The University of Turin (Italian: Università degli Studi di Torino, UNITO) is a public research university in the city of Turin, in the Piedmont region of Italy. It is one of the oldest universities in Europe and continues to play an important role in research and training. It is steadily ranked among the top 5 Italian universities and it is ranked third for research activities in Italy, according to the latest data by ANVUR.

History

Overview

The University of Turin was founded as a studium in 1404, under the initiative of Prince Ludovico di Savoia. From 1427 to 1436 the seat of the university was transferred to Chieri and Savigliano. It was closed in 1536 following the invasion of the Savoy lands by France, and reestablished by Duke Emmanuel Philibert thirty years later. It started to gain its modern shape following the model of the University of Bologna, although significant development did not occur until the reforms made by Victor Amadeus II, who also created the Collegio delle Province for students not natives of Turin.

With the reforms carried out by Victor Amadeus II, the University of Turin became a new reference model for many other universities. During the 19th century, the University faced an enormous growth in faculty and endowment size, becoming a point of reference of the Italian Positivism. Notable scholars of this period include Cesare Lombroso, Carlo Forlanini, and Arturo Graf.

In the 20th century, the University of Turin was one of the centres of the Italian anti-fascism movement. After the post-war period, the increase in the number of students and the improvement of campus structure were imposed, although they lost some of their importance until a new wave of investments was carried out at the end of that century. The new impulse was performed in collaboration with other national and international research centres, as well as with local organizations and the Italian Minister of Public Instruction.

By the end of the 1990s, the local campuses of Alessandria, Novara, and Vercelli became autonomous units under the new University of Eastern Piedmont.

Early years (1404–1566)

At the beginning of the 15th century, instability in the Lombard region caused by the political and military crisis, coupled with the untimely death of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, induced the teaching staff of the Universities of Pavia and Piacenza to propose to Ludovico di Savoia-Acaia the creation of a new Studium generale.

Choice of the location fell on Turin for a number of reasons: first, it was at the crossroads between the Alps, Liguria and Lombardy; it was also an episcopal seat and in addition, the Savoy Prince was willing to establish a university on his own land, like those in other parts of Italy. In autumn 1404, a bull issued by Benedict XIII, the Avignon Pope, marked the actual birth of a centre of higher learning, formally ratified in 1412 by the Emperor Sigmund's certification and subsequently, in 1413, by a bull issued by antipope John XXIII, the Pisan Pope, and probably by another issued in 1419 by Martin V, Pope of Rome, and by a series of papal privileges. The new institution, which initially only held courses in civil and canon law, was authorized to confer both the academic "licentia" and "doctoratus" titles that later became a single "laurea" (degree) title. The Bishop, as Rector of Studies, proclaimed and conferred the title on the new doctors.

The early decades were marked by discontinuity, due to epidemics and crises that plagued the region between the 1420s and the 1430s following the annexation of the Piedmont territories to the Duchy of Savoy and by difficult relations between the University and the local Public Administration. After a series of interruptions in its activities, the university was moved to Chieri (between 1427 and 1434) and later, in 1434, to Savigliano.

In 1436, when the institution returned to Turin, Ludovico di Savoia, who succeeded Amedeo VIII, introduced a new order of studies whereby the Government gained greater control over the University. The ducal licenses of 6 October 1436 set up the three faculties of Theology, Arts and Medicine, and Law, and twenty-five lectureships or chairs. The growth and development of the role of Turin as the subalpine capital led to the consolidation of the University and stability that lasted for almost a hundred years.

From 1443 the University was housed in a modest building purchased and refurbished by the city for this purpose on the corner of via Doragrossa (now Via Garibaldi) and via dello Studio (today's via San Francesco d'Assisi) directly behind the Town Hall, until the opening of the university premises in via Po, in 1720.
The Study, closed at the beginning of 1536 with the French occupation, reopened in 1558 with lecturers at Mondovì; it was re-established in Turin in 1566.

Instability and reform by Victor Amadeus II (1566–1739)

With Emmanuel Philibert and Charles Emmanuel I, the University enjoyed a season of great prosperity due to the presence of illustrious teachers and a sizeable and culturally motivated student body. However, a lengthy period of decline set in around the second half of the 17th century because of plagues, famines and continual wars: courses were irregular or temporarily suspended, the number of chairs was reduced, and for those temporarily vacant, it was necessary to resort to private instruction.

The opening of the new premises marked a major turning point in the history of the greatest Piedmontese educational institution. The inauguration building in via Po, close to Piazza Castello, and the seats of power and other educational institutions of the city, coincided with the academic year 1720–1721, the first year of the reform of university studies passed by Victor Amadeus II in the context of a radical renewal at all levels of public administration and education.

Victor Amadeus II was convinced that an efficient university controlled directly by the State was the only way to form a faithful and well-trained ruling class that could support him in the process of modernizing the Nation. While the War of Spanish Succession was still being fought, the Duke had entrusted his officials to gather information concerning the structure of the major Italian and foreign universities, and charged the Sicilian jurist Francesco D'Aguirre with the task of drawing up a reorganization project.

Among the notable innovations of the reform enacted by Victor Amadeus was the opening of the Collegio delle Province (Halls of Residence for the Provinces), which housed one hundred young people of low social extraction to aid them in completing their studies at the State's expenses, and the establishment of the Chair of Eloquenza Italiana (Italian Rhetoric) alongside that of Latin. This had a noteworthy effect on the cultural-linguistic models of the Duchy. At the time, the Piedmontese Studium became a point of reference for university reforms at Parma and Modena and subsequently, a model for the universities in Cagliari and Sassari.

French domination (1739–1817)

Charles Emmanuel III continued the policy of innovation and consolidation begun by Victor Amadeus II and created a University Museum in 1739. However, in the last decades of the 18th century, the course of events at the university, closely connected to international developments, led to great urban unrest and the loss of state prestige. The revolt of university students in 1791 joined by artisans who stormed the "Collegio delle Province" in 1792 causing numerous victims, was a clear instance of this conflict.

The university and "Collegio" were closed in the autumn of the same year when war broke out against revolutionary France. In January 1799, the provisional Piedmontese government reopened the university under the control of the "Comité d'instruction publique" (Committee for Public Instruction). In summer 1800, the second provisional government transformed the university into a National University and replaced the faculties with eight Special Schools, which were based on the existing pattern: Chemistry and Rural Economy, Surgery, Drawing and Fine Arts, Legislation, Medicine, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Literature and Veterinary Medicine. Two years later, Literature was abolished, Medicine and Surgery were merged and many chairs were suppressed for financial reasons.

Another milestone in the Turin university system was the introduction of the new Imperial order, since Piedmont had become a French Department; this involved the personal appointment by Napoleon of a Rector to head each University. Because of its size, number of chairs, teaching staff and students the Piedmontese University became the second largest in the Empire after Paris.

A famous student of this age was Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

Age of Victor Emmanuel I (1817–1832)

With the fall of Napoleon, Victor Emmanuel I brought back the former legislation of the Savoy regime. Innovations in the following years involved the establishment of the chair of Political Economy in the Faculty of Law in 1817, the opening of a Veterinary School at Venaria in 1818, and a new procedure for the appointment of the Rector by the academic staff of each Faculty, who proposed to the Sovereign a list of names of retired or teaching professors.

The uprisings in 1821 were supported by students in Turin to the extent that the Collegio delle Province had to be closed and the University itself operated only to a limited degree. To prevent student assemblies in the Capital, it was ordered that all students who did not come from the provinces of Turin, Pinerolo and Susa would continue their education in their place of residence, where coaches went to supervise the progress of their studies and to conduct so-called "private" examinations. In this period too participation in the appointment of the Rector was restricted: the President of the Magistrature submitted the names of five candidates to the King, chosen among the teaching staff of Surgery, Medicine, Sciences, Law, Literature and Theology but without the involvement of the professors.

The Charles Albert years (1832–1864)

Charles Albert's opening up to moderate liberalism and his international outlook had positive effects on the University, too: like the development of institutions and the foundation of others, in addition to the appointment of illustrious scholars such as the French Augustin Cauchy to teach Sublime Physics and the Dalmatian Pier Alessandro Paravia to the chair of Italian Rhetoric.

In 1832 the Institute of Forensic Medicine was set up, in 1837 a specialization course in Obstetrics was introduced and a new Theatre and Museum of Anatomy was opened at the San Giovanni Battista Hospital to bring together the materials stored at the University and those collected since 1818 at the Museum of Pathological Anatomy. In 1842 the Collegio delle Province was reopened and students gradually resumed attending courses, which were better organized thanks to the increased number of chairs. An Upper School of Methods and the Chair of the Military History of Italy (1846)—which became the chair of Modern History—were set up. The Chair of Political Economy was revived.

The new order of 1850 redesigned the Medicine and Surgery course to give scope for clinical experience and practice in hospitals and laid the foundations for the School of Pharmacology, which later became a Faculty.

Brief decline and revival in academic research (1864–1905)

Cultural life involving intellectuals and exiles, journalists and politicians was very lively inside and outside the University until the Capital was moved to Florence: its decline commenced when members of the teaching staff were called to government duties or to State management. Thus the circles that gravitated around the Court thinned and the City itself dropped from 220,000 inhabitants to less than 190,000.

However, the University managed to find new life among the science faculties and their staff: in fact, in early 1864, Filippo de Filippi, professor of Zoology in the Science Faculty, held the first lecture in Italy on the theories of Charles Darwin. At his death, in 1867, Michele Lessona succeeded to the chair and became director of the Museum of Zoology, then Dean of the Faculty of Sciences and, finally, Rector from 1877 to 1880.

Thanks to Giulio Bizzozero, who founded the Laboratory of General Pathology (1873) and contributed largely to the spread of the microscope in addition to discovering blood platelets, medicine in Turin branched out into the field of social medicine to meet the health and sanitary needs of the population, in particular with regard to infectious diseases and infant mortality.

The political activities of Luigi Pagliani, professor of Hygiene and founder in 1878 of the Hygiene Society, were at the basis of the strategies of public health in Italy, while discoveries made by Edoardo Bellarmino Perroncito, the first to hold a Chair of Parasitology in Italy (1879), saved the lives of thousands of miners all over Europe.

In 1876, Cesare Lombroso set up the Institute of Forensic Medicine; in 1884 Carlo Forlanini tried out the first artificial lung in Turin.

In 1887 the Botanical Institute and Gardens started a systematic collection of all plants present in the Piedmont Region; in 1878 the University Consortium was constituted with the Municipality, the Province of Turin and some of the neighbouring Provinces "in order to preserve the prestige of the University of Turin as one of the primary centres of university studies [in Italy and Europe]."

At the turn of the century some of the science institutes moved to the Valentino area and vacated the old buildings in via Cavour and via Po. The teaching and research activities of Physics, Chemistry, Pharmacology, Physiology, General Pathology, Human Anatomy, Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine were relocated to purpose-built facilities.  Significant results were reached in the following years both in scientific research and in the organization of teaching.

In 1893 the foundation of the Laboratory of Political Economy connected to the University and the Industrial Museum marked a further feat beyond the scientific sphere.

In the Humanities, Arturo Graf, a "European Turinese", deserves special mention.

20th century and beyond

The 20th century saw the institution of the first Italian Chair of Psychology, held by Friedrich Kiesow in 1905, the foundation of the Institute of the History of Mediaeval and Modern Art in 1907 and that of Archaeology in 1908. In 1906 the Regia Scuola Superiore di Studi Applicati al Commercio (the Royal School of Applied Studies in Commerce) commenced its courses. In 1935, this early nucleus became the fully-fledged Faculty of Economics, together with the Faculty of Agriculture.

At the turn of the century, a branch of the University formed the first nucleus of the Polytechnic under the guidance of Galileo Ferraris.
In the same period Giuseppe Peano taught at the Faculty of Sciences.

Last century, the Letters Faculty could claim staff such as Umberto Eco, Luigi Pareyson, Nicola Abbagnano, Massimo Mila, Lionello Venturi and Franco Venturi. Luigi Einaudi and Norberto Bobbio taught in the Law Faculty.
The Gentile Reform of 1923 officially recognized 21 universities in Italy; Turin was included among the 10 State universities directly managed and funded by the State but were independent as regards administration and teaching, as far as the law allowed, and supervised by the National Education Ministry.

In the 1930s, Giuseppe Levi trained Salvador Luria, Renato Dulbecco and Rita Levi-Montalcini, each of whom went on to win the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology (after emigrating to the United States).

Many of the protagonists of Italian political and social life in the 20th century, such as Antonio Gramsci and Piero Gobetti, Palmiro Togliatti and Massimo Bontempelli, graduated from Turin University. With its rich variety of subjects, the University of Turin has always maintained a characteristic cultural imprint made up of rigour and independence in teaching, and a spirit of service and openness to European culture.

In recent years, research workers, both in the humanities and in natural sciences, have turned their attention to nations in the southern hemisphere.
Furthermore, some departments are involved in integrated research and co-operation in line with EU universities and with universities in developing countries.
The school of management and economics is the most prestigious in the country.

Organization

Legal status, academic policies, and rankings
The current organization of the university system is based on Law 168/89, which set up the Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca Scientifica e Tecnologica (Ministry for the Universities and Scientific and Technological Research) and ordered a number of provisions aimed at granting greater autonomy in university administration, and in the structure of research, teaching and organization.

The objective of the subsequent 1999 University reform was to make the Italian tertiary education system comply with the model defined by the European agreements of the Sorbonne and of Bologna. The teaching reform was implemented at the University of Turin with the development and expansion of the provisions of law. Above all applied to vocational guidance, seen as a strategic link between high school and university education, where professional training must not be given preference over the education of citizens, and of the cultivated individual as valuable per se.

The University of Turin has chosen research as its top priority: both fundamental and business-oriented research that blends skills pertaining to:
 National and international research
 Technological transfer (spin off, patents)
 Relations with local business and with the territory
 Commissioned research
 Various projects (EU structural funds, etc.)

In 2017, the University of Turin was ranked among the best 500 universities in the world by Times Higher Education. It also placed in the 551–600 bracket in QS world university rankings.

Cooperation and internationalization projects
At the international level, the University of Turin is oriented both to relations with major organizations and to collaboration with developing countries. In the former field, relations with United Nations Agencies have been stepped up, above all with those already operating in Turin: the ILO International Training Centre through the Turin School of Development, UNICRI and UNSSC.

Courses have been organized or sponsored by the University together with the Turin School of Development for some time now, e.g. the Master of Law (LL.M.) in International Trade Law, the Master of Law (LL.M.) in Intellectual Property (within the Faculty of Law, the Master in Management of Development, the master in Applied Labour Economics for Development, master in Public Procurement Management for Sustainable Development, the master in World Heritage at work, the master in Occupational Safety and Health in the Workplace, as well as the advanced course in Diplomatic and International Studies.

There are also research and teaching agreements with South American nations, using distance learning aids and short intensive exchange programmes for teaching staff and students.

France partnered with the University of Turin to set up the Italo-French University (UIF) between 1998 and 2000. This Agency is dedicated to establishing all possible forms of collaboration between France and Italy in the area of university teaching, scientific research, and culture in general. UIF is involved in the far-reaching project of the construction of a "Europe of Learning."  Reflecting its raised status, UNITO has been ranked as one of the top universities in Italy, as well as a leading research university in Europe.

Reorganization and undergoing projects
The University of Turin is engaged not only in redesigning its teaching structure but also in a ten-year construction project to reorganize its premises; work is already underway on refurbishing and rationalizing existing buildings, and on newly acquired property.

Among the projects already completed is the new site at Grugliasco, which houses the Faculties of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture. Worth mentioning too are the sites of the ex-Italgas works (now Palazzina Luigi Einaudi, already assigned to the Faculties of Law and Political Science for teaching purposes), and the ex-Manifattura Tabacchi; construction of the new Scuola di Biotecnologie; realization at the Centro Pier della Francesca of new laboratories, classrooms and student common rooms for the Computer Science Department, and finally, construction of a new building for teaching purposes at the Ospedale San Luigi, Orbassano.

Since 2001/2002 the Faculties of Political Science and Law have been running a three-year course and a master's programme in Co-operation in Development and Peace-keeping.

Campuses

Main campus in Turin
The University is divided into 55 departments that are located in 13 faculties:
 Faculty of Agriculture
 Faculty of Economics
 Faculty of Education
 Faculty of Foreign Languages and Literature
 Faculty of Law Homepage
 Faculty of Letters and Philosophy
 Faculty of Mathematical, Physics and Natural Sciences
 Faculty of Medicine and Surgery
 Second Faculty of Medicine and Surgery "St. Luigi Gonzaga"
 Faculty of Pharmacy
 Faculty of Political Sciences
 Faculty of Psychology
 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine

Special units
In addition, the University has created schools specifically devoted to certain academic fields, either alone or with partnerships with other institutions. Currently those schools are:
 Interdepartmental University School in Strategic Sciences (SUISS)
 The Interfaculty School for Biotechnologies
 The Interfaculty School of Motor Sciences (SUISM)
 The Interfaculty School of Strategic Studies
 The School of Business
 Centre of Advanced Studies on Contemporary China
 The Inter-university School of Specialization for secondary school teachers (SIS)
 The School of Applied Psychology
 The International School of Advanced Studies of the University of Torino (ISASUT)
 The Interuniversity Centre for Comparative Analysis of Institutions, Economics and Law
 The Center for Cognitive Science

Decentralized faculties
The University has a number of faculties outside Turin, mostly located in Piedmont. There are currently units in the fields of:
 Agriculture: in Asti, Alba, Peveragno, Saluzzo, Fossano, Verzuolo, Ormea, Sanremo
 Economics: in Asti, Pinerolo and Biella
 Pharmacology: in Savigliano
 Law: in Cuneo
 Arts and Philosophy: in Ivrea and Biella
 Medicine and Surgery: in Orbassano, Cuneo and Aosta
 Veterinary Medicine: in Moretta and Asti
 Education Sciences: in Savigliano
 Political Science: in Ivrea, Cuneo, Biella

Notable alumni and faculty

Alumni

As a centre of learning in the Piedmont region and one of Italy's oldest universities, the University has a long list of illustrious alumni, including Prime Ministers, Nobel Prize winners and prominent lawyers, philosophers and writers.

Business
 Franco Bernabè, banker and CEO of Telecom Italia
 Domenico Siniscalco, vice chairman Europe and country head of Morgan Stanley

Law
 Joseph de Maistre, philosopher, jurist and diplomat
 Kakai Kissinger, human rights activist, lawyer
 Ugo Mattei, law professor
 Lidia Poët, first female Italian advocate
 Gianni Agnelli, former head of FIAT

Literature
 Italo Calvino, journalist and writer
 Giacomo Debenedetti, writer and literary critic
 Hector Abad Faciolince, writer and journalist
 Giuseppe Giacosa, librettist, poet, playwright
 Natalia Ginzburg, writer, anti-fascist activist, and politician
 Primo Levi, chemist, essayist, writer and survivor of the Holocaust
 Claudio Magris, writer and novelist
 Laura Mancinelli, writer, novelist and translator
 Cesare Pavese, literary critic, poet, novelist, translator
 Pitigrilli, writer and novelist

Philosophy and religion
 Desiderius Erasmus
 Joseph de Maistre, philosopher, jurist and diplomat
 Umberto Eco, philosopher
 Lorenzo Ferrero, composer, librettist and author
 Ermis Segatti, Catholic priest
 Gianni Vattimo, philosopher, former MEP

Politics
 Francis Atwoli, Kenyan Trade Unionist who is currently serving as the Secretary-General of the Central Organization of Trade Unions (Kenya)(COTU)
 Eustace Chapuys, diplomat, ambassador
 Luigi Einaudi, 2nd President of the Italian Republic
 Giovanni Giolitti, former Prime Minister of Italy
 Antonio Gramsci, politician, philosopher, founder of the Communist Party of Italy
 Luigi Federico, conte Menabrea, former Prime Minister of Italy
 Augusta Montaruli, Italian politician
 Giuseppe Saragat, 5th President of Italy
 Domenico Siniscalco, Minister of Economy and Finance (2004–05)
 Clemente Solaro, Count La Margherita, diplomat and statesman
 Palmiro Togliatti, politician, Italian Minister of Justice from 21 June 1945 to 1 July 1946, and General Secretary of the Italian Communist Party from 1927 to 1964.

Sciences
 Angelo Battelli, physicist
 Pietro Biginelli, chemist, discovered the Biginelli reaction
 Renato Dulbecco, virologist and winner of the 1975 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 Ugo Fano, physicist
 Paolo Giubellino, physicist
 Beppo Levi, mathematician
 Rita Levi-Montalcini, neurologist and joint winner of the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 Salvador Luria, bacteriologist and joint winner of the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
 Giuseppe Peano, founder of mathematical logic and set theory
 Tullio Regge, physicist
 Maria Grazia Roncarolo, George D. Smith Professor in Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine and Professor of Medicine at Stanford University
 Ruggero Santilli, physicist
 Piero Scaruffi, mathematician, cognitive scientist
 Corrado Segre, mathematician
 Francesco Severi, mathematician
 Davide Vione, chemist
 Edoardo Weber, engineer, inventor of the Weber carburetor
 Gian Carlo Wick, physicist

Other
 Carla Bazzanella, linguist
 Giorgio Chiellini, footballer
 Noemi Gabrielli (1901–1979), Italian art historian, superintendent, and a museologist
 Piero Gobetti, intellectual, politician, journalist
 Giovanni Palatucci, police officer who was honoured as one of the Righteous Among the Nations
 Namik Resuli, Albanian linguist and academic, one of the founders of the Royal Institute of the Albanian Studies
 Fernando de Rosa, law student, attempted to assassinate Umberto II
 Piero Sraffa, influential economist, founder of the neo-Ricardian school of economics
 Marco Travaglio, journalist known for opposing Silvio Berlusconi
 Raf Vallone, lawyer, footballer, actor, film and drama critic
 Renzo Videsott, veterinarian, alpinist and conservationist
 Annalisa, singer, songwriter

Faculty

 Amedeo Avogadro, physicist and namesake of Avogadro's law, appointed professor
 Carbo Sebastiano Berardi, former prefect of the Faculty of Law and scholar
 Norberto Bobbio, philosopher of law, lecturer and professor
 Elsa Fornero, politician, lectured economics
 Carlo Franzinetti, chair of particle physics from 1966 to 1980
 Mario Monti, Prime Minister of Italy, lectured economics from 1970 to 1985
 Gaetano Mosca, political scientist, chair of constitutional law at the Faculty of Law from 1896 to 1924
 Franco Reviglio, former minister of the Amato I Cabinet, appointed professor of economics
 Alessandro Riberi, noted physician and surgeon
 Enrico di Robilant, philosopher of law
 Rodolfo Sacco, professor of law, current professor emeritus at the Faculty of Law
 Gustavo Zagrebelsky, constitutional judge and former President of the Constitutional Court of Italy, professor of law and lecturer

Points of interest
 Orto Botanico dell'Università di Torino, the university's botanical garden

See also

 Turin
 Turin Museum of Natural History
 List of Italian universities
 List of medieval universities
 ICoN Interuniversity Consortium for Italian Studies

 Collegio Carlo Alberto, Moncalieri
 Rendiconti del Seminario Matematico Università e Politecnico di Torino
 Piemonte Agency for Investments, Export and Tourism
 Turin School of Development
 Faculty of Law

References

External links
 Official website
 Annals of the History of Italian Universities – Volume 5 (2001), dedicated to the Univ. of Torino.

Scholars and Literati at the University of Torino (1404–1800), in Repertorium Eruditorum Totius Europae/RETE.

Schools in Turin
Universities in Piedmont
Universities and colleges in Piedmont
1404 establishments in Europe
1400s establishments in the Holy Roman Empire
15th-century establishments in Italy
Educational institutions established in the 15th century

University of Turin


Başörendoğancılar, Zonguldak ilinin Karadeniz Ereğli ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Tarihçe
Köyün adı, 1928 yılı kayıtlarında Doğancılar olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Köy, Zonguldak il merkezine 110 km, Karadeniz Ereğli ilçe merkezine 50 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Karadeniz Ereğli belde ve köyleri

Başörendoğancılar, Karadeniz Ereğli


Jean-Pierre Albert Galibert, né le  à Aguessac et mort le  à Paris , est un médecin et inventeur français.

Biographie

Galibert est connu pour ses nombreuses expériences scientifiques en particulier sur les télégraphes (1853) et l'hydrodynamique (1860). En 1854 il crée un tableau moniteur destiné à remplacer les sonnettes dans les hôtels et les appartements, en 1863 invente le perspectomètre et, en 1864, l'appareil respiratoire qui porte son nom que Jules Verne fait connaître dans le chapitre VI de son roman Les Cinq Cents Millions de la Bégum.

Sa veuve, Sophie-Élisabeth Artaud, vivant à Villers-Bretonneux, fait valoir en 1902, ses droits sur le brevet déposé par son mari le 23 août 1890 de l'invention d'une bouée dite  ainsi que sur celui déposé le 8 juin 1891 d'.

L'appareil respiratoire Galibert

 Extrait de L'Exposition Universelle de 1867 Illustrée

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Sylvie Monniotte, Les noms de famille du Sud-Ouest, 1999,

Liens externes
 Voir sur le Wiktionnaire : Appareil Galibert
 Rapport sur un appareil respiratoire de M. Galibert, Annales des Mines, série 6, volume 5, 1864
 Sauvetage d'un mineur après un pit-catastrophe. Le sauveteur est l'utilisation de l'appareil respiratoire, image sur alamyimages.fr

Médecin français du XIXe siècle
Inventeur français
Naissance en février 1819
Naissance dans l'Aveyron
Décès en juin 1899
Décès dans le 9e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 80 ans

Jean-Pierre Albert Galibert


Magali (auch Magalie oder Magaly geschrieben) ist ein weiblicher Vorname.

Herkunft und Bedeutung
Der Vorname Magali ist provenzalischer Herkunft. Die Bedeutung ist nicht geklärt, in Frage kommt eine Ableitung von Margaretha oder vom provenzalischen Familiennamen Magal. Jedenfalls steht der Name in Südfrankreich auch für die Heilige Margareta von Antiochia.

Namensträgerinnen
 Magali Alabau (* 1945), kubanische Schauspielerin, Regisseurin und Schriftstellerin
 Magaly Carvajal (* 1968), kubanische Volleyballnationalspielerin
 Magali Di Marco Messmer (* 1971), Schweizer Triathletin
 Magali Faure (* 1972), französische Bahnradsportlerin
 Magali Greif (* 1998), deutsche Schauspielerin
 Magali Mosnier (* 1976), französische Flötistin
 Magali Noël (1931–2015), französische Schauspielerin und Sängerin
 Magaly Solier Romero (* 1986), peruanische Schauspielerin und Sängerin, die eine Angehörige der Quechua ist
 Magali Tisseyre (* 1981), kanadische Duathletin und Triathletin
 Magali Léger, französische Sopranistin

Siehe auch
 Sophie & Magaly, französisches Pop-Duo, bestehend aus den Zwillingsschwestern Sophie und Magaly Gilles

Einzelnachweise

Weiblicher Vorname

fr:Magali

Magali


São frases curtas e enigmáticas, metodicamente escritas como auxiliares de memória, encadeando passo a passo um tópico ou texto específico em sua totalidade. O dicionário dá o significado do sânscrito ou Tamil expressão, Sutram (सूत्रम्) ou Sutra (सूत्र), como corda ou fio, fórmula, frase curta ou regra aforística, cinto, acidente vascular cerebral, fio ou plano. Exclusivos da literatura em sânscrito, literatura tâmil e literatura páli do hinduísmo, jainismo e budismo. Existem centenas de textos sânscritos encontrados escritos no formato Sutra, como Kapila Sutram, Samkhya-pravachana Sutram, Brahma Sutra, Jaimini Sutram, Tatvartha Sutram, Kalpa Sutra, etc.

Etimologia
Shatapatha Brahmana define Sutram como o fio sagrado (SB XII.ii.3), o fio sagrado que pertence aos brâmanes de primeira classe (SB Vx16), o poder de agir (SB XI.iii.37), o sutra-tattva (SB XI.xxviii.16), o mahat-tattva distinguido pelo poder de ação (SB XI.ix.19), a função de Pradhana ou a causa sutil da natureza material (SB XI.xii.19), ou o primeiro transformação da natureza (Prakrti), dotada da potência da atividade (SB XI.xxiv.6). Assim, é o cordão sagrado que é usado pelos nascidos duas vezes, isto é, os brâmanes e os Xátrias, significando sua iniciação, iniciação essa que lhes dá a abertura ou o direito e o poder de agir de acordo com seus respectivos darmas; constantemente os lembra de seus deveres obrigatórios. É também o fio que atravessa, liga e ativa os estágios de transformação do Avyakta (o Indefinido) para o Vyakta (o Definido).

Quatro divisões principais
Existem quatro divisões principais de Kalpa: Shrauta Sutram, Grihya Sutram, Dharma Sutram e Kalpa Sutram, e três divisões subordinadas: Kaushika Sutram, Vaitana Sutram e Sutras Shulba. Kalpa representa o princípio de transformação de valores pontuais, levando em consideração a totalidade da expressão. Sutram, também conhecido como Sutratman, é o Suksmasariram compreendendo o vijnanamayakosha, manomayakosha e pranomayakosha ; Prana ("respiração vital"), Manas ("mente") e "entendimento", esses três invólucros têm a natureza de Sutratman. Sutram é um complemento de Hiranyagarbha que é a origem de Viraj, a matéria bruta que constitui o mundo. Vijnanam é Sutram, e mesmo que Sutram tenha precedido Viraj como a causa de Viraj, não há diferença entre esses dois, pois quando não há produto, ou seja, Viraj, Sutram tem a forma compacta de Prajnanaghanarupa (inteligência), então reverte ao seu verdadeiro estado indefinido.

No dicionário de termos budistas, a ênfase está nos significados dos Sutras, os Sutras do ensinamento de Aksayamati explicam que os sutras de significado conveniente são aqueles que ensinam a realidade aparente. Os sutras de significado definitivo são aqueles que são ensinados para revelar a realidade última. Os primeiros auxiliam na entrada no caminho, lidam com a aparência, afligida pelos fenômenos, como se engajar em ações apropriadas, causar cansaço com a existência cíclica, ensinar vários termos e definições, dar explicações detalhadas sobre os seres sencientes, o eu, etc. ,. O último guia os discípulos para se engajarem na fruição, ensina sobre fenômenos purificados, mostra como karmas e aflições se esgotam, demonstra que a existência cíclica e o nirvana são indiferenciáveis, ensina a profunda realidade verdadeira que é difícil de ver e perceber, concentra-se em detalhes precisos e concisos. instruções para cultivar a concentração meditativa e ensina sobre as três portas para a liberação, não aplicação, não organização, etc.

Sri Aurobindo havia dito que a necessidade fundamental de nossa vida encarnada é a de  buscar a criatividade infinita em uma base finita, portanto, segundo os teosofistas, a morte é uma experiência transformadora. Sutratman, o fio espiritual, fio da vida, é a Mônada, o fio dourado dos contextos transcendentes sobre os quais todos os encarnados imanentes de cada indivíduo humano estão amarrados como pérolas em um fio.

O princípio sutil da vida é aquele fio no qual esta vida e a próxima vida e todos os seres são amarrados (Brihadaranyaka Upanishad III.vii.2). Vayu também é conhecido como Sutratman e Sutratman é svatahsiddha, ou seja, auto-estabelecido. É através de Vak (fala) que um devoto atinge a natureza de Sutratman (Saptanna Brahmana verso 329). Viraj é descrito como o deus marcado por direções espaciais, etc. e que usa um corpo composto pelos cinco elementos e que surge na/da noção - " Eu sou tudo ", antes disso era Sutratman.

O Sol é identificado com o espírito da Respiração e todo ser está conectado com o Sol por um fio de Respiração, o Sutratman, que também é uma espécie de raio de luz. A alma ou Deus, como permeando a totalidade, é chamada Sutratman.

Referências

Filosofia jainista
Conceitos filosóficos budistas
Conceitos filosóficos hindus
Budismo
Hinduísmo

Sutram


Das English Masters 1986 im Badminton fanden vom 24. bis zum 26. Oktober 1986 in der Royal Albert Hall in London, England, statt. Das Preisgeld betrug 20.000 Pfund, wodurch das Turnier als Kategorie-1-Turnier innerhalb des World Badminton Grand Prix 1986 eingestuft wurde.

Finalresultate

Referenzen
 Programmheft German Open 1987 S. 46

World Badminton Grand Prix 1986
1986
Badmintonwettbewerb in London
Sportveranstaltung im Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea
Royal Albert Hall

English Masters 1986


Karşınızda Peter Sellers (özgün adı: The Life and Death of Peter Sellers), yönetmenliğini Stephen Hopkins'in üstlendiği, 2004 ABD yapımı bir filmdir. Roger Lewis'in aynı adlı kitabından uyarlanan ve ünlü İngiliz güldürü oyuncusu Peter Sellers'ı konu edinen film, Peter Sellers'ı canlandıran Geoffrey Rush'a 2005 yılı Altın Küre ödülünü getirmiştir.

Çeşitli film festivallerine katılmış ve Türkiye dahil pek çok ülkede sinemalarda gösterilmiş olan film, aslında televizyon için çekilmiştir.

Oyuncular

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri biyografik filmleri
Film yapımı hakkında filmler
Stephen Hopkins'in yönettiği filmler
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri komedi-drama filmleri
Birleşik Krallık komedi-drama filmleri
2000'lerde İngilizce filmler
2004 çıkışlı dramatik filmler
2004 çıkışlı komedi filmleri

Karşınızda Peter Sellers


Beydili veya Beydilli aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:
 Beydili boyu - Oğuz Türklerinin Bozoklar koluna mensup boy.

Yerleşim yerleri
 Beydili, Nallıhan - Ankara ili Nallıhan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Beydili, Bayat - Çorum ili Bayat ilçesine bağlı köy
 Beydili, Çorum - Çorum ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Beydilli, Çivril - Denizli ili Çivril ilçesine bağlı köy
 Beydili, Araban - Gaziantep ili Araban ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Beydilli, Şahinbey - Gaziantep ili Şahinbey ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Beydili, Sütçüler - Isparta ili Sütçüler ilçesine bağlı köy
 Beydili, Ovacık - Karabük ili Ovacık ilçesine bağlı köy
 Beydili, Karaman - Karaman ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Beydili, Gülnar - Mersin ili Gülnar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Beydili, Hafik - Sivas ili Hafik ilçesine bağlı köy

Beydili


Beytüllahim (, ) veya Betlehem (,  ; , ; ), Eski Türkçe Bidilgim, Batı Şeria, Filistin'de bulunan, Kudüs'ün yaklaşık  güneyinde bulunan bir şehir. Nüfusu yaklaşık 25.000'dir ve Beytüllahim Valiliği'nin başkentidir. Ekonomik kalkınımı genel olarak, Hristiyanların İsa'nın Doğuşu Kilisesi'ne hac ziyaretleri yaptığı Noel sezonunda zirveye ulaşan turistlerden sağlanır. Rahel Türbesi, Betlehem'in kuzey girişinde yer almaktadır, ancak Batı Şeria Duvarı nedeniyle şehrin sakinleri için serbestçe erişim sağlanamıyor.

İsa'nın doğumu
İsa'nın Beytüllahim'de doğduğuna inanılır. İsa'nın doğduğu dönemde Beytüllahim Roma İmparatorluğu'nun Yahudiye eyaletine bağlı idi.

Bununla birlikte bazı araştırmacılar Beytüllahim'in bir yer adı değil, yıldız gibi bir gök cismi veya olayının adı olduğunu ileri sürerler. Bu iddiaya göre Beytüllahim İsa'nın doğduğu yeri değil, zamanı belirtir.

Kardeş şehirler

  Köln, Almanya
  Burlington, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri
  Steyr, Avusturya
  Abu Dabi, Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri
  Natal, Brezilya
  Chartres, Fransa
  Glasgow, İskoçya
  Zaragoza, İspanya
  Assisi, İtalya
  Civitavecchia, İtalya
  Floransa, İtalya
  Greccio, İtalya
  Pratovecchio, İtalya
  San Miniato, İtalya
  Monterrey, Meksika
  Sarpsborg, Norveç
  Cusco, Peru
  Częstochowa, Polonya
  Sankt-Peterburg, Rusya
  Villa Alemana, Şili
  Concepción, Şili
  Atina, Yunanistan

Kaynakça

Beytüllahim


السطح الهرمي (Pyramidal surface)، وهو السطح الناشيء من حركة قطعة مستقيم أحد طرفيها ثابت في نقطة معينة، والآخر يتحرك على محيط مضلع مستو.

مصادر

هندسة فراغية
رياضيات

سطح هرمي


نادي بودوتشنوست بودغوريتسا لكرة القدم (بالصربية:Будучност (футбольный клуб, Подгорица) نادي كرة قدم مونتينيغري يلعب في دوري الدرجة الأولى. تم تأسيس النادي في سنة 1925.

مراجع

أندية كرة قدم أسست في 1925
أندية كرة قدم في الجبل الأسود
أندية كرة قدم في بودغوريتسا
أندية كرة قدم في يوغوسلافيا
تأسيسات سنة 1925 في الجبل الأسود

بودوتشنوست بودغوريتسا


Swilda est un genre d'araignées aranéomorphes de la famille des Symphytognathidae.

Distribution
Les espèces de ce genre sont endémiques de  Chine.

Liste des espèces
Selon  :
 Swilda longtou (Miller, Griswold & Yin, 2009)
 Swilda spinathoraxi (Lin & Li, 2009)

Étymologie
Ce genre est nommé en l'honneur de Swild Studio.

Publication originale
 Li, Li & Lin, 2021 : « Taxonomic study on fourteen symphytognathid species from Asia (Araneae, Symphytognathidae). » ZooKeys, ,  (texte intégral).

Liens externes

Notes et références

Symphytognathidae
Genre d'araignées (nom scientifique)
Faune endémique de Chine

Swilda


Aurelio Magnani (né le  à Longiano, décédé  le  à Rome) est un clarinettiste et compositeur italien. Il est considéré comme un des pères de l'école italienne de clarinette, car il est à l'origine de l'unification de l'école italienne de clarinette dans les premières décennies du . Aurelio Magnani est l'auteur de la célèbre méthode dénommée Metodo completo di clarinetto - Sistema Boehm.

Biographie
Musicien originaire de Romagne, Aurelio Magnani, après avoir terminé ses études de clarinette au conservatoire de Bologne en 1874, a été professeur au lycée de musique de Viterbe et au conservatoire de Venise jusqu'en 1883, date à laquelle il s'est installé à Rome où il est devenu professeur au Conservatorio Santa Cecilia. En plus de ses activités d'enseignement, il s'est également consacré à la rédaction de méthodes et d'études pour ses élèves. Sa méthode de clarinette est dédiée à son ami clarinettiste Cyrille Rose de l'Opéra de Paris et a reçu la médaille d'Or à l'exposition universelle de Paris en 1900; cet ouvrage est toujours employé dans l'enseignement de la clarinette dans les conservatoires italiens.

Parallèlement à ses activités d'enseignant, il s'est produit dans de nombreux orchestres dans lesquels il était première clarinette. Parmi ces orchestres figurent ceux du Gran Teatro La Fenice de Venise et du Teatro Augusteo de Rome.

Les deux "Divertimento" ont été composés par Aurelio Magnani à Paris en 1903, où le compositeur est honoré comme Officier de l'Académie française pour ses hauts mérites artistiques. Le premier divertimento est dédié à son élève Ulderico Perilli et y développe les principaux thèmes présents dans les Konzertstücke, op. 44 et op. 49 pour clarinette et orchestre de Carl Baermann.

Une de ses compositions, la Mazurka-caprice, peut être entendue sur des rééditions d'enregistrements historiques de Louis Cahuzac. D'après les notes de pochette de ces enregistrements, l'œuvre est .

Œuvres (sélection)

 Élégie pour clarinette et piano (1880)
 Romanza e valzer pour clarinette et piano (1880), connu également comme « Paraphrases pour clarinette et piano : Romance et valses, issues de Faust de Charles Gounod »
 Mazurka-Caprice pour clarinette et piano (1897)
 3 Sonates concertantes pour 2 clarinettes en si bémol sans accompagnement de piano. 3e Sonate en sol (Paris : Evette et Schaeffer, 1897)
 Méthode complète de clarinette, (Paris : Evette et Schaeffer, 1900), (Paris : Alphonse Leduc, réédition)
 Solo de concert pour clarinette si bémol avec accompagnement de piano (Paris : Evette et Schaeffer, 1902)
 Divertissement No.1 pour clarinette et piano (1903)
 Divertissement No.2 pour clarinette et piano (1903)
 Melodia romantica (1907)
 Sonate concertante No.3
  Mélodie originale romantique pour hautbois ou violon ou clarinette avec accompagnement de piano (1907)
 Ave Maria. O Salutaris. Panis angelicus pour chant et orgue ou harmonium ou piano (Paris : Evette et Schaeffer, 1920)
Dix études-caprices de grande difficulté pour clarinette / nouvelle édition entièrement révisée par Alamiro Giampieri, (Paris : Alphonse Leduc)

Discographie
 Magnani, A.: Virtuoso Clarinet Works - Divertimenti / Elegia / Melodia romantica / Mazurka-Caprice avec Sergio Bosi (clarinette), Riccardo Bartoli (piano), (Naxos, 2012)
 Piero Vincenti (clarinette) - Marsida Koni (piano). Aurelio Magnani, Complete works for clarinet and piano, Accademia Italiana del Clarinetto AIC 001 © 2010
 Louis Cahuzac. Les grands maîtres da la Clarinette, Mazurka-caprice, Dante Productions LYS 366 (p) 1998
 Louis Cahuzac. Historical Recordings, Volume II, Mazurka-caprice, Clarinet Classics CC0010 © 1994, (p) 1994

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance dans la province de Forlì-Cesena
Décès à Rome
Naissance en février 1856
Décès en janvier 1921
Clarinettiste classique
Clarinettiste italien
Compositeur italien
Décès à 64 ans

Aurelio Magnani


Hendrikus Cornelis Paulus (Han) Noten (* 20. Februar 1958 in Swalmen) ist ein niederländischer Politiker der Partij van de Arbeid.

Leben
Noten besuchte das Bisschoppelijk College Broekhin in Roermond. Von 1978 bis 1985 studierte er an der Radboud-Universität Nijmegen Psychologie. Noten wurde Mitglied der Partij van de Arbeid (PvdA).  Vom 11. November 2003 bis Juni 2011 war er deren Fraktionsvorsitzender in der Ersten Kammer der Generalstaaten. Seine Nachfolgerin in diesem Amt wurde Marleen Barth.

Seit 1. Februar 2011 ist Noten als Nachfolger von Willem Urlings Bürgermeister von Dalfsen.

Weblinks
 PvdA: Han Noten (niederländisch)

Mitglied der Ersten Kammer der Generalstaaten
Bürgermeister (Dalfsen)
PvdA-Mitglied
Geboren 1958
Niederländer
Mann

Han Noten


الخدر هو غيبوبة تحدثها بعض الأدوية التي تسمي مخدرات. واستعمال المخدرات يرجع الي المصريين القدماء الذين استعملوا الأفيون في علاج الأضطرابات العقلية ، أما استخدام الخدر الطويل المدي فكان في مطلع القرن العشرين وتنحصر قيمته الأساسية في خفض التهيجات والتوترات العصبية في حالات الأمراض النفسية ،وقد أدخل ج .س. هورسلي 1936 تعبيرا جديدا هو «التحليل الخدري» حيث يستخدم المادة المخدرة لإحداث غيبوبة عارضة ينطلق في أثنائها المريض في الحديث ، فيتمكن الطبيب من استخام العلاج النفسي في علاجه ولقد استخدمت هذه الطريقة بنجاح ملموس في أثناء الحرب العالمية الثانية في علاج حالات الانهيار العصبي.

مصطلحات طبية

خدر


Sasinkovo este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Hlohovec din regiunea Trnava. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 859 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Sasinkovo este atestată documentar din 1256.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Sasinkovo


Kiril Petkov Petkov (bugarski: Кирил Петков Петков, Plovdiv, 17. travnja 1980.) bugarski je političar i ekonomist te trenutni predsjednik Vlade Bugarske od 13. prosinca 2021. Jedan je od vođa stranke Prodalzhavame promyanata (PP, Nastavljamo promjene) koju je osnovao s Asenom Vasilevom.

Životopis
Petkov je rođen 17. travnja 1980. u gradu Plovdivu, Bugarskoj. Završio je preddiplomski studij financija na Sveučilištu Britanske Kolumije u Vancouveru. Magistarski studij završio je na Sveučilištu Harvard, gdje je bio u 10 % najboljih studenata. Petkov je jedan od osnivača Centra za ekonomsku strategiju i natjecanje Sveučilišta u Sofiji, gdje je predavao ekonomski razvoj i mikroekonomiju natjecanja.

Od 2001. do 2005. radi u kanadskoj prehrambenoj tvrtci McCain Foods kao menadžer razvoja. Od 2007. razvija projekte u području inovacija te drži nekoliko patenata iz područja biotehnologije u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama, sa svojom tvrtkom ProViotik.

Dana 12. svibnja 2021. postaje ministar gospodarstva u vladi Stefana Yaneva. Na svom prvom televizijskom gostovanju kao ministar optužuje Bugarsku razvojnu banku, koja je u vlasništvu države i čiji je osnovni cilj podrška malih i srednjih poduzeća, da je 500 milijuna eura pozajmica podijelila među samo osam tvrtki u vlasništvu četvoro poduzetnika. Ovaj je postupak okarakterizirao kao "nečuven", tvrdeći da se radi o korupciji.

Dana 19. rujna 2021. osnovao je stranku Prodalzhavame promyanata (PP), kao stranku čija je osnovna uloga borba protiv korupcije. Stranku je osnovao s Asenom Vasilevom, kojeg je upoznao tijekom studija na Harvardu. Nakon što je njegova stranka osvojila najviše glasova na izborima u studenome, krenuli su pregovori oko stvaranja koalicije. Prva ideja bila je da u koaliciji sudjeluju PP, Ima takav narod (ITN), te Demokratska Bugarska (DB). Dana 10. prosinca završeni su dogovori oko koalicije, kojoj se priključila i Bugarska socijalistička stranka (BSP).

Kiril Petkov je izabran za predsjednika Vlade sa 134 glasa za i 105 glasova protiv 13. prosinca 2021. Istog dana predsjednik Rumen Radev potvrdio je njegovu vladu.

Kontroverze
27. listopada 2021. Vrhovni sud Bugarske retroaktivno je odbio njegovo postavljanje na položaj ministra gospodarstva, obzirom da ministri u Vladi ne smiju imati dvojno državljanstvo. Političar Lozan Panov posebno je zahtijevao da Petkov za ovo odgovara, međutim dokumenti kanadske vlade pokazali su da je Petkov predao zahtjev u travnju, ali da postupak nije završen sve do kolovoza 2021.

Izvori

Bugarski političari
Ekonomisti
Predsjednici vlada

Kiril Petkov


සත්ත්‍ව (සාමාන්‍යෙයන් ගව) සම් පදම්කර නිපදවන කල් පවත්නා, සුනම්‍ය අමුද්‍රව්‍යය  පදම්කළ සම් නම් වේ.
පදම්කළ සම්

පදම්කළ සම්


Shankara (Sankara veya Samkara, IAST ) şekillerinde de yazılır ve şu isimlere atıfla kullanılır:

Şiva, Hindu tanrısı
Adi Şankara, 9.yüzyıl Hindu filozof ve aziz.
K. N. Shankara, Hint uzay bilimci.
 Şankaraçarya (Shankara acharya) - Advaita Vedanta öğretisinde bir unvan.
Shankara (raga), Hint klasik müziğinde bir makam.

Şankara


Der Hohenemser Literaturpreis für deutschsprachige Autorinnen und Autoren nichtdeutscher Muttersprache wird seit 2009 zweijährlich in der Stadt Hohenems in Vorarlberg verliehen.

Der Preis wurde von Michael Köhlmeier angeregt. Es wurde ein Hauptpreis von 10.000 Euro und ein Anerkennungspreis von 3.000 Euro vergeben; seit 2017 wurde die Dotierung des Preises auf 7.000 Euro verringert.

Der Literaturpreis wird vom Verein Viertel Forum und dem Kulturreferat der Stadt Hohenems in Zusammenarbeit mit der Lesegesellschaft im Jüdischen Museum Hohenems veranstaltet.

Preisträger

Weblinks
 Hohenemser Literaturpreis

Einzelnachweise

Literaturpreis (Österreich)
Hohenems
Kultur (Vorarlberg)
Erstverleihung 2009

Hohenemser Literaturpreis


(,  Protection Force) was the official name of the colonial troops in the African territories of the German colonial empire from the late 19th century to 1918. Similar to other colonial armies, the  consisted of volunteer European commissioned and non-commissioned officers, medical and veterinary officers. Most enlisted ranks were recruited from indigenous communities within the German colonies or from elsewhere in Africa.

Military contingents were formed in German East Africa, where they became famous as , in the Kamerun colony of German West Africa, and in German South West Africa. Control of the German colonies of New Guinea, in Samoa, and in Togoland was performed by small local police detachments. Jiaozhou in China under Imperial Navy administration was a notable exception. As part of the East Asian Station the navy garrisoned Qingdao with the marines of  III, the only all-German unit with permanent status in an overseas protectorate.

Deployment

The name of the German colonial force dates back to the parlance of Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who had the term , "protectorates", used instead of colonies.  contingents arose from local police forces or private paramilitary units, where German colonizers met with stronger resistance.

When in 1888 the Abushiri Revolt broke out in the dominions of the German East Africa Company, Bismarck's government in Berlin had to send mercenary troops under  Hermann Wissmann to subdue the uprising. Upon the establishment of German East Africa, these  were changed to  by an act of the Reichstag parliament on 22 March 1891. The police forces for South-West Africa under Curt von François and for German Cameroon were re-established as  by the act of 9 June 1895.

 formations under the supreme command of the German Emperor were organizationally never a part of the Imperial German Army, though German military law and discipline applied to its units. Initially supervised by the Imperial Navy Office, they were under the authority of the Colonial Department in the German Foreign Office by the act of 7 and 18 July 1896. In 1907 the Colonial Department with the  command was set up as the independent Imperial Colonial Office () agency directly answerable to the Chancellor of Germany.

In 1896 a central  command () was established as part of the Colonial Department. Despite its name, this agency exercised no military leadership but served as an administrative authority. It was located at Berlin's Mauerstrasse, in proximity to the Colonial Office. At the beginning of the First World War in 1914, there were three  military commands, one in each of the German colonial regions in East Africa, South-West Africa, and in Kamerun, subordinate to each governor.

German East Africa
See also East African Campaign (World War I)

At the outbreak of the First World War, the  in German East Africa was organised into 14 field companies () with 2,500 men under arms, with headquarters at the capital Dar es Salaam. Including carriers and labourers, the force had about 14,000 personnel. On 13 April 1914, Lieutenant Colonel Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck assumed command in German East Africa. He led his units throughout the First World War, eventually being promoted to . The  in East Africa became the last German formation to surrender – days after the armistice in November 1918.

A pre-war company consisted of 160 (expandable to 200) men in three platoons () of 50 to 60 men each, including two machine-gun teams. Each of the 14 companies also had a minimum 250 man carrier contingent as well as native irregulars known as Ruga-Ruga, called Fita-Fita in German Samoa, of approximately the same size units.
 1st Company (: Arusha/Neu Moshi
 2nd Company: Iringa and Unbena
 3rd Company: Lindi
 4th Company: Kilimatinde and Singida
 5th Company: Massoko
 6th Company: Udjidiji and Kassulo
 7th Company: Bukoba, Ussuwi and Kifumbiro
 8th Company: Tabora
 9th Company: Usumbura
 10th Company: Dar es Salaam
 11th Company: Kissenji and Mruhengeri
 12th Company: Mahenge
 13th Company: Kondoa Irangi
 14th Company: Muansa and Ikoma

The Dar es Salaam garrison further included a recruitment depot, a signals department and quartermaster unit.

Overall strength was 300 European recruits and 2,472 Africans, specifically 68 combatant officers, 60 warrant officers and NCOs, 132 non-combatant medical officers, civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, and 2 African officers and 184 African NCOs and 2,286 .

During the First World War, companies numbered 15 through 30 were added, plus eight (A through G, and L) temporary companies; and 1st through 8th  [rifle companies]. The  were originally composed of white settlers, their sons, plantations administrators and trading company employees but some units became racially mixed as the war dragged on. Numerous other small detachments were also formed. Several, possibly four, Reserve  were also raised consisting of older , they were prefixed by the letter "R".

German Southwest Africa

The  in German Southwest Africa was structured in 12 companies of mounted infantry totalling 1,500 men, primarily Germans. The 7th Company, stationed in the northern desert area of the colony, was mounted on imported camels. A single unit, called the Baster Company, consisting of non-local biracial white European-black Africans, was raised and deployed. Relations between the German administration and the natives in this colony had deteriorated to the point that few local Africans were recruited. Some Boers and Afrikaners were able to be recruited, bolstering the fledgling force.

The colonial forces for German Southwest Africa consisted of volunteers from the imperial army and navy (including some Austrians) but essentially consisted of members of German regiments. Before their deployment to Africa these troops were prepared for their special tasks and future environment. Such a training base was at Karlsruhe. Because of the often humid conditions in the upper Rhine valley of the grand-duchy of Baden, the area provided some early acclimatisation.

The structure of the Southwest African forces was as follows:

German Southwest Africa Command at Windhuk (modern Windhoek) consisted of headquarters, administration and legal (judge advocate), medical corps, surveying and mapping units.

Northern district command: Windhuk
 1st Company: Regenstein, Seeis
 4th Company: Okanjande
 6th Company: Outjo and Otavi
 2nd Battery: Johann-Albrechts-Höhe
 Transport platoon 1: Karibib
 Office for provisions: Karibib
 Horse depot: Okawayo
 Artillery and train depot: Windhuk
 Military hospital and medical depot: Windhuk
 Clothing depot: Windhuk
 Local headquarters: Windhuk
 Local headquarters and quartermaster: Swakopmund
Southern district command: Keetmanshoop
 2nd Company: Ukamas
 3rd Company: Kanus
 5th Company: Chamis and Churutabis
 7th and 8th Company (camel cavalry), military hospital: Gochas and Arahoab
 1st Battery: Narubis
 3rd Battery: Gibeon
 Transport platoon 2: Keetmanshoop
 Artillery and train depot: Keetmanshoop
 Military hospital and medical depot: Keetmanshoop
 Clothing depot: Keetmanshoop
 Office for provisions: Keetmanshoop
 Garrison administration: Keetmanshoop
 Horse depot: Aus
 Camel stud farm: Kalkfontain
 Local headquarters and quartermaster: Lüderitz

At the outbreak of the war the force had a total strength of 91 officers, 22 physicians, 9 veterinarians, 59 civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, 342 NCOs and 1,444 German other ranks for a total of 1,967 personnel.

German West Africa

Kamerun

German West Africa encompassed two colonial entities, Kamerun and Togoland.

The Kamerun force in 1914 consisted of 12 companies, totalling 1,600 men with headquarters at Soppo and established in 1894 from the existing police force (formed in 1891).

The structure of the Kamerun forces was as follows:

Central Command: Soppo near the capital Buea
 1st Company (headquarters company) and artillery detachment: Douala
 2nd Company: Bamenda, Wum and Kentu
 3rd Company: Mora and Kusseri
 4th Company: (expedition/survey company): Soppo
 5th Company: Bouar, Carnot and Ebolowa
 6th Company: Mbaiki, Nola and Nguku
 7th Company: Garua, Marua, Mubi
 8th Company: Ngaundere
 9th Company: Dume and Baturi
 10th Company: Ojem and Mimwoul
 11th Company: Akoafim and Minkebe
 12th Company: Bumo, Fianga, and Gore
The companies were assigned to 49 garrisons in Kamerun and consisted of 61 officers, 23 physicians, 23 civilian administrators, ammunition technicians, 98 German NCOs and 1,650 African enlisted ranks for a total personnel count of 1,855.

Togoland
Togoland had a total police force of 673 personnel deployed throughout the colony. Approximately 1,000 troops were raised after the outbreak of the war. With very little arms, ammunition, or provisions, by the end of August 1914, all units had surrendered to French and British forces.

Appearance

When the Schutztruppe for German East Africa was founded in 1891, special uniforms were created which, among other things, were intended to underline the special position of the Schutztruppe as an independent part of the Reichsheer. The uniforms corresponded to the cut of the Prussian Army, initially in grey but later in "field gray" for home service  ("Tuchuniform"/"Tuchrock") or khaki ("Feldrock") for the tropics. Schutztruppen in Southwest Africa could wear the home service uniform in the protectorate. A white dress uniform was also worn by European officers and NCO's for ceremonial occasions. The white and khaki uniforms were cut the same. The Schutztruppe arm of service color was blue so their uniforms were trimmed blue down the trousers seam, the fly of their four-pocket tunic, collar edge, plus NCO's wore silver on blue inverted chevrons on the left sleeve only They were also supplied a grey or khaki slouch hat called the Schutztruppenhut (aka Südwester) on which the edge of the hat and the cap band were in the color of the respective Schutztruppe. The protectorate colours were as follows; German East Africa white, Cameroon dark red, German South West Africa cornflower blue, Togo yellow, German New Guinea green, German Samoa light pink. Additionally, as Imperial Troops, the 'Reichskokarde' cockade in black, white and red was worn on the folded brim of the Schutztruppenhut, a black, white and red cord could be worn around the tropical helmet (Tropenhelm), and black, white and red intertwined shoulder straps were worn on both tunic shoulders.

African personnel wore a pocketless cotton khaki tunic and breeches with blue puttees and ankle boots, which replaced bare lower legs and feet. African personnel also wore a red fez over which a khaki cover could be worn in the field. Company numbers were often worn on the front of the fez. In field conditions the askari wore either a khaki cover over their red fez or a khaki tarbush consisting os a khaki cloth over a wicker frame. Later in the war African troops wore a large floppy hat en lieu of the fez. The arm of service color for African/native troops was red so their uniforms, when trimmed, were trimmed red down the trousers seam, the tunic fly, collar edge, plus NCO's wore red, later brown, chevrons on the left sleeve only.

Uniforms and rank insignia

The rank insignia of Africans differed by one chevron from German ranks (eg. a German Gefreiter wore no chevrons, an African wore one, a German Unteroffizier wore one chevron, and African wore two etc). Despite them having nominally similar ranks, European NCOs always outranked Native NCOs.

German/European Ranks: Standard Imperial Army collar and or shoulder rank insignia was worn by German/European Officers and men.

German East Africa
Many of the original East African Askaris were Sudanese therefore the East African Schutztruppen utilized existing Turkish rank titles. The following ranks existed for East African other ranks:
 Effendi - Sudanese officers (East Africa only) inherited from the Wissmann-Truppe - originally wore one to three, but later only three, silver stars on the shoulder straps
 Senior Sergeant - Feldwebel/Sol - four flat-topped inverted chevrons
 Sergeant - Sargenten/Bet Schausch - three flat-topped inverted chevrons
 Corporal - Unteroffizier/Schausch - two flat-topped inverted chevrons
 Private - Gefreiter/Ombascha - one flat-topped inverted chevron

German West Africa
Officers

German other ranks

African other ranks

Footnotes

Bibliography
 Farwell, Byron. The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 1989.
 Haupt, Werner. Deutschlands Schutzgebiete in Übersee 1884–1918 [Germany's Overseas Protectorates 1884-1918]. Friedberg: Podzun-Pallas Verlag. 1984.
 Hoyt, Edwin P. Guerilla. Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck and Germany's East African Empire. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1981; and London: Collier Macmillan Publishers. 1981. .
 Miller, Charles. Battle for the Bundu: The First World War in German East Africa. London: Macdonald & Jane's, 1974; and New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1974. .

Literature
 German Colonial Encyclopaedia, 1920, Volume III, p. 321ff.
 Kopf, Werner. The German colonial force 1889/1918, Dörfler Publishing House
 Morlang, Thomas. Askari und Fitafita. Farbige Söldner in den deutsche Kolonien. Berlin 2008
 Reith, Wolfgang. The Command Authorities of the Imperial Colonial Force in the Homeland. German Soldier Yearbook 2000 and 2001 (2 parts). Munich: Signal Publishing House.

External links
 German Colonial Uniforms
 A German language naval and military history site
German language sites:
 Protection and Overseas Troops
 Mauerstraße 45/46: The Oberkommando der Schutztruppen (Africa in Berlin – German History Museum)

German Army (German Empire)
People of former German colonies
Military history of German East Africa
German words and phrases
Colonial troops

Schutztruppe


Crkva sv. Lazara (Josipa) nalazi se u gradu Trogiru.

Opis
Crkva Sv. Lazara (Josipa) na Čiovu u Trogiru podignuta je na pravokutnom tlocrtu s apsidom u 15. stoljeću kao dio franjevačkog samostana uz koji su bili stanovi za oboljele od gube. Građena je od pravilno obrađenog i uslojenog kamena, s ravnim stropom i krovištem pokrivenim kupom kanalicom i bačvastim svodom u apsidi. Na glavnom je pročelju ulaz jednostavno profiliranih okvira, te rozeta pri vrhu. Zvonik dograđen sa sjeverne strane ima otvorenu ložu pri vrhu. U unutrašnjosti su se sačuvali sjeverni drveni barokni oltar iz 18. stoljeća posvećen Gospi i južni oltar posvećen sv. Bonaventuri. Na glavnom oltaru su drveni kipovi anđela iz kapele bl. Ivana Trogirskog katedrale Sv. Lovre u Trogiru.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-4562 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "sakralna graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Zaštićene sakralne građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Katoličke crkve u Trogiru

Crkva sv. Lazara u Trogiru


Provinsen Djelfa () er en af Algeriets 48 provinser. Administrationscenteret er byen Djelfa.

Eksterne henvisninger

Provinser i Algeriet

Djelfa (provins)


Giuseppe Bellini (Meldola,  - Forlì, ) est un avocat et homme politique italien, sénateur du Royaume et maire de Forlì à trois reprises, bien que la deuxième fois seulement pendant quelques mois.

Biographie

Adhésion au parti républicain
Né politiquement comme monarchiste, il abandonne rapidement ces sympathies pour rejoindre le Parti républicain italien (Partito Repubblicano Italiano), très fort en Romagne et à Forlì en particulier. En raison de ce choix, il est répertorié parmi les subversifs dans les fichiers de la police monarchiste et, plus tard, de la police fasciste. Il devient Sénateur du Royaume en 1919, mais n'est retiré de la liste des subversifs qu'en février 1930.

Avocat
En tant qu'avocat il défend également des affaires très populaires auprès du public. Parmi celles-ci, citons la défense victorieuse d'Eugenio Valzania, républicain de Cesena, accusé de l'assassinat de son concitoyen, le socialiste Pio Battistini (en 1891) : les implications politiques évidentes, à une époque de luttes même violentes entre les différentes factions, font grand bruit lors du procès ; la défense, en 1904, d'Augusto Rotondi, plus connu sous le nom de "Zambuten", accusé d'exercice illégal de la médecine : c'est un guérisseur empirique, très apprécié par le peuple. Le procès se termine par une amende imposée à Zambuten, mais il continue à pratiquer son art sans se décourager, grâce à la faveur populaire. Il convient de noter qu'à l'époque, Bellini est déjà Maire de Forlì.

Carrière politique
Membre du conseil municipal de Forlì en 1890, il est élu maire en 1901 (à partir du 2 septembre), fonction qu'il occupe jusqu'au 23 avril 1910, date à laquelle il démissionne à la suite de la controverse suscitée au sein du parti par sa participation aux funérailles de l'ancien Président du Conseil des ministres (Premier ministre) Alessandro Fortis.

Comme beaucoup de républicains, mais contrairement à Giuseppe Gaudenzi, il est un fervent interventionniste dans la Première Guerre mondiale. Il est à nouveau maire de Forlì le 21 septembre 1914, mais ne reste en fonction que quelques mois : il démissionne le 28 février 1915. Il est ensuite réélu maire le 22 juillet 1915 et reste en fonction jusqu'au 9 novembre 1919, date à laquelle il démissionne, après avoir été nommé sénateur le 6 octobre 1919.

Fonctions politico-administratives
 Maire de Forlì (2 septembre 1901-23 avril 1910. Démission) (8 août 1914-28 février 1915. Démission) (22 juillet 1915-9 novembre 1919).
 Président de la députation provinciale de Forlì
 Président du Conseil provincial de Forlì (21 septembre 1914-12 avril 1920. Démissionnaire)

Fonctions administratives
 Conseiller municipal de Forlì (1890-1919)

Fonctions sénatoriales
Fonctions
 Secrétaire (19 novembre 1925-21 janvier 1929)
Commissions
 Membre de la Commission parlementaire d'enquête sur les dépenses de guerre (19 juillet 1920-6 février 1923)
 Membre de la Commission de comptabilité interne (27 mars 1922-10 décembre 1923)
 Membre de la Commission pour l'examen du projet de loi "Garanties et modalités des avances sur l'indemnisation des dommages de guerre" (13 juillet 1922)Membre de la Commission pour l'examen du projet de loi "Constitution du parc national des Abruzzes" (15 juin 1923)Membre suppléant de la Commission d'accusation de la Haute Cour de Justice (14 novembre-10 décembre 1923).
 Membre de la Commission d'examen des projets de loi "tendant à la délégation des pleins pouvoirs au Gouvernement pour la réforme des Codes" (12 juin 1925-9 décembre 1929).
 Membre suppléant de la commission d'instruction de la Haute Cour de Justice (1er avril 1927-21 janvier 1929)
 Membre de la Commission des finances (2 mai 1929-17 décembre 1932)

Décorations
 - Chevalier de l'Ordre des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare - 23 janvier 1896

 - Commandeur de l'Ordre des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare - 1er juin 1930

 - Grand Officier de l'Ordre de la Couronne d'Italie - 2 janvier 1926

Notes et références

Bibliographie
  Cf. M. Viroli – G. Zelli: Augusto Rotondi detto "Zambutèn", dans Personaggi di Forlì, Il Ponte Vecchio, Cesena 2013, pp. 114.

Liens externes

  Fiche d'information sur le site du Sénat

Naissance en mai 1862
Naissance à Forlì
Décès en décembre 1932
Décès à Forlì
Décès à 70 ans
Sénateur de la XXVe législature du royaume d'Italie
Député de la XXIIIe législature du royaume d'Italie
Commandeur de l'ordre des Saints-Maurice-et-Lazare
Grand officier de l'ordre de la Couronne d'Italie

Giuseppe Bellini (homme politique)


Le coup d'État du 25 novembre 1975 ou simplement le 25 novembre était une tentative de coup d'État menée par des militants d'extrême gauche pour implanter le communisme, dont le résultat a conduit à la fin du Processus révolutionnaire en cours (PREC) et à un processus de stabilisation de la démocratie représentative au Portugal .

Contexte
Le Conseil de la Révolution (CR) a publié un communiqué aux premières heures du 25, à l'issue d'un débat approfondi et houleux, dans lequel Vasco Lourenço a déclaré commandant de la Région militaire de Lisbonne (RML). Après la fin de la réunion, Otelo Saraiva de Carvalho s'est rendu au Commandement opérationnel du continent (COPCON), où certains officiers se réunissaient.

Selon Otelo, "[je] savais que tous ces gens étaient en effervescence en m'attendant, et je vais leur dire quelle avait été la dernière phrase. Lisbonne, [...] Costa Martins, de l'armée de l'air , qui y est étrangement apparu, est le premier à prendre la parole pour dire haut et fort que les parachutistes n'acceptent pas cette situation et qu'ils vont occuper les bases aériennes et le Commandement de la Région Aérienne". Après avoir quitté COPCON, Othello a été au secret pendant les heures suivantes.

Les parachutistes de la base d'Escola ont rapidement occupé la base aérienne de Tancos, la base aérienne de Monte Real et la base aérienne de Montijo, ainsi que l'état-major de l'armée de l'air, visant à neutraliser les moyens aériens et à contrôler les communications de la Force aérienne. Le régiment d'artillerie de Lisbonne (RALIS), peu de temps après, a mis en place un appareil militaire aux accès de l'autoroute du Nord, à l'aéroport de Portela et dans la zone de Beirolas, à Loures, qui contenait le stockage de matériel de guerre.

Notes et références

Liens externes

1975 11 25
Histoire contemporaine du Portugal
1975 au Portugal
1975 en politique
Novembre 1975
Révolution des Œillets
Coup d'État ou tentative de coup d'État au XXe siècle

Coup d'État du 25 novembre 1975 au Portugal


Garvergården er et bindingsværkshus fra omkring år 1600 der ligger i Vestergade i Køge. Bygningen har været ejet af skomagere og garvere i næsten 200 år, fra 1732 og frem til 1920'erne, og er et af de tilbageværende minder, fra Køges fortid som centrum for skomageri og garvning i Danmark. Bygningen ligger ud til gaden og har en længe på den ene side. Begge dele blev fredet i 1918.

Historie
Garvergården er opført mellem 1595 og 1600, og er den ældste bevarede bygning i Vestergade. Det er en af de få huse, der overlevede en stor brand i 1633, der ødelagde en stor del af det vestlige og sydlige Køge. Den første kendte ejer af huset var skipper Albret Gudmandsen. Han døde i 1634, og kort efter giftede hans enke sig med en anden skipper ved navn Mads Nielsen, som døde i 1646. I 1650 giftede den rige enke sig med den lokale pastor i Sankt Nilocas Kirke, Christian Madsen Tausen, i en alder af 53. Parret flyttede til Norge, da han blev udpeget som biskop af Stavanger i 1661.

Den første skomager, der ejede bygningen, købte den i 1732. Køge var på dette tidspunkt centrum for dansk skomageri og garvning. Byens skomagere havde fået kongelig tilladelse til at sælge deres produkter på markeder i mange byer på Sjælland. De skomagere, der ejede bygninger langs Køge Å var normalt også garvere, og byen blev hjem for adskillige specialiserede garverier. En opgørelse fra 1800 viser, at Køge havde i alt 25 skomagere. Med deres familier, ansatte og tjenere blev det til i alt 193 personer, ud af Køges befolkning på 1.526.

En garver overtog bygningen i 1808. Den sidste garver der ejede den var Julius Christensen, som købte Garvergården i 1882, og han fortsatte med at drive garveri her frem til begyndelsen af 1920'erne. Stueetage byggede han om til en butik. Bernina Syeksperten overtog butikken i 1983, og har drevet den som butik siden. I dag hedder den dog Byens Sycenter.

Se også
 Fredede bygninger i Køge Kommune

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Køge
Bindingsværksbygninger i Danmark
Fredede bygninger, konstruktioner og anlæg i Køge Kommune

Garvergården


Međunarodni red slobodnog zidarstva za muškarce i žene "Le Droit Humain" (fran. Ordre Maçonnique Mixte International "Le Droit Humain"; engl. International Order of Freemasonry for Men and Women "Le Droit Humain"), najčešće Le Droit Humain International, je međunarodna organizacija i prva slobodnozidarska institucija koja je prihvatila načela apsolutne jednakosti među muškarcima i ženama svih rasa, narodnosti i religija. Na individualnoj razini Red ima za cilj "promicati napredak vrijednosti pojedinca, bez nametanja dogmi ili umanjivanja napuštanja kulturnih ili religijskih ideja". Na kolektivnoj razini nastoji "ujediniti muškarce i žene koji se slažu po humanističkoj duhovnosti uz istovremeno poštovanje individualnih i kulturnih razlika".

Red je osnovan 1893. godine u Parizu. Za razliku od drugih masonskih organizacija koje djeluju samo u nacionalnoj ili regionalnoj jurisdikciji, Red je globalno je bratstvo i sestrinstvo s mnogim federacijama i jurisdikcijama u preko 50 zemalja na pet kontinenata. Red se temelji na drevnim učenjima i stoljetnoj tradiciji slobodnog zidarstva čiji primarni sustav rada obuhvaća stupnjeve Škotskog obreda. Redom upravlja Vrhovno vijeće sa sjedištem u Parizu. Međutim, prema njihovoj međunarodnoj konstituciji, federacije članice imaju slobodu samouprave.

Povijest

Red je nastao iz vizije njegovog osnivača francuskog liječnika Georgesa Martina. Cilj stvaranja istinskog jedinstva među ljudima bilo je i ostalo do današnjeg dana glavna zadaća Reda, a plodovi te vizije vidljivi su iz rasprostranjenosti i veličine djelovanja našeg bratstva. Martin je unutar Reda integrirao stupnjeve plave lože sa stupnjevima Drevnog i prihvaćenog Škotskog obreda, povezujući ih u zajedničku cjelinu. Istovremeno, ostavio je prostor za izvođenje svih ostalih obreda poput Yorčkog obreda i dr. Ovakav sveobuhvatni pristup svidio se slobodnim zidarima te u to doba Red raste s ložama u Francuskoj, Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu i Švicarskoj. Britanska Federacija je prva organizacija Reda osnovana izvan Francuske.

U skladu s liberalnim reformama Europe s kraja 19. stoljeća, poput pokreta za ženska prava, pojedini članovi nastoje uvesti žene u slobodno zidarstvo. Mnogima to ne polazi za rukom. Ipak, Georges Martin omogućava uvođenje žena te se 14. siječnja 1882. u Ložu "Les Libres Penseurs" u gradu Pecq zapadno od Pariza inicira Maria Deraismes. Ona postaje bitan dio skupine ljudi koji će kasnije osnovati Red u njegovom današnjem obliku. Nakon godinu dana, 4. travnja 1893. godine, zajedno s Martinom ona osnova Simboličku Veliku Ložu "Le Droit Humain".

Red u Hrvatskoj je bio aktivan između 1925. i 1940. godine, te je danas aktivan od 2016. godine.

Organizacija
Sjedište Međunarodnog reda "Le Droit Humain" je u Parizu, Francuska.

Struktura
U kolovozu 2023. godine, Međunarodni red "Le Droit Humain" je nazočan u preko 50 zemalja na različitim razinama razvijenosti.

Federacije (24)

 Američka
 Australska
 Austrijska
 Belgijska
 Brazilska
 Britanska
 Bugarska
 Finska
 Francuska (fran. Fédération française)
 Grčka
 Islandska
 Talijanska
 Južnoafrička
 Kamerunska
 Kolumbijska
 Madagaskarska
 Nizozemka
 Paragvajska
 Poljska
 Portugalska
 Skandinavska
 Španjolska
 Švicarska
 Zapadnoafrička

Pionirske federacije (10)

 Argentinska
 Čileanska
 Gabonsko-Kongoanska
 Izraelska
 Luksemburška
 Mauricijuska
 Meksička
 Njemačka
 Peruanska
 Rumunjska

Jurisdikcije (1)
 Urugvajska

Pionirske lože (19)

 Bolivijska
 Češka
 Ekvadorska
 Ekvatogvinejska
 Filipinska
 Hrvatska
 Japanska
 Kanadska
 Kostarikanska
 Libanonska
 Mađarska
 Marokanska
 Nigerijska
 Ruska
 Senegalska
 Slovačka
 Srpska
 Tajlandska
 Venecuelanska

Popis velikih majstora
Dosadašnji veliki majstori Međunarodnog reda "Le Droit Humain" su:

  Marie-Georges Martin (1903. – 1914.)
  Marie Bonnevial (1914. – 1918.)
  Eugène Piron (1918. – 1921.)
  Lucien Lévi (1928. – 1934.)
  Henri Petit (1934. – 1947.)
  Marguerite Martin (1947. – 1954.)
  Charles Cambillard (1954. – 1969.)
  André Clément (1969. – 1976.)
  Jacques Choiez (1976. – 1990.)
  Marc Grosjean (1990. – 1997.)
  Njördur Njardvik (1997. – 2007.)
  Danièle Juette (2007. – 2012.)
  Yvette Ramon (2012. – 2017.)
  Daniel Bolens (2017. – 2022.)
  René Motro (od 2022.)

Međunarodna suradnja
Međunarodni red "Le Droit Humain" potpisao je povelje o prijateljstvu i međusobnom priznavanju s nekoliko velikih orijenata/loža, među kojima su i Veliki orijent Francuske, Velika ženska loža Francuske i Veliki orijent Belgije.

Obredi
Primarni masonski obred Međunarodnog reda "Le Droit Humain" je Drevni i prihvaćeni škotski obred. Red upravlja simboličkim stupnjevima plave lože (učenik, pomoćnik i majstor) i delegira upravljanje visokim masonskim stupnjevima.

Upravljanje visokim stupnjevima je delegirano na Vrhovno opće mješovito vijeće "Le Droit Humain" (fran. Suprême Conseil universel mixte "le Droit Humain").

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice

Međunarodne masonske udruge
Slobodno zidarstvo u Francuskoj

Le Droit Humain


1. ŽNL Virovitičko-podravska u sezoni 2006./07. je predstavljala ligu prvog stupnja županijske lige u Virovitičko-podravskoj županiji, te ligu petog stupnja hrvatskog nogometnog prvenstva.
Sudjelovalo je 14 klubova, a ligu je osvojio "Omladinac" iz Korije.

Ljestvica

 bez rezultata jedne utakmice

Rezultatska križaljka

 Izvori:

Povezani članci
 1. ŽNL Virovitičko-podravska
 1. ŽNL Bjelovarsko-bilogorska 2006./07.

Vanjske poveznice
 znsvpz.hr, Županijski nogometni savez Virovitičko-podravske županije

Izvori

 znsvpz.hr, 1. ŽNL Virovitičko-podravska
  rsssf.com, Croatia 2006/07 (popis sudionika)
 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list : Virovitičko-podravski tjednik", ISSN 0042-6849
 library.foi.hr, "Virovitički list : Virovitičko-podravski tjednik", br. 2544. god. LV, objavljeno 15. lipnja 2007., str. 18 (Sport; 1. ŽNL - 26. kolo i konačna ljestvica), preuzeto 1. studenog 2021.

2006-07
Virovitičko-podravska-1

1. ŽNL Virovitičko-podravska 2006./07.


Sophie Holten, née le  à   (Danemark) et morte le  à Roskilde (Danemark), est une peintre danoise. Elle a réalisé des portraits, des peintures de fleurs et des œuvres de genre.

Elle est notamment connue pour ses portraits d'August Strindberg et de Laurits Andersen Ring et est également active dans le travail social et le féminisme.

Biographie
Née le 12 août 1858 à Skuldelev, Hornsherred, Sophie Holten est la fille du curé Hans Nicolai Holten (1829-1871) et de Marenstine Smith (1830-1913). Elle reçoit des cours privés de peinture de Christen Dalsgaard à Sorø et plus tard de Carl Thomsen à Copenhague. De 1875 à 1876, elle fréquente l'école N. Zahle. En 1879, elle se rend à Paris où elle tente d'assimiler les méthodes de peinture les plus modernes de professeurs dont Félix-Joseph Barrias et Alfred Stevens. De retour au Danemark, elle expose à l'exposition du printemps de Charlottenborg en 1883.

Peu de temps après, elle revient à Paris, exposant au Salon (1886-1887). Dans les années 1890, elle voyage aux Pays-Bas, en Allemagne, en Italie, en Angleterre et en Grèce. Holten expose son travail au Palais des Beaux-Arts lors de l'Exposition universelle de 1893 à Chicago (Illinois). Elle continue d'exposer à Charlottenborg jusqu'en 1904, présentant des œuvres de genre, des portraits et des peintures de fleurs. Outre son portrait de Strindberg, son Brudstykke af Parthenons Cellefrise (1901) et sa peinture du temple de l'Érechthéion (1904) attirent l'attention.

En tant que jeune femme, Holten fait preuve de confiance en ses propres capacités, ce qui l'encourage à éviter le mariage. À la fin des années 1880, elle écrit des critiques d'artistes féminines dans Kvinden og Samfundet qui est publié par la Société des femmes danoises. Elle donne également des conférences sur les vêtements, appelant à des tenues qui libéreraient les femmes de leur rôle traditionnel de femme au foyer. Elle est l'une des forces motrices de l'exposition des femmes de Copenhague en 1895, soutenant une proposition de bâtiment d'exposition pour femmes (bien que cela n'ait été réalisé qu'en 1936).

Plus tard dans sa vie, après une période à Assise, en Italie, Holten devient catholique romain. S'installant à Roskilde avec son amie Erikke Rosenørn-Lehn, elle décore l'église St Laurenti de la ville. Pour ce travail, elle reçoit le prix Pro Ecclesia et Pontifice.

Elle est enterrée dans le cimetière de l' () de Roskilde.

Récompenses et distinctions

Notes et références

Liens externes

Peintre danoise
Naissance en août 1858
Naissance au Danemark
Décès en juin 1930
Décès à Roskilde
Décès à 71 ans

Sophie Holten


Stema municipiului Deva se compune dintr-un scut tăiat. În partea superioara, pe fond rosu, un personaj ecvestru purtând costum antic și steagul dac, un șarpe cu cap de lup, totul de aur. În partea inferioara, pe fond albastru, o cetate de argint având la dreapta soarele de aur, format dintr-o bulină centrală cu raze și la stânga semiluna de argint. Scutul este timbrat de o coroana murală de argint formată din 7 turnuri crenelate.

Semnificația elementelor:
 Personajul, Regele Decebal, amintește înalta civilizație dacica;
 Construcția evoca cetatea medievala la adăpostul căreia localitatea s-a dezvoltat;
 Soarele și semiluna semnifică viața tumultoasă a localității, important centru administrativ, economic și social-cultural al județului Hunedoara;
 Coroana murală care timbrează scutul, semn specific centrelor urbane, vorbește despre unitatea obștii și desemnează, totodată, locul pe care aceasta așezare îl ocupa în ierarhia orășenească, faptul că este municipiu reședința de județ.

Variante vechi ale stemei

Note
 Descrierea si semnificatiile elementelor însumate ale stemei municipiului Deva

Stemele municipiilor din România
 Deva

Stema municipiului Deva


Elephantulus rufescens es una especie de mamífero afroterio del orden Macroscelidea. Se encuentra en Etiopía, Kenia, Somalia, Sudán del Sur, Tanzania y Uganda.

Su hábitat natural son sabanas secas y matorrales secos subtropicales o tropicales.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

rufescens
Afroterios del África subsahariana
Fauna endémica de África Oriental
Taxones descritos por Wilhelm Peters
Vertebrados descritos en 1878

Elephantulus rufescens


18 වැනි ශතවර්සය
වැඩි විස්තර 18 වැනි ශතවවර්ෂයේ සාහිත්‍යය

	දෙවියන්ගේ අනුග්‍රහයෙන් සොයා ගැනීම් කළ දර්ශනවාදින්ගේ මග පෙන්විම තුළිාන්, වේදනාත්මක කාල පරිච්ඡේදය තුලදී ලොක්යේ දැක්ම ආලෝකයේ යුගයක් කරා (හෝ බුද්ධි යුගය) සුදුසු සහ විද්‍යාත්මක වශයෙන් ප්‍රවේශයක් හා ආගමික, සමාජිය, දේශපාලිනක සහ ආර්ථික වශයෙන් වාද පද සදහා ලෞකික දැක්මක් ලෝකයේ සහ සාමාන්‍ය හැගීම් මගින් වැඩි දියුණුවට සහ පරිපුර්නත්වය කරා ලගා විය. දෙවියන්ගේ අනුග්‍රහයෙන් පෙර ශත වර්ෂ පිළිබද ලියැවුනු 'ලොකේ' සහ 'බෙකොන්' ග්‍රන්ථ තුලින් දර්ශනවාදින්ගෙන් මග පෙන්වීම ලැබිණි. ඔවුන්ගේ බලාපොරොත්තු වුයේ සමාජිය, සොබාදහම්, මනුෂය ප්‍රජාව පාලානය කරන විශ්විය වශයෙන් වලංග්‍ර රාජ්‍යය පාලනයක් සොයා ගැනීමට සහ ක්‍රියාකරවීමටය.

	ඔවුන් නොයෙක් ආකාරයේ ආර්ථික ප්‍රතිසාධනයන්ට සහ ආධාන ග්‍රභාත්වය, අසහනය වාර්ණය සහ අධ්‍යාත්මික, විද්‍යාතේමක වශයෙන් අධිබල ප්‍රහාරයක් එල්ල කලෝය. එවුන් රාජ්‍ය සුදුසු සහ තාර්කික දියුණුවේ ආයුධයක් ලෙස සලකන ලදි. එ් කාලය තුල අතිශය බුද්ධිවාදය සහ සංශයවාදය ස්වභාවයෙන් දේවවාදයට මග පෙන්විය. එම සමාන ගතිගුණ පසුකාලිනව නැවත ප්‍රතික්‍රියා කිරීමට මහත් සේ බලපෑවේය.

	විශ්ව කෝශය ස්ත්‍රීතුක කාලයේ ප්‍රතිමුර්තියයි.

	මතවයන් සහ අවහිරයනට වඩා ස්වභාවික ග්‍රනය හා හැගීම් අවධානයෙන් වැඩි දියුණු කරන ලදි. සංවේදනා කාල පරිච්ඡේදයයේ මැද භාගයේ ධි කරැණාව වර්ද්නය වීමෙන් මධ්‍යම යුගයේ වු කථා  සාහිත්‍යයට සහ ජන සාහිත්‍යට බලවත් උනන්දුවක් ඇති විය.

18 වැනි ශතවර්සය


El Faro Isla Aichilú es un faro perteneciente a la red de faros de Chile ubicado en la Región de Aysén.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Isla Aichilu

Faro Isla Aichilú


Josep Romeu Argemi né le 22 mai 1990 à Barcelone, est un joueur de hockey sur gazon espagnol. Il évolue au poste de défenseur au Club Egara et avec l'équipe nationale espagnole.

Il a participé aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016 et de 2020.

Carrière

Coupe du monde
 Premier tour : 2018

Championnat d'Europe
  : 2019
 Top 8 : 2017, 2021

Jeux olympiques
 Top 8 : 2016, 2020

Références

Liens externes

Joueur espagnol de hockey sur gazon
Naissance en mai 1990
Naissance à Barcelone
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2016
Joueur de hockey sur gazon aux Jeux olympiques d'été de 2020

Josep Romeu


Max Gerson (18 de octubre de 1881 - 8 de marzo de 1959) fue un médico alemán que inventó una dieta que, según él, podría curar el cáncer y la mayoría de las enfermedades crónicas degenerativas. La llamó terapia Gerson y escribió A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases para promocionarla. Sin embargo, cuando estos fueron examinados por el National Cancer Institute (NCI), se encontraron con que sus expedientes carecían de la información básica necesaria para evaluar sistemáticamente sus aseveraciones. El National Cancer Institute concluyó que sus datos no demostraron que el tratamiento produjera algún beneficio.

En Europa
Gerson nació en Wongrowitz, Alemania (actualmente Wągrowiec, Polonia) el 18 de octubre de 1881. En 1909, se graduó de la Universidad de Friburgo. Comenzó a practicar la medicina a los 28 años en Breslau, más tarde se especializó en medicina interna y en neurología, en Bielefeld. Por 1927, fue que se especializó en el tratamiento de la tuberculosis y el desarrollo de la dieta de Gerson-Sauerbrach-Hermannsdorfer, afirmando que era un gran avance en el tratamiento de dicha enfermedad. En un principio, utilizó su terapia como tratamiento solo para la migraña y la tuberculosis y en 1928 comenzó a utilizarlo como un tratamiento para el cáncer. Abandonó Alemania en 1933 y emigró primero a Viena, donde trabajó en el Sanatorio del West End. Gerson pasó 2 años en Viena. En 1935 se marchó a Francia a una asociación con una clínica cerca de París, antes de trasladarse a Londres en 1936. Poco después, se trasladó a los Estados Unidos, donde se radicó en Nueva York.

En Estados Unidos
Gerson emigró a los Estados Unidos en 1936, pasó el examen de la junta médica y se convirtió en ciudadano de los EE. UU. en 1942.

En 1946, el senador Claude Pepper (D-FL), llamó a Gerson para testificar acerca de su tratamiento contra el cáncer ante el United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Science and Space porque se esperaba que Gerson jugara un papel importante en un centro de investigación que costaría 100 millones de dólares. Gerson se presentó al Congreso de los EE.UU., y mencionó que eran cinco los pacientes terminales de cáncer que se habían recuperado, esto no llamó mucho la atención de los medios de la época y la ley de asignaciones (SB 8947) murió ahí, en el Senado.
En los EE. UU., Gerson aplicó su terapia dietética para pacientes con varios tipos de cáncer, alegando buenos resultados, pero otros trabajadores encontraron que su metodología no era convincente. En 1958, Gerson publicó un libro en el que aseguraba haber curado 50 pacientes terminales con cáncer: A Cancer Therapy: Results of 50 Cases. La licencia de Gerson fue suspendida en 1958 en la ciudad de Nueva York. Gerson murió de neumonía el 8 de marzo de 1959.

Los defensores de la terapia de Gerson afirman que hubo una conspiración de largo alcance encabezada por el establecimiento médico.

Terapia Gerson
Inicialmente, Gerson usó su terapia como tratamiento para los dolores de cabeza por migraña y tuberculosis. En 1928 comenzó a usarlo como tratamiento para el cáncer, su aplicación más conocida.

La terapia Gerson está basada en la creencia de que la enfermedad es causada por la acumulación de toxinas no especificadas, e intentos de tratar la enfermedad teniendo pacientes consumiendo una dieta vegana incluyendo vasos de jugo orgánico cada hora y diversos suplementos alimenticios. Además, los pacientes recibían enemas de café, aceite de ricino y algunas veces peróxido de hidrógeno u ozono.
El protocolo original también incluía extracto diario de hígado de ternera cruda, pero esta práctica fue descontinuada después de que varios pacientes murieran debido a un brote de infección por Campylobacter. La hija de Gerson, Charlotte Gerson, continuó promoviendo la terapia, fundando el Instituto Gerson en 1977.

Evidencia
La terapia Gerson no ha sido probada de forma independiente o sometida a ensayos controlados aleatorios, y por lo tanto es ilegal en los Estados Unidos. El Instituto Gerson promueve la terapia, citando testimonios de pacientes y la evidencia anecdótica de otros. Los intentos de verificar de forma independiente los resultados de la terapia han sido negativos. Un grupo de 13 pacientes sometidos a la terapia Gerson fueron evaluados en los hospitales de San Diego a principios de 1980; en todos se encontró que aún tenían activo el cáncer. Una investigación realizada por Quackwatch encontró que las afirmaciones del Instituto de curación no estaban basadas en los datos reales de supervivencia, "Los doctores estiman que las posibilidades de sobrevivir de los pacientes que comienzan el tratamiento son bastante razonables, en forma coincidente con la opinión de los trabajadores del instituto sobre las personas que ingresan". En 1994, un estudio fue publicado en la literatura médica alternativa, en el que se describían a 18 pacientes tratados por cáncer con la Terapia Gerson. Su supervivencia media del tratamiento fue de 9 meses. Cinco años después de recibir el tratamiento Gerson, 17 de los 18 pacientes habían muerto de su cáncer, mientras que el paciente restante tenía una supervivencia activa de linfoma no Hodgkin.
American Cancer Society informó que "[1] No hay evidencia científica confiable de que la terapia Gerson sea eficaz en el tratamiento del cáncer y los principios que sostienen no son ampliamente aceptados por la comunidad médica. No está aprobada para su uso en los Estados Unidos. "[2] En 1947, el NCI, revisó 10 curas afirmadas por Gerson, sin embargo, todos los pacientes estaban recibiendo tratamiento contra el cáncer estándar al mismo tiempo, lo que hace imposible determinar el efecto que, en su caso, se debió a la terapia de Gerson Una revisión de la Terapia Gerson de Cáncer Memorial Sloan-Kettering Centro concluyó: "Si los proponentes de este tipo de terapias que deseen ser evaluadas científicamente y considerados válidos los tratamientos adyuvantes, deben proporcionar registros extensos (más de las tasas de supervivencia simple) y de la conducta controlada". En 1947 y 1959, el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer (NCI) revisó los casos de un total de 60 pacientes tratados por el Dr. Gerson. El Instituto Nacional del Cáncer encontró que la información que se recibió no demostraba que los progresos se debieran al régimen de Gerson.

Véase también
 Pseudociencia

Referencias

Médicos de Alemania del siglo XX
Seudocientíficos de Alemania
Personas de la Provincia de Posen

Max Gerson


Kulturmødet er en dansk kunst- og kulturevent der finder sted i Nykøbing Mors hvert år i uge 34 og varer 48 timer. Kulturmødet blev grundlagt i 2012 af komponisten, forfatteren og journalisten Evanthore Vestergaard. Kulturmødet er tænkt som en pendant til Folkemødet på Bornholm, men fokuserer på kunst og kultur. Mellem de årlige stormøder på Mors arrangeres en række "Optakt"-møder rundt om i Danmark og udlandet.

Kulturmødet fandt sted første gang i 2013 og havde da 6.000 deltagere. Siden da er begivenheden vokset støt og havde i 2019 Ca. 30.000 deltagere.
Kulturmødet Samtale er debat-delen med samtaler og debatter om aktuelle kunst- og kulturemner. Hovedtemaet er i 2019-21 "Culture matters".
Kulturmødet Oplevelse er en festival med fortrinvis professionel kunst indenfor billedkunst, film, litteratur, musik og scenekunst, der også relaterer sig til årets hovedtema.

Kulturmødet styres af en privat organisation med udgangspunkt i Morsø Kommune og Region Nordjylland, der også står for den finansielle basis. Mødet støttes af offentlige og private fonde. Kulturmødet er af daværende kulturminister Marianne Jelved kaldet "den nødvendige diskussion". I 2022 finder Kulturmødet sted 25.-27. august.

Eksterne kilder og henvisninger
Kulturmødet

Noter

Kultur i Nykøbing Mors
Dansk kultur

Kulturmødet


Auguste-Félix-Charles de Beaupoil, conte de Saint-Aulaire () a fost un aristocrat francez, cunoscut ca diplomat, biograf și istoric.

Biografie
Singurul fiu al lui Auguste de Beaupoil, conte de Saint-Aulaire, și al soției sale Isabelle-Epremier-Esther, fiica lui Amable-Félix Couturier de Vienne, el i-a succedat tatălui său ca șef al vechii familii nobiliare care își are originea în Bretania.

El a fost educat de către iezuiți la Bordeaux înainte de a studia la Institutul de studii politice din Paris. A intrat în Ministerul francez al Afacerilor Externe, îndeplinind misiuni diplomatice ca atașat în Chile, apoi funcționar guvernamental la Camera de Comerț și Industrie din Marsilia, atașat la Tunis (din 1894) și însărcinat cu afaceri la Tanger (din 1902). Apoi, el a servit ca ministru-consilier la Viena (1909-1912) și colaborator al generalului Lyautey în Maroc (1912-1916), înainte de a fi rechemat la Quai d'Orsay și trimis în 1916 ca ambasador în România. A participat la negocierile privind Tratatul de la București (1916) și a solicitat ajutor militar francez (misiunea Berthelot).

După Primul Război Mondial, el a servit pentru scurt timp în 1920 ca ambasador al Franței la Madrid, înainte de a fi promovat în 1921 în funcția de ambasador în Marea Britanie, pe care a îndeplinit-o la Londra până în 1924.

Contele de Saint-Aulaire s-a retras la Castelul La Malartrie de pe malul râului Dordogne, unde s-a concentrat pe scrierea unor lucrări istorice, inclusiv despre cardinalul Richelieu (1930), prințul Talleyrand (1936), împăratul Franz-Joseph (1945) și cardinalul Mazarin (1946).

S-a căsătorit în 16 ianuarie 1899 la Paris cu Marguérite-Henriette, fiica contelui Léopold-Ferdinand Balny d'Avricourt; ei au avut două fiice și un fiu, Edmond-Marie-Charles (căsătorit cu Marie-Gisèle-Claire-Ida Robillard de Magnanville), care i-a succedat ca purtător al titlului de conte de Saint-Aulaire.

Scrieri
 Confesiunile unui bătrân diplomat, Editura Humanitas, București, 2003.

Onoruri
  Mare Ofițer, Legiunea de onoare
  Cavaler, Ordinul Palmelor Academice
  Cavaler, Ordinul Suveran Militar de Malta
  Cavaler Comandor, Ordinul Sfântul Grigorie cel Mare

Note

Legături externe
 www.catalogue.bnf.fr

Nașteri în 1866
Decese în 1954
Conți ai Franței
Biografi francezi
Istorici francezi
Familii nobiliare din Franța
Mari Ofițeri ai Legiunii de onoare
Cavaleri de Malta
Absolvenți ai Universității din Paris
Diplomați străini în România în Primul Război Mondial


Masashi Motoyama (født 20. juni 1979) er en japansk fodboldspiller.

Japans fodboldlandshold

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|2000||3||0
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Eksterne henvisninger

Japan National Football Team Database

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Masashi Motoyama


Cesare Maria Antonio Rasponi (Ravena, 15 de julho de 1615 - Roma, 21 de novembro de 1675) foi um cardeal do século XVIII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Ravena em 15 de julho de 1615. Filho de Francesco Rasponi e Clarice Vaini. Seu pai morreu quando ele tinha 5 anos. Sua mãe levou ele e seu irmão Guido Paolo para Roma. Sua família era aparentada com a família Barberini do Papa Urbano VIII (1623-1644).

Educação
Estudou no Seminário Romano (grego, hebraico, filosofia moral e arqueologia); e na Universidade de Bolonha (direito civil).

Início da vida
Cônego da basílica de S. Lorenzo in Damaso. Cônego da basílica patriarcal de Latrão e auditor do cardeal Francesco Barberini e, posteriormente, do cardeal Flavio Chigi, futuro papa Alexandre VII. Enviado à França para resolver alguns problemas relativos ao capítulo da Abadia de Clairac. Abreviatore del Parco maggiore . Referendário dos Tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica da Justiça e da Graça. Relator da SC da Sagrada Consulta . Quando o Papa Urbano VIII morreu e os Barberinis caíram em desgraça, ele foi para a França. Em Paris, fez amizade com a rainha e o cardeal Giulio Mazzarino, que o pediu para ficar na França e lhe ofereceu uma generosa pensão. Secretário da SC da Sagrada Consulta, 10 de março de 1654. Consultor da SC da Inquisição Romana e Universal. Secretário da Congregação para a Saúde no pontificado do Papa Alexandre VII; trabalhou arduamente durante a epidemia que afligiu Roma. Seu talento diplomático brilhou durante a grave disputa entre a Santa Sé e a França em 1662.

Ordens sagradas
(Nenhuma informação encontrada).

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal e reservado in pectore no consistório de 14 de janeiro de 1664; publicado no consistório de 15 de fevereiro de 1666; recebeu o gorro vermelho e o título de S. Giovanni a Porta Latina, em 15 de março de 1666. Legado a latere em Urbino, por um triênio, em 7 de março de 1667. Participou do conclave de 1667 , que elegeu o Papa Clemente IX. Mudou-se para Ravenna em 1668. Participou do conclave de 1669-1670 , que elegeu o Papa Clemente X. Renunciou à legação e voltou para Roma.

Morte
Morreu em Roma em 21 de novembro de 1675, perto das 6h, Roma. Sepultado no túmulo de sua mãe na basílica patriarcal de Latrão, Roma

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Alexandre VII
Cardeais da Itália

Cesare Maria Antonio Rasponi


Tungefjorden er en lille fjord i Mandal  kommune i Agder fylke i Norge. Den ligger sydvest for selve Mandal, vest for Mannefjorden og har indløb fra Skagerrak. Den strækker sig 3 km mod nordvest mod  øen Hille, hvor den ender i Hillevågen. På nordsiden af fjorden ligger øerne Mannevær, Steinsøy og Langøya. På nordsiden af Hille ligger Kvåfjorden.

Kilder og henvisninger

Fjorde i Agder
Mandal

Tungefjorden