes. Nous sommes là au cœur de la fameuse famille 9-c, l'une des plus brillantes de l'histoire du stud, puisque Lady Juror n'est autre que la sœur par Son-In-Law de la championne et jument-base Mumtaz Mahal, à l'origine d'une incomparable lignée de champions.

Pedigree

Références

Cheval de course
Cheval de course né en 1944
Animal né au Royaume-Uni
Animal né en 1944
Animal mort en 1971
Étalon pur-sang anglais
Famille 9-c

Tudor Minstrel


Campo Limpo est un district de la Zone sud de la municipalité de São Paulo, au Brésil.

Histoire

L'une des hypothèses sur l'origine du nom du quartier réside dans le fait que, dans le passé, il y avait une ancienne chácara du Jockey Club de São Paulo à proximité. On sait peu de choses sur la création du quartier, mais les résidents plus âgés pensent que le quartier de Campo Limpo est originaire de Fazenda Pombinhos, propriété de la famille Reis Soares, au milieu de 1937. Plusieurs colonies de Japonais, d'Italiens et de Portugais s'installèrent dans la région, en raison du faible prix des terres à cette époque. Vers 1950, le paysage du quartier était encore peuplé de fermes, de fermes et de poteries. Il y avait aussi trois « secs et humides », une pharmacie, un salon de coiffure, un groupe scolaire en bois et un monastère de l'Église catholique. Les églises de São Judas Tadeu et São José Operário, construites dans les années 1960, sont une référence importante pour la région. L'énergie électrique arrive en 1958, la première ligne de bus est créée en 1963 et le pavage des premières rues commence en 1968.

Dans les années 1960/70, une explosion démographique a commencé dans le quartier. C'est alors que les nouveaux résidents sont arrivés, pour la plupart issus de milieux pauvres et migrants, principalement de l'intérieur de São Paulo et des États des régions du nord-est et du sud du Brésil, s'installant dans la région à partir des années 1960 et 1970.

La région possédait également d'importantes industries, comme l'industrie chimique appelée Poliquima, installée sur la route principale de la région, l'estrada do Campo Limpo. A la fin des années 1980, la société néerlandaise Akzo Nobel, alors simplement Akzo, rachète Poliquima, changeant ainsi de nom. À la fin des années 1990, Akzo quitte Campo Limpo et s'installe à l'intérieur de São Paulo. Jusqu'à aujourd'hui, le terrain y reste inoccupé, un immense espace sur la route la plus importante de la région. Également sur l'estrada do Campo Limpo, on avait l'industrie métallurgique Metafil, qui a fonctionné jusqu'à la fin des années 1990 et aujourd'hui, à sa place, nous avons l'université Anhanguera (ancienne Uniban). Une autre industrie majeure du district qui avait également son siège à l'estrada do Campo Limpo était la multinationale de l'électronique Sharp, qui a fonctionné jusqu'à la fin des années 1990.

La croissance de la région, ainsi que d'autres zones périphériques de la ville, s'est produite plus intensément entre les années 1970 et 1980, sans la planification nécessaire par les organismes publics. À partir des années 1990, le quartier connaît un important boom immobilier avec le lancement de développements résidentiels pour la classe moyenne. Le district, car il est voisin d'autres grands centres commerciaux et de bureaux à croissance rapide, tels que Centro Empresarial São Paulo, la Marginal Pinheiros et la région de l'avenue Engenheiro Luís Carlos Berrini, en plus d'être voisin de quartiers considérés comme nobles, comme Vila Andrade e Morumbi, a commencé à attirer de nouveaux résidents avec un profil différent de celui des résidents qui sont venus dans la première phase d'occupation dans les années 1960. Beaucoup de ces nouveaux résidents ont fait des études supérieures et/ou sont des professionnels libéraux et des habitants de São Paulo d'autres quartiers à la recherche de prix immobiliers moins chers plus proches des nouvelles zones de travail.

À partir de 2001, Campo Limpo a commencé une modeste action de croissance dans les constructions et les installations commerciales et éducatives. Récemment, le quartier a accueilli deux universités privées : Universidade Anhanguera (ancienne Uniban), et en 2006 Faculdade Horizontes, sur le campus du Colégio Concórdia. En plus des supermarchés, des hypermarchés et du Shopping Campo Limpo récemment ouvert, situé dans le district voisin de Capão Redondo. Dans ce dernier, les cinq seuls cinémas de la région et l'agence du Banco do Brasil récemment ouverte sont présents.

Le district de Campo Limpo, aujourd'hui, possède la structure la plus complète de la région, avec Shopping Campo Limpo, Sesc Campo Limpo, Hôpital Campo Limpo, station de métro Campo Limpo, CEU Campo Limpo, large choix d'écoles, Université Anhanguera et faculdade Horizontes, Terminus Campo Limpo, commerce complet avec plusieurs magasins de rue tels que Casas Bahia, Ponto Frio, Pernambucanas, O Boticário, Mc Donald's, Habib's, Ragazzo, Subway entre autres.

Le district est situé à proximité de plusieurs routes importantes de la ville, telles que la Marginal Pinheiros, l'autoroute Regis Bitencourt, Rodoanel, avenue Francisco Morato, estrada de Itapecerica, avenue Morumbi et avenue Giovanni Gronchi.

Caractéristiques générales
Campo Limpo borde les districts de Vila Sônia, Vila Andrade, Jardim São Luís et Capão Redondo et avec la municipalité de Taboão da Serra à travers le ruisseau Pirajuçara. Le quartier est situé à environ 16 kilomètres de Marco Zero dans la ville de São Paulo, dans la zone sud-ouest. Selon les données des recensements de 1991 et 2000, la population de Campo Limpo est de 191 527 habitants et la densité de population est de 14 963 habitants au kilomètre carré.

Contrastes sociaux
Le quartier est connu pour la présence d'une grande fracture sociale, avec des personnes à faibles revenus vivant dans des bidonvilles, des logements sociaux, côtoyant des copropriétés horizontales et verticales bourgeoises et moyennes supérieures.

De plus, le quartier possède de vastes zones de commerce populaire et d'activité industrielle en voie de déclin, avec quelques entrepôts et usines encore en activité.

Investissements publics de l'État
La nouvelle ligne 5 du métro de São Paulo, qui relie Capão Redondo à Chácara Klabin, à Vila Mariana, a été inaugurée le 20 octobre 2002 par le gouverneur de l'époque, Geraldo Alckmin. Le quartier a la station Campo Limpo, qui permet un accès plus rapide aux quartiers de Capão Redondo (Capão Redondo), Jardim São Luís (Vila das Belezas et Giovanni Gronchi), Santo Amaro (Santo Amaro, Largo Treze, Adolfo Pinheiro, Alto da Boa Vista, Borba Gato et au sud de la station Brooklin), Campo Belo (au nord de la station Brooklin et Campo Belo), Moema (Eucaliptos, Moema et AACD-Servidor), Vila Mariana (Hospital São Paulo, Santa Cruz et Chácara Klabin) et les quartiers situé près de Marginal Pinheiros, via l'interconnexion avec la ligne 9–Éméraude de la CPTM à la gare de Santo Amaro. Dans les municipalités d'Embu das Artes et de Taboão da Serra, l'ouverture de la section ouest du Rodoanel, en 2002, a profité au trafic sur les principales voies de circulation de la région de Campo Limpo, éliminant considérablement le flux de camions dans cette zone. Le gouvernement de l'État, en partenariat avec la mairie de São Paulo, a également inauguré plusieurs réservoirs pluviaux entre 2002 et 2006 dans la zone du ruisseau Pirajuçara, minimisant les inondations, un problème chronique dans le district. En 2010, le réservoir de la Sharp a été ouverte sur l'estrada do Campo Limpo, près de la division avec Taboão da Serra.

Investissements publics municipaux
La maire de l'époque, Marta Suplicy, entre 2003 et 2004, a créé le couloir de bus dans la région de l'avenue Francisco Morato et remodelé les couloirs et les voies exclusives pour les bus réalisés dans les administrations de ses prédécesseurs, Paulo Maluf et Celso Pitta, donnant la priorité aux transports publics dans la région des quartiers de Campo Limpo et Capão Redondo. En 2009, la mairie a inauguré le terminus Campo Limpo, qui dispose de plusieurs lignes de bus qui emmènent les résidents dans différentes régions de la ville. La mairie a également mis en œuvre d'autres améliorations, telles que les Centres éducatifs unifiés, connus comme CEU, qui disposent d'une bibliothèque, de piscines, d'écoles et d'activités éducatives et culturelles pour toute la communauté, et le SESC Campo Limpo, qui propose plusieurs activités sportives et culturelles.

Terminus Campo Limpo

Lignes
En 2009, le premier terminal de bus de la région a été inauguré, Terminus Campo Limpo, avec des lignes quotidiennes partant pour Pinheiros, Hôpital des Clíniques, Praça Ramos de Azevedo, Aclimação, Jardim Helga, Jardim Guarujá, Jardim Rosana, Jardim das Rosas, Parque do Engenho, Jardim Maria Sampaio, Jardim Macedônia, Valo Velho, Métro Conceição (permettant l'accès à la respective station), Morumbi Shopping (avec accès à la gare de la CPTM), Parque do Lago, Jardim Mitsutani, Inocoop Campo Limpo, Campo Limpo (Jardim Leônidas), Terminus Capelinha, Métro Santa Cruz (avec accès à la station du même nom), Métro Paraíso (avec accès à la station du même nom), Terminus Bandeira (avec accès à la station Anhangabaú) et Terminus Santo Amaro (avec accès à la station Largo Treze) du métro de São Paulo.

Le remplacement de deux lignes importantes dans la région est également prévu. L'un, qui reliait le district à Barra Funda, avait été désactivé des années auparavant, laissant le quartier exempté d'une connexion importante avec la gare routière de Barra Funda et d'autres lignes de la Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos. En plus de cela, trois lignes qui donnaient accès à gare de la Luz ont également été désactivées, générant une grande protestation de la part de la population. En réponse, São Paulo Transporte a ouvert une nouvelle ligne vers le quartier, mais elle fonctionne le matin (de 4h00 à 8h00).

Polémique
La construction du terminal a suscité beaucoup de controverse dans la région, car les gens se sont plaints que les trajets devenaient plus longs et avec des temps d'attente plus longs. La proposition du terminal est de faciliter l'accès aux différentes lignes de la région, qui souffre déjà fortement du manque de transports en commun de qualité.

Les plaintes les plus fréquentes sont liées à l'extinction des lignes qui faisaient l'interconnexion directe entre les quartiers et le centre. Historiquement, la population comptait sur des lignes de bus qui fonctionnaient depuis des décennies et, avec sa fin, il y avait beaucoup de résistance au changement. De plus, le terminus Campo Limpo est devenu un point de passage obligatoire, sans possibilité de lignes directes vers les quartiers de Butantã et Pinheiros.

D'autre part, la SPTrans et la mairie de São Paulo se défendent en justifiant la rationalisation des lignes vers le centre et le métro, permettant un plus grand flux de véhicules, moins d'attente aux arrêts et moins de congestion dans les couloirs de bus de la région ouest.

Problèmes et difficultés
Malgré les investissements dans les piscines et la canalisation des ruisseaux, la région souffre encore en certains points isolés des inondations et des crues du ruisseau Pirajuçara, notamment en cas de très fortes pluies. Les très fortes pluies, notamment en été, provoquent également des glissements de terrain dans les zones où vivent les familles de façon précaire, presque toujours des zones envahies et à risque connu.

La circulation est également difficile et dense, notamment sur l'avenue Carlos Lacerda, estrada do Campo Limpo et largo do Campo Limpo.

Diocèse de Campo Limpo
En 1989, le pape Jean-Paul II a choisi le district pour accueillir l'un des nouveaux diocèses issus de l'archidiocèse de São Paulo. Ainsi, la diocèse de Campo Limpo, en tant que diocèse, couvre toute la région de Capão Redondo, Jardim São Luís, Butantã, Morumbi et des municipalités telles que Taboão da Serra, Itapecerica da Serra, São Lourenço da Serra, Embu das Artes, Embu-Guaçu et Juquitiba. En 1997, la cathédrale diocésaine de Campo Limpo, dédiée à la Sainte Famille, a été consacrée.

Voir aussi
 Liste des districts de São Paulo
 Population des districts de São Paulo (recensement de 2010)
 Zone territoriale des districts de São Paulo (IBGE)
 Télécommunications à São Paulo

Notes et références

Liens externes

 «Inauguration du Terminus Campo Limpo»
 Site d'actualités de Campo Limpo Zone Sud

District à São Paulo

Campo Limpo (São Paulo)


The density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) is a numerical variational technique devised to obtain the low-energy physics of quantum many-body systems with high accuracy. As a variational method, DMRG is an efficient algorithm that attempts to find the lowest-energy matrix product state wavefunction of a Hamiltonian. It was invented in 1992 by Steven R. White and it is nowadays the most efficient method for 1-dimensional systems.

History
The first application of the DMRG, by Steven R. White and Reinhard Noack, was a toy model: to find the spectrum of a spin 0 particle in a 1D box. This model had been proposed by Kenneth G. Wilson as a test for any new renormalization group method, because they all happened to fail with this simple problem. The DMRG overcame the problems of previous renormalization group methods by connecting two blocks with the two sites in the middle rather than just adding a single site to a block at each step as well as by using the density matrix to identify the most important states to be kept at the end of each step. After succeeding with the toy model, the DMRG method was tried with success on the quantum Heisenberg model.

Principle

The main problem of quantum many-body physics is the fact that the Hilbert space grows exponentially with size. In other words if one considers a lattice, with some Hilbert space of dimension  on each site of the lattice, then the total Hilbert space would have dimension , where  is the number of sites on the lattice. For example, a spin-1/2 chain of length L has 2L degrees of freedom. The DMRG is an iterative, variational method that reduces effective degrees of freedom to those most important for a target state. The state one is most often interested in is the ground state.

After a warmup cycle, the method splits the system into two subsystems, or blocks, which need not have equal sizes, and two sites in between. A set of representative states has been chosen for the block during the warmup. This set of left blocks + two sites + right blocks is known as the superblock. Now a candidate for the ground state of the superblock, which is a reduced version of the full system, may be found. It may have a rather poor accuracy, but the method is iterative and improves with the steps below.

The candidate ground state that has been found is projected into the Hilbert subspace for each block using a density matrix, hence the name. Thus, the relevant states for each block are updated.

Now one of the blocks grows at the expense of the other and the procedure is repeated. When the growing block reaches maximum size, the other starts to grow in its place. Each time we return to the original (equal sizes) situation, we say that a sweep has been completed. Normally, a few sweeps are enough to get a precision of a part in 1010 for a 1D lattice.

Implementation guide

A practical implementation of the DMRG algorithm is a lengthy work. A few of the main computational tricks are these:

 Since the size of the renormalized Hamiltonian is usually in the order of a few or tens of thousand while the sought eigenstate is just the ground state, the ground state for the superblock is obtained via iterative algorithm such as the Lanczos algorithm of matrix diagonalization.  Another choice is the Arnoldi method, especially when dealing with non-hermitian matrices.
 The Lanczos algorithm usually starts with the best guess of the solution. If no guess is available a random vector is chosen. In DMRG, the ground state obtained in a certain DMRG step, suitably transformed, is a reasonable guess and thus works significantly better than a random starting vector at the next DMRG step.
 In systems with symmetries, we may have conserved quantum numbers, such as total spin in a Heisenberg model. It is convenient to find the ground state within each of the sectors into which the Hilbert space is divided.

Applications

The DMRG has been successfully applied to get the low energy properties of spin chains: Ising model in a transverse field, Heisenberg model, etc., fermionic systems, such as the Hubbard model, problems with impurities such as the Kondo effect, boson systems, and the physics of quantum dots joined with quantum wires. It has been also extended to work on tree graphs, and has found applications in the study of dendrimers. For 2D systems with one of the dimensions much larger than the other DMRG is also accurate, and has proved useful in the study of ladders.

The method has been extended to study equilibrium statistical physics in 2D, and to analyze non-equilibrium phenomena in 1D.

The DMRG has also been applied to the field of quantum chemistry to study strongly correlated systems.

Example: Quantum Heisenberg model
Let us consider an "infinite" DMRG algorithm for the  antiferromagnetic quantum Heisenberg chain. The recipe can be applied for every translationally invariant one-dimensional lattice.

DMRG  is a renormalization-group technique because it offers an efficient truncation of the Hilbert space of one-dimensional quantum systems.

Starting point
To simulate an infinite chain, starting with four sites. The first is the block site, the last the universe-block site  and the remaining are the added sites, the right one is added to the universe-block site and the other to the block site.

The Hilbert space for the single site is  with the base . With this base the spin operators are   ,  and  for the single site. For every block, the two blocks and the two sites, there is its own Hilbert space , its base  ()and its own operatorswhere

 block: , , , , ,
 left-site: , , , ,
 right-site: , , , ,
 universe: , , , , ,

At the starting point all four Hilbert spaces are equivalent to , all spin operators are equivalent to ,  and  and . In the following iterations, this is only true for the left and right sites.

Step 1: Form the Hamiltonian matrix for the superblock
The ingredients are the four block operators and the four universe-block operators, which at the first iteration are  matrices, the three left-site spin operators and the three right-site spin operators, which are always  matrices. The Hamiltonian matrix of the superblock  (the chain), which at the first iteration has only four sites, is formed by these operators. In the Heisenberg antiferromagnetic S=1 model the Hamiltonian is:

These operators live in the superblock state space: , the base is . For example: (convention):

The Hamiltonian in the DMRG form is  (we set ):

The operators are  matrices, , for example:

Step 2: Diagonalize the superblock Hamiltonian
At this point you must choose the eigenstate of the Hamiltonian for which some observables is calculated, this is the target state . At the beginning you can choose the ground state and use some advanced algorithm to find it, one of these is described in:

 The Iterative Calculation of a Few of the Lowest Eigenvalues and Corresponding Eigenvectors of Large Real-Symmetric Matrices, Ernest R. Davidson; Journal of Computational Physics 17, 87-94 (1975)

This step is the most time-consuming part of the algorithm.

If  is the target state, expectation value of various operators can be measured at this point using .

Step 3: Reduce density matrix
Form the reduced density matrix  for the first two block system, the block and the left-site. By definition it is the  matrix:

Diagonalize  and form the  matrix , which rows are the  eigenvectors associated with the  largest eigenvalues  of . So  is formed by the most significant eigenstates of the reduced density matrix. You choose  looking to the parameter : .

Step 4: New block and universe-block operators
Form the  matrix representation of operators for the system composite of the block and left-site, and for the system composite of right-site and universe-block, for example:

Now, form the  matrix representations of the new block and universe-block operators, form a new block by changing basis with the transformation , for example:At this point the iteration is ended and the algorithm goes back to step 1.

The algorithm stops successfully when the observable converges to some value.

Matrix product ansatz

The success of the DMRG for 1D systems is related to the fact that it is a variational method within the space of matrix product states (MPS). These are states of the form

where  are the values of the e.g. z-component of the spin in a spin chain, and the Asi are matrices of arbitrary dimension m.  As m → ∞, the representation becomes exact. This theory was exposed by S. Rommer and S. Ostlund in .

In quantum chemistry application,  stands for the four possibilities of the projection of the spin quantum number of the two electrons that can occupy a single orbital, thus , where the first (second) entry of these kets corresponds to the spin-up(down) electron. In quantum chemistry,  (for a given ) and  (for a given ) are traditionally chosen to be row and column matrices, respectively. This way, the result of  is a scalar value and the trace operation is unnecessary.  is the number of sites (the orbitals basically) used in the simulation.

The matrices in the MPS ansatz are not unique, one can, for instance, insert  in the middle of , then define  and , and the state will stay unchanged. Such gauge freedom is employed to transform the matrices into a canonical form. Three types of canonical form exist: (1) left-normalized form, when

for all , (2) right-normalized form, when

for all , and (3) mixed-canonical form when both left- and right-normalized matrices exist among the  matrices in the above MPS ansatz.

The goal of the DMRG calculation is then to solve for the elements of each of the  matrices. The so-called one-site and two-site algorithms have been devised for this purpose. In the one-site algorithm, only one matrix (one site) whose elements are solved for at a time. Two-site just means that two matrices are first contracted (multiplied) into a single matrix, and then its elements are solved. The two-site algorithm is proposed because the one-site algorithm is much more prone to getting trapped at a local minimum. Having the MPS in one of the above canonical forms has the advantage of making the computation more favorable - it leads to the ordinary eigenvalue problem. Without canonicalization, one will be dealing with a generalized eigenvalue problem.

Extensions

In 2004 the time-evolving block decimation method was developed to implement real-time evolution of matrix product states. The idea is based on the classical simulation of a quantum computer. Subsequently, a new method was devised to compute real-time evolution within the DMRG formalism - See the paper by A. Feiguin and S.R. White .

In recent years, some proposals to extend the method to 2D and 3D have been put forward, extending the definition of the matrix product states. See this paper by F. Verstraete and I. Cirac, .

Further reading

 The original paper, by S. R. White,  or
 A textbook on DMRG and its origins: https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540661290
 A broad review, by Karen Hallberg, .
 Two reviews by Ulrich Schollwöck, one discussing the original formulation , and another in terms of matrix product states
 The Ph.D. thesis of Javier Rodríguez Laguna .
 An introduction to DMRG and its time-dependent extension .
 A list of DMRG e-prints on arxiv.org .
 A review article on DMRG for ab initio quantum chemistry .
 An introduction video on DMRG for ab initio quantum chemistry .

Related software
 The Matrix Product Toolkit: A free GPL set of tools for manipulating finite and infinite matrix product states written in C++
 Uni10: a library implementing numerous tensor network algorithms (DMRG, TEBD, MERA, PEPS ...) in C++
 Powder with Power: a free distribution of time-dependent DMRG code written in Fortran
 The ALPS Project: a free distribution of time-independent DMRG code and Quantum Monte Carlo codes written in C++
 DMRG++: a free implementation of DMRG written in C++
 The ITensor (Intelligent Tensor) Library: a free library for performing tensor and matrix-product state based DMRG calculations written in C++
 OpenMPS: an open source DMRG implementation based on Matrix Product States written in Python/Fortran2003.
 Snake DMRG program:  open source DMRG, tDMRG and finite temperature DMRG program written in C++
 CheMPS2: open source (GPL) spin-adapted DMRG code for ab initio quantum chemistry written in C++
 Block: open source DMRG framework for quantum chemistry and model Hamiltonians. Supports SU(2) and general non-Abelian symmetries. Written in C++.
 Block2: An efficient parallel implementation of DMRG, dynamical DMRG, tdDMRG, and finite temperature DMRG for quantum chemistry and models. Written in Python/C++.

See also
Quantum Monte Carlo
Time-evolving block decimation
Configuration interaction

References

Theoretical physics
Computational physics
Statistical mechanics

Density matrix renormalization group


الجبهة الداخلية لحرب الخليج الأولى هي المجهود المدني الداخلي للدولة الداعم للمجهود الحربي على جبهات القتال لاسيما اقتصاد الدولة، استمرت الحرب بين العراق وإيران 8 سنوات وبلغت قيمة الخسائر المادية التي تكبدها الطرفين جراء الحرب نحو 500 مليار دولار.

العراق

السكان
بلغ عدد سكان العراق سنة 1980 حوالي 13 مليون نسمة، وهو ما يشكل ثلث عدد سكان إيران آنذاك، وهو ما وفر ميزة لإيران في مجال القوة البشرية، خلال الحرب استقطب العراق أعداد كبيرة من العمالة الوافدة لاسيما من مصر إذ قدرت أعداد المصريين في العراق أثناء الحرب قرابة الثلاثة ملايين نسمة جند العراق منهم ما يقارب 30,000 جندي بينما ساعد العدد الباقي وهو يزيد عن المليونين في توفير عدد مماثل من العراقيين للعمل في المجهود الحربي.

النفط
تمثلت الصادرات العراقية في غالبها من النفط، وقبيل اندلاع الحرب كانت صادرات النفطية العراقية تبلغ 3.3 مليون برميل يوميًا في المتوسط خلال سنتي 1979 و1980  ،منهم 2.9 مليون برميل يصدرون عبر الخليج العربي عن طريق موانئ البكر وخور العمية والباقي يصدر عن طريق خط أنابيب كركوك-جيهان.

العائدات المالية من تصدير النفط أرتفعت من مليار دولار أمريكي سنة 1972  لتصل إلى 21 مليار سنة 1979 و25 مليار دولار في الشهور التسعة الأولى من سنة 1980 ،هذه العائدات تقلصت لتترواح ما بين 9 إلى 10 مليارات دولار سنويا خلال سنتي 1981 و1982 حيث هبطت الصادرات النفطية العراقية بسبب توقف ميناءي خور العمية والبكر في الخليج العربي عن تصدير النفط ونتيجة لذلك اعتمد العراق بشكل رئيسي على صادرات النفط عبر خط أنابيب كركوك-جيهان التي بلغت 650.000 برميل يوميا إضافة إلى تصدير 60,000 إلى 80,000 برميل يوميا عبر الأردن بالشاحنات وخلال تلك الفترة بلغ متوسط صادرات العراق من النفط سنة 1981 حوالي 0,99 مليون برميل يوميا في ديسمبر 1981 أعيد تشغيل خط أنابيب كركوك-بانياس بطاقة 350,000 يومياً لكن سوريا أعادت أغلاقه في 10 إبريل 1982  في سنة 1982 كان معدل التصدير بالمتوسط حوالي 0,97 مليون برميل نفط يوميا.

في 1983 بقي متوسط تصدير النفط أقل من مليون عند 0.92 مليون برميل، وقد تمكنت الحكومة العراقية من الحصول على قروض مالية ميسرة وأسلحة يحول ثمنها إلى قروض من عدد من الدول الصديقة القسم الأكبر من القروض يعود للكويت حوالي 17 مليار ونحو 20 مليار من دول من الخليج العربي و9 مليارات دولار من الاتحاد السوفيتي و4 مليارات دولار من فرنسا.

في الربع الأول من سنة 1987 قدر الدين الخارجي للعراق بـ 50 إلى 80 مليار دولار وحتى البنك المركزي العراقي الذي كان يملك بداية الحرب 35 مليار دولار كاحتياطي نقد أجنبي أستنفدت أرصدته في السنة الثالثة للحرب، في نهاية الحرب قدر الضرر الذي حل بالعراق جراء الحرب بـ 67 مليار دولار.

إيران
بلغ عدد سكان جمهورية إيران الإسلامية عام 1980 نحو 39 مليون نسمة، فيما بلغ إنتاج إيران من النفط في السنة المالية 21 مارس 1979 - 20 مارس 1980 نحو 3.4 مليون برميل يوميا في المتوسط يصدر منه 2.6 مليون برميل يومياً، انخفض هذا المعدل في السنة المالية 1981/1980 حوالي 57% ليصل الإنتاج إلى 1.48 مليون يوميا يصدر منه 762,000 برميل يوميا في المتوسط ، وعند اندلاع الحرب العراقية الإيرانية في سبتمبر 1980 كان متوسط التصدير اليومي 700.000 برميل أنخفض هذا المعدل إلى 200.000 لـ 100.000 برميل بعد أن ضرب سلاح الجو العراقي جزيرة خارج الإيرانية التي يصدر منها النفط الإيراني. في فبراير 1981 بعد إصلاح الأضرار التي أصابت جزيرة خارج النفطية صرحت مصادر رسمية أن صادرات البلاد من النفط قد بلغت 1.5 برميل يوميا أي ضعف ما كان قبل الحرب فيما قدرت المصادر النفطية في الغرب حجم التصدير الحقيقي بما يقارب المليون برميل يوميا

في النصف الأول من السنة المالية 1982/1981 بلغ متوسط تصدير النفط 1,000,000 برميل إلى 1,100,000 برميل يوميا في النصف الثاني من الفترة تراوح ما بين 500.000 برميل إلى 700.000 برميل بمتوسط 830,000 للسنة 1982/1981. وقد بلغت قيمة العائدات النفطية لعام 1980 نحو 11.6 مليار دولار و12.4 مليار دولار لعام 1981.

في شتاء عام 1982 أعلنت إيران عن نيتها زيادة إنتاجها النفطي إلى 3.000.000 برميل في تلك الفترة كان إنتاج إنتاج إيران قد وصل إلى 2.500.000 برميل منه 700.000 للاستهلاك المحلي.

معامل تكرير النفط الإيرانية تأثرت بالحرب لاسيما مصفاة عبادان التي دمرت في 22 سبتمبر 1980  وهي تعد أكبر مصافى النفط بالعالم إذ كانت المصفاة على مرمى نيران المدفعية العراقية، وقبل بداية الحرب كانت طاقة المصفاة التكريرية تصل إلى 630.000 برميل من النفط يومياً وهو ما يعادل 65% من الطاقة التكريرية للنفط في جمهورية إيران.، قدرت الحكومة الإيرانية الأضرار الأقتصادية للحرب على الاقتصاد الإيراني بحوالي 450 مليار دولار شملت الأضرار التي أصابت البنى التحتية والخسارة من فاقد الإنتاج دون احتساب النفط.

مصادر

مراجع
المراجع العربية

 المشير عبد الحليم أبو غزالة، الحرب العراقية ـ الإيرانية 1980 - 1988، القاهرة، 1993.

المراجع الأجنبية

 Christine Moss Helms، Iraq: eastern flank of the Arab world, Brookings Institution Press, 1984
 Efraim Karsh, The Iran-Iraq War, The Rosen Publishing Group, 2008
 Hooshang Amirahmadi Revolution and economic transition: the Iranian experience SUNY Press, 1990
 Ibrahim Al-Marashi & Sammy Salama, Iraq's armed forces: an analytical history Middle Eastern military studies ,Routledge, 2008
 Jahangir Amuzegar, Iran's economy under the Islamic Republic, I.B.Tauris, 1997
 Kamran Mofid، The Economic Consequences of the Gulf War, Routledge, 1990
 The Middle East and North Africa 2004, Regional surveys of the world
Middle East and North Africa، Europa Regional Surveys of the World 2004 Series,الناشر Routledge, 2004

حرب الخليج الأولى

الجبهة الداخلية خلال حرب الخليج الأولى


La batalla de Kirk Kilisse, batalla de Kirkkilise o batalla de Lozengrad se libró entre el 22 y el 24 de octubre de 1912, durante la primera guerra de los Balcanes, entre Bulgaria y el Imperio otomano.  El ejército búlgaro derrotó al otomano en la Tracia oriental.

Disposición de fuerzas
El enfrentamiento se libró entre el 22 y el 24 de octubre de 1912, entre Adrianópolis al oeste y Kirkkilise (Lozengrad), al este. La línea otomana la formaban: la guarnición de Adrianópolis, en el extremo izquierdo, una división de caballería, y luego los cuerpos de ejército IV, I, II y III. En el extremo derecho de le línea se encontraba la fortaleza de Lozengrad.

La batalla
El día 22, el 2.º Ejército búlgaro avanzó hacia Adrianópolis, para evitar que la guarnición pudiese auxiliar al resto de fuerzas que formaban la línea defensiva enemiga. Esa misma noche, el  Ejército búlgaro asaltó las anticuadas defensas de Lozengrad. Por la tarde, el  Ejército búlgaro entró en contacto con el grueso de las fuerzas enemigas al suroeste de Lozengrad, donde también se encontró con unidades de la guarnición de Adrianópolis, que avanzaban en dirección a Lozengrad.

Los búlgaros rechazaron un débil ataque a su flanco izquierdo, realizado por la guarnición de Adrianópolis, y un intento de flanquear el ala izquierda del  Ejército. La noche del 23 de octubre, los otomanos abandonaron en desorden los dos fuertes de Lozengrad, que los búlgaros tomaron sin encontrar resistencia a la mañana siguiente.

En los combates por el control de la plaza, los asaltos de infantería búlgaros, apoyados por la artillería, resultaron muy eficaces. Las fuerzas otomanas sufrieron la ineficacia de los mandos, la desmoralización de las tropas y la falta de disciplina de estas. A partir del 24, toda la línea otomana se hundió y se produjo una caótica retirada en mitad de la intensa lluvia.

Después de la victoria, el ministro de Guerra francés, Alexandre Millerand, declaró que el Ejército búlgaro era el mejor de Europa, y que preferiría tener cien mil búlgaros junto los Aliados que a cualquier otro ejército europeo.

Consecuencias
Los búlgaros sufrieron 887 muertos y 4034 heridos en la batalla, y los otomanos, unos 1500 muertos y heridos y entre 2000 y 3000 prisioneros. La pérdida de Lozengrad fue un grave revés para los otomanos y la derrota sumió al mando y a las tropas en la desmoralización. El norte de Tracia quedó en manos búlgaras. Abdullah bajá, afectado por la derrota, solicitó que el Consejo de Ministros pidiese la paz.

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Министерство на войната, Щаб на войската (1928). Войната между България и Турция, vol. II. Държавна печатница, София.

Conflictos en 1912
Kirk Kilisse
Kirk Kilisse
Kirk Kilisse
Batallas de Turquía del siglo XX

Batalla de Kirk Kilisse


Der Fischmarkt ist ein Platz am südlichen Rand der historischen Altstadt von Görlitz. Er zählt im Vergleich zu den beiden weiteren großen Stadtplätzen der Altstadt, dem Unter- und Obermarkt, zu den jüngeren Straßenanlegungen im historischen Stadtkern.

Seinen Namen erhielt der Platz, weil im 18. Jahrhundert der Heringsverkauf vom nördlichen Teil des Untermarktes hierher verlegt wurde. Das heutige Bild des Platzes wird durch die dominierenden beiden Schulgebäude auf der Ost- und auf der Südseite sowie drei große Bäume in der Platzmitte bestimmt. Ende Mai bzw. Anfang Juni finden jährlich die Freiluftveranstaltungen der Jazztage auf dem Platz statt.

Lage
Von Westen vom Klosterplatz kommend führt die Fischmarktstraße auf den Fischmarkt, der sich gen Osten dreieckförmig öffnet. Aus Richtung Norden mündet die Schwarze Straße und von Süden eine Gasse (einst Stockgässel genannt) von der Elisabethstraße kommend auf den Platz ein. In Richtung Osten führen die Bäckerstraße nördlich und die Krischelstraße südlich am Gebäude der Musikschule vorbei auf die Weberstraße.

Geschichte

Der Fischmarkt erhielt seinen Namen erst 1767 mit der Verlegung des Heringsmarktes von der Nordseite des Untermarktes nahe der Ratsapotheke an diesen Ort. Bis zum Stadtbrand am 5. September 1759, bei dem die ganze Bäckerstraße und die halbe Krischelstraße sowie die Hinterhäuser der Brüderstraße 8, 9 und 10, die auf den heutigen Platz hinauswiesen, niederbrannten, war der heutige Platz bebaut.

Die Häuser Fischmarkt 2 bis 5 waren einst Hinterhäuser zur Brüderstraße, wohingegen das Eckhaus Fischmarkt 1 (zugleich Schwarze Straße 8) bereits seit dem Sommer 1577 als selbstständiges Haus in den Geschossbüchern erscheint. Es gehörte damals Hans Sachse, einem Mitglied der Schützengilde. Der Bau an der Gabelung zwischen Bäcker- und Krischelstraße – die einstige Gemeindeschule V entstand erst in den Jahren 1836 bis 1838. Zuvor stand an dieser Stelle seit 1759 das Schuhhaus, das auf der damals wüsten Stelle erbaut wurde. Das Schuhhaus war ein einstöckiges Bauwerk aus Ziegelfachwerk mit einem Schindeldach. Im Jahr 1836 wurden die Schuhmacher in das Salzhaus auf dem Obermarkt gewiesen. Seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts wird das Schulhaus von der Musikschule genutzt.

Auf der Südseite des Platzes schließt sich der Fischmarkt 8 an. Dies waren einst zwei Häuser, die 1840 zusammengelegt wurden. In dem westlichen der einst zwei Häuser befand sich zwischen 1618 und 1780 die Leinwebermeister-Innung. Drei Häuser weiter befindet sich die prachtvolle Gemeindeschule VI (Fischmarkt 11), die heute die Grundschule Innenstadt beherbergt. Den Bau des Schulgebäudes beschloss der städtische Magistrat im Jahr 1895 und nach dem Abriss der Häuser Fischmarkt 11 bis 15 fand 1896 die Grundsteinlegung statt. In der Nummer 15 befand sich einst ein ausgedehnter Brauhof, den die Stadt bereits 1865 für 24.000 Taler erwarb. Den Abriss überdauerten Portal, Bodensturz, Kämpfer und Zwickel. Sie wurden 1902 für den Eingang des Neuen Rathauses Jüdenstraße 1 verwendet.

Der Entwurf des Schulgebäudes stammt vom Regierungsbaumeister Paul Schröder, die Ausführung wiederum übernahm der Görlitzer Architekt Adalbert Rothenburger. Am 25. Oktober 1897 nahm die Schule mit 17 Klassen den Lehrbetrieb auf. Das Schulhaus ist dem Renaissancestil nachempfunden. In der Flucht zur Schwarzen Straße befindet sich ein Durchgang zur Elisabethstraße vorbei am Schulhof, in dem sich die Bronzefigurengruppe Kistenkinder von Peter Fritzsche befindet. Zwischen den beiden Portalen des Durchganges, über dem mittleren Pfeiler des Durchganges ist das alte Görlitzer Wappen zu sehen.

Hinter den Häusern Fischmarkt 10 bis 14 lag einst die bis an die Stadtmauer reichende Büttelei. Sie wurde zuerst 1377 erwähnt, gewöhnlich Stockhaus genannt und diente als Gefängnis. Zwischen 1589 und 1601 bot sie auch dem städtischen Scharfrichter ein Heim, bis er 1601 in das Scharfrichterhaus am Finstertor in der Nikolaivorstadt verwiesen wurde. Im Jahr 1822 überließ der städtische Magistrat dem königlich preußischen Inquisitoriat die Büttelei, blieb jedoch Eigentümer des Hauses. Die Justizbehörde kaufte lediglich das Gebäude Fischmarkt 14 und überließ dies später der Stadt im Tausch gegen 2½ Morgen Land am Postplatz für den Bau eines neuen Gerichtsgebäudes. Zuerst entstand 1875 an der Stelle der einstigen Büttelei die Elisabethschule.

Weblinks

 goerlitz.de: Fischmarkt
 Homepage der Grundschule Innenstadt
 Homepage der Musikschule Johann Adam Hiller Görlitz

Einzelnachweise

Platz in Görlitz
Platz in Europa
Historische Altstadt (Görlitz)
Fischhandel

Fischmarkt (Görlitz)


An Arisaema maximowiczii in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Adolf Engler, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Takenoshin Nakai. An Arisaema maximowiczii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Arisaema, ngan familia nga Araceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 A. m. maximowiczii
 A. m. tashiroi

Mga kasarigan

Arisaema

Arisaema maximowiczii