Louis Mesenkop (* 6. Februar 1903 in Illinois; † 19. Februar 1974 in Los Angeles, Kalifornien) war ein US-amerikanischer Filmtechniker und Spezialeffektekünstler, der zweimal einen Oscar für die besten Spezialeffekte gewann sowie einen Ehrenoscar erhielt.

Leben
Mesenkop begann seine Karriere als Filmtechniker und Spezialeffektekünstler 1935 bei dem Film Frauen – Launen und wirkte in den folgenden sieben Jahren an der Herstellung von fünfundzwanzig Filmen mit.
Bei der Oscarverleihung 1939 erhielt er gemeinsam mit Gordon Jennings, Jan Domela, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, Farciot Edouart, Loyal Griggs, Loren L. Ryder, Harry D. Mills und Walter Oberst einen Ehrenoscar "für herausragende Verdienste bei der Entwicklung von speziellen fotografischen und Toneffekten in dem von Paramount Pictures produzierten Film Piraten in Alaska" ("for outstanding achievements in creating special photographic and sound effects in the Paramount production Spawn of the North").

Bei der Oscarverleihung 1942 gewann er zum einen mit Farciot Edouart und Gordon Jennings den Oscar für die besten Spezialeffekte für I Wanted Wings (1941) von Mitchell Leisen mit Ray Milland, William Holden und Wayne Morris in den Hauptrollen, und war zum anderen für den Oscar in dieser Kategorie mit Edouart und Jennings für Aloma, die Tochter der Südsee (1941) von Alfred Santell mit Dorothy Lamour, Jon Hall und Phillip Reed nominiert.

1943 gewann er ein weiteres Mal mit Farciot Edouart, Gordon Jennings sowie William L. Pereira einen Oscar für die besten Spezialeffekte, und zwar für Piraten im karibischen Meer (1942) von Cecil B. DeMille mit den Hauptdarstellern Ray Milland, John Wayne und Paulette Goddard.

Nach knapp fünfzehnjähriger Pause wirkte er 1956 als leitender Toningenieur an der Herstellung des von Cecil B. DeMille inszenierten Monumentalfilms Die zehn Gebote mit.

Filmografie (Auswahl)
 1935: Frauen-Launen (The Bride Comes Home)
 1936: Der General starb im Morgengrauen
 1936: Ausgerechnet Weltmeister (The Milky Way)
 1937: Angel
 1956: Die zehn Gebote

Auszeichnungen
 1939: Ehrenoscar
 1942: Oscar für die besten Spezialeffekte
 1943: Oscar für die besten Spezialeffekte

Weblinks

Oscarpreisträger
Tontechniker
Spezialeffektkünstler
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1903
Gestorben 1974
Mann

Louis Mesenkop


En aftagelig krave er en krave til skjorter, som kan tages af og sættes fast med med specielle knapper. Kraven er normal fremstillet af en anden type stof end skjorten, og er stort set altid hvid. Når den tages af kan den blive stivet for at få en hård pap-agtig konsistens.

Historie
Nogle mener, at Hannah Montague opfandt kraven i Troy, New York i 1827 efter hun havde klippet kraven af hendes mands skjorter for at vaske dem og syet dem fast igen. Pastor Ebenezar Brown, der var en erhvervsmand fra byen, fortsatte med at kommercialisere den. Fremstilling med aftagelige kraver og de tilhørende skjorter blev en stor industri for Troy.

Senere begyndte man at bruge stivelse til at få afstivet krave, og i en kort periode blev også andre dele af skjorten, brystet og manchetterne, konstrueret så de kunne tages af blive stivet på samme måde. I takt med, at der blev lagt mere vægt på at skjorten skulle være komfortabel begyndte brugen af aftagelig stivet krave at aftage. Skjorter til brug med smoking og kjole og hvidt har dog fortsat et stivet bryst og krave, og ofte er sidstnævnte aftagelig.

Den britiske tv-serie Downton Abbey, der foregår på en britisk herregård mellem 1912 og 1925, har i nyere tid fået interessen for aftagelige kraver til at stige.

Referencer

Skjorter

Aftagelig krave


Vent or vents may refer to:

Science and technology

Biology
Vent, the cloaca region of an animal
Vent DNA polymerase, a thermostable DNA polymerase

Geology
Hydrothermal vent, a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues
Volcano, a point where magma emerges from the Earth's surface and becomes lava

Moving gases
Vent (submarine), a valve on a submarine's ballast tanks
Automatic bleeding valve, a plumbing valve used to automatically release trapped air from a heating system
Drain-waste-vent system or plumbing drainage venting, pipes leading from fixtures to the outdoors
Duct (flow), used to deliver and remove air
Flue, a duct, pipe, or chimney for conveying exhaust gases from a furnace or water heater
Gas venting, a safe vent in the hydrocarbon and chemical industries
Medical ventilator, mechanical breathing machine
Touch hole, a vent on a cannon
Vent shaft or ventilation shaft

People
Vents (musician), Australian hip hop MC
Vents Feldmanis (born 1977), Latvian ice hockey defenceman
Vents Armands Krauklis (born 1964), Latvian politician and musician
Vent., taxonomic abbreviation for Étienne Pierre Ventenat (1757–1808), French botanist

Arts, entertainment, and media

Music

Albums and EPs
Vent (album), a 2001 album by Caliban
Vent (EP), a 2008 release by Sounds of Swami

Songs
"Vent" (song), by Collective Soul
"The Vent", a song by Big K.R.I.T. from Return of 4Eva

Other arts, entertainment, and media
Vent (Mega Man), a character in Mega Man ZX
Vent (radio series), a comedy series produced for BBC Radio 4 in 2006
The Vent, a column in The Atlanta Journal-Constitution

Brands and enterprises
Vent (imprint), an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing
Ventrilo (or Vent), Internet VoIP chat software

Other uses
Vent (tailoring), a slit up the back of a jacket or coat

See also
Fissure
Ventilation (disambiguation)
Venting (disambiguation)

Vent


Boa Nova es un municipio del sudoeste bahiano, con una temperatura media de 24 °C. En 2004 su población era de 24.155 habitantes, esparcidas en un área de 1.348 km², donde predominan la agricultura y la ganadería.

La región rica en ríos, cascadas, grutas y bosques. Dentro los distritos que componen el municipio, se destaca el Valentim, por la tradicional feria libre dominical, situado en la Zona del bosque, y en el otro extremo el Penachinho, localizado en la Zona de la Caatinga.

Referencias

Enlaces externos

Localidades de Bahía

Boa Nova


Flint is a type of rock.

Flint may also refer to:

Places

United States
 Flint, Georgia, an unincorporated community
 Flint, Indiana, an unincorporated community
 Flint, Kentucky, a former unincorporated community
 Flint, Michigan, a city (birthplace of General Motors), was notably affected by the Flint water crisis
 Flint, Ohio, an unincorporated community
 Flint, Texas, an unincorporated community
 Flint, Washington, an unincorporated community
 Flint, West Virginia, an unincorporated community
 Flint Township, Pike County, Illinois
 Flint Township, Michigan, a charter township
 Flint Township, Stutsman County, North Dakota, Stutsman County, North Dakota
 Flint Hills, a physiographic region located in Kansas and Oklahoma
 Flint River (disambiguation), several
 Flint Creek (Alabama)
 Flint Creek (Arkansas/Oklahoma)
 Flint Creek (New York)
 The Flint, a neighborhood in Fall River, Massachusetts

Wales
 Flint, Flintshire, a town
 Flint Castle
 Flintshire (historic), also known as the County of Flint, one of Wales' thirteen historic counties and a former administrative county

Elsewhere
 Flint Island, an uninhabited atoll in the Pacific Ocean under the jurisdiction of Kiribati
 Flint Ridge, Victoria Land, Antarctica

People
 Flint (surname)
 Flint (given name)

Arts and entertainment

Fictional characters
 Flint (G.I. Joe), in the G.I. Joe universe
 Flint (Marvel Comics), an Inhuman character appearing in Marvel Comics
 Flint (Mother 3), a playable character in Nintendo's Mother 3
 Flint (Pokémon), in the Pokémon universe
 Flint, the protagonist in the Cluster series, by Piers Anthony
 Flint, the immortal antagonist in the episode "Requiem for Methuselah" of the original Star Trek series
 Flint, Ruth and Kate Galloway's cat in Elly Griffiths' Ruth Galloway novel series
 Derek Flint, protagonist of the spy movie Our Man Flint and its sequels
 Marcus Flint, in the Harry Potter books
 Captain Flint, a character in the novel Treasure Island by Robert Louis Stevenson; a parrot named for him also appears in the book
 Flint Fireforge, a dwarf in the Dragonlance chronicles
 Flint Hammerhead, in the Japanese animated television series Flint the Time Detective
 Ms. Flint, a character in the 2001 Disney/Pixar animated film Monsters, Inc.
 Flint Lockwood, the main character of the film Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs
 Sandman (Marvel Comics), aka Flint Marko

Music
 Flint (band)
 Flint, a late 1970s rock band from Flint, Michigan, formed by ex-Grand Funk Railroad musicians Don Brewer, Mel Schacher and Craig Frost

Other arts and entertainment
 Flint County, San Andreas, a fictional county in Grand Theft Auto San Andreas
 Flint (film), a 2017 TV film about the Flint water crisis

Ships
 USS Flint (AE-32), later USNS Flint (T-AE-32), an ammunition ship commissioned in 1971
 USS Flint (CL-64), a light cruiser commissioned in 1944 as USS Vincennes
 USS Flint (CL-97), a cruiser of World War II

Sports
 IL Flint, a Norwegian football club
 Flint Tønsberg, a women's handball team
 Flint Metro League, a high school sports league in the Flint area of Michigan

Transportation
 Flint (automobile), a Durant automobile from the 1920s named after Flint, Michigan, United States
 Flint railway station, Flint, Wales, United Kingdom

Other uses
 Flint Deanery, a Roman Catholic deanery in the Diocese of Wrexham in Wales
 Flint Group, a manufacturing company based in Luxembourg
 Flint Laboratory, an academic building and former dairy laboratory at the University of Massachusetts Amherst
 Flint School, a former preparatory school in Sarasota, Florida, United States
 Flint (theatre), Amersfoort, Netherlands
 Flint, a chimpanzee that was featured in several books and documentaries
 Chalicosis, also called Flint disease
 Fast Library for Number Theory, software
 Ferrocerium, spark producing metal in cigarette lighters

See also

 Flynt (disambiguation)

Flint (disambiguation)


Eric Marlon Bishop (d. 13 Aralık 1967, Teksas), Jamie Foxx olarak tanınan Amerikalı erkek sinema sanatçısı.

Kariyerine komedyen olarak başlayan ve yaptığı R&B albümleriyle başarılı bir müzisyen olduğunu da ispatlayan Foxx un sinemadaki en büyük başarısı ise ünlü müzisyen Ray Charles ın yaşam öyküsünü konu alan, 2004 yapımı Ray (film) deki performansıyla kazandığı En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü.

Foxx, Akademi Ödülü, BAFTA, Screen Actors Guild Ödülü, Eleştirmenlerin Seçimi Film Ödülü ve En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Altın Küre Ödülü'nü kazandığı 2004 biyografik filmi Ray'de Ray Charles'ın tasviri ile tanındı. Aynı yıl, suç filmi Collateral'daki rolü nedeniyle En İyi Yardımcı Erkek Oyuncu dalında Akademi Ödülü'ne aday gösterildi. 2017 ilkbaharından bu yana Foxx, Fox oyun şovu Beat Shazam'ın ev sahibi ve yönetici yapımcısı olarak hizmet vermektedir.

Diğer oyunculuk rolleri arasında Jarhead'de Staff Sergeant Sykes (2005), Dreamgirls'de plak yöneticisi Curtis Taylor Jr. (2006), 2006 dizisi Miami Vice'ın Django Unchained (2012) filminde film rolünde Detective Ricardo Tubbs yer alıyor. The Amazing Spider-Man 2'deki (2014) Supervillain Electro, Annie'de (2014) Will Stacks ve Baby Driver'da (2017) gangster Bats / Leon Jefferson III. Foxx ayrıca Jamie King Jr.'ı oynadığı eskiz komedi dizisi In Living Colour ve kendi televizyon sitesi The Jamie Foxx Show'da (1996 - 2001) oynadı.

Foxx aynı zamanda Grammy Ödüllü bir müzisyen, ABD Billboard 200'ün ilk onunda yer alan dört albümü var: Intuition (2008), Best Night of My Life (2010) ve Hollywood: Bir Düzine Gülün Öyküsü (2015).

Biyografi

Çocukluk ve Gençlik Yılları
Jamie Foxx 13 Aralık 1967 yılında Eric Marlon Bishop ismiyle Teksas'ta doğdu. Ama ailesi onu doğumundan sadece 7 ay sonra terk etti ve daha sonra ailesi olacak Estelle ve Mark Talley onu evlat
edindiler. Daha sonra Jamie sıkı bir baptist olarak yetiştirildi ve daha sonra büyükannesinin isteği ile 5 yaşındayken piyano dersleri almaya başladı.Gençliğinde ise Part-time piyanist ve bir koro lideri olarak şehirdeki New Hope Baptist Kilisesine gitti. Jamie liseye başladığında amerikan futbolu oynamaya başladı.

Stand Up Kariyeri
Kız arkadaşıyla çıkma cesareti gösterdiği zamanlar bir gece kulübünde mikrofonu eline aldı ve ilk performansında soyadının bir komedyene göre yetersiz olduğu önyargısına vardı. Ve o zamanlar Siyah bir komedyen olan Redd Foxx un soyandında esinlenerek soyadını Foxx olarak değiştirdi.

Oyunculuk Kariyeri
Jaime nin ilk oynadığı film 1992 yapımı Toys'tu. Daha sonraki yıllarda yavaş yavaş kendini geliştiren Jamie ilk olarak Collateral isimli filmde Tom Cruise un yardımcı oyunculuğunda Oscar a aday oldu. 2004 te ise oynadığı Ray (film) ona En İyi Erkek Oyuncu oscarını kazandırdı. daha sonraki yıllarda ise Miami Vice (film), Jarhead, Dream Girls gibi filmlerde oynadı ve 2007 eylül ayında The Kingdoms adlı filminden sonra Hollywood ünlüler kaldırımında bir yer kazandı.

Özel hayatı
Jaime Büyük bir Dallas Mavericks hayranıdır. 2016 yılında Kaliforniya'nın Ventura bölgesinde evinin yakınlarında kaza yapan bir sürücüyü aracın içinden çıkarıp hayatını kurtardı. Foxx bu hareketiyle birçok sivil toplum kuruluşundan övgüler aldı.

Aile
Foxx'un 1994 yılında Corinne Bishop adında bir kızı oldu..

Filmografi

Kaynakça

1967 doğumlular
Amerikalı erkek sinema oyuncuları
Amerikalı stand-up komedyenler
En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Akademi Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA Ödülü sahipleri
Afrikalı Amerikanlar
Yaşayan insanlar
Amerikalı erkek şarkıcılar
Amerikalı erkek seslendirme sanatçıları
En İyi Erkek Müzikal veya Komedi Filmi Oyuncusu Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
Grammy Ödülü sahipleri
Ekran Oyuncuları Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
BAFTA En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Ödülü sahipleri
Altın Küre Ödülü sahipleri
En İyi Erkek Oyuncu SAG Ödülü sahipleri
21. yüzyılda Amerikalı erkek oyuncular
Amerikalı erkek dizi oyuncuları
Afrikalı Amerikalı erkek rapçiler
En İyi Erkek Oyuncu National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
National Board of Review Ödülü sahipleri
Başrolde Erkek Oyuncu Tarafından Üstün Performans Ekran Oyuncuları Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
Boston Film Eleştirmenleri Derneği En İyi Erkek Oyuncu Ödülü sahipleri
Boston Film Eleştirmenleri Derneği Ödülü sahipleri
Satellite Ödülü sahipleri
Favori Erkek Soul/R&B Erkek Sanatçısı Amerikan Müzik Ödülü sahipleri
Amerikan Müzik Ödülü sahipleri

Jamie Foxx


فايدرا في الأساطير اليونانية هي ابنة مينوس وباسيفاي ومع أختها أريادني أخذها ثيسيوس إلى أثينا لتصبح زوجته. وفي الطريق إلى إليوسيس قابلت هيبوليتوس بن ثيسيوس من زوجة سابقة وهي هيبوليتي ملكة الأمازونيات أو أختها أنتيوبي، ووقعت في حبه لكنه لم يستسلم لإغرائها فشنقت نفسها وتركت رسالة اتهمت فيها هيبوليتوس بأنه تحرش بها فأمر أبوه بإعدامه. وهي تشبه حكاية بيليروفون مع أنتيا وشكلت موضوعا لتراجيديات لكتاب مثل سوفوكليس ويوربيديس (توجد منها اثنتان واحدة بقت للآن) وسينيكا وجان راسين.

مراجع

المرأة في الأساطير الإغريقية
أساطير إغريقية
أميرات في الأساطير اليونانية
ثيسيوس
شخصيات أسطورية إغريقية
ملكات في الأساطير الإغريقية
منتحرون أساطير يونانية

فايدرا


Jakob Mielcke (født 1977) er en autodidakt dansk kok. Han har deltaget som dommer i fjernsynsprogrammet Masterchef på TV3, første gang i 2013.

Efter endt studentereksamen arbejdede Mielcke på restauranter i Holstebro. I 1999 tog han til Paris og arbejdede på restauranterne Le Petit Sirene og Pierre Gagnaire. 2002 var han med til at åbne restauranten Sketch i London som han efterfølgende arbejdede på.

I 2003 tog han tilbage til Danmark, hvor han fik tilbud om at arbejde som køkkenchef på restauranten Jan Hurtigkarl og Co. I 2007 gik han sammen med Jan Hurtigkarl og åbnede restauranten Mielcke & Hurtigkarl på Frederiksberg, som han siden har været med til at drive.

Referencer

Kokke fra Danmark

Jakob Mielcke


An Phreatia caudiflora in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Alexander Gilli. An Phreatia caudiflora in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phreatia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Papua New Guinea. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Phreatia

Phreatia caudiflora


كانت كلية الآداب واحدة من أربعة أقسام تقليدية في الهيئات التعليمية للجامعات في القرون الوسطى، حيث كانت الأقسام الأخرى هي الإلهيات والقانون والطب. وقد كانت كلية الآداب هي الأقل رتبة بينها، إلا أنها كانت الأكبر لأن الطلبة كان يجب أن يتخرجوا منها لكي تتم الموافقة على قبولهم في الكليات الأعلى.

وقد أخذت كلية الآداب اسمها من الفنون المتحررة السبعة: المقدمات (النحو والبلاغة والمنطق) والتعاليم (الحساب والموسيقى والهندسة والفلك).

في جامعات أوروبا القارية، تمت تسمية هذه الكلية بشكل شديد التواتر باسم يكافئ اسم «كلية الفلسفة» (على سبيل المثال، ، ). واليوم، أصبح هذا الاسم شائعًا للكليات التي تقوم بتعليم الإنسانيات.

المراجع

أكاديمية
إدارات ومعاهد تابعة لجامعات وكليات
تاريخ التعليم
فلسفة التربية

كلية الآداب


was the 13th shōgun of the Tokugawa shogunate of Japan. He held office for five years from 1853 to 1858. He was physically weak and was therefore considered by later historians to have been unfit to be shōgun. His reign marks the beginning of the Bakumatsu period.

Early years
Iesada was born in Edo Castle as Masanosuke (政之助)—the fourth son of the 12th shōgun Tokugawa Ieyoshi with his concubine, known as Honjuin. As most of Ieyoshi's children died in infancy or before coming of age, Iesada was appointed heir at a very early age, but his interaction with people was very restricted in an effort to prevent contracting any illnesses. Some historians have theorized that he may have suffered from cerebral palsy. He had suffered from smallpox in early childhood, which left his face pockmarked.
On the death of Tokugawa Ienari in 1841, concerns were raised on the fitness of Iesada as heir, with Tokugawa Yoshinobu named as a potential successor. However, this was strongly opposed by the rōjū Abe Masahiro, and Iesada remained heir.

Shōgun (1853–1858)
Iesada became shōgun on the sudden death of his father, Tokugawa Ieyoshi at the height of the Black Ships episode. Already in poor health, he took no active role in political affairs, leaving negotiations with the Americans in the hand of Abe Masahiro. The Convention of Kanagawa was signed on March 31, 1854. Abe resigned his post shortly afterwards, and was replaced as leader of the rōjū by Hotta Masayoshi.

On November 4–7, 1854, the Great Nankaidō earthquakes and tsunamis killed 80,000 people.  This was followed by the 1854 Tōkai earthquake on December 23, 1854. The earthquake struck primarily in the Tōkai region but destroyed houses as far away as in Edo. The accompanying tsunami caused damage along the entire coast from the Bōsō Peninsula in modern-day Chiba Prefecture to Tosa Province (modern-day Kōchi Prefecture). The earthquake and tsunami also struck Shimoda on Izu peninsula; and because the port had just been designated as the prospective location for a U.S. consulate, some construed the natural disasters as demonstration of the displeasure of the kami.

The 1854 Nankai earthquake followed on December 24, 1854, killing over 10,000 people from the Tōkai region down to Kyushu, and the 1855 earthquake in Edo, one of the Ansei great earthquakes, with resulting fire damage and loss of life.

On December 18, 1856, he married Princess Atsu, adopted daughter of Shimazu Nariakira and Konoe Tadahiro. She was known as Midaidokoro Atsuko (first-wife Atsuko).

On October 21, 1857, Iesada received the newly arrived American Consul Townsend Harris in an audience at Edo Castle.

Under Hotta Masayoshi's advice, Iesada ultimately signed the Harris Treaty of 1858 (the Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Japan and the United States), and subsequently other Unequal Treaties (including the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty, and Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce) which broke the sakoku (isolation) policy and opened Japan to foreign influences.

Kōmei, the reigning emperor at the time, was a major opponent of his policies. This strengthened the sonnō jōi movement.

Ii Naosuke was appointed tairō from April 23, 1858.

A widespread cholera outbreak from 1858 to 1860 is believed to have killed between 100,000 and 200,000 people in Edo alone.
Iesada died childless in 1858, possibly from the cholera outbreak. His grave is at the Tokugawa clan temple of Kan'ei-ji in Ueno. His buddhist name was Onkyoin.

Political factions within the bakufu clashed over the succession. Tokugawa Nariaki of Mito, Satsuma and others wanted to see Tokugawa Yoshinobu as his successor, while the Ōoku and shogunate officials including Ii Naosuke supported Tokugawa Iemochi, and succeeded. These quarrels ended in the Ansei Purge.

Family
Iesada was initially married to Princess Takatsukasa Atsuko (1823–1848), the daughter of kampaku Takatsukasa Masahiro in 1842. However, she died of smallpox without having given birth to an heir. His second official wife was Princess Ichijō Hideko (1825–1850), daughter of Ichijō Tadayoshi in 1849. She died of illness less than a year later. His third marriage was to Princess Atsu (1836–1883), the adopted daughter of the daimyō of Satsuma, Shimazu Nariakira.  However, none of these marriages produced any children. Before he died, he adopted his cousin as his son, Tokugawa Yoshitomi (later Tokugawa Iemochi).

 Father: Tokugawa Ieyoshi
 Mother: Honjuin (1807–1885)
 Wives:
 Takaatsukasa Atsuko (1823–1848) later Tenryuin
 Ichijo Hideko (1825–1850) later Sunjoin
 Shimazu Atsuko or Konoe Sumiko, later Tenshō-in
 Concubine: Oshiga no Kata (d. 1857) later Hoken'in
 Adopted son: Tokugawa Iemochi

Eras of Iesada's bakufu
The years in which Iesada was shōgun are more specifically identified by more than one era name, or nengō.
 Kaei   (1848–1854)
 Ansei  (1854–1860)

Ancestry

In fiction
Tokugawa Iesada is featured in the 2008 NHK taiga drama Atsuhime, which chronicles the life of his wife Tenshō-in. He is portrayed by Masato Sakai. Iesada's portrayal in this series (unlike most other characterizations of him as an imbecile), presents a romanticized (and largely-fictionalized) image him as a reasonable, if weak-willed individual, whose interactions with his wife Atsuhime pushed him to exert effort into his work as shōgun.

Notes

References
 Jansen, Marius B. and John Whitney Hall, eds. (1989).  The Cambridge History of Japan: The Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.  .
 Mogues, Alfred de.   Recollections of Baron Gros's Embassy to China and Japan in 1857–58. London: Richard Griffin and Company.  1860. .
 Ravina, Mark (2004).  The Last Samurai: The Life and Battles of Saigo Takamori. Hobokin, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. ; .
 Totman, Conrad (1967).  Politics in the Tokugawa Bakufu, 1600–1843. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. .

External links

1824 births
1858 deaths
19th-century shōguns
Tokugawa shōguns
Tokugawa clan

Tokugawa Iesada


Lycos, bir web portali ve arama motorudur. 1994'te Carnegie Mellon üniversitesideki Dr. Michael Mauldini tarafından bir araştırma projesinden doğmuştur. 1990'ların ortalarında dünyanın önde gelen arama motorları arasında sayılan Lycos 2004'ten beri Güney Koreli Daum Communications'a bağlı olarak faaliyetlerini sürdürmektedir.

Lycos ayrıca bir e-posta, web barındırma, sosyal ağ ve eğlence web siteleri ağını da kapsar.

Arama motorları

Lycos


أسامة السمني (ولد في 29 سبتمبر 1988م) في أوكيناوا إحدي المدن اليابانية، لاعب كرة قدم مصري من أم يابانية، لعب لناديي مونتيديو ياماغاتا وطوكيو فيردي اليابانيين وتبليسي التشيكي، في مركز الهجوم.

مسيرته مع الأندية

طوكيو فيردي الياباني
أسامة 180 سم و72 كجم لعب مع نادي طوكيو فيردي الياباني منذ فرق الشباب والناشئين وتدرج معه حتي وصل للفريق الأول عام 2007. كان السمني المهاجم الأساسي لكل فرق الناشئين والشباب بفيردي طوكيو، وساهم مع الفريق في إحراز بطولات عديدة منها الدوري والكأس الياباني للشباب والناشئين كان أخرها عام 2007 وكان هداف الفريق في البطولة وهداف المسابقة ككل.

شارك (أسامة) سنة 2005 في بطولة عالمية سنوية للشباب International Soccer Challenge Youth Cup 2005 أقيمت في أستراليا، وشاركت فيها فرق شباب أوروبية تحت 20 سنة مثل أي سي ميلان الإيطالي وبرشلونة الإسباني واستون فيلا الإنجليزي ودينامو زغرب الكرواتي. وسجل السمني هدفًا في مرمى أستون فيلا الإنجليزي في مباراة انتهت بهزيمة فريقه 4-1، ثم لعب ضد الميلان المباراة كاملة وانتهت بالتعادل بهدفين لكل فريق.

أسامة السمني كان على وشك الانضمام لنادي بلنسيس البرتغالي في منتصف شهر يناير، إلا أن الصفقة تعثرت بسبب رغبة النادي في ضم اللاعب لصفوف الشباب حسب تقارير برتغالية. وهو الأمر الذي يرفضه المهاجم المصري الذي سبق له التألق في المراحل السنية المختلفة باليابان حتى تصعيده للفريق الأول عام 2007.

تبليسي التشيكي
أعلن نادي تبليسي التشيكي تعاقده مع المهاجم أسامة السمني لمدة عامين ونصف في 10 فبراير 2009 . وأشاد الموقع الرسمي للنادي بالمهاجم المصري قائلا أنه يستطيع اللعب في جميع مراكز خط الهجوم سواء كمهاجم صريح في طريقة 4-4-2 أو كجناح أيمن في طريقة 4-3-3 أو كمهاجم متأخر في طريقة 4-3-2-1. كانت المشاركة الرسمية الأولى لأسامة مع فريقه الجديد ضد نادي بلزن التشيكي في 8 مارس 2009 عندما حل بديلاً في الدقيقة 69 وفريقه كان حينئذ متقدم بهدفين نظيفين. ترك السمني بصمته في أول مشاركه له مع الفريق فصنع هدف فريقه الثالث من أول لمسة للكرة فور نزوله. فاز السمني مع ناديه ببطولة كأس التشيك 2009 وتأهل الفريق إلى الدوري الأوروبي.

سجل أسامة السمني أول أهدافه بقميص تيبليسي التشيكي في مرمى أوستي ضمن مباريات الدور الأول لكأس التشيك في اللقاء الذي انتهى بفوز تيبليسي بأربعة أهداف لهدف، وذلك في 3 سبتمبر 2009. وبدأ السمني اللقاء على مقاعد البدلاء، وشارك كبديل في الدقيقة 84 ليسجل هدف فريقه الرابع عقب مشاركته بدقيقتين فقط. بنهاية يناير 2010، أي بعد مرور عام على انضمامه للفريق، كان أسامة قد سجل سبعة أهداف في دوري الرديف لفريق تبليتسي ب، وهدفًا واحدًا رسميًا بقميص الفريق الأول. في يونيو 2010 فسخ السمني العقد بالتراضي مع النادي التشيكي.

ياماغاتا الياباني
انضم أسامة السمني في يناير 2011 لنادي مونتيديو ياماغاتا الياباني لمدة موسم.

مسيرته مع المنتخبات
يحمل السمني الجنسية المصرية، إذ يتيح له القانون الياباني التخلي عن المصرية عند بلوغ الثانية والعشرين وهو ما لا ينويه اللاعب.

حاول والد اللاعب أكثر من مرة خلال السنوات الأربع الماضية.. تعريف وتقديم ابنه إلى مسئولي اللعبة في مصر لكي ينضم للمنتخبات المصرية للناشئين والشباب، لكنه فشل في ذلك تماما ولم يلق تعاونا من أي مسئول بمصر. ما أدي لانضمام اللاعب عام 2006 حينما كان الهداف الأول لبطولات الشباب اليابانية.. لمنتخب شباب اليابان والمشاركة معه في بعض البطولات الودية.

كشف السمني عن سعادته بأداء المنتخب المصري في كأس القارات 2009، لا سيما أمام البرازيل وإيطاليا. وقال «الفوز على إيطاليا جعلني فخورًا»، معربًا عن أمله في وصول مصر إلى كأس العالم 2010 بجنوب أفريقيا مثلما تأهل المنتخب الياباني. «أعتقد أن المنتخب المصري يستحق التأهل.. فهو أقوى من نظيره الياباني، ويملك العديد من النجوم». وأبدى السمني اعجابًا خاصًا بأداء المهاجم محمد زيدان في البطولة «بالنسبة لي، زيدان دائمًا هو الأفضل».

حياته الشخصية
أسامة من أب مصري وأم يابانية.. الأب وهو «إبراهيم السمني» مقيم باليابان منذ سنوات طويلة ويعمل حاليًا محاضر للثقافة العربية في جامعة اوكيناوا. وهو لاعب كرة قدم سابق في مصر لنادي «السكة الحديد» في السبعينات والثمانينات.. وزامل نجوم مصرية كروية كبيرة مثل محمود الخطيب وفاروق جعفر في منتخب مصر للجامعات قبل أن يترك الكرة مبكرا للإصابة ويعتزل في سن الثالثة والعشرين.

الجد هو علي حسن السمني كان أستاذا جامعيا في كلية الآداب بجامعة عين شمس، وتم إرساله في الستينات تقريباً إلي اليابان لينشر الإسلام فيها ويوضح صورته في المجتمع الياباني فكان له فضل كبير بالفعل في دخول الدين الإسلامي لليابان، كما قام بتدريس وتعليم القرأن واللغة العربية في العديد من الجامعات اليابانية. ومن ثم استقر عدد كبير من أفراد العائلة ومنهم ابنه «والد أسامة» هناك باليابان، وعمة اللاعب «كريمة السمني» من أشهر مذيعي الراديو الياباني ولها برامج عديدة بالراديو الوطني الياباني تعلم فيها اللغة العربية وتتحدث للشعب الياباني عن الثقافة العربية.

أسامة في أوج تألقه عام 2007 كان النجم والبطل الشاب الرياضي الأول في اليابان للتسويق والإعلان لمنتجات وشركات ملابس رياضية عالمية كبري باليابان مثل نايكي.

روابط خارجية

مصادر

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في التشيك
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مصريون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مصريون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية يابانيون
مهاجمو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
أعلام كرة قدم من محافظة أوكيناوا
لاعبو الدوري التشيكي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري الياباني لكرة القدم
لاعبو الدوري الياباني للدرجة الأولى
لاعبو الدوري الياباني للدرجة الثالثة
لاعبو الدوري الياباني للدرجة الثانية
لاعبو فيردي طوكيو
لاعبو كرة قدم مصريون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في جمهورية التشيك
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون مصريون
لاعبو كرة قدم يابانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم يابانيون مغتربون
لاعبو مونتيديو ياماغاتا
لاعبو نادي تيبليتسه
لاعبو يو إس سي سي يوكوهاما
مسلمون يابانيون
مصريون من أصل ياباني
مواليد 1409 هـ
مواليد 1988
مواليد في أوكيناوا (محافظة)
يابانيون من أصل مصري

أسامة السمني


كزبرة البئر  أو البَرشاوشان الشُعَيْري الزُهري  (الاسم العلمي:Adiantum capillus-veneris)  هو  من النباتات يتبع  البرشاوشان من ال الديشارية.
وهو نبات رقيق ذو جزء قاعدي أسود لامع، السيقان أيضا سوداء لامعة، ما تشبه الأوراق ريشية متضاعفة وهي مستديرة إلي حد ما وذي حافة مسننة قليلا، مقلوبة، النبات في مجمله في شكله العام يشبه المروحة ويوجد به عرق يأخذ الشكل الشعاعي، يبدأ من القاعدة . وهو نبات مهم في الطب الشعبي.

التسمية
شعر الغول، شعر الجبار، شعر الأرض، شعر الكلاب، شعر الخنزير، شعر الجن، ضفائر الجن، لحية الحمار، جعدة القناة، بقلة البئر، كزبرة البير، الساق الوصيف، ساق الأكحل، الساق الأسود، سبيكة, سانقة (فارسية), برسيان وبرسياوشان (فارسية ومعناها دواء الصدر). كلمة veneris الموجودة في اسم العشبة مشتقة من فينوس آلهة الجمال عند الإغريق ، أما capillus فمعناها شعيرة، و adiantum فمعناها غير قابل للبلل.

التزهير والإثمار
النبات أولي، لذا فانه لا يزهر ولا يثمر، وإنما يتكاثر بواسطة الريزومات والجراثيم التي تتكون علي السطح السفلي لأشباه الأوراق وعند النضج تتطاير تلك الجراثيم لتعيد دورة الحياة ويكون ذلك غالبا في فصلى الربيع والصيف .

التركيب
يكون الطور الجرثومي الجزء الأساسي في دورة حياة النبات ويتركب من ريزومة تنمو تحت سطح التربة على السطح السفلي جذور عرضية
وعلى السطح العلوي تخرج الأوراق السرخسية الكبيرة المتفرعة وتكون الأوراق الصغيرة عادة ملتفة حلزونياً ويتغطى سطح
الريزومة وكذلك أعناق الأوراق بحراشيف كثيرة تسمى رامنتا، وتوجد البثرات الجرثومية في مجموعات على السطح السفلي
للرويشات وعند حافتها وينحني جزء الرويشة الذي يحمل البثرات إلى أسفل ويعمل بذلك على حماية البثرات، وتنفتح الحوافظ
وتخرج منها الجراثيم التي تنبت معطية نباتات مشيجية وتعيد دورة الحياة.

ويتكون الطور المشيجي عندما تسقط الجرثومة في تربة مناسبة فإنها تنبت وتعطي أنبوبة إنبات قصيرة وتنقسم وتستطيل لتعطي
خيطاً أولياً مقسماً يتحول بعد ذلك إلى ثالوث بسيط قلبي الشكل ويعيش مستقلا «معتمدا» على نفسه في الغذاء لاحتواء خلاياه
على البلاستيدات الخضراء ويكون سمكه طبقة واحدة من الخلايا ما عدا الجزء الوسطي الذي يكون سمكه عدة طبقات ويُحمل على
السطح السفلي أشباه جذور (Rhizoids) وحيدة الخلية تعمل على امتصاص الماء والأملاح وأنثريدات وأرشيجونيات وتكون الأخيرة قرب القمة النامية.

دورة الحياة
الطور السائد في دورة الحياة هو النبات الجرثومي حيث تمتد الساق الريزومية تحت سطح التربة ويخرج من السطح السفلي
جذور عرضية ومن السطح العلوي أوراق سرخسية كبيرة ريشية ثنائية.

تتجمع الحوافظ الجرثومية عند حافة الرويشات على سطحها السفلي على هيئة بثرات ويوجد داخل خلايا الحوافظ الجرثومية
خلايا جرثومية أمية ثنائية المجموعة تنتج الجراثيم الأحادية بعد انقسامين أحدهما اختزالي.

بعد النضج تبدأ الحوافظ الجرثومية في الجفاف وتتمزق وتنتشر الجراثيم وتسقط على الأرض وتنبت الجراثيم
عند توفر الظروف المناسبة.
ينشأ الطور المشيجي ويطلق عليه المَشَرَة الأولية (prothallus) ويعيش معتمداً على نفسه في التغذية ومستقلاً عن النبات
الجرثومي وتخرج أشباه جذور من السطح السفلي للثالوس الأولي تعمل على تثبيته في التربة وامتصاص الماء والعناصر
اللازمة له. وتوجد الأرشيجونات والأنثريدات على السطح السفلي.

يتمزق جدار الأنثريدة وتنطلق السابحات الذكرية ذات الأسواط وتصل عن طريق الماء لتصل إلى البيضة داخل الأرشيجونة.
تلقح سابحة ذكرية واحدة بيضة ويتكون الزيجوت وينشأ النبات الجرثومي الصغير، ويكون لهذا النبات قدم ينغرس
به في النبات المشيجي ثم يكون جذراً أولياً وساقاً بعد فترة تتكون الساق والأوراق العادية والجذور العرضية الخاصة
بالنبات الجرثومي.

انظر أيضًا
 البرشاوشان
 قائمة نباتات لبنان

مراجع

أصنوفات سماها كارولوس لينيوس
كزبرة البئر
أنواع غير مهددة حسب منظمة NatureServe
كزبرة البئر
سراخس الأمريكيتين
نباتات الحدائق في أمريكا الشمالية
كزبرة البئر
كزبرة البئر
كزبرة البئر
نباتات لازهرية وعائية آسيا
نباتات لازهرية وعائية أوروبا
نباتات مالطا
كزبرة البئر
كزبرة البئر
كزبرة البئر

كزبرة البئر


An Neottia tenii in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Schltr.. An Neottia tenii in nahilalakip ha genus nga Neottia, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Neottia

Neottia tenii


MNK "Vinkovci" (MNK Vinkovci; Vinkovci) je ženski futsal (malonogometni) klub iz Vinkovaca, Vukovarsko-srijemska županija, Republika Hrvatska.
U sezoni 2019./20. MNK "Vinkovci" su se natjecali u "1. HMNL za žene".

O klubu
Ženska ekipa MNK "Vinkovci" je osnovana 2018. godine. U početku su nastupale na raznim turnirima,

a u sezoni 2019./20. prvi put u "1. HMNL za žene", u kojoj su osvojile 6. mjesto.

Uspjesi

Plasmani po sezonama

Poznate igračice

Unutarnje poveznice
 MNK Vinkovci
 Vinkovci

Vanjske poveznice
 mnk-vinkovci.hr
 MNK Vinkovci - Učilište Studium, facebook stranica
 crofutsal.com, Ženski futsal

Izvori

 mnk-vinkovci.hr, Klub, pristupljeno 21. listopada 2020.

Hrvatski ženski malonogometni klubovi
ŽM Vinkovci
Šport u Vinkovcima

MNK Vinkovci (žene)


An Lepyrodia hermaphrodita in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Robert Brown. An Lepyrodia hermaphrodita in nahilalakip ha genus nga Lepyrodia, ngan familia nga Restionaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Lepyrodia

Lepyrodia hermaphrodita


Turcul mecanic, pe scurt Turcul (în , în , "Turcul de Șah"), a fost un pseudoautomat de șah creat de Wolfgang von Kempelen în 1769 la Timișoara. A fost realizat pentru a o impresiona pe împărăteasa Maria Terezia. La 20 de ani după moartea sa s-a descoperit că  automatul de șah era un fals.

Note

Bibliografie

Legături externe

Șah
Farse în știință
Roboți
Invenții

Turcul mecanic


Alifatski spojevi (grč. ἄλεıφαρ: mast, genitiv ἀλείφατος) su lančasti, aciklički organski spojevi koji sadrže ugljikove atome povezane u obliku otvorena lanca (na primjer alkani, alifatski alkoholi, aldehidi i kiseline, masti i masna ulja). Najjednostavniji alifatski spojevi su zasićeni ugljikovodici, alkani (parafini), u kojima su ugljikovi atomi međusobno vezani samo jednostrukim kemijskim vezama. U jednostavnim strukturnim formulama alifatskih spojeva ugljikovi se atomi prikazuju poredani u pravcu. Međutim, zbog tetraedarske usmjerenosti ugljikovih veza, lanci čine izlomljeni niz, a veze između atoma tvore kut od 109,5°. Druga velika skupina alifatskih spojeva nezasićeni su ugljikovodici koji sadrže dvostruke, odnosno trostruke veze između ugljikovih atoma, kao što su alkeni (etileni), odnosno alkini (acetileni).

Primjeri

Izvori

Organski spojevi

Alifatski spojevi


An Rhytachne triaristata in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Otto Stapf. An Rhytachne triaristata in nahilalakip ha genus nga Rhytachne, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Rhytachne

Rhytachne triaristata


Willum Nielsen var en dansk cykelrytter, som ved de første vedensmesterskaber på landevej i København 1921 blev nummer to i amatørernes 190 kilometer løb, 4 min. 53 sec. efter svenskeren Gunnar Sköld.
Han vandt også sølv ved DM 1918 og bronze 1920. Han kørte som professionel 1922-1924.

Kilder

Mandlige cykelryttere fra Danmark

Willum Nielsen


Gnathosaurus (nombre que significa 'mandíbula de lagarto') es un género extinto de pterosaurio ctenocasmátido conocido de una sola especie, G. subulatus, descrita en 1833. Este pterosaurio tiene una envergadura estimada en cerca de 1.7 metros. El delgado cráneo de 28-centímetros de largo tenía más de 130 dientes dispuestos de manera lateral alrededor del extremo de su boca en forma de cuchara. Fragmentos de la mandíbula de Gnathosaurus fueron descubiertos por primera vez en 1832 en la Caliza de Solnhofen del sur de Alemania pero fueron confundidos como una pieza de mandíbula de un cocodrilo teleosáurido, de aquí el sinónimo Crocodylus multidens. Sólo cuando un cráneo fue hallado en 1951 se descubrió que el animal había sido un pterosaurio. Los dientes pueden haber sido usados para filtrar agua y capturar pequeños animales, aunque esto es una conjetura.

Varios paleontólogos, como Christopher Bennett, han sugerido que una supuesta especie diminuta de Pterodactylus, P. micronyx, es probablemente un juvenil de Gnathosaurus subulatus. Aunque los dientes largos y curvos del Gnathosaurus le impedían cerrar la boca, le permitían pescar aprisionando con su pico a sus presas, pero dejando escapar el agua.

Referencias

Véase también
 Anexo: géneros de pterosaurios

Enlaces externos
 The Pterosaur Database (multiple species, scroll down)

Pterosaurios del Jurásico Tardío
Pterosaurios de Europa
Ctenochasmatoidea

Gnathosaurus


Pottsville est une ville située dans l'État américain de l'Arkansas, dans le comté de Pope.

Histoire

Économie

Géographie

Démographie

Notes et références

Ville en Arkansas
Comté de Pope (Arkansas)

Pottsville (Arkansas)


Jesus Christ Airlines er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 2001 med instruktion og manuskript af Lasse Jensen.

Handling
De overtrådte loven mere end 5.000 gange. De blev bombet og beskudt - og de fløj trods mange vestlige regeringers ønske. De var katolikker og protestanter med den danske præst Viggo Mollerup og den irske pater Tony Byrne i spidsen - og en skare af fandenivoldske piloter. Filmen er historien om verdens mest usædvanlige luftfartsselskab, som reddede mere end 1 million mennesker fra sultedøden i Biafra i årene 1968-70. Det er en aktuel historie, som er relevant for diskussionen om, hvad man kan og ikke kan gøre for at hjælpe nødstedte, som befinder sig i midten af en betændt politisk situation. Hvad enten det er i Afghanistan, Afrika eller på Balkan.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2001

Jesus Christ Airlines


المشيخة هي شكل من أشكال التنظيم السياسي الهرمي في المجتمعات غير الصناعية التي تعتمد عادة على القرابة و النسب ، والتي تحتكر فيها القيادة الرسمية من قبل كبار الأعضاء الشرعيين من الأسر المختارة أو «المنازل». وتشكل هذه النخب أرستقراطية سياسية أيديولوجية بالنسبة للمجموعة العامة.

المفهوم
في النظرية الأنثروبولوجية، يصف أحد نماذج التنمية الاجتماعية البشرية، المتجذرة في أفكار التطور الثقافي، المشيخة بأنها شكل من أشكال التنظيم الاجتماعي يتصف بأنه أكثر تعقيدًا من مجتمعات القبيلة أو العصبة، وأقل تعقيدًا من الدولة أو الحضارة.

تتميز المشايخ، في النظريات العامة للتطور الثقافي، بأشكال مؤسسية دائمة للقيادة السياسية (الرئيس)، وبصنع القرار بشكل مركزي، وبالتكافل الاقتصادي، والتسلسل الهرمي الاجتماعي.

يمكن وصف المشايخ بأنها مرحلة وسطى بين القبيلة والدولة في المخطط التقدمي للتطور الاجتماعي السياسي الذي صاغه عالم الأنثروبولوجي الأمريكي، ألمان سيرفيس: العصبة، القبيلة، المشيخة، الدولة. ترتكز مكانة رئيس المشيخة على مفهوم القرابة، وبذلك فإن هذا المنصب ينتقل بالوراثة أو بالنسب، على عكس الوضع في القبائل الذي تمنح هذا المنصب للرجل الكبير. تتميز المشايخ أيضًا بتفشي حالة عدم المساواة الاجتماعية. تعد المشايخ مجتمعات تراتبية، وفقًا لمخطط التطور الاجتماعي السياسي التقدمي، الذي صاغه عالم الأنثروبولوجي الأمريكي، مورتون فرايد، والمكون من: نظام قائم على المساواة، نظام تراتبي، نظام طبقي، دولة.

المشايخ في نظرية علم الآثار
يعد تعريف العالم ألمان سيرفيس للمشايخ على أنها «مجتمعات إعادة توزيع مع وكالة مركزية ذات تنسيق دائم» التعريف الأكثر تأثيرًا وانتشارًا لها في علم الآثار. مع ذلك، يناقش العديد من المختصين في علم الآثار فكرة اعتماد ألمان على إعادة التوزيع باعتبارها الفكرة المركزية في المشايخ، ويركزون على الاختلافات في أساس التمويل (التمويل الأساسي مقابل تمويل الثروة). ناقش ألمان فكرة ابتكار المنصب الإداري لرئيس المشيخة بهدف إعادة توزيع الفائض الزراعي على المجتمعات المتحيزة بيئيًا داخل منطقته (التمويل الأساسي). مع ذلك، لاحظ تيموثي إيرل، عند إعادة دراسته لمشايخ هاواي، أن المجتمعات كانت مكتفية ذاتيًا إلى حد ما، ولم تكن السلع التي أعاد رئيس المشيخة توزيعها سلعًا أساسية، بل كانت سلعًا وجاهية لأتباعه ساعدته في الحفاظ على سلطته (تمويل الثروة).

يشكك بعض العلماء في فائدة نموذج المشيخة في التحقيقات الأثرية. يتمثل أقوى الانتقادات بانتقاد تيموثي بوكيتات، الذي يوضح في كتابه مشايخ وأوهام أثرية أخرى كيف تفشل المشايخ في تفسير التباين الكبير في الأدلة الأثرية للمجتمعات المتوسطة. يرى بوكيتات أن الأسس التطورية لنموذج المشيخة مكبلة بموروثات عنصرية نظرية عفا عنها الزمن، ويمكن إرجاعها إلى نظريات التطور الثقافي للويس مورغان التي وضعها في القرن التاسع عشر. من هذا المنظور، يتم التعامل مع مجتمعات ما قبل الدولة على أنها مجتمعات متخلفة، عاشت في مراحل تاريخية اتسمت بالوحشية والبربرية سبقت قيام الحضارة. يرى بوكيتات في المشيخة فئة مقيدة يجب التخلي عنها، ويتخذ كاهوكيا، منطقة مركزية لحضارة المسيسيبي في أمريكا الشمالية، نموذجًا لدراسته.

مع ذلك، فشل تحد بوكيتات في تقديم بديل سليم لنوع المشيخة. لأنه يصف كاهوكيا بالحضارة، في الوقت الذي يدعي فيه أن المشايخ مجرد وهم، وهو ما يدعم المخطط التطوري الذي يعترض عليه بدلًا من أن يطعن به.

UML
تتميز المشايخ بمركزية السلطة وبانتشار حالة عدم المساواة، ففيها على الأقل طبقتان اجتماعيتان اثنتان مورثتان (طبقة النخبة وطبقة العامة). (كان في المشايخ القديمة في هاوي أربع طبقات اجتماعية). قد يغير الفرد من طبقته الاجتماعية في حياته من خلال قيامه بسلوك غير اعتيادي. تتكون النخبة الحاكمة في المشيخة من سلالة واحدة /عائلة واحدة، ويكون لها التأثير الأكبر على مجتمعها ولها السلطة والنفوذ. عادة ما تكون القرابة مبدأً تنظيميًا في المشايخ، ومن الممكن للزواج والعمر والجنس أن يؤثر على الوضع الاجتماعي للمرء وعلى دوره في مجتمعه.

تتكون المشيخة البسيطة بشكل عام من مجتمع مركزي محاطٍ ب -أو يقع بالقرب من- عدد من المجتمعات الفرعية الصغيرة. تعترف جميع المجتمعات بسلطة مجموعة واحدة من الأقارب (أو فرد واحد) تتمتع بسلطة مركزية وراثية وتعيش في المجتمع المركزي. لكل مجتمع من المجتمعات الفرعية قائد، وبرتبط قادة المجتمعات الفرعية مع النخبة الحاكمة في المجتمع المركزي بعلاقة تبعية.

المراجع

2015)

 خصائص القبائل
 المشيخة: سلائف القبيلة؟
 أصول وتطور القبائل
 هل كانت المشيخة مزيجًا من الأفكار؟ روبرت ل. كارنيرو. في Grinin LE et al. الدولة المبكرة ، بدائلها ونظائرها. فولغوغراد ، أوشيتل ، 2004.

نظم الحكومات
التصنيفات الأنثروبولوجية للشعوب
زعماء قبائل
علم الأعراق
علم الإنسان

المشيخة


Onthophagus waterloti é uma espécie de inseto do género Onthophagus, família Scarabaeidae, ordem Coleoptera.

Foi descrita cientificamente por D'Orbigny em 1908.

Referências

Ligações externas

waterloti
Coleópteros descritos em 1908

Onthophagus waterloti


Slaget ved Brentford var et slag, der blev udkæmpet i 1016 mellem den 9. maj (den omtrentlige dato, hvor Knud den Store gik i land ved Greenwich) og den 18. oktober (datoen for det senere slag ved Ashingdon) mellem englænderne, der blev ledet af Edmund Jernside og danerne, der blev ledet af Knud den Store. Det var et i en række af slag, der blev udkæmpet mellem Edmund og Knud, der resulterede i, at de landområder, som Edmunds far, Ethelred 2. den Rådvilde, havde hersket over, blev delt i to. Edmund sejrede i slaget ved Brentford, men han formåede i sidste ende ikke at forsvare det land, som han havde arvet fra sin fader.

Et monument på Ferry Lane mindes slaget.

Referencer

Brentford, Slaget ved
Brentford, Slaget ved
Brentford
Begivenheder i 1016

Slaget ved Brentford


A rota do Guarumã é uma trilha de longo curso brasileira com 30 quilômetros de extensão criada em 2018, integrante do Sistema Brasileiro de Trilhas de Longo Curso (da ICMbio), localizada na Região Metropolitana de Belém (RMB) que interliga três Unidades de Conservação em quatro municípios brasileiro do estado do Pará: Belém, Ananindeua, Marituba, Benevides, criada e administrada pelo instituto Ideflor-bio. É considerada a primeira trilha longa do Pará; uma modalidade do ecoturismo e do turismo de aventura.

Esta rota atravessa as Unidades de Conservação Ambiental da região (iniciando no Parque do Utinga, atravessando a Área de Ambiental Metropolitana e, finalizando no Refúgio Metrópole da Amazônia) e algumas comunidades tradicionais, como a Nossa Senhora dos Navegantes e a Quilombola do Abacatal (capacitadas para receber os visitantes e oferecer serviços de alimentação, travessias, descanso).

A Rota do Guarumã permite aos visitantes o contato direto com o patrimônio natural e cultural da Amazônia Oriental. É toda sinalizada nos dois sentidos de acordo com as normas nacionais de sinalização de trilhas (entre o Parque do Utinga e a Comunidade do Maravilha no Ramal do Tayassuí/), pode ser  percorrida nas modalidades: caminhada, ciclismo, fluvial.

A comunidade do Maravilha é localizada no Ramal do Tayassuí, na fronteira dos municípios de Benevides e Santa Izabel (região de balneários com igarapés). Nesta comunidade a Rota do Guarumã conecta-se à "Trilha Amazônia Atlântica", no percurso conhecido localmente como Trilha do Soldado.

O instituto governamental responsável pelo desenvolvimento florestal e biodiversidade do estado do Pará, o Ideflor-bio, autarquia estadual que administrar as unidades de conservação paraenses.

Sinalização
A sinalização da trilha segue o padrão do "Sistema Brasileiro de Trilhas de Longo Curso", criado pelo "Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade" (ICMBio)

História
A Rota do Guarumã criada em 15 de dezembro de 2018 pelo "Instituto de Desenvolvimento Florestal e da Biodiversidade do Estado do Pará" para interligar as Unidades de Conservação da Grande Belém.

Ver também
 Área de Proteção Ambiental da Ilha do Combu
 Parque Municipal de Ilha de Mosqueiro
 Mangal das Garças
 Refúgio de Vida Silvestre Tabuleiro do Embaubal
 Os parques estaduais do pará

Ligações externas

 Rota Turística Belém Bragança

Áreas verdes de Ananindeua
Áreas verdes de Belém (Pará)
Áreas verdes de Marituba
Parques estaduais do Pará
Fundações no Pará em 2018
2018 no Pará
Trilhos e rotas de caminhada do Brasil
Conservação da natureza
Turismo no Pará

Rota do Guarumã


Filótas, en , est une ville et un ancien dème du district régional de Flórina, en Macédoine-Occidentale, Grèce. Depuis 2010, il est fusionné au sein du dème d'Amýnteo.

Selon le recensement de 2011, la population du dème s'élève à  tandis que celle de la ville compte .

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Liens externes

Ancien dème en Grèce
Dème en Macédoine-Occidentale
Ville en Macédoine-Occidentale

Filótas (Flórina)


جامع السنن والمسانيد كتاب ألفه الحافظ  أبو الفداء إسماعيل بن عمر بن كثير القرشي البصري ثم الدمشقي (700 هـ - 774 هـ)، يروى أنه ذهب بصره أثناء تأليفه هذا الكتاب ولم يتمه، فكان يقول:

أخذ ابن كثير ترتيب محمد بن عبد الله بن المحب الصامت لمسند أحمد المرتب على الصحابة، وأضاف إليه أحاديث الكتب الستة، ومعجم الطبراني الكبير، ومسند البزار، ومسند أبي يعلى الموصلي.

والكتاب شامل لكل ما كتبه ابن كثير ما عدا مسند الخلفاء الراشدين ومسند عمر بن الخطاب الخاص به، وبعض مسانيد المكثرين من الصحابة وهي: مسند أنس ومسند جابر ومسند عائشة، يحتوي الكتاب على 37 مجلداً قبل التحقيق وقد طبعته دار الكتب العلمية ببيروت عام 1415هـ ووزعته مكتبة دار الباز بمكة المكرمة.

أقوال العلماء على الكتاب
 قال ابن حجر العسقلاني:
 قال ابن العماد:
 قال الحسيني:
 قال الشوكاني في البدر الطالع:
 قال حاجي خليفة في كتابه كشف الظنون:

خصائص الكتاب
 صنف ابن كثير هذا جامعه هذا على المسانيد لكن ليس على طريقة الأطراف، بل يورد متن الحديث كاملاً، إلا المطولات جداً فقد يشير إليها إشارة.
 يبدأ ابن كثير جامعه بتفريغ كتاب (أسد الغابة في معرفة الصحابة) لابن الأثير، فيورد اسم الصحابي ثم حديثه، وإذا كان لهذا الصحابي حديث واحد أو حديثان يوردهما من أسد الغابة، وقد ينقل تعليق ابن الأثير على الحديث، وقد يورد ترجمة موجزة له.
 إن كان لهذا الصحابي أحاديث وردت في مسند الإمام أحمد يبدأ بترتيب هذه الأحاديث من رواية التابعين عنه حسب الأحرف الهجائية متبعاً نهج الحافظ المزي في " تحفة الأشراف "
 وبعد أن يورد أحاديث مسند أحمد، ينظر إن كان لهذه المتون روايات عند أصحاب الكتب الستة ـ يعني يقابله على تحفة الأشراف ـ
 فإن انتهى من سرد أحاديث مسند الإمام أحمد لهذا الصحابي من رواية هذا التابعي، وبقي أحاديث ليس لها مطابق من تحفة الأشراف، أوردها ثم عقّب ذلك بقوله : تفرد به
 وعلى هذا النحو إذا بقي أحاديث من تحفة الأشراف على هذا النحو فإنه يبدأ بإيرادها بعد الأحاديث التي تفرد بها الإمام أحمد عن الكتب الستة، مخرجاً لها من تحفة الأشراف أيضاً.
 ويبدأ بعد ذلك بسرد الأحايث التي وردت في (المعجم الكبير) للطبراني، والتي زادت عمّا في المسند والكتب الستة، ويقوم بترقيم هذه الأحاديث، وهذا يدل على استيعاب الجامع لكتب الأحاديث في الغالب إلا النادر منه مما يجعل هذا الجامع بحراً زاخراً بمجموع أحاديث الرسول صلى الله عليه وسلم
 وبعد ذلك يضيف إليها ما جاء في مسند البزار، وما في مسند أبي يعلى الموصلي ويشير لما ورد من هذه الأحاديث عند أبي يعلى فقط وعند البزار فقط، ومن شاركهم في رواية هذا الحديث
 ويكمل كتابه ذلك على هذا النحو، وأما الرواة المجهولون فإنه يجمعهم من أسد الغابة ومسند الإمام أحمد ومن تحفة الأشراف بمعرفة الأطراف
 بدأ الحافظ ابن كثير تصنيف كتابه هذا بالمقلّين من رواية الحديث أولاً ثم المكثرين، وخالف بذلك شيخه المزي
 ينقد ابن كثير بعض الأحاديث التي تمر عليه والتي فيها غرابه وسندها ضعيف وقد تكرر ذلك كثيراً في كتابه.

 قلما ينقل ابن كثير في جامعه من مصادر وكتب أخرى غير التي التزم بها، ولكن قد أورد حديثاً أخذه من مسند الطيالسي، وحديثاً آخر أخذه من مستدرك الحاكم ولكن هذا نادر في الجملة ولعل من قال ذلك يظن أنه أخذه وهو لم يأخذه وذلك لتوافق اللفظ بينهما، وإن كان أخذه فعلاً فهو زيادة فائدة.

مراجع

كتب ابن كثير
كتب الحديث

جامع السنن والمسانيد لابن كثير


The State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF) is a public research university in Syracuse, New York focused on the environment and natural resources. It is part of the State University of New York (SUNY) system. ESF is immediately adjacent to Syracuse University, within which it was founded, and with which it maintains a special relationship. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".

ESF operates education and research facilities also in the Adirondack Park (including the Ranger School in Wanakena), the Thousand Islands, elsewhere in central New York, and Costa Rica. The college's curricula focus on the understanding, management, and sustainability of the environment and natural resources.

History

Founding
The New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University was established on July 28, 1911, through a bill signed by New York Governor John Alden Dix. The previous year, Governor Hughes had vetoed a bill authorizing such a college. Both bills followed the state's defunding in 1903 of the New York State College of Forestry at Cornell.  Originally a unit of Syracuse University, in 1913, the college was made a separate, legal entity.

Syracuse native and constitutional lawyer Louis Marshall, with a summer residence at Knollwood Club on Saranac Lake and a prime mover for the establishment of the Adirondack and Catskill Forest Preserve (New York), became a Syracuse University Trustee in 1910. He confided in Chancellor James R. Day his desire to have an agricultural and forestry school at the university, and by 1911 his efforts resulted in a New York State bill to fund the project: the aforementioned appropriation bill signed by Governor Dix. Marshall was elected president of the college's board of trustees at its first meeting, in 1911; at the time of his death, eighteen years later, he was still president of the board.

The first dean of the college was William L. Bray, a Ph.D., graduate from the University of Chicago, botanist, plant ecologist, biogeographer and Professor of Botany at Syracuse University. In 1907 he was made head of the botany department at Syracuse, and in 1908 he started teaching a forestry course in the basement of Lyman Hall. Bray was an associate of Gifford Pinchot, who was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service. In 1911, in addition to assuming the deanship of forestry, Bray organized the Agricultural Division at Syracuse University. He remained at Syracuse until 1943 as chair of botany and Dean of the Syracuse Graduate School.

In 1915, the same year that Dr. Bray published The Development of the Vegetation of New York State, he became one of the founding members, along with Raphael Zon and Yale School of Forestry's second dean, James W. Toumey, of the Ecological Society of America. In 1950, the 1917 "activist wing" of that Society formed today's The Nature Conservancy.

Most of the professors in the early years of the College of Forestry at Syracuse and the Department of Forestry at Cornell's New York State College of Agriculture were educated in forestry at the Yale School of Forestry. The forestry students at Syracuse but not at Cornell were referred to as "stumpies" by their classmates.

Fifty-two students were enrolled in the school's first year, the first 11 graduating two years later, in 1913. Research at the college commenced in 1912, with a study of New York state firms using lumber, including from which tree species and in what quantities.

Expansion
In 1912, the college opened its Ranger School in Wanakena, New York, in the Adirondacks. The college began enrolling women as early as 1915, but the first women to complete their degrees—one majoring in landscape engineering and two in pulp and paper—graduated in the late 1940s.

In January 1930, Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt, recommending an allocation of $600,000 towards construction of the college's second building, in honor of Louis Marshall, recently deceased, noted that: "under [Marshall's] leadership and the leadership of its late dean, Franklin Moon, the School of Forestry made giant strides until it became recognized as the premier institution of its kind in the United States". The cornerstone of Louis Marshall Memorial Hall was laid in 1931 by former Governor and presidential candidate Alfred E. Smith who was elected to assume the presidency of the college's board of trustees.

Affiliation with SUNY
With the formation of the State University of New York (SUNY) in 1948, the college became recognized as a specialized college within the SUNY system, and its name was changed to State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University. In 1972, the college's name was changed yet again to State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry. Unlike other state-supported degree-granting institutions which had been created at private institutions in New York State, the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University was an autonomous institution not administratively part of Syracuse University. In 2000, SUNY System Administration established ESF's "primacy" among the 64 SUNY campuses and contract colleges for development of new undergraduate degree programs in Environmental Science and Environmental Studies.

Campuses

Syracuse

ESF's main campus, in Syracuse, New York, is where most academic, administrative, and student activity takes place. The campus is made up of nine main buildings:

 Baker Laboratory: Named after Hugh P. Baker, dean of the college from 1912 to 1920 and again 1930–33. The building is the location of several computer clusters and auditorium-style classrooms. It is home to the Department of Environmental Resources Engineering, the Department of Environmental Studies, and the Division of Environmental Science. The building underwent a $37 million overhaul in the early 2000s, providing updated space for the Tropical Timber Information Center and the Nelson C. Brown Center for Ultrastructure Studies. Baker Lab is the site of ESF's NASA-affiliated Research Center. Baker Laboratory houses two multimedia lecture halls, a "smart" classroom outfitted for computer use and distance learning, and two construction management and planning studios. It also has a full-scale laboratory for materials science testing, including a modern dry kiln, a wood identification laboratory, shop facilities (including portable sawmill) and wood preservation laboratory.
 Bray Hall: The building is the oldest on campus, completed in 1917, the largest building devoted to Forestry at the time. It is named after William L. Bray, a founder of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University and its first dean, 1911–1912. It is the location of most administrative offices and the Department of Sustainable Resources Management. The State University Police department is in the basement.
 Gateway Center: The campus' newest building, opened in March 2013, "sets a new standard for LEED buildings, producing more renewable energy than it consumes," according to Cornelius B. Murphy, Jr. The building is "designed to achieve LEED Platinum Certification". The ESF College Bookstore, Trailhead Cafe, and Office of Admissions are in the Gateway Center.
 Illick Hall: The building was completed in 1968, and is home to the Department of Environmental and Forest Biology. It is named after Joseph S. Illick, a dean of the State University College of Forestry at Syracuse University. There is a large lecture hall (Illick 5) on the ground floor. Several greenhouses are on the fifth floor. The Roosevelt Wildlife Museum is also in the building.
 Jahn Laboratory: Named after Edwin C. Jahn, former head of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. The building was completed in 1997. Home to the Department of Chemistry.
 Marshall Hall: Named after Louis Marshall, one of the founders of the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University. The Alumni (Nifkin) Lounge and Marshall Auditorium are within. Twin brass plaques in the entryway commemorate the contributions of Marshall and his son, alumnus Bob Marshall. (Under renovation.)
 Moon Library: Dedicated to F. Franklin Moon, an early dean of the college. Completed in 1968, along with Illick Hall. A computer cluster and student lounge are in the basement.
 Walters Hall: Named after J. Henry Walters, who served on the college's board of trustees. Completed in 1969. Home to the Department of Chemical Engineering. The pilot plant in the building includes two paper machines and wood-to-ethanol processing equipment.
Centennial Hall: ESF's on-campus student dormitory, commemorating the college's 100th anniversary. The facility is capable of accommodating 280-300 freshman (in double or triple studio rooms with private bath), 116 upperclassmen (in single bedroom suits with private bath), and an additional 56 upperclassmen (in 4-bedroom, 2-bath apartments). A $31 million project, Centennial Hall opened in 2011.

Bray Hall, Marshall Hall, Illick Hall, and Moon Library border the quad. Other buildings on the Syracuse campus include one for maintenance and operations, a garage, and a greenhouse converted to office space. Among planned new buildings is a research support facility.

The historic Robin Hood Oak (photo below) is behind Bray Hall. The tree is said to have grown from an acorn brought back by a faculty member from the Sherwood Forest in England. It was the first tree listed on the National Registrar of Historic Trees in the United States.

Wanakena

Students in the forest and natural resources management curriculum may spend an academic year (48 credits) or summer at the Ranger School, in Wanakena, New York, earning an Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.) degree in forest technology, surveying, or environmental and natural resources conservation. The campus, established in 1912, is on the east branch of the Oswegatchie River that flows into Cranberry Lake, in the northwestern part of the Adirondack Park. It includes the  James F. Dubuar Memorial Forest, named after a former director of the Ranger School.

Field stations and forests

New York

 Cranberry Lake: The college's environmental and forest biology summer field program is at the Cranberry Lake Biological Station, on Cranberry Lake in the Adirondack Park.
 Newcomb: The Adirondack Ecological Center and Huntington Wildlife Forest, a  field station in the central Adirondack Mountains, are near Newcomb, New York. The site includes the Arbutus Great Camp, bunkhouses, and a dining center, among other facilities.
 Syracuse: The Lafayette Road Experiment Station is in the City of Syracuse.
 Thousand Islands: The Thousand Islands Biological Station and Ellis International Laboratory are in the Thousand Islands, New York.
 Tully: ESF's Tully Field Station and the Svend O. Heiberg Memorial Forest, a  research forest, are in Tully, New York.
 Warrensburg: The Charles Lathrop Pack Demonstration Forest and NYS Department of Environmental Conservation's Environmental Education Camp are near Warrensburg, New York.

Costa Rica
 The Arturo and Maria Sundt Field Station, ESF's first international field station, is used for research and teaching. A former farm, it is near the town of Coyolito, in the province of Guanacaste, Costa Rica, approximately  from the Gulf of Nicoya on the country's west coast.

Academics

The ESF mission statement is "to advance knowledge and skills and to promote the leadership necessary for the stewardship of both the natural and designed environments." ESF is a "specialized institution" of the State University of New York, meaning that curricula focus primarily on one field, the college's being environmental management and stewardship. Students may supplement their education with courses taken at Syracuse University. ESF has academic departments in the fields of chemistry; environmental and forest biology; environmental resources engineering; environmental studies; sustainable resources management; landscape architecture; and chemical engineering. Environmental science programs offer students integrative degrees across the natural sciences.

The admission rate for applicants to ESF is 70 percent (Fall 2022). ESF is ranked at 58th in the 2023 US News & World Report rankings of the top public national universities. Furthermore, ESF is tied for 115th in the 2023 US News & World Report list of the best National Universities (both public and private). U.S. News & World Report ranked ESF as 64th best graduate school in Environmental/ Environmental Health Engineering category in 2016. The Washington Monthly College Guide ranked ESF No. 49 among the nation's top service-oriented colleges and universities for 2012 (and sixth in "community service participation and hours served").

Forbes Magazine ranked ESF #54 in its listing of "America's Best College Buys" for 2012. Forbes.com has also ranked ESF at No. 3 on its 2010 list of the 20 best colleges for women in science, technology, engineering and mathematics (STEM). ESF is listed at No. 2, ahead of top programs like Duke, Cornell and Yale, among the best college environmental programs in the nation by Treehugger.com, a website devoted to sustainability and environmental news. In 2007, DesignIntelligence magazine ranked ESF's undergraduate and graduate programs in "Landscape Architecture", respectively at No. 12 and No. 9 in the United States.

The Online College Database ranked ESF at No. 6 on its list of "50 Colleges Committed to Saving the Planet" for 2013. The ranking relates in part to one of the school's newest programs, Sustainable Energy Management. Launched in 2013, the program focuses on energy markets, management, and resources. Global issues such as responsible energy use and development of sustainable energy sources are critical focal points in the STEM major.

Research

ESF is classified as a "Carnegie R2 Doctoral Universities: High Research Activity" institution. The first research report published in 1913 by the College of Forestry was the result of the above noted USDA Forest Service supported study of the wood-using industries of New York State. Since that time, the research initiatives of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science and Forestry (ESF) have expanded greatly as faculty and students conduct pioneering studies, many with a global reach. ESF researchers delve into topics well beyond the boundaries of central New York. Recent international sites of research interest include Madagascar, the Amazon floodplains, Mongolia and the Galapagos Islands. Vermont and the Sierra Nevada are other locales within the US where recent research has focused. Current research efforts include the Willow Biomass Project and the American Chestnut Research and Restoration Project which produced the Darling 58 chestnut tree.

Campus life

Many students identify themselves as a "Stumpy" (or "Stumpie"). The nickname was given to students by their neighbors at Syracuse University, probably in the 1920s, and most-likely refers to forestry "stump jumpers". Although originally used as an insult, today, most students embrace the nickname with pride.

Students at the Syracuse campus enjoy many activities on and off campus. There are a number of student clubs and organizations at ESF, including the Mighty Oaks Student Assembly (formerly United Students Association), Graduate Student Association, the Guy A. Baldassare Birding Club, the Student Environmental Education Coalition, the Woodsmen Team, Bob Marshall Club, Alpha Xi Sigma Honor Society, Soccer Team, Sigma Lambda Alpha, The Knothole (weekly newspaper), Papyrus Club, The Empire Forester (yearbook), Landscape Architecture Club (formally the Mollet Club), Forest Engineers Club, Environmental Studies Student Organization, Habitat for Humanity, Ecologue (yearly journal), the Bioethics Society, Green Campus Initiative, Baobab Society, and the Sustainable Energy Club. Wanakena students have their own woodsmen and ice hockey teams. A number of professional organizations are also open to student membership, including the Society of American Foresters, The Wildlife Society, Conservation Biology club, American Fisheries Association, and the (defunct) American Water Resources Association.

ESF has an agreement with adjacent Syracuse University that allows ESF students to enjoy many amenities offered by SU. ESF students take courses at their sister institution, can apply for admission to concurrent degree and joint certificate programs, and may join any SU organization except for NCAA sports teams. SU students are also welcome to enroll in ESF classes. Because of this, students feel a certain degree of integration with the Syracuse University community. Every May, ESF holds a joint commencement ceremony with Syracuse University in the Carrier Dome. ESF's baccalaureate diplomas bear the seals of the State University of New York and Syracuse University.

Students also enjoy a variety of shops, restaurants, museums, and theaters in Syracuse, and nearby Marshall Street and Westcott Street.

Gateway Center
ESF has launched several programs, within the confines of campus and other locations, to reduce its carbon emissions. The Gateway Center utilizes sustainable energy resources to generate power and heat utilized across the campus. The building includes a state-of-the-art, combined heat-and-power (CHP) system, producing 65% of campus heating needs along with 20% of its electrical needs. The CHP system uses biomass to drive a steam turbine and produce electricity, while natural gas is used for steam heating along with additional electricity. It has been estimated this building alone is responsible for reducing ESF's carbon footprint by 22%.

Increased global awareness of global warming and reduced nonrenewable resources has driven ESF to invest in biomass. Biomass is a renewable resource that draws light energy, carbon dioxide, and water from the environment; in return oxygen is released. It can be harvested without negatively affecting the environment. For this reason, ESF launched a program to grow its own biomass, known as the Willow Biomass Project. Benefits of woody willow include, high yields and fast growth times, quick re-sprouting, and high heat energy is produced when burned. Woody willow also increases habitat diversity significantly contributes to carbon neutrality.

The Gateway Center was one of the final stages in the school's Climate Action Plan, that encompasses the vision of carbon neutrality and reduced fossil fuel dependence by 2015. Currently, the school rests in Phase III of the program and is on track to reach its goal. Included in Phase III is the opening of The Gateway Center, retrofits to Illick Hall, and rooftop greenhouse replacement. One other advancement towards carbon neutrality can be seen on top of the campus's buildings. Rooftop gardens provide reduced energy consumption and water runoff. Shrubbery, soil thickness, and moisture content all can contribute to increased energy savings. Gateway and other buildings on campus utilize rooftop gardens to reduce energy consumption and water runoff.

Athletics
The SUNY ESF athletic teams are called the Mighty Oaks. The college is a member the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA), primary competing in the Hudson Valley Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (HVIAC) since about the 2004–05 academic year.

ESF competes in 11 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include cross country, soccer and track & field; and co-ed sports include bass fishing and timber sports.

Cross country
The school's men's cross-country team are six-time USCAA national champions (2011-2014; 2021-2022). The women's cross-country team are three-time USCAA national champions (2018; 2021-2022). The men's soccer team was invited to the 2012 USCAA National Championship Tournament in Asheville, North Carolina, making it to the semifinals.

Woodsmen
ESF has a long tradition of competing in intercollegiate woodsmen competitions in the northeastern US and eastern Canada. The team came in first in both the men's and women's divisions of the northeastern US and Canadian 2012 spring meet. Students at the SUNY-ESF Ranger School, in Wanakena, compete as the Blue Ox Woodsmen team.

Club sports
In addition to the intercollegiate USCAA and woodsman teams, ESF students participate on club sports teams at both ESF and Syracuse University, including ESF's competitive bass fishing team, and SU's quidditch team. Students at the Ranger School participate in the Ranger School Hockey Club.

Athletics history
In one notable part of the college's history, Laurie D. Cox, professor of Landscape Architecture, was responsible for establishing Syracuse University's renowned lacrosse program in 1916, including players from the New York State College of Forestry.

Affiliation with Syracuse University
ESF was founded in 1911 as the New York State College of Forestry at Syracuse University, under the leadership of Syracuse University Trustee Louis Marshall, with the active support of Syracuse University Chancellor Day. Its founding followed several years after the cessation of state funding to the earlier New York State College of Forestry at Cornell.

ESF is an autonomous institution, administratively separate from Syracuse University, while some resources, facilities and infrastructure are shared. The two schools share a common Schedule of Classes; students may take courses at both institutions, and baccalaureate diplomas from ESF bear the Syracuse University seal along with that of the State University of New York. A number of concurrent degree programs and certificates are offered between the schools. ESF receives an annual appropriation as part of the SUNY budget and the state builds and maintains all of the college's educational facilities. The state has somewhat similar financial and working relationships with five statutory colleges that are at Alfred University and Cornell University, although unlike ESF, these statutory institutions are legally and technically part of their respective host institutions and are administered by them as well.

ESF faculty, students, and students' families join those from Syracuse University (SU) in a joint convocation ceremony at the beginning of the academic year in August and combined commencement exercises in May. ESF and SU students share access to library resources, recreational facilities, student clubs, and activities at both institutions, except for the schools' intercollegiate athletics teams, affiliated with the USCAA and NCAA, respectively.

Traditions
The best known tradition among ESF students is that walking across the quad is shunned. The tradition, which dates back to at least the early 1960s, is intended to inhibit tracks from being worn into the lawn. Hecklers have been known to yell and even tackle people walking across the quad. However, other activities such as frisbee and soccer are encouraged on the Quad.

Eustace B. Nifkin, ESF's previous mascot, is an unofficial student. He first appeared in the 1940s after a group of students summering in the Adirondacks thought him up. Ever since, he has appeared on class rosters, written articles for The Knothole, and sent mail to the college from around the world. He has a girlfriend, the lesser-known Elsa S. Freeborn. SUNY granted him a bachelor's degree in 1972. The Alumni Lounge in Marshall Hall is dedicated to Nifkin.

Another well known legend is that of Chainer or Chainsaw who supposedly graduated in 1993.

Traditional events include:

 Earth Week events
 Spring Banquet
 December Soiree
 Friends and Family BBQ
 Coffee Haus
 Festival of Places
 Paper run
 Donut Hours
 Waste Audit
 Free Movies Nights
 Insomniacs
 Woodsmen Team (Forestry Club)
 ESF Day of Service
 Quadstock Music and Arts Festival

Notable alumni
More than 19,000 have graduated from ESF since its founding in 1911. The college's Alumni Association was founded 14 years later, in 1925. Notable alumni include:

 Reginald E. Balch, MS '28, Canadian photographer and scientist
 Bruce C. Bongarten, BS '73, former Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs, ESF
 Joseph Buongiorno, MS '69, Class of 1933 Bascom Professor of Forest Economics, University of Wisconsin-Madison
 Roger Donlon, first man to receive the Medal of Honor in Vietnam
 Christopher Dunn, BS '76, Director of Cornell Plantations
 Ronald J. Eby, BS '69, PhD '74, National Medal of Technology award, 2007 for his work in pediatric medicine. A polysaccharide / carbohydrate chemist whose career was devoted to vaccine development.
 Frank Edwin Egler, plant ecologist and pioneer in the study of vegetation science
 Patrick Flood, BS '74, Maine state legislator
 Sol Feinstone, '15, historian, businessman, conservationist
 Jean Fréchet, MS '69, PhD '71, Henry Rapoport Chair of Organic Chemistry and Professor of Chemical Engineering, UC Berkeley - Dendritic Polymers: Dendrimers; 2013 Japan Prize Laureate His PhD student, Will Dichtel professor of chemistry at Cornell, earns MacArthur 'Genius Award' 9/2015
 Delfin Ganapin Jr., PhD '87, Global Manager, Global Environmental Facility Small Grants Program, United Nations Development Program
 William M. Harlow, BS '25, MS '26, PhD '28, SUNY ESF Professor in the field of wood technology
Avery Yale Kamila, American journalist, vegan columnist and community organizer.
 Edwin Ketchledge, BS '49, Distinguished Teaching Professor of Botany and Dendrology, ESF
 Robin Wall Kimmerer, BS '75, author of Gathering Moss: A Natural and Cultural History of Mosses; Professor of Biology and Director, Center for Native Peoples, ESF
 Michael Kudish, PhD '71, author, historian, forester and professor.
 Raymond (Ray) Leonard, Ph.D., skipper of the ill-fated sailboat S. V. Satori made famous in the book and movie, The Perfect Storm; a pioneering forest ecologist at Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in W. Thornton, NH.
 Moshe Levy, PhD '55, professor of chemistry, discoverer of living polymerization, and solar energy researcher
Mark Marquisee, in the seminal 1965 'Science' paper describing the structure of alanine transfer RNA, linking DNA and protein synthesis for which Robert W. Holley shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1968 a member of his team was Mark Marquisee. He graduated from SUNY ESF (NYS College of Forestry) in forest chemistry in either 1959 or 1960 coming to Cornell for his PhD in biochemistry.
 Bob Marshall, BS '24, forester, writer and wilderness activist
 Joe Martens, MS '81, former Commissioner, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation
 Donald E. Moore III, BS, PhD '76, animal behaviorist, zoo-based wildlife biologist, associate director of Animal Care Sciences, Smithsonian National Zoo, Washington, DC
 James D. Morrissey, BS '58, "first American to climb the east face of Mt. Everest"
 Clarence Petty, BS '30, forest ranger, conservationist and outdoorsman
 Harry Frederick Recher, ornithologist
 Bruce Shelley, BS '70, computer game designer
 Sgt. William Shemin, Ranger School 1914, BS after the war, Medal of Honor recipient for bravery in World War I
 Earl Lewis Stone, Jr., BS '38, In 1948, he became the first endowed Charles Lathrop Pack Professor of forest soils at Cornell University. Retired 1979
 Lissa Widdoff, BS '79, executive director, Robert and Patricia Switzer Foundation
 David Kaplan, PhD'1978, Director, Cellular Agriculture at Tufts University {the only stand-alone institute for Cellular Agriculture in the world},

Environmental leadership
From soon after its founding, ESF affiliated individuals have been responsible for establishing and leading prominent scientific and advocacy organizations around the world focused on the environment. Others have provided leadership to governmental environmental agencies.

 Adirondack Council – Clarence Petty, '30, co-founder, 1975, director
 Adirondack Park Agency – Ross S. Whaley, former ESF President, chair, 2003–07
 Association for the Protection of the Adirondacks – Louis Marshall, President, ESF Board of Trustees, trustee; Paul Schaefer, Trustee and V.P. for 50 years
 Ecological Society of America – Dean William L. Bray, and Professor Charles C. Adams, co-founders, 1915
 Finger Lakes Land Trust – Summer 2011: Cornelius B. Murphy Jr. named to Advisory Council along with Lynn Leopold, widow of A. Carl Leopold, Founding President
 National Parks Association – Bob Marshall, '24, board member, 1930s
 The Nature Conservancy – Dean William L. Bray, co-founder, 1950
 Onondaga Environmental Institute — Ed Michalenko, PhD '91, President
 Society of American Foresters – Ross S. Whaley, former ESF President, president, 1991
 Taiwan Environmental Action Network – Wen-ling Tu, MS '96, co-founder
 Union of Concerned Scientists – Howard "Bud" Ris, Jr., MLA '75, executive director, president, 1984-2003
  United States Society for Ecological Economics – Dr. Karin Limburg, ESF faculty member, president, 2006–07; Dr. Valerie Luzadis, ESF faculty member, president, 2012-14
 The Wilderness Society – Bob Marshall, '24, co-founder, 1935

See also
 Adirondack High Peaks, ESF's origins and inspiration
 Adirondack Park Agency visitor interpretive centers
 History of the New York State College of Forestry
 List of heads of the New York State College of Forestry
 François André Michaux laid the foundation for American forestry with his work, The North American Sylva {akin to John James Audubon "The Birds of America"} starting in 1811.

References

External links

 Official athletics website

1911 establishments in New York (state)
Universities and colleges established in 1911
Environment of New York (state)
Environmental research institutes
Environmental studies institutions in the United States
Forestry in the United States
Forestry education
Science and technology in New York (state)
State University of New York
USCAA member institutions
Technological universities in the United States
Environmental


Die Jansburg, auch Hamsburg genannt, ist eine Wallburg des 9./10. Jahrhunderts im Letter Bruch bei Coesfeld in Nordrhein-Westfalen.

Geschichte
Es liegen keine historischen Daten zu dieser Burganlage vor. Die Bauform spricht am ehesten für eine Anlage aus dem 9./10. Jh. Die Angaben auf dem örtlichen Hinweisschild, dass es sich um eine Burg aus dem 1. Jahrhundert nach Christus handelt, sind definitiv nicht korrekt. Es ist möglich, dass es sich bei der Anlage um eine Wegesperre an der nahe vorbeilaufenden Altstraße zwischen Borken und Dülmen handelte. Der Name Jansburg ist offensichtlich erst im 19. Jahrhundert entstanden und bezieht sich auf die Zugehörigkeit zur Kirche St. Johannes in Coesfeld-Lette. Ursprünglich haftete der Name Hamsburg an der Anlage, was im Niederdeutschen einen grasbewachsenen Landvorsprung am Wasser bezeichnet und die topographische Lage der Burg im Zwickel zwischen zwei Bächen widerspiegelt.

1919, 1924/25 und 1966 wurden Ausgrabungen ausschließlich im Bereich der Wälle durchgeführt. Datierende Funde wurden dabei nicht getätigt, auch nicht bei einer systematische Prospektion des Geländes mit Metalldetektoren 2011/12.

Beschreibung
Die Jansburg ist ein archäologisch kaum erforschtes Bodendenkmal. Ihre Struktur lässt sich anhand der verfallenen Erdwälle und Gräben noch ausmachen.

Die Burg liegt auf einer flachen Anhöhe, die im Westen, Süden und Osten von den ehemals sumpfigen Auen des Kett- und Wienhorster Baches umschlossen wird. Sie bestand aus einem mit Wall und Graben befestigten Kernwerk von ca. 120 × 80 m Größe und einem nördlich vorgelagerten, 140 m langen Vorwall mit Spitzgraben. Tore sind durch archäologische Ausgrabungen im Norden und Süden der Anlage nachgewiesen. Beim nördlichen Tor könnte es sich um ein Zangentor handeln. Der erhaltene Wallabschnitt im Südwesten ist 8 m breit und noch 2 m hoch erhalten, der vorgelagerte Graben 8 m breit und ca. 2 m tief. Nach den Altgrabungen enthalten die Wälle weder Mauern noch Holzverstärkungen und sind aus abwechselnden Lagen von Heidesand und torfigem Boden aufgeschüttet.

Die Anlage ist heute von Bäumen und Sträuchern bewachsen und fällt in der flachen münsterländischen Landschaft kaum auf.

Literatur
 Torsten Capelle: Die Jansburg bei Coesfeld-Lette, Kreis Coesfeld (= Frühe Burgen in Westfalen. Band 34). Altertumskommission für Westfalen, Münster 2012,  (PDF; 3,4 MB).
 Cornelia Kneppe, Jürgen Gaffrey, Jansburg im Letter Bruch. In: Ausgrabungen und Funde in Westfalen-Lippe. Band 7, 1992, S. 256.
 Lette: Gestern und heute 890 – 1990. Anläßlich des Jubiläums "1100 Jahre Lette". Stadt Coesfeld, Coesfeld 1990, S. 36–38.
 J. H. Schmedding: Die Jansburg bei Maria Veen. In: Westfalen. Band 10, 1919, S. 106–110.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Burgwall in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Bodendenkmal im Kreis Coesfeld
Bauwerk in Coesfeld
Niederungsburg in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Burg in Europa

Jansburg


Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa, também chamado Gianfrancesco Falzacappa (nascido em 7 de abril de 1767 em Corneto ; † 18 de novembro 1840 em Roma ) foi um cardeal italiano .

vida
Ele veio de uma família de patrícios e proprietários de terras, seu pai Leonardo Falzacappa era gonfaloneiro de Corneto, sua mãe era Teresa Guerrini. Ele estudou no Seminário de Frascati e na Universidade La Sapienza em Roma, onde recebeu seu doutorado iuris utriusque . Em seguida, entrou ao serviço de Nicola Acciaiuoli Torrigoni , auditor da Rota Romana . A partir de 1º de setembro de 1796 foi escrivão nos tribunais da Assinatura Apostólica . Papa Pio VI nomeou-o para a Chancelaria Apostólica em 1796 e confiou-lhe o apoio de padres franceses que, emEstados Papais buscaram refúgio. Foi ordenado sacerdote em 27 de outubro de 1799.

Após a restauração dos Estados Papais, o Papa Pio VII o nomeou secretário de uma congregação especial que lida com a restituição de propriedades da igreja confiscadas em Roma pelos ocupantes franceses. Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa foi membro de várias congregações da Cúria Romana e em 4 de fevereiro de 1801 co-fundador da "Academia para a Religião Católica". Em 10 de agosto de 1804, tornou-se Cônego da Basílica do Vaticano . Depois de se recusar a fazer o juramento de lealdade sob a renovada ocupação francesa (1808–1814), foi deportado primeiro para Parma , depois para Alessandria , na Córsega ., e finalmente para a ilha de Capraia . Após o repetido restabelecimento do governo papal, tornou-se membro da comissão para os hospitais de Roma em 15 de maio de 1814. Quando o Papa Pio VII foi forçado a fugir para Gênova em 1815, Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa era membro do Conselho de Estado do cardeal Giulio Maria della Somaglia . A partir de 1816 foi secretário primeiro da Congregação para as Imunidades Eclesiásticas e depois da Congregação Conciliar , onde permaneceu até a sua elevação ao Cardeal.

Em 27 de setembro de 1819, Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa foi nomeado arcebispo titular de Atenas . A consagração episcopal o doou em 29 de setembro de 1819 ao cardeal bispo de Ostia e Velletri e ao cardeal decano Alessandro Mattei ; Os co-consagradores foram Giovanni Francesco Guerrieri , Arcebispo ad personam e Bispo de Rimini , e Francesco Albertini , Bispo de Terracina, Sezze e Priverno .

No consistório de 10 de março de 1823, o Papa Pio VII o nomeou cardeal sacerdote e concedeu-lhe o chapéu cardinalício em 13 de março do mesmo ano e em 16 de maio de 1823 Santi Nereo ed Achilleo como igreja titular . Também em 10 de março de 1823, Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa tornou-se bispo de Ancona com o título pessoal de arcebispo . Ele participou do conclave em 1823 que o Papa Leão XIII. escolheu. Ele se opôs ao cardeal Ercole Consalvi . Em 17 de novembro de 1823 mudou-se para a igreja titular de Santa Maria in Trastevere. Em 23 de maio de 1824 renunciou ao bispado de Ancona. A partir de 2 de abril de 1827 foi examinador dos bispos em direito canônico e a partir de 7 de janeiro de 1829 prefeito da Assinatura Apostólica, onde permaneceu até sua morte. Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa participou do conclave de 1829 que resultou em Pio VIII como papa. Em 5 de janeiro de 1830 tornou-se cardeal bispo da diocese suburbicária de Albano . Novamente ele participou do conclave de 1830-1831 que Gregório XVI. elevado ao trono de Pedro. Em 22 de novembro de 1839 mudou-se para a sede suburbicária do Porto e Santa Rufina com Civitavecchia e tornou-se cardeal subdecano. De 18 de fevereiro de 1839 a 27 de abril de 1840 foi eunuco do Sagrado Colégio dos Cardeais .

Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa morreu em Roma na noite de 18 para 19 de novembro de 1840 e foi sepultado na igreja romana capuchinha de Santa Maria Immacolata a Via Veneto .

Link externo
 Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa
 catholic-hierarchy.org

Igreja Católica
Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Pio VII

Giovanni Francesco Falzacappa


Charles Barney Cory (January 31, 1857 – July 31, 1921) was an American ornithologist and golfer.

Biography
Cory was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His father had made a fortune from a large import business, ensuring that his son never had to work. At the age of sixteen Cory developed an interest in ornithology and began a skin collection. Due to his ability to travel anywhere he wished, this soon became the best collection of birds of the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico in existence.

In February 1876, the nineteen year old Cory was elected a member of Nuttall Ornithological Club, America's first ornithological organization. It was here that he met the leading ornithologists of Massachusetts at the time, such as William Brewster, Henry Henshaw, Ruthven Deane, Charles Johnson Maynard, with Joel Asaph Allen soon to join as well.

Starting in 1876, he briefly attended Harvard and the Boston University School of Law but soon left to continue his travelling. In 1877, he went collecting in Florida, followed by a trip to the Magdalen Islands in 1878, and another to the Bahamas the next year. In 1880, he collected in Europe, and then he returned to the West Indies in 1881.

In 1883, he was one of the forty-eight ornithologists invited to become founders of the American Ornithologists' Union and one of those who attended the founding convention in New York City. The next year he visited the Dakota Territory and Montana with his friend, Martin A. Ryerson, to collect specimen. The rest of the 1880s saw him in Cuba, Mexico, and Canada. In 1887, Cory was made the curator of birds at the Boston Society of Natural History.

In 1882, Cory purchased Great Island in West Yarmouth, Massachusetts as a summer retreat and game preserve, and set about the restoration of its Point Gammon Light as an ornithological observatory. While summering there on Cape Cod, Cory entertained dignitaries such as President Grover Cleveland, and frequently sponsored community sporting and cultural events. From 1888 to 1892, he and friend Charles Richard Crane funded and played on the Hyannis town team in what is now the Cape Cod Baseball League. At Cory and Crane's expense, various well-known professional and amateur players were brought in to play alongside the Hyannis locals. In 1888, Cory outfitted his club in "suits which were of the best white flannel and red stockings," and secured the services of pitcher Dick Conway and catcher Mert Hackett, both formerly of the major league Boston Beaneaters. In 1889, Cory brought back Hackett, and also enlisted Barney Gilligan, who had played for the 1884 major league champion Providence Grays. After the 1891 season, Cory published an extended ode to his ballclub in the style of Ernest Thayer's Casey at the Bat.

When Cory's collection of 19,000 bird specimens became too large to keep in his house he donated them to The Field Museum in Chicago, and he was given the position of Curator of Ornithology. Cory's collection of 600 ornithological volumes were purchased by Edward E. Ayer in 1894, and in turn donated to the museum. Cory lost his entire fortune in 1906, and took a salaried position at the museum as Curator of Zoology, remaining there for the rest of his life. Cory made routine collecting trips in Florida and the West Indies. He sometimes financed trips for other naturalists.

Cory was a director in many corporations.

Cory wrote many books, including The Birds of Haiti and San Domingo (1885), The Birds of the West Indies (1889) and The Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin (1909). His last major work was the four-part Catalogue of the Birds of the Americas, which was completed after his death by Carl Edward Hellmayr.

Cory was the first person to describe Cory's shearwater as a species. It had previously been described by Giovanni Antonio Scopoli in 1769, but he had believed it to be a race of another shearwater.

Cory participated in the 1904 Summer Olympics as a golfer. He competed in the individual event but did not finish.

Works
 Birds of the Bahama islands; containing many birds new to the islands, and a number of undescribed winter plumages of North American species (Boston, 1880).
 Catalogue of West Indian birds, containing a list of all species known to occur in the Bahama Islands, the Greater Antilles, the Caymans, and the Lesser Antilles, excepting the islands of Tobago and Trinidad (Boston, 1892).
 The birds of eastern North America known to occur east of the nineteenth meridian (Field Columbian Museum, 1899).
 The birds of Illinois and Wisconsin (Chicago, 1909).
 Descriptions of new birds from South America and adjacent islands (Chicago, 1915).
 How to know the ducks, geese and swans of North America, all the species being grouped according to size and color (Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1897).
 How to know the shore birds (Limicolæ) of North America (south of Greenland and Alaska) all the species being grouped according to size and color (Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1897).
 Hunting and fishing in Florida, including a key to the water birds known to occur in the state (Estes & Lauriat, Boston, 1896, Nachdruck 1970).
 The mammals of Illinois and Wisconsin (Chicago, 1912).
 Montezuma's castle, and other weird tales (1899).
 Notes on little known species of South American birds with descriptions of new subspecies (Chicago, 1917).
 Southern rambles (A. Williams & company, Boston,  1881).
 Descriptions of new birds from South America and adjacent Islands... (1915).
 Descriptions of twenty-eight new species and subspecies of neotropical birds...
 Notes on South American birds, with descriptions of new subspecies... (1915).
 Beautiful and curious birds of the world (1880).
 The birds of the Leeward Islands, Caribbean Sea (Chicago, 1909).
 The birds of the West Indies (Estes & Lauriat, Boston, 1889).
 Descriptions of apparently new South American birds (Chicago, 1916).
 Descriptions of twenty-eight new species and sub-species of neotropical birds (Chicago, 1913).
 Hypnotism and mesmerism (A. Mudge & Son, Boston, 1888).
 A list of the birds of the West Indies (Estes & Lauriat, Boston, 1885).
 A naturalist in the Magdalen Islands; giving a description of the islands and list of the birds taken there, with other ornithological notes (1878).

Notes

References
 Barbara and Richard Mearns - Biographies for Birdwatchers (1988)

Further reading
"Charles B. Cory," in Tom Taylor and Michael Taylor, Aves: A Survey of the Literature of Neotropical Ornithology, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Libraries, 2011.

External links

American ornithologists
American male golfers
Harvard University alumni
Boston University School of Law alumni
Olympic golfers for the United States
Golfers at the 1904 Summer Olympics
Golfers from Massachusetts
Cape Cod Baseball League players (pre-modern era)
Hyannis Harbor Hawks players
1857 births
1921 deaths

Charles B. Cory


السيمياء هي مجال دراسة الطقوس والتقاليد التي تمارس من أجل التواصل مع الماورائيات أو مع وجوديات لا يمكن استيعابها في العالم المادي، مثل الألهة، أو إحضاره، من أجل الاتحاد معها أو تحقيق الكمال الذاتي. يخطئ البعض بربطها بالسحر أو الشعوذة وهو خطأ شائع.

تعريف
 برقلس (480م): السيمياء هي سلطة أعلى من كل حكمة البشر والتي تستفيد من بركة إلهية، وتنقية قوة الإله.
 في الإسلام: تعتبر السيمياء نوع من أنواع السحر المحرمة. وهو عبارة عما يركب من خواص أرضية (مثل دهن أو مائعات أو كلمات خاصة) والتي تسيطر على وهم الأفراد.
 بيير ريفارد: السيمياء هي نوع من أنواع السحر. تعتمد مجموعة من الممارسات السحرة لجذب أرواح لرؤيتهم أو التأثير عليهم أو لتسكن فردا ما، أو لكشف الأسرار.

الأفلاطونية المحدثة
السيمياء تعني العمل الإلهي. ظهر المصطلح منتصف القرن الثاني الميلادي في «النبؤات الكلدانية». والسيمياء الغربية ظهرت بالفلسفة الأفلاطونية المحدثة. فقد اعتبروا أن العالم الروحي هو تجليات الإله من الأحد. فمن «الواحد» تجل عالم العقل (ويسمونه النوس). ومن العقل تجلى عالم الروح. ومن عالم الروح تجلى العالم المادي واعتقدوا ان كل التجليات تبقى هي نفسها على كل المستويات. وقال أفلوطين بأن التأمل هو لطريق للوصول إلى السيمياء بهدف الاتحاد مع الإله (ويسمى هينوسيس). لذا اعتمدت طريقته التأمل والتفكر. أما يمبليكوس، تلميذ بلوفيري، فاعتمد الابتهالات والطقوس الدينية والسحرية لأنه اعتبر السيمياء تقليد للألهة.

سيمياء مسيحية النخبة
اعتبر مسيحية النخبة ، الذين اهتموا بتعلم أسرار الله، أن السيمياء ضرورية للإنسان وللالتقاء إلى درجات وعي أعلى عن طريقة تقوية الطبيعة الروحية للشخص. ويعتبرون أن السيمياء تساعد للوصول إلى المعرفة الأعلى للشخص والتواصل معها وتعلم الحكمة الإلهية التي لا يستطيع الحصول عليها من الإنسان. وبعض النخبة يؤمنون أن ممارستها ترقي الفرد إلى درجة ماجوسي.

سيمياء الإسلام

يقول ابن عربي في فتوحاته:

السيمياء اليهودية
تعتبر القبالة اليهودية أن الكون هو من تجليات خواص الله متمثلة بالسفروت العشرة في عين سوف. فبالنسبة لهم، الكيتير هي أعلى تجليات الله ولا يستطيع أحد الوصول إليها. أما الملخوت، فهى أدنى تجليات الله مع أنها أعلى من العالم المادي. لكن مع السيمياء، يستطيع الإنسان الوصول إليها، لذا تسمى السكينة. وعندهم، للوصول للسكينة، يجب التأمل بالسفروت وليس عبادتها.

مراجع

أفلاطونية محدثة
سحر (خارق للطبيعة)
سيمياء
غموضية
هرمسية

سيمياء (سحر)