Calling Time este un album de studio al muzicianului suedez Basshunter. A fost lansat la data de 13 mai 2013 de către Gallo Record Company.

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Calling Time


A railroad tie, crosstie (American English), railway tie (Canadian English) or railway sleeper (Australian and British English) is a rectangular support for the rails in railroad tracks. Generally laid perpendicular to the rails, ties transfer loads to the track ballast and subgrade, hold the rails upright and keep them spaced to the correct gauge.

Railroad ties are traditionally made of wood, but prestressed concrete is now also widely used, especially in Europe and Asia. Steel ties are common on secondary lines in the UK; plastic composite ties are also employed, although far less than wood or concrete. As of January 2008, the approximate market share in North America for traditional and wood ties was 91.5%, the remainder being concrete, steel, azobé (red ironwood) and plastic composite.

Tie spacing may depend on the type of tie, traffic loads and other requirements, for example 2,640 concrete ties per mile on North American mainline railroads to 2,112 timber ties per mile on LMS jointed track.

Rails in the US may be fastened to the tie by a railroad spike; iron/steel baseplates screwed to the tie and secured to the rail by a proprietary fastening system such as a Vossloh or Pandrol which are commonly used in Europe.

Types

Stone block

The type of railroad tie used on the predecessors of the first true railway (Liverpool and Manchester Railway) consisted of a pair of stone blocks laid into the ground, with the chairs holding the rails fixed to those blocks. One advantage of this method of construction was that it allowed horses to tread the middle path without the risk of tripping. In railway use with ever heavier locomotives, it was found that it was hard to maintain the correct gauge. The stone blocks were in any case unsuitable on soft ground, such as at Chat Moss, where timber ties had to be used. Bi-block ties with a tie rod are somewhat similar.

Wooden

Historically wooden rail ties were made by hewing with an axe, called axe ties, or sawn to achieve at least two flat sides.
A variety of softwood and hardwood timbers are used as ties, oak, jarrah and karri being popular hardwoods, although increasingly difficult to obtain, especially from sustainable sources. Some lines use softwoods, including Douglas fir; while they have the advantage of accepting treatment more readily, they are more susceptible to wear but are cheaper, lighter (and therefore easier to handle) and more readily available. Softwood is treated, with creosote being the most common preservative for railway ties. Other preservatives used include pentachlorophenol and chromated copper arsenate. Sometimes non-toxic preservatives are used, such as copper azole or micronized copper. New boron-based wood preserving technology is being employed by major US railroads in a dual treatment process in order to extend the life of wood ties in wet areas. Some timbers (such as sal, mora, jarrah or azobé) are durable enough that they can be used untreated.

Problems with wooden ties include rot, splitting, insect infestation, plate-cutting, also known as chair shuffle in the UK (abrasive damage to the tie caused by lateral motion of the tie plate) and spike-pull (where the spike is gradually loosened from the tie). Wooden ties can catch fire; as they age they develop cracks that allow sparks to lodge and more easily start fires.

Concrete

Concrete ties are cheaper and easier to obtain than timber and better able to carry higher axle-weights and sustain higher speeds. Their greater weight ensures improved retention of track geometry, especially when installed with continuous-welded rail. Concrete ties have a longer service life and require less maintenance than timber due to their greater weight, which helps them remain in the correct position longer. Concrete ties need to be installed on a well-prepared subgrade with an adequate depth on free-draining ballast to perform well. It is a common misconception that concrete ties amplify wheel noise. A study done as part of Euronoise 2018 proved this false, showing concrete sleepers to be an average of 2dB(A) quieter than wooden ones, however with a greater acoustic sharpness on straight stretches of track. Concrete ties were however shown to be quieter than wooden ties almost universal across the audible frequency band on curves. This causes train noise when over concrete ties to potentially be subjectively perceived as louder than train noise over wooden ties.

On the highest categories of line in the UK (those with the highest speeds and tonnages), pre-stressed concrete ties are the only ones permitted by Network Rail standards.

Most European railways also now use concrete bearers in switches and crossing layouts due to the longer life and lower cost of concrete bearers compared to timber, which is increasingly difficult and expensive to source in sufficient quantities and quality.

Steel

Steel ties are formed from pressed steel and are trough-shaped in section. The ends of the tie are shaped to form a "spade" which increases the lateral resistance of the tie. Housings to accommodate the fastening system are welded to the upper surface of the tie. Steel ties are now in widespread use on secondary or lower-speed lines in the UK where they have been found to be economical to install due their ability to be installed on the existing ballast bed. Steel ties are lighter in weight than concrete and able to stack in compact bundles unlike timber. Steel ties can be installed onto the existing ballast, unlike concrete ties which require a full depth of new ballast. Steel ties are 100% recyclable and require up to 60% less ballast than concrete ties and up to 45% less than wood ties.

Historically, steel ties have suffered from poor design and increased traffic loads over their normally long service life. These aged and often obsolete designs limited load and speed capacity but can still be found in many locations globally and performing adequately despite decades of service. There are great numbers of steel ties with over 50 years of service and in some cases they can and have been rehabilitated and continue to perform well. Steel ties were also used in specialty situations, such as the Hejaz Railway in the Arabian Peninsula where the dry, hot climate made wood ties unsatisfactory.

Modern steel ties handle heavy loads, have a proven record of performance in signalized track, and handle adverse track conditions. Of high importance to railroad companies is the fact that steel ties are more economical to install in new construction than creosote-treated wood ties and concrete ties. Steel ties are utilized in nearly all sectors of the worldwide railroad systems including heavy-haul, class 1s, regional, shortlines, mining, electrified passenger lines (OHLE) and all manner of industries. Notably, steel ties (bearers) have proven themselves over the last few decades to be advantageous in turnouts (switches/points) and provide the solution to the ever-growing problem of long timber ties for such use.

When insulated to prevent conduction through the ties, steel ties may be used with track circuit based train detection and track integrity systems. Without insulation, steel ties may only be used on lines without block signaling and level crossings or on lines that use other forms of train detection such as axle counters.

Plastics

In more recent times, a number of companies are selling composite railroad ties manufactured from recycled plastic resins and recycled rubber. Manufacturers claim a service life longer than wooden ties with an expected lifetime in the range of 30–80 years, that the ties are impervious to rot and insect attack, and that they can be modified with a special relief on the bottom to provide additional lateral stability. In some main track applications the hybrid plastic tie has a recessed design to be completely surrounded by ballast.

Aside from the environmental benefits of using recycled material, plastic ties usually replace timber ties soaked in creosote, the latter being a toxic chemical, and are theoretically recyclable. However, plastics may shed microplastics and leach other possibly toxic chemicals such as ultraviolet inhibitors.

Hybrid plastic railroad ties and composite ties are used in other rail applications such as underground mining operations, industrial zones, humid environments and densely populated areas. Hybrid railroad ties are also used to be partly exchanged with rotten wooden ties, which will result in continuous track stiffness. Hybrid plastic ties and composite ties also offer benefits on bridges and viaducts, because they lead to better distribution of forces and reduction of vibrations into respectively bridge girders or the ballast. This is due to better damping properties of hybrid plastic ties and composite ties, which will decrease the intensity of vibrations as well as the sound production. In 2009, Network Rail announced that it would begin replacing wooden ties with recycled plastic. but I-Plas became insolvent in October 2012.

In 2012, New Zealand ordered a trial batch of "EcoTrax" brand recycled composite ties from Axion for use on turnouts and bridges, and a further three-year order in 2015, but then Axion filed for bankruptcy in December 2015, though it continues to trade. These ties are developed by Dr. Nosker at Rutgers University.

Composite sleepers, manufactured from various recycled plastics, were introduced in Wiltshire, United Kingdom, in 2021. They were installed as an alternative to wooden sleepers, on a bridge where concrete sleepers would have been too heavy. Although it was the first instance of plastic sleepers being installed on mainline track in the country, they have previously been used on narrow-gauge railways.

Ties may also be made from fiberglass.

Non-conventional tie forms

Y-shaped ties

An unusual form of tie is the Y-shaped tie, first developed in 1983. Compared to conventional ties, the volume of ballast required is reduced due to the load-spreading characteristics of the Y-tie. Noise levels are high but the resistance to track movement is very good.  For curves the three-point contact of a Y steel tie means that an exact geometric fit cannot be observed with a fixed attachment point.

The cross section of the ties is an I-beam.

As of 2006, less than  of Y-tie track had been built, of which approximately 90 percent is in Germany.

Twin ties
The ZSX Twin tie is manufactured by Leonhard Moll Betonwerke GmbH & Co KG and is a pair of two pre-stressed concrete ties longitudinally connected by four steel rods. The design is said to be suitable for track with sharp curves, track subject to temperature stress such as that operated by trains with eddy brakes, and bridges, and as transition track between traditional track and slab track or bridges.

Wide ties
Concrete monoblock ties have also been produced in a wider form (e.g. ) such that there is no ballast between the ties; this wide tie increases lateral resistance and reduces ballast pressure. The system has been used in Germany where wide ties have also been used in conjunction with the GETRAC A3 ballastless track systems.

Bi-block ties

Bi-block (or twinblock) ties consist of two concrete rail supports joined by a steel bar. Advantages include increased lateral resistance and lower weight than monobloc concrete ties, as well as elimination of damage from torsional forces on the ties center due to the more flexible steel connections. This tie type is in common use in France, and are used on the high-speed TGV lines. Bi-block ties are also used in ballastless track systems.
They are gauge-convertible by cutting and welding the steel bar to the dimension that suits the new gauge.

Frame ties
Frame ties () comprise both lateral and longitudinal members in a single monolithic concrete casting. This system is in use in Austria; in the Austrian system the track is fastened at the four corners of the frame, and is also supported midway along the frame. Adjacent frame ties are butted close to each other. Advantages of this system over conventional cross increased support of track. In addition, construction methods used for this type of track are similar to those used for conventional track.

Ladder track

In ladder track, the ties are laid parallel to the rails and are several meters long. The structure is similar to Brunel's baulk track; these longitudinal ties can be used with ballast, or with elastomer supports on a solid non-ballasted support.

Dimensions and spacing

Current usage

North America

The crosstie spacing of mainline railroad is approximately  for wood ties or  for concrete ties. The number of ties is 3,250 wooden crossties per mile (2,019 ties/km, or 40 ties per 65 feet) for wood ties or 2,640 ties per mile for concrete ties.

Historical usage

United Kingdom

The London, Midland and Scottish Railway specified 18 sleepers per  rail and 24 sleepers per  rail, both of which correspond to 2,112 sleepers per mile.

Sleepers are  long,  wide and  deep. The two sleepers adjacent to a joint may be  wide where the formation is soft or the traffic is heavy and fast. Sleepers are mostly spaced  apart (centre-to-centre) but are closer adjacent to fishplated rail joints where the spacing sequences are as follows with the spacing at .

The fractional inch spacing at the fishplate corresponds to the thermal expansion gap allowed between the rail ends.

  rails –
  rails –

Fastening rails to railroad ties

Various methods exist for fixing the rail to the railroad ties. Historically spikes gave way to cast iron chairs fixed to the tie, more recently springs (such as Pandrol clips) are used to fix the rail to the tie chair.

Other uses

In recent years, wooden railroad ties have also become popular for gardening and landscaping, both in creating retaining walls and raised-bed gardens, and sometimes for building steps as well. Traditionally, the ties sold for this purpose are decommissioned ties taken from rail lines when replaced with new ties, and their lifespan is often limited due to rot. Some entrepreneurs sell new ties. Due to the presence of wood preservatives such as coal tar, creosote or salts of heavy metals, railroad ties introduce an extra element of soil pollution into gardens and are avoided by many property owners.  In the UK, new oak or pine beams of the same length (2.4m) as standard railway sleepers, but not treated with dangerous chemicals, are now available specifically for garden construction. They are about twice the price of the recycled product. In some places, railroad ties have been used in the construction of homes, particularly among those with lower incomes, especially near railroad tracks, including railroad employees. They are also used as cribbing for docks and boathouses.

The Spanish artist Agustín Ibarrola has used recycled ties from Renfe in several projects.

In Germany, use of wooden railroad ties as building material (namely in gardens, houses and in all places where regular contact to human skin would be likely, in all areas frequented by children and in all areas associated with the production or handling of food in any way) has been prohibited by law since 1991 because they pose a significant risk to health and environment. From 1991 to 2002, this was regulated by the Teerölverordnung (Carbolineum By-law), and since 2002 has been regulated by the Chemikalien-Verbotsverordnung (Chemicals Prohibition By-law), §1 and Annex, Parts 10 and 17.

See also
 Ballastless track
 John Calvin Jureit, inventor of the Gang-Nail truss connector plate
 Ladder track
 Track (rail transport)
 Sun kink

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

Permanent way
Wood products
Rail infrastructure

Railroad tie


Le canon de marine de 6 pouces BL Mk XI (en anglais ) est un canon naval britannique monté comme armement principal sur les croiseurs de la Royal Navy et comme armement secondaire sur les cuirassés pré-dreadnought à partir de 1906.

Histoire
Le canon avec sa longueur accrue de  donne une puissance de feu améliorée par rapport au canon de 6 pouces Mk VII de . Cependant, sa longueur et son poids accrus le rendent peu maniable dans les montages de bord à commande manuelle sur les croiseurs légers, qui ne fournissent pas de plate-forme stable. La Grande-Bretagne revient aux canons de calibre 45 dans les nouveaux navires de guerre à partir de 1914 avec le canon de marine de 6 pouces BL Mk XII. Sur les 177 produits, 126 restent à l'usage de la Royal Navy en 1939.

Canon de marine
Les canons sont montés dans les navires suivants :
 Les trois derniers navires de la classe King Edward VII : , , et  lancés en 1904 et 1905.
 Les croiseurs cuirassés  et .
 Les croiseurs de la classe Bristol, lancés en 1910.
 Les croiseurs de la classe Weymouth, lancés en 1911.
 Les croiseurs de la classe Chatham, lancés en 1912 et 1913.
 Les croiseurs de la classe Birmingham, lancés en 1914.
 Le monitor  réarmé en 1918.

Canon de défense côtière
Le canon Mk XI est mis en place pour la défense côtière en Afrique du Sud et en particulier en Australie avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, et reste en service jusque dans les années 1950. Les canons en Australie proviennent des croiseurs désaffectés de la Première Guerre mondiale ,  et  et sont mis en place dans le nord de l'Australie et le détroit de Torrès pour se défendre contre une éventuelle attaque du Japon, et sur Rottnest Island et les défenses du port de Sydney et de Port Kembla.

Notes et références

Artillerie navale britannique
Artillerie de calibre 152 mm
Arme de la Première Guerre mondiale
Artillerie côtière

Canon de marine de 6 pouces BL Mk XI


ميكال بازدان  ، من مواليد 21 سبتمبر 1987 في كراكوف في بولندا، لاعب كرة قدم بولندي.

يلعب مع نادي غورنيك زابرزي منذ عام 2007.

بدأ باللعب مع منتخب بولندا لكرة القدم في عام 2007.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية بولنديون
أشخاص على قيد الحياة
رياضيون بولنديون مغتربون في تركيا
رياضيون من كراكوف
لاعبو الدوري البولندي الدرجة الثانية
لاعبو الدوري البولندي الممتاز
لاعبو الدوري التركي الممتاز
لاعبو أنقرة غوجو
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2008
لاعبو بطولة أمم أوروبا 2016
لاعبو غورنيك زابجه
لاعبو كأس العالم 2018
لاعبو كرة قدم بولنديون
لاعبو كرة قدم بولنديون مغتربون
لاعبو كرة قدم رجالية مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم مغتربون في تركيا
لاعبو كرة قدم من كراكوف
لاعبو ليغيا وارسو
لاعبو منتخب بولندا لكرة القدم
لاعبو هوتنيك نوفا هوتا
لاعبو ياغيلونيا بياويستوك
مدافعو كرة قدم رجالية
مواليد 1987
مواليد في كراكوف

ميكال بازدان


Im Winter dein Herz ist der fünfte Roman des deutschen Schriftstellers Benjamin Lebert. Er ist 2012 im Verlag Hoffmann und Campe erschienen.

Inhalt

Zwei junge Männer und eine junge Frau, Robert, Kudowski und Annina, reisen durch eine verschneite Welt. Sie treffen unterwegs nur wenige Menschen, da es allgemein üblich geworden ist, Winterschlaf zu halten – eine neu erfundene Pille macht es möglich. Die jungen Leute verweigern aber den langen Schlaf: Die beiden Männer verlassen eine therapeutische Klinik, die junge Frau ihren Job in einer Tankstelle, um sich auf den Weg nach München zu machen, wo Robert seinen todkranken Vater besuchen möchte. Beide Männer sind in Annina verliebt, doch im Laufe der Geschichte entwickelt sich auch zwischen ihnen selbst eine Freundschaft, die den seelisch Gefährdeten neuen Halt und Glück schenkt.

Hintergrund
In einem Interview im Magazin der Zeit gibt Benjamin Lebert preis, dass sich in der Handlung des Romans einiges Selbsterlebte widerspiegelt. Der Autor hatte zwei Jahre zuvor eine Essstörung entwickelt, in deren Folge er so stark abmagerte, dass ein längerer Klinikaufenthalt notwendig wurde. Auch der Romanheld Robert leidet an einer Essstörung. So wie Benjamin Lebert überwindet er die Krankheit.

Kritik
Der Roman stieß auf tendenziell gemischte und negative Reaktionen. So schrieb etwa Maximilian Probst in der Zeit: "Lebert hat am Ende der Mut zur Fremde gefehlt. Das Winterschlaf-Land erwacht nicht zum Leben, es bleibt, stiefmütterlich behandelt, weiter nichts als Kulisse. Vor der spielt sich die Freundschaftsgeschichte mit ihrer altbekannten triadischen Struktur ab: zwei Männer, eine Frau. Och nö, nicht schon wieder!" Deutlich besser schneidet der Roman in der NZZ ab. Die Rezensentin Alexandra von Arx kritisiert zwar, dass Leberts "starke Ausdruckskraft" immer mal wieder in "Banalität" abgleite, aber der Roman sei für den jungen Autor dennoch "ein deutliches Versprechen für die Zukunft."

Einzelnachweise

Literarisches Werk
Literatur (21. Jahrhundert)
Literatur (Deutsch)
Roman, Epik
Benjamin Lebert

Im Winter dein Herz


Marzena Zięba, née le  à Gromnik, est une haltérophile handisport polonaise concourant en +86 kg. Elle possède une médaille d'argent (2016) et une médaille de bronze (2021) paralympiques.

Carrière
Elle est atteinte d'arthrogrypose.

Aux Jeux de 2020, Zięba remporte la médaille de bronze en soulevant 140 kg, égalant son record d'Europe. Elle avait déjà remporté l'argent lors des Jeux de 2016 avec 134 kg.

Références

Liens externes

Haltérophile polonaise
Médaillée de bronze paralympique polonaise
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2008
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2012
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2016
Haltérophile (femme) aux Jeux paralympiques d'été de 2020
Naissance en mars 1990
Naissance dans la voïvodie de Petite-Pologne

Marzena Zięba


Ryota Matsumoto (født 21. november 1990) er en japansk fodboldspiller, som spiller for den japanske fodboldklub Montedio Yamagata.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Ryota Matsumoto


Pirüvik asit, formülü CH3COCOOH olan ketopropanoik (ya da ketopropiyonik) asidin yaygın adı.
molekül ağırlığı: 88.06 g/mol.

Metabolizmada önemli rol oynayan pirüvik (ya da piruvik) asit, bazı aminoasitlerin aminin giderilmesi yoluyla proteinlerden ve glikoliz yoluyla glikojen ile glikozdan elde edilebilir (tersine bir süreçle glikolizden glikojen de elde edilebilir). Glüsitlerin, lipitlerin ve proteinlerin metabolizmasının her aşamasında yer alır.

Tuz, ester ve anyon hali Pirüvat olup, elde ediliş yöntemi her canlı organizmada aynıdır. Çünkü bu olayı katalizlemek için aynı enzimler kullanılır.

Keto asitler
Glikoliz
Hücresel solunum
Egzersiz fizyolojisi
Bilgi kutusu bulunmayan kimyasal maddeler

Pirüvik asit


විවිධ වු පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මක තත්ත්යන් යටතේ උපරිම ජීව ප්‍රභේද සහිත උත්කර්ෂ ප්‍රජාවක් තුළ පරිසර විද්‍යාක්මක සමස්ථිතිය සොයා ගත හැකිය.

කැළඹුණු පරිසර පද්ධතියන් තුළ සහ අර්ධ වශනේ උත්කර්ෂ ප්‍රජාවන් සහිත ජෛව පරිසර තුළ පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මක සමස්ථිතියක් දක්නට නොලැබේ. උදාහරණයක් වශයෙන් 1883 දි ඇකි වු ගිණිකොණ පිපිරමෙන් ක්‍රකටෝ දුපතෙහි පරිසර පද්ධතිය කැළඹුණි. එම නිසා එහි වාසය කළ වනාන්තර පරිදර පද්ධතිය සම්පුර්ණයෙන්ම විනාශ වු අතර සියලු ජීවින් දුපතෙන් ඉවත් විය. පිපිරිමෙන් අනතුරුව ක්‍රකටෝ දුපතෙහි පරිසර පද්ධති බෝහෝ වෙනස්කම් වලට භාජනය  වු අතර ක්‍රම ක්‍රමයෙන් ශාණ හා සත්ත්ව විශේෂ එහි වාසය කිරිම ඇරඹුණි. මෙම නිසා වසර ගණනාවකට පසුව එහි ජෛව විවිධත්වයක් සහිත පරිසර පද්ධතියක් නිර්මාණය විය. ක්‍රකටෝ දුපතෙහි මෙම පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මක අනුක්‍රමය අවධි කිහිපයක් ඔස්සේ සිදු වු අතර එම එක් ශ්‍රේණියක් පිලිවෙලින් අවධි කිහිපයක සිදුවන සිද්ධින් ලෙස අර්ථ කථනය කර ඇත. මෙසේ පිළවෙලින් අවධි කිහිපයක සිදුවන සිද්ධීන්හි එකතුවකදී උච්චතම අවස්ථාව ප්‍රිසෙර් ලෙසින් හදුන්වනු ලබයි. ක්‍රකටෝ දුපත එහි උච්වකම අවස්ථාවන එම දුපතෙහි පිපිරිම සිදු වි අවුරැදු සියයකට පසුව 1983 දි ලගා කරගත්තේය. එවිට දුපතේ විවිධ වු ජිව ප්‍රභේද අටසියක් වාසය කර ඇත. මෙම තත්ත්වය දිනෙන් දින පැමිණෙන සත්ත්ව ප්‍රභේදයන් නිසා වෙනස්වන බව සාක්ෂි මගින් තහවුරු වේ.
මෙවැනි කැළඹුණ හෝ විනාශ වු පරිසර පද්ධතියන් තුළ මුලින්ම කෘමි සතුන් සහ පළිබෝධ ඇතිවේ. ඉන්පසු පරිසර පද්ධතිය දියුණු විමත් සමග මෙම සත්ත්ව විශේෂ වෙනුවට ඊට දියුණු සත්ත්ව ප්‍රභේදයන් පරිසර නපද්ධති තුළ ඇතිවේ. මෙම දියුණු සත්ත්ව ප්‍රභේදයන් මුල සිටි පළිබෝධ සහ කෘමි විශේමෙන් ප්‍රජාව බෝ කිරිම බොහෝ සෙයින් නොකරන අතර ඔවුන් තම පරිසර පද්ධතිය හට අනුවර්තනය වෙමින් ජීවිතය පවත්වාගෙන යෑම සිදු කරයි.

මේ අනුව සෑම පරිසර පද්ධතියක්ම වේයන් වැනි ප්‍රරෝගාමි සත්ත්ව විශේෂයන් මගින් ඇරඹෙන අතර සත්ත්ව සමුහය උච්චිතම අවස්ඛාවට පැමිණන විට එය අවසන් වේ. සත්ත්ව සමුහය වෘකෂලතා ආදිය ස්වාභාවික පරිසරයත් සමග සමබරයවව ජීවත් විමට හැකි වු විට මෙම සමාජීය වශයෙන් සහ පාරිසරික වශයෙන් පරිසර පද්ධතීන් තුළ උච්චතම අවස්ථාව පැමිණේ.

පරිසර විද්‍යාත්මක සංස්ථිතිය


Allerheiligenvloed 1170 (nederlandsk, på dansk Allehelgensdagsoversvømmelsen) fandt sted under natten efter allehelgensdagen (1. november – 2. november) i 1170. Oversvømmelsen, som opstod, da Nordsøen brød gennem sanddynerne, som lå mellem nutidens Huisduinen og Texel i Noord-Holland og Creilerskoven, som skal have strakt sig fra Texel ned til Enkhuizen, ramte kysten af nord-Nederland og skabte en ny bugt i området.

Gennembruddet førte til, at ferskvandsbækken Marsdiep blev knyttet til Nordsøen, og at området mellem Texel, Medemblik og Stavoren blev oversvømmet. Texel og Wieringen blev liggende som øer i den nye bugt. Det må dog bemærkes, at beskrivelsen af hvordan, området så ud før denne oversvømmelse, er hypotetisk. "Nederlands Rijksdienst voor het Oudheidkundig Bodemonderzoek" (engelsk: Dutch National Service for Archaeological Heritage) har i samarbejde med Hoogheemraadschap Noord-Hollands Noorderkvartier (ansvarlig for sager angående vandkvalitet, vandniveau, diger osv.) foretaget undersøgelser af områderne, og derved rekonstrueret hvordan, de kan have set ud omkring år 800 og 1350.

Oversvømmelsen var begyndelsen til en udvidelse af søen Almere og en åben forbindelse med Nordsøen. Dette førte senere til, at Zuiderzee og Waddenzee blev til.

To faktorer var vigtige for denne hændelse: for det første steg havniveauet og for det andet påvirkningen af de store moseområder, hvor gennembruddet fandt sted. Ved gennembruddet blev moserne og skoven ved Creil skyllet bort af havvandet, og landet sænket til under havniveau.

Se også
Allerheiligenvloed i 1532
Allerheiligenvloed i 1570
Allerheiligenvloed i 1675
Allerheiligenvloed i 2006

Eksterne henvisninger
 Rome's Greatest Defeat, an overview – All Saints' Flood of 1170 . Sidst besøgt  27. maj 2008.
 Kort som viser udviklingen fra ca. 800-1600 (nederlandsk)

Noord-Holland

Oversvømmelser
1170

Allerheiligenvloed (1170)


Calcitonin gen-relateret peptid eller CGRP er et neuropeptid, et medlem af calcitonin-peptidfamilien, og det findes hos mennesket i to lidt forskellige former, α-CGRP og β-CGRP.

Øget niveau af CGRP er kædet sammen med migræne og TMD (temporomandibulær dysfunktion dvs. kæbeledsdysfunktion), såvel som en række andre sygdomme såsom hjertesvigt, hypertension, og sepsis.

CGRP produceres både i perifere og centrale neuroner. Det er et potent peptid som vasodilator og fungerer i transmission af smerteimpulser (også kaldet nociception) og ved regenerering af nervevæv efter skade.

Biokemi

Både α-CGRP og β-CGRP er peptider på 37 aminosyrer. α-CGRP dannes ved en alternativ splejsning af genet for calcitonin beliggende på kromosom 11. Det mindre undersøgte β-CGRP afviger fra α-CGRP ved at være kodet i et separat gen i samme område og er kun forskellig i tre aminosyrer.

Regulering af ekspressionen af CGRP kontrolleres igennem signaltransduktionen af cytokiner gennem mitogen-aktiverede proteinkinaser (MAPK).

CGRP medierer sine effekter igennem en heteromer receptor, der består af en G-protein-koblet receptor benævnt CALCRL og et aktivitetsmodificerende protein (RAMP1). CGRP-receptorer findes i hele kroppen.

Migrænemedicin

Både CGRP og receptoren for CGRP er target for ny migrænemedicin bestående af monoklonale antistoffer, der har vist lovende aktivitet som hæmmere af visse typer migræne.

Referencer

Biokemi
Lægemidler

Calcitonin gen-relateret protein


A residual is generally a quantity left over at the end of a process.  It may refer to:

Business
 Residual (entertainment industry), in business, one of an ongoing stream of royalties for rerunning or reusing motion pictures, television shows or commercials
 Profit (accounting), residuals that shareholders, partners or other owners are entitled to, after debtors are covered
Residual in the bankruptcy of insolvent businesses, moneys that are left after all assets are sold and all creditors paid, to be divided among residual claimants
 Residual (or balloon) in finance, a lump sum owed to the financier at the end of a loan's term; for example Balloon payment mortgage

Mathematics, statistics and econometrics
 Residual (statistics)
 Studentized residual
 Residual time, in the theory of renewal processes
 Residual (numerical analysis)
 Minimal residual method
 Generalized minimal residual method
 Residual set, the complement of a meager set
 Residual property (mathematics), a concept in group theory
 Residually finite group, a specific residual property
 The residual function attached to a residuated mapping
 Residual in a residuated lattice, loosely analogous to division
 Residue (complex analysis)
 Solow residual, in economics

Geomorphology
A residual is the remnant of a formerly extensive mass of rock or land surface
 Inselberg
 Mesa
 Monadnock

Other uses
 Residual neural network
 Residual volume, the amount of air left in the lungs after a maximal exhalation; see Lung volumes

See also

 Residue (disambiguation)

Residual


Filippo Iannone OCarm (* 13. Dezember 1957 in Neapel) ist ein italienischer Geistlicher, römisch-katholischer Erzbischof und seit 2018 Präsident des Päpstlichen Rates für die Gesetzestexte.

Leben
Filippo Iannone trat der Ordensgemeinschaft der Karmeliten am 1. Oktober 1977 bei und legte die Profess am 15. Oktober 1980 ab. Durch den Weihbischof in Neapel, Antonio Ambrosanio, empfing er am 26. Juni 1982 die Priesterweihe. Nachdem er zunächst in verschiedenen Positionen für seinen Orden tätig war, wurde er 1990 Anwaltsvikar für das Diözesangericht in Neapel. Nach einer Tätigkeit als Bischofsvikar für den IV. Pastoralbereich von 1994 bis 1996 wurde Iannone Generalprovikar des Erzbistums Neapel, was er bis 2001 blieb.

Papst Johannes Paul II. ernannte ihn am 12. April 2001 zum Titularbischof von Nebbi und Weihbischof in Neapel. Der Erzbischof von Neapel Michele Kardinal Giordano spendete ihm am 26. Mai desselben Jahres die Bischofsweihe; Mitkonsekratoren waren Vincenzo Pelvi, Weihbischof in Neapel, und Agostino Vallini, Bischof von Albano.

Papst Benedikt XVI. ernannte ihn am 19. Juni 2009 zum Bischof von Sora-Aquino-Pontecorvo. Am 25. Januar 2010 wurde er zum Mitglied der Apostolischen Signatur ernannt. Der Papst ernannte ihn am 31. Januar 2012 zum Vicegerente für das Bistum Rom und verlieh ihm den persönlichen Titel eines Erzbischofs.

Am 11. November 2017 wurde er zum beigeordneten Sekretär des Päpstlichen Rates für die Gesetzestexte ernannt. Papst Franziskus ernannte ihn am 7. April 2018 zum Präsidenten dieses Rates. Mit Inkrafttreten der Apostolischen Konstitution Praedicate Evangelium am 5. Juni 2022 erhielt der Rat den Namen Dikasterium für die Gesetzestexte. Am 13. Juli 2019 ernannte ihn Papst Franziskus für fünf Jahre zum Mitglied der Kongregation für den Klerus. Am 29. Juli desselben Jahres berief ihn der Papst zum Mitglied der Berufungskommission für schwerwiegende Strafsachen, deren Entscheidung der Glaubenskongregation vorbehalten ist. Am 5. Dezember 2020 ernannte ihn Papst Franziskus zum Mitglied der Kongregation für die Selig- und Heiligsprechungsprozesse und am 1. Juni 2022 zum Mitglied der Kongregation für den Gottesdienst und die Sakramentenordnung.

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Vizegerent
Weihbischof in Rom
Weihbischof in Neapel
Erzbischof ad personam
Titularbischof
Generalvikar
Römisch-katholischer Bischof (21. Jahrhundert)
Römisch-katholischer Geistlicher (20. Jahrhundert)
Karmelit
Italiener
Geboren 1957
Mann

Filippo Iannone


Șiș kebap (şiş kebabı, turcă pentru "frigare cu carne la grătar", persană/masanderan masă شیش کباب shish kabāb) este o frigăruie tradițională din bucătăria turcească și arabă din carne de miel marinată, rosii si ardei.

La preparare se taie mai întâi cuburi de carne fără grăsime din pulpă de miel și se marinează timp de mai multe ore într-un sos de ulei de măsline, lapte, ceapă sau suc de ceapă, sare și piper și, în funcție de rețeta usturoi, chimen, scortisoară, cimbru si mentă. Apoi bucățile de carne se înfig alternativ cu bucăți de rosii si ardei pe frigarui și se frig pe mangal.

Chebabul este servit cu garnituri, cum ar fi orez sau bulgur, cacık, salată, verdețuri proaspete, și pide (lipie).

Sunt pregătite, de asemenea, variante de șiș chebap din alte tipuri de carne sau pește și cu alte legume, cum ar fi vinete și sunt răspândite în toată bucătăria orientală și în Balcani. În Grecia, un fel de mâncare similară este souvlaki, cunoscut în Serbia și Croația ca ražnjići și în Rusia ca un șașlîk.

Variante de șiș kebab
 Adana kebabı
 Cağ kebabı
 Döner kebap
 İskender kebap
 Patlıcanlı kebap
 Șiș köfte
 Șiș taouk (Șiș tavuk)

Literatură
 Anne Graves:o carte de bucate de feeric Orientale retete. NeoBook Verlag, 2013, ISBN 978-3-84762-772-2
 Final De Alimente Călătorii. Dorling Kindersley Limited, Londra, 2011, ISBN 978-1-4053-5866-8.
 Hans E. Latzke:DuMont Ghid Turistic Turcia Coasta De Sud. 3. ediție, DUMONT publicarea de călătorie, 2015, ISBN 978-3-77017-254-2.

Link-uri
 Kuehne retete de la a la Z (accesat în 24. Octombrie 2016)
Bucătăria arabă
Bucătăria turcă

Șiș chebap


قناة بحيرة بيوا  هي مجرى مائي في اليابان بنيت في فترة ميجي من أجل نقل الماء، الحمولات والمسافرين من بحيرة بيوا إلى قرب مدينة كيوتو. استخدمت هذه القناة أيضاً كأول محطة طاقة كهرمائية في اليابان التي استخدمت لتوليد الكهرباء لتشغيل ترام كيوتو. في الوقت الحالي لم تعد تستخدم القناة في الوقت الحالي لتوليد الكهرباء بل من أجل تزويد الماء ولأغراض مكافحة الحرائق والري الزراعي.

تنقل القناة الماء من بحيرة بيوا في أوتسو، شيغا إلى كيوتو عبر قنوات تمر تحت الجبال على طريقين.

تاريخ
كان بناء القناة بعد نقل العاصمة اليابانية في فترة ميجي من كيوتو إلى طوكيو حيث عانت كيوتو من نقص في التعداد السكاني وقلة النشاط الصناعي، ولهذا أمر حاكم محافظة كيوتو كيتاغاكي كونيميتشيي (北垣国道) ببناء القناة لتزويد المدينة بالماء اللازم للنشاطات البشرية والصناعية.

بدأت أعمال القناة عام 1885 وانتهت بعد خمس سنوات في عام 1890 بتكلفة تقدر بحوالي 1250000 ين.

مراجع

النقل في كيوتو
مبان ومنشآت في كيوتو
مبان ومنشآت في محافظة شيغا
ممرات مائية في اليابان
النقل في محافظة شيغا
مواقع تاريخية في اليابان
مبان في فترة مييجي

قناة بحيرة بيوا


"In da Club" er en hiphop-sang af 50 Cent fra hans debutalbum Get Rich or Die Tryin'. Sangen blev produceret af Dr. Dre med Mike Elizondo som medproducent. Sangen blev skrevet af 50 Cent, Dr. Dre og Mike Elizondo. Den blev udgivet i 2003 som den største single på albummet, og fik god kritik af musikkritikere.

"In da Club" var en af de mest populære sange i 2003 efter at have nået førstepladsen i USA og kommet på top 5 på næsten alle listerne i Europa. Til Grammy Awards 2004 blev sangen nomineret som Best Male Rap Solo Performance og Best Rap Song.

Den er anset af mange for at være en af 50 Cent's bedste sange, hvis ikke den bedste sang, af mange fans og er en af hans velkendte og genkendelige sange selv i rap generelt set.

Baggrund
Efter at 50 Cent blev opdaget af rapperen Eminem i 2002, fløj han til Los Angeles hvor han blev introduceret til pladeproduceren Dr. Dre. "In da Club" var den første af 7 numre som han indspillede på 5 dage med Dr. Dre. 50 Cent beskriv studie-miljøet som:

Hitlister

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger
 50 Cents officielle hjemmeside
 "In da Club"-teksten

Singler fra 2003
Sange fra 2003
50 Cent-sange

In da Club


Sainte-Marguerite-de-Lingwick est un hameau ou village du canton de Lingwick dans Le Haut-Saint-François, au Québec (Canada).
Sainte-Marguerite est la plus grosse agglomération de Lingwick, et le siège de son administration municipale.

Toponymie
La première particule du nom de l'agglomération honore Marguerite d'Écosse, reine d'Écosse au . La seconde particule indique que le village est implanté dans le canton de Lingwick, toponyme rappelant l'Écosse et désignant, en gaélique, un hameau couvert de bruyère.

Géographie

Histoire

Tandis que Lingwick est peuplé essentiellement d'habitants d'origine écossaise, les premiers Canadiens français s'installent dans le canton en 1886. En 1891, on recense 72 francophones, tandis que les anglophones forment 93 % de la population cantonale.

La paroisse canonique de Sainte-Marguerite est fondée en 1908. En 1911, un colon écossais accepte de vendre une partie de son terrain pour la construction d'une église catholique.

Un bureau de poste est ouvert en 1965.

Au cours du , le village de Sainte-Marguerite-de-Lingwick prend peu à peu de l'importance au détriment de son voisin Gould, au fur et à mesure du dépeuplement anglophone dans le canton.

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes

 Gould

Liens externes

Le Haut-Saint-François

Sainte-Marguerite-de-Lingwick


Le cimetière central de Lunebourg (Zentralfriedhof Lüneburg) est un des deux cimetières de Lunebourg en Allemagne, après le Waldfriedhof de Kaltenmoor (). Il s'étend sur .

Histoire
Les anciens cimetières Saint-Antoine et Sainte-Gertrude sont démolis à la fin du  pour laisser la place à un grand cimetière donnant sur la Soltauer Straße dominée par l'église Saint-Jean (St. Johanniskirche). La première inhumation y a lieu en 1876. La chapelle néogothique du cimetière est consacrée en 1883. Le cimetière est agrandi entre 1907 et 1933. La municipalité de Lunebourg gère le cimetière à partir d'avril 1966.

Description
Le cimetière comprend  sépultures. Six carrés militaires ont été aménagés dans tout le cimetière, dont un pour les victimes des bombardements dits de la tempête de feu de Hambourg de 1943. Une cérémonie annuelle d'hommage (le jour du Volkstrauertag) a lieu au cimetière d'honneur numéro III sous la direction du VDK.

Personnalités inhumées

 Franz Krüger (1873-1936), architecte
 Otto Lauenstein (1829-1902), bourgmestre
 Erhard Milch (1892-1972), Generalfeldmarschall
 Bernd Ohnesorge (1944-1987), agent de renseignement
 Siegfried Ruff (1895-1946), général-lieutenant
 Kurt von Tippelskirch (1891-1957), général
 Horst Uffhausen (1909-1999), juge
 Walter Zechlin (1879-1962), diplomate

Références

Lunebourg
Lunebourg

Cimetière central de Lunebourg


Akrópolis () est un ancien journal grec situé à Athènes. Entre 1883 et 1921, il joue un rôle majeur dans le débat concernant la question linguistique grecque, en particulier dans les événements qui ont conduit à la crise évangélique de 1901 à Athènes.

Histoire
Akrópolis est essentiellement la création d'un homme, , qui le fonde en 1883 puis joue un grand rôle dans sa gestion jusqu'à sa mort en 1920. En effet, huit mois plus tard, le journal cesse de paraître, bien qu'il ait été relancé en 1929 et ait été publié par intermittence depuis lors.

Notes et références

Presse écrite en grec
Titre de presse créé en 1883

Akrópolis


باولا لودفيج  (ولدت في 5 يناير 1900 في فيلدكيرش - وماتت في 27 يناير 1974 في دارمشتات) هي أديبة ورسامة نمساوية.

حياتها

ولدت باولا في ألتنشتات بالقرب من فيلدكيرش، وانتقلت في عامها التاسع إلى لينتس ثم إلى بريسلاو في عام 1914 ثم إلى ميونخ في 1918، حيث عملت نموذج تصوير وملقنة في مسرح الجيب. وبعد أن قضت أربع سنوات في ميونخ انتقلت إلى برلين في عام 1924، حيث بدأت علاقة حب وعمل مليئة بالشغف بالأديب إيفان جول Yvan Goll. وقد قامت كلير جول زوجته فيما بعد إحراق الرسائل التي تبادلها الاثنان أثناء علاقتهما.

وكان على صلة بالعديد من الأدباء منهم برتولت بريشت ويواخيم رينجلناتس وفالديمار بونزيلس ( مؤلف Biene Maja) وإريكا مان. ورغم أنها لم تضطهد عرقيا أو سياسيا فإنها عاشت منذ عام 1933 في إيرفالت في منطقة تيرول. وفي عام 1938 هربت بسبب تعاطفها مع اليهود الألمان وكانت مهددة من قبل النازيين، فهربت عبر سويسرا إلى فرنسا ثم إلى البرازيل في عام 1940. وظلت في ريو دي جانيرو وساو باولو تنقد نظام الحكم من عام 1940 حتى عام 1953.

وبعد عودتها إلى أوروبا عام 1953 عاشت في جوتسيس ثم في فيتسلار ودارمشتات حيث توفيت في عام 1974.

وقد حصلت على جائزة جيورج تراكل في عام 1962.

من أعمالها
 المرآة السماوية 1927
 إلى الرب المظلم. قصيدة سنوية للحب 1932
 أحلام
 كتاب الحياة (سيرة ذاتية 1934)

مراجع

شاعرات نمساويات
شعراء نمساويون في القرن 20
كاتبات القرن 20
كاتبات نمساويات
كتاب وكاتبات ألمان
مواليد 1900
نمساويون مغتربون في البرازيل
وفيات 1974
وفيات في دارمشتات

باولا لودفيج


Cântecul Oltului în timp ce străbate lumea este un film românesc din 1989 regizat de Laurențiu Damian.

Prezentare

Note

Legături externe

Vezi și
 1989 în film

Filme documentare românești
Filme în limba română
Filme din 1989
Filme regizate de Laurențiu Damian


A person who lives in or comes from Seattle, Washington, is called a Seattleite. This is a list of well known people who were born, lived, or grew up in the city of Seattle.

Born in Seattle

Athletics

 Josh Barnett – MMA fighter, former Ultimate Fighting Championship heavyweight champion
 Peter Baum – lacrosse player
 Fred Couples – professional golfer
 Jamal Crawford – professional basketball player
 Gail Devers – track and field athlete, Olympic track-and-field gold medalist
 Joan Dunlap-Seivold – former soccer player
 Tom Gorman – tennis player
 Marcus Hahnemann – professional soccer goalkeeper
 Ryder Jones – professional baseball player
 B. J. Johnson – swimmer
 Kimber Lee – professional wrestler
 Dejounte Murray – professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks
 Apolo Ohno – world champion and Olympic gold-medalist short track speed skater
 John Olerud – professional baseball player who played at Washington State University
 Lora Ottenad - professional bodybuilder
 Paul Renkert – retired professional soccer player
 JR Ritchie – professional baseball player
 Nate Robinson – NBA player, known for winning three All-Star Dunk contests
 Tim Sedlacek – retired soccer forward who played professionally in the Major Indoor Soccer League, American Soccer League, and American Indoor Soccer Association
 Chester Simmons – professional basketball player
 Maurice Smith – mixed martial artist
 Jason Terry – professional basketball player
 Greg Valentine – professional wrestler; inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame (2004)
 DeAndre Yedlin (born 1993) – professional soccer player for Newcastle United F.C. and the United States men's national soccer team
 Katelyn Ohashi – professional gymnast for UCLA, multi time awardee for the US
 Jaden McDaniels – NBA player

Business

 Bill Gates – co-founder of Microsoft
 Edward Giddings - architect and painter
 Ethan Stowell, chef and restaurateur

Literature

 Matt Briggs – writer
 Raegan Butcher – poet
 Mary Matsuda Gruenewald – memoirist
 David Guterson – author
 Brian Herbert – author
 Tan Lin – writer
 Leslie Rule – author, novelist, paranormal writer

Movies, television, and media

 Ken Jennings – Jeopardy! contestant and guest host, author, podcaster
 Jon Jon Augustavo – director
 John Aylward – actor (ER, Mad Men, House of Lies, Gangster Squad)
 David Michael Barrett – screenwriter and film producer
 Craig Bartlett – Hey Arnold! creator
 Bob Bingham – Jesus Christ Superstar actor
 Josie Bissett – actress (Melrose Place); ex-wife of Rob Estes
 Tori Black – porn star
 Dove Cameron – actress, singer
 Erika Christensen – actress
 Bobby Clark – actor
 Brett Davern –  actor, podcaster Awkward (TV series)
 Graham Elliot – chef, restauranter
 Fantasy A - actor (Fantasy A Gets a Mattress); rapper
 India Gants – model, winner of America's Next Top Model Cycle 23
 Tom Gorai – film producer
 Brian Haley – actor, comedian
 Bianca Kajlich – television actress noted for role of Jennifer on Rules of Engagement
 Richard Karn – television actor, game show host
 Mike Luckovich – editorial cartoonist
 Dave Losso – stand-up comedian
 Beau Mirchoff – actor known for television series Awkward
 Brian Stokes Mitchell – Broadway actor and baritone singer
 Jeffrey Dean Morgan – actor, known for Grey's Anatomy, Watchmen, Magic City
 Mark Morris – director, choreographer, dancer
 Janice Pennington – The Price Is Right model
 Megyn Price – actress known for roles on Grounded for Life and Rules of Engagement
 Nick Robinson – actor known for portraying Ryder Scanlon on ABC Family sitcom Melissa & Joey
 Omari Salisbury – journalist, videographer, media company owner
 Derek Sheen – stand-up comedian
 Jean Smart – actress, known for Designing Women, Kim Possible, Frasier, 24
 Ryan Stiles – comedian, known for Whose Line Is It Anyway? (both U.S. and U.K. versions), and playing Lewis Kiniski on The Drew Carey Show, and Herb Melnick on Two and a Half Men
 Alison Sudol – actress, singer, songwriter
 Jen Taylor – video game voice actress
 Maiara Walsh – actress, Cory in the House, Desperate Housewives, Switched at Birth
 Zoe Weizenbaum – actress, 12 and Holding, Memoirs of a Geisha
 Rainn Wilson – actor, The Office

Music

 Nissim Black – rapper
 William Bolcom – composer
 Carrie Brownstein – musician, member of Sleater-Kinney
 Judy Collins – folk singer
 Kenny G – musician
 Isis Gee – American singer in Poland and Eurovision Song Contest entrant
 Stone Gossard – rhythm guitarist of Pearl Jam
 Natalie Grant – Christian music singer/songwriter
 Mary Lambert – singer
 Lil Mosey – rapper
 Macklemore – hip-hop artist, born Ben Haggerty
 Duff McKagan – bassist of Guns N' Roses
 Sir Mix-a-Lot – rap musician
 Mark O'Connor – country violinist (also performs in other genres)
 Stephen O'Malley – member of doom metal band Sunn O)))
 Jake One – hip-hop music producer
 Stacie Orrico – pop singer
 Jay Park – Korean-American singer
 Robin Pecknold – musician, lead singer in the folk-rock band Fleet Foxes
 Scott Rockenfield – drummer with Queensrÿche
 John Roderick – musician (The Long Winters), writer, and podcaster
 Jim Sheppard – bassist with Nevermore
 Kim Thayil – lead guitarist of the grunge band Soundgarden
 Janet Thurlow – jazz singer
 Rachel Trachtenburg – drummer, member of The Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players
 Jennifer Warnes – singer and songwriter
 Mary Youngblood – Native American flutist
 Max Zorn – musician

Politics
 Jenny Durkan – Mayor of Seattle
 Maria Cantwell - U.S. Senator
 Steve Gunderson – politician in Montana.
 Jay Inslee – Governor of Washington
 Jerry Lewis – California politician
 Gary Locke – U.S. Ambassador to China, former U.S. Secretary of Commerce, former Governor of Washington
 Frank Murkowski – Polish-American politician, tenth Governor of Alaska
 Lonnie Nelson – Civil rights, Indigenous peoples, labor, peace, and social justice activist
 William Farrand Prosser, U.S. congressman from Tennessee, Seattle city treasurer, Yakima mayor
 Angela Rye – CNN political commentator
 Peter Steinbrueck – politician
 Lynn Woolsey – politician

Miscellaneous

 Marc D. Angel – rabbi
 Mario Batali – chef, writer, restaurateur and media personality
 Linda B. Buck – scientist
 Art Chantry – graphic design
 Greg Colson – artist
 Stephen Funk – former United States Marine Corps Lance Corporal who refused to deploy to Iraq
 Emerald Ignacio (aka "DriftGirl") – actor and model; builds and races cars
 Irene Dubois – drag performer
 Amanda Knox – tried and convicted in Italy for murder of Meredith Kercher but subsequently acquitted on appeal
 Paul Kuniholm – artist
 Michael Leavitt (artist) – sculptor and toy maker
Melissa Miranda – chef and restaurateur
 Stephen S. Oswald – astronaut
 Casey Treat – pastor, televangelist
 Jim Whittaker – first American to climb Mount Everest
 Lou Whittaker – mountaineer, founded Mount Rainier guide service
 Colleen Willoughby – philanthropist

Deceased

 Ann Reinking – actress, dancer, choreographer, All That Jazz, Micki + Maude, Annie
 Paul Jacob Alexander – newspaper publisher and Seattle City Councilman
 Paul Allen – co-founder of Microsoft
 Signe Toly Anderson – original lead singer of The Jefferson Airplane
 Richard Lee Armstrong – professor and geochemist
 Bob Bartlett – politician
 Lawrence James Beck – sculptor
 Frank T. Bell – United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries (1933–1939)
 Barbara Berjer – television actress
 Max Brand – author (pen name of Frederick Schiller Faust)
 Gerald Brashear – musician, played with Wyatt Ruther, Ray Charles, Della Reese, Cecil Young Quartet
 Chester Carlson – physicist and inventor
 Carol Channing – actress, Hello, Dolly!, Gentlemen Prefer Blondes, Thoroughly Modern Millie
 Irma Schoennauer Cole – swimmer, civil servant
 Chris Cornell – musician, Soundgarden, Audioslave, Temple of the Dog
 Don Coryell – NFL coach
 Marian Cummings (c. 1892–1984) – first woman in the US to gain a commercial pilot's license
 Warrel Dane – musician, singer for Sanctuary, Nevermore
 Jennifer Dunn – politician
 Frances Farmer – actress
 Pete Fleming – missionary to Ecuador
 Keith Godchaux – musician
 Kathi Goertzen – longtime news anchor for KOMO 4
 Richard F. Gordon Jr. – astronaut
 Bonnie Guitar – singer
 Ed Guthman – journalist
 Ivar Haglund – folksinger and restaurateur
 Jimi Hendrix – rock guitarist and singer
 Steven Hill – actor, portrayed Adam Schiff in the TV series Law & Order
 Eldon Hoke (aka El Duce) – drummer and singer of rock band The Mentors
 Art Hupy – photographer
 Fred Hutchinson – baseball player and manager
 Ruth Jessen – golfer
 Gary Kildall – scientist, inventor and founder of Digital Research
 Ed Lee – first Asian American mayor of San Francisco
 Gypsy Rose Lee – actress and burlesque star
 Mary Livingstone – comedian and wife of Jack Benny
 Kevin McCarthy – actor
 Mary McCarthy – author, critic and social activist
 Rob Roy McGregor (admiral) - U.S. Navy Rear Admiral and decorated submariner
 Alfred M. Moen – inventor and founder of Moen Incorporated
 Margaret Murie – environmentalist
 Mako Nakagawa - Japanese American advocate, educator, and activist
 Harley D. Nygren – admiral and engineer, first Director of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps
 Adella M. Parker – suffragist, politician, lawyer, and high school teacher
 Walt Partymiller – cartoonist
 Tuulikki Pietilä – graphic artist and professor
 Guy Bates Post – stage and film actor
 Hal Riney – advertising executive
 Ron Santo – Hall of Fame baseball player
 Bell M. Shimada – fisheries scientist who pioneered the study of the tuna fishery in the tropical Pacific Ocean
 Robert Stroud – convicted felon, "Birdman of Alcatraz"
 Emmett Watson – journalist

Moved to Seattle

Living

 Zaid Abdul-Aziz – former Seattle SuperSonics power forward
 Dustin Ackley – former Seattle Mariners outfielder
 Sherman Alexie – author
 Kimball Allen – writer, playwright, performer, gay activist, author of Secrets of a Gay Mormon Felon and Be Happy Be Mormon
 Jeff Ament – bassist of Pearl Jam
 Brian Atwater – geologist
 Anomie Belle – musician
 BenDeLaCreme – actor, drag queen, 5th place and Miss Congeniality of Rupaul's Drag Race Season 6
 Jeff Bezos – former CEO and founder of Amazon.com
 Christopher Boffoli – photographer
 Jeff Borowiak – tennis player
 Bosco (drag queen)-contestant and finalist on Rupaul's Drag Race Season 14
 David Brewster – publisher and journalist
 Terry Brooks – author
 Robert Brown – musician, lead singer of Abney Park
 Ed Brubaker – comics writer and artist
 Peter Buck – musician in R.E.M.
 Charles Burns – cartoonist
 Matt Cameron – drummer of Soundgarden and Pearl Jam
 Dyan Cannon – actress
 Roberto Carcelen – Olympian
 Neko Case – musician
 J.R. Celski – Olympic speed skater
 Michael Chang – tennis player, French Open champion
 Valentina Chepiga – IFBB professional bodybuilder
 Dale Chihuly – glass blowing artist
 Nick Collison – Oklahoma City Thunder forward
 Emily Compagno – former federal attorney, Oakland Raiderettes cheerleader, sports reporter, and analyst; current litigator, legal analyst, and Fox News contributor
 Dan Corson – artist
 Kathryn Cramer – science fiction editor (lived in Seattle 1964–1985)
 Cameron Crowe – writer and director
 Chris DeWolfe – founder of MySpace
 Jim Donald – former CEO of Starbucks Coffee
 Mark Driscoll – co-founder and preaching pastor of Mars Hill Church
 Rob Estes – actor
 Anna Faris – actress
 Brendan Fraser – actor
 Ari Glass – painter, designer and musician
 Jorge Enrique González Pacheco – Cuban poet
 Neile Graham – poet
 Nicola Griffith – author
 Dave Grohl – drummer of Nirvana; lead singer, guitarist of Foo Fighters
 Caren Gussoff – author
 Gary Hall Jr. – 10-time Olympic medalist
 Leland H. Hartwell – Nobel Prize winner
 Matt Hasselbeck – quarterback, Seattle Seahawks player
 Jenni Hogan – KIRO-TV traffic anchor
 Jerry Holkins – co-creator of Penny Arcade
 David Horsey – cartoonist
 Tom Hulce – actor in National Lampoon's Animal House and Amadeus
 Jane Jensen – game designer and author
Phoenix Jones – superhero, vigilante
 Quincy Jones – musician
 S. T. Joshi – literary critic and editor
 Michael Kinsley – journalist
 Sascha Konietzko – founder and frontman of KMFDM
 Mike Krahulik – co-creator of Penny Arcade
 Jon Krakauer – author
 Jayne Ann Krentz – romance novelist
 Gary Larson – comic strip artist (The Far Side)
 Lusine – IDM musician
 Kyle MacLachlan – actor
 Dave Matthews – musician
 Taylor Mays – football player
 Jim McDermott – Congressman
 Rose McGowan – actress, Charmed, Jawbreaker
 Joel McHale – actor, host of  The Soup on E! and star of NBC television series Community
 Mike McCready – lead guitarist of Pearl Jam (considered local, went to grade school – college in Seattle)
 Carol Milne – Canadian American sculptor
 Patrick Monahan – lead singer of the band Train
 Jinkx Monsoon – actor, drag queen, winner of Rupaul's Drag Race Season 5
 Gabe Newell – CEO and founder of Valve
 Krist Novoselic – bassist of Nirvana
 Bill Nye – "Science Guy", actor, comedian
 Yuji Okumoto – actor, The Karate Kid, Part II and Real Genius; owner of Kona Kitchen
 Trey Parker – co-creator of South Park
 Susan Powter – motivational speaker, dietitian, personal trainer and author
 Karen Prell – puppeteer
 Jeff Probst – host of TV show Survivor
 Julia Quinn - author
 Jonathan Raban – author
 John Ratzenberger – actor, played Cliff Clavin on TV series Cheers
 Richard Read – journalist, Pulitzer Prize winner, 1999, 2001
 Ron Reagan – radio talk host, son of Ronald Reagan
 Gary Ridgway – serial killer
 Tom Robbins – author
 Don Roff – writer and filmmaker
 Ryan Rowland-Smith – Seattle Mariners pitcher
 Dan Savage – advice columnist
 Howard Schultz – chairman of Starbucks
 Ross Shafer – comedian and television host
 Richard Silverstein – blogger
 Tom Skerritt – actor
 Alex Steffen – award-winning author and editor
 Neal Stephenson – science-fiction author
 Adam Stern – symphony conductor
 Mack Strong – retired Seattle Seahawks fullback 1993–2007
 Ichiro Suzuki – baseball player, Seattle Mariners, New York Yankees, and Miami Marlins
 Robert Swift – former Seattle SuperSonics and Oklahoma City Thunder center
 Geoff Tate – lead singer of Queensrÿche
 Lauren Tewes – actress
 Earnest James Ujaama – community activist and indicted associate of al-Qaeda
 Eddie Vedder – lead singer of Pearl Jam
 Guy Williams – basketball player, Washington Bullets and Golden State Warriors
 Ann Wilson – lead singer and flute player of Heart
 Mark Wirth – "fashion notable", local character
 Al Young – dragster driver

Deceased

 Harry Anderson – actor
 Frank Barsotti – professional photographer
 Jack Bechdolt – journalist for Seattle Post Intelligencer, illustrator/artist, author of thousands of short stories
 Fred Beckey – mountaineer
 Bill Boeing – aviation pioneer, industrialist
 Robert Bray – actor
 Edwin Frederick Brotze – cartoonist for the Seattle Daily Times
 Francis H. Brownell – businessman, president of the Seattle First National Bank
 Ted Bundy – serial killer
 Octavia Butler – author
 Frank Calvert – cartoonist for the Seattle Daily Times
 James E. Casey – United Parcel Service founder
 Ray Charles – musician
 Charlie Chong – political activist
 Kurt Cobain – Nirvana frontman
 Frantz Hunt Coe – educator
 Alexander DeSoto – physician and philanthropist, founder of Seattle's first hospital
 James S. Ditty – photoengraver, Seattle Star
 James Doohan – actor; Montgomery Scott on Star Trek
 Ford Quint Elvidge – governor of Guam
 Frances Farmer – actress
 Kate Fleming – audio book narrator (voice-over actor) and producer
 George Frederick Frye – Seattle pioneer and politician
 Edgar Gott – aviation pioneer, first president of Boeing
 Carl F. Gould – architect, educator
 George Hager – cartoonist for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer
 John "DOK" Hager – cartoonist for the Seattle Daily Times
 Alex Haley – writer, author of Roots
 Anna Roosevelt Halsted – journalist, daughter of Franklin D. Roosevelt
 Victor Hanzeli – linguist, former Chair of the Department of Romance Languages and Literature at UW
 Mitch Hedberg – comedian
 Frank Herbert – novelist, author of Dune
 George H. Hitchings – scientist
 Alan Hovhaness – composer
 Edward Sturgis Ingraham – first superintendent of the Seattle Public Schools; mountaineer
 Ernest C. Jenner – illustrator for the Seattle Post-Intelligencer
 Russell Johnson – actor; Professor Roy Hinkley on Gilligan's Island
 Jacob Lawrence – painter
 Brandon Lee – actor
 Bruce Lee – actor
 Denise Levertov – poet
 J. P. D. Lloyd – Episcopal cleric, the president of the Seattle Public Library
 Keye Luke – actor
 Betty MacDonald – author
 Helene Madison – three gold medals at 1932 Summer Olympics
 Benjamin Brown Martin – illustrator for the Seattle Daily Times
 Rick May – voice actor, theatrical performer, director, and teacher
 William Charles McNulty – illustrator for Seattle Star; teacher at Art Students League
 Asa Mercer – man behind the Mercer Girls, a model for the TV series Here Come the Brides
 Robert Moran – shipbuilder
 Marni Nixon – musician
 Henry O'Malley – United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries
 Alexander Pantages – theatrical entrepreneur
 Robert W. Patten – veteran, storyteller, inspiration for cartoon series
 Lionel Pries – architect, educator
 Henry Prusoff – tennis player
 Alfred T. Renfro – cartoonist, Seattle Star
 Theodore Roethke – poet
 Zola Helen Ross – author
 Ann Rule – true crime author
 Bill Russell – retired Hall of Fame basketball player and coach
 James Willis Sayre – theatre critic, journalist, arts promoter, and historian
 Jeff Smith – TV chef and author
 Layne Staley – musician, singer of grunge band Alice In Chains
 Henry Suzzallo – president of the University of Washington (1915–1926)
 Sarah Truax – stage actor
 August Wilson – playwright
 Andrew Wood – singer of grunge band Mother Love Bone
 Lillian Yarbo – actress, comedienne, dancer, and singer
 Mia Zapata – musician

Athletes from Seattle
 Aaron Brooks – NBA PG; Franklin High School
 Bobby Brown – MLB infielder and executive, played in four World Series
 Kevin Burleson – NBA PG; O'Dea High School
 Nate Burleson – NFL WR; O'Dea High School
 Jesse Chatman – NFL RB; Franklin High School
 Doug Christie – NBA SG; Rainier Beach High School
 Will Conroy – NBA PG; Garfield (Seattle)
 Fred Couples – PGA; O'Dea High School
 Jamal Crawford – NBA SG; Rainier Beach High School
 Michael Dickerson – NBA SF; Federal Way High School
 Corey Dillon – NFL RB; Franklin High School
 James Edwards – NBA PF; Roosevelt High School
 C. J. Giles – NBA PF; Rainier Beach High School
 Charlie Greene – USATF Olympian; Track & Field Hall of Fame; O'Dea High School
 Spencer Hawes – NBA C; Seattle Prep
 Phil Heath – second world ranked IFBB professional bodybuilder
 Jeff Jaeger – NFL K; University of Washington
 Ruth Jessen – professional golfer, Seattle University
 Earl Johnson – Major League Baseball P; Ballard High School
 Taylor Mays – NFL S; O'Dea High School
 Reese McGuire – MLB catcher; Kentwood High School
 Jack Medica – Olympic swimmer; University of Washington
 Hugh Millen – NFL QB; Roosevelt High School
 Nate Robinson – NBA PG; Rainier Beach High School
 Brandon Roy – NBA SF; Garfield (Seattle)
 Chester Simmons – NBA PG; Garfield (Seattle)
 Peyton Siva – NBA PG; Franklin High School (Seattle)
 Isaiah Stanback – NFL WR; Garfield (Seattle)
 Rodney Stuckey – NBA SG; Kentwood High School
 Jason Terry – NBA PG; Franklin High School
 Martell Webster – NBA SG; Seattle Prep
 Marcus Williams – NBA SF; Roosevelt High School
 Terrence Williams – NBA SF; Rainier Beach High School
 Sheila Lambert – WNBA PG; Chief Sealth High School
 Regina Rogers-Wright – College basketball All American C; Chief Sealth High School, UCLA and University of Washington.

Musical groups
 Abney Park – steampunk band, formerly goth
 Aiden – rock band (emo)
 Alice in Chains – rock band (grunge/metal)
 Amber Pacific – pop punk band
 Band of Horses – previously known as Horses, indie rock band
 The Blood Brothers – post-hardcore band
 Blue Scholars – hip hop
 Brite Futures – indie pop
 The Brothers Four – folksingers
 Candlebox – alternative band
 The Classic Crime – alternative band
 Common Market – hip hop
 Dave Matthews Band  – originated in Charlottesville, Virginia
 Death Cab for Cutie – alternative band
 Demon Hunter – metal band
 Earth – drone/doom band
 The Fall of Troy – post-hardcore band (originally from Mukilteo, Washington)
 Fleet Foxes – indie rock band
 Foo Fighters – rock band
 The Gits – rock band
 Grand Archives – alternative rock band
 Green River – rock band (grunge)
 Harvey Danger – alternative band
 He Is We – indie pop
 The Head and the Heart – indie rock band
 Heart – rock band
 Hey Marseilles – alternative band
 Himsa – Metalcore band
 I Declare War – deathcore band
 Ivan & Alyosha – pop rock band
 Jake One – hip hop producer
 Quincy Jones – jazz musician
 KMFDM – industrial band
 Macklemore and Ryan Lewis – hip hop/rap duo
 Melvins - sludge metal band (originally from Montesano, Washington)
 Metal Church – metal band
 Minus the Bear – alternative rock band
 Modest Mouse – indie rock band (from nearby Issaquah, Washington)
 Mother Love Bone – rock band (grunge)
 Mudhoney – rock band (grunge)
 Murder City Devils – rock band (garage rock)
 MxPx – rock band (punk rock)
 Nevermore – metal band
 Nirvana – rock band (grunge) (originally from Aberdeen, Washington)
 Odesza – electronic/experimental
 Pearl Jam – rock band (grunge)
 Pedro the Lion – indie rock band
 Pickwick – indie rock band
 The Postal Service – indietronica band
 Presidents of the United States of America – rock band
 Queensrÿche – metal band (from nearby Bellevue)
 Thee Satisfaction – hip hop/rap duo
 Schoolyard Heroes – horror punk/post hardcore (originally from Tacoma, Washington)
 The Scene Aesthetic – acoustic/indie pop band
 Shabazz Palaces – hip hop/rap duo
 Sinai 48 – a rock band that includes the former members of Buckingham Nicks
 Smoosh – alternative pop band
 Soundgarden – rock band (grunge)
 Sunn O))) – doom metal band
 Kyle Townsend – record producer, musician
 Trachtenburg Family Slideshow Players – indie rock/pop band
 Trial – political straightedge band
 Ugly Casanova – indie rock band featuring the main member Isaac Brock of Modest Mouse (from nearby Issaquah, Washington)
 Vendetta Red – rock band
 The Ventures – surf band

References

Seattle
Seattle
People

List of people from Seattle


Sezonul Premier League 2019-2020 a fost cel de-al 28-lea sezon al Premier League, eșalonul principal de fotbal profesionist din Anglia. Sezonul a început pe 9 august 2019 și urma să se încheie pe 17 mai 2020.
Norwich City, Sheffield United și Aston Villa au fost echipele care au promovat din Championship în sezonul 2018-2019.

La 13 martie în urma unei întâlniri de urgență între Premier League, Football Association, English Football League și Super Liga Feminină s-a decis suspendarea sezonului ca urmare a apariției unor cazuri de COVID-19 în rândul unor jucători și a unor membri ai cluburilor. Suspendarea urma să fie în vigoare până la 4 aprilie. La 19 martie s-a decis extinderea suspendării până la 30 aprilie, însa aceasta a fost extinsă până la mijlocul lunii iunie, ulterior FA fiind de acord să extindă sezonul dincolo de data finală de 1 iunie. La 28 mai cluburile au fost de acord cu repornirea sezonului la data de 17 iunie, cu cele două meciuri restante Manchester City-Arsenal și Aston Villa-Sheffield United, urmând ca la sfârșitul de săptămână următor să aibă loc o etapă completă.

La 4 iunie Premier League a anunțat că li se va permite echipelor să aibă nouă jucători pe banca de rezervă, în loc de șapte ca până acum, și se vor putea efectua cinci înlocuiri pe meci per echipă, în loc de trei.

Ca urmare a acestor modificări sezonul Premier League 2019-2020 se va încheia la data de 25 iulie.

La 25 iunie 2020 Liverpool FC a câștigat titlul de campioană a Angliei cu șapte etape înainte de final după victoria din meciul de pe teren propriu cu Crystal Palace (4-0) și înfrângerea lui Manchester City (1-2) în deplasare contra lui Chelsea. Este cel de-al nouăsprezecelea titlu câștigat de Liverpool, primul după 30 de ani și, totodată, primul din era Premier League.

La 11 iulie 2020, Norwich City a devenit prima echipă care a retrogradat în Championship după înfrângerea cu 4-0 acasă în fața echipei West Ham United, cu trei partide înainte de finalul sezonului. La 26 iulie 2020, Bournemouth și Watford au fost confirmate ca fiind celelalte 2 echipe care au retrogradat din Premier League.

Echipe

Echipele care au promovat în Premier League în acest sezon, au realizat acest lucru în ordinea următoare: Wolverhampton Wanderers (la 14 aprilie 2018), Cardiff City (la 5 mai 2018) și Fulham care a obținut promovarea după câștigarea finalei din play-offul din Championship contra celor de la Aston Villa.

Stadioane și orașe
''Notă: Tabelul se aranjează în ordine alfabetică.

Schimbări de antrenori

Rezultate

Clasament
 Rezultate meciuri

Sursa: Premier League rezultate

1. Echipa gazdă este trecută pe coloana din stânga

2. Culori: Albastru = victorie a echipei gazdă; Galben = egal; Roșu = victorie a echipei oaspete

Statistici

Golgheteri

Portari cu meciuri fără gol primit

Premii

Premii lunare

Premii anuale

Note

Legături externe
 Site-ul oficial

Sezoane Premier League
2019 în fotbal
2020 în fotbal

Premier League 2019-2020


دانيال بون  (2 نوفمبر 1734 [22 أكتوبر بالتاريخ القديم] - 26 سبتمبر 1820) هو رائد ومستكشف ورجل غابة أمريكي، وجعلته مغامراته على الحدود من أوائل الأبطال الشعبيين في تراث الولايات المتحدة. اشتهر بون بعملية استكشاف واستيطان منطقة كنتاكي الحالية، التي كانت وقتها جزءا من ولاية فرجينيا ولكن تفصلها الجبال على الجانب الآخر من المستوطنات الرئيسة. وفي شبابه، استكمل بون دخله في المزرعة عن طريق الصيد ونصب الفخاخ، وبيع جلود الحيوانات في سوق الفراء، وعرف من هذه المهنة أسهل الطرق في المنطقة. واجه بون المقاومة من قبائل الهنود الأميركيين، مثل شاوني في عام 1775، إلا أنه شق طريقه عبر البرية من خلال ثغرة كمبرلاند في جبال الأبالاش من كارولينا الشمالية وتينيسي إلى كنتاكي. وأسس هناك قرية بونزبورو، إحدى أوائل المستوطنات الأمريكية غرب جبال الأبلاش. وبحلول نهاية القرن الثامن عشر، هاجر أكثر من مائتي ألف أمريكي إلى كنتاكي وفيرجينيا باتباع الطريق الذي سار عليه بون.

وكان بون ضابطا في الميليشيات خلال الحرب الثورية (1775-83)، والتي شهدت فيها منطقة كنتاكي قتالا بين المستوطنين الأمريكيين والهنود بمساعدة البريطانيين. تم القبض على بون من قبل محاربي الشاوني في 1778. ثم هرب ونبه أهل بونزبورو أن الشاوني كانوا يخططون للهجوم. تمكن الأمريكيون من صد محاربي الشاوني في حصار بونزبورو رغم من أن الشاوني كانوا يفوقونهم عددا. انتخب بون لثلاث فترات في الجمعية العامة لولاية فرجينيا خلال الحرب الثورية، وحارب في معركة بلو ليكس في عام 1782. وانتصر الشاوني في هذه المعركة على الأمريكيين، وكانت إحدى المعارك الأخيرة ضمن الحرب الثورية، وذلك بعد انتهاء القتال الرئيسي في أكتوبر 1781.

بعد الحرب، عملت بون كماسح أراضي وتاجر، ولكنه وقع في طائلة الديون بعد فشل عمليات مضاربات الأراضي في كنتاكي. أصيب بون بالإحباط بعد المشاكل القانونية التي تبعت مطالبته بالأرض، وهاجر إلى شرق ميزوري في عام 1799 حيث أمضى معظم العقدين الأخيرين من حياته.

لا يزال بون يعتبر شخصية بارزة في التاريخ الأمريكي. وكان يعتبر أسطورة في حياته، خاصة بعد أن نشر جون فيلسون مذكرات مغامراته في عام 1784، ما جعله مشهورا في جميع أنحاء أوروبا كنموذج لرجل الحدود الأمريكي. تم نشر طبعة أمريكية من المذكرات جعلته مشهورا في جميع أنحاء الولايات المتحدة. وقد أصبح بعد وفاته موضوعا للحكايات البطولية والشعبية والأعمال الأدبية. كانت مغامراته – الحقيقية منها والأسطورية – مؤثرة في خلق صورة البطل الغربي النموذجي في الفلكلور الأمريكي. كما يذكر أنه أحد أوائل أبطال الحدود في الثقافة الشعبية الأمريكية. وغالبا ما تطغى أسطورة دانيال بون الملحمية على تفاصيل حياته التاريخية.

روابط خارجية

مراجع

أشخاص حوكموا عسكريا
أشخاص من أبالاتشيا
أشخاص من كنتاكي
أشخاص من كنتاكي في الثورة الأمريكية
أشخاص من مقاطعة بركس (بنسيلفانيا)
أشخاص من مقاطعة سانت تشارلز (ميزوري)
أعضاء مجلس نواب فرجينيا
أمريكيون من أصل إنجليزي
أمريكيون من أصل ويلزي
حكايات طويلة
رواد أمريكيون
صيادون أمريكيون
تراث شعبي أمريكي
ماسونيون أمريكيون
مدفونون في مقبرة فرانكفورت
مساحين أمريكيون
مستكشفو أمريكيون من أمريكا الشمالية
مستكشفون أمريكيون
مقاطعة بون (ميزوري)
ملاك عبيد أمريكيون
مواليد 1734
وفيات 1820

دانيال بون


فيروسات تحتية  هي عائلة فيروسات فطرية (تصيب الفطور)، الفيروس لا يترك مضيفه أبدا وربما يتكرر في المادة الدهنية المستمدة من الحويصلات المتعددة الأشكال. و الاٍنتقال من المحتمل أن يكون مرتبط بالمفاغرة الخوطية للمضيف.

مراجع

وصلات خارجية
 نطاق فيروسي: فيروسات تحتية

أجناس الفيروس
فيروسات الحمض النووي الريبوزي
فيروسات ثنائية سلسلة آر إن أيه

فيروسات تحتية


The year 1861 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy
 May 13 – Comet C/1861 J1 (the "Great Comet of 1861") first observed from Australia by John Tebbutt.

Biology
 Anton de Bary publishes his first work on fungi, describing sexual reproduction in Peronospora.
 Charles Thorp, Archdeacon of Durham (d. 1862), arranges purchase of some of the Farne Islands off the north-east coast of England and employment of a warden to protect threatened seabird species.

Chemistry
 March 30 – William Crookes announces his discovery of thallium.
 Rubidium is discovered by Robert Bunsen and Gustav Kirchhoff, in Heidelberg, Germany, in the mineral lepidolite through the use of their spectroscope.
 Aleksandr Butlerov is instrumental in creating the theory of chemical structure.
 Josef Loschmidt publishes Chemische Studien, proposing two-dimensional representations for over 300 molecules and recognising variations in atomic size.
 Ernest Solvay develops the Solvay process for the manufacture of soda ash (sodium carbonate).

Earth sciences
 Eduard Suess proposes the former existence of the supercontinent Gondwana.

History of science and technology
 Boulton and Watt rotative beam engine of 1788 from the makers' Soho Foundry in the west midlands of England is acquired for the Museum of Patents, predecessor of the Science Museum, London.
 First volumes of Munk's Roll published.

Medicine and physiology

 Paul Broca identifies the speech production center of the brain.
 Franciscus Donders introduces the term visual acuity.
 Guillaume Duchenne describes Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
 Prosper Ménière reports the association of vertigo with inner ear disorders.
 Ádám Politzer publishes the technique of Politzerization used in otorhinolaryngology.
 Ignaz Semmelweis publishes Etiology, Concept and Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever (Die Ätiologie, der Begriff und die Prophylaxis des Kindbettfiebers), a treatment of his theory on sanitary conditions during childbirth.
 Adolf Zsigmondy develops a dental notation system.

Paleontology
 August 15 – First description of Archaeopteryx, based on a feather found in Bavaria;<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Meyer|first1=Hermann von|authorlink=Christian Erich Hermann von Meyer|title=Vogel-Federn und Palpipes priscus von Solenhofen|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie, Geognosie, Geologie und Petrefaktenkunde|date=1861-08-15|page=561|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6RAFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA561|trans-title=Bird feathers and Palpipes priscus [a crustacean] from Solenhofen|language=German|quote=Aus dem lithographischen Schiefer der Brüche von Solenhofen in Bayern ist mir in den beiden Gegenplatten eine auf der Ablösungs- oder Spaltungs-Fläche des Gesteins liegende Versteinerung mitgetheilt worden, die mit grosser Deutlichkeit eine Feder erkennen lässt, welche von den Vogel-Federn nicht zu unterscheiden ist. (From the lithographic slates of the faults of Solenhofen in Bavaria, there has been reported to me a fossil lying on the stone's surface of detachment or cleavage, in both opposing slabs, which can be recognized with great clarity [to be] a feather, which is indistinguishable from a bird's feather.)}}</ref> in September the first complete identified skeleton is found near Langenaltheim in Germany.

Technology

 January 1 – First steam-powered carousel recorded, in Bolton, England.
 July 23 – The term 'drive shaft' is used in the description of the mechanism in a patent reissue for the Watkins and Bryson horse-drawn mowing machine.
 William Froude publishes the first results of his research into ship hull design.
 Dr. Richard J. Gatling invents the Gatling gun.
 Capt. Robert P. Parrott is granted a United States patent for the Parrott rifle, a field artillery weapon.
 James Clerk Maxwell demonstrates the principle of permanent three-colour photography.
 German scientist Philipp Reis succeeds in creating a device that captures sound and converts it to electrical impulses which are transmitted via electrical wires to another device that transforms these pulses into recognizable sounds similar to the original acoustical source. Reis coins the term telephone to describe his device, the Reis telephone.

Publications
 Michael Faraday's Royal Institution Christmas Lectures published as The Chemical History of a Candle''.

Awards
 Copley Medal: Louis Agassiz
 Wollaston Medal for geology: Heinrich Bronn

Births
 February 12 – Lou Andreas-Salomé, born Luíza von Salomé (died 1937), Russian-born psychoanalyst.
 February 15
 Charles Édouard Guillaume (died 1938), French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
 Alfred North Whitehead (died 1947), English mathematician.
 April 24 – Hedda Andersson (died 1950), Swedish physician.
 May 5 – Peter Cooper Hewitt (died 1921), American electrical engineer and inventor.
 May 20 – Henry Gantt (died 1919), American project engineer.
 June 9 – Pierre Duhem (died 1916), French philosopher of science.
 June 20 – Frederick Hopkins (died 1947), British biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
 July 7 – Nettie Stevens (died 1912), American geneticist.
 July 18 – Kadambini Ganguly (died 1923), Indian physician.
 July 26 – Ægidius Elling (died 1949), Norwegian gas turbine pioneer.
 August 4 – Henry Head (died 1940), English neurologist.
 August 9 – Dorothea Klumpke (died 1942), American astronomer.
 August 10 – Almroth Wright (died 1947), English bacteriologist and immunologist.
 October 11 – John Bell Hatcher (died 1904), American paleontologist.
 December 17 – Arthur E. Kennelly (died 1939), Irish American electrical engineer.

Deaths
 January 3 – Arnold Adolph Berthold (born 1803), German physiologist.
 May 16 – John Stevens Henslow (born 1796), English botanist.
 June 13 – Henry Gray (born 1827), English anatomist (smallpox).
 June 18 – Eaton Hodgkinson (born 1789), English structural engineer.
 November 10 – Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (born 1805), French zoologist.
 November 13 – Sir John Forbes (born 1787), Scottish-born royal physician.
 December 10 – Thomas Southwood Smith (born 1788), English physician and sanitary reformer.
 Ferdinand Deppe (born 1794), German naturalist, explorer and painter.

References

Science, 1861 In
1860s in science
19th century in science

1861 in science