L'arrêté du régent du 11 février 1946 est un acte du pouvoir exécutif fédéral dont l'objet est de porter approbation aux titres I et II du Règlement Général pour la protection du travail. Ce Règlement, autrement dénommé R.G.P.T., a pour but de coordonner un ensemble de textes anciens relatifs aux établissements classés comme dangereux, insalubres ou incommodes, et à la sécurité et à la santé des travailleurs. Il réunit ainsi l'ensemble des règlements en vigueur relatifs à la protection du travail, afin de sauvegarder efficacement la sécurité des travailleurs. Cette œuvre de coordination a nécessité énormément de temps et d'effort, raison pour laquelle seuls les deux premiers titres, annexés à l'arrêté du Régent du 11 février 1946, ont été publiés dans un premier temps. Le R.G.P.T. doit s'analyser comme un règlement de police du travail, de l'industrie et du commerce, en ce qu'il met en place une politique générale à partir de règles spécifiques relatives à ces domaines.

Contexte d'adoption
La période dite des "Trente Glorieuses" (1944-1974), est une période de « reconstruction nationale », qui se caractérise par d'importants développements de la politique sociale dans les pays industriels. L'arrêté du régent du 11 février 1946 est adopté dans un contexte d'Après-guerre marqué par une volonté largement partagée d'apporter une protection sociale aux travailleurs « en contrepartie des malheurs subis pendant la guerre ». Selon une déclaration du Gouvernement Pierlot IV du 3 octobre 1944, les épreuves et souffrances subies par la population ont fortifié le sens de la solidarité, raison pour laquelle il compte « améliorer l'organisation de la sécurité sociale ». Non seulement les travailleurs, mais aussi les employeurs trouvent important de prendre des mesures d'urgence « propres à réparer les misères subies pendant l'occupation » dès le retour à l'indépendance. L'historien Guy Vanthemsche entend toutefois apporter une nuance au mythe du consensus généralisé sur lequel repose la construction du système de protection sociale, dont il ne faut pas oublier que « loin d'être le fruit d'un accord providentiel, il faisait l'objet de vives luttes sociales et politiques ». Il en ressort néanmoins que l'évolution des idées en matière sociale d'une part, et l'urgence due à la situation économique et sociale de l'Après-guerre d'autre part, mènent vers un désir généralisé de voir l'autorité endosser un rôle plus important afin de veiller à la sécurité des travailleurs.

Procédure d'élaboration
La procédure législative qui a mené à l'adoption du R.G.P.T., qui n'est à l'origine qu'un ensemble de dispositions réglementaires adoptées sur la base de législations diverses et réunies en vertu de l'arrêté du Régent du 11 février 1946, est particulière, étant donné qu'il ne s'agit pas de rédiger de nouvelles règles, mais plutôt de coordonner une série des mesures éparses qui doivent être considérées comme « un tout indépendant ».

Le pouvoir en place et l'autorité à l'origine de la proposition

L'arrêté du régent du 11 février 1946 est adopté sous le pouvoir du Gouvernement Van Acker II II, le Premier ministre Achille van Ackerétant issu du Parti socialiste. Le R.G.P.T. trouve son origine dans une proposition de loi du Ministre du travail et de la prévoyance sociale, le socialiste Léon-Éli Troclet. Partisan des services publics, Troclet considère que l'État doit étendre son champ d'action en matière sociale. Ce dernier présente ainsi son rapport au Régent en 1946, dans lequel il précise que sa volonté est de réunir dans un texte coordonné « l'ensemble des dispositions réglementaires et générales éparses relatives à la santé et à la sécurité des travailleurs ».

La commission de coordination
Les titres I et II du Règlement, approuvés par l'arrêté du Régent du 11 février 1946, sont issus d'un travail de coordination d'une série d'arrêtés royaux réalisée par une commission de coordination. Cette commission est composée de dix membres, parmi lesquels il y a sept ingénieurs civils, un docteur en médecine et deux juristes. À cause de la technicité de la réglementation en matière de sécurité et d'hygiène, les juristes considèrent cette matière comme « faite pour les ingénieurs ».

Le contenu de la loi

Les mesures prévues par la loi
Les titres I et II du R.G.P.T. instaurent un régime des établissements classés, dont l'existence ou l'utilisation peuvent être « dangereuses, insalubres ou incommodes » pour les travailleurs et les riverains. Une liste de ces établissements est annexée à l'arrêté du Régent du 11 février 1946. Toute transformation ou déplacement nécessite une autorisation préalable de l'autorité compétente, et leur existence en soumise à un régime de contrôle et de surveillance. L'objectif recherché est celui de la sécurité et de la sauvegarde de la santé des travailleurs et de la population en général. La partie du R.G.P.T. approuvée par l'arrêté du 11 février 1946 contient deux catégories de dispositions. Le titre I porte sur le régime des établissements classés, c'est-à-dire de ceux qui peuvent être considérés comme dangereux de manière générale, et rassemble des mesures de police externe sur ces derniers, qui s'appliquent quand bien même aucun travailleur n'y est engagé. Ces textes cherchent en effet à protéger non seulement les travailleurs, mais également les personnes étrangères à l'entreprise, comme les riverains usagers de la voie publique. Le titre II contient, quant à lui, des mesures de police interne relatives à la salubrité du travail et à la santé et à la sécurité des travailleurs, qui ont pour but d'éviter la survenance d'accidents de travail. Ces dispositions renvoient à la protection des travailleurs dans tous les lieux de travail, quand bien même ils ne sont pas classés comme « dangereux, insalubres ou incommodes ».

Les organes de contrôle prévus par la loi
Le R.G.P.T. prévoit en outre le recours à des organes consultatifs qui coopèrent avec le Pouvoir réglementaire. L'arrêté du Régent du 11 février 1946 institue en effet un « Conseil supérieur de Sécurité et d'Hygiène du Travail » auprès du ministère du travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale. Cet organe a pour rôle de « donner des avis sur les réglementations que le gouvernement se proposerait de promulguer dans ce domaine ». Quand le Roi fixe les conditions de sécurité entourant les différentes machines et les appareils de nature dangereuse, il tient compte de l'avis du Conseil précité. Un « Service de sécurité et d'hygiène » est en outre obligatoirement créé dans les entreprises industrielles et commerciales ainsi que dans les services et établissements publics ou d'utilité publique. Il s'assure du respect de toutes les mesures portant sur la sécurité du travail. Si les conditions d'exploitation ne sont pas suivies, de manière à mettre en danger la sécurité ou la santé des travailleurs ou des voisins, l'exploitant encourt potentiellement des sanctions telles que « la cessation du travail, la mise sous scellés des appareils et, au besoin, la fermeture provisoire immédiate de l'établissement ».

Lois sur lesquelles l'arrêté repose
Étant donné que le R.G.P.T. est une coordination de réglementations par arrêtés royaux, ces derniers doivent trouver leur fondement dans des loi-cadres, en vertu du pouvoir réglementaire conféré au Roi par l'article 67 de la Constitution Belge.

Ces lois-cadres prévoient le champ d'application et les sanctions des différentes réglementations. Leur fondement légal est caractérisé par une complexité tout aussi importante que le R.G.P.T. lui-même, étant donné qu'il est dispersé dans diverses législations non coordonnées avec des champs d'application souvent différents.

Les principales lois de base sont la loi du 5 mai 1888 relative à l'inspection des établissements dangereux, insalubres ou incommodes, et à la surveillance des machines et chaudières à vapeur, et la loi du 2 juillet 1899 concernant la sécurité et la santé des ouvriers employés dans les entreprises industrielles et commerciales. Toutes les lois de base ne visent pas spécifiquement à protéger les travailleurs contre le risque professionnel : certaines renvoient à des réglementations issues du droit industriel, et d'autres constituent des règles de protection légale des travailleurs. Depuis 1946, plusieurs de ces lois de base ont été abrogées et remplacées, tandis que d'autres lois nouvelles se sont ajoutées, comme la loi du 10 juin 1952 sur la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs.

Critiques de la loi
Le R.G.P.T. contient dès le début 849 articles portant sur une grande diversité de matières, aux aspects particulièrement techniques. Étant donné qu'il ne s'en dégage « aucun principe de base », il s'agit d'une composition complexe et sans unité qui rend difficile la compréhension des règles fondamentales pour la prévention des accidents de travail. Parmi les critiques formulées à l'encontre du R.G.P.T., la plus importante est probablement celle qui consiste à affirmer que les 849 articles qui le composent pourraient être résumés par un article unique qui prévoirait que « tout chef d'entreprise doit prendre toutes les précautions voulues en vue d'éviter tout accident ». Si cette critique manque de nuance, il est indéniable que l'acte contient un nombre important de dispositions lacunaires prévoyant que le chef d'entreprise doit prendre « toutes les précautions voulues » pour éviter des accidents. S'il est vrai que l'acte impose des obligations de moyen et non de résultat en matière de sécurité, il ne pourrait en être autrement sans rendre la réglementation illusoire. L'obligation du moyen, qui impose au chef d'entreprise de prendre des précautions « dans la mesure du possible », suffit la plupart du temps à garantir le résultat, c'est-à-dire la sécurité des travailleurs. Il n'en reste pas moins que le manque de clarté indéniable du R.G.P.T. l'a conduit à être peu à peu remplacé par des arrêtés royaux transposant en droit interne les directives européennes sur la santé et la sécurité des travailleurs. Le Règlement a donc été vidé de l'essentiel de son contenu (voy. Circulaire du 28 septembre 1993, M.B., 5 octobre 1993), et sa révision s'est achevée par une réelle coordination de tous les arrêtés royaux sur le sujet dans un Code du bien-être au travail.

Enjeux pour le futur
Si, pendant les trente premières années d'Après-guerre, la part de la protection sociale dans le PIB et développement durable a triplé sur 30 ans, elle doit se confronter aujourd'hui à un contexte économique marqué par un ralentissement de la croissance, une population vieillissante et un travail qui se précarise pour beaucoup. Le combat mené par les différents gouvernements belges qui se sont succédé ces dernières décennies a été celui d'essayer de maintenir le niveau de sécurité sociale dans un contexte moins favorable. L'enjeu est de ne pas laisser la montée de l'individualisme et les déficits budgétaires étatiques s'ériger en obstacle contre la solidarité, valeur au cœur de la protection sociale.

Références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
-	Pierre Reman et Vielle Pascale, « 60ans de la sécurité sociale », Revue Belge de Sécurité Sociale, n°2, 2007.

-	Étienne Arcq et Pierre Blaise, « Des fondements idéologiques de la sécurité sociale 1944-1960 », CRISP, « Courrier hebdomadaire du CRISP », 1994/28 n° 1453-1454.

-	Pierre Reman, « La protection sociale en Belgique », Europa, 2015.

-	Philippe Pochet et Pierre Reman, « La sécurité sociale en Belgique : entre régionalisation et européanisation », Lien social et Politiques, n°56, 2006.

-	André Woronoff, « Le mouvement social en 1946 », Bulletin de l'Institut de Recherches Économiques et Sociales, n°3, juillet 1947.

-	Pierre Georis, « L'importance de la sécurité sociale en Belgique : fondements historiques et enjeux actuels », Association pour une fondation travail-université, janvier 2005.

-	DisCRI ASBL, « Histoire de la sécurité sociale en Belgique », Info droits et devoirs.

-	André Thieffry, « Le règlement général pour la protection du travail et l'industrie de la construction », Bruges, La Charte, 1971. -	Patrick de Laubier, « La politique sociale dans les sociétés industrielles : 1800 à nos jours », Paris, Economica, 1984.

-	Xavier Mabille, « La Belgique depuis la seconde guerre mondiale », Bruxelles, CRISP, 2003.

-	Guy Vanthemsche, « La sécurité sociale », Les origines du système Belge – Le présent face à son passé, Bruxelles, De Boeck Université, 1994.

-	Pierre Reman, « La sécurité sociale », Bruxelles, CRISP, 1992.

-	Monique Sojcher-Rousselle et Jozef Viaene, « Droit de la sécurité et de la santé de l'homme au travail », essai à partir d'une analyse critique du règlement général pour la protection du travail, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1979.

-	Vincent Neuprez et Willy van Eeckhoutte, "Bien-être des travailleurs – Généralités", Liège, Wolters Kluwer, 2019.

-	Établissements dangereux, insalubres et incommodes, Namur, UGA, 1966.

-	Pierre Brasseur et Willy van Eeckhoutte, "Les services pour la prevention et la protection au travail", Guide social permanent, tome 5, part. III, livre V, Liège, Wolters Kluwer, 2019.

-	Les novelles, Lois politiques et administratives, tome V, livre IV, Bruxelles, Larcier, 1956.

-	Arrêté du Régent portant approbation des titres I et II du R.G.P.T., rapport au Régent, M.B., 3 avr. 1946.

-	Jean-Michel Servais, R.P.D.B., v° Établissements dangereux, insalubres ou incommodes complément, T. IV, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1972.

-	Suzanne Rouffy, R.P.D.B., v° Travail (sécurité et hygiène), T. XV, Bruxelles, Bruylant, 1956.

Droit en Belgique

Arrêté du régent du 11 février 1946 portant approbation aux titres I et II du règlement pour la protection du travail


Yzma er en fiktiv Disney figur. Yzma er en ond troldkvinde og tidligere Kejserlig rådgiver i tegnefilmen Kejserens nye flip, Kejserens nye flip 2: Kronks nye flip.
Desuden er hun også skoleinspektør under navnet Amzy i spin-off serien Kejserens nye skole. Hun har en hemmelig kælder, med en rutsjebane ned til, hvor hun laver sine eliksire og andet.

Yzma opdrog Kuzco siden hans far forsvandt på havet da Kuzco var lille. Da Kuzco fyrede hende som kejserens rådgiver, blev hun gal og besluttede sig for at slå ham ihjel.  Hun fik først idéen at forvandle Kuzco til en bille og sende ham med posten til sig selv, for så at smadre den med en hammer. Hun ombestemte sig til at slå ham ihjel med gift. Hun inviterede så Kuzco til middag, og fik hendes assistent Kronk til at putte giften i en drink. Det viste sig så, at giften var udtræk af lamaeliksir, så Kuzco blev forvandlet til en lama. Yzma sendte herefter Kronk ud for at slå ham ihjel, men han kom til at miste ham. Yzma, som stadig troede, at Kuzco var død blev kejserinde, da ingen vidste, at hun blev fyret som rådgiver, som gav hende ret til at blive den næste kejser. Da Yzma opdagede, at Kuzco ikke var død, tog hun og Kronk ud for at slå ham ihjel. Det endte med, at hun blev forvandlet til en killing og blev tvunget Egernspejder

I Kejserens nye flip 2: Kronks nye flip er Yzma næsten blevet normal, men hun har stadig en kattehale. Hun narrer Kronk til at tro, at hun har fundet opskriften på en livseliksir. Hun bruger Kronks popularitet til at sælge eliksirer. Især nogle af Kronks ældre venner køber eliksirer og bliver afhængige. Kronk får en masse penge ud af det, så han køber de gamles plejehjem - som de sælger, så de har råd til mere livseliksir - og bygger et stort hus, som han håber kan gøre sin far stolt. Kronk indser senere at det hele er fup, som Yzma har lavet for at folk vil gøre hende til kejser, så han beviser overfor alle at det er fup. De ældre fra plejehjemmet jagter Yzma ud på en bro, hvor hun truer med at springe ud fra broen. Hun indser dog at det er en dårlig idé, og forvandler sig selv til en kanin i håb om at hun ser for sød ud til at fange hende. Yzmas plan virker, men så kommer der en ørn og tager hende med i klørene.

Disney-figurer
Tegnefilmsfigurer

Yzma


Stefan Bell (Andernach, Renania-Palatinado, Alemania, 24 de agosto de 1991) es un futbolista alemán que juega como defensa en el Maguncia 05 de la 1. Bundesliga.

Clubes

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Perfil en Transfermarkt.de (en alemán)
 Career stats at Fussballdaten.de (en alemán)
 Perfil en DFB

Nacidos en Andernach
Defensas centrales de fútbol
Futbolistas de Alemania
Futbolistas del 1. FSV Maguncia 05 en los años 2010
Futbolistas del 1. FSV Maguncia 05 en los años 2020
Futbolistas del TSV 1860 Múnich en los años 2010
Futbolistas del Eintracht Fráncfort en los años 2010
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-19 de Alemania
Futbolistas de la selección de fútbol sub-21 de Alemania

Stefan Bell


Krizostom Antić O.S.B. (tal. Crisostomo Antichi; Dubrovnik, oko 1575. – Dubrovnik, 1647.) bio je prelat Katoličke Crkve koji je služio kao biskup trebinjsko-mrkanski od 1615. do 1647.

Životopis

Krizostom Antić potječe s otoka Lopuda. Rođen je oko 1575. u obitelji Martina i Marije Antić (lat. de Antiquis). Školovao se u Dubrovniku gdje se pridružio benediktincima. Pripadao je Mljetskoj benediktinskoj kongregaciji. Bio je opat samostana sv. Jakova na Višnjici te prior u samostanu sv. Andrije na pučini (1613. – 1615.). Obnašao je i dužnost teologa Dubrovačke Republike.

Na prijedlog dubrovačkog Senata od 4. travnja 1615., papa Klement XI. ga imenuje, 16. prosinca iste godine, trebinjsko-mrkanskim biskupom. Za biskupa je posvećen 20. prosinca 1615. godine. Glavni posvetitelj bio mu je Paolo Emilio kard. Sfondrati, a suposvetitelji Giovanni Ambrogio Caccia i Sebastiano Poggi. Kao biskup, Antić je bio glavni posvetitelj, u Dubrovniku, 1645. godine, na ređenju biskupa Marijana Maravića.

Odmah poslije svoga imenovanja obnovio je biskupsku rezidenciju i crkvu sv. Mihovila arkanđela na Mrkanu. Antić navodi kako povremeno živi na Mrkanu te da u crkvi sv. Mihovila služi pontifikalne mise sa svim pripadajućim biskupskim znakovljem.

Bavio se proučavanjem povijesti Trebinjske biskupiju i njezinih biskupa.
Tako je u arhivu dubrovačke kapelice relikvija pronašao autentične akte koji govore o protjerivanju trebinjskoga biskupa Salvija iz Trebinja. Na njegovo je mjesto Stefan Uroš I., 1252. godine, doveo pravoslavnog episkopa.

Poslao je više izvještaja Svetoj Stolici o svojoj biskupiji. Neko vrijeme je stanovao na Mrkanu, ali su ga učestali hajdučki i gusarski napadi otjerali. Tri je puta pohodio Trebinjsku biskupiju: 1620., 1629. i 1638. godine. Za svoje pohode ishodovao je ferman preko Dubrovačke Republike.

Kada je prvi put, 1620. godine, na poziv gradačkog župnika fra Blaža, pohodio biskupiju, posvetio je i blagoslovio više crkava. Prvo je posvetio 10. lipnja 1620. godine crkvu Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije u Gracu. Sljedećeg dana posvetio je crkvu sv. Ivana Krstitelja u Vidonjama te 13. lipnja crkvu Rođenja Blažene Djevice Marije u Dobranjama. Dana 14. lipnja, blagoslovio je kamen temeljac za crkvu Uznesenja Blažene Djevice Marije na Trebinji.

Došao je u sukob sa skadarskim biskupom, fra Dominikom Andrijaševićem. Andrijaševića su Turci protjerali iz svoje biskupije te je on naumio prisvojiti svo područje Trebinjske biskupije, proglašavajući je "Stjepanskom biskupijom", i to uz pomoć Svete Stolice. Spor se vodio od 1624. do 1631. Sveta je Stolica konačno nad spornim područjima potvrdila vlast trebinjskih biskupa

Antić je želio provesti u djelo oporuku Tome Budislavića vezano uz djelovanje njegova Pravovjernoga zavoda. Zavod je služio odgoju kandidata za svećeništvo Trebinjsko-mrkanske biskupije. Zavod je otvoren za vrijeme Antićeva biskupovanja, 1636. godine. Kao biskup trebinjsko-mrkanski bio je ujedno i rektor Zavoda.

Umro je 1647. godine.

Izvori

Literatura

Knjige

Članci

Mrežna sjedišta

Životopisi, Dubrovnik
Hrvatski benediktinci
Trebinjsko-mrkanski biskupi

Krizostom Antić


Ioannis (Giannis) Fountoulis (Chios, 25. svibnja 1988.) grčki je vaterpolist.

Klupsku karijeru započeo je u Chiosu. Godine 2009. prelazi u Olympiakos, najuspješniji i najpoznatiji grčki vaterpolski klub. U njegovim redovima osvaja Ligu prvaka u sezoni 2017./18.

Osvajač je brončanog odličja na Svjetskom prvenstvu 2015. u ruskom Kazanju. Krajem iste klupske sezone bio je proglašen najboljim igračem grčke lige. S grčkom reprezentacijom nastupao je i na Olimpijskim igrama 2012. i 2016., kada je Grčka zauzela 9. mjesto. Iste godine osvojio je broncu u završnici Svjetske lige.

Osvojio je srebro na olimpijskom turniru u Tokiju 2020. godine.

Izvori

Grčki športaši
Vaterpolisti
Vaterpolo u Grčkoj

Ioannis Fountoulis


Juan Carlos Rodríguez Patiño (nació el  Cumaná, Venezuela) es un boxeador amateur venezolano que milita en la división de los peso medianos. Actualmente, él es considerado como la máxima figura de los pesos medianos en Venezuela.

Carrera amateur
En el 2011, Rodríguez ganó una medalla de plata en los primeros Juegos Panamericanos clasificatorios realizados en Cumaná (Venezuela). fue derrotado con marcador de 10-4 por el medallista de plata en los Juegos Olímpicos de Beijing 2008, el cubano Emilio Correa.

En el mundial de boxeo amateur realizado en Bakú, Arzabaijan, cayó en la primera ronda frente al púgil francés Michel Tavares por un marcador de 21-20.

Referencias

Boxeadores de Venezuela
Cumaneses

Juan Carlos Rodríguez (boxeador)


Walthamstow Central é uma estação de intercâmbio do Metropolitano de Londres e do London Overground na vila de Walthamstow, no borough londrino de Waltham Forest, nordeste de Londres. É o terminal norte da Victoria line seguindo a Blackhorse Road e é a segunda das cinco estações no ramal de Chingford das Lea Valley lines operadas pela London Overground desde 2015,  da London Liverpool Street entre  e a . As duas linhas têm plataformas separadas em diferentes níveis.

A estação fica na Zona 3 do Travelcard. Ligava-se à estação  na Gospel Oak to Barking line por uma trilha larga, Ray Dudley Way. Walthamstow Central é a estação de metrô mais próxima do Mercado de Walthamstow, o maior mercado ao ar livre da Europa.

História
A estação foi inaugurada pela Great Eastern Railway (GER) como Hoe Street em 1870, quando uma linha foi aberta de  para uma estação temporária chamada Shern Hall Street que ficava a leste da estação Hoe Street. A linha para Londres, que a filial de Chingford usa hoje, foi aberta dois anos depois, em 1872, de Hall Farm Junction a Bethnal Green, com a ramificação também sendo estendida para o norte até Chingford em 1873.

A GER fundiu-se com várias outras ferrovias para criar a London and North Eastern Railway no início de 1923

Em 1948, as ferrovias foram nacionalizadas e a responsabilidade pela operação da estação recaiu sobre a British Railways (Região Leste).

A linha foi eletrificada no final da década de 1950, com serviços elétricos iniciados em 12 de novembro de 1960. Os primeiros serviços foram formados por EMUs Class 305 mas os problemas técnicos iniciais com estes foram substituídos por EMUs Class 302 e Class 304.

A estação tornou-se uma estação de intercâmbio e o terminal leste da linha Victoria com os serviços do Metrô de Londres a partir de 1 de setembro de 1968; quando o nome atual da estação foi adotado. Quando originalmente aprovado em 1955, o terminal da linha seria em Wood Street, um plano abandonado em 1961 antes da construção da linha. As plataformas da linha Victoria (como todas as estações da linha Victoria) são subterrâneas.

Em 31 de maio de 2015, os serviços Abellio Greater Anglia da estação foram transferidos para London Overground Rail Operations.

Descrição

Descrição geral
A estação de metrô, como muitas estações da linha Victoria, foi construída com um orçamento baixo. Painéis de teto brancos nunca foram fixados nos tetos acima das plataformas; em vez disso, os segmentos de aço do túnel foram pintados de preto e usados para suportar as luminárias e acessórios, reduzindo os níveis de iluminação. Uma escada de concreto fica entre duas escadas rolantes em vez de uma terceira; esta economia causou um fechamento perturbador da estação por várias semanas em 2004, quando ambas as escadas rolantes ficaram fora de serviço.

A entrada principal da estação aérea fica na parte inferior, em frente ao terminal de ônibus, que foi reformada no verão de 2004. Até agosto de 2015, três guichês com funcionários foram abertos, substituídos por máquinas de venda de ingressos aprimoradas. A entrada do tubo foi reformada no início de 2006. Uma entrada menor fica na linha ascendente, de frente para um estacionamento. Sua bilheteria funciona principalmente nos horários de pico.

Principais melhorias
Um metrô foi construído em 2005 sob a Selborne Road, ligando uma nova estação de ônibus a uma nova bilheteria da linha Victoria. A nova passagem subterrânea e bilheteria estava previsto para a primavera de 2005, mas problemas com capacidade de energia insuficiente para fornecer dois novos elevadores, planejamento e erros contratuais, atrasaram a abertura até 19 de novembro de 2007. Os elevadores começaram a operar no final de 2008 e algumas obras demoraram mais para terminar.

Catracas controlam o acesso a todas as plataformas.

Uma ligação de trilha, chamada Ray Dudley Way, fornecendo um atalho para a vizinha , foi inaugurado em agosto de 2014.

Os planos para uma nova entrada com acesso sem degraus às plataformas da linha Victoria foram aprovados pelo conselho de Waltham Forest em janeiro de 2021 para serem parcialmente financiados por uma reforma do shopping.

Serviços
Os trens são operados pela London Overground.

O padrão de serviço típico fora do horário de pico é:

 4 trens por hora (tph) para London Liverpool Street;
 4 tph para Chingford.

Conexões
As linhas de ônibus de Londres 20, 34, 55, 58, 69, 97, 212, 215, 230, 257, 275, 357, W11, W12, W15, W19, a linha escolar 675 e as linhas noturnas N26, N38 e N73 servem a estação e o terminal de ônibus.

Galeria

Victoria line (Metrô de Londres)

Lea Valley lines (London Overground)

Ligações externas
 Train times and station information for Walthamstow Central station from National Rail

Estações do Metro de Londres

Walthamstow Central (Metropolitano de Londres)


Willow Creek may refer to:

Places
 Willow Creek Border Crossing, at Canada–US border

Canada
 Municipal District of Willow Creek No. 26, Alberta
 Willow Creek Provincial Park, Alberta
 Rural Municipality of Willow Creek No. 458, Saskatchewan

United States
 Willow Creek, Alaska
 Willow Creek, California
 Willow Creek, Indiana
 Willow Creek, Minnesota
 Willow Creek, Montana
 Willow Creek AVA, a California wine region
 Willow Creek-Lurline Wildlife Management Area, northern California
 Willow Creek Pass (Colorado)
 Willow Creek Wildlife Area, Oregon
 Willow Creek Winery, a winery in New Jersey

Hydrology

 Willow Creek (Colorado), a tributary of the Colorado River
 Willow Creek (Calaveras County, California), which flows into New Hogan Lake
 Willow Creek (Lassen County, California), a tributary of the Susan River
 Willow Creek (Madera County, California), a primary inflow to Bass Lake in Madera County
 Willow Creek (New York), a tributary of Cayuga Lake in Tompkins County
 Willow Creek (Sacramento County, California), a tributary of the American River
 Willow Creek (Montana), a list of streams named Willow Creek in Montana
 Willow Creek (Long Pine Creek tributary), a stream in Brown County, Nebraska
 Willow Creek (Niobrara River tributary), a stream in Rock County, Nebraska
 Willow Creek (Goose Lake), Oregon, primary inflow to  Goose Lake on the Oregon-California border
 Willow Creek (Columbia River tributary), Oregon
 Willow Creek (Deschutes River tributary), Oregon
 Willow Creek (Grand and Uintah counties, Utah)
 Willow Creek (Jordan River tributary), Utah
 Willow Creek (Price River tributary), Utah, a tributary of the Price River
 Willow Creek Dam (Oregon)
 Willow Creek Dam (Colorado)
 Willow Creek Dam (Montana)

Other
 Willow Creek (film), a 2013 film
 Willow Creek Association, a Christian organization;
 Willow Creek Community Church, in South Barrington, Illinois
 Willow Creek/Southwest 185th Avenue Transit Center, a light rail station in Oregon, United States
 Willow Creek, a fictional neighborhood in the life simulation video game The Sims 4

Willow Creek


An Pitcairnia tuberculata in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Lyman Bradford Smith. An Pitcairnia tuberculata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pitcairnia, ngan familia nga Bromeliaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pitcairnia

Pitcairnia tuberculata


Brad Cohen es un profesor, escritor, conferencista y orador motivacional estadounidense que padece síndrome de Tourette. Se recibió en Licenciatura en la Universidad de Bradley y en Maestría en la Universidad Estatal de Georgia.

En 1997 recibió el premio "Sallie Mae Primera Clase de Maestros" del Año. En 2005 coescribió junto a Lisa Wysocky su propio libro Front Of The Class: How Tourette Syndrome Made Me the Teacher I Never Had? ("Al frente de la clase: ¿Cómo el síndrome de Tourette me hizo el maestro que nunca tuve?"), y por el mismo recibió un premio. En 2008 en Estados Unidos se estrenó un episodio en "Hallmark Hall of Fame" basado en su libro, llamado Front of the class.

Biografía
Brad nació en 1973 y se cría en San Luis, Misuri, en una familia judía. Sus padres, Norman y Ellen, se divorciaron durante su primera infancia. Su madre siempre fue comprensiva con su condición, mientras que a su padre le resultó más complejo.

En 1985 a la edad de 11, tras las sospechas de su madre, un médico descubre que tiene el Síndrome de Tourette.

Asistió a la Universidad de Bradley en Peoria, Illinois, especializándose en la educación primaria. Durante su primera semana en la escuela fue expulsado de un restaurante local de comida rápida cuando un empleado pensó que estaba ebrio.

Se graduó de la Universidad con honores académicos.

Una vez graduado, se traslada a Atlanta en 1996 para buscar empleo, se presentó en 24 escuelas primarias para el puesto de profesor sin éxito.
Asiste a la escuela número veinticinco, la "Mountain View Elementary School" y finalmente lo contratan para enseñar a los grados segundo y tercero. Brad les enseñaba a los niños sobre el síndrome de Tourette en el comienzo de cada año por eso fue popular entre los estudiantes. Un año uno de los padres de sus alumnos retiró a su hijo de la clase del entonces profesor debido a las distracciones que provocaba su enfermedad en su hijo y sus prejuicios, sin embargo el niño decide volver Brad unas semanas más tarde.

En 1997 fue galardonado con el "Sallie Mae Primera Clase de Maestros" del Año. Luego fue maestro de segundo grado en la Escuela Primaria Tritt en un suburbio de Atlanta.

En 2004 se convierte en administrador de la escuela primaria Triltt en la que se había desempeñado como maestro, después fue supervisor de otros profesores.

En 2005 coescribió junto a Lisa Wysocky su propio libro titulado "Front of the class: how Tourette syndrome made me the teacher I never had?" ("Al frente de la clase: ¿Cómo el síndrome de Tourette me hizo el maestro que nunca tuve?"), en el relata su historia y comenta como el síndrome de tourette afecta en el aprendizaje de los niños, y como ellos aprender a vivir con dicho síndrome, incluso el; y como logra atravesar los problemas de su infancia. El libro ganó el "Independent Book Publisher" (Premio editorial independiente de educación IPPY), premio al Mejor Libro de Educación para ese año. Luego se convirtió en una exitosa película para televisión.

El 12 de septiembre de 2005 la Revista People publica una entrevista sobre su vida.

El 26 de mayo de 2006 apareció en The Oprah Winfrey Show, CNN, Inside Edition y en The New York Times.

En 2006 se casó con Nancy Lazarus de Charleston, Carolina del Sur, a quien conoció por medio de un servicio de citas por Internet, a la que le escribió: "Hola. Soy Brad Cohen. Tengo muchas ganas de conocerle. Pero quiero que sepas, tengo el síndrome de Tourette".

Desde 2008 se desempeña como vicepresidente de la Asociación Síndrome de Tourette de Georgia y orador motivacional.

El 7 de diciembre de 2008 se estrenó el primer episodio de la temporada número 58 en la serie llamada Hallmark Hall of fame, en la misma él es interpretado por el actor Jimmy Wolk, sus padres Ellen y Norman Cohen son interpretados en la ficción por Patricia Heaton y Treat Williams, mientras que el papel de su esposa lo tiene Sarah Drew. El mismo asistió a las grabaciones del episodio. En Latinoamérica es transmitida eventualmente por Studio Universal en formato de película.

A principios de 2009 tuvo un hijo llamado Dylan Louis Cohen, con Nancy Lazarus.

El 1 de septiembre de 2009 fue invitado a brindar una conferencia en el municipio de Vernon, en Nueva Jersey, en donde estaba presente el Superintendente Juan Alfieri.

Desde 2010 trabaja en voluntariado en Relevo por la Vida, Sociedad Americana del Cáncer y Asociación Síndrome de Tourette, en su propia fundación llamada "Brad Cohen Tourette foundation", en donde realiza cursos, congresos y encuentros para informar sobre el Tourette.

El martes 5 de abril de 2011 brindó una conferencia en East Tennessean, donde asistieron educadores y alumnos, donde compartió con ellos la relación de él con cada uno de sus padres por el síndrome, sobre el optimismo y sobre como conoció a su esposa.

En los medios de comunicación
 2005 - Libro autobiográfico - "Front of the class: how Tourette syndrome made me the teacher I never had?" ("Al frente de la clase: ¿Cómo el síndrome de Tourette me hizo el maestro que nunca tuve?").
 2008 - Película - "Front of the Class" ("Al frente de la clase").

Véase también
 Síndrome de Tourette
 Película Front of the class (2008)

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página de Brad Cohen
 Página de la Fundación Brad Cohen Tourette

 Grupo en Facebook de Brad Cohen Tourette Foundation, Inc.
 Datos del libro de Brad Cohen (traducción de Google)
 Archivo del 12/12/09 sobre las escuelas
 Facebook de Front of the class, con videos de Brad
 Cursos presenciales de Brad Cohen
 Entrevista a Brad en YouTube sobre su vida (en inglés)
 Página de 2004/05 cuando Brad era subdirector (traducción de Google)

Escritores de Estados Unidos del siglo XXI
Escritores didácticos
Autobiógrafos de Estados Unidos

Brad Cohen


Maret Ani (Tallin, Estonia, 31 de enero de 1982), es una tenista estonia, actualmente es la segunda jugadora estonia en el ranking de la WTA tras Kaia Kanepi.

Referencias

Nacidos en Tallin
Tenistas femeninas de Estonia
Tenistas en los Juegos Olímpicos de Pekín 2008

Maret Ani


Kosovo deltager i vinter-OL 2018 i Pyeongchang, Kosovo i perioden 9. – 25. februar 2018.

Deltagere
Følgende atleter vil deltage i nedennævnte sportsgrene:

Medaljer

Lande ved vinter-OL 2018
2018

Kosovo ved vinter-OL 2018


Misk kedisigiller (Viverridae), etçiller (Carnivora) takımına ait, Afrika ve Avrasya'da yaygın olan, 30 orta büyüklükte türden oluşan bir familya.

Özellikler
Misk kedileri ilk bakışta kedileri andırırlar, ama çoğunlukla uzun burunları, uzun vücutları ve kısa bacakları ile kedilerden ayırt edilebilirler. Uzunlukları 35–95 cm (+ 13–90 cm kuyruk) ve ağırlıkları 0,6–20 kg arası değişir. Üzerlerinde çoğunlukla çizgiler, benekler ve diğer işaretler bulunur, ama tek renkli türler de vardır. Uzun bir kafatasları ve ağızlarında 32-40 dişleri bulunur. Kulakları küçük ve çoğunlukla sivridir. Kısa bacakları ve her ayaklarında beş parmakları vardır. Tırnaklarını içeriye çekebilirler. Kuyrukları uzun ve gür tüylü olur ve çoğunlukla üzerinde çizgiler veya diğer motifler bulunur. Diğer tipik bir özellik de çoğu türlerinde sahip olduğu bir anal bezedir, bu bezenin ürettiği çok keskin koku ile kendi bölgelerini işaretler ya da düşmanlarını kaçırırlar.

Yayılım
En fazla türleri Güney ve Güneydoğu Asyada; Hindistan, Güney Çin, Endonezya ve Filipinler'de bulunur. Ama Afrika kıtasının tümünde ve Arap yarımadası'nda da bulunurlar. Bayağı genet (Genetta genetta) adında bir türü hatta Avrupa'nın güneybatısında yaşar.

Misk kedisigiller çoğunlukla ormanlarda yaşarlar, bazıları çalılık ya da kurak bölgelerde de bulunur.

Yaşam şekli

Misk kedisigiller genelde gece aktif hayvanlardır ve gündüzleri ağaç kovuklarında ve yer deliklerinde uyuyarak geçirirler. Çoğu türler iyi tırmanıcıdır ve ağaçlarda yaşar. Ağaçlarda yaşamaya en iyi şekilde ayak uydurmuş olan tür binturong hatta kuyruğu ile dallara tutunarak, kuyruğunu tırmanmak için kullanabilmektedir.

Viverrinae alt familyasına ait türler daha çok yerde yaşarlar. Kongo misk kedisi (Osbornictis piscivora) ve samur misk kedisi (Cynogale bennettii) türleri hatta yarı sucul bir yaşam sürdürmektedirler.

Çoğu türler yalnız yaşar ve üreme zamanı haricinde diğerlerinden uzak durur. Bazı türler çift olarak ya da küçük bir aile içerisinde yaşar; bu familyada bu grup kuran türler yoktur. Kendilerine ait bölgelerini titizlikle savunan hayvanlardır; bölgelerinin sınırlarını koku ile işaretlerler.

Beslenme
Misk kedisigiller genelde her şey yiyicilerdir. Aralarında birçok usta avcı bulunur; usulca avlarına yaklaşır ya da avlarını saklandığı yerde bulurlar. Küçük omurgalı hayvanlar, böcekler, solucanlar ve kuş yumurtaları ile beslenirler. Bazı türler leş de yiyebilir. Meyve ve fındık gibi bitkisel besinler ile beslenmelerini tamamlarlar.

Üreme
Genelde bir dişi senede iki kez gebe kalabilir ve 1-6 yavru dünyaya getirir. Yeni doğan yavruların gözleri kapalıdır ama doğduklarında tamamen çıplak değillerdir; tüylü halde dünyaya gelirler. Ömürlerinin en fazla 15 yıla kadar varabildiği tahmin edilir.

Misk kedileri ve insanlar
İnsanlar bu familyanın birçok türlerinden ticari açıdan faydalanmaktadır. Özellikle Viverrinae türlerinin kokulu anal bezesinden gelen dışkı parfüm üretimi için önemli rol oynamıştır. Günümüzde bu madde artık suni yollardan üretilmektedir. Bayağı palmiye misk kedisi (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) türü Kopi Luvak-kahvesi üretiminde bir rol oynamaktadır. Bazı türlerin eti yenilmektedir. Maskeli palmiye misk kedisi (Paguma larvata) türünün eti yenilmesinin, SARS-virüsünün insanlara geçmesine yol açmış olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Günümüzde misk kedisigiller için en büyük tehlike ormanların her gün daha da küçülmesidir. IUCN'ye göre bazı türleri tehlike altındadır.

Sınıflandırma
Misk kedisigiller Herpestidae familyası ile yakın akrabadır. Eskiden bu familyada yer alan kuyruksüren türleri misk kedisigiller familyası içerisine konulmuştu; artık ayrı familyalar olarak sınıflandırılırlar. Misk kedisigiller etçiller takımı içerisinde kedimsiler alt takımına aittir.

Alt familyalar ve cinsler

 Alt familya: Viverrinae
 Cins: Viverra
 Büyük Hindistan misk kedisi (Viverra zibetha)
 Malabar misk kedisi (Viverra civettina)
 Doğu misk kedisi (Viverra tangalunga)
 Büyük çizgili misk kedisi (Viverra megaspila)
 Cins: Civettictis civetta
 Afrika misk kedisi (Civettictis civetta)
 Cins: Viverricula
 Küçük Hindistan misk kedisi (Viverricula indica)
 Cins: Osbornictis
 Kongo misk kedisi (Osbornictis piscivora)
 Cins: Genet (Genetta) (10 tür)
 Cins: Lisang (Poiana) (2 tür) (Prionodon) (2 tür)
 Alt familya: Paradoxurinae
 Cins: Paradoxurus (4 tür)
 Bayağı palmiye misk kedisi (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus)
 Altın palmiye misk kedisi (Paradoxurus zeylonensis)
 Jerdon palmiye misk kedisi (Paradoxurus jerdoni)
 Cins: Arcticis
 Binturong (Arcticis binturong)
 Cins: Arctogalidia
 Küçük dişli palmiye misk kedisi (Arctogalidia trivirgata)
 Cins: Macrogalidia
 Dev misk kedisi (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii)
 Cins: Paguma
 Maskeli palmiye misk kedisi (Paguma larvata)
 Alt familya: Hemigalinae
 Cins: Chrotogale
 Owston palmiye misk kedisi (Chrotogale owstoni)
 Cins: Cynogale
 Samur misk kedisi (Cynogale bennettii)
 Cins: Diplogale
 Hose palmiye misk kedisi (Diplogale hosei)
 Cins: Hemigalus
 Çizgli palmiye misk kedisi (Hemigalus derbyanus)

Eskiden bu familyanın içinde yer alan Afrika palmiye misk kedisi (Nandinia binotata) fiziksel karakterlerin farklılığı yüzünden günümüzde Nandiniidae familyasında sınıflandırılmaktadır. Fossa, Falanuk ve Fanaloka türleride eskiden bu familya ya sayılmış ama sonradan Eupleridae familyasına eklenmişlerdir.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Misk kedisi
 Genet
 Kuyruksüren
 Linsang

Kaynakça

Kitap

 Wilson, D. E., and D. M. Reeder: Mammal Species of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005, ISBN 0-8018-8221-4

Dış bağlantılar
 Beschreibung der einzelnen Arten, meist mit Foto und Verbreitungskarte (englisch)

John Edward Gray tarafından adlandırılmış taksonlar

Misk kedisigiller


The Reich Security Main Office (, RSHA) was an organization under Heinrich Himmler in his dual capacity as Chef der Deutschen Polizei (Chief of German Police) and , the head of the Nazi Party's Schutzstaffel (SS). The organization's stated duty was to fight all "enemies of the Reich" inside and outside the borders of Nazi Germany.

Formation and development
Himmler established the RSHA on 27 September 1939. His assumption of control over all security and police forces in Germany was a significant factor in the growth in power of the Nazi state. With the formation of the RSHA, Himmler combined under one roof the Nazi Party's Sicherheitsdienst (SD; SS intelligence service) with the Sicherheitspolizei (SiPo; "Security Police"), which was nominally under the Interior Ministry. The SiPo was composed of two sub-departments, the Geheime Staatspolizei (Gestapo; "Secret State Police") and the  Kriminalpolizei (Kripo; "Criminal Police"). In correspondence, the RSHA was often abbreviated to RSi-H to avoid confusion with the SS-Rasse- und Siedlungshauptamt (RuSHA; "SS Race and Settlement Office").

The creation of the RSHA represented the formalization, at the highest level, of the relationship under which the SD served as the intelligence agency for the security police. A similar coordination existed in the local offices, where the Gestapo, criminal police, and SD were formally separate offices. This coordination was carried out by inspectors on the staff of the local higher SS and police leaders. One of the principal functions of the local SD units was to serve as the intelligence agency for the local Gestapo units. In the occupied territories, the formal relationship between local units of the Gestapo, criminal police, and SD was slightly closer.

The RSHA continued to grow at an enormous rate during World War II in Europe. Routine reorganization of the RSHA did not change the tendency for centralization within Nazi Germany, nor did it change the general trend for organizations like the RSHA to develop direct relationships to Adolf Hitler, adhering to Nazi Germany's typical pattern of the leader-follower construct. For the RSHA, centrality within Nazi Germany was pronounced since the organization completed the integration of government and Nazi Party offices as to intelligence gathering and security. Departments like the SD and Gestapo (within the RSHA) were controlled directly by Himmler and his immediate subordinate SS-Obergruppenführer and General of Police Reinhard Heydrich; the two held the power of life and death for nearly every German and were essentially above the law.

Heydrich remained the RSHA chief until his assassination in 1942. In January 1943 Himmler delegated the office to SS-Obergruppenführer and General of Police Ernst Kaltenbrunner, who headed the RSHA until the end of the war in Europe. The head of the RSHA was also known as the CSSD or Chef der Sicherheitspolizei und des SD (Chief of the Security Police and of the Security Service).

Organization
According to British author Gerald Reitlinger, the RSHA "became a typical overblown bureaucracy... The complexity of RSHA was unequalled... with at least a hundred... sub-sub-sections, a modest camouflage of the fact that it handled the progressive extermination which Hitler planned for the ten million Jews of Europe".

Structure
The organization at its simplest was divided into seven offices (Ämter):

 Amt I, "Administration and Legal", originally headed by SS-Gruppenführer Dr. Werner Best. In 1940, he was succeeded by SS-Brigadeführer Bruno Streckenbach. In April 1944, Erich Ehrlinger took over as department chief.
 Amt II, "Ideological Investigation", headed by SS-Brigadeführer Professor Franz Six.
 Amt III, "Spheres of German Life" or the Inland-SD, headed by SS-Gruppenführer Otto Ohlendorf, was the SS information gathering service for inside Germany. It also dealt with ethnic Germans outside of Germany's prewar borders, and matters of culture.
 Amt IV, "Suppression of Opposition". This was the Geheime Staatspolizei, better known by the sobriquet Gestapo. It was headed by SS-Gruppenführer Heinrich Müller. SS-Obersturmbannführer Adolf Eichmann, one of the main architects of the Holocaust, was head of the Amt IV sub-department called Referat IV B4.
 Amt V, "Suppression of Crime" Kriminalpolizei (Kripo), originally led by SS-Gruppenführer Arthur Nebe and later by SS-Oberführer Friedrich Panzinger. This was the Criminal Police, which dealt with serious non-political crimes, such as rape, murder, and arson. Amt V was also known as the Reichskriminalpolizeiamt (Reich Criminal Police Department or RKPA).
 Amt VI, "Foreign Intelligence Service" or Ausland-SD, originally led by SS-Brigadeführer Heinz Jost and later by SS-Brigadeführer Walter Schellenberg.
 Amt VII, "Ideological Research and Evaluation"  was a reconstitution of Amt II overseen by SS-Brigadeführer Professor Dr. Franz Six. Later it was headed by SS-Obersturmbannführer Paul Dittel. It was responsible for the creation of anti-semitic, anti-masonic propaganda, the sounding of public opinion, and monitoring of Nazi indoctrination by the public.

Leadership

Role in the Holocaust
RSHA-controlled activities included gathering intelligence, criminal investigation, overseeing foreigners, monitoring public opinion, and Nazi indoctrination. The RSHA was also "the central office for the extra-judicial NS (National Socialist) measures of terror and repression from the beginning of the war until 1945".  The list of persecuted people included Jews, Communists, Freemasons, pacifists, and Christian activists. In addition to dealing with identified enemies, the RSHA advocated expansionist policies for the Reich and the Germanization of additional territory through settlement. Generalplan Ost (General Plan East), which was the secret Nazi plan to colonize Central and Eastern Europe exclusively with Germans, displacing inhabitants in the process through genocide and ethnic cleansing in order to obtain sufficient Lebensraum, stemmed from officials in the RSHA, among other Nazi organizations.

In its role as the national and Nazi security service, the RSHA coordinated activities among various agencies with wide-ranging responsibilities within the Reich. According to German historian, Klaus Hildebrand, the RSHA was "particularly concerned with racial matters". Adolf Eichmann stated in 1937 that "the anger of the people expressed in riots [was] the most effective means to rob the Jews of a sense of security". Entry into the Second World War afforded the RSHA the power to act as an intermediary in conquered or occupied territories, which according to Hans Mommsen, lent itself to implementing the extermination of Jewish populations in those places. An order issued by the RSHA on 20 May 1941 to block emigration of any and all Jews attempting to leave Belgium or France as part of the "imminent Final Solution of the Jewish question" demonstrates its complicity for the systematic extermination of Jews. Part of the RSHA's efforts to encourage occupied nations to hand over their Jews included coercing them by assigning Jewish advisory officials. Working with Eichmann's Reich Association of Jews in Germany, they also deliberately deceived Jews still living in Germany and other countries by promising them good living quarters, medical care, and food in Theresienstadt (a concentration camp which was a way station to extermination facilities like Auschwitz) if they turned over their assets to the RSHA through a fictitious home-purchase plan.

Oversight of Einsatzgruppen
The RSHA oversaw the Einsatzgruppen, death squads that were formed under the direction of Heydrich and operated by the SS. Originally part of the SiPo, in September 1939 the operational control of the Einsatzgruppen was taken over by the RSHA. When the units were re-formed prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the men of the Einsatzgruppen were recruited from the SD, Gestapo, Kripo, Orpo, and Waffen-SS. The units followed the invasion forces of the German Army into Eastern Europe. Not infrequently, commanders of Einsatzgruppen and Einsatzkommando sub-units were also desk officers from the main office of the RSHA. Historian Raul Hilberg estimates that between 1941 and 1945 the Einsatzgruppen, related agencies, and foreign auxiliary troops co-opted by the Nazis, killed more than two million people, including 1.3 million Jews.

Rosenstrasse protest and RSHA involvement

As early as 1941, Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels began to complain that large numbers of Jews had not been transported out of Germany because of their work in the armaments industry. They were protected from deportation as they were considered to be irreplaceable labourers, and many were also married to Aryan Germans. These Jews believed that these factors ensured their safety. But by late 1942, Hitler and the RSHA were ready to rid Berlin of its remaining German Jews. In September 1942, Hitler decided that these labourers would still be protected, but that they were to be sent out of the country. Meanwhile, Auschwitz administrators were lobbying the government to send them more armaments workers, as they had struck a bargain with the arms producer IG Farben to construct a camp specifically for arms development using slave labour. As a result, the RSHA decreed the Fabrik-Aktion, an initiative to register all Jews working in armaments production. The primary targets of this action were Jews who were married to Aryans.

The RSHA planned to remove all German Jews from Berlin in early 1943 (the deadline to deport these Jews was 28 February 1943, according to a diary entry Goebbels wrote in early February). On 27 February 1943, the RSHA sent plainclothes Gestapo officials to arrest intermarried Jews and charge them with various crimes. Around 2,000 intermarried Jewish men were taken to Rosenstrasse 2–4, where they were held. Goebbels complained that many of the arrests had been "thwarted" by industrialists since some 4,000 Jews were expected to be detained. Angry wives—as "Women of German blood"—began protesting against this action in front of the building on Rosenstrasse where the men were being held. On 6 March, all but 25 of the intermarried Jews were released; the 25 still held were sent to Auschwitz. On 8 March, RSHA head Ernst Kaltenbrunner told Interior Minister Wilhelm Frick that the deportations had been limited to Jews who were not intermarried.

See also
 Glossary of Nazi Germany
 List of SS personnel
 OVRA – Fascist Italy's secret police, similar to the Gestapo
 SS-Wirtschafts-Verwaltungshauptamt (WVHA, the economic & administrative department of the SS)
 Red Orchestra – RSHA operations against a wartime Soviet espionage ring.

References

Informational notes

Citations

Bibliography

Online

Further reading
 Evans, Richard J. The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin, 2005.
 Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich in Power. New York: Penguin, 2006.
 Evans, Richard J. The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin, 2009 [2008].
  Vol. 1 and Vol. 2.
 Wildt, Michael (2002). Generation of the Unbound: The Leadership Corps of the Reich Security Main Office, Jerusalem: Yad Vashem. .
 Wildt, Michael (2010). An Uncompromising Generation: The Nazi Leadership of the Reich Security Main Office. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.

Government of Nazi Germany
Police forces of Nazi Germany
Allgemeine SS
Reinhard Heydrich

Reich Security Main Office


12190 Sarkisov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
12190 Sarkisov este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul astrofizic din Crimeea de Liudmila Cernîh. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,56 ua, o excentricitate de 0,06 și o înclinație de 9,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 12001-13000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 1978
Centura de asteroizi

12190 Sarkisov


آي دريم (بالإنجليزية: I Dream ومعناها بالعربية: أنا أحلم) وهو مسلسل كوميدي موسيقي بريطاني إسباني، من ثلاث عشر حلقة موجه للمراهقين.

وقد بث في عام 2004.

طاقم العمل

 هيلين كوروب - كاش
 جورج وود - أوللي
 مات دي أنجيلو - فيليكس
 راشيل هيدي-هارفي - ايمي
 لورنا وانت—ناتالي
 راشيل هيل --
 ادم موريس—باتريك
 كريستوفر لويد --

روابط خارجية

مراجع

برامج تلفزيونية بريطانية انتهت في 2004
برامج تلفزيونية بريطانية بدأ عرضها في 2004
عروض تلفزيونية تقع أحداثها في إسبانيا
كوميديا الموقف
مسلسلات أطفال تلفزيونية بريطانية في عقد 2000
مسلسلات عن المراهقة

آي دريم


Jacob Kruschen (født 20. marts 1922, død 2. april 2002) var en canadisk karakterskuespiller, der primært arbejdede i amerikansk film, tv og radio. Kruschen blev nomineret til en Oscar for bedste mandlige birolle i rollen som Dr. Dreyfuss i komedie-dramaet Nøglen under måtten(1960).

Eksterne henvisninger

Skuespillere fra USA
Personer fra Winnipeg
Canadiere i 1900-tallet
Canadiere i 2000-tallet
Oscar-nominerede skuespillere

Jack Kruschen


An Puelia dewevrei in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni De Wild. ngan Théophile Alexis Durand. An Puelia dewevrei in nahilalakip ha genus nga Puelia, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Puelia

Puelia dewevrei


ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සාහිත්‍යය සමන්විත වන්නේ, බොහෝ භාෂා වලින්, විශේෂයෙන් ස්පාඤ්ඤ, පෘතුගීසි, සහ ඇමරිකාවන්හී ස්වදේශීය භාෂාවන් භාවිතයෙන් රචිත, ලතින් ඇමරිකාවෙහි (සහ බටහිර ඉන්දීය කොදෙව්හී) වාචික සහ ලිඛිත සාහිත්‍යය වෙතිනි. ගෝලීය ලෙසින් විශේෂිත ප්‍රමුඛත්වයකට එය නැගී පැමිණියේ විසිවන සියවසෙහි දෙවන භාගයෙහිදී වන අතර, එයට බොහෝ ලෙසින් හේතු සාධක වූයේ  මායී යථාර්තවාදය නමින් හැඳින්වෙන ශෛලීයයක් ජාත්‍යන්තර වශයෙන් සාර්ථකත්වය ලඟාකරගැනුමය.  එබැවින්ම, මෙම ප්‍රදේශයෙහි සාහිත්‍යය බොහෝවිට සමිත වනුයේ මෙම ශෛලීය (සහ එහි අති ජනප්‍රිය නිපුණයා වන ගව්රියල් ගර්සියා මාකෙස්) සමගිනි.  බොහෝ සියවස් ගණනක් ඈත අතීතයට විහිදෙන සාරවත් හා සංකීර්ණ සාහිත්‍යමය සම්ප්‍රදායයක් මෙම සමිතය විසින් බොහෝ ලෙසින් අප්‍රකට කරනු ලැබ ඇත.

ලතින් ඇමරිකානු සාහිත්‍යය


Şenol Akın (* 20. Dezember 1984 in Gebze) ist ein türkischer ehemaliger Fußballspieler.

Karriere

Jugendmannschaft und erste Profijahre
Akın begann mit dem Vereinsfußball in der Jugend von Körfez Belediyesi Hereke Yıldızspor. In der Saison 2002/03 unterschrieb er ein Profivertrag beim damaligen Viertligisten Izmitspor. Hier spielte er zwei Spielzeiten durchgängig in der Stammformation. Danach wechselte er zum Stadtrivalen Körfezspor. Hier blieb er eine Saison lang, ohne in einem Spiel eingesetzt zu werden.

Zwischen 1., 2. und 3. Liga
Zur anstehenden Saison 2005/06 wechselte er zum damaligen Drittligisten Karabükspor. Hier gelang ihm auf Anhieb der Sprung in die Startelf. In der Spielzeit 2007/08 gelang ihm mit seinem Team der Aufstieg in die zweithöchste türkische Liga, die Bank Asya 1. Lig. Auch in dieser Spielklasse zählte Akın zu den Leistungsträgern. In der Saison hatte er maßgeblichen Anteil an der Meisterschaft in der Bank Asya 1. Lig und damit am direkten Aufstieg in die Süper Lig. In der ersten Süper-Lig-Saison kam er zwar auf 18 Einsätze, jedoch verlor er den Stammplatz des Spielmachers an Florin Cernat. Zur Saison 2011/12 wurde er aussortiert und trainierte fortan mit der Reservemannschaft.

Nach siebenjähriger Tätigkeit für Karabükspor trennte sich Akın zum Ende der Spielzeit 2011/12 von diesem Verein und heuerte für die anstehende Spielzeit beim Zweitligisten Torku Konyaspor an.

Im Frühjahr 2014 wechselte Akın zum Zweitligisten Şanlıurfaspor. Hier spielte er ein Jahr lang und wechselte im Februar 2015 zum Ligarivalen Denizlispor. Nach einer Saison wechselte er zu seiner letzten Station, Bucaspor.

Erfolge

Als Spieler
Mit Karabükspor
 Meister der TFF 1. Lig: 2009/10
 Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2009/10

Mit Konyaspor
 Playoff-Sieger der TFF 1. Lig: 2012/13
 Aufstieg in die Süper Lig: 2012/13
 TSYD-Pokal (Ankara): 2013

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Fußballspieler (Bucaspor)
Fußballspieler (Denizlispor)
Fußballspieler (Kardemir Karabükspor)
Fußballspieler (Körfez SK)
Fußballspieler (Konyaspor)
Fußballspieler (Şanlıurfaspor)
Person (Gebze)
Geboren 1984
Türke
Mann

Şenol Akın


ديميتريوس الأول المقدوني أو ديميتريوس الأول بوليوركيتيس (337 ق.م. - 283 ق.م.) (باليونانية القديمة:Δημήτριος Α` Πολιορκητής) سُمي ولقب باللقب بوليوركيتيس أي «المحاصر أو المقتحم» وهو ابن أنتيغونوس الأول مونوفثالموس والدته ستراتونيك كورايوس، كان ملكا على مقدونيا القديمة في الفترة (294 -288 ق.م.) وهو أحد أفراد السلالة الأنتيغونية.

بداياته
كان قائدا عسكريا ساعد أباه في معاركه وعندما كان عمره 22 عاما تركه سلمه والده مهمة الدفاع عن سوريا ضد هجمات بطليموس الأول ابن لاغوس إلا أنه هُزم في معركة غزة، واضطر للانسحاب ولكنه عوض خسارته جزئيا بانتصاره في المواقع قرب منطقة ميوس (موقع في تركيا حاليا). وفي ربيع عام 310 في الحرب البابلية، مُني ديميتريوس بهزيمة كبرى عندما حاول طرد سلوقس الأول نيكاتور من بابل أما أبوه أنتيغونوس الأول فقد مُني هو الآخر بهزيمة أخرى في الخريف. وكنتيجة لهذه الحروب البابلية، فقد خسر أنتيغونوس الأول تقريبا ثلثي أراضي إمبراطوريته حيث أصبحت كل المنطقة الشرقية ملكا لسلوقس الأول

انتصاراته

بعد عدة حملات ضد بطليموس الأول على سواحل صقلية وقبرص، أبحر ديميتريوس مع أسطول من 250 سفينة إلى أثينا. واستطاع تحرير المدينة من كاسندر وبطليموس الأول، كما أنه طرد الحامية التي كانت قد تمركزت هناك بأمر من ديميتريوس فاليريوس من فاليروم، وحاصر أيضا مدينة مونيخيا واستطاع فتحها في العام 307 ق.م. وبعد سلسلة الانتصارات هذه عُبد من قبل الأثينيين كإله راع تحت اللقب سوتر (σωτήρ) «الحافظ أو المنقذ».

في حملة عام 306 ق.م. التي قادها ضد بطليموس الأول استطاع هزيمة القائد مينيلاوس بن لاغوس (أخ بطليموس الأول) في المعركة البحرية بالقرب من جزيرة سلاميس، حيث دحر وحطم فيها قوة مصر البحرية بالكامل.
في العام 305 ق.م. منحه والده لقب الملك، وفي نفس العام سعى ديميتريوس إلى معاقبة الرودوسيين لأنهم امتنعوا عن مساعدته؛ وبالرغم من مهارته في ابتكار آلات اقتحام وفك حصار جديدة إلا أن محاولته لم تتكلل بالنجاح وعلى إثر هذا الحصار تمت تسميته ببوليوركيتيس «المحاصر أو المقتحم». من بين إبداعاته في آلات الاقتحام وفك الحصار كان ابتكاره لمدق طويل جدا طوله 180 قدم (55م)، يتطلب 1000 رجل لحمله وتشغيله؛ وبرج حصار متحرك سمي «هيليبوليس» (أي «آخذ المدن») ارتفاعه 125 قدم (38م) وعرضه 60 قدم (18م)، ووزنه 360.000 باوند.

مجونه وبذخه
في العام 302 ق.م. عاد ثانية إلى اليونان كمحرر، وأعاد ترتيب وضع اتحاد رابطة كورنث. لكن مجونه وتبذيره جعل الأثينيين يشتاقون إلى حكومة كاسندر. ومن بين قصص إساءاته المتعددة توجد قصة محاولته ممارسته الجنس مع شاب صغير كان اسمه ديموكليس الوسيم. حيث كان ديميتريوس يلاحق هذا الشاب ويحاول استمالته ولكن الشاب كان يرفض مطلبه إلى أن جاء اليوم الذي استطاع فيه ديميتريوس محاصرة الشاب في الحمامات وعندما لم يجد الشاب مهربا لنفسه بالإضافة إلى ضعف قوته وعجزه عن مقاومة ديميتريوس جسديا فقد بادر إلى إنقاذ نفسه بالقفز في حوض الماء الساخن مما تسبب في موته. وموته هذا ينظر إليه كعلامة شرف له ولبلاده. وفي قصة ثانية قام ديميتريوس بإعفاء رجل من غراماته المفروضة عليه إكراما لكليانيتوس، ابن ذاك الرجل

تحالف القادة الخلفاء
قام القادة الخلفاء للإسكندر الأكبر بالتحالف ضد ديميتريوس وأبيه أنتيغونوس الأول حيث اتحد كل من سلوقس الأول وكاسندر وليسيماخوس وأرسلوا جيوشهم باتجاهه حيث اجتمعت الجيوش في فريجيا (301 ق.م.) وقامت هناك معركة إبسوس التي قتل فيها أنتيغونوس الأول بينما تحمل ديميتريوس خسائر فادحة اضطرته إلى الذهاب إلى إيفيسوس. أثارت خسارة ديميتريوس الفادحة هذه العديد من الثورات ضده كما أن الأثينيون رفضوا حتى إدخاله مدينتهم.

ولكن هذا الأمر لم يثبط عزيمة ديميتريوس حيث أنه قام بالاستيلاء على بعض ممتلكات وأراض تابعة لليسيماخوس واستطاع الحصول على اتفاقية مصالحة مع سلوقس الأول أدت إلى قيام سلوقس الأول بالزواج من ستراتونيك بنت ديميتريوس. أما أثينا التي كانت في هذه الأثناء قد وقعت تحت سلطة رجل طاغ اسمه لاخاريس (زعيم شعبي نصب نفسه مسؤولا على أثينا في 296 ق.م.) فقد قام ديميتريوس بمحاصرتها واستطاع فتحها بعد طول حصار في العام 294 ق.م. كما أنه عفا عن سكانها ولم يحاسبهم على سوء تصرفهم معه في العام 301ق.م.

في نفس السنة قام ديميتريوس بتنصيب نفسه ملكا على عرش مقدونيا بعد أن قتل الإسكندر الخامس المقدوني (ابن كاسندر).
وفي العام 291 ق.م. تزوج من لاناسا، الزوجة السابقة لبيروس الإبيري. لكن منصبه الجديد كملك مقدونيا كان مهددا باستمرار من قبل بيروس الإبيري، الذي استغل غياب ديميتريوس العرضي لتدمير الجزء الأعزل من مملكته بعدها قامت القوات المشتركة لبيروس الإبيري وبطليموس الأول وليسيماخوس بمساعدة المعارضين لديميتريوس وأجبروه في النهاية على ترك مقدونيا في العام 288 ق.م.

سنواته الأخيرة
اتجه ديميتريوس بعدها إلى آسيا وهاجم بعض مقاطعات ليسيماخوس ولكن هجماته لم تكن كلها ناجحة. أما جيوشه فقد هلك معظمها بسبب المجاعة والأمراض، الأمر الذي جعله يطلب المساعدة والدعم من سلوقس الأول. قام سلوقس الأول بمساعدة ديميتريوس في البداية ولكن بعد أن انتهى من الاستفادة منه احتجزه وجيشه لديه، فقام ابن ديميتريوس (أنتيغونوس الثاني غوناتاس) بعرض فدية تتضمن كل أملاكه وحتى شخصه الخاص، لكي يحصل على حرية أبيه بالمقابل. إلا أن كل محاولاته باءت بالفشل، وبعد حجز دام ثلاثة سنوات، توفي ديميتريوس في العام 283 ق.م. حيث سلم جثمانه لابنه أنتيغونوس وتم تشريفه بجنازة رائعة في كورنث. بقي أحفاد ديميتريوس يتولون ملكية العرش المقدوني حتى زمن بيرسوس آخر ملوك مقدونيا، حيث وقعت مقدونيا من بعده تحت سيطرة الرومان في العام 168 ق.م.

انظر أيضًا

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 جوستين تروغوس الكتابين 15 - 16
 أثينيانوس عشاء المتعلمين الفلاسفة - المقطـ252ـع

مراجع وهوامش

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الأسرة الأنتيغونية
أنتيغونوس الأول مونوفثالموس
جنرالات هلنستيون
حكام القرن 3 ق م
علماء مقدونيون قدماء
ملوك مقدونيون
مواليد 337 ق م
وفيات 283 ق م
ملكيون مقدونيون في القرن 3 ق م
جنرالات أنتيغونوس الأول مونوفثالموس

ديميتريوس الأول المقدوني


Gara Caransebeș Triaj este o stație de cale ferată care deservește municipiul Caransebeș, România.

Caransebeș Triaj

Gara Caransebeș Triaj


Gianni Berengo Gardin (* 10. Oktober 1930 in Santa Margherita Ligure, Provinz Genua, Italien) ist ein italienischer Fotograf.

Leben
Berengo Gardin befasst sich seit 1954 mit der Fotografie und begann als Fotoreporter für die Zeitschrift Il Mondo. In den folgenden Jahren arbeitete er unter anderem für Zeitschriften wie Domus, Epoca,  L'Espresso, Time und Stern und die Tageszeitung Le Figaro. Durch  die Unternehmen Procter & Gamble und Olivetti wurden seine Fotografien für Werbezwecke eingesetzt. Der italienische Architekt Carlo Scarpa erlaubte ihm einige seiner Gebäude zum Totengedenken, wie z. B. die Tomba Brion in Altivole in der Provinz Treviso, zu dokumentieren.

Berengo Gardin hat mit seinen Fotografien an der Erstellung einer Anzahl von Fotobüchern mitgearbeitet, so zum Beispiel mit Cesare Zavattini am Band Un paese vent'anni doppo (Ein Land, zwanzig Jahre später) oder am Band Venedig: Stadt auf 118 Inseln mit Giorgio Bassani und Mario Soldati. Einige Jahre lang besuchte er die Siedlungen der Zigeuner in Italien. Daraus entstand der Fotoband Disperata Allegria - vivere da Zingari a Firenze, der 1995 den Leica Oskar Barnack Award erhielt.

Einige der Werke Berengo Gardins wurden z. B. im Museum of Modern Art (MOMA) in New York City, im George Eastman House in Rochester (New York), USA, in der Bibliothèque nationale de France in Paris oder auch bei den Fotoschauen Rencontres d'Arles in Frankreich gezeigt.

Berengo Gardin hat jeweils für längere Zeit in Rom, Paris und der Schweiz gearbeitet. Er lebt und arbeitet heute (2012) in Mailand.

Auszeichnungen
 1995: Leica Oskar Barnack Award
 2008: Lucie Award
 2009: Dr. h.c. der Universität Mailand für seine Verdienste auf den Gebieten Geschichte und Kunstkritik.

Veröffentlichungen
 mit Giorgio Bassani und Mario Soldati: Venedig: Stadt auf 118 Inseln. Josef Keller Verlag, Starnberg 1965.
 mit den Fotografen Mario Mulas und Fulvio Reuter, Text: Ludovico Zorzi: Ivrea, mit Paralleltext in de., en., fr., it. und es. Electa, Venedig 1970.
 mit Text von Giancarlo Vigoelle: Il paradiso de Rabuzin, Edizioni Tege, Mailand 1978.
 mit Text von Giacomo Corna Pellegrini et al.: Case contadini, Touring Club Italiano, Mailand 1979.
 mit Text von Lalla Romano und Cesare de Seta: Finlandia, Norvegia, Svezia. Touring Club Italiano, Mailand 1982.
 Alberto Fumagalli: La casa e il contadino = The Peasant and his Home. Edagricole, Bologna 1985.
 mit Text von Luigi Bianchi et al.: Rom. Kümmerly und Frey, Bern 1986, ISBN 3-259-08750-8.
 mit Text von Christiana Moldi-Ravenna und Teodora Sammartini: Diegeheimen Gärten Venedigs. Diederichs, München 1989, ISBN 3-424-00992-X.
 mit Text von Maria Raffaella Fiory Ceccopieri: Apulien: Trulli und staufisches Erbe. Kümmerly und Frey, Bern 1987, ISBN 3-259-08753-2.
 Susanna Berengo Gardin (Hrsg.): Italians=Italiener, deutsch/englisch. te Neues, Kempen 2000, ISBN 3-8238-5453-4.
 mit Antonella Monzoni: Blutfreitag: Il venerdi del preziosissimo sangue, deutsch/italienisch. Tre Lune, Mantua 2008, ISBN 978-88-89832-20-2.

Literatur
 Alessandro Mauro et al.: Gianni Berengo Gardin. Contraste, 2005.
 Silvana Turzio: Gianni Berengo Gardin. Bruno Mondadori, Mailand 2009.

Weblinks
 Interview mit dem Fotografen

Fotograf (Italien)
Fotograf (20. Jahrhundert)
Italiener
Geboren 1930
Mann

Gianni Berengo Gardin


[[File:https://pbs.twimg.com/profile_images/541867053351583744/rcxem8NU_400x400.jpeg මහින්ද රාජපක්ෂශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වත්මන් අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය]]
බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාවේ, ලංකාවේ සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය තනතුර දැරූවන් මෙහි දැක්වේ.1947 දී ලංකා අගමැති තනතුර ඇති කිරීමේ සිට මෙ දක්වා ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ ( 1948 දක්වා ලංකා යටත්විජිතයේ අගමැති, 1972 දක්වා ලංකාවේ අගමැති නමිනුත් ) අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරු 13 දෙනෙකු පත්වී ඇත. 1978 දක්වා ආණ්ඩුවේ ප්‍රධානියා වූයේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයායි.

1972 දී රට නිදහස් ස්වයිරී ස්වාධීන ජනරජයක් ලෙස හැදින්වූ අතර මෙතැන් සිට මෙම තනතුර ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ලෙස හදුන්වන ලදී.වෙළද සහ රාජයය ආරක්ෂාව පිළිබද අමාතය ධූරයද 1977 දක්වා අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා විසින් උසුලන ලදී. ජේ.ආර්.ජයවර්ධන බලයට පත්වීමත් සමග මෙම අමාතය ධූරය ආරක්ෂක අමාතය ධූරය සහ විදේශ කටයුතු අමාතය ධූරය ලෙස වෙන් වෙන් වශයෙන් ස්ථාපිත කරන ලදී.

1978 දී ජේ ආර් ජයවර්ධන අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා විසින් ව්‍යවස්ථා සංශෝධනයක් කරන ලදී.මෙහිදී විධායක ජනාධිපති ධූරය හදුන්වා දුන් අතර අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයාට පවති බලතල අඩු විය.ඉන්පසුව රජයේ ප්‍රධානියා විධායක ජනාධිපතිවරයා වූ අතර අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ධූරය සාමානය තනතුරක් බවට පත් විය.
ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ නව විවස්තාධායකය යටතේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා කැබිනට් මණ්ඩලයේ ප්‍රධානියා වූ අතර නියෝජය ජනාධිපති ධූරයද හොබවන ලදී.ජනාධිපතිවරයා තනතුරේ රැදී සිටියදී මිය ගියහොත් නව ජනාධිපතිවරයෙක් පත් කිරීම සදහා නැවත ජනමත විචාරණයක් පවත්වන තුරු අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරයා ජනපති ධූරයේ වගකීම හොබවනු ලබයි.1993 දී ජනාධිපති ව සිටි රණසිංහ ප්‍රේමදාස හදිසියේම ඝාතනය කල අතර ඩිංගිරි බණ්ඩා විජේතුංග ජනාධිපති ධූරය සදහා පත් විය.

1947 න් පසුව නිල දැරූ අග්‍රමාත්ය වරු 14 දෙනාගෙන් දෙදෙනකු අවස්ථා තුනකදී නිල තල දරන ලද අතර දෙදෙනකු දෙවරක් නිල තල දරන ලදී.මින් අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරු පස් දෙනෙකු ජනාධිපති ධූරය ලබා ගැනීම සදහා ඉදිරිපත් විය. 2015 ජනවාරි 9 සිට ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ වර්ථමාන අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ධූරය දරනු ලබන්නේ රනිල් වික්‍රමසිංහ මැතිතුමා විසිනි.

බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය ලංකාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය (1947–1948)

ලංකාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරු (1948–1972)
පක්ෂ
 හෝ එක්සත් ජාතික පක්ෂය ප්‍රධාන සංධාන
 ප්‍රධාන සංධාන

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අග්‍රමාත්‍යවරු

ජීවත්ව සිටින හිටපු අග්‍රමාත්‍යවරු

2008 සැප්තම්බර් 21 දී වයස අවුරුදු 92 වූ ඩිංගිරි බණ්ඩා විජේතුංගගේ(1989 - 1993) අභාවප්‍රාප්ත විමෙන් පසු ඉතාම ආසන්න අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය වරයකුගේ මරණය වූයේ රත්නසිරි වික්‍රමනායක 27 දෙසැම්බර් 2016 දි ( වයස 83 දි) මිය යැමයි.

සටහන්
 1947 - 1972 දක්වා කාලයේදී පාර්ලිමේන්තුව "නියෝජිත නිවස" ලෙස හදුන්වන ලදී.
 1972 දී රට ස්වෛරී නිදහස් සමූහාන්ඩු ශ්‍රී ලංකා ජනරජයක් ලෙස හදුන්වන ලද පාර්ලිමේන්තුව ජාතික රාජ්‍ය සභාව නම් විය.

ආශ්‍රිත ලිපි
 ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය

යොමුව
General

 "Former Prime Ministers" (.html). Official Website of the Government of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
 "Handbook of Parliament - Prime Ministers" (.jsp). The Parliament of Sri Lanka. Retrieved 2008-10-04.
 "PMs of Sri Lanka"  (.htm). Prime Minister's Office. Retrieved 2008-10-05.

Specific

List

ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ අග්‍රාමාත්‍ය ලැයිස්තුව


Agulo er en kommune på La Gomera en af de Kanariske Øer. Kommunen er øens mindste, og den oprindelige landsby Agulo er kommunens hovedsæde.
Landbrug, fiskeri, dyrkning af vin og bananer er kommunens indbyggere vigtigste indtægter. Landskabet er præget af frugtbare terrassemarker, stejle bjergvægge og havudsigt. Turismen begrænser sig til endagsturister og et lille antal af gæsteværelser.

Landsbyen Agulo af de lokale kaldt den grønne balkon, består af to dele. I den lavtliggende del ligger Agulo Casco, omgivet af et naturlig amfiteater, hvor stederne La Montañeta, Las Casas, El Charco, og lidt afsidesliggende, gården Caserio de Lepe. Ovenfor ligger bykernen Agulo i en højde af cirka 250 meter, som blev grundlagt omkring 1620. Agulos lukkede bebyggelsesform er unik. Den højest beliggende af Sobreagulo med bydelene Las Rosas, La Palmita, Meriga og Cruz de Tierno ligger nationalparken Garajonay Nationalpark.

Byer i kommunen Agulo
Befolkningsantallet i parentes er fra 2007:
 Agulo (700), La Palmita (43), La Vega (76), Las Rosas (63), Lepe (17), Cruz de Tierno (67), Juego de Bolas (25), Meriga (33), Pajar de Bento (102), Pjedra Gorda (9), Serpa (39),

Galleri

Turisme
 Det anbefales at parkere bilen og gå rundt og opleve den gamle bykerne. Den smukke kirke Iglesia de San Marcos blev omkring 1920 bygget i den mauriske stil. Med sine hvide kupler, der står kirken i kontrast til den rødlige farve på husenes teglsten. Der er udsigt til Tenerife og vulkanen Teide .
 Cirka to kilometer øst for Agulo ligger den grønne dal Hermigua.
 Garajonay Nationalparks besøgscenter Juego de Bolas ligger også i nærheden.

Eksterne henvisninger

 La Gomera Tourist Office
 La Gomera Island blog

La Gomera
De Kanariske Øer

Agulo


Anton Pius Gustav Wilhelm von Wegnern, né le  à Preußisch-Eylau et mort le  à Berlin, est un haut fonctionnaire et homme politique prussien, membre du Parlement de Francfort de 1848 à 1849.

Biographie
Fils du magistrat prussien , Anton  est né le  à Preußisch-Eylau en Prusse-Orientale. Après des études de droit et de sciences camérales à Königsberg, où il est membre du Corps Littuania, puis à Berlin de 1828 à 1831, il entre dans l'administration de la justice comme stagiaire () en 1831. En 1838, il est nommé assesseur à la cour d'appel provinciale () puis, en 1839, assesseur auprès du district de Königsberg. Par la suite, il est promu  de l'arrondissement de Lyck en 1843.

En 1848, il est élu député au Parlement de Francfort dans la  de la province de Prusse, représentant l'arrondissement de Lyck. Il prend ses fonctions le  et rejoint la fraction conservatrice Café Milani puis la fraction Casino (centre-droit). En , il vote pour l'élection du roi de Prusse  comme empereur des Allemands, avant de quitter l'assemblée le . En outre, Wegnern prend part au Parlement d'Erfurt qui se réunit de mars à avril 1850 et siège à la Chambre des représentants de Prusse de 1855 à 1856.

Il exerce par ailleurs la fonction d'administrateur de l'arrondissement de Königsberg-Campagne de 1853 à 1856, année où il est nommé haut conseiller d'État () et directeur du département des affaires cléricales du district de Liegnitz en Silésie. En 1867, il prend également la tête de la direction corporative des pauvres ruraux () du district. En 1871, il est muté dans le district de Posen dont il est nommé vice-président et où il devient directeur du conseil scolaire et du conseil médical provinciaux. Il est enfin  du district de Bromberg à partir de 1873 avant de prendre sa retraite à Berlin en 1881. Il y meurt le , à 82 ans.

Notes et références

Bibliographie

  Egbert Weiß: Corpsstudenten in der Paulskirche, in: Einst und Jetzt, Sonderheft 1990, München 1990, S. 45.
  Protokolle des preußischen Staatsministeriums Bd. 6/II S. 726 Digitalisat
  Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Adeligen Häuser, Alter Adel und Briefadel 1928, Seite 706, Verlag Justus Perthes, Gotha 1928
  Bernhard-Maria Rosenberg: Die ostpreußischen Abgeordneten in Frankfurt 1848/49. Biographische Beiträge zur Geschichte des politischen Lebens in Ostpreussen. Grote, Berlin / Köln 1970, Seite 162–170.

Liens externes

Président du district de Bromberg
Député de la Chambre des représentants de Prusse
Membre du Parlement de Francfort
Fonctionnaire prussien
Naissance en avril 1809
Naissance dans la province de Prusse-Orientale
Décès en novembre 1891
Décès à Berlin
Décès à 82 ans

Anton von Wegnern


El municipio de Lagunillas se encuentra en el estado mexicano de Michoacán.

Debe su nombre al sistema de lagos y lagunas que en tiempos remotos existían en la región.

La población se desarrolló en la época colonial alrededor de la Hacienda de Lagunillas. En mayo de 1811 se produjo en su territorio un enfrentamiento de las fuerzas revolucionarias con el general Robledo. En 1930 y en el marco de la Reforma Agraria, se creó como pueblo, y el 8 de agosto de 1950 el Congreso del Estado decretó la creación del municipio de Lagunillas con cabecera en la localidad del mismo nombre.

Ubicado al norte del Estado de Michoacán de Ocampo (19º34' de latitud norte y 100º30' de longitud oeste), limita al norte y al este con Morelia, al sur con Huiramba y al oeste con el municipio de Tzintzuntzan y su superficie es de 83.23 km².
La población del municipio era de 5396 habitantes en 1995, de 5171 en el año 2000 y de 4828 en 2005.

La localidad de Lagunillas, ubicada a 2100 metros sobre el nivel del mar, tiene una población de 2331 habitantes y se encuentra a 30 km de la capital del Estado, a la que la une la carretera federal No. 14 Morelia-Pátzcuaro.

Su relieve es montañoso, característico del sistema volcánico transversal, e incluye la sierra del Tigre y cerro del Águila. Es recorrido por los ríos Prieto y El Cuanajo.

De clima templado semihúmedo en verano, la temperatura máxima es de 32 °C y la mínima de 18. En invierno la máxima promedia los 24,5 °C y la mínima es de 8,3. La época de lluvias es el verano y tiene una precipitación pluvial anual de 784.6 milímetros.

Predomina el bosque mixto, con pino, encino y cedro.

Su actual presidente municipal es: María Macarena Chávez Flores(2018-2021)

Notas y referencias

Municipios del estado de Michoacán

Municipio de Lagunillas (Michoacán)


The Orion-class battleships were a group of four dreadnought battleships built for the Royal Navy (RN) in the early 1910s. The first  battleships built for the RN, they were much larger than the preceding British dreadnoughts and were sometimes termed "super-dreadnoughts". The sister ships spent most of their careers assigned to the 2nd Battle Squadron of the Home and Grand Fleets, sometimes serving as flagships. Aside from participating in the failed attempt to intercept the German ships that had bombarded Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in late 1914, the Battle of Jutland in May 1916 and the inconclusive action of 19 August, their service during World War I generally consisted of routine patrols and training in the North Sea.

The Orions were deemed obsolete by the end of the war in 1918 and were reduced to reserve the following year.  and  were sold for scrap in 1922 while  was hulked for use as a stationary training ship. In late 1923, she was converted into a target ship and was sunk in early 1925.  served the longest, acting as a training ship from 1921 until she, too, was sold for scrap in late 1926. While being towed to the scrapyard, the ship ran aground; Thunderer was refloated and subsequently broken up.

Background and design
The initial 1909–1910 Naval Programme included two dreadnoughts and a battlecruiser, but was later increased to six dreadnoughts and two battlecruisers as a result of public pressure on the government due to the Anglo-German naval arms race. The original pair of battleships became the  and were improved versions of the preceding battleship, . A third dreadnought was added to the programme around April 1909 that was to be armed with more powerful  weapons than the  guns used in the earlier dreadnoughts. Three more ships of this class, as well as another battlecruiser, were part of the contingency programme authorized in August.

Unlike all of the previous dreadnoughts, which had been incremental improvements of the original  design of 1906, constrained by cost and size limits, the Orion class were almost a "clean-slate" design driven by the need to accommodate  the larger guns and additional armour. The guns were positioned all on the centreline of the hull in superfiring gun turrets, an arrangement first used in HMS Neptune for the aft main turrets. The idea had been pioneered by the United States Navy in their , but the RN was slow to adopt the concept, concerned about the effects of muzzle blast on the gunlayers in the open sighting hoods in the roofs of the lower turrets.

One of the few things retained from earlier ships was the position of the tripod foremast with its spotting top behind the forward funnel to allow the vertical leg to be used to support the boat-handling derrick. This all but guaranteed that the hot funnel gases could render the spotting top uninhabitable at times, but the Board of Admiralty insisted on it for all the ships of the 1909–1910 Programme. David K. Brown, naval architect and historian, commented on the whole fiasco: "It is amazing that it took so long to attain a satisfactory arrangement, which was caused by the Director of Naval Ordnance (DNO)'s insistence on sighting hoods in the roofs of turrets and Jellicoe's obsession with boat-handling arrangements. These unsatisfactory layouts reduced firepower, prejudiced torpedo protection and probably added to cost. As DNO and then as Controller, Jellicoe must accept much of the blame for the unsatisfactory layout of the earlier ships."

Description

The Orion-class ships had an overall length of , a beam of , a normal draught of and  a deep draught of . They displaced  at normal load and  at deep load. Their crew numbered 738 officers and ratings upon completion and 1,107 in 1917.

The ships retained the three engine-room layout of the Colossus-class design. They were powered by two sets of Parsons direct-drive steam turbines. The outer propeller shafts were coupled to the high-pressure turbines in the outer engine rooms and these exhausted into low-pressure turbines in the centre engine room which drove the inner shafts. The turbines used steam provided by 18 water-tube boilers. They were rated at  and were intended to give the battleships a maximum speed of . During their sea trials, the Orions exceeded their designed speed and horsepower. They carried a maximum of  of coal and an additional  of fuel oil that was sprayed on the coal to increase its burn rate. This gave them a range of  at a cruising speed of .

Armament
These ships were the first to carry the new breech-loading (BL) 13.5-inch Mark V gun. This gun was developed as the RN believed that the preceding 12-inch Mark XI gun could not be further developed and that a new gun of an increased bore was needed to deal with the longer ranges at which combat was expected to occur and the need for greater penetration and destructive effect. The Mark V gun had a muzzle velocity about  lower than the Mark XI gun, which greatly reduced the wear in the barrel. Despite the reduction in velocity, the gun's range was about  greater because the much heavier 13.5-inch shell retained its velocity longer than the lighter and smaller 12-inch shell.

The Orion class was equipped with ten 45-calibre Mark V guns in five hydraulically powered, centreline, twin-gun turrets, designated 'A', 'B', 'Q', 'X' and 'Y' from front to rear. The guns had a maximum elevation of +20° which gave them a range of . Their gunsights, however, were limited to +15° until super-elevating prisms were installed by 1916 to allow full elevation. They fired  projectiles, some  more than those of the 12-inch Mark XI, at a muzzle velocity of  at a rate of two rounds per minute. The ships carried 80–100 shells per gun.

Their secondary armament consisted of sixteen 50-calibre BL four-inch (102 mm) Mark VII guns. Four of these guns were in exposed mounts on the shelter deck and the remaining guns were enclosed in unshielded single mounts in the superstructure. The guns had a maximum elevation of +15° which gave them a range of . They fired  projectiles at a muzzle velocity of . They were provided with 150 rounds per gun. Four 3-pounder () saluting guns were also carried. The ships were equipped with three 21-inch submerged torpedo tubes, one on each broadside and another in the stern, for which 20 torpedoes were provided.

Fire control

The control positions for the main armament were located in the spotting tops at the head of the fore and mainmasts. Data from a  Barr and Stroud coincidence rangefinder, located at each control position, was input into a Dumaresq mechanical computer and electrically transmitted to Vickers range clocks located in the transmitting station located beneath each position on the main deck, where it was converted into range and deflection data for use by the guns. The target's data was also graphically recorded on a plotting table to assist the gunnery officer in predicting the movement of the target. The turrets, transmitting stations, and control positions could be connected in almost any combination. As a backup, two turrets in each ship could take over if necessary.

 was the second British dreadnought to be built with a gunnery director, albeit a prototype. This was mounted on the foremast, underneath the spotting top and electrically provided data to the turrets via pointers, which the turret crew were to follow. The director layer fired the guns simultaneously which aided in spotting the shell splashes and minimised the effects of the roll on the dispersion of the shells. While the exact dates of installation are uncertain, all four ships were equipped with a director by December 1915.

Additional nine-foot rangefinders, protected by armoured hoods, were added for each gun turret in late 1914. Furthermore, the ships were fitted with Mark II or III Dreyer Fire-control Tables, in early 1914, in each transmission station. It combined the functions of the Dumaresq and the range clock.

Armour

The Orion class had a waterline belt of Krupp cemented armour that was 12 inches thick between the fore and rear barbettes that was reduced to  outside the central armoured citadel, but did not reach the bow or stern. The belt covered the side of the hull from the middle deck to  below where the waterline and thinned to  at its bottom edge. Above this was a strake of 8-inch armour. The forward oblique  bulkheads connected the waterline and upper armour belts to the 'A' barbette. Similarly the aft bulkhead connected the armour belts to 'Y' barbette, although it was 8 inches thick. The exposed faces of the barbettes were protected by armour  thick above the main deck that thinned to  below it. The gun turrets had  faces and 8-inch sides with 3-inch roofs.

The four armoured decks ranged in thickness from  with the greater thicknesses outside the central armoured citadel. The front and sides of the conning tower were protected by 11-inch plates, although the roof was 3 inches thick. The spotting tower behind and above the conning tower had 6-inch sides and the torpedo-control tower aft had 3-inch sides and a 2-inch roof. Like the Colossus-class ships, the Orions eliminated the anti-torpedo bulkheads that protected the engine and boiler rooms, reverting to the scheme in the older dreadnoughts that placed them only outboard of the magazines with thicknesses ranging from . The boiler uptakes were protected by  armour plates.

Modifications
 received a small rangefinder on the roof of 'B' turret in 1914; the other ships may also have had one installed. That same year the shelter-deck guns of the sisters were enclosed in casemates. By October 1914, a pair of QF  anti-aircraft (AA) guns were installed aboard each ship. Additional deck armour was added after the Battle of Jutland in May 1916. Around the same time, three or four 4-inch guns were removed from the aft superstructure. By April 1917, the ships had exchanged a 4-inch AA gun for one of the 3-inch guns. One or two flying-off platforms were fitted aboard each ship during 1917–1918; these were mounted on turret roofs and extended onto the gun barrels.  had them on 'B' and 'Q' turrets, Conqueror and Thunderer on 'B' and 'X' turrets and  had one on 'B'. A high-angle rangefinder was fitted in the forward superstructure by 1921. Thunderer had her secondary armament reduced to eight guns during her February–May 1921 conversion into a training ship.

Ships

Careers

Upon commissioning, all four sisters were assigned to the 2nd Division of the Home Fleet or, as it was redesignated on 1 May 1912, the 2nd Battle Squadron (BS). Orion became the flagship of the division's second-in-command, retaining that position until March 1919. Monarch, Thunderer and Orion participated in the Parliamentary Naval Review on 9 July at Spithead. They then participated in training manoeuvres with Vice-Admiral Prince Louis of Battenberg commanding the "Blue Fleet" aboard Thunderer. The three sisters were present with the 2nd BS to receive the President of France, Raymond Poincaré, at Spithead on 24 June 1913. During the annual manoeuvres in August, Thunderer was the flagship of Vice-Admiral Sir John Jellicoe, commander of the "Red Fleet".

Between 17 and 20 July 1914, the Orions took part in a test mobilisation and fleet review as part of the British response to the July Crisis. Afterwards, they were ordered to proceed with the rest of the Home Fleet to Scapa Flow to safeguard the fleet from a possible surprise attack by the Imperial German Navy. After the British declaration of war on Germany on 4 August, the Home Fleet was reorganised as the Grand Fleet, and placed under the command of Admiral Jellicoe. According to pre-war doctrine, the role of the Grand Fleet was to fight a decisive battle against the German High Seas Fleet. This grand battle was slow to happen, however, because of the Germans' reluctance to commit their battleships against the superior British force. As a result, the Grand Fleet spent its time training in the North Sea, punctuated by the occasional mission to intercept a German raid or major fleet sortie.

Scarborough, Hartlepool, and Whitby

Room 40, the Signals intelligence organisation at the Admiralty, had decrypted German radio traffic containing plans for a German attack on Scarborough, Hartlepool and Whitby in mid-December using the four battlecruisers of the I Scouting Group (Konteradmiral [Rear-Admiral] Franz von Hipper). The radio messages did not mention that the High Seas Fleet with fourteen dreadnoughts and eight pre-dreadnoughts would reinforce Hipper. The ships of both sides departed their bases on 15 December, with the British intending to ambush the German ships on their return voyage. The British mustered the six dreadnoughts of the 2nd BS (Vice-Admiral Sir George Warrender), including Orion and her sister ships, Monarch and Conqueror and the 1st Battlecruiser Squadron (Vice-Admiral Sir David Beatty).

The screening forces of each side blundered into each other during the early morning darkness and heavy weather of 16 December. The Germans got the better of the initial exchange of fire, severely damaging several British destroyers but Admiral Friedrich von Ingenohl, commander of the High Seas Fleet, ordered his ships to turn away, concerned about the possibility of a massed attack by British destroyers in the dawn. Incompetent communications and mistakes by the British allowed Hipper to avoid an engagement with the battlecruisers. On 27 December, Conqueror accidentally rammed Monarch as the Grand Fleet was returning to Scapa Flow in heavy weather and poor visibility. The latter ship required less than a month of repairs but Conqueror was not ready for service until March 1915.

Battle of Jutland

In an attempt to lure out and destroy a portion of the Grand Fleet, the High Seas Fleet departed the Jade Bight early on the morning of 31 May 1916 in support of Hipper's battlecruisers which were to act as bait. Room 40 had again intercepted and decrypted German radio traffic containing plans of the operation, so the Admiralty ordered the Grand Fleet to sortie the night before to cut off and destroy the High Seas Fleet.

Once Jellicoe's ships had rendezvoused with the 2nd BS, coming from Cromarty, Scotland, on the morning of 31 May, he organised the main body of the Grand Fleet in parallel columns of divisions of four dreadnoughts each. The two divisions of the 2nd BS were on his left (east), the 4th BS was in the centre and the 1st BS on the right. When Jellicoe ordered the Grand Fleet to deploy to the left and form line astern in anticipation of encountering the High Seas Fleet, this naturally placed the 2nd BS at the head of the line of battle. In the early stage of the battle, Conqueror and Thunderer fired at the crippled light cruiser  with unknown results. The two ships also engaged German dreadnoughts, but failed to make any hits. Monarch and Orion, in contrast, did not fire at Wiesbaden, but shot at and hit several German dreadnoughts. Between them, the pair hit the battleships  and  once each, lightly damaging them, and the battlecruiser  five times, significantly damaging her. The sisters were not heavily engaged during the battle, with none of them firing more than 57 rounds from their main guns.

Subsequent activity

The Grand Fleet sortied on 18 August 1916 to ambush the High Seas Fleet while it advanced into the southern North Sea, but a series of miscommunications and mistakes prevented Jellicoe from intercepting the German fleet before it returned to port. Two light cruisers were sunk by German U-boats during the operation, prompting Jellicoe to decide to not risk the major units of the fleet south of 55° 30' North due to the prevalence of German submarines and mines. The Admiralty concurred and stipulated that the Grand Fleet would not sortie unless the German fleet was attempting an invasion of Britain or there was a strong possibility it could be forced into an engagement under suitable conditions. Along with the rest of the Grand Fleet, they sortied on the afternoon of 23 April 1918 after radio transmissions revealed that the High Seas Fleet was at sea after a failed attempt to intercept the regular British convoy to Norway. The Germans were too far ahead of the British to be caught, and no shots were fired. The sisters were present at Rosyth, Scotland, when the German fleet surrendered there on 21 November.

They remained part of the 2nd BS through February 1919, but had been transferred to the 3rd BS of the Home Fleet by May, Orion becoming the squadron flagship. By the end of 1919, the 3rd BS had been disbanded and the sisters had been transferred to the Reserve Fleet at Portland, although Monarch was transferred to Portsmouth in early 1920. Monarch and Thunderer were temporarily recommissioned during the summer of 1920 to ferry troops to the Mediterranean and back. Orion joined Monarch at Portsmouth later in the year and became the flagship of the Reserve Fleet. Conqueror followed Orion to Portsmouth and relieved her as flagship in mid-1921 and the latter ship was again temporarily recommissioned to transport troops. Thunderer was converted into a training ship for naval cadets in 1921 and Orion became a gunnery training ship after being relieved. In accordance with the terms of the Washington Naval Treaty, Orion and Conqueror were sold for scrap in 1922 and broken up the following year; Monarch was initially listed for sale, but was hulked instead. In 1923, she was converted into a target ship and was used to test the effects of bombs and shells, until she was sunk in early 1925. Thunderer was the last surviving ship and was sold in late 1926. On her way to the scrapyard, she ran aground at the entrance to the Port of Blyth, Northumberland, but was refloated and scrapped the following year.

Notes

Citations

Bibliography

External links

Dreadnought Project Technical material on the weaponry and fire control for the ships
Orion Class Dreadnought Battleship

Battleship classes

Ship classes of the Royal Navy
World War I battleships of the United Kingdom

Orion-class battleship


Das Amt Barnim-Nord war ein 1992 gebildetes Amt in Brandenburg, in dem vier Gemeinden im damaligen Kreis Eberswalde (heute Landkreis Barnim, Brandenburg) zu einem Verwaltungsverbund zusammengefasst waren. Nach dem Zusammenschluss der vier amtsangehörigen Gemeinden zur neuen (Groß-)Gemeinde Finowfurt  wurde es bereits 1997 wieder aufgelöst. Die vier Gemeinden, die ehemals dem Amt Barnim-Nord angehörten, sind heute Ortsteile der 2003 gebildeten neuen Gemeinde Schorfheide.

Geographische Lage
Das Amt Barnim-Nord lag im damaligen Kreis Eberswalde (heute Landkreis Barnim) im nördlichen Teil des Landes Brandenburg. Es grenzte im Norden an das Amt Groß Schönebeck (Schorfheide), im Osten an die amtsfreie Stadt Eberswalde, im Süden und Westen an das Amt Biesenthal-Barnim.

Geschichte
Am 19. August 1992 erteilte der Minister des Innern des Landes Brandenburg seine Zustimmung zur Bildung des Amtes Barnim-Nord. Als Zeitpunkt des Zustandekommens des Amtes wurde der 21. August 1992 festgelegt. Das Amt hatte seinen Sitz in der Gemeinde Finowfurt und bestand aus vier Gemeinden im damaligen Kreis Eberswalde:

 Eichhorst
 Finowfurt
 Lichterfelde
 Werbellin

Zum 30. Dezember 1997 schlossen sich die Gemeinden Lichterfelde, Finowfurt, Werbellin und Eichhorst zu einer neuen (Groß-)Gemeinde Finowfurt zusammen. Zum selben Zeitpunkt wurde das Amt Barnim-Nord aufgelöst. Am 26. Oktober 2003 schlossen sich Finowfurt und Groß Schönebeck zur neuen Gemeinde Schorfheide zusammen. Seitdem sind Eichhorst, Finowfurt, Lichterfelde und Werbellin Ortsteile der Gemeinde Schorfheide.

Belege

Barnim-Nord
Schorfheide (Gemeinde)

Amt Barnim-Nord