Gaius Avidius Cassius (Greek: Γάϊος Αουίδιος Κάσσιος;  130 – July 175 AD) was a Syrian Roman general and usurper. He was born in Cyrrhus, and was the son of Gaius Avidius Heliodorus, who served as praefectus or governor of Roman Egypt, and Julia Cassia Alexandra, who was related to a number of royal figures, including her descent from both Augustus and Herod the Great. He began his military career under Antoninus Pius, rising to the status of legatus legionis. He served during the Parthian war of Lucius Verus, in which he distinguished himself, for which he was elevated to the Senate, and later made Imperial legate. During the Bucolic War, he was given the extraordinary title of Rector Orientis, giving him Imperium over all of the eastern provinces of the Roman Empire.

In 175, Cassius declared himself emperor, because he had received news, from Marcus Aurelius' wife Faustina the Younger, that the Emperor Marcus Aurelius was about to die. He received broad support in the eastern provinces of Egypt, Syria, Syria Palaestina and Arabia Petraea, especially Syria, which was his homeland. Despite his control of the vital grain production of Egypt, and his command of seven legions, he was heavily outmatched by Aurelius. While Aurelius was amassing a force to defeat Cassius, a centurion of one of Cassius' legions murdered Cassius, sending his head to Aurelius as proof.

Early life
Avidius Cassius was born around 130, in the town of Cyrrhus, Syria. He was born to Gaius Avidius Heliodorus and Julia Cassia Alexandra. His father, Heliodorus, was of equestrian status, and served as Ab epistulis for Hadrian. Heliodorus later served as Praefectus augustalis, the prefect of Roman Egypt, from 137 to 142AD. According to Cassius Dio, he received this post, which was one of the highest posts that an equestrian could hold, due to his oratory skills alone. His mother, Julia Cassia, was the great-granddaughter of Junia Lepida, who was herself a great-great-granddaughter of the first Roman emperor, Augustus. She was also a descendant of Herod the Great, Ptolemy VI Philometor and Antiochus VIII Gryphus through her father, Gaius Julius Alexander Berenicianus. Cassius was also a distant descendant of the Roman client-king Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Commagene, who had been dethroned half a century before.

Early career
It is thought that Cassius began his career during the reign of Antoninus Pius. He may have been adlected as a quaestor in 154. It is thought that he became a legatus legionis of one of the legions stationed in Moesia Inferior, which guarded against the Sarmatians, during the late years of Pius' rule (138–161), and it is certain that he was a legatus by at least 161AD, the last year of Pius' reign.

Cassius rose to prominence rapidly 164, under the co-emperors Lucius Verus and Marcus Aurelius, during the Parthian war of Lucius Verus, serving as legatus legionis or commander of Legio III Gallica. In 165, he led Legio III Gallica down the Euphrates, and defeated the Parthians at Dura-Europos. Before the end of the year, Cassius and his legion marched to the south, crossed Mesopotamia at its narrowest point, and attacked and sacked the twin Parthian cities of the Tigris river: Seleucia, which was on the right bank; and Ctesiphon, which was on the left bank and was the Parthian capital. After capturing Ctesiphon, he burnt the palace of Vologases IV. Despite the fact that Seleucia had surrendered to the Romans, he destroyed it as well, justifying it by claiming that the local population had broken their agreement.

Cassius' legion was by this time in dire need of supplies. The first signs of what became known as the Antonine Plague showed up in his army in 165. Cassius marched back to Syria, carrying with him the spoils taken from his campaign. He sent details of his campaign to Rome, for which he was rewarded with elevation to the Senate. Much of his success was credited to Emperor Lucius Verus, who, although himself an excellent commander, was notedly unafraid of delegating military tasks to more competent generals.

In May of 166, Cassius was made suffect consul, a position he held while still stationed outside of Rome. During that year, Lucius Verus and Cassius launched a new campaign against the Parthians, invading across the northern stretch of the Tigris river, into Media. During this time, a false rumor reached Rome that Cassius had led Legio III Gallica across the Indus River. In late 166AD, Cassius was appointed imperial legate of Syria.

In 170, Cassius was given the extraordinary title of Rector Orientis (literally "Supreme Commander of the Orient"), giving him imperium over the entirety of the eastern section of the empire, in order to combat a large rebellion in Egypt, commonly called the Bucolic War. This rebellion was centered in the area of the Pentapolis of Middle Egypt, and was motivated by a rapid rise of grain prices in the area. The Bucoli came close to capturing Alexandria, but were halted by Cassius' troops. Cassius succeeded in putting down this revolt in 175, after using a strategy of dividing the various revolting tribespeople, and then conquering them.

Usurpation
In 175, after hearing false reports that Marcus Aurelius had succumbed to his severe illness, Cassius declared himself emperor, claiming that Aurelius' troops in Pannonia, where he had been leading troops as a part of the Marcomannic War, had elected him emperor. Some versions say that Cassius was tricked, or persuaded, by Faustina the Younger, who was the wife of Aurelius, because she feared that Aurelius would die while Commodus, their son, was still young, a situation which would likely have led to a usurper seizing the throne for himself. According to these accounts, Faustina thus tricked, or persuaded, Cassius into rebelling, to ensure the next emperor was someone of her choosing. The exact date of his revolt is unknown, although it is known that he revolted by at least 3 May, due to a document about his emperorship from that date. A papyrus from the Oxyrhynchus Papyri has shown that Cassius was confident of Egyptian support as early as April or even March.

Aurelius attempted to suppress news of the revolt, but, when it became widespread throughout his camp, chose to address it in a speech. The exact wording of his speech is unknown, as the record given by Cassius Dio is believed to be a free composition, which followed only the outline of Aurelius' actual speech. In the record, Aurelius laments the betrayal of a dear friend, and says that if the danger had been to him alone, he would be willing to "set the issue" between himself and Cassius, before the Senate and the Army, and would have yielded the empire to Cassius, if the senate and army considered him the better leader. He was also recorded as saying that he hoped that Cassius would not be killed or commit suicide, so that he could show mercy. The Historia Augusta, a work both treasured by historians and notorious for its falsehoods, records that Aurelius formed a peace commission among his advisors.

Cassius started the rebellion in a good position. He received large support from the Eastern provinces, especially his homeland of Syria, due to a combination of his distant royal descent, his victories in the Parthian War and the Bucolic War. He received support from the provinces of Egypt, Syria, Syria Palaestina and Arabia Petraea, giving him a potential strength of seven legions: three from Syria, two from Syria Palaestina, one from Roman Arabia, and one from Egypt. Cassius set his base of operations in Egypt, with two important bases outside of Egypt being Antioch and Cyrrhus, both important military centres. Gaius Calvisius Statianus, the contemporary prefect of Egypt, issued an edict, which has survived in a fragmentary state, ordering the populace of Egypt to rejoice at the accession of Cassius.

Despite controlling some of the most important parts of the Roman East, especially Egypt which was a critical supplier of grain for the city of Rome, Cassius failed to win widespread support for his rebellion. The Roman Senate swiftly declared Cassius a public enemy, and Publius Martius Verus, the governor of Cappadocia, who staunchly opposed the rebellion, rallied public support for Aurelius. Cassius, through the marriage of his daughter, Avidia Alexandra, to Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius, had connection to the Licinnii of Lycia, including Claudius Dryantianus's father Tiberius Claudius Agrippinus, who was a consul. The aristocratic Licinnii are one of the most well known Lycian families. It is unknown how much of a role Claudius Dryantianus played, although it is known that some considered him to be Cassius' partner in crime. Claudius Dryantianus and Avidia Alexandra were pardoned by Marcus Aurelius, although Claudius Dryantianus' estate was confiscated after his death.

Many nobles throughout the empire opposed the rebellion, one example being Herodes Atticus, who is recorded as having sent Cassius a letter containing only the word emanes, literally "you are mad". Despite this widespread opposition, the capital of Rome was thrown into a panic, which forced Aurelius to send Gaius Vettius Sabinianus Julius Hospes, the governor of Pannonia Inferior, with troops to secure the city. Aurelius was forced to withdraw from his campaign against the Iazyges, and end the Marcomannic War. Several barbarian tribes sent offers of their assistance to Aurelius, all of which were refused. Aurelius amassed troops and prepared to depart for the East, to depose Cassius. It was soon clear that Aurelius was in a stronger position, with far more legions available to him than to Cassius. When news of Aurelius' plans to invade reached Egypt, a centurion killed Cassius, and sent his head to Aurelius, who refused to see it, and ordered it buried. He was likely killed by at least the end of July 175, as Egypt chose to recognize Aurelius again on 28 July 175. Cassius had rebelled for three months and six days before being killed, during which time no coins were struck bearing his image.

Aftermath
After the death of Cassius, Publius Martius Verus swiftly took control of Syria, and burned all of Cassius' correspondences. Even after the news of Cassius' death had reached Marcus Aurelius, Aurelius was still determined to visit the east. He set off with a body of advisors, along with his wife, Faustina, who died along the way, in a village in south Cappadocia, about  south of Tyana, called Halala. The town was renamed in her honor, and his son, Commodus. After the death of Faustina, Aurelius wrote to the Senate, asking them for a report on Cassius' supporters, but specifically saying he desired no bloodshed to punish them, as several retributions had already been carried out in the name of Aurelius. Among these were the killing of Avidius Maecianus, a son of Cassius. Aurelius ordered the banishment of Avidius Heliodorus, another son of Cassius. Avidia Alexandra, the daughter of Cassius, and her husband, were placed under the protection of "an uncle by marriage", believed to be Claudius Titianus, a Lycian senator.

Personal life
Dio spoke highly of Cassius, saying that he was a "good man" whose only fault was that his father, Heliodorus, was given his post of Praefectus augustalis only because of his speaking abilities. He was labelled as being a strict disciplinarian during his time as commander of Legio III Gallica.

Cassius was married to Volusia Vettia Maeciana, daughter of Lucius Volusius Maecianus, and had at least three children (the Historia Augusta implies he may have had more):
 Avidius Heliodorus – first son of Cassius, who was banished by order of the emperor.
 Avidius Maecianus – second son of Cassius, who was killed after the revolt had been put down.
 Avidia Cassia Alexandra – daughter of Cassius, who was forced to live under the protection of an uncle, along with her husband, Titius Claudius Dryantianus Antonius. Avidia and Claudius had four children.
 Claudius Cassius Agrippinus – he became a senator and was "ad honores admissus."
 Claudia Maeciana Alexandra.
 Claudia Dryantilla Platonis – one of the women who took part in the ludi saeculares of the year 204 AD. She married Cornelius Optatus (or Optatianus), who was either a consul or "adlectus inter consulares."
 Claudia Vettia Agrippina – according to Christian Settipani her husband was Tiberius Claudius Themistocles Marathonius (fl. 150 AD), by whom she had a daughter:
 Claudia – wife of Claudius Capitolinus Bassus (fl. 180 AD), proconsul of Asia. Her husband seems to have also been married to a Numeria Marcella. Claudia and Capitolinus Bassus had a daughter:
 Claudia Capitolina – described as theosebēs (pious) for contributing to the building of a synagogue, although it is not likely that she was Jewish herself, given her senatorial connections. She married Titus Flavius Stasicles Metrophanes (fl. 190-199 AD), a senator in Rome and priest of Zeus Larasios in Tralleis. Her father-in-law was Titus Flavius Kleistosthenes, suffect consul between 220-230 AD. She had the following issue:
 Amnia Demetrias – wife of the senator Anicius Faustus (c. 240 – after 300), who was appointed consul in 298 AD.

In popular culture
Roman Empire: Reign of Blood
Gladiator Begins
20s A Difficult Age, one of the series' antagonist is based on and named after Cassius.

Footnotes

References

Citations

Bibliography

Further reading

130 births
175 deaths
2nd century in Egypt
2nd-century murdered monarchs
2nd-century Roman governors of Syria
2nd-century Roman usurpers
Ancient Roman equites
Ancient Roman generals
Cassius, Gaius
Avidius, Gaius
Generals of Antoninus Pius
Generals of Lucius Verus
Generals of Marcus Aurelius
Herodian dynasty
Murdered Roman emperors
Orontid dynasty
People from Cyrrhus
People of the Roman–Parthian Wars
Roman governors of Syria
Roman legates
Roman quaestors
Senators of the Roman Empire
Suffect consuls of Imperial Rome

Avidius Cassius


إنسادونغ حي بمنطقة جونغنو بعاصمة كوريا الجنوبية سيول، الشارع الرئيسي هو إنسادينغ -جيل، وتربطه العديد من الأزقة بعمق المنطقة.

إنسادونغ كانت قبل 600 سنة قلب الأمة والمصدر الاقتصادي الأول في العاصمة سيول، والرمز الثقافي الأول منذ عهد أسرة جونسون (1392 - 1910)، وكانت كذلك مقر وزارة الثقافة والفنون قبل أن تتحول لمنطقة جونغو 2، إنسادونغ عبارة عن أزقة مرتبطة فيما بينها وتعتبر المكان المفضل للتسوق عند أغلب السياح.

و أكثر من أربعين في المئة من محلات هذا الحي تميل لبيع التحف القيمة التي لن تجدها في باقي أماكن كوريا الجنوبية، إضافة لوجود محلات لبيع الكتب القديمة والخطوط الكورية، والصور السياحية، الخزف، الخشب الثمين ,المجوهرات وهناك أيضا مجموعة متنوعة من المواد الخزفية الراجعة لعصر سيلا، والفخار الأبيض من عهد جونسون، ويزور إنسادونغ سياح من جنسيات مختلفة، الصين، الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية، فرنسا، اليابان والعديد من الجنسيات يزورونها على مدار السنة على الرغم من أنها تكون في أوج شعبيتها في فصلي الربيع والخريف.

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

ثقافة سول
مواقع جذب سياحي في سول
مناطق تسوق وشوارع في كوريا الجنوبية

إنسا دونغ


Peter Pond (January 18, 1739 – 1807) was an American explorer, cartographer, merchant and soldier who was a founding member of the North West Company and the Beaver Club. Though he was born and died in Milford, Connecticut, most of his life was spent in northwestern North America, on the upper Mississippi and in western Canada.

Early life

Pond, born on in January 18, 1739 at Milford, Connecticut, began his fur trading career with his father out of Fort Detroit. He traded throughout the regions south of Lake Superior and west of Lake Michigan, which later became Minnesota and Wisconsin. During the French and Indian War, Pond enlisted in the Connecticut Regiment, a provincial infantry unit. A narrative of his early life was published in the 1933 book Five Fur Traders of the Northwest.

Through his business he became acquainted with Alexander Henry the elder, Simon McTavish and the brothers Thomas, Benjamin and Joseph Frobisher. They would be the founders of the North West Company (NWC) in 1779, which developed a fierce rivalry with the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC). Working for he group, In search of new fur resources, Pond went to the area west of the Great Lakes. In 1776–1778 he wintered at a fur post he established at the junction of the Sturgeon River and North Saskatchewan River near present-day Prince Albert, Saskatchewan. The site is today a National Historic Site.

He was chosen to take four canoes northward into the Athabasca region. He took his party through the Portage La Loche (the Methye portage). It took the group eight days to travel about 12 miles. In 1778-1779 he wintered at Pond House, a post he built on the Athabasca River, 60 kms from Lake Athabasca. Likely this was the first fur trading post inside today's Alberta. He collected so many furs he did not have capacity to haul them all away in one trip. He operated this post, the first white man's building in present-day Alberta, for ten years

At Lac La Ronge, Jean-Étienne Waddens had a lucrative trade with "the Northward Indians" coming from Lake Athabasca. In late 1781, Pond, a man who too represented the company's interests, joined him. However, they were on bad terms. In March 1782, Pond fatally wounded Waddens in a fight. The act was called murder. In 1783, Mrs. Waddens requested the governor of Quebec, Frederick Haldimand, to arrest Pond, submitting an affidavit of one of Waddens' men. Pond was examined in 1785 but was not brought to trial, most likely because Lac La Ronge lay in the territories of the HBC, beyond the jurisdiction of the Province of Quebec.

Explorations

In 1783, Pond's explorations led him again to the Athabasca, a region stretching from Lac Île-à-la-Crosse to the Peace River. There he explored waterways around Lake Athabasca and determined the approximate locations of Great Slave Lake and Great Bear Lake from First Nations peoples of the area. From his notes and diaries Peter Pond drew a map showing rivers and lakes of the Athabasca region, including what was known of the whole area from Hudson Bay to the Rocky Mountains and interpolating his information to the Arctic Ocean or Northwest Passage.

In 1785, one copy of Pond's map, accompanied by a detailed report, was submitted to the United States Congress and a second to the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, Henry Hamilton. Pond needed financial support to carry his explorations to the limits of North America's northwest, but the British government was not forthcoming. A partner in the NWC, founded in 1784, he was in charge of the company business in the Athabasca and Peace River areas. An ambitious man with a reputation for having a violent temper, he was implicated in two murders (one of a rival trader): Although acquitted on the murder charges, the company replaced him with Alexander Mackenzie. In the process of taking over the management of the business Mackenzie learned a great deal from Peter Pond about the Athabasca and Peace River region. Pond left the NWC in 1788.

Later life and death

Mackenzie was intrigued by Pond's belief that the tributaries of that area, which could be seen gathering into a great river flowing northwestward, flowed to the Northwest Passage. Mackenzie took the initiative to follow up on Pond's belief and followed this great river to its mouth; the watercourse, now called the Mackenzie River, did in fact flow to the Northwest Passage section of the Arctic Ocean. Peter Pond had contributed to the mapping of Canada by drawing the general outline of the river basin that Mackenzie recorded in 1789. The maps that Peter Pond subsequently drew, based on his explorations and on the information provided to him by First Nations peoples, ultimately gained international recognition for Pond at the end of the 18th century.

In 1790, Pond sold his shares in the NWC to William McGillivray. He returned to Milford, Connecticut, where he died in 1807.

References

Further reading

External links
Peter Pond Find a grave

1739 births
1807 deaths
American duellists
American fur traders
Explorers of Canada
American explorers of North America
North West Company people
People from Milford, Connecticut
Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada)

Peter Pond


Bl. Karolina Kózka (2. kolovoza 1898. – 18. studenog 1914.), poljska katolička blaženica ubijena tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata.

Životopis

Rođenje i djetinjstvo
Karolina Kózka rođena je 2. kolovoza 1898. u selu Wał-ruda nedaleko Radłowa (biskupija i okrug Tarnów, Malopoljsko vojvodstvo). Rođena je kao četvrta od jedanaestero djece u siromašnoj seljačkoj obitelji Jana Kózke i Marije Borzęcke. Iz njihove male drvene kuće često su se čule molitva i pjesma, zbog čega su je prijatelji, susjedi i rođaci od milja nazivali "crkvica".

Dobrotvorno djelovanje
Karolina je 1912. završila osmogodišnju narodnu školu, nakon čega je svom ujaku Franciszeku počela pomagati u seoskoj knjižnici, vrtiću i kulturnom središtu. Ujak je imao velik utjecaj na Karolinin duhovni život. Karolina je bila draga, ljupka, vedra i pobožna djevojčica, sudjelovala je u mnogim župnim aktivnostima, svakodnevno molila krunicu i čitala biblijske odlomke djeci u susjedstvu. Redovito je obilazila starce i bolesnike.

Mučeništvo i smrt
Početkom Prvog svjetskog rata Rusi su okupirali dijelove Poljske te su se širile priče o njihovim provalama u kuće, pljačkanjima i silovanjima. Jedan je ruski vojnik 18. studenog 1914. upao u kuću obitelji Kózka te je oružjem istjerao iz kuće Karolinu i njezina oca, tvrdeći da mu je naređeno odvesti ih zapovjedniku. Kad su stigli na rub šume, ocu je rekao da se udalji, a Karolinu je zaustavio i prisilio da uđe s njim u šumu.

Karolina je počela bježati u dubinu šume te je pritom izgubila jaknu i cipele. Stigavši do nje, bezbožni vojnik ju je nemilosrdno napao i pokušao joj s glave strgnuti rubac (znak djevičanstva i čistoće), a ona se hrabro branila i žestoko opirala. Vojnik ju je u naletu bijesa pretukao sabljom. Kad je ranjena djevojka skočila u baru, zlotvor ju je ostavio i udaljio se, a ona je uskoro iskrvarila.

Mještani su njezino neraspadnuto tijelo pronašli tek 4. prosinca, nakon 16 dana. Na njezinom sprovodu okupilo se veliko mnoštvo (prema iskazima svjedoka oko 3.000 ljudi). Pokopana je u župnoj crkvi Presvetog trojstva u Zabati, kojoj pripada njezino rodno selo. Papa Ivan Pavao II. beatificirao ju je 10. lipnja 1987. u Tarnówu. Zaštitnica je poljske katoličke mladeži, poljskog pokreta Čistog srca, poljskih seljaka, Rzeszowske biskupije te mnogih gradova, župa i crkava diljem Poljske.

Izvori
Narod: 18. studenog bl. Karolina Kózka - mučenica prijateljskog, stradalničkog i katoličkog naroda Poljske
Sveci: Blažena Karolina Kózka

Kršćanski mučenici
Poljski blaženici

Karolina Kózka


En ædelstensmine på Ceylon er en dansk dokumentarfilm fra 1952, der er instrueret af Hakon Mielche.

Handling
Minen er en fem meter dyb grav, primitivt afstivet med grene. Grundvandet øses op med en spand, der hænger i en vippe. Det våde ler og grus på bunden af graven fyldes i kurve, som kastes fra mand til mand, til de tømmes ved flodbredden. Materialet kommer her i større kurve, som rystes i flodvandet, til leret er skyllet bort og gruset tilbage. Enkelte af stenene er ædelsten, som sorteres fra. De prøveslibes på stedet og sendes derpå til finslibning i byen.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Sri Lanka
Dokumentarfilm fra Danmark
Danske film fra 1952
Film fra Galathea 2

En ædelstensmine på Ceylon


Krempin bezeichnet:
 Krempin, Ortsteil der Gemeinde Carinerland im Landkreis Rostock in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern

Krempin ist der Familienname folgender Personen:
 Odette Maniema Krempin (1971–2016), ehemalige Honorarkonsulin der Demokratischen Republik Kongo in Frankfurt am Main

Krempin


Charles Michael Schwab  (18 de febrero de 1862 - 18 de octubre de 1939) fue un magnate estadounidense del acero. Bajo su liderazgo, la empresa Bethlehem Steel se convirtió en el segundo mayor fabricante de acero en los Estados Unidos, y en uno de los exponentes de la industria pesada más importantes del mundo.

En su época, fue tan popular por sus evidentes logros empresariales como por su derrochador estilo de vida, que finalmente le llevó a la ruina.

Primeros años
Schwab nació en Williamsburg, Pensilvania, hijo de Pauline (nacida Farabaugh) y John Anthony Schwab. Tanto sus abuelos paternos como los maternos fueron católicos inmigrantes de Alemania. Schwab fue criado en Loretto, Pensilvania, que siempre consideró su "ciudad". Asistió al Saint Francis College, hoy en día Universidad de San Francisco, pero se fue después de dos años para buscar trabajo en Pittsburgh.

Carrera
Schwab comenzó su fulgurante carrera siendo un muchacho, como simple aprendiz (barriendo suelos y clavando estacas) en las acerías de Andrew Carnegie. Sin embargo, su disposición para el trabajo, su curiosidad por la lectura (tanto de la tecnología del acero como del mundo de las finanzas) y su capacidad para liderar e incentivar a sus compañeros (haciendo crecer la producción de la empresa), llamaron la atención del propio Carnegie, haciendo que en 1897, con tan solo 35 años de edad, se convirtiese en presidente de la Carnegie Steel Company. En 1901, ayudó a negociar la venta secreta de Carnegie Steel a un grupo financiero basado en Nueva York liderado por JP Morgan. Después de la compra, Schwab se convirtió en el primer presidente de la U.S. Steel, la compañía nacida de la fusión de las antiguas empresas propiedad de Carnegie.

Después de varios enfrentamientos con Morgan y con su compañero ejecutivo Elbert Gary, Schwab dejó la U.S. Steel en 1903 para dirigir la Bethlehem Shipbuilding and Steel Company en Bethlehem, Pensilvania. La empresa adquirió astilleros en California, Delaware y Nueva Jersey a través de una pequeña participación, y se convirtió en el mayor productor independiente de acero del mundo.

Una parte importante del éxito de Bethlehem Steel fue el desarrollo del "H-beam", un tipo de viga de acero con perfil en forma de "H" (precursor del actual "perfil doble T"). Schwab estaba interesado en la producción masiva de vigas de acero (perfiles laminados de ala ancha, denominados "wide flange"), una aventura arriesgada que requería la obtención de capital y la construcción de una nueva acería de grandes dimensiones. En su comentario más famoso, Schwab dijo a su secretaria: "He meditado todo esto, y si quebramos, quebraremos a lo grande".

En 1908, Bethlehem Steel comenzó a fabricar esta viga, revolucionando la construcción de edificios y haciendo posible la edad de los rascacielos. Su éxito ayudó a la compañía de acero Bethlehem Steel a transformarse en la segunda más grande del mundo. Bethlehem en Pensilvania pasó a ser casi como una ciudad de la compañía, creciendo rápidamente gracias a la absorción de cuatro localidades próximas.

En 1910, Schwab rompió la huelga de Bethlehem Steel utilizando la recién formada policía estatal de Pensilvania. Schwab mantuvo fuera de Bethlehem Steel a los sindicatos, hasta el punto de que no pudo organizarse ninguno hasta 1941, dos años después de su muerte.

En 1911, Bethlehem Steel formó un equipo de fútbol de la compañía, conocido como Bethlehem Steel FC. Hasta su desaparición en 1930, el equipo ganó ocho campeonatos de liga, seis veces la Copa Americana y cinco ediciones de la National Challenge Cup. Fue considerado como uno de los mejores equipos de fútbol en la historia de EE. UU. La compañía disolvió el equipo como consecuencia de las pérdidas financieras sufridas durante "La guerra del fútbol" de 1928-1929 (entre la American Soccer League y la American United States Football Association) y el inicio de la Gran Depresión en 1929.

Durante los primeros años de la Primera Guerra Mundial, Bethlehem Steel tenía un monopolio virtual en los contratos de suministro de los Aliados con ciertos tipos de municiones. Schwab realizó muchas visitas a Europa en relación con la fabricación y suministro de municiones a los gobiernos aliados, eludiendo las leyes norteamericanas de neutralidad durante este período al canalizar las mercancías a través de Canadá.

El 16 de abril de 1918, Schwab se convirtió en director general de la Corporación de la Flota de Emergencia, un consejo promovido por el Congreso con autoridad sobre todos los astilleros de los Estados Unidos. El presidente Wilson había pedido personalmente a Schwab que asumiera esta responsabilidad. El cambio más grande que Schwab introdujo para incentivar los esfuerzos en la construcción naval, fue abandonar el sistema de contratación de costo más ganancia que había estado vigente hasta ese momento y comenzar a emitir contratos de precio fijo. Después de la entrada de Estados Unidos en la guerra, fue acusado de lucro ilícito, pero más tarde fue absuelto.

Schwab fue considerado como un controvertido especulador. Cuando Thomas Edison ya era famoso, le llamó en una ocasión "campeón de los buscavidas". Su lucrativo contrato de suministro de acero al Ferrocarril Trans-Siberiano se produjo después de que le hizo un "regalo" (un deslumbrante collar de perlas con un esplendoroso diamante) de 200.000 dólares a la amante del Gran Duque Alexis Aleksandrovich.

Dentro de las formas innovadoras de Schwab de tratar con su personal, el magnate Dale Carnegie lo incluye en su obra más famosa: Cómo ganar amigos e influir sobre las personas de 1936.

En 1928, Schwab fue galardonado con la Medalla de Oro de Bessemer por sus "servicios excepcionales a la industria del acero". En 1982, fue incluido en el Salón de la Fama de la Junior Achievement International.

Vida personal
Schwab llegó a ser inmensamente rico. Se trasladó a Nueva York, al Upper West Side, que en aquella época era considerado como el lado "equivocado" del Central Park. Allí erigió "Riverside", su descomunal residencia: la casa privada más ambiciosa jamás construida en Nueva York. Con un coste de siete millones de dólares, hizo edificar una mansión de 75 habitaciones, combinando detalles de tres castillos franceses en una manzana completa. Después de la muerte de Schwab, el alcalde de Nueva York Fiorello La Guardia rechazó una propuesta para que Riverside fuera la residencia oficial de la alcaldía, por considerarlo demasiado grandioso. Fue demolido en 1948,  sustituyéndose por un bloque de apartamentos.

También era dueño de una finca de verano de 44 habitaciones en una parcela de 1.000 acres (4 km²) en Loretto, llamada en alemán "Immergrün" ("siempre verde", en referencia a la vegetación de hoja perenne). La propiedad incluía unos jardines opulentos y un campo de golf de nueve hoyos. En lugar de derribar la casa existente en la parcela, Schwab la trasladó unos 60 metros mediante un sistema de rodillos sobre raíles para dar cabida a su nueva mansión. Los legatarios de los bienes de Schwab vendieron Immergrün después de su muerte y ahora aloja el Convento del Monte Asís ("Assisi Mount Friary") formando parte de los terrenos de la Universidad Saint Francis.

Schwab se hizo famoso por su "vía rápida" de acceso a un estilo de vida opulento y desenfrenado, incluyendo fiestas fastuosas, su afición al juego de altas apuestas, y una serie de aventuras extramaritales con el resultado de al menos una hija fuera del matrimonio. Sus infidelidades y la evidencia de que tenía una hija ilegítima agriaron la relación con su esposa. Se convirtió en una celebridad internacional cuando "hizo saltar la banca" en el Casino de Monte Carlo. Viajaba en un vagón de tren privado de 100.000 dólares denominado "Loretto". Incluso antes de la Gran Depresión, ya había gastado la mayor parte de su fortuna, estimada entre 25 y 40 millones de dólares (ajustada por la inflación, equivale a entre 500 y 800 millones de dólares en la primera década del ).

La Gran Depresión de 1929 acabó con sus tiempos de gastos sin sentido. Pasó sus últimos años en un pequeño apartamento. Acosado por sus acreedores, ya no podía pagar los impuestos de "Riverside". Intentó vender la mansión a un precio ridículo, pero no hubo compradores interesados.

A su muerte, diez años después, las participaciones de Schwab en la Bethlehem Steel no valían prácticamente nada, y tenía más de 300.000 dólares de deudas. Si hubiera vivido unos cuantos años más, probablemente habría visto su fortuna restaurada cuando la Bethlehem Steel fue inundada con pedidos de material militar durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

Falleció en Nueva York el  de un ataque al corazón, poco después de haber vuelto de Londres (donde había sufrido un primer ataque cardíaco) en el transatlántico S.S. Washington. Tenía 77 años de edad. Fue enterrado en el cementerio Saint Michael de Loretto en un mausoleo privado, donde también está sepultada su esposa Emma Eurana Dinkey.

Un retrato de Schwab pintado en 1903 por el artista estadounidense nacido en Suiza, Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862-1947) formaba parte de la Colección Jessica Dragonette en el Centro de Patrimonio de América en la Universidad de Wyoming en Laramie, pero recientemente ha sido donado a la National Portrait Gallery en Washington D. C.. En torno a la misma fecha, su sobrino y tocayo Charles M. Schwab (hijo de su hermano Joseph) también fue retratado como un niño vestido con un traje de marinero por Müller-Ury.

La familia Schwab mantuvo la propiedad de la compañía hasta finales de 1980, cuando tuvo que ser vendida para evitar la quiebra. De acuerdo con los registros públicos de impuestos de EE.UU., la decena de sus herederos recibió algo más de 40 millones de dólares.

(Schwab no está relacionado con Charles R. Schwab, fundador de la firma de corretaje Charles Schwab Corporation)

Véase también
 Gigantes de la Industria
 Stutz Motor Company
 Lista de personas en portada del Time Magazine. En inglés, (List of people on the cover of Time Magazine: 1920s: November 22, 1926)

Bibliografía
 James H. Bridge, 1903. The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company.
 Arundel Cotter, 1916. The Story of Bethlehem Steel.
 Arundel Cotter, 1921. United States Steel: A Corporation with a Soul.
 Burton W. Folsom, Jr., The Myth of the Robber Barons. Young America.
 Louis M. Hacker, 1968. The World of Andrew Carnegie.
 Burton J. Hendrick, 1969. The Life of Andrew Carnegie, 2 vols. 1st ed., 1932.
 Hessen, Robert, 1990. Steel titan: the life of Charles M. Schwab, Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.
 Napoleon Hill, 1937. Think and Grow Rich.
 Stewart H. Holbrook, 1953. Age of the Moguls.
 Ida M. Tarbell, 1925. The Life of Elbert H. Gary.
 Joseph Frazier Wall, 1970. Andrew Carnegie.

Enlaces externos

 Charles M. Schwab.  Biography at Explore Pennsylvania History.
 Schwab biography at the Bethlehem website
 Beyond Steel: An Archive of Lehigh Valley Industry and Culture
 Loretto Railcar Restoration
 Charles M. Schwab Correspondence, Finding Aid for Correspondence Collection, 1891, AIS.1994.02, Archives Services Center, University of Pittsburgh.
 New York Social Diary. Excelente selección de fotografías de época de Schwab y de su forma de vida.

Referencias

Empresarios del siglo XIX
Empresarios de Estados Unidos
Graduados honorarios de la Universidad de Pensilvania

Charles M. Schwab


Kyrgyzsaurus es un extinto género de drepanosáurido arcosauromorfo que vivió en el Triásico de lo que ahora es Asia; sus restos se han encontrado en el sudoeste de Kirguistán.

Descubrimiento
Kyrgyzsaurus se conoce solo por el espécimen holotipo, la parte anterior del esqueleto incluyendo el cráneo, las vértebras cervicales y la parte anterior de las dorsales, costillas, cintura pectoral e improntas de la piel. El holotipo se encontró en la Formación Madygen, datada a fines del Carniense o principios del Ladiniense a finales del período Triásico Medio o principios del Triásico Superior, hace unos 230-225 millones de años. Por tanto, se trata del drepanosáurido más antiguo conocido. Kyrgyzsaurus también es el primer género de drepanosáurido asiático.

Etimología
Kyrgyzsaurus fue nombrado oficialmente por V. R. Alifanov and E. N. Kurochkin en 2011 y la especie tipo es Kyrgyzsaurus bukhanchenkoi. El nombre genérico viene del país Kirguistán, y del griego sauros, "lagarto". El nombre específico honra a Bukhanchenko por haber encontrado el holotipo.

Referencias

Archosauromorpha
Drepanosaurios
Fósiles del Triásico
Fósiles de Asia

Kyrgyzsaurus


سفر ياشر (بالعبرية ספר הישר). كلمة «سفر» تعني كتاب، أي كتاب، ديني أو مدني بينما كلمة «ياشر» تعنى مستقيم أو فضيل وقد تكون صفة وليس اسم. و«سفر ياشر» قد يدل إلى أحد الأعمال التالية:
 كتاب ياشر التوراتي وهو كتاب ذكر في سفر يشوع والذي يقول «فدامت الشمس ووقف القمر حتى انتقم الشعب من أعدائه.أليس هذا مكتوبا في سفر ياشر.فوقفت الشمس في كبد السماء ولم تعجل للغروب نحو يوم كامل» وسفر صاموئيل الذي يقول «وقال ان يتعلم بنو يهوذا نشيد القوس هو ذا ذلك مكتوب في سفر ياشر» وكلا الاقتباسين كُتِبا في الأصـل العبري بالشعر، مما يدل على أنه كتاب تراتيل أو أشعار لتخليد المناسبات الهامة في حياة الأمة الإسرائيلية.
 الأبحاث الحاخامية اليهودية التالية:
 مجموعة لأقوال حكماء العموريين في القرنين الأول والثاني ميلادي كما ذكرها سيمور كوهين في مقدمة «سفر ياشر» الذي ألفه الحاخام زراهية. لا يعلم عن وجود نسخة له.
 تفسير لكتب التوراة الخمسة الأولى كتبه إبراهيم بن عزرا في القرن الثاني عشر.
 الكتاب الذي كتبه القبالي أبراهام أبولافية.
 أبحاث مشهورة كتبها رابين تام نشرت في القرن الثاني عشر حول تقوس وقيم اليهود.
 عنوان لبحث حول ألأخلاق كتبه الحاخام شباطاي كرموز لفيتا في عام 1391 وموجود حاليا في مكتبة الفاتيكان.
 أبحاث في اخلاقيات القرن الثالث عشر بعنوان «كتاب ياشر عن الفضيلة».
 سفر ياشر (مدراش) وهو كتاب يتناول أساطير اليهود منذ خلق الإنسان وحتى أول موجة من غزو بلاد كنعان. لا يوجد أي دليل انها كتبت قبل عام 1625.
 كتاب سفر ياشر المزيف وهو كتاب نشر في القرن الثامن عشر يدعي أنه ترجمة للكتاب الذي ألفه الوشن.
 كتاب قام بتأليفه بنيمين روزنبوم على أنه ترجمة خيالية لسفر هوشع المذكور في سفر صموئيل 2 التوراتي.

مراجع

 هل ضاعت اسفار من العهد القديم؟ (سفر ياشر..سفر حروب الرب..الخ)
 ما هو سفر ياشر؟ - موقع الكتاب المقدس

أدب يهودي

سفر ياشر


Earvin "Magic" Johnson, Jr. (d. 14 Ağustos 1959) National Basketball Association (NBA) takımlarından Los Angeles Lakers'ta oyun kurucu pozisyonunda forma giymiş Amerikalı basketbolcudur. Lise ve kolejde şampiyonluklar kazandıktan sonra, Johnson 1979 NBA Draftı'nda Lakers tarafından birinci sırada seçildi. Oynadığı dönemlerde çeşitli şampiyonluklar ve ilki çaylak sezonunda olmak üzere üç kez NBA Finalleri En Değerli Oyuncu Ödülü kazandı. 1980'lerde Lakers beş kez NBA Şampiyonluğu kazandı. Johnson, 8 kasım 1991 gününde HIV virüsü taşıdığının açıklanmasının ardından hemen basketbolu bıraktığını açıkladı. Ancak 1992 All-Star Maçı için geri döndü ve bu maçla All-Star MVP ödülünün sahibi oldu. Oyuncu arkadaşlarının protestoları sonrası tekrar basketbolu bıraktı. Ancak dört yıl sonra, 1996 yılında, tekrar geri döndü ve üçüncü ve son kez emekliye ayrılmadan önce Lakers ile 32 maç oynadı.

Johnson'ın kariyer başarıları arasında, üç NBA MVP Ödülü, dokuz NBA Finali, 12 All-Star maçı ve 10 All-NBA ilk ve ikinci takımları kadrosuna seçilme başarısı vardır. Normal sezonda dört kez asist lideri oldu ve maç başına 11,2 asist ile tüm zamanlarda asist lideri oldu. Johnson ayrıca 1992 Yaz Olimpiyat Oyunları'nda "Dream Team" kadrosunda yer alarak, olimpiyat altın madalyası kazandı.

Magic Johnson 1996 yılında NBA'in 50 yılı anısına seçilen NBA Tarihinin En İyi 50 Oyuncusu listesine seçildi ve 2002 yılında Basketball Hall of Fame'e girdi. Ayrıca 2007 yılında ESPN tarafından NBA tarihinin en iyi oyun kurucusu seçildi. Özellikle aynı dönemde oynadığı arkadaşı ve rakibi Boston Celtics'in yıldızı Larry Bird ile rekabeti takım olarak da, iki oyuncu arasında da döneme damgasını vurdu. Basketbolu bırakmasının ardından HIV/AIDS karşıtı güvenli seks etkinlikleri ile, yardımseverlik kampanyalarına katıldı.

Kitaplar

Biyografiler
Johnson'un otobiyorafisi
Diğer biyografiler:

  (Almanca)
  (Almanca)

Eğitim kitapları

  (Genişletişmiş versiyonu)

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar
 nba.com tarih sayfaları

 Magic Johnson Biyografisi - NBA Encyclopedia
 Basketball Hall of Fame biyografisi
 Magic Johnson Vakfı
 Magic Johnson Resmi site

1959 doğumlular

Oyun kurucu basketbolcular
Los Angeles Lakers basketbolcuları
Los Angeles Lakers seçimleri
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Amerikalı sporcular
Forması emekli edilmiş NBA basketbolcuları
NBA final serilerinde MVP seçilenler
HIV/AIDS'li kişiler
Yaşayan insanlar
1992 Yaz Olimpiyatları'nda madalya kazananlar
Amerika Birleşik Devletleri millî basketbol takımı basketbolcuları
NBA All-Star'ları
Altın Olimpiyat madalyalı Amerikalı basketbolcular
Basketball Hall of Fame basketbolcuları
Afrikalı Amerikalı erkek basketbolcular

Magic Johnson


DB blaðið er héraðsfréttablað í Dalvíkurbyggð. Stofnað af Halldóri Inga Ásgeirssyni og Albert Gunnlaugssyni og kom fyrsta blaðið út 1. júlí 2011. Halldór Ingi var ritstjóri og blaðamaður á Bæjarpóstinum þar til hann hætti. Blaðið er áskriftarblað og var gefið út vikulega á fimmtudögum allt þar til Covid-19 setti strik í reikninginn og farið var að gefa blaðið út á hálfsmánaðar fresti. Halldór Ingi veiktist og varð að hætta ritstjórninni í lok 2018, en við tók á 1. tbl. 2019 Guðrún Inga Hannesdóttir. Hún var ritstjóri og blaðamaður til 1. september 2021, en þá tók við Heiðdís Björk Gunnarsdóttir og var til 1. september 2022. Eftir 1. sept. 2022 hefur eigandinn Albert Gunnlaugsson verið ritstjóri og blaðamaður. Skráður eigandi er Tunnan prentþjónusta ehf. Blaðið var aftur orðið vikulegt, en var eftir 1. sept. 2022 hálfsmánaðarlegt og er útgáfudagur kominn á föstudaga. Haldið er úti fésbókarsíðu um blaðið.

Dalvíkurbyggð

DB blaðið


فودياني (Водяне) هي مدينة في مقاطعة زابوريزكا في أوكرانيا.

يبلغ عدد سكانها حوالي 5615   نسمة.

مراجع

مدن أوكرانيا

فودياني (زابوريزكا)


Die Nationalstraße 213 (), chin. Abk. G213, ist eine 2.827 km lange, in Nord-Süd-Richtung verlaufende Fernstraße in der Mitte und im Süden Chinas in den Provinzen Gansu, Sichuan und Yunnan. Sie führt von Lanzhou über Yongjing, Hezuo, Zoigê, Sungqu und Wenchuan in die Metropole Chengdu. Von dort führt sie über Jingyan, Qianwei, Suijiang, Songming, Yuxi, Mojiang, Jinghong und Mengla nach Mohan im Autonomen Bezirk Xishuangbanna, wo sie an der Grenze mit Laos in die dortige Nationalstraße 13 übergeht.

Weblinks

Offizielle Webseite des chinesischen Verkehrsministeriums

Nationalstraße in der Volksrepublik China
Nationalstrasse China213
Straße in Gansu
Straße in Sichuan
Straße in Yunnan

Nationalstraße 213 (China)


Yutaka Takahashi (født 29. september 1980) er en japansk tidligere professionel fodboldspiller.

Han har spillet for flere forskellige klubber i sin karriere, herunder Sanfrecce Hiroshima og Avispa Fukuoka.

Eksterne henvisninger

Fodboldspillere fra Japan

Yutaka Takahashi


An Dendrobium tobaense in uska species han Liliopsida nga ginhulagway ni Jeffrey James Wood ngan James Boughtwood Comber. An Dendrobium tobaense in nahilalakip ha genus nga Dendrobium, ngan familia nga Orchidaceae.

Mabibilngan ini ha Sumatera. Waray hini subspecies nga nakalista.

Mga kasarigan

Dendrobium

Dendrobium tobaense


"Oops!... I Did It Again" este un cântec al interpretei americane Britney Spears lansat la 27 martie 2000 ca primul disc single extras de pe cel de-al doilea ei album de studio cu același nume sub egida casei de discuri JIVE Records. Piesa compusă și produsă de Max Martin și Rami Yacoub vorbește despre o femeie care vede iubirea ca pe un joc, decizându-se să se folosească de avantajele emoțiilor iubitului ei. Versul intermediar al cântecului este un dialog ce face referire la filmul Titanic (1997).

În urma lansării sale, "Oops!... I Did It Again" a obținut recenzii pozitive din partea criticilor de specialitate, aceștia observând similarități cu single-ul de debut, "...Baby One More Time". Piesa a fost nominalizată la ediția din 2001 a premiilor Grammy la categoria "Cea mai bună interpretare pop feminină". Din punct de vedere comercial, cântecul a ocupat locul nouă în clasamentul Billboard Hot 100 din Statele Unite. Single-ul a ocupat locul unu în peste 15 țări și este în prezent unul dintre cele mai bine vândute single-uri din toate timpurile, având peste patru milioane de exemplare vândute în întreaga lume.

Videoclipul muzical al piesei a fost regizat de Nigel Dick și o prezintă pe Spears pe Marte, purtând un costum roșu și adresându-se unui astronaut care s-a îndrăgostit de ea. Videoclipul a primit trei nominalizări la ediția din 2000 a premiilor MTV Video Music Awards. Solista a interpretat cântecul în turneele Oops!... I Did It Again Tour, Dream Within a Dream Tour, The Onyx Hotel Tour și Britney: Piece of Me.

Informații generale
În urma succesului uriaș al albumului de debut ...Baby One More Time (1999) și single-urile sale, "...Baby One More Time", "Sometimes", "You Drive Me Crazy" și "From the Bottom of My Broken Heart", Spears a înregistrat majoritatea materialului pentru următorul ei album de studio, Oops!... I Did It Again (2000), în luna noiembrie a anului 1999 la Cheiron Studios în Stockholm, Suedia. Piesa albumului cu același nume a fost compusă și produsă de Max Martin și Rami Yacoub în timp ce acompaniamentul vocal a fost realizat de Martin și Nada Hedin. Cântecul a fost lansat la 27 martie 2000 sub egida casa de discuri JIVE Records ca primul disc single extras de pe album.

"Oops!... I Did It Again" este o piesă cu o durată de trei minute și treizeci de secunde. Compus în tonalitatea Do♯minor, cântecul are un tempo moderat de 94 de bătăi pe minut. Piesa urmărește o secvență simplă de Do♯minor–La-Sol♯ iar vocea lui Spears variază de la nota Do♯3 la nota Do♯5. Din punct de vedere al versurilor, cântecul vorbește despre o femeie ce se joacă cu sentimentele iubitului ei, acesta interpretând greșit flirturile lui Spears și dezvoltând un interes romantic serios. În timpul versului intermediar, solista oferă un dialog vorbit ce face referire la filmul Titanic (1997).

Receptare

Critică
În urma lansării sale, "Oops!... I Did It Again" a obținut, în general, recenzii pozitive din partea criticilor de specialitate. Într-o recenzie pentru Entertainment Weekly, David Browne a numit piesa "comic de derivativă" în comparație cu single-ul de debut al cântăreței, "...Baby One More Time", comentând totodată că "nu înseamnă nimic altceva decât un manifest jalibait". Lennat Mak de la diviza asiatică a MTV a descris cântecul ca fiind "un 10 perfect pe scara «wow», alături de dialogul «Jack-Rose»", făcând referire la versurile vorbite.

Un critic de la revista NME a comparat structura piesei cu riff-urile în stilul anilor '80 ale lui Michael Jackson, descriind cântecul ca fiind "o copie mai îmbunătățită" a lui "...Baby One More Time" și "la fel de bun ca primul ei single". Într-o recenzie pentru Rolling Stone, Rob Sheffield a comparat melodia cu piesa Barbrei Streisand, "Woman In Love". Versurile au fost comparate cu cântecul formației The Smiths, "I Started Something I Couldn't Finish", complimentând, de asemenea, prezentarea unei "confuzii sexuale violentă și ambivalentă pe care o poate avea audiența ei". Andy Battaglia de la site-ul Salon a descris piesa ca fiind "o companie dulce și sadică însoțită de masochismul care se ascunde sub debutul ei, «...Baby One More Time»".

"Oops!... I Did It Again" a primit o nominalizare la categoria "Cea mai bună interpretare pop feminină" la ediția din 2001 a premiilor Grammy, însă a pierdut în fața lui Macy Gray cu cântecul "I Try". Piesa a fost mai apoi nominalizată la categoria "Cântec favorit" la ediția din 2001 a premiilor Kids' Choice Awards difuzată pe canalul Nickelodeon, însă a pierdut în fața trupei Baha Men cu melodia "Who Let the Dogs Out?".

Comercială

Videoclipul

Interpretări live

Versiuni cover și utilizări în mass-media

Ordinea pieselor pe disc și formate

CD single european
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Album Version) — 3:31
"Deep in My Heart" — 3:34

CD maxi single european, australian și japonez
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Album Version) — 3:31
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Instrumental) — 3:29
"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" (Ospina's Millennium Funk Mix) — 3:29
"Deep in My Heart" — 3:34

CD maxi single în Regatul Unit
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Album Version) — 3:31
"Deep in My Heart" — 3:34
"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" (Ospina's Millennium Funk Mix) — 3:29

Casetă single în Regatul Unit
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Album Version) — 3:31
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Instrumental) — 3:29
"From the Bottom of My Broken Heart" (Ospina's Millennium Funk Mix) — 3:29

CD maxi single — Remixes
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Album Version) — 3:31
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Rodney Jerkins Remix) — 3:07
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Ospina's Crossover Mix) — 3:15
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Riprock 'n' Alex G. Oops! We Remixed Again!) [Radio Mix] — 3:54
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Ospina's Deep Club Mix) — 6:05
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Riprock 'n' Alex G. Oops! We Remixed Again!) [Club Mix] — 4:52
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Ospina's Instrumental Dub) — 6:05

Vinil 12"
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Rodney Jerkins Remix) — 3:07
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Music Breakdown Mix) — 3:16
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Ospina's Crossover Mix) — 3:15
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Jack D. Elliot Club Mix) — 6:24
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Riprock 'n' Alex G. Oops! We Remixed Again!) — 4:52
"Oops!... I Did It Again" (Ospina's Deep Edit) — 3:24

Acreditări și personal
Acreditări adaptate de pe broșura albumului Oops!... I Did It Again.

 Britney Spears – voce principală, acompaniament vocal
 Max Martin – textier, producător, mixaj audio, programare, claviatură, acompaniament vocal
 Rami Yacoub – textier, producător, inginer mixaj, programare, claviatură
 John Amatiello – inginer pro tools
 Esbjörn Öhrwall – chitară
 Johan Carlberg – chitară
 Thomas Lindberg – chitară bas
 Nana Hedin – acompaniament vocal
 Chatrin Nyström – zgomot de mulțime
 Jeanette Stenhammar – zgomot de mulțime
 Johanna Stenhammar – zgomot de mulțime
 Charlotte Björkman – zgomot de mulțime
 Therese Ancker – zgomot de mulțime

Prezența în clasamente

Certificări

Note
 reprezintă "disc de platină";
 reprezintă "disc de aur";
 reprezintă "dublu disc de platină";

Datele lansărilor

Referințe

Cântece ale lui Britney Spears
Cântece din 2000
Discuri single din 2000
Cântece care au atins prima poziție în Australia

Oops!... I Did It Again (cântec)


1000 fryd er en dansk kortfilm fra 1967 med instruktion og manuskript af Finn Karlsson.

Handling
En novellefilm om de nære ting eller en ung mands drømmerier og refleksioner over et billede af en covergirl, der viser sig at være hans nabo.

Referencer

Eksterne henvisninger

Danske film fra 1967

Kortfilm fra Danmark

1000 fryd


قوس ماركوس أوريليوس في مدينة طرابلس عاصمة ليبيا. هو قوس لتخليد ذكرى الإمبراطور الروماني ماركوس أوريليوس، والذي حكم في الفترة بين عامي (161 - 180).

يجذب القوس أعدادا من السياح، ويعد الأثر الروماني الوحيد المتبقي في مدينة طرابلس.
ويقع القوس في حي باب البحر الواقع في شمال المدينة القديمة ويقابل شارع الفرنسيس في المدينة القديمة ويجاوره جامع قرجي القديم.
ويعد أحد الآثار الرومانية المنتشرة في ليبيا. تم تشييد القوس في سنة 163. ويرى الباحثون أن اتجاهات أبواب قوس الإمبراطور الروماني ماركوس أوريليوس تمثل أنقاض المدينة الفينيقية القديمة والتي بنيت على أنقاضها المدينة الرومانية.

معرض صور

أنظر أيضا
 حمامات هادريان
 قوس نصر سيبتيموس سيفيروس
 قصر البنات

وصلات خارجية

مراجع

165
أطلال في ليبيا
أقواس النصر
عمارة رومانية قديمة في ليبيا
لوسيوس أورليوس فيروس
مبان ومنشآت اكتملت في القرن 2
مبان ومنشآت في طرابلس
مواقع التراث العالمي في إفريقيا
مواقع التراث العالمي في ليبيا

قوس ماركوس أوريليوس


d'Alexandrie est un  patriarche copte d'Alexandrie de  767 à 775

Contexte
Il succède à  de  au

Notes et références

Patriarche d'Alexandrie
Décès en 775
Patriarche du VIIIe siècle
Personnalité du haut Moyen Âge par nom

Ménas Ier d'Alexandrie (Copte)


بصرة قد تشير إلى:

 البصرة مدينة عراقية، ومركز محافظة البصرة.
 محافظة البصرة إحدى محافظات العراق.
 البصرة.
 بصرة فيلم روائي مصري من إنتاج 2008.
 بصرة إحدى قرى محافظة أسيوط في مصر.
 البصرة (المكلا) إحدى قرى اليمن.
 بصرة بن أبي بصرة.
 أبو بصرة الغفاري.

بصرة (توضيح)


Stadtgalerie steht für folgende Kunstmuseen:

 Stadtgalerie Kiel
 Stadtgalerie Mannheim
 Stadtgalerie (Markdorf)
 Stadtgalerie Radebeul
 Stadtgalerie Saarbrücken

Stadtgalerie steht für folgende Einkaufszentren:
 Neue Mitte Passau#ECE Stadtgalerie
 Stadtgalerie Heilbronn
 Stadtgalerie Schweinfurt

Siehe auch:
 Städtische Galerie

Stadtgalerie


David Whitton ist ein schottischer Politiker und Mitglied der Labour Party.

Leben
Whitton besuchte die Morgan Academy in Dundee und war danach für das Verlagshaus D. C. Thomson tätig. Er wechselte dann zur Fife Free Press und dem Evening Express in Aberdeen. Nachdem er drei Jahre für den Scotsman tätig war, ging Whitton zunächst zu der Zeitschrift Daily Record und war dann von 1986 bis 1996 bei Scottish Television tätig. Dort übernahm er verschiedene Aufgaben, unter anderem als Korrespondent am House of Commons, Reporter und Nachrichtenproduzent. Whitton ist verheiratet und zweifacher Vater und Großvater.

Politischer Werdegang
Ende der 1990er Jahre wurde Whitton persönlicher Berater und Pressesprecher des ersten Ersten Ministers, Donald Dewar. Am 11. Oktober 2000 verkündete Whitton der Nation Dewars Tod und hielt bei dessen Beisetzung die Grabrede.

Bei den Schottischen Parlamentswahlen 2007 trat Whitton erstmals zu nationalen Wahlen an. Er bewarb sich um das Direktmandat des Wahlkreises Strathkelvin and Bearsden, das sein Parteikollege Brian Fitzpatrick bei den vorangegangenen Wahlen an die unabhängige Kandidatin Jean Turner verloren hatte. Er konnte das Mandat für sich gewinnen und zog erstmals in das Schottische Parlament ein. Im Schattenkabinett der Labour Party war Whitton als Staatssekretär für Finanzen, nachhaltiges Wachstum und Fähigkeiten vorgesehen und fungierte zu diesen Ressorts auch als stellvertretender Parteisprecher. Bei den Parlamentswahlen 2011 verlor er trotz Stimmgewinnen sein Mandat an die SNP-Kandidatin Fiona McLeod und schied aus dem Parlament aus.

Weblinks
 Informationen auf den Seiten des Schottischen Parlaments

Einzelnachweise

Abgeordneter im Schottischen Parlament
Mitglied der Scottish Labour Party
Politiker (21. Jahrhundert)
Politiker (East Dunbartonshire)
Journalist (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Geboren im 20. Jahrhundert
Schotte
Brite
Mann

David Whitton


Canwest Global Communications Corporation, which operated under the corporate name Canwest, was a major Canadian media conglomerate based in Winnipeg, Manitoba, with its head offices at Canwest Place.  It held radio, television broadcasting, and publishing assets in several countries, primarily in Canada.

Canwest was founded in 1974 by Izzy Asper through the formation of CIII-TV in Toronto under the Global Television Network. The company expanded through the 1980s and 1990s, with the initial public offering in 1991 as a publicly-traded corporation and the international expansion of its operations in Ireland, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom and Turkey. Throughout the years, under Leonard Asper, who became its President and CEO in 1999, Canwest grew into a major media powerhouse by acquiring media properties such as Western International Communications and the Southam newspaper publishing. In 2007, with Goldman Sachs, Canwest acquired the broadcasting arm of Alliance Atlantis.

After years of debt, Canwest began to slowly collapse in 2008, amid the Great Recession and later entered bankruptcy protection in late 2009, which led to the sales of its publishing and broadcasting arms the following year to Postmedia Network, founded by National Post CEO Paul Godfrey and Shaw Communications, which later reorganized its media division as Shaw Media. On April 1, 2016, the broadcasting assets were subsumed into Corus Entertainment, an existing broadcasting firm also owned by the Shaw family.

Following the sale of assets, the company was renamed 2737469 Canada Inc., ceased to carry on business, and commenced bankruptcy proceedings under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act before finally being dissolved on May 27, 2013.

Operations

As of April 2009 (prior to seeking creditor protection), Canwest owned, in whole or part, a variety of Canadian media assets, including:
 Global, a primary Canadian television network which reaches over 94% of the English-speaking population of Canada;
 E!, a now-defunct secondary Canadian television system consisted of five smaller market stations; however, through repeaters and cable television, it reaches the majority of major Canadian markets. The "E!" name was licensed by the American channel of the same name, which also supplies the majority of its programming outside of local news and regional programming and primetime shows from the American broadcast networks;
 Specialty services including Showcase, Slice, HGTV, TVTropolis, Food Network, History Television, and various digital services;
 Southam Inc. and its former properties, which included the number-two national newspaper National Post, the broadsheet daily newspapers in most major markets, several other smaller newspapers, and the Canwest News Service newswire. Canwest was Canada's largest newspaper publisher;
 Production, distribution, and Internet assets associated with all the Canwest properties

The company had previously sold off some of the smaller newspapers it had acquired in the Southam purchase. Canwest also previously owned broadcasting operations in Australia (as majority shareholder of Network Ten), New Zealand (through CanWest MediaWorks New Zealand), the Republic of Ireland (as a minority shareholder of TV3) and Turkey (as the owners of four radio stations).

History

Beginnings
In 1974, a group led by Israel Asper bought the assets of Pembina, North Dakota television station KCND-TV from broadcaster Gordon McLendon, moving the station to Winnipeg as an independent station CKND-TV. Asper, through his company, Canwest, eventually bought out his partners in the Winnipeg station.  A few months later, the Asper group joined a consortium that bought CKGN-TV, a network of six simulcasting transmitters across Ontario that carried many of CKND's programs and was known on-air as the Global Television Network.  Canwest bought controlling interest in Global, now using the callsign CIII-TV, in 1985, thus becoming the first western-based owner of a major Canadian broadcaster. He acquired the remaining stock in 1989.

Canwest subsequently invested in or acquired other independent TV stations across Canada.  Eventually, his station group became known as the "Canwest Global System."  In 1997, Canwest bought a controlling interest in CKMI-TV, the privately owned CBC affiliate in Quebec City.  Canwest then set up CKMI rebroadcasters in Montreal and Sherbrooke.  With this move, Canwest's stations now had enough coverage of Canada that on August 18—the day CKMI officially disaffiliated from CBC—Canwest scrubbed all local brands from its stations, rebranding them as "The Global Television Network," Canada's third television network. Throughout the 1990s, Global (and its antecedents) held Canadian rights to hit U.S. series such as Cheers, Friends, and Frasier.

Canwest also bought broadcasting assets internationally, including outlets in New Zealand, the Republic of Ireland, and Australia, although all were eventually sold off.  In 1991, Canwest issued a successful initial public offering on the Toronto Stock Exchange.  In June 1996, Canwest was listed on the New York Stock Exchange.

Beyond broadcasting and the newspapers
Lacking a presence in Alberta, the company set its sights on Western International Communications, which owned three independent stations in that province that carried Global programming.  It eventually bought that company's broadcasting assets in 2000.  This not only boosted Global's coverage in western Canada but prompted the establishment of a second over-the-air service, originally known as CH, since in some areas the combined company had duplicate over-the-air coverage through multiple stations. Later that year, Canwest announced its acquisition of the Southam newspaper chain from Conrad Black, in order to pursue a media convergence strategy.

Canwest was initially slow to invest in specialty channels due to the strength of its terrestrial network. In 1999, seeking to change this, the company announced a deal to buy out the Canadian partners of NetStar Communications, owner of TSN, but was stymied by U.S. partner ESPN, which had veto power over such a sale.  ESPN instead came to terms with Canwest's main rival CTV, a longtime business partner of ESPN's parent company Disney, as an acceptable buyer, which the selling partners eventually agreed to.

In an effort to get into the entertainment business, the company had bought out producer/distributor Fireworks Entertainment in 1998, and gained interest in Seven Arts Pictures, a film production company. CanWest would sell its entertainment unit in 2005.

In 2005, CanWest released a new website canada.com which was a digital media platform for its digitally transformed brands. These included many local news outlets and larger "papers" as well as other media brands. The brands were represented under "canada.com Network" and included (taken from the website footer): Newspapers: National Post, Calgary Herald, Edmonton Journal, The Montreal Gazette, Ottawa Citizen, Regina Leader Post, The Saskatoon Star Phoenix, The Vancouver Sun, The Vancouver Province, Victoria Times Colonist, The Windsor Star, Dose, Vancouver Island Newspaper, VANNEET Newspaper; Television: Global, CH, Prime TV, Fox Sports World Canada, Lonestar, Mystery, Xtreme Sports, Deje View, mentv, Cool TV; Radio: CoolFM 99.1, 91.5 The Beat; Marketplace: working.com, driving.ca, connecting, celebrating, remembering, homes. The website experience was centred around news, city guides, activities and events to leverage advertising revenue. The site was designed by Cossette / Fjord out of Toronto, Canada in 2005.

In October 2005, CanWest's Canadian newspapers were sold into an IPO trust.  Sold 25.8% of Canada's newspapers for C$550 million.  Attached to the Canadian newspaper IPO was $850 million in long-term debt.  CanWest bought back the 25.8% Newspaper Trust IPO (and debt) in November 2008, for cash considerations of $495 million. In April 2006, Canwest acquired four radio stations in Turkey: Super FM, Metro FM, Joy FM and Joy Turk FM from The Turkish Savings and Deposit Insurance Fund for aggregate cash consideration of US$61 million.

The company was already one of the largest owners of Canadian local TV stations when Canwest and Goldman Sachs in 2007 announced they would jointly acquire Canadian producer and competing broadcaster Alliance Atlantis and its massive stable of wide-distribution specialty channels. Under the deal, Canwest took control of the broadcasting portion of AAC, although Goldman Sachs remained a major investor in those assets. Goldman retained or resold the remaining pieces of AAC, the distribution arm soon re-emerging as Alliance Films.

Canwest executives testified in the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission hearings over fee-for-carriage, requesting that the commission force cable and satellite companies to pay for their signals without passing the fees on to their subscribers. In his testimony, Canwest president Leonard Asper blamed the current rules for the poor financial condition of Canada's broadcast television stations, a position which has subsequently been adopted and addressed through rule changes by the CRTC and FCC.

Restructuring and creditor protection
Canwest's various acquisitions took a significant financial toll. As early as 2002, most of Canwest's operating income was going to pay interest on its high-interest-rate debt. By 2007, the company's bonds were downgraded to junk status. By early 2009, it became clear the company's debt was not manageable in light of the global economic crisis, forcing Canwest into an extended set of negotiations with its lenders and a series of cost-cutting moves. The company's income statements reported net losses in 2008 and 2009, even though its operating activities were profitable (before taxes, interest, and non-operating charges: C$197 million in 2009, vs. C$428 million in 2008).

In May 2009, Canwest sold off four radio stations in Turkey to Spectrum Medya.

On August 31, 2009, Canwest shut down its secondary system E! (the former CH). Three of the former E! owned-and-operated stations – CHCH Hamilton, CHEK Victoria, and CJNT Montreal – were sold to third parties, while a fourth, CHBC Kelowna, was converted to a Global station. The remaining station, CHCA Red Deer, was closed as of the same date.

On September 24, the company announced that it would sell its 50.1% stake in Ten Network Holdings for A$680 million, in order to pay down its significant debt. The sale of CanWest's Australian media operations reduced some C$582-million in debt tied to the Australian TV network, raising the total value Canwest can erase from its overall debt to more than C$1.2-billion. Before the Ten deal, Canwest held about C$3.8-billion of debt on its balance sheet. In court documents, Goldman Sachs alleges "fraudulent" and "abusive" changes to the internal operation of Canwest in the days before it filed for creditor protection. As part of the filing, the Wall Street investment bank is seeking to undo these changes, and has also claimed that CanWest's creditors should return the C$426 million they received from Canwest balance sheet in September, after CanWest sold its stake in Ten.

On October 6, the company voluntarily filed for creditor protection under the CCAA, due to C$4 billion mounting debt across radio, television broadcasting and publishing assets in several countries. At the same time it announced it had agreed to a recapitalization transaction with some of its lenders, which will likely require the approval of the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).  When completed, bondholders – led by hedge funds West Face Capital, GoldenTree Asset Management, and Beach Point Capital Management – will own a majority of shares, leaving existing shareholders, including the Asper family, with a total of 2.3% of the "new" Canwest. However, the Aspers are expected to invest a further C$15 million in the restructured entity.

In January 2010, CanWest's bonds commanded about 70 cents on the dollar. CanWest's bonds at one point traded for as little as 15 cents on the dollar.  Several sources say that as CanWest notes increased fivefold in price, distressed-debt funds took profits on part of their position, with Angelo Gordon among the buyers.

On February 3, 2010, it was reported that a group led by Golden Tree Asset Management LP complained that "it was unfairly frozen out of the auction of Canwest Limited Partnership."

As part of the transaction, Canwest and some of its subsidiaries, including Canwest Media Inc., The National Post Company, and Canwest Television LP (the licensee of Global, MovieTime, DejaView, and Fox Sports World Canada) filed for creditor protection under the Companies' Creditors Arrangements Act. Canwest Limited Partnership, a subsidiary that owns the company's other newspaper assets and online properties, is negotiating separately with creditors and is expected to file for creditor protection at a later date. Specialty channels operated in partnership with other companies (such as TVtropolis, Mystery TV, MenTV, and the former Alliance Atlantis properties) are also not included in the present filing. Canwest shares were also suspended from trading on the TSX.

Canwest said that it was not being liquidated at this point, and the company insisted that the proceedings would make Canwest "a stronger industry competitor with a renewed financial outlook." Nevertheless, some analysts expected that the conglomerate would sell assets or be broken up entirely as the restructuring process continues, noting that the publishing division has a separate set of lenders. As it turned out, the company would indeed be broken up.

Sale of assets to Shaw and Postmedia
In February 2010, the company announced an agreement with Shaw Communications whereby the latter company would buy an 80% voting interest, and 20% equity interest, in the restructured entity, pending approvals from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) and others. The company's newspapers were not part of the Shaw deal and were already sold separately to Postmedia Network. However, the Asper family with Goldman and Catalyst made their own bid to retake Canwest with a $120 million bid in competition with the bid proposed by Shaw Communications. On February 25, 2010, it was announced that Shaw Communications had won a court battle to continue their plans to purchase assets & voting shares from Canwest. After the announcement, Shaw revealed that its investment amounted to a minimum of $95-million in exchange for 20 percent of the equity and an 80 percent voting interest in the restructured company.

Although Goldman, Catalyst, and the Aspers continued to work on their own bid after the Shaw agreement, Shaw announced a revised agreement, following court-ordered mediation, under which it would purchase the entirety of Canwest's broadcasting operations, including the portion owned by Goldman. This deal was later modified following a second court-ordered mediation to include a settlement agreement between Shaw, creditors, and the Official Ad Hoc Committee of Shareholders, led by the Aspers, Blott Asset Management, L.L.C. and two other hedge funds. This marked the first successful equity committee campaign in Canada under CCAA. A modified deal, including the Settlement Agreement, received the approval of the Ontario Superior Court on June 23, 2010, the Competition Bureau as of August 13, 2010, and was given final approval from the CRTC on October 22, 2010, with Canwest delisting itself from the TSX and officially ceasing operations that same month. Final closing would officially occur in October 2011 following the official CMI Transition Order. Meanwhile, Shaw Communications reorganized Canwest into Shaw Media.

After bankruptcy proceedings concluded under the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Act, Canwest, by this point known as 2737469 Canada, Inc., finally dissolved on May 27, 2013. Asper, through his Syngus Corp. holding company, went on to establish Anthem Media Group in 2010 and has since grew into the portfolio through the ownership of Impact Wrestling, AXS TV, Fight Network and GameTV.

In April 2016, the Shaw Media assets were subsumed by Shaw's sister company Corus Entertainment.

Corporate governance

Board of directors
The last members of the board of directors of the company were Derek Burney, David Drybrough, David Kerr, Leonard Asper, Izzy Asper, Lisa Pankratz, Frank McKenna, David Asper, and Gail Asper. Gail Asper, David Asper, and Lisa Pankratz resigned from the board, and from all other director and officer positions within Canwest and its subsidiaries, on February 10, 2010.

Concentration of power
Canwest was often cited as an example of how the ownership of Canadian media has become concentrated in the hands of a few individuals and large corporations. Canwest founder Izzy Asper was known as a strong supporter of both Canada's Liberal Party and Israel's right-wing Likud party, and of many laissez-faire policies in both countries. Observers have suggested that Asper's political views have had a significant impact on news coverage at CanWest media outlets. For example, in 2002, Ottawa Citizen publisher Russell Mills was fired by Canwest after the paper published a series of articles exposing a financial scandal involving then Prime Minister Jean Chrétien.

Canwest's power in the marketplace was reflected in a contract that freelance contributors were required to sign. Until recently, standard industry practice was that freelancers sold the rights for one time use and only in Canada.

Editorial controversies
Since the 2000 acquisition of the major former Canadian newspaper holdings of Conrad Black's Hollinger International (now Sun-Times Media Group), including Canwest News Service, opposition has been expressed by some journalists, union spokespersons, politicians, and pundits about Canwest's enforcement of its corporate editorial positions. A 2001 decision to run regular uniform national editorials in all metropolitan dailies (except National Post), whereby local editorial boards could not take local positions on subjects of national editorials, ignited major national controversy and was subsequently withdrawn.

Conflict over Canwest editorial control and policy has focused in particular on three issues:

 The Liberal Party of Canada. Since Israel Asper's leadership of the Manitoba Liberal Party, the Asper family has been identified with Liberal politics and politicians. In July 2001, Southam national affairs columnist Lawrence Martin was fired after a column of his critical of Liberal Prime Minister Jean Chrétien was not published. Russell Mills, longtime publisher of The Ottawa Citizen, was fired in June 2002 after the newspaper called on Chrétien to resign. However, as of 2006, at least one Asper family member (David Asper) was publicly supporting the Conservatives.
 The government of Israel and conflict in the Middle East. Veteran Montreal Gazette reporter Bill Marsden has said that the Aspers "do not want any criticism of Israel. We do not run in our newspaper op-ed pieces that express criticism of Israel and what it is doing." A study released in 2006 by the Near East Cultural and Educational Foundation of Canada found that the National Post was 83.3 times more likely to report an Israeli child's death than a Palestinian child's death in its news articles' headlines or first paragraphs. In 2008 Canwest launched a lawsuit against the Palestine Media Collective for producing a newspaper parody of The Vancouver Sun that satirized this bias. In 2004, the Reuters news agency protested after Canwest altered newswire stories about the Iraq war and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, such that Reuters felt it had inserted Canwest's own bias under Reuters bylines. The changes were apparently made in accordance with a Canwest policy to label certain groups as terrorists. Ottawa Citizen, a newspaper in the Canwest chain, made similar changes to a story by Associated Press.
 Canwest editorial control and management itself. In December 2001, staff members at The Montreal Gazette launched a Gazette Newsroom web page with an open letter, titled Media Giant Silences Local Voices: Canadian Journalism Under Attack, that got signed by 77 Gazette journalists as of 2002 January 23, opposing the national editorial policy, and the reporters among them participated in a byline strike, refusing to sign their names to their stories in the newspaper in protest. Management responded with a gag order. The next year, several journalists left The Halifax Daily News over similar conflicts, and ten journalists at The Regina Leader-Post were reprimanded or suspended after a byline strike to protest censorship of coverage of a speech in Regina by Toronto Star columnist and Canwest critic Haroon Siddiqui.

Upon acquiring Southam's Newspapers from Hollinger International, Israel Asper continued Conrad Black's policy of 'blacklisting' influential Canadian world and military affairs journalist Gwynne Dyer's internationally published articles. This antipathy was prompted by Dyer's views on conflict in the Middle East and his opposition to neoconservatism, which run contrary to the ideological views of Asper and others on Canwest's board of directors then and today. Partially as a response to this, Dyer published a collection of his articles on the Middle East and related topics called With Every Mistake in 2005.

Canwest newspapers and broadcast outlets in British Columbia were regularly criticized for giving a "free ride" to the BC Liberal government of Premier Gordon Campbell, especially in relation to the scandals and controversies ensuing from the privatization of BC Rail but also in cooperating with the government's alleged manipulation of information for political purposes, such as the suppression of the actual scale of the deficit or welfare rates in advance of the 2009 election.  Conversely, coverage of the New Democratic Party was criticized as being unfairly negative. Canwest was one of the major campaign contributors to the BC Liberal party and gave regular column space to pundits from the Fraser Institute think tank (one such regular contributor being the Premier's brother, Michael).

See also
 Postmedia News

References

Further reading
 Edge, Marc.  Asper Nation: Canada's Most Dangerous Media Company (Vancouver: New Star Books 2007)
 Edge, Marc. "Thwarting Foreign Ownership Limits: Policy Activism by CanWest Global Communications in Canada and Australia." Canadian Journal of Media Studies 5 (2009) pp: 70–87.

External links
 Shaw Media
 Who Owns What: CanWest Global Communications (Columbia Journalism Review)
 Focus on CanWest (TNG Canada/CWA)
 Information on Canwest Creditor Proceedings

Mass media companies established in 1974
Mass media companies disestablished in 2010
1974 establishments in Manitoba
2010 disestablishments in Manitoba
Defunct broadcasting companies of Canada
Defunct publishing companies of Canada
Multinational companies
Companies that have filed for bankruptcy in Canada
Former Corus Entertainment subsidiaries
Postmedia Network publications
Defunct companies of Manitoba
Defunct companies based in Winnipeg

Canwest


No cérebro, a corpora quadrigemina (latim para "corpos quádruplos") são os quatro colículos - dois inferiores, dois superiores - localizados no teto do aspecto dorsal do mesencéfalo. Eles são chamados respectivamente de colículo inferior e superior.

Os corpos quadrigêmeos são centros de reflexos que envolvem a visão e a audição. Consistem em grupos de células nervosas - substância cinzenta espalhada na substância branca. Conecta o cérebro anterior e o cérebro posterior. Possui quatro corpos quadrigêmeos, que são os centros reflexos do movimento ocular e das respostas auditivas. A parte superior dos corpos quadrigêmeos são chamados de colículos superiores e a parte inferior de colículos inferiores.

Imagens adicionais

Referências

Cérebro
Anatomia do sistema nervoso
Neuroanatomia

Corpora quadrigemina


Marcel Desailly, (d. 7 Eylül 1968, Akra, Gana) 1.82 m. boyundaki Fransız defans oyuncusudur.

Kariyeri
Daha sonradan Fransız vatandaşlığına geçen Marcel, ilk profesyonel futbol hayatına 1986 yılında Nantes'de başladı.1992 yılında Marseille'ya giden ve sadece bir yıl orada kaldı. 1993 yılında UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni kazandı. Marcel Desailly sezon sonunda gittiği Milan ile 1994 yılında UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni kazandı. 5 yıl bu takımda kalan ve Milan formasıyla 137 karşılaşmaya çıkan ve ayrıca Milan'a gelmesiyle Fransa millî futbol takımı maçlarına çıkmıştır. 1998'de Milan'la sözleşmesini uzatmayıp 6 yıllık Chelsea'yle anlaştı. Chelsea formasıyla tam 158 karşılaşmaya çıkan ve 6 gol atan Marcel Desailly, Chelsea'nın en çok maç yapmış futbolcularından biri. 2004 yılında sözleşmesini uzatmayıp futbol hayatını Katar'da devam ettireceğini açıklamış ve El-Ğarafe'ya transfer olmuştur. 2005-2006 sezonunu ise bir başka Katar takımı olan Qatar SC'ye gitmiştir. Burada Jay-Jay Okocha ile top koşturan ve kariyerinin son takımı olan Qatar SC'de futbolu bırakmıştır. Şu an teknik direktör olarak Malezya millî takımını çalıştırmaktadır.

Millî takım
İlk millî formayı 1993'te giyen ve 2004 yılında bırakan Marcel Desailly, tam 116 karşılaşmada 3 gol atmıştır. Millî forma ile 1998 Dünya Kupası ve 2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası'nda kupa kazandı.

Kaynakça

Dış bağlantılar

Chelsea legend profile

Yaşayan insanlar
1968 doğumlular
Akra doğumlu sporcular
Fransız futbolcular
Ganalı futbolcular
1998 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
2002 FIFA Dünya Kupası futbolcuları
Desailly, Marcel
Ligue 1 futbolcuları
Defans futbolcuları
AC Milan futbolcuları
Serie A futbolcuları
İtalya'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Chelsea FC futbolcuları
Premier League futbolcuları
İngiltere'deki gurbetçi futbolcular
FC Nantes futbolcuları
Olympique de Marseille futbolcuları
1996 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
Al-Gharrafa oyuncuları
2000 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
2003 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2001 FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası futbolcuları
2004 Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası futbolcuları
FIFA Dünya Kupası kazanan futbolcular
FIFA Konfederasyonlar Kupası kazanan futbolcular
Avrupa Futbol Şampiyonası kazanan futbolcular
Fransa millî futbol takımı futbolcuları
El-Ğarafe futbolcuları
Orta saha futbolcuları
Légion d'honneur şövalyeleri
Katar'daki gurbetçi futbolcular
Fransız gurbetçi futbolcular
İngiltere'deki Fransız gurbetçiler
İtalya'daki Fransız gurbetçiler
Katar'daki Fransız gurbetçiler
Gana asıllı Fransızlar
Qatar SC futbolcuları
Dûrî Nücûm Katar futbolcuları
UEFA Şampiyonlar Ligi'ni kazanan futbolcular
Siyahi Fransız sporcular
Akra doğumlu futbolcular

Marcel Desailly


Waugh is a surname ( or , or the Scots pronunciation sounding like "Woch" as in the Scots "Loch" (Lake) derived from the proto-Germanic Walhaz), and may refer to:

Ainsley Waugh (born 1981), Jamaican athlete
 Andrew Scott Waugh (1810–1878), British Indian surveyor
Arthur Waugh (1866–1943), English author and publisher (father of Alec and Evelyn)
Alec Waugh (1898–1981), British novelist
Evelyn Waugh (1903–1966), British novelist
Auberon Waugh (1939–2001), British journalist and satirist (father of Alexander and Daisy)
Alexander Waugh (born 1963), British writer and journalist
Daisy Waugh (born 1967), British novelist and journalist
Arthur Waugh (priest) (1840–1922), English Anglican cleric
Arthur Waugh (civil servant) (1891–1968), British civil servant in India and folklorist
Arthur James Waugh (1909–1995)), Lord Mayor of Coventry 1962 and City Father
Barratt Waugh (born 1979), British countertenor singer
Benjamin Waugh (1839–1908), Victorian social reformer
Beverly Waugh (1789–1858), American bishop
Brian Kynaston Waugh (1922–1984), New Zealand aircraft designer
Bronagh Waugh (born 1982), a Northern Irish actress
Catherine Waugh McCulloch (1862–1945), American lawyer and suffragist
Clifton Waugh (born 1972), Jamaican footballer
David Waugh (1866–unknown), English professional footballer
Daniel Waugh (historian), American academic affiliated with the University of Washington in Seattle
Daniel W. Waugh (1842–1921), American representative from Indiana
Dean Waugh (born 1969), Australian cricketer, brother of Mark and Steve Waugh
Derek Waugh (born 1971), American athletics director at Dalton State College
Ed Waugh, British dramatist (collaborates with Trevor Wood)
Edward "Terry" Walter Rail Waugh (1913–1966), South African architect
Edwin Waugh (1817–1890), English poet
Frank Albert Waugh (1869–1943), American landscape architect, father of Frederick V.
Albert E. Waugh (1903–1985), American economist and provost of the University of Connecticut and son of Frank Albert
Frederick V. Waugh (1898–1974), American agricultural economist, son of Frank Albert and father of Margaret
Margaret Maxfield (née Waugh, 1926–2016), American mathematician, daughter of Frederick V.
Fred Waugh (1869–1919), Australian rules footballer
Geoff Waugh (born 1983), Canadian-Croatian ice hockey player
Hillary Waugh (1920–2008), American mystery novelist
Howard Waugh (1931–2009)), Canadian Football League player and 1st 1,000-yard rusher
Hubert Waugh (1898–1954), English cricketer
Ida Waugh (1846–1919), American illustrator
James Waugh (1831–1905), Scottish racehorse trainer
James Swanton Waugh (1822–1898), Australian Wesleyan priest of Irish origin
Jeff Waugh, Australian software engineer
Jewell Waugh (1910–2006), American politician
Jim Waugh (1933–2010), American baseball player (pitcher)
Jimmy Waugh (1898–1968)), British footballer
Joan Waugh, American historian
John Waugh (disambiguation), multiple individuals
Joseph Waugh (born 1952), British cyclist
Joseph Laing Waugh (1868–1928), Scottish businessman and writer
Keith Waugh (born 1956), English-born footballer, whose clubs included Peterborough United and Bristol City
Kevin Waugh (born 1955 or 1956), Canadian politician and former television sports journalist
Kim Waugh, Australian horse trainer
Mark Waugh (born 1965), Australian cricketer (twin brother of Steve)
Maury Waugh, American football (gridiron) coach
Mike Waugh (1955–2014), American politician
Michael Waugh (artist), American artist known for satirical drawings
Norman Waugh (1874–1934)), Australian rules footballer
Patricia Waugh (born 1956), English literary critic, Professor of English at Durham University
Phil Waugh (born 1979), Australian rugby union footballer
Pia Waugh (now known as Pia Andrews, born 1979), Australian policy advisor
Reuben Waugh (1875–1945), Canadian politician
Richard Deans Waugh (1868–1938), Canadian politician
Richard E. Waugh (born 1947), Deputy Chairman of Scotiabank
Ric Roman Waugh (born 1968), American film director
Richard Waugh (born 1961), voice actor
Robert T. Waugh (1919–1944), American Army Officer, Medal of Honor recipient
Russell Waugh (born 1941), Australian cricketer
Samuel Waugh (1814–1885), American painter
Frederick Judd Waugh (1861–1940), American marine painter and camouflage artist, son of Samuel
Coulton Waugh (1896–1973), British cartoonist, painter and author, son of Frederick Judd
Samuel C. Waugh (1890–1970), American banker, official with the U.S. Department of State
Scott L. Waugh (born 1948), American historian and academic administrator.
Scott Waugh (born 1970 or 1971), American film director
Sidney Waugh (1904–1963), American sculptor
Steve Waugh (born 1965), Australian cricketer (twin brother of Mark)
Sylvia Waugh (born 1935), British children's writer
Sir Telford Waugh (1865–1950)), British diplomat
Thomas Frederick Waugh, Canadian politician
Thomas Waugh (born 1948), Canadian critic, Film studies professor at Concordia University
Warwick Waugh (born 1968), Australian rugby union player
Warren Waugh (born 1980), English footballer
William Waugh (disambiguation), multiple people

You may be looking for
Dhondia Wagh (died 1800), also known as Dhoondiah Waugh, Indian soldier

English-language surnames
Surnames of Lowland Scottish origin

Waugh


Proscylliidae, porodica malenih dubokovodnih morskih pasa iz reda kučkova (Carcharhiniformes) kojoj pripada 3 roda sa 7 vrsta. Žive na dubinama od 50 do 700 metara na zapadu sjevernog Atlantika i Indopacifiku.

To su manji morski psi, za ljude bezopasni. Narastu do 1.2 m. Hrane se manjim ribama i beskralježnjacima

Rodovi:
 Ctenacis Compagno, 1973
 Eridacnis Smith, 1913
 Proscyllium Hilgendorf, 1904

Izvori

Kučkovi

Proscylliidae


Maximilien Henri de Saint-Simon (* 15. November 1720; † 1799 in Utrecht) war ein französischer Offizier, Historiker und Schriftsteller.

Todesdatum
Auf der Grundlage von Dokumenten im Archiv der Universität Göttingen (Göttingen, Universitätsarchiv, Ger E LIX 1 und 2) hat Frank William Peter Dougherty erklärt, dass Saint-Simon am 20. August 1795 in Göttingen starb. Auch Saint-Simons Frau starb in Göttingen, am 15. August 1798. Dougherty vermutet, dass die in der Literatur zu findende Jahresangabe "1799" für Saint-Simons Todesjahr auf einer Verwechslung mit dem Jahr beruht, in dem Saint-Simons Gut in Utrecht verkauft wurde.

Dougherty erklärt, dass Saint-Simon Utrecht verließ, als die Franzosen 1794 Brabant besetzten. Er sei ins Exil nach Hannover gegangen und von dort im Mai 1795 nach Göttingen.

Werke
 Des Jacinthes. Amsterdam, 1768
 Histoire de la guerre des Alpes, ou Campagne de 1744. 1769 (Digitalisat; PDF; 17,6 MB)
 Histoire de le guerre des Bataves et des Romains.
 Essai de traduction littérale et énergique. Haarlem, 1771
 Temora, poème épique d'Ossian. Amsterdam, 1774, in-8);
 Nyctologues de Platon. Utrecht, 1784
 Absurdités spéculatives.
 Mémoires sur les troubles actuels de la France. 1788
 Essai sur le despotisme et les Révolutions de la Russie. 1794

Einzelnachweise

Autor
Franzose
Geboren 1720
Gestorben im 18. Jahrhundert
Mann

Maximilien Henri de Saint-Simon


La Première Nation de Cross Lake, dont le nom officiel est Cross Lake Band of Indians, est une Première Nation crie au Canada. Ses membres occupents plusieurs réserves dans la région de  sur la rive est du lac Cross au Manitoba.

Démographie
Les membres de la bande de Cross Lake appartiennent au peuple des Cris. En , la Première Nation de Cross Lake avait une population inscrite totale de  dont  vivaient hors réserve.

Géographie
La Première Nation de Cross Lake possède  dont la plus populeuse est Cross Lake 19 qui est située à environ  au nord du lac Winnipeg au Manitoba.

Gouvernement
La bande de Cross Lake est gouvernée par un conseil de bande. Depuis 1999, celui-ci n'est plus élu selon la Loi sur les Indiens. En effet, le conseil exécutif des Pimicikamak siège ex officio comme conseil de bande. Cela dit, celui-ci continue d'agir comme agent du ministre des Relations Couronne-Autochtones pour livrer les programmes du ministères aux membres de la bande sur la réserve.

Notes et références

Annexe

Lien externe
 Détails sur la Première Nation par Relations Couronne-Autochtones et Affaires du Nord Canada

Cris
Première nation au Manitoba

Première Nation de Cross Lake


El Kawanishi K-11 fue un prototipo de avión embarcado japonés fabricado por la compañía Kawanishi, que participó junto a aparatos fabricados por Aichi, Mitsubishi y Nakajima en un concurso para escoger un caza embarcado que equiparía a la Armada Imperial Japonesa.

Historia y desarrollo

Su desarrollo por parte de Eiji Sekiguchi se inició en 1926, cuando la Armada Imperial Japonesa hizo una propuesta a las tres compañías antes citadas para sustituir al Mitsubishi 1FM. Kawanishi, esperando que en futuros contratos se tuviese en cuenta también a su firma, desarrolló de modo privado el K-11 para competir con las restantes propuestas.

El K-11 era un biplano con las alas sin diedro. La superficie vertical de control era inusualmente alta, con un diseño rectangular. Los radiadores para el motor BMW VI eran escamoteables a ambos lados del fuselaje, ubicados relativamente lejanos al motor, tras el plano inferior. La estructura del fuselaje era metálica, y la de las alas de madera, estando recubiertos de tela tanto el fuselaje como el plano superior, mientras que el inferior tenía un recubrimiento de madera.

En julio de 1927 el K-11 fue evaluado junto a los otros tres aparatos encargados por la Armada. El resultado fue prometedor, y en 1928 se construyó un segundo aparato con modificaciones en el fuselaje y los empenajes. Sin embargo, la Armada acabó seleccionando el diseño de Nakajima, que entraría en servicio en 1929 como el Nakajima A1N.

Posteriormente, Kawanishi empleó ambos K-11 en su compañía aérea Nippon Koku, transportando correo en la ruta que unía las ciudades de Osaka, Seúl y Dalian.

Especificaciones

Véase también

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Información e imágenes del Kawanishi K-11 (en inglés y checo)

K-11

Kawanishi K-11