අහු (Morinda citrifolia)  ඉන්දියන් මල්බෙරි,බීච් මල්බෙරි චීස් ෆෘඩ් ආදී නම් වලින් හඳුන්වයි. මෙම ශාකය කෝපි පවුලට අයත්ය.නිජ භූමිය අග්නිදිග ආසියාවයි.ඉන්දීය උප මහද්වීපය පැසිපික් දූපත්,පොලිනීසියන් දූපත්,පෝටොරිකාව හා ඩොමිනිකන් ජනරජය වැනි රටවල මෙය ව්‍යාප්තව පවතී.දකුණු ආසියාතික රටවල විවිධ මිත්‍යා විශ්වාස ඇදහිලි අභිචාර ක්‍රම සදහා මෙම අහු ශාකයේ විවිධ කොටස් යොදාගනී.

පැතිරීම හා වර්ධනය

මොරින්ඩා සිටිෆෝලියා (morinda citrifolia) යන උද්හිද නාමයේන් අහු ශාකය හදුන්වයි.ලංකාව,ඉන්දියාව,මලයාව,ශාන්තිකර දූපත් හා උතුරු ඔස්ට්‍රේලියාව යන රටවල වැඩෙන වඩා උස නොයන අඩි 3-4 අතර උසැති ගසකි. රිකිලි සිනිඳුය ශාඛාකුඩාය.පත්‍රය  අණ්ඩාකරය,ඝණය,පත්‍රයේ නාරටිය ඉතා පැහැදිලිව පෙනේ පුෂ්පය සුදු පාටය , නාළාකාරය,මලක දිග අගලක් පමණය ගෙඩිය අණ්ඩාකාර අෂ්ටිලයකි. ඒය අගලක් පමණ දිගය, මාංසලය,මෙම ශාකය ලංකාවේ නිරිත දිග ප්‍රදේශයේ ගෙවතු මොරින්ඩා ට්ංක්ටෝරියා නම්  ත්වත් අහු විශේෂයක් යාපනය, ත්‍රිකුණාමලය හා අනුරාධපුර යන වියලි ප්‍රදේශවල වැවේ. අහු දේවර්ගයම මුලේ පොත්තෙන් රතු පාට  සායම් තනා ගැනේ අහු රුබියාසේ (Rubiace) කුලයට අයත්ය.

Noni grows in shady forests as well as on open yellow shooes rocky or sandy shores. It reaches maturity in about 18 months and then yields between  of fruit every month throughout the year. It is tolerant of saline soils, drought conditions, and secondary soils. It is therefore found in a wide variety of habitats: volcanic terrains, lava-strewn coasts, and clearings or limestone outcrops. It can grow up to  tall, and has large, simple, dark green, shiny and deeply veined leaves.

The plant flowers and fruits all year round and produces a small white flower. The fruit is a multiple fruit that has a pungent odor when ripening, and is hence also known as cheese fruit or even vomit fruit. It is oval and reaches  in size. At first green, the fruit turns yellow then almost white as it ripens. It contains many seeds. It is sometimes called starvation fruit. Despite its strong smell and bitter taste, the fruit is nevertheless eaten as a famine food and, in some Pacific islands, even a staple food, either raw or cooked. අග්නිදිග ආසියාවns and Australian Aborigines consume the fruit raw with salt or cook it with curry. The seeds are edible when roasted.

The noni is especially attractive to weaver ants, which make nests out of the leaves of the tree. These ants protect the plant from some plant-parasitic insects.  The smell of the fruit also attracts fruit bats, which aid in dispersing the seeds.

පෝෂණය

Nutritional information for noni fruit is  reported by the College of Tropical Agriculture, University of Hawaii at Mānoa who published analyses of fruit powder and pure juice.

Macronutrients

Analyzed as a whole fruit powder, noni fruit has excellent levels of carbohydrates and dietary fiber, providing 55% and 100% of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI), respectively, in a 100 g serving. A good source of protein (12% DRI), noni pulp is low in total fats (4% DRI).

These macronutrients evidently reside in the fruit pulp, as noni juice has sparse amounts of macronutrients.

Micronutrients
The main micronutrient features of noni pulp powder include exceptional vitamin C content (10x DRI) and substantial amounts of niacin (vitamin B3), iron and potassium. Vitamin A, කැල්සියම් and සෝඩියම් are present in moderate amounts.

When noni juice alone is analyzed and compared to pulp powder, only vitamin C is retained at a high level, 42% of DRI.

Nutrient analyses for a major brand of noni blend juice were published in 2002 by the Scientific Committee on Food of the European Commission on Health and Consumer Protection during a test for public safety of noni juice. The major brand's ingredients include noni purée and juice concentrates from grapes and blueberries.

Excepting vitamin C content at 31% of DRI in each 100g, the juice had limited nutritional content. 100g of juice provides 8% of the DRI for carbohydrates, only traces of other macronutrients and low or trace levels of 10 essential vitamins, 7 essential dietary minerals and 18 amino acids.

Although the most significant nutrient feature of noni pulp powder or juice is its high vitamin C content, this level in the noni juice blend provides only about half the vitamin C of a raw navel orange. Sodium levels in the noni juice blend (about 3% of DRI) are multiples of those in an orange.  Although the potassium content appears relatively high for noni, this total is only about 3% of the Recommended Dietary Allowance and so would not be considered excessive. The noni juice blend is otherwise similar in micronutrient content to a raw orange.

ශාක රසායන

The history of published medical research on noni phytochemicals numbers only around a total of 110 reports which began appearing in the 1950s (searched in September 2008). Just since 2000, over 100 publications on noni have been published in medical literature, defining a relatively young research field. Noni research is at a preliminary stage, as it is mainly still in the laboratory as in vitro or basic animal experiments.

Noni fruit contains phytochemicals for which there are no established DRI values. Examples:

 lignans - a group of phytoestrogens having biological activities shown by in vitro experiments
 oligo- and polysaccharides – long-chain sugar molecules that serve a prebiotic function as dietary fiber fermentable by මහාන්ත්‍රික බැක්ටීරියා, yielding short chain fatty acids with numerous potential health properties not yet defined by scientific research on noni
 flavonoids – phenolic compounds such as rutin, common in several Rubiaceae plants
 iridoids - secondary metabolites found in many plants
 trisaccharide fatty acid esters, "noniosides" - resulting from combination of an alcohol and an acid in noni fruit
 free fatty acids - most prominent in noni fruit are caprylic acid and hexanoic acid, responsible for unique pungent (cheese-like) aroma of ripe noni fruit
 scopoletin – may have antibiotic activities; research is preliminary
  catechin and epicatechin
 beta-sitosterol – a plant sterol with potential for anti-cholesterol activity not yet proven in human research
 damnacanthal – a potentially toxic anthraquinone, putatively an inhibitor of HIV viral proteins
 alkaloids – naturally occurring amines from plants. Some internet references mention xeronine or proxeronine as important noni constituents. However, as no reports on either of these substances exist in published medical literature, the terms are scientifically unrecognized.  Further, chemical analysis of commercially processed juice did not reveal presence of any alkaloids.

Although there is evidence from in vitro studies and laboratory models for bioactivity of each of the above phytochemicals, the research remains at best preliminary and too early to conclude anything about human health benefits provided by noni or its juice. Furthermore, these phytochemicals are not unique to noni, as nearly all exist in various plant foods.

Laboratory experiments demonstrated that dietary noni juice increased physical endurance in mice.  A pilot study in distance runners showed increased endurance capacity following daily intake of noni juice over three weeks, an effect the authors attributed to increased antioxidant status.

භාවිතයන්
සංස්කෘත වෛද්‍ය ග්‍රන්ථවල අහු හැදින්වෙන්නේ අච්ජුක යන නාමයෙනි. අහු ශාකයේ කොළ, නැටි සහ මුල් ඖෂධ වශයෙන් ගනු ලබයි. අහු විෂසමනය කරයි. වණ සුව කොට මස ලියවයි.ලේ වැගිරීම නතරකිරිමේ ශක්තියක් ඇත.උණ,අතීසාර හා වාතරෝග නසයි.ගෙඩි පැසවීම සඳහා දේශීය වෙදකමෙහි  අහු නැටි ගනු ලැබේ.අමු අහු ගෙඩි බැද ලුණු සමඟ  ගෑමේන් දත් මුල් සවී වන බව දේශීය වෛද්‍යවරු කියතී.අහූ ගෙඩි ශාන්තී කර්ම සඳහා ප්‍රයෝජනයට ගනු ලැබේ.

Noni's reputation for uses in folk medicine extends over centuries. It is widely used in India and being explored by medical researchers for use in the treatment of cancer. No medical applications as those discussed below have been verified by modern science primarily in the United States; where as the FDA (Food & Drug Administration) which regulates the food & pharmecuetical industry in the nation implemented its own regulation that "Only a drug can cure, prevent or treat a disease." Therefore anyone else who claims a cure otherwise may be subject to false claims.

In චීනය, Samoa, Japan, and Tahiti, various parts of the tree (leaves, flowers, fruits, bark, roots) serve as tonics and to contain fever, to treat eye and skin problems, gum and throat problems as well as constipation, stomach pain, or respiratory difficulties.  In Malaysia, heated noni leaves applied to the chest are believed to relieve coughs, nausea, or colic.

The noni fruit is taken, in Indochina especially, for asthma, lumbago, and dysentery. As for external uses, unripe fruits can be pounded, then mixed with salt and applied to cut or broken bones. In Hawaii, ripe fruits are applied to draw out pus from an infected boil. The green fruit, leaves and the root/rhizome have traditionally been used to treat menstrual cramps and irregularities, among other symptoms, while the root has also been used to treat urinary difficulties.

The bark of the great morinda produces a brownish-purplish dye for batik making; on the ඉන්දුනීසියාවn island of Java, the trees are cultivated for this purpose. In Hawaii, yellowish dye is extracted from its root in order to dye cloth. The fruit is used as a shampoo in Malaysia, where it is said to be helpful against head lice.

There have been recent applications also for the use of oil from noni seeds.  Noni seed oil is abundant in linoleic acid that may have useful properties when applied topically on skin, e.g., anti-inflammation, acne reduction, moisture retention.

In Surinam and some other countries, the tree serves as a wind-break, as support for vines and as shade for coffee trees.

ආහාර
ඇතැම් රටවල අහු කොළ ආහාරයට ගනී.

මේවාත් ඉලන්න
Noni juice
Noni pill
Noni wine

මූලාශ්‍ර

වැඩිදුර කියවීම්

බාහිර යොමු

ශාක
ඖෂධීය ශාක
සිංහල බෙහෙත්

අහු


السَّحلَب هو شراب شعبي مشهور عربيًّا وخاصةً في بلاد الشام وفي مصر والحجاز. والسحلب نبات معروف من فصيلة السحلبيات، يُزرع للزينة كما يوجد بريًّا وله جذور درنية لونها أسمر من الخارج وأبيض من الداخل وأوراق ضيقة غالبا ما تكون ملطخة بلون أسود وللساق أزهار بنفسجية ويشتهر بمسحوقه الأبيض النشوي الذي يصنع منه شراب السحلب المعروف. يتكون شراب السحلب من الحليب بشكل رئيس ومسحوق درنات نبتة السحلب. وهو من الأكلات المشتركة مع التراث التركي، وانتشر هذا المشروب في دول شبه الجزيرة العربية.

طريقة التحضير
يُغلى الحليب ويضاف إليه مقدار ملعقة أو ملعقتين طعام من مسحوق السحلب لكل كأس (250 ملل) إضافة إلى المستكة المطحونة والسكر وماء الورد، ويُقدم ساخنًا.
ويُوضع عليه - حين التقديم - جوز مطحون مع جوز الهند والقرفة، أو فستق حلبي مدقوق ناعمًا أو الفول السوداني أو مكسرات أخرى والمصريون يفضلون السحلب بالقرفة.

يمكن تحضير مسحوق السحلب منزليًا بخلط دقيق ذرة مع نشا وأرز مطحون وسكر ولبن مسحوق وفانيليا، ويمكن الاحتفاظ بها في برطمان جاف تمامًا لحين تحضير مشروب السحلب.

النمو
السحلب هو نبات وله مسميات عديدة يعرف به شعبيا باسم خصي الثعلب يزهر في شهري مايو ويونيو، وينمو السحلب بريا في إيران وأفغانستان واليونان والمغرب وقبرص والأناضول والسحلب الإيراني أفخر سحلب في الأسواق العالمية

استعمالات السحلب
يستعمل السحلب في الوطن العربي على نطاق واسع وبالأخص في مصر وبلاد الشام وبعض مناطق السعودية وخاصة مكة وجدة، والمدينة المنورة فهو ذو قيمة غذائية عالية ويصنع منه مشروب سميك يعرف بالسحلب ويعتقد كثير من الناس أنه منشط جنسي اعتمادًا على شكله ولاحتواء السحلب على مواد غروية ونشوية فإنه يستخدم كمشروب يساعد على النمو السريع للأطفال وسلامة أسنانهم وتقوية عظامهم وتحسين قدرات الأطفال المناعية ضد الأمراض المعدية  يستخدم لـ علاج الإسهال خاصة للاطفال.
ويوصف أيضا لحالات التسمم حيث انه ملطف منشط للدورة الدموية  ويدخل السحلب في تركيب بعض المستحضرات الطبية الخاصة بالأطفال. يستخدم السحلب على هيئة حقنة شرجية يوصف لإيقاف نزف الرحم ولوقف النزيف الداخلي في المعدة (قرحة المعدة).وعلى الرغم من فوائد السحلب الغذائية والعلاجية فإنه قل استعمال هذا النبات الطبي الغذائي العلاجي حاليا نظرا لغلاء اسعاره ويحضر.

المادة الفعالة
طبيعة المادة الفعالة في السحلب: مواد هلاميـة، ومواد زلالية.

وصلات خارجية

 طريقة تحضير السحلب

مراجع

مشروبات عربية
تركيا
سحلب
شاي أعشاب
مشروبات تركية
مطبخ أردني
مطبخ إسرائيلي
مطبخ سعودي
مطبخ سوري
مطبخ شامي
مطبخ عربي
مطبخ فلسطيني
مطبخ لبناني
مطبخ مصري
مواد مغلظة غذائية

سحلب (مشروب)


La Reunión de Jefes de Gobierno de la Mancomunidad de Naciones (conocida también por sus siglas en inglés: CHOGM, Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting) es una cumbre de jefes de Gobierno de los países que pertenecen a la Mancomunidad de Naciones. La primera reunión se celebró en 1971 y desde entonces se han realizado cada dos años en un país miembro diferente. A estas reuniones suele asistir el monarca del Reino Unido  en su calidad de jefa de la Mancomunidad.

Cronología

(P. M.) – Primer ministro

Enlaces externos

Información en la pág. del Secretariado de la Mancomunidad (en inglés)

Mancomunidad de Naciones
Relaciones internacionales del Reino Unido
Mancomunidad


Catedrala Sfânta Sofia ("Sfânta Înțelepciune") din Kiev este un remarcabil monument arhitectural al Rusiei Kievene. Catedrala este un simbol al orașului și primul monument de patrimoniu înscris în lista Patrimoniului Mondial alături de . Pe lângă clădirea principală, catedrala include un ansamblu de structuri de sprijin precum un turn clopotniță și casa mitropolitului. În 2011 situl istoric a fost transferat de sub autoritatea Ministerului Dezvoltării Regionale a Ucrainei sub cea a Ministerului Culturii Ucrainei. Unul din motivele transferului a fost că atât Catedrala Sfânta Sofia cât și Lavra Peșterilor din Kiev sunt recunoscute de programul Patrimoniului Mondial UNESCO drept un singur complex, în timp ce în Ucraina cele două erau administrate de două entități guvernamentale diferite.

Complexul catedralei este principala componentă și muzeu al  care este instituția de stat responsabilă pentru conservarea complexului catedralei și precum al altor patru repere istorice ale națiunii.

Galerie de imagini

Note

Referințe

Catedrale din Ucraina
Arhitectură barocă în Ucraina
Patrimoniul mondial în Ucraina
Catedrala
Biserici cu hramul Sfânta Înțelepciune

Catedrala Sfânta Sofia din Kiev


SoFi Technologies, Inc., communément appelée SoFi, est une entreprise américaine spécialisée dans la planification patrimoniale sur Internet.

Basée à San Francisco, SoFi propose des produits financiers comprenant le refinancement de prêts étudiants, des prêts hypothécaires, des prêts personnels, des cartes de crédit, des investissements et des services bancaires via des applications mobiles ou Internet.

Depuis 2019, elle parraine commercialement le SoFi Stadium auquel elle donne son nom.

Notes et références

Entreprise ayant son siège à San Francisco
Entreprise du secteur financier ayant son siège aux États-Unis
Société cotée au NASDAQ

SoFi


El hospital de San Martín de la ciudad de Astorga se hallaba situado en la parroquia de San Miguel (destruida en 1868), en la calle que salía de la rúa Antigua hasta la Era de San Martín. Lo administraba la cofradía gremial de San Martín, cofradía de Zapateros, creada a principios del . Desapareció en el .

Historia
El gremio de zapateros creó una cofradía con el nombre de Cofradía de San Martín, conocida después como Cofradía de Zapateros. La cofradía tuvo su propio hospital tanto para ellos como para los posibles viandantes (peregrinos) que lo necesitaran.

Como ocurría con todas las cofradías, tenía sus propias ordenanzas cuyos escritos han perdurado a través de los siglos en muchos casos por custodia de otras cofradías, aún habiendo desaparecido el establecimiento. Una de las ordenanzas dice:

En 1210, Justa Salagra hizo una donación a este hospital consistente en una casa que ella tenía en la calle «que va de Puerta del Rey para San Miguel», en el barrio de San Miguel. Otra donación quedó citada en el libro de la cofradía de Rocamador donde consta que Juana Migueles en su testamento de 1310 deja una almohada de plumas, una manta y una cama de las de Foncebadón a varios hospitales que menciona y «otro tanto al de San Martino.» A partir de esta fecha y durante todo el siglo siguiente apenas hubo movimiento de compras y donaciones. Desde 1481 la cofradía se va citando unida a la de los Mártires, hasta principios del  en que desapareció.

Véase también
Patrimonio perdido de Astorga

Referencias

Bibliografía

Enlaces externos
Pdf sobre las cofradías antiguas

M

Hospital de San Martín (Astorga)


Bremerhaven eða Brimarhöfn er þýsk hafnarborg í héraðinu Bremen, Norður-Þýskalandi. Hún liggur við ána Weser og eru íbúar um 114.000 (2018). Þó borgin sé tiltölulega ný (þorp stofnað 1827) hefur höfnin gegnt mikilvægu sögulegu hlutverki og gerir enn. Þar er 16. stærsta vöruflutningahöfn heims og 4. stærsta í Evrópu

Borgir í Þýskalandi

Bremerhaven


(251621) Lüthen, denumire internațională (251621) Luthen, este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi.

Descriere
251621 Lüthen este un asteroid din centura principală de asteroizi. A fost descoperit pe  la Observatorul Teide (telescop OGS, Agenția Spațială Europeană) de către Matthias Busch și Rainer Kresken. Asteroidul prezintă o orbită caracterizată de o semiaxă mare de 2,47 ua, o excentricitate de 0,14 și o înclinație de 7,0° în raport cu ecliptica.

Vezi și
 Lista planetelor minore: 251001-252000
 Centura de asteroizi

Referințe

Obiecte astronomice descoperite în 2009
Centura de asteroizi

251621 Lüthen


Elmalı, aşağıdaki anlamlara gelebilir:

Yerleşim yerleri

Türkiye'deki yerleşim yerleri
 Elmalı, Adapazarı - Sakarya ili Adapazarı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Aziziye - Erzurum ili Aziziye ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Beykoz - İstanbul ili Beykoz ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Biga - Çanakkale ili Biga ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Bingöl - Bingöl ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Bulancak - Giresun ili Bulancak ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Çameli - Denizli ili Çameli ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Çamlıdere - Ankara ili Çamlıdere ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Çorum - Çorum ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Delice - Kırıkkale ili Delice ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Demirözü - Bayburt ili Demirözü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Doğanşehir - Malatya ili Doğanşehir ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Elbistan - Kahramanmaraş ili Elbistan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Gevaş - Van ili Gevaş ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Göksun - Kahramanmaraş ili Göksun ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, İskilip - Çorum ili İskilip ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, İznik - Bursa ili İznik ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Kadışehri - Yozgat ili Kadışehri ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Kemah - Erzincan ili Kemah ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Kızıltepe - Mardin ili Kızıltepe ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Kocasinan - Kayseri ili Kocasinan ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Kulp - Diyarbakır ili Kulp ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Kürtün - Gümüşhane ili Kürtün ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Kütahya - Kütahya ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Malkara - Tekirdağ ili Malkara ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Muratpaşa - Antalya ili Muratpaşa ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Niğde - Niğde ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Pınarbaşı - Kayseri ili Pınarbaşı ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Pülümür - Tunceli ili Pülümür ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Rize - Rize ili merkez ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Sivrihisar - Eskişehir ili Sivrihisar ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Şarkışla - Sivas ili Şarkışla ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Şavşat - Artvin ili Şavşat ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Tavşanlı - Kütahya ili Tavşanlı ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Tercan - Erzincan ili Tercan ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Ula - Muğla ili Ula ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Ulukışla - Niğde ili Ulukışla ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Uzunköprü - Edirne ili Uzunköprü ilçesine bağlı köy
 Elmalı, Vezirköprü - Samsun ili Vezirköprü ilçesine bağlı mahalle
 Elmalı, Yedisu - Bingöl ili Yedisu ilçesine bağlı köy

İran'daki yerleşim yerleri
 Elmalı, Doğu Azerbaycan -  İran'ın Doğu Azerbaycan Eyaleti'nin Bostanabad şehristanı'nda köy

Elmalı (anlam ayrımı)


Zokors are Asiatic burrowing rodents resembling mole-rats. They include two genera: Myospalax and Eospalax.  Zokors are native to much of China, Kazakhstan, and Siberian Russia.

Traditionally, zokors were thought to be closely related to either hamsters (Cricetinae) or voles (Arvicolinae), but recent molecular phylogenetic studies have demonstrated they are more closely related to blind mole-rats (Spalacinae) and root and bamboo rats (Rhizomyinae) in the family Spalacidae.  It appears that one of the first important evolutionary splits in muroid rodents is between burrowing forms and nonburrowing forms.

Unlike the other spalacids, which primarily use their incisors, zokors use their powerful front claws for digging.  They have small eyes and no external ears.  Zokors feed on plant matter such as tubers and seeds.

Zokor bone is sometimes used as a more environmentally friendly alternative to tiger bone in traditional Chinese medicine.  This product is called sailonggu.

Taxonomy
Subfamily Myospalacinae
Genus Myospalax
Myospalax myospalax species group
False zokor, M. aspalax
Siberian zokor, M. myospalax
Myospalax psilurus species group
Transbaikal zokor, M. psilurus
Genus Eospalax
Chinese zokor, E. fontanierii
Rothschild's zokor, E. rothschildi
Smith's zokor, E. smithii

References

Jansa, S. A. and M. Weksler. 2004. Phylogeny of muroid rodents: relationships within and among major lineages as determined by IRBP gene sequences.  Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:256-276.
Musser, G. G. and M. D. Carleton. 2005. Superfamily Muroidea. pp. 894–1531 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
Norris, R. W., K. Y. Zhou, C. Q. Zhou, G. Yang, C. W. Kilpatrick, and R. L. Honeycutt. 2004. The phylogenetic position of the zokors (Myospalacinae) and comments on the families of muroids (Rodentia). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 31:972-978.
Nowak, R. M. 1999. Walker's Mammals of the World, Vol. 2. Johns Hopkins University Press, London.

Spalacidae
Mammal subfamilies
Rodents of China
Mammals of Siberia
Fauna of Kazakhstan
Rodents of Asia

Zokor


O UCI WorldTour Feminino 2023 foi a oitava edição do máximo calendário ciclista feminino a nível mundial.

O calendário tem 22 corridas, começando a 15 de janeiro com a disputa do Santos Women's Tour, em Austrália, e finalizando a 18 de outubro com o Tour de Guangxi Feminino na República Popular da China.

Equipas

Para a temporada de 2023 as equipas UCI Team Feminino são 15:

Corridas

Barómetro 2023
Todas as corridas outorgam pontos para o UCI World Ranking Feminino, incluindo a todas as corredoras das equipas de categoria UCI Team Feminino.

O barómetro de pontuação é o mesmo para todos as corridas, mas as corridas por etapas (2.wwT), outorgam pontos adicionais pelas vitórias de etapa e por vestir a t-shirt do líder da classificação geral:

Classificações Parciais
Estas são as classificações parciais depois da disputa de XXX:
Nota: ver Barómetros de pontuação

Classificação individual

Evolução das classificações

Ver também

Referências

Ligações externas
 Calendário UCI WorldTour Feminino de 2023 Página Oficial da UCI
 Calendário UCI WorldTour de 2023 procyclingstats.com

2023
2023 no ciclismo

UCI WorldTour Feminino de 2023


John Porter East (May 5, 1931 – June 29, 1986) was an American Republican politician who served as a U.S. senator from the state of North Carolina from 1981 until his suicide in 1986.

A paraplegic since 1955 because of polio, East was a professor of political science at East Carolina University in Greenville.

Early life and education
John Porter East was born in Springfield, Illinois on May 5, 1931, the son of an employee of the State of Illinois. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree from Earlham College in Indiana where he was left tackle on the football team. After his graduation in 1953, he married Priscilla Sherk and was commissioned as an officer in the United States Marine Corps. In 1955, East contracted polio while serving at Camp Lejeune. He would never walk again. He received a LL.B. degree from the University of Illinois College of Law and practiced law in Naples, Florida for one year. He went on to receive his M.A. and Ph.D. in political science from the University of Florida.

Political career

East was a protégé of conservative Senator Jesse Helms. In 1966, East ran unsuccessfully for a vacancy in the United States House of Representatives in a special election, a race won by Walter B. Jones, Sr.

In 1980, East narrowly defeated incumbent Democratic Senator Robert Burren Morgan.

In the Senate, he earned a reputation as a staunch social conservative, especially on the issue of abortion. Alongside Jesse Helms, East led opposition to the bill to create a federal holiday to honor Martin Luther King, Jr. in 1983.

East was also a national security hawk, and was a member of the Judiciary Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism along with Orrin Hatch and Jeremiah Denton. The committee is notable for its accusations of Soviet infiltration of left-wing think tanks, publications and activist groups such as the Institute for Policy Studies and the magazine Mother Jones. East's primary national security staffer on the committee, Samuel T. Francis, later a prominent columnist for The Washington Times, has been cited as an intellectual fore-bearer of the alt-right movement.

In 1986, East announced that he would not seek re-election, and would instead return to his teaching position.

Death
On Friday, June 27, 1986, Senator East completed work on the book galleys of his collected essays. He met with Supreme Court nominee Antonin Scalia. Then, commitments met, the Senator drove to Greenville with his aide, John Petree, and arrived home about noon on Saturday. Petree stayed with him until daughter Kathryn arrived for a visit. Kathryn left her father "in good spirits" about midnight. Petree returned to East's house on Sunday morning, June 29. He found the front door ajar. The senator was dead in his garage, a victim of suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning. He left a note that blamed his doctor for failing to diagnose hypothyroidism, which he believed had robbed him of his intellectual abilities.
North Carolina Governor James G. Martin appointed U.S. Representative Jim Broyhill to serve out the rest of East's term.

East is buried in Arlington National Cemetery.

See also
 List of United States Congress members who died in office (1950–1999)

References

Further reading

 John Porter East Memorial Service transcript (U.S. Senate)

External links
ANC Explorer

1931 births
1986 suicides
1986 deaths
American political scientists
American politicians with disabilities
American politicians who committed suicide
Burials at Arlington National Cemetery
Earlham College alumni
East Carolina University faculty
Jesse Helms
New Right (United States)
North Carolina Republicans
People from Greenville, North Carolina
Politicians from Springfield, Illinois
Politicians with paraplegia
Republican Party United States senators from North Carolina
Suicides by carbon monoxide poisoning
Suicides in North Carolina
United States Marines
University of Florida alumni
University of Illinois College of Law alumni
Wheelchair users
20th-century political scientists
American scientists with disabilities
20th-century American politicians
20th-century American scientists

John Porter East


සංසද් මාර්ග් (; ) යනු,  ඉන්දියාවේ,  නව දිල්ලියේ, පිහිටා ඇති වීදියකි. පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්දිරයට හෝ සංසද් වෙතට පිවිසෙන මාර්ගය මෙය බැවින්, මෙම නම යෙදී ඇත.

හර්බට් බේකර් j විසින් සැලසුම් කෙරුණු පාර්ලිමේන්තු මන්දිරය, සංසද් මාර්ග් හී කෙළවරෙහි පිහිටා ඇති අතර, ලටියන්ස් ඩෙල්හි තුල රාජ්පාත් වෙතට ලම්භකව පිහිටන මෙම මග අවසන් වන්නේ   කොනට් පෙදෙස කවයෙනි.

සංසද් මාර්ග් හී පිහිටි අනෙකුත් සංගණ්‍ය ගොඩනැගිලි අතර,  ජන්තර් මන්තර්, පාලිකා කේන්ද්‍ර  ජාතික මුද්දර කෞතුකාගාරය, ඉන්දියානු සංචිත බැංකුව, ආකාෂ්වානි භවන් (සමස්ත ඉන්දීය ගුවන් විදුලිය), ධක් භවන් (තැපැල් දෙපාර්තමේන්තුව), සර්දාර් පටේල් භවන් (සංඛ්‍යාන සහ වැඩසටහන් ක්‍රියාත්මක කිරීමේ අමාත්‍යාංශය), යෝජානා භවන් (ඉන්දියානු සැලසුම් කොමිසම), ප්‍රෙස් ට්‍රස්ට් ඔෆ් ඉන්ඩියා (PTI), සහ පරිවාහන් භවන් (මාර්ග ප්‍රවාහන සහ මහාමාර්ග අමාත්‍යාංශය) වෙති.

ආශ්‍රිත

නව දිල්ලියේ වීදි
දිල්ලියේ මාර්ග

සංසද් මාර්ග්


Lino Dinetto (* 1. September 1927 in Este, Venetien) ist ein italienischer Maler, Bildhauer und Zeichner.

Leben

Dinetto begann, inspiriert von Claude Monet, bereits in jungen Jahren mit der Freilichtmalerei in seiner Heimatumgebung der Colli Euganei in der Provinz Vicenza in Italien. Mit 15 Jahren ging er nach Venedig und Mailand, um Kunst zu studieren und genoss eine klassische Kunstausbildung.

Er widmete sich unter anderem sehr intensiv der klassischen italienischen Renaissance, der altmeisterlichen Malerei und der detaillierten Analyse des menschlichen Körpers. Überaus begabt, beherrscht er zahlreiche Techniken.

Persönliche Begegnungen und Gemeinschaftsarbeiten mit den beiden italienischen futuristischen Malern Carlo Carrà (1881–1966) und Mario Sironi (1885–1961) veranlassten Lino Dinetto zu einem Umdenken. Mit der Analyse des Metaphysischen begann ein neuer Abschnitt in seinem Leben. Er verlieh seinen Kunstwerken eine größere Aussagekraft, widmete sich stärker der Zusammensetzung der Elemente und der Harmonisierung der Farben. Er schuf riesige Ölgemälde und erhielt 1946 den Auftrag, in der Abtei von Monte Oliveto Maggiore, südlich von Siena, ein Ölgemälde für das Refektorium zu schaffen: das "Letzte Abendmahl Christi" (1948). Durch diese Werke wurde Dinetto außerhalb des Venetos in weiteren Regionen Italiens bekannt.

1948 nahm er an der Ausstellung im "Tempio di Padova" teil. Er verließ Italien, um in Uruguay an Fresken "Gloria de San José" in der Kuppel der Catedral Basílica de San José de Mayo zu arbeiten; diese Auftragsarbeit dauerte vier Jahre lang. Von 1955 bis 1960 übernahm er den Lehrstuhl Malen und Zeichnen am "Instituto de Bellas Artes S. Francisco" von Montevideo. Bis heute unterrichtet Lino Dinetto einmal pro Jahr Kunststudenten in Montevideo.

Nach einer intensiven Auseinandersetzung mit dem Kubismus und dem Konstruktivismus des uruguayischen Malers Joaquín Torres García (1874–1949) begann er, sich der informellen Kunst zu öffnen und wurde Teil der damaligen uruguayischen Spielart der abstrakten Kunst.

Mit der Serie "I Porti" gewann er sowohl 1955 als auch 1957 den ersten Preis im "Salon Nacional de Montevideo" und ergänzte die Serie mit "Il Cosmo", welche ihm 1959 den "Gran Premio de Punta del Est" einbrachte. Im gleichen Jahr veranstaltete man ihm zu Ehren eine große Ausstellung im Museu de Arte Moderna de São Paulo in Brasilien, 1961 noch einmal die Comision Nacional de Bellas Artes in Uruguay. 1957 nahm er an der vierten Biennale von São Paulo teil.

1960 kehrte er nach Italien zurück, widmete sich wieder verstärkt der Wand- und Glasmalerei, bereiste Frankreich, Jugoslawien und Spanien und nahm an der Ausstellung Junge Italienische Malerei bei der Biennale von Venedig teil. Es folgten zahlreiche regionale Auszeichnungen.

Im Jahre 1963 schuf er die "Klostergeschichten" in Santa Maria in Campis in Foligno, 1964 vervollständigte er im Auftrag von Fürst Rainier von Monaco den Fensterzyklus für eine neue Kirche in Monte Carlo.

Lino Dinetto lernte im Laufe seines Lebens sehr viele Künstlerpersönlichkeiten kennen, wie Pablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, Marc Chagall, Giorgio de Chirico, Salvador Dalí, Joan Miró.

Zum Werk

Seine Sensibilität für die Welt der Kunst und sein überragendes Talent machten ihn nicht nur in Italien, sondern auch in Übersee berühmt. In seinen Werken existiert weder eine 'Erste' noch eine 'Dritte' Welt, weder Böses noch Gewalt, Groteskes sucht man ebenso vergebens wie Provokation, Pornographie oder Grausames. Seine Bilder spiegeln eine Welt der Utopien, der Wünsche und des verzerrten Lichtes wider. In seinen "Paesaggi" (Landschaften) kreiert er sagenhafte Harmonien, verwunschene Orte, verborgene Sehnsüchte und Hoffnungen.

Seine Farbpalette ist meist heiter, es sind vor allem freundliche und lebensbejahende Farben. Die Farbe Blau findet man in fast allen seinen Bildern, für ihn ein Symbol für Wohlbehagen und Ruhe.

Drei immer wiederkehrende Motive durchziehen Lino Dinettos Gesamtkunstwerk: Die 'Frau', Veduten von 'Venedig' und unterschiedlich interpretierte Szenen aus der 'Passion Christi'. Seine Frauengestalten sind meist nackt oder nur spärlich bekleidet. Sie verkörpern eine lässige Eleganz, ihre Haltung ist stolz und ihr Blick, respektive ihre Gesichtszüge, sind weich und seidig. Trotz ihrer Nacktheit rutschen die Frauendarstellungen nie ins Frivole oder in die Doppeldeutigkeit ab.

Ein Erkennungsmerkmal seiner Werke sind auch die großen, originalen antiken Holzrahmen aus dem 13., 14. und 15. Jahrhundert, mit denen Lino Dinetto seine Kunstwerke rahmt. Das Zwischenspiel zwischen 'äußerlichem Alter' und 'innerlicher Neuheit' verleiht seinen Bildern einen enormen Spannungsbogen und lässt trotz dieser gewaltigen Unterschiede das Bild als Einheit erscheinen.

Dinettos Werke sind größtenteils in Privatbesitz, er lebt und arbeitet in seinem Atelier in der italienischen Provinz Vicenza. Zu seinem 85. Geburtstag wurde ihm zu Ehren 2012 die Ausstellung Omaggio a Dinetto in Santa Lucia di Piave ausgerichtet.

Literatur
Kataloge
 Exposicion de las obras de Lino Dinetto. Catalogo, junio 1961. Comision nacional de bellas artes, Montevideo 1961
 Lino Dinetto (opere recenti). Rossi, Seghe di Velo/Vicenza 1973.
 Dinetto. Treviso, Italia 1988. (Text: Dino Carlesi, Kurator: Enzo Carli)
 Dinetto: Maestro del Color. Organiza: Zonamerica. Montevideo 2007, ISBN 978-9974-80721-1 (Ausstellung Museo Nacional de Artes Visuales, Montevideo)
 Dinetto. Forma & Belleza, Organiza: Parlamento Nacional, Marzo 2011, Montevideo, Uruguay.
 Omaggio a Dinetto. 2011, Treviso Italia 2011. Texte: Giordana Stella. In: Quaderni Della Galleria, Periodico Della Biblioteca Comunale Di Santa Lucia Di Piave

Weitere Literatur
 Gente Nostra. Artisti italiani contemporanei. Torino, Band 3, 1970, S. 440

Weblinks
 Datensatz und Literatur von und über Lino Dinetto im Opac des Servizio Bibliotecario Nazionale (italienisch)
 El artista Lino Dinetto vuelve a Uruguay. El Paíz, 15. März 2011.

Einzelnachweise

Maler (Italien)
Bildhauer (Italien)
Teilnehmer einer Biennale von São Paulo
Italiener
Geboren 1927
Mann

Lino Dinetto


An Dendrobium discolor in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni John Lindley. An Dendrobium discolor in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Subspecies

Ini nga species ginbahin ha masunod nga subspecies:

 D. d. discolor
 D. d. incurvata
 D. d. broomfieldii
 D. d. fimbrilabium
 D. d. fuscum

Mga kasarigan

Mga sumpay ha gawas

Dendrobium

Dendrobium discolor


Peacekeeper may refer to:

General
 A person involved in peacekeeping
 United Nations peacekeeping
 Peace officer
 Conservator of the peace

Military
 The LGM-118 Peacekeeper, a land-based nuclear ICBM
 Peacekeeper Rail Garrison, a mobile missile system for the LGM-118 Peacekeeper
 Cadillac Gage Ranger, armored fighting vehicles
 Cadillac Gage Peacekeeper II, one of the two models of the vehicle

Fiction
 The Peacekeepers, a 1988 Star Trek: The Next Generation novel by Gene DeWeese
 The Peacekeeper, a 1997 Canadian and American action film
 Peacekeepers (Farscape), a fictional military and law enforcement organization in Farscape
 Peacekeepers (The Hunger Games), the combined military and police force in Panem in The Hunger Games
 "Peacekeeper" (NCIS), a 2021 television episode
 Peacekeepers, a 1988 science fiction novel by Ben Bova

Video games
 The Peace Keepers, a 1993 video game for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System
 Peacekeeper Revolver, a video game gun for the Phillips Cd-i video game console

Other uses
 Peacekeeper (benchmark), a web browser benchmark from Futuremark Corporation
 Peacekeeper (EP), by Barkmarket, 1995
 "Peacekeeper" (song), by Fleetwood Mac, 2003
 Peacekeeper Park, an urban park in Calgary, Alberta, Canada
 Peacekeepers Way, a highway in Nova Scotia, Canada
 Newfoundland and Labrador Route 2, also known as Peacekeepers Way, a highway in Newfoundland, Canada

See also
 Peacemaker (disambiguation)

Peacekeeper


La punta Médanos Negros es un accidente geográfico costero ubicado en el departamento Deseado en la Provincia de Santa Cruz (Argentina), más específicamente en la posición  . Se ubica en la parte central de la bahía de los Nodales, al sur de isla Lobos (Argentina) y al norte de punta Ramos y punta Medanosa. A 2 kilómetros al este se encuentra la isla Guano.

La punta está constituida por una serie de afloramientos rocosos porfíricos de la formación Bahía Laura unidos por sedimentos arenosos que conforman la playa. En parte la punta se halla cubierta por sedimentos eólicos de origen holocénico, donde se registran algunas acumulaciones medanosas en erosión eólica activa en la parte norte y este, mientras que existen otros sectores donde la cubierta vegetal no ha sido erosionada. En las cercanías se encuentra el casco de una estancia, que ofrece servicios turísticos para los pescadores que visitan la zona.

Referencias

Médanos Negros
Geografía del departamento Deseado

Punta Médanos Negros


Rina Matsuno (jap. , Matsuno Rina; ) a fost un idol japonez, fotomodel, actriță și cântăreață japoneză. Ea a fost din 2010 membra unei trupei de fete Shiritsu Ebisu Chuugaku, membra trupei Minichia Bears. A murit pe 8 februarie 2017 din cauza unei boli de inimă. Înainte de moartea sa, a postat pe contul ei de Instagram, pe 6 februarie, spunând că s-a întors dintr-o excursie cu familia la Hakone. Cauza decesului: aritmie cardiacă.

Prezentare generală
 A fost membră în trupe precum: Shiritsu Ebisu Chuugaku și Minichia Bears.
 A fost un model pentru revista de modă pentru femei, numită Larme.
 Ca actriță, a jucat în trei filme: Apartment 1303, Todai și The Joker Games: Escape.
 Numărul ei în trupă a fost 9 și culoarea ei în trupă a fost albastru.
 S-a născut la Tokyo, pe 16 iulie 1998.
 A fost o fană a lui Shuuka Fujii.
 A fost singurul copil, părinții ei fiind bucătari.
 Agenția ei de talente a fost Stardust Promotion.

Grupuri muzicale
 Shiritsu Ebisu Chuugaku
 Minichia Bears

Filmografie

Filme
 Apartment 1303 (2007)
 Tōdai (2008)
 The Joker Games: Escape (2013)

Reviste
 Soen
 Larme
 Ebi Collection

Vezi și
 Shiritsu Ebisu Chuugaku
 Minichia Bears
 Stardust Promotion
 Larme

Nașteri în 1998
Decese în 2017
Nașteri pe 16 iulie
Decese pe 8 februarie
Idoli japonezi
Actrițe japoneze
Fotomodele din Japonia
Vedete japoneze de televiziune
Decese în Japonia

Rina Matsuno


Barbora Klementová, née le  à Levoča, est une fondeuse slovaque.

Carrière
Elle connaît sa première expérience en 2011 avec le Festival olympique de la jeunesse européenne à Liberec, puis prend part aux Jeux olympiques de la jeunesse à Innsbruck en 2012, arrivant douzième du cinq kilomètres classique et quatorzième du sprint.

Klementová compte deux participations aux championnats du monde junior en 2013 et 2014, obtenant son meilleur résultat en 2014 à Val di Fiemme avec une  sur le sprint libre.

Au niveau élite, elle fait son apparition avec l'équipe nationale à l'occasion des Championnats du monde 2013 à Val di Fiemme ( du sprint). Deux fois ans plus tard, elle dispute les Championnats du monde à Falun, où elle établit son meilleur résultat individuel en mondial avec une  place sur le sprint classique. En janvier 2016, elle fait ses débuts en Coupe du monde à Planica (). Elle marque un point pour le classement général en 2020-2021, saison où elle contemple la possibilité d'une fin de carrière en raison du manque de soutien financier de sa fédération.

Elle prend part aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018 terminant  du sprint classique et  du sprint par équipes.

La Slovaque remporte aussi le classement général de la Coupe slave lors de la saison 2015-2016.

Palmarès

Jeux olympiques

Légende :
  : pas d'épreuve
 — : Non disputée par Klementová

Championnats du monde

Coupe du monde
 Meilleur classement général :  en 2021.
 Meilleur résultat individuel : .

Classements en Coupe du monde

Notes et références

Liens externes

Naissance à Levoča
Naissance en octobre 1994
Fondeuse slovaque
Fondeuse aux Jeux olympiques d'hiver de 2018

Barbora Klementová


Béla Gaál, cu numele inițial Béla Goldstein, () a fost un actor și regizor de film maghiar.

Potrivit unor surse ar fi murit la 18 februarie 1945 în lagărul de concentrare Dachau, iar conform altor surse ar fi fost ucis la Budapesta la începutul anului 1945 de membrii Partidului Crucilor cu Săgeți. În conformitate cu Magyar Életrajzi Index a murit la Budapesta a murit în primele două luni ale anului 1945.

Biografie
A urmat studii de drept la Universitatea din Budapesta. În 1913 a fost elev al școlii de teatru Vígszínhá, apoi a fost angajat ca actor la Satu Mare și a fost regizor la teatrul din Győr. În 1914 a publicat volumul de poezii Kaborlasok. În perioada Primului Război Mondial a fost soldat, iar apoi a revenit pe scenă. În 1919 Béla Gaál a fondat Teatrul Madach în clădirea Academiei Naționale de Muzică, lucrând acolo ca regizor și director. În 1927 a fost regizor principal al Teatrului Belváros din Budapesta.

În 1920 a regizat primul său film (Star filmgyár), începându-și cariera în epoca filmului mut. În anii 1920 a fondat împreună cu Géza von Bolváry prima școală de film din Ungaria, pe care a condus-o. După apariția sonorului a devenit unul dintre cei mai ocupați regizori de film din Ungaria. A realizat comedii romantice, în care a îmbinat divertismentul și cu necesitățile impuse de ideologia oficială. Comedia romantică Meseautó  (1934) este cea mai cunoscută dintre creațiile sale. A redactat și publicat lucrarea de referință Filmelmélet (Teoria filmului) și a devenit președinte al Asociației Naționale de Film.

Filmografie
 A vörösbegy (1921)
 Diadalmas élet (1923)
 Csak nővel ne! (1924)
 Rongyosok (1925)
 A csodadoktor (1926)
 Csak egy kislány van a világon (1929)
 Meseautó (1934)
 Helyet az öregeknek (1934)
 Címzett ismeretlen (1935)
 Az új földesúr (1935)
 Évforduló (1936)
 Aranyember (1936)
 Hotel Kikelet (1937)
 János vitéz (1938)

Note

Bibliografie
 Magyar életrajzi lexikon
 Horák Magda: A magyar értelmiség veszteségei az 1940-es években
 Magyar Színművészeti Lexikon, Budapesta, 1931.

Nașteri în 1893
Decese în 1945
Pieriți în Holocaust
Actori maghiari
Regizori de film maghiari

Béla Gaál


Marie Bak (født 1898) var en dansk digter og forfatter. Marie Bak skrev  digtsamlingerne I Solskin og Graavejr (1946),  Uret minder - Tiden svinder (1947) og Skyerne spredes (1948) Glimt fra volden (1949)

Eksterne henvisninger
Om Marie Bak på danskforfatterleksikon.dk

Marie Bak


الخيانة هي انتهاك أو خرق لعهد مفترض أو الأمانة أو الثقة التي تنتج عن الصراع النفسي في العلاقات التي بين الأفراد أو بين المنظمات أو بين الأفراد والمنظمات. في كثير من الأحيان، تحدث الخيانة عند دعم أحد المنافسين أو نقض ما تم الاتفاق عليه مسبقا أو القواعد المفترضة بين الطرفين. ويشتهر الشخص الذي يخون الآخرين بالغادر أو الخائن. يشتهر استخدام الخيانة أيضا في المجال الأدبي وفي كثير من الأحيان يقترن بالتغير المفاجئ في أحداث القصة أو يكون السبب فيها.

التعريف
كتب روجر إل جاكسون (Roger L. Jackson)، مؤلف مقالة، العقل والعاطفة للخيانة (The Sense and Sensibility of Betrayal) الذي يكشف معنى الخيانة في كتابات جين أوستن (Jane Austen)، «مما يثير الدهشة حقا أنه لا يتوفر سوى القليل من الكتابات حول المعنى المقصود من المصطلح». في علم النفس، يصف المتمرسون الخيانة على أنها نقض للعقد الاجتماعي؛ إضافة إلى ذلك، فقد انتقدت وجهة النظر المذكورة، بما يدعي أن المصطلح العقد الاجتماعي لا يعبر بدقة عن ظروف ودوافع وآثار الخيانة. يؤكد الفلاسفة جوديث شكلار (Judith Shklar) وبيتر جونسون (Peter Johnson)، مؤلفو الغموض في معنى الخيانة (The Ambiguities of Betrayal) وأطر الخداع (Frames of Deceit) على التوالي، أنه على الرغم من عدم وجود تعريف واضح للخيانة، فيتضح المعنى المقصود من الخيانة بفعالية أكثر في الأدب.

الخيانة في الإسلام

معنى الخيانة لغةً واصطلاحًا

 الخيانة لغةً:

الخيانة نقيض الأمانة، من خانه خَوْنًا وخيانة ومَخَانة، واختانه، فهو خائن والجمع خانة وخَوَنَةً وخُوَّان، ويُقال: خُنْتُ فلانًا، وخنت أمانة فلان.

 الخيانة اصطلاحًا:

قال الراغب: (الخيانة مخالفة الحق بنقض العهد في السِّر).

وقيل: هي (الاستبداد بما يؤتمن الإنسان عليه من الأموال والأعراض والحرم، وتملك ما يستودع، ومجاحدة مودعه).

النَّهي عن الخيانة وذمُّها في القرآن والسنة وأقوال العلماء

في القرآن

وقد وردت الخيانة في خمسة معانٍ في القرآن:

 وقد نهى الله عنها في مواضع كثيرة، منها:

[((إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ كُلَّ خَوَّانٍ)) أي: خائن في أمانته التي حمله الله إياها، فيبخس حقوق الله عليه، ويخونها، ويخون الخلق.
((كَفُورٌ)) لنعم الله، يوالي عليه الإحسان، ويتوالى منه الكفر والعصيان، فهذا لا يحبه الله، بل يبغضه ويمقته، وسيجازيه على كفره وخيانته، ومفهوم الآية، أن الله يحب كل أمين قائم بأمانته، شكور لمولاه.]

جاء في تفسير ابن كثير: (يقول تعالى لنبيه، صلوات الله وسلامه عليه (وإما تخافن من قوم) قد عاهدتهم (خيانة) أي: نقضًا لما بينك وبينهم من المواثيق والعهود، (فانبذ إليهم) أي: عهدهم (على سواء) أي: أعلمهم بأنك قد نقضت عهدهم حتى يبقى علمك وعلمهم بأنك حرب لهم، وهم حرب لك، وأنه لا عهد بينك وبينهم على السواء، أي: تستوي أنت وهم في ذلك).

(قال أبو جعفر: يعني جل ثناؤه بقوله: «إنا أنـزلنا إليك الكتاب بالحق لتحكم بين الناس بما أراك الله»، أي: «إنا أنـزلنا إليك» يا محمد «الكتاب»، يعني: القرآن «لتحكم بين الناس»، لتقضي بين الناس فتفصل بينهم «بما أراك الله»، يعني: بما أنـزل الله إليك من كتابه «ولا تكن للخائنين خصيمًا»، يقول: ولا تكن لمن خان مسلمًا أو معاهدًا في نفسه أو ماله «خصيما» تخاصم عنه، وتدفع عنه من طالبه بحقِّه الذي خانه فيه.)

({فَخَانَتَاهُمَا} في الدين، بأن كانتا على غير دين زوجيهما، وهذا هو المراد بالخيانة لا خيانة النسب والفراش).

قال السعدي في قوله تعالى حكاية عن امرأة العزيز: ((ذَلِكَ لِيَعْلَمَ أَنِّي لَمْ أَخُنْهُ بِالْغَيْبِ)).

(يحتمل أنَّ مرادها بذلك زوجها أي: ليعلم أني حين أقررت أني راودت يوسف ، أني لم أخنه بالغيب، أي: لم يجرِ مني إلا مجرد المراودة، ولم أفسد عليه فراشه، ويحتمل أنَّ المراد بذلك ليعلم يوسف حين أقررت أني أنا الذي راودته، وأنه صادق أني لم أخنه في حال غيبته عني. ((وَأَنَّ اللّهَ لاَ يَهْدِي كَيْدَ الْخَائِنِينَ)) فإنَّ كلَّ خائن، لا بدَّ أن تعود خيانته ومكره على نفسه، ولا بد أن يتبين أمره).

في السنة النبوية

قال ابن عثيمين في قوله: ((إذا اؤتمن خان)): (إذا ائتمنه إنسان على شيء خانه).

في كتب العلماء

 (وكان شُرَيح يقضي في المضارب بقضائين: كان ربما قال للمضارب: بينتك على مصيبة تعذر بها. وربما قال لصاحب المال: بينتك أن أمينك خائن، وإلا فيمينه بالله ما خانك).
 وقال الماوردي: (وأما الاستسرار بالخيانة فضعة؛ لأنَّه بذُلِّ الخيانة مهين، ولقلة الثقة به مستكين. وقد قيل في منثور الحكم: من يخن يهن. وقال خالد الربعي: قرأت في بعض الكتب السالفة: أن مما تعجل عقوبته ولا تؤخر: الأمانة تخان، والإحسان يكفر، والرحم تقطع، والبغي على الناس.
ولو لم يكن من ذم الخيانة إلا ما يجده الخائن في نفسه من المذلة، لكفاه زاجرًا، ولو تصور عقبى أمانته وجدوى ثقته، لعلم أنَّ ذلك من أربح بضائع جاهه، وأقوى شفعاء تقدمه مع ما يجده في نفسه من العزِّ، ويقابل عليه من الإعظام).

 وقال أيضًا: (والداعي إلى الخيانة شيئان: المهانة وقلة الأمانة، فإذا حسمهما عن نفسه بما وصفت ظهرت مروءته).
 وقال حكيم: (لو علم مضيع الأمانة، ما في النكث والخيانة، لقصر عنهما عنانه).
 وقال ابن حزم: (الخيانة في الحرم أشدُّ من الخيانة في الدماء، العرض أعزُّ على الكريم من المال، ينبغي للكريم أن يصون جسمه بماله، ويصون نفسه بجسمه، ويصون عرضه بنفسه، ويصون دينه بعرضه، ولا يصون بدينه شيئًا).

نتائج وعواقب الخيانة

1- الفُرْقَة بين الناس وفقدان الثقة بينهم، وانتشار الخيانة في مجتمع ما هو من علامات هلاكه واضمحلاله.

2- تفشي الغش والكذب والظلم بينهم، لأن الخيانة تجرُّ معها كل تلك الرذائل.

3- إعراض الله تعالى عن مرتكبها، وعدم محبته له:

قال تعالى (في سورة النساء): ((إِنَّ اللَّهَ لَا يُحِبُّ مَن كَانَ خَوَّانًا أَثِيمًا)).

4- الخيانة صفة أساسية مِن صفات المنافقين، الذين توعدهم الله بأشد العذاب:

قال تعالى (في سورة النساء):

5- الخيانة مرض عضال إذا تمكَّن من الإنسان؛ جرَّده من إنسانيته، وجعله وحشًا يهيم وراء ملذاته فقط ولا يبالي بشيء آخر.

حُكم الخيانة

الخيانة ذنبٌ كبير، حرمه الله وشدد عليه في القرآن مرارًا. وكذلك جاءت بتحريمه الأحاديث الصحيحة. ورأى البعض أنه من الكبائر، مثل ابن حجر الهيتمي والذهبي.

صور الخيانة

خيانة الله ورسوله

قال الله تعالى (في سورة الأنفال):

قال ابن عباس: (الأمانات: الأعمال التي ائتمن الله تعالى عليها العباد.). وقال الكلبي: أما خيانة الله ورسوله: فمعصيتهما. وأما خيانة الأمانة: فكلُّ واحد مؤتمن على ما افترضه الله عليه إن شاء خانها، وإن شاء أدَّاها لا يطلع عليه أحد إلا الله تعالى.

خيانة النفس

(وهي فعل الذنوب بالخفاء). قال تعالى (في سورة غافر):

((يَعْلَمُ خَائِنَةَ الْأَعْيُنِ)): وهو النظر الذي يخفيه العبد من جليسه ومقارنه، وهو نظر المسارقة، ((وَمَا تُخْفِي الصُّدُورُ)): مما لم يبينه العبد لغيره، فالله تعالى يعلم ذلك الخفي، فغيره من الأمور الظاهرة من باب أولى وأحرى.

خيانة الناس
ولها أشكال وصور مختلفة، منها:

 1- الخيانة في المال:

أي أكل المال الذي يؤتمن عليه الإنسان، ومن ذلك مال الوديعة، قال ابن عثيمين في قوله : ((إذا اؤتمن خان)) قال: (إذا ائتمنه إنسان على شيء خانه، فمثلًا إذا أعطي وديعة، وقيل له: خذها احفظها، دراهم أو ساعة أو قلم أو متاع أو غير ذلك، يكون فيها يستعملها لنفسه، أو يتركها فلا يحفظها في مكانها، أو يُظْفِرُ بها من يتسلَّط عليه ويأخذها، المهم أنه لا يؤدي الأمانة فيها)).

 2- إفشاء الأسرار:

(قال الحسن: إنَّ مِن الخيانة أن تُحدِّث بسرِّ أخيك.

ويُروى أنَّ معاوية  أسرَّ إلى الوليد بن عتبة حديثًا، فقال لأبيه: يا أبت، إنَّ أمير المؤمنين أسرَّ إليَّ حديثًا، وما أراه يطوي عنك ما بسطه إلى غيرك. قال: فلا تحدثني به؛ فإنَّ من كتم سرَّه كان الخيار إليه، ومن أفشاه كان الخيار عليه. قال: فقلت: يا أبت، وإنَّ هذا ليدخل بين الرجل وبين ابنه؟! فقال: لا والله يا بني، ولكن أحب ألا تذلل لسانك بأحاديث السرِّ، قال: فأتيت معاوية فأخبرته. فقال: يا وليد، أعتقك أبوك من رقِّ الخطأ).

 3- الخيانة في النُّصح أو المصلحة:

كمن يزكِّي فاسقًا، أو يخفي مالًا مسروقًا، أو يؤوي مجرمًا، أو يعين قاطع طريق. أو من ينصح غيره بما يؤذيه في الدنيا أو الآخرة من الإفساد وقطيعة الرحم.

 4- الخيانة الزوجية:

خيانة الرجل لزوجته بالسرقة والزنا وخيانة الزوجة لزوجها في ماله وعرضه، بالسرقة والزنا كذلك.

 5- الخيانة في الأعمال والمسؤوليات:

مثل التفريط في التربية ومعاملة الأهل، وقد ائتمنه الله عليهم قال تعالى (في سورة البقرة): ((يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا قُوا أَنفُسَكُمْ وَأَهْلِيكُمْ نَارًا وَقُودُهَا النَّاسُ وَالْحِجَارَةُ)).

الخيانة في شعر العرب

قال علي بن أبي طالب :

 قال ابن همام:

انظر أيضا

 أسطورة الطعنة في الظهر
 الخيانة العظمى
 خيانة زوجية
 أبو رغال

مراجع

العلاقات الشخصية
أخلاق إسلامية
أخلاقيات اجتماعية
أمن قومي
إساءة نفسية
خداع
تنمر
علاقات بين الأشخاص
غش
محرمات في الإسلام
مفاهيم أخلاقية
نرجسية

خيانة


An Malaxis keysseri in uska species han Liliopsida nga syahan ginhulagway ni Rudolf Mansfeld, ngan ginhatag han pagkayana nga asya nga ngaran ni Walter Kittredge. An Malaxis keysseri in nahilalakip ha genus nga Malaxis, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Malaxis

Malaxis keysseri


Die Esseburg war eine mittelalterliche Burganlage im ostfriesischen Ihrhove, die zwischen 1407 und 1409 zerstört wurde.

Geschichte
Im Overledingerland konnte sich im 14. Jahrhundert kein überregionales Häuptlingswesen etablieren. Stattdessen herrschten lokale Häuptlinge, denen um 1400 Hisko von Emden (Hisko Abdena) übergeordnet war, der mit Otto IV. von Hoya, dem Bischof von Münster, verbündet war. Bisher sind für diese Zeit acht befestigte Steinhäuser im Overledingerland nachgewiesen. Hier hatten die jeweiligen Dorfadeligen ihren Sitz und übten ihre lokale Herrschaft aus.

Zu Beginn des 15. Jahrhunderts dehnte Keno II. tom Brok seine Herrschaft auch auf den Süden Ostfrieslands aus. Zusammen mit Focko Ukena eroberte er im Overledingerland die ungeschützten Dörfer Collinghorst und Potshausen. Um den 20. Januar 1407 belagerten sie die Esseburg, die im ersten Anlauf jedoch nicht eingenommen werden konnte: "he lach vor de borch to Yderhove" ("er lag vor der Burg zu Ihrhove"). Dies ist zugleich die erste schriftliche Erwähnung Ihrhoves und seiner Burg. In diesem Jahr wurde Folmhusen, Ihrhove und Hallingmor geplündert, anschließend Amdorf, Rhaude, Backemoor und Collinghorst. Nach der erfolgreichen Einverleibung des südlichen Gebietes bezeichnete sich Focko Ukena als "Häuptling des Overledingerlandes".

Nicht bekannt ist, in welche Zeit die Gründung der Burg zurückreicht. Da der Backstein sich als neues Baumaterial erst ab dem 13. Jahrhundert durchsetzte, ist von der Erbauung der Burg im 13. oder 14. Jahrhundert auszugehen. Der genaue Zeitpunkt der Eroberung der Esseburg ist nicht eindeutig und liegt möglicherweise vor dem 9. Dezember 1409, als die Hansestädte Hamburg und Lübeck als Friedensvermittler auftraten, 22 Klagepunkte zwischen rivalisierenden Häuptlingen behandelten und einen Schiedsspruch fällten. Hisko Ebdena beschuldigte Keno II. tom Brok, die Burg erobert zu haben, was dieser bestritt. Dieser Schiedsspruch ist bisher das einzige Dokument über die genannten Eroberungen im Overledingerland.

Die Burganlage wurde nach 1409 abgetragen und in Folge als Wohnort aufgegeben. Über die Bewohner des Steinhauses ist nichts bekannt. Jeltko Iderhoff, von 1515 bis 1530 Drost und Amtmann im Amt Berum, war möglicherweise Häuptling von Ihrhove. Er stammte aus dem Overledingerland und der Name Iderhoff entspricht Yderahave/Ihrhove. In dritter oder vierter Generation könnte er Nachfahre der Bewohner der Esseburg gewesen sein.

Im Jahr 1735 nannte Stephan Rudolf Ketteler, Amtmann des Amtes Leerort, die Burg zum ersten Mal namentlich und gab eine Zustandsbeschreibung: "Hart an Iderhofe wird noch die Eskeborg, der familie von Hane zu Leer gehörig, gewiesen, wo jetzo nichts weiter zu sehen, als einiges Gebüsche, und ein darum zugewachsener Graben".

Das Gelände blieb vier Jahrhunderte unbewohnt. Um 1800 wurde ein bäuerliches Gehöft angelegt, das bis heute bewirtschaftet wird (Hündling/Kramer).

Name
Geht man von "Eskeborg" aus, liegt der ostfriesische Vorname "Esk/Eske" für den Laubbaum Esche zugrunde. Demnach bedeutet der Name "Burg an den Eschen". Eine alternative Deutung als "Esch" meint eine Rücken- oder Kuppenlage eines Bodens, dessen niedrige Fruchtbarkeit langfristig durch Bodensoden und Mist gesteigert wird. Gegen einen Esch-Acker sprechen die bodenkundlichen Befunde. Als dritte Möglichkeit wird eine Ableitung von "Essert/Edzard/Ekkehard" erwogen, was auf den Namen eines Häuptlings, der die Burg bewohnte, hinweisen würde. Ein solcher Name ist aber nicht überliefert, auch nicht im Ortssippenbuch, das Einträge ab 1723 erfasst. Der zweite Namensbestandteil "Borg/Börg" muss nicht in jedem Fall eine befestigte Burganlage bezeichnen, sondern kann auch für ein größeres, reich ausgestattetes Bauernhaus stehen.

Lage und Beschreibung

Zur Lokalisierung der Burg gibt es widersprüchliche mündliche Traditionen. Archäologische, naturwissenschaftliche und überlieferungsgeschichtliche Untersuchungen wurden in den Jahren 2006 bis 2011 durchgeführt. Sie legen nahe, dass die Burganlage auf einer Grabeninsel auf dem Gelände der heutigen Bahnhofstraße 42 gelegen und von einem viereckigen Doppelgraben nach allen vier Seiten umgeben war. Ursprünglich wies der doppelte Graben eine Breite von 17 Metern auf. Ost- und Südgraben sind heute noch erhalten, der Westgraben nur noch teilweise und der Nordgraben nicht mehr. Die eigentliche Häuptlingsburg war ein Backsteinbau auf wahrscheinlich rechteckigem Grundriss, vergleichbar dem Steinhaus Bunderhee, das eine Grundfläche von 11,40 × 7,60 m aufweist. In einem Schuttschleier wurden in 0,70 m Tiefe spätmittelalterliche Gebrauchskeramik und Bruchstücke von Backsteinen im Klosterformat entdeckt, die ursprünglich eine Stärke von 13,5 × 8–9 cm aufwiesen. Noch brauchbare Backsteine wurden offensichtlich nach der Eroberung weggeschafft.

Die Größe der Grabeninsel von 51 × 36 Meter spricht dafür, dass neben dem eigentlich Speicher- und Wehrturm ein Wohnhaustrakt bestand. Dieses bot in Friedenszeiten größeren Wohnkomfort als der verhältnismäßig kleine Wehrturm. Erst ab der Mitte des 15. Jahrhunderts entstand ein neuer Burgentyp mit großzügigerer Wohnraumanlage.

Literatur

Weblinks

 Hermann Adams (Ortschronisten der Ostfriesischen Landschaft): Ihrhove (PDF-Datei; 45,5 kB)
 Genealogie-Forum: Ihrhove

Einzelnachweise

Bauwerk in Westoverledingen
Burg in Ostfriesland
Niederungsburg im Landkreis Leer
Burg in Europa

Esseburg


أسطورة وحش البحيرة هي الرواية رقم 3 من سلسلة ما وراء الطبيعة التي تصدرها المؤسسة العربية الحديثة ضمن روايات مصرية للجيب للكاتب أحمد خالد توفيق تعد السلسلة أول سلسلة روايات عربية في أدب الرعب.

أحداث الرواية

يعود د. رفعت إسماعيل إلى مغامراته الشيقة، ففى عام 1964 يذهب إلى اسكتلندا ويقابل هناك السير جيمس ماكيلوب أستاذه القديم في البعثة العلمية التي كان فيها رفعت حيث يدعوه إلى قصره، وهناك يقابل رفعت ماجي ماكيلوب حبه القديم، ويقابل بعض الأشخاص الأخرى ن ليكتشف أن ما جمعهم على العشاء في قصر السير جيمس ماكيلوب، هو وحش بحيرة لوخ نيس حيث يريد هؤلاء التأكد من حقيقة وجود الوحش من عدمه، وفي أثناء ذلك تتم مشاهدتين للوحش.

ويروى السير جيمس ماكيلوب لرفعت محاولاته لاثبلت وجود الوحش، كما أنه يروى له أنه وجد أثار قديمة تكشف أن الفايكنج أعتدوا تقديم قرابين في صورة عذروات شابات إلى الوحش أتقاء لغضبه، وأنهم كانوا يستدعون الوحش ببوق ويلبسون الفتاة قلادة، ويخبره سير جيمس أن القلادة والبوق قد سرقا، وأن هناك مجنون يستخدمهما في أستدعاء الوحش وتقديم قرابين في صورة عذروات شابات، بعد أختفاء شابة منذ عدة أيام.

وفى أثناء جلوس ماجى ورفعت معا، يكتشفا ممرا سريا يقود أسفل القصر الذي يملكه سير جيمس، ولكنهما يفقدا طريقهما فيه وفي أثناء بحثهما عن المخرج، يجدا الفتاة التي كانت معدة لكى تصبح الضحية القادمة لوحش بحيرة لوخ نيس، وينجحوا في الخروج من الممر السرى، ويكتشفا أن الذي سرق البوق والقلادة هو خادم لدى السير جيمس ماكيلوب يدعى آنفريد هولثروب، وأنه كان يريد أحياء عادة الفاينكج القديمة.

يتفق السير جيمس ماكيلوب مع صائد حيوانات يدعى إيوان فريزر على صيد الوحش، وأنهم سوف يجتذبوه بواسطة تديم ماجى كطعم لصيده، ولكن تفشل الخطة ويهرب الوحش بعد أن قتل آنفريد هولثروب أثناء منعهم من قتله، ليستحق وحش بحيرة لوخ نيس حريته وحياته في النهاية.

أبطال الرواية

 رفعت إسماعيل : طبيب أمراض الدم والأستاذ الجامعي الكهل المقيم بالقاهرة، نحيل، أصلع، ذو عوينات، يعاني من كتيبة من الأمراض منها على سبيل المثال لا الحصر : القرحة المعدية، ضيق الشرايين، الربو الشعبي، التهاب الرئة، آلام المفاصل، قلق، متشائم، نحس يقع في المصائب.
 ماجي ماكيلوب : خبيرة فيزياء اسكتلندية تعرف عليها رفعت حين كان يدرس الدكتوراه في جامعة داندي تحت إشراف أبيها السير جيمس ماكيلوب. يحب رفعت ماجي، وتبادله الحب.
 جيمس ماكيلوب : هو أستاذ رفعت وهو والد ماجي ماكيلوب
 إيوان فريزر : هو الصياد الذي صاد جميع أنواع الحيوانات، يستعين به السير جيمس ماكيلوب لصيد وحش بحيرة لوخ نيس

آراء ونقاش حول الرواية
لمعرفة المزيد من التفاصيل والآراء حول الموضوع راجع منتدى شبكة روايات التفاعلية

سلسلة ما وراء الطبيعة
روايات بالعربية

أسطورة وحش البحيرة


Consols (originally short for consolidated annuities, but subsequently taken to mean consolidated stock) were government debt issues in the form of perpetual bonds, redeemable at the option of the government. They were issued by the Bank of England and the U.S. Government. The first British consols were issued in 1751. They have now been fully redeemed. The United States government issued consols from 1877 to 1930, which have likewise been redeemed.

History
In 1752 the Chancellor of the Exchequer and Prime Minister Sir Henry Pelham converted all outstanding issues of redeemable government stock into one bond, Consolidated 3.5% Annuities, in order to reduce the coupon (interest rate) paid on the government debt.

In 1757, the annual interest rate on the stock was reduced to 3%, leaving the stock as consolidated 3% annuities. The coupon rate remained at 3% until 1888. In 1888, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, George Joachim Goschen, converted the consolidated 3% annuities, along with reduced 3% annuities (issued in 1752) and new 3% annuities (1855), into a new bond, 2% consolidated stock, under the National Debt (Conversion) Act 1888 (Goschen's Conversion). Under the Act, the interest rate of the stock was reduced to 2% in 1903, and the stock given a first redemption date of 5 April 1923, after which point the stock could be redeemed at par value by Act of Parliament.

In 1927 Chancellor Winston Churchill issued a new government stock, 4% consols, as a partial refinancing of the National War Bonds issued in 1917 during World War I.

Timeline of 2.5% consolidated stock

Final redemption
On 31 October 2014 the UK Government announced that it would redeem the 4% consols in full in early 2015. It did so on 1 February 2015, and redeemed the 3% and 3% bonds between March and May of that year. The final 2% and 2% bonds were redeemed on 5 July 2015. Section 124 of the Finance Act 2015 made the legal provisions for the ending of the consol.

References in literature
Given their long history, references to consols can be found in many places, including Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen, David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, Howards End by E. M. Forster, Vanity Fair by William Makepeace Thackeray, Of Human Bondage by William Somerset Maugham and The Forsyte Saga by John Galsworthy.

See also

War bond#United Kingdom
The Swiss National Bank shares work similarly to a consol.

References

External links
Annuity Certificates of the Bank of England Consolidated Annuities
CREATING THE CONSOLS- A brief history of the origins of Britain's 3% perpetual bonds

Government bonds issued by the United Kingdom
1751 introductions
1751 in Great Britain
Economic history of the United Kingdom
Public finance of the United Kingdom
Politics of the Kingdom of Great Britain

zh:金边债券

Consol (bond)


Ludvig Conrad Neckelmann (født 28. maj 1784 i Æbeltoft, død 17. maj 1865) var en dansk jurist og historisk forfatter.

Neckelmann blev student fra Fredericia Skole 1800, juridisk kandidat 1804 og studerede derefter i Kiel. I 1805 blev han auditør ved det slesvigske infanteriregiment, 1810 byfoged i Randers samt herredsfoged i de dermed forenede jurisdiktioner (indtil 1814 Houlbjerg og Galten Herreder, 1814-19 Nørhald og Støvring Herreder) og 1819 tillige borgmester. Neckelmann tog sig ivrig af den by, han således fik anvist til virkekreds, og da han tillige havde megen historisk interesse, kom han snart ind på studier i Randers gamle rådstuearkiv. I 1830 skrev han en Udsigt over Randers Kjøbstad, og i 1833 påbegyndte han en Randers Kjøbstads Beskrivelse, af hvilken dog kun udkom den almindelige del indtil 1448 og en afhandling om fiskeriet i Randers Fjord. Også til sit skrift Om Kommunevæsenet i Danmark (1836) har han benyttet oplysninger fra Randers tingbøger. Af interesse for byens opkomst fremkom han i 1832 med et noget fantastisk Forslag til Pramfart mellem Limfjorden og Gudenaa.

Neckelmann var i 1831 bleven justitsråd, og hans embedsvirksomhed og duelighed vare ofte blevne hædrende omtalte af kongen og kancelliet. Men han blev nu indviklet i nogle uregelmæssige sportuleringsforhold, og ved en Højesteretsdom blev han i 1838 idømt en mulkt på 1000 rigsdaler. I anledning heraf søgte og fik han i 1839 sin afsked med pension. Efter den tid levede han i Randers uden at beklæde noget embede. Han fortsatte sin litterære virksomhed, udgav et par skrifter af juridisk indhold og et ugeblad, Turisten (1840), men var navnlig optaget af at samle materiale til et stort værk om det skandinaviske Stamfolks Urtid og Oldtid, hvilken han søgte at oplyse væsentlig ved studier over folkesproget og stednavnene. Da han var henimod 80 år gammel, begyndte han 1861
udgivelsen af dette værk under titel Skandinaviske Blade. Men kun 1. bind udkom, inden forfatteren døde.

Kilder

Borgmestre fra Danmark
Justitsråder fra Danmark
Faglitterære forfattere fra Danmark
Dansksprogede forfattere fra Danmark
Danskere i 1700-tallet
Danskere i 1800-tallet

Ludvig Conrad Neckelmann


Sfăntul Ierarh Teoctist I (n. cca. 1410 – d. 18 noiembrie 1477) a fost mitropolit al Mitropoliei Moldovei între 1455–1477. Mitropolia respectivă își avea pe atunci sediul la Suceava, care era totodată capitala Țării Moldovei. Teoctist a fost de etnie bulgară, fiind hirotonit arhiereu în anul 1451 de către patriarhul Nicodim al II-lea de Peć. Mitropolitul Teoctist a fost cel care l-a învestit ca domn pe Ștefan cel Mare în anul 1457, pe câmpul numit Direptate.

Cariera ecleziastică
Teoctist a fost unul din adversarii reconcilierii cu Biserica Catolică în contextul conciliului de la Ferrara-Florența din anii 1438-1439. Mitropolitul Damian al Moldovei, participant la conciliu, a semnat actul de uniune cu Roma. Urmașul său în scaunul de arhiepiscop al Sucevei și mitropolit al Moldovei, Ioachim, a fost alungat din Moldova de gruparea din jurul lui Teoctist, care i-a luat locul. Schimbarea de direcție s-a produs în anul 1455, după căderea Constantinopolului și în timpul domniei lui Alexăndrel. Dimitrie Cantemir relatează (confundându-l pe Alexăndrel cu Alexandru cel Bun) în "Descrierea Moldovei":

Mitropolitul Teoctist I apare în sursele istorice și ca fiind cel care l-a binecuvântat și l-a uns ca Domn pe Ștefan cel Mare în anul 1457, pe câmpul numit Direptate. I-a fost sfetnic credincios voievodului, atât pentru treburile lumești cât și în cele duhovnicești. S-a implicat și în construirea Mănăstirii Putna, măreața ctitorie a lui Ștefan, ulterior necropolă domnească, dar și loc de veci pentru mitropolitul însuși. La târnosirea sfântului lăcaș, ce a avut loc la 3 septembrie 1469, "era de față întreg clerul moldovenesc, în frunte cu Mitropolitul Teoctist al Moldovei, cu Episcopul Tarasie al Romanului și cu primul egumen al Putnei, Arhimandritul Ioasaf".

Locul de veci
Lespedea sa funerară, aflată la Mănăstirea Putna, are următoarea inscripție: "Binecinstitorul Domn al Țării Moldovei, Io Ștefan Voievod, fiul lui Bogdan Voievod, a împodobit mormântul acesta părintelui nostru Mitropolitul Sucevei Preasfințitul Kir Teoctist care a și murit în anul 6986, luna noiembrie 18".

În literatură
Axinte Uricariul a adnotat în Letopisețul Țării Moldovei că "află-se scris la un létopiseț sârbescu de Azarie călugărul precum în zilele acestui domnu, Alixandru Vodă, s-au hirotonit preaosfințitul [sic] mitropolitul chir Theoctist de Nicodim din Țara Sîrbască".

Mitropolitul Teoctist este unul din personajele romanului Frații Jderi de Mihail Sadoveanu, roman care tematizează epoca lui Ștefan cel Mare.

Note

Bibliografie
 Pop, Șt.; Românii la conciliul din Florența, în: Răvașul, anul VII (1909), Cluj, pp. 312–318.
Lectură suplimentară
 Sfânta Mănăstire Putna; Ștefan cel Mare și Sfânt. Biserica. O lecție de istorie;  Editura Mușatinii; 2004; ISBN 973-8122-58-9
 Bălan, Ioanichie; Pateric Românesc, Ed. a V-a; Ed. Mănăstirea Sihăstria; 2005; p. 109-110 (Mitropolitul Teoctist I al Moldovei și Sucevei)
 Iorga, Nicolae; Cap II – Clerul moldovenesc supt Mitropolitul Teoctist în Istoria Bisericii Românești
 Mureșan, Dan Ioan; Teoctist I și ungerea domnească a lui Ștefan cel Mare în Românii în Europa medivală (Între Orientul bizantin și Occidentul latin); Ed. Istros; Brăila; 2008; pp. 303–416
 Petcu, Marcu; Pintilie, Adrian; Lihănceanu, Nicolae; Crețu, Ramona, Anca; Pagini din istoria monahismului ortodox în revistele teologice din România, Vol. II Așezăminte monahale; Ed. Bibliotecii Naționale a României, Ed. Mitropolit Iacov Putneanul; București; 2011

Mitropoliți ai Moldovei
Clerici bulgari
Ctitori de edificii religioase
Decese în 1477

Teoctist I (mitropolit al Moldovei)


Puzava pirika (pirika, pasja pšenica, obična pirika, pirevina, troskot, lat. Elymus repens), korisna, jestiva i ljekovita jednosupnica iz porodice trava, od strane poljoprivrednika tretirana kao korov. Puzava pirika ne pripada rodu pirika (Agropyron), nego u rod ječmika (Elymus).

Rasprostranjena je po većem dijelu Europe, Azije i sjeverne Afrike, od nizina do planinskih pojasa. Obično raste po livadama, pašnjacima, uz putove i živice, te po oranicama i vrtovima, zbog čega se tretira kao korov.

Opis
Puzava pirika, obično nazivana, jednostavno pirika, ima jestiv, veoma dug puzajući korijen (podanak), u dubinu do 20 cm., kojega na jednom hektaru može biti i 5 000 kilometara, zbog čega ju je veoma teško iskorijeniti. Vlati su uspravne i čvrste, a mogu narasti do 150cm visine.

Ljekovitost
Podanak ima ugodan miris i slatkast okus, a pun je hranjivih tvari, masti, vitamina i bjelančevina. bere se u ranu jesen ili rano proljeće, suši se i pripremi u obkliku čaja, ali se može i pržiti te koristiti kao nadomjestak za kavu, i mljeti u brašno.

Travari ju koriste za liječenje raznih bolesti, cistitis, uretritis, prostatitis, giht, reumatska oboljenja, te protiv pijeska i kamenca.

Sinonimi
 Agropyron junceum var. repens (L.) T.Marsson
 Agropyron repens (L.) P.Beauv.
 Braconotia officinarum Godr., nom. superfl.
 Elytrigia repens (L.) Nevski
 Frumentum repens (L.) E.H.L.Krause
 Triticum infestum Salisb., nom. superfl.
 Triticum repens L.
 Zeia repens (L.) Lunell

Podvrste
 Elymus repens subsp. arenosus (Spenn.) Melderis
 Elymus repens subsp. atlantis (Maire) Ibn Tattou
 Elymus repens subsp. calcareus (Cernjavski) Melderis
 Elymus repens subsp. elongatiformis (Drobow) Melderis
 Elymus repens subsp. repens

Izvori

Hordeinae
Flora Europe
Flora Azije
Flora Sjeverne Afrike

Puzava pirika


Le Griffon  (, The Griffin) was a sailing vessel built by French explorer and fur trader René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle in the Niagara area of Canada in 1679.

Le Griffon was constructed and launched at or near Cayuga Island on the Niagara River and was armed with seven cannons. The exact size and construction of Le Griffon is not known but many researchers believe she was a 45-ton barque. She was the largest sailing vessel on the Great Lakes up to that time. La Salle and Father Louis Hennepin set out on Le Griffons maiden voyage on 7 August 1679 with a crew of 32, sailing across Lake Erie, Lake Huron and Lake Michigan through uncharted waters that only canoes had previously explored. The ship landed on an island in northern Lake Michigan adjacent to Green Bay where the local tribes had gathered with animal pelts to trade with the French. La Salle and company disembarked and on 18 September sent the ship back toward Niagara. On its return trip from the island, it vanished with all six crew members and its load of furs.

One consequential result of the effort to build Le Griffin was the discovery of Niagara Falls on the namesake river between lakes Erie and Ontario.

While there have been many theories over the years, there is no clear consensus as to the fate or current location of Le Griffon.

Design

Le Griffons pattern closely followed the prevailing type used by explorers to cross the Atlantic Ocean to the New World.  The exact size and construction of Le Griffon is not known.  The widely referenced antique woodcutting of Le Griffon shows her with two masts but many researchers believe she was a 45-ton barque with a single mast with several square sails and  long with a  beam.

Hennepin's first account says she was a vessel of about 45 tons; his second says 60 tons. Because his second account has numerous exaggerations and cases where he credits himself for things that La Salle had done, Hennepin's first account is considered more reliable. In any case, Le Griffon was larger than any other vessel on the lakes at the time, and as far as contemporary reports can confirm, the first named vessel.

She had the figure of a griffin mounted on her jib-boom and an eagle flying above.
Some say Le Griffon was named for Count Frontenac whose coat of arms was ornamented with the mythical griffin.  Hennepin said she was named to protect her from the fire that threatened her.

Historical context
Le Griffon was the largest fixed-rig sailing vessel on the Great Lakes up to that time. Historian J. B. Mansfield reported that this "excited the deepest emotions of the Indian tribes, then occupying the shores of these inland waters".

La Salle, sought a Northwest Passage to China and Japan to extend France's trade.  Creating a fur trade monopoly with the Native Americans would finance his quest and building Le Griffon was an "essential link in the scheme".

The sailing of Le Griffin from the temporary outpost just south of Niagara Falls on the upper Niagara River to Green Bay was part of La Salle's 2nd of four expeditions which ended at the mouth of the Illinois River on the Mississippi. His first expedition in 1669 had aborted somewhere south of Lake Ontario. His third expedition in 1682 retraced the second, then traversed the middle and lower Mississippi River to its mouth on the Gulf of Mexico. His last expedition in 1684 starting from France explored an area on the Gulf coast in eastern Texas where he perished attempting to establish a French colony at the mouth of the Mississippi.

After Le Griffin, it would be more than 80 years before another sailing ship plied the Great Lakes and enabled the commercial exploitation of the lakes and facilitated settlement of the American west.

First ships and preparations
Le Griffon may or may not be considered the first ship on the Great Lakes, depending on what factors one deems necessary to qualify a vessel for that designation. Decking, permanent masts, and bearing a name are a few of the criteria one might use.

Before 1673, the most common vessel on the lakes was the canoe. While smaller canoes were used on rivers and streams, lake canoes were more commonly larger vessels measuring up to about  long. While some of these were made from a single carved log ("dugout" or "pirogue"), most were bark canoes. Bateaux were also common. They were open vessels (no deck) made of wood measuring up to about  long and capable of carrying three or four tons of cargo. While they were at times fitted with mast and sails, their primary propulsion was either oars or poles. The sails were merely supplemental for traveling down wind. Their inefficiency at beating to windward made them impractical as sailing vessels, and they were not very safe in open water.

Below Niagara Falls: first ships on Lake Ontario
James Mansfield says that in the fall of 1678, La Salle built a vessel of about 10 tons burden at Fort Frontenac and that this vessel, named Frontenac, was the first real sailing vessel on the Great Lakes; specifically, on Lake Ontario (which some at the time called Lac de Frontenac). Many authors since Mansfield have followed suit. There is reason, however, to question his assertion.

Justin Windsor notes that Count Frontenac by 1 August 1673, "had already ordered the construction of a vessel on Ontario to be used as an auxiliary force to Fort Frontenac." He also says that at Fort Frontenac in 1676, La Salle "laid the keels of the vessels which he depended on to frighten the English." J. C. Mills  quotes a letter from La Salle to the Minister of Marine that says, "The fort at Cataraqui (Fort Frontenac) with the aid of a vessel now building, will command Lake Ontario..." While no date is given for the letter, the location of Mill's reference to it suggests that it was sent before 1677, perhaps as early as 1675. Francis Parkman says that by 1677, "four vessels of 25 to 40 tons had been built for the lake Ontario and the river St. Lawrence." H. W. Beckwith says that in September 1678, La Salle "already had three small vessels on Lake Ontario, which he had made use of in a coasting trade with the Indians." None of these sources ascribe a name to any of these vessels. While the journals of Tonti, Hennepin, and LeClercq (participants with La Salle) do mention a little vessel of 10 tons, none of them apply a name to it.

La Salle's prime focus in 1678 was building Le Griffon. Arriving at Fort Frontenac in late September, he had neither the time for nor the interest in building a vessel at Fort Frontenac to transport building materials, some of which he had recently obtained in France, to a site above Niagara Falls where he could build his new ship. Beckwith's conclusion was that he chose one of his existing vessels, one of about ten tons burden, for sending the first group of men to Niagara. Some of La Salle's associates called this vessel a brigantine; others called it a bark. The accounts agree that this little vessel played a part in the building of Le Griffon.

Le Griffon

Expedition to upper Niagara
On 18 November 1678, after just over a month of preparations at Fort Frontenac, La Salle dispatched Captain La Motte and Father Louis Hennepin together with 15 men and supplies in a vessel of 10 tons. Their mission was to begin selecting a site for the construction of Le Griffon and to erect necessary structures for shelter, storage, and defense. Because the wind was strong from the north, they sailed close to the north shore of the lake, putting in for the nights in various bays along the way. Somewhere near present-day Toronto they were frozen in and had to chop their way out of the ice. From there they struck out across the lake toward the mouth of the Niagara River. They arrived late on 5 December, but the weather was rough and they did not want to run the surf and outflow of the river at night, so they stayed a few miles off shore. On 6 December, they landed safely on the east bank of the river at about where Lewiston, New York is today. They attempted to sail further upstream, but the current was too strong. Ice flowing down the river threatened to damage their little brigantine and after a cable was broken, they hauled the vessel ashore and into a small ravine for protection.

La Salle's men first had to build their lodging and then guard against the Iroquois who were hostile to this invasion of their ancient homeland. La Salle had instructed Hennepin and La Motte to go  into wilderness in knee-deep snow on an embassy to the great village of the Seneca tribe, bringing gifts and promises in order to obtain their good will to build "the big canoe" but many tribal members did not approve. Beginning on Christmas Day, 1678, La Motte and Hennepin together with four of their men, went by snowshoe to a prominent Seneca chief who resided at Tagarondies a village about  east of Niagara and about  south of Lake Ontario. They wished to secure a reliable truce lest the natives interfere with their projects. Negotiations with the Senecas were only moderately successful, so when they left the village they still wondered if the natives would permit them to finish their project. They reached Niagara again on 14 January.

Meanwhile, La Salle and Henri de Tonti, had departed Fort Frontenac in a second vessel some days after La Motte and Hennepin. This was a "great bark" (Hennepin's words) of about 20 tons burden – although Tonti's journal says this was a 40-ton vessel. The vessel carried anchors, chain, guns, cordage, and cable for Le Griffon, as well as supplies and provisions for the anticipated journey. La Salle followed the southern shore of the lake. La Salle decided to visit the Senecas at Tagarondies himself. He put ashore near present-day Rochester, New York, and arrived at Tagarondies very shortly after La Motte and Hennepin had left. He was more successful in securing the Indians' tolerance of his proposed "big canoe" and support buildings. With La Salle back aboard their vessel, the company again sailed west until, about  from Niagara, weather checked their progress. There was some disagreement between La Salle and the ship's pilot, and La Salle and Tonti went ahead on foot to Niagara. When they arrived there La Motte and Hennepin had not yet returned. While there La Salle selected a site for building Le Griffon. The site La Salle had selected for building Le Griffon has conclusively been identified as at or near the mouth of Cayuga Creek, at Cayuga Island.

After La Salle and Tonti left, the pilot and the rest of the crew were to follow with the supply vessel. On 8 January 1679, the pilot and crew decided to spend the night ashore where they could light a fire and sleep in some warmth. It was a calm night and they believed the vessel was securely moored. When a strong wind suddenly arose, they could not make it back to the ship. The vessel dragged its anchor for about nine miles to the east before grounding and breaking up near present-day Thirty Mile Point.  When La Salle heard of the loss (through a messenger or one of the natives), he left Niagara and joined in the salvage effort. They recovered the anchors, chain, and most of the materials critical for Le Griffon, but most of the supplies and provisions were lost. They dragged the materials to the mouth of the Niagara, rested and warmed up a few days in an Indian village, then carried the materials single file through the snow to their settlement above the falls.

Building Le Griffin
The keel was laid on 26 January 1679. La Salle offered Hennepin the honor of driving the first spike, but Hennepin deferred to his leader. Having lost needed supplies, La Salle left the building of Le Griffon under Tonti's care, and set out on foot to return to Fort Frontenac. While frozen rivers made traveling easy, finding food was not. He arrived there nearly starved only to find that his detractors had succeeded in stirring up doubt and opposition with his creditors. Addressing his problems long delayed his return to the expedition.

After La Salle's departure, Tonti refloated the little brigantine, and attempted to use it for more salvage work at the wreck, but the winter weather prevented success. He then charged La Motte with salvage by use of canoes.

Progress on Le Griffon was fraught with problems. Crude tools, green and wet timbers, and the cold winter months caused slow progress in the construction of Le Griffon.  Suffering from cold and low on supplies, the men were close to mutiny.

While work continued on Le Griffon in the spring of 1679, as soon as the ice began to break up along the shores of Lake Erie, La Salle sent out men from Fort Frontenac in 15 canoes laden with supplies and merchandise to trade with the Illinois for furs at the trading posts of the upper Huron and Michigan Lakes. The uneasy truce with the Indians was tested by threats and attempts of sabotage and murder. Tonti learned of a plan to burn the ship before it could be launched, so he launched ahead of schedule and Le Griffon entered the waters in early May 1679.

A female Native informant who was of the tribe foiled the plans of hostile Senecas to burn Le Griffon as she grew on her stocks.  The unrest of the Seneca and dissatisfied workmen were continually incited by secret agents of merchants and traders who feared La Salle would break their monopoly on the fur trade. When the Seneca again threatened to burn the ship, she was launched earlier than planned in Cayuga Creek channel of the upper Niagara River with ceremony and the roar of her cannons.  A party from the Iroquois tribe who witnessed the launching were so impressed by the "large floating fort" that they named the French builders Ot-kon, meaning "penetrating minds", which corresponds to the Seneca word Ot-goh, meaning supernatural beings or spirits.  The tumultuous sound of Le Griffon's cannons so amazed the Native Americans that the Frenchmen were able to sleep at ease for the first time in months when they anchored off shore.
After Le Griffon was launched, she was rigged with sails and provisioned with seven cannon of which two were brass.  The French flag flew above the cabin placed on top of the main deck that was elevated above the hull.

Maiden voyage

Niagara River to Saginaw Bay

In July 1679, La Salle directed 12 men to tow Le Griffon through the rapids of the Niagara River with long lines stretched from the bank.  They moored in quiet water off Squaw Island three miles from Lake Erie waiting for favorable northeast winds. La Salle sent Tonti ahead on 22 July 1679 with a few selected men, canoes, and trading goods to secure furs and supplies. Le Griffon set off on 7 August with unfurled sails, a 34-man crew, and a salute from her cannon and musketry.  They were navigating Le Griffon through uncharted waters that only canoes had previously explored.  They made their way around Long Point, Ontario, constantly sounding  as they went through the first moonless, fog-laden night to the sound of breaking waves and guided only by La Salle's knowledge of Galinée's crude, 10-year-old chart. They sailed across the open water of Lake Erie whose shores were forested and "unbroken by the faintest signs of civilization". They reached the mouth of the Detroit River on 10 August 1679 where they were greeted by three columns of smoke signaling the location of Tonti's camp whom they received on board.  They entered Lake St. Clair on 12 August, the feast day of Saint Clare of Assisi, and named the lake after her.  They again sounded their way through the narrow channel of the St. Clair River to its mouth where they were delayed by contrary winds until 24 August. For the second time, they used a dozen men and ropes to tow Le Griffon over the rapids of the St. Clair River into lower Lake Huron. They made their way north and west to Saginaw Bay on Lake Huron where they were becalmed until noon of 25 August.  La Salle took personal command at this point due to evidence that the pilot was negligent.

Lake Huron storm

On noon of 25 August they started out northwest with a favoring northerly wind.  When the wind suddenly veered to the southeast they changed course to avoid Presque Isle.  However, the ferocity of the gale forced them to retreat windward and lie-to until morning.  By 26 August the violence of the gale caused them to "haul down their topmasts, to lash their yards to the deck, and drift at the mercy of storm.  At noon the waves ran so high, and the lake became so rough, as to compel them to stand in for land."
Father Hennepin wrote that during the fearful crisis of the storm, La Salle vowed that if God would deliver them, the first chapel erected in Louisiana would be dedicated to the memory of Saint Anthony of Padua, the patron of the sailor.  The wind did slightly decrease but they drifted slowly all night, unable to find anchorage or shelter.  They were driven northwesterly until the evening of 27 August when under a light southerly breeze they finally rounded Bois Blanc Island and anchored in the calm waters of the natural harbor at East Moran Bay off the settlement of Mission St. Ignace, where there was a settlement of Hurons, Ottawas, and a few Frenchmen.

St. Ignace

Upon Le Griffons safe arrival at St. Ignace, the voyagers fired a salute from her deck that the Hurons on shore volleyed three times with their firearms.  More than 100 Native American bark canoes gathered around Le Griffon to look at the "big wood canoe".  La Salle dressed in a scarlet cloak bordered with lace and a highly plumed cap, laid aside his arms in charge of a sentinel and attended mass with his crew in the chapel of the Ottawas and then made a visit of ceremony with the chiefs.

La Salle found some of the 15 men he sent ahead from Fort Frontenac to trade with the Illinois but they had listened to La Salle's enemies who said he would never reach the Straits of Mackinac.  La Salle seized two of the deserters and sent Tonti with six men to arrest two more at Sault Ste. Marie.

Green Bay

The short open-water season of the upper Great Lakes compelled La Salle to depart for Green Bay on 12 September, five days before Tonti's return.  They sailed from the Straits of Mackinac to Washington Island located at the entrance of Green Bay. They anchored on the south shore of the island and found it occupied by friendly Pottawatomies and 15 of the fur traders La Salle sent ahead.  The traders had collected  of furs in anticipation of the arrival of Le Griffon.  La Salle gave instructions for Le Griffon to off-load merchandise for him at Mackinac that would be picked up on the return trip. La Salle stayed behind with four canoes to explore the head of Lake Michigan. Le Griffon rode out a violent storm for four days and then on 18 September, the pilot Luc and five crew sailed under a favorable wind for the Niagara River with a parting salute from a single gun. She carried a cargo of furs valued at from 50,000 to 60,000 francs ($10,000 – $12,000) and the rigging and anchors for another vessel that La Salle intended to build to find passage to the West Indies.  La Salle never saw Le Griffon again.

The fate of the Griffin
There are three accounts from among La Salle's party regarding the fate of Le Griffin: Father Hennepin's, La Salle's own, and that of Henri Tonti. Fr. Hennepin says: "They sailed the 18th of September with a Westerly Wind, and fir'd a Gun to take their leave. Tho' the Wind was favorable, it was never known what course they steer'd nor how they perish'd... the Ship was hardly a league from the Coast, when it was toss'd up by a violent Storm in such a manner, that our Men were never heard of since; and it is suppos'd that the Ship struck upon a Sand, and was there bury'd."

La Salle's account was as follows: "The barque having anchored at the north of the Lac des Illinois, the pilot, against the opinion of some savages who assured him that there was a great storm in the middle of the lake, wanted to continue his voyage without considering that the sheltered location where he was prevented him from knowing the strength of the wind. He was barely a quarter of a league from the shore when the savages saw the barque tossed in a manner so extraordinary that, unable to resist the storm even though all of the sails were lowered, a short time later they lost her from sight, and they believed that she was pushed against the shoals that are near the Isles Huronnes, where she was buried."

The above is based on Abbe Bernou's rendition. La Salle's original letter, which survives, says:
"The savages, named Pottawatomies, told me that two days after his departure from the island where I had left him, the 18th of September 1679, this blast of wind of which I have told you being raised, the pilot who was with them moored at the north coast where they were lodged, believing the wind favorable for going to Missilimakinac, as, in effect, it was on the beam, and not feeling the violence of it because of the closeness of the land over which it came, set sail against their advice, they having assured him that there was a great storm out in the lake where the lake appeared completely white; but the pilot ignoring them, replied that his ship had no fear of the wind, set sail, and the wind that was blowing increasing greatly, they noticed that he was obliged to furl all of his sails, with the exception of the two large ones, and that, however, the barque did not do more than traverse towards the islands offshore, bars of large sandbanks which extend more than two leagues offshore."

But in another of La Salle's letters, of which only a fragment survives, continues the narrative, via a Native boy, who was given to La Salle as a slave:
"He has seen the pilot of the barque that was lost in the lac des Illinois and one of the sailors, which he described to me with details so particular that I cannot doubt it, who were taken with their four comrades in the river Mississippi, while going up toward the Nadouessiou in bark canoes; that the four others were killed and eaten, this the pilot avoided by detonating one of the grenades that they had stolen from the barque and making them understand that if life were given to him and his comrade, he would destroy with similar ones the villages of the enemies of those who had captured them. These savages brought, the following spring, the Frenchmen to the village of the Missourites, where they went to treat for peace, and the pilot detonated, at their request, a grenade, in the presence of this young Pana who was there at the time. These rogues must have taken the plan, counseled by my enemies, to sink the barque and go by the Mississippi to join du Luth, who was among the Nadouessiou, after having taken the best of the merchandise which were inside to exchange for beaver and to withdraw to the baye du Nord, among the English, if their affairs went badly. This is all the more probable as the man named La Rivière, de Tours, who deserted me to follow du Luth, was in the barque, where I had left him after having recaptured him. They could not have taken this route without having passed the house of the Jesuits of the Bay, who have always acted ignorant of it...".

Tonti merely says, "As for the boat, it was never heard from again."

After these, history becomes legend. Charlevoix, the early chronicler of the Jesuits (who was not present at these events), says:  "No very authentic tidings were had of it after it left the bay. Some have reported (italics added) that the Indians no sooner perceived this large vessel sailing over their lakes, than they gave themselves up for lost, unless they could succeed in disgusting the French with this mode of navigating; that the Iroquois in particular, already preparing for a rupture with us, seized this opportunity to spread distrust of us among the Algonquin nations; that they succeeded, especially with the Ottawas, and that a troop of these last, seeing the Griffin at anchor in a bay, ran up under pretext of seeing a thing so novel to them; that, as no one distrusted them, they were allowed to go aboard, where there were only five men, who were massacred by these savages; that the murderers carried off all the cargo of the vessel, and then set it on fire. But how could all these details be known when we are moreover assured that no Ottawa ever mentioned it." Charlevoix does not say who the reporters could have been.

In his biography of La Salle first published in 1869, Parkman, who at that time may have been in possession of unpublished material acquired indirectly via Pierre Margry, wrote in a footnote that became a focus of writers and historians that followed, concerning a letter written by La Salle to the governor of New France in 1683. In the letter "La Salle expresses his belief that his vessel, the 'Griffin,' had been destroyed, not by Indians, but by the pilot, who, as he thinks, had been induced to sink her, and then, with some of the crew, attempted to join Du Lhut with their plunder, but were captured by Indians on the Mississippi." Hennepin and Parkman are the sources of all accounts of La Salle and Le Griffen from that time forward.

There is no conclusive evidence about any of the theories about Le Griffons loss.

Searches and Shipwrecks
Le Griffon is considered by some to have been the first ship lost on the Great Lakes. It was another vessel used by La Salle and Tonti, however, that was the first loss on 8 January 1679. It dragged anchor and ran aground near Thirty Mile Point on Lake Ontario, where it broke apart. Most sources do not ascribe a name to this vessel, and it was one of several La Salle used for fur trading below Niagara.

Le Griffon is reported to be the "Holy Grail" of Great Lakes shipwreck hunters.  A number of sunken old sailing ships have been suggested to be Le Griffon but, except for the ones proven to be other ships, there has been no positive identification. Of 22 claims of finding Le Griffin advanced since the 1800s, all but 2 have been definitively dismissed. One candidate was a wreck at the western end of Manitoulin Island in Lake Huron, known since at least 1873, when a lighthouse was constructed at the western end of the island. Another candidate is a debris field adjacent to Poverty Island at the entrance to Green Bay discovered by private maritime company The Great Lakes Exploration Group In 2018.

In 2022, Wayne Lusardi, Michigan state marine archaeologist, stated bluntly, "The Griffon has not been found."

Mississagi Straits claim
In 1873, a lighthouse was constructed near the southwest end of Manitoulin Island in Lake Ontario, manned by a resident keeper. A shipwreck was on the adjacent shore. In 1887, 4 skeletons were discovered in a depression behind a boulder, and 2 more in another nearby limestone cave. They were wrapped in birchbark, and identified as Natives at that time. By coincidence, 6 was the number of sailors on Le Griffin. Found with the skeletons were a number of metal tokens reportedly with French markings, and a silver watch later dated to the 17th century.

The skeletons, and most of the artifacts collected from the 2 caves and the wreck, long stored in the lighthouse, were lost is a series of very unfortunate accidents. The remains of the wreck on the shore were washed away in a storm in 1942.  All that is left today is a few pieces of iron, wood and some lead caulking from the ship.

Other claims
In 2001 near Poverty Island, adjacent to Green Bay on Lake Michigan, a 10.5' pole sticking up out of the lakebed was discovered by private marine company Great Lakes Exploration Group. After years of legal squabbles the Michigan Department of Natural Resources issued a permit, and on 16 June 2013, an underwater pit was dug allowing US and French archeologists to examine the object for the first time.  They discovered a 15-inch slab of blackened wood that might have been a human-fashioned cultural artifact. On 19 June 2013, teams of archaeologists determined the wood pole whose full kength was 19', was not attached to a ship, and retrieved it from the lake. The archaeologists split, some concluding it was likely a bowsprit dating from a ship hundreds of years old, and others that it was a common pound net stake used for fishing nets in the 19th century. Later radio carbon dating was inconclusive, indicating it could have been fashioned between 1660 and 1950. During excavation of the pole, another nearby area was searched. Sonar showed an object approximately  (similar to the dimensions of Le Griffon) located under several feet of sediment, but excavation found nothing further. It was later postulated that a shoal of mussels caused a false sonar reading.

In 2018, Great Lakes Exploration group, using satellite and aerial images, located a shipwreck and debris field 3.8 miles from the excavated site. In response to a request to excavate the wreck, the Michigan Department of Natural Resources in an email, has dismissed the Liberts' claim, detailing thus: "Our archeologist's review of recently published media images reveals the remains of a shipwreck that features typical late 19th-century Great Lakes shipbuilding materials and methodologies, and scantlings that are entirely too large to be a French colonial vessel. The keelson structure with mast steps, paired floors and futtocks, and ceiling timbers all suggest a sailing craft, probably a schooner or schooner-barge, that was built and operated during the last half of the 1800s. Additionally, this particular shipwreck is well-known, can be clearly seen on aerial imagery internet sites, and has been visited by state authorities."

The most recent substantive claim to finding Le Griffon was 27 December 2014, when two divers, Kevin Dykstra and Frederick Monroe, announced the discovery of a wreck that they believed was Le Griffon, based on the bowstem, which to some resembles an ornamental griffin. Their claim was quickly debunked when Michigan authorities dove down on 9 June 2015 after receiving the coordinates to verify its authenticity.  Michigan state maritime archaeologist Wayne R. Lusardi presented evidence that the wreck was, in fact, a tugboat due to its  length and presence of a steam boiler.

See also
 La Belle, another similar La Salle sailing ship

Notes

References

External links

Further reading

Great Lakes ships
Great Lakes Triangle
Shipwrecks of Lake Michigan
Merchant ships of Canada
1670s ships
New France
Ships lost with all hands
Ships built in France
Ships built in New York (state)

Le Griffon


Santiago Salcedo (født 6. september 1981) er en paraguayansk fodboldspiller.

Paraguays fodboldlandshold

|-
|2003||1||0
|-
|2004||0||0
|-
|2005||2||0
|-
|2006||0||0
|-
|2007||0||0
|-
|2008||0||0
|-
|2009||0||0
|-
|2010||0||0
|-
|2011||0||0
|-
|2012||1||0
|-
!Total||4||0
|}

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Paraguay

Santiago Salcedo