Hama ( , ; ; Biblical Hebrew:  Ḥamāṯ) is a city on the banks of the Orontes River in west-central Syria. It is located  north of Damascus and  north of Homs. It is the provincial capital of the Hama Governorate. With a population of 854,000 (2009 census), Hama is the fourth-largest city in Syria after Damascus, Aleppo and Homs.

The city is renowned for its seventeen norias used for watering the gardens, which are locally claimed to date back to 1100 BC. Though historically used for purpose of irrigation, the norias exist today as an almost entirely aesthetic traditional show.

History

The ancient settlement of Hamath was occupied from the early Neolithic to the Iron Age.

Neolithic
The stratigraphy is very generalized, which makes detailed comparison to other sites difficult. Level M ( thick) contained both white ware (lime-plaster) and true pottery. It may be contemporary with Ras Shamra V (6000–5000 BC).

Chalcolithic
Remains from the Chalcolithic have been uncovered by Danish archaeologists on the mount on which the former citadel once stood. The excavation took place between 1931 and 1938 under the direction of Harald Ingholt. The overlying level L dates to the Chalcolithic Halaf culture.

Bronze Age

Mitanni period
Although the town appears to be unmentioned in cuneiform sources before the first millennium BC, the site appears to have been prosperous around 1500 BC, when it was presumably an Amorite dependency of Mitanni, an empire along the Euphrates in northeastern Syria.

Hittite period
By around 1350 BC, Mitanni was overthrown by the Hittites, who controlled all of northern Syria.

In the south, the Hittites were in conflict with the Egyptians. Hamath became an important urban center. The conflict culminated in the famous Battle of Kadesh against Ancient Egypt under Ramesses II near Homs in 1285 BC.

In early 19th century, Johann Ludwig Burckhardt was the first to discover Hittite or Luwian hieroglyphic script at Hama.

Iron Age
The Fall of the Hittite Empire saw the Neo-Hittite/Aramaean Hama attested as the capital of one of the prosperous Syro-Hittite states known from the Hebrew Bible as Hamath (Aramaic: Ḥmt; Hittite: Amatuwana;  Ḥamāṯ), which traded extensively, particularly with Israel and Judah.

Assyrian inscriptions
When the Assyrian king Shalmaneser III (858–824 BC) conquered the north of Aramea, he reached Hamath (Assyrian: Amat or Hamata) in 853 BC; this marks the beginning of Assyrian inscriptions relating to the kingdom. Irhuleni of Hamath and Hadadezer of Aram-Damascus (biblical "Bar-Hadad") led a coalition of Aramean cities against the encroaching Assyrian armies. According to Assyrian sources, they were confronted by 4,000 chariots, 2,000 horsemen, 62,000-foot-soldiers and 1,000 Arab camel-riders in the Battle of Qarqar. The attested win for the Assyrians seems to have actually been more of a draw, although Shalmaneser III continued on to the shore and even took a ship to open sea. In the following years, Shalmaneser III failed to conquer Hamath or Aram-Damascus. After the death of Shalmaneser III, the former allies Hamath and Aram-Damascus fell out, and Aram-Damascus seems to have taken over some of Hamath's territory.

An Aramaic inscription of Zakkur, dual king of Hamath and Luhuti, tells of an attack by a coalition including Sam'al under Ben-Hadad III, son of Hazael, king of Aram-Damascus. Zakir was besieged in his fortress of Hazrak, but saved by intervention of the God Baalshamin. Later on, the state of Sam'al came to rule both Hamath and Aram.

In 743 BC, Tiglath-Pileser III took a number of towns in the territory of Hamath, distributed the territories among his generals, and forcibly removed 1,223 selected inhabitants to the valley of the Upper Tigris; he exacted tribute from Hamath's king, Eni-Ilu (Eniel).

In 738 BC, Hamath is listed among the cities again conquered by Assyrian troops. Over 30,000 natives were deported to Ullaba (located in Urartu) and replaced with captives from the Zagros Mountains.

Destruction under Sargon II
After the fall of the northern kingdom of Israel, Hamath's king Ilu-Bi'di (Jau-Bi'di) led a failed revolt of the newly organized Assyrian provinces of Arpad, Simirra, Damascus, and Samara.

Styling himself the "Destroyer of Hamath," Sargon II razed the city c. 720 BC, recolonized it with 6300 Assyrians and removed its king to be flayed alive in Assyria. He also carried off to Nimrud the ivory-adorned furnishings of its kings.

Displaced persons from Hamath subsequently comprised an important part of the multi-ethnic Aramaean community at Elephantine and Syene (now Aswan) in Egypt starting in 700 BCE, where alongside similarly displaced Jews they produced a large corpus of materials in Imperial Aramaic known as the Elephantine papyri and ostraca.

Hamath in the Bible
The few Biblical reports state that Hamath was the capital of a Canaanite kingdom (; ), whose king congratulated King David on his defeat of Hadadezer, king of Zobah (; ). In God's instructions to Moses, Hamath is specified as part of the northern border of the land that will fall to the children of Israel as an inheritance when they enter the land of Canaan (). Solomon, it would seem, took possession of Hamath and its territory and built store cities (; ).  names the "entrance of Hamath", or Lebo-Hamath, as the northern border of Israel at the time of the dedication of the first temple in Jerusalem. The area was subsequently lost to the Syrians, but Jeroboam II, king of Israel, is said to have "restored the territory of Israel from the entrance of Hamath to the Sea of the Arabah (the Dead Sea)".

Assyria's defeat of Hamath made a profound impression on Isaiah (). The prophet Amos also named the town "Hamath the Great" ().

Persian, Hellenistic and Roman history

In 539 BC, Cyrus the Great, King of Achaemenid Empire, took Syria as part of his empire, to be known as Eber-Nari. In July 522 BC, Cambyses II died at a location called Agbatana, which is most likely the modern city of Hama.

In the second half of the 4th century BC the modern region of Syria came under the influence of Greco-Roman culture, following long lasting semitic and Persian cultures. Alexander the Great's campaign from 334 to 323 BC brought Syria under Hellenic rule. Since the country lay on the trade routes from Asia to Greece, Hama and many other Syrian cities again grew rich through trade. After the death of Alexander the Great his Near East conquests were divided between his generals, and Seleucus Nicator became ruler of Syria and the founder of the Seleucid dynasty. Under the Seleucids there was a revival in the fortunes of Hama. The Aramaeans were allowed to return to the city, which was renamed Epiphaneia (), after the Seleucid Emperor Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Seleucid rule began to decline, however, in the next two centuries, and Arab dynasties began to gain control of cities in this part of Syria, including Hama.

The Romans took over original settlements such as Hama and made them their own. They met little resistance when they invaded Syria under Pompey and annexed it in 64 BC, whereupon Hama became part of the Roman province of Syria, ruled from Rome by a proconsul. Hama was an important city during the Greek and Roman periods, but very little archaeological evidence remains. As Syria became part of the Roman Empire, five hundred Hamian archers, known as "Cohors Prima Hamiorum Sagittaria", were stationed at Magnis on Hadrian's Wall in northern Britain starting from AD 120. The same unit or another one was later renamed to "Numerus Syrorum Saggitariorum" and located at Derventio Brigantum (Malton). The garrison unit was transferred to Bar Hill Fort on the Antonine Wall in Scotland in AD 142–157, then back to Magnis in AD 163–166, during the early reign of Marcus Aurelius. They might have also stationed at Housesteads, as a tombstone of an archer was located there. However, the cohort's presence in Britain was proven by military diplomas, found in Stannington (AD 122) and Ravenglass (AD 124), in addition to altars dedicated to Syrian Goddesses discovered at Catterick.

In AD 330, the capital of the Roman Empire was moved to Byzantium, and the city continued to prosper. In Byzantine days, Hama was known as Emath or Emathoùs (Εμαθούς in Greek). Roman rule from Byzantium meant the Christian religion was strengthened throughout the Near East, and churches were built in Hama and other cities. The Byzantine historian John of Epiphania was born in Hama in the 6th century.

Two main personalities from Hama were documented during Greek-Roman times. The first is Eustathius of Epiphaneia (), who was a Greek historian but all his works were lost. His most famous work was the "Brief Chronicle" (). The second personality is Euphrates the Stoic, who was from Epiphaneia according to Stephanus of Byzantium.

Muslim rule

During the Muslim conquest of Syria in the 7th century, Hama was conquered by Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah in 638 or 639 and the town regained its ancient name, and has since retained it. Following its capture, it came under the administration of Jund Hims and remained so throughout the rule of Umayyads until the 9th century.

Arab geographer al-Muqaddasi writes Hama became a part of Jund Qinnasrin during Abbasid rule. Although the city's history is obscure at this time period, it is known that Hama was a walled market town with a ring of outlying cities. On 29 November 903, the Abbasid Caliphate during the reign of Al-Muktafi defeated the Qarmatians in the Battle of Hama, which eliminated them from the western Syrian Desert.

It came under the control of the Hamdanid rulers of Aleppo in the 10th century and was consequently drawn into the orbit of that city where it remained until the 12th century. These were considered the "dark years" of Hama as the local rulers of northern and southern Syria struggled for dominance in the region. The Byzantines under emperor Nicephorus Phocas raided the town in 968 and burned the Great Mosque. By the 11th century, the Fatimids gained suzerainty over northern Syria and during this period, the Mirdasids sacked Hama. Persian geographer Nasir Khusraw noted in 1047 that Hama was "well populated" and stood on the banks of the Orontes River.

Tancred, Prince of Galilee, took it in 1108, but in 1114 the Crusaders lost it definitively to the Seljuks, during the reign of Toghtekin, atabeg of Damascus. In 1157 an earthquake shattered the city. For the next sixty years, Hama was battled for by competing rulers. Nur al-Din, the Zengid sultan, erected a mosque with a tall, square minaret in the city in 1172. In 1175, Hama was taken from the Zengids by Saladin. He granted the city to his nephew, al-Muzaffar Umar, four years later, putting it under the rule of his Ayyubid family. This ushered in an era of stability and prosperity in Hama as the Ayyubids ruled it almost continuously until 1342. Geographer Yaqut al-Hamawi, who was born in Hama, described it in 1225 as a large town surrounded by a strongly built wall. Hama was sacked by the Mongols in 1260, as were most other Syrian cities, but the Mongols were defeated that same year and then again in 1303 by the Mamluks who succeeded the Ayyubids as rulers of the region. Hama briefly passed to Mamluk control in 1299 after the death of governor al-Mansur Mahmoud II. However, unlike other former Ayyubid cities, the Mamluks reinstated Ayyubid rule in Hama by making Abu al-Fida, the historian and geographer, governor of the city and he reigned from 1310 to 1332. He described his city as "very ancient... mentioned in the book of the Israelites. It is one of the pleasantest places in Syria." After his death, he was succeeded by his son al-Afdal Muhammad who eventually lost Mamluk favor and was deposed. Thus, Hama came under direct Mamluk control.

Hama grew prosperous during the Ayyubid period, as well as the Mamluk period. It gradually expanded to both banks of the Orontes River, with the suburb on the right bank being connected to the town proper by a newly built bridge. The town on the left bank was divided into upper and lower parts, each of which was surrounded by a wall. The city was filled with palaces, markets, mosques, madrasas, and a hospital, and over thirty different sized norias (water-wheels). In addition, there stood a massive citadel in Hama. Moreover, a special aqueduct brought drinking water to Hama from the neighboring town of Salamiyah.

Ibn Battuta visited Hama in 1335 and remarked that the Orontes River made the city "pleasant to live in, with its many gardens full of trees and fruits." He also speaks of a large suburb called al-Mansuriyyah (named after an Ayyubid emir) that contained "a fine market, a mosque, and bathes." In 1400, Timurlane took Hama, along with nearby Homs and Baalbek.

Ottoman rule

The prosperous period of Mamluk rule came to an end in 1516, when the Ottoman Turks conquered Syria from the Mamluks after defeating them at the Battle of Marj Dabiq near Aleppo. Hama, and the rest of Syria, came under Ottoman rule from Constantinople. Under the Ottomans, Hama gradually became more important in the administrative structure of the region. It was first made capital of one of the liwas ("districts") of the eyalet ("province") of Tripoli. Hama once again became an important center for trade routes running east from the Mediterranean coast into Asia. A number of khans ("caravansaries"s) were built in the city, like Khan Rustum Pasha which dates from 1556. The governor of Hama was tasked in 1692 with settling Turkoman nomads in the Hama-Homs region under the aegis of the Ottoman Empire's tribal settlement program.

Then in the 18th century, it became a part of the holdings of the governor of Damascus. The governors of Damascus at this time were the Azems, who also ruled other parts of Syria, for the Ottomans. They erected sumptuous residences in Hama, including the Azem Palace and Khan As'ad Pasha which were built by As'ad Pasha al-Azem, who governed Hama for a number of years until 1742. By then, there were 14 caravansaries in the city, mostly used for the storage and distribution of seeds, cotton, wool, and other commodities. After the passing of the Vilayet Law in 1864, Hama became the capital of the Sanjak of Hama (gaining the city more administrative powers), part of the larger vilayet of Sham.

Modern history

Ottoman rule ended in 1918, after their defeat in World War I to the Allied Forces. Hama was made part of the French Mandate of Syria. By then, Hama had developed into what it has remained: a medium-sized provincial town, important as the market for an agricultural area abundant in cereals, but also cotton and sugar beets. It gained notoriety as the center of large estates worked by peasants and dominated by a few magnate families. The 1925 Hama uprising occurred in the city during the Great Syrian Revolt against the French.

During the French Mandate, the district of Hama contained within its bounds the municipality of Hama and 114 villages. By an estimate in 1930, only four of these villages were owned outright by local cultivators, while sharing ownership of two villages with a notable family. Thus, the hinterland was owned by landowning elites. Starting in the late 1940s, significant class conflict erupted as agricultural workers sought reform in Hama.

Syria gained full independence from France in 1946. Akram al-Hawrani, a member of an impoverished notable family in Hama, began to agitate for land reform and better social conditions. He made Hama the base of his Arab Socialist Party, which later merged with another socialist party, the Ba'ath. This party's ascent to power in 1963 signalled the end of power for the landowning elite.

The political insurgency by Sunni Islamic groups, particularly the Muslim Brotherhood, occurred in the city, which was reputed as a stronghold of conservative Sunni Islam. As early as the spring of 1964, Hama became the epicentre of an uprising by conservative forces, encouraged by speeches from mosque preachers, denouncing the policies of the Ba'ath. The Syrian government sent tanks and troops into the quarters of Hama's old city to put down the insurrection.

In the early 1980s, Hama had emerged as a major source of opposition to the Ba'ath government during the Sunni armed Islamist uprising, which had begun in 1976. The city was a focal point for bloody events in the 1981 massacre and the most notable 1982 Hama massacre. The most serious insurrection of the Syrian Islamic uprising happened in Hama during February 1982, when Government forces, led by the president's brother, Rifaat al-Assad, quelled the revolt in Hama with very harsh means. Tanks and artillery shelled the neighbourhoods held by the insurgents indiscriminately, and government forces are alleged to have executed thousands of prisoners and civilian residents after subduing the revolt, which became known as the Hama massacre. The story is suppressed and regarded as highly sensitive in Syria. The Hama Massacre led to the military term "Hama Rules" meaning the complete large-scale destruction of a military objective or target. The city was the site of conflict between the Syrian military and opposition forces as one of the main arenas of the Syrian civil war during the 2011 siege of Hama.

In 2018, archaeologists revealed a Byzantine mosaic painting of a church that dates back to the fifth century AD. The painting, which was decorated with geometric shapes and inscriptions in Latin, was unearthed in the Tell Salhab area in Khareb village.

Climate
Its climate is classified as semi-arid (BSk) in Köppen-Geiger system. Hama's inland location ensures that it receives no softening coastal influences and breezes from the Mediterranean Sea. As a result, the city has a much hotter and drier climate than nearby Homs.

Demographics

According to Josiah C. Russel, during the 12th century, Hama had a population of 6,750. James Reilly accounts the historical population as: 1812– 30,000 (Burckhardt) 1830– 20,000 (Robinson) 1839– 30–44,000 (Bowring) 1850– 30,000 (Porter) 1862– 10–12,000 (Guys) 1880– 27,656 (Parliamentary Papers) 1901– 60,000 (Parliamentary Papers) 1902–1907 80,000 (Trade Reports) 1906– 40,000 (al-Sabuni) 1909– 60,000 (Trade Reports)
In 1932, while Hama was under the French Mandate, there were approximately 50,000 residents. In the 1960 census, there were 110,000 inhabitants. The population continued to rise, reaching 180,000 in 1978 and 273,000 in 1994. The infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births in the Hama Governorate was 99.4. A 2005 estimate had Hama's population at around 325,000 inhabitants.

Most of the residents are Sunni Muslims (including mostly Arabs, Kurds, and Turkmen), although some districts of the city are exclusively Christian. Hama is reputed to be the most conservative Sunni Muslim city in Syria since French Mandate times. During that period there was an old saying reflecting this characteristic: "In Damascus, it takes only three men to make a political demonstration, while in Hama it takes only three men to get the town to pray." The Christian population mostly adheres to the Greek Orthodox Church or the Syriac Orthodox Church.

Ecclesiastical status
The Greek Orthodox Church has a prelacy in Hama under the Patriarch of Antioch. Hama is still a Roman Catholic titular see (referred to as "Hamath" or Amath"), suffragan of Apamea. It is as "Epiphania" that it is best known in ecclesiastical documents. Lequien mentions nine Greek bishops of Epiphania. The first of them, whom he calls Mauritius, is the Manikeios whose signature appears in the First Council of Nicaea. Currently, it has two Catholic archbishops, a Greek Melkite and a Syrian, the former residing at Labroud, the latter at Homs, reuniting the titles of Homs (Emesus) and Hamah.

Neighborhoods

Kazo

Main sights

Hama's most famous attractions are the 17 Norias of Hama (), dating back to the Byzantine times. Fed by the Orontes river, they are up to  in diameter. The largest norias are the al-Mamunye (1453) and the al-Muhammediye (14th century). Originally they were used to route water into aqueducts, which led into the town and the neighbouring agricultural areas.

Other sights include:
the museum, housed in an 18th-century Ottoman governor residence (Azem Palace). Remains in the exhibition include a precious Roman mosaic from the nearby village of Maryamin (4th century AD)
al-Nuri mosque, finished in 1163 by Nur ad-Din after the earthquake of 1157. Notable is the minaret.
The small Mamluk al-Izzi mosque (15th century)
The mosque and Mausoleum of Abu al-Fida, a celebrated Ayyubid historian who was also governor of the city.
al-Hasanain mosque, also rebuilt by Nur ad-Din after the aforementioned earthquake.
The Great Mosque. Destroyed in the 1982 bombardment, it has been rebuilt in its original forms. It has elements dating from the ancient and Christian structures existing in the same location. It has two minarets, and is preceded by a portico with an elevated treasury.

Notable people

Adnan al-Bakkour, former Attorney General

See also

Outline of Syria
Cities of the ancient Near East
Hama massacre
Short chronology timeline

References

Bibliography

 CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Hamatha

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Further reading

P. J. Riis/V. Poulsen, Hama: fouilles et recherches 1931–1938 (Copenhagen 1957).

External links

The Official City's Group on facebook  –
e.sy Governmental online services
Official site of Hama governorate
Hama city community on the net
Ancient Hama king list historyfiles.co.uk

Cities in Syria

Hittite cities
Aramean cities
Aramean states
Syro-Hittite states
Canaanite cities
Historic sites in Syria
Levant

Hama


Angelitos negros fue una telenovela mexicana producida por Valentín Pimstein para Teleprogramas Acapulco, S.A. (perteneciente a Telesistema Mexicano, hoy Televisa) en 1970. Protagonizada antagónicamente por Alicia Rodríguez junto a Manuel López Ochoa y la primera actriz Silvia Derbez. Remake de la película del mismo nombre realizada en 1948, fue una de las telenovelas más recordadas de la legendaria Silvia Derbez por la credibilidad que le imprimió a su personaje, una sirvienta de color que sufría por las humillaciones y maltratos de su propia hija.

Argumento
Ana Luisa de la Fuente es una joven bella y de buena familia, pero pedante, orgullosa y vanidosa, además de poseer un carácter muy prejuicioso, ya que ha crecido desarrollando un profundo desprecio por los negros, por ello desprecia a su nana negra Mercé, una mujer honesta y abnegada que la ha criado desde su nacimiento pese al odio que Ana Luisa no se molesta en demostrarle.

Ana Luisa es directora en un colegio de niñas y un día conoce al cantante Juan Carlos Flores, un joven huérfano y honesto que vive con sus tías, las hermanas gemelas Carlota y Elisa. Juan Carlos se enamora de Ana Luisa, ella lo rechaza en un principio pero después le corresponde. Se comprometen y poco tiempo después se casan. Al cabo de un tiempo Ana Luisa queda embarazada, da a luz a una hermosa niña, pero la sorpresa de Juan Carlos es mayúscula cuando descubre que su hija tiene la piel negra. Debido a esto Mercé se ve obligada a contarle a Juan Carlos su doloroso secreto: ella es la verdadera madre de Ana Luisa, fruto de su relación con su fallecido patrón y padre de la joven, Don Luis. Juan Carlos le promete guardar su secreto y a pesar de su impresión inicial, acepta dichosa a su hija, a quien pone por nombre Belén.

Sin embargo, Ana Luisa no reacciona de la misma manera. Desprecia a la niña solo por ser negra y reniega que tiene una hija. Belén es criada cariñosamente por Mercé, Juan Carlos y Jova, otra sirvienta. Al ir creciendo, la niña entristece por el rechazo de su madre. A tal punto llega su tristeza, que un día se pinta la cara de blanco para que su mamá la quiera y la acepte. Juan Carlos decide tomar cartas en el asunto y hacer entrar en razón a su esposa de una vez por todas. Pero Ana Luisa seguirá tan terca como siempre, sin imaginar que la buena Nana Mercé quien siempre la ha querido a pesar de su desprecio, es su propia madre.

Elenco
 Alicia Rodríguez - Ana Luisa De la Fuente Uribe de Flores
 Silvia Derbez - La Nana Mercé Uribe
 Manuel López Ochoa - Juan Carlos Flores
 Titina Romay - Isabel Contreras
 Antonio Raxel - Don Luis De la Fuente
 Josefina Escobedo - Carlota / Elisa
 Lilia Aragón - Jova
 Juanita Hernández Mejía - Belén Flores De la Fuente
 Malú Reyes - Malú
 Armando Velasco - Padre Padilla
 Miguel Maciá - Sr. Sánchez
 Fernando Mendoza - Lic. Peláez
 Raúl "Chato" Padilla - Don Romualdo
 Rafael del Río - Antonio "Toño"
 Norma Jiménez Pons - María Flora
 Gerardo del Castillo - Don Laureano

Versiones
 Angelitos negros es un remake de una película del mismo nombre realizada en 1948, dirigida y escrita por Joselito Rodríguez y protagonizada por Rita Montaner, Emilia Guiú y Pedro Infante.
 En el año 1997 Televisa realizó otra versión, El alma no tiene color producida por Juan Osorio, adaptada originalmente por Alberto Gómez y protagonizada por Laura Flores, la cantante cubana Celia Cruz y Arturo Peniche.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Ficha de Angelitos negros en Alma-latina.net

Telenovelas de México
Telenovelas de 1970
Telenovelas de Teleprogramas Acapulco

Angelitos negros (telenovela)


Elida est un nom propre. Il est utilisé comme prénom.

Personnages célèbres portant ce prénom

 Elida Almeida, chanteuse capverdienne ;
 Elidà Amigó i Montanya (1935-2020), historienne et militante andorrane ;
 Elida Campodónico, enseignante, avocate et diplomate panaméenne ;

Toponymes

 Elida, localité américaine du Nouveau-Mexique ;
 Elida, village américain de l'Ohio

Autres
 Elida était une marque de savons

Notes et références

Prénom féminin

Elida


La Clase OPV-80, también denominado Patrullero de Zona Marítima (PZM), es una serie de patrulleros oceánicos marítimos construidos para las marinas de Chile y Colombia para el control de la zona económica exclusiva (ZEE), cumpliendo misiones de escolta, vigilancia e inspección.

Características
Tiene 1728 t de desplazamiento, 80,6 m de eslora, 13 m de manga y 3,8  de calado; de propulsión dos (2) motores diésel 12V (22 nudos); y de arma 1 cañón Bofors L70 de 40 mm y 6 ametralladoras Browning M2.

Descripción
Es un navío multipropósito con un alto grado de flexibilidad para realizar diversas labores encomendadas a la autoridad marítima.
Su diseño moderno y a la vez económico le permite ser eficiente y eficaz pudiendo también realizar labores de inteligencia interoperando con otros buques modernos.

Operaciones
 Misiones de Vigilancia de Zona Marítima.
 Interdicción marítima.
 Guerra de superficie en conflictos de baja intensidad.
 Misiones de búsqueda y rescate.
 Fiscalización de las Actividades Pesqueras.
 Transporte de personal y carga.
 Control de contaminación.
 Plataforma aeronaval en condición N.V.G.
Misiones antárticas (Chile y Colombia)

Usuarios

Activos

Chile
El diseño del PZM fue desarrollado por la compañía alemana Fassmer, para satisfacer los requerimientos del proyecto Danubio IV de la Armada de Chile. El astillero ASMAR firmó el contrato para construir las PZM el 20 de mayo de 2005, con las compañías Northrop Grumman, Sisdef (Un consorcio compuesto por BAE Systems y ASMAR) Y Rohde & Schwarz participando como principales subcontratistas a un coste de USD$54 millones, para ser comisionados el 2012.
Los buques son operados por la Dirección General del Territorio Marítimo (DIRECTEMAR) de la Armada de Chile y realizan misiones de patrulla, búsqueda y rescate, salvataje y control de contaminación en la Zona Económica Exclusiva. Para facilitar su labor está equipado con un helicóptero Dauphin embarcado y 2 botes semirrígidos PUMAR.
El diseño del PZM está siendo promovido por Chile como una plataforma común para las armadas sudamericanas a través del Proyecto Patrullero de Alta Mar Regional. Este diseño cuenta con algunas modificaciones, las que son el tener un hangar y dependencias para un completo funcionamiento del helicóptero en todo tiempo.
El 2 de enero de 2012 Asmar y DIRECTEMAR firmaron el contrato por el tercer patrullero, el cual tendrá características mejoradas, en el ámbito del armamento como un montaje de 76/62 mm en reemplazo del cañón Bofors de 40 mm y 6 cañones automáticos de 20 mm que remplazan a las ametralladoras de 12,7 mm y contará con un casco reforzado tipo "ice class", para darle la capacidad de operar en latitudes antárticas.
El 8 de noviembre de 2014 se comisionó el 3º buque llamado "Marinero Fuentealba". El 3 de agosto del año 2016, fue botado el cuarto patrullero de la clase, bautizado "Cabo Odger", el que será dotado del mismo armamento de su predecesor. Chile pretende construir en ASMAR un total de 6 buques de esta clase.

Colombia
Colombia ha ordenado 3 PZM (de un total de 6 planificados) para ser construidos en el astillero de COTECMAR, en Cartagena, bajo licencia alemana Fassmer. El 2012 recibió el primero llamado "20 de Julio" y el segundo, botado en septiembre del 2013; fue bautizado "ARC 7 de Agosto". y comisionado el 17 de marzo de 2014, fecha en la que además se anunció la construcción de una tercera nave del mismo tipo y que sería puesta en servicio el año 2016.
Entre las mejoras con respecto a la versión chilena, cuentan con el radar Scater Terma 4000 y una rampa debajo del hangar para el rápido desembarco del bote interceptor.

Honduras
En noviembre del año 2016, Honduras anunció su intención de adquirir un OPV modelo OPV-80 y un buque de desembarco anfibio a ser construidos en COTECMAR, para ser entregado el año 2018.

Argentina
El 2008, Argentina ordenó 5 PZM como parte de su programa Patrullero Oceánico Multipropósito (POM). Las unidades serían construidas en el Astillero Río Santiago. Finalmente se canceló el proyecto. Se optó por una plataforma más accesible y con casco reforzado para navegar en aguas de la Antártida. Siendo seleccionada la OPV-90 Clase Gowind de la francesa Naval Group.

Navíos

Véase también
 Clase Amazonas
 Clase Gowind
 Clase Independence (2008)
 Clase Oaxaca
 Anexo:Embarcaciones construidas en ASMAR

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Armada de Chile | OPV-81 "Piloto Pardo"

Patrulleros de la clase OPV-80
Patrulleros de Colombia

Clase OPV-80


D'Banj (* 9. Juni 1980 in Zaria, Nigeria als Dapo Daniel Oyebanjo) ist ein nigerianischer Sänger.

Hintergrund
Er hat mehrere Musik-Auszeichnungen, darunter die Auszeichnungen für Best African Act bei den MTV Europe Music Awards 2007 gewonnen. Er war Artist of the Year bei den MTV Africa Music Awards 2009 und erhielt den BET Award 2011 für Best International Act.

Er führt den Künstlernamen D'Banj, eine Kombination aus seinem Vornamen und seinen Nachnamen Dapo Oyebanjo.

Diskografie

Alben
 2006: No Long Thing
 2007: Rundown Funk U Up
 2008: The Entertainer

Singles
 2012: Oliver Twist

Auszeichnungen
 2006: Revelation of the year (Hip Hop World Awards)
 2006: Artiste of the year (Nigerian Music Awards)
 2006: UK Role Model Award (Delta State University Awards)
 2006: Best New Comer (Channel O Music Awards)
 2007: Song of the Year (Hip Hop World Awards)
 2007: Artiste of the Year (Global Excellence Awards)
 2007: Artiste of the Year (City People Awards)
 2007: African artiste of the Year (Ghana Music Awards)
 2007: Best Afro Pop of the Year (Nigerian Music Awards US 2007)
 2007: Hottest Single of the Year (Nigerian Music Awards US 2007)
 2007: Best Special Effects (Channel O Music Awards 2007)
 2007: Best African Act (MTV Europe Music Awards)
 2008: Musician of the Year (Future Awards)
 2008: Artist of the Year (Uniport Awards)
 2008: Artist of the Year (Hip Hop World Awards 2008)

Siehe auch
 Liste nigerianischer Musiker

Quellen

Singer-Songwriter
Mundharmonikaspieler
Nigerianer
Geboren 1980
Mann

D’Banj


Die 26. Czech International 1997 im Badminton  fanden vom 2. bis zum 5. Oktober 1997 in Most statt.

Sieger und Platzierte

Finalresultate

Weblinks

 http://www.tournamentsoftware.com/sport/tournament.aspx?id=36F97393-4FD8-4241-956B-CADFE2047AC0
 https://www.dn.se/arkiv/sport/resultat-badminton-prag-czech-open-finaler-herrsingel-martin-hagberg-sverige-konstantin-tatranov/

1997
Badminton 1997
Badmintonwettbewerb in Most (Tschechien)
EBU Circuit 1997/98

Czech International 1997


Das Benediktiner-Kloster Sankt Walburga im elsässischen Walbourg wurde am Wechsel des 11. zum 12. Jahrhundert gegründet und 1790 aufgelöst.

Geschichte
Der Ursprung einer Eremitage als Vorläufer des Klosters am Rand des Heiligen Forstes wird dem Jahr 1074 und Dietrich von Mousson († 1102/1105) zugeschrieben, der umfangreichen Besitz in der Region hatte. Er soll zwei Mönchen gestattet haben, hier eine Gemeinschaft zu gründen, die den Heiligen Philipp, Jakobus und Walburga geweiht werden sollte. Das Walburga-Patrozinium legt nahe, dass die Mönche aus Bayern, vermutlich sogar auch Eichstätt kamen, wo sich die Walburga-Reliquien seit dem 9. Jahrhundert befanden.

Als Gründer der Abtei gelten Herzog Friedrich I. von Schwaben und Peter von Lützelburg, die offenbar bereits Ende des 11. Jahrhunderts die nötigen Vorbereitungen dazu trafen. Friedrichs Bruder Otto, bis zu seinem Tod im Jahr 1100 Bischof von Straßburg, dürfte seine Unterstützung gegeben haben, so dass bereits im Jahr 1102 Papst Paschalis II. die Verfügungen, die zugunsten des Konvents getroffen wurden, bestätigen konnte. Ab 1105 wurde der Konvent zur Abtei umgestaltet, eine Kirche und Klostergebäude wurden errichtet, die Gründer unterstellten ihn ihrem militärischen Schutz und unmittelbar der Jurisdiktion des Heiligen Stuhls, und seitens der Staufer wurde er mit zahlreichen Gütern ausgestattet. König Heinrich V. räumte der Abtei 1106 weitere Privilegien ein.

1119 erhielt das Kloster die Orte Dürrenbach (im Nordwesten) und Hinterfeld (Ortsteil von Walbourg im Westen), später Biblisheim (im Norden) und Laubach (westlich von Hinterfeld). 1133 fasste Bischof Gebhard von Straßburg alle Schenkungen an die Abtei aus der Zeit vor ihm in einem Dokument zusammen. Herzog Friedrich II. von Schwaben, der 1147 starb, wollte in Sankt Walburga bestattet werden, was durch ein Dokument seines Sohnes Friedrich Barbarossa aus dem Jahr 1159 im Rahmen einer Bestätigung von Privilegien auch als geschehen angedeutet wird. Walbourg konnte sich aber ebenso wenig wie das von Friedrichs Vater Friedrich I. zu diesem Zweck gestiftete Kloster Lorch als Grablege der Staufer durchsetzen. Das Grab von Herzog Friedrich II. und seiner zweiten Ehefrau Agnes ist heute nicht mehr vorhanden.

Das 12. und 13. Jahrhundert war die Blütezeit der Abtei, mit dem 14. Jahrhundert setzte der Niedergang ein. 1349 wurde von 17 Bischöfen ein Ablassbrief unterzeichnet, der den Gläubigen vierzig Tage Fegefeuer erließ, die nach Sankt Walburga pilgerten und den Gottesdienst in der Abtei besuchten. Aber erst unter Abt Sigmund Krieg (1415–1430) konsolidierte sich die Lage wieder, so dass sein Nachfolger Burkhard von Müllenheim (1430–1479) in der Lage war, die Klosterkirche mit einem neuen Chor und einem vergrößerten Langschiff zu renovieren. Dessen Nachfolger Peter Schwarz (ab 1479) konnte die Sanierung weiterführen.

Während des Bauernkriegs (1525) wurde zwar die Abtei selbst nicht angetastet, der Besitz jedoch verwüstet, so dass der Niedergang erneut einsetzte. 1546 wurde Sankt-Walburga auf Anordnung des Papstes Paul III. in die Vogtei von Sankt Peter und Paul in Weißenburg eingegliedert, die wiederum dem Domkapitel von Speyer unterstand. Nach dem Dreißigjährigen Krieg, der der Abtei schwere Schäden zufügte, widerrief das von Ludwig XIV. geschaffene Conseil souverain d'Alsace 1685 die Eingliederung und beauftragte den Bischof von Straßburg, die Abtei dem neu geschaffenen Großen Seminar von Straßburg zu unterstellen.

In Sankt Walburga zogen Jesuiten ein, die die Kirche und die Wohngebäude erneuerten und einen Park anlegten. Nach der Unterdrückung des Ordens 1764 blieb die Abtei im Besitz des Seminars. Die Französische Revolution löste die Abtei 1790 auf, sie wurde 1796 verkauft. Nach mehreren Besitzerwechseln wurde die Kirche 1805 der Gemeinde, die nun nur noch Walbourg hieß, geschenkt. Die übrigen Gebäude und der Park blieben im Besitz der Familie Saglio, die in der zweiten Hälfte des 19. Jahrhunderts nördlich der Kirche ein Wohnhaus bauen ließ und den gesamten Besitz 1890 an den Industriellen Richard Haniel verkaufte, der 1912 das heute existierende neue Wohnhaus errichtete. 1946 zog hier das Kleine Seminar von Straßburg ein, nachdem das Bistum das Gebäude gekauft hatte. Seitdem wurden im Park eine Reihe von Schulgebäuden und eine Kapelle dazu errichtet.

Die Kirche erhielt 1835 eine neue Orgel, die 1832 von Martin Wetzel (1794–1887) für das Straßburger Münster gebaut worden, dort aber abgelehnt worden war. 1841 bis 1844 wurde in Erwägung gezogen, die Reste der Glasfenster zu verkaufen, um die Restaurierung der Kirche finanzieren zu können. Zuvor waren diese Fenster aus dem Chor und dem Langschiff bereits in zwei Seitenfenster des Chors zusammengefasst worden. 1862 wurden die Gemälde der Apostel und der Kirchenväter aus dem Jahr 1465 freigelegt und restauriert. Im gleichen Jahr wurden die Kirchenfenster als Monument historique klassifiziert, die gesamte Kirche am 6. Dezember 1898 unter Denkmalschutz gestellt.

Architektur
Von der ursprünglichen Eremitage ist nichts erhalten geblieben. Von der Kirche des frühen 12. Jahrhunderts stehen noch die Mauern des Langschiffs aus Bruchsandstein und ohne sichtbares Fundament, mit Fenstern, die lange Zeit zugemauert waren und erst 1967 wieder freigelegt wurden, sowie Reste zweier skulptierter Pfeiler einer Tür in der südlichen dieser Mauern. Durch Dendrochronologie konnte der Einschlag des Holzes eines Fensterrahmens, der sich heute im Museum in Hagenau befindet, auf das Jahr 1100 datiert werden.

Abt Burkhard von Müllenheim ließ ab 1456 den Chor aus Backsteinen neu errichten (das Jahr ist auf einer der Säulen eingraviert), die Mauern des Langschiffs ebenfalls mit Backsteinen erhöhen, die Fensteröffnungen an der westlichen Seite wieder öffnen und die Engelskapelle bauen (Chapelle des Anges), die heute als Sakristei dient; als Baumeister für diese Arbeiten hat sich Hans Böblinger durch Markierungen um Stein bezeugt. Die in den Fenstern des Chors eingravierte Jahreszahl 1461 markiert wohl den Abschluss der Arbeiten in diesem Bereich, in das gleiche Jahr wurde dendrochronologisch der Dachstuhl datiert. Der vermutlich aus der gleichen Zeit stammende Lettner wurde 1725 abgerissen, zwei Statuen (Maria und Johannes), die wohl ebenfalls in dieser Phase entstanden, befinden sich heute an der Fassade des ehemaligen Presbyteriums, der heutigen Mairie.

Kriegsschäden durch Luftangriffe aus dem Jahr 1945 konnten ab 1949 behoben werden.

Literatur
 Dictionnaire des églises de France, Band Va, Alsace, Lorraine, Franche-Comté (1969) S. 204.
 Philippe Lorentz: Walbourg, les vitraux de l'église Sainte-Walburge, in: Congrès archéologique de France. 162. Sitzung, Strasbourg et Basse-Alsace, 2004, Société Française d'Archéologie (2006), S. 271–282.
 Bulletin de la Société pour la conservation des monuments historiques d'Alsace (1868) online

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Ehemaliges Benediktinerkloster im Elsass
Kloster Sankt Walburga
Walburgakirche
Kloster Sankt Walburga
Kloster im Département Bas-Rhin
Monument historique seit 1862
Sankt Walburga, Walbourg
Monument historique (Kloster)
Sankt Walburga, Walbourg
Sankt Walburga, Walbourg
Sankt Walburga, Walbourg

Kloster Sankt Walburga (Walbourg)


Agalinis bandeirensis é uma espécie de  planta do gênero Agalinis e da família Orobanchaceae.

Agalinis bandeirensis Barringer é conhecida apenas para áreas de campo rupestre na Serra do Caparaó, na divisa dos Estados de Minas Gerais e Espírito Santo.
Agalinis bandeirensis Barringer é uma espécie muito próxima de Agalinis linarioides (Cham. & Schltdl.) D'Arcy, da qual pode ser diferenciada pelo formato da corola e dos lacínios do cálice e pela distribuição geográfica. A escassez de coletas de A. bandeirensis, incluindo a não existência de materiais em frutificação nos herbários, fez com que se optasse, no presente trabalho, pela manutenção destas espécies, uma vez que o ápice emarginado dos frutos de A.linarioides é uma característica pouco comum em Agalinis, a análise dos frutos de A.bandeirensis pode contribuir muito no esclarecimento de seu posicionamento como uma espécie distinta ou não.

Taxonomia
A espécie foi descrita em 1987 por Kerry A. Barringer.

Forma de vida
É uma espécie hemiparasitas e subarbustiva.

Descrição
Ervas, 20 – 60 cm alt., eretas ou decumbentes, simples ou menos freqüentemente ramificadas próximo à base. Ramos eretos, glabros, cilíndricos . Folhas opostas, glabras, sésseis, linear-lanceoladas a linear-oblanceoladas, ápice e base agudos, margem inteira, 2,4 - 6,5 cm compr., 0,2 - 0,3 (-0,4) cm larg. Internós 0,8 - 2,8 cm compr. Flores axilares, solitárias, concentradas nas terminações dos ramos formando um racemo não bem definido; pedicelo subereto, glabro, 0,4 - 1,3 cm compr.; cálice glabro, campanulado, tubo 0,4 - 0,6 cm compr., lacínios triangulares, 0,25 - 0,4 cm compr.; corola rósea, com tubo viloso externamente, de (1,5-) 1,8 - 2,4 cm compr., lacínios suborbiculares, ca. 0,8 cm compr.; estames inclusos. Cápsula não vista.

Conservação
A espécie faz parte da Lista Vermelha das espécies ameaçadas do estado do Espírito Santo, no sudeste do Brasil. A lista foi publicada em 13 de junho de 2005 por intermédio do decreto estadual nº 1.499-R.

Distribuição
A espécie é endêmica do Brasil e encontrada nos estados brasileiros de Espírito Santo e Minas Gerais.
A espécie é encontrada no domínio fitogeográfico de Mata Atlântica, em regiões com vegetação de campos de altitude.

Notas
Contém texto em CC-BY-SA 4.0 de Souza, V.C. 2020. Orobanchaceae  in Flora do Brasil 2020.

Ligações externas
 Agalinis bandeirensis no projeto Flora e Funga do Brasil

Orobanchaceae
Plantas descritas em 1987
Flora do Espírito Santo (estado)
Espécies citadas na Lista Vermelha de Ameaça da Flora Brasileira
Espécies citadas na Lista de Espécies da Flora Ameaçadas do Espírito Santo

Agalinis bandeirensis


Samsa (Kazakça ve Kırgızca: самса, Özbekçe: somsa, Tacikçe: самбӯса) veya samsa böreği Güney Asya ülkeleri Hindistan, Pakistan ve Nepal'de çokça tüketilen, Portekiz (chambuça) ve Doğu Afrika'ya da yayılmış bir börek çeşididir. Tarihi kayıtlardan Eski Pers İmparatorlarının da sevdiği bir yiyecek olduğu anlaşılmış ve bu nedenle geçmişinin en azından MÖ 500'lerden daha eskiye uzandığı tahmin edilmiştir. 1980'lerden itibaren Avrupa ve Kuzey Amerika ülkelerinde de tanınmış ve tüketilmeye başlanmıştır. Tatlı veya tuzlu olabilir. Genelde çok baharatlı yapılır.
İran'da Farsça sanbosag (سنبوساگ) olarak bilinir. Arapça konuşulan ülkelerde sambusak olarak söylenirken, Orta Çağ Arapça tarif kitaplarında bazen sambusaj yazılır. Kitâb-ı Me'kûlât'da Senbuse olarak tarifi verilmiştir.

Yörelere Göre Çeşitleri
Türkiye'de Şam Börek, Sembusek olarak adlandırılır. Şam böreği, Güneydoğu Anadolu'da yöre halkı tarafından uzun yıllardır yapılan ve sevilerek tüketilen bir börek çeşididir. Birçok bölge Şam böreğini kendine has şekilde yapmaktadır.

Mardin Sembusek

Mardin Sembusek Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Batman Şam Böreği
Un yumurta ile karıştırılıp yoğrulmaya başlanır. Ardından yoğurt, sıvıyağ, ılık su ve tuz eklenip iyice yoğrulur. Yoğrulduktan sonra 30 dakika dinlenmeye bırakılır. Soğan ve maydanoz ince ince kıyılır. Daha sonra soğanlar tencerede yağ ile kavrulur. Ardından üstüne az yağlı kıyma koyulup kavrulur. İnce kıyılmış maydanoz, pulbiber, karabiber, yenibahar ve tuz ilave edilerek
soğumaya bırakılır. Dinlendirilen hamur ceviz büyüklüğünde eşit parçalara bölünür, her biri 10 cm çapında olacak şekilde merdane ile açılır. Açılan hamurların ortalarına harcı paylaştırdıktan sonra yarım ay şeklinde kapatılır. Sıvı yağ tavada kızdırılır, börekler her iki yanı da altın sarısı renge gelinceye kadar kızartılır. Yağı süzdürmek için üzerinde kâğıt havlu olan bir tabakta biraz bekletilir. Bütün böreklere bu işlem uygulandıktan sonra servis edilir.

Batman Şam Böreği Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Kilis Kırk Semseği
Kilis Kırk Semseği 08.06.2022 Türk Patent ve Marka Kurumu tarafından tescillenmiş ve coğrafi işaret almıştır.

Samsa Tatlısı

Kaynakça

Hint mutfağı
Türk mutfağındaki börekler

Samsa


I. A. L. Diamond (născut Ițec Domnici la 27 iunie 1920, Ungheni, Regatul României [în prezent Republica Moldova] – d. 21 aprilie 1988, Beverly Hills, California, Statele Unite) a fost un scenarist american de origine româno-evreiască.

Biografie

Filmografie

Scenarist
 Buddy Buddy (1981)
 Fedora (1978)
 The Front Page (1974)
 Avanti! (1972)
 The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
 Cactus Flower (1969)
 The Fortune Cookie (1966)
 Kiss Me, Stupid (1964)
 Irma la Douce (1963)
 One, Two, Three (1961)
 Apartamentul (1960)
 Unora le place jazz-ul (1959) (scenariu)
 Merry Andrew (1958)
 Love in the Afternoon (1957)
 That Certain Feeling (1956)
 Something for the Birds (1952)
 Afaceri încurcate (1952)
 Let's Make It Legal (1951)
 Love Nest (1951)
 It's a Great Feeling (1949) (story)
 The Girl from Jones Beach (1949)
 Two Guys from Texas (1948)
 Romance on the High Seas (1948) (dialoguri suplimentare)
 Always Together (1948)
 Love and Learn (1947)
 Never Say Goodbye (1946)
 Two Guys from Milwaukee (1946)
 Murder in the Blue Room (1944)

Producător asociat
 Fedora (1978)
 The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes (1970)
 The Fortune Cookie (1966)
 Kiss Me, Stupid (1964)
 Irma la Douce (1963)
 One, Two, Three (1961)
 The Apartment (1960)
 Some Like It Hot (1959)

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 Listă de români americani

Nașteri în 1920
Decese în 1988
Nașteri pe 27 iunie
Decese pe 21 aprilie
Americani de origine româno-evreiască
Scenariști americani
Oameni din Ungheni
Evrei din Basarabia

I. A. L. Diamond


James Andrew Byrnes (* 22. Mai 1983 in Toronto, Ontario) ist ein ehemaliger kanadischer Ruderer, der 2008 olympisches Gold im Achter gewann.

Byrnes gewann 2005 mit dem kanadischen Achter eine Bronzemedaille bei den U23-Weltmeisterschaften. Bei den Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2006 trat er zusammen mit Derek O'Farrell und Steuermann Brian Price im Zweier mit Steuermann an und erhielt auch hier die Bronzemedaille. 2007 wechselte Byrnes in den Achter, der die Weltcupregatten in Linz und Luzern gewann und auch bei den Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2007 in München den Titel erkämpfte. 2008 siegte der Achter erneut in Luzern. Bei den Olympischen Sommerspielen 2008 in Peking gewann der kanadische Achter Gold in der Besetzung Andrew Byrnes, Kyle Hamilton, Malcolm Howard, Adam Kreek, Kevin Light, Ben Rutledge, Dominic Seiterle, Jake Wetzel und Steuermann Brian Price. Bei den Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2009 und Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2011 erhielt Byrnes mit dem kanadischen Achter eine Silber- bzw. eine Bronzemedaille, dazwischen lag ein siebter Platz bei den Ruder-Weltmeisterschaften 2010. Bei der Olympischen Ruderregatta 2012 auf dem Dorney Lake gewann der kanadische Achter Silber hinter dem deutschen Boot.

Weblinks

Ruderer (Kanada)
Olympiasieger (Rudern)
Weltmeister (Rudern)
Olympiateilnehmer (Kanada)
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2008
Teilnehmer der Olympischen Sommerspiele 2012
Kanadier
Geboren 1983
Mann

Andrew Byrnes


Kuća Domančić u gradiću Hvaru, ul. Marije Maričić 9, zaštićeno kulturno dobro.

Opis dobra
Gotička dvokatna uglovnica izgrađena u XV. stoljeću u Grodi. Jedna je od rijetkih manjih kuća 15. stoljeća čija je unutrašnjost sačuvana. U prizemlju ima uska vrata za ulaz u stambeni dio kuće na katu i velika gospodarska vrata za pristup vinskom podrumu. Glavno južno pročelje s biforom na katu je otvoreno ulici čime je naglašen piano nobile. Otvori glavnog pročelja su asimetrično komponirani.

Zaštita
Pod oznakom Z-6674 zavedena je kao nepokretno kulturno dobro - pojedinačno, pravna statusa zaštićena kulturnog dobra, klasificirano kao "stambene građevine".

Izvori

Zaštićene stambene građevine u Splitsko-dalmatinskoj županiji
Građevine u Hvaru

Kuća Domančić u Hvaru


رازفان رات (بالرومانية: Răzvan Dincă Raţ) (مواليد 26 مايو 1981 في سلاتينا - رومانيا) لاعب كرة قدم روماني يلعب حالياً لصالح نادي الدرجة الممتازة باوك سالونيكا اليوناني معاراً من رايو فاليكانو الإسباني منذ 2014 في مركز الظهير الأيسر.

مسيرته الكروية
لعب رازفان رات خلال مسيرته الاحترافية مع 7 أندية في اثنين وعشرين موسمًا وسجل خلالها 15 هدفًا ضمن 356 مباراة. حيث فاز في ستة مواسم بالكأس وفي تسعة مواسم بالدوري.

خاض رازفان رات مسيرته مع نادي رابيد بوخارست في موسم 1998–99 في المرة الأولى واستمر معه طيلة ثلاثة مواسم ثم في موسم 2001–02 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا طوالها في 83 مباراة سجل خلالها 4 أهداف. ثم انتقل إلى  في موسم 2000–01 لمدة موسم واحد، حيث شارك في 14 مباراة سجل خلالها هدفين. لينتقل بعدها إلى نادي شاختار دونيتسك في موسم 2003–04 ليلعب معه عشرة مواسم، مشاركًا في 173 مباراة سجل خلالها 6 أهداف. ثم انتقل إلى نادي رايو فايكانو في موسم 2013–14 في المرة الأولى لمدة موسم واحد ثم في موسم 2015–16 ولمدة موسمين، مشاركًا طوالها في 36 مباراة ولم يسجل أي هدف. هذا وانتقل لاحقًا إلى نادي باوك في موسم 2014–15 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 25 مباراة سجل خلالها 3 أهداف. ثم انتقل بعدها إلى  في موسم 2017–18 لمدة موسم واحد، مشاركًا في 10 مباريات ولم يسجل أي هدف.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

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لاعبو بولي تيميشوارا
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الإنجليزي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الروماني
لاعبو رابيد بوخارست
لاعبو رايو فايكانو
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم رومانيون
لاعبو كرة قدم رومانيون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في اليونان
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في أوكرانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إسبانيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في إنجلترا
لاعبو كرة قدم من مقاطعة أولت
لاعبو منتخب رومانيا تحت 21 سنة لكرة القدم
لاعبو منتخب رومانيا لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي شاختار دونيتسك
لاعبو وست هام يونايتد
لاعبون فائزون بكأس الاتحاد الأوروبي
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1981
مواليد في سلاتينا
نادي الفيفا المئوي

رازفان رات


Retrato de Luís XIV ou Retrato de Luís XIV em trajes de sagração é uma pintura a óleo do artista francês Hyacinthe Rigaud concluída em 1701 a pedido de Luís XIV de França. O monarca francês encomendou o quadro na finalidade de enviá-lo de presente a seu neto, Filipe V de Espanha. A obra, no entanto, foi mantida em exibição no Palácio de Versalhes tornando-se o retrato oficial do monarca e eternizada, posteriormente, como uma das principais representações da monarquia francesa e dos valores alimentados pelo Antigo Regime.

Contexto
Em 18 de novembro de 1700, após a morte de Carlos II, duas dinastias passaram a disputar o trono espanhol culminando na Guerra da Sucessão Espanhola. O testamento de Carlos II nomeava seu sobrinho e neto de Luís XIV, Filipe de Anjou, como o futuro monarca de Espanha o que foi debatido pela Casa de Habsburgo austríaca que desejava um de seus membros no trono do país. Filipe de Anjou, desejoso de atrair para seu futuro reinado os valores fomentados por seu avô na França, convenceu-o de encomendar um quadro ao francês Hyacinthe Rigaud. Seguindo a ideia de Luís XIV, a obra deveria retratar o poder absoluto da realeza servindo de referência a futuras gerações de monarcas.

Em uma carta pessoal destinada ao Grão-Duque Cosme III da Toscana, Rigaud descreve a encomenda total de Luís XIV como: "Ao Rei [de França] e ao Rei de Espanha, uma cópia do retrato do Rei de mesma medida do original para Sua Majestade Católica, no total 12.000 libras". O mesmo pagamento é registrado nas contas dos escritórios reais datadas de 16 de setembro de 1702: "Dois grandes retratos do rei de corpo inteiro, com um pequeno esboço da obra e um retrato de corpo inteiro do Rei de Espanha."

Descrição

A pintura é assinada e data na base da coluna que representa a deusa romana Justitia: "Pintado por Hyacinthe Rigaud em 1701". Na base da coluna, figura um relevo da deusa Têmis portando uma espada na mão direita e uma balança na mão esquerda. No ano de conclusão da obra, Luís XIV possuía 63 anos de idade e estava no 58º ano de reinado, num período de declarado Absolutismo e que no que era considerado pelos contemporâneos como o apogeu da história política da França.

Rigaud desenhou a face do monarca numa pequena tela retangular subsequentemente costurada em pequenos pontos na tela principal pintada a partir do pano de fundo. Este original, atualmente parte do acervo do Louvre, possui uma réplica de praticamente mesma dimensão exibida continuamente no Salão de Apolo do Palácio de Versalhes.

O rei é representado de pé, cerca de 3/4 à esquerda do total da imagem, de olhar linear ao espectador e exibindo os pés em posição que possibilita a visão total de seu corpo no ambiente representado. O rei ocupa o espaço central da imagem cuja composição é construída a partir de estruturas verticais (coluna, rei e trono) e uma forma piramidal preenchida por ele, criando uma sensação de elevação na cena. Todo o cenário recebe um tom dramático com a presença de uma densa cortina grená drapeada que parcialmente oculta o restante do ambiente.

A esquerda da imagem é dominada por um grande pilar de mármore, tradicional simbologia de poder desde o Renascimento. Sua disposição linear ao rosto do monarca evoca os ideais estabilidade política e social, o eixo do mundo que une os poderes terrestre e celestial. O pilar maciço repousa sobre um estilóbata cujos dois lados visíveis são decorados com relevos representando duas virtudes da realeza: As alegorias da Justiça (frente) e da Força (esquerda).
O trono real é representado estofado em azul e bordado com flores-de-lis (símbolo histórico da monarquia francesa) colocado no alto de um degrau e sob um baldaquino de seda grená (cor representativa de poder e riqueza desde a antiguidade). Ao contrário da maioria dos retratos de monarcas em toda a história, nesta obra, Luís XIV não porta insígnias em seu peito e não usa a coroa francesa, que repousa sobre uma meseta onde o rei firma seu cetro real - conhecido como Main de Justice ou "Mão da Justiça". Luís XIV também mantém o braço esquerdo na região da cintura, deixando visível a Joiosa, espada de Carlos Magno.

O monarca exibe uma peruca castanha e os típicos trajes de corte (camisa e punhos de renda, cravat de linho, rinegraves de brocado, sapatos de salto vermelho adornados com fivelas de diamantes e meias de seda presas por ligas). Apesar de não trazer insígnias em seu corpo, Luís XIV exibe o grão-colar da Ordem do Espírito Santo - a mais alta honraria do Reino de França - e tem sobre seus ombros o manto real de coroação de forma que deixa visível suas pernas e a espada.

Luís XIV
Pinturas de Hyacinthe Rigaud
Luís XIV de França
Obras de 1701

Retrato de Luís XIV


Karkamış, Gaziantep ilinin en az nüfuslu ilçesi.

Karkamış, Gaziantep'in sanayi yönünden en az gelişmiş ilçesi ise de, Suriye-Türkiye sınır kapılarını ilçe bünyesinde barındırdığı için konumu itibarıyla önemli bir yere sahiptir. İlçede Akdeniz iklimi Ağır Basar Yazları Aşırı Sıcak Ve Kurak Kışları Ilık Ve Yağışlıdır. Don olayı çok nadir görülür. Barak Ovasının sınırları içerisinde yer alır. toprakları tarıma elverişlidir. Antep fıstığı ve Zeytin üretimi yaygındır. Karkamış ilçesi su yönünden çok şanslıdır, çünkü ilçe hem Fırat nehrine yakın hem de ilçenin içinden su kanalları geçmektedir. Nane üretiminde önde olan Elifoğlu ve Keleklioğlu mahalleleri karkamış ilçesine bağlıdır. Fırat kaplumbağası koruma alanı ilçede bulunmaktadır. Halkın çoğunluğu Türkmen'dir ve Araplarda yaşamaktadır. Bronz Çağ döneminde Uruk olarak adlandırılmıştır. Sümerlerin ünlü destanı Gılgamış'ın burada yazıldığı ve destan kralının Fırat nehri yakınlarındaki antik kentte yaşadığı sanılmaktadır. Karkamış ilçesi Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi'nde yer almaktadır. Yüzölçümü 341.000 m2, rakımı ise 365 metredir. Gaziantep il merkezine 75 km'lik bir yol ile bağlıdır. Karkamış ilçesinin doğusunda Fırat nehri, batısında Oğuzeli ilçesi, kuzeyinde Nizip ilçesi, Güneyinde Suriye devleti yer almaktadır.

Demografi

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 Karkamış kaymakamlığı

Karkamış


Doľany este o comună slovacă, aflată în districtul Levoča din regiunea Prešov. Localitatea se află la , se întinde pe o suprafață de  și în 2017 număra 724 de locuitori.

Istoric
Localitatea Doľany este atestată documentar din 1314.

Note

Legături externe

Localități din Slovacia

Doľany, Levoča


Missegle (souvent écrit Missègle) est une entreprise familiale de tricotage de chaussettes, de pulls et d'accessoires en fibres naturelles, créée en 1983 par Myriam Joly, et installée à Burlats. Missegle est labellisé Entreprise du Patrimoine Vivant depuis 2014.

Historique
C'est Myriam Joly, une tarnaise ingénieure agricole qui fonde Missegle en 1983. À l'origine, Missegle est une petite ferme située à Burlats, à la sortie de Castres, où Myriam Joly élève des chèvres angora importées du Texas. C'est en récoltant le mohair de ces chèvres qu'elle débute dans le textile, en faisant tricoter des chaussettes en laine mohair par un atelier de tricotage voisin de la ferme. En 2007, cet atelier fait faillite. Pour sauvegarder les , Myriam Joly décide de le racheter et abandonne l'élevage pour le tricotage de fibres naturelles.

D'un atelier de petite taille au début de la décennie 2010, Missegle change de dimension avec l'arrivée de deux fils de Myriam Joly dans l'entreprise : Olivier et Gaëtan Billant. La société prend alors le virage du commerce en ligne et se développe rapidement. Missegle fait le choix des fibres naturelles comme la laine mohair, la laine mérinos, le duvet de yack, le duvet de chameau ou le coton biologique.

En 2014, Missegle est labellisé Entreprise du Patrimoine Vivant, un label d'État qui récompense la préservation d'un savoir-faire presque disparu en France : le remaillage à la main des chaussettes. À partir de cette date, le chiffre d'affaires augmente chaque année.

En 2019, la société explique avoir fabriqué des chaussettes particulièrement solides, dont la marque affirme qu'elles durent plus longtemps que les chaussettes de consommation courante.

En 2020, durant le premier confinement dans la crise du Covid-19, Missegle, à la demande de l'État, fabrique près de  masques barrières. L'entreprise utilise d'ailleurs une partie des sommes récoltées en vendant ces masques pour financer des automates PCR pour deux hôpitaux du département du Tarn. Parallèlement, la société double sa surface en construisant un bâtiment supplémentaire de .

Missegle porte une vision écologique de l'industrie textile. En , l'entreprise s'engage avec de nombreux acteurs du secteur pour une plus grande régulation du textile, au sein du mouvement « En mode climat ».

Fin 2021, Missegle compte  et réalise un chiffre d'affaires de  d'euros.

L'entreprise apparaît dans l'émission Envoyé spécial intitulée Les Chevaliers du "Made in France" diffusée le 21 avril 2022 sur France 2.

Références

Liens externes

 Site officiel

Missegle
Missegle

Missegle


Ghulam Mohammad (), also spelled Ghulam Mohammed, Ghulam Muhammad, Ghulam Muhammed, Gholam Mohammad, Gulam Mohammad etc., is a male Muslim given name. It may refer to:

Nawab Sayyid Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan I Bahadur (died 1825), twice Nawab of Banganapalle in India
Ghulam Muhammad Khan (1763–1828), briefly Nawab of Rampur
Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib (1795–1872), son and heir of Tipu Sultan, the Indian warrior-emperor of Mysore
Ghulam Muhammad Ghouse Khan (1824–1855), twelfth and last Nawab of the Carnatic
Ghulam Muhammad Tarzi (1830–1900), Governor of Baluchistan
Ghulam Muhammad Ali Khan (1882–1952), fifth Prince of Arcot
Malik Ghulam Muhammad (1895–1956), Governor-General of Pakistan
Ghulam Muhammad Ghobar (1897–1978), Afghan historian, journalist, political figure, and poet
Ghulam Mohammad Farhad (1901–1984), Afghan engineer and Pashtun nationalist
Ghulam Mohammad Khan (born 1923), Indian Parliamentarian from Moradabad
Ghulam Mohammed (composer) (1903–1968), Indian film score composer
Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad (1907–1972), Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq (1912–1971), Prime Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
Ghulam Mohammad Shah (1920–2009), Indian politician, Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir
Ghulam Mohammad A. Fecto (1922–2007), founder and chairman of Fecto Group
Gulam Mohammed Sheikh (born 1937), Indian painter, writer and art critic
Ghulam Mohammad Saznawaz (?–2014), master of Kashmiri Sufiyana music
Ghulam Muhammad Qasir (1944–1999), Pakistani poet
Ghulam Mohammed (politician) (born 1953), Indian politician
Ghulam Mohammed Baloch (1959–2009), Baloch nationalist politician
Gholam Mohammad Nousher, known as Gholam Nousher (born 1964), Bangladeshi cricketer
Ghulam Mohammed Abdul Khader (died 1993), seventh prince of the House of Arcot
Ghulam Muhammad Khan Mahar (died 1995), Pakistani politician
Ghulam Muhammad Malik (Lieutenant General), commander of the X Corps, Rawalpindi of the Pakistan Army
Ghulam Mohammad (cricketer, born 1976), Pakistani cricketer
Ghulam Mohammad (cricketer, born 1898) (1898–1966)
Ghulam Muhammad (Gilgit-Baltistan politician) (active from 2020)

See also
 Kot Ghulam Muhammad
 Ghulam Muhammad Abad
 Ghulam (disambiguation)
 Mohammad

Ghulam Mohammad


Świętochłowice (telaffuz:  ]) Polonya'nın güneyinde 51.722 (2014) nüfuslu bir kasabadır. 1999'dan beri Silezya Voyvodalığı'nda (Silesian) bulunmaktadır daha önce Katowice Voyvodalığı'nda (1975-1998) bulunmaktaydı.

Tarih
Alman toplama kampı Auschwitz'in bir alt kampı Świętochłowice'de 1943 tarihinde Zgoda işgücü kampı olarak açılmıştır. 1945 Ocak'tan itibaren, kamp tekrar açılmıştır ve Komünist Polonya tarafından kullanılmıştır. 1945 tarihinde 2.500 mahkûmun hayatını kaybettiği hapishane aynı yıl Kasım ayında kapatılmıştır.

Yer
Świętochłowice Silezya (Silesian) yaylasının güney kesiminde kalır. Świętochłowice'nın, Bytom (kuzey), Ruda Śląska (batı, güneybatı) veChorzów (doğu, güneydeğu) sınırları vardır.

Nüfus
Świętochłowice'de 55.527 kişi yaşamaktadır. Polonya'nın nüfus yoğunluğu en fazla olan şehridir ve Avrupa'nında en fazlalarındandır. Kilometrekare başına yaklaşık 4200 kişi düşmektedir.

İklim
Świętochłowice Silezya-Cracovia iklim kuşağında yer almaktadır. Yıllık yağış miktarı 700 milimetredir. En çok yağış Temmuz'da ve en az Şubat ayındadır. Ortalama sıcaklık 7 °C'dir. Świętochłowice'de Ocak sıcaklığı yaklaşık -2,5 °C ve Temmuz sıcaklığı 18 °C'dir.

Toprakler
Świętochłowice'de daha çok esmer toprak ve bataklık toprağı bulunur.

Komşuları
Świętochłowice'nın 5 komşusu vardır:
 Świętochłowice merkez
 Chropaczów
 Lipiny
 Piaśniki
 Zgoda

Spor
Świętochłowice'de en popüler spor motor yarışıdır. Şehirde Piaśniki bölgesinde Skałka stadyumu bulunmaktadır.

Świętochłowice'de bulunan spor kulüpleri
 Śląsk Świętochłowice - futbol, yarış
 Naprzód Lipiny - futbol
 Czarni Świętochłowice - futbol

Olimpik Oyunlar'da Świętochłowiceli sporcular
 1928 - Amsterdam
 futbol- Teodor Peterek
 jimnastik - Paweł Galus, Franiciszek Pampuch, Teofil Rost, Franciszek Tajstra
 1936 - Berlin
 futbol- Hubert Gad, Ryszard Piec, Teodor Peterek
 jimnastik - Klara Sierońska-Kostrzewa
 1952 - Helsinki
 futbol - Ewald Cebula
 yüzme - Gotfryd Gremlowski
 1956 - Melbourne
 jimnastik - Małgorzata Błaszczyk-Wasilewska
 1960 - Roma
 futbol - Roman Letner
 1964 - Tokyo
 jimnastik - Gerda Bryłka-Krajciczek, Małgorzata Wilczek-Rogoń
 1976 - Montreal
 eskrim - Barbara Wysoczańska
 ağırlık kaldırma - Leszek Skorupa
 1976 - Innsbruck
 buz hokeyi - Kordian Jajszczok
 1980 - Moskova
 eskrim - Barbara Wysoczańska

Siyaset
Świętochłowice'nin başkanı 2018 yılında seçilmiş olan,  Daniel Beger'dir.

Dış bağlantılar
 Resmi web sitesi
 Świętochłowician tartışma forumu

Polonya'daki şehirler
Silezya Voyvodalığı'ndaki şehirler

Świętochłowice


عقد مؤتمر الموسيقى العربية الأول بالقاهرة عام 1932 لتدارس الموسيقى العربية وكان تحت رعاية الملك فؤاد ملك مصر آنذاك، وانعقد المؤتمر بمعهد الموسيقى العربية والموجود حاليا باسم مسرح محمد عبد الوهاب بالأسعاف - شارع رمسيس - القاهرة.

المشتركين
عقد المؤتمر بعد تأسيس معهد الموسيقى العربية تحت رعاية الملك فؤاد الأول عام 1929، وضم المؤتمر موسيقيين من مصر والشام وتركيا وبعض المندوبين الأوروبيين. وقام بالدعوة إلى المؤتمر عام 1932 الفنان محمد أحمد الحفني تحت الرعاية الملكية، وكان الحفني قد أتم دراسته للموسيقى في ألمانيا. وكان الدعوة إلى المؤتمر بهدف الحفاظ على التراث الموسيقي والغنائي، خصوصا بعد وفاة أعلامه الكبار يوسف المنيلاوي عام 1911 وسيد درويش عام 1923، تلك الأعلام التي خلفت موهبة الغناء في النصف الثاني من القرن التاسع عشر عبده الحامولي الذي كان يغني في قصور الخديوي إسماعيل و محمد القابنجي من العراق

البحوث
بُحت في المؤتمر السلم العربي الموسيقي وعلاقته بالسلم الموسقى الغربية، والمقامات، والإيقاع، كذلك قدمت محاضرات عن طرق تدريس الموسيقى وتاريخ الموسيقى.

كما اهتم الحاضرون باختيار الأعمال الموسيقية المصرية والعربية التي يجب الحفاظ عليها كتراث يحفظ للأجيال القادمة.

القرارات
وكانت الجماهير المتعلمة في مصر تنتظر من المؤتمر أن يعمل على متابعة التطوير الموسيقى الذي ازدهر في البلاد منذ عبده الحامولى وعائلة الشوا التي أدخلت آلة الكمان إلى مصر. وتطور الموسيقى على يد سيد درويش الذي طور التخت إلى الأوركستر وبدأ تأليف الأوبريتات.

وكان المصريون سواء منهم التقدميين، محبي الموسيقى الغربية أم محبي الموسيقى القديمة يريدون تحليلها بالطرق العلمية، إلا أنهم لم يهتموا بالغناء الشعبي، على عكس بعض المندوبين الأوروبيين الذين حضروا المؤتمر، فهؤلاء كانوا ينصحون بالاهتمام بالطابع الشعبي في الموسيقى والغناء.

مراجع

انظر أيضا
 موسيقى مصرية
 موسيقى عربية
 مقام نهاوند
 مقام الرست
 موسيقى غربية

الموسيقى في 1932
مصر في 1932
ثقافة في القاهرة
علم موسيقى الشعوب
منظمات موسيقية
مهرجانات موسيقية 1932
موسيقى عربية

المؤتمر الأول للموسيقى العربية


An Calamagrostis malamalensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Eduard Hackel ngan Teodoro Theodor Juan Vicente Stuckert. An Calamagrostis malamalensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Calamagrostis, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Calamagrostis

Calamagrostis malamalensis


ريكارد دانييل ألتاميرانو ، من مواليد 12 ديسمبر 1965 في لاغونا بايفا في الأرجنتين، لاعب كرة قدم أرجنتيني سابق.

بدأ مسيرته الكروية مع نادي يونيون دي سانتا فيه في عام 1986، ولعب معهم حتى عام 1988، وفي عام 1988 انتقل إلى نادي إنديبندينتي، ولعب معهم حتى عام 1992، وفي عام 1992 انتقل إلى نادي ريفر بليت، ولعب معهم حتى عام 1997.

لعب مع منتخب الأرجنتين لكرة القدم منذ عام 1991 وحتى عام 1995، وشارك معهم في 27 مباراة وسجل هدف واحد.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية

مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون من محافظة سانتا
لاعبو إنديبندينتي
لاعبو دوري الدرجة الأولى الأرجنتيني
لاعبو ريفر بليت
لاعبو كأس الملك فهد 1992
لاعبو كرة قدم أرجنتينيون
لاعبو كرة قدم فازوا بكوبا أمريكا
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 1991
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 1993
لاعبو كوبا أمريكا 1995
لاعبو منتخب الأرجنتين لكرة القدم
لاعبو نادي يونيون
لاعبون فائزون بكأس القارات
مواليد 1965
لاعبو كرة قدم من محافظة سانتا

ريكاردو ألتاميرانو


Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar, Atlantic white cypress, southern white cedar, whitecedar, or false-cypress), a species of Cupressaceae, is native to the Atlantic coast of North America and is found from southern Maine to Georgia and along the Gulf of Mexico coast from Florida to Mississippi.  It is one of two species of Chamaecyparis found in North America.  C. thyoides resides on the East Coast and C. lawsoniana can be found on the West Coast. There are two geographically isolated subspecies, treated by some botanists as distinct species, by others at just varietal rank: Chamaecyparis thyoides thyoides and Chamaecyparis thyoides henryae (H.L.Li) E.Murray (syn. Chamaecyparis thyoides subsp. henryae (H.L.Li) Little; Chamaecyparis henryae H.L.Li) The species grows in forested wetlands where they tend to dominate the canopy.  The trees are associated with a wide variety of other wetland species because of their wide north-south range. The remaining populations are now found mostly in remote locations that would be difficult to harvest, so its popularity as a source of lumber has decreased.

Distribution and habitat
Chamaecyparis thyoides grows within 100 miles of the coastline and less than 50 m above sea level along much of the East Coast and Gulf Coast.  Rare populations grow in the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains, where the tree may be found up to 460 m above sea level.  Nationally, Atlantic white cedar is protected in the Great Dismal Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, Cape Cod National Seashore, Croatan National Forest, Francis Marion National Forest, Ocala National Forest, and Apalachicola National Forest. Altered fire regimes, logging, and draining of wetlands outside of the few protected areas have all contributed to the general decrease in the size and occurrences of Atlantic white cedar stands. The tree is listed as Rare in Georgia and New York, of Special Concern in Maine, and Extirpated in Pennsylvania. In Mississippi, the species is at risk of extirpation as a consequence of overexploitation, changes in land use, and extreme weather events.

Chamaecyparis thyoides lives almost exclusively in freshwater wetlands and is considered an obligate wetland species. It prefers habitats where the soil is saturated with water at least during the majority of the growing season. The soils in these regions have a thick organic layer, often classified as a histic surface horizon, with sandy material at greater depths and poor drainage. Atlantic white cedar wetlands are acidic and there is little oxygen stored in the soil because water has displaced the air. Plants that live in these environments must be specially adapted to such conditions.

Ecology
Red maple and black gum trees are often found in the canopy along with Atlantic white cedar throughout its range. Sphagnum mosses also often grow in these wetlands.  The caterpillar of the Hessel's Hairstreak butterfly feeds exclusively on C. thyoides, where its green color helps to camouflage it.

The trees themselves grow on hummocks, small mounds, with water pooling in the depressions surrounding them.  This keeps the tree from being underwater year-round and helps to protect from floods. The tree benefits from periodic low-intensity fires which expose seedlings to sunlight and limit competition with other canopy flora, particularly red maple. Too frequent or intense fires or flooding can damage seedlings stored in the top layer of soil and full-grown trees.

Description
Chamaecyparis thyoides is an evergreen coniferous tree usually growing to  (but may grow up to ) tall with an average diameter of , up to , and feathery foliage in moderately flattened sprays, green to glaucous blue-green in color. The leaves are scale-like,  long, and produced in opposite decussate pairs on somewhat flattened shoots; seedlings up to a year old have needle-like leaves. The tree is bare of branches for three-fourths of the trunk height and the bark can be ash-gray to reddish brown.  Bark is smooth on juveniles, but mature trees have deep ridges and bark as thick as . C. thyoides is monoecious, so a single tree will carry both the pollen and seeds needed for reproduction in cones.  The seed cones are globose,  diameter, with 6-10 scales (1-2 seeds per scale), green or purple, maturing to brown in 5–7 months after pollination. The pollen cones are yellow but turn brown as the tree matures,  long and  broad, releasing their yellow pollen once a year in spring.  The tree begins bearing seeds at 4–5 years, but does not reach full maturity and start producing cones until it is 10-20 years old. Seeds are dispersed nearly every year and travel by wind.  Height and diameter of the tree increase steadily until the tree is 50 years old, at which point height growth slows.  Both height and diameter no longer increase once the tree is 100 years old.  Stands are generally all younger than 200 years, though some trees as old as 1000 years have been reported. Because they have relatively shallow roots, C. thyoides are vulnerable to being blown over by wind.

Subspecies variation
Chamaecyparis thyoides thyoides: Leaves and immature cones usually glaucous blue-green; cones mature to dark brown-black; facial leaves flat, not ridged, but with visible glands.
Chamaecyparis thyoides henryae: Leaves and immature cones green, not glaucous; cones mature to light brown; facial leaves with a longitudinal ridge with glands less obvious or absent.

Cultivation and uses

Chamaecyparis thyoides is of some importance in horticulture, with several cultivars of varying crown shape, growth rates and foliage color having been selected for garden planting. Named cultivars include 'Aurea' (yellow foliage), 'Heatherbun' (dwarf, purple in winter), 'Andelyensis' (dwarf, dense foliage), 'Ericoides' (juvenile foliage), and 'Glauca' (strongly glaucous foliage).  In some locations, particularly Mobile County, Alabama, the tree is cultivated as a Christmas tree.

Wood
Its wood is considered hardy, as it is resistant to decay and warping in a variety of temperatures and moisture levels.  The most common use of white cedar wood is lumber, for which stands usually require 70 years of growth from germination to harvest.  The lumber may be used in house construction, though scarcity of Atlantic white cedar makes it difficult to use as the primary material.  The wood was favored for roof shingles because it is lightweight, but has since been replaced by cheaper and more fire-resistant materials such as asphalt.  The durability of the heartwood makes it popular for use as siding and paneling, and the less resistant sapwood has been used for interior finishes. White cedar lumber has also been used in boat construction, but this requires much older, larger trees. North Carolina is the greatest producer of lumber for boat construction because it has the greatest number of old-growth C. thyoides forests.  Other uses include fencing, telephone and electric poles, woodenware, duck decoys, lawn furniture, and as Christmas trees.

Conservation
Prior to European colonization of the Americas, there were an estimated  of swamps and bogs dominated by stands of Atlantic white cedars. At present, less than  still remain. Though the tree is not listed as threatened, Atlantic white cedar wetlands are considered a globally threatened ecosystem, and often serve as carbon sinks because of their peat-building abilities. Since 2012, ex situ gene conservation efforts of Atlantic white cedars have been ongoing at North Carolina State University and the United States Forest Service.

Gallery

References

thyoides
Endemic flora of the United States
Trees of the Northeastern United States
Trees of the Southeastern United States
Trees of the United States
Least concern flora of the United States
Trees of North America
Trees of the Southern United States

Chamaecyparis thyoides


Gambijska nogometna reprezentacija predstavlja Gambiju u nogometu, te je pod kontrolom gambijskog nogometnog saveza. Do 1965. godine su nastupali pod imenom Britanska Gambija, što je do tada bilo i službeno ime države. Do sada se nijedanput nisu kvalificirali na svjetsko prvenstvo, a također nikad nisu zabilježili nastup na kontinentalnom Afričkom kupu nacija.

Vanjske poveznice
GFF Službene stranice Gambijskog nogometnog saveza

Nogomet u Gambiji
Nogometne reprezentacije

Gambijska nogometna reprezentacija


Den er helt sikker er en dansk dokumentarfilm, der er instrueret af Henning Ørnbak efter manuskript af Hans Edvard Teglers.

Handling

Eksterne henvisninger

Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark

Den er helt sikker


Gruppe B er en af de to grupper ved IIHF Verdensmesterskabet 2019. De fire bedste hold avancerer til slutspillet, mens det dårligste hold rykker ned i Division I i 2020.

Stilling

Kampe
Alle tider er lokale (UTC+2).

Rusland vs Norge

Tjekkiet vs Sverige

Schweiz vs Italien

Letland vs Østrig

Norge vs Tjekkiet

Rusland vs Østrig

Italien vs Sverige

Letland vs Schweiz

Rusland vs Tjekkiet

Norge vs Sverige

Italien vs Letland

Schweiz vs Østrig

Schweiz vs Norge

Rusland vs Italien

Sverige vs Østrig

Tjekkiet vs Letland

Østrig vs Norge

Tjekkiet vs Italien

Letland vs Rusland

Italien vs Norge

Sverige vs Schweiz

Østrig vs Tjekkiet

Schweiz vs Rusland

Sverige vs Letland

Østrig vs Italien

Tjekkiet vs Schweiz

Norge vs Letland

Sverige vs Rusland

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Official website

B
Ishockey i 2019

IIHF Verdensmesterskabet 2019 Gruppe B


Ladik ile aşağıdakiler kastedilmiş olabilir:

 Ladik, Samsun ili ilçesi
 Ladik, Sarayönü, Konya ili Sarayönü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Ladik Gölü, Samsun ilinin Ladik ilçesinde bulunan bir göl
 Ladik Saat Kulesi, Samsun ilinin Ladik ilçe merkezinde bulunan bir saat kulesi
 Ladik - Tokat ilinin Niksar ilçesine bağlı Gökçeli köyünün eski adı
 Ladikli Ahmed Ağa Çeşmesi, İstanbul ilinin Kadıköy ilçesinde bulunan bir çeşme
 Ladik Beyliği, 14. yüzyılda Denizli yöresinde kurulmuş İnançoğulları Beyliği'nin bir diğer adı. Denizli bölgesi için tarihte kullanılmış ve Laodicea kelimesinden türemiş bir diğer ad
 Eğreti Gelin: Ladik, 2018'de vizyona giren sinema filmi.

Ladik (anlam ayrımı)


Berwick-upon-Tweed er en by i Northumberland. Det er den nordligste by England. Den ligger 4 km syd for den skotske grænse på østsiden af floden Tweed. Det er omkring 90 km sydøst for Edinburgh, 105 km nord for Newcastle upon Tyne og 555 km nord for London.

Ifølge folketællingen i 2011 havde Berwick en befolkning på 12.043. Der blev oprettet civil parish og byråd i 2008.

Berwick blev grundlagt som en angelsaksisk bosættelse i Northumbria som blev annekteret af England i 900-tallet. I mere end 400 år var området centralt for historiske grænsekrige mellem Kongeriget England og Kongeriget Skotland, og byen har skiftet mellem de to kongeriger adskillige gange. Berwick Castle blev opført 1100-tallet for at styrke byen. Den sidste gang det ene land overtog det fra det andet var da England genobrede den i 1482. Berwick er fortsat en traditionel købstad og har også flere notable arkitektoniske bygninger, særligt de middelalderlige bymure, bymurene fra den elizabethianske tid og Storbritanniens tidligste barrakbygninger (1717–21 af Nicholas Hawksmoor til Board of Ordnance).

Referencer

Byer i England
Northumberland

Berwick-upon-Tweed


Gisilia ist eine Gattung von Schmetterlingen aus der Familie der Prachtfalter (Cosmopterigidae).

Merkmale
Der Kopf der Falter ist anliegend beschuppt. Die Fühler sind 2/3 so lang wie die Vorderflügel. Der Rüssel ist mäßig lang und an der Basis beschuppt. Das Fühlerbasisglied (Scapus) weitet sich distal leicht. Die Labialpalpen sind zylindrisch und nach oben gebogen. Die Vorderflügel sind lanzettlich und haben manchmal zwei unvollständige Binden und vor dem Apex zwei gegenüberliegende Flecke. Die Hinterflügel sind sehr schmal und etwa ein Drittel so breit wie die Vorderflügel.

Bei den Männchen fehlt der Uncus, das Tegumen ist sehr kurz und schmal dreieckig. Die Valven sind asymmetrisch in zwei Loben geteilt. Sie haben eine unterschiedliche Form und sind distal mit groben Borsten besetzt. Das Vinculum ist bandförmig. Der Aedeagus ist lang und sklerotisiert, Cornuti sind nicht vorhanden.

Bei den Weibchen sind die Papillae anales verschmolzen und sklerotisiert. Die Apophysen sind lang und kräftig, beide Paare sind gleich lang. Das Ostium ist groß und am Vorderrand des siebenten Sternit nach links versetzt angeordnet. Die Genitalplatte ist komplex und am Ostium mit einer Anzahl gebogener und stark sklerotisierter Falten versehen. Der Ductus bursae ist membranös und gelegentlich mit einem sklerotisierten inneren Band versehen. Das Corpus bursae ist entweder membranös oder er hat eine feine netzartige Struktur. Das Signum ist zahnförmig.

Verbreitung
Die Vertreter der Gattung sind im Mittelmeerraum, in Afrika und vom Nahen Osten bis Pakistan und Indien verbreitet.

Biologie
Über die Biologie der Arten ist wenig bekannt. Die Raupen einer Art wurde an Akazien (Acacia) gefunden.

Systematik
Die Typusart der Gattung ist Ascalenia stereodoxa , 1925. In Europa kommen zwei Arten, Gisilia lerautella und Gisilia stereodoxa, vor.

 Gisilia alfieriella (, 1927)
 Gisilia antidesma (, 1913)
 Gisilia cardinata (, 1918)
 Gisilia conformata (, 1921)

 Gisilia gielisi , 2010
 Gisilia lerautella , 1986
 Gisilia meyi , 2007
 Gisilia stagnans (, 1921)
 Gisilia stereodoxa (, 1925)
 Gisilia subcrocea (, 1923)

Belege

Chrysopeleiidae
Chrysopeleiidae (Familie)

Gisilia


Duşanbe (Tacikçe: Душанбе) (1929'a kadar: Dyushambe; 1961'e kadar: Stalinabad), Tacikistan'ın başkenti. Şehrin adı Farsça'da Pazartesi anlamına gelir. Bu ismin aslı bu şehrin, içinde her pazartesi günü pazar kurulan bir köyün gelişmesi sonucu ortaya çıkmasına bağlanmaktadır.

2020 yılındaki  863,4 bin kişilik nüfusuyla Tacikistan'ın en büyük şehridir

Kardeş şehirler

Resimler

Kaynakça
Özel

Genel
 Akçalı, Pınar (2014). Türk Dünyası Başkentleri. s. 405. ISBN 978-9944-237-25-3

Dış bağlantılar

Duşanbe


|}
Calea ferată forestieră Comănești–Asău a fost o cale ferată forestieră cu ecartament îngust ce pornea din orașul Comănești și continua pe valea Asăului.

Context
În contextul folosirii motoarelor cu aburi pentru a produce mari cantități cherestea pentru export, în special de rășinoase (brad și molid), în epoca interbelică în arealul Comănești-Dărmănești s-au grupat fabrici din domeniu, cu o putere instalată de 2.530 și respectiv 4.630 de cai putere. Ca efect al dezvoltării pe plan național al activității industriale de procesare a lemnului, în anii 1960 Comăneștiul a devenit un centru integrat de procesare.

Construcție și exploatare
Calea ferată forestieră fost dată în funcțiune în 1936. În perioada 1950-1958, noi ramuri ale traseului principal au fost date în folosință.

Traseul ajungea la începutul anilor 1970 până aproape de originea Asăului Mare (la cota 1.100 m), la confluența acestuia cu Arinișul (situată lângă dealul Balint, în apropierea graniței cu județul Neamț). Din traseul principal se despindeau:
 o derivație pe valea Izvorului Alb (care ajungea până la confluența cu Arinișul la cota de aproximativ 790 m)
 o derivație pe valea Asăului Mic (care ajunge până dincolo de confluența cu pârâul Cășăriilor, la cota 1.030 m).

Referințe

Bibliografie
  Turnock, David; The Romanian Carpathians under communism: the changing significance of a mountain region; Review of Historical Geography and Toponomastics, vol. I, no.2, 2006
  Turnock, David; The Economy of East Central Europe, 1815-1989: Stages of Transformation in a Peripheral Region; Routlege Taylor & Francis Group; London UK & New York USA; 2006; ISBN 9781138878280

Comănești–Asău
Comănești–Asău
Istoria județului Bacău
Transportul în Județul Bacău

Calea ferată forestieră Comănești–Asău


التُبَّان أو شورت الملاكم (بوكسر) هو نوع من الملابس الداخلية الرجالية، وهو عادة قصير ويشبه الشورت، وقد ظهر شورت الملاكم لأول مرة سنة 1925 على يد جاكوب كولومب الذي كان يريد ابتكار شورت للملاكمين.

معرض صور

انظر أيضاً
ملابس داخلية للرجال

المراجع

الموضة في القرن 20
الموضة في القرن 21
سراويل
ملابس داخلية

شورت الملاكم


Philipp Röder oder Philipp Roeder ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Philipp Röder (Politiker) (Johann Friedrich Christian Philipp Röder; 1791–1866), deutscher Politiker, MdL Hessen
 Philipp Roeder von Diersburg (1801–1864), deutscher Generalleutnant und Schriftsteller
 Philipp Ludwig Hermann Röder (1755–1831), deutscher Geistlicher und Reiseschriftsteller

Philipp Röder


Żygulski ist der Familienname folgender Personen:

 Kazimierz Żygulski (1919–2012), polnischer Kultursoziologie, Hochschullehrer und Politiker
 Roman Zygulski (* 1951), polnischer Kunsthistoriker und Lithographie-Künstler

Żygulski