City, University of London, is a public research university in London, United Kingdom, and a member institution of the federal University of London. It was founded in 1894 as the Northampton Institute, and became a university when The City University was created by royal charter in 1966. The Inns of Court School of Law, which merged with City in 2001, was established in 1852, making it the university's oldest constituent part. City joined the federal University of London on 1 September 2016, becoming part of the eighteen colleges and ten research institutes that then made up that university.

City has strong links with the City of London, and the Lord Mayor of London serves as the university's rector. The university has its main campus in Central London in the London Borough of Islington, with additional campuses in Islington, the City of London, the West End and East End. It is organised into six schools, within which there are around forty academic departments and centres, including the Department of Journalism, Bayes Business School (formerly Cass Business School), and City Law School which incorporates the Inns of Court School of Law. The annual income of the institution for 2021–22 was £262.1 million, of which £12.9 million was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £328.2 million.

City is a founding member of the WC2 University Network which developed for collaboration between leading universities of the heart of major world cities particularly to address cultural, environmental and political issues of common interest to world cities and their universities. The university is a member of the Association of MBAs, EQUIS and Universities UK. Alumni of City include a founding father, members of Parliament of the United Kingdom, governors, politicians and CEOs.

History

Origins

City traces its origin to the Northampton Institute and the City Law School (established in 1852). The first was named after the Marquess of Northampton who donated the land on which the institute was built, between Northampton Square and St John Street in Islington. The institute was established to provide for the education and welfare of the local population. It was constituted under the City of London Parochial Charities Act (1883), with the objective of "the promotion of the industrial skill, general knowledge, health and well-being of young men and women belonging to the poorer classes".

Northampton Polytechnic Institute was an institute of technology in Clerkenwell, London, founded in 1894. Its first Principal was Robert Mullineux Walmsley.

Alumni include Colin Cherry, Stuart Davies and Anthony Hunt. Arthur George Cocksedge, a British gymnast who competed in the 1920 Summer Olympics, was a member of the Northampton Polytechnic Institute's Gymnastics Club and was Champion of the United Kingdom in 1920. In 1937 Maurice Dennis of the (Northampton Polytechnic ABC) was the 1937 ABA Middleweight Champion. Frederick Handley Page was a lecturer in aeronautics at the institute. The Handley Page Type A, the first powered aircraft designed and built by him, ended up as an instructional airframe at the school. The novelist Eric Ambler studied engineering at the institute.

The six original departments at the institute were Applied Physics and Electrical Engineering; Artistic Crafts; Domestic Economy and Women's Trades; Electro-Chemistry; Horology (the science of time and art of clock-making); and Mechanical Engineering and Metal Trades.

20th century
A separate technical optics department was established in 1903–04. In 1909, the first students qualified for University of London BSc degrees in engineering as internal students. The Institute had been involved in aeronautics education since that year, and the School of Engineering and Mathematical Sciences celebrated the centenary of aeronautics at City in 2009. The institute was used for the 1908 Olympic Games; boxing took place there.

In 1957, the institute was designated a "College of Advanced Technology".

The institute's involvement in information science began in 1961, with the introduction of a course on "Collecting and Communicating Scientific Knowledge". City received its royal charter in 1966, becoming "The City University" to reflect the institution's close links with the City of London. The Apollo 15 astronauts visited City in 1971, and presented the Vice-Chancellor, Tait, with a piece of heat shield from the Apollo 15 rocket.

In October 1995, it was announced that City University would merge with both the St Bartholomew School of Nursing & Midwifery and the Charterhouse College of Radiography, doubling the number of students in City's Institute of Health Sciences to around 2,500.

21st century
The university formed a strategic alliance with Queen Mary, University of London, in April 2001. In May 2001, a fire in the college building gutted the fourth-floor offices and roof. In August 2001 City and the Inns of Court School of Law agreed to merge. Following a donation from Sir John Cass's Foundation, a multimillion-pound building was built at 106 Bunhill Row for the Business School.

A new £23 million building to house the School of Social Sciences and the Department of Language and Communication Science was opened in 2004. The reconstruction and redevelopment of the university's Grade II listed college building (following the fire in 2001) was completed in July 2006.

In 2007 the School of Arts received a £10m building refurbishment. A new students' union venue opened in October 2008 called "TEN squared", which provides a hub for students to socialise in during the day and hosts a wide range of evening entertainment including club nights, society events and quiz nights.

In January 2010, premises were shared with the University of East Anglia (UEA) London, following City's partnership with INTO University Partnerships. Since then City has resumed its own International Foundation Programme to prepare students for their pre-university year. City was ranked among the top 30 higher education institutions in the UK by the Times Higher Education Table of Tables.

In April 2011, it was announced that the current halls of residence and Saddler's Sports Centre will be closed and demolished for rebuilding in June 2011. The new student halls and sports facility, now known as CitySport, opened in 2015.

In September 2016 The City University became a member institution of the federal University of London and changed its name to City, University of London.

In 2023, a merger was proposed between City and St George's, University of London.

Campus

City has sites throughout London, with the main campus located at Northampton Square in the Finsbury area of Islington. The Rhind Building which houses the School of Arts and Social Sciences is directly west of Northampton Square. A few buildings of the main campus are located in nearby Goswell Road in Clerkenwell.

Other academic sites are:
 The City Law School (incorporating the former Inns of Court School of Law) on Sebastian Street, Islington.
 Bayes Business School in St Luke's, Islington, and at 200 Aldersgate in Smithfield, City of London
 INTO City in Spitalfields, Tower Hamlets

Organisation and administration

The rector of City, University of London, is ex officio the Lord Mayor of the City of London. The day-to-day running of the university is the responsibility of the president. The current president is Sir Anthony Finkelstein.

Schools
City, University of London, is organised into six schools:
 The City Law School, incorporating The Centre for Legal Studies and the Inns of Court School of Law
 School of Health & Psychological Sciences, incorporating St Bartholomew School of Nursing & Midwifery
 School of Communication & Creativity, including the Department of Journalism
 School of Policy and Global Affairs
 School of Science & Technology
 Bayes Business School (formerly Cass Business School)

Finances
In the financial year ended 31 July 2011, City had a total income (including share of joint ventures) of £178.6 million (2008/09 – £174.4 million) and total expenditure of £183.62 million (2008/09 – £178.82 million). Key sources of income included £39.58 million from Funding Council grants (2008/09 – £39.52 million), £116.91 million from tuition fees and education contracts (2008/09 – £104.39 million), £7.86 million from research grants and contracts (2008/09 – £9.29 million), £1.04 from endowment and investment income (2008/09 – £1.83 million) and £15.05 million from other income (2008/09 – £19.37 million).

During the 2010/11 financial year, City had a capital expenditure of £9.77 million (2008/09 – £16.13 million).

At year end, City had reserves and endowments of £112.89 million (2009/10 – £110.05 million) and total net assets of £147.64 million (2008/09 – £147.27 million).

Academic profile

Courses and rankings

City, University of London, offers Bachelor's, Master's, and Doctoral degrees as well as certificates and diplomas at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. More than two-thirds of City's programmes are recognised by the appropriate professional bodies such as the BCS, BPS, CILIP, ICE, RICS, HPC etc. in recognition of the high standards of relevance to the professions. The university also has an online careers network where over 2,000 former students offer practical help to current students.

The City Law School offers courses for undergraduates, postgraduates, master graduates and professional courses leading to qualification as a solicitor or barrister, as well as continuing professional development. Its Legal Practice Course has the highest quality rating from the Solicitors Regulation Authority.

The Department of Radiography (part of the School of Community and Health Sciences) offers two radiography degrees, the BSc (Hons) Radiography (Diagnostic Imaging) and BSc (Hons) Radiography (Radiotherapy and Oncology), both of which are recognised by the Health Professions Council (HPC).

Partnerships and collaborations

CETL
Queen Mary, University of London, and City, University of London, were jointly awarded Centre for Excellence in Teaching and Learning (CETL) status by the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in recognition of their work in skills training for 3,000 students across six healthcare professions.

City of London
City, University of London, has links with businesses in the City of London. City has also joined forces with other universities such as Queen Mary and the Institute of Education (both part of the University of London) with which it jointly delivers several leading degree programmes.

LCACE
London Centre for Arts and Cultural Exchange is a consortium of nine universities. It was established in 2004 to foster collaboration and to promote and support the exchange of knowledge between the consortium's partners and London's arts and cultural sectors. The nine institutions involved are: University of the Arts London; Birkbeck, University of London; City, University of London; The Courtauld Institute of Art; Goldsmiths, University of London; Guildhall School of Music & Drama; King's College London; Queen Mary, University of London, and Royal Holloway, University of London.

WC2 University Network
City is a founding member of the WC2 University Network, a network of universities developed with the goal of bringing together leading universities located in the heart of major world cities in order to address cultural, environmental and political issues of common interest to world cities and their universities. In addition to City, University of London, the founding members of WC2 members are: City University of New York, Technische Universität Berlin, Universidade de São Paulo, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, Saint Petersburg State Polytechnical University, Politecnico di Milano, University of Delhi, Northeastern University Boston and Tongji University.

Erasmus Mundus MULTI
City was selected as the sole British university to take part in the selective Erasmus Mundus MULTI programme, funded by the European Commission to promote scientific exchange between Europe and the industrialised countries of South-East Asia. It is the first Erasmus program to involve universities outside of Europe. In addition to City, the partner universities are: Aix-Marseille University (France), Univerzita Karlova v Praze (Czech Republic), Freie Universität Berlin (Germany), Universität des Saarlandes (Germany), Università di Pisa (Italy), Universidad de Sevilla (Spain), The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (Hong Kong, SAR China), Universiti Brunei Darussalam (Brunei), University of Macau (Macau, SAR China), Nanyang Technological University (Singapore), and National Taiwan University (Taiwan).

UCL Partners
City has joined the executive group of UCL Partners, one of five accredited academic health science groups in the UK. City was invited to join the partnership in recognition of its expertise in nursing, allied health, health services research and evaluation and health management.

City Research Online

City Research Online provides open access to, and reliable information about, research produced by City staff and research students, as permitted by publishers and copyright law, of content and metadata.

These include:
 Articles (submitted, accepted and published versions)
 Working papers
 Books
 Book chapters
 Conference papers
 Multimedia
 Doctoral theses

Student life

Students' Union
The City Students' Union is run primarily by students through three elected sabbatical officers, an executive committee and a union council, with oversight by a trustee board. The Students' Union provides support, representation, facilities, services, entertainment and activities for its members. It is run for students, by students.

Student media
City currently has two student-run media outlets, including Carrot Radio, which was co-founded by journalism postgraduates Jordan Gass-Pooré and Winston Lo in the autumn of 2018. Carrot Radio currently records weekday podcasts. The second is the student-led online magazine, Carrot Magazine. They released their first print magazine in December 2017.

Other
For a number of years, City students have taken part in the annual Lord Mayor's Show, representing the university in one of the country's largest and liveliest parades.

Sustainability ranking
City ranked joint 5th out of the 168 universities surveyed in the 2019 People & Planet league table of the most sustainable UK universities having climbed from 7th place in the 2016 league. In both the 2016 and 2019 rankings, it was the highest ranking University of London institution, and one of only four London institutions in the top twenty.

The league table's Fossil Free Scorecard report, drawn from Freedom of Information requests, found that £800,000 (6.4%) of City's £12.5m endowment was invested in fossil fuels, and that the institution had not made a public commitment to fossil fuel divestment. It also noted nearly £1m of research funding into renewables since 2001 with just £64k of total funding from fossil fuel companies; and no honorary degrees or board positions held by fossil fuel executives.

City announced on 4 July 2023 that it was divesting its investments from fossil fuel producers.

Notable people

Notable alumni

Government, politics and society

 Muhammad Ali Jinnah – founder of Pakistan, first Governor-General of Pakistan graduated from the Inns of Court school of Law (now part of The City Law School)
 Clement Attlee – Labour Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1945 to 1951
 H. H. Asquith – Liberal Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1908 to 1916
 Sir Tony Blair – Labour Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1997 to 2007, graduated from the Inns of Court School of Law (now part of The City Law School)
 Christos Staikouras – Finance Minister of Greece from 2019 to present
 Roderic Bowen – Welsh Liberal Party politician
 Robert Chote – chief of the Office for Budget Responsibility; former director of Institute for Fiscal Studies
 Ali Dizaei – former police commander
 Sir James Dutton – Royal Marine general and former deputy commander of the International Security Assistance Force
 Chloë Fox – Australian politician, former Labor MP for the South Australian electoral district of Bright
 Mahatma Gandhi – Leader of the Indian Independence Movement, graduated in 1891 from the Inns of Court School of Law (now part of The City Law School)
 Syed Sharifuddin Pirzada – Noted Pakistani lawyer & Politician. Also served as 5th secretary general of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
 James Hart – Commissioner of the City of London Police
 David Heath – Politician and Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for Somerton and Frome
 Syed Kamall – Conservative Party politician and Member of the European Parliament for the London European Parliament constituency
 David Lammy – Labour MP for Tottenham
 Ferdinand Alexander "Sandro" Araneta Marcos III – Member of the Philippine House of Representatives, eldest son of President Bongbong Marcos and First Lady Liza Araneta-Marcos, grandson of former President Ferdinand Marcos and former First Lady Imelda Marcos.
 Barbara Mensah – Judge
 Liu Mingkang – Chinese Politician and Businessman, current Chairman of the China Banking Regulatory Commission, former Vice-Governor of the China Development Bank
 Jawaharlal Nehru – First Prime Minister of the Republic of India
 Houda Nonoo – Bahraini Ambassador to the United States
 Patrick O'Flynn – UK Independence Party MEP
 Stav Shaffir – Youngest member of the Israeli Knesset, leader of the social justice movement
 Aris Spiliotopoulos – Minister of Greek Tourism
 Margaret Thatcher – Conservative Party Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990, graduated from the Inns of Court School of Law (now part of The City Law School)
 Ivy Williams – First woman to be called to the English bar

Arts, science and academia

 L. Bruce Archer – British mechanical engineer and Professor of Design Research at the Royal College of Art
 Susan Bickley – Mezzo-soprano in opera and classical music
 George Daniels – Horologist, regarded as the greatest watchmaker of modern times and inventor of the coaxial escapement
 Jerry Fishenden – Technologist, former Microsoft National Technology Officer for the UK
 Julia Gomelskaya – Ukrainian contemporary music composer, professor of Odesa State Music Academy in Ukraine
 Norman Gowar – Professor of Mathematics at the Open University and Principal of Royal Holloway College, University of London
 Clare Hammond – Concert pianist
 David Hirsh – Academic and sociologist
 Muhammad Iqbal – Muslim poet, philosopher and politician, born in present-day Pakistan, graduated from the Inns of Court School of Law and University of Cambridge
 John Hodge – Aeronautical Engineer who played a key role in NASA and America's space race.
 John Loder – Sound engineer, record producer and founder of Southern Studios, as well as a former member of EXIT
 Sharon Maguire – Director of Bridget Jones's Diary
 Rhodri Marsden – Journalist, musician and blogger; columnist for The Independent
 Robin Milner – Computer scientist and recipient of the 1991 ACM Turing Award
 Bernard Miles – Actor and founder of the Mermaid Theatre.
 John Palmer – Instrumental and electroacoustic music composer
 Ziauddin Sardar – Academic and scholar of Islamic issues, Commissioner of the Equality and Human Rights Commission
 Theresa Wallach – Pioneer female engineer, motorcycle adventurer, author, educator and entrepreneur, holder of Brooklands Gold Star.

Business and finance

 Winston Set Aung – Politician, Economist and Management Consultant, incumbent Deputy Governor of the Central Bank of Myanmar
 Brendan Barber – former General Secretary of the Trades Union Congress
 Jonathan Breeze – Founder and CEO of Jet Republic, private jet airline company in Europe
 Michael Boulos – Associate director of Callian Capital Group, and partner of Tiffany Trump
 William Castell – Former Chairman of the Wellcome Trust and a Director of General Electric and BP, former CEO of Amersham plc
 Peter Cullum – British entrepreneur
 James J. Greco – Former CEO and President of Sbarro
 Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou – Founder of easyGroup
 Tom Ilube – CBE, British entrepreneur and Chair of the RFU
 Bob Kelly – Former CEO of Bank of New York Mellon and CFO of Mellon Financial Corporation and Wachovia Corporation
 Muhtar Kent – Former CEO and chairman of The Coca-Cola Company
 William Lewis – Former CEO Dow Jones Publisher, The Wall Street Journal
 Ian Livingstone – chairman and co-owner, London & Regional Properties
 Liu Mingkang – Former Chairman of the China Banking Regulatory Commission
 Dick Olver – Former Chairman of BAE Systems, member of the board of directors at Reuters
 Syed Ali Raza – Former president and Chairman of the National Bank of Pakistan
 Martin Wheatley – Former CEO of the Financial Conduct Authority
 Brian Wynter – Governor of the Bank of Jamaica
 Durmuş Yılmaz – Governor of the Central Bank of Turkey

Media and entertainment

 Samira Ahmed – Channel 4 News presenter, BBC News presenter, writer and journalist
 Decca Aitkenhead – Journalist
 Joanna Blythman – Non-fiction writer, Britain's leading investigative food journalist
 Emily Buchanan – BBC World Affairs correspondent
 Sally Bundock – BBC presenter
 Ellie Crisell – BBC presenter
 Imogen Edwards-Jones – Novelist
 Gamal Fahnbulleh – Sky News presenter and journalist
 Mimi Fawaz, BBC presenter and journalist
 Michael Fish – BBC weatherman
 Adam Fleming – CBBC reporter
 Lourdes Garcia-Navarro – Journalist, Jerusalem foreign correspondent for National Public Radio (NPR)
 Alex Graham – chairman of PACT and the Scott Trust
 Michael Grothaus – Novelist and journalist; author of Epiphany Jones
 Rachel Horne – BBC and Virgin Radio presenter and journalist
 Faisal Islam – BBC News economics editor
 Gillian Joseph – Sky News presenter
 Kirsty Lang – BBC presenter and journalist
 Ellie Levenson – Freelance journalist and author
 William Lewis – Journalist and editor of The Daily Telegraph
 Donal MacIntyre – Investigative journalist
 Sharon Maguire – Writer and director, directed Bridget Jones's Diary
 Rhodri Marsden – Journalist, musician and blogger; columnist for The Independent
 Sharon Mascall – Journalist, broadcaster and writer; lecturer at the University of South Australia
 Lucrezia Millarini – Freelance journalist and ITV newsreader
 Dermot Murnaghan – Presenter on Sky News
 Tiff Needell – Grand Prix driver, presenter of Fifth Gear on Five
 Maryam Nemazee – presenter for Al Jazeera London
 Linda Papadopoulos – psychologist, appearing occasionally on TV
 Sebastian Payne – Journalist
 Catherine Pepinster – journalist, religion writer
 Raj Persaud – British consultant psychiatrist, broadcaster, and author on psychiatry
 Richard Preston – Novelist
 Gavin Ramjaun – Television presenter and journalist
 Sophie Raworth – Newsreader, presenter on BBC One O'Clock News
 Apsara Reddy – Journalist
 Joel Rubin – World-renowned klezmer clarinetist
 Ian Saville – British magician
 Barbara Serra – Presenter for Al Jazeera London
 Sarah Walker – BBC Radio 3 presenter
 Josh Widdicombe – Comedian and presenter

Notable faculty and staff

 Rosemary Crompton –  Professor of Sociology
 Roy Greenslade – Journalist
 Steven Haberman – Professor of Actuarial Science at City, University of London
 Corinna Hawkes – Professor of Food Policy
 Rosemary Hollis – Professor of International Politics at City, University of London
 Jamal Nazrul Islam – Physicist, Mathematician, Cosmologist, Astronomer
 Ernest Krausz (1931-2018) - Israeli professor of sociology and President at Bar Ilan University
 David Leigh – Journalist
 David Marks – Psychologist
 Penny Marshall – Journalist
 Stewart Purvis – Broadcaster
 Denis Smalley – Composer
 Bill Thompson – Journalist
 David Willets – Conservative Member of Parliament for Havant; Shadow Secretary of State for Education and Skills

Vice-Chancellors (Pre-2016) / Presidents (Post-2016)
 1966–1974: Sir James Sharp Tait
 1974–1978: Sir Edward W. Parkes
 1978–1998: Raoul Franklin
 1998–2007: David William Rhind
 2007–2009: Malcolm Gillies
 2009–2010: Julius Weinberg (acting)
 2010–2021: Sir Paul Curran
 2021–Present: Sir Anthony Finkelstein

In popular culture
City University's Bastwick Street Halls of Residence in Islington was the first home of MasterChef following its 2005 revival.

See also
 Armorial of UK universities
 College of advanced technology (United Kingdom)
 List of universities in the UK

References

External links

 City, University of London
 City, University of London, Students Union
 Lists of Northampton Polytechnic Institute students
 List of Northampton Polytechnic Institute military personnel, 1914–1918

Optometry schools
Schools of informatics
Educational institutions established in 1894
1894 establishments in England
Venues of the 1908 Summer Olympics
Olympic boxing venues
Universities UK

City, University of London


القَتَاد أو القفعاء أو مِخْلَب العقاب أو عَنْزَرُوت أو قَدَّاد (أو الأَسْطَرَاغَالُوس أو أسطرغالوس في الترجمات الحرفية)  جنس نبات يضم حوالي 3000 نوع من النباتات  معظمها أعشاب وجنبات، ينتمي إلى الفصيلة البقولية، ويكثر في المناطق المعتدلة من نصف الكرة الأرضية الشمالي.

أسماء أخرى
 قفعاء من الممكن أن يطلق اسم القفعاء أيضا مكان القتاد حيث أن قاموس لسان العرب لابن منظور قد ذكر أن الاسم اشتق من صفة ثمر هذه النباتات «...والقَفْعاءُ حَشِيشةٌ ضعيفة خَوّارةٌ وهي من أَحرار البُقُولِ، وقيل: هي شجرة تنبت فيها حَلَقٌ كحَلَقِ الخَواتِيمِ إِلا أَنها لا تلتقي، تكون كذلك ما دامت رَطْبة، فإِذا يَبِسَت سقط ذلك عنها...» وذكر أيضا «...قال الليث: القَفْعاءُ حشيشةٌ خَوّارةٌ من نبات الربيع خَشْناء الورَقِ، لها نَور أَحمر مثل شَرَرِ النار، وورَقُها تَراها مُسْتَعْلِياتٍ من فوق وثمرها مُقَفَّعٌ من تحت...»
 أصابع العروس
 بيقية اللبن أو بيقية الحليب أو جلبان الحليب أو كرسنة الحليب وهي الترجمة الحرفية من الإنكليزية .

من أنواع القتاد الواطنة في الوطن العربي
يضم أكثر من مئة نوع، منها:
 القتاد الإبراهيمي  في المغرب العربي
 قتاد إصبعي الثمار  في المشرق العربي وتركيا
 القتاد الأشعث  في مصر
 القتاد الأشيب  في المغرب العربي وجنوب غرب أوروبا
 القتاد الأصغر  في المغرب العربي وجنوب غرب أوروبا
 قتاد الأطلس المتوسط  في المغرب العربي
 القتاد الغرناطي  أو  في إسبانيا والمغرب العربي
 القَتَاد الأمانوسي  في بلاد الشام
 قتاد البحر الميت  في بلاد الشام وسيناء
 القَتَاد البروغييري  في بلاد الشام وتركيا
 القَتَاد البعوضي  في معظم مناطق حوض المتوسط
 قتاد بيتلحمي  في بلاد الشام
 القتاد بيضوي الرأس  في بلاد الشام وتركيا
 القتاد البيوتي  في بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي وحوض المتوسط
 القَتَاد الثعلبي  في المغرب العربي وإسبانيا وفرنسا
 القَتَاد ثلاثي الأشعة  في بلاد الشام
 القتاد الجزائري  في المغرب العربي
 القَتَاد الجملي  في سيناء
 القَتَاد حاد اللسان  في بلاد الشام وبعض مناطق حوض البحر الأسود
 القَتَاد الحاصباني  في بلاد الشام
 القتاد الحريري (خناصير العروس)
 القتاد الحلبي
 القتاد الحلقي أو الحُربُث (أصابع العروس)
 القتاد الحواري  في مصر والمغرب العربي
 القتاد الخردلي  في بلاد الشام وتركيا
 القتاد الخطافي أو العجفة  في بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي وحوض المتوسط وشرق أوروبا
 القتاد الدرهمي  في بلاد الشام وكريت
 القَتَاد الزحلاوي  في بلاد الشام
 القَتَاد السمسمي  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي ومعظم مناطق حوض المتوسط
 القتاد شصي الثمار
 القتاد الشمبري (حالب)
 القتاد الشوكي (الجداد)  في بلاد الشام ومصر
 القتاد الصنوبري
 القتاد الصمغي  في العراق وكردستان
 القتاد طويل الأسنان
 القتاد العطري  في بلاد الشام وتركيا والقوقاز والبلقان
 القتاد العقربي  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي وإسبانيا
 القتاد الغربي  في المغرب العربي وإسبانيا والبرتغال
 القتاد الغريفي  في المغرب العربي
 القتاد الفصلي  في بلاد الشام ومصر
 القَتَاد الفليني  في بلاد الشام
 القَتَاد فوقي اللسان  في بلاد الشام والمغرب العربي ومعظم مناطق حوض المتوسط
 القتاد القاهري  في مصر
 القَتَاد القلموني  في بلاد الشام
 القتاد القنفذي  في بلاد الشام وتركيا والقوقاز
 القتاد الكراليكي  في مصر والمغرب العربي
 القتاد الكوفي أو كريشة الحمار  في العراق
 قتاد اللجاة  في بلاد الشام
 القتاد اللين  في بلاد الشام
 القتاد الماعزي  في بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي وتركيا وجزر المتوسط
 القتاد المتناثر  في بلاد الشام وسيناء
 القتاد المثلث  في بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي
 القتاد المجعّد (خزام القط)  في المغرب العربي وبلاد الشام والعراق ومصر وتركيا وقبرص وروسيا
 القتاد المراكشي  في المغرب العربي
 القتاد المريوطي  في مصر والمغرب العربي
 القتاد المستوحد  في بلاد الشام ومصر والمغرب العربي
 القَتَاد المسلح  في المغرب العربي
 القتاد المضغوط أو الرخامة  في بلاد الشام
 القتاد المعقوف  في بلاد الشام وتركيا
 القَتَاد المعياري  في بلاد الشام وتركيا
 القتاد المغربي  في المغرب العربي
 القَتَاد ملون القمة  في بلاد الشام
 القتاد المنخفض  في المغرب العربي وأوروبا
 القَتَاد منزوع الحواف  في بلاد الشام وتركيا
 القَتَاد الموري  في المغرب العربي
 القَتَاد الموصلي  في بلاد الشام والعراق
 قتاد مير  في المغرب العربي

من أنواع القتاد خارج الوطن العربي
 القتاد البحري  في سردينيا
 القتاد الحليبي  في البلقان
 القتاد الليونتيني  في البلقان وإيطاليا وسويسرا وفرنسا وإسبانيا
 القتاد الهسباني  في إسبانيا
 القتاد اليوناني
 قتاد حبشي أو نبات السيف
 قتاد نجمي أو قفعاء الحليب
 عظام الفأر
 العنزروت

الاستعمالات الشعبية
يستخدم القتاد من نوع القَتَاد الداني أو الأسطراغالُس القريب أو المُجاوِر وَيُسمّى أيضًا «القفعاء الدانية»  (Astragalus propinquus). ويسمّى أيضًا Astragalus membranaceus كنبات طبي في الطب الصيني الشعبي

الأبحاث
قامت شركات تقانة حيوية Geron Corporation و TA Therapeutics في هونغ كونغ باستحصال محفز لأنزيم التيلوميراز telomerase ويتم دراسة مادة cycloastragenol وتسمى أيضاً TAT2 كدواء يكافح فيروس مرض الإيدز والأخماج المترافقة الأمراض المزمنة أو الشيخوخة.
ولكن معاهد الصحة الأمريكية تقول: إن الأدلة على فائدة نبات القتاد لأي حالة صحية محدودة وهنالك نقص في وجود تجارب سريرية عالية الجودة ولكن يوجد دليل أولي على أن القتاد يعزز جهاز المناعة والقلب والكبد إما منفرداً وإما بالتشارك مع أعشاب أخرى كمعالجة داعمة لمرض السرطان..

التأثيرات الجانبية
قد يتداخل القتاد مع الأدوية المثبطة للمناعة كالسيكلوفوسفاميد. وقد يؤثر على مستوى السكر بالدم وعلى ضغط الدم. وبعض أنواع القتاد سامة. فبعض أنواعه التي تنمو في الولايات المتحدة تحوي سم عصبي neurotoxin هو swainsonine .

المراجع

وصلات خارجية
 Astragalus
 Large list of species
 Very large list of species (with synonyms).
 Astragalus at a Glance This صفحة حقائق من معاهد الصحة الأمريكية عن نبات القتاد من حيث أسمائه الشائعة والاستعمالات والتأثيرات الجانبية المحتملة ومصادر لمعلومات إضافية.
 Chinese Milkvetch, Astragalus membranaceus, Kansas State University
 مقال موسع عن القتاد من المركز الطبي في جامعة مريلاند

أجناس الفصيلة البقولية
أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
مكملات غذائية
نباتات طبية
نباتات مستخدمة في الطب الصيني التقليدي

قتاد


صوت الموسيقى هي إذاعة لبنانية تبث من بيروت. بدأت البث في أكتوبر 1998م.

موجاتها
 بيروت وجبل لبنان والبقاع: 106.5 و 106.9 أف أم.
 جنوب وشمال لبنان: 106.7 أف أم.
 دمشق ودرعا والسويدا والقنيطرة: 106.5 أف أم.
 حمص وطرطوس واللاذقية: 106.7 أف أم.
 إربد ومعان وجرش: 106.5 أف أم.
 قبرص: 106.5 أف أم.
 مصر: 106.5 أف أم.
 تركيا: 106.5 أف أم.
 الإنترنت: البث الحي

مراجع

 الموقع الرسمي لإذاعة صوت الموسيقى

إذاعات لبنان

صوت الموسيقى (إذاعة)


Henry Stuart (ili Stewart), vojvoda od Albanyja (7. prosinca 1545. – 10. veljače 1567.), oslovljavan kao lord Darnley do 1565., bio je škotski kralj-supružnik, od 1565. do 1567., kada je bio ubijek kod Kirk o' Fielda. Brojni suvremeni zapisi koji opisuju njegov život i smrt navode ga kao lorda Darnleya, što je bila njegova titula kao nasljednika grofa od Lennoxa, i to je naziv pod kojim je općenito poznat.

Bio je najstariji živi sin Matthewa Stewarta, 4. grofa od Lennoxa i njegove žene, lady Margaret Douglas, kćeri Archibalda Douglasa, 6. grofa od Angusa, i Margaret Tudor, kćeri engleskoga kralja Henrika VII. i udovice škotskoga kralja Jakova IV. Općenito se smatra da je Darnley rođen 7. prosinca, ali je taj podatak osporavan. Bio je prvi rođak i drugi muž škotske kraljice Marije I., te otac škotskoga kralja Jakova VI., koji je naslijedio englesku kraljicu Elizabetu I., kao Jakov I.

Mladost

Henry Stuart, lord Darnley, rođen je u Temple Newsamu u Leedsu, 1545. godine. Međutim, taj je datum nesiguran, jer njegovi roditelji nisu bili zajedno početkom 1545., a u pismu iz ožujka 1566., škotska kraljica Marija I. govori da je Darnleyu tada bilo devetnaest godine. Stoga se 1546. godina čini izglednijom. Kao potomak škotskoga kralja Jakova II. i engleskoga kralja Henrika VII., Darnley je bio nasljednik dviju kraljevskih dinastija, Stuart i Tudor, te je tako imao pravo i na škotsko i na englesko prijestolje; pravo koje ga je moglo koštati života.

Njegov je otac, Matthew Stewart, 4. grof od Lennoxa, 1545. godine proglašen krivim za izdaju u Škotskoj, jer se stavio na englesku stranu u Ratu grubog udvaranja, protivno Mariji od Guisea i regentu Arranu. Obiteljski posjedi u Škotskoj bili su oduzeti, te je njegov otac otišao u egzil u Englesku, gdje je ostao 22 godine, vrativši se u Škotsku 1564. Njegova majka, Margaret Douglas, grofica od Lennoxa, napustila je Škotsku 1528.

Mladi je Henry bio svjestan svoga statusa i naslijeđa. Dobro upućen u latinski, te upoznat s gaelskim, engleski i francuskim, dobio je obrazovanje koji doliči njegovom kraljevskom podrijetlu, te je bio izvrstan u pjevanju, sviranju lutnje i plesu. Među njegovim tutorima bio je škotski znanstvenik John Elder. Elder je zagovarao anglo-škotsku uniju kroz brak škotske kraljice Marije i engleskoga princa Edvarda. Njegov savjet kralju Henriku VIII. nazvan je Savjet crvenonoge prutke (Advice of a Redshank). Još jedan učitelj mladomu nasljedniku bio je Arthur Lallart, koji je kasnije bio ispitivan u Londonu, zbog svoga odlaska u Škotsku 1562.

Za Henryja se navodilo da je snažan i atletske građe, vješt konjaništvu i oružju, te strasni lovac i sokolar. Njegov mladenački karakter donekle se vidi iz pisma iz ožujka 1554., upućenom engleskoj kraljici Mariji I. iz Temple Newsama, u kojemu on piše o tomu kako pravi kartu, Utopia Nova, i o svojoj želji iz "svake vlasi u svojoj glavi da budem vrijedan vojnik".

Lennoxova kriza

Lennoxova kriza (1558. – 1563.) bila je potlitička dilema u Engleskoj, proizišla iz dinaastijskih ambicija Lennoxovih: Matthew Stewart, 4. grof od Lennoxa, bio je treći u redu nasljedstva za škotsko prijestolje, a njegova žena, Margaret Douglas, grofica od Lennoxa, bila je nećakinja Henrika VIII. (kći Henrikove sestre Margaret Tudor) i unuka Henrika VII., čime je bila druga u redu nasljedstva na englesko prijestolje, nakon škotske kraljice Marije I., i njezina sina Darnleya nakon nje, u slučaju da Elizabeta iz nekog razloga ne stupi na prijestolje ili ga ne zadrži. Obitelj Lennox predstavljala je alternativnu liniju nasljedstva na englesko prijestolje preko Margaret Tudor. Kao rimokatolici, predstavljali su prijetnju protestantskoj Engleskoj, osobito 1558., kada je kraljica Elizabeta u dobi od 26 godina sjela na prijestolje. Iako je Elizabeta bila bistra, duhovita i dobro obrazovana za svoju poziciju, kao žena morala se dokazivati. Mnogi bi rimokatolici radije vidjeli na prijestolju katolkinju, škotsku kraljicu Mariju, smatrajući Elizabetu nezakonitom, jer Katolička crkva nije priznavala ženidbu njezinih roditelja. I mnogi bi voljeli da je Darnley, kao muškarac, na prijestolju. Svi ovi međusobni odnosi stvoreni su za složene intrige, špijuniranje, strategiranje i manevriranje vlasti na raznim sudovima. Sve su te poveznice doprinosile složenim spletkama, špijuniranjima, strategijama i manevriranjem s ciljem stjecanja vlasti na različitim dvorovima.

Brak sa škotskom kraljicom

Darnley je krenuo iz Londona 3. veljače 1565., i stigao u Edinburgh 12. veljače. Predstavio se Mariji 17. veljače u dvorcu Wemyss, u Fifeu. Nakon kratkoga posjeta svomu ocu u Dunkeldu, Darnley se vratio Mariji i dvoru u palači Holyrood, 24. veljače. On je bio Marijin prvi polurođak kroz dva različita braka njihove bake, Margaret Tudor, čime su i Marija i Darnley bili u redu nasljedstva na englesko prijestolje. Darnley je također bio potomak kćeri Jakova II. Škotskoga, te tako i u redu nasljedstva škotskoga prijestolja.

Prije sklapanja ženidbe, Darnley je imenovan grofom od Rossa, 15. svibnja 1565. Pratnja od 15 muškaraca dobili su vitešku čast. Istovremeno, u Engleskoj, zabrinuto Tajno vijeće raspravljalo je 4. lipnja 1565. o opasnostima planirane ženidbe. Jedan od njihovih zaključaka bio je da se olakša nemilst prema lady Catherine Grey'', suparnici Marije Stuart za englesko prijestolje.

Darnley je nadalje, 22. srpnja, imenovan za vojvodu od Albanyja, te je ženidba naviještena u župi Canongate. Pročitan je proglas kod križa u Edinburghu, 28. srpnja, da će vlast biti u zajednička imena kralja i kraljice Škotâ, izjednačivši tako Darnleya s Marijom. To je potvrđeno cirkulacijom srebrenog novca s njihovim imenima.

Ženidba se održala 29. srpnja 1565., po katoličkom obredu, u Marijinoj privatnoj kapeli u Holyroodu, ali je Darnley (čija su vjerska uvjerenja bila nestalna - odgojen je kao katolik, ali je kasnije bio pod protestantskim utjecajem) odbio pratiti Mariju na Misu nakon obreda vjenčanja.

Otuđenje

Nedugo nakon što se Marija udala za Darnleya, postaja je svjesna njegovih ispraznih, arogantnih i nepouzdanih odlika, koje su prijetile dobrobiti države. Henry nije bio popularan kod drugih plemića i imao je nasilne crte, otežane njegovom sklonošću piću. Marija mu je odbila dati pravo nasljedstva na prijestolje, ako bi ona umrla bez djece. U kolovozu 1565., manje od mjesec dana nakon ženidbe, William Cecil je dobio informaciju da je Darnleyev bezobrazluk otjerao Lennoxa sa škotskoga dvora. Marija je uskoro postala trudna.

Darnley i njegova družina, protestantski škotski plemići, izboli su 56 puta Marijina osobnog tajnika, Davida Rizzija, 9. ožujka 1566., u prisutnosti kraljice, koja je bila u sedmom mjesecu trudnoće, u njezinoj blagovaonici. Prema engleskim diplomatima Thomasu Randolphu i Francisu Russellu, grofu od Bedforda, Rizzijevo je ubojstvo bilo dijelom Darnleyeva pokušaja da prisili Mariju da mu ipak preda pravo na krunu.

Rođenje sina i smrt
Marijin i Darnleyev sin Jakov rođen je 19. lipnja 1566. u dvorcu Edinburgh. Kršten je s imenom Karlo Jakov (Charles James), 17. prosinca 1566., u dvorcu Stirling, prema katoličkom obredu. Kumovi su mu bili Karlo IX., kralj Francuske, Elizabeta I. i Emanuel Filibert, savojski vojvoda.

Nakon Jakovljeva rođenja, nasljedstvo se činilo sigurnijim; krajem 1566. i početkom 1567. činilo se da su Darnley i Marija bliži pomirenju, jer je često viđena da odlazi u njegove odaje. Međutim, njegovo ustrajavanje da mu se dodijeli pravo nasljedstva i dalje je bilo izvorom bračnoga razočaranja.

Darnley je ubijen osam mjeseci nakon Jakovljeva rođenja. Njegovo tijelo i tijelo njegova sobara nađeni su u voćnjaku kod Kirk o' Fielda u Edinburghu, gdje su tada boravili.

Rodoslovlje

Izvori

Henry Stuart, lord Darnley
Škotsko plemstvo

Henry Stuart, lord Darnley


The Werewolf este un film de groază american din 1913, regizat de Henry MacRae. În rolurile principale Clarence Burton, Marie Walcamp și Phyllis Gordon.

Distribuție
 Clarence Burton ca Ezra Vance
 Marie Walcamp ca Ke-On-Ee
 Phyllis Gordon ca Watuma
 Lule Warrenton ca Ke-On-Ee
 Sherman Bainbridge ca Stone Eye
 William Clifford ca Jack Ford

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
The Werewolf (1956)

Filme din 1913
Filme în limba engleză
Filme americane
Filme cu vârcolaci
Filme de groază
Filme alb-negru
Filme mute

The Werewolf (film din 1913)


Karl Robert Eduard von Hartmann (23 February 1842 – 5 June 1906) was a German philosopher, independent scholar and author of Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869). His notable ideas include the theory of the Unconscious and a pessimistic interpretation of the "best of all possible worlds" concept in metaphysics.

Biography
Von Hartmann was born in Berlin, the son of Prussian Major General Robert von Hartmann and was educated with the intention of him pursuing a military career. In 1858 he entered the Guards Artillery Regiment of the Prussian Army and attended the United Artillery and Engineering School. He achieved the rank of first lieutenant but took leave from the army in 1865 due to a chronic knee problem. After some hesitation between pursuing music or philosophy, he decided to make the latter his profession, and in 1867 earned his Ph.D. from the University of Rostock. In 1868 he formally resigned from the army. After the great success of his first work Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869)—the publication of which led to Von Hartmann being embroiled in the pessimism controversy in Germany—he rejected professorships offered to him by the universities of Leipzig, Göttingen and Berlin.

He subsequently returned to Berlin. For many years, he lived a retired life of study as an independent scholar, doing most of his work in bed, while suffering great pain.

Von Hartmann married Agnes Taubert (1844–1877) on 3 July 1872 in Charlottenburg. After her death, he married Alma Lorenz (1854–1931) on 4 November 1878 in Bremen. The marriages produced six children.

He died at Groß-Lichterfelde in 1906 and is buried in an honorary grave in the Columbiadamm Cemetery in Berlin.

Philosophical work
His reputation as a philosopher was established by his first book, Philosophy of the Unconscious (1869; 10th ed. 1890). This success was largely due to the originality of its title, the diversity of its contents (Von Hartmann professing to obtain his speculative results by the methods of inductive science, and making plentiful use of concrete illustrations), its fashionable pessimism and the vigour and lucidity of its style. The conception of the Unconscious, by which Von Hartmann describes his ultimate metaphysical principle is, fundamentally, not as paradoxical as it sounds, being merely a new and mysterious designation for the Absolute of German metaphysicians.

The Unconscious is both Will and Reason (the latter concept also interpreted as Idea) and the absolute all-embracing ground of all existence. Von Hartmann thus combines pantheism with panlogism in a manner adumbrated by Schelling in his positive philosophy. Nevertheless, Will and not Reason is the primary aspect of the Unconscious, whose melancholy career is determined by the primacy of the Will and the latency of the Reason. Will is void of reason when it passes from potentiality to actual willing. The original state of the Unconscious is one of potentiality, in which, by pure chance, the Will begins to strive. In the transition state, called that of the empty Will, there is no definite end. Acting on its own, the Will creates absolute misery.

To avoid the unhappiness of aimless desire, the Will realizes the ideas already potentially present and the Unconscious becomes actual. The existence of the universe is the result, then, of the illogical Will, but its characteristics and laws are all due to the Idea or Reason and are, therefore, logical. It is the best of all possible worlds, which contains the promise of the redemption of the Unconscious from actual existence by the exercise of Reason in partnership with the Will in the consciousness of the enlightened pessimist.

The history of the world is that given by natural science, and particular emphasis is laid upon the Darwinian theory of evolution. Humanity developed from the animal, and with the appearance of the first human being the deliverance of the world is in sight, for only in the human being does consciousness reach such height and complexity as to act independently of the Will. As consciousness develops, there is a constantly growing recognition of the fact that deliverance must lie in a return to the original state of non-willing, which means the non-existence of all individuals and the potentiality of the Unconscious. When the greater part of the Will in existence is so far enlightened by reason as to perceive the inevitable misery of existence, a collective effort to will non-existence will be made, and the world will relapse into nothingness, the Unconscious into quiescence.

Von Hartmann called his philosophy a transcendental realism, because in it he professed to reach by means of induction from the broadest possible basis of experience a knowledge of that which lies beyond experience. A certain portion of consciousness, namely perception, begins, changes and ends without our consent and often in direct opposition to our desires. Perception, then, cannot be adequately explained from the ego alone, and the existence of things outside experience must be posited. Moreover, since they act upon consciousness and do so in different ways at different times, they must have those qualities assigned to them which would make such action possible. Causality is thus made the link that connects the subjective world of ideas with the objective world of things.

An examination of the rest of experience, especially such phenomena as instinct, voluntary motion, sexual love, artistic production and the like, makes it evident that Will and Idea, unconscious but teleological, are everywhere operative, and that the underlying force is one and not many. This thing-in-itself may be called the Unconscious. It has two equally original attributes, namely, Will and Idea (or Reason).

The Unconscious appears as a combination of the metaphysics of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel with that of Arthur Schopenhauer. In Von Hartmann's view, Hegel and Schopenhauer were both wrong in making Idea or Reason subordinate to Will or Will subordinate to Idea or Reason; on the contrary, neither can act alone, and neither is the result of the other. The Will's lack of logic causes the existence of the "that" () of the world; the Idea or Reason, though not conscious, is logical, and determines the essence, the "what" (). The endless and vain striving of the Will necessitates the great preponderance of suffering in the universe, which could not well be more wretched than it is. Nevertheless, it must be characterized as the best possible world, for both nature and history are constantly developing in the manner best adapted to the ending of the world; and by means of increasing consciousness the idea, instead of prolonging suffering to eternity, provides a refuge from the evils of existence in non-existence.

Von Hartmann is a pessimist, for no other view of life recognizes that evil necessarily belongs to existence and can cease only with existence itself. But he is not an unmitigated pessimist. The individual's happiness is indeed unattainable either here and now or hereafter and in the future, but he does not despair of ultimately releasing the Unconscious from its sufferings. He differs from Schopenhauer in making salvation by the negation of the will to live depend on a collective social effort and not on individualistic asceticism. The conception of a redemption of the Unconscious also supplies the ultimate basis of Von Hartmann's ethics. We must provisionally affirm life and devote ourselves to social evolution, instead of striving after a happiness which is impossible; in so doing we shall find that morality renders life less unhappy than it would otherwise be. Suicide, and all other forms of selfishness, are highly reprehensible. His realism enables him to maintain the reality of Time, and so of the process of the world's redemption.

The essential feature of the morality built upon the basis of Von Hartmann's philosophy is the realization that all is one and that, while every attempt to gain happiness is illusory, yet before deliverance is possible, all forms of the illusion must appear and be tried to the utmost. Even he who recognizes the vanity of life best serves the highest aims by giving himself up to the illusion, and living as eagerly as if he thought life good. It is only through the constant attempt to gain happiness that people can learn the desirability of nothingness; and when this knowledge has become universal, or at least general, deliverance will come and the world will cease. No better proof of the rational nature of the universe is needed than that afforded by the different ways in which men have hoped to find happiness and so have been led unconsciously to work for the final goal. The first of these is the hope of good in the present, the confidence in the pleasures of this world, such as was felt by the Greeks. This is followed by the Christian transference of happiness to another and better life, to which in turn succeeds the illusion that looks for happiness in progress, and dreams of a future made worth while by the achievements of science. All alike are empty promises, and known as such in the final stage, which sees all human desires as equally vain and the only good in the peace of Nirvana.

The relation between philosophy and religion lies in their common recognition of an underlying unity, which transcends all the apparent differences and divisions due to individual phenomena. Many changes must take place in the existing religions before they will be suited to modern conditions, and the resulting religion of the future will be a concrete monism.

Von Hartmann's Philosophy of the Unconscious has been the subject of many different estimates, but is regarded as having less intrinsic than historical value. Its influence upon other thinkers was especially marked during the years following its first appearance, but by the early 20th century that influence had much decreased. However, there are some grounds for considering it as providing the connection of thought between Schopenhauer's philosophy of the 'Will' and Sigmund Freud's psychology of the 'unconscious'. In a sense his thought creates the bridge between the post-Kantian views of Will (in particular Schopenhauer's) and the Zürich school of psychology.

Reception

Rudolf Steiner, referring to Von Hartmann's Critical Establishment of Transcendental Realism (Kritische Grundlegung des transzendentalen Realismus, 2nd Edition Berlin, 1875) gave his opinion, in the preface to his own book Truth and Knowledge (1892), that Von Hartmann's world-view was "the most significant philosophical work of our time", even though Steiner considered himself to be considerably misunderstood by Hartmann and was critical of some of Hartmann's postulates.

Carl Jung wrote in his autobiography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections (1963), that he had read Von Hartmann "assiduously".

Philipp Mainländer dedicated an essay to the philosophy of Von Hartmann. He did not consider him to be a genuine philosopher, because he did not start his philosophy with an epistemological research, despite the warnings of Kant and Schopenhauer. The criticism has been described as an attack abounding in clean hits but marred by bitter sarcasm, such as "is the coitus a sacrifice the individual makes? You must be – I repeat it – a very strangely organized being", and for denying Schopenhauer's deduction that the will is the thing-in-itself: "you also have the sad honor, to stand at the same level as those who have misunderstood Copernicus and still confidently believe that the sun turns around the earth."

Friedrich Nietzsche offers a scathing criticism of Von Hartmann, calling his philosophy "unconscious irony" and "roguery", in the second of his Untimely Meditations, On the Use and Abuse of History for Life.

British film-maker and author Edouard d'Araille provides a modern-day appraisal of the philosophy of Von Hartmann in his introductory essay to the 2001 Edition (3 Volumes) of The Philosophy of the Unconscious. He evaluates Von Hartmann as the vital link between the vitalism of Arthur Schopenhauer and the psychology of the Unconscious of Sigmund Freud.

Works
Von Hartmann's numerous works extend to more than 12,000 pages. They may be classified into:

Systematic
Das Ding an sich und seine Beschaffenheit ("The thing in itself and its nature", 1871)
Grundprobleme der Erkenntnistheorie ("Fundamental problems of epistemology", 1889)
Kategorienlehre ("Doctrine of the Categories", 1896)
Phänomenologie des sittlichen Bewußtseins ("Phenomenology of Moral Consciousness", 1879)
Die Philosophie des Schönen ("'The Philosophy of the Beautiful", 1887)
Die Religion des Geistes ("The Religion of the Spirit"; 1882)
Philosophie des Unbewussten ("Philosophy of the Unconscious", 3 vols., which now include his, originally anonymous, self-criticism, Das Unbewusste vom Standpunkte der Physiologie und Descendenztheorie, and its refutation, Eng. trans. by William Chatterton Coupland, 1884)
System der Philosophie im Grundriss, ("Plan for a System of Philosophy", 8 vols, 1907–09: posthumous)
Beiträge zur Naturphilosophie ("Contributions to Natural Philosophy", 1876)

Historical and critical
Das religiöse Bewusstsein der Menschheit (The Religious Consciousness of Mankind in the Stages of Its Development; 1881)
Geschichte der Metaphysik (2 vols.)
Kants Erkenntnistheorie
Kritische Grundlegung des transcendentalen Realismus (Critical Grounds of Transcendental Realism)
Uber die dialektische Methode
Lotzes Philosophie (1888) (a study on Hermann Lotze)
Zur Geschichte und Begründung des Pessimismus (1880)
Neukantianismus, Schopenhauerismus, Hegelianismus
Geschichte der deutschen Ästhetik und Kant
Die Krisis des Christentums in der modernen Theologie (The Crisis of Christianity in Modern Theology; 1880)
Philosophische Fragen der Gegenwart
Ethische Studien
Aesthetik (1886–87)
Moderne Psychologie
Das Christentum des neuen Testaments
Die Weltanschauung der modernen Physik
Wahrheit und Irrthum im Darwinismus (1875)
Zur Reform des höheren Schulwesens (1875)

Popular
Aphorismen über das Drama (1870)
Shakespeares Romeo und Juliet (1875)
Soziale Kernfragen (The Fundamental Social Questions; 1894)
Moderne Probleme
Tagesfragen
Zwei Jahrzehnte deutscher Politik und die gegenwärtige Weltlage (1888)
Das Judentum in Gegenwart und Zukunft (Judaism in the Present and the Future; 1885)
Die Selbstzersetzung des Christentums und die Religion der Zukunft (1874)
Gesammelte Studien
Der Spiritismus (1885)
Die Geisterhypothese des Spiritismus (The Ghost Theory in Spiritism; 1891)
Zur Zeitgeschichte

His select works were published in 10 volumes.

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

 Works by Eduard von Harmann at the Internet Archive

1842 births
1906 deaths
19th-century German male writers
19th-century German philosophers
Burials in Germany
Independent scholars
People from the Province of Brandenburg
Philosophers of pessimism
Prussian Army personnel
University of Rostock alumni
Writers from Berlin
Writers with disabilities

Eduard von Hartmann


Mexicos Grand Prix 2016 (officielle navn: Formula 1 Gran Premio de México 2016) var et Formel 1-løb som blev arrangeret 30. oktober 2016 på Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez i Mexico City, Mexico. Det var den nittende runde af Formel 1-sæsonen 2016.

Løbet blev vundet af Mercedes-køreren Lewis Hamilton, som startede fra pole position. På andenpladsen kom hans teamkollega Nico Rosberg, mens Red Bulls Daniel Ricciardo tog tredjepladsen.

Resultater

Kvalifikation

Løbet

Noter til tabellerne:
  - Jolyon Palmer fik ikke sat en tid under kvalifikationen, men blev senere givet tilladelse af løbsledelsen til at starte i løbet.
  - Carlos Sainz, Jr. fik en tidsstraf på fem sekunder for at have presset Fernando Alonso af banen.
  - Max Verstappen og Daniil Kvjat fik en tidsstraf på fem sekunder hver for at have kørt udenfor banen og opnået en varig fordel.
  - Romain Grosjean måtte starte løpet fra pit lane fordi bilen var blevet modificeret under parc ferme-betingelser.
  - Sebastian Vettel fik en tidsstraf på ti sekunder og to prikker på licensen for farlig kørsel.

Stillingen i mesterskaberne efter løbet

Kørermesterskabet

Konstruktørmesterskabet

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Mexicos Grand Prix
Formel 1 2016

Mexicos Grand Prix 2016


Die Autobahn Qinzhou–Dongxing oder Qindong-Autobahn (), chin. Abk. G7511, ist eine im Bau befindliche regionale Autobahn im Autonomen Gebiet Guangxi im Süden Chinas. Die 33 km lange Autobahn beginnt an der Autobahn G75 bei Qinzhou und führt in südwestlicher Richtung über Fangchenggang nach Dongxing an der Grenze zu Vietnam.

Einzelnachweise

Autobahn in der Volksrepublik China
Straße in Asien
Straße in Guangxi

Autobahn Qinzhou–Dongxing


Sinŭiju (în ) cunoscut și ca Sinuiju, este un important oraș în Coreea de Nord care are graniță comună cu Republica Populară Chineză. El este un important centru economic în Coreea de Nord, în ciuda faptului că orașul are statut de regiune special administrativă.

Transport
Sinuiju este avantajat prin faptul că are principala graniță cu China, acest fapt dezvoltându-i foarte mult economia. Principala gară este Sinuiju Cheongnyeon, existând și alte gări în localitățile componente. Transportul public urban din Sinŭiju este format din troleibuze.

Orașe din Coreea de Nord

Sinŭiju


La iglesia de los Remedios fue un antiguo templo católico renacentista de la segunda mitad del  situado en Guadalajara (España). En la actualidad es aula magna de la Escuela de Magisterio de la Universidad de Alcalá.

Se encuentra ubicada frente al antiguo alcázar de Guadalajara y junto al palacio del Infantado.

Historia
Formó parte del convento de los Remedios, mandado construir por Pedro González de Mendoza, obispo de Salamanca. Se aprovechó un solar dejado por el derribo del palacio del marqués de Vala Siciliana ubicado en el centro aristocrático de la ciudad, junto al palacio del Infantado, al palacio de Montesclaros y al alcázar.

Su construcción se inició en 1573, año de la muerte del prelado, según planos de Acacio de Orejón y Juan de Ballesteros Aguilar y sus artífices fueron sucesivamente los maestros canteros Nicolás de Ribero y el mismo Juan de Ballesteros, Diego de Balera, y finalmente el maestro Felipe Aguilar el Viejo, de Guadalajara, quien finalizó la obra.

Fue destinado primero a colegio de doncellas, que tomó el nombre de Nuestra Señora de los Remedios, entonces patrona de Guadalajara, y que ocupado desde 1656 por una comunidad de monjas jerónimas, bajo el patronato del monasterio de Lupiana, que habitó el inmueble hasta el año 1853, cuando fue vendido al Ministerio de la Guerra de España.

El convento fue derribado en 1938 para la construcción en su solar de unas escuelas, respetándose la iglesia, pero el proyecto quedó postergado por el estallido de la guerra civil española. Las escuelas fueron construidas finalmente en 1963 junto con la escuela normal.

Posteriormente, el conjunto arquitectónico fue adquirido por la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares y, tras efectuarse numerosas reparaciones, en 1992 el Vicerrectorado de Infraestructura de la Universidad de Alcalá decidió utilizarlo como paraninfo aprovechando las condiciones acústicas de la Iglesia.

Descripción
La iglesia puede «ser incluida en el manierismo de inspiración serliana, al que dio presupuestos teórico-prácticos el arquitecto toledano Alonso de Covarrubias». Resalta su atrio orientado al norte, formado por tres grandes arcos de medio punto sobre esbeltas columnas dóricas que apoyan en altos pedestales ofreciendo «un aspecto de ingravidez y gracia renacentista de acusado aire italianizante».

La portada es de arco semicircular escoltado por columnas pareadas de capitel corintio, con friso en el que puede verse el escudo del fundador, Pedro González de Mendoza, hijo de Íñigo López de Mendoza y Pimentel, IV duque del Infantado.

El interior consta de una única y gigantesca nave con columnas adosadas a las esquinas de su crucero, parte de la estructura que sujeta las bóvedas.

Referencias

Bibliografía
Equipo Paraninfo, Guadalajara, ciudad abierta: una guía para conocerla y visitarla, Volumen 50 de Tierra de Guadalajara: Guías, AACHE Ediciones de Guadalajara, 2005, ISBN 8496236331, 9788496236332

Enlaces externos

Edificio Paraninfo (Iglesia de los Remedios), en el sitio web de la Universidad de Alcalá de Henares
Planos de la Iglesia

Guadalajara
Guadalajara
Bienes de interés cultural de la provincia de Guadalajara
Iglesias de Guadalajara (España)
Guadalajara
Monumentos histórico-artísticos de España declarados en 1924

Iglesia de los Remedios (Guadalajara)


Rukometni klub KTC Križevci je muški rukometni klub iz Križevaca, Koprivničko-križevačka županija. Od sezone 2022./23. klub se natječe u Premijer ligi. Predsjednik kluba je Ivica Katavić, a sjedište kluba je na adresi Ulica Nikole Tesle 18, 48260 Križevci. KTC u novoj sezoni nosi dresove sportske marke Hummel.

O klubu
Rukomet se u Križevcima počeo igrati 1954. godine, te u početku djeluje kroz školske momčadi. Prvi rukometni klubovi su bili "Polet" i "KRK", koji 1964. godine uzima ime "Metalac", a 1966. uzima naziv RK "Čelik", koju godinu klub navodi za osnivanje. Klub od 1985. godine djeluje kao RK "Križevčanka". Godine 1995. klub dolaskom sponzora mijenja ime u RK "KTC".
Osnivači kluba su Drago Bukvić, Ivan Stošić, Josip Kundrak, Božo i Zlatko Mihalić, Ivan Klasić, Ivan Pavišić, Živojin Joković, Ivan Florenino, Ivan i Branko Petranović i Ivan Delija. Neko vrijeme kao treneri bili su angažirani Željko Seleš iz Bjelovara i Zdravko Malić iz Zagreba. Reorganizacijom svih liga u sezoni 2007./08. i KTC je ušao ponovno u drugu ligu, no ovaj put gotovo sa svim svojim dečkima osim dva pojačanja iz Bjelovara. Osvajanjem 2. HRL - Sjever u sezoni 2011./12. klub postaje član 1. HRL.
Dana 5. svibnja 2019. godine trener prve momčadi Dragutin Miklečić podnosi ostavku iz osobnih razloga nakon provedenih 15 godina u Križevcima, vodivši klub od najnižeg natjecateljskog razreda pa sve do povijesnog ulaska u 1. HRL - Sjever u sezoni 2011./2012. i četvrtfinalnih utakmica protiv RK Zagreba te RK NEXE-a iz Našica. Na klupi ga je zamijenio dosadašnji pomoćnik Branko Krajačić. Nakon serije loših rezultata, početkom sezone 2019./2020., smijenjen je trener Branko Krajačić, a mjesto trenera prve momčadi preuzima bivši trener RK Bjelovar Dalibor Sokač. U dvije godine koliko je u klubu, trener Sokač uspio je ostvariti povijesni plasman kluba u Premijer ligu kroz dvije utakmice playoffa protiv momčadi Umaga.

Klub danas
Rukometni klub KTC ima 94 člana od čega 26 članova polaze školu rukometa, a radi se o djeci nižih razreda osnovnih škola koji se uče prvim sportskim koracima. Pored njih u klubu djeluje 54 aktivna i registrirana sportaša koji se natječu u četiri kategorije i to: seniori koji se natječu u Premijer ligi, druga momčad koja se natječe u 3. HRL Sjever, kadeti koji se natječu u 1. hrvatskoj kadetskoj ligi i dječaci A koji se natječu u Međužupanijskoj ligi – Sjever. Prvu momčad KTC-a vodi trener Dalibor Sokač, drugu momčad trener Mladen Horvat, a kadete i dječake A vode treneri Kristijan Kamenar i Ivan Šimonek.

Povijesni uspjeh
Klub je sezonu 2021./22. završio na drugom mjestu 1. HRL Sjever i time ostvario priliku da kroz playoff izbori plasman u Paket 24 Premijer ligu. Ždrijebom u Zagrebu odlučeno je kako će RK KTC igrati protiv RK Umaga. Prva utakmica odigrala se 29. svibnja u dvorani Stella Maris u Umagu, a tamo je domaći sastav ostvario pobjedu od šest golova prenosti (30:24). Nakon ovog bolnog poraza mnogi nisu davali nikakve šanse u mogući preokret KTC-a, no domaći sastav nije se mislio tako lako predati. U subotu, 4. lipnja, točno u vrijeme održavanja trodnevne manifestacije Križevačko veliko spravišće odigravala se najbitnija utakmica u povijesti kluba, jer bi potencijalnom pobjedom klub ostvario najveći uspjeh, a to je plasman u Premijer ligu. Utakmicu su sudili najpoznatiji hrvatski, ali i svjetski suci, a to su Matija Gubica i Boris Milošević. Domaća ekipa KTC-a furiozno je krenula u utakmicu i u prve četiri minute imala prednost od 2:0 uz obranjeni sedmerac golmana Šutala. Na poluvrijeme se otišlo s rezultatom što je u tom trenutku bila dovoljna prednost za ulazak u najviši rang hrvatskog rukometa. Sama činjenica da su gosti postigli samo sedam pogodaka govorila je da će KTC-u biti teoretski i pobjeda od šest pogodaka razlike dovoljna za prolazak u elitu. U zadnjih pet minuta utakmice ušlo se s pet do šest pogodaka razlike za KTC, a iako izmoreni i teških nogu, domaći se sastav nije predavao. Tako u 58. minuti iskusni vratar Martinović skida ključnu kontru gostujućujem igraču. U istoj minuti, tj. u sljedećm napadu domaći igrač Matija Perajica zabija za 25:19 i dovoljnih šest pogodaka razlike. U zadnjih nekoliko sekundi utakmice Umag je imao priliku iz deveterca smanjiti rezultat, no Martinović izvanredno glavom brani udarac i utakmica završava pobjedom od šest razlike, a zbog većeg broja postignutih pogodaka u gostima KTC ostvaruje san svih križevačkih zaljubljenika u rukomet da svoj klub od sezone 2022./2023. gledaju u najjačoj rukometnoj ligi u Hrvatskoj.

Plasmani po sezonama

Sastav (seniori) - 2023./2024.

Sastav (KTC II) - 2023./2024.

Povezani članci
 Križevci

Vanjske poveznice
 ktc.hr, Rukometni klub KTC Križevci
 Rukometni klub "KTC" Križevci, facebook stranica
 furkisport.hr/hrs/, KTC, nastupi po sezonama
 sportilus.com, Rukometni klub KTC Križevci
 Instagram Fan page Rukometnog kluba KTC Križevci

Izvori

 Marijan Flander i dr: Razvoj rukometa u Hrvatskoj : od prvih početaka do 1985. godine, Zagreb, 1986., UDK: 796.322(497.13)(091), str. 36
 Kramer, Fredi; Pinević, Dražen: Hrvatski rukomet, Topical, Zagreb, 2009., str. 60
 rskkz.hr - Rukometni savez Koprivničko-križevačke županije, Rukomet na području Križevaca , pristupljeno 26. rujna 2018.
 rskkz.hr - Rukometni savez Koprivničko-križevačke županije, Klubovi , pristupljeno 26. rujna 2018.
 bisnode.hr, RUKOMETNI KLUB" KTC" KRIŽEVCI
 fininfo.hr, RK "KTC" Križevci

KTC
KTC

RK KTC Križevci


An Eragrostis remotiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni De Winter. An Eragrostis remotiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Eragrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Eragrostis

Eragrostis remotiflora


A Lente Barlow, nomeada em homenagem ao seu criador Peter Barlow, é uma lente divergente que, quando usada em série com outras dentro de um sistema ótico, aumenta a distância focal efetiva de um sistema. O resultado prático é que a inserção de uma lente barlow é a ampliação da imagem.

Na pratica, barlows não são apenas um elemento, porque isso geraria aberração cromática e aberração esférica se a lente não fosse asférica.  As configurações mais comuns usam três ou mais elementos para correção acromática ou correção apocromática, garantindo uma qualidade de imagem superior.

Uso em telescópios

Em seu uso astronômico, uma lente barlow pode ser colocada imediatamente antes de uma ocular para aumentar o comprimento focal do sistema ótico. Como a ampliação fornecida por um telescópio e ocular é igual ao comprimento focal do telescópio dividido pela distância focal da ocular, isso tem o efeito de aumentar a ampliação da imagem.

As lentes barlow para astronomia são avaliadas pela ampliação que induzem, usualmente 2×, 3× ou 5×. É possível ajustar o poder de ampliação de uma barlow a distanciando da ocular, é possível fazer isso usando um extensor entre a barlow e a ocular ou colocando a barlow antes da diagonal (caso seja possível).

Um equívoco comum é que uma ampliação maior equivale a uma imagem de qualidade superior. Porém, na prática, a qualidade da imagem geralmente depende da qualidade da ótica e das condições de visualização, não da ampliação.

Uso em câmeras fotográficas
Teleconversores são variações das lentes barlow que foram adaptadas para uso fotográfico. Um teleconversor aumenta a distância focal efetiva da lente fotográfica à qual está conectado, tornando-o uma teleobjetiva . Uma lente teleobjetiva real usa uma configuração semelhante a uma lente Barlow para obter um comprimento de tubo mais curto para uma determinada distância focal.

Uso em microscópios
Em microscópios, a lente barlow é usada para aumentar a distancia de trabalho e diminuir a ampliação. As lentes barlow para microscópios podem ser encontradas com ampliações que variam de 0,3× a 2×. Algumas lentes padrão são 2×, o que diminui a distância de trabalho pela metade e duplica a ampliação; 0,75×, o que aumenta a distância de trabalho em 1,33× e diminui a ampliação em 0,75×; e 0,5×, que dobra a distância de trabalho e divide a ampliação pela metade.

Referencias
Lentes

Telescópios
Fotografia
Astronomia

Lente Barlow


Pazarlı, Gelibolu - Çanakkale ili Gelibolu ilçesine bağlı köy
 Pazarlı, Vize - Kırklareli ili Vize ilçesine bağlı köy

Pazarlı


Mycterus curculioides es una especie de coleóptero polífago familia Mycteridae. Es un insecto muy común en casi toda España; habita también en  Portugal, Italia, Islas Británicas, Hungría, Grecia, sur de Rusia y norte de África.

Características
Mide entre 4 y 11 mm de longitud. Tiene el cuerpo marrón cubierto de pubescencia amarillenta o blanquecina. La cabeza está bastante alargada en forma de rostro lo que le da aspecto de gorgojo (superfamilia Curculionoidea), con los que no está emparentado.

Historia natural
Las larvas se localizan bajo la corteza de pinos muertos. Los adultos surgen en primavera y verano y se localizan sobre flores, en especial de apiáceas, donde se alimentan de polen y néctar.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Herramientas.educa
 Biolib (en inglés)
 Fauna Europea (en inglés)
 Aramel (en francés)

Mycteridae

Mycterus curculioides


වැඩිවියට පත් වූ ස්ත්‍රියකගේ ආර්ථවාභාවයක් සිදු වන තෙක් සෑම දින 28 කට වරක්ම, ඩිම්බ කෝෂය සහ ගර්භාෂය තුළ සිදු වන වෙනස්වීම් ශ්‍රේණිය ආර්ථව චක්‍රයයි. ගර්භානීතාවයක් ඇති වූ විට මෙය තාවකාලිකව අත් හිටුවීම සිදු වේ.

ඩිම්බකෝෂ චක්‍රය
ආර්ථව චක්‍රයේ දී ඩිම්බ කෝෂය තුළ සිදු වන චක්‍රීය ක්‍රියාවලිය ඩිම්බකෝෂ චක්‍රයයි. මෙය ප්‍රධාන අවධි දෙකකින් සමන්විත වේ. ඒවා නම්,
ස්‍යූනික  අවධිය
ලූටීය අවධිය

ස්‍යූනික අවධිය
හයිපොතැලමසයෙන් GnRH ශ්‍රාවය කරයි.
එමගින් පුර්ව පිටියුටරියෙන් FSH ශ්‍රාවය කරයි.
FSH වල බලපෑම යටතේ ඩිම්බකෝෂය තුළ ස්යුනිකා වර්ධනය උත්තේජනය කරයි.
එය ග්‍රාෆීය ස්යුනිකාව දක්වා වර්ධනය වේ.
වර්ධනය වන ස්යුනිකා වලින් ඊස්ට්‍රජන් හෝමෝනය ශ්‍රාවය කරයි.
ග්‍රාෆීය ස්යුනිකා වලින් ඊස්ට්‍රජන් වැඩිපුර ශ්‍රාවය කරයි.
ඊස්ට්‍රජන් ශ්‍රාවය වැඩි වන විට පුර්ව පිටියුටරියෙන් FSH ශ්‍රාවය අඩු වේ.
14 වන දිනයේදී, වැඩිවන ඊස්ට්‍රජන් මගින් LH ශ්‍රාවයේ ක්ෂණික වැඩි වීමක් සිදු කරයි.
මෙහිදී LH වලද සුළු ක්ෂණික වැඩි වීමක් සිදු වේ.
ක්ෂණිකව වැඩි වූ LH මට්ටම ක්ෂණිකවම අඩු වේ.
මෙය ඩිම්බ මෝචනයට හේතු වේ.

ලූටීය අවධිය
LH වල බලපෑම යටතේ, ඩිම්බය රහිත ස්යුනිකාවෙන් පීත දේහය වර්ධනය කරයි.
LH වල බලපෑම යටතේ, පීත දේහයෙන් ප්‍රොජෙස්ටෙරෝන් හෝමෝනය ශ්‍රාවය කරයි.
සුළු වශයෙන් ඊස්ට්‍රජන් හෝමෝනය ද ශ්‍රාවය කරයි.
මේ නිසා රුධිරයේ, ප්‍රධානව ප්‍රොජෙස්ටෙරෝන් හෝමෝන මට්ටම වැඩි වේ.
ඊස්ට්‍රජන් හෝමෝන මට්ටම ද සුළු වශයෙන් වැඩි වේ.
වැඩි වන ප්‍රොජෙස්ටෙරෝන් හා ඊස්ට්‍රජන් මගින් පුර්ව පිටියුටරියෙන් LH සහ FSH ශ්‍රාවය නිශේධනය කරයි.
මේ නිසා පීත දේහය පරිහානියට පත් වී ශ්වේත දේහය බවට පත් වේ.
පීත දේහය පරිහානියට පත් වීම නිසා ඊස්ට්‍රජන් සහ ප්‍රොජෙස්ටෙරෝන් ශ්‍රාවය වීම අඩු වේ.
මේ නිසා නැවත පුර්ව පිටියුටරියෙන් FSH සහ LH ශ්‍රාවය වේ.

ගර්භාෂ චක්‍රය
ආර්ථව චක්‍රයේදී ගර්භාෂය තුළ සිදු වන චක්‍රීය ක්‍රියාවලියයි.  මෙය ප්‍රධාන අවධි 3 කට වෙන් කල හැක. ඒවා නම්,
ආර්තව අවධිය
ප්‍රගුණන අවධිය
ස්‍රාවී අවධිය

ආර්තව අවධිය
රුධිරයේ ප්‍රධාන වශයෙන් ප්‍රොජෙස්ටෙරෝන් සහ ඊස්ට්‍රජන් මට්ටම ක්ෂණිකව අඩු වීම හේතු කොට ගෙන එන්ඩොමෙට්‍රියමේ රුධිර වාහිනී සන්කුන්චනය වේ.
මේ නිසා එන්ඩොමේට්‍රියමට සැපයෙන රුධිර ප්‍රමාණය අඩු වේ.
එම නිසා ඔක්සිජන් සැපයුම අඩු වේ.
එන්ඩොමෙට්‍රියමේ සෛල මිය යයි.
එවිට එන්ඩොමෙට්‍රියමේ මතුපිට කොටස් බිඳ වැටේ.
මේ නිසා රුධිරය, බිඳ වැටුණු පටක සහ ශ්ලේෂ්මල අඩංගු ශ්‍රාවයක් ගර්භාෂ කුහරය තුළ එකතු වේ.
මේවා ආර්ථව ප්‍රවාහයක් ලෙස යෝනි මාර්ගය හරහා දේහයෙන් බැහැර වේ.

ප්‍රගුණන අවධිය
රුධිරයේ වැඩි වන ඊස්ට්‍රජන් (වර්ධනය වන ස්යුනිකා වලින් ශ්‍රාවය කරන) මගින් ගර්භාෂයේ එන්ඩොමේට්‍රියමේ සෛල අනුනනයෙන් බෙදීමට ලක් කරයි.
මේ නිසා එහි ඝනකම වැඩි කරයි.
බිඳ වැටුණු රුධිර වාහිනී නැවත වර්ධනය කරයි.
ගර්භාෂයික ග්‍රන්ථි වර්ධනය කරයි.

ස්‍රාවී  අවධිය

ගර්භනීතාවය ආර්ථව චක්‍රය අත්හිටුවීමට හේතු වන ආකාරය

ආර්ථවාභාවය

ආර්තව චක්‍රය


Mindreaper ist eine deutsche Metal-Band aus dem Vogelsberg, die im Jahr 2001 gegründet wurde.

Geschichte
Als Sebastian Rehbein, die beiden Gitarristen Felix Balser und Constantin Fink, zusammen mit Schlagzeuger Sven Fölsing 2001 im oberhessischen Herbstein die Band Mindreaper ins Leben riefen, gingen alle vier noch zur Schule. Schon kurze Zeit nach der Gründung wurden Felix und Sven durch Gunter Weppler an der Gitarre und Alexander Fink am Schlagzeug ersetzt. Anfangs versuchte die Band noch, mit der Sängerin Ramona Planz eine weibliche Stimme in ihrem Sound zu etablieren. Da sich dies aber langfristig nicht im Sinne der Band entwickelte, stieg Ramona nach einer Show im Vorprogramm von Vader wieder aus.

Vor allem der Posten am Bass, welcher eine Zeitlang von dem Witchburner-Mitgründer Tankred Best und darauf folgend von Mathias Ziegenhein besetzt war, blieb auf Dauer immer wieder vakant. Nach Aufnahme der Demo Fatal Melodies im Jahr 2006 und Auftritten im Vorprogramm von Tankard und Hatesphere brach die Band Mitte 2007 beinahe auseinander. Nur noch der Frontmann Sebastian und der Gitarrist Gunter waren noch mit von der Partie. Das neu komplettierte Line-up mit Philip Hartmann an der Gitarre, Manuel Roth am Bass und Malte Kinzel am Schlagzeug stand ab Sommer 2008. Mit dieser Besetzung entstand die 2009 veröffentlichte EP Absolute Zero. Durch Teilnahme an einem Voting gewannen Mindreaper einen Auftritt auf der Hauptbühne des Metalfest Open Air Germany 2010 in Dessau.

Im Jahr 2011 wollte die Band die Aufnahmen für ihr erstes Full-Length-Album beginnen. Bevor jedoch ein Ton aufgenommen wurde, verließ Philip Hartmann aus persönlichen Gründen Mindreaper und auch Schlagzeuger Malte trat noch während der Aufnahmen aus der Band aus. Mindreaper schlossen die Aufnahmen zu Human Edge (... To The Abyss) trotz alledem zu dritt ab und engagierten für das finale Mastering den Produzenten Andy Classen vom Stage One Studio, der auch schon Alben von Die Apokalyptischen Reiter, Tankard und Legion of the Damned produziert hat. Noch vor der Veröffentlichung im April 2012 wurde das Lineup mit Manuel Nozulak als neuem Schlagzeuger wieder komplettiert. Erneut setzte sich die Band bei einem Voting des Metalfest Open Air Germany gegen zahlreiche andere Bands durch und spielte auch im Jahr 2012 auf dem Festival in Dessau. Auch im folgenden Jahr wurden einige Auftritte absolviert, unter anderem auf dem Ragnarock Open Air. Im Mai 2013 wurde Marcel Bangert als fester zweiter Gitarrist in die Band aufgenommen. Manuel Roth verabschiedete sich im August des Jahres aufgrund von Zeitmangel von der Band. Nach ein paar Monaten zu viert übernahm ab November 2013 Bahram Mars den Bass.

2014 wurde es zugunsten des Songwritings wieder etwas ruhiger, obwohl einige Auftritte absolviert wurden, wie z. B. auf dem Break your Neck No.7 in Wolfsburg oder im Moshpit Flörsheim. Im Oktober 2014 fand außerdem wieder ein Wechsel am Bass statt, der seitdem von Christian "Ens" Schoenke übernommen wird.

2015 trug das Songwriting erste Früchte in Form einer Demo, welche zu Promotion-Zwecken aufgenommen wurde, um damit erste Höreindrücke für das kommende zweite Album präsentieren zu können. Zuvor wurden trotz anhaltender Songwriting Phase dennoch einige Auftritte absolviert; unter anderem auf dem M.I.S.E. Open Air und dem Schwalm Metal Open Air, wo bereits einige der neuen Songs live vorgeführt werden konnten.

Im Juli 2016 führte die Graveyard Classics Tour als Opening Act für Six Feet Under durch Deutschland, Österreich und in die Schweiz. Mit dem Auftritt auf dem Chaostraum Open Air verabschiedet sich die Band von Gitarrist Gunter "Gynni" Weppler, welcher die Band nach 14 Jahren Schaffenszeit aufgrund musikalischer Differenzen verlässt. Mindreaper spielen nunmehr wieder in der klassischen Viererbesetzung.

2017 ging es durch die neu geschaffene Energie der Viererbesetzung auf die erste Headliner-Tour der Band quer durch Russland (7500 Kilometer Tourstrecke), welche sogar bis nach Tjumen, Sibirien führte. Wieder in Deutschland kam es dann im weiteren Verlauf des Jahres endlich zu den Studioaufnahmen des zweiten Albums, abermals unter der Regie von Andy Classen im Stage One Studio, welcher dieses Mal jedoch nicht nur das Mastering wie beim Vorgängeralbum, sondern die komplette Produktion übernahm.

Am 8. Juni 2018 erschien das zweite Mindreaper Album mit dem Titel "Mirror Construction (...a disordered World)" unter dem Banner von "Black Sunset - a division of MDD Records". Vor dem Release erschien die Single "Mirror Artifacts" als Lyric Video auf dem YouTube-Kanal von MDD Records. Einen Monat nach Release erschien die Single "New Age Tyranny" als Musikvideo (das Erste der Bandgeschichte). Zur Promotion des neuen Albums ging die Band im November 2018 in Osteuropa auf Tour, welche durch Polen über die Tschechische Republik und die Slowakei führte. Also Support fungierten die Band "One Last Legacy".

Zum Jahresende 2019 verabschiedete sich Schlagzeuger Manuel Nozulak aus beruflichen Gründen von der Band. Als Nachfolger konnte Marcel Schneider Perception Confused gewonnen werden, welcher bereits 2017 einmal als Aushilfe am Schlagzeug eingesprungen war. Mit dem neuen Line Up wurden im Frühjahr 2020 die Voraufnahmen für das dritte Studioalbum erfolgreich abgeschlossen, welches ab Oktober 2020 im Desert Inn Studio aufgenommen wird.

Stil
Musikalisch bewegt sich die Band in der Schnittmenge zwischen Thrash- und Death Metal mit vielen traditionellen und melodischen Einflüssen. Lyrisch stehen menschliche Schwächen und Verhaltensweisen im Vordergrund, die aus verschiedenen Perspektiven betrachtet werden, wobei immer eine Querverbindung zum Bandnamen besteht.

Diskografie
 2006: Fatal Melodies (Demo)
 2009: Absolute Zero (5 Track EP)
 2012: Human Edge (...to the Abyss) (Album)
 2018: Mirror Construction (...a disordered World) (Album)

Weblinks
 Offizielle Website

Einzelnachweise

Thrash-Metal-Band
Death-Metal-Band
Deutsche Band

Mindreaper


Sleepwalker(s) or The Sleepwalker(s) may refer to:

 Sleepwalking or somnambulism, a sleep disorder

Film and television

Films
 The Sleepwalker (1922 film), an American silent film directed by Edward LeSaint
 The Sleepwalker (1942 film), a Disney animated short film featuring Pluto
 The Sleepwalker (1951 film), a French film directed by Maurice Labro
 Sleepwalkers (1978 film), a Spanish film by Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón
 Sleepwalker, a 1984 film featuring Fulton Mackay
 Sleepwalkers (1992 film), an American horror film written by Stephen King
 Sleepwalker (2000 film), a Swedish horror-thriller film directed by Johannes Runeborg
 Sleepwalker (2011 film), a Hong Kong film directed by Oxide Pang
 The Sleepwalker (2014 film), a Norwegian-American drama directed by Mona Fastvold
 The Sleepwalker (2015 film), a Canadian animated short film directed by Theodore Ushev
 Sleepwalker (2017 film), an American mystery film directed by Elliott Lester
 The Sleepwalkers (2019 film), an Argentine film directed by Paula Hernández

Television
 Sleepwalkers (TV series), a 1997–98 American science fiction series
 "The Sleepwalker" (The Honeymooners), a television episode

Literature
 Sleepwalker (comics), a Marvel Comics character
 The Sleepwalker (novel), a 2008 novel by Robert Muchamore
 The Sleepwalker (Fear Street), a 1990 novel by R. L. Stine
 The Sleepwalkers (Broch novel), a 1930s novel in three parts by Hermann Broch
 The Sleepwalkers (Koestler book), a 1959 book by Arthur Koestler
 The Sleepwalkers (Clark book), a 2012 book by Christopher Clark

Music
 La sonnambula (The Sleepwalker), an 1831 opera semiseria by Vincenzo Bellini

Albums
 Sleepwalker (The Kinks album) or the title song (see below), 1977
 Sleepwalker (EP), by Kylie and Garibay, 2014
 Sleepwalker, by JamisonParker, 2005
 Sleepwalkers (Brian Fallon album) or the title song, 2018
 Sleepwalkers (David Sylvian album) or the title song, 2010
 Sleepwalkers, by Dead Swans, 2009

Songs
 "Sleepwalker" (Adam Lambert song), 2011
 "Sleepwalker" (The Kinks song), 1977
 "Sleepwalker" (Nightwish song), 2000
 "Sleepwalker", by Ava Max from Diamonds & Dancefloors, 2023
 "Sleepwalker", by Bonnie McKee, 2013
 "Sleepwalker", by Daniel Johns from Talk, 2015
 "Sleepwalker", by Faunts from M4, 2006
 "Sleepwalker", by Gang of Four from Shrinkwrapped, 1995
 "Sleepwalker", by King Gizzard & the Lizard Wizard from Oddments, 2014
 "Sleepwalker", by Logan Henderson, 2017
 "Sleepwalker", by Megadeth from United Abominations, 2007
 "Sleepwalker", by Of Monsters and Men from Fever Dream, 2019
 "Sleepwalker", by Parkway Drive from Deep Blue, 2010
 "Sleepwalker", by the Wallflowers from Breach, 2000
 "Sleepwalker", by Xmal Deutschland from Devils, 1989
 "The Sleepwalker", by Cat Power from Dear Sir, 1995
 "Sleepwalkers", by Bone Thugs-n-Harmony from The Collection, 2000
 "Sleepwalkers", by They Might Be Giants from No!, 2002
 "Sleepwalkers", by the Hundred in the Hands from This Desert, 2010
 "The Sleepwalkers", by Level 42 from Running in the Family, 1987
 "The Sleepwalkers", by Van Der Graaf Generator from Godbluff, 1975

Other uses
 Sleepwalker (Štyrský), a 1925 painting by Jindřich Štyrský
 Sleepwalker (video game), a 1993 platform game
 Sleepwalkers (video installation), a 2007 outdoor film installation by Doug Aitken

See also
 Sleepwalk (disambiguation)
 Sleepwalking (disambiguation)

Sleepwalker


Svijet

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

Smrti

Hrvatska i u Hrvata

Književna djela

Događaji

Osnivanja

Nagrade i priznanja

Rođenja

 17. studenog – Janko Polić Kamov,  hrvatski pjesnik, pripovjedač, esejist, putopisac, književni kritičar, publicist, prevoditelj i dramatičar († 1910.)

Smrti

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Književnost u 1886.


Stak som plantedel er navnet på de tynde tråde, der vokser som forlængelse i enden på græssers og græsblomsters dækblade, der dækker frugter og frø. Stakke ses nemmest som de lange tråde på toppen af dækbladene af visse kornaks, såsom rug og havre. Stakke er børsteformede forlængelser af dækbladets midtribbe, og kan være ryg- eller spidsfæstet.

Kildehenvisninger

Botanik
Græsser
Græs-familien

Stak (plantedel)


Cycloplegia is paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye, resulting in a loss of accommodation.  Because of the paralysis of the ciliary muscle, the curvature of the lens can no longer be adjusted to focus on nearby objects. This results in similar problems as those caused by presbyopia, in which the lens has lost elasticity and can also no longer focus on close-by objects. Cycloplegia with accompanying mydriasis (dilation of pupil) is usually due to topical application of muscarinic antagonists such as atropine and cyclopentolate.

Belladonna alkaloids are used for testing the error of refraction and examination of eye.

Management
Cycloplegic drugs are generally muscarinic receptor blockers. These include atropine, cyclopentolate, homatropine, scopolamine and tropicamide. They are indicated for use in cycloplegic refraction (to paralyze the ciliary muscle in order to determine the true refractive error of the eye) and the treatment of uveitis. All cycloplegics are also mydriatic (pupil dilating) agents and are used as such during eye examination to better visualize the retina.

When cycloplegic drugs are used as a mydriatic to dilate the pupil, the pupil in the normal eye regains its function when the drugs are metabolized or carried away.  Some cycloplegic drugs can cause dilation of the pupil for several days.  The ones specifically used by ophthalmologists or optometrists wear off in hours, but when the patient leaves the office strong sunglasses are provided for comfort.

See also

 Adie syndrome
 Anisocoria
 Marcus Gunn pupil
 Miosis
 Parinaud's syndrome
 Syphilis

References

External links

Diagnostic ophthalmology
Disorders of ocular muscles, binocular movement, accommodation and refraction

Cycloplegia


(270472) Csörgei, denumire internațională (270472) Csorgei, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
270472 Csörgei este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Palomar în cadrul programului NEAT. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,64 ua, o excentricitate de 0,10 și o înclinație de 10,8° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 270001-271000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2002
Centura de asteroizi

270472 Csörgei


Anodocheilus es un género de coleópteros adéfagos de la familia Dytiscidae.

Especies
Anodocheilus bellitae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus daccordii	Garcia 2009
Anodocheilus elenauerae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus elizabethae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus exiguus
Anodocheilus florencae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus francescae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus janae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus lenorae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus maculatus	Babington
Anodocheilus oramae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus orientalis	Garcia 2009
Anodocheilus phyllisae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus piari	Garcia 2009
Anodocheilus ruthae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus sarae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus venezuelanum	Garcia 2009
Anodocheilus villae	Young 1974
Anodocheilus virglniae	Young 1974

Referencias

  2009: New Bidessini of the genus Anodocheilus Babington (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae) from Venezuela. Anartia, 22: 1-10. [not seen]
 ;  2006: The unknown larva of Anodocheilus Babington (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae: Bidessini): description of A. maculatus Babington and chaetotaxic considerations. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, 132(3&4): 431-444. [broken/unregistered!]
  1974: Review of the predaceous water beetles of genus Anodocheilus (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae: Hydroporinae). Occasional papers of the Museum of Zoology University of Michigan, (670)

Enlaces externos

 Nomenclator Zoologicus

Bidessini

Anodocheilus


The first minister of Wales () is the leader of the Welsh Government and keeper of the Welsh Seal. The first minister chairs the Welsh Cabinet and is primarily responsible for the formulation, development and presentation of Welsh Government policy. Additional functions of the first minister include promoting and representing Wales in an official capacity, at home and abroad, and responsibility for constitutional affairs, as they relate to devolution and the Welsh Government.

The first minister is a Member of the Senedd, and is nominated by the Senedd (Welsh Parliament; )—before being officially appointed by the Monarch. Members of the Welsh Cabinet and junior ministers of the Welsh Government, as well as law officers, are appointed by the first minister. As head of the Welsh Government, the first minister is directly accountable to the Senedd for their actions and the actions of the Welsh Government. The main office of the first minister is in Tŷ Hywel, which is adjacent to the Senedd building in Cardiff Bay.  An additional office is also kept at the Crown Buildings, Cathays Park, Cardiff which is the headquarters of the Welsh Government.

Mark Drakeford of the Welsh Labour Party is the current first minister of Wales. He assumed office on 13 December 2018 as Wales' fourth First Minister, and the fourth first minister from the Labour Party, succeeding Carwyn Jones.

Terminology
Where initially established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, Section 53(1), the post was known as Assembly First Secretary (), as Wales was given a less powerful assembly and executive than either Northern Ireland or Scotland. The choice of title was also attributed to the fact that the Welsh term for First Minister, Prif Weinidog, may also be translated as Prime Minister, so a different title was chosen to avoid confusion with the prime minister of the United Kingdom. The change of title occurred after the Liberal Democrats formed a coalition government with Labour in the National Assembly in October 2000. The Government of Wales Act 2006 allowed for the post to be officially known as "First Minister" and also made the first minister Keeper of the Welsh Seal.

On 22 October 2021, Mark Drakeford, the incumbent First Minister, changed his Twitter handle from @fmwales to @PrifWeinidog, in what has been described by some media as an effort to increase usage of the shortened Welsh language term for First Minister and Prime Minister. The post remains officially and commonly known as "First Minister" in English.

Nomination and appointment
Candidates for the position of First Minister are nominated by the members of the Senedd. The members elect the nominee for the first minister by majority vote. If no one is elected by a majority of votes cast with the first set of nominations, the process continues until a majority decide to cast their vote for one candidate. This process does not require an absolute majority of the Senedd (currently 31 out of 60 members)

Once this process has occurred the presiding officer shall formally send a letter to the reigning Monarch who must then appoint that nominee to the position of First Minister.

List of nominating elections

Role
Under the arrangements in the Government of Wales Act 1998, executive functions are conferred on the Senedd and then separately delegated to the first minister and to other Cabinet Ministers and staff as appropriate.

Until the Government of Wales Act 2006, these were delegated powers of the UK government. Since that Act came into force in May 2007, however, the first minister is appointed by the monarch and represents the Crown in Wales. Whilst this has little practical difference, it was a huge symbolic shift as for the first time the head of government in Wales is appointed by the Crown on the advice of the elected representatives of the Welsh people.

The first minister appoints the Welsh Ministers, Deputy Welsh Ministers and the Counsel General for Wales (collectively known as the Welsh Government), with the approval of The British sovereign.

Following separation between the legislative and the executive on the enactment of the Government of Wales Act 2006 (upon appointment of the first minister, 25 May 2007), the Welsh Ministers exercise functions in their own right.  Any further transfers of executive functions from the UK Government will be made directly to the Welsh Ministers (with their consent) by an Order in Council approved by Parliament.

The first minister is accountable and responsible for:
 Exercise of functions by the Cabinet of the Welsh Government
 Policy development and coordination of policy
 The relationships with the rest of the United Kingdom, Europe and Wales Abroad
 Staffing/Civil Service.

See also
 List of First Ministers of Wales
 List of current heads of government in the United Kingdom and dependencies
 Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
 Deputy First Minister for Wales
 Welsh Government

References

Sources
Dates are from World Statesmen and various BBC News Online articles from 1999 to 2003.

External links
 Roles and Responsibilities –
 Welsh Government: Cabinet and ministers

Politics of Wales
Government of Wales
First Ministers of Wales
Welsh Government
1997 establishments in the United Kingdom

First Minister of Wales


مراجع

وصلات خارجية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من بلومفيلد هيلز
أعلام كرة مضرب من تكساس
أعلام كرة مضرب من ميشيغان
خريجو جامعة فينيكس
خريجو جامعة كاليفورنيا (بركلي)
رياضيون أمريكيون يهود
رياضيون من ديترويت
رياضيون من هيوستن (تكساس)
لاعبو كرة مضرب أمريكيون
لاعبو كرة مضرب يهود
مواليد 1978
مواليد في ديترويت
يهود أمريكيون في القرن 21
لاعبو كرة مضرب من هيوستن

مايكل رسل


El picogordo de antifaz, picogrueso verdiamarillo, pepitero, reinamora o piquigrueso verde (Caryothraustes canadensis) es una especie de ave paseriforme de la familia Cardinalidae propia del norte y este de América del Sur. Se encuentra en Brasil, Colombia, Guayana Francesa, Guyana, Panamá, Surinam y Venezuela.

Hábitat
Vive en el estrato medio y el dosel del bosque húmedo y en plantaciones y huertos maduros adyacentes.

Descripción
Mide 17 cm de longitud. El plumaje es amarillo intenso con máscara negra y alas y cola verdosas oliváceas.

Alimentación
Se alimenta de frutos que busca en pareja o en bandas hasta de 20 individuos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

canadensis
Aves de América del Sur
Animales descritos en 1766
Taxones descritos por Carlos Linneo

Caryothraustes canadensis


Cheilodactylidae , commonly called morwongs but also known as butterfish, fingerfins, jackassfish, sea carp, snappers, and moki, is a family of marine ray-finned fish.  They are found in subtropical oceans in the Southern Hemisphere. The common name "morwong" is also used as a name for several unrelated fish found in Australian waters, such as the painted sweetlips (Diagramma pictum). The classification of the species within the Cheilodactylidae and the related Latridae is unclear.

Taxonomy
Cheilodactylidae is classified within the superfamily Cirrhitoidea, under the suborder Percoidei of the large order Perciformes. Molecular studies have also placed the superfamily within the order Centrarchiformes, although the Cirrhitoidea is confirmed as a monophyletic clade.  The 5th Edition of Fishes of the World does not recognise Centrarchiformes and retains the superfamily within the order Perciformes. The family has four genera according to the 5th Edition of Fishes of the World, however the authors of that book admit that further studies need to be carried out to resolve the true relationships of all the taxa within the Cirrhitoidea.

The traditional delimitation of this family and Latridae is based on morphological differences, but the reliability of these differences has been questioned, and genetics do not support this treatment, either, leading some to suggest the majority should be in Latridae. Based on this, the only species that should remain in the family Cheilodactylidae are the relatively small Cheilodactylus fasciatus and C. pixi from southern Africa. This also means the broader definition of the genus Cheilodactylus is polyphyletic. All other "Cheilodactylus" species clearly do not belong with these two in Cheilodactylus and instead appear to belong in several different genera (only one of which is Goniistius), but how many and their exact delimitation is not clear at present.

Genera
The following genera are classified within the Cheilodactylidae:

 Cheilodactylus Lacépède, 1803
 Chirodactylus Gill, 1862
 Dactylophora De Vis, 1883
 Nemadactylus Richardson, 1839

Characteristics
Cheilodactylids have a continuous dorsal fin which may have the anterior spiny part almost separated from the soft rayed posterior part, the spiny part contains 14–22 spines and the soft rayed part has 19–39
rays. The anal fin has 3 spines. although the third may be small and quite be difficult to see. and 7–19 soft rays. there are no teeth on the roof of or at the sides the mouth. The lowermost 4-7 pectoral fin rays of adults are normally robust, elongated, and not attached to the main part of the pectoral fin. The largest species is Dactylophora nigricans which attains a maximum total length of .

Distribution and habitat
Cheilodactylids are fishes of near-shore rocky reefs to depths of about . They are found mainly in temperate waters in the southern hemisphere but some species classified in the subgenus Goniistius, of the genus Cheilodactylus sensu lato extend into the North Pacific.

Biology
Cheilodactylids are nocturnal foragers and are carnivorous, feeding on benthic invertebrates such as crustaceans, molluscs and echinoderms. They do not guard their eggs.

Fisheries
Cheilodactylids are generally regarded as important food fish and at least one species is targeted by commercial fisheries in Australia.

References

External links
 Smith, Margaret M. 1980. A review of the South African Cheilodactylid fishes (Pisces: Perciformes), with descriptions of two new species. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology; No. 42. Grahamstown, South Africa: J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University.

Taxa named by Charles Lucien Bonaparte
Cirrhitoidea
Ray-finned fish families

Cheilodactylidae