John LaGale Horton (April 30, 1925 – November 5, 1960) was an American country, honky tonk and rockabilly musician during the 1950s. He is best known for a series of history-inspired narrative country saga songs that became international hits. His 1959 single "The Battle of New Orleans" was awarded the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording. The song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and in 2001 ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America's "Songs of the Century". His first No. 1 country song was in 1959, "When It's Springtime in Alaska (It's Forty Below)".

Horton's had two successes in 1960 with both "Sink the Bismarck" and "North to Alaska", the latter used over the opening credits to the John Wayne film of the same name. Horton died in November 1960 at the peak of his fame in a traffic collision, less than two years after his breakthrough. He is a member of the Rockabilly Hall of Fame and the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame.

Early life
Horton was born on April 30, 1925, in Los Angeles, the youngest of the five children of the former Ella Claudia Robinson (1892–1966) and John Loly Horton (1889–1959), and raised in Rusk in Cherokee County in East Texas. His family often traveled between east Texas and southern California to work as migrant farm workers. After he graduated from high school in Gallatin, Texas, in 1944, Horton attended Lon Morris Junior College in Jacksonville, Texas, on a basketball scholarship. He later attended Seattle University and briefly Baylor University in Waco, although he did not graduate from any of these institutions.

Horton soon returned to California and got a job in the mail room at Selznick International Pictures, where his future wife, Donna Cook, was working in the studio as a secretary. After a short stint studying geology in Seattle in 1948, Horton went to Alaska to look for gold. During this period he began writing songs. Returning south, he entered and won a talent contest in Henderson, Texas. Encouraged by this result, he returned to California to pursue a music career.

His guest appearances on Cliffie Stone's Hometown Jamboree on KXLA-AM and KLAC-TV in Pasadena and his own half-hour show The Singing Fisherman led to the opportunity to record some songs on the Cormac record label. By the time the company folded in 1952, Horton recorded 10 singles for that label. Fabor Robison, owner of Abbott Records, acquired the master recordings. Around that time, Horton married Donna Cook.

Louisiana Hayride and early career
By this time Horton was appearing regularly on Louisiana Hayride, so he and Donna moved to Shreveport, Louisiana, where the show was recorded. He also signed a contract with Mercury Records and began recording. His first song for that label, "First Train Headin' South" b/w "(I Wished for an Angel) The Devil Sent Me You" (Mercury 6412), received good reviews. He and his new backup band, the Rowley Trio, began touring under the name The Singing Fisherman and the Rowley Trio in 1952, eventually changing the name to Johnny Horton and the Roadrunners. The group included Horton as lead singer and Jerry Rowley on fiddle as well Rowley's wife Evelyn on piano and his sister Vera (Dido) on guitars. The constant touring was hard on Horton's marriage, and Donna moved back to Los Angeles. They were soon divorced.

On September 26, 1953, Horton married Billie Jean Jones, widow of Hank Williams, who had died on January 1, 1953. Horton parted ways with the Rowley trio but continued to appear occasionally on Louisiana Hayride. His contract with Mercury expired in late 1954, with his recording of "All for the Love of a Girl" (Mercury 70227) being his bestseller, at 35,000 to 45,000 copies. Horton, himself always an avid fisherman, got a job in a tackle shop and put his music career on hiatus. But by the following year, his new manager and bassist Tillman Franks had obtained Horton a one-year contract with Columbia Records. They traveled to Nashville in a borrowed car for their first recording session. Influenced by the work of Elvis Presley, Horton began adopting a more rockabilly style.

"Honky-Tonk Man" and later career
"Honky-Tonk Man" was recorded on January 11, 1956, at the Bradley Film & Recording Studios in Nashville, one of four songs Horton recorded that day. Session musicians on the recording were Grady Martin and Harold Bradley, as well as Bill Black (at the time Presley's bassist). Soon afterwards "Honky-Tonk Man" was released as a single (Columbia label: 4–21504) paired with another song from the same session, "I'm Ready if You're Willing". They went out on tour, with the band featuring Franks on bass and Tommy Tomlinson on guitar.

"Honky-Tonk Man" was reviewed by the March 10 issue of Billboard, which said, "The wine women and song attractions exert a powerful hold on the singer, he admits. The funky sound and pounding beat in the backing suggest the kind of atmosphere he describes. A very good jukebox record." Their review of "I'm Ready if You're Willing" was also positive: "Horton sings out this cheerful material with amiable personality. This ever more popular stylist ought to expand his circle of fans with this one." The song peaked at No. 9 on the C&W Jockey chart (now Hot Country Songs) and at No. 14 on the Best Seller chart.

Horton returned to the studio on May 23, but the "A" side of his next single, "I'm a One Woman Man" (Columbia 21538), was one of the songs recorded back in January. The "B" side was "I Don't Like I Did". Billboard described "One Woman Man" as a "smart and polished job," and Horton as "singing with a light, airy touch. Guitar work is just as convincing, adding up to listenable, commercial stuff". He and his band toured through the United States and Canada to promote the record, which reached No. 7 on the Jockey chart and No. 9 on the Best Seller and Jukebox charts.

"I'm Coming Home" / "I Got A Hole In My Pirogue" (Columbia 40813) was released around this time as well. On February 9, Billboard noted that "not only Southern markets are doing good business with this, but Northern cities report that both country and pop customers are going for this in a big way". It was again a success on the country charts (No. 11 Jockey, No. 15 Best Seller) but it failed to score the popular music charts.

Later major successes include the song "The Battle of New Orleans" (written by Jimmy Driftwood), which was awarded the 1960 Grammy Award for Best Country & Western Recording. The song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award and in 2001 ranked No. 333 of the Recording Industry Association of America's "Songs of the Century". Horton had two other successes in 1960 with "Sink the Bismarck" and "North to Alaska" for John Wayne's movie, North to Alaska.

Personal life
Horton was married twice. His first marriage, to Donna Cook, ended with a divorce granted in Rusk, Texas.

In September 1953, he married Billie Jean Jones, the widow of country-music singer Hank Williams. Billie Jean and Horton had two daughters, Yanina (Nina) and Melody, and Horton adopted Billie Jean's daughter Jeri Lynn.

Death

On the night of November 4–5, 1960, Horton and two other band members, Tommy Tomlinson and Tillman Franks, were traveling from the Skyline Club in Austin, Texas to Shreveport when they collided with an oncoming truck on a bridge near Milano in Milam County, Texas. Horton died en route to the hospital, and Tomlinson (1930–1982) was seriously injured; his leg was later amputated. Franks (1920–2006) suffered head injuries, and James Davis, the driver of the truck, sustained a broken ankle and other minor injuries.

The funeral was held in Shreveport on November 8, 1960, officiated by Franks' younger brother William Derrel "Billy" Franks, a Church of God minister. Johnny Cash performed one of the readings, choosing Chapter 20 from the Gospel of John (Resurrection of Jesus).

Horton is interred at Hillcrest Memorial Park and Mausoleum in Haughton, east of Bossier City in northwestern Louisiana.

Legacy
When Johnny Cash, a good friend of Horton's, learned about the accident, he said, "[I] locked myself in one of the hotel's barrooms and cried." Cash dedicated his rendition of "When It's Springtime in Alaska (It's Forty Below)" to Horton on his album Personal File: "Johnny Horton was a good old friend of mine." Over time, Horton's material has been rereleased a number of times, through boxsets and compilations.

Horton was inducted into the Louisiana Music Hall of Fame and posthumously inducted into the Delta Music Museum Hall of Fame in Ferriday, Louisiana.

Discography

Albums

Singles

Notes

References

External links
 Johnny Horton at Texas State Historical Association
 Rockabillyhall.com
 RCS-discography.com
 Rockabilly.nl

1925 births
1960 deaths
Abbott Records artists
American country singer-songwriters
American rockabilly guitarists
American male singer-songwriters
Columbia Records artists
Dot Records artists
Grammy Award winners
Lon Morris College alumni
Mercury Records artists
People from Rusk, Texas
Musicians from Shreveport, Louisiana
Road incident deaths in Texas
20th-century American singer-songwriters
Accidental deaths in Texas
Burials in Louisiana
Singer-songwriters from Texas
Singer-songwriters from California
Singer-songwriters from Louisiana
Country musicians from California
Country musicians from Texas
Country musicians from Louisiana
20th-century American male singers
American country guitarists
American male guitarists
American acoustic guitarists
Guitarists from Texas
Guitarists from Louisiana
Guitarists from Los Angeles

Johnny Horton


302 (CCCII) perşembe günü başlayan bir yıldır.

Olaylar
 Iamblichus büyü üzerine bir deneme yazdı.

Doğumlar

Ölümler
 Narseh, Sasani kralı
 Sima Jiong, Jin Hanedanı naibi

302


Kristiansund Airport (; ) is an international airport serving Kristiansund, Norway. It is situated at Kvernberget on the island of Nordlandet and is the sole scheduled airport serving Nordmøre. The airport features a  runway aligned 07/25. In addition to scheduled services operated by Scandinavian Airlines and Widerøe, it serves offshore helicopter traffic to the Norwegian Sea operated by CHC Helikopter Service. Kvernberget handled 314,084 passengers in 2018.

Kvernberget was the second airport to open in Møre og Romsdal, with flights commencing on 1 July 1970. Until 2004 the main portion of flights was provided by Braathens SAFE, which flew both coastal flights and to Oslo. The first helicopter terminal opened in 1982 and a new passenger terminal was completed in 1989. A second helicopter terminal opened in 1994. The runway was extended from the original  to the current length in 2012. A new terminal was completed in 2017.

History
The first airline services to Kristiansund were part of the Bergen to Trondheim route which Norwegian Air Lines (DNL) established in 1935. These called at Ålesund, Molde and Kristiansund. The latter had its water aerodrome located at the port in the town center. The services were only flown during the winter. DNL resumed its routes in 1948, and Lufttransport commenced a service via Ålesund Airport, Sørneset to Oslo. From 1949 these were both taken over by West Norway Airlines, which lasted until the airline folded in 1957.

The Luftwaffe nearly completed Aukra Airport, Gossen during the Second World War and in the 1950s the authorities decided to complete the facility and establish it as a central airport for Møre og Romsdal. Local initiative in Ålesund convinced Parliament in 1957 that Ålesund Airport, Vigra should be built instead. It opened in 1958. This airport was by Parliament considered as sufficient for all of the county and the seaplane routes were terminated the same season. Poor roads and three ferries meant that driving time to Vigra was about five hours at the time.

Proposals for an airport in Kristiansund were first launched in 1954, with Kvernberget as the preferred site and at an estimated investment cost of 6.5 million Norwegian krone. It had however been placed on hold due to the Gossen plans. In both Molde and Kristiansund there was displeasure with the choice of Vigra and both municipalities established airport commissions in 1959 to look into building their own airports. Kristiansund's commission was led by William Dall and the same year the municipality bought a  lot at Kvernberget to reserve it for a future aerodrome.

In both Kristiansund and Molde the debate centered around whether their respective districts of Nordmøre and Romsdal should have each their respective airport or a shared aerodrome. A national airport commission was established in 1962, which looked at the primary airport structure, including in Nordmøre and Romsdal. It considered Gossen, Hendamyrene in Averøy, Freistranda in Frei and Osmarka. Several of these would be suitable as a site for a shared airport. Within the two towns there was little interest in cooperation and both wanted their own airport, situated close to the town center. The commission recommended in its report of 16 December 1964 that Kristiansund and Molde both be among the nine recommended airports. Kristiansund was given top priority, while Molde was lowest prioritized.

Kvernberget was approved by Parliament on 2 April 1968. It received specifications of the time, which were based on a  runway. Construction took 19 months and cost NOK 31 million. The official opening took place on 31 June 1970 and operations commenced the following day.

Both Braathens SAFE and Scandinavian Airlines System (SAS) applied to operate the Oslo Airport, Fornebu route out of Kristiansund. Braathens also applied to extend its coastal route to Kvernberget. The ministry wanted Braathens SAFE to fly the route with a concession granted to SAS, but Braathens SAFE rejected this. Instead, they were granted both the routes on a temporary basis. The new airport received three daily flights to Oslo, of which two went via Ålesund, and four services on the West Coast route to Bergen Airport, Flesland and Trondheim Airport, Værnes. The routes were flown using Fokker F27 Friendship turboprops and Fokker F28 Fellowship turbojets. Widerøe included Kristiansund as part of its coastal network which extended to Ørland Airport and southwards to the regional airports in Sogn og Fjordane.

Molde decided that it would not wait for state funding and initiated construction of Molde Airport, Årø with municipal funding. The new airport opened on 5 April 1972. It cut away half the catchment area of Kvernberget, significantly reducing both ridership and services from Kristiansund Airport. Kvernberget handled 88,246 passengers in 1971, but after Molde opened so high a figure was not reached again until 1985.

With the opening of Haltenbanken for petroleum drilling in the early 1980s, the authorities decided that Kristiansund would be the center of operations for the area. This caused the need for offshore helicopter flights to the rigs. Helikopter Service built a base at Kvernberget and commenced flights on 1 July 1982. Braathens opened a  operations building in 1985. Next the terminal was expanded; costing NOK 27 million, it opened on 12 April 1989. Although infrequently flown from 1972, regular charter flights commenced in 1982. The first inclusive tour flight took off in 1988.

At the turn of the decade the debate about the need for two airports to serve Nordmøre and Romsdal resumed, spurred by the Kristiansund Fixed Link which removed the only ferry between the two towns, but the debate soon died down again. Busy Bee took over some of Braathens' route. When it went out of business in 1992, the regional coastal routes were taken over by Norwegian Air Shuttle.  A new  helicopter terminal opened the same year. Helicopter services continued to make up an increasingly important part of the patronage – 26 percent in 1997 and 47 percent in 2007. Widerøe retired its Twin Otters and pulled out of Kristiansund in 1993.

Braathens SAFE introduced services from Kristiansund to Stavanger in 1997, due to the increased oil traffic. Also Aberdeen, Scotland, became an important destination, and there were regular charter flights between the cities, up to five a week. City Star Airlines operated a scheduled route between the two cities from 2005 until the airline folded in 2008.

SAS Commuter took over Norwegian Air Shuttle's services from 1 April 2003. Braathens merged to create SAS Braathens in May 2004, with the new airline taking over the Oslo route. It passed on the Scandinavian Airlines in 2007. City Star Airlines commenced the first international route, to Aberdeen Airport, on 10 October 2005 using a Dornier 328. The route lasted until February 2008.

A duty-free shop was opened in 2007. Avinor carried out a major overhaul of the airport starting in 2010. NOK 240 million was spent extending the runway from . This allowed heavier aircraft to take off and will increase the desirability to use the aerodrome for Mediterranean inclusive tour charters. This opened on 19 October 2012, shortly after a new and larger car parking lot had been taken into use. The next stage has been the construction of a larger terminal. Other minor projects were a new general aviation hangar and a new helicopter hangar. Total investments were estimated at NOK 500 million and were completed in 2017.

SAS Commuter's routes to Bergen and Trondheim were taken over by Widerøe in 2010. BMI Regional introduced a daily round trip with an Embraer 135 from Kristiansund to Aberdeen on 28 August 2013, targeting the oil industry. The airline commenced a domestic route on 23 January 2014, to Stavanger Airport, Sola. This route was terminate din May the same year.

Facilities
Kristiansund Airport is located on the ridge of Kvernberget, a hill on the island of Nordlandet in Kristiansund, Norway. Owned and operated by the state-owned Avinor, it is the sole airport with scheduled services in Nordmøre. It features an asphalt runway with physical dimensions  aligned 07/25. It has a takeoff run available (TORA) of  on runways 07 and 25, respectively, and a landing distance available (LDA) of . It is equipped with a category I instrument landing system in both directions. The airport is equipped with category 7 fire and rescue service. There is no parallel taxiway.

Airlines and destinations
The busiest route is provided by Scandinavian Airlines, which operates four daily round trips to Oslo using Boeing 737 aircraft. Flights along the West Coast to Bergen, Florø, Molde, Stavanger and Trondheim are provided by Widerøe using Bombardier Dash 8 aircraft. CHC Helikopter Service operates out of Kristiansund Airport to nine offshore oil platforms in the Norwegian Sea. There are also some seasonal charter services. Operation of the airport ran at a deficit of NOK 23 million in 2012. In 2018, Kvernberget airport served 314,084 passengers and had 10,441 aircraft movements.

Statistics

Ground transport
The airport is situated  drive from the town center, just off National Road 70. Fram operates two bus services past the airport, each which run twice an hour. Travel time is about twenty-five minutes. There is paid parking for 350 vehicles. Taxis and car rental is available.

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

Buildings and structures in Kristiansund
Airports in Møre og Romsdal
Avinor airports
Heliports in Norway
1970 establishments in Norway
Airports established in 1970

Kristiansund Airport, Kvernberget


الحفيد: هو أحد أولاد الابن أو الابنة لشخص ما.

وتٌستخدم كلمة سِـبْـط للمعنى نفسه، ولكن تغلب على ولد البنت مقابل الحفيد، وجمعها أسباط.

ويٌقال للمذكر حفيد، وللمؤنث حفيدة، وجمعها أحفاد وحَفَدة كما ذُكرت في القرآن الكريم .

أشهر الأحفاد أو الأسباط
 أشهر أحفاد العرب: الحسن والحسين ابنا عليّ وأحفاد النبي محمد  من ابنته فاطمة الزهراء.
 والأسباط اصطلاحًا هم أحفاد النبي إسحاق من ابنه يعقوب عليهما السلام. وعددهم اثنا عشر وهم أولاد النبي يعقوب والملقب بإسرائيل لذلك اسمهم هو: بنو إسرائيل. قال الله في القرآن: ((ومن قوم موسى أمّةٌ يهدون بالحق وبه يعدلون. وقطّعناهم اثنتي عشرة أسباطًا أممًا)) سورة الأعراف.

في الأدب العالمي
تكاد تجمع معظم الأعراق على دفء العَلاقة بين الأجداد وأحفادهم، وكثيرًا ما ذكرت هذه العَلاقة عبر القصص والروايات مثل قصة ليلى والذئب. وقد أطلق على مجموعات قصصية للصغار عنوان حكايات جدتي تحبيبًا للصغار بها.

انظر أيضًا
 الأسباط
 بنو إسرائيل

المراجع

عائلة
مصطلحات

حفيد


Broadcasting House is the headquarters of the BBC, in Portland Place and Langham Place, London. The first radio broadcast from the building was made on 15 March 1932, and the building was officially opened two months later, on 15 May. The main building is in Art Deco style, with a facing of Portland stone over a steel frame. It is a Grade II* listed building and includes the BBC Radio Theatre, where music and speech programmes are recorded in front of a studio audience.

As part of a major consolidation of the BBC's property portfolio in London, Broadcasting House has been extensively renovated and extended. This involved the demolition of post-war extensions on the eastern side of the building, replaced by a new wing completed in 2005. The wing was named the "John Peel Wing" in 2012, after the disc jockey. BBC London, BBC Arabic Television and BBC Persian Television are housed in the new wing, which also contains the reception area for BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra (the studios themselves are in the new extension to the main building).

The main building was refurbished, and an extension built to the rear. The radio stations BBC Radio 3, BBC Radio 4, BBC Radio 4 Extra and the BBC World Service transferred to refurbished studios within the building. The extension links the old building with the John Peel Wing, and includes a new combined newsroom for BBC News, with studios for the BBC News channel, BBC World News and other news programming. The move of news operations from BBC Television Centre was completed in March 2013.

The official name of the building is Broadcasting House but the BBC now also uses the term "new Broadcasting House" (with a small 'n') in its publicity referring to the new extension rather than the whole building, with the original building known as "old Broadcasting House".

Construction
Construction of Broadcasting House began in 1928. Programmes transferred gradually to the building. On 15 March 1932, the first musical programme was given by the bandleader Henry Hall and the BBC Dance Orchestra. Hall also wrote and performed, with his dance band, Radio Times, the name of the BBC's schedule publication.

The first news bulletin was read by Stuart Hibberd on 18 March. The last transmission from Savoy Hill was on 14 May, and Broadcasting House officially opened on 15 May 1932. George Val Myer designed the building in collaboration with the BBC's civil engineer, M. T. Tudsbery. The interiors were the work of Raymond McGrath, an Australian-Irish architect. He directed a team that included Serge Chermayeff and Wells Coates and designed the vaudeville studio, the associated green and dressing rooms, and the dance and chamber music studios in a flowing Art Deco style.

The building is built in two parts. Dispensing with the oft-found central light-well of contemporary buildings this size, the central core containing the recording studios was a windowless structure built of brick. (Structural brick rather than steel framing was used in order to reduce noise transmission both from without and between studios.) The surrounding outer portion, designed for offices and ancillary spaces, is steel framed and faced using Portland stone. While the outer portion had plenty of windows, the inner core required special sound-dampened ventilation systems.

There were two areas where right of ancient lights would cause height restrictions. While the rights on the southern side ceased to be a problem after the owners of those rights gave concessions, the rights on the eastern side were dealt with by sloping the roof away from the street from the fourth floor up, which affected not only the floorplan of the structure but meant that the interior recording tower could not be continued up to the top floor. (Thus, one studio on the top floor was actually outside the central studio core structure.)

Underground structures, including a hundred-year-old sewer, also presented problems during construction. The building is above the Bakerloo line of the London Underground: the Victoria line was tunnelled beneath in the 1960s, and presented problems for construction of the Egton Wing (see below). Noise from passing trains is audible within the radio theatre, but generally imperceptible in recordings. The ground floor was fitted with floor-to-ceiling windows overlooking the street, as the BBC believed that to finance such a project (costing £25 million in today's money) they would need to let the ground floor as a retail unit. The rapid expansion of the BBC meant this never occurred.

The original building is a Grade II* listed building.

Renovation
Beginning in 2003, Broadcasting House underwent a major renovation during the BBC's W1 Programme, with the aim of refurbishing the building and combining a number of the BBC's operations in a new extension. This houses the television and radio operations of BBC News, relocated from Television Centre, and the BBC World Service, which relocated from Bush House on 12 July 2012. Many of the BBC's national radio stations are also broadcast from the building, with the exception of BBC Radio 5 Live and BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra which have moved to Salford Quays, and BBC Radio 2 and BBC Radio 6 Music which moved to new studios in nearby Wogan House in 2006 to make way for the renovation.

The building work was completed in two phases. It began with the demolition of two post-war extensions to the original building.

"The redevelopment was part of a wider cost-saving strategy to consolidate the BBC's property portfolio and centralise its London operation. This will ultimately produce savings of more than £700m over the remaining 21-year life of the BBC lease on Broadcasting House."

First phase

The first phase consisted of the renovation of the original building, which was starting to show its age and needed structural repair, and a new wing to the east.

In the old building the sloped "cat slide" slate roof was taken off and many of the rooms stripped back to their walls, although much of the Art Deco architecture was retained and preserved. Much of the work focused on the lower walls and ceilings, which did not include Art Deco features. The reception area was renovated to include a new desk, while retaining the message and statue as the attention piece. Many rooms had ceilings removed, such as the south tower, and new reinforcement joists were added.

The new Egton Wing is roughly the same shape as the main building, with a modern design and window arrangement but retaining features such as Portland stone. Towards the rear a large block was created in the side, mirroring that created in the main building when the sloping roof was removed.

The design of the extension, intended to equal the original in "architectural creativity", was carried out by MacCormac Jamieson Prichard. Construction was completed in 2005 and the refurbished Broadcasting House and the new Egton wing were opened by Queen Elizabeth II on 20 April 2006 as part of her 80th birthday celebrations. All areas of the Egton Wing were fully fitted out and completed by 2007.

In 2012, it was announced by the then Director-General Mark Thompson that the Egton Wing would be renamed the 'John Peel Wing' to commemorate the late Radio 1 disc jockey, whom he described as a "great radio talent". Thompson described the wing as a "fitting tribute to a man who personified so much of what the BBC stands for".

It houses BBC London, BBC Arabic Television and BBC Persian Television, together with the reception area for BBC Radio 1 and BBC Radio 1Xtra.

Second phase

The second phase was the creation of the large wing to the rear of the building, joining the two buildings, and creating a plaza between them. The original architects were replaced for not agreeing to cost-related revisions, as Sir Richard MacCormac was unwilling to sacrifice the quality of his design. Construction was completed by Bovis Lend Lease in 2010, and control handed over to the BBC in 2011. While the rebuilding process was under way, many BBC radio stations moved to other buildings near Portland Place.

The extension contains the BBC News and Journalism departments, and state-of-the-art technical equipment and new studios to house the BBC News bulletins on television, the BBC News Channel and BBC World News, the BBC Arabic Television service and the BBC Persian Television service. At the heart of this is a new newsroom, the largest live newsroom in the world.

A walkway above the newsroom allows the public to view the work of journalists, connecting the foyer to the Radio Theatre and a new café for staff and the public. Complemented by the outdoor plaza, which could act as an outdoor arena and theatre, this is designed to engage the public with the television and radio making process. The extension is glass-covered in the plaza area and curved to contrast both wings either side and to continue the glass on both sides high up the building. On the Portland Place side, it continues the same use of Portland stone and glass as with the John Peel Wing.

On Monday 18 March 2013 at 1 pm, following the BBC News Channel's final broadcast from Television Centre, the first news programme from Broadcasting House was aired: the BBC News at One, on BBC One and the BBC News Channel. BBC World News was the first of BBC's news services to move into the new building on Monday 14 January 2013, beginning with GMT at noon.

Queen Elizabeth II officially opened the extension on 7 June 2013. The second phase development won the 'Programme of the Year' award at the 2013 annual awards of the Association for Project Management.

Studios

Original
When built, Broadcasting House contained 22 radio studios for all programme genres, in the art-deco style with an emphasis on both looks and practicality. The practicality of the studios diminished rapidly as a result of the changing nature of broadcasting and changes in the required uses of the studios. These studios and their original intended roles were:

Current
Following the rebuild and refurbishment, several studios have been added and the studio structure changed dramatically. The current studios are:

Radio studios

Television studios

Until programmes air information is subject to change. All times listed are either Greenwich Mean Time or British Summer Time depending on what is being used in London.

Artworks

The building showcases works of art, most prominently the statues of Prospero and Ariel (from Shakespeare's The Tempest) by Eric Gill. Their choice was fitting since Prospero was a magician and scholar, and Ariel a spirit of the air, in which radio waves travel. There was, reportedly, controversy over some features of the statues when built and they were said to have been modified.  They were reported to have been sculpted by Gill as God and Man, rather than Prospero and Ariel, and that there is a small carved picture of a beautiful girl on the back of Prospero.  Additional carvings of Ariel are on the exterior in many bas-reliefs, some by Gill, others by Gilbert Bayes. The reception area contains a statue of 'The sower' by Gill.

The statues of Prospero and Ariel have attracted controversy in recent years, due to evidence that Gill engaged in pedophilia, and that the sculptor's sexuality might be reflected in the statue. The BBC has declined to remove the statue, citing Gill's status as one of the preeminent British artists of the 20th century. On 13 January 2022, the statue was vandalized by a man wielding a hammer, who wrote "Time to go was 1989" and "noose all paedos" on the statue.

Several works of art were commissioned by the BBC for the refurbishment of Broadcasting House, at an overall cost of more than £4 million. Among these is World, a pavement artwork by the Canadian-born architect and artist Mark Pimlott. According to the BBC, the work "reflects the global dimension of the BBC's broadcasting and consists of over 750 stone flags inscribed with place names from around the world, as well as those from history, mythology and fantasy. The artwork is enhanced by elegant steel lines of longitude and latitude, a subtle scheme of small embedded lights and some audio installation linked to key output from the World Service."

On the roof of the John Peel wing, mirroring the radio mast, is Breathing, a cone-shaped glass structure reaching into the sky to the same height as the mast. It was sculpted by Jaume Plensa as a memorial to journalists killed in the line of duty. It includes words from a poem by James Fenton and is illuminated day and night. At 10 pm daily, in line with the BBC News at Ten, a column of light shines  into the sky. It was officially unveiled on 16 June 2008, by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-Moon.

Broadcasting House in literature
The earliest use of Broadcasting House as a setting in fiction would seem to be in the 1934 detective novel Death at Broadcasting House by Val Gielgud and Holt Marvell (Eric Maschwitz), where an actor is found strangled in Studio 7C. Broadcasting House is a central feature in Penelope Fitzgerald's novel Human Voices, published in 1980, where the lead characters work for the BBC during the Second World War. It is also the work place of Alexander Wedderburn in A. S. Byatt's 1995 novel Still Life, and Sam Bell in Ben Elton's 1999 novel Inconceivable, and also that of the evil nazi-sympathiser Ezzy Pound in Michael Paraskos's 2016 novel In Search of Sixpence. The building is well realised as a setting in Nicola Upson's 2015 mystery novel London Rain.

George Orwell

The head of BBC history, Robert Seatter, has said George Orwell in his novel Nineteen Eighty-Four (1949), "reputedly based his notorious Room 101 from the novel "on a room he had worked in whilst at the BBC."

On 7 November 2017, a statue of Orwell, sculpted by the British sculptor Martin Jennings, was unveiled, outside Broadcasting House. The wall behind the statue is inscribed with the following phrase: "If liberty means anything at all, it means the right to tell people what they do not want to hear". These are words from his proposed preface to Animal Farm and a rallying cry for the idea of free speech in an open society.

MI5 involvement
In 1985 it was revealed by The Observer that MI5 had had a special office in the building from 1937 for the purpose of vetting BBC employees for national security purposes.

See also

 List of BBC properties
 BBC Television Centre
 Bush House
 Granada TV Studios, Manchester

References

External links

 Broadcasting House – a potted history
 Old BBC Radio Broadcasting Equipment and Memories – Broadcasting House in 1932

 Cover of the 13 May 1932 issue of the Radio Times, depicting the newly opened Broadcasting House, by Adrian Hill

Art Deco architecture in London
BBC offices, studios and buildings
Buildings and structures completed in 1932
Buildings and structures in the City of Westminster
Cultural and educational buildings in London
Grade II* listed buildings in the City of Westminster
History of television in the United Kingdom
History of radio in the United Kingdom
Local mass media in London
Mass media company headquarters in the United Kingdom
Media and communications in the City of Westminster
Richard MacCormac buildings
Television studios in London

Broadcasting House


Miranda Stewart (* 1954) ist eine britische Hispanistin.

Stewart promovierte 1992 an der Heriot-Watt University mit einer Arbeit über Strategien der Höflichkeit im Französischen und Spanischen. Sie war Senior lecturer in Spanischen und Lateinamerikanischen Studien an der University of Strathclyde. Seit einigen Jahren arbeitet sie hauptsächlich als Übersetzerin.

Stewarts Spezialgebiete sind Soziolinguistik, gesprochene Interaktion, Diskursanalyse, interaktionale Pragmatik und Übersetzung.  Zu ihren bekanntesten Werken gehören The Spanish Language Today (1999) und Politeness in Europe (herausgegeben zusammen mit Leo Hickey, 2005) sowie Artikel in Zeitschriften wie Journal of Pragmatics, Journal of Politeness Research und Multilingua.

Stewart ist zudem Mitglied im Exekutivkomitee der International Association for the Study of Spanish in Society (SiS).

Weblinks

 Persönliche Website

Einzelnachweise

Hispanist
Romanist
Soziolinguist
Übersetzer
Hochschullehrer (Glasgow)
Brite
Geboren 1954
Frau

Miranda Stewart


Jóngerð Jensina Purkhús (født 22. januar 1937 i Klaksvík) er en tidligere færøsk politiker (TF). Hun var finans-, økonomi- og miljøminister fra 1985 til 1989, og økonomi- og samferdselsminister fra 1989 til 1991. Hun var Færøernes første kvindelige minister.

Purkhús voksede op i et fisker- og arbejdermiljø i Klaksvík, som datter af Else Johanne (født Hansen) og fiskeren Jacob Pauli Purkhús. Der var ikke nogen tradition for akademisk uddannelse i familien, men den havde et stærkt samfundsengagement, hvor Tjóðveldisflokkurin stod stærkt. Alligevel begyndte hun at studere statsvidenskab, drevet af interessen for den nationalistiske del af venstrefløjen i færøsk politik. I 1970 giftede hun sig med Niels á Velbastað. Purkhús blev den første kvindelige færøske cand.polit. i 1972. Hun flyttede tilbage til Færøerne i 1975, og begyndte at arbejde for Færøernes regering. Hun var med til at forberede Færøernes overtagelse af postvæsenet, og arbejdede derefter i Postverk Føroya frem til 1978, og skiftede da spor og begyndte at arbejde med finanssager for regeringen.

Purkhús havde fra ungdomstiden tillidshverv i Tjóðveldisflokkurin, og fra 1978 var hun lagtingskandidat i valgkredsen Norðoyar, men blev ikke valgt. Hun var finans-, økonomi- og miljøminister fra 1985 til 1989, blev valgt til Lagtinget i 1988, og var økonomi- og trafikminister fra 1989 til 1991. Hun fortsatte som medlem af partiledelsen et par år, og trak sig derefter tilbage fra politik.

Purkhús har boet i Velbastaður sammen med sin mand siden 1976. Hendes fritidsinteresser er husdyrhold, færøsk folkedans og patchwork.

Eksterne henvisninger
 Jóngerð Purkhús i Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon

Personer fra Klaksvik
Økonomer fra Færøerne
Politikere fra Tjóðveldi
Lagtingsmedlemmer fra Færøerne
Finansministre fra Færøerne
Miljøministre fra Færøerne
Trafikministre fra Færøerne

Jóngerð Purkhús


Færøernes håndboldlandshold for kvinder er det kvindelige landshold i håndbold for Færøerne. Det repræsenterer landet i internationale håndboldturneringer. De reguleres af Færøernes håndboldforbund. Holdet spillede sig for første gang nogensinde videre fra den indledende 1. fase af EM-kvalifikationen til 2. fase i juni 2017, da holdet vandt mod de to andre hold i gruppe A. De vandt 25-24 mod Grækenland og 20-17 mod Finland. Færøerne skal spille mod Sverige, Makedonien og Serbien til EM-kvalifikationen 2018.

Resultater

Verdensmesterskabet

Europamesterskabet

Seneste trup

Truppen 2017
Truppen til EM-kvalifikationen 2018:
Viviann Petersen	- VÍF
Fríða Petersen - Neistin
Tomma Sunnva Petersen - Kyndil
Ásleyg Súnadóttir - Kyndil
Turið Arge Samuelsen - Kyndil
Ninna Katrin Johansen - StÍF
Anja Eliasen - Kyndil
Kristianna Henneberg Joensen - HC Midtjylland
Siw Matras Larsen - TMS Ringsted
Margit Weihe Fríðmundsdóttir - Neistin
Marianna Geirsdóttir Eystberg - VÍF
Guðrið Geirsdóttir Eystberg - Kyndil
Durita Christoffersen Jojic - VÍF
Birita Ingolfsdóttir Jacobsen - Neistin
Anna Armgarðsdóttir Brimnes - Kyndil
Marjun Falkvard Danberg - Neistin
Bjarta Osberg Johansen- Kyndil
Bára Krossteig Hansen - Kyndil
Pernille Brandenborg - GOG
Daniella Joensen - VÍF
Tóra Eliasen	- Stjørnan
Birita Poulina Mortansdóttir - Kyndil
Marianna Holm Jacobsen - VÍF

Truppen 2012
Truppen til Challenge EHF 2012:

Kilder

Eksterne henvisninger

Håndboldlandshold (damer)
Kvindehåndboldlandshold

Færøernes håndboldlandshold (damer)


Enrique Grau (December 18, 1920 – April 1, 2004) was a Colombian artist best known for his depictions of Amerindian and Afro-Colombian figures. He was a member of the triumvirate of key Colombian artists of the 20th century which included Fernando Botero and Alejandro Obregón.

Early life
Grau was born in Panama City, Panama, just like many of the children of his time with Colombian parents, and raised in Cartagena, Colombia. He was the son of Enrique Grau Velez and Carmen Araujo Jimenez.

Career
A self-made artist, he was influenced by the Colombian masters Ignacio Gomez Jaramillo, Santiago Martinez Delgado and Pedro Nel Gómez. Grau studied at the Art Students League in New York City, U.S. from 1941–42, and later toured Italy, where he learned etching and fresco techniques before moving to the city of Cartagena.

He won the Salón de Artistas Colombianos in 1957 launching a well-noted career in the arts. His associations of white, black, and indigenous figures and objects such as masks, eggs, fruit, or cages brought him international fame, with exhibitions at the Guggenheim Museum in New York City and the Paris Museum of Modern Art.

Death and legacy
Grau donated 1,300 works of art (including some by other artists) to the city of Cartagena, which were used to establish the Museum of Modern Art.

Grau died of pulmonary complications at a hospital in Bogotá, Colombia, at age 83.

References

External links
Enrique Grau Foundation Website

1920 births
2004 deaths
Colombian people of Panamanian descent
Modern artists
People from Cartagena, Colombia
20th-century Colombian painters
20th-century Colombian male artists
Colombian male painters
Colombian expatriates in Panama
Colombian expatriates in the United States

Enrique Grau


An Tecophilaea in uska genus han Liliopsida. An Tecophilaea in nahilalakip ha familia nga Tecophilaeaceae.

An kladograma hini sumala ha Catalogue of Life:

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Tecophilaea

Tecophilaea


Erich Eduard Hugo Rudolf von Redern (* 14. Dezember 1861 in Berlin; † 18. Januar 1937 in Potsdam) war ein preußischer Generalleutnant im Ersten Weltkrieg.

Leben
Er entstammte dem märkischen Uradelsgeschlecht von Redern und begann seine militärische Laufbahn 1880 als Sekondeleutnant im 2. Hannoverschen Infanterie-Regiment Nr. 77 in Celle. 1886 wechselte er zum Infanterie-Regiment "von Grolmann" (1. Posensches) Nr. 18 in Osterode, wo er 1889 Premierleutnant wurde. Anschließend war Redern ab 1892 im Großen Generalstab in Berlin tätig und dort 1893 zum Hauptmann befördert. Es folgte 1894 eine Verwendung im Infanterie-Regiment "Herzog von Holstein" (Holsteinisches) Nr. 85 in Rendsburg, 1897 in der 33. Division in Metz, 1899 in der 22. Division in Kassel und in der 38. Division in Erfurt sowie 1900 als Major im I. Armee-Korps in Königsberg (jeweils als Stabsoffizier). Ab 1901 wirkte er drei Jahre erneut im Großen Generalstab, um dann von 1904 bis 1906 in der Schutztruppe in Deutsch-Südwestafrika zu dienen, wo er zum Oberstleutnant befördert wurde. Nach nochmaligem Einsatz im Großen Generalstab als Abteilungschef, wurde er 1908 als Stabschef zum X. Armee-Korps in Hannover versetzt und 1909 zum Oberst befördert. 1911 wurde er Kommandeur des 9. Württembergischen Infanterie-Regiments Nr. 127 in Ulm ernannt. Mit der Beförderung zum Generalmajor 1913 folgte seine Versetzung nach Brandenburg an der Havel, wo er die 11. Infanterie-Brigade übernahm. Anschließend wurde Redern 1914 Oberquartiermeister im Großen Generalstab.

Im Ersten Weltkrieg war er zunächst Stabschef im Stellvertretenden Generalkommando des XVII. Armee-Korps, übernahm 1915 als Kommandeur die 80. Reserve-Division und wurde am 18. August 1916 zum Generalleutnant befördert. Als solcher kommandierte er dann vom 20. Dezember 1916 bis 1. November 1917 die 82. Reserve-Division und anschließend das Generalkommando z. b. V. Nr. 59.

Familie
Seine Eltern waren der Generalleutnant Ernst von Redern (1835–1900) und Anna Unzelmann von Fransecky (1836–1897). Er war 1886 in erster Ehe verheiratet mit Ida Hostmann, nach Scheidung 1906 in zweiter Ehe mit Else Adelheid Sophia Kaempf (1877–1933), der Tochter des Reichstagspräsidenten Johannes Kaempf. Seine letzte Ruhestätte fand er auf dem Südwestkirchhof Stahnsdorf.

Literatur
 Gothaisches Genealogisches Taschenbuch der Adeligen Häuser. Der in Deutschland eingeborene Adel (Uradel) 1902. Justus Perthes, Dritter Jahrgang, Gotha 1901, S. 718.

 Bundesarchiv: Generalleutnant Erich von Redern (14.12.1861 - 18.01.1937)

Erich
Generalleutnant (Königreich Preußen)
Militärperson (Kaiserliche Schutztruppe)
Befehlshaber im Ersten Weltkrieg (Deutsches Reich)
Adliger
Deutscher
Geboren 1861
Gestorben 1937
Mann

Erich von Redern


La Commission de supervision des nations neutres en Corée (NNSC) (en anglais «  ») a été créée par l'Armistice de Panmunjeom signé le 27 Juillet 1953, mettant fin à la guerre de Corée. Elle fait partie, avec la Commission d'armistice militaire du mécanisme qui régit les relations entre la république populaire démocratique de Corée (Corée du Nord) et la république de Corée (Corée du Sud).

La NNSC avait pour mission d'effectuer des inspections et des enquêtes afin de garantir l'application des alinéas 13(c) et 13(d) de l'armistice, qui devaient empêcher l'introduction de renforts en Corée, qu'il s'agisse de personnel militaire supplémentaire ou de nouvelles armes, en dehors du remplacement de matériel endommagé ou usé. Des rapports devaient être présentés à la Commission militaire d'armistice.

Selon l'armistice, la NNSC est composé de quatre officiers supérieurs, dont deux sont nommés par les nations neutres nommées par le Commandement des Nations unies en Corée (UNC) et deux désignés par des nations neutres nommées conjointement par l'Armée populaire de Corée et l'Armée des volontaires du peuple chinois. Le terme "nations neutres" étant défini comme les nations dont les forces de combat ne participaient pas aux hostilités en Corée. Le Commandement des Nations unies en Corée choisie la Suisse et Suède, tandis que l'Armée populaire de Corée et l'Armée des volontaires du peuple chinois choisirent la Tchécoslovaquie et la Pologne.

La NNSC était soutenue par vingt équipes d'inspection des Nations Neutres, dix situées en permanence dans les ports de Corée du Nord et Corée du Sud, et dix équipes mobiles. L'armistice ne précisait pas le mode de fonctionnement des équipes. Les équipes suisses et suédoises étaient de petite taille et comptaient sur leurs hôtes pour fournir du personnel, des véhicules et du matériel de communication afin de faire leurs rapports à la Commission de surveillance. Les équipes tchécoslovaques et polonaises étaient beaucoup plus importantes et entièrement autonomes, comprenant des camions radio lourds, des interprètes et des cuisiniers.

Historique

1953–1957

La première réunion de la Commission de supervision des nations neutres en Corée (NNSC) a eu lieu le 1er août 1953.

En 1954, les Coréens du Sud s'étaient montrés hostiles aux inspections de la NNSC et les Nations unies, la Suisse et la Suède avaient émis des doutes quant à l'application équilibrée des inspections. Le 31 juillet, après des avertissements de l'armée sud-coréenne selon lesquels une action aurait lieu si la NNSC ne se retirait pas de Corée du Sud, des manifestants ont tentés de pénétrer dans la base de la NNSC à Incheon, mais ont été arrêtés par des militaires américains. Après discussion au sein de la NNSC, et avec l'accord de la Commission d'armistice militaire, les effectifs des équipes d'inspection ont été réduits environ de moitié.

En mars 1955, l'assemblée nationale sud-coréenne adopte à l'unanimité une résolution selon laquelle les équipes d'inspection de la NNSC doivent être expulsées de Corée du Sud. En mai 1955, les États-Unis décident que la NNSC doit être informée que ses opérations désavantagent sérieusement les forces du Commandement des Nations unies en Corée (UNC) et que "l'UNC propose à l'avenir de considérer l'article 13(d) de la convention d'armistice comme inopérant". En août 1955, le président sud-coréen Syngman Rhee exige que les membres de la NNSC quittent la Corée du Sud. 1 200 cheminots et 300 vétérans de guerre sud-coréens tentent de prendre d'assaut la base de la NNSC sur l'île de  mais ils sont retenus par plusieurs centaines de soldats américains qui utilisent des gaz lacrymogènes. Les manifestations contre les équipes d'inspection de la NNSC se sont poursuivies en septembre et octobre.

Le 31 mai 1956, l'UNC exige que les équipes d'inspection fixes de la NNSC soient retirées des ports sud-coréens, car les États-Unis pensaient que la Corée du Nord se réarmait en évitant les inspections de la NNSC. La Corée du Nord s'y opposa au sein de la Commission d'armistice militaire, mais la décision fut effective le 9 juin 1956. Les équipes d'inspection de la NNSC en Corée du Nord ont été retirées dans les jours qui suivirent. À partir de là, les activités de la NNSC se limitèrent à l'enregistrement des informations fournies par les deux parties, et les effectifs ont été réduits.

Lors d'une réunion de la Commission d'armistice militaire, le 21 juin 1957, les États-Unis informent les représentants nord-coréens que l'UNC ne se considère plus liée par le paragraphe 13(d) de l'armistice qui empêche l'introduction de nouvelles armes en Corée et dont l'application est la mission première de la NNSC. En janvier 1958, des armes nucléaire américaines : l'Honest John et le M65 Atomic Cannon furent déployés en Corée du Sud. Un an plus tard, les américains ajoutèrent les missiles nucléaire MGM-1 Matador d'une portée permettant d'atteindre la Chine et l'Union soviétique.

1958–1995

La Corée du Nord considérait que la NNSC n'existait que de nom après le retrait de ses équipes d'inspection. Un rapport américain de 1970 sur la NNSC par l' a conclu : "Étant donné que le NNSC n'a été créé que pour observer l'application des articles 13(c) et 13(d), elle a donc cessé d'avoir une quelconque fonction.".

De juin 1956 à 1993, la NNSC a cessé ses contrôles et s'est limité à transmettre au Commandement des Nations unies en Corée (UNC) les rapports des belligérants sur les entrées et sorties de militaires. Les effectifs des délégations de Pologne, de Tchécoslovaquie, de Suède et de Suisse sont progressivement réduits : le 9 juin 1956 à 14 membres chacune, en 1960 à 9 membres chacune, et en 1978 à 6 membres chacune. Les bureaux et la salle de conférence de la NNSC se trouvent dans la Joint Security Area (JSA).

Les bases des membres suédois et suisses et de leur personnel sont situés dans la moitié sud de Zone coréenne démilitarisée (DMZ) adjacente à la JSA. Les anciens camps polonais et tchèques qui se trouvaient à proximité, du côté nord-coréen de la Ligne de Démarcation militaire, ont été repris par l'Armée populaire de Corée et sont maintenant utilisés à d'autres fins.

À la suite de la chute des régimes communistes menant à l'adhésion à l'OTAN de la Tchécoslovaquie et de la Pologne, et à la Dissolution de la Tchécoslovaquie pour laisser place à la Tchéquie et la Slovaquie en 1993, la Corée du Nord estimait que la NNSC avait perdu sa neutralité et considérait que la NNSC s'était dissoute. La Corée du Nord a ainsi expulsé la composante tchèque en 1993 et la composante polonaise en 1995.

Depuis 1995, la Corée du Nord ne reconnaît pas l'existence de la NNSC. Les délégations suédoise et suisse continuent de soumettre à la Corée du Nord des rapports sur les mouvements de troupes sud-coréennes, qui sont ignorés La Pologne continue de participer aux réunions du NNSC, bien qu'elle ne soit plus en mesure d'observer les mouvements de troupes en Corée du Nord.

Statut post 2008

Depuis 2008, le rôle principal du NNSC est de maintenir et d'établir des relations avec les deux parties, et de maintenir un canal de communication entre elles. Cinq représentants suisses et cinq représentants suédois sont stationnés près de Panmunjeom, en service pour la NNSC. Actuellement, leur principale mission est de montrer leur présence à la frontière intérieure de la Corée et de démontrer ainsi que le cessez-le-feu est toujours en vigueur. Occasionnellement, des délégués polonais assistent aux réunions de Panmunjeom, mais en passant par la Corée du Sud, car la Pologne a changé de bord politique. La promotion de la détente et de la sécurité dans la Joint Security Area (JSA) s'inscrit également dans le cadre de ses activités et constitue la condition préalable à l'accomplissement de ses tâches.

La délégation suédoise décrit sa tâche actuelle comme consistant à maintenir la validité du mécanisme de trêve. Elle décrit la NNSC comme entretenant actuellement des contacts permanents avec le Commandement des Nations unies en Corée (UNC), mais aucun contact avec la Corée du Nord.

La NNSC continue de surveiller les niveaux de troupes en Corée du Sud et de suivre les grands exercices militaires annuels des États-Unis et de la Corée du Sud. Chaque fois que des Nord-Coréens entrent en Corée du Sud, les membres du NNSC peuvent les interroger pour déterminer s'ils veulent être rapatriés ou faire défection au Sud. À certaines occasions, la NNSC participe à des enquêtes de la Commission d'armistice militaire, notamment sur les actions de la Corée du Sud lors d'escarmouches navales.

La Pologne continue d'envoyer des représentants aux réunions de la commission deux fois par an, ce que la NNSC considère comme une confirmation de sa position.

En 2014, la pratique consistant à ouvrir la porte de la salle de conférence de la NNSC sur le territoire nord-coréen pour indiquer qu'un nouveau rapport était disponible a cessé, la Corée du Nord ayant indiqué qu'il s'agissait d'un "geste offensant".

Le coût annuel de la NNSC est d'environ 4 millions de dollars. L'entretien et la réparation des installations du camp de la NNSC relèvent de la responsabilité de la Direction des travaux publics (DPW) de l'armée américaine pour la zone 1, située à .

Historique des délégations des nations neutres

Suisse

Le 1er août 1953, la première délégation suisse de la NNSC, composée de 96 membres, est arrivée, puis s'est élargie à environ 150 membres en quelques mois pour aider à la surveillance, selon une enquête de Stars and Stripes. Après la dissolution de l'équipe d'inspection, la délégation a été réduite à 14 membres. Les années suivantes, la délégation a été successivement réduite à la taille actuelle de cinq membres. Actuellement, le chef de la délégation, choisi au sein du ministère de la défense ou du ministère des affaires étrangères, est en mission pour trois à cinq ans. Quatre officiers militaires de réserve l'assistent pour des missions d'un à deux ans.

Tchécoslovaquie
En juillet et août 1953, Un groupe tchécoslovaque de plus de 300 personnes arriva à Panmunjeom certains par le train et d'autres par avion. Au cours des quatre premières années d'existence de la NNSC, quelque 500 à 600 Tchécoslovaques y ont participé. L'histoire du premier contingent tchécoslovaque est relatée dans le livre La péninsule coréenne après l'armistice vue par les délégués tchécoslovaques à la Commission de surveillance des Nations neutres contenant plus de 250 photographies prises par les membres du contingent tchécoslovaque entre 1953 et 1956 et quatre textes sur les débuts de la NNSC écrits par Seungju Hong, Jaroslav Olša Jr, Gabriel Jonsson et Alex Švamberk. Des exemplaires de ces photographies ont été publiés ailleurs dans la presse coréenne et tchèque, par exemple dans le Korea Times.

Par la suite, la taille du contingent tchécoslovaque s'est considérablement réduite. Après la scission pacifique de la Tchécoslovaquie, les deux nouvelles républiques sont convenues que la République tchèque reprendrait sa place au sein de la NNSC. En avril 1993, les membres tchèques ont été contraints de quitter leur camp de Panmunjeom sous la menace de la Corée du Nord. Depuis lors, la République tchèque n'a pas participé aux réunions du NNSC.

En 2013, à l'occasion du 60ème anniversaire de la signature de l'armistice, l'ambassade de la République tchèque en Corée du Sud a organisé une série d'événements pour commémorer la participation tchécoslovaque à la NNSC.

Dans la culture populaire
Un délégué de la NNSC issue de l'armée suisse est le personnage principal du film sud-coréen : Joint Security Area.

Références

Liens externes

 Soo Hwang, The United States - Republic of Korea security relationship, 1953-1960: great power and small state, University College London, 1999, pages 149–172 : The Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC) and the Denunciation of the Armistice Agreement.
 The foundation of the MAC and the NNSC and the first turbulent years, Gabriel Jonsson, Université de Stockholm.
 U.S. Efforts to Secure the Withdrawal of the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission From Korea; The Question of the Introduction of Advanced Weapons Into Korea, Relations extérieures des États-Unis, 1955–1957, Corée, Volume XXIII, Partie 2, Office Historique, Département d'État des États-Unis (version PDF)
 Prelude of Communist Fraternity. Interaction of Czechoslovakia and Korea from the World War II until the End of the Korean War par
 Peace Support – Mission in Korea (NNSC) informations sur la participation suisse à la mission de la NNSC en Corée.
 Association d'anciens soldats suisses en Corée "Schweizerische Korea-Vereinigung" et publication du 60ème anniverssaire de la NNSC "60 Jahre Schweizer Militärdelegation in der NNSC Panmunjom Korea 1953–2013" (en allemand)
 Reportage (en allemand) et photos sur la mission des membres suisses de la NNSC en Corée.
 Participation de la Suède à la NNSC

Zone coréenne démilitarisée
Frontière entre la Corée du Nord et la Corée du Sud
Panmunjeom


Kobbersmykkets historie omfatter smykker, der er fremstillet af kobber.

Kobbersmykker blev først brugt i større mængder i bronzealderen. Der er eksempler på smykker fremstillet af kobber i Det gamle Egypten fra ca. 3500 f.kr., og dette bredte sig nordover. Brugen af kobbersmykker kom til Skandinavien ca. 1700 f.Kr.
Selvom bronzealderen i Danmark startede ca. 1700 f.kr. har man fundet kobbersmykker i grave fra bondestenalderen 3900 f.kr. til 1700 f.kr. De ældste danske kobbersmykker er således ca. 5500 år gamle og er fundet ved Årupgård og Bygholm i Østjylland samt Barkær på Djursland.

Kobbermalmen til bronzealder kobbersmykker fundet i Danmark er brudt og støbt på Balkan og Bulgarien, hvor man 4500 f.Kr. havde kobberminedrift og ovne til smeltning af kobbermalm og støbning af smykker og brugsgenstande.

Bronzealderen hedder bronzealderen fordi de fleste redskaber og våben blev lavet af bronze, der er en legering af 90% kobber og 10% tin, og dermed et hårdere materiale end rent kobber. De fleste smykker fra denne tidsalder er dog lavet af kobber, ikke af bronze. At kobbersmykker var populære i bronzealderen kan ses af de fine samlinger af kobbersmykker, der findes på danske museer, blandt andet har Nationalmuseet samlinger.

Kobbersmykker fra bronzealderen kan også ses i Ægypten og Mesopotamien, i Romerriget 27 f.Kr. -476, eller i nyrere tid hos indianerne i Nordamerika.

I vikingetiden og middelalderen blev guld og sølv det foretrukne smykkemateriale hos de herskende klasser, men kobbersmykket fortsatte med at være et meget brugt smykkemateriale, hvilket også kan ses på mange danske museer.

Kobber er ikke et ædelmetal, hvorfor det i det 1900-tallet, delvis grundet øget velstand, ikke længere blev anset som værende fint nok eller et rigtig smykke, hvorfor brugen af kobbersmykker blev mindre, men kunstnere som Jerry Fels, der grundlagde Renoir of California produceredes fortsat smykker af kobber.

I 1900-tallet begyndte kobbersmykker at komme på mode igen; det begyndte i USA og bredte sig til Europa. Armbåndsure produceres nu i kobber eller med kobberfarve. Populære kobbersmykker er kobberarmbånd, ringe og halskæder.

Referencer

Smykker
Smykkets historie

Kobbersmykkets historie


පැරණි නගරය (, හයිර් හාටිකා, , අල්-බල්ඩ අල්-කදීම) යනු,  ජෙරුසෙලෙම නූතන නගරය තුල පිහිටි,  0.9 වර්ග කිලෝමීටර (0.35 සතරැස් සැත) ප්‍රමාණයෙහි පවුරුවලින් වටවූ ප්‍රදේශයකි. 1860 වසරෙහිදී, මිෂ්කෙනොට් ෂානනිම් නම් යුදෙව් අසල්වැසි ප්‍රදේශය පිහිටුවන තුරු, මෙම ප්‍රදේශය වෙතින් නිරූපණය කෙරුණේ සමස්ත ජෙරුසෙලෙම්  නගරයයි.

පැරණි නගරය (ජෙරුසෙලෙම)


الزيوت العطرية أو الزيوت الطيارة هي مستخلصات زيتية سهلة التطاير يحصل عليها من النباتات أو أجزاء منها، تتميز بأن لها رائحتها الفواحة مثل زيت القرنفل.

على العكس من الزيوت الدهنية فإن الزيوت العطرية تتبخر بشكل كامل ولا تترك أي أثر خلفها. تتكون الزيوت العطرية من العديد من المكونات المختلفة، وهي منحلة في الدهون على الرغم من أنها لا تحوي أي مكونات دهنية. انحلالية هذه الزيوت في الماء ضعيفة، وتشكل قطيرات سائلة تطفو على السطح لأنها أقل كثافة من الماء.

تمثل الزيوت العطرية المواد الرئيسية المسؤولة عن الرائحة المتميزة للنباتات، وهذه المكونات الطيارة لها القدرة على التبخر والتطاير تحت الظروف العادية.

وتتميز الزيوت العطرية بسهولة فصلها عن الأعضاء النباتية الحاملة لها بواسطة طرق التقطير والاستخلاص المختلفة.

تاريخ الزيوت العطرية

تؤكد البرديات الفرعونية والآثار التاريخية والموميات، أن المصريين القدماء كانوا أول من استعمل العطور وعرف قيمتها في المرء من نشاط وحيوية وقدرة على العمل والابتكار، فلقد أعجبوا بها وفتنتهم روائحها المختلفة، حتى أصبحت من تقاليد الحياة الفرعونية ومن الأشياء المعتاد استعمالها كل يوم في الموروث المصري القديم، وأضحت تقليدا عاديا في زيارتهم وحفلاتهم وأعيادهم.

ففي بعض أوراق البردي التي يعود تاريخها إلى حوالي ألفي عام قبل الميلاد، توجد كتابات تثبت أن الحضارة الفرعونية القديمة كانت تستخدم الدهون العطرية، على شكل أقماع صغيرة تنبعث منها روائح عطرة تفوح في البيوت والشوارع.

وفي عام (1928) اكتشف أحد علماء الآثار في أحد المقابر الفرعونية، آنية فخارية تحتوي زيوتا عطرية يعود تاريخها إلى (3557) عاما.
وقد كانت الملكة كليوبترا من أكثر المغرمين باستخدام العطور والزيوت العطرية في تعطير القصور والملابس ومياه الاستحمام وعربة الركوب وكل مكان تذهب إليه، وبعدها انتقلت الزيوت العطرية إلى بقية الحضارات.

ساهم العلماء العرب والمسلمون في تطوير طرق الاستخلاص والتحضير العطرية بواسطة التبخير والتكثيف والتقطير على أيدي علماء كبار أمثال ابن سينا استخرجها بطريقة نقية ومركزة، وكذلك جابر ابن حيان وهو أول من فصل مادة الكحول عن طريق التقطير، ثم تطور الأمر لاحقا لتعدد طرق استخلاص الزيت العطري.

مصادر الزيوت العطرية الطبيعية

توجد العطور في بعض النباتات على هيئة زيوت أساسية، وهي مزيج من مواد طيبة الرائحة ومواد أخرى لا رائحة لها.

وغالبا ما توجد هذه الزيوت في سيقان تلك النباتات والأوراق والازهار، وتعتبر بعض الصخور والحيوانات مصدرا مهما لأغلى أنواع العطور الزيتية، ومنها:-

 يستخرج عطر العنبر من معدة الحوت الأزرق، ويسمى أيضا حوت العنبر، وأحيانا يلفظه خارجا ليطفو على سطح البحر، فعندما يتغذى الحوت على الأسماك وأحياء البحار يكون فيه ما يهيج أمعاءه فلا تهضم فيقوم بإفراز مادة تحيط بهذا الشيء الذي يؤذيه ثم يلفظها في البحر، وهذه المادة هي العنبر ولها قوام الشمع ذات لون رمادي أو أبيض أو اصفر أو اسود، وكثيرا ما تجمع بين أكثر من لون، يلتقطها الإنسان من على سطح بحر المحيطات.
 يستخرج عطر المسك من حيوان الأيل، ويعرف بأيل المسك، ويوجد المسك في بطن الأيل الذكر داخل كيس يبلغ حجمه حجم حبة البرتقال.
ولا بد من قتل الأيل لفصل هذا الكيس أو الغدة فصلا كاملا ثم تجفيفه في الشمس أو نقعه في زيت ساخن، والمسك الجيد هو مادة جافة قاتمة اللون أرجوانية ملساء مرّة المذاق، والغريب أن المركّز منه رائحته غير محببة أما إذا خفف طابت رائحته.
 المسك الأبيض البارد، ويستخرج من جبال أوروبا، حيث يتكون بصورة طبيعية عندما تتفاعل بعض أنواع الصخور مع الثلوج المتراكمة على تلك الجبال، فينتج عن ذلك التفاعل كتل هشة من الصخور البيضاء يميل لونها إلى بعض الصفرة.

طريقة استخلاص الزيوت العطرية
من أهم هذه الطرق:-
 الاستخلاص بالتقطير.
 الاستخلاص بالمذيبات العضوية.
 الاستخلاص بالعصر الهيدروليكي.
 الاستخلاص بالتحلل الانزيمي.

الصفات الطبيعية للزيوت العطرية

إن صفات الجودة للزيوت العطرية تتوقف أساسا على الصفات الطبيعية، وأهمها الرائحة أو النكهة المميزة.
وأهم الصفات الطبيعية وثوابتها للزيوت العطرية على السواء هي:
 اللون، معظم الزيوت الطيارة عديمة اللون، والقليل منها أصفر مبيض، والنادر إما أزرق أو أخضر.
 الرائحة، معظم الزيوت الطيارة تتميز بالرائحة العطرة، ونادرا ما تكون رائحتها نفاذة غير مرغوبة بها.
 التطاير، الغالبية العظمى للزيوت الطيارة والمستخلصة تتبخر أو تتطاير تماما تحت الظروف الطبيعية والعادية عدا القليل منها مثل زيت الليمون وذلك لاحتوائه على بعض المواد غير المتطايرة كالمواد الصمغية.
 الإذابة، جميع الزيوت لا تذوب في الماء، إلا أنها تذوب في الكحول بنسبة (95%).
 الكثافة النوعية، وتختلف قيمتها للزيوت الطيارة باختلاف مصادرها النباتية، ومعظم الزيوت العطرية كثافتها أقل من كثافة الماء النوعية، مما يعمل على طفو الزيت العطري فوق سطح الماء.

تاريخ المعالجة بالزيوت العطرية

لا شك أن الفراعنة أول من استخدم الزيوت العطرية في العلاج وتقوية الأبدان، وقد كانوا يدلكون جسمهم بها بعد الاستحمام، وكانوا يستخدمون زيت الكمون قبل الممارسة الجنسية لإنجاح الحمل، وتظهر المنحوتات والرسوم على المعابد والمقابر الفرعونية ذلك الاستعمال، كما وجد مكتوبا على الأوراق البردية المصرية، أسماء زيوت وعلاجات للعديد من الأمراض، وكذلك استعمل الصينيون طب الزيوت العطرية في حقب تاريخية قديمة وفي زمن يقارب زمن الفراعنة.

كذلك تابع الإغريق استعمال الزيوت العطرية للطبابة والتجميل، وكتب الطبيب الإغريقي المشهور(دستوريدس) كتابا عن التداوي بالأعشاب والنباتات، ولا زال يستخدم كمرجع طبي غربي إلى يومنا هذا.

ولما اجتاح مرض الطاعون بلاد أثينا القديمة، أمر(أبقراط) بحرق الورود والنباتات العطرية على زوايا الشوارع لمنع الوباء من الانتشار، فقد كان(أبقراط) على علم بأن الزيوت العطرية المنطلقة من تلك النباتات والورود لها دور فعال في مكافحة انتشار المرض.

ومن ثم أخذ الرومان معظم المعارف الطبية من الإغريق، وحاولوا تحسينها، وصارت عادة عندهم غسل اليدين بعد الطعام في أوعية مملؤة بالماء والورود، كما كانوا يستعملون هذه الوصفة طوال النهار لغسل الوجه واليدين وسائر الجسم لإزالة رائحة العرق، وقد اشتهروا بوضع أكاليل الزهور على الرأس لعلاج الصداع وللزينة أيضا.

أما عن دور العرب، فلقد طور ابن سينا هذا العلم وقدم له أهم المنجزات التي تمثلت باستعمال عملية التقطير واستخراج الزيت الصافي المركز ليضعه في قوارير صيدلية لاستعماله في معالجة مختلف الأمراض، كما تمكن ابن سينا من تقطير الكحول لتخفيف كثافة الزيت قبل وضعه على الجلد.
وفي القرن العشرين، كان الكيميائي الفرنسي (رينيه موريس جاتيفوس) أول من أجرى الأبحاث على الزيوت العطرية الطبية، وفي تجربة ما، احترقت يده في المختبر، فوضعها في زيت ورد الخزامى، فكانت دهشته شديدة عندما تعافت يده من الحروق بسرعة.

طريقة استخدام الزيوت العطرية في العلاج:-

شاع استعمال الزيوت العطرية في العلاج بسبب قدرتها على النفاذ بدرجة فائقة خلال طبقات الجلد نظرا لصغر حجم جزيئاتها، مما يجعلها تمتص إلى تيار الدم، وقد ثبت أن أغلب تلك الزيوت العطرية لها مفعول مطهر يقضي على البكتيريا والجراثيم.

وهناك عدة وسائل لاستخدام الزيوت العطرية في العلاج منها:

 إضافة قليل من الزيوت العطرية إلى بعض أنواع الزيوت الطبيعية، مثل زيت اللوز لتخفيفها واستخدامها في تدليك الجسم كله أو بعض أجزائه.
 إضافة قطرات من الزيوت العطرية المركزة إلى ماء حمام دافئ ويمكث فيه الإنسان حوالي ربع ساعة.
 إضافة قطرات من الزيوت العطرية إلى إناء به ماء ساخن يوضع في غرفة النوم حتى يتم استنشاق البخار المعطر المتصاعد.
 إضافة قليل من الزيوت العطرية إلى محرمة ورقية واستنشاقها عن طريق الأنف.
ويجب عدم تعاطي الزيوت العطرية عن طريق الفم أو وضعها على الجلد مباشرة دون تخفيف، حتى لا تتسبب في إحداث أية آثار جانبية ضارة.

آلية عمل الزيوت العطرية في العلاج

يذكر الدكتور مجدي محمد صبره، المتخصص في الطب البديل، وعضو المجلس البريطاني للعلاج بالوخز بالإبر: أنه عند استنشاق الزيوت العطرية، فإن جزيئات منها تصل إلى الرئتين وتنتقل مع الأكسجين إلى الدم ثم إلى أعضاء الجسم المختلفة.
أما عند ملامسة الزيوت العطرية للجلد، فإن بعض جزيئاتها تمتص وتنتقل عن طريق الدم إلى بقية أعضاء الجسم.
وهناك رأي علمي يفسر نظرية الزيوت العطرية العلاجية من خلال تأثيرها في عصب الشم، فعند استنشاق الزيوت العطرية عن طريق الأنف، فإنها تنشط نهايات الأعصاب الموجودة في الجزء العلوي من الغشاء المخاطي للأنف، فتقوم بنقل رسائل عصبية إلى المخ عن طريق عصب الشم، فتعمل على تنشيط مراكز معينة في المخ ومن ثم تنشيط الغدة النخامية التي تتحكم في وظائف الغدد الصماء الأخرى، حيث تفرز الهرمونات المختلفة التي تؤثر في وظائف أعضاء الجسم.

طريقة تحضير الزيوت العطرية

للأسف إن كثيرا من هذه الزيوت مرتفع الثمن وغير متوافر في الأسواق، لكن لحسن الحظ يمكن تحضيرها بطريقة سهلة غير مكلفة في المنزل وذلك على النحو التالي:

 تقطع الزهور أو الأوراق للنبات العطري إلى أجزاء صغيرة.
 توضع في زيت نباتي مثل زيت دوار الشمس وفائدة هذا الزيت أنه يمتص الزيت العطري من النبات.
 يسخن الخليط على نار هادئة.
 ولزيادة تشبع الزيت النباتي بالزيت العطري، تصفى أجزاء الزهور أو الأوراق في الوعاء، ويعاد وضع زهور أو أوراق جديدة مع استمرار التسخين الهادئ.

فوائد وصور استخدام الزيوت العطرية

ثبت أن للزيوت العطرية مفعولا قويا مضادا للبكتيريا والجراثيم، كما أنها تعتبر مطهرا قويا وقاتلا للجراثيم، ومزيلا للمرض والعدوى، ومن أهم صور استخدام الزيوت العطرية:-

 يعتبر التدليك بزيت اللافندر وسيلة فعالة لمساعدة الجلد على امتصاص هذه الزيوت، كما أنه وسيلة ناجحة لتنشيط الدورة الدموية وتدفق السائل الليمفاوي وإراحة العضلات المرهقة ومساعدة الجسم بالتخلص من السموم وتسكين الألم في بعض مناطق الجسم.
 الاستنشاق لعلاج نزلات البرد والأنفلونزا باستخدام زيت اللافندر وزيت الكافور، ويكون الاستنشاق بإضافة بضع قطرات من الزيت في وعاء به ماء مغلي، ويقوم المريض بالانحناء فوق الوعاء مع وضع منشفة فوق رأسه مع التنفس العميق من خلال الأنف، وهذا التنفس يساعد على فتح الممرات الأنفية، بينما يساعد التنفس العميق من خلال الفم في علاج تقرحات الحنجرة.
 إن رش الزيوت العطرية في هواء الغرفة يساعد في القضاء على الجراثيم، ويفضل هنا استخدام زيت شجرة الشاي، ويمكن تحقيق ذلك بوضع قطرات من الزيت في إناء يحتوي على ماء مغلي، أو بوضع قطرات من الزيت على المصباح الكهربائي قبل إضاءته.
 تناول الزيت العطري بالفم لعلاج الأمراض المعوية، كاستخدام زيت الورد أو البابونج مضافا إليه السكر أو العسل.
 استخدام كمادات زيت الورد أو اللافندر أو الجرانيوم، لعلاج التهاب الثدي عند المرضعات.
 استخدام زيت العرعر لعلاج الروماتيزم والأكزيما، وذلك بإضافة أربع قطرات من الزيت إلى نصف كوب من زيت اللوز، ويدلك الجلد المصاب برفق عدة مرات يوميا، ويمكن إضافة (8) قطرات من الزيت النقي إلى ماء الاستحمام الدافئ، وإذا خلطت بضع قطرات منه مع زيت فول الصويا فإنها تنفع في معالجة التهاب المثانة وآلام الحيض عند الدلك أسفل المعدة.
 ويستخدم زيت نبات العطر لتحسين طعم المواد الغذائية، وإصلاح الاضطرابات الهرمونية والعادة الشهرية، كما أنه منبه ومطهر قوي وقاتل للفطريات والجراثيم، ويستخدم كغرغرة في علاج التهابات الحلقوم والبلعوم واللوز وذلك بإضافة (3) قطرات منه في نصف كوب من الماء الساخن.

ولا شك ان هناك العديد من الزيوت العطرية الطيارة الشائعة الاستعمال، أصبحت الآن في متناول اليد، ومن السهل الحصول عليها وعلى الوصفات العلاجية أيضا، وفيما يلي ملخص بأسماء بعض الزيوت العطرية الطبيعية وفوائدها العلاجية:-

 زيت الأنيسون:
يقضي على قمل الرأس
 زيت البابونج:
يقوي الدم ويخفف الحرارة
 زيت البردقوش:
ينظم الدورة الشهرية
 زيت الريحان:
يغذي الشعر ويقويه
 زيت الزعتر:
يطرد الديدان ويقتلها
 زيت العرعر:
ينفع كثيرا في علاج الشلل
 زيت القرنفل:
مطهر للفم ومسكن لآلام الأسنان ومقو للثة
 زيت اللوز:
يعالج البواسير والأكزيما والحكة، ويفتت الحصوات البولية، ويسكن آلام الأذن الوسطى ويقوي غشاء طبلة الأذن، ويعالج النمش والكلف والحروق.

مخاطر الزيوت العطرية
يجب توخي الحذر عند استخدام الزيوت العطرية فلا تستخدم علي الجلد مباشرة بل يجب تخفيفها بخلطها بزيوت أخرى وسيطة أو بمرطب (كريم) للبشرة.

مراجع

اقرأ أيضا
 تقطير إتلافي
 تحلل حراري
جيرانيول

تقطير

زيت عطري


Wehixamukes (Kupahweese, Cheekiitha, Chekitha;  Little Jack, Crazy-Jack) Ludi Jack je ljudska figura prevaranta kod Delaware i Shawnee Indijanaca, poznat po gluposti i lijenosti. Govorio je netočno kad je govorio Delawarcima, i činilo se kao da nema zdrav razum, ali Wehixamukes je bio moćan i mudar; samo se tako ponašao jer je valjda htio zavarati ljude.

Izvori

Lenape mitologija
Shawnee mitologija

Wehixamukes


Christopher Evans () este un scriitor britanic de science fiction și literatură pentru copii. Printre romanele sale se numără Capella's Golden Eyes  (1980), The Insider (1981), Mortal Remains (1995) și Ice Tower (2000). Este co-editor (cu Robert Holdstock) a trei antologii originale SF, Other Edens (1987), Other Edens II (1988) și Other Edens III (1989).

Evans a câștigat Premiul BSFA pentru cel mai bun roman în 1993 pentru romanul de istorie alternativă Aztec Century, pe care Iain M. Banks l-a descris ca fiind inteligent, bine scris și care te ține cu sufletul la gură până la sfârșit.

Cartea sa Omega, un thriller istorie alternativă, a fost lansat de PS Publishing în 2008.

Lucrări

Serii de romane
Hood's Army (ca Nathan Elliott)
 Earth Invaded, (1986)
 Slaveworld, (1986)
 The Liberators, (1986)

Star Pirates (ca Nathan Elliott)
 Kidnap in Space, (1987)
 Plague Moon, (1987)
 Treasure Planet, (1987)

Romane
 Capella's Golden Eyes, (1980)
 The Insider, (1981)
 The Twilight Realm, (1985) (ca Christopher Carpenter)
 In Limbo, (1985)
 Innerspace, (1987) (ca Nathan Elliott)
 Chimeras, (1992)
 Aztec Century, (1993)
 Mortal Remains; Or, Heirs of the Noosphere, (1995)
 Ice Tower, (2000)
 Omega, (2008)

Anthologii
Other Edens (cu Robert Holdstock)
 Other Edens, (1987)
 Other Edens II, (1988)
 Other Edens III, (1989)

Povestiri
 Fidelity, (1980)
 Rites of Winter, (1983)
 The Hiss of Life, (1993)
 House Call, (1995)
 Jamie's Demon, (1995) (ca Nathan Elliott)
 The Dreams of the Computer (cu Jackie Wilson)

Note

Legături externe
 Fantastic Fiction Bibliography

Nașteri în 1951
Scriitori britanici

Christopher Evans (autor)


Insane ist eine italienische Thrash-Metal-Band aus Civitanova Marche, die im Jahr 2002 gegründet wurde.

Geschichte
Die Band wurde gegen Ende des Jahres 2002 von Bassist und Sänger Dan Montironi, Gitarrist Luke Perozzi und Schlagzeuger Matt Montironi gegründet. Im April 2003 nahm die Band ihr erstes Demo namens Fucking Demo auf, wobei das Lied Death By Command auf der Kompilation Metal Crusade Vol.VIII des deutschen Magazins Heavy oder Was!? erschien. Dadurch wurde das Label Battle Cry Records auf die Band aufmerksam, sodass sie diese unter Vertrag nahm. Im Juli 2004 flog die Band nach Vancouver, Kanada, um ihr Debütalbum Wait and Pray aufzunehmen. Im April 2005 wurde das Album veröffentlicht. Im selben Jahr spielte die Band außerdem auf dem Keep It True.

Stil
Die Band spielt schnellen klassischen Thrash Metal, der sich an der Musik der 1980er Jahre aus der San Francisco Bay Area entspricht. Die Musik wird dabei mit den alten Werken von Slayer und Metallica verglichen.

Diskografie
 2003: Fucking Demo (Demo, Eigenveröffentlichung)
 2005: Wait and Pray (Album, Battle Cry Records)

Weblinks
 Insane bei Myspace

Einzelnachweise

Italienische Band
Thrash-Metal-Band

Insane (italienische Band)


Impacto excéntrico

El impacto excéntrico ocurre cuando la línea que conecta los centros de masa de los dos cuerpos no coincide con la línea de impacto. Este tipo de impacto suele ocurrir cuando uno o los dos cuerpos están limitados a girar alrededor de un eje fijo. Durante el impacto se ejerce una fuerza impulsora igual pero opuesta P entre los cuerpos, la cual los deforma en el punto de contacto. Después del impacto ocurre entonces un periodo de restitución durante el cual los cuerpos buscan recuperar sus formas originales.

Para poder resolver problemas que impliquen algún tipo de impacto es importante considerar el coeficiente de restitución e, el cual es la relación del impulso de restitución al impulso de deformación, sin embargo este cálculo todavía es muy limitado en ingeniería debido a que se ha encontrado que los valores de e son muy sensibles al material, la geometría, la geometría y la velocidad de cada uno de los cuerpos que chocan.

Se ha establecido que el coeficiente de restitución es igual a la relación de la velocidad relativa de separación de los puntos de contacto , justo después del contacto a la velocidad relativa a la cual los puntos se aproximan entre sí justo antes del impacto.

Referencias

Dinámica

Impacto excéntrico


Plazmatična kozmologija je nestandardna kozmologija čiji je središnji postulat da dinamika ioniziranih plinova i plazme igra važne, ako ne i dominantne uloge u fizici svemira izvan Sunčevog sustava. Suprotno tome, trenutna zapažanja i modeli kosmologa i astrofizičara objašnjavaju formiranje, razvoj i evoluciju astronomskih tijela i velikih struktura u svemiru kao rezultat gravitacijskih sila (uključujući formulaciju gravitacijske sile u Einsteinovoj teoriji opće relativnosti ) i fizike bariona.

Neki teorijski pojmovi o kozmologiji plazme potječu od Hannesa Alfvéna, koji je provizorno predložio korištenje skaliranja plazme da bi se ekstrapolirali rezultati laboratorijskih eksperimenata i promatranja fizike plazme te ih skalirali u mnogim redovima veličina do najvećih promatranih objekata u svemiru (vidi okvir).

Kozmolozi i astrofizičari koji su procjenjivali plazmatičnu kozmologiju odbacuju je jer se ne podudara s opažanjima astrofizičkih pojava kao i s trenutnom kosmološkom teorijom. Vrlo se malo radova koji podržavaju plazmatičnu kozmologiju pojavilo u literaturi od sredine 1990-ih.

Termin plazma svemir ponekad se koristi kao sinonim za plazmatičnu kozmologiju, kao alternativni opis plazme u svemiru.

Alfvén–Klein Kozmologija
U 1960-im je teoriju iza plazmatične kozmologije uveo Alfvén, stručnjak za plazme koji je 1970. dobio Nobelovu nagradu za fiziku za svoj rad na magnetohidrodinamici (MHD). Godine 1971., Oskar Klein, švedski teorijski fizičar, proširio je ranije prijedloge i razvio Alfvén-Kleinov model svemira, ili "metagalaksija", raniji termin koji se koristio za označavanje empirijski dostupnog dijela svemira, a ne za cijeli svemir koji uključuje dijelove izvan našeg horizonta čestica. U ovoj Alfvén-Klein kozmologiji, koja se ponekad naziva i Klein–Alfvénova kosmologija, svemir je sačinjen od jednakih količina materije i antimaterije, a granice između područja materije i antimaterije označene su kozmičkim elektromagnetskim poljima formiranim od dvoslojnih, tankih dijelova koji se sastoje od dva paralelna sloja sa suprotnim električnim nabojem. Interakcija između tih pograničnih područja stvorila bi zračenje i to bi tvorilo plazmu. Alfvén je uveo pojam ambiplazme za plazmu koja se sastoji od materije i antimaterije i tako su dvostruki slojevi formirani od ambiplazme. Prema Alfvénu, takva bi ambiplazma bila relativno dugotrajna, jer bi sastavne čestice i antičestice bile pregrijane i preniske gustoće da bi se međusobno brzo uništile. Dvostruki slojevi djelovat će na odbijanje oblaka suprotnog tipa, ali i na spajanje oblaka istog tipa, stvarajući sve veća područja materije i antimaterije. Ideja ambiplazme razvila se dalje u oblike teške ambiplazme (protoni-antiprotoni) i lagane ambiplazme (elektroni-pozitroni).

Alfvéna-Kleina kozmlogija predložena je dijelom kako bi objasnila promatranu asimetriju barijona u svemiru, polazeći od početnog stanja točne simetrije između materije i antimaterije. Prema Alfvénu i Kleinu, ambiplazma bi prirodno oblikovala džepove materije i džepove antimaterije koji bi se širili prema van jer se uništavanje materije i antimaterije dogodilo u dvostrukom sloju na granicama. Zaključili su da se nekim slučajem desilo da živimo u jednom od džepova koji su uglavnom bili barioni, a ne antibarioni, objašnjavajući barionsku asimetriju. Džepovi ili mjehurići materije ili antimaterije proširili bi se zbog uništenja na granicama, što je Alfvén smatrao mogućim objašnjenjem za promatrano širenje svemira, što bi bilo samo lokalna faza mnogo veće povijesti. Alfvén je postulirao da svemir uvijek postoji zbog argumenata uzročnosti i odbacivanja ex nihilo modela, poput velikog praska, kao prikrivenog oblika kreacionizma. Alfvén je također predložio dvostruki sloj koji eksplodira, kao mogući mehanizam generiranja kozmičkih zraka, rendgenskih rafala i raspada gama zraka.

Godine 1993. teorijski kozmolog Jim Peebles kritizirao je Alfvén-Klein kozmologiju napisavši da "ne postoji način da rezultati budu u skladu s izotropijom kozmičkog mikrovalnog pozadinskog zračenja i rendgenskim pozadinama ". U svojoj je knjizi također pokazao da Alfvénovi modeli ne predviđaju Hubbleov zakon, obilje svjetlosnih elemenata ili postojanje pozadine kozmičke mikrovalne. Daljnja poteškoća s modelom ambiplazme je da uništavanje materije i antimaterije rezultira proizvodnjom visokoenergetskih fotona, koji se ne promatraju u predviđenim količinama. Iako je moguće da je lokalna ćelija s "dominacijom materije" jednostavno veća od svemira koji se može promatrati, ovaj se prijedlog ne podvrgava promatračkim testovima.

Plazmatična kozmologija i proučavanje galaksija
Hannes Alfvén od 1960-ih do 1980-ih tvrdio je da je plazma igrala važnu, ako ne i dominantnu ulogu u svemiru, jer su elektromagnetske sile daleko važnije od gravitacije kada djeluju na međuplanetarne i međuzvjezdane nabijene čestice. Dalje je hipotezirao da oni mogu potaknuti stezanje međuzvjezdanih oblaka i mogu čak predstavljati glavni mehanizam za kontrakciju, pokretajući stvaranje zvijezda. Trenutačni standardni prikaz je da magnetska polja mogu spriječiti kolaps, da nisu primijećene velike struje Birkelanda i da se predviđa da je duljina skale za neutralnost naboja daleko manja od odgovarajuće kozmološke ljestvice.

U 1980-im i 1990-im, Alfvén i Anthony Peratt, fizičari plazme u Nacionalnom laboratoriju u Los Alamosu, iznijeli su program koji su nazvali "svemir plazme". U prijedlozima svemira plazme, različiti fenomeni fizike plazme bili su povezani s astrofizičkim opažanjima i korišteni su za objašnjenje postojećih misterija i problema koji su se pojavili u astrofizici u 1980-im i 1990-ima. Na raznim mjestima Peratt je profilirao ono što je okarakterizirao kao alternativno gledište glavnim modelima koji se primjenjuju u astrofizici i kozmologiji.

Na primjer, Peratt je predložio da glavni pristup galaktičkoj dinamici koji se oslanja na gravitacijsko modeliranje zvijezda i plina u galaksijama uz dodatak tamne materije previdio možda glavni doprinos fizike plazme. Spominje laboratorijske eksperimente Winstona H. Bosticka 1950-ih u kojima su bila stvorena pražnjenja plazme koji su izgledala kao galaksije. Perrat je izveo računalne simulacije sudaranja plazmatičnih oblaka za koje je izvijestio da su također oponašali oblik galaksija. Peratt je predložio da se galaksije formiraju zahvaljujući plazmatičnim vlaknima koje se spajaju u z-pinču, a vlakna su počela 300,000 svjetlosnih godina i nose Birkelandove struje od 1018 ampera. Peratt je također izvijestio o simulacijama koje je učinio pokazujući mlazeve materijala iz središnjeg baferskog područja koje je uspoređivao s kvazarima i aktivnim galaktičkim jezgrama koji se javljaju bez supermasivne crne rupe. Peratt je predložio slijed evolucije galaksije: "prijelaz dvostrukih radio-galaksija u radiokvazare te u radio-mirne QSO-ove u osebujne i Seyfertove galaksije, koji se konačno završavaju u spiralnim galaksijama". Također je izvijestio da su ravne krivulje rotacije galaksije simulirane bez tamne materije.   Istovremeno je Eric Lerner, neovisni istraživač plazme i zagovornik Perattovih ideja, predložio model plazme za kvazare temeljen na gustom fokusu na plazmu.

Usporedba s glavnom astrofizikom
Standardno astronomsko modeliranje i teorije pokušavaju ugraditi svu poznatu fiziku u opise i objašnjenja opaženih pojava, pri čemu gravitacija ima dominantnu ulogu na najvećim mjerilima, kao i u nebeskoj mehanici i dinamici. U tu svrhu se i Keplerijeva orbita i Einsteinova opća teorija relativnosti općenito koriste kao temeljni okvir za modeliranje astrofizičkih sustava i formiranje struktura, dok se visokoenergetska astronomija i fizika čestica u kozmologiji dodatno pozivaju na elektromagnetske procese, uključujući fiziku plazme i radijacijski prijenos da bi objasniti relativno male energetske procese promatrane u rendgenskim i gama zracima. Zbog sveukupne neutralnosti naboja, fizika plazme nije dostatna za interakcije s velikim dugoročnim dosegom u astrofizici, čak i dok je veći dio materije u svemiru plazma. (Pogledajte astrofizičku plazmu za više.)

Zagovornici kozmologije plazme tvrde da je elektrodinamika jednako važna kao i gravitacija u objašnjavanju strukture svemira, te nagađaju da daje alternativno objašnjenje za razvoj galaksija i početni kolaps međuzvjezdanih oblaka. Konkretno, plazmatična kozmologija tvrdi se da daje alternativno objašnjenje ravnih rotacijskih krivulja spiralnih galaksija i eliminira potrebu za tamnom materijom u galaksijama i potrebu za supermasiziranim crnim rupama u centrima galaksije kako bi se napajali kvazari i aktivne galaktičke jezgre. Međutim, teorijska analiza pokazuje da su "mnogi scenariji za stvaranje sjemenskih magnetskih polja, koji se oslanjaju na opstanak i održivost struja u ranim vremenima [svemira nisu favorizirane]", tj. struje Birkelanda potrebne veličine (1018 ampera preko skale megaparseka) za formiranje galaksija ne postoje. Pored toga, mnoga pitanja koja su bila tajanstvena u 1980-im i 1990-ima, uključujući odstupanja koja se odnose na kozmičku mikrovalnu pozadinu i prirodu kvazara, riješena su s više dokaza koji detaljno pružaju udaljenost i vremensku skalu svemira.

Neka od mjesta na kojima se zagovornici plazmatične kozmologije najviše sukobljavaju sa standardnim objašnjenjima uključuju potrebu da njihovi modeli imaju proizvodnju svjetlosnih elemenata bez nukleosinteze velikog praska, za koju se pokazalo da u kontekstu kozmologije Alfvén-Klein prekomjerno proizvodi X- zrake i gama zrake nego promatrane. Zagovornici plazmatične kozmologije dali su daljnje prijedloge za objašnjenje obilja svjetlosnih elemenata, ali popratna pitanja nisu u potpunosti riješena. Eric Lerner je 1995-te objavio svoje alternativno objašnjenje kozmičkog mikrovalnog pozadinskog zračenja (CMB). Tvrdio je da je njegov model objasnio vjernost CMB spektra onom crnog tijela i nisku razinu pronađene anizotropije, iako razina izotropije u 1:105 nije navedena niti jednom od alternativnih modela. Uz to, WMAP i Planckov satelit su znatno poboljšali osjetljivost i razlučivost mjerenja CMB anizotropija i statistika signala bila je toliko u skladu s predviđanjima modela Big Bang da je CMB označen kao glavna potvrda modela Big Bang na štetu alternativa. Akustični vrhovi u ranom svemiru odgovaraju visokom preciznošću predviđanjima modela velikog praska, a do danas nikada se nije pokušalo objasniti detaljan spektar anizotropije u okviru plazmološke kozmologije ili bilo kojeg drugog alternativnog kozmološkog modela.

Literatura i napomene

Daljnje čitanje

 Alfvén, Hannes :

 "Cosmic Plasma" (Reidel, 1981)  ISBN 90-277-1151-8

 "Cosmology in the plasma universe", Laser and Particle Beams (), vol. 6, August 1988, pp. 389–398 Full text
 "Model of the plasma universe", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (), vol. PS-14, December 1986, pp. 629–638 Full text (PDF)
 "The Plasma Universe", Physics Today (), vol. 39, issue 9, September 1986, pp. 22 – 27

 Peratt, Anthony :

 "Physics of the Plasma Universe", (Springer, 1992)  ISBN 0-387-97575-6
 "Simulating spiral galaxies", Sky and Telescope (), vol. 68, August 1984, pp. 118–122
 "Are Black Holes Necessary?", Sky and Telescope (), vol. 66, July 1983, pp. 19–22
 "Evolution of the plasma universe. I – Double radio galaxies, quasars, and extragalactic jets", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (), vol. PS-14, December 1986, pp. 639–660 Full text  (PDF)
 "Evolution of the plasma universe. II – The formation of systems of galaxies", IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science (), vol. PS-14, December 1986, pp. 763–778 Full text  (PDF)
 "The role of particle beams and electrical currents in the plasma universe", Laser and Particle Beams (), vol. 6, August 1988, pp. 471–491 Full text  (PDF)

 IEEE journal Transactions on Plasma Science: special issues on Space and Cosmic Plasma 1986, 1989, 1990, 1992, 2000, 2003, and 2007
 Cambridge University Press journal Laser and Particle Beams: Particle Beams and Basic Phenomena in the Plasma Universe, a Special Issue in Honor of the 80th Birthday of Hannes Alfvén, vol. 6, issue 3, August 1988
 Various authors: "Introduction to Plasma Astrophysics and Cosmology", Astrophysics and Space Science, v. 227 (1995) p. 3–11. Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Workshop on Plasma Astrophysics and Cosmology, held from 10 to 12 May 1993 in Princeton, New Jersey

Vanjske poveznice

 Wright, E. L. "Errors in The Big Bang Never Happened". See also: Lerner, E. J. "Dr. Wright is Wrong" , Lerner's reply to the above.
Kozmologija
Stranice s nepregledanim prijevodima

Plasma-svemir


مينامي تاكاياما (高山みなみ تاكاياما مينامي) هي مؤدية أصوات يابانية ولدت في 5 مايو 1964 في أداتشي، طوكيو.

أدوارها في الأنمي

مسلسلات أنمي تلفزيونية
 المحقق كونان - كونان إيدوجاوا, مينامي تاكامي
 ماجيك كايتو 1412 - كونان إيدوغاوا
 يايبا - يايبا كوروغاني
 دي جرايمان - أنيتا
 زعيم المحاربين - هاو أساكورا
 زعيم المحاربين (2021) - هاو أساكورا
 خيميائي الفولاذ: فل ميتال ألكيميست - إنفي
 رانما ½ - نابيكي تيندو
 وادي الأمان - أمان
 كيو كارا ماو! - أنيسينا
 البدلة المتنقلة جاندام 00 - كاتي مانيكين، هارو الأحمر
 بوكيمون - ريتشي
 رؤيا إسكافلوني - ديلانداو، سيلينا
 يو يو هاكوشو - موكورو
 ذا سول تيكر - ميو داتي
 كليمور - آيرين
 تينبو إيبون أياكاشي أياشي - كاوانابي كيوساي
 كينيتشي التلميذ الأقوى - كيسارا نانجو
 بلاك كات - ترين هارتنت (أيام الطفولة)
 كوكب ملك الوحوش - ثور كلاين (أيام الطفولة), راي كلاين، إيفا
 نزيل الظلام - هيجيري ميناسي
 كيشين تايسن جيجانتيك فورميولا - رافينا خان
 جنود السايبورغ - أرتيميس
 أرشيف دانتاليان - بولا ديكينسون
 ماجيك نايت رايرث - أسكوت
 إندماج الديجيمون - مايكي كودو
 إخوة الفضاء - الراوية
 نينتاما رانتارو - إيناديرا رانتارو
 سنكي زيشو سيمفوجير - كانادي آمو
 سنكي زيشّو سيمفوجير G - كانادي آمو
 ون بنش مان - الإمبراطور
 البلدة في غيابي - ساتشيكو فوجينوما
 دورايمون (2005) - والدة سونيو هونيكاوا
 دانغانرونبا 3: نهاية أكاديمية قمة الأمل - هاجيمي هيناتا
 أنا من اليابان - جابان هينوموتو
 شريطة هيمي تشان - شينتارو كوباياشي
 بيرسيرك - غريفيث (أيام الصبا)

أوفا أنمي
 تسوباسا طوكيو ريفيليشن - كازوكي، ناتاكو
 ساكورا تايسن: إكول دو باريس - سالو
 كوبرا ذي أنيميشن: تايم درايف - إيميرالدا
 تيلز أوف سيمفونيا ذي أنيميشن: تيثيالا - ميثوس
 تيلز أوف سيمفونيا ذي أنيميشن: اتحاد العوالم - ميثوس
 هجوم العمالقة: زوار مفاجئون - والدة جان كيرشتاين
 ماكروس زيرو - نورا بوليانسكي

أفلام أنمي
 رانما ½: معركة مخالفة القوانين - نابيكي تيندو
 رانما ½: مهمة استعادة العروس - نابيكي تيندو
 رانما ½: فريق رانما ضد الفنيق الأسطوري - نابيكي تيندو
 سلسلة أفلام المحقق كونان
 المحقق كونان: العد التنازلي لناطحة السحاب - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: الهدف الرابع عشر - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: ساحر القرن الأخير - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: أسير في عينيها - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: عد تنازلي إلى الجنة - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: خيال شارع بيكر - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: تقاطع طرق في العاصمة القديمة - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: ساحر السماء الفضية - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: إستراتيجية ما فوق الأعماق - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: لحن وداع المتحرين - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: علم القراصنة في عرض المحيط - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: لحن كامل من الرعب - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: المطارد الأسود - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: السفينة الضائعة في السماء - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: 15 دقيقة من الصمت - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: المهاجم الحادي عشر - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: عين خفية في البحر البعيد - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: قناص من بعد آخر - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: تباعات الشمس الجهنمية - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: الكابوس الأشد سوادا - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: رسالة الحب القرمزية - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: جلاد زيرو - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: القبضة اللازوردية - كونان إيدوجاوا
 المحقق كونان: الرصاصة القرمزية - كونان إيدوجاوا
 لوبين الثالث ضد المحقق كونان: الفيلم - كونان إيدوجاوا
 كيكي لخدمة التوصيل - كيكي
 سلايرز: الفيلم - راودي غابرييف (أيام الطفولة)
 فيلم البدلة المتنقلة جاندام 00: أ ويكينينغ أوف ذا تريلبليزر - كاتي مانيكين
 أكاديمية الساحرات الصغيرات - معلمة ركوب المكانس
 النفي من الفردوس - فيرونيكا كريكوا
 فيلم نينتاما رانتارو - إيناديرا رانتارو
 فيلم نينتاما رانتارو: فلينطلق جميع من في أكاديمية النينجوتسو! - إيناديرا رانتارو
 غيغيغي نو كيتارو: إنفجار اليابان!! - كيتارو

أدوارها في ألعاب الفيديو
 سوبر سماش برذرز براول - بيت، ناكل جو
 سوبر سماش برذرز فور نينتندو 3دي إس و وي يو - بيت، ناكل جو
 سوبر سماش برذرز ألتميت - بيت، ناكل جو، بيت الأسود
 تيلز أوف سيمفونيا - ميثوس
 المحقق كونان: تحقيقات ميرابولس - كونان إيدوجاوا
 جانجريف أوفردوز - سبايك هيوبي
 دانغانرونبا 2: غودباي ديسبير - هاجيمي هيناتا
 سلسلة ألعاب دوت هاك - ميا
 ميجا مان X7 - أكسل
 ميجا مان X8 - أكسل
 كيد إيكاروس: أبرايسنغ - بيت، بيت الأسود
 بروجكت X زون - باي تشان
 ديجيمون وورلد - البطل

أدوارها في الدبلجة اليابانية
 المنزل المتوحش - DJ
 فتى الكاراتيه - هاري

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

 ويكيبيديا اليابانية

أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أشخاص من أداتشي (طوكيو)
أعلام نينتندو
كونترالتويون يابانيون
مغنون من طوكيو
مغنون يابانيون في القرن 20
مغنون يابانيون في القرن 21
مغنيات بوب يابانيات
مغنيات يابانيات في القرن 20
مغنيات يابانيات في القرن 21
ممثلات أداء صوتي يابانيات
ممثلات ألعاب فيديو يابانيات
ممثلات يابانيات في القرن 20
ممثلات يابانيات في القرن 21
ممثلو الأداء الصوتي لشخصيات المحقق كونان
مواليد 1964
مواليد في أداتشي (طوكيو)

مينامي تاكاياما


Agrilus raffrayi é uma espécie de inseto do género Agrilus, família Buprestidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por Thomson, 1879.

Referências

raffrayi

Agrilus raffrayi