L'altermétropolisation est un processus d'urbanisation alternatif à la métropolisation, au néolibéralisme urbain et à l'aménagement entrepreneurial. Fondé à partir des notions de communs urbains, d'innovations sociales, de nouveaux droits à la ville, de slow urbanism, d'économie circulaire, de responsive city, de FabLab, d'économie sociale et solidaire, de zones autonomes temporaires, le terme a été conceptualisé par Alexandre Grondeau dans un ouvrage qui traite de la non-inélucatibilté d'un seul modèle urbain, fondé sur la marchandisation de la ville, les capitalismes cognitifs et sécuritaire, l'ubérisation des fonctions métropolitaines et la mise en scène consumériste des villes de toutes tailles.

L'altermétropolisation part de l'hypothèse qu'il existe d'autres manières de fabriquer la ville que l'application de politiques urbaines néolibérales. Une de ces autres manières se fonde sur la production d'innovations sociales et les dynamiques territoriales qu'elle génère. Cette autre manière de fabriquer la ville en mobilisant de l'innovation sociale se décline sous de nombreuses formes sociales et territoriales. L'altermétropolisation regroupe une extrême diversité de formalisations et d'incarnations territoriales, et qu'il existe, pour les appréhender au mieux, deux grandes catégories d'expressions de l'altermétropolisation : l'une de compromis, qui souhaite transformer ce que ces acteurs considèrent comme l'avènement de la ville néolibérale et entrepreneuriale de l'intérieur, l'autre, plus radicale, qui propose de nouvelles formes de vivre en ville, d'urbanité et de reconstruire la ville sur elle-même...

Origine du terme
Le terme altermétropolisarion a été utilisé pour la première fois par Guy Burgel lors de trois séminaires organisés en 2006 et 2007 par la Fondation Gabriel-Péri et intitulés « L'altermétropolisation de Paris ». Les premiers objectifs de ces séminaires étaient de réfléchir à d'autres formes de métropolisation qui ne soient pas exclusives, mais inclusives des points de vue économique, social, du logement et de la mobilité. Cette approche originale, développée dans la pluridisciplinarité (Davezies, Panerai, Chemetov, Estèbe ont participé aux débats) et la citoyenneté (citoyens, élus, intellectuels furent mobilisés par la Fondation Gabriel-Péri), permirent de tracer de nombreuses pistes de réflexion autour de l'altermétropolisation, sans toutefois proposer un cadre analytique précis du processus. Un numéro de la revue Villes en Parallèle, co-dirigé par Alexandre Grondeau, Maxime Schirrer et Guy Burgel, esquisse un certain nombre de réflexions autour de l'altermétropolisation.

Facteurs d'explications

Altermétropolisation de compromis
L'altermétropolisation de compromis est un processus d'urbanisation particulier ayant une finalité expérimentale, appliquée et opérationnelle d'une autre manière de fabriquer la ville que le néolibéralisme urbain. Elle peut se matérialiser dans différents domaines et concerner la régénération urbaine de friches par la culture, le développement de la gestion coopérative de bâtiments comme les maisons de retraite, la mise en place de régies publiques maraîchères ou de gestion de l'eau courante, l'utilisation de nouveaux matériaux de construction dans l'aménagement de bâtiments véritablement écoresponsable, la création de FabLab… À chaque fois, les acteurs territoriaux sont différents, leur organisation et la gouvernance des lieux, tout comme leur configuration spatiale, sont particulières. Le spectre des configurations spatiales et organisationnelles de l'altermétropolisation est donc extrêmement large.

Altermétropolisation radicale
De manière concrète, l'altermétropolisation radicale s'incarne dans plusieurs types de territoires, eux-mêmes se situant à différentes échelles et s'exprimant dans diverses temporalités : les squats, les centres sociaux occupés et autogérés (CSOA), les ZAD (zone à défendre) urbaines, les quartiers libres, les zones autonomes temporaires (TAZ), les bâtiments et les espaces publics occupés.

Le spectre des configurations territoriales de l'altermétropolisation radicale est large. Il s'incarne ainsi à Christiania, un quartier de Copenhague au Danemark, comme dans le quartier de Haight-Ashbury à San Francisco quelques années auparavant, autour de nombreuses revendications (l'autogestion, la revendication d'un droit à la ville, la décolonisation, la liberté sexuelle, la lutte contre l'économie de marché) qui constituent le socle commun d'une population qui veut vivre en ville et fabriquer l'urbain autrement. L'objectif assumé et revendiqué de la population de la freetown est de fonder un quartier pensé comme un véritable bien commun urbain où la propriété et l'usage privé sont abolis.

Depuis une trentaine d'années, l'altermétropolisation a tendance à s'incarner dans la constitution de nouvelles formes d'occupation et de constitution, plus ou moins légales, d'espaces citoyens éphémères, apparus notamment lors des mouvements Occupy Wall Street, Nuit debout, Los Indignados, et la création de ZAD un peu partout en France, ainsi que plus récemment encore lors du mouvement des gilets jaunes. D'origines conflictuelles, ces espaces altermétropolitains sont créés de manière pacifique par des groupes d'individus en signe de protestation face à ce qu'ils estiment être des dérives du système économique et métropolitain dominant. La critique est politico-sociale mais ne se limite pas aux procédés classiques de la manifestation, puisqu'il s'agit dans ces exemples de prolonger la lutte et le rassemblement ponctuel par la fixation territoriale des revendications en des lieux symboliques qui vont être détournés de leur fonction première

Altermétropolisation dans le monde
Les territoires de l'altermétropolisation sont nombreux dans le monde : On les retrouve dans toutes les villes du Nord et du Sud où des initiatives territoriales citoyennes non-marchandes, inclusives, écologiques sont expérimentées. On peut également les observer sous la forme de zones autonomes temporaires (TAZ), squats (comme à Berlin au numéro 86 de la rue Kastanienallee, à Paris ou dans le sud de Madrid), expériences participatives des Pobladores au Chili, communautés de Svartlamon en Norvège, créée en 2001, et de Thy-Lejren au Danemark, mais aussi la freetown de Christiania à Copenhague.

Altermétropolisation en France
On retrouve des territoires altermétropolitains et des propositions alternatives à la métropolisation dans tous les métropoles françaises et de très nombreuses villes de petite et moyenne tailles : Bordeaux (Darwin), Marseille (Friche de la belle de Mai, Après-M, couvent Levat…), Paris, Nice (le 109)…

Bibliographie
 .
 .
 .

Références

Urbanisation

Altermétropolisation


ŽNL Ličko-senjska u sezoni 2020./21. predstavlja jedinu županijsku ligu u Ličko-senjskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Prvak lige je postao klub "Velebit" iz Žabice.

Sustav natjecanja
7 klubova igra dvokružnim liga-sustavom (14 kola, 12 utakmica po klubu).

Sudionici
 Bunjevac-Gavran Krivi Put
 Croatia 92 Lički Osik
 Lika 95 Korenica
 Novalja
 Plitvice Mukinje (Plitvička Jezera)
 Sokolac Brinje
 Velebit Žabica

Ljestvica

 "Velebit" prvak radi boljeg međusobnog omjera protiv "Novalje"

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Najbolji strijelci
Izvori:

Strijelci 10 i više golova u ligi.

Povezani članci
 ŽNL Ličko-senjska
 4. NL NS Rijeka 2020./21.

Vanjske poveznice
 nogometnisavezlsz.hr, Nogometni savez Ličko-senjske županije

Izvori

 nogometnisavezlsz.hr, Rezultati
 nogometnisavezlsz.hr, BILTEN 2020/2021, pristupljeno 11. ožujka 2023.
  rsssf.org, Croatia 2020/21 / Fifth Level (1st County Leagues)
  sofascore.com, 1. ŽNL Ličko-senjska (20/21)''
  tipsscore.com, 1. ŽNL Ličko-Senjska - 2020-2021
 docs.google.com, Nogometni savez Ličko-senjske županije, "BILTEN" - NATJECATELJSKA GODINA 2020./2021., br. 23 (72/2021.), Gospić, 26. svibnja 2021., (ŽNL - završna ljestvica i popis strijelaca), preuzeto 11. ožujka 2023.

2020-21
Ličko-senjska-1

ŽNL Ličko-senjska 2020./21.


AW Architektur & Wohnen ist eine Zeitschrift für Wohnen, Architektur, Garten, Design und Style aus Deutschland. Das Magazin erscheint eigenständig seit 1968 im Hamburger Jahreszeiten Verlag.

Geschichte
Die Zeitschrift ging aus dem Magazin Film und Frau hervor, das 1957 ein erstes Sonderheft zum Thema Architektur veröffentlichte. Von 1960 bis 1966 erschienen jährlich zwei Sonderhefte. 1968 hieß die Publikation Architektur und kultiviertes Wohnen, ein Jahr später bekam sie den Namen Architektur & Wohnen. Die Erscheinungsfrequenz stieg über die Jahre, seit 1985 wird das Heft alle zwei Monate veröffentlicht.

Architektur & Wohnen stellt neben internationalen Häusern und Wohnungen sowie Gärten und Parks Designer und Architekten in Porträts vor, begleitet durch Bildstrecken. Bereits 1999 erhielt das Magazin den Lead Award der Akademie Bildsprache und wurde mehrfach mit den DDC Awards ausgezeichnet sowie für den Designpreis der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (inzwischen German Design Award) nominiert.
Den German Design Award 2013 des Rat für Formgebung erhielt die Zeitschrift in der Kategorie "Communication Tools" für den Designpreis "Designer des Jahres".

Auszeichnungen

Designer des Jahres
Seit 1997 vergibt die Zeitschrift den internationalen Preis "Designer des Jahres" und den damit verbundenen Mentorpreis für Nachwuchstalente. Neben der Würdigung in der jeweils ersten Ausgabe eines Jahres findet eine Ausstellung der Preisträger statt. Erster Designer des Jahres wurde der italienische Industriedesigner Achille Castiglioni, der Konstantin Grcic für den Mentorpreis vorschlug. Grcic wurde zehn Jahre später selbst A&W-Designer des Jahres. Weitere Preisträger (Auswahl): Philippe Starck, Antonio Citterio, Alfredo Häberli, Tokujin Yoshioka, Patricia Urquiola und Werner Aisslinger (2014). Die Preisträger "Designer des Jahres 2013" waren die Brüder Ronan & Erwan Bouroullec, die für den Mentorpreis den Produktdesigner Miguel Vieira Baptista nominierten. Werner Aisslinger (Designer des Jahres 2014) benannte Gesa Hansen.

Architekt des Jahres
Am 10. Mai 2012 in Hamburg verlieh die Zeitschrift erstmals den Preis "Architekt des Jahres". Im Vorwege nominierte Architektur & Wohnen drei Architekturbüros und ließ die Leser und Online-User der Zeitschrift abstimmen. Das Rotterdamer Architektenbüro MVRDV ging als Sieger hervor. MVRDV wiederum nominierte die Landschaftsarchitektin Anouk Vogel für den zur Verleihung gehörenden USM-Mentorpreis für Architektur by A&W.

Weblinks
 Homepage

Einzelnachweise

Publikumszeitschrift (Deutschland)
Zeitschrift (Hamburg)
Innenarchitektur (Deutschland)
Designzeitschrift (Deutschland)
Ersterscheinung 1968

AW Architektur & Wohnen


Erzsébet Németh (* 29. September 1957 in Szolnok) ist eine ungarische Badmintonspielerin.

Karriere
Erzsébet Németh war in Ungarn vier Mal bei den Juniorenmeisterschaften erfolgreich, bevor sie sich 1975 erstmals bei den Erwachsenen durchsetzen konnte. 1976 und 1983 erkämpfte sie sich zwei weitere Titel bei den Einzelmeisterschaften. 1980 und 1982 war sie des Weiteren bei den Mannschaftsmeisterschaften erfolgreich.

Sportliche Erfolge

Referenzen
Ki kicsoda a magyar sportéletben? Band 2 (I–R). Szekszárd, Babits Kiadó, 1995. ISBN 963-495-011-6

Badmintonspieler (Ungarn)
Ungarischer Meister (Badminton)
Ungar
Geboren 1957
Frau

Erzsébet Németh


UEFA Liga nacija 2018./2019. – Liga C je 3. jakosna liga UEFA-ine Lige nacija sezone 2018./2019. međunarodnog nogometnog natjecanja europskih nacionalnih seniorskih reprezentacija članica UEFA-e. Natjecanje po skupinama lige C održano je od 6. rujna do 20. studenog 2018.

Format natjecanja
Liga C sastojala se od 15 članica UEFA-e rangiranih od 25. do 39. mjesta, podijeljenih u četiri skupine po tri ili četiri reprezentacije. Pobjednici i drugoplasirane reprezentacije svake skupine dobile su promociju u višu ligu te su tako sljedeće sezone igrale u ligi B, a četvrtoplasirane reprezentacije i najlošija trećeplasirana reprezentacija trebale su ispasti iz lige C i sljedeću sezonu igrati u ligi D, ali su ostale u ligi C zbog promjene formata.

Osim toga, ligi C dodijeljeno je jedno od četiri preostala mjesta za Europsko prvenstvo 2020. Četiri reprezentacije iz lige C koje se nisu kvalificirale na Europsko prvenstvo igrale su u listopadu i studenom 2020. doigravanja. Mjesto u doigravanju prvo je dodijeljeno pobjednicima skupina, a ako je pobjednik skupine osigurao sudjelovanje na prvenstvu redovnim kvalifikacijama, tada je mjesto dobila sljedeća najbolje rangirana reprezentacija lige. Ako manje od četiri reprezentacije u ligi C nisu osigurale sudjelovanje na prvenstvu onda su se ta slobodna mjesta dodijelila reprezentacijama najboljim u ukupnom poretku. Doigravanja su se sastojala od dva polufinala (najbolje rangirana reprezentacija protiv 4. te 2. protiv 3. najbolje rangirane reprezentacije, a domaćin je bila bolje rangirana reprezentacija) i jednog finala u kojemu su sudjelovali pobjednici polufinalnih utakmica. Pobjednik doigravanja osigurao je plasman na Europskom prvenstvu 2020.

Ždrijeb
Reprezentacije su svrstane u ligu C prema UEFA-inom koeficijentu za nacionalne reprezentacije nakon završetka grupne faze Kvalifikacija za Svjetsko prvenstvo u Rusiji 11. listopada 2017. te su podijeljene u četiri jakosne skupine s po četiri ili tri reprezentacija također složenih prema UEFA-inom koeficijentu za nacionalne reprezentacije. U skupini s tri reprezentacija ne mogu biti reprezentacije iz 4. jakosne skupine. Raspored reprezentacija po jakosnim skupinama objavljen je 7. prosinca 2017.

Ždrijeb skupina održan je 24. siječnja 2018. u Lausanni, Švicarska. Zbog zimskih vremenskih ograničenja, skupine nisu smjele sadržavati više od dvije sljedećih reprezentacija: Norveška, Finska, Estonija, Litva.

Natjecanje po skupinama

Raspored utakmica potvrdila je UEFA 24. siječnja 2018. nakon održanog ždrijeba.

Vremena odigravanja utakmica prikazani su na srednjoeuropskom vremenu za utakmice igrane u studenom 2018. te na srednjoeuropskom ljetnom vremenu za sve ostale utakmice.
Skupina 1

Skupina 2

Skupina 3

Skupina 4

Položaji trećeplasiranih
Najlošije rangirana trećeplasirana reprezentacija ispast će iz lige C te će sljedeću sezonu natjecanja igrati u ligi D. S obzirom na to da 1. skupina sadrži tri reprezentacije, a ostale skupine imaju po četiri, utakmice s četvrtoplasiranim reprezentacijama se ne računaju u ovoj ljestvici. Dakle, svakoj trećeplasiranoj reprezentaciji gleda se ukupno četiri susreta za potrebe ove ljestvice.

Strijelci
Ukupno je postignuto 92 golova u 42 utakmice, što je prosjek od oko 2 gola po utakmici (2,19).

6 golova
 Aleksandar Mitrović

5 golova
 James Forrest

4 gola
 Ádám Szalai

3 gola
 Teemu Pukki

2 gola

 Božidar Kraev
 Stefan Johansen
 Ola Kamara
 Nicolae Stanciu
 George Țucudean
 Miha Zajc
 Adem Ljajić

1 gol

 Taulant Xhaka
 Kiril Despodov
 Nikolaj Dimitrov
 Galin Ivanov
 Todor Nedelev
 Radoslav Vasiljev
 Grigoris Kastanos
 Fotios Papoulis
 Pieros Sotiriou
 Panagiotis Zachariou
 Henri Anier
 Siim Luts
 Glen Kamara
 Pyry Soiri
 Kostas Fortounis
 Kostas Manolas
 Kostas Mitroglou
 László Kleinheisler
 Ádám Nagy
 Dominik Nagy
 Willi Orban
 Roland Sallai
 Tomer Hemed
 Beram Kayal
 Dor Peretz
 Dia Saba
 Eran Zahavi
 Rolandas Baravykas
 Deimantas Petravičius
 Artūras Žulpa
 Marko Janković
 Boris Kopitović
 Stefan Savić
 Darko Zorić
 Mohamed Elyounoussi
 Bjørn Maars Johnsen
 Ole Selnæs
 Alexandru Chipciu
 Claudiu Keșerü
 Alexandru Maxim
 George Pușcaș
 Steven Fletcher
 Ryan Fraser
 Charlie Mulgrew
 Steven Naismith
 Robert Berić
 Nejc Skubic
 Benjamin Verbič
 Aleksandar Prijović
 Dušan Tadić

1 autogol
 Berat Djimsiti (protiv Škotske)
 Albin Granlund (protiv Grčke)
 Vassilis Lambropoulos (protiv Estonije)
 Máté Pátkai (protiv Estonije)
 Artūras Žulpa (protiv Srbije)
 Kieran Tierney (protiv Izraela)
 Petar Stojanović (protiv Cipra)

Ukupni poredak
Reprezentacije lige C su u ukupnom poretku raspoređene od 25. do 39. mjesta prema sljedećim pravilima:
 Reprezentacije koje završe prvoplasirane u skupinama poredane su od 25. do 28. mjesta prema rezulkupinama, ali ne uzimajući u obzir rezultate protiv četvrtoplasiranih reprezentacija.
 Reprezentacije koje završe drugoplasirane u skupinama poredane su od 29. do 32. mjesta prema rezultatima natjecanja po skupinama, ali ne uzimajući u obzir rezultate protiv četvrtoplasiranih reprezentacija.
 Reprezentacije koje završe trećeplasirane u skupinama poredane su od 33. do 36. mjesta prema rezultatima natjecanja po skupinama, ali ne uzimajući u obzir rezultate protiv četvrtoplasiranih reprezentacija.
 Reprezentacije koje završe četvrtoplasirane u skupinama poredane su od 37. do 39. mjesta prema rezultatima natjecanja po skupinama.

Nagradni fond
Nagradni fond koji je dodijeljen reprezentacijama objavljen je u ožujku 2018. Svaka reprezentacija lige C dobila je naknadu solidarnosti od 750 tisuća eura. Uz to, četiri pobjednika skupina dobili su još i 750 tisuća eura bonusa što znači da maksimalni iznos koji su najbolje reprezentacije lige C dobile je 1,5 milijuna eura.

Kvalifikacijska doigravanja

Četiri najbolje reprezentacije lige C prema ukupnom poretku koje se nisu kvalificirale na Europsko prvenstvo 2020. kroz redovne kvalifikacije igrale su doigravanja u kojim je pobjednik osigurao plasman na Europskom prvenstvu 2020. Budući da su u ligi A tri mjesta u doigravanjima ostala nepopunjena, dodijeljena su ligi C.

Legenda
PS Pobjednik skupine Lige nacija
D Domaćin Europskog prvenstva 2020. u trenutku ždrijeba
 Doigravanje za Europsko prvenstvo
 Kvalifikacija na Europsko prvenstvo kroz redovne kvalifikacije

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

2018-19 C

UEFA Liga nacija 2018./19. – Liga C


Janio Carlo Pósito Olazábal (Pítipo, provincia de Ferreñafe, Perú; 10 de octubre de 1989) es un futbolista peruano. Juega como Delantero y su equipo actual es el ADT de Tarma de la Liga 1.

Trayectoria
Debutó en Sporting Cristal en el 2007 en un partido ante Cienciano, permaneciendo dos años en el club, fue parte del equipo que clasificó a la Copa Libertadores 2009. Además, jugó al lado de José Carvallo, Christian Ramos y Yoshimar Yotún, quienes fueron mundialistas en la Copa Mundial de Fútbol de 2018. Tuvo un paso corto por el Coronel Bolognesi y luego fue prestado al Carlos A. Mannucci. Posteriormente, jugó la primera edición del Torneo de Promoción y Reserva con Cristal.

Jose Galvez
En 2011 jugó en José Gálvez, donde ganó el Torneo Intermedio 2011 y la Segunda División Peruana 2011. En la temporada 2012, firmó por Los Caimanes, equipo con el que logró el ascenso al Campeonato Descentralizado 2014 tras lograr el título de Segunda en 2013. Sin embargo, solo duró un año en Primera División ya que descendió de categoría.

Comerciantes Unidos
A mediados del 2016 llega a Comerciantes Unidos donde anota 2 goles en 8 partidos, en este club consigue su primera clasificación a la Copa Sudamericana 2017.

Sport Rosario
En el 2017 llega al el recién ascendido Sport Rosario, consiguiendo una histórica clasificación a la Copa Sudamericana 2018. Además, fue el máximo goleador de su equipo con 12 goles.

Alianza Lima
El 4 de enero del 2018 llega  Club Alianza Lima. Hizo dos goles importantes ante Melgar que permitieron clasificar a la Copa Libertadores.

FBC Melgar
EL 4 de enero del 2019 llega al  FBC Melgar para la Copa Libertadores.

Universidad Técnica de Cajamarca (UTC)
Llega a la UTC, después de un rendimiento irregular en el Foot Ball Club Melgar durante el Torneo Apertura 2019.

Cusco FC
Para el 2020 por el Cusco FC para la Sudamericana.

Ayacucho FC
Para el 2021 por el Ayacucho FC para la Copa CONMEBOL Libertadores

Clubes

Palmarés

Enlaces externos
 Ficha del futbolista en BDFA.com.ar
 Ficha en Soccerway

Futbolistas de Perú
Delanteros de fútbol
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-20 de Perú
Futbolistas del Club Sporting Cristal en los años 2000
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Coronel Bolognesi
Futbolistas del Club Carlos A. Mannucci
Futbolistas del José Gálvez Foot Ball Club
Futbolistas del Club Deportivo Los Caimanes
Futbolistas del Club Comerciantes Unidos
Futbolistas del Club Sport Rosario
Futbolistas del Club Alianza Lima
Futbolistas del Cusco Fútbol Club

Janio Pósito


Güldere, Düzce - Düzce ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güldere, Karaman - Karaman ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Güldere, Çarşamba - Samsun ili Çarşamba ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Güldere, Vezirköprü - Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı mahalle

Güldere


Aliens in the Attic este un film de comedie de familie americană, din 2009, al familiei Fox si Regency Enterprises , cu Carter Jenkins , Austin Butler , Ashley Tisdale , Gillian Vigman , Andy Richter , Doris Roberts , Robert Hoffman , Kevin Nealon , Tim Meadows , Henri Young, Regan Young, Josh Peck , JK Simmons , Kari Wahlgren și Thomas Haden Church . Complotul se învârte în jurul copiilor din familia Pearson care trebuie să-și apere casa de vacanță împotriva unui grup de extratereștri care intenționează o invazie a Pământului până când unul dintre străini le trădează și se alătură copiilor Pearson în luptă. Filmul a fost intitulat anterior " They came from Upstairs" , care este folosit ca linia de tag-uri a filmului. A fost lansat și un joc video cu același nume. Extratereștrii din Mansarda au primit recenzii mixte de la criticii de film, dar au fost un succes minor in box office. Cu toate acestea, Rotten Tomatoes ia dat un rating de 31%. Filmul a fost regizat de John Schultz .

Plot
O ploaie de meteoriți se propagă prin spațiul deschis. Patru obiecte strălucitoare se văd ascunse în spatele ploii de meteoriți. Dintr-o dată, ploaia de meteoriți își schimbă brusc direcția și se îndreaptă spre îndepărtata planetă Pământ.

Într-o suburbie din Chicago, Stuart Pearson ( Kevin Nealon ) și soția sa Nina ( Gillian Vigman ) conduc o familie care include Hannah ( Ashley Boettcher ), sora Bethany ( Ashley Tisdale ) de 17 ani, reveniți dintr-o excursie secretă cu prietenul ei, Ricky Dillman ( Robert Hoffman ), și Tom Tom ( Carter Jenkins ) de 15 ani, al cărui nivel de liceu este scăzut. După ce a avut un argument cu Tom despre el că a intrat în site-ul școlii pentru a-și schimba notele și a hotărî că familia are nevoie de o bună colaborare veche, Stuart îi duce într-o casă de vacanță în mijlocul nicăieri. Împreună cu aceștia sunt Nathan "Nate" Pearson ( Andy Richter ), fiul său de 14 ani Jake ( Austin Butler ), Nana Rose ( Doris Roberts ) și gemenii în vârstă de 12 ani Art (Henri Young) Tineri). Ricky ajung, de asemenea, în mod neașteptat și își vorbește drumul peste noapte, oferindu-i impresia că mașina lui sa desprins și trebuie reparată (deși a scos în secret unul dintre prize), astfel încât să-și petreacă timpul cu Bethany, plus spunând că are 18 ani.

În timp ce familia se stabilește, norii întunecați se întorc în jurul casei. Dintr-o dată, cele patru păstăi strălucitoare se așează pe acoperiș. Se ridică un echipaj străin , alcătuit din Skip ( JK Simmons ), comandantul dur, tare, Tazer ( Biserica Thomas Haden ), o tipă legată de mușchi înarmați pe dinți, Razor ( Kari Wahlgren ), o soldată gravă, , și Sparks ( Josh Peck ), un techie cu patru arme, care este singurul intruder care nu amenință să-și piardă rănile. De vreme ce extratereștrii s-au prăbușit în antena satelit, Ricky și Tom sunt trimiși să o repare. La mansarda, Ricky îi dezvăluie lui Tom că el a mințit că mașina se descompune și vârsta lui; Ricky este de fapt la facultate și are 21 de ani, cu patru ani mai mare decât Bethany. Ricky îl trimite pe Tom pentru a fixa antena de satelit singur, dar nu se repară. Investigând mai departe, Tom și Jake (care apare în mod neașteptat pe acoperiș) descoperă străinii. Ricky este împușcat de Tazor cu un "plug de control al minții", care permite străinilor să-l controleze printr-o telecomandă. Străinii, numiți "zirconieni", pretind planeta. Ca o marionetă, Ricky atacă băieții, dar Tom și Jake reușesc să se întoarcă în casă.

Nu cu mult timp înainte ca toți cei cinci copii să fi văzut extratereștrii, cu excepția lui Bethany. Ei descoperă în curând că prizele externe de control al minții nu funcționează asupra copiilor, oferindu-le șanse de luptă și își dau seama că au responsabilitatea de a proteja adulții, păstrând secretul existenței străinilor. Copiii creează arme improvizate, cum ar fi o armă de cartofi de cartofi de casă, și resping primul atac extraterestru de la mansardă. În acest proces, ei obțin controlul de la distanță al lui Ricky și îl transformă împotriva străinilor.

Copiii orchestrează o schemă de a scoate adulții din casă și apoi de a ambuscui străinii în timp ce încearcă să ajungă la subsol prin orificiile de ventilație, provocându-i pe spărgătorii tehnologici buni să se despartă. Îl întâlnește pe Hannah și ei devin prieteni. Spre deosebire de cohortele sale extraterestre, Sparks urăște lupta; el vrea doar să se întoarcă acasă la familia sa și el îi ajută făcând arme pentru ei. El a dezvăluit, de asemenea, coechipierii lui sunt după o mașină îngropată sub pivniță de mai mulți ani. Copiii au uitat de bunica lor, iar mintea extratereștrilor o controlează, ceea ce îi dă puterea și agilitatea supraomenească, dar ei obțin controlul ei, iar ea îl învinge pe Ricky (acum sub control străin) într-o scenă care amintește de un joc video ninja de luptă. Cu toate acestea, extratereștrii reușesc să captureze Jake și Sparks, de care au nevoie pentru a-și îndeplini misiunea.

Copiii dezvăluie în sfârșit lui Bethany evenimentele care au loc. Cei cinci îi salvează pe Jake în subsol. Ricky îl insultă apoi pe Tom și pe ceilalți și se destramă cu Bethany pentru că ea mereu vorbește despre sentimente și familie și pleacă. Copiii atacă extratereștrii și salvează Sparks, dar Skip reușește să folosească mașina de mărire, ridicându-se la 30 de metri înălțime, și cheamă navele de invazie zirconiene. Îl înfruntă și-l micsorează din nou. Tazer și Razor (care s-au îndrăgostit) fug, în timp ce Skip este aspirat în mașină, care a fost deteriorat în proces și a defectat și explodează. Sparks oprește invazia și se întoarce acasă după ce-și spune la revedere. Tom și Stuart se împacă și restul vacanței revine la normal, cu excepția faptului că copiii s-au apropiat unul de altul în timpul aventurii lor. În depărtare Skip, care a fost redus la o dimensiune chiar mai mică decât înainte, apare aplecat de răzbunare, dar își întâlnește dispariția atunci când o cioară zboară și o apucă.

Într-o scenă la mijlocul perioadei de credite, Bethany și Tom se răzbună pe Ricky pentru că s-au despărțit de ea și i-au insultat familia făcându-l să pară un nebun în fața noii sale prietene Annie Filkins, folosind dispozitivul de control al minții străine. Bethany comentează "Îmi păstrez acest lucru" după ce am folosit dispozitivul pentru al face pe Ricky să-și aterizeze testiculele.

Distribuție

Carter Jenkins - Tom Pearson
Austin Butler - Jake Pearson
Ashley Tisdale - Bethany Pearson
Ashley Boettcher în calitate de Hannah Pearson
Henri Young - Art Pearson
Regan Young - Lee Pearson
Robert Hoffman în rolul lui Ricky Dillman
Kevin Nealon ca Stuart Pearson
Gillian Vigman - Nina Pearson
Andy Richter - Nate Pearson
Doris Roberts - Nana Rose Pearson
Tim Meadows - Doug Armstrong
Malese Jow - Julie

Distribuția vocii

Josh Peck - Sparks
JK Simmons - Skips
Kari Wahlgren - Razor
Thomas Haden Church - Tazer

Producție

Dezvoltare
Scenariul a fost scris de Mark Burton și Adam F. Goldberg. Filmul este cofinanțat de Fox și Regency în timp ce este distribuit de Fox.   Fox a terminat scenariul în martie 2006.  Marc Resteghini supraveghea pentru Fox în timp ce Kara Francis Smith păstori pentru Regency. Barry Josephson a fost confirmat ca principal producător, în timp ce Thor Freudenthal a fost angajat pentru a conduce producția principală.  Producția principală a început în martie 2007.  Filmul a fost inițial intitulat " They came from Upstairs", dar mai târziu a fost schimbat la " Aliens in the Attic", în timp ce primul titlu este utilizat ca linia de tag-uri a filmului.  Implicarea lui Ashley Tisdale în film a fost confirmată în ianuarie 2008, când a fost distribuită ca Bethany Pearson.  Robert Hoffman , Carter Jenkins și Austin Butlerau fost mai târziu distribuite în film. Doris Roberts a fost semnat pentru film în februarie 2008.  MTV a confirmat că Josh Peck sa alăturat emisiunii ca vocea străinilor Sparks.  John Debney a compus nota inițială pentru film. Tisdale a inregistrat o piesa intitulata "Switch" pentru film, care este inclusa si in cel de-al doilea album, Guilty Pleasure . Original soundtrack-ul filmului a fost lansat pe 18 august 2009.

Filmare
Fotografia principală a început la sfârșitul lunii ianuarie 2008 în Auckland , Noua Zeelandă .   Compania de producție New Upstairs Productions, din Auckland, a declarat că filmarea va dura 30-40 de zile între 28 ianuarie și 18 aprilie 2008, fără filmări la sfârșit de săptămână.  Filmul a fost stabilit într-o vilă veche care a fost transportată de la Remuera la o fermă din North Auckland. Setul principal a fost un conac vechi și au cheltuit 700.000 de dolari pentru restaurarea casei.  Fotografia principală sa încheiat la mijlocul lunii martie 2008.  Tisdale, Butler și Jenkins s-au întors la scenă pentru a filma scenele din ultimul minut pentru film în aprilie 2009.

Lansare
Filmul a fost lansat pe 30 iulie 2009, în Rusia și Malaysia ; 31 iulie 2009 în Statele Unite , Canada și Bulgaria ; 12 august în Regatul Unit ; 3 septembrie 2009 în Australia. Data lansării originale a filmului a fost în ianuarie 2009, dar a fost împinsă din motive necunoscute. Comunicatul britanic a coincis, de asemenea, cu o licitație de caritate pentru Salvați Copiii, care a colaborat cu eBay și 20th Century Fox, în care diverse vedete, inclusiv mai mulți actori din film, au vândut obiecte din mansardă pentru a strânge bani pentru caritate.

Receptare

Critica
Recenzările străinilor din pod au fost amestecate negative; filmul deține un rating de 31% "rotten" pe Rotten Tomatoes bazat pe 71 de recenzii, cu consensul care spune "Inofensiv și prietenos pentru copii, această comedie familială de familie este lumină pe imaginație." Metacritic oferă filmului un scor de 42 pe baza a 10 recenzii.

Entertainment Weekly descrie filmul ca fiind "o aventură inutilă și inofensivă în familie, care nu atacă în mod psihic setul de 12 și arată foarte mult",  timp ce San Francisco Chronicle a descris filmul ca fiind neoriginal și mulțimea plăcută.

Soiul a declarat că filmul va atrage, în mod inevitabil, în primul rând la o demografie mai îngustă a tweens și pre-adolescenți și, în ciuda prezenței lui Tisdale, este greu de imaginat mulți cumpărători de bilete cu vârste între 12 și 18  timp ce The New York Timesdescriu Jenkins și Butler ca actori cu mai multă personalitate și Hoffman ca actor care oferă ocaziile amuzante ale filmului și a declarat că, deși este creditată ca unul dintre personajele principale, Tisdale își petrece cea mai mare parte a filmului pe ecran.

Los Angeles Times a declarat că filmul este "un film plăcut pentru copii, dar nu un clasic din afara lumii" și a menționat, de asemenea, că filmul aparține lui Hoffman  iar Kirk Honeycutt de la The Hollywood Reporter a declarat că regizorul John Schultz a jucat tot pentru a râde și a câștiga mai mult decât câteva, dar efectele tehnologice oferă un număr destul de râde și descriu filmul ca o "comedie de familie amuzantă".  Radio Times a acordat filmului un rating de trei stele din cinci stele, spunând că filmul este "un fir de copii palpitant, cu suficiente referințe culturale pop-culturale pentru a menține interesul celor în vârstă".

Fundația Dove a apreciat filmul, spunând că este "unul dintre acele filme pe care le considerați mai bune decât se aștepta" și a spus că filmul se bazează pe realismul dinamicii familiei.  Lara Martin de la Digital Spy a descris filmul ca fiind un amestec prietenos cu copiii de bărbați în negru încrucișați cu Gremlin, cu o doză sănătoasă de violență de tip Home Alone și a menționat, de asemenea, că una dintre cele mai mari dezamăgiri din film este lipsa timpului de screening acordat lui Tisdale, considerată ca fiind unul dintre principalii actori, care "devine un început promițător pe măsură ce se răzvrătește împotriva părinților și a struturilor sale în bikini, dar ea a fost retrogradată imediat la furajele de fond pur acolo pentru a oferi oportunități excesive străin-controlate Ricky să stralucească "și a concluzionat spunând că pare" o pierdere bizară și tristă a talentului ei evident de comedie ".  Cu toate acestea, The Miami Herald a făcut o revizuire mixtă către negativă, spunând că filmul este un film de film pentru copii de acțiune și animație, are câteva mesaje pozitive, câteva râde și câteva lovituri comice.

Box office
Alienii din Mansarda au fost un succes minor. În Statele Unite, filmul a fost distribuit de 3 106 de teatre și a încasat 8 milioane de dolari în weekend-ul său de deschidere, rezultând în numărul 5 în box-office.  Filmul a însumat echivalentul a 1,3 milioane de dolari SUA în Rusia , 10 milioane în Statele Unite și un total de 57 milioane de dolari în întreaga lume.

Premii și nominalizări

 2009 Premii Teen Choice
 Film Star: Femeie - Ashley Tisdale (nominalizare)
 2010 Young Artist Awards
 Tânărul ansamblu Distribuție: Megan Parker, Henri Young, Regan Young, Austin Robert Butler, Carter Jenkins (Nominalizare)

Home media
Filmul a fost lansat pe DVD și Blu-ray pe 3 noiembrie 2009.

Joc video
Un joc video bazat pe film a fost lansat pe 4 august 2009, dezvoltat de Revistronic și publicat de Playlogic . Jocul conține povestea filmului și este disponibil pentru Wii , PlayStation 2 , Nintendo DS și Microsoft Windows . Jocul oferă, de asemenea jucătorilor, două perspective de joc diferite, în funcție de ce jucători de pe platforma de jocuri video aleg.  Jocul permite jucătorului să joace ca Tom, Hannah, Jake, Art, Lee, Bethany sau cei patru exploratori străini pe 15 nivele.

Referințe

 ^ Jump up to:a b c d Box Office Mojo . Străinii în pod.
 ^ Jump up to:a b   Adus 19 aprilie2016 .
 ^ Jump up to:a b c d  "Tisdale urcă să filmeze în" Upstairs " " .Reporterul de la Hollywood .  Recuperat 2008-01-12 .
 ^ Jump up to:a b c  Varietate .  Recuperat 2008-01-12 .
 ^ Jump up to:a b  "Freudenthal să direcționeze" sus " " .  Recuperat 2008-01-12 .
 ^ Doris Roberts Semne pe "au venit de la etaj". Variety.com.
 Josh Peck se afla in afara acestei lumi Pentru filmul Sci-Fi al lui Ashley Tisdale 'Upstairs' MTV.com. Recuperat pe 4 martie 2009.
 ^ Străinii din Mansarda: Coloana sonoră . Amazon.com.
 ^  Recuperat la 12 ianuarie 2008 .
 ^ Jump up to:a b  Filmul de film de la Hollywood la Auckland Manor .  Recuperat 2008-01-12 .
 ^   Recuperat 2008-01-12 .
 ^ Înapoi la setul "Străinii în mansardă" [ permanent link mort ] .Ashleytisdale.com. Adus pe 2009-07-14.
 ^ Vena, Jocelyn. Ashley Tisdale Hones Abilitățile de luptă extraterestră în "au venit de la etaj" . MTV.com . Adus pe 2009-08-15.
 ^ Celebritatile Raid Atât lor Pentru Societatea Copiilor LicitațieArhivat 2 septembrie 2009, la Machine Wayback , Salvați copiisite-ul, accesat 17 august 2009
 ^  Recuperat 8 martie 2012 .
 ^   Recuperat 8 martie 2012.
 ^  "Străinii în pod" . Adus 2 decembrie 2017 .
 ^  "Revizuirea filmului:" Străinii în mansardă " " . Cronica San Francisco .

 ^  "Străinii în pod" .  Adus 2 decembrie 2017 .
 ^    Adus 2 decembrie 2017 .
 ^  " " Străinii în mansardă " " . Adus 2 decembrie 2017 .
 ^  "Alien în Mansarda - Film Review" .  Adus 2 decembrie 2017.
 Staunton, Terry. "Străinii în pod" . Radio Times .
 ^ Alienii în Mansarda - Film Review Arhivat 25 noiembrie 2009, la Machine Wayback . Fundația Dove .
 ^ Alienii în Mansarda - Film Review . Spionul digital.
 ^ Alienii în Mansarda - Film Review . Miami Herald.
 ^  Numerele . Recuperat 2009-08-16 .
 ^ Premiile Teen Choice Nominees Arhivate 25 iulie 2011, la Lista de Nominees a Machineworld.
 ^ Nominalizați la premiul Young Artist Arhivat 12 octombrie 2013, la Lista de Reprezentanți ai Wayback Machine .
 ^   Recuperat 2 iulie 2009 .

Legături externe

 Aliens In The Attic de pe IMDb
 Aliens In The Attic la AllMovie
 Aliens in the Attic la Box Office Mojo
 Aliens in the Attic la roșii roșii
 Aliens in the Attic la Metacritic

Filme SF de comedie
Filme din 2009
Filme pentru copii
Filme 20th Century Fox

Aliens in the Attic


Citron d'Assam, parfois Citron des Indes à fruit long est un agrume cultivé dans l'État indien d'Assam. Le fruit oblong contient une pulpe vert pale qui donne un jus légèrement acide, évoquant le citron vert et souvent utilisé dans la cuisine locale.

Il ne doit pas être confondu avec Citrus assamensis, autre agrume nettement acide mais sauvage et rare.

Dénomination
En assamais  lime d'Assam, Kazi Nemu, Kaji Nemu, Gol Nemu lime (du sanscrit  lime, citron et )

En chinois : , en anglais : , en vietnamien , en japonais , en indonésien , Kagja Lemon au Bangladesh.

Taxonomie
Souvent décrit comme un cultivar de citron Citrus limon L. Burmf, il ne figure ni comme citron ni comme une espèce dans Citrus in Assam (Bhattacharya et Dutta, 1956). Citrus longilimon Tanaka est admis dans le Protocole européen for distinctness uniformity and stability, Group 3 Lemons and limes (2004).

Morphologie
Fruit ellipsoïdal, la base du fruit arrondie, de  de long, sommet du fruit court en forme de mamelon; épicarpe (flavedo) légèrement rugueux, fin, vert virant jaune à maturité; pulpe blanc verdâtre, douce, juteuse et divisée en 8 à 10 segments. Acidité légère et gout rafraichissant de lime.

Culture

La production est artisanale (récolte manuelle sur arbres épineux. La superficie cultivé serait de  avec une faible productivité de  par ha). En Assam, on observe 2 floraisons par an et une floraison clairsemée tout au long de l'année qui permettent deux saisons de récolte (juin/juillet et décembre/janvier). Les arbres (buissonnants) reproduits par boutures ou marcottes sont plantés tous les 3 m.

Les fruits sont conservés sous film rétractable jusqu'à 1 mois sans altération.

Le fruit est présent en Indonésie.

Utilisation
Connu pour aromatiser le thé glacé au citron. Limonade (eau, jus de citron d'Assam, sucre et sel), tisane (jus de citron, eau tiède), confit au sel[6], jus du fruit vert sur les plats salés.

L'extrait au méthanol et à l'acétate d'éthyle a une activité antibactérienne très élevée.

Huile essentielle
Une publication (2020) sur l'huile essentielle de la peau des citrons du Nord-est de l'Inde (de cultivars récoltés en Assam à Jorhat) donne une forte présence de limonène (), géranial (), α-pinène (trace) et trans-verbénone (). Par comparaison on est démarqué de la lime (C. latifolia) et du citron (C. limon) qui contiennent respectivement: limonène  et  et β-pinène  chacun. L'α-bergamotène () est plus abondant que chez la lime (), à l'inverse du géranial () est intermédiaire:  chez la lime et  chez le citron. On peut donc parler d'une huile essentielle intermédiaire et originale qui justifie la création d'une espèce.

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Articles connexes
 Rutacées
 Citrus micrantha, Combava, Citrus macroptera, Citrus aurantiifolia, Nasnaran,Citrus assamensis
 Citrus depressa, Citrus keraji var. kabuchii, Mangshanyegan, kunenbo,

Liens externes

Agrume
Citrus
Huile essentielle

Citron d'Assam


John Sherman Cooper (August 23, 1901 – February 21, 1991) was an American politician, jurist, and diplomat from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. He served three non-consecutive, partial terms in the United States Senate before being elected to two full terms in 1960 and 1966. He also served as U.S. Ambassador to India from 1955 to 1956 and U.S. Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976. He was the first Republican to be popularly elected to more than one term as a senator from Kentucky and, in both 1960 and 1966, he set records for the largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate from either party.

Cooper's first political service was as a member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from 1927 to 1929. In 1930, he was elected county judge of Pulaski County. After a failed gubernatorial bid in 1939, he joined the U.S. Army in 1942. During World War II, he earned the Bronze Star Medal for reorganizing the Bavarian judicial system after the allied victory in Europe. While still in Germany, he was elected circuit judge for Kentucky's 28th district. He returned home to accept the judgeship, which he held for less than a year before resigning to seek election to A. B. "Happy" Chandler's vacated seat in the U.S. Senate. He won the seat by 41,823 votes, the largest victory margin by any Republican for any office in Kentucky up to that time.

During his first term in the Senate, Cooper voted with the majority of his party just 51% of the time. He was defeated in his re-election bid in 1948, after which he accepted an appointment by President Harry S. Truman as a delegate to the United Nations General Assembly and served as a special assistant to Secretary of State Dean Acheson during the formation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Cooper was again elected to a partial term in the Senate in 1952. The popular Cooper appeared likely to be re-elected in 1954 until the Democrats nominated former Vice President Alben W. Barkley. Cooper lost the general election and was appointed Ambassador to India by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1955. Cooper gained the confidence of Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and dramatically improved relations between the U.S. and the recently independent state of India, helping rebuff Soviet hopes of expanding communism in Asia. Barkley died in 1956, and Eisenhower requested that Cooper seek Barkley's open seat. Cooper reluctantly acquiesced and was elected to serve the rest of Barkley's term.

In 1960, Cooper was re-elected, securing his first full, six-year term in the Senate. Newly elected President John F. Kennedy – Cooper's former Senate colleague – chose Cooper to conduct a secret fact-finding mission to Moscow and New Delhi. Following Kennedy's assassination in November 1963, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Cooper to the Warren Commission to investigate the assassination. Cooper soon became an outspoken opponent of Johnson's decision to escalate U.S. military involvement in the Vietnam War, consistently advocating negotiation with the North Vietnamese instead. After Cooper's re-election in 1966, he worked with Idaho Democrat Frank Church on a series of amendments designed to de-fund further U.S. military operations in the region. These amendments were hailed as the first serious attempt by Congress to curb presidential authority over military operations during an ongoing war. Aging and increasingly deaf, Cooper did not seek re-election in 1972. His last acts of public service were as Ambassador to East Germany from 1974 to 1976 and as an alternate delegate to the United Nations in 1981. He died in a Washington, D.C., retirement home on February 21, 1991, and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

Early life
John Sherman Cooper was born August 23, 1901, in Somerset, Kentucky. He was the second child and first son of seven children born to John Sherman and Helen Gertrude (Tartar) Cooper. The Cooper family had been prominent in the Somerset area since brothers Malachi and Edward Cooper migrated from South Carolina along the Wilderness Trail and through the Cumberland Gap around 1790, shortly after Daniel Boone. His father's parents – staunch Baptists – were active in the anti-slavery movement in the nineteenth century, and the elder John Sherman Cooper (called "Sherman") was named after the Apostle John and William Tecumseh Sherman, a hero of the Union in the Civil War. The family was very active in local politics; six of Cooper's ancestors, including his father, were elected county judges in Pulaski County, and two had been circuit judges. Sherman Cooper engaged in numerous successful business ventures and was known as the wealthiest man in Somerset. At the time of John Sherman Cooper's birth, his father was serving as collector of internal revenue in Kentucky's 8th congressional district, a position to which he had been appointed by President Theodore Roosevelt.

During his youth, Cooper worked delivering newspapers, in railroad yards, and in his father's coal mines in Harlan County. Despite having formerly served as county school superintendent, Cooper's father had a low opinion of the public schools, and until he was in the fifth grade, Cooper was privately tutored by a neighbor. While his father was away on business in Texas, his mother sent him to sixth grade at the public school, which he attended thereafter. At Somerset High School, he played both basketball and football. After the outbreak of World War I, Cooper joined an informal military training unit at the high school. Two of the school's instructors organized the boys into two companies, but Cooper, who was given the rank of captain, later recalled that "they taught us how to march and that's about all." During his senior year, Cooper served as class president and class poet. In 1918, he graduated second in his high school class and was chosen to give the commencement speech.

After graduation, Cooper matriculated at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky. While at Centre, Cooper was accepted into the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He also played defensive end on the Praying Colonels' football team. Cooper was a letterman on the team, playing alongside football notables Bo McMillin, Red Roberts, Matty Bell, and Red Weaver. Another member of the team, John Y. Brown Sr., would later become one of Cooper's political rivals. Coached by Charley Moran, the team was undefeated in four games in the 1918 season, which was shortened by an outbreak of the Spanish flu.

Although Centre was known as one of Kentucky's foremost colleges, Cooper's father wanted him to broaden his education and, after one year at Centre, Cooper transferred to Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut. At Yale, he was a classmate of his future U.S. Senate colleague, Stuart Symington. Cooper was active in many extracurricular activities at Yale, including the Sophomore German Committee, the Junior Promenade Committee, the Student Council, the Class Day Committee, the Southern Club, the University Club, and Beta Theta Pi. A member of the Undergraduate Athletic Association, he played football and basketball, becoming the first person in Yale history to be named captain of the basketball team in his junior and senior years. In his senior year, he was accepted into the elite Skull and Bones society but regretted not being accepted into Phi Beta Kappa. Upon graduation, he was voted most popular and most likely to succeed in his class.

Cooper earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Yale in 1923 and enrolled at Harvard Law School later that year. During the summer break of 1924, he returned to Kentucky, where his father, dying of Bright's disease, told him that he would soon become the head of the family, and that most of the family's resources had been lost in the economic recession of the early 1920s. Cooper returned to Harvard after his father's death, but soon discovered that he could not simultaneously pursue a law degree and manage his family's affairs. He was admitted to the bar by examination in 1928 and opened a legal practice in Somerset. Over the next 20 years, he sold his father's remaining assets, paid off the family debts, and financed a college education for his six siblings.

Early political career
After being urged into politics by his uncle, Judge Roscoe Tartar, Cooper ran unopposed for a seat in the Kentucky House of Representatives as a Republican in 1927. As a member of the House, he was one of only three Republicans to oppose Republican Governor Flem D. Sampson's unsuccessful attempt to politicize the state department of health; the measure failed by a single vote. Cooper supported the governor's plan to provide free textbooks for the state's school children and sponsored legislation to prohibit judges from issuing injunctions to end labor strikes, although the latter bill did not pass.

In 1929, Cooper declared his candidacy for county judge of Pulaski County. His opponent, the incumbent, was the president of Somerset Bank and the former law partner of Cooper's father. Cooper won the election, however, beginning the first of his eight years as county judge. During his service, he was required by law to enforce eviction notices, but often helped those he evicted find other housing or gave them money himself, earning him the nickname "the poor man's judge". He reportedly became so depressed by the poverty and suffering of his constituents during the Great Depression that he had a nervous breakdown and took a leave of absence to seek psychiatric treatment.

Cooper served on the board of trustees for the University of Kentucky from 1935 to 1946. In 1939, he sought the Republican gubernatorial nomination. As a result of a mandatory primary election law passed in 1935, the Republican nominee would not be chosen by a nominating convention, as was typical for the party. Cooper garnered only 36% of the vote in the primary, losing the nomination to King Swope, a Lexington circuit court judge and former congressman.

Service in World War II
Although well above the draft age at 41 years old, Cooper enlisted for service in the United States Army in World War II in 1942. Immediately offered an officer's commission, he chose instead to enlist as a private. After basic training, he enrolled in Officer Candidate School at the Fort Custer Training Center in Michigan. He studied military government and graduated second in his class of 111 students. In 1943, he was commissioned a second lieutenant and assigned to the XV Corps of General George Patton's Third Army as a courier in the military police. Cooper served in France, Luxembourg, and Germany. After liberating the Buchenwald concentration camp, Patton ordered the entire population of the nearby city of Weimar to go through it and observe the conditions; Cooper also viewed the camp at that time.

Following the cessation of hostilities, Cooper served as a legal advisor for the 300,000 displaced persons in his unit's occupation zone seeking repatriation after being brought to Germany as slaves by the Nazis. Under the terms of the agreement reached at the Yalta Conference, all displaced Russian nationals were to be returned to the Soviet Union, but Soviet negotiators decided that the agreement did not apply to non-Russian spouses and children of the nationals. Cooper brought this to the attention of General Patton, who rescinded the repatriation order in the Third Army's occupation zone. Cooper received a citation from the Third Army's military government section for his action. Cooper also oversaw the reorganization of the 239 courts in the German state of Bavaria in an attempt to replace all the Nazi officials, for which he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal. Among the judges installed by Cooper were Wilhelm Hoegner, future Minister-President of Bavaria, and Ludwig Erhard, the future Chancellor of Germany.

In 1943 or 1944, while he was still in the Army, Cooper married a nurse named Evelyn Pfaff. Cooper was elected without opposition as circuit judge of Kentucky's twenty-eighth judicial district in 1945, despite still being in Germany and not campaigning for the office. He was discharged from the Army with the rank of captain in February 1946 and returned to Kentucky to assume the judgeship.

First term in the Senate and early diplomatic career
Cooper's judicial district included his native Pulaski County, as well as Rockcastle, Wayne and Clinton counties. During his tenure, blacks were allowed to serve on trial juries in the district for the first time. Of the first 16 opinions he issued during his time on the bench, 15 were upheld by the Kentucky Court of Appeals, Kentucky's court of last resort at the time.

Cooper resigned his judgeship in November 1946 to seek the U.S. Senate seat vacated when A. B. "Happy" Chandler resigned to accept the position of Commissioner of Baseball. Cooper's opponent, former Congressman and Speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives John Y. Brown Sr., was better known and widely believed to be the favorite in the race. However, Brown had alienated Chandler's supporters in the Democratic Party during a hotly contested senatorial primary between Brown and Chandler in 1942, and this group worked against his election in 1946. Further, the Louisville Courier-Journal opposed Brown because of his attacks on former Senator J. C. W. Beckham and Judge Robert Worth Bingham, who were heads of a powerful political machine in Louisville. With these two factors working against Brown, Cooper won the election to fill Chandler's unexpired term by 41,823 votes, the largest victory margin by any Republican for any office in Kentucky up to that time. His victory marked only the third time in Kentucky's history that a Republican had been popularly elected to the Senate. The move to Washington, D.C. proved to be too much for Cooper's already strained marriage. In 1947, he filed for divorce, charging abandonment.

Cooper described himself as "a truly terrible public speaker" and rarely made addresses from the Senate floor. He was known as an independent Republican during his career in the Senate. In the first roll-call vote of his career, he opposed transferring investigatory powers to Republican Owen Brewster's special War Investigating Committee. His second vote, directing that proceeds from the sale of war surplus materiel be used to pay off war debts, also went against the majority of the Republican caucus, prompting Ohio Republican Robert A. Taft to ask him "Are you a Republican or a Democrat? When are you going to start voting with us?" Cooper responded, "If you'll pardon me, I was sent here to represent my constituents, and I intend to vote as I think best."

A few days after being sworn in, Cooper co-sponsored his first piece of legislation, a bill to provide federal aid for education. The bill passed the Senate, but not the House. Cooper was made chairman of the Senate Subcommittee on Public Roads, and helped draft a bill authorizing $900 million in federal funds to states for highway construction. In 1948, he sponsored a bill to provide price support for burley tobacco at 90 percent of parity. He insisted on an amendment to the War Claims Act of 1948 that benefits to veterans injured as prisoners of war of the Germans and Japanese during World War II be paid immediately using enemy assets. He also co-sponsored legislation allowing hundreds of thousands of people displaced by the Nazis to enter the United States legally. He opposed bans on industrywide collective bargaining for organized labor and on the establishment of closed shops. He voted against putting union welfare funds under government control, but helped to pass an amendment forbidding compulsory union membership for workers.

Cooper continued his independence from his party throughout his term, vocally opposing Republican plans to cut taxes despite record national budget deficits and resisting the party's efforts to reduce funding for the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe in the aftermath of the war. He worked with fellow Kentuckian Alben Barkley and Oregon Senator Wayne Morse to undermine Jim Crow laws enacted by the states and remove obstacles to suffrage for minorities. He also co-sponsored a bill to create the Medicare system, although it was defeated at the time. Although he had voted with the Republicans just 51% of the time during his partial term – the lowest average of any member of the party – Cooper headed the Kentucky delegation to the 1948 Republican National Convention. He supported Arthur Vandenberg for president, but Thomas E. Dewey ultimately received the party's nomination. Cooper himself was mentioned as a possible candidate for vice-president, but ultimately did not receive the nomination and sought re-election to his Senate seat instead. Also in 1948, Centre College awarded Cooper an honorary Doctor of Laws degree.

Cooper was opposed in his re-election bid by Democratic Congressman Virgil M. Chapman, an ally of Earle C. Clements, who had been elected governor in 1947. As one of only a few Democrats who had voted in favor of the Taft–Hartley Act, Chapman had lost the support of organized labor, a key constituency for the Democrats. The Democratic-leaning Louisville Times endorsed Cooper, but the presence of Kentucky's favorite son, Alben Barkley, on the ballot as Harry S. Truman's running mate in the 1948 presidential election ensured a strong Democratic turnout in the state. Both Barkley and Clements stressed party unity during the campaign, and although Cooper polled much better than the Republican presidential ticket, he ultimately lost to Chapman in the general election by 24,480 votes.

Following his defeat, Cooper resumed the practice of law in the Washington, D.C. firm of Gardner, Morison and Rogers. In 1949, President Truman appointed Cooper as one of five delegates to the United Nations (U.N.) General Assembly. He was an alternate delegate to that body in 1950 and 1951. Secretary of State Dean Acheson chose Cooper as his advisor to meetings that created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and at meetings of the NATO Council of Ministers in London in May 1950 and Brussels in December 1950. Political historian Glenn Finch observed that, while Cooper was well-qualified for his duties at the U.N. and NATO, his presence abroad also made him less available to campaign for the Senate seat vacated by Barkley's elevation to the vice-presidency. Speculation was raised that Clements, who won Barkley's old seat in a special election in 1950, may have influenced Truman and Acheson to make the appointments.

Second term in Senate
Cooper's supporters believed he would again seek the governorship of Kentucky or be appointed to the Supreme Court of the United States in the early 1950s; some even formed a committee to elect Cooper president. Cooper considered running for governor in 1951, but when Chapman was killed in an automobile accident on March 8, 1951, he decided to make another run for the Senate against Thomas R. Underwood, Governor Lawrence Wetherby's appointee to fill the vacancy. Underwood was considered a heavy favorite in the race. Some Republicans faulted Cooper for taking an appointment from Democrat Truman. Both the Louisville Times and the Louisville Courier-Journal recanted their statements in 1950 for Cooper to seek election to the Senate in 1954. They now feared that the election of a Republican would allow that party to organize the Senate, giving key committee chairmanships to isolationists opposed to continued US involvement in the Korean War. Nevertheless, Cooper defeated Underwood by 29,000 votes in the election and served out the remainder of Chapman's term. His victory marked the first time in Kentucky's history that a Republican had been elected to the Senate more than once.

Cooper was named to the Senate Committee on Labor, Education and Public Welfare and chaired its education and labor subcommittees. He sponsored a bill authorizing public works projects along the Big Sandy River, including the Tug and Levisa forks. He also supported the reconstruction of the locks and dams along the Ohio River and the construction of locks, dams, and reservoirs in the Green River Valley. He opposed the Dixon-Yates contract, which would have paid a private company to construct a new power station to generate power for the city of Memphis, Tennessee, calling instead for authorization for the Tennessee Valley Authority to issue bonds to finance the construction of new power stations. He supported a comprehensive program benefiting the coal industry and cosponsored a bill to extending public library services to rural areas.

Cooper continued to be an independent voice in the Senate. During the Red Scare, he was critical of attempts to permit illegal wiretap evidence in federal courts and attempts to reduce the protections against self-incrimination granted by the Fifth Amendment. Nevertheless, he refused to strip Joseph McCarthy, the leading figure in the Red Scare, of his major Senate committee chairmanships, cautioning that "many of those who bitterly oppose Senator McCarthy call for the same tactics that they charge him with." He was the only Republican to oppose the Bricker Amendment, which would have limited the president's treaty-making power. He concluded that the issues addressed by the amendment were not sufficient to warrant a change to the Constitution. He also opposed the Submerged Lands Act and the Mexican Farm Labor bill, both of which were supported by the Eisenhower administration. He denounced Eisenhower's appointment of Albert M. Cole, an open opponent of public housing, as Federal Housing Administrator and opposed many of the agricultural reforms proposed by Eisenhower's Agriculture Secretary, Ezra Taft Benson. Again, his independence did little to diminish his stature in the party. In 1954, he was named to the Senate Republican Policy Committee.

Cooper again sought re-election in 1954. Democrats first considered Governor Wetherby as his opponent, but Wetherby's candidacy would have drawn a primary challenger from the Happy Chandler faction of the Democratic Party, possibly leading to a party split and Cooper's re-election. Instead, party leaders convinced former Vice President Barkley, now 77 years old, to run for the seat in order to ensure party unity. There were few policy differences between Barkley and Cooper, who had been deemed the most liberal Republican in the Senate by Americans for Democratic Action. During the campaign, Cooper was featured on the cover of Time on July 5, 1954. Cooper appealed to women voters, as well as black voters who appreciated his support for civil rights. He also claimed that he would be a less partisan senator than Barkley. Barkley's personal popularity carried him to a 71,000-vote victory, however. Glenn Finch opined that "Barkley was unbeatable in his own state, and it is probable that no other candidate could have defeated Cooper."

Ambassador to India
In 1955, President Dwight Eisenhower nominated Cooper as U.S. Ambassador to India and Nepal. During his time as a delegate for the United Nations, Cooper had met Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and established a cordial working relationship with the Indian delegation, including Nehru's sister Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. The Indians had been impressed with Cooper and the Indian government had expressed their desire that Cooper serve as their ambassador from the U.S. Cooper initially rejected the position offered by Secretary of State John Foster Dulles but was convinced to accept it by a personal request from President Eisenhower.

India had only become an independent nation in 1947, and it was considered a bulwark against Communism in Asia. U.S.–India relations were strained, however, because of India's recognition of Communist China, its opposition to the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), and its resistance to foreign interference in Indochina. U.S. News & World Report described the ambassadorship as "one of the most difficult and delicate in all the diplomatic world".

Cooper married Lorraine Rowan Shevlin on March 17, 1955, in Pasadena, California, just ten days before leaving for India. Twice divorced, Shevlin was the daughter of Robert A. Rowan (a wealthy California real estate developer whose projects included the Hotel Alexandria and the Security Building), step-daughter of Vatican official Prince Domenico Orsini, and a well-known socialite. She was fluent in three languages and understood Russian.  The two had dated for much of the 1950s, but Cooper was hesitant to marry because he had doubts about moving into Shevlin's elaborate Georgetown home. (While in Washington, the unmarried Cooper permanently resided in the Dodge House Hotel.) The move to India removed this barrier, and Secretary Dulles encouraged Cooper to marry her before leaving so that the embassy in New Delhi might have a proper hostess. On April 4, 1955, the couple stopped in England on their way to India to visit with Louis Mountbatten, the last Governor-General of India. Their discussions about the situation of the Indian situation were part of the scant preparation Cooper received before arriving there.

Cooper began his service as ambassador by developing a close friendship with Prime Minister Nehru. Nehru's respect and admiration for Cooper soon became widely known. Cooper labored to help officials in Washington, D.C. understand that India's reluctance to align with either the West or the Communists in China and the Soviet Union was their way of exercising their newly won independence. At the same time, he defended the U.S. military buildup after World War II, its involvement in the Korean War, and its membership in mutual security pacts like NATO and SEATO as self-defense measures, not aggressive actions by the U.S. government, as the Indians widely perceived them. Cooper condemned the Eisenhower administration's decision to sell weapons to Pakistan, which was resented by the Indians, but also felt that the Indian government took some political positions without regard to their moral implications. By late 1955, the Chicago Daily News reported that Indo-American relations had "improved to a degree not thought possible six months ago".

In a joint communique dated December 2, 1955, U.S. Secretary of State Dulles and Portuguese Foreign Minister Paulo Cunha condemned statements made by Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin and Soviet Party First Secretary Nikita Khrushchev during an eighteen-day tour of India. Of particular interest was the communique's reference to "Portuguese provinces in the Far East". This phrase referred to Goa, a Portuguese colony in western India. Although most European nations with holdings near India had granted them to the new independent nation in 1947, Portugal refused to surrender Goa, and the region had become a source of conflict between the two nations. The joint communiqué seemed to indicate U.S. recognition of Portuguese sovereignty in Goa, which undercut Cooper's assurances to the Indians of U.S. neutrality in the matter. Cooper himself did not know about the communiqué until he read an account of it in the Indian media and was therefore unprepared to offer an explanation for it when asked by the Indian Foreign Secretary. Cooper's cable to Washington, D.C. about the matter was reported to have been "bitter", although the contents of the cable have not been released.

The Dulles–Cuhna communique touched off anti-American demonstrations in many parts of India. On December 6, Dulles held a news conference during which he reaffirmed U.S. neutrality on the Goa issue, but did not recant claims of Portuguese sovereignty over the region. Prime Minister Nehru announced his intent to file a formal protest with the United States over the communique and to address the Indian Parliament about the matter. In the interim, Cooper secured a meeting with Nehru and forestalled both actions. Cooper became even more upset with Dulles when Dulles authorized withholding $10 million of a $50 million aid package to India; Cooper protested the withholding, and Dulles decided to pay the full amount.

Throughout the early part of 1956, Cooper strongly advocated that the U.S. respect Indian nonalignment and increase economic aid to the country. In August 1956, Congress approved a financial aid package for India that included the largest sale up to that point of surplus agricultural products by the United States to any country. Cooper's persistence in requesting such aid was critical in getting the package approved, as it was opposed by many administration officials, including Under Secretary of State Herbert Hoover Jr., Treasury Secretary George M. Humphrey, and International Cooperation Administration Director John B. Hollister.

Later service in the Senate

Senator Barkley died in office on April 30, 1956. Republican leaders encouraged Cooper to return from India and seek the seat, but Cooper was reluctant to give up his ambassadorship. After a personal appeal from President Eisenhower, however, Cooper acquiesced and declared his candidacy in July 1956. Even after leaving India, he maintained close ties with the country's leaders and was the official U.S. representative at the funerals of Prime Minister Nehru in 1964, Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri in 1966, and Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1984.

Because Barkley's death occurred after the filing deadline for the November elections, the Democratic State Central Committee had to choose a nominee for the now-open seat. After unsuccessfully attempting to find a compromise candidate that both the Clements and Chandler factions could support, they chose Lawrence Wetherby, whose term as governor had recently expired.  Chandler, now serving his second term as governor, was angered by the choice of Wetherby, and most members of his faction either gave Wetherby lukewarm support or outright supported Cooper instead. This, combined with Cooper's personal popularity, led to his victory over Wetherby by 65,000 votes.

Upon his return to the Senate in 1957, Cooper was assigned to the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. In 1959, he challenged Illinois Senator Everett Dirksen to become the Republican floor leader in the Senate, but lost by four votes. In a 1960 poll of fifty journalists conducted by Newsweek magazine, Cooper was named the ablest Republican member of the Senate. He helped author and co-sponsored the National Defense Education Act. Together with Senator Jennings Randolph, he sponsored the Appalachian Regional Development Act, designed to address the prevalent poverty in Appalachia. He succeeded in gaining more state and local control over the anti-poverty group Volunteers in Service to America. He was a vigorous opponent of measures designed to weaken the Tennessee Valley Authority.

In 1960, Democrats nominated former governor Keen Johnson, then an executive with Reynolds Metals, to oppose Cooper's re-election bid. Cooper had the support of organized labor and benefitted from a large segment of Kentuckians who voted for Republican Richard M. Nixon over Democrat John F. Kennedy as a reaction against Kennedy's Catholicism in the 1960 presidential election. Cooper ultimately defeated Johnson by 199,257 votes, a record victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate.

Shortly after his election as president in 1960, Kennedy chose Cooper to conduct a then-secret mission to Moscow and New Delhi to assess the attitudes of the Soviet government for the new administration. Kennedy and Cooper had served together on the Senate Labor Committee and maintained a social friendship. On the mission, Cooper discovered that the Soviets disliked Kennedy and Nixon equally. Cooper concluded in his report to Kennedy that there was little potential for harmonious relations with the Soviets. After meeting with Secretary Khrushchev, Kennedy confirmed to Cooper that his report had been correct and confessed that he should have taken it even more seriously. Cooper supported Kennedy's decision to resume nuclear weapons testing after the Soviets resumed their testing in March 1962, but he urged Kennedy to negotiate an agreement with the Soviets if possible.

President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Cooper to the Warren Commission, which was charged with investigating Kennedy's assassination in 1963. Cooper attended 50 of the 94 hearings and rejected the single-bullet theory stating that "there was no evidence to show that [Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally] were hit by the same bullet." Cooper publicly criticized the report's conclusions as "premature and inconclusive", and informed Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Senator Ted Kennedy that he strongly felt Lee Harvey Oswald had not acted alone. When Cooper expressed his same thoughts to Jacqueline Kennedy, he reportedly stated that "it's important for this nation that we bring the true murderers to justice."

As one of three Republicans on the Senate Rules and Administration Committee, Cooper was involved with the investigation of Johnson aide Bobby Baker in 1964, which he decried as "a whitewash" after the committee blocked further investigation. He proposed the establishment of a Senate Select Committee on Standards and Conduct in July 1964 and was named to that committee in July 1965. Also in 1965, he was chosen advisor to the United States delegation to the Manila Conference that established the Asian Development Bank.

An advocate for small businesses and agricultural interests, Cooper opposed an April 1965 bill that expanded the powers of the Federal Trade Commission to regulate cigarette advertising. In March 1966, he proposed an amendment to a mine safety bill supported by the United Mine Workers of America that would have nullified provisions of the bill if they were not shown to contribute to the safety of small mines, but his amendment was defeated.

Cooper voted in favor of the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968, as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the confirmation of Thurgood Marshall to the U.S. Supreme Court. Cooper was one of thirteen Republican senators to vote in favor of Medicare.

Opposition to the Vietnam War

Although Cooper voted in favor of the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, he opposed escalating U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. As early as April 1964, Cooper was urging President Johnson to negotiate a peaceful settlement to the tensions in Southeast Asia. He questioned Southeast Asia's strategic importance to the U.S. and expressed concerns about the feasibility of deploying the U.S. military on a global scale. On March 25, 1965, he joined New York Senator Jacob Javits in a call for President Johnson to begin negotiations for a settlement between North Vietnam and South Vietnam without imposing preconditions on the negotiations. Later in the day, he introduced resolutions calling for Secretary of State Dean Rusk and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara to brief the full Senate on recent developments in Vietnam.

In January 1966, Cooper accompanied Secretary of State Rusk and Ambassador W. Averell Harriman on an official visit to Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos as part of a widely publicized "peace drive". This visit, along with visits to South Vietnam in December 1965 and January 1966, reinforced Cooper's opposition to military operations in Southeast Asia. In a meeting with President Johnson on January 26, 1966, he again urged the president to forgo his announced intentions to resume bombing missions in North Vietnam and negotiate a settlement instead. Johnson was noncommittal, and that afternoon, Cooper returned to the Senate floor, urgently trying to convince the legislators that negotiation was preferable to escalation, even when it meant negotiating with the Viet Cong fighters in South Vietnam, which he believed was necessary to achieve peace. Cooper advocated a three-to-five-year cease fire, enforced by the United Nations, followed by national elections as prescribed by the 1954 Geneva Convention. Ultimately, Johnson did not heed Cooper's plea and resumed U.S. bombing missions in North Vietnam.

In 1966, Cooper again won re-election over John Y. Brown Sr., by 217,000 votes, breaking his own record of largest victory margin for a Kentucky senatorial candidate, and carrying the vote of 110 of Kentucky's 120 counties. In the lead-up to the 1968 Republican presidential primary, he endorsed New York Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, saying that Americans would only support a candidate who took a clear position on Vietnam. Rockefeller had laid out a plan for reversing the Americanization of the war, while other Republican candidates tried to remain non-specific about how they would handle it. As Rockefeller's candidacy faded, Cooper encouraged his colleague, Kentucky Senator Thruston B. Morton, to seek the presidency, but Morton declined. The Republican nomination – and the presidency – went to Richard Nixon.

As a delegate to the U.N. General Assembly in 1968, Cooper strongly denounced the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia. He also supported Montana Senator Mike Mansfield's proposal to bring the matter of the Vietnam War before the United Nations. Returning to the Senate in 1969, he joined Alaska Senator Ernest Gruening and Oregon Senator Wayne Morse in protesting restrictions on orderly protests at the United States Capitol.

In the Senate, Cooper helped lead the opposition to the development and deployment of anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs), putting him at odds with many in his party, including President Nixon. Cooper had long been an opponent of ABMs, which he believed could intensify a worldwide nuclear arms race. On August 6, 1969, a vote to suspend funding of the development of ABMs failed in the Senate by a vote of 50–51; Vice President Spiro Agnew cast the tie-breaking vote. After this defeat, Cooper and Michigan Senator Philip Hart co-sponsored the Cooper–Hart Amendment that would have allowed funding for research and development of ABMs, but banned deployment of a U.S. ABM system. The measure failed by three votes but increased congressional scrutiny of the Defense Department budget, leading to a reduction in funding and hastening Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with the Soviets. Cooper served as an advisor to President Nixon during the events leading up to the talks.

Throughout 1969 and 1970, Cooper and Senator Frank Church co-sponsored the Cooper–Church Amendments, aimed at curbing further escalation of the Vietnam War. Congressional approval of one of these amendments on December 15, 1969, de-funded the use of U.S. troops in Laos and Thailand. Cooper had wanted to include a restriction on forces entering Cambodia as well, but Mike Mansfield, who helped Cooper write the amendment, feared that Cambodian Prince Norodom Sihanouk, who was officially neutral in the conflict, might be offended. When Sihanouk was deposed in 1970, Cambodia's new leader, Lon Nol, appealed to President Nixon for help in stabilizing his rule. Nixon agreed to send troops to Cambodia, despite protests from Cooper and others that this violated his stated goal of de-escalation in the region. Cooper and Church then drafted another amendment to de-fund U.S. operations in Cambodia; after negotiations with Nixon that continued funding until July 1970 so that the troops already in the country could be evacuated, the amendment passed 58–37. The House of Representatives later stripped the amendment from the legislation to which it was attached, and it did not go into effect. The amendment was nevertheless hailed by The Washington Post as "the first time in our history that Congress has attempted to limit the deployment of American troops in the course of an ongoing war." The fight over the Cooper–Church Amendments took its toll on Cooper's health, and he was briefly hospitalized to regain his strength. In 1971, Church, Mansfield, and George Aiken convinced Cooper to help them write an amendment to end U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia altogether, but ultimately, the measure did not have the support to pass and was abandoned.

Seventy-one years of age and becoming increasingly deaf, Cooper announced to the Kentucky Press Association on January 21, 1972, that he would not seek re-election to his Senate seat, having served longer in that body than any other Kentuckian except Alben Barkley. The lame duck Cooper decided to make one more attempt to end the war, after an aggressive North Vietnamese offensive against the South in March 1972 intensified fighting in the region once again. Without advance notice, Cooper addressed a nearly empty Senate chamber on July 27, 1972, proposing an amendment to a military assistance bill that would unconditionally end funding for all U.S. military operations in Indochina in four months. The measure, which had no co-sponsors, stunned Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger and provoked heated debate in the Senate. Massachusetts Senator Edward Brooke saved the amendment from almost certain demise by adding a provision that all American prisoners of war be returned prior to the withdrawal of U.S. forces. The revised amendment passed 62–33, whereupon Nixon decided to sacrifice the entire military assistance bill. At Nixon's insistence, the Senate defeated the amended bill 48–42. Disappointed, Cooper nevertheless proclaimed, "I feel purged inside. I've felt strongly about this for a long time. Now it's in the hands of the President. He's the only person who can do anything about ending the war now."

Later life

After the expiration of his term, Cooper took over the "Dean Acheson chair" at the prestigious Washington law firm of Covington & Burling. In 1972, he was chosen as the commencement speaker at Centre College, where he had served as a trustee since 1961. At the ceremony, he became the first recipient of the Isaac Shelby Award, named for two-time Kentucky governor Isaac Shelby, the chair of the college's first board of trustees. In 1973, Cooper resisted an attempt to name a federal building in his honor. Upon the completion of the dam that formed Laurel River Lake in 1977, Congress proposed naming the dam and lake after Cooper, but again, he declined. He was pleased, however, that the Somerset school system chose to name a program to teach and reinforce leadership skills the John Sherman Cooper Leadership Institute.

In April 1974, Nixon announced that he would appoint Cooper to be the US Ambassador to East Germany, but during the final negotiations between the countries for the US to establish an embassy in the country, Nixon resigned. His successor, Gerald Ford, officially appointed Cooper to the ambassadorship, and Cooper took leave from Covington & Burling to accept it. He arrived in East Germany in December 1974 and served as ambassador until October 1976. After returning to the US, he resumed his work at Covington & Burling. In his last act of public service, he again served as an alternate delegate to the UN General Assembly in 1981.

Kentucky Governor John Y. Brown Jr., the son of Cooper's former opponent in the senatorial elections of 1946 and 1966, awarded Cooper the Governor's Distinguished Service Medallion in 1983. Later that year, Senators Walter Huddleston of Kentucky and Howard Baker of Tennessee introduced a bill to honor Cooper by renaming the Big South Fork National River and Recreation Area to the Cooper National Recreation Area; Kentucky Congressman Hal Rogers sponsored a parallel measure in the House. As a senator, Cooper had been instrumental in securing congressional approval for the creation of Big South Fork. Opponents of the measure in both Kentucky and Tennessee (the recreation area spans the two states) cited a variety of reasons to retain the old name, and the proposal was eventually dropped at Cooper's request.

In 1985, Cooper became the third-ever recipient of the Oxford Cup, an award recognizing outstanding past members of Beta Theta Pi. Also in 1985, he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from Cumberland College (now the University of the Cumberlands) in Williamsburg, Kentucky. He was named a Distinguished Alumnus of Centre College in 1987. A non-partisan group co-chaired by former Kentucky gubernatorial candidate Larry Forgy raised $60,000 to commission two sculptures of Cooper. A life-sized bronze bust of Cooper sculpted by John Tuska was installed at the Kentucky State Capitol in 1987. The other sculpture, a life-sized bronze statue crafted by Barney Bright, was placed in Fountain Square in Somerset.

Cooper retired from the practice of law in 1989. In June 1990, Cooper was honored with a gala screening of Gentleman From Kentucky, a Kentucky Educational Television documentary about his life, at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington. On February 21, 1991, Cooper died of heart failure in a retirement home in Washington. He had been preceded in death by his second wife, Lorraine Arnold Rowan, on February 3, 1985. On February 26, 1991, Kentucky's two senators, Wendell H. Ford and Mitch McConnell, gave speeches on the Senate floor praising Cooper, and the Senate adjourned in Cooper's memory. Cooper was buried in Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington, Virginia.

Because of his extensive support of rural electrification as a senator, the East Kentucky RECC was renamed the John Sherman Cooper Power Station in his honor. In 1999, the Lexington Herald-Leader named Cooper one of the most influential Kentuckians of the 20th century. In 2000, Eastern Kentucky University's Center for Kentucky History and Politics established the annual John Sherman Cooper Award for Outstanding Public Service in Kentucky.

Despite his patrician background, Cooper was known for being "affable, frequently self-deprecating and approachable."

References

Bibliography

 online

 Johns, Andrew L. "The Diplomacy of Quiet Candor: John Sherman Cooper's Tenure as Ambassador to India." Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 119.1 (2021): 37–70.

External links

 Cooper on the cover of Time magazine, July 5, 1954

1901 births
1991 deaths
People from Somerset, Kentucky
Eisenhower administration personnel
Ford administration personnel
Ambassadors of the United States to East Germany
Ambassadors of the United States to India
United States Army personnel of World War II
Baptists from Kentucky
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Circuit court judges in the United States
Centre Colonels football players
County judges in Kentucky
Harvard Law School alumni
Kentucky lawyers
Kentucky state court judges
Republican Party members of the Kentucky House of Representatives
Members of the Warren Commission
Military personnel from Kentucky
Players of American football from Kentucky
Republican Party United States senators from Kentucky
United Nations General Assembly officials
United States Army officers
Yale Bulldogs football players
Yale Bulldogs men's basketball players
People associated with Covington & Burling
American men's basketball players
Yale College alumni
20th-century American lawyers
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American diplomats
Members of Skull and Bones

John Sherman Cooper


Dubovac je sjeverozapadno karlovačko naselje na desnoj obali rijeke Kupe. Poznat je po nacionalnomu svetištu sv. Josipa, kao i staromu gradu Dubovcu.

Etimologija
Dubovac je dobio ime po dubovoj šumi koja ga je nekada okruživala.

Povijest
Prvi puta se spominje koncem 14. stoljeća kao plemenita varoš i trg za trgovinu žitom i solju.

Tijekom 16. stoljeća često je bio izložen turskim napadima. Turci su na Veliki petak 1578. godine spalili Dubovac. Iste je godine Ivan Ferenberg potukao Turke pod Dubovcem.

Izgradnjom Karlovca 13. srpnja 1579. Dubovac je izgubio svoje vojno i gospodarsko značenje.

U Dubovcu se nalazi osnovna škola kao i rukometni klub Dubovac.

Znamenitosti

Stari grad Dubovac
Stari grad Dubovac je poznato turističko odredište na Dubovcu. Stari grad Dubovac je najstariji karlovački spomenik.

Poznate osobe
 Josip Juratović, hrvatski skladatelj

Izvori

 Stari grad Dubovac - http://www.gmk.hr/O%20nama/U%20sastavu%20muzeja/Stari%20grad%20Dubovac
 Povijest Dubovca - https://lako.com.hr/2016/06/26/dubovac/

Karlovac

Dubovac (Karlovac)


Der Teufel kennt kein Halleluja, auch Trinity schlägt zurück (Originaltitel: La collera del vento), ist eine italienisch-spanische Koproduktion des Regisseurs Mario Camus aus dem Jahr 1970.

Handlung
Im Andalusien des späten 19. Jahrhunderts werden die Berufskiller Marco und sein Halbbruder Jacobo vom Farmer und Landbesitzer Don Antonio angeheuert, dessen ausgebeutete Tagelöhner begonnen haben, für bessere Arbeitsbedingungen zu kämpfen. Marco und Jacobo sollen die Rädelsführer des Aufstandes töten. Bei dem ersten Opfer allerdings handelte es sich nicht um den erwarteten Revolverhelden, sondern um einen politischen Redner, der für den Kampf um Freiheit und Gerechtigkeit warb.

Angesichts der Härte, mit der Don Antonio die Landarbeiter unterdrückt, aber auch aufgrund einer Liaison mit der Tavernenbetreiberin Soledad ergreift Marco Partei für die um ein besseres Leben kämpfenden Bauern. Schließlich beschließt er, die Seite zu wechseln, und gerät darüber mit Jacobo in Streit, der als Profikiller den gut bezahlten Auftrag fertig ausführen möchte. Als jedoch Jacobo von Don Antonios Bande nach einem weiteren Auftragsmord als Mitwisser erschossen wird, schwört Marco Rache. Er tötet nacheinander die beiden Söhne von Don Antonio und zerstört dessen Felder, wird jedoch am Ende auf der Heimfahrt von zwei weiteren Auftragskillern im fahrenden Zug erschossen.

Kritik
Das Lexikon des internationalen Films sah einen "(s)orgfältig gearbeiteter Italo-Western, der sich um ein kritisches Notieren von sozialen Positionen und Abhängigkeiten bemüht, jedoch weitgehend unreflektiert Gewalt als selbstverständlichen Bestandteil gesellschaftlicher Beziehungen ausweist."

Cinema sah in dem "Spaghetti-Western mit Sozial-Soße" einen "wirren Langweiler".

Hintergrund
Die Schlussszene des Films, und damit der Tod von Marco, wurde für die Aufführung in Italien herausgeschnitten. Die Produzenten fürchteten, dass das Publikum den Film ohne Happy End nicht akzeptieren würde.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1970
Italienischer Film
Spanischer Film
Italowestern

Der Teufel kennt kein Halleluja


زباب عملاق  هو نوع من الثدييات من عائلة الزبابات .

مراجع

أنواع القائمة الحمراء غير المهددة
ثدييات جنوب إفريقيا
ثدييات وصفت في 1827
زبابات
قرضامة

زباب عملاق


, enregistré en 1973, est un album du chanteur américain de jump blues Big Joe Turner et du pianiste de jazz Count Basie.

Sur ce disque, le chanteur de blues vétéran de Kansas City Big Joe Turner est soutenu par Count Basie et un groupe de musiciens incluant le trompettiste Harry Edison, le tromboniste  J.J. Johnson et les saxophonistes Eddie Davis et Zoot Sims.

Historique

Enregistrement et production
L'album est enregistré le  dans les MGM Recording Studios à Los Angeles aux États-Unis par l'ingénieur du son Rafael Valentin.

L'enregistrement et le mixage sont supervisés par Eric Miller.

L'album est produit par Norman Granz, le fondateur des labels de jazz Clef, Norgran, Verve et Pablo.

Publication
The Bosses sort en disque vinyle LP en 1974 sous la référence 2310 709 sur le label Pablo Records.

La notice originale du LP (original liner notes) est de la main de Benny Green, le graphisme de l'album est l'œuvre de Phil Carroll et de Gilles Margerin et la photographie est de Phil Stern.

Rééditions
L'album est réédité par Pablo Records en LP en 1979 au Canada, en 1982 en Australie et en 1983 en Scandinavie, puis en CD en 1994 par le même label ainsi que par Original Jazz Classics, un label américain spécialisé dans les rééditions.

Accueil critique
Dans la notice du LP originel, Benny Green souligne que . Green met également en évidence la convergence de la grâce de Zoot Sims et de la force de Lockjaw ainsi que la grande qualité de la section rythmique : .

Le site AllMusic attribue 4 étoiles à l'album The Bosses. Le critique musical Scott Yanow d'AllMusic souligne que ce disque est l'un des meilleurs derniers albums de Big Joe Turner : .

Liste des morceaux

Musiciens
 Big Joe Turner : chant
 Count Basie : piano et orgue
 Eddie « Lockjaw » Davis : saxophone ténor
 Zoot Sims : saxophone ténor
 Harry « Sweets » Edison : trompette
  J.J. Johnson : trombone
 Ray Brown  : contrebasse
 Irving Ashby : guitare
 Louie Bellson : batterie

Références

Liens externes

Album de blues
Album de jazz
Album de Count Basie
Album de Louie Bellson
Album de Ray Brown
Album de Harry Edison
Album de J.J. Johnson
Album de Zoot Sims
Album musical sorti en 1974
Album enregistré aux États-Unis

The Bosses


El Castillo del Camarlengo (en croata: Kaštel Kamerlengo) es una fortaleza de carácter defensivo situada en la localidad croata de Trogir.

El castillo del Camarlengo forma parte del centro histórico de Trogir que fue declarado Patrimonio de la Humanidad por la Unesco en 1997.

Historia
El castillo fue construido durante la dominación veneciana de Trogir para servir de residencia para el gobernador de Trogir. Su construcción se inicia en 1430. La planta tiene forma octogonal para vigilar la parte orientada al mar de la isla. Estaba unido a la Torre de San Marcos.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Trogir
Camarlengo
Arquitectura de Croacia del siglo XV

Castillo del Camarlengo


Mildred est une ville américaine située dans le comté d'Allen, au Kansas. Selon le recensement de 2010, sa population est de .

Notes et références

Liens externes

Ville au Kansas
Comté d'Allen (Kansas)
Toponyme évoquant une personnalité

Mildred (Kansas)


Kontinuasom es una película del año 2009.

Sinopsis
Beti es bailarina del grupo Raiz di Polon en Cabo Verde. Le llega una proposición de Lisboa para integrarse en un espectáculo de música caboverdiana y empezar una carrera allí. Este ofrecimiento desencadena en ella el sentir profundo y el conflicto caboverdiano: la identidad construida por la diáspora desde siglos atrás. Las dudas, la saudade, el desarraigo, planean sobre ella y la acompañan en su toma de decisión. El mismo dilema de todo caboverdiano: el deseo de partir, el deseo de volver…expresado y reunido en torno a la música, seña de identidad de su pueblo.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 www.kontinuasom.org

Kontinuasom


Radojčići su naseljeno mjesto u općini Travnik, Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine, BiH.

Stanovništvo

1991.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 1991. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 293

 Muslimani - 272
 Srbi - 21

2013.

Nacionalni sastav stanovništva 2013. godine, bio je sljedeći:

ukupno: 312

 Bošnjaci - 309
 ostali, neopredijeljeni i nepoznato - 3

Izvori

Naselja u županiji Središnja Bosna
Travnik

Radojčići (Travnik, BiH)


Laurel Springs ist der Name folgender Orte in den Vereinigten Staaten:

 Laurel Springs (New Jersey)
 Laurel Springs (North Carolina)
 Laurel Springs (Pennsylvania)

Laurel Springs