Graf teorisi, çizge teorisi veya çizit teorisi (), grafları inceleyen matematik dalıdır. Graf, düğümler ve bu düğümleri birbirine bağlayan kenarlardan oluşan bir tür ağ yapısıdır. Bir graf, çizge veya çizit, düğümlerden (köşeler) ve bu düğümleri birbirine bağlayan kenarlardan (yaylardan, bağıntılardan) oluşur.

Temeli 1736'da Leonhard Euler tarafından atılmıştır.

Graf teorisi üzerinde yapılan çalışmalar, Petri ağları gibi birçok yeni kavramın geliştirilmesine imkân sağlamıştır.

Teorinin tarihi

Leonhard Euler tarafından, 1736 yılında, Königsberg'in yedi köprüsü () adında günümüzde hâlâ popülerliğini koruyan bir problem ile ilgili olarak yazılan bir makale, graf teorisinin kesin başlangıç tarihidir.

Matematiksel tanımı

Bir G grafı iki küme ile ifade edilir: G = (D, K). Bu ifadede D düğümler kümesi, K ise (düğümler ile ilişkili) kenarlar kümesi olarak ifade edilir.
 Eğer düğümleri birbirine bağlayan kenarlar için giriş ve çıkış yönleri belirli ise bu kenarlara yönlü kenarlar denir.
 Eğer bir düğümden çıkan ve yine aynı düğüme giren bir kenar varsa (mesela A'dan çıkıp A'ya yeniden giren bir kenar), bu bir döngü () olarak ifade edilir.
 Eğer bir düğümden bir başka düğüme giden aynı yöne sahip veya yönsüz iki adet kenar varsa bu kenarlara paralel kenarlar denir.
Sağdaki yönsüz, örnek graf için küme gösterimi aşağıdaki şekilde yapılır.

D = {A, B, C, D}

K = {(A, D), (D, A), (A, B), (A, C), (C, B), (C, D)}

G = (D, K)

Bu örnekte A ve D düğümleri iki adet paralel kenar içerir.

Graf tipleri

Tanımlar ve örnekler
Yol haritasıyla haritada belirtilen yollarla bir beldeden diğer bir beldeye nasıl gidileceğine karar verilir. Sonuç olarak bu durumda nesnelerin iki farklı kümesi ile ilgilenilmektedir: Beldeler ve yollar. Daha önce gördüğümüz gibi böyle nesnelerin kümeleri bir bağıntı tanımlamak için kullanılabilir. Eğer V kümesi ile beldeler kümesini ve E kümesi ile de yollar kümesini gösterirsek, V kümesi üzerinde yalnız E'deki yolları kullanarak a beldesinden (noktasından) b noktasına seyahat edilebiliyorsa aβb yazarak, bir β bağıntısı tanımlanabilir. Eğer E'deki yollar gidiş-geliş yolları ise bβa da gerçeklenir. Eğer inceleme altındaki bütün yollar gidiş-gelişli yollar ise bu bağıntı simetriktir. Bir bağıntıyı tanımlamanın bir yolu, onun elemanlarını sıralı çiftler olarak listeleyerek vermektir. Bunun, aşağıdaki şekilde gösterildiği gibi çizgiler kullanarak yapılması daha uygundur.

Ayrıca bakınız
 Arama algoritması
 En kısa yol problemi
 Gezgin satıcı problemi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Graf teorisi

Çizge teorisi


National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) (Administrația Națională de Arhive și Evidențe) este o agenție independentă a guvernului Statelor Unite însărcinată cu păstrarea și documentarea dosarelor guvernamentale și istorice și cu creșterea accesului public la aceste documente, care cuprind Arhivele Naționale . NARA este responsabilă în mod oficial pentru păstrarea și publicarea copiilor legale autentice și autoritare ale actelor Congresului, ale directivelor prezidențiale și ale reglementărilor federale. De asemenea, NARA transmite voturile Colegiului Electoral la Congres.

Referințe

Legături externe

 Federal Register.gov: National Archives and Records Administration
 The National Archives Catalog — of the National Archives and Records Administration.
 Outdoor sculptures at the National Archives Building
 Footnote.com: NARA
 FamilySearch.org: NARA−National Archives and Records Administration — research Wiki for genealogists.
 National Archives and Records Administration's Our Archives wiki  — information about NARA + its archived records.
 Roaminghistorian.com: Visiting the National Archives

Biblioteca Congresului


قائمة بالأبطال في 1917 البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية لكرة المضرب (المعروفة الآن باسم أمريكا المفتوحة):

الكبار

فردي رجال

 ليندلي موراي هزم  ناثانيل و. نايلز 5-7 8-6 6-3 6-3

فردي سيدات

 مولا بجورستدت مالوري هزم  ماريون فانديرهويف 4-6, 6-0, 6-2

مراجع

الرياضة في مدينة نيويورك في 1917
أحداث أغسطس 1917 الرياضية
أحداث يونيو 1917 الرياضية
البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية (كرة مضرب) حسب السنة
كرة المضرب في 1917
كرة مضرب أمريكية في 1917

البطولات الوطنية الأمريكية 1917 (كرة مضرب)


كايد مفلح العبيدات، أول شهيد أردني على أرض فلسطين عام 1920 التي قضى فيها الآلاف من الأردنيين وأفراد الجيش العربي الأردني خلال سنين المواجهة، وهو أحد قادة الحركة الوطنية الأردنية التي تنبهت للخطر الصهيوني ورفضت وعد بلفور وناهضت استيطان اليهود في فلسطين، ومن أبرز الوجوه التي عرفها شمال الأردن قبل تشكل الدولة الأردنية الحديثة.

نضال الشيخ كايد مفلح العبيدات
الاسم الكامل: كايد بن مفلح بن جبر بن فندي بن مصطفى بن إبراهيم بن أحمد بن عبيد بن محمد بن عبيد عبيدات. يذكر المؤرخ والباحث الأردني سليمان الموسى في كتابه «أن الشيخ كايد كان شخصية مهيبة نافذة وزعيما مرموقا في ناحية لواء بني كنانة وعلى اتصال وثيق برجال الحركة الوطنية».

رووى بدمائه الزكية تراب الأرض الغالية ليدافع عن الحقوق العربية المسلوبة لانه احس ان تلبية نداء الجهاد واجب مقدس

بعد الانقلاب التركي على السلطان عبد الحميد الثاني في العام 1908، وإعلان حزب الاتحاد والترقي سياسة تتريك الأمصار العثمانية، تفجرت الروح القومية الوطنية في بلدان العرب، وأنشئت جمعيات وحركات قومية سرية في أغلبها، نادت بإحياء العربية في نفوس شعوبها.

بدءا من العام 1910، وثق الشيخ كايد العبيدات علاقاته بزعماء الحركة الوطنية العربية وحزب اللامركزية الإدارية العثماني والجمعية القحطانية، وأصبح أولئك الزعماء ينظرون إلى الشيخ كايد كوطني قومي غيور على شرف الأمة وانتمائه إليها.

تحرك الشعور القومي لدى الأردنيين عندما تنصل الحلفاء من وعودهم للشريف حسين بن علي، مفجر الثورة العربية الكبرى، بتوقيعهم اتفاقية سايكس بيكو التي قسمت بلاد الشام والعراق في العام 1916، تبعها وعد وزير الخارجية البريطاني جيمس آرثر بلفور بإقامة وطن قومي لليهود في فلسطين عام 1917.

أعلنت الجماهير رفضها لذلك الوعد، وتداعت زعامات الأردن للوقوف في وجه «وعد من لا يملك لمن لا يستحق»، لعقد اجتماع تاريخي في عجلون بحضور مئات من الشخصيات الوطنية في مقدمتها الشيخ كايد مفلح العبيدات، الذي اختير لمراسلة شيوخ وزعماء العشائر الأردنية في بقية أنحاء الأردن، لحثهم على توحيد كلمتهم أمام المد الصهيوني.

في أول هجمة أردنية ضد قوات الاحتلال البريطاني في منطقة تلال الثعالب في فلسطين، ارتفع الشيخ كايد شهيدا أردنيا أول على ثرى فلسطين. نقل النعش على أكتاف مناضلين من درعا في ظلام الليل إلى منطقة المخيبة ثم الحمة ومن ثم كفر سوم، حيث ووري الجثمان هناك.

لم يكن خبر استشهاد شيخ منطقة الكفارات سهلا، فقد كان نزوله على أبناء تلك المنطقة شبيها بنزول الصاعقة. لم يصدق بعضهم الخبر حتى أكده رفيق الشهيد في النضال الشيخ عزام الجبر عندما خاطب المجاهدين «لقد خسرتم الذي قادكم في معركة واحدة، لكننا خسرنا القائد والزعيم والشيخ والابن الذي تعودنا ان نراه كل يوم. لقد فقدت اعز ما كنت افتخر به في هذه الدنيا، لكن العزاء بموت شيخنا الذي اختار الموت على أرض فلسطين».

التعبير عن الحزن بواسطة الشعر

يقول الشهيد كايد:

يوم كانني مصروع صايبني جنون

سال دمعي فوق وجناتي طفيح

وسقاني البين كاسات الغبون

فالح السمرين هالوجه الفليح

بالعدى فتاك ربعه يشهدون

أهل حوارة مع إربد والصريح

والحصن والنعيمة مع أهل ايدون

لا تهابوا الموت.. من هابه قبيح

من يموت اليوم للجنة مضمون

اما في الجولان وفلسطين فقد عم الحزن أهاليها ورفعت الرايات السوداء.

مراجع

عسكريون أردنيون

كايد مفلح عبيدات


Eder Pacheco, (nacido el 23 de julio de 1977 en Dois Vizinhos, Brasil) es un exfutbolista brasileño naturalizado mexicano que jugaba en la posición de delantero. Pasó la mayoría de su carrera en la Liga de Ascenso (segunda división mexicana), aunque también ha participado dos veces en la Primera División de México con los clubes Monarcas Morelia, Puebla FC, Club León y actualmente esta retirado.

Carrera
Eder Pacheco ha jugado en México desde el año 2007, empezó en el equipo Mérida FC de la Liga de Ascenso, anotando 5 goles en sus primeros 6 meses, después fue transferido a Monarcas Morelia donde tuvo su primera experiencia en Primera División pero no realizó anotaciones, y un año después regresó al club Mérida FC, anotando 3 goles en 6 meses.

En 2008 fue transferido a los Lobos de la BUAP donde tuvo poca participación, con 4 partidos y un gol, pero nuevamente logró integrarse a un equipo de Primera División de México, al integrarse al Puebla FC en el año 2009 e igualmente tuvo 4 partidos y un gol.

Posteriormente, en la temporada 2009-2010 regresó a la Liga de Ascenso con los Lobos de la BUAP, equipo en el que jugó toda una temporada y donde anotó 9 goles en 33 juegos. En el año 2010 fue transferido por 6 meses a los Alacranes de Durango, jugando 11 partidos y anotando 8 goles. A principios de 2011 jugó con los Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz, participando en 14 partidos y anotando 5 goles.

Para el Apertura 2011 fue fichado por el Club León, en donde marcó 8 goles en ese torneo sólo en la fase regular y otros 4 en Liguilla, a la que se llegó hasta semifinales. Ya para el siguiente Torneo se llegó a jugar la Final, ganando el título asegurando así, jugar la Final de Ascenso, en la cual tuvo participación para la vuelta, anotando un gol y generando una asistencia a pesar de haber tenido menos participación que el anterior Apertura. Finalmente logró ascender con León aunque ya no fue considerado para jugar en Primera División. En total con el León jugó 29 partidos y marcó 16 goles.

Al finalizar el 2015 es dado de baja por no entrar en planes por el club Correcaminos.

Clubes

Palmarés

Distinciones individuales
 Campeón de goleo: Alacranes de Durango en el Torneo Apertura 2010 Liga de Ascenso, con 13 goles.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha en ESPN

Futbolistas del Club León
Futbolistas nacionalizados en México
Futbolistas del Club Atlético Monarcas Morelia
Futbolistas del Venados Fútbol Club
Futbolistas del Club Puebla
Futbolistas de los Tiburones Rojos de Veracruz
Futbolistas de los Lobos de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
Futbolistas del Correcaminos de la UAT
Futbolistas de los Alacranes de Durango
Futbolistas del Cruz Azul Hidalgo
Futbolistas del Atlético Mexiquense
Futbolistas de las Coras de Tepic
Emigrantes brasileños hacia México

Eder Pacheco


Gotham er en krimi- og dramaserie fra 2014 som er skabt af Bruno Heller for Fox Broadcasting Company. Serien er en forhistorie før Batman og andre superhelte og superskurke kom på banen, og fokuserer særligt på Detective James Gordon (Ben McKenzie) og en ung Bruce Wayne (David Mazouz). Premieren i USA var 22. september 2014, mens Danmarkspremieren var 25. september.

I USA på netværket FOX, har sæsonerne en, to, tre været vist.

Sæson fire er i gang, og startede 21 September 2017. Den 7. December 2017 har der været 77 afsnit i fire sæsoner.

Medvirkende
 Ben McKenzie som James Gordon
 David Mazouz som Bruce Wayne
 Sean Pertwee som Alfred Pennyworth
 Robin Lord Taylor som Oswald Cobblepot
 Zabryna Guevara som Sarah Essen
 Erin Richards som Barbara Kean
 Donal Logue som Harvey Bullock
 Jada Pinkett Smith som Fish Mooney
 Camren Bicondova som Selina Kyle
 Cory Michael Smith som Edward Nygma
 Victoria Cartagena som Renee Montoya
 Andrew Stewart Jones som Crispus Allen
 Drew Powell som Butch Gilzean
 Clare Foley som Ivy Pepper

Eksterne henvisninger

Krimiserier fra USA
Actionserier fra USA
Dramaserier fra USA
Amerikanske tv-serier fra 2010'erne
Tv-programmer fra Fox Broadcasting Company

Gotham (tv-serie)


Kenta Hirose (født 26. juni 1992) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Albirex Niigata.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Kenta Hirose


Agrilus sesostris é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Fisher, 1929.

Referências

sesostris

Agrilus sesostris


Laurynas Grigelis (* 14. August 1991 in Klaipėda) ist ein litauischer Tennisspieler.

Leben und Karriere
Grigelis spielte bisher vor allem auf der Challenger Tour. Am 17. Juni 2011 gelang ihm sein erster Turniererfolg auf dieser Tour, als er in Aptos das Einzelfinale gegen den Serben Ilija Bozoljac glatt in zwei Sätzen gewann. Im Doppel folgten im Jahr 2012 vier Titel, zwei davon mit Uladsimir Ihnazik sowie je ein weiterer mit Rameez Junaid und Alessandro Motti. 2014 gewann er die Doppelkonkurrenz in Aptos gemeinsam mit Ruben Bemelmans.

Seit 2008 spielt Grigelis für die litauische Davis-Cup-Mannschaft. Bei insgesamt neun Begegnungen gewann er sieben seiner 16 Spiele.

Erfolge

Einzel

Turniersiege

Doppel

Turniersiege

Weblinks

Davis-Cup-Spieler (Litauen)
Sportler (Klaipėda)
Litauer
Geboren 1991
Mann

Laurynas Grigelis


An Eleocharis in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Eleocharis in nahilalakip ha familia nga Cyperaceae.

Ilarom nga taxa

 Eleocharis abnorma
 Eleocharis acicularis
 Eleocharis acuta
 Eleocharis acutangula
 Eleocharis aestuum
 Eleocharis albibracteata
 Eleocharis albida
 Eleocharis alveolata
 Eleocharis alveolatoides
 Eleocharis amazonica
 Eleocharis andamanensis
 Eleocharis angolensis
 Eleocharis antunesii
 Eleocharis argentina
 Eleocharis argyrolepis
 Eleocharis arseniflora
 Eleocharis atricha
 Eleocharis atropurpurea
 Eleocharis atrospiculata
 Eleocharis attenuata
 Eleocharis aurea
 Eleocharis ayacuchensis
 Eleocharis bahamensis
 Eleocharis bahiensis
 Eleocharis baldwinii
 Eleocharis barrosii
 Eleocharis bella
 Eleocharis bernardina
 Eleocharis bifida
 Eleocharis blakeana
 Eleocharis bolanderi
 Eleocharis bonariensis
 Eleocharis brachycarpa
 Eleocharis brainii
 Eleocharis brasiliensis
 Eleocharis brassii
 Eleocharis braunii
 Eleocharis brevicollis
 Eleocharis brittonii
 Eleocharis bulbosa
 Eleocharis caduca
 Eleocharis caespitosissima
 Eleocharis callensii
 Eleocharis cancellata
 Eleocharis canindeyuensis
 Eleocharis capillacea
 Eleocharis carniolica
 Eleocharis cellulosa
 Eleocharis chamaegyne
 Eleocharis coloradoensis
 Eleocharis columbiensis
 Eleocharis complanata
 Eleocharis compressa
 Eleocharis confervoides
 Eleocharis congesta
 Eleocharis contracta
 Eleocharis cordillerana
 Eleocharis coronata
 Eleocharis crinalis
 Eleocharis crispovaginata
 Eleocharis cuatrecasasii
 Eleocharis cubangensis
 Eleocharis cylindrica
 Eleocharis cylindrostachys
 Eleocharis debilis
 Eleocharis decoriglumis
 Eleocharis decumbens
 Eleocharis deightonii
 Eleocharis densa
 Eleocharis diandra
 Eleocharis dietrichiana
 Eleocharis difformis
 Eleocharis dombeyana
 Eleocharis dregeana
 Eleocharis dulcis
 Eleocharis dunensis
 Eleocharis eglerioides
 Eleocharis elegans
 Eleocharis elliptica
 Eleocharis elongata
 Eleocharis emarginata
 Eleocharis endounifascis
 Eleocharis engelmannii
 Eleocharis equisetoides
 Eleocharis erhaiensis
 Eleocharis erythropoda
 Eleocharis exigua
 Eleocharis fallax
 Eleocharis fassettii
 Eleocharis fennica
 Eleocharis filiculmis
 Eleocharis flavescens
 Eleocharis fluctuans
 Eleocharis fuscopurpurea
 Eleocharis geniculata
 Eleocharis glabella
 Eleocharis glauca
 Eleocharis glaucovirens
 Eleocharis gonzaleziae
 Eleocharis gossweileri
 Eleocharis gracilis
 Eleocharis grandirostris
 Eleocharis grisea
 Eleocharis grossimucronata
 Eleocharis halmaturina
 Eleocharis haumaniana
 Eleocharis hooperiana
 Eleocharis ignota
 Eleocharis intermedia
 Eleocharis interstincta
 Eleocharis jelskiana
 Eleocharis kamtschatica
 Eleocharis keigheryi
 Eleocharis kirkii
 Eleocharis kleinii
 Eleocharis knutei
 Eleocharis kuoi
 Eleocharis kuroguwai
 Eleocharis laeviglumis
 Eleocharis laeviseta
 Eleocharis lanceolata
 Eleocharis lankana
 Eleocharis lechleri
 Eleocharis lepta
 Eleocharis liesneri
 Eleocharis limosa
 Eleocharis liogieri
 Eleocharis liouana
 Eleocharis loefgreniana
 Eleocharis lundellii
 Eleocharis macbarronii
 Eleocharis macounii
 Eleocharis macrantha
 Eleocharis macrostachya
 Eleocharis maculosa
 Eleocharis maidenii
 Eleocharis mamillata
 Eleocharis margaritacea
 Eleocharis marginulata
 Eleocharis maximowiczii
 Eleocharis melanocarpa
 Eleocharis melanocephala
 Eleocharis melanostachys
 Eleocharis mendocina
 Eleocharis microcarpa
 Eleocharis microlepis
 Eleocharis migoana
 Eleocharis minarum
 Eleocharis minima
 Eleocharis minuta
 Eleocharis minutissima
 Eleocharis mitracarpa
 Eleocharis monantha
 Eleocharis montana
 Eleocharis montevidensis
 Eleocharis moorei
 Eleocharis moraosejoana
 Eleocharis morroi
 Eleocharis multicaulis
 Eleocharis mutata
 Eleocharis nana
 Eleocharis naumanniana
 Eleocharis neozelandica
 Eleocharis niederleinii
 Eleocharis nigrescens
 Eleocharis nipponica
 Eleocharis nitida
 Eleocharis nuda
 Eleocharis nudipes
 Eleocharis nupeensis
 Eleocharis obicis
 Eleocharis obpyriformis
 Eleocharis obtusa
 Eleocharis obtusitrigona
 Eleocharis occidentalis
 Eleocharis occulta
 Eleocharis ochrostachys
 Eleocharis oligantha
 Eleocharis olivaceonux
 Eleocharis onthitensis
 Eleocharis ovata
 Eleocharis oxylepis
 Eleocharis pachycarpa
 Eleocharis pachystyla
 Eleocharis pallens
 Eleocharis palustris
 Eleocharis papillosa
 Eleocharis paradoxa
 Eleocharis parishii
 Eleocharis parodii
 Eleocharis parvinux
 Eleocharis parvula
 Eleocharis pellucida
 Eleocharis penchaoi
 Eleocharis philippinensis
 Eleocharis plana
 Eleocharis platypus
 Eleocharis plicarhachis
 Eleocharis pseudoalbibracteata
 Eleocharis pseudofistulosa
 Eleocharis punctulata
 Eleocharis pusilla
 Eleocharis qinghaiensis
 Eleocharis quadrangulata
 Eleocharis quinqueflora
 Eleocharis rabenii
 Eleocharis ramboii
 Eleocharis ravenelii
 Eleocharis reichei
 Eleocharis retroflexa
 Eleocharis reverchonii
 Eleocharis reznicekii
 Eleocharis robbinsii
 Eleocharis robusta
 Eleocharis rojasiana
 Eleocharis rostellata
 Eleocharis rugosa
 Eleocharis rzedowskii
 Eleocharis schaffneri
 Eleocharis schenckii
 Eleocharis schlechteri
 Eleocharis sellowiana
 Eleocharis setifolia
 Eleocharis setulosa
 Eleocharis sphacelata
 Eleocharis spiralis
 Eleocharis spongostyla
 Eleocharis squamigera
 Eleocharis starczenkoae
 Eleocharis steinbachii
 Eleocharis stenocarpa
 Eleocharis steyermarkii
 Eleocharis subangulata
 Eleocharis subarticulata
 Eleocharis subcancellata
 Eleocharis subfoliata
 Eleocharis suksdorfiana
 Eleocharis sundaica
 Eleocharis swamyi
 Eleocharis svensoniana
 Eleocharis tenarum
 Eleocharis tenuiculmis
 Eleocharis tenuis
 Eleocharis testui
 Eleocharis tetraquetra
 Eleocharis tiarata
 Eleocharis torticulmis
 Eleocharis tortilis
 Eleocharis tricostata
 Eleocharis trilateralis
 Eleocharis trilophus
 Eleocharis tuberculosa
 Eleocharis tucumanensis
 Eleocharis tuvinica
 Eleocharis uniflora
 Eleocharis uniglumis
 Eleocharis urbanii
 Eleocharis urceolata
 Eleocharis ussuriensis
 Eleocharis usteri
 Eleocharis wadoodii
 Eleocharis valleculosa
 Eleocharis variegata
 Eleocharis welwitschii
 Eleocharis venezuelensis
 Eleocharis wichurae
 Eleocharis wilkensii
 Eleocharis viridans
 Eleocharis vivipara
 Eleocharis wolfii
 Eleocharis yecorensis
 Eleocharis yezoensis
 Eleocharis yokoscensis
 Eleocharis yunnanensis

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Eleocharis

Eleocharis


The Interpretation of Dreams () is an 1899 book by Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, in which the author introduces his theory of the unconscious with respect to dream interpretation, and discusses what would later become the theory of the Oedipus complex. Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime."

Dated 1900, the book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years. The Interpretation of Dreams later gained in popularity, and seven more editions were published in Freud's lifetime.

Because of the book's length and complexity, Freud also wrote an abridged version called On Dreams. The original text is widely regarded as one of Freud's most significant works.

Background

Freud spent the summer of 1895 at Schloss BelleVue near Grinzing in Austria, where he began the inception of The Interpretation of Dreams. In a 1900 letter to Wilhelm Fliess, he wrote in commemoration of the place:

While staying at Schloss Bellevue, Freud dreamed his famous dream of 'Irma's injection'. He analyzed the dream as expressing an unconscious wish to be exonerated from his mishandling of the treatment of a patient in 1895. In 1963, Belle Vue manor was demolished, but today a memorial plaque with just that inscription has been erected at the site by the Austrian Sigmund Freud Society.

Overview

Dreams, in Freud's view, are formed as the result of two mental processes. The first process involves unconscious forces that construct a wish that is expressed by the dream, and the second is the process of censorship that forcibly distorts the expression of the wish. In Freud's view, all dreams are forms of "wish fulfillment" (later in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Freud would discuss dreams which do not appear to be wish-fulfillment). Freud states: "My presumption that dreams can be interpreted at once puts me in opposition to the ruling theory of dreams and in fact to every theory of dreams..."

Freud advanced the idea that an analyst can differentiate between the manifest content and latent content of a dream. The manifest content refers to the remembered narrative that plays out in the dream itself. The latent content refers to the underlying meaning of the dream. During sleep, the unconscious condenses, displaces, and forms representations of the dream content, the latent content of which is often unrecognizable to the individual upon waking.

Critics have argued that Freud's theory of dreams requires sexual interpretation. Freud, however, contested this criticism, noting that "the assertion that all dreams require a sexual interpretation, against which critics rage so incessantly, occurs nowhere in my Interpretation of Dreams. It is not to be found in any of the numerous editions of this book and is in obvious contradiction to other views expressed in it." Freud stated that "[T]he interpretation of dreams is the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious activities of the mind."

Sources of dream content

Freud claimed that every dream has a connection point with an experience of the previous day. Though, the connection may be minor, as the dream content can be selected from any part of the dreamer's life. He described four possible sources of dreams: a) mentally significant experiences represented directly, b) several recent and significant experiences combined into a single unity by the dream, c) one or more recent and significant experiences which are represented in the content by the mention of a contemporary but indifferent experience, and d) an internal significant experience, such as a memory or train of thought, that is invariably represented in the dream by a mention of a recent but indifferent impression.

Oftentimes people experience external stimuli, such as an alarm clock or music, being distorted and incorporated into their dreams. Freud explained that this is because "the mind is withdrawn from the external world during sleep, and it is unable to give it a correct interpretation ..." He further explained that our mind wishes to continue sleeping, and therefore will try to suppress external stimuli, weave the stimuli into the dream, compel a person to wake up, or encourage him or her to overcome it.

Freud believed that dreams were picture-puzzles, and though they may appear nonsensical and worthless on the surface, through the process of interpretation they can form a "poetical phrase of the greatest beauty and significance."

Condensation, displacement, and representation in dreams

Dreams are brief compared to the range and abundance of dream thoughts. Through condensation or compression, dream content can be presented in one dream. Oftentimes, people may recall having more than one dream in a night. Freud explained that the content of all dreams occurring on the same night represents part of the same whole. He believed that separate dreams have the same meaning. Often the first dream is more distorted and the latter is more distinct. Displacement of dream content has occurred when manifest content does not resemble the actual meaning of the dream. Displacement comes through the influence of a censorship agent. Representation in dreams is the causal relation between two things. Freud argues that two persons or objects can be combined into a single representation in a dream (see Freud's dream of his uncle and Friend R).

On Dreams

An abridged version called On Dreams was published in 1901 as part of Lowenfeld and Kurella's Grenzfragen des Nerven und Seelenlebens. It was re-published in 1911 in slightly larger form as a book. On Dreams is also included in the 1953 edition and the second part of Freud's work on dreams, Volume Five, The Interpretation of Dreams II and On Dreams. It follows chapter seven in The Interpretation of Dreams and in this edition, is fifty-three pages in length. There are thirteen chapters in total and Freud directs the reader to The Interpretation of Dreams for further reading throughout On Dreams, in particular, in the final chapter. Immediately after its publication, Freud considered On Dreams as a shortened version of The Interpretation of Dreams. The English translation of On Dreams was first published in 1914 and the second English publication in the James Strachey translation from 1952. Freud investigates the subject of displacement and our inability to recognize our dreams. In chapter VI, page 659, he states: "It is the process of displacement which is chiefly responsible for our being unable to discover or recognize them in the dream-content" and he considers the issue of displacement in chapter VIII, page 671 as: "the most striking of the dream-work."

Contents

The first edition begins:

Freud begins his book in the first chapter titled "The Scientific Literature on the Problems of the Dream" by reviewing different scientific views on dream interpretation, which he finds interesting but not adequate. He then makes his argument by describing a number of dreams which he claims illustrate his theory.

Much of Freud's sources for analysis are in literature. Many of his most important dreams are his own — his method is inaugurated with an analysis of his dream "Irma's injection" — but many also come from patient case studies.

Influence and reception

 The Interpretation of Dreams was first published in an edition of only 600 copies, and these took eight years to sell. The work subsequently gained popularity, and seven more editions were printed in Freud's lifetime, the last in 1929.

The classicist Norman O. Brown described The Interpretation of Dreams as one of the great applications and extensions of the Socratic maxim "know thyself" in Life Against Death (1959). The philosopher Paul Ricœur described The Interpretation of Dreams as Freud's "first great book" in Freud and Philosophy (1965). He argued that like Freud's other works it posits a "semantics of desire". The mythologist Joseph Campbell described the book as an "epochal work", noting in The Masks of God: Creative Mythology (1968) that it was "based on insights derived from years devoted to the fantasies of neurotics". Max Schur, Freud's physician and friend, provided evidence in Freud: Living and Dying (1972) that the first dream that Freud analyzed, his so-called "Irma dream", was not very disguised, but actually closely portrayed a medical disaster of Emma Eckstein, one of Freud's patients. The psychologist Hans Eysenck argued in Decline and Fall of the Freudian Empire (1985) that the dreams Freud cites actually disprove Freud's dream theory.

The philosopher John Forrester described The Interpretation of Dreams as Freud's "masterpiece" in Dispatches from the Freud Wars (1997). He suggested that the book could be considered a form of autobiographical writing and compared it to the naturalist Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859). The philosopher Dermot Moran compared the influence that The Interpretation of Dreams exerted on psychoanalysis to that which the philosopher Edmund Husserl's Logical Investigations (1900–1901) exerted on 20th-century European philosophy in his introduction to the latter work.

The philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and the psychologist Sonu Shamdasani noted in The Freud Files (2012) that the Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler wrote to Freud in October 1905 that he was convinced of the correctness of The Interpretation of Dreams as soon as he read it. They argued, however, that Freud's analysis of the dream of Irma's injection was partly based on Belgian psychologist Joseph Delboeuf's analysis of a dream in Sleep and Dreams. In their view, The Interpretation of Dreams should be placed in the context of the "introspective hypnotism" practiced by figures such as Auguste Forel, Eugen Bleuler, and Oskar Vogt. They charged Freud with selectively citing some authors on dreams (including Marie-Jean-Léon, Marquis d'Hervey de Saint Denys and Louis Ferdinand Alfred Maury), ignoring others (including Jean-Martin Charcot, Pierre Janet, and Richard von Krafft-Ebing), and systematically avoiding "citing the passages in the works of his predecessors which came closest to his own theories."

E. James Lieberman and Robert Kramer wrote in an introduction to a collection of letters between Freud and the psychoanalyst Otto Rank that Rank was impressed by The Interpretation of Dreams when he read it in 1905, and was moved to write a critical reanalysis of one of Freud's own dreams. They suggested that it may have been partly this reanalysis that brought Rank to Freud's attention. They noted that it was with Rank's help that Freud published the second edition of The Interpretation of Dreams in 1909. The neuropsychoanalyst Mark Blechner argued in Contemporary Psychoanalysis that even if one does not agree with Freud's theories, The Interpretation of Dreams remains a valuable record of dream texts and an analysis of the mental operations that dreams demonstrate. Art historian and filmmaker Joseph Koerner drew the title of his 2019 film The Burning Child from a dream of that title, which opens Chapter 7 of Interpretation of Dreams. The album packaging for the 2002 David Bowie album 'Heathen' contains an image of the book.

Translations
The first translation from German into English was completed by A. A. Brill, a Freudian psychoanalyst. Years later, an authorized translation by James Strachey was published. A new translation of the first edition by Joyce Crick was published in 1999. The most recent English translation by J. A. Underwood is titled "Interpreting Dreams" and was published in 2006.

Online editions
 The Interpretation of Dreams at Project Gutenberg, Abraham Arden Brill's 1913 English translation
 , a faithful copy of the third edition translated in English by Abraham Arden Brill and published in 1913 by The Macmillan Company.
 The Interpretation of Dreams at Bartebly, derived from the same edition as above.
 The Interpretation of Dreams at Psych Web, derived from the same edition as above.

 Die Traumdeutung at Project Gutenberg, derived from the original text in German
 Die Traumdeutung at the Internet Archive, scans of the original text in German.

References

Further reading
 Marinelli, Lydia and Andreas Mayer A. (2003) Dreaming by the Book: Freud's 'The Interpretation of Dreams' and the History of the Psychoanalytic Movement, New York: Other Press.  (Mayer and Marinelli explore textual changes in different versions of The Interpretation of Dreams and offer an historical account of how the book became the founding text of the psychoanalytic movement).
 The Language of Psycho-Analysis by Jean Laplanche and Jean-Bertrand Pontalis; trans. Donald Nicholson-Smith W. W. Norton & Company, 1974,

1899 non-fiction books
1900 non-fiction books
Books by Sigmund Freud
Books about dream interpretation
Books about psychoanalysis
German-language books
History of psychology

The Interpretation of Dreams


الشعر العثماني، أو الشعر العثماني الديواني، وهو معروف بنسبة صغيرة خارج تركيا الحديثة، وهو قلب الآداب التي كانت موجودة في أيام الدولة العثمانية، وهي، في النهاية آداب تقليدية شعرية غنية دامت 700 سنة، وحافظت على تأثيرها في الأشعار التركية الحديثة.

واشتهر من شعراء الديوان العثماني، الشعراء: فضولي، وباقي، ونصوح السلاحي، وفيجاني.

السلاطين الشعراء
أتقن عدد من السلاطين العثمانيين الشعر وأصبحوا شعراء على مستوى عال ومن هؤلاء :
 محمد الفاتح، واختار لنفسه اسمّا شعريًّا هو: عوني، أي المُعِين.
 سليمان القانوني، الذي اختار لنفسه اسم «مُحبِّي».

حديثا
أعلنت تركيا عن إقامة معرض ينشر فيه أشعار سليمان القانوني التي كتبها إلى زوجته بعد أن قام بعض الباحثين المختصين بجمعها من مئات المصادر والمراجع المختلفة.

المراجع

المصادر
 Gibb, E.J.W. Ottoman Literature: The Poets and Poetry of Turkey. ISBN 0-89875-906-4.
 Tanpınar, Ahmet Hamdi. 19'uncu Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi. İstanbul: Çağlayan Kitabevi, 1988

وصلات خارجية
 www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com/Edebiyat/ عدة عينات من الشعر العثماني.

شعر عثماني
تاريخ تركيا
شعر حسب الأمم أو اللغات

شعر عثماني


Stephanie Bolster (born 1969) is a Canadian poet and professor of creative writing at Concordia University, Montreal.

History
She holds a Bachelor of Fine Arts in Creative Writing (1991) and a Master of Fine Arts (1994) from the University of British Columbia. Her first book, White Stone: The Alice Poems, won the Governor General's Award for poetry in 1998. Bolster's current project, "Long Exposure", is a book-length poem that takes as its starting point Robert Polidori's post-disaster photographs of New Orleans and Chernobyl.

In 2004, Bolster edited and published The Ishtar Gate, featuring the poetry of Dutch-Canadian poet Diana Brebner. Bolster also acknowledged the support of Hendrika Ruger in previously publishing Brebner's work in years prior.

Awards
1993 Norma Epstein Award for Creative Writing
1996 Bronwen Wallace Memorial Award for Poetry
1997 Contemporary Verse 2 poetry competition
1997 The Malahat Review Long Poem Prize
1998 Governor General's Award
1998 Poetry Chapbook Contest, Mother Tongue Press
1999 Gerald Lampert Award
2000 Lampman-Scott Award
2003 Great Blue Heron Poetry Competition, The Antigonish Review

Works

Poetry
Three Bloody Words (above/ground press, Ottawa, 1996). Chapbook, published in edition of 300.
Inside A Tent of Skin: 9 Poems from the National Gallery of Ottawa. (Mother Tongue Press, 1998). Limited edition chapbook.
White Stone: The Alice Poems (Véhicule Editions, 1998).
Two Bowls of Milk (McClelland & Stewart, 1999).
Pavilion (McClelland & Stewart, 2002).
A Page from the Wonders of Life on Earth (Brick Books, London, ON, 2011).
Three Bloody Words: Twentieth Anniversary Edition (above/ground press, Ottawa, 2016).

Edited works
The Ishtar Gate: Last and Selected Poems, Diana Brebner, edited and with an introduction by Stephanie Bolster. Montréal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, Hugh MacLennan Poetry Series, 2004.
The Best Canadian Poetry in English 2008, edited by Stephanie Bolster, series/advisory editor Molly Peacock. Toronto: Tightrope Books, 2008.
Penned: Zoo Poems, edited by Stephanie Bolster, Katia Grubisic, and Simon Reader. Montreal: Signal Editions/Véhicule Press, 2009.
Global Poetry Anthology, edited by Valerie Bloom, Stephanie Bolster, Frank M. Chipasula, Fred D'Aguiar, Michael Harris, John Kinsella, Sinéad Morrissey, Odia Ofeimun, Eric Ormsby, and Anand Thakore. Montreal: Signal Editions/Véhicule Press, 2012.

References

External links
Stephanie Bolster Faculty Profile, Department of English, Concordia University

1969 births
Living people
Canadian women poets
University of British Columbia alumni
Academic staff of Concordia University
Governor General's Award-winning poets
20th-century Canadian poets
21st-century Canadian poets
20th-century Canadian women writers
21st-century Canadian women writers

Stephanie Bolster


Événements

Janvier
 6 janvier - Québec annonce l'élargissement du passeport vaccinal à la Société des alcools du Québec (SAQ) et à la Société québécoise du cannabis (SQDC). Sa validité sera aussi bientôt portée à trois doses.
 10 janvier - Le directeur national de santé publique, Horacio Arruda, offre sa démission acceptée par le premier ministre. Sa gestion de la pandémie était critiquée depuis quelque temps.
 11 janvier - Lors d'une conférence de presse, François Legault déclare qu'il imposera une taxe santé au montant encore non déterminé au 10 % de la population qui n'est pas encore vaccinée.
 13 janvier - François Legault annonce la fin du couvre-feu et un retour en classe pour les élèves du primaire et du secondaire. Il annonce aussi que le passeport vaccinal sera obligatoire pour entrer dans les magasins à grande surface.
 25 janvier - François Legault annonce l'ouverture des restaurants avec 50 %  de leur capacité pour le 31 janvier et l'ouverture des salles de spectacle et de cinéma avec un maximum de  personnes pour le 7 février. La pratique des sports avec un maximum de 25 personnes pourra également reprendre.

Février
  - D'autres assouplissements sanitaires sont annoncés. Les centres de conditionnement physique et les spas pourront rouvrir le 14 février. Les activités artistiques et sportives pour adultes seront également permises à partir de cette date.
 2 février - Le ministre de l'Énergie et des Ressources naturelles, Jonatan Julien, dépose le projet de loi 21 devant mettre fin à l'exploration et à la production d'hydrocarbures. Les compensations sont estimées à 100 millions de dollars.
 5 février - Plus d'un millier de personnes manifestent devant l'Assemblée nationale pour la levée des restrictions sanitaires. Des convois de camions sont venus d'un peu partout au Québec. Plusieurs camionneurs se sont stationnés sur le boulevard René-Lévesque près de l'Hôtel du Parlement. Ils se surnomment le « convoi de la liberté ». Plusieurs habitants de Québec craignent une occupation du centre-ville comme ce qui se passe à Ottawa depuis une semaine.
 6 février - Quelques centaines de personnes manifestent à nouveau devant le Parlement. Ils quittent la ville vers 17 heures en promettant de revenir dans deux semaines si le gouvernement ne réagit pas. L'un des organisateurs déclare que ce sera un « Woodstock de la liberté ».
 8 février - François Legault annonce un calendrier de déconfinement qui se terminera le 14 mars. À cette date, les seules mesures sanitaires restantes seront le masque et le passeport vaccinal.
 9 février - La population du Québec était de  en 2021.
 14 février - Les centres de conditionnement physique et les spas rouvrent mais à 50 % de leur capacité.
 15 février - Christian Dubé annonce la suspension du passeport vaccinal dans les magasins à grande surface, à la SAQ et à la SQDC dès le lendemain. La suspension sera générale partout le 14 mars.
 19 février - Quelques milliers de personnes dont plusieurs camionneurs manifestent contre les mesures sanitaires du gouvernement Legault à Québec.
 22 février - Québec annonce la fin du port obligatoire du masque dans les écoles primaires et secondaires à partir du 7 mars.
 28 février - L'UPAC décide de mettre fin à l'enquête Mâchurer qui travaillait sur les pratiques de financement peut-être illégales du Parti libéral. L'ancien premier ministre du Québec Jean Charest est ainsi blanchi des soupçons que l'on portait contre lui.

Mars
  - Le député péquiste de Jonquière, Sylvain Gaudreault, annonce son retrait de la vie politique à la fin de son mandat.
 10 mars - L'ancien premier ministre du Québec Jean Charest annonce qu'il sera candidat à la chefferie du Parti conservateur du Canada. Son principal adversaire est le Franco-Ontarien Pierre Poilièvre.
 16 mars - Québec annonce la fin de l'état d'urgence sanitaire.
 21 mars - La députée libérale d'Acadie Christine St-Pierre annonce qu'elle ne se représentera pas lors de l'élection provinciale de l'automne.
 22 mars - Le dernier budget caquiste avant l'élection de l'automne annonce un déficit de 6,5 milliards de dollars pour l'année en cours. Un chèque de  dollars sera remis aux adultes ayant un revenu net de  dollars par année. Le gouvernement investira 8,9 milliards de dollars pour changer et moderniser les établissements de santé.
 23 mars - La ministre de la Sécurité publique Geneviève Guilbault demande de le déclenchement d'une enquête publique sur les circonstances entourant la mort de Norah et Romy Carpentier tuées par leur père à l'été 2020.
 29 mars - Le ministre de la Santé, Christian Dubé, présente son plan de réforme de la santé. Il veut faire en sorte que tous les Québécois puissent obtenir facilement des soins et des conseils de professionnels de la santé, que ce soit par téléphone ou par Internet. Les infirmières et les pharmaciens seront entre autres mis à contribution.
 31 mars - L'Institut national de santé publique du Québec annonce que le Québec est entré officiellement dans la sixième vague de Covid-19.

Avril
 5 avril - La Santé publique du Québec annonce que le port du masque restera obligatoire jusqu'au 30 avril. De plus, les personnes âgées de 60 ans et plus pourront recevoir une quatrième dose de vaccin.
 6 avril - Le gouvernement Legault accorde sans condition à la ville de Québec les décrets permettant d'aller de l'avant dans la construction du tramway.
 8 avril - Les ministres Danielle McCann et Marguerite Blais annoncent qu'elles ne se représenteront pas lors de la prochaine élection.
 11 avril -
 Le procès de Carl Girouard, accusé d'avoir tué deux personnes avec un sabre médiéval à l'Halloween 2020 dans le Vieux-Québec, débute.
 La candidate caquiste Shirley Dorismond remporte l'élection partielle de Marie-Victorin. Elle obtient 34 % des voix contre 30 % au péquiste Pierre Nantel. Les libéraux n'obtiennent même pas 10 % du vote.
 14 avril - Le ministre des Transports du Québec, François Bonnardel, confirme que le troisième lien reliant Québec à Lévis sera construit avec deux tunnels au lieu d'un seul dans la présentation de la nouvelle mouture du projet. Ces tunnels iront de centre-ville à centre-ville et devraient coûter 6,5 milliards $. Ils auront de 12 à 15 mètres de diamètre et les travaux devraient se terminer en 2032.
 19 avril - Le ministre François Bonnardel annonce que son gouvernement investira  millions $ dans le transport aérien régional. Il vise ainsi à offrir des allers-retours au coût maximum de  $ pour des liaisons vers des régions éloignées de la province.
 21 avril - La député péquiste de Joliette, Véronique Hivon, annonce qu'elle ne sollicitera pas de nouveau mandat lors de l'élection de l'automne prochain.
 28 avril - Le directeur national de la santé publique par intérim, Luc Boileau, annonce la fin probable du port du masque obligatoire dans les endroits publics à partir du 14 mai 2022 si les circonstances le permettent.
 29 avril - François Legault et Justin Trudeau annoncent que la pharmaceutique Moderna construira une usine dans la grande région de Montréal. Ce sera la première usine Moderna située hors des États-Unis et la construction se terminera en 2024.

Mai
  - Le salaire minimum s'établit maintenant à 14,25 $ de l'heure.
  3 mai  - Funérailles nationales pour Guy Lafleur en son honneur à la Basilique-cathédrale Marie-Reine-du-Monde de Montréal à la suite de son décès le  dernier. Il est la troisième personnalité sportive à recevoir ce genre de funérailles après Maurice Richard en 2000 et Jean Béliveau en 2014.
 14 mai - Pour la première fois depuis 22 mois, le port du masque n'est plus obligatoire dans les endroits publics sauf dans les transports en commun et les établissements de santé. Il reste fortement recommandé dans les pharmacies.
 20 mai - Carl Girouard est reconnu coupable de meurtres au premier degré le soir du  dans le Vieux-Québec. Il est condamné à la prison à vie. La défense annonce qu'elle ira en appel.
 21 mai -  clients d'Hydro-Québec se retrouvent sans électricité à la suite d'orages violents qui sévissent dans le sud de la province de même qu'en Ontario. On enregistre 5 morts à la frontière Ontario-Québec.
 23 mai - Le projet de loi 96, réformant la Charte de la langue française, est adoptée à l'Assemblée nationale par 78 voix contre 29. Le PQ et le PLQ ont voté contre mais pour des raisons différentes.
 26 mai - Le Québec commencera à offrir le vaccin Imvamune après la confirmation de 25 cas de variole du singe dans la province.
 27 mai - La Cour suprême juge inconstitutionnel le cumul des peines. Alexandre Bissonnette, condamné pour l'attentat à la grande mosquée de Québec, ne purgera que 25 ans.
 29 mai - Lors du congrès de la CAQ, qui se tient à Drummondville, François Legault demande aux Québécois un mandat fort à la prochaine élection, en octobre, pour qu'il puisse rapatrier du fédéral tous les pouvoirs en matière d'immigration.

Juin
  - Le monument de Jacques Parizeau est inauguré derrière l'Assemblée nationale.
 3 juin - Bernard Drainville annonce qu'il sera candidat caquiste dans la circonscription de Lévis lors des élections de l'automne.
 5 juin - Le film Les Oiseaux ivres reçoit le prix Iris du meilleur film ainsi que 9 autres prix lors du Gala Québec Cinéma. Hélène Florent reçoit le prix de la meilleure interprétation féminine et celui de la meilleure interprétation féminine de soutien. Vincent-Guillaume Otis reçoit le prix de la meilleure interprétation masculine. Maria Chapdelaine reçoit 4 prix dont celui de révélation de l'année.
 8 juin - Le ministre Christian Dubé confirme la fin du port du masque obligatoire dans le transport en commun à partir du 18 juin.
 13 juin - début des célébrations du centenaire de naissance de René Lévesque à la Grande Bibliothèque du Québec à Montréal. Le chef du Parti québécois, Paul St-Pierre Plamondon, qui n'avait pas été au début invité, peut y prendre la parole.
 20 juin - L'ancien chef péquiste André Boisclair est reconnu coupable de deux chefs d'agression sexuelle.

Juillet
 6 juillet - L'Institut nationale de la santé publique (INSPQ) confirme que le taux d'arsenic dans l'air est très élevé à Rouyn-Noranda. Le docteur Luc Boileau déclare qu'il n'est pas tolérable que la fonderie Horne continue à en émettre autant et dit espérer qu'elle adopte des mesures visant à faire diminuer ces émissions.
 7 juillet - La Santé publique reconnait l'arrivée d'une septième vague de Covid-19 au Québec.
 18 juillet - L'ancien chef péquiste André Boisclair écope de deux ans moins un jour de prison pour agressions sexuelles.
 19 juillet - Hugo Houle devient le premier Québécois à remporte une étape lors du Tour de France.
 22 juillet - L'entreprise de transformation de viandes Olymel ferme son usine d'abattage et de découpe de porcs à Vallée-Jonction, en Beauce.
 23 juillet - Trois tornades font des dégâts importants à Saint-Adolphe-d'Howard: toits arrachés, maisons détruites, routes bloquées par des arbres.
 27 juillet - En visite au Canada dans le contexte d'une réconciliation avec les peuples autochtones, le pape François arrive à Québec et prend un bain de foule sur les Plaines d'Abraham.
 28 juillet - Le pape François préside une messe à la basilique de Sainte-Anne-de-Beaupré. Son homélie met l'emphase sur la réconciliation entre l'Église catholique et les peuples autochtones.

Août
 10 août - L'ancienne journaliste de Radio-Canada, Martine Biron, se présente pour la CAQ dans Chutes-de-la-Chaudière. Elle se prononce maintenant pour le troisième lien malgré les critiques qu'elle en a fait à une certaine époque. Elle n'est pas la première journaliste à se présenter pour ce parti. Il y a entre autres Bernard Drainville, candidat dans Lévis, et Kariane Bourassa, candidate dans Charlevoix—Côte-de-Beaupré.
 16 août - Le cardinal Marc Ouellet est visé par une plainte d'agression sexuelle du temps qu'il était archevêque de Québec. La présumée victime serait une femme qui faisait un stage d'agente pastorale à Québec entre 2008 et 2010.
 19 août - Marc Ouellet nie les allégations sexuelles portées contre lui. Malgré cela, l'enquête au Québec continue.
 25 août - Le gouvernement Legault bloque l'entente survenue entre le gouvernement fédéral et le Canadien National pour le rachat du pont de Québec. Québec, qui a un droit de préemption, entend limiter sa contribution à l'entretien du tablier du pont, ce qui n'était pas écrit dans l'entente. Certains critiques croient que le gouvernement québécois veut ainsi mousser son projet de troisième lien entre Québec et Lévis.
 28 août - Le premier ministre François Legault annonce officiellement des élections générales pour le 3 octobre.
 30 août - Le maire de Québec, Bruno Marchand, réclame des partis politiques le règlement au plus vite du dossier du pont de Québec. Ses autres demandes portent surtout sur le développement durable, nécessitant des investissements de  millions de dollars.

Septembre
 7 septembre - La nouvelle Maison de Radio-Canada à Montréal est inaugurée.
 10 septembre - Pierre Poilièvre devient le nouveau chef du Parti conservateur du Canada.
 13 septembre - Le député fédéral de Richmond—Arthabaska, Alain Rayes, quitte le Parti conservateur du Canada, les valeurs conservatrices du nouveau chef Pierre Poilièvre n'étant pas en accord avec les siennes. Il siégera désormais comme député indépendant.
 14 septembre - L'inauguration de l'installation L'Anneau à la Place Ville Marie à Montreal.
 15 septembre - Le premier débat des chefs de la campagne électorale a lieu. Pour la première fois, cinq partis sont représentés: la Coalition avenir Québec, le Parti libéral du Québec, Québec solidaire, le Parti conservateur du Québec et le Parti québécois.
 16 septembre - François Legault admet finalement qu'il n'y a pas d'étude sur la faisabilité du troisième lien entre Québec et Lévis.
 18 septembre - Les Capitales de Québec remportent le championnat des séries éliminatoires de la Ligue Frontière à leur première saison dans cette ligue.
 22 septembre - Lors du second débat de la campagne électorale, François Legault attaque surtout Gabriel Nadeau-Dubois qu'il considère comme son principal adversaire.
 24 septembre - La tempête post-tropicale Fiona déferle sur l'Est du Canada et sur les Îles-de-la-Madeleine, causant des inondations et d'importantes pannes d'électricité. L'état d'urgence est instauré.

Octobre
  - Des milliers de personnes manifestent contre le gouvernement Legault et contre les mesures sanitaires à L'Assomption, située dans la circonscription de François Legault.
 3 octobre : La CAQ de François Legault remporte les élections avec 90 députés. Les libéraux de Dominique Anglade formeront l'opposition officielle avec 21 députés. Québec solidaire stagne à 11 députés. Le Parti québécois obtient le pire score de son histoire avec 3 députés. Le Parti conservateur ne fait élire aucun député. La CAQ obtient 41 % du vote, Québec solidaire 15,4 %, le PQ 14,6 %, le PLQ 14,4 % et le PCQ 12,9 %.
 11 octobre - Paul St-Pierre Plamondon annonce que les députés du Parti québécois ne prêteront pas serment au roi Charles III lors de l'assermentation à l'Assemblée nationale le 17 octobre.
 12 octobre - La Santé publique annonce le début d'une huitième vague de Covid-19.
 17 octobre - La famille de la petite martyre de Granby, morte à la suite des mauvais traitements infligés par sa belle-mère en 2019, intente une poursuite de 3 millions de dollars contre la Direction de la protection de la jeunesse (DPJ) qui aurait agi de façon négligente dans cette affaire.
 19 octobre - Les députés de Québec solidaire refusent de prêter serment à la monarchie britannique.
 20 octobre - François Legault présente son conseil des ministres qui comprend  hommes et  femmes. Plusieurs changements surviennent par rapport au premier ministère. Geneviève Guilbault obtient le ministère des Transports et Bernard Drainville celui de l'Éducation. François Bonnardel reçoit la Sécurité publique et Pierre Fitzgibbon devient ministre de l'Énergie en plus de l'Économie. La première autochtone élue, Kateri Champagne Jourdain obtient le ministère de l'Emploi.

 31 octobre - Des travaux de grande ampleur débutent au pont-tunnel Louis-Hippolyte-La Fontaine. Trois des six voies seront fermées jusqu'en 2025. On prévoit de fortes congestions routières.

Novembre
 3 novembre - Les députés de Québec solidaire décident finalement de prêter serment au roi. Ils espèrent ainsi déposer un projet de loi qui rendrait ce serment facultatif.
 6 novembre - Hubert Lenoir et Roxane Bruneau sont les grands gagnants du  de l'ADISQ. Hubert Lenoir remporte trois trophées dont celui d'interprète masculin de l'année. Roxane Bruneau est l'interprète féminine de l'année.
7 novembre - Dominique Anglade annonce qu'elle démissionne comme cheffe du Parti libéral et qu'elle laissera son siège de députée le . Les tensions internes du Parti sont la cause principale de cette démission.
 10 novembre - Marc Tanguay devient chef intérimaire du PLQ.
 14 novembre - Un employé d'Hydro-Québec est accusé d'espionnage au profit de la Chine. Celle-ci aurait obtenu des secrets industriels de la société d'État.
 17 novembre - Ottawa annonce qu'il ne subventionnera pas la construction d'un troisième lien entre Québec et Lévis désiré par le gouvernement Legault.
 23 novembre - L'ancien député péquiste Harold LeBel est reconnu coupable d'agression sexuelle.
 25 novembre - Le vaccin contre l'influenza est gratuit temporairement pour toute la population à partir de maintenant.
 29 novembre - Nathalie Roy est assermentée présidente de l'Assemblée nationale.
 30 novembre - Le premier ministre François Legault prononce son discours d'ouverture de la session. Il met l'emphase surtout sur la lutte contre le déclin du français dans la province. Il déclare que l'immigration doit devenir 100 % francophone d'ici 2026. Legault veut aussi faire cohabiter la protection de l'environnement et la croissance économique durant son mandat.

Décembre
  - Les trois députés du Parti québécois se voient refuser l'entrée au Salon bleu de l'Assemblée nationale du fait qu'ils n'ont pas prêté serment au roi. De son côté, Québec solidaire dépose un projet de loi devant rendre ce serment facultatif.
 6 décembre - À son tour, le gouvernement dépose le projet de loi 4 rendant le serment au roi facultatif.
 8 décembre -
 Céline Dion annonce dans une vidéo qu'elle est atteinte d'une maladie neurologique rare et que sa tournée est pour le moment reportée. Sa maladie se nomme le syndrome de Moersch et Woltman ou syndrome de la personne raide caractérisé par de graves spasmes musculaires qui l'empêchent de bien fonctionner dans ses mouvements.
 Le ministre des Finances Éric Girard fait un énoncé économique. Il annonce pour les aînés un crédit d'impôt qui passera de 411 $ à 2000 $. Il prévoit un ralentissement économique pour l'année 2023 et une augmentation du taux de chômage. Le déficit se situera à 5,2 milliards en 2022-2023.
 9 décembre - Le projet de loi 4, abolissant l'obligation pour les députés de prêter serment au roi, est adopté.
 15 décembre - Le gouvernement Legault dépose ses offres salariales aux employés de l'État, aussitôt rejetées par les syndicats. Les offres se traduisent en hausses salariales de 9 % sur 5 ans.
 23 décembre - La tempête de neige et de vents qui fait rage aux États-Unis balaie également le Québec. Il y a près de  abonnés d'Hydro-Québec privés d'électricité. Des routes sont fermées. La ville de Chibougamau est isolée du reste de la province. Des rafales de  sont enregistrées à Québec.

Décès
 2 janvier - Jean-Guy Couture (prêtre) (º )
 7 janvier - Raymond Malenfant (homme d'affaires) (º )
 10 janvier - Ian Greenberg (homme d'affaires) (º )
 15 janvier - Jean-Claude Lord (réalisateur et scénariste de cinéma) (º )
 22 janvier - René Gagnon (peintre) (º )
 23 janvier - Guy Saint-Pierre (homme d'affaires et homme politique) (º )
 1er février - Jean Ricard (comédien) (º )
 17 février -
 François Ricard (essayiste et éditeur) (º )
 Marc Hamilton (auteur-compositeur-interprète) (º )
 18 février - Danic Champoux (cinéaste) (º )
 20 février - Robert Silverman (militant pour le cyclisme)  (º )
 2 mars - Michel Pelland (journaliste) (º )
 4 mars - Clément Richard (homme politique) (º )
 11 mars - Yves Trudel (comédien) (º )
 5 avril - Michel Lessard (historien de l'art) (º )
 7 avril - Micheline Lachance (journaliste et romancière) (º )
 12 avril - Paul-André Comeau (journaliste) (º )
 13 avril - Jean Guimond (producteur télé) (º )
 15 avril - Michael Bossy (joueur de hockey et analyste sportif) (º )
 17 avril - Paolo Noël (Paul-Emile Noël) (chanteur et comédien) (º )
 21 avril - André Richard (comédien) (º )
 22 avril - Guy Lafleur (joueur de hockey) (º )
 26 avril - Julie Daraîche (chanteuse) (º )
 26 avril - Louis de Santis (acteur) (º )
 6 mai - Gisèle Dufour (comédienne) (º )
 8 mai -
 André Arthur (animateur de radio et homme politique) (º )
 Michel Gervais (universitaire) (º )
 14 mai - François Blais (écrivain) (º )
 17 mai - Francine Chaloult (attachée de presse culturelle) (º )
 27 mai -
 Pierre Rinfret (chroniqueur et journaliste sportif) (º )
 Jacques Samson (journaliste et directeur au journal Le Soleil) (º )
 31 mai - Michel Lamarche (journaliste et animateur à la radio de Radio-Canada, Québec) (º )
 30 juin - Jean-Guy Gendron (joueur de hockey) ( )
 4 juillet - Jacques Plante  (architecte) (º )
 8 juillet - Denis Brière (ingénieur forestier et universitaire) (º )
 8 juillet - Roland Laroche (homme de théâtre) ( )
 10 juillet - Maurice Boucher (criminel) (º )
 13 juillet - Pierre Marcotte (animateur de télévision et de radio) (º )
 16 juillet - Nadège St-Philippe (présentatrice météo) (º )
 31 juillet - Jean de Grandpré (homme d'affaires) (º )
 18 août - Armand Couture (ingénieur) (º )
 25 août - Orval Tessier (joueur et entraîneur de hockey) (º )
 28 août - Roger Giguère (comédien, marionnettiste, bruiteur) (º )
 30 août -
 Jean-Pierre Bérubé (auteur-compositeur-interprète) (º )
 Lucienne Cornet (artiste multidisciplinaire) (º )
 31 août - Normand Chaurette (romancier et dramaturge) (⁰ )
 2 septembre - Louise-Andrée Saulnier (sexologue et animatrice) (º )
 18 septembre - Diane Guérin dite Belgazou (chanteuse et comédienne)  (º )
 29 septembre -
 Andrée Ferretti, (militante indépendantiste et femme de lettres) (º )
 Gilles Loiselle (journaliste, député, diplomate) (º )
 4 octobre - Rodrigue Guité ( militant indépendantiste et architecte) (º )
 8 octobre - André Chagnon (homme d'affaires et fondateur de Vidéotron) (º )
 11 octobre - André Brassard (metteur en scène et réalisateur) (º )
 14 octobre - André Spénard (homme politique) (º )
 15 octobre - Simon Roy (écrivain et professeur) (º )
 19 octobre - Jacques Brault (homme de lettres et professeur) (º )
 21 octobre - Pascal Elie (caricaturiste) (º )
 26 octobre - Larry Hodgson (horticulteur) (º )
 31 octobre -
 Alain Gélinas (comédien) (º )
 John McGale (musicien) (º )
 10 novembre- Virginie Boulanger (journaliste) (º )
 11 novembre- Pierre Fournier (dessinateur) (º )
 18 novembre - Jean Lapointe (chanteur et comédien) (º )
 26 novembre - Marcel Lefebvre (réalisateur et scénariste) (º )
 28 novembre - Andrée Simard (épouse de Robert Bourassa) ( )
 2 décembre - Jeanne-D'Arc Lemay-Warren (avocate) (º )
 20 décembre - Laurent Girouard (anthropologue) (º )
 25 décembre - Claire Gagnier (soprano) (º )
 21 décembre - Joey Basmaji (homme d'affaires, fondateur des magasins Jacob)
 30 décembre - Jean-Robert Sansfaçon (journaliste) ( )

Bibliographie

Voir aussi

Articles connexes

Articles généraux
 Chronologie de l'histoire du Québec (1982 à aujourd'hui)

Articles sur l'année 2022 au Québec
 Pandémie de Covid-19 au Québec

L'année 2022 dans le reste du monde
 L'année 2022 dans le monde
 2022 par pays en Amérique, 2022 au Canada, 2022 aux États-Unis
 2022 en Europe, 2022 dans l'Union européenne, 2022 en Belgique, 2022 en France, , 2022 en Italie, 2022 en Suisse
 2022 en Afrique • 2022 par pays en Asie • 2022 en Océanie
 2022 aux Nations unies
 Décès en 2022

Notes et références

 Québec

2022 au Québec


Gamze bazı insanlar gülümsediğinde yanaklarında, alttaki et nedeniyle, oluşan derideki görülebilir çukurdur. Ölü hücrelerden dolayı yanakta çökme meydana gelir.

Gamzeler genellikle toplumlarda çekici bulunurlar. Bebekler sıklıkla gamzelidirler, daha sonra bunlar kasların yaşın ilerlemesiyle birlikte uzamasıyla genelde yok olur veya belirsizleşirler. Sonuç olarak, yetişkinlere göre gamzeler genellikle hoşluk ve masumiyet işaretleridir. Gamze kalıtsal olup baskın genlerle taşınır.

Aynı zamanda bir kız ismidir.

Kafa ve boyun
Yüz ifadeleri

Gamze


Prison Break yayıncıları, Prison Break dizisinin uluslararası yayıncıları ve dizinin ilk gösterim tarihi.

Yayın
Prison Break yayınlanan

Büyük Kaçış'ın yayınlandığı kanallar listesi


An Calamagrostis eminens in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Jan Svatopluk Presl, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel. An Calamagrostis eminens in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis eminens


Izvori
 Moja županija - Kronika Splitsko-dalmatinske županije, str. 4. i 5., rujan 2018.

Hrvatske nagrade
Splitsko-dalmatinska županija

Nagrada Splitsko-dalmatinske županije


Kurija Gluck – Hafner kurija je u naselju Brezje koje je u sastavu općine Sveta Nedelja. Zaštićeno je kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Kurija Gluck – Hafner smještena je u naselju Brezje usred prostranog parka bogate i raznolike vegetacije. Izgrađena je sredinom 19. stoljeća kao jednokatnica pravokutne osnove s četverostrešnim krovištem. Prostor prvog kata dugačkim je hodnikom podijeljen u dva niza prostorija. U prednjem su dijelu tri anfiladno povezane prostorije dok su u stražnjem dijelu prostorije utilitarnog karaktera. Vanjski zidni plašt čine prizemna ploha izvedena u rustici s manjim pravokutnim prozorima i katna glatka ploha s većim pravokutnim prozorima koju zaključuje vijenac snažne profilacije. Svojim prostornim konceptom i artikulacijom vanjskog zidnog plašta kurija predstavlja tipičan primjer 19. stoljeća.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-1457 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro – pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "profana graditeljska baština".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Zagrebačkoj županiji
Kurije u Hrvatskoj
Građevine u Svetoj Nedelji (Zagrebačka županija)

Kurija Gluck – Hafner


2006 ජාත්‍යන්තර ක්‍රිකට් වාරයේ දී ශ්‍රී ලංකාව ක්‍රිකට් තරග සඳහා එංගලන්තයේ සංචාරය කළේය. සැප්තැම්බර් මාසයෙන් පසු පළමු වතාවට එංගලන්තය ආපසු තම රටට පැමිණි අතර ඔවුන්ගේ ටෙස්ට් ප්‍රමිතීන් පවත්වා ගැනීමට උත්සාහ කළ අතර, ඔවුන් ඉන්දියාවේ පැවති ICC ටෙස්ට් ශූරතාවලියේ ඔවුන්ගේ දෙවන ස්ථානය තබා ගත් අතර, කණ්ඩායම් දෙකම ICC ODI ශූරතාවලියේ හයවන ස්ථානය සඳහා තරඟ කළහ. එංගලන්තය සහ ශ්‍රී ලංකාව පිළිවෙළින් ඉන්දියාවට සහ පකිස්තානයට එරෙහිව ආසියානු උප මහද්වීපයේ පැරදුණු එක්දින සංචාර දෙකකින් පසුව පිටව යමින් සිටියේය.

කාලසටහන

සංචිත

පුහුණු තරඟ

තෙදින තරගය: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ බ්‍රිතාන්‍ය විශ්වවිද්‍යාල

තුන්දින තරගය: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ ඩර්බිෂයර්

සිව්දින තරගය: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ එංගලන්ත ඒ

සිව්දින තරගය: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ සසෙක්ස්

එක්දින තරගය: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ එසෙක්ස්

එක්දින තරගය: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ සමර්සෙට්

වි20 තරගය: ශ්‍රී ලංකාව සහ PCA මාස්ටර්ස් XI

ටෙස්ට් තරගමාලාව

1 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

2 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

3 වන ටෙස්ට් තරගය

සීමිත ඕවර තරඟ

වි20ජා තරගය

1 වන එදිජා තරගය

2 වන එදිජා තරගය

3 වන එදිජා තරගය

4 වන එදිජා තරගය

5 වන එදිජා තරගය

සටහන්

බාහිර මූලාශ්‍ර

 ESPN Cricinfo හි නිවසට සංචාරය කරන්න
 ක්‍රිකට් ලේඛනාගාරය

යොමු කිරීම්

ක්‍රිකට්
ශ්‍රී ලංකාව තුළ ක්‍රිකට්

ශ්‍රී ලංකා ක්‍රිකට් කණ්ඩායමේ එංගලන්ත තරග සංචාරය 2006


පැනමාව, නිල වශයෙන් පැනමා ජනරජය ලෙස හැඳින්වෙන්නේ උතුරු සහ දකුණු ඇමෙරිකා මහාද්වීප අතර පිහිටි අන්තර් මහාද්වීපික රටකි. එය බටහිරින් කොස්ටා රිකාවටත්, ගිනිකොණින් කොලොම්බියාවටත්, උතුරින් කැරිබියන් දූපත් වලටත්, දකුණින් පැසිෆික් සාගරයටත් මායිම් වේ. රටේ අගනගරය මෙන්ම විශාලම නගරය වන්නේ ද පැනමා නගරයයි. එම පරිපාලන නගරය තුළ,මිලියන 3.9 ක් වූ රටේ මුළු ජනගහණයෙන් අඩක් පමණ වාසය කරයි.

උතුරු ඇමරිකානු රටවල්

පැනමාව


The yellow-billed cardinal (Paroaria capitata) is a bird species in the tanager family (Thraupidae). It is not very closely related to the cardinals proper (Cardinalidae).

It occurs in Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, and northern Argentina and has been introduced on the island of Hawai'i. It breeds in moist shrubland. The yellow-billed cardinal could be easily confused with the red-crested cardinal. The yellow-billed cardinal does not have a crest.

References

External links

 Yellow-billed cardinal videos, photos & sounds on the Internet Bird Collection
 Stamps (for Brazil, Paraguay) with range map
 Yellow-billed cardinal photo gallery VIREO Photo

yellow-billed cardinal
Birds of the Pantanal
Birds of Paraguay
Birds of Argentina
yellow-billed cardinal

Yellow-billed cardinal


Kadir İnanır (15 Nisan 1949, Ordu), Türk oyuncu, yönetmen ve eski mankendir.

Hayatı
Fatsa doğumlu olan Kadir İnanır, ailesinin son çocuğudur. Fatsa'daki ilkokul ve ortaokul eğitimi sırasında sahne yeteneğini çeşitli okul gösterilerinde sergiledi. İnanır, yatılı olarak okuduğu İstanbul Haydarpaşa Lisesi'nin ardından Marmara Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi, Radyo-Televizyon Bölümü'nü bitirdi.

Kariyeri
1967 yılında Ses dergisi'''nin düzenlediği "Sinema Artisti Yarışması"'nda finale kaldı, 1968 düzenlenen Saklambaç gazetesinin "Fotoroman Artisti Yarışması"'nda da birinci oldu. Bir süre fotoromanlarda oynadıktan sonra Yedi Adım Sonra (1968) adlı filmdeki küçük bir rolle sinemaya başladı. İlk kez başrolde oynadığı 1970 tarihli, Atıf Yılmaz'ın yönettiği Kara Gözlüm filminde Türkân Şoray'la başrolleri paylaştı. Daha sonra Şoray'la birçok film daha çevirerek Türk sinemasının erkek yıldızları arasına girdi.

Zamanla daha nitelikli filmlere yöneldi. Atıf Yılmaz'ın yönettiği Utanç (1972), Selvi Boylum, Al Yazmalım (1977) ve Bir Yudum Sevgi (1984), Ömer Kavur'un yönettiği Ah Güzel İstanbul (1981), Kırık Bir Aşk Hikayesi (1981) ve Amansız Yol (1985), Şerif Gören'in yönettiği Tomruk (1982), Sen Türkülerini Söyle (1986) ve Katırcılar (1987), Erdoğan Tokatlı'nın yönettiği Suçumuz İnsan Olmak (1986) ve 72. Koğuş (1987), Zeki Alasya'nın yönettiği Dikenli Yol (1986), Zafer Par'ın yönettiği Yedi Uyuyanlar (1988), Melih Gülgen'in yönettiği Tatar Ramazan (1990) ve Tatar Ramazan Sürgünde (1992) bu filmler arasındadır.

5. Altın Koza Film Festivali'nde başrolünü Filiz Akın'la paylaştığı Utanç (1973) adlı filmle En İyi Erkek Oyuncu seçilen Kadir İnanır, başrollerini Fatma Girik, Serpil Çakmaklı, Nur Sürer, Erdal Özyağcılar ile paylaştığı 1985 tarihli Yılanların Öcü adlı Şerif Gören filmiyle ise 1986 Antalya Altın Portakal Film Festivali'nde En İyi Erkek Oyuncu ödülünün sahibi oldu. Kadir İnanır, 1990'da Medcezir Manzaraları adlı film ile 3. Ankara Film Festivali'nde de En İyi Erkek Oyuncu dalında ödülün sahibi oldu. 1998 yılında Flash TV'de 8 ay boyunca ana haber bülteni sunmuştur.

Son dönem Türk sinemasında 2000 yapımı Komser Şekspir adlı Sinan Çetin filminde yer alan ünlü oyuncu, 24 yıl aradan sonra 2003 yılında Gönderilmemiş Mektuplar adlı filmde Türkân Şoray'la yeniden bir araya geldi. Uzun yıllar birbirine yakıştırılan ikili bu filmle de büyük ilgi topladı.

2005 yılında Memduh Ün ve Tunç Başaran'ın yönettiği, Fatma Girik ile birlikte başrollerini paylaştığı, Sinema Bir Mucizedir adlı yapımda oynadı.

Oynadığı filmlerin içeriği konusunda da etkili olan İnanır genellikle onurlu, özverili ve güçlü erkek tiplerini canlandırmıştır. Toplam 182 sinema filminde ve 12 televizyon dizisinde rol alan İnanır'ın en uzun soluklu dizisi Marziye adlı yapım oldu. 1995-1996 yılları arasında Kanal D'de yayınlanan Böyle Gitmez adlı bir haber programının sunuculuğunu yaptı.

Özel hayatı
Sosyoloji, ekonomi ve siyasetle de ilgilenen ve hiç evlenmeyen Kadir İnanır'ın Göden (Fatsa ağzında kurbağa) koleksiyonu bulunuyor. Hekimoğlu Türküsü, Ümit Tokcan'la birlikte derlemiştir.

Kadir İnanır için, 2000 yılında Derman Bey'' dizisinin çekimleri sırasında rol arkadaşı olan Buket Saygı'ya gönderdiği smsler nedeniyle taciz suçlamasıyla dava açıldı. İnanır, smsleri "motivasyon" amaçlı gönderdiğini belirtmesine karşın 2003 yılında sonuçlanan davada "sarkıntılık ve hakaret etmek" suçundan 6 ay hapis cezasına çarptırmış, iyi halden dolayı bu ceza 456 milyon 300 bin lira para cezasına çevrilip ertelenmiştir.

Şubat 2012'de bel fıtığı ameliyatı olan İnanır, ardından akciğerlerinde görülen bir tümör nedeniyle bir operasyon daha geçirdi. 20 Kasım 2021 tarihinde rahatsızlandığından dolayı hastaneye kaldırıldı. Hastaneden yapılan açıklamada felç riskinin olmadığı ve sağlık durumunun iyi olduğu belirtilmiştir.

Filmografi

Ödüller
 1973: 5. Altın Koza Film Festivali - En İyi Erkek Oyuncu - Utanç
 1986: 23. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - En İyi Erkek Oyuncu - Yılanların Öcü
 1990: 3. Ankara Film Festivali - En İyi Erkek Oyuncu - Medcezir Manzaraları
 2000: 37. Altın Portakal Film Festivali - Yaşam Boyu Onur Ödülü
 2007: 40. Sinema Yazarları Derneği Ödülleri - Onur Ödülü
 2011: 18. Uluslararası Adana Altın Koza Film Festivali - Yaşam Boyu Onur Ödülü
 2016: Almanya Film Festivali Oyun Ödülü - Onur Ödülü
 2023: 30. Uluslararası Altın Koza Film Festivali - Cumhuriyetin 100. yılında Sinemamızın Yüzü Ödülü

Ayrıca bakınız
 Türk oyuncu film listeleri
 Yeşilçam oyuncuları
 Yeşilçam Türk Sineması

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 TSA´de Kadir İnanır

Yaşayan insanlar
Türk erkek sinema oyuncuları
1949 doğumlular
Fatsa doğumlular
Türk erkek dizi oyuncuları
Altın Portakal Ödülü sahibi oyuncular
Ankara Uluslararası Film Festivali Ödülü sahibi oyuncular

Kadir İnanır


Melonul, cunoscut și sub denumirea de gambetă, (în ), este o pălărie tare de fetru cu calota rotundă și bombată și cu boruri înguste întoarse în sus, creată de pălărierii londonezi Thomas și William Bowler în 1849. Acest tip de pălărie, rezistent și protector, a fost popular în rândul clasei muncitoare din SUA, Marea Britanie și Irlanda în a doua jumătate a secolului al XIX-lea și mai târziu în clasa superioară și de mijloc din Marea Britanie, Irlanda și estul Statelor Unite.

În cultura populară

Melonul a devenit faimos prin purtarea sa de anumiți actori, cum ar fi Charlie Chaplin, Stan și Bran, Curly Howard și John Cleese și, de asemenea, de către personajul fictiv al lui John Steed din The Avengers, interpretat de Patrick Macnee.

Melonul este parte a costumului Droog pe care personajul englez Alex îl poartă în filmul Portocala mecanică ca un simbol al atracției sale pentru costumele fancy.

Coregraful și regizorul de film Bob Fosse a inclus frecvent pălării melon în spectacolele de dans. Această utilizare a pălăriilor ca elemente de recuzită, așa cum se vede în filmul Cabaret (1972), a devenit una din mărcile sale artistice.

Purtători notabili

 Membrii Plug Uglies, o bandă americană din secolul al XIX-lea, purtau meloane umplute cu pânză sau cu lână pentru a-și proteja capetele în timp ce se băteau.
 John Bonham, bateristul trupei Led Zeppelin, a purtat de multe ori un melon.
 Charlie Chaplin a purtat un melon, ca parte a costumului său de vagabond.
 Edward Coke, pentru care prima pălărie melon a fost proiectat.
 Bing Crosby poartă un melon în filmul Road to Utopia (1946), printre altele.
 Alex, protagonistul din Portocala mecanică, poartă o pălărie melon.
 Lou Costello din Abbott și Costello a purtat de multe ori o pălărie melon.
 Stan și Bran sunt cunoscuți prin faptul că au purtat meloane în filmele lor.
 "Tipul cu melon", antagonistul filmului Meet the Robinsons, este numit astfel datorită pălăriei pe care o poartă.
 Personajul John Steed din The Avengers a purtat o varietate de meloane de-a lungul serialului.
 Boy George a purtat de multe ori melon în cursul anilor 1980.

Note

Lectură suplimentară
 Fred Miller Robinson, The Man in the Bowler Hat: His History and Iconography (Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1993).
 "Whatever Became of the Derby Hat?" Lucius Beebe, Gourmet, May 1966.

Moda secolului al XX-lea
Pălării

Melon


Ouse (rijeka), ime nekolicine rijeka
 Ouseburn, rijeka u okrugu Tyneu i Wearu, Engleska
 Ouse (Tasmanija, Australija), gradić
 The Ouse, plimni estuarij u sjevernom Shapinsayu, Orkneyski otoci

Ouse


Biserica Adormirea Maicii Domnului din Călinești este un monument istoric aflat pe teritoriul satului Călinești, comuna Florești. În Repertoriul Arheologic Național, monumentul apare cu codul 133367.01.

Construită în timpul domniei lui Matei Basarab la 1640, pictura fiind realizată de zugravi din scoala lui Pârvu Mutu. Pictura a fost restaurată în 1991.

Note

Legături externe

Monumente istorice din județul Prahova


El Faro de Ault, (en francés: Phare d'Ault), es un faro situado en la localidad de Ault, en el departamento de Somme, Francia. Entró en funcionamiento en 1887. Fue destruido por las tropas francesas en 1940 durante su retirada ante las tropas alemanas al comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. El faro actual fue puesto en servicio en 1951. Se encuentra situado dentro de una zona militar y no es accesible al público.

Historia
En 1884 se decidió la construcción en la localidad de Ault de un nuevo faro de alimentación eléctrica tras abandonar los planes de electrificar el cercano faro de Cayeux ya que su torre sólo alcanzaba los 28 metros de altura y los costes de su ampliación eran muy altos.

Tras algunos retrasos, finalmente en 1887, el faro, consistente en una torre de 25 metros de altura y 101 sobre el nivel del mar, se puso en funcionamiento. Estaba equipado con una óptica de 500 mm de distancia focal y su luz característica era de destellos de luz blanca en un ciclo de 4 segundos. A pesar de haber sido construido para albergar un faro eléctrico, finalmente no se instaló la maquinaria necesaria, siendo alimentado primero por aceite mineral y desde 1907 por vapor de petróleo, no electrificándose hasta 1936. Se construyó en ladrillo por razones de economía y debido a lo expuesto del lugar y la mala calidad de aquellos, la torre padeció de graves problemas de humedades cuya reparación fue muy costosa. Coincidiendo con los cambios de alimentación, en 1907 fue cambiada su característica a una de luz blanca y roja a ocultaciones en un ciclo de 18 segundos y en 1936 a ocultaciones de luz blanca en 12 segundos. La torre fue dinamitada en 1940 al comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial por las propias tropas francesas durante su retirada ante el avance de las tropas alemanas.

En 1951 fue puesto en funcionamiento en nuevo faro, construido esta vez en hormigón en su parte inferior y ladrillo en la superior. En 2001 fue automatizado.

Características
El faro consiste en una torre ligeramente troncocónica de hormigón pintado de blanco con una galería de ladrillo y linterna pintadas de rojo con una altura total de 28 metros.

Emite una luz blanca o roja, función de la dirección, blanca entre los sectores 40° y 175° y roja hasta los 220°, con una característica de cuatro ocultaciones en un ciclo total de 12 segundos. Tiene un alcance de 15 millas náuticas la luz blanca y 11 la luz roja.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Base Mérimée. Phare d'Ault aussi appelé Phare d'Onival. Registro del Patrimonio Cultural e Histórico de Francia. Ministerio de Cultura de Francia. (en francés).
 NGA list of lights. Sitio web de la Agencia Nacional de Inteligencia-Geoespacial. (en inglés).
 Lighthouses of France: North Coast. Sitio web con información de faros de todo el mundo. (en inglés).
 Les phares de France. Ault. Sitio web con información sobre faros de Francia. (en francés).
 Feux des côtes de France: Ault. (en francés).

Ault
Somme
Arquitectura de 1951
Francia en 1951
Faros de la región de Alta Francia

Faro de Ault


Futebolistas

 João Mário Naval da Costa Eduardo, futebolista português.
 João Mário Neto Lopes, futebolista português

Outros

 João Mário (pintor), pintor português.

Desambiguação
Desambiguações de antropônimos

João Mário


Xingshi Hengyan (), é o terceiro livro da coleção "As Três Palavras" (), uma antologia de histórias populares e lendas antigas compilado e editado por Feng Menglong durante a Dinastia Ming.  É precedido por Contos Antigos e Modernos (1620) e Contos para Advertir o Mundo (1624).

Em português, é encontrado sob o títulos de Contos para Alertar o Mundo e Palavras Eternas para Despertar o Mundo.

Gujin Xiaoshuo foi publicado em 1627.

Histórias

Bibliografia

Literatura da China
Cultura da China

Contos para Alertar o Mundo


Márcio Amoroso (født 5. juli 1974) er en brasiliansk fodboldspiller.

Brasiliens fodboldlandshold

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Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Brasilien

Márcio Amoroso


Ebba Tove Elsa Nilsson (født 29. oktober 1987), bedre kendt under kunstnernavnet Tove Lo, et navn, som hun har haft siden hun var 3 ("lo" betyder en los), er en svensk sanger og sangskriver. Hun er født og opvokset i det velhavende Djursholm - distriktet i Danderyd Kommune, lige nord for Stockholm, hvor hun blev student fra "Rytmus Musikergymnasiet". Hun dannede det svenske rock-band "Tremblebee" i 2006. Efter opløsningen af Tremblebee, forfulgte hun en karriere i sangskrivning og fortjent en pladekontrakt med Warner/Chappell Music i 2011. Gennem samarbejde med producenterne Alexander Kronlund, Max Martin og Xenomania, fik hun stor succes som sangskriver.

Lo steg blev for alvor kendt da hun udgav sit debut-album, Queen of the Skyer, der lå nummer 14 på  Billboard 200 i oktober 2014. På albummet er der blandt andet hittet "Habits (Stay High)", som nåede tredjepladsen på Billboard Hot 100.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Musikere fra Island Records
Musikere fra Sverige
Sangere fra Sverige
Singer-songwritere fra Sverige
Sangskrivere fra Sverige

Tove Lo


ثولوس (Θολός) هي مدينة في سيرري في مقاطعة فوريا إلادا في اليونان.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 736   نسمة.

المراجع

مدن اليونان

ثولوس (سيرري)


Mustafalar, Adana ilinin Sarıçam ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin adı, 1925 yılı kayıtlarında Garipçe olarak geçmektedir.

Coğrafya
Adana il merkezine 20 km, Sarıçam ilçe merkezine 20 km uzaklıktadır.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Yerelnet

Sarıçam'ın mahalleleri

Mustafalar, Sarıçam


Cazarma pompierilor din Iosefin este o clădire monument istoric din Timișoara, proiectată László Székely în stilul anilor 1900. A fost construită în cartierul Iosefin, lângă vechea remiză a pompierilor (această remiză se vede în partea stângă a imaginii din caseta articolului) pe locul vechiului turn de veghe. Actual este sediul Detașamentul 2 de Pompieri Timișoara.

Istoria pompierilor din Timișoara
În Timișoara, primul regulament pentru pompieri datează din 13 martie 1774 și conținea instrucțiuni de prevenire a incendiilor specifice Timișoarei și prevederi privind organizarea intervenției. În 1801 cetățenii Timișoarei sunt obligați printr-o dispoziție a magistratului orașului să respecte și să ia toate măsurile împotriva focului și să repare și să întrețină în stare bună toate fântânile. În 1813 este elaborat un document în care se face descrierea și modul de folosire al stingătoarelor. La 9 februarie 1834 sunt precizate măsurile de evitare a incendiilor în clădirea teatrului din Timișoara și a sălii de bal, considerate locuri cu pericol de incendiu sporit..

La 22 august 1869 au fost înființate brigăzi de pompieri voluntari în cartierele Iosefin, Elisabetin și Fabric, iar în 1893 și în Mehala.La reorganizarea celor trei corpuri din Fabric, Iosefin și Cetate, în anul 1877, ele au păstrat o autonomie proprie, dar s-a putut coordonat mai bine activitatea lor. Sediile celor trei corpuri aveau paze permanente și au fost legate prin linii telefonice proprii, corpurile au fost înzestrate cu instrumente de stingere standardizate, iar instruirea pompierilor a fost executată după aceleași metode.. Aceste brigăzi dispuneau de medici și avocați și, în afară de stingerea incendiilor, aveau sarcini în cazul demolărilor și pentru salvarea oamenilor și a bunurilor.

La 24 august 1870 poliția elaborează instrucțiuni prin care interzicea depozitarea lemnelor și a paielor în poduri, trecerea străzilor cu facle, aprinderea țigărilor în incinta teatrului, pârlitul porcilor, aprinderea focurilor de paie și iarbă uscată, lăsarea lumânărilor aprinse în case. Atelierele de meseriași trebuiau dotate cu pompe, butoaie de apă, scări, găleți și căngi, iar participarea cetățenilor la stingerea incendiilor era obligatorie.Din 1890 trebuiau dotate și locuințele cu mijloace de stingere (butoaie, găleți, scări, târnăcoape).

Compania de pompieri din Iosefin avea rezultate foarte bune, ca urmare în 1904 primăria a hotărât construirea unei cazărmi noi, alături de vechea remiză. Construcția a început în luna iulie 1905 și a costat în jur de 84 000 de coroane (echivalent 25 kg aur). A fost inaugurată la 1 iunie 1906. Clădirea, în funcțiune și astăzi, are un corp principal și corpuri laterale. La parter se aflau remizele trăsurilor și patru grajduri pentru cai. La primul etaj se găseau încăperile comandantului, cele pentru odihnă și sala de așteptare a pompierilor, iar la al doilea diferite depozite și un rezervor cu apă pentru umplerea cisternelor. Turnul de veghe domina cartierul și întreaga zonă de vest a orașului.

La 2 noiembrie 1920 a ars teatrul comunal, iar în ziua următoare atelierul societății Tramvaiele Comunale Timișoara. Aceste incendii au arătat că serviciul de pompieri era depășit. Deși primăria a suplimentat corpul pompierilor voluntari cu 40 de pompieri permanenți și de meserie, plătiți, echipați și înzestrați de către primărie, totuși, în 1928 s-a hotărât renunțarea la pompierii voluntari, corpul de pompieri urmând să fie format exclusiv din pompieri de meserie, înzestrat corespunzător. În urma aprobării de către Ministerul Afacerilor Interne, primăria a organizat Serviciul Pompierilor, având 80 pompieri și 2 ofițeri.

În 1936 Ministerul Afacerilor Interne a dispus militarizarea pompierilor din Timișoara. La data de 1 iunie 1936 ia ființă Compania de Pompieri Militari Timișoara cu un efectiv de: 1 căpitan, 2 ofițeri subalterni, 8 subofițeri și 80 soldați. Compania a luat în folosință cazărmile, mașinile și uneltele, care aparțineau primăriei și fuseseră folosite până atunci de pompierii primăriei.. În acel moment pompierii dispuneau de 3 cazărmi: cea din Iosefin, o cazarmă în Cetate, pe amplasamentul actual al Casei Adam Müller Guttenbrunn, și una în Fabric, lângă biserica greco-catolică. Actual aceste două ultime cazărmi nu mai există.

După al Doilea Război Mondial pompierii sunt organizați în Grupul de Pompieri "Banat", care în decembrie 2004 a fuzionat cu Inspectoratul de Protecție Civilă din Timiș, formând Inspectoratul pentru Situații de Urgență "Banat". Actual, în Timișoara există două detașamente de pompieri, Detașamentul 1 de Pompieri Timișoara, cu sediul pe strada Înfrățirii, nr. 13, și Detașamentul 2 de Pompieri Timișoara, cu sediul în cazarma din Iosefin.

Note

Bibliografie
 Lajos Kakucs, Contribuții la istoria pompierilor voluntari din Timișoara de la începuturi până în anul 1936, în Analele Banatului, arheologie, istorie XXV, Editura Mega, Cluj-Napoca 2017, Muzeul Național al Banatului

Vezi și
 Pompierii din Timișoara

Legături externe

Clădiri și structuri din Timișoara
Istoria Timișoarei
Monumente istorice din Timișoara
Fondări în 1906

Cazarma pompierilor din Iosefin


An Pleurothallis lilijae in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Ernesto Foldats. An Pleurothallis lilijae in nahilalakip ha genus nga Pleurothallis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Pleurothallis

Pleurothallis lilijae


Richard Bellingham (c. 1592 – 7 December 1672) was a colonial magistrate, lawyer, and several-time governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and the last surviving signatory of the colonial charter at his death. A wealthy lawyer in Lincolnshire prior to his departure for the New World in 1634, he was a liberal political opponent of the moderate John Winthrop, arguing for expansive views on suffrage and lawmaking, but also religiously somewhat conservative, opposing (at times quite harshly) the efforts of Quakers and Baptists to settle in the colony.  He was one of the architects of the Massachusetts Body of Liberties, a document embodying many sentiments also found in the United States Bill of Rights.

Although he was generally in the minority during his early years in the colony, he served ten years as colonial governor, most of them during the delicate years of the English Restoration, when King Charles II scrutinized the behavior of the colonial governments. Bellingham notably refused a direct order from the king to appear in England, an action that may have contributed to the eventual revocation of the colonial charter in 1684.

He was twice married, survived by his second wife and his only son Samuel. He died in 1672, leaving an estate in present-day Chelsea, Massachusetts, and a large house in Boston. The estate became embroiled in legal action lasting more than 100 years after his will was challenged by his son and eventually set aside. Bellingham is immortalized in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter and Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The New England Tragedies, both of which fictionalize events from colonial days.

Early life

Richard Bellingham, the son of William Bellingham and Frances Amcotts, was born in Lincolnshire, England, in about 1592. The family was apparently well to do; they resided in a manor at Bromby Wood near Scunthorpe.  He studied law at Brasenose College, Oxford, matriculating on 1 December 1609.  In 1625 he was elected Recorder (the highest community legal post) of Boston, a position he held until 1633. He represented Boston as a member of Parliament in 1628 and 1629.  He was first married to Elizabeth Backhouse of Swallowfield, Berkshire, with whom he had a number of children, although only their son Samuel survived to adulthood.

In 1628 he became an investor in the Massachusetts Bay Company, and was one of the signers of the land grant issued to it by the Plymouth Council for New England. His name also appears on the royal charter issued for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629.  In 1633 he resigned as recorder of Boston and began selling off his properties. The next year he sailed for the New World with his wife and son; Elizabeth died not long after their arrival in Boston, Massachusetts.

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Bellingham immediately assumed a prominent role in the colony, serving on the committee that oversaw the affairs of Boston (a precursor to the board of selectmen). In this role he participated in the division of community lands that included the establishment of Boston Common.  Not long after his arrival, he purchased the ferry service between Boston and Winnessimmett (present-day Chelsea) from Samuel Maverick, along with tracts of land that encompass much of Chelsea. In addition to his mansion house in Boston, he also established a country home near the ferry in Winnessimmett.  A house he built in 1659 still stands in Chelsea, and is known as the Bellingham-Cary House.

For many years he was elected to the colony's council of assistants, which advised the governor on legislative matters and served as a judicial body, and he also served several terms as colonial treasurer. He was first elected deputy governor of the colony in 1635, at a time when the dominant John Winthrop was out of favor, and was elected to the post again in 1640.  In 1637, during the Antinomian Controversy, he was one of the magistrates that sat during the trial of Anne Hutchinson, and voted for her to be banished from the colony.  According to historian Francis Bremer, Bellingham was somewhat brash and antagonistic, and he and Winthrop repeatedly clashed on political matters.  During these early years Bellingham was chosen to be on the first board of overseers of Harvard College.  He also contributed to the development of the colony's first legal code, known as the Massachusetts Body of Liberties.  This work was opposed and repeatedly stalled by Winthrop, who favored a common law approach to legislation.

In 1641 Bellingham was elected governor for the first time, running against Winthrop.  The Body of Liberties was formally adopted during his term.  However, he served for just one year, and was replaced by Winthrop in 1642.  Bellingham's defeat may have been caused in part by the scandalous impropriety surrounding his second marriage. A friend who was a guest in his house had been courting Penelope Pelham, a young woman of twenty.  According to Winthrop, Bellingham, now 50 and a widower, won her heart, and, without waiting for the formalities of the banns of marriage, officiated at his own wedding. When the issue came before the colonial magistrates, Bellingham (as the governor and chief magistrate) refused to step down from the bench to face the charges, thus bringing the matter to a somewhat awkward end.  Bellingham's term in office was characterized by Winthrop as extremely difficult: "The General Court was full of uncomfortable agitations and contentions by reason of Bellingham's unfriendliness to some other magistrates.  He set himself in an opposite frame to them in all proceedings, which did much to retard business".

In the 1640s constitutional issues concerning the power of the assistants arose. In a case involving an escaped pig, the assistants ruled in favor of a merchant who had allegedly taken a widow's errant animal. She appealed to the general court, which ruled in her favor. The assistants then asserted their right to veto the general court's decision, sparking the controversy. John Winthrop argued that the assistants, as experienced magistrates, must be able to check the democratic institution of the general court, because "a democracy is, amongst most civil nations, accounted the meanest and worst of all forms of government."  Bellingham was one of only two assistants (the other was Richard Saltonstall) who opposed the final decision that the assistants' veto should stand.  Bellingham and Saltonstall were often in a minority that opposed the more conservative views of Winthrop and Thomas Dudley.  In 1648 Bellingham sat on a committee established to demonstrate that the colony's legal codes were not "repugnant to the laws of England", as called for by the colonial charter.

In 1650, when Bellingham was an assistant, he concurred in the judicial decision banning William Pynchon's The Meritorious Price of Our Redemption, which expressed views many Puritans considered heretical.  Bellingham was again elected governor in 1654, and again in May 1665 after the death of Governor John Endecott.  He was thereafter annually re-elected to the post until his death, ultimately serving a total of ten years as governor and thirteen as deputy governor.  While he was deputy to Endecott in 1656, a boat carrying several Quakers arrived in Boston.  Since Endecott was in Salem at the time, Bellingham directed the government's reaction to their arrival.  Because Quakerism was anathema to the Puritans, the Quakers were confined to the ship, their belongings were searched, and books promoting their religion were destroyed.  After five weeks of captivity, they were sent back to England.  During Endecott's administration the penalties for Quakers defying banishment from the colony were made progressively harsher, until they included the imposition of the death penalty for repeat offenders. Under these laws, four Quakers were put to death for returning to the colony after their banishment.  Quaker historians have also been harsh in their assessments of Bellingham.  After Massachusetts authorities agreed that the death penalty did not work (it had long term negative consequences, feeding perceptions of Massachusetts intransigence), the law was modified to reduce the penalties to branding and whipping.

English Restoration

The 1640s and 1650s in England were a time of great turmoil. The English Civil War led to the establishment of the Commonwealth of England and eventually the Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell.  In this period, Massachusetts was generally sympathetic to Cromwell and the Parliamentary cause.  With the restoration of Charles II to the throne in 1660, all of the colonies, and Massachusetts in particular, came under his scrutiny.  In 1661 he issued a mandamus forbidding further persecution of the Quakers.  He also requested specific changes to be made to Massachusetts laws to increase suffrage and tolerance for other Protestant religious practices, actions that were resisted or ignored during the Endecott administration.  Charles finally sent royal commissioners to New England in 1664 to enforce his demands, but Massachusetts, of all the New England colonies, was the most recalcitrant, refusing all of the substantive demands or enacting changes that only superficially addressed the issues.

The reaction by Charles to this was to issue an order in 1666 demanding that Bellingham, since he was then governor, and William Hathorne, the speaker of the general court, travel to England to answer for the colony's behavior.  The issue of how to answer this demand divided the colony, with petitions from a cross-section of the colony's population calling for the magistrates to obey the king's demand.  The debate also introduced a long-term rift in the council of assistants between hardliners wanting to resist the king's demands at all costs and moderates who thought the king's demands should be accommodated.  Bellingham sided with the hardliners and the decision was reached to send the king a letter. The letter questioned whether the request actually originated with the king, protested that the colony was loyal to him, and claimed the magistrates had already explained fully why they were unable to comply with the king's demands.  The magistrates further pacified the angered sovereign by sending over a ship full of masts as a gift (New England was a valuable source of timber for the Royal Navy).  Distracted by the war with the Dutch and domestic politics, Charles did not pursue the issue further until after Bellingham's death, though for numerous reasons the Massachusetts Bay Colony charter was finally voided in 1684.

Death and legacy

Richard Bellingham died on 7 December 1672. He was the last surviving signer of the colonial charter, and was buried in Boston's Granary Burying Ground. He was survived by his son Samuel from his first marriage and his second wife Penelope, who outlived him by 30 years. His landholdings at Winnessimmett became tied up in legal action lasting more than 100 years, and involved court and procedural decisions on both sides of the Atlantic to resolve. Under the terms of his will, some of his properties in Winnessimmett were set aside for religious uses. His son challenged the will, which was eventually set aside. The litigation continued, carried on by his heirs and succeeding owners and occupants of the properties, and was finally concluded in 1785. The town of Bellingham, Massachusetts is named in his honor, and a number of features in Chelsea, including a square, a street, and a hill, bear the name Bellingham.

Bellingham was immortalized as a fictional character in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, as the brother of Ann Hibbins, a woman who was executed (in real life in 1656, as well as in the book) for practicing witchcraft. There are apparently no contemporary references to Mrs. Hibbins as Bellingham's sister—Hawthorne's formation of this connection appears to be based on a footnote in James Savage's 1825 edition of John Winthrop's journals, and a genealogical tree of the Bellinghams published early in the 20th century does not mention her. However, Ann Hibbins' second husband, William Hibbins, was first married to Richard Bellingham's sister Hester but she died a year later and was buried in England. Bellingham also appears in Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's The New England Tragedies, which fictionalizes events dealing with the Quakers.

Notes

References

Further reading

|-

External links
The Governor Bellingham~Cary House Association web site

1592 births
1672 deaths
Alumni of Brasenose College, Oxford
Colonial governors of Massachusetts
Lieutenant Governors of colonial Massachusetts
Politicians from Chelsea, Massachusetts
Massachusetts lawyers
English MPs 1628–1629
English lawyers
17th-century English lawyers
17th-century American lawyers
American Puritans
17th-century Protestants
Burials at Granary Burying Ground
Lawyers from Chelsea, Massachusetts
Boston Board of Selectmen members

Richard Bellingham


Brigada 38 Infanterie a fost o mare unitate de nivel tactic, care s-a constituit la 14/27 august 1916 prin mobilizarea unor unități și subunități de rezervă, din compunerea Comandamentului IV Teritorial: Regimentul 53 Infanterie - (Iași) și Regimentul 65 Infanterie - (Vaslui). Brigada a făcut parte din organica  Diviziei 8 Infanterie.
La intrarea în război, Brigada 38 Infanterie a fost comandată de colonelul Nicolae Rujinschi. În urma reorganizării armatei de la începutul anului 1917, brigada a fost desființată, regimentele componente au fost contopite în Regimentul 53/65 Infanterie, care a intrat în organica Brigăzii 27 Infanterie.

Participarea la operații

Campania anului 1916

În campania anului 1916 Brigada 38 Infanterie a participat la acțiunile militare în dispozitivul de luptă al Diviziei 8 Infanterie participând la Ofensiva în Transilvania, Operația de apărare a trecătorilor, Prima bătălie de la Oituz, A doua bătălie de la Oituz și Bătălia pentru București.

Ordinea de bătaie

La mobilizarea din 1916

La declararea mobilizării, la 27 august 1916, Brigada 38 Infanterie a făcut parte din compunerea de luptă a Diviziei 8 Infanterie, alături de Regimentul 8 Vânători, Brigada 15 Infanterie, Brigada 16 Infanterie și Brigada 8 Artilerie. Ordinea de bătaie a brigăzii era următoarea:

Brigada 38 Infanterie
Regimentul 53 Infanterie
Regimentul 65 Infanterie

Reorganizări pe perioada războiului

Comandanți
 Colonel Nicolae Rujinschi

Note

Bibliografie

 Falkenhayn, Erich von, Campania Armatei a 9-a împotriva românilor și a rușilor, Atelierele Grafice Socec & Co S.A., București, 1937
 Kirițescu, Constantin, Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989
 Ioanițiu Alexandru (Lt.-Colonel), Războiul României: 1916-1918,vol 1, Tipografia Geniului, București, 1929
  ***, România în războiul mondial 1916-1919, vol I-IV, Monitorul Oficial și Imprimeriile Statului, București, 1934-1941
 ***, Marele Cartier General al Armatei României. Documente 1916 – 1920, Editura Machiavelli, București, 1996
 ***, Istoria militară a poporului român, vol. V, Editura Militară, București, 1989
 ***, România în anii primului Război Mondial, Editura Militară, București, 1987
 ***, România în primul război mondial'', Editura Militară, 1979

Vezi și
Participarea României la Primul Război Mondial
Ordinea de bătaie a Armatei României (1916)

Unități militare române din Primul Război Mondial

Brigada 38 Infanterie (1916-1918)


خط التناظر, في طريقة مونج, هو الخط العمودي على خط الأرض ويوصل الإسقاط المونجي A1 A2 لنفس النقطة A.

كما هو مبين في الشكل 1, بعد أن تتم عملية إسقاط النقطة A باتجاه عمودي على المستوى الأول π1, لإيجاد A1, وعلى المستوى الثاني, لإيحاد A2, تتبع عملية انقلاب π2 (بعكس عقارب الساعة) حول خط الأرض ليتطابق مع π1. بهذة الطريقة المستقيم A2_A0, بعد الانقلاب, يصطف مع المستقيم A1_A0.
بشكل اوضح, المستقيمين A2_A0 و A1_A0 لهما نفس الاستقامة, أي أن النقط A1 و A0 و A2 ينتمون إلى نفس الخط الذي يسمى خط التناظر.

مصطلحات هندسة وصفية
تمثيل هندسي

خط التناظر


Nossa Senhora da Tourega Portekiz'de Évora belediyesine bağlı olan, 198,84 km2 yüzölçümüne sahip, 804 nüfuslu (2001) bir bucaktır (Portekizce: freguesia). Eski adı Nossa Senhora da Torega 'dır.

Portekiz'in freguesiaları
Évora

Nossa Senhora da Tourega