The voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is familiar to English speakers as the 'th' in think. Though rather rare as a phoneme among the world's languages, it is encountered in some of the most widespread and influential ones. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is T. The IPA symbol is the Greek letter theta, which is used for this sound in post-classical Greek, and the sound is thus often referred to as "theta".

The dental non-sibilant fricatives are often called "interdental" because they are often produced with the tongue between the upper and lower teeth, and not just against the back of the upper or lower teeth, as they are with other dental consonants.

This sound and its voiced counterpart are rare phonemes, occurring in 4% of languages in a phonological analysis of 2,155 languages.  Among the more than 60 languages with over 10 million speakers, only English, northern varieties of the Berber language of North Africa, Standard Peninsular Spanish, various dialects of Arabic,  Swahili (in words derived from Arabic), and Greek have the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative.  Speakers of languages and dialects without the sound sometimes have difficulty producing or distinguishing it from similar sounds, especially if they have had no chance to acquire it in childhood, and typically replace it with a voiceless alveolar fricative () (as in Indonesian), voiceless dental stop (), or a voiceless labiodental fricative (); known respectively as th-alveolarization, th-stopping, and th-fronting.

The sound is known to have disappeared from a number of languages, e.g. from most of the Germanic languages or dialects, where it is retained only in Scots, English, and Icelandic, but it is alveolar in the last of these. Among non-Germanic Indo-European languages as a whole, the sound was also once much more widespread, but is today preserved in a few languages including the Brythonic languages, Peninsular Spanish, Galician, Venetian, Tuscan, Albanian, some Occitan dialects and Greek. It has likewise disappeared from many Semitic languages, such as Hebrew (excluding Yemenite Hebrew) and many modern varieties of Arabic (excluding Tunisian, Mesopotamian Arabic and various dialects in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as Modern Standard Arabic).

Features
Features of the voiceless dental non-sibilant fricative:

 It does not have the grooved tongue and directed airflow, or the high frequencies, of a sibilant.

Occurrence
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan=2| Language !! Word !! IPA !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
|colspan=2| Albanian ||  ||  || 'says' ||
|-
|rowspan=5| Arabic || Modern Standard ||  ||  || 'a dress' ||Represented by . See Arabic phonology.
|-
|Eastern Libya ||  ||  || 'three' ||
|-
|Sanaa, Yemen ||  ||  || 'it is priced' ||
|-
|Iraq ||  ||  || 'eight' ||
|-
|Khuzestan, Iran ||   ||  || 'the second one' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Aragonese ||  ||  || 'bush' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Arapaho ||  ||  || 'five' ||
|-
|rowspan=3| Arpitan ||  and Savoyard || marchiê ||  || 'market' ||
|-
|  || èthêla ||  || 'star' ||
|-
|  || clâf ||  || 'key' || Limited to  (VD), Bourg-Saint-Pierre (VS), and a few other villages.
|-
|colspan=2| Assyrian || ܒܝܬܐ bèṭa ||  || 'house' || Mostly used in the Western, Barwari, Tel Keppe, Batnaya and Alqosh dialects; realized as  in other varieties.
|-
|colspan=2| Asturian ||  ||  || 'juice' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Avestan ||  xšaθra ||  || 'kingdom' || Ancient dead sacred language.
|-
| colspan="2" | Bashkir
|
|
| 'friend'
|-
|colspan=2| Berber ||  ||  || 'Berber (language)'(noun)|| This pronunciation is common in northern Morocco, central Morocco, and northern Algeria.
|-
|colspan=2| Berta ||colspan=2 align=center|  || 'to eat' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Burmese ||  / thon: ||  || 'three' || Commonly realized as an affricate .
|-
|colspan=2| Cornish ||  ||  || 'eight' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Emiliano-Romagnol || || || 'face' ||
|-
|rowspan=2|English
|Received Pronunciation
|rowspan=2 | thin
|
|rowspan=2 | 'thin'
|
|-
|Western American
|
| Interdental.
|-
| Galician || Most dialects ||  || || 'zero' || Merges with  into  in Western dialects. See Galician phonology
|-
|colspan=2| Greek ||  ||  || 'sea' || See Modern Greek phonology
|-
|colspan=2| Gweno ||colspan=2 align=center|  || 'eye' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Gwich'in ||  ||  || 'pants' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Halkomelem ||  ||  || 'tree' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Hän ||  ||  || 'I want' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Harsusi ||colspan=2 align=center|  || 'two' ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Hebrew || Iraqi ||rowspan=2|  ||  ||rowspan=2| 'Hebrew' (language) || rowspan="2" | See Modern Hebrew phonology
|-
| Yemenite ||
|-
| Hlai || Basadung ||colspan=2 align=center|  || 'one' ||
|-
| Italian || Tuscan ||  ||  || 'the captains' || Intervocalic allophone of . See Italian phonology and Tuscan gorgia
|-
|colspan=2| Kabyle ||  ||  || 'light'(noun)||
|-
| Karen || Sgaw || သၢ || || 'three' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Karuk || yiθa ||  || 'one' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Kickapoo || neθwi ||  || 'three' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Kwama ||colspan=2 align=center|  || 'to laugh' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Leonese || ceru ||  || 'zero' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Lorediakarkar ||colspan=2 align=center|  || 'four' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Malay ||  ||  || 'Tuesday' || Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound, but the writing is not distinguished from the Arabic loanwords with the  sound and this sound must be learned separately by the speakers. See Malay phonology.
|-
|colspan=2| Massa ||colspan=2 align=center|  || 'five' ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Occitan || Gascon || macipon ||  || '(male) child' || Limited the sub-dialects of the region of Castillonais, in the Ariège department.
|-
| Vivaro-Alpine || chin ||  || 'dog' || Limited to Vénosc, in the Isère department.
|-
|colspan=2| Saanich || TÁŦES ||  || 'eight' ||
|-
| Sardinian || Nuorese ||  ||  || 'meat' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Shark Bay ||colspan=2 align=center|  || 'four' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Shawnee ||  ||  || 'three' ||
|-
| Sioux || Nakoda || ktusa ||  || 'four' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|Spanish || European || rowspan=1| || rowspan=1||| rowspan="1" |'to hunt' || rowspan=1|Interdental. See Spanish phonology and Seseo. This sound is not contrastive in the Americas, southern Andalusia or the Canary Islands.|-
| Castilian || rowspan=1| || rowspan=1||| rowspan="1" |'wall' || rowspan=1| Word-final, especially in Madrid. Corresponds to [ð] in standard Spanish.
|-
|colspan=2| Swahili ||  ||  || 'value' ||Mostly occurs in Arabic loanwords originally containing this sound.
|-
|colspan=2| Tanacross ||  ||  || 'embers' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Toda ||  ||  || 'nine' ||
|-
|rowspan=2| Tutchone || Northern ||  ||  ||rowspan=2| 'pants' ||
|-
| Southern ||  ||  ||
|-
|rowspan=3| Upland Yuman || Havasupai ||colspan=2 align=center|  ||rowspan=3| 'five' ||
|-
| Hualapai ||colspan=2 align=center|  ||
|-
| Yavapai ||colspan=2 align=center|  ||
|-
| Venetian || Eastern dialects ||  ||  || 'five' || Corresponds to  in other dialects.
|-
|colspan=2| Wolaytta ||  ||  || 'flower' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Welsh ||  ||  || 'seven' ||
|-
|colspan=2| Zhuang ||  ||  || 'language' ||
|-
|Zotung
|Standard dialect of Lungngo
|kacciade||  || 'I go'
|Realized as  and  in Aikap and other Northern dialects. It can also be voiced depending on the preceding consonant.
|}

Voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant

The voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant is the only sibilant fricative in some dialects of Andalusian Spanish. It has no official symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet, though its features would be transcribed  or  (using the , the diacritic marking a laminal consonant, and , the diacritic marking a dental consonant). It is usually represented by an ad-hoc symbol such as , , or  (advanced diacritic).

 describes this sound as follows: " is a voiceless, corono-dentoalveolar groove fricative, the so-called s coronal or s plana'' because of the relatively flat shape of the tongue body....  To this writer, the coronal , heard throughout Andalusia, should be characterized by such terms as "soft," "fuzzy," or "imprecise," which, as we shall see, brings it quite close to one variety of  ...  Canfield has referred, quite correctly, in our opinion, to this  as "the lisping coronal-dental," and Amado Alonso remarks how close it is to the post-dental , suggesting a combined symbol  to represent it".

Features
Features of the voiceless denti-alveolar sibilant:

Its place of articulation is denti-alveolar, which means it is articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth.
It is normally laminal, which means it is pronounced with the blade of the tongue.

Occurrence

See also
 Voiced dental fricative
 Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative
 Voiced dental sibilant
 Voiceless alveolar retracted sibilant
 Sibilant consonant#Possible combinations
 Pronunciation of English th
 Index of phonetics topics

Notes

References

External links

Discrimination of Unvoiced Fricatives using Machine Learning Methods

Dental consonants
Fricative consonants
English th
Pulmonic consonants
Voiceless oral consonants
Central consonants

Voiceless dental fricative


is a town in Kasuya District, Fukuoka Prefecture, Japan.

As of 2016, the town has an estimated population of 31,213 and a population density of 800 persons per km2. The total area is 38.90 km2.

The town has three railway stations, , , and , all operated by JR Kyushu on the Sasaguri Line linking it to Hakata Station in Fukuoka. The center of Sasaguri is directly south of Narufuchi Dam.

The town is known for its  reclining Buddha statue at Nanzo-in, considered one of the largest bronze statues in the world. Nanzo-in is the initial temple on the 88-temple Sasaguri pilgrimage route.

The town jointly manages the 17-hectare Sasaguri Kyudai Forest with Kyushu University.

References

External links

Towns in Fukuoka Prefecture

Sasaguri, Fukuoka


Mahmud Aliyev (en azéri : Mahmud İsmayıl oğlu Əliyev ; né le 22 février 1908 à Chamakhi en Azerbaïdjan et mort le 24 septembre 1958 à Bakou) est un homme politique et diplomate azerbaïdjanais.

Jeunesse
En 1926, Mahmud Aliyev a terminé ses études secondaires à Bakou et en 1931, il est diplômé de l'Université de médecine d'État d'Azerbaïdjan avec un diplôme en thérapie générale. En 1931-1936, il est directeur d'une clinique dans les régions de Kalbadjar et Djabrayil en Azerbaïdjan et chirurgien en chef d'un hôpital régional.

Carrière politique
De 1937 à 1943, M. Aliyev dirige le Département de l'éducation médicale du Commissariat à la santé du peuple, directeur de l'Université de médecine d'Azerbaïdjan et directeur du Département des sciences et préscolaire du Comité central du Parti communiste d'Azerbaïdjan. En 1943, Mahmud Aliyev est le sous-commissaire des affaires étrangères de l'Union soviétique et en 1944, il est nommé ministre des affaires étrangères de la RSS d'Azerbaïdjan. Pendant qu'il est au bureau du service extérieur, il travaille également comme recteur de l'Institut de qualification des médecins de la RSS d'Azerbaïdjan en 1950–1953. Aliyev a également été député au Soviet suprême de l'Union soviétique et au Soviet suprême de la RSS d'Azerbaïdjan.

Récompenses et titres
Docteur émérite de la RSS d'Azerbaïdjan (1943)
Ordre de la bannière rouge du travail
Ordre de la Guerre patriotique
Ordre de l'Insigne d'honneur

Références

Ministre azerbaïdjanais des Affaires étrangères
Naissance en février 1908
Décès en septembre 1958
Personnalité inhumée dans l'Allée d'honneur
Décès à 50 ans

Mahmud Aliyev


Lean Nielsen (født 28. januar 1935 i København, død 2. oktober 2000 i Gentofte) var en dansk forfatter, opvokset på Vesterbro med en turbulent barndom, der siden fik betydning for hans forfatterskab. Lean Nielsen fik efter endt skoletid først læreplads på landet, og gik sidenhen på sømandsskole i Svendborg. Som forfatter var Lean Nielsen autodidakt og debuterede først som 34-årig med digtsamlingen Fru Jensen in memoriam, og producerede ud over digte også radiospil, børnebøger og romaner.

Udgivelsen Ballader om vold og ømhed fra 1976 udgør et hovedværk i hans tidlige forfatterskab, hvor digte, roman og erindring forenes i et selvbiografisk epos om en drengs oplevelser fra sit 14. til 17. år.

Digtsamlingen Russiske kind- og mundkys (1997) blev Lean Nielsens sidste udgivelse. Posthumt udkom Cykelhjul. Breve fra Lean (2001).

Lean Nielsen er begravet på Assistens Kirkegård i København.

Priser og æresbevisninger
 Dansk Blindesamfunds Radiospilpris 1977
 Otto Benzons Forfatterlegat 1982
 Drachmannlegatet 1983
 LO's kulturpris 1986
 Martin Andersen Nexø Legatet 1995

I 1986 fik Lean Nielsen tildelt Statens Kunstfonds livsvarig ydelse.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Børnebogsforfattere fra Danmark
Mandlige forfattere i det 21. århundrede
Personer fra Vesterbro

Lean Nielsen


Penthouse (hangul: 펜트하우스) je južnokorejska televizijska serija. Glavne uloge su igrali Lee Ji-ah, Kim So-yeon, Eugene, Um Ki-joon, Park Eun-seok i Yoon Jong-hoon.

Uloge
 Lee Ji-ah - Shim Su-ryeon
 Kim So-yeon - Cheon Seo-jin
 Eugene - Oh Yoon-hee
 Um Ki-joon - Joo Dan-tae
 Park Eun-seok - Gu Ho-dong/Logan Lee
 Yoon Jong-hoon - Ha Yoon-cheol

Izvori

Vanjske poveznice
Službena stranica

Južnokorejske serije

Penthouse (južnokorejska TV serija)


Scottish Premiership er den bedste fodboldliga i Skotland etableret i 2013 og er efterfølgeren til Scottish Premier League.

Etableret i 2013

Scottish Premiership


Çatak, Karabük ilinin Safranbolu ilçesine bağlı bir köydür.

Coğrafya
Köy, Karabük il merkezine 33 km, Safranbolu ilçe merkezine 25 km uzaklıktadır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Safranbolu belde ve köyleri

Çatak, Safranbolu


මෝස්තර පුවත් කලාව මෝස්තර මාධ්‍යය මඟින් ප්‍රසිද්ධ කරන සියළු දේ විස්තර කිරීමට භාවිතා කරන ඡත්‍ර පදයයි. සමහර අවස්ථාවල මෝස්තර ලියන්නන්, විවේචකයන් හෝ මෝස්තර වාර්තාකරුවන් වේ. මෝස්තර පුවත් කලාවේ බොහෝ පැහැදිලි උදාහරණ වන්නේ සඟරාවල සහ පුවත් කලාවේ බොහෝ පැහැදිලි උදාහරණ වන්නේ සඟරාවල සහ පුවත්පත්වල පලවන මෝස්තර, විලාසිතා පිළිබඳ ලියැවුණු පොත් ද, මෝස්තර පිළිබඳව රූපවාහිනී වාර්තා ද වෙබ් අඩවි සහ blogs ද මාර්ගගත (අන්තර්ජාලය) විලාසිතා සඟරා ද අඩංගුය.

මෝස්තර පුවත්පත් ශිල්පියාගේ කාර්යයන් සම්පූර්ණයෙන්ම විවිධත්වයක් දක්වයි. සාමාන්‍ය අකෘතිමය ලිපි ලිවීම සහ ලිපි සංස්කරණය කිරීම, විලාසිතා ඡායාරූප ගත කිරීම සහ ඒ සඳහා උදව් කිරීම සහ ඒවා සැලසුම් ගත කිරීම ද ඊට අඩංගුය. මෙම විලාසිතා පුවත් වාර්තාකරුවන් ඇත්තෙන්ම සාමාන්‍යයෙන් බොහෝ කාලයක ගත කරන්නේ පර්යේෂණයන්ට හෝ සම්මුඛ සාකච්ඡා මෙහෙවන්නට වගේම ඇයට හෝ ඔහුට මෝස්තර කර්මාන්තයේ යෙදී සිටින අයවළුන් සමඟ මනා සබැඳියාවක් ද පවත්වාගෙන යා යුතු වන අතර එයට ඡායාරූප ශිල්පීන්, නිර්මාණකරුවන් සහ මහජන සබඳතා විශේෂඥයින් පවා ඇතුළත්ය.

මෙම මෝස්තර පුවත් කලාව ප්‍රකාශනයක පූර්ණ කාලීනව යෙදීමට ද හැකියාව ඇති අතර නිදහස් වාර්තා කරන ශිල්පියෙකු ලෙසට ද ක්‍රියා කළ හැක.

References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_journalism

මෝස්තර පුවත්පත් කලාව


La marquise Carina Massone Negrone (née à Bogliasco le  et morte dans la même ville le ) est une aviatrice italienne considérée comme l'une des premières héroïnes du ciel .

Biographie
Mariée au marquis Ambrogio Negrone (avec qui elle eut un fils, Vittorio), elle est la première femme italienne à obtenir en 1933 une licence de pilote de la  (RUNA).

Grande sportive ( natation, ski, tennis ), elle préfère voler, activité majoritairement pratiquée par des hommes, interprètes alors du dynamisme viril encouragé par le futurisme et le fascisme.

Le , elle établit son premier record personnel en volant à une altitude de  avec un hydravion classe C. Avec le soutien de  Italo Balbo, elle s'attaque au record du monde de Maryse Hilsz',  , s'entraînant  à l'aéroport de Guidonia Montecelio .

Le , elle décolle de la base de Guidonia Montecelio à bord d'un biplan Caproni Ca.113 équipé d'un moteur Pegasus 1110, emportant avec elle une chemise chauffante et une bouteille d'oxygène. Malgré la raréfaction de l'air et des basses températures en haute altitude (jusqu'à -35 °C ) elle atteint atteint  (), battant le record de Hilsz de . Ce record reste valable pour cette catégorie d'avions à hélices.

Elle a établi sept autre records du monde de vol, dont le dernier  le , volant de Brescia à Louxor ( Égypte ) soit  en 13 heures 34 minutes, à une vitesse moyenne de  par heure.

En 1951, elle participe à un tour aérien de l'Algérie aux côtés d'Ada Marchelli sur un monoplan Macchi MB-308 ainsi qu' à divers concours internationaux et fonde finalement une école de pilotage.

Posterité
En 1996, un timbre commémoratif d'une valeur faciale de 750 L  a été émis en son honneur par Poste Italiane. Une place a été dédiée à Carina Negrone dans sa ville natale.

Articles connexes
 Maryse Hilsz
 Italo Balbo

Notes et références

Bibliographie
 Massimo Zamorani, Nel cielo di Genova: due secoli di voli, Ecig, Genova 1986 (en italien)
 Massimo Zamorani, Vola Genova. Cento anni di volo, De Ferrari, Gênes 1997 (en italien)

Liens externes

 Ctie.onash.edu.au Pionniers de l'aviation : Une Anthologie

Aviatrice italienne
Pionnière de l'aviation
Naissance à Bogliasco
Décès dans la province de Gênes
Naissance en juin 1911
Décès en mars 1991
Décès à 79 ans

Carina Massone Negrone


The tree line is the edge of a habitat at which trees are capable of growing. It is found at high elevations and high latitudes. Beyond the tree line, trees cannot tolerate the environmental conditions (usually low temperatures, extreme snowpack, or associated lack of available moisture). The tree line is sometimes distinguished from a lower timberline, which is the line below which trees form a forest with a closed canopy.

At the tree line, tree growth is often sparse, stunted, and deformed by wind and cold. This is sometimes known as krummholz (German for "crooked wood").

The tree line often appears well-defined, but it can be a more gradual transition. Trees grow shorter and often at lower densities as they approach the tree line, above which they are unable to grow at all. Given a certain latitude, the tree line is approximately 300 to 1000 meters below the permanent snow line and roughly parallel to it.

Causes

Due to their vertical structure, trees are more susceptible to cold than more ground-hugging forms of plants. Summer warmth generally sets the limit to which tree growth can occur, for while tree line conifers are very frost-hardy during most of the year, they become sensitive to just 1 or 2 degrees of frost in mid-summer. A series of warm summers in the 1940s seems to have permitted the establishment of "significant numbers" of spruce seedlings above the previous treeline in the hills near Fairbanks, Alaska. Survival depends on a sufficiency of new growth to support the tree. Wind can mechanically damage tree tissues directly, including blasting with windborne particles, and may also contribute to the desiccation of foliage, especially of shoots that project above the snow cover.

The actual tree line is set by the mean temperature, while the realized tree line may be affected by disturbances, such as logging.  Most human activities cannot change the actual tree line, unless they affect the climate. The tree line follows the line where the seasonal mean temperature is approximately . The seasonal mean temperature is taken over all days whose mean temperature is above . A growing season of 94 days above that temperature is required for tree growth.

Types

Several types of tree lines are defined in ecology and geography:

Alpine

An alpine tree line is the highest elevation that sustains trees; higher up it is too cold, or the snow cover lasts for too much of the year, to sustain trees. The climate above the tree line of mountains is called an alpine climate, and the habitat can be described as the alpine zone. Treelines on north-facing slopes in the northern hemisphere are lower than on south-facing slopes, because the increased shade on north-facing slopes means the snowpack takes longer to melt. This shortens the growing season for trees. In the southern hemisphere, the south-facing slopes have the shorter growing season.

The alpine tree line boundary is seldom abrupt: it usually forms a transition zone between closed forest below and treeless alpine zone above. This zone of transition occurs "near the top of the tallest peaks in the northeastern United States, high up on the giant volcanoes in central Mexico, and on mountains in each of the 11 western states and throughout much of Canada and Alaska". Environmentally dwarfed shrubs (krummholz) commonly form the upper limit.

The decrease in air temperature with increasing elevation creates the alpine climate. The rate of decrease can vary in different mountain chains, from  per  of elevation gain in the dry mountains of the western United States, to  per  in the moister mountains of the eastern United States. Skin effects and topography can create microclimates that alter the general cooling trend.

Compared with arctic tree lines, alpine tree lines may receive fewer than half of the number of degree days (above ) based on air temperature, but because solar radiation intensities are greater at alpine than at arctic tree lines the number of degree days calculated from leaf temperatures may be very similar.

At the alpine tree line, tree growth is inhibited when excessive snow lingers and shortens the growing season to the point where new growth would not have time to harden before the onset of fall frost. Moderate snowpack, however, may promote tree growth by insulating the trees from extreme cold during the winter, curtailing water loss, and prolonging a supply of moisture through the early part of the growing season. However, snow accumulation in sheltered gullies in the Selkirk Mountains of southeastern British Columbia causes the tree line to be  lower than on exposed intervening shoulders.

In some mountainous areas, higher elevations above the condensation line, or on equator-facing and leeward slopes, can result in low rainfall and increased exposure to solar radiation. This dries out the soil, resulting in a localized arid environment unsuitable for trees. Many south-facing ridges of the mountains of the Western U.S. have a lower treeline than the northern faces because of increased sun exposure and aridity. Hawaii's treeline of about  feet is also above the condensation zone and results due to a lack of moisture.

Exposure
On coasts and isolated mountains, the tree line is often much lower than in corresponding altitudes inland and in larger, more complex mountain systems, because strong winds reduce tree growth. In addition, the lack of suitable soil, such as along talus slopes or exposed rock formations, prevents trees from gaining an adequate foothold and exposes them to drought and sun.

Arctic

The arctic tree line is the northernmost latitude in the Northern Hemisphere where trees can grow; farther north, it is too cold all year round to sustain trees. Extremely low temperatures, especially when prolonged, can freeze the internal sap of trees, killing them. In addition, permafrost in the soil can prevent trees from getting their roots deep enough for the necessary structural support.

Unlike alpine tree lines, the northern tree line occurs at low elevations. The arctic forest–tundra transition zone in northwestern Canada varies in width, perhaps averaging  and widening markedly from west to east, in contrast with the telescoped alpine timberlines. North of the arctic tree line lies the low-growing tundra, and southwards lies the boreal forest.

Two zones can be distinguished in the arctic tree line: a forest–tundra zone of scattered patches of krummholz or stunted trees, with larger trees along rivers and on sheltered sites set in a matrix of tundra; and "open boreal forest" or "lichen woodland", consisting of open groves of erect trees underlain by a carpet of Cladonia spp. lichens. The proportion of trees to lichen mat increases southwards towards the "forest line", where trees cover 50 percent or more of the landscape.

Antarctic

A southern treeline exists in the New Zealand Subantarctic Islands and the Australian Macquarie Island, with places where mean annual temperatures above  support trees and woody plants, and those below  do not.
Another treeline exists in the southwesternmost parts of the Magellanic subpolar forests ecoregion, where the forest merges into the subantarctic tundra (termed Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra). For example, the northern halves of Hoste and Navarino Islands have Nothofagus antarctica forests but the southern parts consist of moorlands and tundra.

Tree species near tree line

Some typical Arctic and alpine tree line tree species (note the predominance of conifers):

Australia
 Snow gum (Eucalyptus pauciflora)

Eurasia

 Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii)
 Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce)
 Swiss pine (Pinus cembra)
 Mountain pine (Pinus mugo)
 Arctic white birch (Betula pubescens subsp. tortuosa)
 Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia)

North America

 Subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa)
 Subalpine larch (Larix lyallii)
 Mountain hemlock (Tsuga mertensiana)
 Alaska yellow cedar (Chaemaecyparis nootkatensis)
 Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii)
 Whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis)
 Great Basin bristlecone pine (Pinus longaeva)
 Rocky Mountains bristlecone pine (Pinus aristata)
 Foxtail pine (Pinus balfouriana)
 Limber pine (Pinus flexilis)
 Potosi pinyon (Pinus culminicola)
 Black spruce (Picea mariana)
 White spruce (Picea glauca)
 Tamarack (Larix laricina)
 Hartweg's pine (Pinus hartwegii)

South America

 Antarctic beech (Nothofagus antarctica)
 Lenga beech (Nothofagus pumilio)
 Alder (Alnus acuminata)
 Pino del cerro (Podocarpus parlatorei)
 Polylepis (Polylepis tarapacana)
 Eucalyptus (not native to South America but grown in large amounts in the high Andes).

Worldwide distribution

Alpine tree lines
The alpine tree line at a location is dependent on local variables, such as aspect of slope, rain shadow and proximity to either geographical pole. In addition, in some tropical or island localities, the lack of biogeographical access to species that have evolved in a subalpine environment can result in lower tree lines than one might expect by climate alone.

Averaging over many locations and local microclimates, the treeline rises  when moving 1 degree south from 70 to 50°N, and  per degree from 50 to 30°N. Between 30°N and 20°S, the treeline is roughly constant, between .

Here is a list of approximate tree lines from locations around the globe:

Arctic tree lines
Like the alpine tree lines shown above, polar tree lines are heavily influenced by local variables such as aspect of slope and degree of shelter. In addition, permafrost has a major impact on the ability of trees to place roots into the ground. When roots are too shallow, trees are susceptible to windthrow and erosion. Trees can often grow in river valleys at latitudes where they could not grow on a more exposed site. Maritime influences such as ocean currents also play a major role in determining how far from the equator trees can grow as well as the warm summers experienced in extreme continental climates. In northern inland Scandinavia there is substantial maritime influence on high parallels that keep winters relatively mild, but enough inland effect to have summers well above the threshold for the tree line. Here are some typical polar treelines:

Antarctic tree lines
Trees exist on Tierra del Fuego (55°S) at the southern end of South America, but generally not on subantarctic islands and not in Antarctica. Therefore, there is no explicit Antarctic tree line.

Kerguelen Island (49°S), South Georgia (54°S), and other subantarctic islands are all so heavily wind-exposed and with a too-cold summer climate (tundra) that none have any indigenous tree species. The Falkland Islands (51°S) summer temperature is near the limit, but the islands are also treeless, although some planted trees exist.

Antarctic Peninsula is the northernmost point in Antarctica (63°S) and has the mildest weather—it is located  from Cape Horn on Tierra del Fuego—yet no trees survive there; only a few mosses, lichens, and species of grass do so. In addition, no trees survive on any of the subantarctic islands near the peninsula.

Southern Rata forests exist on Enderby Island and Auckland Islands (both 50°S) and these grow up to an elevation of  in sheltered valleys. These trees seldom grow above  in height and they get smaller as one gains altitude, so that by  they are waist-high. These islands have only between 600 and 800 hours of sun annually. Campbell Island (52°S) further south is treeless, except for one stunted Spruce, planted by scientists. The climate on these islands is not severe, but tree growth is limited by almost continual rain and wind. Summers are very cold with an average January temperature of . Winters are mild  but wet. Macquarie Island (Australia) is located at 54°S and has no vegetation beyond snow grass and alpine grasses and mosses.

See also

 Montane ecosystems
 Ecotone: a transition between two adjacent ecological communities
 Edge effects: the effect of contrasting environments on an ecosystem
 Massenerhebung effect
 Snow line

References

Further reading

 Line
Conifers
Forest ecology
Montane ecology
Climate zones

Tree line


Rush je debitantski studijski album kanadskog progresivnog rock sastava Rush. Album je 1. ožujka 1974. godine u Kanadi objavila Rusheva vlastita diskografska kuća Moon Records, dok ga je u ostatku svijeta objavio Mercury Records. Ovo prvo glazbeno izdanje sastava prikazuje hard rock zvuk tipičan za mnoge popularne rock skupine koje su nastale početkom 1970-ih. Članovi Rusha bili su obožavatelji grupa kao što su Led Zeppelin i Cream te se ti utjecaji mogu čuti u većini pjesama na albumu.

Izvorni je bubnjar John Rutsey svirao bubnjeve na svim skladbama na albumu, ali nije bio u mogućnosti ići na produljene turneje zbog dijabetičkih komplikacija te ga je grupa otpustila nakon objave albuma. Rutsey je izvorno bio i tekstopisac sastava, ali kad je grupa ušla u studio, nije želio iskoristiti svoje tekstove za pjesme na ovom albumu, pa su basist i pjevač Geddy Lee te gitarist Alex Lifeson napisali vlastite tekstove umjesto njega. Rutseyja je ubrzo zamijenio Neil Peart, koji je i danas bubnjar grupe, kao i njen glavni tekstopisac.

Snimanje i produkcija
Izvornim je procesom snimanja rukovodio producent Dave Stock u studiju Eastern Sound Studios u Torontu. Snimanja su bila zakazana u kasne noćne sate zbog niskog budžeta skupine, a u to su doba tarife studija bile najniže. Stock je također radio i na debitantskom singlu skupine (obradi pjesme "Not Fade Away" Buddyja Hollyja na čijoj je B-strani bila originalna skladba "You Can't Fight It"). "You Can't Fight It" izvorno je trebala biti uklopljena u album, ali je na kraju bila otpisana. Dvije snimke iz studija Eastern Sound, "In the Mood" i "Take a Friend", bile su uključene u konačnu inačicu albuma.

Međutim, Rush nije bio zadovoljan kvalitetom prvog procesa snimanja. Preselio se u studio Toronto Sound Studios te je samostalno producirao naknadne snimke, postižući pritom značajan napredak u kvaliteti zvuka. Presnimio je nove dionice preko postojećih pratećih dijelova u skladbama "What You're Doing", "Before and After" i "Working Man". Skladbe s najnaprednijom produkcijom bile su u potpunosti snimljene u Toronto Soundu: "Finding My Way", "Need Some Love" i "Here Again". Ove su nove skladbe zamijenile prethodne snimke. Oba su studija koristila 8-kanalne magnetofone, što je za 1973. godinu bilo vrlo zastarjelo, ali je grupa brzo naučila kako se najbolje okoristiti dostupnom tehnologijom.

U srpnju 2008. Rush je otkrio staru inačicu "Working Mana" koju je činila alternativna gitarska solistička dionica. Skupina je dozvolila autorima videoigre Rock Band korištenje master snimki kako bi uključili skladbu u videoigru. Ova inačica skladbe, znana kao "Working Man (Vault Edition)", bila je objavljena u digitalnoj inačici za igru te je kasnije, 22. srpnja 2008., bila objavljena i na iTunesu.

Objava
Sastav i njegov menadžment osnovali su svoju vlastitu tvrtku, Moon Records, i objavili album u Kanadi. Izvorna je gramofonska ploča Moon Recordsa bila objavljena u samo 3.500 primjeraka (kataloški broj MN-100). Prva je inačica ploče sadržavala etiketu krem boje s plavim logotipom Moon Recordsa i crnim slovima.

Primjerak albuma ubrzo je dobio WMMS, radio stanica iz Clevelanda, Ohija. Donna Halper, DJ koji je radio na stanici, odabrala je skladbu "Working Man" i postavila ju na redovni popis za reprodukciju. Budući da je skladba potaknula zanimanje slušatelja koji su preko poziva htjeli saznati gdje bi mogli kupiti album, primjerci albuma Moon Recordsa bili su uvezeni u područje Clevelanda i bili brzo rasprodani. U dokumentarnom filmu iz 2010. godine, Rush: Beyond the Lighted Stage, Halper je izjavila da je "Working Man" ("Radnik") bila savršena za clevelandsku rock publiku jer je 1974. godine to još uvijek uglavnom bio tvornički grad. WMMS je kasnije sponzorirao jedan od prvih Rushevih nastupa u SAD-u koji se dogodio 26. kolovoza 1974. u Clevelandu.

Popularnost albuma u Clevelandu brzo je dovela do reizdavanja albuma kojim je rukovodio Mercury Records. Prva je kanadska Mercuryjeva inačica albuma na standardnoj crvenoj Mercuryjevoj etiketi rijetka gotovo kao i Moonova inačica. Također je sadržavala i Moonov kataloški broj MN-100.

Nakon toga je menadžer Ray Danniels prikupio dodatnih 9.000 dolara za producenta Terryja Browna kako bi profesionalno remiksao sve snimke i poboljšao im kvalitetu zvuka. Ova je remiksana inačica bila korištena na kasnijim izdanjima albuma, od kojih je većina sadržavala Mercuryjevu "skyline" etiketu umjesto crvene etikete.

Izvorni je logotip albuma bio crven, ali je greškom pri tiskanju postao ružičast. Jedan je od dvaju albuma sastava gdje je naslovnica proizašla iz grešaka pri tiskanju (drugi je album Caress of Steel).

Popis pjesama
Sve su pjesme napisali Geddy Lee i Alex Lifeson, osim pjesme "In the Mood", koju je napisao Lee.

Recenzije
Greg Prato, glazbeni kritičar sa stranice AllMusic, dodijelio je albumu dvije od pet zvjezdica te je komentirao: "Rushev je istoimeni debitantski album, koliko je god to moguće, nekarakterističan u pogledu njegovog čuvenog žestokog progresivnog rocka (usavršenog na budućim albumima kao što su Hemispheres, Moving Pictures, itd.). Umjesto složenih aranžmana i obazrivih tekstova, na Rushu sastav u cijelosti zvuči gotovo identično kao Led Zeppelin -- blues rifovi spojeni s "baby, baby" tekstovima. Glavni razlog za različit zvuk i glazbeni smjer bio je taj što tekstopisac i bubnjar Neil Peart još nije bio član grupe. Bubnjar John Rutsey bio je član izvorne postave, koju su također činili Geddy Lee (basist i pjevač) i Alex Lifeson (gitarist). Gotovo je nemoguće čuti himničnu "Finding My Way" i ne zamisliti Roberta Planta koji nadaleko vrišti, ili Jimmyja Pagea kako svira rifove na improviziranoj "Working Man", ali Rush je i dalje bio u fazi formiranja. Nema sumnje da su Lee i Lifeson već bili snažni instrumentalisti, ali takve predvidljive skladbe poput "In the Mood" i "What You're Doing" dokazuju da je Peart nedvojbeno bio komadić slagalice koji je nedostajao. Dok dugogodišnji obožavatelji Rusha mogu prihvatiti njegov debitantski album jer se nikad nije vratio ovom stilu, novi bi se slušatelji trebali držati njegovih klasika iz kasnijih godina."

Osoblje

Rush
Geddy Lee – vokali, bas-gitara
Alex Lifeson – prateći vokali, gitara
John Rutsey – prateći vokali, bubnjevi

Ostalo osoblje
Robin McBride – izvršna produkcija
Terry Brown – remiksanje
Paul Weldon – naslovnica
Bob Ludwig – mastering
Brian Lee – mastering

Izvori

Albumi iz 1974.
Albumi sastava Rush

Rush (album)


An Festuca tibetica in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Otto Stapf, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Evgenii Borisovich Alexeev. An Festuca tibetica in nahilalakip ha genus nga Festuca, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Festuca

Festuca tibetica


Ortaköy, Eskişehir ilinin Çifteler ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir.

Tarihçe
Mahallenin geçmişi milattan önceki yıllara dayanır. Daha önce Friglilerin yaşadığı olan Alikan (şimdiki ismiyle Alikel) mahallesi Kurtuluş Savaşına ev sahipligi yapmış köylerdendir. Mahallenin eski mezarlığında ismi bilinmeyen mezarlar vardır.Mahallenin eski ismi Orkistos'tur. Bu ismi Mahalleye eski Bizans Krallarından biri koymuştur.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Çifteler'in mahalleleri

Ortaköy, Çifteler


La microrregión del Brejo Paraibano es una de las microrregiones del estado brasileño de Paraíba perteneciente a la mesorregión Agreste Paraibano. Su población fue estimada en 2006 por el IBGE en 114.418 habitantes y está dividida en ocho municipios. Posee un área total de 1.174,168 km².

Municipios

 Alagoa Grande
 Alagoa Nova
 Areia
 Bananeiras
 Borborema
 Matinhas
 Pilões
 Serraria

Brejo Paraibano

Microrregión del Brejo Paraibano


Os Folk Nation (comumente referido como Folk ou Folks) é uma aliança de gangues de rua originária de Chicago, estabelecida em 1978. Desde então, a aliança se espalhou pelos Estados Unidos, especialmente na região do Meio-Oeste dos Estados Unidos. Eles são rivais da People Nation.

Formação
A Folk Nation foi formada em 11 de novembro de 1978, dentro da prisão Illinois Department of Corrections de Illinois. Larry Hoover, o presidente da Gangster Disciple Nation, criou a ideia para a aliança e convenceu muitos líderes de grandes gangues negras, brancas e latinas de Chicago a aderirem. Logo após sua formação, a People Nation foi formada para se opor à aliança Folks.

Símbolos
Os símbolos da Folk Nation incluem a Estrela de Davi, chifres, um dado com 6 pontos voltados para a frente, o dígito 6, uma cauda pontiaguda e uma forquilha.

Os Folk Nation também desrespeitam as gangues da People Nation e as gangues rivais da Folk Nation, invertendo os vários símbolos de gangue de seus rivais.

Gangues ativas

Um relatório de 1995 da Unidade de Inteligência de Ameaças à Segurança do Departamento de Correções da Flórida listou os principais conjuntos da Folk Nation:

 Gangster Disciples
 Imperial Gangsters
 Spanish Cobras
 Latin Eagles
 Maniac Latin Disciples
 Simon City Royals
 Spanish Gangster Disciples
 La Raza
 Black Disciples
 Insane Popes

Organizações criminosas dos Estados Unidos
Organizações fundadas em 1978
Gangues

Folk Nation


En piges dagbog er en dansk kortfilm fra 2013 instrueret af Andreas Steen Sørensen efter eget manuskript.

Handling
De sidste sider i dagbogen bliver de vigtigste brikker i efterforskningen af en piges forsvinden.

Medvirkende
 Frank Schiellerup, Detektiv 1
 Nicholas Hejl, Detektiv 2

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Kortfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 2013

En piges dagbog


ඊශ්‍රායෙලයෙහි කාන්තාවෝ  යනු, 1948 වසරෙහිදී සංස්ථාපනය කරනු ලැබූ   ඊශ්‍රායෙල රාජ්‍යයෙහි වෙසෙන හෝ එහි උපන් හෝ කාන්තාවෝ වෙති. ඊශ්‍රායෙලය වෙත ආණ්ඩුක්‍රම ව්‍යවස්ථාවක් නොමැති මුත්, ඊශ්‍රායෙල නිදහස් ප්‍රකාශනය දක්වා සිටින්නේ: "ඊශ්‍රායෙල රාජ්‍යය විසින් (…) ආගම,  ජාතිය හෝ ස්ත්‍රී-පුරුෂ භාවය නොසලකමින් එහි සියළු වැසියනට සම්පූර්ණයෙන් සමාන සමාජීය සහ දේශපාලන අයිතිවාසිකම් ලැබීම පිළිබඳ සහතික වෙයි" යනුවෙනි.

සේවා නියුක්තිය සහ වැටුප් අරභයා  ස්ත්‍රී-පුරුෂ භාවය පදනම් කර ගනිමින් වෙනස්කම් කිරීම ඊශ්‍රායෙල නීතිය අනුව තහනම් වන අතර, පන්ති ක්‍රියාමාර්ග නඩු පැවරීමට අවස්ථා සලසා දෙයි; මෙසේවුවද, පුරුෂයන් සහ කාන්තාවන් අතර සැලකිය යුතු වැටුප් විෂමතා පවතින බවට දෝෂාරෝපණ පවතියි.   සේවාස්ථානයෙහි කාන්තාවන්ගේ සහභාගිත්වය අනුව සැලකීමේදී සංවර්ධිත ජාතීන් 59 ක් අතුරින් එකොළොස්වන අනුස්ථිතිය ලැබුමට 2012 වසරෙහිදී ඊශ්‍රායෙලය සමත් විය. එම සමීක්ෂණය තුලදීම, කාන්තාවන් විසින් විධායක තනතුරු දැරීමෙහි අනුපාතිකය සැලකිල්ලට ගැනීමේදී 24වන අනුස්ථිතිය ලැබුමට ඊශ්‍රායෙලය සමත් විය.

කාන්තා අයිතිවාසිකම්

ඊශ්‍රායෙල රාජ්‍යය තැනීමට පෙරදී පවා, පසුව ඊශ්‍රායෙලය බවට පත්වූ භූමියෙහි කාන්තාවෝ කාන්තා අයිතිවාසිකම් සඳහා අරගල කල අතර නව යිෂූෆ් හී කාන්තාවන් මෙයට නිදසුනක් වශයෙන් දැක්විය හැක. යිෂූෆ් යන පදයෙන් අදහස් වන්නේ ඊශ්‍රායෙල රාජ්‍යය සංස්ථාපනය කිරීමට පෙරදී  පලස්තීනයෙහි ජීවත්වූ යුදෙවු වැසියන් වන අතර, නව යිෂූෆ් යන්නෙන් අදහස් වන්නේ 1860 ගණන් වලදී  පැරණි නගරයෙහි ජෙරුසලෙම ප්‍රාකාරයට පිටතින් නිවෙස් තැනීම ඇරඹූ අයවළුන් වෙති. 1919 වසරෙහිදී, නව යිෂූෆ් හී පළමු දේශව්‍යාප්ත කාන්තා පක්ෂය (සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් සඳහා  එරෙට්ස් ඊශ්‍රායෙලයෙහි හෙබ්‍රෙව් කාන්තාවන්ගේ සංගමය) සංස්ථාපනය කෙරුණු අතර, එම වසරෙහිදී එය වෙතට සංක්‍රමණය වූ රෝසා වෙල්ට්-ස්ට්‍රවුස් එහි නායිකාව වශයෙන් පත් කෙරුණු ලදුව ඇයගේ මරණය දක්වා එම තනතුර දැරුවාය. 1926  වසරෙහිදී ජනමත විමසුමකට මුහුණදීමෙහි හැකියාවට මගහැරීම රිසිවූ හරෙදිම් සමූහය විසින්, යිෂූෆ් හී නියෝජිත මන්ත්‍රණ සභාවෙන් ඉවත්ව ගිය අතර, එම වසරෙහිදීම නිල ප්‍රකාශයක් නිකුත් කෙරුණේ (1927 වසරෙහිදී අනුගම්‍ය රජය විසින් අපරානුමත කෙරුණේ) " යිෂූෆ් හී දිවි පෙවෙතෙහි සමස්ත ආකාරයෙහිදී කාන්තාවන් සඳහා සමාන අයිතිවාසිකම් - සිවිල්, දේශපාලන සහ, ආර්ථික" සහතික කෙරෙන බවය.

ගෝල්ඩා මෙයර් යටතෙහි කාන්තා අග්‍රාමාත්‍යවරියකගේ නායකත්වය යටතට පත්වූ තෙවන රට බවට ඊශ්‍රායෙලය පත්වූ අතර, 2010 වසර වන විට, ඊශ්‍රායෙලයෙහි පාර්ලිමේන්තු නියෝජනයෙහි කාන්තා සහභාගිත්වය සියයට 18 ක් වෙමින්, අරාබි ලෝකයෙහි සාමාන්‍ය අගය වූ සියයට 6 ඉක්මවූ අතර   එ.ජ. කොංග්‍රස් මණ්ඩලයෙහි අගය සම කළේය. එනමුදු, එය  ස්කැන්ඩිනේවියානු රටවල සාමාන්‍ය අගය වන සියයට 40 ට බෙහෙවින් පහළ පැවතිණි.

ද නෙසට් නමැති ඊශ්‍රායෙල පාර්ලිමේන්තුව විසින්, "කාන්තාවන්ගේ තත්ත්වය පිළිබඳ කමිටුව" පිහිටුවන ලද්දේ කාන්තාවන්ගේ අයිතිවාසිකම් පිළිබඳ සලකා බැලීම සඳහාය. මෙම කමිටුවෙහි ගෙන හැර දක්වන ලද පරමාර්ථ වූයේ  වෙනස්කම් කිරීම හා   කාන්තාවන්ට එරෙහි ප්‍රහාරාත්මක ප්‍රචණ්ඩතාව වැලැක්වීම සහ දේශපාලනයෙහිදී, ජීවිතචක්‍ර සිද්ධීන් තුලදී සහ  අධ්‍යාපනයෙහිදී සමානත්මතාවය සඳහා අනුබල දීම විය. 1998 වසරෙහිදී, නෙසට් සභාව විසින්  "ලිංගික වද හිංසාව වැලැක්වීම" සඳහා පණතක් සම්මත කරන ලදි.

2013 වසරෙහිදී, ආගමික කටයුතු අමාත්‍යවරයා සහ ප්‍රධාන රබීවරු විසින් ප්‍රකාශයක් නිකුත් කරමින් පැවසුවේ එම කාන්තාවන් විසින් එසේ කිරීම ඉල්ලා සිටියොත් පමණක් චාරිත්‍රමය ස්නාන උපස්ථායකවරුන් විසින් කාන්තාවන් පරික්ෂා කළ යුතු බවට වන අතර, මික්වේ ස්නානයන්හිදී බලහාත්කාරයෙන් කාන්තාවන් පරීක්ෂා කිරීම මෙයින් නිම කෙරිණි.

ආශ්‍රිත

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ඊශ්‍රායෙලය

ඊශ්‍රායෙලයෙහි කාන්තාවෝ


مسجد سيدي بلحسن يقع هذا المسجد الذي تغيرت وظيفته بالقرب من متحف في الجانب الغربي للساحة المجاورة للمسجد الكبير في تلمسان بنيت هذه المعلمة الفنية سنة 1296 تخليدا لذكرى الأمير أبي إبراهيم ابن يحيى يغمراسن بعد وفاته كما تدل على ذلك الكتابة المنقوشة على لوح من المرمر مثبت على الحائط الغربي لقاعة الصلاة وسط الصف الثالث، وكذا النقيشتان المصنوعتان من الجبص اللتان يعلوان المحراب. يعتقد أن الاسم الحالي للمسجد منبثق من اسم القاضي والعالم الشهير أبي الحسن بن يخلف التٓنٓسِي الذي مارس القضاء تحت حكم السلطان أبي سعيد عثمان (1283-1303).

وصف

هذا المسجد الذي يعود لفترة بني عبد الواد، ذو أبعاد متواضعة بالمقارنة مع المساجد المتواجدة داخل المدينة. يتميز تصميمه بغياب الصحن والبلاط الموازية لجدار القبلة. تنقسم قاعة الصلاة إلى ثلاث بلاطات وثلاثة أساكيب يحدها صفٓانِ من العقود المكسورة التي ترتكز على أعمدة من المرمر تعلو بعضها تيجان جميلة. صنعت السقوف من عوارض متشابكة من خشب الأرز تمنح أول نموذج جزائري لهذه التجاويف التي طورت ثلاثة أو أربعة قرون قبل ذلك بالأندلس.

ينفتح المحراب بعقد متجاوز داخل إطار مستطيل تعلوه ثلاث فتحات تحتلها شماسيات مفرغة بزخارف وردية، وتعد زخارف هذا المحراب من روائع أعمال النقش على الجبس، فجنبات العقد مؤثثة مناوبة بعناصر نباتية وأخرى كتابية. ومن الأركان تنبعث زخارف دقيقة نائية وحلزونية الشكل على الأرضية تتشكل من نجمة ذات ثمانية شعب وغصنيات. ويمثل هذا المحراب قمة الفن امغربي والأندلسي.فهو ذو تصميم سداسي الأضلاع و تغطية قبة دات مقرنصات شبيهة بتلك الموجودة بكل من جامع القرويين بفاس، ومسجد تينمل والكتبية (مراكش).وتغطيه قبة ذات مقرنصات , تتشكل كوته التي تنطلق من تصميم مثمن لتبلغ القبيبة ذات الأضلاع التي تغطيها، من مستطيلات معقوفة ومفرغة ومن معينات ومثلثات وعناصر كمثرية الشكل.

زين الجزء السفلي للتيجان بعناصر نباتية متعرجة ومقوسة وهو تقليد مختزل لتيجان الأقنثة العتيقة، أما الجزء العلوي ذو الشكل المتوازي السطوح. فيتكون من زخارف نباتية تذكر ببعض تيجان جامعي قرطبة وتلمسان أما اتواج الأخرى فتقدم زخار محوريا مشكلا من سعيفات ترتكز على أوراق الأقنثة السفلية. هذه العناصر الزخرفية الموجودة في الفن القوطي ظهرت في الغرب الإسلامي بالجعفرية بسرقسطة.

تحتل الصومعة، المبنية من الآجر والمكونة من برج ومنور، الزاوية الجنوبية الشرقية للبناية. يتم الصعود إلى سطحها بواسطة درج يحيط بنواة مركزية. تزين واجهاتها الأربعة سلسلة من الإطارات المستطيلة التي تملأ بعضها شبكة من المعينات المنحنية الأضلاع وبعضها الآخر عقود مفصصة. وعلى واجهاته الأربعة، ينفتح المنور بعقود مفصصة، كما تغطيه زخارف من الزليج الجميلة والمتعددة الألوان.

هذا الزخرف المميز لصوامع الفترة الموحدية ظهر لأول مرة في جامور الكتبية (مراكش) ويحتل مكانة كبيرة بصومعة حسان بالرباط والخيرالدة بإشبيلية وخاصة بمسجد القصبة بمراكش

من بين كل المعالم الموجودة بتلمسان، يعد مسجد سيدي بلحسن البناية التي تشبه إلى حد كبير الانجازات المعمارية المغربية والأندلسية.

مواضيع ذات صلة
 المرجعية الدينية الجزائرية
 الحزب الراتب

المصدر
 ر.بورويبة. فن الدين الإسلامي في الجزائر:الجزائر.الشركوة الوطنية للكتاب 1981 ص108-129.

مراجع

مساجد بنيت في القرن 13
مساجد تلمسان

مسجد سيدي بلحسن


Francis Clare Ford, né le  à Londres et mort à Paris le , est un diplomate britannique.

Biographie

Fils de l'écrivain Richard Ford et de sa femme Harriet, il commence sa carrière dans les 4th Queen's Own Hussars mais démissionne en 1851 pour entrer dans la carrière diplomatique. Il exerce comme secrétaire de légation et chargé d'affaires à Washington en 1867-1868 puis comme secrétaire d'ambassade à Saint-Pétersbourg (1871) et à Vienne (1872) et représente le gouvernement britannique à Halifax (Nouvelle-Écosse) de 1875 à 1877 lors d'une commission internationale sur la pêche (Halifax Fisheries Commission).

Ambassadeur auprès de la République d'Argentine (1878-1879) et en Uruguay (1879), il sert dans les mêmes fonctions à Rio de Janeiro (1879-1881) et à Athènes (1881-1884) et est ambassadeur en Espagne de 1884 à 1887, à Constantinople (1891-1893) puis à Rome (1893-1898).

Il entre au Conseil privé en 1888.

Mort à Paris, il est inhumé au cimetière de l'Ouest à Boulogne-Billancourt.

Publication
 La République d'Argentine (1867)

Notes et références

Liens externes

Diplomate britannique du XIXe siècle
Membre du Conseil privé du Royaume-Uni
Naissance en juin 1828
Naissance à Londres
Décès en janvier 1899
Décès dans le 8e arrondissement de Paris
Décès à 70 ans
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de l'Ouest (Boulogne-Billancourt)

Francis Clare Ford


Hansen Studios er et dansk pladestudie i Ribe, der drives af den danske sanger, guitarist og musikproducer Jacob Hansen. Det er specialiseret i lydmiksning, mastering indspilning. De vigtigste kunder er forskellige ekstremmetalbands.

Historie
Jacob Hansen producerede, masterede og mixede album siden 1990. De første indspilninger blev udført på en båndoptager. Hans navn blev langsomt kendt uden for hjembyen Esbjerg og flere musikere kom til ham for at indspille musik. Grupperne kom enten til ham, eller han udførte arbejdet i andre pladestudier. Hansen selv har været aktiv i i undergrundsmetal, hvor flere bands kendte til ham. Mange af kunderne kom derfor fra heavy metalmiljøet.

Hansen Studios har arbejdet med bands som Destruction, Heaven Shall Burn, Neaera, Illdisposed, Volbeat og Maroon.

Kunder
Denne liste er ikke fuldkommen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 Studiets hjemmeside

Pladestudier
Ribe

Hansen Studios


El 33.º Batallón Aéreo de Reemplazo (33. Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung) fue una unidad de la Luftwaffe de la Alemania nazi.

Historia
Fue formado el 1 de diciembre de 1938 en Ingolstadt.
El 1 de abril de 1939 es reasignado al I Batallón de Instrucción del 33.º Regimiento de Instrucción Aérea.

Comandantes
 Coronel Heinrich Geerkens (1 de diciembre de 1938 - 1 de abril de 1939)

Referencias

 WW2 - 33. Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung

Luftwaffe (Wehrmacht)
Batallones aéreos de reemplazo
Unidades militares alemanas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial

33.º Batallón Aéreo de Reemplazo


An Bromus sinensis in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Keng f.. An Bromus sinensis in nahilalakip ha genus nga Bromus, ngan familia nga Poaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Bromus

Bromus sinensis


Carlos Enrique Estremera Colón (2 September 1958 – 28 October 2020) was a Puerto Rican Salsa singer who was a native of Santurce, Puerto Rico.  Estremera was nicknamed "" () and later "" (), for his uncanny ability to improvise lyrics to Salsa music.  Estremera, was albino, and billed as  "" ().

Career
In his early years, Estremera lived in Residencial Las Casas, a large public housing complex located in Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
Estremera developed his talent as a singer while performing with other musicians in Barrio Obrero, one of the forty subbarrios of Santurce, not far from Tras Talleres, in Santurce, where many Puerto Rican Salsa musicians and other celebrities (such as Daniel Santos, Andy Montañez and Ossie Ocasio) were raised. Estremera was known by his fans as  () until proclaiming himself   (), which he used as a marketing concept, emphasizing his prowess as an on-the-spot improviser.

Estremera acknowledged Puerto Rican jíbaro country singers as a strong influence and developed a reputation for being a fast and clever improviser, in the same vein as Marvin Santiago, Gilberto Santa Rosa, Oscar D'León and other salsa singers who could improvise dozens of soneos (improvisations within a call–response format). Estremera participated in "soneo" battles with other salsa singers, most famously with Domingo Quiñones. In the summer of 1990 performing in Guánica, Yabucoa and Juana Díaz he improvised 105, 128, then 130 "soneos", respectively.

According to Ruben Blades, he met Estremera at a venue in Isla Verde (Puerto Rico) in the early 1970s where Celia Cruz, delighted with Estemera's talent brought him onto the stage.  Estremera became famous for his uncanny ability to improvise lyrics during Salsa jams.

In 1978, Estremera joined Bobby Valentín, among other replacements to Valentin's band -namely Santiago and former Sonora Ponceña singer Luiggi Texidor. Estremera recorded six albums before stating his own band in 1984. He was the lead singer on many of the best selling hits by Valentín's band, particularly the band's best seller ever, "La boda de ella" ("Her Wedding"), written by Roberto Angleró.

Estremera enjoyed wild success in Puerto Rico as well as in Brazil and Peru, among other places. His best known hit as a solo artist is "El Toro" ("The Bull"), a humorous take on infidelity (and, in one line, about his low vision). A 2003 CD release celebrated his twenty years in the music industry.

In 2013, Estremera said he felt Puerto Rico was no longer instrumental in keeping the Salsa music genre alive, but that other countries such as Colombia, Perú and Venezuela were.
He also faced two incidents where he was vetted from venues in Puerto Rico and Colombia for having had used profanity onstage. As a result, he often polled audiences before addressing specific subjects onstage.

Health problems and death
Estremeda had battled pulmonary fibrosis, a condition that is common among albino people. According to his wife, after Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico in September 2017, it became difficult for him to find the medications needed to treat his condition and this caused his health to deteriorate. On 2 November 2018, Estremera underwent a dual lung transplant operation at a hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. After almost a year of his surgery, Estremera was back in Puerto Rico, striving and undergoing physical therapy to regain strength in his legs. The dual lung transplant performed at Penn Medicine in Philadelphia was called an amazing success, however, during the next two years he would be in and out of hospitals until he died in San Juan, Puerto Rico on October 28, 2020, at age 62. In his last hospital stay, Estremera told his wife, Yamira Arce, that he was tired and asked her, "to let him go". Arce said that he told her, "I'm checking in but I won't be leaving" (the hospital) and Arce also noted that Estremera's death was not due to coronavirus.

Discography

Puerto Rican Masters, La Historia de la Salsa (2003)
Opera Ecuajey Vol. 1 (2002)
Sonora Ponceña 45 Años (1999)
Diferente (1999)
Encuentro Histórico (1998)
Punto y Aparte (1996)
Cambio de Sentido (1994)
Éxitos del Dueño del Soneo (1991)
Dueño del Soneo, Vol.2 (1990)
Dueño del Soneo, Vol.1 (1989)
Salvaje '88 (1988)
El Niño de Oro (1986)

With Bobby Valentín

En Acción (1984)
Brujería (1983)
Presenta a el Cano Estremera (1982)
Siempre en Forma (1981)
El Gato (1980)
La Espinita (1979)
La Boda de Ella (1978)

See also

List of Puerto Ricans

References

External links

1958 births
2020 deaths
Musicians from Santurce, Puerto Rico
People with albinism
20th-century Puerto Rican male singers
Singers with disabilities
Puerto Rican people with disabilities
Salsa musicians

Cano Estremera


Casa de campo hace referencia a varios artículos:

Vivienda en el medio rural
 Casa de campo o casa pobre, casa fuera de una población que puede utilizarse como centro de labores agrícolas y/o para recreo. Puede ser equivalente a una casa rural.
 Casa de campo (recreo), casa de recreo vinculada en sus orígenes con la nobleza y las clases acomodadas, en la línea de las villas palladianas y las quintas y en cierto sentido relacionada con las country houses inglesas, los château franceses o los landhaus alemanes.

Lugares concretos
 Casa de campo de Thomas Hardy, en Dorset, Inglaterra.
 Casa de Campo (La Romana), estación turística y club situado en La Romana (República Dominicana).

En Madrid
 Casa de Campo, parque y antiguo Real Sitio.
 Palacio de la Casa de Campo, de origen renacentista, denominado Palacio de los Vargas.
 Lago de la Casa de Campo, estanque de origen renacentista.
 Casa de Campo (Madrid), barrio del distrito Moncloa-Aravaca.
 Estación de Casa de Campo, estación del Metro de Madrid.

Además
 Casa de campo (novela), del escritor chileno José Donoso.

Casa de campo


5. etape af Tour de France 2018 gik fra Lorient til Quimper 11. juli 2018.

Peter Sagan vandt sin anden etapesejr, mens Greg Van Avermaet forsvarede den gule førertrøje.

Etaperesultater

Samlet efter etapen

Samlede stilling

Pointkonkurrencen

Bjergkonkurrencen

Ungdomskonkurrencen

Holdkonkurrencen

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

05

5. etape af Tour de France 2018


Étienne-René Potier de Gesvres (Paris, 2 de janeiro de 1697 - Paris, 24 de julho de 1774) foi um cardeal do século XVIII

Nascimento
Nasceu em Paris em 2 de janeiro de 1697. Filho do Duque François Potier des Gesvres e Marie Geneviève de Seiglièères. Ele também está listado como Stephanus Ronatus Potter de Geavres; e como Stefano Renato Potier de Gesures. Sobrinho do cardeal Léon Potier de Gesvres (1719). Primo em segundo grau do cardeal Nicolas de Saulx-Tavannes (1756), por parte de mãe. No final da adolescência, decidiu dedicar-se ao serviço da Igreja sob a direção de seu tio cardeal.

Educação
Estudou na Universidade La Sorbonne , Paris, onde obteve a licenciatura em teologia em 1718; e mais tarde, uma licenciatura in utroque iure , tanto em direito canônico quanto em direito civil..

Início da vida
Abade commendatario da abadia real de Notre-Dame d'Orsscamp, 1723 a 1734..

Sacerdócio
Ordenado em 1725. Por dois anos, vigário geral de Bourges com seu tio. O rei Luís XV o nomeou para a diocese de Beauvais..

Episcopado
Eleito bispo de Beauvais em 24 de abril de 1728. Consagrada em 6 de junho de 1728, igreja de Saint-Ouen-le Aumône, Val-d'Oise, por Louis de la Vergne Tressan, arcebispo de Rouen, assistido por Nicolas de Saulx-Tavannes , bispo de Châlons-sur-Marne, e por Charles de La Roche-Aymon, bispo titular de Sarepta. Promovido a cardinalato por instância do rei Augusto III da Polônia, a pedido de Jaime III, pretendente ao trono britânico..

Cardinalado
Criado cardeal sacerdote no consistório de 5 de abril de 1756; o papa enviou-lhe o barrete vermelho com um breve apostólico datado de 7 de abril de 1756; recebeu o chapéu vermelho em 27 de julho de 1758; e o título de S. Agnesi fuori le mura, 2 de agosto de 1758. Atribuído à SS. CC. de Propaganda Fide, Imunidade Eclesiástica e Index. Abade commendatario da abadia real de Saint-Vincent de Laon desde julho de 1756. Participou do conclave de 1758 , que elegeu o Papa Clemente XIII. Comendador da Ordem de Saint-Esprit , fevereiro de 1759. Abade commendatario das abadias reais de Saint-Étienne de Caen, 1759; e Saint-Lambert de Leisses. Não participou do conclave de 1769, que elegeu o Papa Clemente XIV . Renunciou ao governo da diocese, 22 de maio de 1772; e retirou-se para Paris. Ele era par da França..

Morte
Morreu em Paris em 24 de julho de 1774, de hidropisia. Exposto e enterrado no túmulo de sua família na igreja dos Celestinos, Paris..

Cardeais nomeados pelo papa Bento XIV

Étienne-René Potier de Gesvres


Diablo (İspanyolca Şeytan) PC ve Macintosh için Blizzard North tarafından geliştirilmiş ve Blizzard Entertainment tarafından 31 Aralık 1996'da piyasaya sürülmüş bir aksiyon-rol yapma hack and slash oyunudur.

Kurgusal Sanctuary dünyasındaki Khanduras Krallığı'nda geçen Diablo'da oyuncu, Dehşetin Efendisi(Şeytan) Diablo'yu yok etmeye çalışan yalnız bir kahramanı yönetir. Oyuncu, Tristram kasabasının altındaki on altı zindandan geçerek Cehennem'e varır ve orada Diablo ile yüzleşir.

Çıktığı zamandaki bilgisayar oyunlarına kıyasla, elle çizilmiş bitmap grafikleri, kolay kavranan oyun yapısı ve yüksek oynanabilirliği ile firmaya ve oyun türüne büyük popülerlik kazandırdı.

Diablo: Hellfire adlı genişletme paketi 1997'de Sierra Entertainment tarafından yayımlandı. 1998'de Blizzard, Diablo'nun PlayStation sürümünü yayımladı. Climax Studios tarafından geliştirilen bu sürümde ana karakter, PlayStation kontrolcüsü ile doğrudan kontrol edilebiliyordu. Oyunun başarısının ardından 2000'de Diablo II ve 2012'de Diablo III yayımlandı. Halen Diablo 3 satıştadır.

Hikâye

Diablo, Sanctuary adlı dünyada geçer. Teknolojik olarak Orta Çağ zamanlarına denk gelen ancak mistik özellikleri de barındıran bu dünyada oyuncu, seçtiği bir kahramanı yönlendirir.

Diablo, Cennet ve Cehennem arasındaki ütopik bir savaş olan "Günah Savaşı" ve bu savaşın bir tarafı olan Cehennem'deki olayların dünyaya sıçraması ile ilgili olayları anlatır.

Cennet'in tüm varlıklara düzen ve disiplinin, Cehenem'in ise onlar yerine kaosun hüküm sürmesi gerektiği anlayışı yüzünden başlayan savaş gökyüzündeki en eski yıldızdan bile daha öncesine dayanmaktadır.

Cehennem 7 Büyük İblis tarafından yönetilir. Bunların üçü, üç temel kötülük lordu olarak öne çıkar: En küçükleri olmasına rağmen liderleri ve en güçlüsü Diablo (Dehşetin Efendisi), Baal (Yıkımın Efendisi) ve en büyükleri Mephisto (Nefretin Efendisi). Onlardan sonra yine büyük güçlere sahip 4 iblis Azmodan (Günahların Efendisi), Belial (Yalanların Efendisi), Andariel(Izdırap Bakiresi) ve Duriel (Acının Efendisi) gelir.

Normalde ölümlü dünya ile ilgili olmayan bu savaş, Cehennem'de dönen bir entrika ve ardından gelen bir devrimle ölümlü topraklara sıçramıştır. Büyük Sürgün olarak adlandırılan bu olayda 3 kardeş, onlara karşı diğer 4 yönetici iblisin önderliğinde birleşen tüm Cehennem güçleri tarafından cehennemden sürülür. Kötülüklerine ve savaşlarına dünyaya sürülmeleri engel olmayan 3 Kardeş, Günah Savaşı'na yeni bir boyut katar: insanlar. Taraf seçme özgürlüğünü elinde tutan tek varlık olan insanlar, her iki tarafta da kendilerine müttefikler bulur.

Başmelek Tyrael'ın önderliğinde, politik ve ideolojik farklılıklarını bir yana koyarak birleşen büyücü klanları, Horadrim adında bir birlik oluşturur. Bu insanların Günah Savaşı'nda yarattığı en büyük değişimlerden biri olur. Tyrael'ın Horadrim'e verdiği, iblisleri hapsetme gücüne sahip olan "ruhtaşları" ile Horadrim ava başar. Gayet iyi bir iş çıkaran ve iblis avlamakta uzman olan Horadrim, hemen 3 Kardeşin peşine düşer. Önce Mephisto yakalanır ve ruhu taşa hapsedilip, Zakarum Kilisesi'nin korumasına bırakılır. Baal, Horadrim'in önde gelenlerinden Tal-Rasha'nın önderliğindeki bir grup ile Lut Gholein civarında karşılaşır. Baal ruhtaşınını parçalama başarısını gösterse de, parçalardan biri kalbine saplanan Tal-Rasha kendini feda ederek, kendisiyle beraber Baal'i de Lut Gholein'in sıcak kumları altına hapseder. Bir şekilde Horadrim'den sürekli kaçmayı başaran küçük Kardeş Diablo, Batıya, Khanduras'a doğru çekilir. Onu Jered Cain ve bir grup Horadrim, uzun süre izini sürdükten sonra yakalar, ruhunu taşa hapsedip unutulmuş bir kilisenin derinliklerine gömer.

Horadrim iblis yakalamaktaki başarısını ruhtaşlarının saklandığı yeri korumakta gösteremez. İblislerin yakalanması ile zamanla birbirlerine düşen büyücü klanları dağılır. Önce başlarında onları koruyan kalmaz, sonra böyle bir tehlikenin bile varlığı unutulur. Böylece Horadrim dağılmışken, Cennet'in yolundan sapan melek Izual'ın da yardımıyla ilk serbest kalan Mephisto olur. Mephisto, Zakarum'un gardiyanlığından kurtulduğu gibi, Zakarum düzenini etkileyerek ele geçirir. İblisin oyunlarına gelmeyen tek Zakarum rahibi Khalim de yolundan çekilince Mephisto hemen kardeşlerini kurtarmak için harekete geçer. Rahiplerinden biri olan Lazarus'u Khanduras'a götürür.

Lazarus Khanduras'ta her şeyden habersiz bir şekilde, kendi krallığını ilan etmiş ve eski bir katedrali kendine saray bellemiş olan Leoric'in yanına sızar. Katedralin derinliklerinde taşın içinde uyuyan Diablo ile bağlantıya geçen Lazarus, şeytanın dünyada vücut bulabilmesi için çalışmalara başlar. Horadrim ile yaptığı ve hapis olduğu durumdan dolayı zayıf olan Diablo, ele geçirmek için ilk denediği kişi olan Leoric'te başarısız olur. İblise direnebilen Leoric bu zorlu savaştan ağır yaralarla çıkar ama akıl sağlığını yitirir. Bunun üzerine Lazarus Diablo'nun yerleşmesi için kralın oğlu Albrecht'i kaçırır. Oğlunun yokluğundan kendi adamlarını suçlu tutan Leoric, deli haliyle gerçekleri göremez ve bundan sorumlu tuttuğu Lachdanan'a adamlarını saldırtır. Lachdanan kralın askerlerini ve en sonunda aslında sonuna kadar sadık oluğu delirmiş kralını öldürür. Albrecht'i ele geçiren ve kendi şekline dönüşen Diablo, son kardeşi Baal'i kurtarmak için çalışmalara başlar.

Tam da bu sırada uzun zaman önce Tristram'dan ayrılmış bir gezgin bir keşiş olan oyuncu, eski şehrine geri döner.

Deckard Cain
Oyuna ismini veren Diablo karakteri dışında oyunun tüm serilerinde yer alan tek karakterdir.

Deckard Cain, geçmişte Jered Cain liderliğinde Diablo'yu takip edip yakalayan Horadrim isimli kadim büyücü grubunun hayatta kalan tek üyesidir. Deckard Cain, oyun içerisinde tavsiyeler verip oyuncuyu yönlendirir ve çeşitli bilgiler verir.

Galeri

Dış bağlantılar

 Blizzard'ın 4 ana dünyası için resmi forum sitesi ve dahası
 Jarulf's Guide to Diablo and Hellfire  - "Oyun hakkında Kapsamlı bir kullanıcı sayfası."
 Planet Diablo - GameSpy'da Diablo bölümü.

1996 video oyunları
Blizzard oyunları
Climax Studios oyunları
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nde geliştirilen video oyunları
Mac OS oyunları
Microsoft Windows oyunları
1997 video oyunları
Aksiyon-rol yapma oyunları
Kara fantezi-rol yapma oyunları
Kooperatif video oyunları
Hack and slash-rol yapma oyunları
Çok oyunculu çevrimiçi oyunlar
PlayStation oyunları
Demon video oyunları
Başkahramanı kadın olan video oyunları
Genişleme paketine sahip video oyunları
İptal edilen Sega Saturn oyunları
Prosedürel içerik üretimi tekniğini kullanan video oyunları
İzometrik grafiğe sahip video oyunları

Diablo


Orta Anadolu ya da kısaca Or-An, Ankara ilinin Çankaya ilçesine bağlı bir mahalledir. Ankara'nın metrekare başına en fazla kira getirisi sağlayan mahallesidir. TRT genel merkez binası bu mahallede yer alır.

Nüfus

Kaynakça

Çankaya'nın mahalleleri

Or-An


José Fernández Torres, known as Tomatito (born Fondón, 1958), is a Spanish roma flamenco guitarist and composer. Having started his career accompanying famed flamenco singer Camarón de la Isla (with Paco de Lucía), he has made a number of collaborative albums and six solo albums, two of which have won Latin Grammy Awards.

Biography

Beginnings, Camarón de la Isla
Jose Fernandez Torres grew up in a musical family, which included two guitar playing uncles: Niño Miguel, a flamenco guitarist, and Antonio, a professional guitarist.

Tomatito, who had been playing clubs in Andalucía, became a flamenco sensation when he was discovered by guitarist Paco de Lucía. He accompanied legendary flamenco singer Camarón de la Isla for two decades. With Paco and Camarón he recorded four albums, and had a 1979 hit called "La Leyenda del Tiempo". Their album Paris 87 won a Latin Grammy for best flamenco album in 2000. Their partnership continued until Camarón's death in 1992.

Later career
Tomatito's music blends traditional flamenco and jazz. On some albums, such as Barrio Negro, he experimented with Afro-Cuban and Brazilian Music. He has also worked with flamenco singers Duquende and Potito and pianist Chano Domínguez, among others. A collaboration with pianist Michel Camilo produced the albums Spain (2000), which won a Latin Grammy, and Spain Again (2006).

Tomatito has produced six solo albums. His 2005 album Aguadulce won a Latin Grammy for best flamenco album, and in 2010 he won his second solo Latin Grammy for Sonanta Suite.

His music for the film Vengo, directed by Tony Gatlif, won the César Award for Best Music Written for a Film in 2001.

On March 11, 2019, he was awarded by the Premio Flamenco Radio of Canal Sur.

Style and instruments
Tomatito incorporates elements of jazz in his style of flamenco; both, he says, "emerged as a response to discrimination, a cry of suffering, or the joy of liberation". Half of what he plays is improvised, he said. He frequently employs the Phrygian mode, and his favorite tuning is D, A, D, G, B♭, D.

He plays guitars made by Manuel Reyes, and uses (and endorses) strings by Savarez.

Discography

Solo albums
 1987: Rosas del Amor
 1991: Barrio Negro
 1997: Guitarra Gitana
 2000: Spain (with Michel Camilo)
 2001: Paseo de los Castaños
 2004: Aguadulce
 2006: Spain Again (with Michel Camilo)
2008: Pansequito
 2010: Sonanta Suite (with Josep Pons and the Orquesta Nacional de España)
 2013: Soy Flamenco
 2016: Spain Forever (with Michel Camilo)
2019:  Rodrigo: Concierto De Aranjuez

Singles
 2012: "Mi Santa" Ft Romeo

With Camarón de la Isla and Paco de Lucía
 1981: "Como El Agua"
 1983: "Calle Real"
 1984: "Vivire"
 1992: "Potro de Rabia y Miel"

With Camarón de la Isla
 1979: "La Leyenda del Tiempo"
 1986: "Te lo Dice Camarón"
 1987: "Flamenco Vivo"
 1989: "Soy Gitano"
 1994: "Camarón Nuestro"
 1999: Paris 1987

References

External links
Tomatito website
Tomatito – Biography, discography, video collection and bibliography.
www.deflamenco.com

1958 births
Living people
Musicians from Andalusia
Flamenco
Spanish flamenco guitarists
Spanish male guitarists
Latin Grammy Award winners
Milestone Records artists
People from Almería
Romani guitarists
Spanish Romani people
EmArcy Records artists

Tomatito


Demetrio es el título de una ópera seria que el italiano Pietro Metastasio (1698 – 1782) escribió como poeta oficial del  Emperador de Austria. El libreto es el noveno de los 27 que escribió Metastasio, situándose entre Artaserse (1730) e Issipile (1732).

En 1731 el compositor italiano Antonio Caldara, a la sazón maestro de capilla de la corte imperial de Viena, musicó el texto de Metastasio. La ópera, cantada en italiano y dividida en 3 actos, fue estrenada el Teatro Imperial de la Corte de Viena el 4 de noviembre, con motivo de la onomástica del emperador  Carlos VI  de Austria.

Composición
Las fuentes a las que acudió Metastasio para escribir el libreto de Demetrio fueron: la Geografía del historiador griego Estrabón y los trabajos de Diodoro de Sicilia.

Estreno
En 1748 el compositor español Egidio Lasnel, anagrama de su verdadero nombre Diego Nasell, retomó el libreto de Metastasio para componer una ópera homónima, cantada en italiano y dividida en tres actos, cuyo estreno tuvo lugar en el Teatro San Carlos de Nápoles el 18 de diciembre.

Personajes

{| class="wikitable"
! Personaje
!  Tesitura
! Reparto el 18 de diciembre 1748Director: Domenico de Matteis
|-
| Demetrio / Alceste  (Príncipe bajo el nombre de Alceste)
|castrato
| Filippo Elisi
|-
|Alejandro (Usurpador del trono Seléucida)
|tenor
| Gregorio Babbi
|-
| Cleonice  (Hija de Alejandro y enamorada de Demetrio)
|soprano
| Caterina Aschieri
|-
| Fenicio  (Preceptor de Demetrio)
|soprano
| Angela Conti-Leonardi (La Taccarina)
|-
| Olinto
|soprano
| Angela Conti-Leonardi (La Taccarina)
|-
|Barsene |sopranista
| Giovanni Tedeschi
|-
|Mitrane '|soprano
| Maria Maddalena Parigi
|}

La escenografía estuvo a cargo de Vincenzo Re.

 Argumento

Demetrio I Sóter, rey seléucida de Siria, expulsado de su propio reino por el usurpador Alejandro Balas, murió desterrado entre los cretenses, únicos amigos que le quedaron en su adversa fortuna. No obstante, antes de su fuga, entregó a su hijo menor, el pequeño  Demetrio, a Fenicio, el más fiel entre sus vasallos, para que lo custodiase hasta que se presentara la oportunidad de la venganza.

Creció el príncipe real desconocida su condición, incluso para sí mismo, bajo el falso nombre de Alceste, durante un tiempo en la selva, donde la prudencia de Fenicio consiguió ocultarlo a las pesquisas del susodicho Alejandro, y después en Seleucia junto al propio Fenicio, que tan generoso se mostró con él como ejemplo de su fe inviolable. En poco tiempo, el creído Alceste llegó a ser la admiración del reino, tal que fue elevado a considerable grado en la milicia de su enemigo Alejandro, y ardientemente querido por Cleonice, hija de este, princesa digna de padre más generoso.

Cuando le pareció momento oportuno, el muy observador Fenicio empezó a tentar el ánimo de los vasallos, haciendo hábilmente esparcir en el pueblo que el joven Demetrio vivía, aunque bajo nombre desconocido. A esta voz, que se extendió en un momento, los cretenses se declararon defensores del legítimo príncipe. Y Alejandro, para extinguir el incendio antes de que fuera más grande, intentó reprimirlos, pero fue vencido por ellos y muerto. En la pugna se vio envuelto Alceste por necesidad de su grado militar, y durante algún tiempo no se tuvo en Seléucida más noticia de él.

Por tanto, la muerte de Alejandro, tan deseada por Fenicio, vino a suceder en un momento inoportuno para sus cálculos, tanto porque Alceste no estaba en Seléucia, como porque conocía que, en esta situación, la codicia de los altos cargos, cada uno de los cuales aspiraba a la corona, habría hecho pasar por impostor al legítimo heredero. Por tanto, suspirando por el retorno y solicitando ocultamente el socorro de los cretenses, dejó de publicar su secreto.

Mientras tanto, se convino entre los pretendientes que la princesa Cleonice, reconocida por todos como reina, eligiera de entre ellos a un marido. Ésta difirió largamente la elección bajo distintos pretextos, para esperar la llegada de Alceste, el cual llegó oportunamente cuando la afligida reina estaba ya a punto de tener que elegir.

Luego, tras varias vicisitudes, descubierto en Alceste al verdadero Demetrio, recobró este la paterna corona.

 Influencia
Metastasio tuvo gran influencia sobre los compositores de ópera desde principios del  a comienzos del . Los teatros de más renombre representaron en este período obras del ilustre italiano, y los compositores musicalizaron los libretos que el público esperaba ansioso. Demetrio'' fue utilizada por más de 50 compositores para componer otras tantas óperas; sin embargo el paso del tiempo ha hecho caer en el olvido a todas ellas.

Véase también
 Anexo: Óperas tituladas "Demetrio" que tienen por libretista a Metastasio.
 Anexo: Óperas con libreto de Metastasio

Referencias

 New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 2ª Ed. (2001)

Óperas de Egidio Lasnel
Óperas de 1748
Óperas en italiano
Óperas estrenadas en Nápoles

Demetrio (Lasnel)


Die Eberhard-Hoesch-Straße in Düren, Nordrhein-Westfalen, war eine Hauptdurchgangsstraße. Heute ist sie eine normale Innerortsstraße.

Die Eberhard-Hoesch-Straße begann früher am Friedrich-Ebert-Platz und führte dann in südliche Richtung zum Ortsausgang. Der zum Ortsrand führende Straßenverlauf war folgender: beginnend am Friedrich-Ebert-Platz, dann kurz vor der Oststraße rechts schräg abbiegend (die schräg stehende Häuserfront ist heute noch zu sehen), dann über die Straße "Im Eschfeld", die Römerstraße/Frankenstraße überquerend, in die heutige Eberhard-Hoesch-Straße bis zur Zülpicher Straße. Der ganze Straßenzug hatte den einheitlichen Namen "Eberhard-Hoesch-Straße". Heute hat nur noch das Teilstück zwischen Römerstraße/Frankenstraße und Zülpicher Straße diesen Namen. In einem großen Teilstück besteht die Straße aus je einer Fahrbahn mit dazwischen liegendem, baumbestandenem, etwa sieben Meter breiten Mittelstreifen.

Geschichte
Die Straße ist nach Eberhard Hoesch (1827–1907) benannt, einem Fabrikanten, der die Hoesch AG in Dortmund mitbegründete. Der 1869 gegründete Verschönerungsverein  plante eine Promenade von der nördlich gelegenen Arnoldsweilerstraße quer durch die Stadt zur südlichen Zülpicher Straße. 1877 wurde der Straßenzug fertiggestellt und erhielt den Namen Vereinsstraße nördlich (heute Schoellerstraße) bis zum Kölnplatz (heute Friedrich-Ebert-Platz) und dann Vereinsstraße südlich bis zur Zülpicher Straße. Sie wurde 1914 nach Eberhard Hoesch benannt. Erst in den 1960er Jahren wurde die Eberhard-Hoesch-Straße geteilt und teilweise umbenannt.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Straßen in Düren

Quellen
 Straßenliste auf der Webseite der Stadt Düren (PDF; 58 kB)
 Josef Geuenich: Die Dürener Straßennamen, Düren 1965, herausgegeben von der Stadt Düren und dem Dürener Geschichtsverein

Straße in Düren

Eberhard-Hoesch-Straße (Düren)


ලිව්රෝ නවීන අංග වලින් සමන්විත අංග සම්පූර්ණ පුස්තකාල මෘදුකාංගයකි. පුස්තකාල පොත්පත්, සාමාජිකයින් සහ පුස්තකාලයට අදාල තොරතුරු පරිගණක ගත කිරීමට භාවිතා කරයි.

විශේෂාංග

දත්ත ප්‍රවිශ්ඨ කිරීමේදී සිංහල දෙමළ යුනිකේත සඳහා පූර්ණ සහාය. මෙනිසාම සිංහල කෘතීන් හා දෙමළ භාෂා කෘතීන් එම භාෂාවෙන්ම ඇතුළත් කළ හැකිය. (ශ්‍රී ලංකාවේ බොහෝවිට පුස්තකාල දත්ත ඇතුළත් කරනුයේ Transliteration යොදා ගනී මෙනිසා ම දත්ත ඇතුළත් කිරීමේදී බොහෝ වැරදි සිදුවේ මෙම වරද මෙමගින් නිරාකරන‍ය වේ. සිංහල හා දෙමළ භාෂාවෙන් ඇතුළත් කළ දත්ත එම භාෂාවන්ගෙන්ම සෙවීමේ හැකියාව ඇත.)
දැනට භාවිතයේ ඇති පුස්තකාල මාදුකාංග දත්ත මෙම මෘදුකාංගය තුළට ලබා ගැනීමමේ ඇති හැකියාව. පුස්තකාලය තුල ඇති පොත් පිලිබඳ සුචිකරනයේදී තොරතුරු බොහෝවිට WinISIS මෘදුකාංගය භාවි‍තයෙන් ඇතුළත් කොට ඇත. යම් ලෙසකින් WinISIS මගින් දත්ත ඇතුළත් කොට ඇත්කනම් එම දත්ත සියල්ල අලුතින් එක් කිරීමකින් තොරව මෙම මෘදුකාංගය තුළට ආයාත කරගැනීමේ හැකියාවෙන් යුක්තය.
මෙම මෘදුකාංගය වෙබ් තාක්ෂණය මත පදනම්ව ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.  කිසිදු ලෙසකින් මෙම මෘදුකාංගය ක්‍රියාත්මක වීම සඳහා අන්තර් ජාලය පරිගණකයේ තිබීම අනිවාර්යය නොවේ. නමුත් මෙම මෘදුකාංගය ක්‍රියාත්මක වනුයේ වෙබ් තාක්ෂණය යොදාගෙනය.
Linux, Windows and MacOS මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධති වල මෙම මෘදුකාංග ස්ථාපිත කළ හැකි අතර  ලිනක්ස් මෙහෙයුම් පද්ධතියේ ඉතාමත් සාර්ථක පහසුකම් ඇතුව ක්‍රියාත්මක වේ.
MARC21 සහ UNIMARC වැනි අන්තර්ජාතික සම්මත දත්ත පදනම් ආකෘතියක් මෙම මෘදුකාංගය විසින් භාවිත කරන බැවින් පුස්තකාල පුස්තකාල අතර දත්ත පදනම් හුවමාරුව අන්තර්ජාතිකවද කළ හැකි වීම.
එක් පුස්තකාලයක යම් කෘතියක තොරතුරු ඇතුළත් කොට ඇත්නම් එම කෘතිය පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු අලුතින් ඇතුලත් කිරීමෙන් තොරව z39.50 පහසුකම ඔස්සේ මෙම මෘදුකාංගය භාවිත කරන පුස්තකාල දත්ත පදනම වෙත ලබාගැනීමේ පහසුකම මෙහි ඇතුලත්ය. මෙහිදී අලුතින්ම කෘතීන් පරිගණකයට ඇතුලත් කිරීමේ අවශ්‍යථාවයක් ඇති නොවන බැවින් අඩු ආයාසයකින් මෙම දත්ත ගබඩා කොට ගත හැකිය.
මාර්ගගත මහජන ප්‍රවේශ සුචිය. Online Public Access Catalog (පුස්තකයන්ට පුස්තකාල ද්‍රව්‍ය සොයාගැනීමට පහුසුකම් ඇති හා පුස්තකාල ද්‍රව්‍ය වෙන්කරගැනීමේ හැකියාව ඇති අතුරු මුහුණත) පරිශීලකයින්ට තමන් කැමති ස්ථානයක සිට අන්තර්ජාලය ඔස්සේ පුස්තකාල පොත් පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු සෙවිය හැකිවීම මෙමගින් ලැබේ. යම් ලෙසකින් යම් කෘතියක් අදාල පුස්තකාලය තුළ නොමැතිනම් එම පාඨකයාට එම කෘතිය පුස්තකාලය වෙත ලබාගන්නා ලෙස ඉල්ලීමක් කල හැකි අතරම මෙම ඉල්ලීම පුස්තකාලාධීපති වෙත ලැබේ.
ලිව්රෝ වැඩසටහන වෙත ඇතුළත් කරනු ලබන කෘතීන්ට අදාල පොත් කවර රූප ඇමසන් හා ගූගල් වෙතින් ලබා ගැනීම. මෙනිසාම කිසිදු ලෙසකින් පොත් කවර වැඩසටනට වෙනමම ක්‍රියාවලියක් ලෙස ඇතුළත් කළ යුතු නොවේ.
ඊමේල් මගින් පොත් ලබා ගන්නා හට ලබාගත් පොත් හා එම පොත් නැවත භාරදිය යුතු දින හා වෙනත් තොතුරු ආදිය ඊමේල් පනිවිඩ මගින් දැනගැනීමට සැලැස්වීම.
පෙර ඇණවුම් පිළිබඳ sms මගින් දැනුම් දීම.
පුස්තකාල පාලනය හා කලමණාකරනය සඳහා පූර්ණ සහය
පුස්තකාලය වෙත පොත් ලබාගැනීම් හා එම පොත් නිකුත් කිරීම එකම මොහොතක කිරීමේ හැකියාව.
පුස්තකාල සම්පත් කළමනාකරණය අන්තර්ජාලයට සම්බන්ධව හා විසන්ධව කල හැකිවීම
ඔබේම බාර්කෝඩ් සැකසීමට හැකිවීම. විවිධවූ ආකාරයන්ගෙන් බාර්කෝඩ් සකසා ගැනීමේ හැකියාව මෙය සතුය. මෙහිදී ඔබට රිසි පරිදි මෙහි වෙනස්කම් කළ හැකිවේ.
පුස්තකාලය වෙත ලබාගත් නව කෘතින් පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු RSS මගින් දැනගත හැකිවීම. අලුතින් මිළදී ගත් කෘතින් කවරක්ද යන්න දැනගත හැකිවීම මගින් පාථකයන් කියවීමට පෙළබවීමට වර්ථනය කිරීමට හේතුවේ.
කාණ්ඩ වශයෙන් නිකුත්වන වාර සඟරා,  පුවත්පත් කළමණාකරණයට පහසුව.
පොත් පත් අලුතින් මිළදී ගැනීමේදී සඳහා සරල හා පාථක අවශ්‍යථා හදුනාගත හැකි පහසුකම් වලින් සමන්විත අංග සම්පූර්ණ පහසුකම.
සෑම පරිශීලකයෙකුටම පහසුවන පරිදි සැකසූ සෙවීම් අතුරුමුහුණත. පුස්තකාල සතු සියලු පොත් පත් හා වාර සඟරා ඉතා පහසුවෙන් සොයාගත හැකි පහසුකම් වලින් යුත් අංග සම්පූර්ණ  පරිශීලක සෙවුම් අතුරු මුහුණතකින් මෙය සමන්විත වේ.
සාමාන්‍ය හා  විශේෂ පුස්තකාල සඳහාම සැකසූ මොඩියුලයන්
පුස්තකාල ලිපි ලිපි ලේඛන හෝ විද්‍යුත් මාධ්‍ය කලමනාකරණයට භාවිතා කල හැකිවීම

බාහිර ලිපි සහ තොරතුරු
 නිල වෙබ් අඩවිය

ලිව්රෝ


Beaver County may refer to the following places:

Canada
 Beaver County, Alberta

United States
 Beaver County, Oklahoma
 Beaver County, Pennsylvania
 Beaver County, Utah

Beaver County


The Interceptor Multi-Threat Body Armor System  (IBA) is a bullet-resistant body armor system that was used by the United States Armed Forces during the 2000s, with some limited usage into the mid-2010s. IBA and its design replaced the older standardized fragmentation protective Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops (PASGT) body armor system that was designed in the late 1970s and introduced in the early 1980s.

The IBA system consists of its core component: the outer tactical vest (OTV), which can optionally be worn with a throat protector, groin protector, and biceps (or deltoid) protector. The latter three auxiliary protectors are removable from the main vest, which can be worn alone.

IBA was designed in the late 1990s as a replacement for the PASGT vest and the essentially-improvised ISAPO supplemental armor plate carrier, a combination widely criticized by US troops for its immense weight. It comes in a variety of color schemes and camouflage patterns depending on who the vest was produced for. It was used by most of the U.S. military's branches during much of the 2000s, and was even seeing limited use as late as 2015 among some National Guard units.

Beginning in 2007 the Improved Outer Tactical Vest began to replace the OTVs in the United States Army's service and since then it has been mostly replaced in its inventory, with the exception of a few OTVs still in service with the Army National Guard and U.S. Army Reserve; however, both the OTV and the newer IOTV are being replaced by the Modular Scalable Vest. The U.S. Marine Corps has replaced the OTV with the Modular Tactical Vest (MTV) and Scalable Plate Carrier (SPC), although IBA is still used by the U.S. Navy for sailors aboard its warships as of 2017 and by the U.S. Army Reserve as of 2018. Though IBA has been mostly replaced in U.S. military service, it is still used by the militaries of some other countries that have diplomatic relations with the U.S., such as Ukraine, Iraq, and Moldova. As such, the OTV, which has been in production since the late 1990s, is scheduled to be produced by the U.S. until 2020, for sale to foreign customers.

Overview

Basic system
The IBA system consists of an Outer Tactical Vest (OTV) and two Small Arms Protective Insert (SAPI) ballistic plates. The OTV features a carrier shell, and three main ballistic panel inserts (left and right side panels, and a rear back panel), which are made with a finely woven Kevlar KM2 fiber. These two parts of the vest are both bullet and heat resistant and offer protection similar to the earlier PASGT flak jacket. The soft ballistic panels are produced in five different sizes (S-XXL), which are installed into their respective pocket on the OTV carrier shell.

The Interceptor armor also has a PALS webbing grid on the front of the vest which accommodate the same type of pockets used in the Modular Lightweight Load-carrying Equipment (MOLLE) backpack/carry vest system. This allows a soldier to tailor-fit his MOLLE and body armor system. While not specifically designed for it, the loops can also easily attach All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment (ALICE)-based equipment, as well as many pieces of civilian-made tactical gear, and also features a large handle on the back just below the collar which can be used to drag a wounded person to safety in an emergency.

Originally the entire IBA system weighed , with the large vest weighing , and two plate inserts weighing  each. This is much lighter than the previous Ranger Body Armor fielded in Somalia which weighed , as well as the PASGT/ISAPO combination, which weighed even more.

Due to the increased dangers of improvised explosive devices, newer versions of the vital plates and components have been developed. The Enhanced Small Arms Protective Inserts (ESAPIs) and Enhanced Side Ballistic Inserts (ESBIs) have become available, along with the Deltoid and Axillary Protector System (DAPS). These new systems are becoming the standard for forward deployed troops. The E-SAPI plates offer increased protection from 7.62mm armor-piercing ammunition. The ESBIs is an attachable MOLLE ballistic panel with a pouch for a 8x6 side-SAPI, for protection of the side of the torso/under the arm. DAPS consists of two ambidextrous modular components, the Deltoid (upper arm) Protector and the Axillary (underarm) Protector, and provides additional protection from fragmentary and projectiles to the upper arm and underarm areas. With the OTV, E-SAPI plates (), ESBIs (), DAPS () and with the neck, throat and groin protectors installed the armor is significantly heavier at .

Additional components

To increase overall protection, separate accessories can be added to the OTV:
 Collar device that is divided in two parts, a neck and collar protector and a throat protector
 Groin protector.

The MOLLE II's Fighting Load Carrier component can be donned over an OTV to increase magazine and ease equipment carrying capacity, though it is not part of the IBA system proper.

With the need for additional accessories to protect troops, some were produced for the ground:
 Deltoid and axillary protection system (DAPS, pauldrons).
 Side plate carriers
 Back extender
 Upper Legs protector, a kind of kevlar short
 Lower Extremity Body Armor (LEBA)
 Combat diapers (for example the "Tier 2 Pelvic Protection System" that was issued to U.S. Marines in Afghanistan)

Ballistic plates
The Interceptor vest was tested to stop a 9×19mm 124-grain FMJ bullet at  with minimal backface deformation, and it has a V-50 of roughly . This means that the bullet in question must travel faster than  for it to have more than a 50% chance of penetration. (An unlikely prospect, given the muzzle velocity of a typical 9mm handgun or submachine gun). The Interceptor cannot, however, be called a Level III-A vest, since military standards do not require protection against heavy .44 Magnum ammunition. The vest will stop lower velocity fragments and has removable neck, throat, shoulder, extended back and groin protection.

Additionally, two ceramic plates may be added to the front and back of the vest, with each capable of stopping up to three hits from the round marked on the plate. For SAPI, this is a caliber of up to 7.62×51mm M80 FMJ. For ESAPI, this is a caliber of up to 30-06 M2 AP. This performance is only guaranteed when backed by the Interceptor vest, or any other soft armor which meets military requirements for protection. SAPI and ESAPI are the most technically advanced body armor fielded by the U.S. military, and are constructed of boron carbide ceramic with a Spectra shield backing that breaks down projectiles and halts their momentum.

History

Development and production
Materials for the Interceptor vest were developed by DARPA in the 1990s, and a contract for production was awarded to DHB Industries' Point Blank Body Armor, Inc., by the U.S. Army Soldier Systems Center. IBA was announced on April 13, 1998, and the contract to manufacture IBA was awarded to an Oakland Park, Florida-based company under a five-year indefinite delivery/indefinite quantity contract in late July 1998, and the body armor went into full production later that year.

In 2007, news reports were being issued on the lack of protection from hard and soft plated body armor from lethal rounds. Due to the coverage of these reports, comparative studies were done on the effectiveness of U.S. Military body armor, included IBA. IBA's performance was deemed inferior compared to other body armor designs and published on the news. The large coverage from this report led to Dean G. Popps, the Acting United States Assistant Secretary of the Army for Acquisition, Logistics, and Technology, to direct all first article testing (FAT) of IBA to the Army Test and Evaluation Command (ATEC). The command headquarters are located at Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG) as a part of the Army Research Laboratory (ARL).

The Interceptor Body Armor components come in a number of variants. Camouflage patterns include:
 "M81" U.S. woodland, used by the U.S. Navy and foreign militaries
 Three-color "DCU" desert (less common than woodland and coyote brown)
 The Universal Camouflage Pattern, used by the U.S. Army and U.S. Air Force, largely superseded by the IOTV and its components
Solid colors include:
 Coyote brown (referred to by the DoD as "coyote tan")
 Grey, used by the Afghan National Police service.

The original Interceptor Outer Tactical Vest (OTV) variant first began to be issued to the U.S. Armed Forces in 2000, though by September 2001 relatively few had actually been fielded. The first OTV carriers were first produced in woodland camouflage pattern (one initial contractor for the early OTVs was Point Blank, Inc). Quickly, a coyote-brown variant was made for the USMC, seeing use during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. Marines used OTVs in both woodland and coyote-brown camouflages in Iraq and Afghanistan. In the U.S. Army, the Woodland camouflage pattern was then superseded by the 3-color Desert Combat pattern, followed by the Universal Camouflage Pattern.

Later versions of the OTV made in the mid-to-late 2000s and the 2010s feature more PALS loops on the front and back of the OTV component, hook-and-loop "Velcro" fasteners on the front for nametapes and rank patches, whereas older models from the early 2000s did not. Said later version is commonly referred to as the "second generation" OTV.

As part of U.S. President George W. Bush's $87 billion package for ongoing operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, $300 million was earmarked for body armor. A complete Interceptor system costs $1,585. The Interceptor system's component ceramic plates currently cost about $500 each.

OTVs are still being made today, primarily for the U.S. Army, which then in turn sells them to foreign countries and international customers under the "Foreign Military Sales" (FMS) program. They have been made by convict labor provided the UNICOR company since 2008 and are scheduled to be made until at least April 2020. OTVs in the woodland and desert camouflage patterns along with coyote brown color scheme were being made as late as early 2014.

Replacement

U.S. Army
On May 10, 2006, the U.S. Army announced it was holding an open competition for companies to design an entirely new generation of body armor "to improve on and replace" the Interceptor Body Armor's vest component. The Army said it wanted ideas from companies by May 31. Congressional investigators reportedly reviewed the Pentagon's entire body armor program, including the OTV. Investigators expressed concern that the vests might not be adequate to protect troops.

Aside from replacing the SAPI vital plates with the improved E-SAPI plates, the body armor vests have also been redesigned, improved and enhanced with the introduction of the Improved Outer Tactical Vest, or "IOTV" (which began to be issued to ground combat units from mid-to-late 2007), in the U.S. Army.

The OTV along with IOTV and SPCS will eventually be replaced by the Modular Scalable Vest.

U.S. Marine Corps
After initially using IBA as their main body armor system, the U.S. Marine Corps developed a completely new armor system, the Modular Tactical Vest, which was their primary body armor system in Iraq. On September 25, 2006, the Marine Corps announced that Protective Products International won a contract for 60,000 new Modular Tactical Vests (MTV) to replace the Interceptor OTV vests. The MTV provides greater coverage, superior weight distribution, and additional features including as a quick-release system. Some U.S. Navy ground force personnel (such as seabees and hospital corpsmen) use the Modular Tactical Vest. Other Navy personnel on Individual Augmentee assignments use the Army's body armor systems.

Not adapted for the mountainous environment of Afghanistan, the Modular Tactical Vest (MTV) was replaced by the Scalable Plate Carrier (SPC), a lighter alternative, which is their primary body armor system for Afghanistan.

Since January 2009, the U.S. Marine Corps is seeking for replacements for both MTV and SPC that are commonly issued. The MTV has received top ratings by many U.S. Marines; although a few Marines have complained about minor elements of it and an updated version will soon be released which deals with these elements. The Improved Modular Tactical Vest (IMTV) and Improved Scalable Plate Carrier (ISPC) are the new models. "The IMTV will be the main body armor system for Marines, the Corps plans to order about 70,000 of the improved plate carriers, far more than the estimated 10,000 to 14,000 plate carriers in use today".

Effectiveness

Discussion
Body armor is always a compromise: mobility and comfort (and with it speed and stamina) are inevitably sacrificed to some degree when greater protection is achieved. This is a point of contention in the U.S. armed forces, with some favoring less armor in order to maintain mobility and others wanting as much protection as is practical. Troops who primarily ride in vehicles generally want the highest practical level of protection from IEDs and ambushes, while dismounted infantry often make the case that impaired mobility can prove just as fatal as inadequate armor.

Controversies

Most OTVs were made in the "M81" U.S. woodland camouflage pattern initially. As a result, during the Iraq War prior to the adoption of the Army Combat Uniform, most U.S. Army soldiers in Iraq were wearing woodland-patterned OTVs atop Desert Camouflage Uniforms, resulting in them being easier to spot from a distance in a desert environment like Iraq.

On 4 May 2005 the U.S. Marine Corps recalled 5,277 Interceptor OTVs made by DHB's Point Blank unit after news reports about the vests' inability to stop 9 mm bullets. In November 2005, the Marine Corps ordered 10,342 Interceptor Outer Tactical Vests pulled from the operating forces after media reports indicated some samples tested by the manufacturer and by the U.S. Army's Aberdeen Proving Ground in Maryland failed to fully comply with ballistics standards.

A U.S. Marine Corps forensic study obtained by DefenseWatch criticizes the Interceptor OTV body armor system. The report says: "As many as 42% of the Marine casualties who died from isolated torso injuries could have been prevented with improved protection in the areas surrounding the plated areas of the vest. Nearly 23% might have benefited from protection along the mid-axillary line of the lateral chest. Another 15% died from impacts through the unprotected shoulder and upper arm."

Alternatives
Private purchase of commercial body armor for combat use by soldiers is not authorized by the U.S. Army. A spokesman voiced concerns in 2004 about armor that had not been "tested, certified or approved" by the Army. In 2005, the DoD, under severe pressure from Congress after the recalls, authorized a one-time $1,000 reimbursement to soldiers who had purchased civilian body armor and other gear.  In 2006 they gave orders not to wear anything but military issued body armor because of fears that inadequate armor could be purchased, mainly body armor that had inadequate blunt force trauma protection.

Users

 : The Afghan National Police forces are issued a grey OTV. The Afghan military is issued with OTVs in "M81" U.S. woodland.
 : Woodland variants are worn by Albanian Army

 : Coyote brown variants are worn by the Armed Forces of Bosnia and Herzegovina as of October 2018.
 : Worn by the Brazilian Marines as of 2017.
 : Used by the Burundian Army as of September 2014.

 : In the late 2000s, Georgian soldiers were issued the OTV in DCU's camouflage and a domestically produced woodland camouflage pattern similar to MARPAT, which were replaced by indigenously produced body armor.
 : The Iraqi military uses the DCU-patterned version of the OTV in addition to an "M81" woodland-patterned one.

 : The U.S. delivered OTVs to Lebanon in 2009.
 : The U.S. delivered OTVs to Moldova in 2009. Versions in woodland camouflage are used by the Moldovan Special Forces and the Moldovan 22nd Peacekeeping Battalion.
 : Used by the Namibian marines as of 2016.
 : In use by the Pakistani Air Force as of 2007. The U.S. delivered additional OTVs to Pakistan in early 2009.
 : The U.S. delivered OTVs to the Philippines in 2009. They are in the "M81" woodland camouflage pattern and are worn by the Philippine Army.
 : Saudi Arabian soldiers wear the coyote brown IBA components.
 : The U.S. delivered IBA components to Turkey in late 2008.
 : In use as of October 2015; 2,000 vests were delivered from the U.S. in 2014 and were tested.
 : The U.S. Army and U.S. Marine Corps began being issued IBA components in 2001. Since then, the OTV component has been replaced with the IOTV for the U.S. Army and the MTV and SPC for the U.S. Marines. The U.S. Army Reserve (as of 2018), Army National Guard (as of 2020), and U.S. Navy still use the OTV, the latter aboard its warships (as of June 2017).
 : The U.S. delivered OTVs to Yemen in 2010.

See also

 Improved Outer Tactical Vest (IOTV) has been the U.S. Army standard issue since 2007
 Soldier Plate Carrier System (SPCS), lighter alternative of IOTV
 Modular Scalable Vest (MSV) has been the U.S. Army standard issue since 2018
 Modular Tactical Vest, also known as the MTV
 Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops, also known as PASGT

Notes

References

Further reading
 "Army, Marines Rushing Body Armor to Troops in Combat Zones" (October 2003), DefenseLink
 "The Effects of Posture, Body Armor, and Other Equipment on Rifleman Lethality" (June 2005), by Gary R. Kramlich II, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School, California
 Detailed info on Kevlar fiber used in Interceptor system (2005)
 Interceptor Body Armor (IBA) Factsheet (2007)

External links

 How body armor works

Body armor
Ballistic vests
Military equipment of the United States
Military equipment introduced in the 2000s


Atari, Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli bir video oyunu şirketi ve markasıdır. Şirket, 27 Haziran 1972 tarihinde kurulmuş olup günümüzde Atari, SA'nın yan kuruluşudur ve çeşitli konsollar için video oyunları üretmektedir. Şirketin merkezi New York'ta yer almaktadır.

Tarihçe

Atari Inc.

Atari ilk olarak Atari, Inc. adıyla 27 Haziran 1972 tarihinde Nolan Bushnell ve Ted Dabney tarafından kurulmuştur. Başlangıçta bir arcade oyunlarda, video oyunu konsolları ve bilgisayarlarda öncü bir şirketti. Şirketin, Pong ve Atari 2600 gibi ürünleri elektronik eğlence endüstrisini 1970'lerden 1980'lerin ortalarına kadar tanımlamaya yardımcı oldu.

Atari Corporation
1983 video oyunu krizi sonucunda orijinal Atari Inc. bölündü ve arcade bölümü Atari Games Inc.'e dönüştürüldü. Atari Games, arcade oyunlarında ekli metin "Games" ile birlikte logo ve marka kullanma haklarının yanı sıra, 1972-1984 arcade donanım özelliklerinin haklarını da aldı. Atari Consumer Electronics Division mülkleri sırayla Jack Tramiel'in Tramel Technology Ltd. şirketine satıldı ve daha sonra kendini Atari Corporation olarak değiştirdi. 1996 yılında Atari Corporation, disk sürücüsü üreticisi JT Storage (JTS) ile birleşti ve şirket içinde bir bölüm haline geldi.

Hasbro/Infogrames/Atari, SA
1998'de Hasbro Interactive, ATS Corporation ile ilgili tüm mülklerini JTS'den alarak Atari Interactive adlı yeni bir yan kuruluş kurdu.

Infogrames Entertainment (IESA), 2001 yılında Hasbro Interactive'i satın aldı ve aralıklı olarak Atari markalarını yayınlayan Infogrames Interactive olarak yeniden adlandırdı. Infogrames Interactive, 2003'te Atari Interactive adını aldı ve bir diğer IESA bölümü olan Infogrames Inc. de aynı yıl adını Atari Inc. olarak değiştirdi ve Atari adını ve logosunu yan kuruluşundan lisansladı.

2008 yılında IESA, Atari, Inc.'in hisselerinin tamamını satın alarak tamamıyla sahip olduğu bir bağlı ortaklık haline getirdi. IESA, 2009 yılında kendisini Atari, SA olarak yeniden adlandırdı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

 Former Atari brand's official global site
 The Atari History Museum – Atari historical archive site.
 Atari Times, supporting all Atari consoles.
 Atari Gaming Headquarters – Atari historical archive site.
 Atari On Film – List of Atari products in films.
 The Dot Eaters: classic video game history  – Comprehensive history of videogames, extensive info on Atari offerings and history

1972'de kurulan şirketler
New York merkezli şirketler

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli video oyunu şirketleri
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri merkezli bilgisayar şirketleri
Bilgisayar donanımı şirketleri
Video oyunu yapım şirketleri
Video oyunu dağıtım şirketleri
Amerikan markaları
MTV Video Müzik Ödülü sahipleri

Atari


Babar este un serial animat americane-canadiane-franceză co-produs de Nelvana Limited, Big Bang Digital Studios, Cartoon Network Studios, și Ellipse Animation. Episoadele sunt bazate pe serie de cărților lui Jean de Brunhoff.

În România, serialul a fost difuzat pe TVR 2, Minimax și KidsCo.

Seriale de televiziune din 1995
Seriale de animație
Desene animate

Babar (serial de animație)


Nogometni klub Posavina (NK Posavina; Posavina Ulice; Posavina) je bio nogometni klub iz naselja Ulice, Distrikt Brčko, Bosna i Hercegovina.

O klubu
NK "Posavina" je osnovana krajem 1960.-ih godina, te se natjecala u "Općinskoj nogometnoj ligi Brčko", koju osvaja u sezonama 1981./82., i 1982./83. U sezoni 1983./84. "Posavina" je član "Posavsko-podmajevičke lige" u kojoj osvaja četvrto mjesto, te ulaze u "Međuopćinsku ligu Brčko – Zapad", u kojoj nastupa idućih pet sezona. U jesen 1990. godine vodstvo kluba donosi odluku o istupanju iz ligaških natjecanja, te klub uskoro prestaje s djelovanjem.

Uspjesi
 Općinska liga Brčko
 prvak: 1981./82., 1982./83.

Pregled plasmana

Poznati igrači

Unutrašnje poveznice
 Ulice

Vanjske poveznice

Izvori
 Iljo Dominković: Nogomet u Bosanskoj Posavini : 1920-1995, Orašje, 1996.,  (B - graf), str. 132
 posavinasport.com, Spisak ekipa koje su se postojale u nekadašnjem Brčko i Doboj savezu- 1985 sezona. , pristupljeno 15. rujna 2019.
 bhklubovi.wordpress.com, BRČKO DISTRIKT, pristupljeno 15. rujna 2019.

Posavina
Posavina
Posavina

NK Posavina Ulice


Atlantik Grubu (NBA) NBA'deki konferanslardan biri
 Atlantik Grubu (NHL) NHL'deki konferanslardan biri

Atlantik Grubu